var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"http://bibbase.org/zotero/mdedeo\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the acute toxicity of triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater based on the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri\",\"volume\":\"390\",\"issn\":\"16182642\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00216-007-1779-9\",\"abstract\":\"In this work, the contributions of triclosan and its metabolite methyl triclosan to the overall acute toxicity of wastewater were studied using Vibrio fischeri. The protocol used in this paper involved various steps. First, the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and methyl triclosan were determined for standard substances, and the 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)) were determined for these compounds. Second, the toxic responses to different mixtures of triclosan, methyl triclosan, and surfactants were studied in different water matrices, i.e., Milli-Q water, groundwater and wastewater, in order to evaluate (i) the antagonistic or synergistic effects, and (ii) the influence of the water matrices. Finally, chemical analysis was used in conjunction with the toxicity results in order to assess the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and its derivative in wastewaters. In this study, the toxicities of 45 real samples corresponding to the influents and effluents from eight wastewater treatment works (WWTW) were analyzed. Thirty-one samples were from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipped with two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBR), and the influent and the effluent samples after various treatments were characterized via different chromatographic approaches, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and SPE coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The toxicity was determined by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. In order to complete the study and to extrapolate the results to different WWTPs, the toxicity to V. fischeri of samples from seven more plants was analyzed, as were their triclosan and methyl triclosan concentrations. Good agreement was established between the overall toxicity values and concentrations of the biocides, indicating that triclosan is one of the major toxic organic pollutants currently found in domestic wastewaters.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farré\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marinella\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asperger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kantiani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"González\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petrovic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mira\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18172620\",\"keywords\":\"Bioluminescence, Methyl triclosan, Surfactants, Toxicity, Triclosan, Vibrio fischeri, Wastewater\",\"pages\":\"1999–2007\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{farre_assessment_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of the acute toxicity of triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater based on the bioluminescence inhibition of {Vibrio} fischeri},\\n\\tvolume = {390},\\n\\tissn = {16182642},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-007-1779-9},\\n\\tabstract = {In this work, the contributions of triclosan and its metabolite methyl triclosan to the overall acute toxicity of wastewater were studied using Vibrio fischeri. The protocol used in this paper involved various steps. First, the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and methyl triclosan were determined for standard substances, and the 50\\\\% effective concentrations (EC(50)) were determined for these compounds. Second, the toxic responses to different mixtures of triclosan, methyl triclosan, and surfactants were studied in different water matrices, i.e., Milli-Q water, groundwater and wastewater, in order to evaluate (i) the antagonistic or synergistic effects, and (ii) the influence of the water matrices. Finally, chemical analysis was used in conjunction with the toxicity results in order to assess the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and its derivative in wastewaters. In this study, the toxicities of 45 real samples corresponding to the influents and effluents from eight wastewater treatment works (WWTW) were analyzed. Thirty-one samples were from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipped with two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBR), and the influent and the effluent samples after various treatments were characterized via different chromatographic approaches, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and SPE coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The toxicity was determined by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. In order to complete the study and to extrapolate the results to different WWTPs, the toxicity to V. fischeri of samples from seven more plants was analyzed, as were their triclosan and methyl triclosan concentrations. Good agreement was established between the overall toxicity values and concentrations of the biocides, indicating that triclosan is one of the major toxic organic pollutants currently found in domestic wastewaters.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Farré, Marinella and Asperger, Daniela and Kantiani, Lina and González, Susana and Petrovic, Mira and Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18172620},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bioluminescence, Methyl triclosan, Surfactants, Toxicity, Triclosan, Vibrio fischeri, Wastewater},\\n\\tpages = {1999--2007},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Farré, M.\",\"Asperger, D.\",\"Kantiani, L.\",\"González, S.\",\"Petrovic, M.\",\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"farre_assessment_2008\",\"id\":\"farre_assessment_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"farr-asperger-kantiani-gonzlez-petrovic-barcel-assessmentoftheacutetoxicityoftriclosanandmethyltriclosaninwastewaterbasedonthebioluminescenceinhibitionofvibriofischeri-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Bioluminescence\",\"Methyl triclosan\",\"Surfactants\",\"Toxicity\",\"Triclosan\",\"Vibrio fischeri\",\"Wastewater\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in B6C3F1 mice\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"2045-452X\",\"url\":\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/C4TX00152D\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jia-Long\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vanlandingham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Juliar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Beth\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greg\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralph\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederick\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, toxicology\",\"pages\":\"867–877\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fang_doseresponse_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in {B6C3F1} mice},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {2045-452X},\\n\\turl = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/C4TX00152D},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Fang, Jia-Long and Vanlandingham, Michelle M. and Juliar, Beth E. and Olson, Greg R. and Patton, Ralph E. and Beland, Frederick A.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, toxicology},\\n\\tpages = {867--877},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fang, J.\",\"Vanlandingham, M. M.\",\"Juliar, B. E.\",\"Olson, G. R.\",\"Patton, R. E.\",\"Beland, F. A.\"],\"key\":\"fang_doseresponse_2015\",\"id\":\"fang_doseresponse_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fang-vanlandingham-juliar-olson-patton-beland-doseresponseassessmentofthedermaltoxicityoftriclosaninb6c3f1mice-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"toxicology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Simultaneous quantitation of parabens, triclosan, and methyl triclosan in indoor house dust using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Environmental Monitoring\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinghua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubwabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cariton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rasmussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pat\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones-Otazo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Indoor, TCS, mtcs\",\"pages\":\"1891–1897\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fan_simultaneous_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Simultaneous quantitation of parabens, triclosan, and methyl triclosan in indoor house dust using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},\\n\\tauthor = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat and Jones-Otazo, Heather},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Indoor, TCS, mtcs},\\n\\tpages = {1891--1897},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fan, X.\",\"Kubwabo, C.\",\"Rasmussen, P.\",\"Jones-Otazo, H.\"],\"key\":\"fan_simultaneous_2010\",\"id\":\"fan_simultaneous_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-jonesotazo-simultaneousquantitationofparabenstriclosanandmethyltriclosaninindoorhousedustusingsolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographymassspectrometry-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor\",\"TCS\",\"mtcs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of triclosan in plasma of wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and in their environment.\",\"volume\":\"157\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002\",\"abstract\":\"The presence of triclosan, a widely-used antibacterial chemical, is currently unknown in higher trophic-level species such as marine mammals. Blood plasma collected from wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Charleston, SC (CHS) (n = 13) and Indian River Lagoon, FL (IRL) (n = 13) in 2005 was analyzed for triclosan. Plasma concentrations in CHS dolphins ranged from 0.12 to 0.27 ng/g wet weight (mean 0.18 ng/g), with 31% of the sampled individuals having detectable triclosan. The mean IRL dolphin plasma concentrations were 0.072 ng/g wet weight (range 0.025-0.11 ng/g); 23% of the samples having detectable triclosan. In the CHS area, triclosan effluent values from two WWTP were both 190 ng/L and primary influents were 2800 ng/L and 3400 ng/L. Triclosan values in CHS estuarine surface water samples averaged 7.5 ng/L (n = 18) ranging from 4.9 to 14 ng/L. This is the first study to report bioaccumulation of anthropogenic triclosan in a marine mammal highlighting the need for further monitoring and assessment.\",\"number\":\"8-9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fair\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"a\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hing-Biu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeff\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pacepavicius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grazina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bossart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natasha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19410343\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, marine\",\"pages\":\"2248–2254\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fair_occurrence_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of triclosan in plasma of wild {Atlantic} bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} truncatus) and in their environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {157},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002},\\n\\tabstract = {The presence of triclosan, a widely-used antibacterial chemical, is currently unknown in higher trophic-level species such as marine mammals. Blood plasma collected from wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Charleston, SC (CHS) (n = 13) and Indian River Lagoon, FL (IRL) (n = 13) in 2005 was analyzed for triclosan. Plasma concentrations in CHS dolphins ranged from 0.12 to 0.27 ng/g wet weight (mean 0.18 ng/g), with 31\\\\% of the sampled individuals having detectable triclosan. The mean IRL dolphin plasma concentrations were 0.072 ng/g wet weight (range 0.025-0.11 ng/g); 23\\\\% of the samples having detectable triclosan. In the CHS area, triclosan effluent values from two WWTP were both 190 ng/L and primary influents were 2800 ng/L and 3400 ng/L. Triclosan values in CHS estuarine surface water samples averaged 7.5 ng/L (n = 18) ranging from 4.9 to 14 ng/L. This is the first study to report bioaccumulation of anthropogenic triclosan in a marine mammal highlighting the need for further monitoring and assessment.},\\n\\tnumber = {8-9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Fair, Patricia a and Lee, Hing-Biu and Adams, Jeff and Darling, Colin and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Alaee, Mehran and Bossart, Gregory D and Henry, Natasha and Muir, Derek},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19410343},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, marine},\\n\\tpages = {2248--2254},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fair, P. a\",\"Lee, H.\",\"Adams, J.\",\"Darling, C.\",\"Pacepavicius, G.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Bossart, G. D\",\"Henry, N.\",\"Muir, D.\"],\"key\":\"fair_occurrence_2009\",\"id\":\"fair_occurrence_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fair-lee-adams-darling-pacepavicius-alaee-bossart-henry-etal-occurrenceoftriclosaninplasmaofwildatlanticbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusandintheirenvironment-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"marine\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"PACT-RMOA and hazard assessment activities\",\"url\":\"https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term\",\"urldate\":\"2016-09-10\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"European Chemicals Agency\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{european_chemicals_agency_pact-rmoa_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {{PACT}-{RMOA} and hazard assessment activities},\\n\\turl = {https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term},\\n\\turldate = {2016-09-10},\\n\\tauthor = {{European Chemicals Agency}},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"European Chemicals Agency\"],\"key\":\"european_chemicals_agency_pact-rmoa_2016\",\"id\":\"european_chemicals_agency_pact-rmoa_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"europeanchemicalsagency-pactrmoaandhazardassessmentactivities-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCC\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Biocidal Products Committee adopts 11 opinions\",\"volume\":\"Helsinki\",\"url\":\"http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf\",\"journal\":\"Annex to ECHA/NA/15/22\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"European Chemicals Agency\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{european_chemicals_agency_biocidal_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Biocidal} {Products} {Committee} adopts 11 opinions},\\n\\tvolume = {Helsinki},\\n\\turl = {http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf},\\n\\tjournal = {Annex to ECHA/NA/15/22},\\n\\tauthor = {{European Chemicals Agency}},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"European Chemicals Agency\"],\"key\":\"european_chemicals_agency_biocidal_2015\",\"id\":\"european_chemicals_agency_biocidal_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"europeanchemicalsagency-thebiocidalproductscommitteeadopts11opinions-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Teratological assessment of glutaraldehyde in rats by gastric intubation\",\"volume\":\"62\",\"issn\":\"03784274\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0378-4274(92)90006-6\",\"abstract\":\"Pregnant rats were given glutaraldehyde (GA) by gastric intubation at a dose of 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg on days 6-15 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity occurred in the 100 mg kg group as evidenced by a significant increase in maternal death and a significant decrease in maternal body weight gain and food consumption. A significantly lowered fetal weight was also found in the 100 mg kg group. No significant change induced by GA was detected in the incidence of postimplantation loss. Morphologic examinations of fetuses revealed no evidence of teratogenicity of GA. It could be concluded that GA has no teratogenic effects on rat offspring even at a dose which induced severe maternal toxicity. ?? 1992.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ema\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Makoto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Itami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takafumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kawasaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hironoshin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1992\",\"pmid\":\"1455446\",\"keywords\":\"Developmental toxicity, Disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde, Rat, Sterilizer, Teratogenicity\",\"pages\":\"45–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ema_teratological_1992,\\n\\ttitle = {Teratological assessment of glutaraldehyde in rats by gastric intubation},\\n\\tvolume = {62},\\n\\tissn = {03784274},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0378-4274(92)90006-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Pregnant rats were given glutaraldehyde (GA) by gastric intubation at a dose of 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg on days 6-15 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity occurred in the 100 mg kg group as evidenced by a significant increase in maternal death and a significant decrease in maternal body weight gain and food consumption. A significantly lowered fetal weight was also found in the 100 mg kg group. No significant change induced by GA was detected in the incidence of postimplantation loss. Morphologic examinations of fetuses revealed no evidence of teratogenicity of GA. It could be concluded that GA has no teratogenic effects on rat offspring even at a dose which induced severe maternal toxicity. ?? 1992.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Ema, Makoto and Itami, Takafumi and Kawasaki, Hironoshin},\\n\\tyear = {1992},\\n\\tpmid = {1455446},\\n\\tkeywords = {Developmental toxicity, Disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde, Rat, Sterilizer, Teratogenicity},\\n\\tpages = {45--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ema, M.\",\"Itami, T.\",\"Kawasaki, H.\"],\"key\":\"ema_teratological_1992\",\"id\":\"ema_teratological_1992\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ema-itami-kawasaki-teratologicalassessmentofglutaraldehydeinratsbygastricintubation-1992\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Developmental toxicity\",\"Disinfectant\",\"Glutaraldehyde\",\"Rat\",\"Sterilizer\",\"Teratogenicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"0899823X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608\",\"doi\":\"10.1086/677145\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ellingson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aiello\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kusek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maragakis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olmsted\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perencevich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Polgreen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schweizer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trexler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"VanAmringe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yokoe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"25026608\",\"pages\":\"937–960\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ellingson_strategies_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {0899823X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1086/677145},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ellingson, K and Haas, J P and Aiello, A E and Kusek, L and Maragakis, L L and Olmsted, R N and Perencevich, E and Polgreen, P M and Schweizer, M L and Trexler, P and VanAmringe, M and Yokoe, D S},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {25026608},\\n\\tpages = {937--960},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ellingson, K\",\"Haas, J P\",\"Aiello, A E\",\"Kusek, L\",\"Maragakis, L L\",\"Olmsted, R N\",\"Perencevich, E\",\"Polgreen, P M\",\"Schweizer, M L\",\"Trexler, P\",\"VanAmringe, M\",\"Yokoe, D S\"],\"key\":\"ellingson_strategies_2014\",\"id\":\"ellingson_strategies_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ellingson-haas-aiello-kusek-maragakis-olmsted-perencevich-polgreen-etal-strategiestopreventhealthcareassociatedinfectionsthroughhandhygiene-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Copenhagen\",\"title\":\"Bronopol, Resorcinol, m-Cresol and Triclosan in the Nordic Environment\",\"institution\":\"Nordic Council of Ministers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlabach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Green\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Remberger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palm-Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brorström-Lundén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS\",\"pages\":\"1–73\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{dye_bronopol_2007,\\n\\taddress = {Copenhagen},\\n\\ttitle = {Bronopol, {Resorcinol}, m-{Cresol} and {Triclosan} in the {Nordic} {Environment}},\\n\\tinstitution = {Nordic Council of Ministers},\\n\\tauthor = {Dye, C J and Schlabach, M and Green, J and Remberger, M and Kaj, L and Palm-Cousins, A and Brorström-Lundén, E},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS},\\n\\tpages = {1--73},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dye, C J\",\"Schlabach, M\",\"Green, J\",\"Remberger, M\",\"Kaj, L\",\"Palm-Cousins, A\",\"Brorström-Lundén, E\"],\"key\":\"dye_bronopol_2007\",\"id\":\"dye_bronopol_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dye-schlabach-green-remberger-kaj-palmcousins-brorstrmlundn-bronopolresorcinolmcresolandtriclosaninthenordicenvironment-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of triclocarban on intact immature male rat: augmentation of androgen action\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1933-7205\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1933719110382581\",\"abstract\":\"Triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide) is an antimicrobial agent used widely in various personal hygiene products including soaps. Recently, TCC has been shown to enhance testosterone-induced effects in vitro and to enlarge accessory sex organs in castrated male rats. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of TCC on intact age-matched male rats and on human prostate LNCaP and C4-2B cells. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a normal diet or a diet supplemented with TCC (0.25% in diet) for 10 days. Triclocarban induced hyperplasia of accessory sex organs in the absence of significant qualitative histological changes. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were not significantly altered by TCC treatment. In prostate cancer-derived LNCaP and C4-2B cells, TCC potentiated androgen actions via androgen receptor-dependent actions. In conclusion, TCC significantly affects intact male reproductive organs and potentiates androgen effects in prostate cancer cells.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Reproductive sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duleba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoni\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahmed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allen\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villanueva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jesus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Conley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turgeon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Benirschke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nancy\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Green\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lasley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bill\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20889956\",\"keywords\":\"Androgen, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Antimicrobial, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Florence, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Humans, Local, Local: toxicity, Luteinizing Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone: blood, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Prostate, Prostate: drug effects, Prostate: pathology, Prostate: physiopathology, Prostatic Neoplasms, Prostatic Neoplasms: pathology, Prostatic Neoplasms: physiopathology, Rats, Receptors, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, TCC, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Transcription, Tumor, Water: metabolism, cell line, water\",\"pages\":\"119–127\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{duleba_effects_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of triclocarban on intact immature male rat: augmentation of androgen action},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1933-7205},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1933719110382581},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide) is an antimicrobial agent used widely in various personal hygiene products including soaps. Recently, TCC has been shown to enhance testosterone-induced effects in vitro and to enlarge accessory sex organs in castrated male rats. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of TCC on intact age-matched male rats and on human prostate LNCaP and C4-2B cells. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a normal diet or a diet supplemented with TCC (0.25\\\\% in diet) for 10 days. Triclocarban induced hyperplasia of accessory sex organs in the absence of significant qualitative histological changes. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were not significantly altered by TCC treatment. In prostate cancer-derived LNCaP and C4-2B cells, TCC potentiated androgen actions via androgen receptor-dependent actions. In conclusion, TCC significantly affects intact male reproductive organs and potentiates androgen effects in prostate cancer cells.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Reproductive sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Duleba, Antoni J and Ahmed, Mohamed I and Sun, Meng and Gao, Allen C and Villanueva, Jesus and Conley, Alan J and Turgeon, Judith L and Benirschke, Kurt and Gee, Nancy A and Chen, Jiangang and Green, Peter G and Lasley, Bill L},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20889956},\\n\\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Antimicrobial, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Florence, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Humans, Local, Local: toxicity, Luteinizing Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone: blood, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Prostate, Prostate: drug effects, Prostate: pathology, Prostate: physiopathology, Prostatic Neoplasms, Prostatic Neoplasms: pathology, Prostatic Neoplasms: physiopathology, Rats, Receptors, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, TCC, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Transcription, Tumor, Water: metabolism, cell line, water},\\n\\tpages = {119--127},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Duleba, A. J\",\"Ahmed, M. I\",\"Sun, M.\",\"Gao, A. C\",\"Villanueva, J.\",\"Conley, A. J\",\"Turgeon, J. L\",\"Benirschke, K.\",\"Gee, N. A\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Green, P. G\",\"Lasley, B. L\"],\"key\":\"duleba_effects_2011\",\"id\":\"duleba_effects_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"duleba-ahmed-sun-gao-villanueva-conley-turgeon-benirschke-etal-effectsoftriclocarbanonintactimmaturemalerataugmentationofandrogenaction-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Androgen\",\"Androgen: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Anti-Infective Agents\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Carbanilides\",\"Carbanilides: toxicity\",\"Florence\",\"Genetic\",\"Genetic: drug effects\",\"Humans\",\"Local\",\"Local: toxicity\",\"Luteinizing Hormone\",\"Luteinizing Hormone: blood\",\"Male\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Prostate\",\"Prostate: drug effects\",\"Prostate: pathology\",\"Prostate: physiopathology\",\"Prostatic Neoplasms\",\"Prostatic Neoplasms: pathology\",\"Prostatic Neoplasms: physiopathology\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Sexual Maturation\",\"Sexual Maturation: drug effects\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"TCC\",\"Testosterone\",\"Testosterone: blood\",\"Transcription\",\"Tumor\",\"Water: metabolism\",\"cell line\",\"water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan exposure increases triclosan resistance and influences taxonomic composition of benthic bacterial communities\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es401919k\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound that is incorporated into numerous consumer products. TCS has been detected in aquatic ecosystems across the U.S., raising concern about its potential ecological effects. We conducted a field survey and an artificial stream experiment to assess effects of TCS on benthic bacterial communities. Field sampling indicated that TCS concentrations in stream sediments increased with degree of urbanization. There was significant correlation between sediment TCS concentration and the proportion of cultivable benthic bacteria that were resistant to TCS, demonstrating that the levels of TCS present in these streams was affecting the native communities. An artificial stream experiment confirmed that TCS exposure could trigger increases in TCS resistance within cultivable benthic bacteria, and pyrosequencing analysis indicated that TCS resulted in decreased benthic bacterial diversity and shifts in bacterial community composition. One notable change was a 6-fold increase in the relative abundance of cyanobacterial sequences and a dramatic die-off of algae within the artificial streams. Selection of cyanobacteria over algae could have significant implications for higher trophic levels within streams. Finally, there were no observed effects of TCS on bacterial abundance or respiration rates, suggesting that bacterial density and function were highly resilient to TCS exposure.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drury\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bradley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosi-Marshall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kelly\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23865377\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCS, benthos, toxicology\",\"pages\":\"8923–8930\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{drury_triclosan_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan exposure increases triclosan resistance and influences taxonomic composition of benthic bacterial communities},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es401919k},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound that is incorporated into numerous consumer products. TCS has been detected in aquatic ecosystems across the U.S., raising concern about its potential ecological effects. We conducted a field survey and an artificial stream experiment to assess effects of TCS on benthic bacterial communities. Field sampling indicated that TCS concentrations in stream sediments increased with degree of urbanization. There was significant correlation between sediment TCS concentration and the proportion of cultivable benthic bacteria that were resistant to TCS, demonstrating that the levels of TCS present in these streams was affecting the native communities. An artificial stream experiment confirmed that TCS exposure could trigger increases in TCS resistance within cultivable benthic bacteria, and pyrosequencing analysis indicated that TCS resulted in decreased benthic bacterial diversity and shifts in bacterial community composition. One notable change was a 6-fold increase in the relative abundance of cyanobacterial sequences and a dramatic die-off of algae within the artificial streams. Selection of cyanobacteria over algae could have significant implications for higher trophic levels within streams. Finally, there were no observed effects of TCS on bacterial abundance or respiration rates, suggesting that bacterial density and function were highly resilient to TCS exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Drury, Bradley and Scott, John and Rosi-Marshall, Emma J. and Kelly, John J.},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23865377},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCS, benthos, toxicology},\\n\\tpages = {8923--8930},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Drury, B.\",\"Scott, J.\",\"Rosi-Marshall, E. J.\",\"Kelly, J. J.\"],\"key\":\"drury_triclosan_2013\",\"id\":\"drury_triclosan_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"drury-scott-rosimarshall-kelly-triclosanexposureincreasestriclosanresistanceandinfluencestaxonomiccompositionofbenthicbacterialcommunities-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Aquatic\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"benthos\",\"toxicology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the contribution of triclosan to dioxin emissions from sludge incineration in the U.S. Using a mathematical model\",\"volume\":\"1048\",\"issn\":\"19475918\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch023\",\"journal\":\"ACS Symposium Series\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doudrick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalinowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Halden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, dioxin, sewage treatment\",\"pages\":\"469–481\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{doudrick_assessment_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of the contribution of triclosan to dioxin emissions from sludge incineration in the {U}.{S}. {Using} a mathematical model},\\n\\tvolume = {1048},\\n\\tissn = {19475918},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch023},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS Symposium Series},\\n\\tauthor = {Doudrick, K. D. and Jones, D. B. and Kalinowski, T. and Hartmann, E. M. and Halden, R. U.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, dioxin, sewage treatment},\\n\\tpages = {469--481},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Doudrick, K. D.\",\"Jones, D. B.\",\"Kalinowski, T.\",\"Hartmann, E. M.\",\"Halden, R. U.\"],\"key\":\"doudrick_assessment_2010\",\"id\":\"doudrick_assessment_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"doudrick-jones-kalinowski-hartmann-halden-assessmentofthecontributionoftriclosantodioxinemissionsfromsludgeincinerationintheususingamathematicalmodel-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"dioxin\",\"sewage treatment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Recent evidence regarding triclosan and cancer risk\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"16617827\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph110202209\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial commonly used in cosmetics, dentifrices, and other consumer products. The compound's widespread use in consumer products and its detection in breast milk, urine, and serum have raised concerns regarding its potential association with various human health outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that triclosan may play a role in cancer development, perhaps through its estrogenicity or ability to inhibit fatty acid synthesis. Our aims here are to review studies of human exposure levels, to evaluate the results of studies examining the effects of triclosan on cancer development, and to suggest possible directions for future research.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dinwiddie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Terry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"24566048\",\"keywords\":\"Breast Neoplasms, Cancer, Epidemiologic studies, Fatty acid synthesis, Triclosan, Xenoestrogens\",\"pages\":\"2209–2217\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dinwiddie_recent_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Recent evidence regarding triclosan and cancer risk},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {16617827},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph110202209},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial commonly used in cosmetics, dentifrices, and other consumer products. The compound's widespread use in consumer products and its detection in breast milk, urine, and serum have raised concerns regarding its potential association with various human health outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that triclosan may play a role in cancer development, perhaps through its estrogenicity or ability to inhibit fatty acid synthesis. Our aims here are to review studies of human exposure levels, to evaluate the results of studies examining the effects of triclosan on cancer development, and to suggest possible directions for future research.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Dinwiddie, Michael T. and Terry, Paul D. and Chen, Jiangang},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {24566048},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast Neoplasms, Cancer, Epidemiologic studies, Fatty acid synthesis, Triclosan, Xenoestrogens},\\n\\tpages = {2209--2217},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dinwiddie, M. T.\",\"Terry, P. D.\",\"Chen, J.\"],\"key\":\"dinwiddie_recent_2014\",\"id\":\"dinwiddie_recent_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dinwiddie-terry-chen-recentevidenceregardingtriclosanandcancerrisk-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Breast Neoplasms\",\"Cancer\",\"Epidemiologic studies\",\"Fatty acid synthesis\",\"Triclosan\",\"Xenoestrogens\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photodegradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban in aqueous systems under ultraviolet radiation\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"09441344\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-012-1239-8\",\"abstract\":\"This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the degradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). We investigated the effects of several operational parameters, including solution pH, initial TCC concentration, photocatalyst TiO₂ loading, presence of natural organic matter, and most common anions in surface waters (e.g., bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate). The results showed that UV radiation was very effective for TCC photodegradation and that the photolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The TCC photolysis rate was pH dependent and favored at high pH. A higher TCC photolysis rate was observed by direct photolysis than TiO₂ photocatalysis. The presence of the inorganic ions bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate hindered TCC photolysis. Negative effects on TCC photolysis were also observed by the addition of humic acid due to competitive UV absorbance. The main degradation products of TCC were tentatively identified by gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer, and a possible degradation pathway of TCC was also proposed.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ding\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shi\",\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xi\",\"Kui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wen\",\"Qiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ru\",\"Song\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23054798\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, Photodegradation, TCC, Triclocarban, Ultraviolet radiation\",\"pages\":\"3195–3201\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ding_photodegradation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Photodegradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban in aqueous systems under ultraviolet radiation},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {09441344},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1239-8},\\n\\tabstract = {This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the degradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). We investigated the effects of several operational parameters, including solution pH, initial TCC concentration, photocatalyst TiO₂ loading, presence of natural organic matter, and most common anions in surface waters (e.g., bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate). The results showed that UV radiation was very effective for TCC photodegradation and that the photolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The TCC photolysis rate was pH dependent and favored at high pH. A higher TCC photolysis rate was observed by direct photolysis than TiO₂ photocatalysis. The presence of the inorganic ions bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate hindered TCC photolysis. Negative effects on TCC photolysis were also observed by the addition of humic acid due to competitive UV absorbance. The main degradation products of TCC were tentatively identified by gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer, and a possible degradation pathway of TCC was also proposed.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Ding, Shi Ling and Wang, Xi Kui and Jiang, Wen Qiang and Meng, Xia and Zhao, Ru Song and Wang, Chen and Wang, Xia},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23054798},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, Photodegradation, TCC, Triclocarban, Ultraviolet radiation},\\n\\tpages = {3195--3201},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ding, S. L.\",\"Wang, X. K.\",\"Jiang, W. Q.\",\"Meng, X.\",\"Zhao, R. S.\",\"Wang, C.\",\"Wang, X.\"],\"key\":\"ding_photodegradation_2013\",\"id\":\"ding_photodegradation_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ding-wang-jiang-meng-zhao-wang-wang-photodegradationoftheantimicrobialtriclocarbaninaqueoussystemsunderultravioletradiation-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products\",\"Photodegradation\",\"TCC\",\"Triclocarban\",\"Ultraviolet radiation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1660-4601\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph120505657\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"International journal of environmental research and public health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dhillon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gurpreet\",\"Singh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaur\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Surinder\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pulicharla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rama\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Satinder\",\"Kaur\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cledón\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maximiliano\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mausam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Surampalli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rao\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pmid\":\"26006133\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, review\",\"pages\":\"5657–84\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dhillon_triclosan:_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1660-4601},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph120505657},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},\\n\\tauthor = {Dhillon, Gurpreet Singh and Kaur, Surinder and Pulicharla, Rama and Brar, Satinder Kaur and Cledón, Maximiliano and Verma, Mausam and Surampalli, Rao Y},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpmid = {26006133},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, review},\\n\\tpages = {5657--84},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dhillon, G. S.\",\"Kaur, S.\",\"Pulicharla, R.\",\"Brar, S. K.\",\"Cledón, M.\",\"Verma, M.\",\"Surampalli, R. Y\"],\"key\":\"dhillon_triclosan:_2015\",\"id\":\"dhillon_triclosan:_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dhillon-kaur-pulicharla-brar-cledn-verma-surampalli-triclosancurrentstatusoccurrenceenvironmentalrisksandbioaccumulationpotential-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"review\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: A case-control study in male subfertility patients\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"18736750\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, brominated flame retardants, bisphenol A, triclosan, perfluorinated compounds and phthalates are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate whether higher exposure to EDCs is associated with increased subfertility in men. Methods: We measured biomarkers of exposure in 163 men, recruited through four fertility clinics. According to WHO guidelines, we used a total motility count (TMC) of 20 million as cut-off value. We assigned patients to the case group when two semen samples - collected at least one week apart - had a TMC. \\\\textless. 20 and to the control group when both samples had a TMC. ≥. 20. To estimate the risk of subfertility and alteration in sex hormone concentrations we used multivariable-adjusted analysis, using logistic and linear regressions, respectively. Results: For an IQR increase in serum oxychlordane, the odds ratio for subfertility was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.07; 3.69). Furthermore, men with serum levels of BDE209 above the quantification limit had an odds of 7.22 (1.03; 50.6) for subfertility compared with those having values below the LOQ. Urinary levels of phthalates and triclosan were negatively associated with inhibin B and positively with LH. Urinary bisphenol A correlated negatively with testosterone levels. Conclusions: Our study in men showed that internal body concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals are associated with an increased risk of subfertility together with alterations in hormone levels. The results emphasize the importance to reduce chemicals in the environment in order to safeguard male fertility.\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Den\",\"Hond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elly\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tournaye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Herman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Sutter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Petra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ombelet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Willem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baeyens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Willy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cox\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bianca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nawrot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tim\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Larebeke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D'Hooghe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pmid\":\"26292060\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Fertility, Florence, TCS, human health, toxicology\",\"pages\":\"154–160\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{den_hond_human_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: {A} case-control study in male subfertility patients},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {18736750},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, brominated flame retardants, bisphenol A, triclosan, perfluorinated compounds and phthalates are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate whether higher exposure to EDCs is associated with increased subfertility in men. Methods: We measured biomarkers of exposure in 163 men, recruited through four fertility clinics. According to WHO guidelines, we used a total motility count (TMC) of 20 million as cut-off value. We assigned patients to the case group when two semen samples - collected at least one week apart - had a TMC. {\\\\textbackslash}textless. 20 and to the control group when both samples had a TMC. ≥. 20. To estimate the risk of subfertility and alteration in sex hormone concentrations we used multivariable-adjusted analysis, using logistic and linear regressions, respectively. Results: For an IQR increase in serum oxychlordane, the odds ratio for subfertility was 1.98 (95\\\\% CI: 1.07; 3.69). Furthermore, men with serum levels of BDE209 above the quantification limit had an odds of 7.22 (1.03; 50.6) for subfertility compared with those having values below the LOQ. Urinary levels of phthalates and triclosan were negatively associated with inhibin B and positively with LH. Urinary bisphenol A correlated negatively with testosterone levels. Conclusions: Our study in men showed that internal body concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals are associated with an increased risk of subfertility together with alterations in hormone levels. The results emphasize the importance to reduce chemicals in the environment in order to safeguard male fertility.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Den Hond, Elly and Tournaye, Herman and De Sutter, Petra and Ombelet, Willem and Baeyens, Willy and Covaci, Adrian and Cox, Bianca and Nawrot, Tim S. and Van Larebeke, Nik and D'Hooghe, Thomas},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpmid = {26292060},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Fertility, Florence, TCS, human health, toxicology},\\n\\tpages = {154--160},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Den Hond, E.\",\"Tournaye, H.\",\"De Sutter, P.\",\"Ombelet, W.\",\"Baeyens, W.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Cox, B.\",\"Nawrot, T. S.\",\"Van Larebeke, N.\",\"D'Hooghe, T.\"],\"key\":\"den_hond_human_2015\",\"id\":\"den_hond_human_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"denhond-tournaye-desutter-ombelet-baeyens-covaci-cox-nawrot-etal-humanexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandfertilityacasecontrolstudyinmalesubfertilitypatients-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Fertility\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"human health\",\"toxicology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan: Environmental exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"0260437X\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jat.1660\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS's potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Applied Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hontela\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alice\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21462230\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Aquatic species, Effects, Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Florence, Human, Irgasan, Levels, Mammals, Reproduction, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, review\",\"pages\":\"285–311\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dann_triclosan:_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan: {Environmental} exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {0260437X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jat.1660},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS's potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dann, A. B. and Hontela, Alice},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21462230},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic species, Effects, Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Florence, Human, Irgasan, Levels, Mammals, Reproduction, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, review},\\n\\tpages = {285--311},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dann, A. B.\",\"Hontela, A.\"],\"key\":\"dann_triclosan:_2011\",\"id\":\"dann_triclosan:_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dann-hontela-triclosanenvironmentalexposuretoxicityandmechanismsofaction-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Aquatic species\",\"Effects\",\"Endocrine disruption\",\"Exposure\",\"Florence\",\"Human\",\"Irgasan\",\"Levels\",\"Mammals\",\"Reproduction\",\"TCS\",\"Toxicity\",\"Triclosan\",\"review\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Risk assessment of triclosan [Irgasan®] in human breast milk\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"02786915\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.009\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan is an established bacteriostatic compound widely used in topical and dental preparations. Its pharmacokinetics and toxicology have been extensively studied in humans and animals. It is known to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and across the skin. A recent report noted its occurrence in human breast milk and this has now been further investigated. Sixty two unselected samples of human milk from Breast Milk Banks in California and Texas have been analysed for triclosan; the concentration ranged from 0 to 2100 μg/kg lipid. A risk assessment of triclosan in human milk has been made, based on a conservative calculation of exposure of neonates and experimental toxicity test results. The broad set of reproduction toxicity tests of triclosan includes a 2-generation study in the rat, in which there was considerable exposure of dams and pups to triclosan throughout fetal development and up to sexual maturity in the F2 generation, and a further study in which pups of dosed dams were followed to weaning. They established an oral NOAEL for pups of 50 mg/kg/d. The maximum exposure of babies via breast milk calculated using very conservative additive assumptions is ∼7.4 μg/kg/d. The 'Margin of Exposure' between the NOAEL and that calculated in breast fed babies is ∼6760-fold. It is concluded that there is no evidence to indicate that the presence of a miniscule amount of triclosan in breast milk presents a risk to babies. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Food and Chemical Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dayan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17011099\",\"pages\":\"125–129\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dayan_risk_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Risk assessment of triclosan [{Irgasan}®] in human breast milk},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {02786915},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan is an established bacteriostatic compound widely used in topical and dental preparations. Its pharmacokinetics and toxicology have been extensively studied in humans and animals. It is known to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and across the skin. A recent report noted its occurrence in human breast milk and this has now been further investigated. Sixty two unselected samples of human milk from Breast Milk Banks in California and Texas have been analysed for triclosan; the concentration ranged from 0 to 2100 μg/kg lipid. A risk assessment of triclosan in human milk has been made, based on a conservative calculation of exposure of neonates and experimental toxicity test results. The broad set of reproduction toxicity tests of triclosan includes a 2-generation study in the rat, in which there was considerable exposure of dams and pups to triclosan throughout fetal development and up to sexual maturity in the F2 generation, and a further study in which pups of dosed dams were followed to weaning. They established an oral NOAEL for pups of 50 mg/kg/d. The maximum exposure of babies via breast milk calculated using very conservative additive assumptions is ∼7.4 μg/kg/d. The 'Margin of Exposure' between the NOAEL and that calculated in breast fed babies is ∼6760-fold. It is concluded that there is no evidence to indicate that the presence of a miniscule amount of triclosan in breast milk presents a risk to babies. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dayan, A. D.},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17011099},\\n\\tpages = {125--129},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dayan, A. D.\"],\"key\":\"dayan_risk_2007\",\"id\":\"dayan_risk_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dayan-riskassessmentoftriclosanirgasaninhumanbreastmilk-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mutagenicity of cosmetic products containing Kathon\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"08936692\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2<127::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-C\",\"abstract\":\"A variety of shampoos, conditioners, skin-care lotions, and other cosmetic products contain the biocide Kathon CG, which is a mixture of two heterocyclic isothiazolinones: methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. This mixture and the related biocide, Kathon 886, have been shown to be potent sensitizers and bacterial mutagens. Five cosmetic products that list the components of Kathon on their labels and two that do not were screened for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S-9. Five of these products and Kathon 886 were further evaluated in TA100 without and with S-9. Kathon 886, a cosmetic product that contained Kathon, and thin layer chromatography-separated components of Kathon 886 were identified by GC/MS analysis. Three of the five products that listed Kathon were direct acting mutagens with TA100. The remaining two products were considerably more toxic than the other products and could not be evaluated for mutagenicity. The addition of S-9 reduced toxicity but did not eliminate mutagenicity. The mutagenic evaluation of Kathon 886 resulted in a dose response similar to that seen with some cosmetic products but at a 1,000-fold lower concentration, and activity was also reduced by the addition of S-9 mix. S-9 reduced activity both with and without cofactors present. Thin layer chromatography separation of the components and subsequent identification by GC/MS indicated that methylisothiazolinone was nonmutagenic while methylchloroisothiazolinone was mutagenic. Additionally, a dichlorinated compound was identified which was also mutagenic. In light of these findings and the reported skin sensitization by Kathon CG in various cosmetics, we recommend that additional testing be done to assure the safety of products containing Kathon CG.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Connor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Afshar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masoud\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Connor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kendall\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1996\",\"pmid\":\"8844994\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Biocide, Cosmetics, Kathon??, Mutagenicity, Salmonella\",\"pages\":\"127–132\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{connor_mutagenicity_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {Mutagenicity of cosmetic products containing {Kathon}},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {08936692},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2<127::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-C},\\n\\tabstract = {A variety of shampoos, conditioners, skin-care lotions, and other cosmetic products contain the biocide Kathon CG, which is a mixture of two heterocyclic isothiazolinones: methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. This mixture and the related biocide, Kathon 886, have been shown to be potent sensitizers and bacterial mutagens. Five cosmetic products that list the components of Kathon on their labels and two that do not were screened for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S-9. Five of these products and Kathon 886 were further evaluated in TA100 without and with S-9. Kathon 886, a cosmetic product that contained Kathon, and thin layer chromatography-separated components of Kathon 886 were identified by GC/MS analysis. Three of the five products that listed Kathon were direct acting mutagens with TA100. The remaining two products were considerably more toxic than the other products and could not be evaluated for mutagenicity. The addition of S-9 reduced toxicity but did not eliminate mutagenicity. The mutagenic evaluation of Kathon 886 resulted in a dose response similar to that seen with some cosmetic products but at a 1,000-fold lower concentration, and activity was also reduced by the addition of S-9 mix. S-9 reduced activity both with and without cofactors present. Thin layer chromatography separation of the components and subsequent identification by GC/MS indicated that methylisothiazolinone was nonmutagenic while methylchloroisothiazolinone was mutagenic. Additionally, a dichlorinated compound was identified which was also mutagenic. In light of these findings and the reported skin sensitization by Kathon CG in various cosmetics, we recommend that additional testing be done to assure the safety of products containing Kathon CG.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis},\\n\\tauthor = {Connor, Thomas H. and Tee, Patricia G. and Afshar, Masoud and Connor, Kendall M.},\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tpmid = {8844994},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Biocide, Cosmetics, Kathon??, Mutagenicity, Salmonella},\\n\\tpages = {127--132},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Connor, T. H.\",\"Tee, P. G.\",\"Afshar, M.\",\"Connor, K. M.\"],\"key\":\"connor_mutagenicity_1996\",\"id\":\"connor_mutagenicity_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"connor-tee-afshar-connor-mutagenicityofcosmeticproductscontainingkathon-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Biocide\",\"Cosmetics\",\"Kathon??\",\"Mutagenicity\",\"Salmonella\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers\",\"volume\":\"95\",\"issn\":\"13645072\",\"doi\":\"10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02022.x\",\"abstract\":\"AIM: To describe the relationship between antibiotic and antibacterial resistance in environmental and clinical bacteria from home environments across geographical locations, relative to the use or nonuse of antibacterial products, with a focus on target organisms recognized as potential human pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized study, environmental and clinical samples were collected from the homes of antibacterial product users (n=30) and nonusers (n=30) for the isolation of target bacteria for antibiotic and antibacterial testing in three geographical areas (in USA and UK). Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, with selected antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible isolates tested against four common antibacterial agents (triclosan, para-chloro-meta-xylenol, pine oil and quaternary ammonium compound). Prequalified users and nonusers at each location were randomly selected after meeting exclusionary criteria. Of 1238 isolates, more target bacteria were recovered from nonuser than user homes. Of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=33), none showed resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin; for Enterococcus sp. (n=149), none were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin; and for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=54)and Escherichia coli (n=24), none were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance to one or more of the standard test panel drugs for Gram-positive and Gram-negative target bacteria was comparable between nonuser and user homes for both environmental and clinical isolates [e.g. resistance of environmental coagulase-negative (CN) Staphylococcus sp. was 73.8% (124/168) from nonuser homes and 73.0% (111/152) from user homes, and Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli, 75.9% (186/245) from nonuser homes compared with 78.0% from user homes]. Of 524 Gram-negatives tested against preferred/alternative drugs, 97.1% (509/524) were susceptible to all antibiotics, across both groups. Isolates of S. aureus, Enterococcus sp. and CN Staphylococcus sp. susceptible to all preferred treatment drugs showed comparable antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results between nonuser and user home isolates. For Gram-positives resistant to one or more preferred drugs, greatest resistance to antibacterial active ingredients was found in the nonuser group. For Gram-negatives, the antibacterial MIC data were comparable for isolates that were fully susceptible and resistant to one or more preferred/alternative treatment antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a lack of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from the homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers, as well as increased prevalence of potential pathogens in nonuser homes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It refutes widely publicized, yet unsupported, hypotheses that use of antibacterial products facilitates the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from the home environment.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Applied Microbiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cole\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Addison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rubino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leese\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dulaney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Newell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wineinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Criger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12969278\",\"keywords\":\"Antibacterial, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Clinical, Environmental, Home, Resistance\",\"pages\":\"664–676\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cole_investigation_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers},\\n\\tvolume = {95},\\n\\tissn = {13645072},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02022.x},\\n\\tabstract = {AIM: To describe the relationship between antibiotic and antibacterial resistance in environmental and clinical bacteria from home environments across geographical locations, relative to the use or nonuse of antibacterial products, with a focus on target organisms recognized as potential human pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized study, environmental and clinical samples were collected from the homes of antibacterial product users (n=30) and nonusers (n=30) for the isolation of target bacteria for antibiotic and antibacterial testing in three geographical areas (in USA and UK). Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, with selected antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible isolates tested against four common antibacterial agents (triclosan, para-chloro-meta-xylenol, pine oil and quaternary ammonium compound). Prequalified users and nonusers at each location were randomly selected after meeting exclusionary criteria. Of 1238 isolates, more target bacteria were recovered from nonuser than user homes. Of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=33), none showed resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin; for Enterococcus sp. (n=149), none were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin; and for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=54)and Escherichia coli (n=24), none were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance to one or more of the standard test panel drugs for Gram-positive and Gram-negative target bacteria was comparable between nonuser and user homes for both environmental and clinical isolates [e.g. resistance of environmental coagulase-negative (CN) Staphylococcus sp. was 73.8\\\\% (124/168) from nonuser homes and 73.0\\\\% (111/152) from user homes, and Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli, 75.9\\\\% (186/245) from nonuser homes compared with 78.0\\\\% from user homes]. Of 524 Gram-negatives tested against preferred/alternative drugs, 97.1\\\\% (509/524) were susceptible to all antibiotics, across both groups. Isolates of S. aureus, Enterococcus sp. and CN Staphylococcus sp. susceptible to all preferred treatment drugs showed comparable antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results between nonuser and user home isolates. For Gram-positives resistant to one or more preferred drugs, greatest resistance to antibacterial active ingredients was found in the nonuser group. For Gram-negatives, the antibacterial MIC data were comparable for isolates that were fully susceptible and resistant to one or more preferred/alternative treatment antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a lack of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from the homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers, as well as increased prevalence of potential pathogens in nonuser homes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It refutes widely publicized, yet unsupported, hypotheses that use of antibacterial products facilitates the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from the home environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Cole, E. C. and Addison, R. M. and Rubino, J. R. and Leese, K. E. and Dulaney, P. D. and Newell, M. S. and Wilkins, J. and Gaber, D. J. and Wineinger, T. and Criger, D. A.},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12969278},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Clinical, Environmental, Home, Resistance},\\n\\tpages = {664--676},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cole, E. C.\",\"Addison, R. M.\",\"Rubino, J. R.\",\"Leese, K. E.\",\"Dulaney, P. D.\",\"Newell, M. S.\",\"Wilkins, J.\",\"Gaber, D. J.\",\"Wineinger, T.\",\"Criger, D. A.\"],\"key\":\"cole_investigation_2003\",\"id\":\"cole_investigation_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cole-addison-rubino-leese-dulaney-newell-wilkins-gaber-etal-investigationofantibioticandantibacterialagentcrossresistanceintargetbacteriafromhomesofantibacterialproductusersandnonusers-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antibacterial\",\"Antibiotic\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Bacteria\",\"Clinical\",\"Environmental\",\"Home\",\"Resistance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan impairs excitation-contraction coupling and Ca2+ dynamics in striated muscle\",\"volume\":\"109\",\"issn\":\"0027-8424\",\"doi\":\"10.1073/pnas.1211314109\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan (TCS), a high-production-volume chemical used as a bactericide in personal care products, is a priority pollutant of growing concern to human and environmental health. TCS is capable of altering the activity of type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), but its potential to influence physiological excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and muscle function has not been investigated. Here, we report that TCS impairs ECC of both cardiac and skeletal muscle in vitro and in vivo. TCS acutely depresses hemodynamics and grip strength in mice at doses ≥12.5 mg/kg i.p., and a concentration ≥0.52 μM in water compromises swimming performance in larval fathead minnow. In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, skeletal myotubes, and adult flexor digitorum brevis fibers TCS depresses electrically evoked ECC within ∼10-20 min. In myotubes, nanomolar to low micromolar TCS initially potentiates electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients followed by complete failure of ECC, independent of Ca(2+) store depletion or block of RyR1 channels. TCS also completely blocks excitation-coupled Ca(2+) entry. Voltage clamp experiments showed that TCS partially inhibits L-type Ca(2+) currents of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and [(3)H]PN200 binding to skeletal membranes is noncompetitively inhibited by TCS in the same concentration range that enhances [(3)H]ryanodine binding. TCS potently impairs orthograde and retrograde signaling between L-type Ca(2+) and RyR channels in skeletal muscle, and L-type Ca(2+) entry in cardiac muscle, revealing a mechanism by which TCS weakens cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility in a manner that may negatively impact muscle health, especially in susceptible populations.\",\"journal\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cherednichenko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bannister\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"a.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Timofeyev\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fritsch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barrientos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schebb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hammock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiamvimonvat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22891308\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial\",\"pages\":\"14158–14163\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cherednichenko_triclosan_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan impairs excitation-contraction coupling and {Ca2}+ dynamics in striated muscle},\\n\\tvolume = {109},\\n\\tissn = {0027-8424},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.1211314109},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan (TCS), a high-production-volume chemical used as a bactericide in personal care products, is a priority pollutant of growing concern to human and environmental health. TCS is capable of altering the activity of type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), but its potential to influence physiological excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and muscle function has not been investigated. Here, we report that TCS impairs ECC of both cardiac and skeletal muscle in vitro and in vivo. TCS acutely depresses hemodynamics and grip strength in mice at doses ≥12.5 mg/kg i.p., and a concentration ≥0.52 μM in water compromises swimming performance in larval fathead minnow. In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, skeletal myotubes, and adult flexor digitorum brevis fibers TCS depresses electrically evoked ECC within ∼10-20 min. In myotubes, nanomolar to low micromolar TCS initially potentiates electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients followed by complete failure of ECC, independent of Ca(2+) store depletion or block of RyR1 channels. TCS also completely blocks excitation-coupled Ca(2+) entry. Voltage clamp experiments showed that TCS partially inhibits L-type Ca(2+) currents of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and [(3)H]PN200 binding to skeletal membranes is noncompetitively inhibited by TCS in the same concentration range that enhances [(3)H]ryanodine binding. TCS potently impairs orthograde and retrograde signaling between L-type Ca(2+) and RyR channels in skeletal muscle, and L-type Ca(2+) entry in cardiac muscle, revealing a mechanism by which TCS weakens cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility in a manner that may negatively impact muscle health, especially in susceptible populations.},\\n\\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Cherednichenko, G. and Zhang, R. and Bannister, R. a. and Timofeyev, V. and Li, N. and Fritsch, E. B. and Feng, W. and Barrientos, G. C. and Schebb, N. H. and Hammock, B. D. and Beam, K. G. and Chiamvimonvat, N. and Pessah, I. N.},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22891308},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\\n\\tpages = {14158--14163},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cherednichenko, G.\",\"Zhang, R.\",\"Bannister, R. a.\",\"Timofeyev, V.\",\"Li, N.\",\"Fritsch, E. B.\",\"Feng, W.\",\"Barrientos, G. C.\",\"Schebb, N. H.\",\"Hammock, B. D.\",\"Beam, K. G.\",\"Chiamvimonvat, N.\",\"Pessah, I. N.\"],\"key\":\"cherednichenko_triclosan_2012\",\"id\":\"cherednichenko_triclosan_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cherednichenko-zhang-bannister-timofeyev-li-fritsch-feng-barrientos-etal-triclosanimpairsexcitationcontractioncouplingandca2dynamicsinstriatedmuscle-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: A new type of endocrine disruptor?\",\"volume\":\"149\",\"issn\":\"00137227\",\"doi\":\"10.1210/en.2007-1057\",\"abstract\":\"Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Endocrinology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ki\",\"Chang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nancy\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahmed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duleba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoni\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shirley\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hammock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lasley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bill\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18048496\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial\",\"pages\":\"1173–1179\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_triclocarban_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: {A} new type of endocrine disruptor?},\\n\\tvolume = {149},\\n\\tissn = {00137227},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1210/en.2007-1057},\\n\\tabstract = {Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25\\\\% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Endocrinology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Jiangang and Ahn, Ki Chang and Gee, Nancy A. and Ahmed, Mohamed I. and Duleba, Antoni J. and Zhao, Ling and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D. and Lasley, Bill L.},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18048496},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\\n\\tpages = {1173--1179},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, J.\",\"Ahn, K. C.\",\"Gee, N. A.\",\"Ahmed, M. I.\",\"Duleba, A. J.\",\"Zhao, L.\",\"Gee, S. J.\",\"Hammock, B. D.\",\"Lasley, B. L.\"],\"key\":\"chen_triclocarban_2008\",\"id\":\"chen_triclocarban_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-ahn-gee-ahmed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: A new type of endocrine disruptor?\",\"volume\":\"149\",\"issn\":\"00137227\",\"doi\":\"10.1210/en.2007-1057\",\"abstract\":\"Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Endocrinology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ahn\",\"Ki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nancy\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mohamed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duleba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoni\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shirley\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hammock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lasley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bill\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18048496\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC, Toxicity\",\"pages\":\"1173–1179\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_triclocarban_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: {A} new type of endocrine disruptor?},\\n\\tvolume = {149},\\n\\tissn = {00137227},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1210/en.2007-1057},\\n\\tabstract = {Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25\\\\% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Endocrinology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Jiangang and Chang, Ahn Ki and Gee, Nancy A. and Mohamed, Mohamed I. and Duleba, Antoni J. and Zhao, Ling and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D. and Lasley, Bill L.},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18048496},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC, Toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {1173--1179},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, J.\",\"Chang, A. K.\",\"Gee, N. A.\",\"Mohamed, M. I.\",\"Duleba, A. J.\",\"Zhao, L.\",\"Gee, S. J.\",\"Hammock, B. D.\",\"Lasley, B. L.\"],\"key\":\"chen_triclocarban_2008-1\",\"id\":\"chen_triclocarban_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-chang-gee-mohamed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCC\",\"Toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyltriclosan in a North Texas, USA, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"doi\":\"10.1897/07-374.1\",\"abstract\":\"Grazing by freshwater snails promotes nutrient turnover in algal communities. Grazed algal compartments may include antimicrobial agents and metabolites, such as triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), and methyltriclosan (MTCS), which are incompletely removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. The present study quantifies snail bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCC, TCS, and MTCS at the outfall of Pecan Creek (TX, USA), the receiving stream for the city of Denton (TX, USA) WWTP. Helisoma trivolvis (Say) is ubiquitous and thrives under standard laboratory conditions, leading to its choice for this bioaccumulation study in conjunction with Cladophora spp. Along with providing substrate for epiphytic growth, Cladophora spp. provide a source of food and shelter for H. trivolvis. After being caged for two weeks, algae and snails were collected from the WWTP outfall, along with water-column samples, and analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCS and MTCS and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCC. Algal and snail samples were analyzed before exposure and found to be below practical quantitation limits for all antimicrobial agents. Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS in water samples were at low-ppt concentrations (40-200 ng/L). Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS were elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-300 ng/g fresh wt) in caged snail samples and elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-400 ng/g fresh wt) in caged algal samples. Resulting snail and algal BAFs were approximately three orders of magnitude, which supports rapid bioaccumulation among algae and adult caged snails at this receiving stream outfall. The results further support TCC, TCS, and MTCS as good candidate marker compounds for evaluation of environmental distribution of trace WWTP contaminants.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coogan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melinda\",\"a\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Point\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18380516\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, mtcs, sewage treatment\",\"pages\":\"1788–1793\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{coogan_snail_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyltriclosan in a {North} {Texas}, {USA}, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1897/07-374.1},\\n\\tabstract = {Grazing by freshwater snails promotes nutrient turnover in algal communities. Grazed algal compartments may include antimicrobial agents and metabolites, such as triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), and methyltriclosan (MTCS), which are incompletely removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. The present study quantifies snail bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCC, TCS, and MTCS at the outfall of Pecan Creek (TX, USA), the receiving stream for the city of Denton (TX, USA) WWTP. Helisoma trivolvis (Say) is ubiquitous and thrives under standard laboratory conditions, leading to its choice for this bioaccumulation study in conjunction with Cladophora spp. Along with providing substrate for epiphytic growth, Cladophora spp. provide a source of food and shelter for H. trivolvis. After being caged for two weeks, algae and snails were collected from the WWTP outfall, along with water-column samples, and analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCS and MTCS and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCC. Algal and snail samples were analyzed before exposure and found to be below practical quantitation limits for all antimicrobial agents. Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS in water samples were at low-ppt concentrations (40-200 ng/L). Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS were elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-300 ng/g fresh wt) in caged snail samples and elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-400 ng/g fresh wt) in caged algal samples. Resulting snail and algal BAFs were approximately three orders of magnitude, which supports rapid bioaccumulation among algae and adult caged snails at this receiving stream outfall. The results further support TCC, TCS, and MTCS as good candidate marker compounds for evaluation of environmental distribution of trace WWTP contaminants.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Coogan, Melinda a and La Point, Thomas W},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18380516},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, mtcs, sewage treatment},\\n\\tpages = {1788--1793},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Coogan, M. a\",\"La Point, T. W\"],\"key\":\"coogan_snail_2008\",\"id\":\"coogan_snail_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"coogan-lapoint-snailbioaccumulationoftriclocarbantriclosanandmethyltriclosaninanorthtexasusastreamaffectedbywastewatertreatmentplantrunoff-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Aquatic\",\"Florence\",\"TCC\",\"TCS\",\"Triclocarban\",\"mtcs\",\"sewage treatment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The impact of bisphenol A and triclosan on immune parameters in the U.S. population, NHANES 2003-2006\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"00916765\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1002883\",\"abstract\":\"Exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with numerous disease outcomes, many of which involve underlying immune and inflammatory dysfunction.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clayton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erin\",\"M.\",\"Rees\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dowd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"Beam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aiello\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allison\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21062687\",\"keywords\":\"Allergies, Antimicrobial, Bisphenol a, Cytomegalovirus, Endocrine-disrupting compounds, Florence, Human exposure, NHANES, TCS, Triclosan\",\"pages\":\"390–396\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{clayton_impact_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {The impact of bisphenol {A} and triclosan on immune parameters in the {U}.{S}. population, {NHANES} 2003-2006},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {00916765},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002883},\\n\\tabstract = {Exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with numerous disease outcomes, many of which involve underlying immune and inflammatory dysfunction.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Clayton, Erin M. Rees and Todd, Megan and Dowd, Jennifer Beam and Aiello, Allison E.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21062687},\\n\\tkeywords = {Allergies, Antimicrobial, Bisphenol a, Cytomegalovirus, Endocrine-disrupting compounds, Florence, Human exposure, NHANES, TCS, Triclosan},\\n\\tpages = {390--396},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Clayton, E. M. R.\",\"Todd, M.\",\"Dowd, J. B.\",\"Aiello, A. E.\"],\"key\":\"clayton_impact_2011\",\"id\":\"clayton_impact_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"clayton-todd-dowd-aiello-theimpactofbisphenolaandtriclosanonimmuneparametersintheuspopulationnhanes20032006-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Allergies\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Bisphenol a\",\"Cytomegalovirus\",\"Endocrine-disrupting compounds\",\"Florence\",\"Human exposure\",\"NHANES\",\"TCS\",\"Triclosan\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)\",\"abstract\":\"The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except among patients who are immunocompromised. Nonetheless, inadvertent exposures to environmental pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus spp. and Legionella spp.) or airborne pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse patient outcomes and cause illness among health-care workers. Environmental infection-control strategies and engineering controls can effectively prevent these infections. The incidence of health-care–associated infections and pseudo-outbreaks can be minimized by 1) appropriate use of cleaners and disinfectants; 2) appropriate maintenance of medical equipment (e.g., automated endoscope reprocessors or hydrotherapy equipment); 3) adherence to water-quality standards for hemodialysis, and to ventilation standards for specialized care environments (e.g., airborne infection isolation rooms, protective environments, or operating rooms); and 4) prompt management of water intrusion into the facility. Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. This report reviews previous guidelines and strategies for preventing environment-associated infections in health-care facilities and offers recommendations. These include 1) evidence-based recommendations supported by studies; 2) requirements of federal agencies (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice); 3) guidelines and standards from building and equipment professional organizations (e.g., American Institute of Architects, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers); 4) recommendations derived from scientific theory or rationale; and 5) experienced opinions based upon infection-control and engineering practices. The report also suggests a series of performance measurements as a means to evaluate infection-control efforts.\",\"number\":\"RR10\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CDC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12836624\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Effectiveness, Florence\",\"pages\":\"1–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{cdc_recommendations_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Recommendations of {CDC} and the {Healthcare} {Infection} {Control} {Practices} {Advisory} {Committee} ({HICPAC})},\\n\\tabstract = {The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except among patients who are immunocompromised. Nonetheless, inadvertent exposures to environmental pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus spp. and Legionella spp.) or airborne pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse patient outcomes and cause illness among health-care workers. Environmental infection-control strategies and engineering controls can effectively prevent these infections. The incidence of health-care–associated infections and pseudo-outbreaks can be minimized by 1) appropriate use of cleaners and disinfectants; 2) appropriate maintenance of medical equipment (e.g., automated endoscope reprocessors or hydrotherapy equipment); 3) adherence to water-quality standards for hemodialysis, and to ventilation standards for specialized care environments (e.g., airborne infection isolation rooms, protective environments, or operating rooms); and 4) prompt management of water intrusion into the facility. Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. This report reviews previous guidelines and strategies for preventing environment-associated infections in health-care facilities and offers recommendations. These include 1) evidence-based recommendations supported by studies; 2) requirements of federal agencies (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice); 3) guidelines and standards from building and equipment professional organizations (e.g., American Institute of Architects, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers); 4) recommendations derived from scientific theory or rationale; and 5) experienced opinions based upon infection-control and engineering practices. The report also suggests a series of performance measurements as a means to evaluate infection-control efforts.},\\n\\tnumber = {RR10},\\n\\tauthor = {{CDC}},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12836624},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Effectiveness, Florence},\\n\\tpages = {1--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CDC\"],\"key\":\"cdc_recommendations_2003\",\"id\":\"cdc_recommendations_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cdc-recommendationsofcdcandthehealthcareinfectioncontrolpracticesadvisorycommitteehicpac-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Effectiveness\",\"Florence\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Temporal trends of triclosan contamination in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries: Evidence of preservation and accumulation\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent added to a wide array of consumer goods and personal care products. Through its use, it is introduced into municipal sewer systems where it is only partially removed during wastewater treatment. In this study, triclosan was measured in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries in order to reconstruct temporal and spatial trends of accumulation. Measurable concentrations of triclosan first appeared in each of the sediment cores near 1964, which corresponds with the US patent issuance date of triclosan. The presence of triclosan at each of the study sites at or near the patent date indicates that long-term preservation is occurring in estuarine sediments. Temporal trends of triclosan at each location are unique, reflecting between site variability. Concentrations at one site climbed to as high as 400 ng g-1, due in part, to local commercial production of triclosan. At two locations, levels of triclosan rise towards the surface of each core, suggesting increasing usage in recent years. One location adjacent to a major combined sewer overflow had high sediment concentrations of triclosan, confirming their potential as a source of triclosan to estuaries.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cantwell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brittan\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wallace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Curtis\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burgess\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20006371\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Emerging contaminant, Florence, Personal care products, Sediment, TCS, Triclosan, marine\",\"pages\":\"347–352\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cantwell_temporal_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Temporal trends of triclosan contamination in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries: {Evidence} of preservation and accumulation},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent added to a wide array of consumer goods and personal care products. Through its use, it is introduced into municipal sewer systems where it is only partially removed during wastewater treatment. In this study, triclosan was measured in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries in order to reconstruct temporal and spatial trends of accumulation. Measurable concentrations of triclosan first appeared in each of the sediment cores near 1964, which corresponds with the US patent issuance date of triclosan. The presence of triclosan at each of the study sites at or near the patent date indicates that long-term preservation is occurring in estuarine sediments. Temporal trends of triclosan at each location are unique, reflecting between site variability. Concentrations at one site climbed to as high as 400 ng g-1, due in part, to local commercial production of triclosan. At two locations, levels of triclosan rise towards the surface of each core, suggesting increasing usage in recent years. One location adjacent to a major combined sewer overflow had high sediment concentrations of triclosan, confirming their potential as a source of triclosan to estuaries.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Cantwell, Mark G. and Wilson, Brittan A. and Zhu, Jun and Wallace, Gordon T. and King, John W. and Olsen, Curtis R. and Burgess, Robert M. and Smith, Joseph P.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20006371},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Emerging contaminant, Florence, Personal care products, Sediment, TCS, Triclosan, marine},\\n\\tpages = {347--352},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cantwell, M. G.\",\"Wilson, B. A.\",\"Zhu, J.\",\"Wallace, G. T.\",\"King, J. W.\",\"Olsen, C. R.\",\"Burgess, R. M.\",\"Smith, J. P.\"],\"key\":\"cantwell_temporal_2010\",\"id\":\"cantwell_temporal_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cantwell-wilson-zhu-wallace-king-olsen-burgess-smith-temporaltrendsoftriclosancontaminationindatedsedimentcoresfromfoururbanizedestuariesevidenceofpreservationandaccumulation-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Emerging contaminant\",\"Florence\",\"Personal care products\",\"Sediment\",\"TCS\",\"Triclosan\",\"marine\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the U.S. population: 2003-2004\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"00916765\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.10768\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Triclosan is a synthetic chemical with broad antimicrobial activity that has been used extensively in consumer products, including personal care products, textiles, and plastic kitchenware. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess exposure to triclosan in a representative sample \\\\textgreater or = 6 years of age of the U.S. general population from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We analyzed 2,517 urine samples using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We detected concentrations of total (free plus conjugated) triclosan in 74.6% of samples at concentrations of 2.4-3,790 microg/L. The geometric mean and 95th percentile concentrations were 13.0 microg/L (12.7 microg/g creatinine) and 459.0 microg/L (363.8 mug/g creatinine), respectively. We observed a curvilinear relation between age and adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of triclosan. LSGM concentrations of triclosan were higher in people in the high household income than in people in low (p \\\\textless 0.01) and medium (p = 0.04) income categories. CONCLUSIONS: In about three-quarters of urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2003-2004, we detected concentrations of triclosan. Concentrations differed by age and socioeconomic status but not by race/ethnicity and sex. Specifically, the concentrations of triclosan appeared to be highest during the third decade of life and among people with the highest household incomes.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calafat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonia\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lee\",\"Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reidy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18335095\",\"keywords\":\"2, 4, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, 4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether, 5-chloro-2-(2, Antimicrobial, Exposure, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Irgasan, NHANES 2003-2004, TCS, Urine, biomonitoring\",\"pages\":\"303–307\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{calafat_urinary_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the {U}.{S}. population: 2003-2004},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {00916765},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.10768},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Triclosan is a synthetic chemical with broad antimicrobial activity that has been used extensively in consumer products, including personal care products, textiles, and plastic kitchenware. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess exposure to triclosan in a representative sample {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater or = 6 years of age of the U.S. general population from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We analyzed 2,517 urine samples using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We detected concentrations of total (free plus conjugated) triclosan in 74.6\\\\% of samples at concentrations of 2.4-3,790 microg/L. The geometric mean and 95th percentile concentrations were 13.0 microg/L (12.7 microg/g creatinine) and 459.0 microg/L (363.8 mug/g creatinine), respectively. We observed a curvilinear relation between age and adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of triclosan. LSGM concentrations of triclosan were higher in people in the high household income than in people in low (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) and medium (p = 0.04) income categories. CONCLUSIONS: In about three-quarters of urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2003-2004, we detected concentrations of triclosan. Concentrations differed by age and socioeconomic status but not by race/ethnicity and sex. Specifically, the concentrations of triclosan appeared to be highest during the third decade of life and among people with the highest household incomes.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Calafat, Antonia M. and Ye, Xiaoyun and Wong, Lee Yang and Reidy, John A. and Needham, Larry L.},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18335095},\\n\\tkeywords = {2, 4, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, 4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether, 5-chloro-2-(2, Antimicrobial, Exposure, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Irgasan, NHANES 2003-2004, TCS, Urine, biomonitoring},\\n\\tpages = {303--307},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Calafat, A. M.\",\"Ye, X.\",\"Wong, L. Y.\",\"Reidy, J. A.\",\"Needham, L. L.\"],\"key\":\"calafat_urinary_2008\",\"id\":\"calafat_urinary_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"calafat-ye-wong-reidy-needham-urinaryconcentrationsoftriclosanintheuspopulation20032004-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"2\",\"4\",\"4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol\",\"4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether\",\"5-chloro-2-(2\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Exposure\",\"Florence\",\"Human\",\"Human exposure\",\"Irgasan\",\"NHANES 2003-2004\",\"TCS\",\"Urine\",\"biomonitoring\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vivo experiments for the evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Triclosan in Zebra mussel hemocytes\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"0166445X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.008\",\"abstract\":\"In this work, we investigated the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the antibacterial agent Triclosan in hemocytes of the freshwater bivalve Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). For this study, we used several biomarkers for in vivo experiments (96 h of exposure) carried out at three possible environmental Triclosan concentrations (1, 2, 3 nM). We used the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the micronucleus test (MN test) and the measure of the apoptotic frequency (Halo assay) to measure the genotoxic potential of Triclosan, and the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) as a measure of lysosomal membrane stability to identify general cellular stress. We observed significant increases in all of the genotoxic biomarkers examined as early as 24 h after initial exposure, as well as a clear destabilization of lysosomal membranes (after 48 h), indicating that this chemical is potentially dangerous for the entire aquatic biocoenosis. A comparison of these in vivo data with existing data from in vitro experiments allowed us to suggest possible mechanisms of action for Triclosan in this bivalve. Although further studies are needed to confirm the possible modes of action, our study is the first to report on the effects of this widespread antibiotic on freshwater invertebrates. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Binelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cogni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parolini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Provini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19117617\",\"keywords\":\"Antibacterial agent, Antimicrobial, Biomarkers, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, mussels\",\"pages\":\"238–244\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{binelli_vivo_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {In vivo experiments for the evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of {Triclosan} in {Zebra} mussel hemocytes},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {0166445X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.008},\\n\\tabstract = {In this work, we investigated the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the antibacterial agent Triclosan in hemocytes of the freshwater bivalve Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). For this study, we used several biomarkers for in vivo experiments (96 h of exposure) carried out at three possible environmental Triclosan concentrations (1, 2, 3 nM). We used the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the micronucleus test (MN test) and the measure of the apoptotic frequency (Halo assay) to measure the genotoxic potential of Triclosan, and the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) as a measure of lysosomal membrane stability to identify general cellular stress. We observed significant increases in all of the genotoxic biomarkers examined as early as 24 h after initial exposure, as well as a clear destabilization of lysosomal membranes (after 48 h), indicating that this chemical is potentially dangerous for the entire aquatic biocoenosis. A comparison of these in vivo data with existing data from in vitro experiments allowed us to suggest possible mechanisms of action for Triclosan in this bivalve. Although further studies are needed to confirm the possible modes of action, our study is the first to report on the effects of this widespread antibiotic on freshwater invertebrates. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Binelli, A. and Cogni, D. and Parolini, M. and Riva, C. and Provini, A.},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19117617},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antibacterial agent, Antimicrobial, Biomarkers, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, mussels},\\n\\tpages = {238--244},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Binelli, A.\",\"Cogni, D.\",\"Parolini, M.\",\"Riva, C.\",\"Provini, A.\"],\"key\":\"binelli_vivo_2009\",\"id\":\"binelli_vivo_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"binelli-cogni-parolini-riva-provini-invivoexperimentsfortheevaluationofgenotoxicandcytotoxiceffectsoftriclosaninzebramusselhemocytes-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antibacterial agent\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Biomarkers\",\"Cytotoxicity\",\"Genotoxicity\",\"mussels\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hand washing practices in a college town environment.\",\"volume\":\"75\",\"issn\":\"0022-0892\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052\",\"abstract\":\"Many people do not wash their hands when the behavior in which they engage would warrant it. Most research of hand washing practices to date has taken place in high-traffic environments such as airports and public attraction venues. These studies have established a persistent shortcoming and a gender difference in hand washing compliance. Using field observations of 3,749 people in a college town environment, the research described in this article replicates and extends earlier work while identifying potential environmental and demographic predictors of hand washing compliance. Additionally, the authors' research suggests that proper hand washing practices, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are not being practiced. Finally, the authors' research raises a question as to the accuracy of earlier measurements of \\\"proper\\\" hand washing practices, suggesting that compliance rates are inflated. The results can help increase hand washing rates for the general public and thus decrease the risk of transmitting disease.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Borchgrevink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carl\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"JaeMin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"SeungHyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23621052\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Antimicrobial, Female, Florence, Hand Hygiene, Hand Hygiene: methods, Hand Hygiene: statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Toilet Facilities, Toilet Facilities: statistics & numerical data, Universities, Universities: statistics & numerical data, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"18–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{borchgrevink_hand_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Hand washing practices in a college town environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {75},\\n\\tissn = {0022-0892},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052},\\n\\tabstract = {Many people do not wash their hands when the behavior in which they engage would warrant it. Most research of hand washing practices to date has taken place in high-traffic environments such as airports and public attraction venues. These studies have established a persistent shortcoming and a gender difference in hand washing compliance. Using field observations of 3,749 people in a college town environment, the research described in this article replicates and extends earlier work while identifying potential environmental and demographic predictors of hand washing compliance. Additionally, the authors' research suggests that proper hand washing practices, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are not being practiced. Finally, the authors' research raises a question as to the accuracy of earlier measurements of \\\"proper\\\" hand washing practices, suggesting that compliance rates are inflated. The results can help increase hand washing rates for the general public and thus decrease the risk of transmitting disease.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Borchgrevink, Carl P and Cha, JaeMin and Kim, SeungHyun},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23621052},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Antimicrobial, Female, Florence, Hand Hygiene, Hand Hygiene: methods, Hand Hygiene: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Toilet Facilities, Toilet Facilities: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Universities, Universities: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {18--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Borchgrevink, C. P\",\"Cha, J.\",\"Kim, S.\"],\"key\":\"borchgrevink_hand_2013\",\"id\":\"borchgrevink_hand_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"borchgrevink-cha-kim-handwashingpracticesinacollegetownenvironment-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Female\",\"Florence\",\"Hand Hygiene\",\"Hand Hygiene: methods\",\"Hand Hygiene: statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Toilet Facilities\",\"Toilet Facilities: statistics & numerical data\",\"Universities\",\"Universities: statistics & numerical data\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan in a sewage treatment process - Balances and monitoring data\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"00431354\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00335-X\",\"abstract\":\"In a German sewage treatment plant that processes 200,000m3 wastewater per day, the concentrations of 2,4,4???-trichloro, 2???-hydroxy-phenylether (triclosan) in the in-flowing (???1000ngl-1) as well as in the out-flowing water (???50ngl-1) are compared to the concentrations measured in sludge (1200ngg-1). Considering the mass flow of water and sludge in the respective plant, balances including water and sludge are calculated. Thirty percent of the triclosan is sorbed with weak bonds to the sludge, while some amounts are sorbed as bound residues in the sludge. About 5% is dissolved in the out-flowing water. Thus most of the in-flowing material is not recovered as the parent compound but it is likely that it is transformed to other metabolites or unrecovered bound residues. These data are compared to the monitoring of sewage sludge of 20 different plants in this region, most of which are smaller, though. The concentrations found in these sludges vary from 1000-8000ngg-1. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"Water Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12909107\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Balance, Florence, Sewage treatment plant, TCS, Triclosan, Wastewater\",\"pages\":\"3891–3896\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bester_triclosan_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan in a sewage treatment process - {Balances} and monitoring data},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {00431354},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00335-X},\\n\\tabstract = {In a German sewage treatment plant that processes 200,000m3 wastewater per day, the concentrations of 2,4,4???-trichloro, 2???-hydroxy-phenylether (triclosan) in the in-flowing (???1000ngl-1) as well as in the out-flowing water (???50ngl-1) are compared to the concentrations measured in sludge (1200ngg-1). Considering the mass flow of water and sludge in the respective plant, balances including water and sludge are calculated. Thirty percent of the triclosan is sorbed with weak bonds to the sludge, while some amounts are sorbed as bound residues in the sludge. About 5\\\\% is dissolved in the out-flowing water. Thus most of the in-flowing material is not recovered as the parent compound but it is likely that it is transformed to other metabolites or unrecovered bound residues. These data are compared to the monitoring of sewage sludge of 20 different plants in this region, most of which are smaller, though. The concentrations found in these sludges vary from 1000-8000ngg-1. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {Water Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Bester, K.},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12909107},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Balance, Florence, Sewage treatment plant, TCS, Triclosan, Wastewater},\\n\\tpages = {3891--3896},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bester, K.\"],\"key\":\"bester_triclosan_2003\",\"id\":\"bester_triclosan_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bester-triclosaninasewagetreatmentprocessbalancesandmonitoringdata-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Balance\",\"Florence\",\"Sewage treatment plant\",\"TCS\",\"Triclosan\",\"Wastewater\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.003\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98ngL-1, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212ngL-1, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1ngL-1) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22ngL-1 in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McNeill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21652055\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Chlorination, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, UV, Wastewater, sewage treatment\",\"pages\":\"1238–1243\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{buth_removal_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and {UV} disinfection},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98ngL-1, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212ngL-1, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1ngL-1) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22ngL-1 in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Buth, Jeffrey M. and Ross, Michael R. and McNeill, Kristopher and Arnold, William A.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21652055},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Chlorination, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, UV, Wastewater, sewage treatment},\\n\\tpages = {1238--1243},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Buth, J. M.\",\"Ross, M. R.\",\"McNeill, K.\",\"Arnold, W. A.\"],\"key\":\"buth_removal_2011\",\"id\":\"buth_removal_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"buth-ross-mcneill-arnold-removalandformationofchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesinwastewatertreatmentplantsusingchlorineanduvdisinfection-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Chlorination\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"Triclosan\",\"UV\",\"Wastewater\",\"sewage treatment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan: Applications and safety\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"01966553\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90017-6\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a nonionic, broad spectrum, antimicrobial agent that, because of its favorable safety profile, has been incorporated into a variety of many personal care products, including deodorant soaps, underarm deodorants, shower gels, and health care personnel handwashes. Triclosan exhibits a moderate degree of substantivity to the skin, and, in many products, it imparts a remnant antimicrobial effect. Although direct contact with the material under exaggerated exposure conditions causes dermal irritation in laboratory animals, it has only rarely been associated with skin irritation or sensitization in human beings in formulated products. Acute, subacute/subchronic, and chronic toxicity profiles have been established to determine that triclosan is neither an acute oral toxicant nor that it acts as a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. A new application for triclosan is in oral dentifrices for plaque control. Currently under investigation in the United States, it is approved for oral care application in Canada and many European countries.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"American Journal of Infection Control\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhargava\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1996\",\"pmid\":\"8807001\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS\",\"pages\":\"209–218\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bhargava_triclosan:_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan: {Applications} and safety},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {01966553},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90017-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a nonionic, broad spectrum, antimicrobial agent that, because of its favorable safety profile, has been incorporated into a variety of many personal care products, including deodorant soaps, underarm deodorants, shower gels, and health care personnel handwashes. Triclosan exhibits a moderate degree of substantivity to the skin, and, in many products, it imparts a remnant antimicrobial effect. Although direct contact with the material under exaggerated exposure conditions causes dermal irritation in laboratory animals, it has only rarely been associated with skin irritation or sensitization in human beings in formulated products. Acute, subacute/subchronic, and chronic toxicity profiles have been established to determine that triclosan is neither an acute oral toxicant nor that it acts as a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. A new application for triclosan is in oral dentifrices for plaque control. Currently under investigation in the United States, it is approved for oral care application in Canada and many European countries.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {American Journal of Infection Control},\\n\\tauthor = {Bhargava, H. N. and Leonard, Patricia A.},\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tpmid = {8807001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS},\\n\\tpages = {209--218},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bhargava, H. N.\",\"Leonard, P. A.\"],\"key\":\"bhargava_triclosan:_1996\",\"id\":\"bhargava_triclosan:_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhargava-leonard-triclosanapplicationsandsafety-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fate of triclosan and triclosan-methyl in sewage treatment plants and surface waters\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"issn\":\"00904341\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00244-004-0155-4\",\"abstract\":\"The fate of triclosan in diverse stages of two sewage treatment processes has been determined. The elimination process differed considerably depending on the technology applied in the respective sewage treatment plant (STP). The plant operating with a two-stage biologic (activated sludge) process removed triclosan more efficiently than the STP with a combination of physical and activated sludge process. The treatment in the aeration basin was the dominant elimination mechanism, whereas the final biologic filter was not very effective. The elimination rates for triclosan were 87% and 95%, respectively. These data were compared with emissions of a multitude of STPs in the river Ruhr catchment area as well as triclosan and its known transformation product, triclosan-methyl, in the river. The concentrations of both compounds were between \\\\textless3 and 10 ng/L in true surface-water samples for triclosan and between 0.3 and 10 ng/L for triclosan-methyl. The STP effluents held higher concentrations (10 to 600 ng/L triclosan). The ratio of triclosan to triclosan-methyl did not change significantly within the longitudinal profile of the river, but diverse STPs discharging to the river exhibited individual triclosan-to-triclosan-methyl ratios. From the riverine concentration data, in-river elimination rates and half-life were estimated.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"15959704\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS, mtcs\",\"pages\":\"9–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bester_fate_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Fate of triclosan and triclosan-methyl in sewage treatment plants and surface waters},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tissn = {00904341},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-004-0155-4},\\n\\tabstract = {The fate of triclosan in diverse stages of two sewage treatment processes has been determined. The elimination process differed considerably depending on the technology applied in the respective sewage treatment plant (STP). The plant operating with a two-stage biologic (activated sludge) process removed triclosan more efficiently than the STP with a combination of physical and activated sludge process. The treatment in the aeration basin was the dominant elimination mechanism, whereas the final biologic filter was not very effective. The elimination rates for triclosan were 87\\\\% and 95\\\\%, respectively. These data were compared with emissions of a multitude of STPs in the river Ruhr catchment area as well as triclosan and its known transformation product, triclosan-methyl, in the river. The concentrations of both compounds were between {\\\\textbackslash}textless3 and 10 ng/L in true surface-water samples for triclosan and between 0.3 and 10 ng/L for triclosan-methyl. The STP effluents held higher concentrations (10 to 600 ng/L triclosan). The ratio of triclosan to triclosan-methyl did not change significantly within the longitudinal profile of the river, but diverse STPs discharging to the river exhibited individual triclosan-to-triclosan-methyl ratios. From the riverine concentration data, in-river elimination rates and half-life were estimated.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bester, Kai},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {15959704},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS, mtcs},\\n\\tpages = {9--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bester, K.\"],\"key\":\"bester_fate_2005\",\"id\":\"bester_fate_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bester-fateoftriclosanandtriclosanmethylinsewagetreatmentplantsandsurfacewaters-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"mtcs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012\",\"volume\":\"211\",\"issn\":\"03784274\",\"url\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"\\\\AAke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heindel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jerrold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jobling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kidd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zoeller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial\",\"pages\":\"S3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bergman_state---science_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012},\\n\\tvolume = {211},\\n\\tissn = {03784274},\\n\\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Bergman, {\\\\textbackslash}AAke and Heindel, Jerrold and Jobling, Susan and Kidd, Karen and Zoeller, R. Thomas},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\\n\\tpages = {S3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bergman, \\\\.\",\"Heindel, J.\",\"Jobling, S.\",\"Kidd, K.\",\"Zoeller, R. T.\"],\"key\":\"bergman_state---science_2012\",\"id\":\"bergman_state---science_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bergman-heindel-jobling-kidd-zoeller-stateofthescienceofendocrinedisruptingchemicals2012-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan exposure reduces thyroxine levels in pregnant and lactating rat dams and in directly exposed offspring\",\"volume\":\"59\",\"issn\":\"02786915\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050\",\"abstract\":\"Thyroid disrupting chemicals can potentially disrupt brain development. Two studies investigating the effect of the antibacterial compound triclosan on thyroxine (T4) levels in rats are reported. In the first, Wistar rat dams were gavaged with 75, 150 or 300mg triclosan/kgbw/day throughout gestation and lactation. Total T4 serum levels were measured in dams and offspring, and all doses of triclosan significantly lowered T4 in dams, but no significant effects on T4 levels were seen in the offspring at the end of the lactation period. Since this lack of effect could be due to minimal exposure through maternal milk, a second study using direct per oral pup exposure from postnatal day 3-16 to 50 or 150mg triclosan/kgbw/day was performed. This exposure pointed to significant T4 reductions in 16day old offspring in both dose groups. These results corroborate previous studies showing that in rats lactational transfer of triclosan seems limited. Since an optimal study design for testing potential developmental neurotoxicants in rats, should include exposure during both the pre- and postnatal periods of brain development, we suggest that in the case of triclosan, direct dosing of pups may be the best way to obtain that goal. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\",\"journal\":\"Food and Chemical Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Axelstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vinggaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christiansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sofie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hass\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23831729\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Developmental, Florence, Rat, Thyroid disrupting chemical (TDC), Thyroxine (T4), Triclosan\",\"pages\":\"534–540\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{axelstad_triclosan_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan exposure reduces thyroxine levels in pregnant and lactating rat dams and in directly exposed offspring},\\n\\tvolume = {59},\\n\\tissn = {02786915},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050},\\n\\tabstract = {Thyroid disrupting chemicals can potentially disrupt brain development. Two studies investigating the effect of the antibacterial compound triclosan on thyroxine (T4) levels in rats are reported. In the first, Wistar rat dams were gavaged with 75, 150 or 300mg triclosan/kgbw/day throughout gestation and lactation. Total T4 serum levels were measured in dams and offspring, and all doses of triclosan significantly lowered T4 in dams, but no significant effects on T4 levels were seen in the offspring at the end of the lactation period. Since this lack of effect could be due to minimal exposure through maternal milk, a second study using direct per oral pup exposure from postnatal day 3-16 to 50 or 150mg triclosan/kgbw/day was performed. This exposure pointed to significant T4 reductions in 16day old offspring in both dose groups. These results corroborate previous studies showing that in rats lactational transfer of triclosan seems limited. Since an optimal study design for testing potential developmental neurotoxicants in rats, should include exposure during both the pre- and postnatal periods of brain development, we suggest that in the case of triclosan, direct dosing of pups may be the best way to obtain that goal. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\\n\\tjournal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Axelstad, Marta and Boberg, Julie and Vinggaard, Anne Marie and Christiansen, Sofie and Hass, Ulla},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23831729},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Developmental, Florence, Rat, Thyroid disrupting chemical (TDC), Thyroxine (T4), Triclosan},\\n\\tpages = {534--540},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Axelstad, M.\",\"Boberg, J.\",\"Vinggaard, A. M.\",\"Christiansen, S.\",\"Hass, U.\"],\"key\":\"axelstad_triclosan_2013\",\"id\":\"axelstad_triclosan_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"axelstad-boberg-vinggaard-christiansen-hass-triclosanexposurereducesthyroxinelevelsinpregnantandlactatingratdamsandindirectlyexposedoffspring-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Developmental\",\"Florence\",\"Rat\",\"Thyroid disrupting chemical (TDC)\",\"Thyroxine (T4)\",\"Triclosan\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children\",\"volume\":\"68\",\"issn\":\"01054538\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/all.12058\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Exposure to the synthetic antimicrobial chemical, triclosan, used in personal care products, has been hypothesized to lead to allergic disease. We investigated whether triclosan exposure was associated with allergic sensitization and symptoms in 10-year-old Norwegian children.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nMETHODS: Urinary concentrations of triclosan were measured in one first morning void from 623 children, collected during 2001-2004. Logistic regression models, controlling for urine specific gravity, parental allergic disease, maternal education, and household income, were fitted for allergic sensitization (either skin prick test positivity or serum-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/l to at least one of 15 evaluated inhalant and food allergens), current rhinitis, and current asthma (questionnaire and exercise challenge test).${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nRESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for allergic sensitization among those in the fourth quartile of triclosan concentration was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.4] compared with the reference group (\\\\textlessthe limit of detection), and the aOR per log(10) unit increase in triclosan was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.4). The aOR for current rhinitis was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.4) for the fourth quartile and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.4) per log(10) unit increase in triclosan.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nCONCLUSION: Triclosan concentrations were associated with allergic sensitization, especially inhalant and seasonal allergens, rather than food allergens. Current rhinitis was associated with the highest levels of triclosan, whereas no association was seen for current asthma. These results are consistent with recent findings in other studies and provide additional evidence for an association between triclosan and allergy.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bertelsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Longnecker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Løvik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calafat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carlsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"London\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lødrup\",\"Carlsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23146048\",\"keywords\":\"Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Asthma, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, allergy, rhinitis\",\"pages\":\"84–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bertelsen_triclosan_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in {Norwegian} children},\\n\\tvolume = {68},\\n\\tissn = {01054538},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/all.12058},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Exposure to the synthetic antimicrobial chemical, triclosan, used in personal care products, has been hypothesized to lead to allergic disease. We investigated whether triclosan exposure was associated with allergic sensitization and symptoms in 10-year-old Norwegian children.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nMETHODS: Urinary concentrations of triclosan were measured in one first morning void from 623 children, collected during 2001-2004. Logistic regression models, controlling for urine specific gravity, parental allergic disease, maternal education, and household income, were fitted for allergic sensitization (either skin prick test positivity or serum-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/l to at least one of 15 evaluated inhalant and food allergens), current rhinitis, and current asthma (questionnaire and exercise challenge test).\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nRESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for allergic sensitization among those in the fourth quartile of triclosan concentration was 2.0 [95\\\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.4] compared with the reference group ({\\\\textbackslash}textlessthe limit of detection), and the aOR per log(10) unit increase in triclosan was 1.2 (95\\\\% CI: 1.0, 1.4). The aOR for current rhinitis was 1.9 (95\\\\% CI: 1.1, 3.4) for the fourth quartile and 1.2 (95\\\\% CI: 0.97, 1.4) per log(10) unit increase in triclosan.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nCONCLUSION: Triclosan concentrations were associated with allergic sensitization, especially inhalant and seasonal allergens, rather than food allergens. Current rhinitis was associated with the highest levels of triclosan, whereas no association was seen for current asthma. These results are consistent with recent findings in other studies and provide additional evidence for an association between triclosan and allergy.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bertelsen, R. J. and Longnecker, M. P. and Løvik, M. and Calafat, A. M. and Carlsen, K. H. and London, S. J. and Lødrup Carlsen, K. C.},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23146048},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Asthma, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, allergy, rhinitis},\\n\\tpages = {84--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bertelsen, R. J.\",\"Longnecker, M. P.\",\"Løvik, M.\",\"Calafat, A. M.\",\"Carlsen, K. H.\",\"London, S. J.\",\"Lødrup Carlsen, K. C.\"],\"key\":\"bertelsen_triclosan_2013\",\"id\":\"bertelsen_triclosan_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bertelsen-longnecker-lvik-calafat-carlsen-london-ldrupcarlsen-triclosanexposureandallergicsensitizationinnorwegianchildren-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antibacterial\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Asthma\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"Triclosan\",\"allergy\",\"rhinitis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"09441344\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z\",\"abstract\":\"Introduction and aims A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things). Occurrence Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, most reports describe TCS as one of the most commonly encountered substances in solid and water environmental compartments. It has been detected in a microgram per liter or microgram per kilogram level in sewage treatment plants (influents, effluents, and sludges), natural waters (rivers, lakes, and estuarine waters), and sediments as well as in drinking water. Toxicity Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS can accumulate in fatty tissues and has been found in fish and human samples (urine, breast milk, and serum). TCS is known to be biodegradable, photo-unstable, and reactive towards chlorine and ozone. Discussion As a consequence, it can be transformed into potentially more toxic and persistent compounds, such as chlorinated phenols and biphenyl ethers after chlorination, methyl triclosan after biological methylation, and chlori- nated dibenzodioxins after photooxidation. The toxicity of TCS toward aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, and algae has been demonstrated with EC50 values near TCS environmental concentrations. It has even been shown to produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects. Conclusion Furthermore, the excessive use of TCS is suspected to increase the risk of emergence of TCS-resistant bacteria and the selection of resistant strains.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bedoux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gilles\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Benoit\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olivier\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dupont\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Le\",\"Bot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22057832\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Degradation, Florence, Occurrence, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, human health, review\",\"pages\":\"1044–1065\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bedoux_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {09441344},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z},\\n\\tabstract = {Introduction and aims A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things). Occurrence Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, most reports describe TCS as one of the most commonly encountered substances in solid and water environmental compartments. It has been detected in a microgram per liter or microgram per kilogram level in sewage treatment plants (influents, effluents, and sludges), natural waters (rivers, lakes, and estuarine waters), and sediments as well as in drinking water. Toxicity Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS can accumulate in fatty tissues and has been found in fish and human samples (urine, breast milk, and serum). TCS is known to be biodegradable, photo-unstable, and reactive towards chlorine and ozone. Discussion As a consequence, it can be transformed into potentially more toxic and persistent compounds, such as chlorinated phenols and biphenyl ethers after chlorination, methyl triclosan after biological methylation, and chlori- nated dibenzodioxins after photooxidation. The toxicity of TCS toward aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, and algae has been demonstrated with EC50 values near TCS environmental concentrations. It has even been shown to produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects. Conclusion Furthermore, the excessive use of TCS is suspected to increase the risk of emergence of TCS-resistant bacteria and the selection of resistant strains.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Bedoux, Gilles and Roig, Benoit and Thomas, Olivier and Dupont, Virginie and Le Bot, Barbara},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22057832},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Degradation, Florence, Occurrence, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, human health, review},\\n\\tpages = {1044--1065},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bedoux, G.\",\"Roig, B.\",\"Thomas, O.\",\"Dupont, V.\",\"Le Bot, B.\"],\"key\":\"bedoux_occurrence_2012\",\"id\":\"bedoux_occurrence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bedoux-roig-thomas-dupont-lebot-occurrenceandtoxicityofantimicrobialtriclosanandbyproductsintheenvironment-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Degradation\",\"Florence\",\"Occurrence\",\"TCS\",\"Toxicity\",\"Triclosan\",\"human health\",\"review\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of Methyl Triclosan, a Transformation Product of the Bactericide Triclosan, in Fish from Various Lakes in Switzerland\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es030068p\",\"abstract\":\"The bactericide triclosan and methyl triclosan, an environmental transformation product thereof, have been previously detected in lakes and a river in Switzerland. Both compounds are emitted via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with methyl triclosan probably being formed by biological methylation. Passive sampling with semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) showed the presence of methyl triclosan in some lakes, suggesting some potential for bioaccumulation of the compound. In this study, we report the presence of methyl triclosan in fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus) from various lakes in Switzerland receiving inputs from WWTPs. Identification of the compound was based on mass spectral (MS) evidence including MS/MS data. The concentrations of methyl triclosan in the fish were up to 35 ng g(-1) on a wet weight basis and up to 365 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis with concentrations in a relatively narrow range for fish from the same lake (Thunersee, 4-6 ng g(-1); Zürichsee, 32-62 ng g(-1); Pfäffikersee, 43-56 ng g(-1); Greifensee, 165-365 ng g(-1), lipid basis). No methyl triclosan (\\\\textless1 ng g(-1), lipid basis) was detected in fish (lake trout, Salmo trutta) from a remote lake in Sweden (Häbberstjärnen) and in fish (roach) from a small lake in Switzerland with no input from WWTPs (Hüttnersee, \\\\textless2-\\\\textless5 ng g(-1), lipid basis). The concentrations of methyl triclosan in fish correlated (r2 = 0.85) with the ratio of population in the watershed to water throughflow of the lakes (P/Q ratio), which is considered to be a measure for the domestic burden from WWTPs to a lake. Passive sampling with SPMDs confirmed the presence of methyltriclosan in lakes and a river (Zürichsee and Greifensee; Limmat) but not in a remote mountain lake (Jörisee) and in Hüttnersee. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of methyl triclosan estimated from the fish data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was in the order of 1-2.6 x 10(5) (lipid basis) and thus in the range of other persistent organic pollutants. SPMDs were found to be reliable for monitoring low concentrations of methyl triclosan in surface water. Methyl triclosan appears to be a suitable marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the aquatic environment and fish.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balmer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marianne\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Poiger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Droz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romanin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergqvist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per-Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Markus\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Rudolf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"14750712\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Aquatic, BCF, Florence, mtcs\",\"pages\":\"390–395\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{balmer_occurrence_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of {Methyl} {Triclosan}, a {Transformation} {Product} of the {Bactericide} {Triclosan}, in {Fish} from {Various} {Lakes} in {Switzerland}},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es030068p},\\n\\tabstract = {The bactericide triclosan and methyl triclosan, an environmental transformation product thereof, have been previously detected in lakes and a river in Switzerland. Both compounds are emitted via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with methyl triclosan probably being formed by biological methylation. Passive sampling with semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) showed the presence of methyl triclosan in some lakes, suggesting some potential for bioaccumulation of the compound. In this study, we report the presence of methyl triclosan in fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus) from various lakes in Switzerland receiving inputs from WWTPs. Identification of the compound was based on mass spectral (MS) evidence including MS/MS data. The concentrations of methyl triclosan in the fish were up to 35 ng g(-1) on a wet weight basis and up to 365 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis with concentrations in a relatively narrow range for fish from the same lake (Thunersee, 4-6 ng g(-1); Zürichsee, 32-62 ng g(-1); Pfäffikersee, 43-56 ng g(-1); Greifensee, 165-365 ng g(-1), lipid basis). No methyl triclosan ({\\\\textbackslash}textless1 ng g(-1), lipid basis) was detected in fish (lake trout, Salmo trutta) from a remote lake in Sweden (Häbberstjärnen) and in fish (roach) from a small lake in Switzerland with no input from WWTPs (Hüttnersee, {\\\\textbackslash}textless2-{\\\\textbackslash}textless5 ng g(-1), lipid basis). The concentrations of methyl triclosan in fish correlated (r2 = 0.85) with the ratio of population in the watershed to water throughflow of the lakes (P/Q ratio), which is considered to be a measure for the domestic burden from WWTPs to a lake. Passive sampling with SPMDs confirmed the presence of methyltriclosan in lakes and a river (Zürichsee and Greifensee; Limmat) but not in a remote mountain lake (Jörisee) and in Hüttnersee. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of methyl triclosan estimated from the fish data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was in the order of 1-2.6 x 10(5) (lipid basis) and thus in the range of other persistent organic pollutants. SPMDs were found to be reliable for monitoring low concentrations of methyl triclosan in surface water. Methyl triclosan appears to be a suitable marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the aquatic environment and fish.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Balmer, Marianne E. and Poiger, Thomas and Droz, Christian and Romanin, Kathrin and Bergqvist, Per-Anders and Müller, Markus D. and Buser, Hans-Rudolf},\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {14750712},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, BCF, Florence, mtcs},\\n\\tpages = {390--395},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Balmer, M. E.\",\"Poiger, T.\",\"Droz, C.\",\"Romanin, K.\",\"Bergqvist, P.\",\"Müller, M. D.\",\"Buser, H.\"],\"key\":\"balmer_occurrence_2004\",\"id\":\"balmer_occurrence_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"balmer-poiger-droz-romanin-bergqvist-mller-buser-occurrenceofmethyltriclosanatransformationproductofthebactericidetriclosaninfishfromvariouslakesinswitzerland-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Aquatic\",\"BCF\",\"Florence\",\"mtcs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human exposure to triclosan via toothpaste does not change cyp3a4 activity or plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones\",\"volume\":\"105\",\"issn\":\"17427835\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00455.x\",\"abstract\":\"Triclosan is an antibacterial compound commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for everyday use. As previously shown, triclosan is found in the plasma, urine and milk from large parts of different human populations. Recent studies have revealed that triclosan is able to activate the human pregnane X receptor in vitro and thus possibly affecting metabolism of drugs in humans via the induction of CYP3A4. Besides, triclosan has been shown to affect thyroid hormonal levels in rats in vivo. In the present study, we investigated if an everyday exposure to triclosan via triclosan-containing toothpaste for 14 days in 12 adult humans caused an increase in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol, indicative of CYP3A4 induction, and/or alterations in thyroid hormonal status. The plasma triclosan concentrations increased from 0.009-0.81 ng/g to 26-296 ng/g (ranges) upon exposure. Despite this, there were no significant changes in plasma levels of either plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol or thyroid hormones during the exposure. This indicates that the normal use of triclosan-containing toothpaste is not likely to alter metabolism of drugs via CYP3A4 induction or cause adverse events because of thyroid disturbances in humans.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allmyr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mats\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Panagiotidis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georgios\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sparve\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diczfalusy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandborgh-Englund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19686543\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial\",\"pages\":\"339–344\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{allmyr_human_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Human exposure to triclosan via toothpaste does not change cyp3a4 activity or plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones},\\n\\tvolume = {105},\\n\\tissn = {17427835},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00455.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclosan is an antibacterial compound commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for everyday use. As previously shown, triclosan is found in the plasma, urine and milk from large parts of different human populations. Recent studies have revealed that triclosan is able to activate the human pregnane X receptor in vitro and thus possibly affecting metabolism of drugs in humans via the induction of CYP3A4. Besides, triclosan has been shown to affect thyroid hormonal levels in rats in vivo. In the present study, we investigated if an everyday exposure to triclosan via triclosan-containing toothpaste for 14 days in 12 adult humans caused an increase in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol, indicative of CYP3A4 induction, and/or alterations in thyroid hormonal status. The plasma triclosan concentrations increased from 0.009-0.81 ng/g to 26-296 ng/g (ranges) upon exposure. Despite this, there were no significant changes in plasma levels of either plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol or thyroid hormones during the exposure. This indicates that the normal use of triclosan-containing toothpaste is not likely to alter metabolism of drugs via CYP3A4 induction or cause adverse events because of thyroid disturbances in humans.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Allmyr, Mats and Panagiotidis, Georgios and Sparve, Erik and Diczfalusy, Ulf and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19686543},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\\n\\tpages = {339--344},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Allmyr, M.\",\"Panagiotidis, G.\",\"Sparve, E.\",\"Diczfalusy, U.\",\"Sandborgh-Englund, G.\"],\"key\":\"allmyr_human_2009\",\"id\":\"allmyr_human_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"allmyr-panagiotidis-sparve-diczfalusy-sandborghenglund-humanexposuretotriclosanviatoothpastedoesnotchangecyp3a4activityorplasmaconcentrationsofthyroidhormones-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X; 0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&id=pmid:16646468&id=doi:&issn=0013-936X&isbn=&volume=40&issue=7&spage=2316&pages=2316-23&date=2006&title=Environmental+Science+&+Technology&atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica\",\"abstract\":\"A screening level risk assessment model is developed and described to assess and prioritize chemicals by estimating environmental fate and transport, bioaccumulation, and exposure to humans and wildlife for a unit emission rate. The most sensitive risk endpoint is identified and a critical emission rate is then calculated as a result of that endpoint being reached. Finally, this estimated critical emission rate is compared with the estimated actual emission rate as a risk assessment factor. This \\\"back-tracking\\\" process avoids the use of highly uncertain emission rate data as model input. The application of the model is demonstrated in detail for three diverse chemicals and in less detail for a group of 70 chemicals drawn from the Canadian Domestic Substances List. The simple Level II and the more complex Level III fate calculations are used to \\\"bin\\\" substances into categories of similar probable risk. The essential role of the model is to synthesize information on chemical and environmental properties within a consistent mass balance framework to yield an overall estimate of screening level risk with respect to the defined endpoint. The approach may be useful to identify and prioritize those chemicals of commerce that are of greatest potential concern and require more comprehensive modeling and monitoring evaluations in actual regional environments and food webs.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arnot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mackay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Southwood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Antimicrobial, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, IM, Models, Risk Assessment, Theoretical\",\"pages\":\"2316–2323\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{arnot_screening_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X; 0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&id=pmid:16646468&id=doi:&issn=0013-936X&isbn=&volume=40&issue=7&spage=2316&pages=2316-23&date=2006&title=Environmental+Science+&+Technology&atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica},\\n\\tabstract = {A screening level risk assessment model is developed and described to assess and prioritize chemicals by estimating environmental fate and transport, bioaccumulation, and exposure to humans and wildlife for a unit emission rate. The most sensitive risk endpoint is identified and a critical emission rate is then calculated as a result of that endpoint being reached. Finally, this estimated critical emission rate is compared with the estimated actual emission rate as a risk assessment factor. This \\\"back-tracking\\\" process avoids the use of highly uncertain emission rate data as model input. The application of the model is demonstrated in detail for three diverse chemicals and in less detail for a group of 70 chemicals drawn from the Canadian Domestic Substances List. The simple Level II and the more complex Level III fate calculations are used to \\\"bin\\\" substances into categories of similar probable risk. The essential role of the model is to synthesize information on chemical and environmental properties within a consistent mass balance framework to yield an overall estimate of screening level risk with respect to the defined endpoint. The approach may be useful to identify and prioritize those chemicals of commerce that are of greatest potential concern and require more comprehensive modeling and monitoring evaluations in actual regional environments and food webs.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Arnot, J A and Mackay, D and Webster, E and Southwood, J M},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Antimicrobial, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, IM, Models, Risk Assessment, Theoretical},\\n\\tpages = {2316--2323},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Arnot, J A\",\"Mackay, D\",\"Webster, E\",\"Southwood, J M\"],\"key\":\"arnot_screening_2006\",\"id\":\"arnot_screening_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironment-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&id=pmid:16646468&id=doi:&issn=0013-936X&isbn=&volume=40&issue=7&spage=2316&pages=2316-23&date=2006&title=Environmental+Science+&+Technology&atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Humans\",\"IM\",\"Models\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Theoretical\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment - Supporting Information\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"1098-6596\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004\",\"abstract\":\"applicability for this approach.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arnot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mackay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Southwood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"25246403\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, icle\",\"pages\":\"1689–1699\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{arnot_screening_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment - {Supporting} {Information}},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {1098-6596},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},\\n\\tabstract = {applicability for this approach.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Arnot, J A and Mackay, D and Webster, E and Southwood, J M},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {25246403},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, icle},\\n\\tpages = {1689--1699},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Arnot, J A\",\"Mackay, D\",\"Webster, E\",\"Southwood, J M\"],\"key\":\"arnot_screening_2006-1\",\"id\":\"arnot_screening_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironmentsupportinginformation-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"icle\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Quantification of triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and their dioxin photoproducts in lacustrine sediment cores\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es3045289\",\"abstract\":\"When discharged into surface waters via wastewater effluents, triclosan, the antimicrobial agent in handsoaps, and chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs, formed during disinfection with chlorine) react photochemically to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To evaluate the historical exposure of waters to these compounds, the levels of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins were determined in sediment cores collected from wastewater-impacted Minnesota lakes. The accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, CTDs, and dioxins in aquatic sediments were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale. Cores collected from large-scale riverine systems with many wastewater sources recorded increasing concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins since the patent of triclosan in 1964. In small-scale lakes with a single wastewater source, the trends were directly attributed to increased triclosan use, local improvements in treatment, and changes in wastewater disinfection since the 1960s. In the lake with no wastewater input, no triclosan or CTDs were detected. Overall, concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their dioxins were higher in small-scale systems, reflecting a greater degree of wastewater impact. In cores collected in northern MN, the four dioxins derived from triclosan are present prior to the patent of triclosan, suggesting a secondary source. It is clear, however, that triclosan and CTDs are the dominant source of these congeners after 1965 in systems impacted by wastewater.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cale\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sueper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blumentritt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dylan\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McNeill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Engstrom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23320506\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Aquatic, Florence, Sediment, TCS, dioxin\",\"pages\":\"1833–1843\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{anger_quantification_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantification of triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and their dioxin photoproducts in lacustrine sediment cores},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es3045289},\\n\\tabstract = {When discharged into surface waters via wastewater effluents, triclosan, the antimicrobial agent in handsoaps, and chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs, formed during disinfection with chlorine) react photochemically to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To evaluate the historical exposure of waters to these compounds, the levels of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins were determined in sediment cores collected from wastewater-impacted Minnesota lakes. The accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, CTDs, and dioxins in aquatic sediments were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale. Cores collected from large-scale riverine systems with many wastewater sources recorded increasing concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins since the patent of triclosan in 1964. In small-scale lakes with a single wastewater source, the trends were directly attributed to increased triclosan use, local improvements in treatment, and changes in wastewater disinfection since the 1960s. In the lake with no wastewater input, no triclosan or CTDs were detected. Overall, concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their dioxins were higher in small-scale systems, reflecting a greater degree of wastewater impact. In cores collected in northern MN, the four dioxins derived from triclosan are present prior to the patent of triclosan, suggesting a secondary source. It is clear, however, that triclosan and CTDs are the dominant source of these congeners after 1965 in systems impacted by wastewater.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Anger, Cale T. and Sueper, Charles and Blumentritt, Dylan J. and McNeill, Kristopher and Engstrom, Daniel R. and Arnold, William A.},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23320506},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Aquatic, Florence, Sediment, TCS, dioxin},\\n\\tpages = {1833--1843},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Anger, C. T.\",\"Sueper, C.\",\"Blumentritt, D. J.\",\"McNeill, K.\",\"Engstrom, D. R.\",\"Arnold, W. A.\"],\"key\":\"anger_quantification_2013\",\"id\":\"anger_quantification_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anger-sueper-blumentritt-mcneill-engstrom-arnold-quantificationoftriclosanchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesandtheirdioxinphotoproductsinlacustrinesedimentcores-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Antimicrobials\",\"Aquatic\",\"Florence\",\"Sediment\",\"TCS\",\"dioxin\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010\",\"abstract\":\"A 12-days photolysis experiment of triclosan, a widely used bactericide, was performed in freshwater and seawater under a low intensity artificial white light source. Photodegradation of triclosan was observed in both the freshwater and seawater samples. Assuming a first-order reaction, half-lives of triclosan in the freshwater and seawater were approximately 8 and 4 days, respectively. 2,8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) was detected in both the freshwater and seawater samples after 3 days of irradiation. The photodegradation of triclosan and the production of DCDD suggest that triclosan could be less stable and DCDD might be more stable in seawater than freshwater. As a result, DCDD produced from triclosan survives for a longer time in seawater. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aranami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazushi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Readman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"16930676\",\"keywords\":\"2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, Freshwater, Photodegradation, Photolysis, Seawater, TCS, Triclosan, marine\",\"pages\":\"1052–1056\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{aranami_photolytic_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010},\\n\\tabstract = {A 12-days photolysis experiment of triclosan, a widely used bactericide, was performed in freshwater and seawater under a low intensity artificial white light source. Photodegradation of triclosan was observed in both the freshwater and seawater samples. Assuming a first-order reaction, half-lives of triclosan in the freshwater and seawater were approximately 8 and 4 days, respectively. 2,8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) was detected in both the freshwater and seawater samples after 3 days of irradiation. The photodegradation of triclosan and the production of DCDD suggest that triclosan could be less stable and DCDD might be more stable in seawater than freshwater. As a result, DCDD produced from triclosan survives for a longer time in seawater. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Aranami, Kazushi and Readman, James W.},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {16930676},\\n\\tkeywords = {2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, Freshwater, Photodegradation, Photolysis, Seawater, TCS, Triclosan, marine},\\n\\tpages = {1052--1056},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Aranami, K.\",\"Readman, J. W.\"],\"key\":\"aranami_photolytic_2007\",\"id\":\"aranami_photolytic_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"aranami-readman-photolyticdegradationoftriclosaninfreshwaterandseawater-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"2\",\"8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"Freshwater\",\"Photodegradation\",\"Photolysis\",\"Seawater\",\"TCS\",\"Triclosan\",\"marine\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.016.Observing\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"J Immunotoxicol.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stacey\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meade\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Long\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carrie\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lukomska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ewa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marshall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nikki\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, human health, hypersensitivity, immune suppression, immunotoxicity\",\"pages\":\"165–172\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{anderson_investigations_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.016.Observing},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {J Immunotoxicol.},\\n\\tauthor = {Anderson, Stacey E. and Meade, B.J. and Long, Carrie M. and Lukomska, Ewa and Marshall, Nikki B.},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, human health, hypersensitivity, immune suppression, immunotoxicity},\\n\\tpages = {165--172},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Anderson, S. E.\",\"Meade, B.\",\"Long, C. M.\",\"Lukomska, E.\",\"Marshall, N. B.\"],\"key\":\"anderson_investigations_2016\",\"id\":\"anderson_investigations_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anderson-meade-long-lukomska-marshall-investigationsofimmunotoxicityandallergicpotentialinducedbytopicalapplicationoftriclosaninmice-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\",\"Triclosan\",\"human health\",\"hypersensitivity\",\"immune suppression\",\"immunotoxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pressurized liquid extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for confirming the photo-induced generation of dioxin-like derivatives and other cosmetic preservative photoproducts on artificial skin\",\"volume\":\"1440\",\"issn\":\"18733778\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066\",\"abstract\":\"The stability and photochemical transformations of cosmetic preservatives in topical applications exposed to UV-light is a serious but poorly understood problem. In this study, a high throughput extraction and selective method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was validated and applied to investigate the photochemical transformation of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), as well as the antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and phenyl benzoate (PhBz) in an artificial skin model. Two sets of photodegradation experiments were performed: (i) UV-Irradiation (8 W, 254 nm) of artificial skin directly spiked with the target preservatives, and (ii) UV-irradiation of artificial skin after the application of a cosmetic cream fortified with the target compounds. After irradiation, PLE was used to isolate the target preservatives and their transformation products. The follow-up of the photodegradation kinetics of the parent preservatives, the identification of the arising by-products, and the monitorization of their kinetic profiles was performed by GC-MS. The photochemical transformation of triclosan into 2,8-dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD) and other dioxin-like photoproducts has been confirmed in this work. Furthermore, seven BHT photoproducts, and three benzophenones as PhBz by-products, have been also identified. These findings reveal the first evidences of cosmetic ingredients phototransformation into unwanted photoproducts on an artificial skin model.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Chromatography A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alvarez-Rivera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gerardo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Llompart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garcia-Jares\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carmen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lores\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pmid\":\"26948762\",\"keywords\":\"2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, GC-MS, Personal care products, Photodegradation, Preservatives, Pressurized liquid extraction, TCS, dioxin\",\"pages\":\"37–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{alvarez-rivera_pressurized_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Pressurized liquid extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for confirming the photo-induced generation of dioxin-like derivatives and other cosmetic preservative photoproducts on artificial skin},\\n\\tvolume = {1440},\\n\\tissn = {18733778},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066},\\n\\tabstract = {The stability and photochemical transformations of cosmetic preservatives in topical applications exposed to UV-light is a serious but poorly understood problem. In this study, a high throughput extraction and selective method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was validated and applied to investigate the photochemical transformation of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), as well as the antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and phenyl benzoate (PhBz) in an artificial skin model. Two sets of photodegradation experiments were performed: (i) UV-Irradiation (8 W, 254 nm) of artificial skin directly spiked with the target preservatives, and (ii) UV-irradiation of artificial skin after the application of a cosmetic cream fortified with the target compounds. After irradiation, PLE was used to isolate the target preservatives and their transformation products. The follow-up of the photodegradation kinetics of the parent preservatives, the identification of the arising by-products, and the monitorization of their kinetic profiles was performed by GC-MS. The photochemical transformation of triclosan into 2,8-dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD) and other dioxin-like photoproducts has been confirmed in this work. Furthermore, seven BHT photoproducts, and three benzophenones as PhBz by-products, have been also identified. These findings reveal the first evidences of cosmetic ingredients phototransformation into unwanted photoproducts on an artificial skin model.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},\\n\\tauthor = {Alvarez-Rivera, Gerardo and Llompart, Maria and Garcia-Jares, Carmen and Lores, Marta},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpmid = {26948762},\\n\\tkeywords = {2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, GC-MS, Personal care products, Photodegradation, Preservatives, Pressurized liquid extraction, TCS, dioxin},\\n\\tpages = {37--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Alvarez-Rivera, G.\",\"Llompart, M.\",\"Garcia-Jares, C.\",\"Lores, M.\"],\"key\":\"alvarez-rivera_pressurized_2016\",\"id\":\"alvarez-rivera_pressurized_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alvarezrivera-llompart-garciajares-lores-pressurizedliquidextractiongaschromatographymassspectrometryforconfirmingthephotoinducedgenerationofdioxinlikederivativesandothercosmeticpreservativephotoproductsonartificialskin-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066\"},\"keyword\":[\"2\",\"8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"GC-MS\",\"Personal care products\",\"Photodegradation\",\"Preservatives\",\"Pressurized liquid extraction\",\"TCS\",\"dioxin\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in Australian human blood serum\",\"volume\":\"393\",\"issn\":\"00489697\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.006\",\"abstract\":\"The bactericide triclosan has found wide-spread use in e.g. soaps, deodorants and toothpastes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been shown to be present in human plasma and milk at concentrations that are well correlated to the use of personal care products containing triclosan. In this study we investigated the influence of age, gender, and the region of residence on triclosan concentrations in pooled samples of Australian human blood serum. The results showed no influence of region of residence on the concentrations of triclosan. There was a small but significant influence of age and gender on the serum triclosan concentrations, which were higher in males than in females, and highest in the group of 31-45??year old males and females. However, overall there was a lack of pronounced differences in the triclosan concentrations within the dataset, which suggests that the exposure to triclosan among different groups of the Australian population is relatively homogenous. A selection of the dataset was compared with previous measurements of triclosan concentrations in human plasma from Sweden, where the use of triclosan is expected to be low due to consumer advisories. The triclosan concentrations were a factor of 2 higher in Australian serum than in Swedish plasma. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allmyr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mats\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fiona\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa\",\"Maree\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLachlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adolfsson-Erici\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaretha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandborgh-Englund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18207219\",\"keywords\":\"Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Irgasan, PCDE, TCS, serum\",\"pages\":\"162–167\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{allmyr_influence_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in {Australian} human blood serum},\\n\\tvolume = {393},\\n\\tissn = {00489697},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.006},\\n\\tabstract = {The bactericide triclosan has found wide-spread use in e.g. soaps, deodorants and toothpastes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been shown to be present in human plasma and milk at concentrations that are well correlated to the use of personal care products containing triclosan. In this study we investigated the influence of age, gender, and the region of residence on triclosan concentrations in pooled samples of Australian human blood serum. The results showed no influence of region of residence on the concentrations of triclosan. There was a small but significant influence of age and gender on the serum triclosan concentrations, which were higher in males than in females, and highest in the group of 31-45??year old males and females. However, overall there was a lack of pronounced differences in the triclosan concentrations within the dataset, which suggests that the exposure to triclosan among different groups of the Australian population is relatively homogenous. A selection of the dataset was compared with previous measurements of triclosan concentrations in human plasma from Sweden, where the use of triclosan is expected to be low due to consumer advisories. The triclosan concentrations were a factor of 2 higher in Australian serum than in Swedish plasma. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Allmyr, Mats and Harden, Fiona and Toms, Leisa Maree L and Mueller, Jochen F. and McLachlan, Michael S. and Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18207219},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Irgasan, PCDE, TCS, serum},\\n\\tpages = {162--167},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Allmyr, M.\",\"Harden, F.\",\"Toms, L. M. L\",\"Mueller, J. F.\",\"McLachlan, M. S.\",\"Adolfsson-Erici, M.\",\"Sandborgh-Englund, G.\"],\"key\":\"allmyr_influence_2008\",\"id\":\"allmyr_influence_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"allmyr-harden-toms-mueller-mclachlan-adolfssonerici-sandborghenglund-theinfluenceofageandgenderontriclosanconcentrationsinaustralianhumanbloodserum-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antibacterial\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"Human exposure\",\"Irgasan\",\"PCDE\",\"TCS\",\"serum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: Impacts on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"00431354\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027\",\"abstract\":\"Triclocarban and triclosan, two antimicrobials widely used in consumer products, can adversely affect ecosystems and potentially impact human health. The application of biosolids to agricultural fields introduces triclocarban and triclosan to soil and water resources. This research examined the phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials, effects of plant growth on migration of antimicrobials to water resources, and relevance of phytoaccumulation in human exposure to antimicrobials. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass were grown in soil columns to which biosolids were applied. Leachate from soil columns was assessed every other week for triclocarban and triclosan. At the end of the trial, concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan were determined for soil, roots, stems, and leaves. Results indicated that plants can reduce leaching of antimicrobials to water resources. Pumpkin and zucchini growth significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclosan to less than 0.001 mg/kg, while zucchini significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclocarban to 0.04 mg/kg. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass accumulated triclocarban and triclosan in mg per kg (dry) concentrations. Potential human exposure to triclocarban from consumption of pumpkin or zucchini was substantially less than exposure from product use, but was greater than exposure from drinking water consumption. Consequently, research indicated that pumpkin and zucchini may beneficially impact the fate of antimicrobials in agricultural fields, while presenting minimal acute risk to human health. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.\",\"number\":\"17\",\"journal\":\"Water Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aryal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Niroj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reinhold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dawn\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21903237\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Phytoremediation, Plant uptake, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, Triclosan, terrestrial\",\"pages\":\"5545–5552\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{aryal_phytoaccumulation_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: {Impacts} on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {00431354},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027},\\n\\tabstract = {Triclocarban and triclosan, two antimicrobials widely used in consumer products, can adversely affect ecosystems and potentially impact human health. The application of biosolids to agricultural fields introduces triclocarban and triclosan to soil and water resources. This research examined the phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials, effects of plant growth on migration of antimicrobials to water resources, and relevance of phytoaccumulation in human exposure to antimicrobials. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass were grown in soil columns to which biosolids were applied. Leachate from soil columns was assessed every other week for triclocarban and triclosan. At the end of the trial, concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan were determined for soil, roots, stems, and leaves. Results indicated that plants can reduce leaching of antimicrobials to water resources. Pumpkin and zucchini growth significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclosan to less than 0.001 mg/kg, while zucchini significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclocarban to 0.04 mg/kg. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass accumulated triclocarban and triclosan in mg per kg (dry) concentrations. Potential human exposure to triclocarban from consumption of pumpkin or zucchini was substantially less than exposure from product use, but was greater than exposure from drinking water consumption. Consequently, research indicated that pumpkin and zucchini may beneficially impact the fate of antimicrobials in agricultural fields, while presenting minimal acute risk to human health. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tjournal = {Water Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Aryal, Niroj and Reinhold, Dawn M.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21903237},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Phytoremediation, Plant uptake, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, Triclosan, terrestrial},\\n\\tpages = {5545--5552},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Aryal, N.\",\"Reinhold, D. M.\"],\"key\":\"aryal_phytoaccumulation_2011\",\"id\":\"aryal_phytoaccumulation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"aryal-reinhold-phytoaccumulationofantimicrobialsfrombiosolidsimpactsonenvironmentalfateandrelevancetohumanexposure-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Florence\",\"Human exposure\",\"Phytoremediation\",\"Plant uptake\",\"TCC\",\"TCS\",\"Triclocarban\",\"Triclosan\",\"terrestrial\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Relationship between triclosan and susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands in the community\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"00664804\",\"doi\":\"10.1128/AAC.48.8.2973-2979.2004\",\"abstract\":\"The possible association between triclosan and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotic was examined among staphylococci and several species of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from the hands of individuals in a community setting. Hand cultures from individuals randomized to using either antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products (including a hand soap containing 0.2% triclosan) or nonantibacterial cleaning and hygiene products for a 1-year period were taken at baseline and at the end of the year. Although there was no statistically significant association between triclosan MICs and susceptibility to antibiotic, there was an increasing trend in the association the odds ratios (ORs) for all species were compared at baseline (OR = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.33 to 1.27) versus at the end of the year (OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.62 to 1.97) and for GNB alone at baseline(OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.29 to 1.51) versus the end of year (OR = 2.69, 95%CI = 0.78 to 9.23) regardless of the hand-washing product used. Moreover, triclosan MICs were higher in some of the species compared to earlier reports on household, clinical, and industrial isolates, and some of these isolates had triclosan MICs in the range of concentrations used in consumer products. The absence of a statistically significant association between elevated triclosan MICs and reduced antibiotic susceptibility may indicate that such a correlation does not exist or that it is relatively small among the isolates that were studied. Still, a relationship may emerge after longer-term or higher-dose exposure of bacteria to triclosan in the community setting.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aiello\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allison\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marshall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bonnie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Della-Latta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phyllis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elaine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"15273108\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Effectiveness, Florence, TCS\",\"pages\":\"2973–2979\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{aiello_relationship_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Relationship between triclosan and susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands in the community},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {00664804},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1128/AAC.48.8.2973-2979.2004},\\n\\tabstract = {The possible association between triclosan and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotic was examined among staphylococci and several species of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from the hands of individuals in a community setting. Hand cultures from individuals randomized to using either antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products (including a hand soap containing 0.2\\\\% triclosan) or nonantibacterial cleaning and hygiene products for a 1-year period were taken at baseline and at the end of the year. Although there was no statistically significant association between triclosan MICs and susceptibility to antibiotic, there was an increasing trend in the association the odds ratios (ORs) for all species were compared at baseline (OR = 0.65, 95\\\\% confidence interval [95\\\\%CI] = 0.33 to 1.27) versus at the end of the year (OR = 1.08, 95\\\\%CI = 0.62 to 1.97) and for GNB alone at baseline(OR = 0.66, 95\\\\%CI = 0.29 to 1.51) versus the end of year (OR = 2.69, 95\\\\%CI = 0.78 to 9.23) regardless of the hand-washing product used. Moreover, triclosan MICs were higher in some of the species compared to earlier reports on household, clinical, and industrial isolates, and some of these isolates had triclosan MICs in the range of concentrations used in consumer products. The absence of a statistically significant association between elevated triclosan MICs and reduced antibiotic susceptibility may indicate that such a correlation does not exist or that it is relatively small among the isolates that were studied. Still, a relationship may emerge after longer-term or higher-dose exposure of bacteria to triclosan in the community setting.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy},\\n\\tauthor = {Aiello, Allison E. and Marshall, Bonnie and Levy, Stuart B. and Della-Latta, Phyllis and Larson, Elaine},\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {15273108},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Effectiveness, Florence, TCS},\\n\\tpages = {2973--2979},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Aiello, A. E.\",\"Marshall, B.\",\"Levy, S. B.\",\"Della-Latta, P.\",\"Larson, E.\"],\"key\":\"aiello_relationship_2004\",\"id\":\"aiello_relationship_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"aiello-marshall-levy-dellalatta-larson-relationshipbetweentriclosanandsusceptibilitiesofbacteriaisolatedfromhandsinthecommunity-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Antimicrobials\",\"Effectiveness\",\"Florence\",\"TCS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impact of biosolids on the persistence and dissipation pathways of triclosan and triclocarban in an agricultural soil\",\"volume\":\"407\",\"issn\":\"00489697\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003\",\"abstract\":\"The broad spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in many personal care products. Knowledge concerning the fate of these two compounds in different environmental matrices is scarce. In this study, the fate of TCS and TCC in soil following direct addition, or when residues were applied via either liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) or dewatered municipal biosolids (DMB) was investigated in laboratory dissipation experiments and under outdoor conditions using radioisotope methods. In laboratory incubations, 14C-TCC or 14C-TCS was added to microcosms containing a loam soil and the rate of 14CO2 accumulation and loss of solvent-extractable 14C were determined during incubation at 30 ??C. Compared to when TCC or TCS was added directly to soil, both chemicals were mineralized more rapidly when applied in LMB, and both were mineralized more slowly when applied in DMB. The application matrix had no effect on the rate of removal of extractable residues. In field experiments, parent compounds were incorporated directly in soil, incorporated via LMB, or a single aggregate of amended DMB was applied to the soil surface. During the experiment soil temperatures ranged from 20 ??C to 10 ??C. Dissipation was much slower in the field than in the laboratory experiments. Removal of non-extractable residues was faster in the presence of LMB than the other treatments. Recovery of extractable and non-extractable residues suggested that there was little atmospheric loss of 14C. Triclocarban readily formed non-extractable residues with DMB whereas TCS did not. Overall, this study has identified that both the pathways and the kinetics of TCS and TCC dissipation in soil are different when the chemicals are carried in biosolids compared to when these chemicals are added directly to the soil. Crown Copyright ?? 2009.\",\"number\":\"23\",\"journal\":\"Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Rajab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abdul\",\"Jabbar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sabourin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lyne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lapen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Topp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19733902\",\"keywords\":\"Antimicrobial, Biosolids, Dissipation, Fate, Soil, Triclocarban, Triclosan\",\"pages\":\"5978–5985\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{al-rajab_impact_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Impact of biosolids on the persistence and dissipation pathways of triclosan and triclocarban in an agricultural soil},\\n\\tvolume = {407},\\n\\tissn = {00489697},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003},\\n\\tabstract = {The broad spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in many personal care products. Knowledge concerning the fate of these two compounds in different environmental matrices is scarce. In this study, the fate of TCS and TCC in soil following direct addition, or when residues were applied via either liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) or dewatered municipal biosolids (DMB) was investigated in laboratory dissipation experiments and under outdoor conditions using radioisotope methods. In laboratory incubations, 14C-TCC or 14C-TCS was added to microcosms containing a loam soil and the rate of 14CO2 accumulation and loss of solvent-extractable 14C were determined during incubation at 30 ??C. Compared to when TCC or TCS was added directly to soil, both chemicals were mineralized more rapidly when applied in LMB, and both were mineralized more slowly when applied in DMB. The application matrix had no effect on the rate of removal of extractable residues. In field experiments, parent compounds were incorporated directly in soil, incorporated via LMB, or a single aggregate of amended DMB was applied to the soil surface. During the experiment soil temperatures ranged from 20 ??C to 10 ??C. Dissipation was much slower in the field than in the laboratory experiments. Removal of non-extractable residues was faster in the presence of LMB than the other treatments. Recovery of extractable and non-extractable residues suggested that there was little atmospheric loss of 14C. Triclocarban readily formed non-extractable residues with DMB whereas TCS did not. Overall, this study has identified that both the pathways and the kinetics of TCS and TCC dissipation in soil are different when the chemicals are carried in biosolids compared to when these chemicals are added directly to the soil. Crown Copyright ?? 2009.},\\n\\tnumber = {23},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Al-Rajab, Abdul Jabbar and Sabourin, Lyne and Scott, Andrew and Lapen, David R. and Topp, Edward},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19733902},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Biosolids, Dissipation, Fate, Soil, Triclocarban, Triclosan},\\n\\tpages = {5978--5985},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Al-Rajab, A. J.\",\"Sabourin, L.\",\"Scott, A.\",\"Lapen, D. R.\",\"Topp, E.\"],\"key\":\"al-rajab_impact_2009\",\"id\":\"al-rajab_impact_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alrajab-sabourin-scott-lapen-topp-impactofbiosolidsonthepersistenceanddissipationpathwaysoftriclosanandtriclocarbaninanagriculturalsoil-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antimicrobial\",\"Biosolids\",\"Dissipation\",\"Fate\",\"Soil\",\"Triclocarban\",\"Triclosan\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan in plasma and milk from Swedish nursing mothers and their exposure via personal care products\",\"volume\":\"372\",\"issn\":\"00489697\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.007\",\"abstract\":\"The bactericide triclosan is commonly used in e.g. plastics, textiles and health care products. In vitro studies on rat and human biological systems indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been found in human plasma and milk, but neither the primary source of human exposure nor the efficiency of triclosan transfer to human milk is known. In this study, plasma and milk were sampled from 36 mothers and analyzed for triclosan. Scrutinization of the women's personal care products revealed that nine of the mothers used toothpaste, deodorant or soap containing triclosan. Triclosan and/or its metabolites were omnipresent in the analyzed plasma and milk. The concentrations were higher in both plasma and milk from the mothers who used personal care products containing triclosan than in the mothers who did not. This demonstrated that personal care products containing triclosan were the dominant, but not the only, source of systemic exposure to triclosan. The concentrations were significantly higher in plasma than in milk, indicating that infant exposure to triclosan via breast milk is much less than the dose in the mother. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allmyr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mats\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adolfsson-Erici\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaretha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLachlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandborgh-Englund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"17007908\",\"keywords\":\"Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Breast milk, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Infant, Irgasan, Plasma, TCS\",\"pages\":\"87–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{allmyr_triclosan_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan in plasma and milk from {Swedish} nursing mothers and their exposure via personal care products},\\n\\tvolume = {372},\\n\\tissn = {00489697},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.007},\\n\\tabstract = {The bactericide triclosan is commonly used in e.g. plastics, textiles and health care products. In vitro studies on rat and human biological systems indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been found in human plasma and milk, but neither the primary source of human exposure nor the efficiency of triclosan transfer to human milk is known. In this study, plasma and milk were sampled from 36 mothers and analyzed for triclosan. Scrutinization of the women's personal care products revealed that nine of the mothers used toothpaste, deodorant or soap containing triclosan. Triclosan and/or its metabolites were omnipresent in the analyzed plasma and milk. The concentrations were higher in both plasma and milk from the mothers who used personal care products containing triclosan than in the mothers who did not. This demonstrated that personal care products containing triclosan were the dominant, but not the only, source of systemic exposure to triclosan. The concentrations were significantly higher in plasma than in milk, indicating that infant exposure to triclosan via breast milk is much less than the dose in the mother. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Allmyr, Mats and Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and McLachlan, Michael S. and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {17007908},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Breast milk, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Infant, Irgasan, Plasma, TCS},\\n\\tpages = {87--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Allmyr, M.\",\"Adolfsson-Erici, M.\",\"McLachlan, M. S.\",\"Sandborgh-Englund, G.\"],\"key\":\"allmyr_triclosan_2006\",\"id\":\"allmyr_triclosan_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"allmyr-adolfssonerici-mclachlan-sandborghenglund-triclosaninplasmaandmilkfromswedishnursingmothersandtheirexposureviapersonalcareproducts-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antibacterial\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Breast milk\",\"Florence\",\"Human\",\"Human exposure\",\"Infant\",\"Irgasan\",\"Plasma\",\"TCS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: Receptor-based bioassay screens\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"00916765\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.11200\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the biological and toxicologic effects of the antimicrobials triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in personal care products. Few studies have evaluated their biological activities in mammalian cells to assess their potential for adverse effects.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the activity of TCC, its analogs, and TCS in in vitro nuclear-receptor-responsive and calcium signaling bioassays.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the biological activities of the compounds in in vitro, cell-based, and nuclear-receptor-responsive bioassays for receptors for aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and ryanodine (RyR1).${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nRESULTS: Some carbanilide compounds, including TCC (1-10 muM), enhanced estradiol (E(2))-dependent or testosterone-dependent activation of ER- and AR-responsive gene expression up to 2.5-fold but exhibited little or no agonistic activity alone. Some carbanilides and TCS exhibited weak agonistic and/or antagonistic activity in the AhR-responsive bioassay. TCS exhibited antagonistic activity in both ER- and AR-responsive bioassays. TCS (0.1-10 muM) significantly enhanced the binding of [(3)H]ryanodine to RyR1 and caused elevation of resting cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in primary skeletal myotubes, but carbanilides had no effect.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Carbanilides, including TCC, enhanced hormone-dependent induction of ER- and AR-dependent gene expression but had little agonist activity, suggesting a new mechanism of action of endocrine-disrupting compounds. TCS, structurally similar to noncoplanar ortho-substituted poly-chlorinated biphenyls, exhibited weak AhR activity but interacted with RyR1 and stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization. These observations have potential implications for human and animal health. Further investigations are needed into the biological and toxicologic effects of TCC, its analogs, and TCS.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ki\",\"Chang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cherednichenko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gennady\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sanmarti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Enio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Denison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lasley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bill\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kultz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dietmar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"P\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shirley\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hammock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18795164\",\"keywords\":\"Androgen receptor, Antimicrobial, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Bioactivity, Carbanilide analog, Estrogen receptor, Florence, Health effects, Ryanodine receptor, Sensitization, Signal amplification, TCC, TCS, Triclocarbon, Triclosan\",\"pages\":\"1203–1210\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahn_vitro_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: {Receptor}-based bioassay screens},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {00916765},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.11200},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the biological and toxicologic effects of the antimicrobials triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in personal care products. Few studies have evaluated their biological activities in mammalian cells to assess their potential for adverse effects.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nOBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the activity of TCC, its analogs, and TCS in in vitro nuclear-receptor-responsive and calcium signaling bioassays.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the biological activities of the compounds in in vitro, cell-based, and nuclear-receptor-responsive bioassays for receptors for aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and ryanodine (RyR1).\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nRESULTS: Some carbanilide compounds, including TCC (1-10 muM), enhanced estradiol (E(2))-dependent or testosterone-dependent activation of ER- and AR-responsive gene expression up to 2.5-fold but exhibited little or no agonistic activity alone. Some carbanilides and TCS exhibited weak agonistic and/or antagonistic activity in the AhR-responsive bioassay. TCS exhibited antagonistic activity in both ER- and AR-responsive bioassays. TCS (0.1-10 muM) significantly enhanced the binding of [(3)H]ryanodine to RyR1 and caused elevation of resting cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in primary skeletal myotubes, but carbanilides had no effect.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nCONCLUSIONS: Carbanilides, including TCC, enhanced hormone-dependent induction of ER- and AR-dependent gene expression but had little agonist activity, suggesting a new mechanism of action of endocrine-disrupting compounds. TCS, structurally similar to noncoplanar ortho-substituted poly-chlorinated biphenyls, exhibited weak AhR activity but interacted with RyR1 and stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization. These observations have potential implications for human and animal health. Further investigations are needed into the biological and toxicologic effects of TCC, its analogs, and TCS.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahn, Ki Chang and Zhao, Bin and Chen, Jiangang and Cherednichenko, Gennady and Sanmarti, Enio and Denison, Michael S. and Lasley, Bill and Pessah, Isaac N. and Kultz, Dietmar and Chang, Daniel P Y and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D.},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18795164},\\n\\tkeywords = {Androgen receptor, Antimicrobial, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Bioactivity, Carbanilide analog, Estrogen receptor, Florence, Health effects, Ryanodine receptor, Sensitization, Signal amplification, TCC, TCS, Triclocarbon, Triclosan},\\n\\tpages = {1203--1210},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahn, K. C.\",\"Zhao, B.\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Cherednichenko, G.\",\"Sanmarti, E.\",\"Denison, M. S.\",\"Lasley, B.\",\"Pessah, I. N.\",\"Kultz, D.\",\"Chang, D. P Y\",\"Gee, S. J.\",\"Hammock, B. D.\"],\"key\":\"ahn_vitro_2008\",\"id\":\"ahn_vitro_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahn-zhao-chen-cherednichenko-sanmarti-denison-lasley-pessah-etal-invitrobiologicactivitiesoftheantimicrobialstriclocarbanitsanalogsandtriclosaninbioassayscreensreceptorbasedbioassayscreens-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Androgen receptor\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor\",\"Bioactivity\",\"Carbanilide analog\",\"Estrogen receptor\",\"Florence\",\"Health effects\",\"Ryanodine receptor\",\"Sensitization\",\"Signal amplification\",\"TCC\",\"TCS\",\"Triclocarbon\",\"Triclosan\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in Sweden\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00255-7\",\"abstract\":\"High levels of the commonly used, effective bactericide Triclosan was found in three out of five randomly selected human milk samples. It was also found in the bile of fish exposed to municipal wastewater and in wild living fish from the receiving waters of the three wastewater treatment plants. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"9-10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adolfsson-Erici\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaretha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pettersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parkkonen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jari\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturve\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joachim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"12002480\",\"keywords\":\"Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Bio available, Exposure, Fish bile, Florence, Human exposure, Municipal wastewater, TCS\",\"pages\":\"1485–1489\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{adolfsson-erici_triclosan_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in {Sweden}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00255-7},\\n\\tabstract = {High levels of the commonly used, effective bactericide Triclosan was found in three out of five randomly selected human milk samples. It was also found in the bile of fish exposed to municipal wastewater and in wild living fish from the receiving waters of the three wastewater treatment plants. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {9-10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and Pettersson, Maria and Parkkonen, Jari and Sturve, Joachim},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {12002480},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Bio available, Exposure, Fish bile, Florence, Human exposure, Municipal wastewater, TCS},\\n\\tpages = {1485--1489},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Adolfsson-Erici, M.\",\"Pettersson, M.\",\"Parkkonen, J.\",\"Sturve, J.\"],\"key\":\"adolfsson-erici_triclosan_2002\",\"id\":\"adolfsson-erici_triclosan_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"adolfssonerici-pettersson-parkkonen-sturve-triclosanacommonlyusedbactericidefoundinhumanmilkandintheaquaticenvironmentinsweden-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Antibacterial\",\"Antimicrobial\",\"Aquatic\",\"Bio available\",\"Exposure\",\"Fish bile\",\"Florence\",\"Human exposure\",\"Municipal wastewater\",\"TCS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Emerging Contaminants – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)\",\"abstract\":\"Fully fluorinated compounds that are human-made substances and not naturally found in the environment. ? Used as a surface-active agent and in variety of products, such as fire fighting foams, coating additives and cleaning products. ? Does not hydrolyze, photolyze or biodegrade under environmental conditions and is extremely persistent in the environment. ? Studies have shown it has the potential to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in wildlife. ? Readily absorbed after oral exposure and accumulates primarily in the serum, kidney, and liver. ? Toxicological studies on animals indicate potential developmental, reproductive and systematic effects. ? Health-based advisories or screening levels for PFOS and PFOA have been developed by both the EPA and the states. ? Standard detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). ? Common water treatment technologies include activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis units.\",\"number\":\"March\",\"journal\":\"USEPA Fact Sheet\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"USEPA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"FFRRO emerging contaminant, FFRRO technical fact s\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{usepa_emerging_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Emerging {Contaminants} – {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS}) and {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ({PFOA})},\\n\\tabstract = {Fully fluorinated compounds that are human-made substances and not naturally found in the environment. ? Used as a surface-active agent and in variety of products, such as fire fighting foams, coating additives and cleaning products. ? Does not hydrolyze, photolyze or biodegrade under environmental conditions and is extremely persistent in the environment. ? Studies have shown it has the potential to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in wildlife. ? Readily absorbed after oral exposure and accumulates primarily in the serum, kidney, and liver. ? Toxicological studies on animals indicate potential developmental, reproductive and systematic effects. ? Health-based advisories or screening levels for PFOS and PFOA have been developed by both the EPA and the states. ? Standard detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). ? Common water treatment technologies include activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis units.},\\n\\tnumber = {March},\\n\\tjournal = {USEPA Fact Sheet},\\n\\tauthor = {{USEPA}},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {FFRRO emerging contaminant, FFRRO technical fact s},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"USEPA\"],\"key\":\"usepa_emerging_2014\",\"id\":\"usepa_emerging_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"usepa-emergingcontaminantsperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"FFRRO emerging contaminant\",\"FFRRO technical fact s\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"EPA Statement on Private Wells in The Town of Hoosick and Village of Hoosick Falls, NY\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"USEPA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pmid\":\"25246403\",\"keywords\":\"icle\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{usepa_epa_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {{EPA} {Statement} on {Private} {Wells} in {The} {Town} of {Hoosick} and {Village} of {Hoosick} {Falls}, {NY}},\\n\\tauthor = {{USEPA}},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpmid = {25246403},\\n\\tkeywords = {icle},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"USEPA\"],\"key\":\"usepa_epa_2016\",\"id\":\"usepa_epa_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"usepa-epastatementonprivatewellsinthetownofhoosickandvillageofhoosickfallsny-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"icle\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Systematic Review of Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) or Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)\",\"journal\":\"National Toxicology Program. Office of Health Assessment and Translation. US Department of Health and Human Services\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"USDHHS\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{usdhhs_systematic_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Systematic {Review} of {Immunotoxicity} {Associated} with {Exposure} to {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ({PFOA}) or {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS})},\\n\\tjournal = {National Toxicology Program. Office of Health Assessment and Translation. US Department of Health and Human Services},\\n\\tauthor = {{USDHHS}},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"USDHHS\"],\"key\":\"usdhhs_systematic_2016\",\"id\":\"usdhhs_systematic_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"usdhhs-systematicreviewofimmunotoxicityassociatedwithexposuretoperfluorooctanoicacidpfoaorperfluorooctanesulfonatepfos-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"POPs in Articles and Phasing-Out Opportunities; Part III POPs-free/POPs alternatives\",\"url\":\"http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Stockholm Convention\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{unep_pops_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {{POPs} in {Articles} and {Phasing}-{Out} {Opportunities}; {Part} {III} {POPs}-free/{POPs} alternatives},\\n\\turl = {http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Stockholm Convention},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP\"],\"key\":\"unep_pops_2014\",\"id\":\"unep_pops_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"unep-popsinarticlesandphasingoutopportunitiespartiiipopsfreepopsalternatives-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Stockholm Convention\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals\",\"abstract\":\"The Cost of Inaction provides a practical and useful assessment of the current state of knowledge of the economic costs of inaction on the sound management of chemicals. It makes available early research findings and the evidence needed to support the argument for enhanced political actions. This report on the “Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals” shows that these costs – borne by all segments of society, including business, from the production, use, and disposal of harmful chemicals – are too high. To reduce these costs and more effectively achieve national development planning goals, improvements in chemicals management are required. The Costs of Inaction, published in February 2013, includes an extensive literary review in order to identify economic information on the health, environmental, and development planning effects of harmful chemicals. Chemicals reviewed within the scope of study include commodity, high production volume (HPV), industrial, specialty, minerals and metals, agricultural, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Job Number: DTI/1551/GE\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{unep_costs_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Costs of {Inaction} on the {Sound} {Management} of {Chemicals}},\\n\\tabstract = {The Cost of Inaction provides a practical and useful assessment of the current state of knowledge of the economic costs of inaction on the sound management of chemicals. It makes available early research findings and the evidence needed to support the argument for enhanced political actions. This report on the “Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals” shows that these costs – borne by all segments of society, including business, from the production, use, and disposal of harmful chemicals – are too high. To reduce these costs and more effectively achieve national development planning goals, improvements in chemicals management are required. The Costs of Inaction, published in February 2013, includes an extensive literary review in order to identify economic information on the health, environmental, and development planning effects of harmful chemicals. Chemicals reviewed within the scope of study include commodity, high production volume (HPV), industrial, specialty, minerals and metals, agricultural, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Job Number: DTI/1551/GE},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP\"],\"key\":\"unep_costs_2013\",\"id\":\"unep_costs_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"unep-costsofinactiononthesoundmanagementofchemicals-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Job Number: DTI/1551/GE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Estimating consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"02724332\",\"doi\":\"DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Risk Analysis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Horowitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wormuth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hungerbühler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18419647\",\"keywords\":\"Perfluorinated chemicals, consumer exposure, consumer products, exposure analysis\",\"pages\":\"251–269\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{trudel_estimating_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Estimating consumer exposure to {PFOS} and {PFOA}},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {02724332},\\n\\tdoi = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Risk Analysis},\\n\\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Horowitz, Lea and Wormuth, Matthias and Scheringer, Martin and Cousins, Ian T. and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18419647},\\n\\tkeywords = {Perfluorinated chemicals, consumer exposure, consumer products, exposure analysis},\\n\\tpages = {251--269},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Trudel, D.\",\"Horowitz, L.\",\"Wormuth, M.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Cousins, I. T.\",\"Hungerbühler, K.\"],\"key\":\"trudel_estimating_2008\",\"id\":\"trudel_estimating_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"trudel-horowitz-wormuth-scheringer-cousins-hungerbhler-estimatingconsumerexposuretopfosandpfoa-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Perfluorinated chemicals\",\"consumer exposure\",\"consumer products\",\"exposure analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) in paper and board coatings for food packaging\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"09441344\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-010-0439-3\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: In this study, we explore the identity of a range of polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) used for food contact materials, primarily to impart oil and water repellency on paper and board. PFS are of interest, as they can be precursors of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), of which several are persistent and are found worldwide in human blood and in the environment.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the elemental composition of PFS, we combined information from patents, chemical suppliers and analyses of industrial blends using ultra performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nRESULTS: At a high pH of 9.7, both non-ionic and anionic PFS were ionised and were recognised by negative mass defects of exact masses, and neutral fragment losses of n × 20 or n × 100 Da. More than 115 molecular structures were found in industrial blends from the EU, US and China, belonging to the groups of polyfluoroalkyl-mono- and di-ester phosphates (monoPAPS, diPAPS and S-diPAPS), -ethoxylates, -acrylates, -amino acids, -sulfonamide phosphates and -thio acids, together with residuals and synthesis byproducts. In addition, a number of starting materials such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide N-alkyl esters were analysed. Di- and trialkylated PAPS and S-diPAPS were found in migrates from European food contact materials.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nCONCLUSION: This study highlights the need to monitor for more types of PFS in order to map the sources of PFAS in humans and the environment.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Granby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kit\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21327544\",\"keywords\":\"Accurate mass spectrometry, Fluorinated surfactants, Food contact materials, Identification, Screening, UPLC-ESI-QTOF, migration\",\"pages\":\"1108–1120\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{trier_polyfluorinated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polyfluorinated surfactants ({PFS}) in paper and board coatings for food packaging},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {09441344},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-010-0439-3},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: In this study, we explore the identity of a range of polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) used for food contact materials, primarily to impart oil and water repellency on paper and board. PFS are of interest, as they can be precursors of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), of which several are persistent and are found worldwide in human blood and in the environment.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the elemental composition of PFS, we combined information from patents, chemical suppliers and analyses of industrial blends using ultra performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nRESULTS: At a high pH of 9.7, both non-ionic and anionic PFS were ionised and were recognised by negative mass defects of exact masses, and neutral fragment losses of n × 20 or n × 100 Da. More than 115 molecular structures were found in industrial blends from the EU, US and China, belonging to the groups of polyfluoroalkyl-mono- and di-ester phosphates (monoPAPS, diPAPS and S-diPAPS), -ethoxylates, -acrylates, -amino acids, -sulfonamide phosphates and -thio acids, together with residuals and synthesis byproducts. In addition, a number of starting materials such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide N-alkyl esters were analysed. Di- and trialkylated PAPS and S-diPAPS were found in migrates from European food contact materials.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nCONCLUSION: This study highlights the need to monitor for more types of PFS in order to map the sources of PFAS in humans and the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Trier, Xenia and Granby, Kit and Christensen, Jan H.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21327544},\\n\\tkeywords = {Accurate mass spectrometry, Fluorinated surfactants, Food contact materials, Identification, Screening, UPLC-ESI-QTOF, migration},\\n\\tpages = {1108--1120},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Trier, X.\",\"Granby, K.\",\"Christensen, J. H.\"],\"key\":\"trier_polyfluorinated_2011\",\"id\":\"trier_polyfluorinated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"trier-granby-christensen-polyfluorinatedsurfactantspfsinpaperandboardcoatingsforfoodpackaging-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Accurate mass spectrometry\",\"Fluorinated surfactants\",\"Food contact materials\",\"Identification\",\"Screening\",\"UPLC-ESI-QTOF\",\"migration\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Danish Survey (2010-2011) of PFAS migration from food packaging paper and board to food simulants and food\",\"journal\":\"Danish Veterinary and Food Authority\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{trier_danish_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Danish {Survey} (2010-2011) of {PFAS} migration from food packaging paper and board to food simulants and food},\\n\\tjournal = {Danish Veterinary and Food Authority},\\n\\tauthor = {Trier, Xenia},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Trier, X.\"],\"key\":\"trier_danish_2012\",\"id\":\"trier_danish_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"trier-danishsurvey20102011ofpfasmigrationfromfoodpackagingpaperandboardtofoodsimulantsandfood-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"issn\":\"00218561\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/jf0634045\",\"abstract\":\"Human exposure to perfluorinated compounds is a worldwide phenomenon; however, routes of human exposure to these compounds have not been well-characterized. Fifty-four solid food composite samples collected as part of the Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed for perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) using a methanol extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Foods analyzed included fish and seafood, meat, poultry, frozen entrees, fast food, and microwave popcorn collected from 1992 to 2004 and prepared as for consumption. Nine composites contained detectable levels of perfluorinated compoundsfour meat-containing, three fish and shellfish, one fast food, and one microwave popcorn. PFOS and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were detected the most frequently; concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 ng/g. The average dietary intake of total perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS for Canadians was estimated to be 250 ng/day, using results from the 2004 TDS composites. A comparison with intakes of perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS via other routes (air, water, dust, treated carpeting, and apparel) suggested that diet is an important source of these compounds. There was a substantial margin of exposure between the toxicological points of reference and the magnitude of dietary intake of perfluorinated compounds for Canadians \\\\textgreater= 12 years old.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tittlemier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheryl\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pepper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seymour\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moisey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bronson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xu\",\"Liang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dabeka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17381114\",\"keywords\":\"Diet, Exposure estimate, Food, PFOA, PFOS\",\"pages\":\"3203–3210\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tittlemier_dietary_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Dietary exposure of {Canadians} to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\tissn = {00218561},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/jf0634045},\\n\\tabstract = {Human exposure to perfluorinated compounds is a worldwide phenomenon; however, routes of human exposure to these compounds have not been well-characterized. Fifty-four solid food composite samples collected as part of the Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed for perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) using a methanol extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Foods analyzed included fish and seafood, meat, poultry, frozen entrees, fast food, and microwave popcorn collected from 1992 to 2004 and prepared as for consumption. Nine composites contained detectable levels of perfluorinated compoundsfour meat-containing, three fish and shellfish, one fast food, and one microwave popcorn. PFOS and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were detected the most frequently; concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 ng/g. The average dietary intake of total perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS for Canadians was estimated to be 250 ng/day, using results from the 2004 TDS composites. A comparison with intakes of perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS via other routes (air, water, dust, treated carpeting, and apparel) suggested that diet is an important source of these compounds. There was a substantial margin of exposure between the toxicological points of reference and the magnitude of dietary intake of perfluorinated compounds for Canadians {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater= 12 years old.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Tittlemier, Sheryl A. and Pepper, Karen and Seymour, Carol and Moisey, John and Bronson, Roni and Cao, Xu Liang and Dabeka, Robert W.},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17381114},\\n\\tkeywords = {Diet, Exposure estimate, Food, PFOA, PFOS},\\n\\tpages = {3203--3210},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tittlemier, S. A.\",\"Pepper, K.\",\"Seymour, C.\",\"Moisey, J.\",\"Bronson, R.\",\"Cao, X. L.\",\"Dabeka, R. W.\"],\"key\":\"tittlemier_dietary_2007\",\"id\":\"tittlemier_dietary_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tittlemier-pepper-seymour-moisey-bronson-cao-dabeka-dietaryexposureofcanadianstoperfluorinatedcarboxylatesandperfluorooctanesulfonateviaconsumptionofmeatfishfastfoodsandfooditemspreparedintheirpackaging-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Diet\",\"Exposure estimate\",\"Food\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Shorter duration of breastfeeding at elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances\",\"volume\":\"IN PRESS\",\"issn\":\"18731708\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010\",\"journal\":\"Reproductive Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Timmerman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Clara\",\"Amalie\",\"Gade\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Budtz-Jorgensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Esben\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Skaalum\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weihe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steuerwald\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Flemming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tina\",\"Kold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grandjean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{timmerman_shorter_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Shorter duration of breastfeeding at elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances},\\n\\tvolume = {IN PRESS},\\n\\tissn = {18731708},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010},\\n\\tjournal = {Reproductive Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Timmerman, Clara Amalie Gade and Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben and Petersen, Maria Skaalum and Weihe, Pal and Steuerwald, Ulrike and Nielsen, Flemming and Jensen, Tina Kold and Grandjean, Philippe},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Timmerman, C. A. G.\",\"Budtz-Jorgensen, E.\",\"Petersen, M. S.\",\"Weihe, P.\",\"Steuerwald, U.\",\"Nielsen, F.\",\"Jensen, T. K.\",\"Grandjean, P.\"],\"key\":\"timmerman_shorter_2016\",\"id\":\"timmerman_shorter_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"timmerman-budtzjorgensen-petersen-weihe-steuerwald-nielsen-jensen-grandjean-shorterdurationofbreastfeedingatelevatedexposurestoperfluoroalkylsubstances-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Project TENDR : Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks. The TENDR Consensus Statement\",\"volume\":\"124\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Swanson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maureen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hertz-Picciotto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Irva\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"118–122\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{swanson_project_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Project {TENDR} : {Targeting} {Environmental} {Neuro}-{Developmental} {Risks}. {The} {TENDR} {Consensus} {Statement}},\\n\\tvolume = {124},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Swanson, Maureen and Hertz-Picciotto, Irva},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {118--122},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Swanson, M.\",\"Hertz-Picciotto, I.\"],\"key\":\"swanson_project_2016\",\"id\":\"swanson_project_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"swanson-hertzpicciotto-projecttendrtargetingenvironmentalneurodevelopmentalrisksthetendrconsensusstatement-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of Selected Perfluorinated Acids (PFCAs) and Perfluorinated Sulfonates (PFASs) in Food Contact Materials Using LC-MS/MS\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"10991522\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/pts.2140\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Packaging Technology and Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Surma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wiczkowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zieliński\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cies̈lik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Food contact materials, LC-MS/MS, PFASs, PFCAs, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)\",\"pages\":\"789–799\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{surma_determination_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of {Selected} {Perfluorinated} {Acids} ({PFCAs}) and {Perfluorinated} {Sulfonates} ({PFASs}) in {Food} {Contact} {Materials} {Using} {LC}-{MS}/{MS}},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {10991522},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/pts.2140},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Packaging Technology and Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Surma, M. and Wiczkowski, W. and Zieliński, H. and Cies̈lik, E.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Food contact materials, LC-MS/MS, PFASs, PFCAs, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)},\\n\\tpages = {789--799},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Surma, M.\",\"Wiczkowski, W.\",\"Zieliński, H.\",\"Cies̈lik, E.\"],\"key\":\"surma_determination_2015\",\"id\":\"surma_determination_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"surma-wiczkowski-zieliski-cieslik-determinationofselectedperfluorinatedacidspfcasandperfluorinatedsulfonatespfassinfoodcontactmaterialsusinglcmsms-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Food contact materials\",\"LC-MS/MS\",\"PFASs\",\"PFCAs\",\"perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Screening for PBT chemicals among the \\\"existing\\\" and \\\"new\\\" chemicals of the EU\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es3002713\",\"abstract\":\"Under the European chemicals legislation, REACH, industrial chemicals that are imported or manufactured at more than 10 t/yr need to be evaluated with respect to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation potential (B), and toxicity (T). This assessment has to be conducted for several 10 000 of chemicals but, at the same time, empirical data on degradability, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of industrial chemicals are still scarce. Therefore, the identification of PBT chemicals among all chemicals on the market remains a challenge. We present a PBT screening of approximately 95 000 chemicals based on a comparison of estimated P, B, and T properties of each chemical with the P, B, and T thresholds defined under REACH. We also apply this screening procedure to a set of 2576 high production volume chemicals and a set of 2781 chemicals from the EU's former list of \\\"new chemicals\\\" (ELINCS). In the set of 95 000 chemicals, the fraction of potential PBT chemicals is around 3%, but in the ELINCS chemicals it reaches 5%. We identify the most common structural elements among the potential PBT chemicals. Analysis of the P, B, and T data for all chemicals considered here shows that the uncertainty in persistence data contributes most to the uncertainty in the number of potential PBT chemicals. © 2012 American Chemical Society.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strempel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sebastian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carla\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hungerb??hler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22494215\",\"pages\":\"5680–5687\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{strempel_screening_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Screening for {PBT} chemicals among the \\\"existing\\\" and \\\"new\\\" chemicals of the {EU}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es3002713},\\n\\tabstract = {Under the European chemicals legislation, REACH, industrial chemicals that are imported or manufactured at more than 10 t/yr need to be evaluated with respect to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation potential (B), and toxicity (T). This assessment has to be conducted for several 10 000 of chemicals but, at the same time, empirical data on degradability, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of industrial chemicals are still scarce. Therefore, the identification of PBT chemicals among all chemicals on the market remains a challenge. We present a PBT screening of approximately 95 000 chemicals based on a comparison of estimated P, B, and T properties of each chemical with the P, B, and T thresholds defined under REACH. We also apply this screening procedure to a set of 2576 high production volume chemicals and a set of 2781 chemicals from the EU's former list of \\\"new chemicals\\\" (ELINCS). In the set of 95 000 chemicals, the fraction of potential PBT chemicals is around 3\\\\%, but in the ELINCS chemicals it reaches 5\\\\%. We identify the most common structural elements among the potential PBT chemicals. Analysis of the P, B, and T data for all chemicals considered here shows that the uncertainty in persistence data contributes most to the uncertainty in the number of potential PBT chemicals. © 2012 American Chemical Society.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Strempel, Sebastian and Scheringer, Martin and Ng, Carla A. and Hungerb??hler, Konrad},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22494215},\\n\\tpages = {5680--5687},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Strempel, S.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Ng, C. A.\",\"Hungerb??hler, K.\"],\"key\":\"strempel_screening_2012\",\"id\":\"strempel_screening_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"strempel-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-screeningforpbtchemicalsamongtheexistingandnewchemicalsoftheeu-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the Mid-Ohio Valley\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"00916765\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1206449\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Little is known about environmental determinants of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES: We studied autoimmune diseases in relation to level of exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was introduced in the late 1940s and is now ubiquitous in the serum of residents of industrialized countries. METHODS: In 2008-2011 we interviewed 32,254 U.S. adults with high serum PFOA serum levels (median, 28 ng/mL) associated with drinking contaminated water near a chemical plant. Disease history was assessed retrospectively from 1952 or birth (if later than 1952) until interview. Self-reported history of autoimmune disease was validated via medical records. Cumulative exposure to PFOA was derived from estimates of annual mean serum PFOA levels during follow-up, which were based on plant emissions, residential and work history, and a fate-transport model. Cox regression models were used to estimate associations between quartiles of cumulative PFOA serum levels and the incidence of autoimmune diseases with ≥ 50 validated cases, including ulcerative colitis (n = 151), Crohn's disease (n = 96), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 346), insulin-dependent diabetes (presumed to be type 1) (n = 160), lupus (n = 75), and multiple sclerosis (n = 98). RESULTS: The incidence of ulcerative colitis was significantly increased in association with PFOA exposure, with adjusted rate ratios by quartile of exposure of 1.00 (referent), 1.76 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.99), 2.63 (95% CI: 1.56, 4.43), and 2.86 (95% CI: 1.65, 4.96) (ptrend \\\\textless 0.0001). A prospective analysis of ulcerative colitis diagnosed after the baseline 2005-2006 survey (n = 29 cases) suggested a positive but non-monotonic trend (ptrend = 0.21). DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study of associations between this common environmental exposure and autoimmune diseases in humans. We found evidence that PFOA is associated with ulcerative colitis.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steenland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Winquist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23735465\",\"keywords\":\"Autoimmune, Inflammatory bowel disease, PFOA, Ulcerative colitis\",\"pages\":\"900–905\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{steenland_ulcerative_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the {Mid}-{Ohio} {Valley}},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {00916765},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1206449},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known about environmental determinants of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES: We studied autoimmune diseases in relation to level of exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was introduced in the late 1940s and is now ubiquitous in the serum of residents of industrialized countries. METHODS: In 2008-2011 we interviewed 32,254 U.S. adults with high serum PFOA serum levels (median, 28 ng/mL) associated with drinking contaminated water near a chemical plant. Disease history was assessed retrospectively from 1952 or birth (if later than 1952) until interview. Self-reported history of autoimmune disease was validated via medical records. Cumulative exposure to PFOA was derived from estimates of annual mean serum PFOA levels during follow-up, which were based on plant emissions, residential and work history, and a fate-transport model. Cox regression models were used to estimate associations between quartiles of cumulative PFOA serum levels and the incidence of autoimmune diseases with ≥ 50 validated cases, including ulcerative colitis (n = 151), Crohn's disease (n = 96), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 346), insulin-dependent diabetes (presumed to be type 1) (n = 160), lupus (n = 75), and multiple sclerosis (n = 98). RESULTS: The incidence of ulcerative colitis was significantly increased in association with PFOA exposure, with adjusted rate ratios by quartile of exposure of 1.00 (referent), 1.76 (95\\\\% CI: 1.04, 2.99), 2.63 (95\\\\% CI: 1.56, 4.43), and 2.86 (95\\\\% CI: 1.65, 4.96) (ptrend {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001). A prospective analysis of ulcerative colitis diagnosed after the baseline 2005-2006 survey (n = 29 cases) suggested a positive but non-monotonic trend (ptrend = 0.21). DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study of associations between this common environmental exposure and autoimmune diseases in humans. We found evidence that PFOA is associated with ulcerative colitis.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Steenland, Kyle and Zhao, Liping and Winquist, Andrea and Parks, Christine},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23735465},\\n\\tkeywords = {Autoimmune, Inflammatory bowel disease, PFOA, Ulcerative colitis},\\n\\tpages = {900--905},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Steenland, K.\",\"Zhao, L.\",\"Winquist, A.\",\"Parks, C.\"],\"key\":\"steenland_ulcerative_2013\",\"id\":\"steenland_ulcerative_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"steenland-zhao-winquist-parks-ulcerativecolitisandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainahighlyexposedpopulationofcommunityresidentsandworkersinthemidohiovalley-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Autoimmune\",\"Inflammatory bowel disease\",\"PFOA\",\"Ulcerative colitis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"00916765\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901827\",\"abstract\":\"UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE AND SOURCES: We reviewed the epidemiologic literature for PFOA.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nDATA SYNTHESIS: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) does not occur naturally but is present in the serum of most residents of industrialized countries (U.S. median, 4 ng/mL). Drinking water is the primary route of exposure in some populations, but exposure sources are not well understood. PFOA has been used to manufacture such products as Gore-Tex and Teflon. PFOA does not break down in the environment; the human half-life is estimated at about 3 years. PFOA is not metabolized in the body; it is not lipophilic. PFOA is not directly genotoxic; animal data indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. Data on the human health effects of PFOA are sparse. There is relatively consistent evidence of modest positive associations with cholesterol and uric acid, although the magnitude of the cholesterol effect is inconsistent across different exposure levels. There is some but much less consistent evidence of a modest positive correlation with liver enzymes. Most findings come from cross-sectional studies, limiting conclusions. Two occupational cohort studies do not provide consistent evidence for chronic disease; both are limited by sample size and reliance on mortality data. Reproductive data have increased recently but are inconsistent, and any observed adverse effects are modest.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic evidence remains limited, and to date data are insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding the role of PFOA for any of the diseases of concern.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steenland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20423814\",\"keywords\":\"Health effects, PFOA, epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"1100–1108\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{steenland_epidemiologic_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA})},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {00916765},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901827},\\n\\tabstract = {UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE AND SOURCES: We reviewed the epidemiologic literature for PFOA.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nDATA SYNTHESIS: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) does not occur naturally but is present in the serum of most residents of industrialized countries (U.S. median, 4 ng/mL). Drinking water is the primary route of exposure in some populations, but exposure sources are not well understood. PFOA has been used to manufacture such products as Gore-Tex and Teflon. PFOA does not break down in the environment; the human half-life is estimated at about 3 years. PFOA is not metabolized in the body; it is not lipophilic. PFOA is not directly genotoxic; animal data indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. Data on the human health effects of PFOA are sparse. There is relatively consistent evidence of modest positive associations with cholesterol and uric acid, although the magnitude of the cholesterol effect is inconsistent across different exposure levels. There is some but much less consistent evidence of a modest positive correlation with liver enzymes. Most findings come from cross-sectional studies, limiting conclusions. Two occupational cohort studies do not provide consistent evidence for chronic disease; both are limited by sample size and reliance on mortality data. Reproductive data have increased recently but are inconsistent, and any observed adverse effects are modest.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nCONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic evidence remains limited, and to date data are insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding the role of PFOA for any of the diseases of concern.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Steenland, Kyle and Fletcher, Tony and Savitz, David A.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20423814},\\n\\tkeywords = {Health effects, PFOA, epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {1100--1108},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Steenland, K.\",\"Fletcher, T.\",\"Savitz, D. A.\"],\"key\":\"steenland_epidemiologic_2010\",\"id\":\"steenland_epidemiologic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"steenland-fletcher-savitz-epidemiologicevidenceonthehealtheffectsofperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Health effects\",\"PFOA\",\"epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in Egypt: Trends in developed and developing countries\",\"volume\":\"144\",\"issn\":\"18791298\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066\",\"abstract\":\"PFASs concentrations in dust samples collected from three microenvironments in Cairo ranged from 1.3 to 69 ng g-1 with FTOHs being dominant. The 8:2 FTOH was detected in all samples. Among the FOSAs and FOSEs the MeFOSE was dominant while among ionic PFASs, PFOS and PFOA were most prominent. The concentrations of PFASs were among the lowest worldwide. Correlations between worldwide concentrations of PFOS + PFOA and country development indexes highlight higher usage and human exposure in more developed countries. Food packaging was analyzed for PFSAs, PFCAs and PAPs. The 6:2 and 8:2 monoPAPs were found to be above the MDL in 18% of the samples. PFOA was detected in 79% of the samples with median concentration of 2.40 ng g-1. PFOS was detected in 58% of the samples with median concentration of 0.29 ng g-1 while PFHxS and PFDS were below detection limit. Different human exposure scenarios were estimated.\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tamer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hassan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasmeen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cassandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pmid\":\"26517384\",\"keywords\":\"Country development indexes, Indoor dust, Ionic PFASs, Neutral PFASs, PFOS and PFOA global trends, food packaging\",\"pages\":\"1573–1581\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shoeib_poly-_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in {Egypt}: {Trends} in developed and developing countries},\\n\\tvolume = {144},\\n\\tissn = {18791298},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066},\\n\\tabstract = {PFASs concentrations in dust samples collected from three microenvironments in Cairo ranged from 1.3 to 69 ng g-1 with FTOHs being dominant. The 8:2 FTOH was detected in all samples. Among the FOSAs and FOSEs the MeFOSE was dominant while among ionic PFASs, PFOS and PFOA were most prominent. The concentrations of PFASs were among the lowest worldwide. Correlations between worldwide concentrations of PFOS + PFOA and country development indexes highlight higher usage and human exposure in more developed countries. Food packaging was analyzed for PFSAs, PFCAs and PAPs. The 6:2 and 8:2 monoPAPs were found to be above the MDL in 18\\\\% of the samples. PFOA was detected in 79\\\\% of the samples with median concentration of 2.40 ng g-1. PFOS was detected in 58\\\\% of the samples with median concentration of 0.29 ng g-1 while PFHxS and PFDS were below detection limit. Different human exposure scenarios were estimated.},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Shoeib, Tamer and Hassan, Yasmeen and Rauert, Cassandra and Harner, Tom},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpmid = {26517384},\\n\\tkeywords = {Country development indexes, Indoor dust, Ionic PFASs, Neutral PFASs, PFOS and PFOA global trends, food packaging},\\n\\tpages = {1573--1581},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shoeib, T.\",\"Hassan, Y.\",\"Rauert, C.\",\"Harner, T.\"],\"key\":\"shoeib_poly-_2016\",\"id\":\"shoeib_poly-_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shoeib-hassan-rauert-harner-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinindoordustandfoodpackagingmaterialsinegypttrendsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066\"},\"keyword\":[\"Country development indexes\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Ionic PFASs\",\"Neutral PFASs\",\"PFOS and PFOA global trends\",\"food packaging\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and fate of perfluorinated compounds in soil following land application of municipal biosolids\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es103903d\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sepulvado\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blaine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hundal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lakhwinder\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Higgins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"8106–8112\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sepulvado_occurrence_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and fate of perfluorinated compounds in soil following land application of municipal biosolids},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es103903d},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sepulvado, Jennifer G and Blaine, Andrea C and Hundal, Lakhwinder S and Higgins, Christopher P},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {8106--8112},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sepulvado, J. G\",\"Blaine, A. C\",\"Hundal, L. S\",\"Higgins, C. P\"],\"key\":\"sepulvado_occurrence_2011\",\"id\":\"sepulvado_occurrence_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sepulvado-blaine-hundal-higgins-occurrenceandfateofperfluorinatedcompoundsinsoilfollowinglandapplicationofmunicipalbiosolids-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fool Me Once\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acs.est.6b03367\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sedlak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"acs.est.6b03367\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sedlak_fool_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Fool {Me} {Once}},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b03367},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sedlak, David},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {acs.est.6b03367},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sedlak, D.\"],\"key\":\"sedlak_fool_2016\",\"id\":\"sedlak_fool_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sedlak-foolmeonce-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding\",\"volume\":\"149\",\"issn\":\"00139351\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect breast development and decrease duration of breastfeeding, thus interfering with the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the association between maternal PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. METHODS We measured PFAS concentrations in maternal serum collected during pregnancy in 2003–2006. After delivery, women (n=336) completed standardized breastfeeding surveys every 3 months until ending breastfeeding or 36 months postpartum. We estimated relative risks (RRs) for ending any breastfeeding within 3–6 months postpartum by Poisson regression, adjusted for relevant confounding factors. RESULTS Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) serum concentration had 1.77 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 3 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 2.54; p-trend=0.003) and 1.41 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 6 months (95%CI: 1.06, 1.87; p-trend=0.038), compared with women in the first quartile. Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid serum concentration had a marginally increased risk of discontinuing any breastfeeding by 3 months (RR=1.32; 95%CI: 0.97, 1.79; p-trend=0.065). CONCLUSIONS Maternal serum PFOA concentrations were inversely related to duration of any breastfeeding in this cohort, even after controlling for prior breastfeeding. These findings suggest that PFOA exposure may adversely affect breastfeeding duration and highlight the need to consider the potential adverse effects of maternal environmental chemical exposure on breastfeeding.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yingying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calafat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonia\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yolton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kimberly\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aimin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Glenys\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eliot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Howard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lanphear\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Braun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pmid\":\"27179585\",\"keywords\":\"Breastfeeding, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl substances, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, acid, per fl uoroalkyl substances, per fl uorooctane sulfonic, per fl uorooctanoic acid\",\"pages\":\"239–246\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{romano_maternal_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding},\\n\\tvolume = {149},\\n\\tissn = {00139351},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect breast development and decrease duration of breastfeeding, thus interfering with the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the association between maternal PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. METHODS We measured PFAS concentrations in maternal serum collected during pregnancy in 2003–2006. After delivery, women (n=336) completed standardized breastfeeding surveys every 3 months until ending breastfeeding or 36 months postpartum. We estimated relative risks (RRs) for ending any breastfeeding within 3–6 months postpartum by Poisson regression, adjusted for relevant confounding factors. RESULTS Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) serum concentration had 1.77 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 3 months (95\\\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 2.54; p-trend=0.003) and 1.41 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 6 months (95\\\\%CI: 1.06, 1.87; p-trend=0.038), compared with women in the first quartile. Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid serum concentration had a marginally increased risk of discontinuing any breastfeeding by 3 months (RR=1.32; 95\\\\%CI: 0.97, 1.79; p-trend=0.065). CONCLUSIONS Maternal serum PFOA concentrations were inversely related to duration of any breastfeeding in this cohort, even after controlling for prior breastfeeding. These findings suggest that PFOA exposure may adversely affect breastfeeding duration and highlight the need to consider the potential adverse effects of maternal environmental chemical exposure on breastfeeding.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Romano, Megan E. and Xu, Yingying and Calafat, Antonia M. and Yolton, Kimberly and Chen, Aimin and Webster, Glenys M. and Eliot, Melissa N. and Howard, Cynthia R. and Lanphear, Bruce P. and Braun, Joseph M.},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpmid = {27179585},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breastfeeding, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl substances, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, acid, per fl uoroalkyl substances, per fl uorooctane sulfonic, per fl uorooctanoic acid},\\n\\tpages = {239--246},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Romano, M. E.\",\"Xu, Y.\",\"Calafat, A. M.\",\"Yolton, K.\",\"Chen, A.\",\"Webster, G. M.\",\"Eliot, M. N.\",\"Howard, C. R.\",\"Lanphear, B. P.\",\"Braun, J. M.\"],\"key\":\"romano_maternal_2016\",\"id\":\"romano_maternal_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"romano-xu-calafat-yolton-chen-webster-eliot-howard-etal-maternalserumperfluoroalkylsubstancesduringpregnancyanddurationofbreastfeeding-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breastfeeding\",\"PFAS\",\"Perfluoroalkyl substances\",\"Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid\",\"Perfluorooctanoic acid\",\"acid\",\"per fl uoroalkyl substances\",\"per fl uorooctane sulfonic\",\"per fl uorooctanoic acid\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Colorado Springs, CO\",\"title\":\"Air Force announces multimillion-dollar deal to help with contaminated water in Security, Widefield and Fountain\",\"url\":\"http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodgers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jakob\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{rodgers_air_2016,\\n\\taddress = {Colorado Springs, CO},\\n\\ttitle = {Air {Force} announces multimillion-dollar deal to help with contaminated water in {Security}, {Widefield} and {Fountain}},\\n\\turl = {http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667},\\n\\tauthor = {Rodgers, Jakob},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rodgers, J.\"],\"key\":\"rodgers_air_2016\",\"id\":\"rodgers_air_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rodgers-airforceannouncesmultimilliondollardealtohelpwithcontaminatedwaterinsecuritywidefieldandfountain-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The Story Behind the E.P.A's Contaminated Water Revelation\",\"url\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathaniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{rich_story_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Story} {Behind} the {E}.{P}.{A}'s {Contaminated} {Water} {Revelation}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html},\\n\\tauthor = {Rich, Nathaniel},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rich, N.\"],\"key\":\"rich_story_2016\",\"id\":\"rich_story_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rich-thestorybehindtheepascontaminatedwaterrevelation-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: A review\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"18792448\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045\",\"abstract\":\"This article reviews perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) characteristics, their occurrence in surface water, and their fate in drinking water treatment processes. PFASs have been detected globally in the aquatic environment including drinking water at trace concentrations and due, in part, to their persistence in human tissue some are being investigated for regulation. They are aliphatic compounds containing saturated carbon-fluorine bonds and are resistant to chemical, physical, and biological degradation. Functional groups, carbon chain length, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity are some of the important structural properties of PFASs that affect their fate during drinking water treatment. Full-scale drinking water treatment plant occurrence data indicate that PFASs, if present in raw water, are not substantially removed by most drinking water treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, biofiltration, oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, AOPs), UV irradiation, and low pressure membranes. Early observations suggest that activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and high pressure membrane filtration may be effective in controlling these contaminants. However, branched isomers and the increasingly used shorter chain PFAS replacement products may be problematic as it pertains to the accurate assessment of PFAS behaviour through drinking water treatment processes since only limited information is available for these PFASs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\",\"journal\":\"Water Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rahman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohammad\",\"Feisal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peldszus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sigrid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"24216232\",\"keywords\":\"Activated carbon, Drinking water treatment, Ion exchange, Membrane filtration, PFAS, PFASs, PFOA/PFOS, pfcs\",\"pages\":\"318–340\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rahman_behaviour_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in drinking water treatment: {A} review},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {18792448},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045},\\n\\tabstract = {This article reviews perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) characteristics, their occurrence in surface water, and their fate in drinking water treatment processes. PFASs have been detected globally in the aquatic environment including drinking water at trace concentrations and due, in part, to their persistence in human tissue some are being investigated for regulation. They are aliphatic compounds containing saturated carbon-fluorine bonds and are resistant to chemical, physical, and biological degradation. Functional groups, carbon chain length, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity are some of the important structural properties of PFASs that affect their fate during drinking water treatment. Full-scale drinking water treatment plant occurrence data indicate that PFASs, if present in raw water, are not substantially removed by most drinking water treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, biofiltration, oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, AOPs), UV irradiation, and low pressure membranes. Early observations suggest that activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and high pressure membrane filtration may be effective in controlling these contaminants. However, branched isomers and the increasingly used shorter chain PFAS replacement products may be problematic as it pertains to the accurate assessment of PFAS behaviour through drinking water treatment processes since only limited information is available for these PFASs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\\n\\tjournal = {Water Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Rahman, Mohammad Feisal and Peldszus, Sigrid and Anderson, William B.},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {24216232},\\n\\tkeywords = {Activated carbon, Drinking water treatment, Ion exchange, Membrane filtration, PFAS, PFASs, PFOA/PFOS, pfcs},\\n\\tpages = {318--340},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rahman, M. F.\",\"Peldszus, S.\",\"Anderson, W. B.\"],\"key\":\"rahman_behaviour_2014\",\"id\":\"rahman_behaviour_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rahman-peldszus-anderson-behaviourandfateofperfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassindrinkingwatertreatmentareview-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045\"},\"keyword\":[\"Activated carbon\",\"Drinking water treatment\",\"Ion exchange\",\"Membrane filtration\",\"PFAS\",\"PFASs\",\"PFOA/PFOS\",\"pfcs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in food packaging using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry\",\"volume\":\"205-206\",\"issn\":\"03043894\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050\",\"abstract\":\"This research aimed to monitor the amounts of PFOS and PFOA in food packaging and study the migration of PFOS and PFOA from food packaging, using a saliva simulant and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to determine residues of PFOS and PFOA by using a gradient reversed-phase method with ammonium acetate/acetonitrile buffer. A good linearity was established for PFOS and PFOA in a range of 0.05-10??gL -1, with R 2???0.9998. Of the samples extracted by methanol, the highest concentration of PFOS was found in fast-food container samples, at a level of 92.48ngdm -2. For PFOA, the highest concentration in samples extracted by methanol was found in ice cream cup samples, at a level of 16.91ngdm -2. The amounts of PFOS and PFOA that migrated from food packaging samples through contact with saliva simulant were 4.80 and 4.55ngdm -2, respectively. Saliva simulant could leach PFOS and PFOA from the group of the thickest paper samples (???1dm 2g -1) at levels of 7.01 and 6.41ngdm -2, respectively, indicating that paper with greater thickness and less area might release larger quantities of coated/added PFOS or PFOA. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Hazardous Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Poothong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Somrutai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boontanon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suwanna\",\"Kitpati\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boontanon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Narin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22265653\",\"keywords\":\"LC-MS/MS, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Saliva simulant, food packaging\",\"pages\":\"139–143\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{poothong_determination_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in food packaging using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry},\\n\\tvolume = {205-206},\\n\\tissn = {03043894},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050},\\n\\tabstract = {This research aimed to monitor the amounts of PFOS and PFOA in food packaging and study the migration of PFOS and PFOA from food packaging, using a saliva simulant and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to determine residues of PFOS and PFOA by using a gradient reversed-phase method with ammonium acetate/acetonitrile buffer. A good linearity was established for PFOS and PFOA in a range of 0.05-10??gL -1, with R 2???0.9998. Of the samples extracted by methanol, the highest concentration of PFOS was found in fast-food container samples, at a level of 92.48ngdm -2. For PFOA, the highest concentration in samples extracted by methanol was found in ice cream cup samples, at a level of 16.91ngdm -2. The amounts of PFOS and PFOA that migrated from food packaging samples through contact with saliva simulant were 4.80 and 4.55ngdm -2, respectively. Saliva simulant could leach PFOS and PFOA from the group of the thickest paper samples (???1dm 2g -1) at levels of 7.01 and 6.41ngdm -2, respectively, indicating that paper with greater thickness and less area might release larger quantities of coated/added PFOS or PFOA. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Poothong, Somrutai and Boontanon, Suwanna Kitpati and Boontanon, Narin},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22265653},\\n\\tkeywords = {LC-MS/MS, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Saliva simulant, food packaging},\\n\\tpages = {139--143},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Poothong, S.\",\"Boontanon, S. K.\",\"Boontanon, N.\"],\"key\":\"poothong_determination_2012\",\"id\":\"poothong_determination_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"poothong-boontanon-boontanon-determinationofperfluorooctanesulfonateandperfluorooctanoicacidinfoodpackagingusingliquidchromatographycoupledwithtandemmassspectrometry-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050\"},\"keyword\":[\"LC-MS/MS\",\"PFAS\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\",\"Saliva simulant\",\"food packaging\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Synthesis paper on per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs),\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"1–58\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{oecd/unep_global_pfc_group_synthesis_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Synthesis paper on per- and polyfluorinated chemicals ({PFCs}),},\\n\\tauthor = {{OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group}},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {1--58},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group\"],\"key\":\"oecd/unep_global_pfc_group_synthesis_2013\",\"id\":\"oecd/unep_global_pfc_group_synthesis_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oecdunepglobalpfcgroup-synthesispaperonperandpolyfluorinatedchemicalspfcs-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general U.S. population\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"00916765\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901165\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are used commonly in commercial applications and are detected in humans and the environment worldwide. Concern has been raised that they may disrupt lipid and weight regulation.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between PFC serum concentrations and lipid and weight outcomes in a large publicly available data set.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nMETHODS: We analyzed data from the 20032004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for participants 1280 years of age. Using linear regression to control for covariates, we studied the association between serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and measures of cholesterol, body size, and insulin resistance.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nRESULTS: We observed a positive association between concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA and total and non-high-density cholesterol. We found the opposite for PFHxS. Those in the highest quartile of PFOS exposure had total cholesterol levels 13.4 mg/dL [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.823.0] higher than those in the lowest quartile. For PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, effect estimates were 9.8 (95% CI, 0.2 to 19.7), 13.9 (95% CI, 1.925.9), and 7.0 (95% CI, 13.2 to 0.8), respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We saw little evidence of a consistent association with body size or insulin resistance.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: This exploratory cross-sectional study is consistent with other epidemiologic studies in finding a positive association between PFOS and PFOA and cholesterol, despite much lower exposures in NHANES. Results for PFNA and PFHxS are novel, emphasizing the need to study PFCs other than PFOS and PFOA.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hatch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20123614\",\"keywords\":\"Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, Insulin Resistance, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PFAS, Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, Perfluorononanoic acid, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, Waist circumference\",\"pages\":\"197–202\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nelson_exposure_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general {U}.{S}. population},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {00916765},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901165},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are used commonly in commercial applications and are detected in humans and the environment worldwide. Concern has been raised that they may disrupt lipid and weight regulation.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between PFC serum concentrations and lipid and weight outcomes in a large publicly available data set.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nMETHODS: We analyzed data from the 20032004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for participants 1280 years of age. Using linear regression to control for covariates, we studied the association between serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and measures of cholesterol, body size, and insulin resistance.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nRESULTS: We observed a positive association between concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA and total and non-high-density cholesterol. We found the opposite for PFHxS. Those in the highest quartile of PFOS exposure had total cholesterol levels 13.4 mg/dL [95\\\\% confidence interval (CI), 3.823.0] higher than those in the lowest quartile. For PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, effect estimates were 9.8 (95\\\\% CI, 0.2 to 19.7), 13.9 (95\\\\% CI, 1.925.9), and 7.0 (95\\\\% CI, 13.2 to 0.8), respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We saw little evidence of a consistent association with body size or insulin resistance.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nCONCLUSIONS: This exploratory cross-sectional study is consistent with other epidemiologic studies in finding a positive association between PFOS and PFOA and cholesterol, despite much lower exposures in NHANES. Results for PFNA and PFHxS are novel, emphasizing the need to study PFCs other than PFOS and PFOA.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Nelson, Jessica W. and Hatch, Elizabeth E. and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20123614},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, Insulin Resistance, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PFAS, Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, Perfluorononanoic acid, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, Waist circumference},\\n\\tpages = {197--202},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nelson, J. W.\",\"Hatch, E. E.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"nelson_exposure_2010\",\"id\":\"nelson_exposure_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nelson-hatch-webster-exposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsandcholesterolbodyweightandinsulinresistanceinthegeneraluspopulation-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Body Mass Index\",\"Cholesterol\",\"Insulin Resistance\",\"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\",\"PFAS\",\"Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid\",\"Perfluorononanoic acid\",\"Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid\",\"Perfluorooctanoic acid\",\"Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals\",\"Waist circumference\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Memorandum for Deputy Chief of Naval Operations - Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Control, Removal, and Disposal\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Navy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{navy_memorandum_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Memorandum for {Deputy} {Chief} of {Naval} {Operations} - {Aqueous} {Film} {Forming} {Foam} ({AFFF}) {Control}, {Removal}, and {Disposal}},\\n\\tauthor = {{Navy}},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Navy\"],\"key\":\"navy_memorandum_nodate\",\"id\":\"navy_memorandum_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"navy-memorandumfordeputychiefofnavaloperationsaqueousfilmformingfoamafffcontrolremovalanddisposal\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Military specification; Fire extinguishing agent, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) liquid concentration, for fresh and seawater\",\"number\":\"August\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MIL-F-24385F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1994\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{mil-f-24385f_military_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {Military specification; {Fire} extinguishing agent, aqueous film forming foam ({AFFF}) liquid concentration, for fresh and seawater},\\n\\tnumber = {August},\\n\\tauthor = {{MIL-F-24385F}},\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"MIL-F-24385F\"],\"key\":\"mil-f-24385f_military_1994\",\"id\":\"mil-f-24385f_military_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"milf24385f-militaryspecificationfireextinguishingagentaqueousfilmformingfoamafffliquidconcentrationforfreshandseawater-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Chemistry for any weather; Greenpeace tests outdoor clothes for perfluorinated toxins\",\"journal\":\"Greenpeace\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Santen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manfred\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kallee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrike\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"1–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{santen_chemistry_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Chemistry for any weather; {Greenpeace} tests outdoor clothes for perfluorinated toxins},\\n\\tjournal = {Greenpeace},\\n\\tauthor = {Santen, Manfred and Kallee, Ulrike},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {1--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Santen, M.\",\"Kallee, U.\"],\"key\":\"santen_chemistry_2012\",\"id\":\"santen_chemistry_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"santen-kallee-chemistryforanyweathergreenpeacetestsoutdoorclothesforperfluorinatedtoxins-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare\",\"url\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathaniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{rich_lawyer_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Lawyer} {Who} {Became} {DuPont}'s {Worst} {Nightmare}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html},\\n\\tauthor = {Rich, Nathaniel},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rich, N.\"],\"key\":\"rich_lawyer_2016\",\"id\":\"rich_lawyer_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rich-thelawyerwhobecamedupontsworstnightmare-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Preliminary Lists of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA and Related Compounds and Chemicals that May Degrade To PFCA\",\"journal\":\"Inter-organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"OECD\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{oecd_preliminary_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Preliminary {Lists} of {PFOS}, {PFAS}, {PFOA} and {Related} {Compounds} and {Chemicals} that {May} {Degrade} {To} {PFCA}},\\n\\tjournal = {Inter-organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals},\\n\\tauthor = {{OECD}},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"OECD\"],\"key\":\"oecd_preliminary_2006\",\"id\":\"oecd_preliminary_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oecd-preliminarylistsofpfospfaspfoaandrelatedcompoundsandchemicalsthatmaydegradetopfca-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Helsingør Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs)\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"18791298\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044\",\"abstract\":\"In this discussion paper, the transition from long-chain poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) to fluorinated alternatives is addressed. Long-chain PFASs include perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7 or more perfluorinated carbons, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons, and their precursors. Because long-chain PFASs have been found to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, they are being replaced by a wide range of fluorinated alternatives. We summarize key concerns about the potential impacts of fluorinated alternatives on human health and the environment in order to provide concise information for different stakeholders and the public. These concerns include, amongst others, the likelihood of fluorinated alternatives or their transformation products becoming ubiquitously present in the global environment; the need for more information on uses, properties and effects of fluorinated alternatives; the formation of persistent terminal transformation products including PFCAs and PFSAs; increasing environmental and human exposure and potential of adverse effects as a consequence of the high ultimate persistence and increasing usage of fluorinated alternatives; the high societal costs that would be caused if the uses, environmental fate, and adverse effects of fluorinated alternatives had to be investigated by publicly funded research; and the lack of consideration of non-persistent alternatives to long-chain PFASs. ?? 2014 The Authors.\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhanyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"24938172\",\"pages\":\"337–339\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{scheringer_helsingor_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Helsingør {Statement} on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances ({PFASs})},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {18791298},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044},\\n\\tabstract = {In this discussion paper, the transition from long-chain poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) to fluorinated alternatives is addressed. Long-chain PFASs include perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7 or more perfluorinated carbons, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons, and their precursors. Because long-chain PFASs have been found to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, they are being replaced by a wide range of fluorinated alternatives. We summarize key concerns about the potential impacts of fluorinated alternatives on human health and the environment in order to provide concise information for different stakeholders and the public. These concerns include, amongst others, the likelihood of fluorinated alternatives or their transformation products becoming ubiquitously present in the global environment; the need for more information on uses, properties and effects of fluorinated alternatives; the formation of persistent terminal transformation products including PFCAs and PFSAs; increasing environmental and human exposure and potential of adverse effects as a consequence of the high ultimate persistence and increasing usage of fluorinated alternatives; the high societal costs that would be caused if the uses, environmental fate, and adverse effects of fluorinated alternatives had to be investigated by publicly funded research; and the lack of consideration of non-persistent alternatives to long-chain PFASs. ?? 2014 The Authors.},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Scheringer, Martin and Trier, Xenia and Cousins, Ian T. and de Voogt, Pim and Fletcher, Tony and Wang, Zhanyun and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {24938172},\\n\\tpages = {337--339},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Trier, X.\",\"Cousins, I. T.\",\"de Voogt, P.\",\"Fletcher, T.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"scheringer_helsingor_2014\",\"id\":\"scheringer_helsingor_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"scheringer-trier-cousins-devoogt-fletcher-wang-webster-helsingrstatementonpolyandperfluorinatedalkylsubstancespfass-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thyroid Function and Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Children Living Near a Chemical Plant\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Animal studies suggest that some perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) may impair thyroid function. Epidemiological findings, mostly related to adults, are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether concentrations of PFAAs were associated with thyroid func- tion among 10,725 children (1–17 years of age) living near a Teflon manufacturing facility in the Mid-Ohio Valley (USA). METHODS: Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), and PFAAs were measured during 2005–2006, and information on diagnosed thyroid disease was collected by questionnaire. Modeled in utero PFOA concentrations were based on historical information on PFOA releases, environmental distribution, pharmacokinetic modeling, and residential histories. We performed multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Median concentrations of modeled in utero PFOA and measured serum PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA were 12, 29, 20, and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively. The odds ratio for hypothyroidism (n = 39) was 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 2.37] for an interquartile range (IQR) con- trast of 13 to 68 ng/mL in serum PFOA measured in 2005–2006. However, an IQR shift in serum PFOA was not associated with TSH or TT4 levels in all children combined. IQR shifts in serum PFOS (15 to 28 ng/mL) and serum PFNA (1.2 to 2.0 ng/mL) were both associated with a 1.1% increase in TT4 in children 1–17 years old (95% CIs: 0.6, 1.5 and 0.7, 1.5 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale report in children suggesting associations of serum PFOS and PFNA with thyroid hormone levels and of serum PFOA and hypothyroidism.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lopez-Espinosa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Jose\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mondal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Debapriya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Armstrong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ben\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bloom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"PFAA, PFAS, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, T4, TSH, Thyroid Hormones, children, thyroid disease\",\"pages\":\"1036–1041\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lopez-espinosa_thyroid_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Thyroid {Function} and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids} in {Children} {Living} {Near} a {Chemical} {Plant}},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Animal studies suggest that some perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) may impair thyroid function. Epidemiological findings, mostly related to adults, are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether concentrations of PFAAs were associated with thyroid func- tion among 10,725 children (1–17 years of age) living near a Teflon manufacturing facility in the Mid-Ohio Valley (USA). METHODS: Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), and PFAAs were measured during 2005–2006, and information on diagnosed thyroid disease was collected by questionnaire. Modeled in utero PFOA concentrations were based on historical information on PFOA releases, environmental distribution, pharmacokinetic modeling, and residential histories. We performed multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Median concentrations of modeled in utero PFOA and measured serum PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA were 12, 29, 20, and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively. The odds ratio for hypothyroidism (n = 39) was 1.54 [95\\\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 2.37] for an interquartile range (IQR) con- trast of 13 to 68 ng/mL in serum PFOA measured in 2005–2006. However, an IQR shift in serum PFOA was not associated with TSH or TT4 levels in all children combined. IQR shifts in serum PFOS (15 to 28 ng/mL) and serum PFNA (1.2 to 2.0 ng/mL) were both associated with a 1.1\\\\% increase in TT4 in children 1–17 years old (95\\\\% CIs: 0.6, 1.5 and 0.7, 1.5 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale report in children suggesting associations of serum PFOS and PFNA with thyroid hormone levels and of serum PFOA and hypothyroidism.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Lopez-Espinosa, Maria Jose and Mondal, Debapriya and Armstrong, Ben and Bloom, Michael S. and Fletcher, Tony},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAA, PFAS, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, T4, TSH, Thyroid Hormones, children, thyroid disease},\\n\\tpages = {1036--1041},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lopez-Espinosa, M. J.\",\"Mondal, D.\",\"Armstrong, B.\",\"Bloom, M. S.\",\"Fletcher, T.\"],\"key\":\"lopez-espinosa_thyroid_2012\",\"id\":\"lopez-espinosa_thyroid_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lopezespinosa-mondal-armstrong-bloom-fletcher-thyroidfunctionandperfluoroalkylacidsinchildrenlivingnearachemicalplant-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAA\",\"PFAS\",\"PFNA\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\",\"T4\",\"TSH\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"children\",\"thyroid disease\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Release of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from Carpet and Clothing in Model Anaerobic Landfill Reactors\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acs.est.5b06237\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johnsie\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allred\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\",\"McKay\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peaslee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Graham\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Field\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barlaz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Morton\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"5024–5032\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lang_release_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Release of {Per}- and polyfluoroalkyl {Substances} ({PFASs}) from {Carpet} and {Clothing} in {Model} {Anaerobic} {Landfill} {Reactors}},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b06237},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lang, Johnsie R and Allred, Brent McKay and Peaslee, Graham F. and Field, Jennifer A. and Barlaz, Morton A},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {5024--5032},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lang, J. R\",\"Allred, B. M.\",\"Peaslee, G. F.\",\"Field, J. A.\",\"Barlaz, M. A\"],\"key\":\"lang_release_2016\",\"id\":\"lang_release_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lang-allred-peaslee-field-barlaz-releaseofperandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassfromcarpetandclothinginmodelanaerobiclandllreactors-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs): Environmental challenges\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"18790399\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.004\",\"abstract\":\"Long-chain perfluoroalkylated acids are persistent in the environment, leading to ubiquitous exposure of biota. They have been listed as very persistent, very bioaccumulative and toxic by Public Health Authorities. Their production and use have been regulated in most western countries but their production has increased in other geographical area. Animal studies show highly diverse and complex, product-, species- and gender-dependent pharmacodynamics and toxicity profiles. Human epidemiologic studies unveiled liver, developmental and other adverse health effects, while further effects remain inconclusive. Alternative short-chain products are technically much less performing. Alternative long-chain processing aids have not been proven environmentally advantageous. Risk assessment is difficult and highly uncertain. Little breakthrough products or technologies have yet emerged that can match the feats of fluorinated surfactants and fluorinated polymers. Radical, disruptive new solutions are needed. Meanwhile, more reasonable, more selective use of these compounds appears indispensable in order to reduce exposure while preserving their societal benefits and without penalizing developing countries. Progress in the risk management of per- and polyfluorinated substances is, however, impeded by considerable knowledge and information gaps, and will demand sustained multidisciplinary efforts.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krafft\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\",\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riess\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Fluorinated surfactants, Human exposure, PFAS, PFBA, PFBS, PFOA, PFOS, Pollutant, Regulation, Responsibility, Toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, sustainability\",\"pages\":\"192–212\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{krafft_per-_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Per- and polyfluorinated substances ({PFASs}): {Environmental} challenges},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {18790399},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Long-chain perfluoroalkylated acids are persistent in the environment, leading to ubiquitous exposure of biota. They have been listed as very persistent, very bioaccumulative and toxic by Public Health Authorities. Their production and use have been regulated in most western countries but their production has increased in other geographical area. Animal studies show highly diverse and complex, product-, species- and gender-dependent pharmacodynamics and toxicity profiles. Human epidemiologic studies unveiled liver, developmental and other adverse health effects, while further effects remain inconclusive. Alternative short-chain products are technically much less performing. Alternative long-chain processing aids have not been proven environmentally advantageous. Risk assessment is difficult and highly uncertain. Little breakthrough products or technologies have yet emerged that can match the feats of fluorinated surfactants and fluorinated polymers. Radical, disruptive new solutions are needed. Meanwhile, more reasonable, more selective use of these compounds appears indispensable in order to reduce exposure while preserving their societal benefits and without penalizing developing countries. Progress in the risk management of per- and polyfluorinated substances is, however, impeded by considerable knowledge and information gaps, and will demand sustained multidisciplinary efforts.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Krafft, Marie Pierre and Riess, Jean G.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Fluorinated surfactants, Human exposure, PFAS, PFBA, PFBS, PFOA, PFOS, Pollutant, Regulation, Responsibility, Toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, sustainability},\\n\\tpages = {192--212},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Krafft, M. P.\",\"Riess, J. G.\"],\"key\":\"krafft_per-_2015\",\"id\":\"krafft_per-_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"krafft-riess-perandpolyfluorinatedsubstancespfassenvironmentalchallenges-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Fluorinated surfactants\",\"Human exposure\",\"PFAS\",\"PFBA\",\"PFBS\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\",\"Pollutant\",\"Regulation\",\"Responsibility\",\"Toxicity\",\"bioaccumulation\",\"persistence\",\"sustainability\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Short-chain Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)\",\"isbn\":\"978-87-93352-15-5\",\"abstract\":\"This report has been prepared to support part of the Danish EPA's strategy on “other perfluorinated substances” (i.e. other than PFOS and PFOA). In the strategy it is, among others, stated that an overview of uses and applica- tions, exposure and impact on human health and the environment should be established, and a need for more information on short-chain PFAS as possible alternatives to the long-chained was identified. Hence, the objectives of this study have been to review the open literature on these subjects for short-chain PFAS and assess the possible impacts of these substances on human health and the environment in comparison to long- chain PFAS and thereby supporting the Danish EPA's strategy on this substance group by providing background documentation in relation to further activities, including possible regulation.\",\"number\":\"1707\",\"publisher\":\"The Danish Environmental Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kjolholt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jesper\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allan\",\"Astrup\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Warming\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marlies\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{kjolholt_short-chain_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Short-chain {Polyfluoroalkyl} {Substances} ({PFAS})},\\n\\tisbn = {978-87-93352-15-5},\\n\\tabstract = {This report has been prepared to support part of the Danish EPA's strategy on “other perfluorinated substances” (i.e. other than PFOS and PFOA). In the strategy it is, among others, stated that an overview of uses and applica- tions, exposure and impact on human health and the environment should be established, and a need for more information on short-chain PFAS as possible alternatives to the long-chained was identified. Hence, the objectives of this study have been to review the open literature on these subjects for short-chain PFAS and assess the possible impacts of these substances on human health and the environment in comparison to long- chain PFAS and thereby supporting the Danish EPA's strategy on this substance group by providing background documentation in relation to further activities, including possible regulation.},\\n\\tnumber = {1707},\\n\\tpublisher = {The Danish Environmental Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {Kjolholt, Jesper and Jensen, Allan Astrup and Warming, Marlies},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kjolholt, J.\",\"Jensen, A. A.\",\"Warming, M.\"],\"key\":\"kjolholt_short-chain_2015\",\"id\":\"kjolholt_short-chain_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kjolholt-jensen-warming-shortchainpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfas-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Europe-wide estuarine export and surface water concentrations of PFOS and PFOA.\",\"volume\":\"103\",\"issn\":\"1879-2448\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.024\",\"abstract\":\"The STREAM-EU model was used to predict the water concentrations, estuarine export and retention of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the eleven most populated European river catchments to provide a European-wide perspective on the contamination by these substances. Emissions of PFOS and PFOA to those catchments were calculated based on population, wealth and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) coverage and efficiency using a previously published method and used as model input. Our estimated emissions showed the lowest values for the Thames catchment (PFOS: 0.4 ton/y; PFOA: 0.2 ton/y) and the highest values for the Rhine for PFOS (1.6 ton/y) and for the Dnieper for PFOA (1.7 ton/y). The model predicted concentrations agreed reasonable well with the existing range of measurements, apart from for PFOA in the River Po, where there is a known historical industrial contamination, and PFOS in the Rhone River, where results were much higher than the few measurements available. It was concerning that the model predicted that the surface water EQS for PFOS (0.65 ng/L) was exceeded by a wide margin in all the eleven studied European river catchments. The total calculated riverine export to the seas from the eleven catchments was 4.5 ton/y of PFOS and 3.7 ton/y of PFOA with highest exported quantities from the Rhine (PFOS: 1.0 ton/y; PFOA: 1.0 ton/y) and Danube estuaries (PFOS: 0.9 ton/y; PFOA: 0.7 ton/y). For the seas where the rivers discharge, riverine discharge of PFOS was estimated to be 2.5-30 times more important as an input than atmospheric deposition, whereas for PFOA the opposite was true (atmospheric deposition was 2-10 times more important) except for very small seas.\",\"journal\":\"Water research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Gils\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pmid\":\"27448037\",\"keywords\":\"Emissions, European catchments, Modelling, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, River export\",\"pages\":\"124–132\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lindim_europe-wide_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Europe-wide estuarine export and surface water concentrations of {PFOS} and {PFOA}.},\\n\\tvolume = {103},\\n\\tissn = {1879-2448},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.024},\\n\\tabstract = {The STREAM-EU model was used to predict the water concentrations, estuarine export and retention of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the eleven most populated European river catchments to provide a European-wide perspective on the contamination by these substances. Emissions of PFOS and PFOA to those catchments were calculated based on population, wealth and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) coverage and efficiency using a previously published method and used as model input. Our estimated emissions showed the lowest values for the Thames catchment (PFOS: 0.4 ton/y; PFOA: 0.2 ton/y) and the highest values for the Rhine for PFOS (1.6 ton/y) and for the Dnieper for PFOA (1.7 ton/y). The model predicted concentrations agreed reasonable well with the existing range of measurements, apart from for PFOA in the River Po, where there is a known historical industrial contamination, and PFOS in the Rhone River, where results were much higher than the few measurements available. It was concerning that the model predicted that the surface water EQS for PFOS (0.65 ng/L) was exceeded by a wide margin in all the eleven studied European river catchments. The total calculated riverine export to the seas from the eleven catchments was 4.5 ton/y of PFOS and 3.7 ton/y of PFOA with highest exported quantities from the Rhine (PFOS: 1.0 ton/y; PFOA: 1.0 ton/y) and Danube estuaries (PFOS: 0.9 ton/y; PFOA: 0.7 ton/y). For the seas where the rivers discharge, riverine discharge of PFOS was estimated to be 2.5-30 times more important as an input than atmospheric deposition, whereas for PFOA the opposite was true (atmospheric deposition was 2-10 times more important) except for very small seas.},\\n\\tjournal = {Water research},\\n\\tauthor = {Lindim, C and van Gils, J and Cousins, I T},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpmid = {27448037},\\n\\tkeywords = {Emissions, European catchments, Modelling, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, River export},\\n\\tpages = {124--132},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lindim, C\",\"van Gils, J\",\"Cousins, I T\"],\"key\":\"lindim_europe-wide_2016\",\"id\":\"lindim_europe-wide_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lindim-vangils-cousins-europewideestuarineexportandsurfacewaterconcentrationsofpfosandpfoa-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037\"},\"keyword\":[\"Emissions\",\"European catchments\",\"Modelling\",\"PFAS\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\",\"River export\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluoroalkyl acids: A review of monitoring and toxicological findings\",\"volume\":\"99\",\"issn\":\"10966080\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfm128\",\"abstract\":\"In recent years, human and wildlife monitoring studies have identified perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) worldwide. This has led to efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds, as well as the global distribution of the PFAAs. Much attention has focused on understanding the toxicology of the two most widely known PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfate. More recently, research was extended to other PFAAs. There has been substantial progress in understanding additional aspects of the toxicology of these compounds, particularly related to the developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the potential modes of action. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans. Several avenues of research are proposed that would further our understanding of this class of compounds.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anitole\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hodes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pfahles-Hutchens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17519394\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl acids, biomonitoring\",\"pages\":\"366–394\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lau_perfluoroalkyl_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl acids: {A} review of monitoring and toxicological findings},\\n\\tvolume = {99},\\n\\tissn = {10966080},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm128},\\n\\tabstract = {In recent years, human and wildlife monitoring studies have identified perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) worldwide. This has led to efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds, as well as the global distribution of the PFAAs. Much attention has focused on understanding the toxicology of the two most widely known PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfate. More recently, research was extended to other PFAAs. There has been substantial progress in understanding additional aspects of the toxicology of these compounds, particularly related to the developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the potential modes of action. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans. Several avenues of research are proposed that would further our understanding of this class of compounds.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Lau, Christopher and Anitole, Katherine and Hodes, Colette and Lai, David and Pfahles-Hutchens, Andrea and Seed, Jennifer},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17519394},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl acids, biomonitoring},\\n\\tpages = {366--394},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lau, C.\",\"Anitole, K.\",\"Hodes, C.\",\"Lai, D.\",\"Pfahles-Hutchens, A.\",\"Seed, J.\"],\"key\":\"lau_perfluoroalkyl_2007\",\"id\":\"lau_perfluoroalkyl_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lau-anitole-hodes-lai-pfahleshutchens-seed-perfluoroalkylacidsareviewofmonitoringandtoxicologicalfindings-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"PFOS\",\"Perfluoroalkyl acids\",\"biomonitoring\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issn\":\"16147499\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in a wide range of products of all day life. Due to their toxicological potential, an emerging focus is directed towards their exposure to humans. This study investigated the PFAS load of consumer products in a broad perspective. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (C4, C6–C8, C10-PFSA), carboxylic acids (C4–C14-PFCA) and fluorotelomer alcohols (4:2, 6:2; 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH) were analysed in 115 random samples of consumer products including textiles (outdoor materials), carpets, cleaning and impregnating agents, leather samples, baking and sandwich papers, paper baking forms and ski waxes. PFCA and PFSA were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS, whereas FTOH were detected by GC/CI-MS. Consumer products such as cleaning agents or some baking and sandwich papers show low or negligible PFSA and PFCA contents. On the other hand, high PFAS levels were identified in ski waxes (up to about 2000 μg/kg PFOA), leather samples (up to about 200 μg/kg PFBA and 120 μg/kg PFBS), outdoor textiles (up to 19 μg/m2 PFOA) and some other baking papers (up to 15 μg/m2 PFOA). Moreover, some test samples like carpet and leather samples and outdoor materials exceeded the EU regulatory threshold value for PFOS (1 μg/m2). A diverse mixture of PFASs can be found in consumer products for all fields of daily use in varying concentrations. This study proves the importance of screening and monitoring of consumer products for PFAS loads and the necessity for an action to regulate the use of PFASs, especially PFOA, in consumer products. © 2015 The Author(s)\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotthoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josef\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jürling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heinrich\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlummer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiedler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominik\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pmid\":\"25854201\",\"keywords\":\"Food contact materials, Outdoor textiles, PFAA, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, consumer products\",\"pages\":\"14546–14559\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kotthoff_perfluoroalkyl_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tissn = {16147499},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in a wide range of products of all day life. Due to their toxicological potential, an emerging focus is directed towards their exposure to humans. This study investigated the PFAS load of consumer products in a broad perspective. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (C4, C6–C8, C10-PFSA), carboxylic acids (C4–C14-PFCA) and fluorotelomer alcohols (4:2, 6:2; 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH) were analysed in 115 random samples of consumer products including textiles (outdoor materials), carpets, cleaning and impregnating agents, leather samples, baking and sandwich papers, paper baking forms and ski waxes. PFCA and PFSA were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS, whereas FTOH were detected by GC/CI-MS. Consumer products such as cleaning agents or some baking and sandwich papers show low or negligible PFSA and PFCA contents. On the other hand, high PFAS levels were identified in ski waxes (up to about 2000 μg/kg PFOA), leather samples (up to about 200 μg/kg PFBA and 120 μg/kg PFBS), outdoor textiles (up to 19 μg/m2 PFOA) and some other baking papers (up to 15 μg/m2 PFOA). Moreover, some test samples like carpet and leather samples and outdoor materials exceeded the EU regulatory threshold value for PFOS (1 μg/m2). A diverse mixture of PFASs can be found in consumer products for all fields of daily use in varying concentrations. This study proves the importance of screening and monitoring of consumer products for PFAS loads and the necessity for an action to regulate the use of PFASs, especially PFOA, in consumer products. © 2015 The Author(s)},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Kotthoff, Matthias and Müller, Josef and Jürling, Heinrich and Schlummer, Martin and Fiedler, Dominik},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpmid = {25854201},\\n\\tkeywords = {Food contact materials, Outdoor textiles, PFAA, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, consumer products},\\n\\tpages = {14546--14559},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kotthoff, M.\",\"Müller, J.\",\"Jürling, H.\",\"Schlummer, M.\",\"Fiedler, D.\"],\"key\":\"kotthoff_perfluoroalkyl_2015\",\"id\":\"kotthoff_perfluoroalkyl_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kotthoff-mller-jrling-schlummer-fiedler-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesinconsumerproducts-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Food contact materials\",\"Outdoor textiles\",\"PFAA\",\"PFAS\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\",\"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals\",\"consumer products\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"02786915\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, the role that some food processing and packaging might play as a source of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) through the diet was assessed. The levels of PFCs were determined in composite samples of veal steak (raw, grilled, and fried), pork loin (raw, grilled, and fried), chicken breast (raw, grilled, and fried), black pudding (uncooked), liver lamb (raw), marinated salmon (home-made and packaged), lettuce (fresh and packaged), pate of pork liver, foie gras of duck, frankfurt, sausages, chicken nuggets (fried), and common salt. Among the 11 PFCs analyzed, only PFHxS, PFOS, PFHxA, and PFOA were detected in at least one composite sample, while the levels of the remaining PFCs (PFBuS, PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA) were under their respective detection limits. PFOS was the compound most frequently detected, being found in 8 of the 20 food items analyzed, while PFHxA was detected in samples of raw veal, chicken nuggets, frankfurt, sausages, and packaged lettuce. According to the results of the present study, it is not sufficiently clear if cooking with non-stick cookware, or packaging some foods, could contribute to a higher human exposure to PFCs. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Food and Chemical Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jogsten\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingrid\",\"Ericson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perell??\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gemma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Llebaria\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xavier\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bigas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Esther\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mart??-Cid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roser\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"K??rrman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domingo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jos??\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19362113\",\"keywords\":\"Cooking, Dietary intake, Food, PFAS, Packaging, Perfluorinated chemicals\",\"pages\":\"1577–1583\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jogsten_exposure_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in {Catalonia}, {Spain}, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {02786915},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, the role that some food processing and packaging might play as a source of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) through the diet was assessed. The levels of PFCs were determined in composite samples of veal steak (raw, grilled, and fried), pork loin (raw, grilled, and fried), chicken breast (raw, grilled, and fried), black pudding (uncooked), liver lamb (raw), marinated salmon (home-made and packaged), lettuce (fresh and packaged), pate of pork liver, foie gras of duck, frankfurt, sausages, chicken nuggets (fried), and common salt. Among the 11 PFCs analyzed, only PFHxS, PFOS, PFHxA, and PFOA were detected in at least one composite sample, while the levels of the remaining PFCs (PFBuS, PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA) were under their respective detection limits. PFOS was the compound most frequently detected, being found in 8 of the 20 food items analyzed, while PFHxA was detected in samples of raw veal, chicken nuggets, frankfurt, sausages, and packaged lettuce. According to the results of the present study, it is not sufficiently clear if cooking with non-stick cookware, or packaging some foods, could contribute to a higher human exposure to PFCs. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Jogsten, Ingrid Ericson and Perell??, Gemma and Llebaria, Xavier and Bigas, Esther and Mart??-Cid, Roser and K??rrman, Anna and Domingo, Jos?? L.},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19362113},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cooking, Dietary intake, Food, PFAS, Packaging, Perfluorinated chemicals},\\n\\tpages = {1577--1583},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jogsten, I. E.\",\"Perell??, G.\",\"Llebaria, X.\",\"Bigas, E.\",\"Mart??-Cid, R.\",\"K??rrman, A.\",\"Domingo, J. L.\"],\"key\":\"jogsten_exposure_2009\",\"id\":\"jogsten_exposure_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jogsten-perell-llebaria-bigas-martcid-krrman-domingo-exposuretoperfluorinatedcompoundsincataloniaspainthroughconsumptionofvariousrawandcookedfoodstuffsincludingpackagedfood-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cooking\",\"Dietary intake\",\"Food\",\"PFAS\",\"Packaging\",\"Perfluorinated chemicals\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water linked to industrial sites, military fire training areas and wastewater treatment plants\",\"volume\":\"IN PRESS,\",\"issn\":\"2328-8930\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260\",\"abstract\":\"Sceptrin, a natural compound produced by various marine sponges, was tested for its effect on cell motility. We report for the first time that sceptrin inhibits cell motility in several cancer cell lines. The compound shows no toxicity at concentrations that are double the amount of sceptrin required for maximal inhibitory effect. Both random and factor-induced migration were impaired, suggesting that sceptrin targets a central process of cell motility machinery. Activity of de novo synthesized sceptrin was indistinguishable from sceptrin purified from Agelas nakamurai, and the inhibitory activity was found to be, at least partially, due to sceptrin's capability to inhibit cell contractility. Additionally, sceptrin was found to bind to monomeric actin, further suggesting a mechanism involving the actin cytoskeleton. Close analogues of sceptrin were synthesized, tested for their effect on cell motility, and found to be either equimolar or less potent compared to the parental compound. Inadvertent cell motility is a key contributing factor in various human diseases, including cancer and chronic inflammation. Marine compounds isolated from sponges have been proven to be an excellent source of metabolites that show biological activities. Given the recently achieved total synthesis of sceptrin in multigram quantities, sceptrin could prove to be an attractive lead molecule for further preclinical testing and development for therapeutic purposes, as well as a useful research tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in cell motility.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xindi\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andrews\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindstrom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schaider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurel\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grandjean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lohmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rainer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carignan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Courtney\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simona\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Higgins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sunderland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elsie\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hu_detection_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in {U}.{S}. drinking water linked to industrial sites, military fire training areas and wastewater treatment plants},\\n\\tvolume = {IN PRESS,},\\n\\tissn = {2328-8930},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260},\\n\\tabstract = {Sceptrin, a natural compound produced by various marine sponges, was tested for its effect on cell motility. We report for the first time that sceptrin inhibits cell motility in several cancer cell lines. The compound shows no toxicity at concentrations that are double the amount of sceptrin required for maximal inhibitory effect. Both random and factor-induced migration were impaired, suggesting that sceptrin targets a central process of cell motility machinery. Activity of de novo synthesized sceptrin was indistinguishable from sceptrin purified from Agelas nakamurai, and the inhibitory activity was found to be, at least partially, due to sceptrin's capability to inhibit cell contractility. Additionally, sceptrin was found to bind to monomeric actin, further suggesting a mechanism involving the actin cytoskeleton. Close analogues of sceptrin were synthesized, tested for their effect on cell motility, and found to be either equimolar or less potent compared to the parental compound. Inadvertent cell motility is a key contributing factor in various human diseases, including cancer and chronic inflammation. Marine compounds isolated from sponges have been proven to be an excellent source of metabolites that show biological activities. Given the recently achieved total synthesis of sceptrin in multigram quantities, sceptrin could prove to be an attractive lead molecule for further preclinical testing and development for therapeutic purposes, as well as a useful research tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in cell motility.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Hu, Xindi C. and Andrews, David and Lindstrom, Andrew B. and Bruton, Thomas A. and Schaider, Laurel A. and Grandjean, Philippe and Lohmann, Rainer and Carignan, Courtney C. and Blum, Arlene and Balan, Simona A. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Sunderland, Elsie M.},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hu, X. C.\",\"Andrews, D.\",\"Lindstrom, A. B.\",\"Bruton, T. A.\",\"Schaider, L. A.\",\"Grandjean, P.\",\"Lohmann, R.\",\"Carignan, C. C.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Balan, S. A.\",\"Higgins, C. P.\",\"Sunderland, E. M.\"],\"key\":\"hu_detection_2016\",\"id\":\"hu_detection_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hu-andrews-lindstrom-bruton-schaider-grandjean-lohmann-carignan-etal-detectionofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinusdrinkingwaterlinkedtoindustrialsitesmilitaryfiretrainingareasandwastewatertreatmentplants-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: An updated review\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es104326w\",\"abstract\":\"The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to our critical review published in 2006. A wider range of geographical locations (e.g., South America, Russia, Antarctica) and habitats (e.g., high-mountain lakes, deep-ocean, and offshore waters) have been investigated in recent years enabling a better understanding of the global distribution of PFCs in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of PFCs continue to be detected in invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals worldwide. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is still the predominant PFC detected (mean concentrations up to 1900 ng/g ww) in addition to important concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; sum PFCAs up to 400 ng/g ww). More studies have evaluated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these compounds in both freshwater and marine food webs. Several reports have indicated a decrease in PFOS levels over time in contrast to PFCA concentrations that have tended to increase in tissues of aquatic organisms at many locations. The detection of precursor metabolites and isomers has become more frequently reported in environmental assessments yielding important information on the sources and distribution of these contaminants. The integration of environmental/ecological characteristics (e.g., latitude/longitude, salinity, and/or trophic status at sampling locations) and biological variables (e.g., age, gender, life cycle, migration, diet composition, growth rate, food chain length, metabolism, and elimination) are essential elements in order to adequately study the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and should be more frequently considered in study design.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Houde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Magali\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Silva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amila\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21542574\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"7962–7973\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{houde_monitoring_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: {An} updated review},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es104326w},\\n\\tabstract = {The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to our critical review published in 2006. A wider range of geographical locations (e.g., South America, Russia, Antarctica) and habitats (e.g., high-mountain lakes, deep-ocean, and offshore waters) have been investigated in recent years enabling a better understanding of the global distribution of PFCs in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of PFCs continue to be detected in invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals worldwide. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is still the predominant PFC detected (mean concentrations up to 1900 ng/g ww) in addition to important concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; sum PFCAs up to 400 ng/g ww). More studies have evaluated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these compounds in both freshwater and marine food webs. Several reports have indicated a decrease in PFOS levels over time in contrast to PFCA concentrations that have tended to increase in tissues of aquatic organisms at many locations. The detection of precursor metabolites and isomers has become more frequently reported in environmental assessments yielding important information on the sources and distribution of these contaminants. The integration of environmental/ecological characteristics (e.g., latitude/longitude, salinity, and/or trophic status at sampling locations) and biological variables (e.g., age, gender, life cycle, migration, diet composition, growth rate, food chain length, metabolism, and elimination) are essential elements in order to adequately study the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and should be more frequently considered in study design.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Houde, Magali and De Silva, Amila O. and Muir, Derek C G and Letcher, Robert J.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21542574},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {7962--7973},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Houde, M.\",\"De Silva, A. O.\",\"Muir, D. C G\",\"Letcher, R. J.\"],\"key\":\"houde_monitoring_2011\",\"id\":\"houde_monitoring_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"houde-desilva-muir-letcher-monitoringofperfluorinatedcompoundsinaquaticbiotaanupdatedreview-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Water tests suggesting more causes\",\"url\":\"http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hazlehurst\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{hazlehurst_water_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Water tests suggesting more causes},\\n\\turl = {http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/},\\n\\tauthor = {Hazlehurst, John},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hazlehurst, J.\"],\"key\":\"hazlehurst_water_2016\",\"id\":\"hazlehurst_water_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hazlehurst-watertestssuggestingmorecauses-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: 1999-2008\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1043613\",\"abstract\":\"Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999-2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999-2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999-2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999-2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003-2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007-2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kayoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lee\",\"Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lily\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuklenyik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zsuzsanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calafat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonia\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21469664\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"8037–8045\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kato_trends_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the {U}.{S}. population: 1999-2008},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1043613},\\n\\tabstract = {Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999-2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999-2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95\\\\% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999-2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999-2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003-2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007-2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kato, Kayoko and Wong, Lee Yang and Jia, Lily T. and Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna and Calafat, Antonia M.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21469664},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {8037--8045},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kato, K.\",\"Wong, L. Y.\",\"Jia, L. T.\",\"Kuklenyik, Z.\",\"Calafat, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"kato_trends_2011\",\"id\":\"kato_trends_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kato-wong-jia-kuklenyik-calafat-trendsinexposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulation19992008-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Preliminary Associations between the Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Drinking Water and Serum Concentrations in a Sample of California Women\",\"issn\":\"2328-8930\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Houtz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Debbie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miaomiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"June-Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynolds\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peggy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bernstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leslie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anton-Culver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hoda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Horn-Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"acs.estlett.6b00154\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hurley_preliminary_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Preliminary {Associations} between the {Detection} of {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids} ({PFAAs}) in {Drinking} {Water} and {Serum} {Concentrations} in a {Sample} of {California} {Women}},\\n\\tissn = {2328-8930},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Hurley, Susan and Houtz, Erika and Goldberg, Debbie and Wang, Miaomiao and Park, June-Soo and Nelson, David O. and Reynolds, Peggy and Bernstein, Leslie and Anton-Culver, Hoda and Horn-Ross, Pamela and Petreas, Myrto},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {acs.estlett.6b00154},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hurley, S.\",\"Houtz, E.\",\"Goldberg, D.\",\"Wang, M.\",\"Park, J.\",\"Nelson, D. O.\",\"Reynolds, P.\",\"Bernstein, L.\",\"Anton-Culver, H.\",\"Horn-Ross, P.\",\"Petreas, M.\"],\"key\":\"hurley_preliminary_2016\",\"id\":\"hurley_preliminary_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hurley-houtz-goldberg-wang-park-nelson-reynolds-bernstein-etal-preliminaryassociationsbetweenthedetectionofperfluoroalkylacidspfaasindrinkingwaterandserumconcentrationsinasampleofcaliforniawomen-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: Significance of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely AFFF impacts\",\"volume\":\"95\",\"issn\":\"18792448\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055\",\"abstract\":\"In late 2014, wastewater effluent samples were collected from eight treatment plants that discharge to San Francisco (SF) Bay in order to assess poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) currently released from municipal and industrial sources. In addition to direct measurement of twenty specific PFAS analytes, the total concentration of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors was also indirectly measured by adapting a previously developed oxidation assay. Effluent from six municipal treatment plants contained similar amounts of total PFASs, with highest median concentrations of PFHxA (24 ng/L), followed by PFOA (23 ng/L), PFBA (19 ng/L), and PFOS (15 ng/L). Compared to SF Bay municipal wastewater samples collected in 2009, the short chain perfluorinated carboxylates PFBA and PFHxA rose significantly in concentration. Effluent samples from two treatment plants contained much higher levels of PFASs: over two samplings, wastewater from one municipal plant contained an average of 420 ng/L PFOS and wastewater from an airport industrial treatment plant contained 560 ng/L PFOS, 390 ng/L 6:2 FtS, 570 ng/L PFPeA, and 500 ng/L PFHxA. The elevated levels observed in effluent samples from these two plants are likely related to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources impacting their influent; PFASs attributable to both current use and discontinued AFFF formulations were observed. Indirectly measured PFAA precursor compounds accounted for 33%-63% of the total molar concentration of PFASs across all effluent samples and the PFAA precursors indicated by the oxidation assay were predominately short-chained. PFAS levels in SF Bay effluent samples reflect the manufacturing shifts towards shorter chained PFASs while also demonstrating significant impacts from localized usage of AFFF.\",\"journal\":\"Water Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Houtz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erika\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sutton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"June\",\"Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sedlak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), PFAS, Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), San Francisco Bay, Total oxidizable precursor method, Wastewater effluent\",\"pages\":\"142–149\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{houtz_poly-_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: {Significance} of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely {AFFF} impacts},\\n\\tvolume = {95},\\n\\tissn = {18792448},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055},\\n\\tabstract = {In late 2014, wastewater effluent samples were collected from eight treatment plants that discharge to San Francisco (SF) Bay in order to assess poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) currently released from municipal and industrial sources. In addition to direct measurement of twenty specific PFAS analytes, the total concentration of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors was also indirectly measured by adapting a previously developed oxidation assay. Effluent from six municipal treatment plants contained similar amounts of total PFASs, with highest median concentrations of PFHxA (24 ng/L), followed by PFOA (23 ng/L), PFBA (19 ng/L), and PFOS (15 ng/L). Compared to SF Bay municipal wastewater samples collected in 2009, the short chain perfluorinated carboxylates PFBA and PFHxA rose significantly in concentration. Effluent samples from two treatment plants contained much higher levels of PFASs: over two samplings, wastewater from one municipal plant contained an average of 420 ng/L PFOS and wastewater from an airport industrial treatment plant contained 560 ng/L PFOS, 390 ng/L 6:2 FtS, 570 ng/L PFPeA, and 500 ng/L PFHxA. The elevated levels observed in effluent samples from these two plants are likely related to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources impacting their influent; PFASs attributable to both current use and discontinued AFFF formulations were observed. Indirectly measured PFAA precursor compounds accounted for 33\\\\%-63\\\\% of the total molar concentration of PFASs across all effluent samples and the PFAA precursors indicated by the oxidation assay were predominately short-chained. PFAS levels in SF Bay effluent samples reflect the manufacturing shifts towards shorter chained PFASs while also demonstrating significant impacts from localized usage of AFFF.},\\n\\tjournal = {Water Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Houtz, Erika F. and Sutton, Rebecca and Park, June Soo and Sedlak, Margaret},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), PFAS, Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), San Francisco Bay, Total oxidizable precursor method, Wastewater effluent},\\n\\tpages = {142--149},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Houtz, E. F.\",\"Sutton, R.\",\"Park, J. S.\",\"Sedlak, M.\"],\"key\":\"houtz_poly-_2016\",\"id\":\"houtz_poly-_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"houtz-sutton-park-sedlak-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinwastewatersignificanceofunknownprecursorsmanufacturingshiftsandlikelyafffimpacts-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)\",\"PFAS\",\"Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)\",\"San Francisco Bay\",\"Total oxidizable precursor method\",\"Wastewater effluent\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate and risk of overweight at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study.\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1104034\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl acids are persistent compounds used in various industrial -applications. Of these compounds, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is currently detected in humans worldwide. A recent study on low-dose developmental exposure to PFOA in mice reported increased weight and elevated biomarkers of adiposity in postpubertal female offspring. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the findings of increased weight in postpubertal female mice could be replicated in humans. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 665 Danish pregnant women was recruited in 1988-1989 with offspring follow-up at 20 years. PFOA was measured in serum from gestational week 30. Offspring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were recorded at follow-up (n = 665), and biomarkers of adiposity were quantified in a subset (n = 422) of participants. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, education, and birth weight, in utero exposure to PFOA was positively associated with anthropometry at 20 years in female but not male offspring. Adjusted relative risks comparing the highest with lowest quartile (median: 5.8 vs. 2.3 ng/mL) of maternal PFOA concentration were 3.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 6.9] for overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and 3.0 (95% CI: 1.3, 6.8) for waist circumference \\\\textgreater 88 cm among female offspring. This corresponded to estimated increases of 1.6 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.6, 2.6) and 4.3 cm (95% CI: 1.4, 7.3) in average BMI and waist circumference, respectively. In addition, maternal PFOA concentrations were positively associated with serum insulin and leptin levels and inversely associated with adiponectin levels in female offspring. Similar associations were observed for males, although point estimates were less precise because of fewer observations. Maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) concentrations were not independently associated with offspring anthropometry at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the effects of low-dose developmental exposures to PFOA are in line with experimental results suggesting obesogenic effects in female offspring at 20 years of age.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Halldorsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thorhallur\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rytter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Line\",\"Sm\\\\a\",\"astuen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bech\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bodil\",\"Hammer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Inge\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henriksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tine\",\"Brink\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sjurdur\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22306490\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Biological Markers, Caprylates, Caprylates: toxicity, Denmark, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Humans, Limit of Detection, Male, Overweight, Overweight: chemically induced, PFAS, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors\",\"pages\":\"668–73\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{halldorsson_prenatal_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate and risk of overweight at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study.},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1104034},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl acids are persistent compounds used in various industrial -applications. Of these compounds, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is currently detected in humans worldwide. A recent study on low-dose developmental exposure to PFOA in mice reported increased weight and elevated biomarkers of adiposity in postpubertal female offspring. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the findings of increased weight in postpubertal female mice could be replicated in humans. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 665 Danish pregnant women was recruited in 1988-1989 with offspring follow-up at 20 years. PFOA was measured in serum from gestational week 30. Offspring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were recorded at follow-up (n = 665), and biomarkers of adiposity were quantified in a subset (n = 422) of participants. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, education, and birth weight, in utero exposure to PFOA was positively associated with anthropometry at 20 years in female but not male offspring. Adjusted relative risks comparing the highest with lowest quartile (median: 5.8 vs. 2.3 ng/mL) of maternal PFOA concentration were 3.1 [95\\\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 6.9] for overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and 3.0 (95\\\\% CI: 1.3, 6.8) for waist circumference {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 88 cm among female offspring. This corresponded to estimated increases of 1.6 kg/m2 (95\\\\% CI: 0.6, 2.6) and 4.3 cm (95\\\\% CI: 1.4, 7.3) in average BMI and waist circumference, respectively. In addition, maternal PFOA concentrations were positively associated with serum insulin and leptin levels and inversely associated with adiponectin levels in female offspring. Similar associations were observed for males, although point estimates were less precise because of fewer observations. Maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) concentrations were not independently associated with offspring anthropometry at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the effects of low-dose developmental exposures to PFOA are in line with experimental results suggesting obesogenic effects in female offspring at 20 years of age.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Halldorsson, Thorhallur I and Rytter, Dorte and Haug, Line Sm{\\\\textbackslash}a astuen and Bech, Bodil Hammer and Danielsen, Inge and Becher, Georg and Henriksen, Tine Brink and Olsen, Sjurdur F},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22306490},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Biological Markers, Caprylates, Caprylates: toxicity, Denmark, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Humans, Limit of Detection, Male, Overweight, Overweight: chemically induced, PFAS, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors},\\n\\tpages = {668--73},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Halldorsson, T. I\",\"Rytter, D.\",\"Haug, L. S. a.\",\"Bech, B. H.\",\"Danielsen, I.\",\"Becher, G.\",\"Henriksen, T. B.\",\"Olsen, S. F\"],\"key\":\"halldorsson_prenatal_2012\",\"id\":\"halldorsson_prenatal_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halldorsson-rytter-haug-bech-danielsen-becher-henriksen-olsen-prenatalexposuretoperfluorooctanoateandriskofoverweightat20yearsofageaprospectivecohortstudy-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Caprylates\",\"Caprylates: toxicity\",\"Denmark\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Fluorocarbons\",\"Fluorocarbons: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Male\",\"Overweight\",\"Overweight: chemically induced\",\"PFAS\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prospective Studies\",\"Risk Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pilot study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in selected foodstuffs and human milk from Italy\",\"volume\":\"140\",\"issn\":\"03088146\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066\",\"abstract\":\"Despite the health risks associated with perfluorinated compounds (PFC) exposure and the detection of these compounds in many countries around the world, little is known on their occurrence in Italy. The results of a study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS, in human milk and food samples from the city of Siena and its province (central Italy) are here reported. PFOS was found in 13 out of 49 breast milk samples (0.76 ?? 1.27 ng/g), while PFOA was detected in one sample (8.04 ng/g). Only PFOS was found in food samples. Fish were the most contaminated samples (7.65 ?? 34.2 ng/g); mean concentrations in meat and milk and dairy products were similar (1.43 ?? 7.21 ng/g and 1.35 ?? 3.45 ng/g, respectively). In all cereal-based food, eggs, vegetables, honey and beverages PFOS concentration was \\\\textlessLOD. These data show that consumption of most breast milk analysed would not result in children exceeding their total daily intakes for perfluorinated compounds. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"1-2\",\"journal\":\"Food Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerranti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cristiana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guido\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Corsolini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simonetta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Focardi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silvano\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23578633\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Food Contamination, Human exposure, Newborn intake, PFAS, Perfluorinated compounds\",\"pages\":\"197–203\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{guerranti_pilot_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Pilot study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ({PFOS}) and perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) in selected foodstuffs and human milk from {Italy}},\\n\\tvolume = {140},\\n\\tissn = {03088146},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066},\\n\\tabstract = {Despite the health risks associated with perfluorinated compounds (PFC) exposure and the detection of these compounds in many countries around the world, little is known on their occurrence in Italy. The results of a study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS, in human milk and food samples from the city of Siena and its province (central Italy) are here reported. PFOS was found in 13 out of 49 breast milk samples (0.76 ?? 1.27 ng/g), while PFOA was detected in one sample (8.04 ng/g). Only PFOS was found in food samples. Fish were the most contaminated samples (7.65 ?? 34.2 ng/g); mean concentrations in meat and milk and dairy products were similar (1.43 ?? 7.21 ng/g and 1.35 ?? 3.45 ng/g, respectively). In all cereal-based food, eggs, vegetables, honey and beverages PFOS concentration was {\\\\textbackslash}textlessLOD. These data show that consumption of most breast milk analysed would not result in children exceeding their total daily intakes for perfluorinated compounds. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-2},\\n\\tjournal = {Food Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Guerranti, Cristiana and Perra, Guido and Corsolini, Simonetta and Focardi, Silvano E.},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23578633},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Food Contamination, Human exposure, Newborn intake, PFAS, Perfluorinated compounds},\\n\\tpages = {197--203},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Guerranti, C.\",\"Perra, G.\",\"Corsolini, S.\",\"Focardi, S. E.\"],\"key\":\"guerranti_pilot_2013\",\"id\":\"guerranti_pilot_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"guerranti-perra-corsolini-focardi-pilotstudyonlevelsofperfluorooctanesulfonicacidpfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainselectedfoodstuffsandhumanmilkfromitaly-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Human exposure\",\"Newborn intake\",\"PFAS\",\"Perfluorinated compounds\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances: Emerging Insights Into Health Risks\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1048-2911, 1541-3772\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1048291115590506\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluorinated alkyl substances have been in use for over sixty years. These highly stable substances were at first thought to be virtually inert and of low toxicity. Toxicity information slowly emerged on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. More than thirty years ago, early studies reported immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects. The substances were discovered in blood samples from exposed workers, then in the general population and in community water supplies near U.S. manufacturing plants. Only recently has research publication on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate intensified. While the toxicology database is still far from complete, carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity now appear to be relevant risks at prevalent exposure levels. Existing drinking water limits are based on less complete evidence that was available before 2008 and may be more than 100-fold too high. As risk evaluations assume that untested effects do not require regulatory attention, the greatly underestimated health risks from perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate illustrate the public health implications of assuming the safety of incompletely tested industrial chemicals.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grandjean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clapp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pmid\":\"26084549\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, Risk Assessment, carcinogen, exposure limit, immunotoxicant, perfluorinated octanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate\",\"pages\":\"147–163\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{grandjean_perfluorinated_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluorinated {Alkyl} {Substances}: {Emerging} {Insights} {Into} {Health} {Risks}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1048-2911, 1541-3772},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1048291115590506},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluorinated alkyl substances have been in use for over sixty years. These highly stable substances were at first thought to be virtually inert and of low toxicity. Toxicity information slowly emerged on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. More than thirty years ago, early studies reported immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects. The substances were discovered in blood samples from exposed workers, then in the general population and in community water supplies near U.S. manufacturing plants. Only recently has research publication on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate intensified. While the toxicology database is still far from complete, carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity now appear to be relevant risks at prevalent exposure levels. Existing drinking water limits are based on less complete evidence that was available before 2008 and may be more than 100-fold too high. As risk evaluations assume that untested effects do not require regulatory attention, the greatly underestimated health risks from perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate illustrate the public health implications of assuming the safety of incompletely tested industrial chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Grandjean, Philippe and Clapp, Richard},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpmid = {26084549},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, Risk Assessment, carcinogen, exposure limit, immunotoxicant, perfluorinated octanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate},\\n\\tpages = {147--163},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Grandjean, P.\",\"Clapp, R.\"],\"key\":\"grandjean_perfluorinated_2015\",\"id\":\"grandjean_perfluorinated_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"grandjean-clapp-perfluorinatedalkylsubstancesemerginginsightsintohealthrisks-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"carcinogen\",\"exposure limit\",\"immunotoxicant\",\"perfluorinated octanoic acid\",\"perfluorooctane sulfonate\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in target food samples and packaging-method development and screening\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"09441344\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-013-1596-y\",\"abstract\":\"Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono-, di-, and tri-esters (mono-, di-, and triPAPs) are used to water- and grease-proof food packaging materials, and these chemicals are known precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Existing analytical methods for PAPs lack sample clean-up steps in the sample preparation. In the present study, a method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the analysis of mono-, di-, and triPAPs, including a clean-up step for the raw extracts. The method was applied to food samples and their PAP-containing packaging materials. The optimized UPLC/MS/MS method enabled the separation and identification of a total of 4 monoPAPs, 16 diPAPs, and 7 triPAPs in the technical mixture Zonyl®-RP. For sample clean-up, weak anion exchange solid phase extraction columns were tested. PAPs standard solutions spiked onto the columns were separated into a fraction containing neutral compounds (triPAPs) and a fraction with ionic compounds (mono- and diPAPs) with recoveries between 72-110%. Method limits of quantification for food samples were in the sub to low picogram per gram range. For quantitative analysis of PAPs, compound-specific labeled internal standards showed to be essential as sorption and matrix effects were observed. Mono-, di-, and/or triPAPs were detected in all food packaging materials obtained from the Swedish market. Up to nine diPAPs were detected in the food samples, with the 6:2/6:2 and 6:2/8:2 diPAPs as the dominant compounds. DiPAP concentrations in the food samples ranged from 0.9 to 36 pg/g, which was comparable to individual PFCA concentrations in the same samples. Consumption of food packed in PAP-containing materials could be an indirect source of human exposure to PFCAs.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gebbink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wouter\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ullah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shahid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandblom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oskar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Urs\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23494682\",\"keywords\":\"Food, Method development, PFAS, Packaging material, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), UPLC/MS/MS, diPAPs\",\"pages\":\"7949–7958\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in target food samples and packaging-method development and screening},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {09441344},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-013-1596-y},\\n\\tabstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono-, di-, and tri-esters (mono-, di-, and triPAPs) are used to water- and grease-proof food packaging materials, and these chemicals are known precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Existing analytical methods for PAPs lack sample clean-up steps in the sample preparation. In the present study, a method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the analysis of mono-, di-, and triPAPs, including a clean-up step for the raw extracts. The method was applied to food samples and their PAP-containing packaging materials. The optimized UPLC/MS/MS method enabled the separation and identification of a total of 4 monoPAPs, 16 diPAPs, and 7 triPAPs in the technical mixture Zonyl®-RP. For sample clean-up, weak anion exchange solid phase extraction columns were tested. PAPs standard solutions spiked onto the columns were separated into a fraction containing neutral compounds (triPAPs) and a fraction with ionic compounds (mono- and diPAPs) with recoveries between 72-110\\\\%. Method limits of quantification for food samples were in the sub to low picogram per gram range. For quantitative analysis of PAPs, compound-specific labeled internal standards showed to be essential as sorption and matrix effects were observed. Mono-, di-, and/or triPAPs were detected in all food packaging materials obtained from the Swedish market. Up to nine diPAPs were detected in the food samples, with the 6:2/6:2 and 6:2/8:2 diPAPs as the dominant compounds. DiPAP concentrations in the food samples ranged from 0.9 to 36 pg/g, which was comparable to individual PFCA concentrations in the same samples. Consumption of food packed in PAP-containing materials could be an indirect source of human exposure to PFCAs.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Gebbink, Wouter A. and Ullah, Shahid and Sandblom, Oskar and Berger, Urs},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23494682},\\n\\tkeywords = {Food, Method development, PFAS, Packaging material, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), UPLC/MS/MS, diPAPs},\\n\\tpages = {7949--7958},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gebbink, W. A.\",\"Ullah, S.\",\"Sandblom, O.\",\"Berger, U.\"],\"key\":\"gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013\",\"id\":\"gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreening-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Food\",\"Method development\",\"PFAS\",\"Packaging material\",\"Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs)\",\"UPLC/MS/MS\",\"diPAPs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Esters and Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids in Target Food Samples and Packaging – Method Development and Screening Supplementary Material\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gebbink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wouter\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ullah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shahid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandblom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oskar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Urs\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Polyfluoroalkyl {Phosphate} {Esters} and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Carboxylic} {Acids} in {Target} {Food} {Samples} and {Packaging} – {Method} {Development} and {Screening} {Supplementary} {Material}},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Gebbink, Wouter A. and Ullah, Shahid and Sandblom, Oskar and Berger, Urs},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gebbink, W. A.\",\"Ullah, S.\",\"Sandblom, O.\",\"Berger, U.\"],\"key\":\"gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013-1\",\"id\":\"gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreeningsupplementarymaterial-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in personal care products and compounding agents\",\"volume\":\"93\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9??gg-1 for cosmetics and from not detected to 19??gg-1 for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5??gg-1 for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0??gg-1 for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujii\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kouji\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koizumi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akio\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23932147\",\"keywords\":\"Cosmetics, GC-MS, PFAS, Perfluorocarboxylate, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Personal care products, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester\",\"pages\":\"538–544\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fujii_occurrence_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids ({PFCAs}) in personal care products and compounding agents},\\n\\tvolume = {93},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9??gg-1 for cosmetics and from not detected to 19??gg-1 for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5??gg-1 for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0??gg-1 for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Fujii, Yukiko and Harada, Kouji H. and Koizumi, Akio},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23932147},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cosmetics, GC-MS, PFAS, Perfluorocarboxylate, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Personal care products, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester},\\n\\tpages = {538--544},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fujii, Y.\",\"Harada, K. H.\",\"Koizumi, A.\"],\"key\":\"fujii_occurrence_2013\",\"id\":\"fujii_occurrence_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fujii-harada-koizumi-occurrenceofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasinpersonalcareproductsandcompoundingagents-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cosmetics\",\"GC-MS\",\"PFAS\",\"Perfluorocarboxylate\",\"Perfluorooctanoic acid\",\"Personal care products\",\"Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort.\",\"volume\":\"115\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.10506\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are man-made, persistent organic pollutants widely spread throughout the environment and human populations. They have been found to interfere with fetal growth in some animal models, but whether a similar effect is seen in humans is uncertain.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between plasma levels of PFOS and PFOA in pregnant women and their infants' birth weight and length of gestation.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nMETHODS: We randomly selected 1,400 women and their infants from the Danish National Birth Cohort among those who completed all four computer-assisted telephone interviews, provided the first blood samples between gestational weeks 4 and 14, and who gave birth to a single live-born child without congenital malformation. PFOS and PFOA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nRESULTS: PFOS and PFOA levels in maternal plasma were on average 35.3 and 5.6 ng/mL, respectively. Only PFOA levels were inversely associated with birth weight (adjusted beta = -10.63 g; 95% confidence interval, -20.79 to -0.47 g). Neither maternal PFOS nor PFOA levels were consistently associated with the risk for preterm birth or low birth weight. We observed no adverse effects for maternal PFOS or PFOA levels on small for gestational age.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nCONCLUSION: Our nationwide cohort data suggest an inverse association between maternal plasma PFOA levels and birth weight. Because of widespread exposure to these chemicals, our findings may be of potential public health concern.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunyuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLaughlin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tarone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jørn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"18008003\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: pharmacology, Birth Weight, Birth Weight: drug effects, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: pharmacology, Cohort Studies, Denmark, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: pharmacology, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Newborn, PFAS, Pregnancy\",\"pages\":\"1677–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fei_perfluorinated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the {Danish} {National} {Birth} {Cohort}.},\\n\\tvolume = {115},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.10506},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are man-made, persistent organic pollutants widely spread throughout the environment and human populations. They have been found to interfere with fetal growth in some animal models, but whether a similar effect is seen in humans is uncertain.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between plasma levels of PFOS and PFOA in pregnant women and their infants' birth weight and length of gestation.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nMETHODS: We randomly selected 1,400 women and their infants from the Danish National Birth Cohort among those who completed all four computer-assisted telephone interviews, provided the first blood samples between gestational weeks 4 and 14, and who gave birth to a single live-born child without congenital malformation. PFOS and PFOA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nRESULTS: PFOS and PFOA levels in maternal plasma were on average 35.3 and 5.6 ng/mL, respectively. Only PFOA levels were inversely associated with birth weight (adjusted beta = -10.63 g; 95\\\\% confidence interval, -20.79 to -0.47 g). Neither maternal PFOS nor PFOA levels were consistently associated with the risk for preterm birth or low birth weight. We observed no adverse effects for maternal PFOS or PFOA levels on small for gestational age.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nCONCLUSION: Our nationwide cohort data suggest an inverse association between maternal plasma PFOA levels and birth weight. Because of widespread exposure to these chemicals, our findings may be of potential public health concern.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Fei, Chunyuan and McLaughlin, Joseph K and Tarone, Robert E and Olsen, Jørn},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {18008003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: pharmacology, Birth Weight, Birth Weight: drug effects, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: pharmacology, Cohort Studies, Denmark, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: pharmacology, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Newborn, PFAS, Pregnancy},\\n\\tpages = {1677--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fei, C.\",\"McLaughlin, J. K\",\"Tarone, R. E\",\"Olsen, J.\"],\"key\":\"fei_perfluorinated_2007\",\"id\":\"fei_perfluorinated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fei-mclaughlin-tarone-olsen-perfluorinatedchemicalsandfetalgrowthastudywithinthedanishnationalbirthcohort-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Alkanesulfonic Acids\",\"Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood\",\"Alkanesulfonic Acids: pharmacology\",\"Birth Weight\",\"Birth Weight: drug effects\",\"Caprylates\",\"Caprylates: blood\",\"Caprylates: pharmacology\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Denmark\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Development\",\"Fetal Development: drug effects\",\"Fluorocarbons\",\"Fluorocarbons: blood\",\"Fluorocarbons: pharmacology\",\"Gestational Age\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Newborn\",\"PFAS\",\"Pregnancy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Overview of existing methodologies for the estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals from the use of consumer products and via the environment European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA )\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"doi\":\"10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4525\",\"number\":\"June\",\"journal\":\"EFSA Journal\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EFSA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Environment, PFAS, consumer products, consumers, methodologies, non-dietary exposure\",\"pages\":\"4525\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{efsa_overview_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Overview of existing methodologies for the estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals from the use of consumer products and via the environment {European} {Food} {Safety} {Authority} ( {EFSA} )},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4525},\\n\\tnumber = {June},\\n\\tjournal = {EFSA Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {{EFSA}},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environment, PFAS, consumer products, consumers, methodologies, non-dietary exposure},\\n\\tpages = {4525},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EFSA\"],\"key\":\"efsa_overview_2016\",\"id\":\"efsa_overview_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"efsa-overviewofexistingmethodologiesfortheestimationofnondietaryexposuretochemicalsfromtheuseofconsumerproductsandviatheenvironmenteuropeanfoodsafetyauthorityefsa-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Environment\",\"PFAS\",\"consumer products\",\"consumers\",\"methodologies\",\"non-dietary exposure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Children Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds\",\"volume\":\"307\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Medical Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grandjean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elisabeth\",\"Wreford\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Budtz-Jorgensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Esben\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Flemming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molbak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kare\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weihe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heilmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"391–397\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{grandjean_serum_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Serum {Vaccine} {Antibody} {Concentrations} in {Children} {Exposed} to {Perfluorinated} {Compounds}},\\n\\tvolume = {307},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Grandjean, Philippe and Andersen, Elisabeth Wreford and Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben and Nielsen, Flemming and Molbak, Kare and Weihe, Pal and Heilmann, Carsten},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {391--397},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Grandjean, P.\",\"Andersen, E. W.\",\"Budtz-Jorgensen, E.\",\"Nielsen, F.\",\"Molbak, K.\",\"Weihe, P.\",\"Heilmann, C.\"],\"key\":\"grandjean_serum_2012\",\"id\":\"grandjean_serum_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"grandjean-andersen-budtzjorgensen-nielsen-molbak-weihe-heilmann-serumvaccineantibodyconcentrationsinchildrenexposedtoperfluorinatedcompounds-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es022253t\",\"abstract\":\"These bioaccumulative compounds occur globally, warranting further study.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11999053\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"146A–152A\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{giesy_perfluorochemical_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es022253t},\\n\\tabstract = {These bioaccumulative compounds occur globally, warranting further study.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Giesy, John P and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11999053},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {146A--152A},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Giesy, J. P\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"giesy_perfluorochemical_2002\",\"id\":\"giesy_perfluorochemical_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"giesy-kannan-perfluorochemicalsurfactantsintheenvironment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Serum Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) Concentrations and Liver Function Biomarkers in a Population with Elevated PFOA Exposure\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gallo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Valentina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonardi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Giovanni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Genser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lopez-Espinosa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Jose\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frisbee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephanie\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ducatman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"655–661\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gallo_serum_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Serum {Perfluorooctanoate} ({PFOA}) and {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS}) {Concentrations} and {Liver} {Function} {Biomarkers} in a {Population} with {Elevated} {PFOA} {Exposure}},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Gallo, Valentina and Leonardi, Giovanni and Genser, Bernd and Lopez-Espinosa, Maria Jose and Frisbee, Stephanie J and Karlsson, Lee and Ducatman, Alan M. and Fletcher, Tony},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {655--661},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gallo, V.\",\"Leonardi, G.\",\"Genser, B.\",\"Lopez-Espinosa, M. J.\",\"Frisbee, S. J\",\"Karlsson, L.\",\"Ducatman, A. M.\",\"Fletcher, T.\"],\"key\":\"gallo_serum_2012\",\"id\":\"gallo_serum_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gallo-leonardi-genser-lopezespinosa-frisbee-karlsson-ducatman-fletcher-serumperfluorooctanoatepfoaandperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosconcentrationsandliverfunctionbiomarkersinapopulationwithelevatedpfoaexposure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Annual report of the emerging risks exchange network 2014 - European Food Safety Authority\",\"number\":\"July\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, emerging issues, emerging risks, information exchange, member states\",\"pages\":\"1–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{efsa_european_food_safety_authority_annual_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Annual report of the emerging risks exchange network 2014 - {European} {Food} {Safety} {Authority}},\\n\\tnumber = {July},\\n\\tauthor = {{EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)}},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, emerging issues, emerging risks, information exchange, member states},\\n\\tpages = {1--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)\"],\"key\":\"efsa_european_food_safety_authority_annual_2015\",\"id\":\"efsa_european_food_safety_authority_annual_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"efsaeuropeanfoodsafetyauthority-annualreportoftheemergingrisksexchangenetwork2014europeanfoodsafetyauthority-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"emerging issues\",\"emerging risks\",\"information exchange\",\"member states\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS): Exploring routes of human contamination\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es070126x\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluorinated acids are detected in human blood world-wide, with increased levels observed in industrialized areas. The origin of this contamination is not well understood. A possible route of exposure, which has received little attention experimentally, is indirect exposure to perfluorinated acids through ingestion of chemicals applied to food contact paper packaging. The current investigation quantified the load of perfluorinated acids to Sprague-Dawley rats upon exposure to polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS), nonpolymeric fluorinated surfactants approved for application to food contact paper products. The animals were administered a single dose at 200 mg/kg by oral gavage of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) mono-phosphate (8:2 monoPAPS), or the corresponding di-phosphate (8:2 diPAPS), with blood taken over 15 days post-dosing to monitor uptake, biotransformation, and elimination. Upon completion of the time-course study the animals were redosed using an identical dosing procedure, with sacrifice and necropsy 24 h after the second dosing. Increased levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), along with both 8:2 PAPS congeners, were observed in the blood of the dosed animals. In the 8:2 monoPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA blood concentrations peaked at 7900 +/- 1200 ng/g and 34 +/- 4 ng/g respectively. In the 8:2 diPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 diPAPS peaked in concentration at 32 +/- 6 ng/g, and 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA peaked at 900 +/- 200 ng/g and 3.8 +/- 0.3 ng/g, respectively. Several established polyfluorinated metabolites previously identified in 8:2 FTOH metabolism studies were also observed in the dosed animals. Consistent with other fluorinated contaminants, the tissue distributions showed increased levels of both PFOA and the 8:2 PAPS congeners in the liver relative to the other tissues measured. Previous investigations have found that PAPS can migrate into food from paper packaging. Here we link ingestion of PAPS with in vivo production of perfluorinated acids.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D'Eon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mabury\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17695932\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"4799–4805\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{deon_production_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids ({PFCAs}) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants ({PAPS}): {Exploring} routes of human contamination},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es070126x},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluorinated acids are detected in human blood world-wide, with increased levels observed in industrialized areas. The origin of this contamination is not well understood. A possible route of exposure, which has received little attention experimentally, is indirect exposure to perfluorinated acids through ingestion of chemicals applied to food contact paper packaging. The current investigation quantified the load of perfluorinated acids to Sprague-Dawley rats upon exposure to polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS), nonpolymeric fluorinated surfactants approved for application to food contact paper products. The animals were administered a single dose at 200 mg/kg by oral gavage of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) mono-phosphate (8:2 monoPAPS), or the corresponding di-phosphate (8:2 diPAPS), with blood taken over 15 days post-dosing to monitor uptake, biotransformation, and elimination. Upon completion of the time-course study the animals were redosed using an identical dosing procedure, with sacrifice and necropsy 24 h after the second dosing. Increased levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), along with both 8:2 PAPS congeners, were observed in the blood of the dosed animals. In the 8:2 monoPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA blood concentrations peaked at 7900 +/- 1200 ng/g and 34 +/- 4 ng/g respectively. In the 8:2 diPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 diPAPS peaked in concentration at 32 +/- 6 ng/g, and 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA peaked at 900 +/- 200 ng/g and 3.8 +/- 0.3 ng/g, respectively. Several established polyfluorinated metabolites previously identified in 8:2 FTOH metabolism studies were also observed in the dosed animals. Consistent with other fluorinated contaminants, the tissue distributions showed increased levels of both PFOA and the 8:2 PAPS congeners in the liver relative to the other tissues measured. Previous investigations have found that PAPS can migrate into food from paper packaging. Here we link ingestion of PAPS with in vivo production of perfluorinated acids.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {D'Eon, Jessica C. and Mabury, Scott A.},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17695932},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {4799--4805},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"D'Eon, J. C.\",\"Mabury, S. A.\"],\"key\":\"deon_production_2007\",\"id\":\"deon_production_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"deon-mabury-productionofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasfromthebiotransformationofpolyfluoroalkylphosphatesurfactantspapsexploringroutesofhumancontamination-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comment on \\\"Fluorotechnology Is Critical to Modern Life: The FluoroCouncil Counterpoint to the Madrid Statement\\\"\",\"volume\":\"123\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es301168c.Scheringer\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simona\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roland\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhanyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diamond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldenman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gretta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Higgins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Avery\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peaslee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Graham\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"170–172\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cousins_comment_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Comment on \\\"{Fluorotechnology} {Is} {Critical} to {Modern} {Life}: {The} {FluoroCouncil} {Counterpoint} to the {Madrid} {Statement}\\\"},\\n\\tvolume = {123},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es301168c.Scheringer},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Cousins, Ian T. and Balan, Simona A. and Scheringer, Martin and Weber, Roland and Wang, Zhanyun and Blum, Arlene and Diamond, Miriam L. and Fletcher, Tony and Goldenman, Gretta and Higgins, Christopher P. and Lindeman, Avery E. and Peaslee, Graham and Trier, Xenia and de Voogt, Pim},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {170--172},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cousins, I. T.\",\"Balan, S. A.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Weber, R.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Diamond, M. L.\",\"Fletcher, T.\",\"Goldenman, G.\",\"Higgins, C. P.\",\"Lindeman, A. E.\",\"Peaslee, G.\",\"Trier, X.\",\"de Voogt, P.\"],\"key\":\"cousins_comment_2015\",\"id\":\"cousins_comment_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cousins-balan-scheringer-weber-wang-blum-diamond-fletcher-etal-commentonfluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Footprints in the snow; Hazardous PFCs in remote locations around the globe\",\"issn\":\"03020797\",\"abstract\":\"The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), is the periodic calling to account the performance of university departments. Higher education funding councils inspects `inputs' (grant received, industrial contracts won), and `output' (mainly publications), to establish a sort of league table of academic performance. An evaluation of academic output between the UK and the USA demonstrates the weakness in the RAE. Klaus Hellgardt and Gilbert Shama, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, further discuss this issue.\",\"number\":\"700\",\"journal\":\"Greenpeace\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cobbing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Madeleine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Therese\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Santen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manfred\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cobbing_footprints_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Footprints in the snow; {Hazardous} {PFCs} in remote locations around the globe},\\n\\tissn = {03020797},\\n\\tabstract = {The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), is the periodic calling to account the performance of university departments. Higher education funding councils inspects `inputs' (grant received, industrial contracts won), and `output' (mainly publications), to establish a sort of league table of academic performance. An evaluation of academic output between the UK and the USA demonstrates the weakness in the RAE. Klaus Hellgardt and Gilbert Shama, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, further discuss this issue.},\\n\\tnumber = {700},\\n\\tjournal = {Greenpeace},\\n\\tauthor = {Cobbing, Madeleine and Jacobson, Therese and Santen, Manfred},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cobbing, M.\",\"Jacobson, T.\",\"Santen, M.\"],\"key\":\"cobbing_footprints_2000\",\"id\":\"cobbing_footprints_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cobbing-jacobson-santen-footprintsinthesnowhazardouspfcsinremotelocationsaroundtheglobe-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Switzerland\",\"title\":\"Human Health Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids\",\"isbn\":\"978-3-319-15517-3\",\"booktitle\":\"Toxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by DeWitt, Jamie C\",\"publisher\":\"Springer International Publishing\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Butenhoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, acids, alternative, electrochemical fl uorination, fluorotelomer, perfl uoroalkyl, perfl uoropolyether, polyfl uoroalkyl, short-chain, toxicology\",\"pages\":\"363–418\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{butenhoff_human_2015,\\n\\taddress = {Switzerland},\\n\\ttitle = {Human {Health} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-3-319-15517-3},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Toxicological {Effects} of {Perfluoroalkyl} and {Polyfluoroalkyl} {Substances} by {DeWitt}, {Jamie} {C}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\\n\\tauthor = {Butenhoff, John L. and Rodricks, Joseph V.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, acids, alternative, electrochemical fl uorination, fluorotelomer, perfl uoroalkyl, perfl uoropolyether, polyfl uoroalkyl, short-chain, toxicology},\\n\\tpages = {363--418},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Butenhoff, J. L.\",\"Rodricks, J. V.\"],\"key\":\"butenhoff_human_2015\",\"id\":\"butenhoff_human_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"butenhoff-rodricks-humanhealthriskassessmentofperfluoroalkylacids-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"acids\",\"alternative\",\"electrochemical fl uorination\",\"fluorotelomer\",\"perfl uoroalkyl\",\"perfl uoropolyether\",\"polyfl uoroalkyl\",\"short-chain\",\"toxicology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Extensive literature search and provision of summaries of studies related to the oral toxicity of perfluoroalkylated substances ( PFASs ), their precursors and potential replacements in experimental animals and humans\",\"journal\":\"EFSA External scientific report\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bull\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burnett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vassaux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ashdown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lini\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rushton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lesley\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, Toxicity, in vitro, perfluoroalkylated substances\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bull_extensive_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Extensive literature search and provision of summaries of studies related to the oral toxicity of perfluoroalkylated substances ( {PFASs} ), their precursors and potential replacements in experimental animals and humans},\\n\\tjournal = {EFSA External scientific report},\\n\\tauthor = {Bull, Sarah and Burnett, Karin and Vassaux, Kate and Ashdown, Lini and Brown, Terry and Rushton, Lesley},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, Toxicity, in vitro, perfluoroalkylated substances},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bull, S.\",\"Burnett, K.\",\"Vassaux, K.\",\"Ashdown, L.\",\"Brown, T.\",\"Rushton, L.\"],\"key\":\"bull_extensive_2014\",\"id\":\"bull_extensive_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bull-burnett-vassaux-ashdown-brown-rushton-extensiveliteraturesearchandprovisionofsummariesofstudiesrelatedtotheoraltoxicityofperfluoroalkylatedsubstancespfasstheirprecursorsandpotentialreplacementsinexperimentalanimalsandhumans-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"Toxicity\",\"in vitro\",\"perfluoroalkylated substances\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fluorotechnology is critical to modern life: The fluorocouncil counterpoint to the madrid statement\",\"volume\":\"123\",\"issn\":\"15529924\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1510207\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bowman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pmid\":\"26132439\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"112–113\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bowman_fluorotechnology_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Fluorotechnology is critical to modern life: {The} fluorocouncil counterpoint to the madrid statement},\\n\\tvolume = {123},\\n\\tissn = {15529924},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1510207},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Bowman, Jessica S.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpmid = {26132439},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {112--113},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bowman, J. S.\"],\"key\":\"bowman_fluorotechnology_2015\",\"id\":\"bowman_fluorotechnology_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bowman-fluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)\",\"volume\":\"123\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es201662b.Fei\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simona\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldenman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gretta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diamond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Higgins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Avery\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peaslee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Graham\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhanyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roland\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"107–111\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blum_madrid_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Madrid} {Statement} on {Poly}- and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Substances} ({PFASs})},\\n\\tvolume = {123},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es201662b.Fei},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene and Balan, Simona A. and Scheringer, Martin and Trier, Xenia and Goldenman, Gretta and Cousins, Ian T. and Diamond, Miriam L. and Fletcher, Tony and Higgins, Christopher P. and Lindeman, Avery E. and Peaslee, Graham and de Voogt, Pim and Wang, Zhanyun and Weber, Roland},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {107--111},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A.\",\"Balan, S. A.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Trier, X.\",\"Goldenman, G.\",\"Cousins, I. T.\",\"Diamond, M. L.\",\"Fletcher, T.\",\"Higgins, C. P.\",\"Lindeman, A. E.\",\"Peaslee, G.\",\"de Voogt, P.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Weber, R.\"],\"key\":\"blum_madrid_2015\",\"id\":\"blum_madrid_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-balan-scheringer-trier-goldenman-cousins-diamond-fletcher-etal-themadridstatementonpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfass-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust: Concentrations, human exposure estimates, and sources\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es803201a\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are globally distributed, persistent, toxic, and are found in human blood and serum. Exposure pathways are not well characterized. To better understand indoor dust ingestion as a potential pathway for human exposure, we determined the concentrations of these compounds in dust collected from 10 houses, 38 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, and 5 cars. Samples were prepared using a rapid extraction and cleanup method and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. PFOS and PFOA were found in dust samples from all microenvironments and their concentrations were significantly positively correlated to each other. Highest median concentrations were seen in offices (PFOS: 110 ng/g dry weight) and apartments (PFOA: 93 ng/g dw). Adult and toddler dust ingestion exposures were estimated and compared to dietary exposure data from Canada and Spain. Results show that diet is the most important exposure route, but in a worst case scenario, dust ingestion may also be significant.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bjorklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justina\",\"Awasum\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thuresson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19452874\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"2276–2281\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bjorklund_perfluoroalkyl_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl compounds ({PFCs}) in indoor dust: {Concentrations}, human exposure estimates, and sources},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es803201a},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are globally distributed, persistent, toxic, and are found in human blood and serum. Exposure pathways are not well characterized. To better understand indoor dust ingestion as a potential pathway for human exposure, we determined the concentrations of these compounds in dust collected from 10 houses, 38 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, and 5 cars. Samples were prepared using a rapid extraction and cleanup method and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. PFOS and PFOA were found in dust samples from all microenvironments and their concentrations were significantly positively correlated to each other. Highest median concentrations were seen in offices (PFOS: 110 ng/g dry weight) and apartments (PFOA: 93 ng/g dw). Adult and toddler dust ingestion exposures were estimated and compared to dietary exposure data from Canada and Spain. Results show that diet is the most important exposure route, but in a worst case scenario, dust ingestion may also be significant.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bjorklund, Justina Awasum and Thuresson, Kaj and De Wit, Cynthia A.},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19452874},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {2276--2281},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bjorklund, J. A.\",\"Thuresson, K.\",\"De Wit, C. A.\"],\"key\":\"bjorklund_perfluoroalkyl_2009\",\"id\":\"bjorklund_perfluoroalkyl_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bjorklund-thuresson-dewit-perfluoroalkylcompoundspfcsinindoordustconcentrationshumanexposureestimatesandsources-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Health Effects Document for Perfluorooctanoic Acid ( PFOA )\",\"number\":\"February\",\"journal\":\"USEPA Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria Division\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Donohue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joyce\",\"Morrissey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tina\",\"Moore\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rayner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carol\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, moss\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{donohue_health_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Health {Effects} {Document} for {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ( {PFOA} )},\\n\\tnumber = {February},\\n\\tjournal = {USEPA Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria Division},\\n\\tauthor = {Donohue, Joyce Morrissey and Duke, Tina Moore and Rayner, Jennifer and Wood, Carol S.},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, moss},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Donohue, J. M.\",\"Duke, T. M.\",\"Rayner, J.\",\"Wood, C. S.\"],\"key\":\"donohue_health_2014\",\"id\":\"donohue_health_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"donohue-duke-rayner-wood-healtheffectsdocumentforperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"moss\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"key\":\"d&apos\",\"id\":\"d&apos\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"moore, a\":\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~awm22/talks.html\",\"powner, m\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=benjaminthoma.github.io%2Fpubs.bib&msg=embed\",\"bergmann, r\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?msg=embed&bib=https://dblp.org/pid/b/RalphBergmann.bib\",\"van harmelen, f\":\"https://www.cs.vu.nl/~frankh/publications.html\",\"figueroa, n\":\"https://nbfigueroa.github.io/\",\"sammak, s\":\"https://shervinsammak.github.io/papers/\",\"patel, n\":\"https://niravatgit.github.io/INSPIRELab/publications.html#publications\",\"kouamé, 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u\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://dblp.org/pid/172/3208.bib\",\"sohrabi, s\":\"https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~shirin/\",\"mcintire, e\":\"https://predictiveecology.org/publications.html\",\"mirrazavi salehian, s\":\"https://nbfigueroa.github.io/\",\"monteiro, s\":\"https://sildomar.github.io/publications/\",\"picco, m\":\"https://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~picco/pub.html\",\"maranas, c\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=www.maranasgroup.com/pub/maranasgroup.bib\",\"romoli, j\":\"https://jacoporomoli.github.io/Publications/\",\"maizel, a\":\"https://www.cos.uni-heidelberg.de/\",\"iovino, l\":\"https://www.ludovicoiovino.it/\",\"keller, a\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://www.ccb.uni-saarland.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/references.bib_.txt&folding=1\",\"riviere, b\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://compm.rice.edu/files/2026/02/publicationsRiviereFeb2026.bib\",\"beyer, a\":\"https://www.klassphil.hu-berlin.de/de/personen/andrea-beyer\",\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/tavr.html\",\"sabattini, l\":\"https://468418521-atari-embeds.googleusercontent.com/embeds/16cb204cf3a9d4d223a0a3fd8b0eec5d/inner-frame-minified.html\"}},\"downloads\":9,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"title\":\"Perfluorinated substances in human food and other sources of human exposure\",\"volume\":\"208\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-4419-6879-1\",\"abstract\":\"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides detailed review articles concerned with aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total environment with toxicological considerations and consequences.\",\"booktitle\":\"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D'Hollander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wendy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Coen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bervoets\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lieven\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20811865\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"179–215\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{dhollander_perfluorinated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluorinated substances in human food and other sources of human exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {208},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-4419-6879-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides detailed review articles concerned with aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total environment with toxicological considerations and consequences.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Reviews of {Environmental} {Contamination} and {Toxicology}},\\n\\tauthor = {D'Hollander, Wendy and De Voogt, Pim and De Coen, Wim and Bervoets, Lieven},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20811865},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {179--215},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"D'Hollander, W.\",\"De Voogt, P.\",\"De Coen, W.\",\"Bervoets, L.\"],\"key\":\"dhollander_perfluorinated_2010\",\"id\":\"dhollander_perfluorinated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dhollander-devoogt-decoen-bervoets-perfluorinatedsubstancesinhumanfoodandothersourcesofhumanexposure-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The precautionary principle and chemicals management : the example of\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vestergren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhanyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLachlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"1–38\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cousins_precautionary_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {The precautionary principle and chemicals management : the example of},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Cousins, Ian T and Vestergren, Robin and Wang, Zhanyun and Scheringer, Martin and McLachlan, Michael S.},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {1--38},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cousins, I. T\",\"Vestergren, R.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"McLachlan, M. S.\"],\"key\":\"cousins_precautionary_2016\",\"id\":\"cousins_precautionary_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cousins-vestergren-wang-scheringer-mclachlan-theprecautionaryprincipleandchemicalsmanagementtheexampleof-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Southeast El Paso County Perfluorinated Chemicals Preliminary Assessment of Cancer and Birth Outcomes\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CDPHE\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colarado\",\"Dept\",\"of\",\"Public\",\"Health\",\"&\",\"Environment\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"1–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{cdphe_southeast_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Southeast {El} {Paso} {County} {Perfluorinated} {Chemicals} {Preliminary} {Assessment} of {Cancer} and {Birth} {Outcomes}},\\n\\tauthor = {CDPHE, Colarado Dept of Public Health \\\\& Environment},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {1--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CDPHE, C. D. o. P. H. & E.\"],\"key\":\"cdphe_southeast_2016\",\"id\":\"cdphe_southeast_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cdphe-southeastelpasocountyperfluorinatedchemicalspreliminaryassessmentofcancerandbirthoutcomes-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000\",\"volume\":\"115\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.l0598\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calafat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonia\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lee-Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuklenyik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zsuzsanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reidy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"10, 1289, 1596-1602, 2007, Exposure, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Prevalence, biomonitoring, c8, concern about exposure of, doi, dx, ehp, environ, health perspect 115, l0598 available via http, online 29 august 2007, org, pfcs, serum, the ecosystem\",\"pages\":\"1596–1602\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{calafat_perfluoroalkyl_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl {Chemicals} in the {U}.{S}. {Population}: {Data} from the {National} {Health} and {Nutrition} {Examination} {Survey} ({NHANES}) 2003-2004 and {Comparisons} with {NHANES} 1999-2000},\\n\\tvolume = {115},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.l0598},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Calafat, Antonia M. and Wong, Lee-Yang and Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna and Reidy, John A. and Needham, Larry L.},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {10, 1289, 1596-1602, 2007, Exposure, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Prevalence, biomonitoring, c8, concern about exposure of, doi, dx, ehp, environ, health perspect 115, l0598 available via http, online 29 august 2007, org, pfcs, serum, the ecosystem},\\n\\tpages = {1596--1602},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Calafat, A. M.\",\"Wong, L.\",\"Kuklenyik, Z.\",\"Reidy, J. A.\",\"Needham, L. L.\"],\"key\":\"calafat_perfluoroalkyl_2007\",\"id\":\"calafat_perfluoroalkyl_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"calafat-wong-kuklenyik-reidy-needham-perfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulationdatafromthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurveynhanes20032004andcomparisonswithnhanes19992000-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"10\",\"1289\",\"1596-1602\",\"2007\",\"Exposure\",\"PFAS\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\",\"Prevalence\",\"biomonitoring\",\"c8\",\"concern about exposure of\",\"doi\",\"dx\",\"ehp\",\"environ\",\"health perspect 115\",\"l0598 available via http\",\"online 29 august 2007\",\"org\",\"pfcs\",\"serum\",\"the ecosystem\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tackling toxics, Editorial\",\"volume\":\"351\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075\",\"doi\":\"10.1126/science.aaf5468\",\"number\":\"6278\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pmid\":\"26965592\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"1117\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blum_tackling_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Tackling toxics, {Editorial}},\\n\\tvolume = {351},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1126/science.aaf5468},\\n\\tnumber = {6278},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpmid = {26965592},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {1117},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"blum_tackling_2016\",\"id\":\"blum_tackling_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-tacklingtoxicseditorial-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Welcome to Beautiful Parkersburg, West Virginia\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blake\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mariah\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{blake_welcome_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Welcome to {Beautiful} {Parkersburg}, {West} {Virginia}},\\n\\tauthor = {Blake, Mariah},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blake, M.\"],\"key\":\"blake_welcome_2016\",\"id\":\"blake_welcome_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blake-welcometobeautifulparkersburgwestvirginia-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"14745488\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70316-X\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"The Lancet Oncology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Benbrahim-Tallaa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lamia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lauby-Secretan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Béatrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loomis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guyton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathryn\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grosse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"El\",\"Ghissassi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fatiha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bouvard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Véronique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mattock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heidi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Straif\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rusyn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bartell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cesta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DeWitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friesen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lash\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steenland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fritschi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sergi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Curieux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"Le\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fukushima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ichihara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kamae\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kumagai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsuda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kjaerheim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"25225686\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"924–925\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{benbrahim-tallaa_carcinogenicity_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {14745488},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70316-X},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {The Lancet Oncology},\\n\\tauthor = {Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia and Lauby-Secretan, Béatrice and Loomis, Dana and Guyton, Kathryn Z. and Grosse, Yann and El Ghissassi, Fatiha and Bouvard, Véronique and Guha, Neela and Mattock, Heidi and Straif, Kurt and Rusyn, I. I. and Bartell, S. M. and Cesta, M. F. and Chiu, W. and Cooper, G. and DeWitt, J. C. and Friesen, M. and Lash, L. H. and Steenland, K. and Fritschi, L. and Sergi, C. M. and Hansen, J. and Curieux, F. Le and Bolt, H. M. and Fukushima, S. and Ichihara, G. and Kamae, K. and Kumagai, S. and Tsuda, H. and Kjaerheim, K.},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {25225686},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {924--925},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Benbrahim-Tallaa, L.\",\"Lauby-Secretan, B.\",\"Loomis, D.\",\"Guyton, K. Z.\",\"Grosse, Y.\",\"El Ghissassi, F.\",\"Bouvard, V.\",\"Guha, N.\",\"Mattock, H.\",\"Straif, K.\",\"Rusyn, I. I.\",\"Bartell, S. M.\",\"Cesta, M. F.\",\"Chiu, W.\",\"Cooper, G.\",\"DeWitt, J. C.\",\"Friesen, M.\",\"Lash, L. H.\",\"Steenland, K.\",\"Fritschi, L.\",\"Sergi, C. M.\",\"Hansen, J.\",\"Curieux, F. L.\",\"Bolt, H. M.\",\"Fukushima, S.\",\"Ichihara, G.\",\"Kamae, K.\",\"Kumagai, S.\",\"Tsuda, H.\",\"Kjaerheim, K.\"],\"key\":\"benbrahim-tallaa_carcinogenicity_2014\",\"id\":\"benbrahim-tallaa_carcinogenicity_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"benbrahimtallaa-laubysecretan-loomis-guyton-grosse-elghissassi-bouvard-guha-etal-carcinogenicityofperfluorooctanoicacidtetrafluoroethylenedichloromethane12dichloropropaneand13propanesultone-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"15513793\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ieam.258\",\"abstract\":\"The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Franklin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Urs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Conder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"De\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allan\",\"Astrup\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mabury\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Leeuwen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\",\"P\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21793199\",\"keywords\":\"Acronyms, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl, Polyfluoroalkyl, Terminology\",\"pages\":\"513–541\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{buck_perfluoroalkyl_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: {Terminology}, classification, and origins},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {15513793},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/ieam.258},\\n\\tabstract = {The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management},\\n\\tauthor = {Buck, Robert C. and Franklin, James and Berger, Urs and Conder, Jason M. and Cousins, Ian T. and Voogt, Pim De and Jensen, Allan Astrup and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Mabury, Scott A. and van Leeuwen, Stefan P J},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21793199},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acronyms, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl, Polyfluoroalkyl, Terminology},\\n\\tpages = {513--541},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Buck, R. C.\",\"Franklin, J.\",\"Berger, U.\",\"Conder, J. M.\",\"Cousins, I. T.\",\"Voogt, P. D.\",\"Jensen, A. A.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Mabury, S. A.\",\"van Leeuwen, S. P J\"],\"key\":\"buck_perfluoroalkyl_2011\",\"id\":\"buck_perfluoroalkyl_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"buck-franklin-berger-conder-cousins-voogt-jensen-kannan-etal-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesintheenvironmentterminologyclassificationandorigins-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Acronyms\",\"PFAS\",\"Perfluoroalkyl\",\"Polyfluoroalkyl\",\"Terminology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1944-0049\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02652030701513784\",\"abstract\":\"Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Food additives & contaminants: Part A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Begley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noonan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diachenko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18311629\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration\",\"pages\":\"384–390\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{begley_migration_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1944-0049},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030701513784},\\n\\tabstract = {Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Food additives \\\\& contaminants: Part A},\\n\\tauthor = {Begley, T H and Hsu, W and Noonan, G and Diachenko, G},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18311629},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration},\\n\\tpages = {384--390},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Begley, T H\",\"Hsu, W\",\"Noonan, G\",\"Diachenko, G\"],\"key\":\"begley_migration_2008\",\"id\":\"begley_migration_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"fluorochemicals\",\"food packaging\",\"food simulants\",\"migration\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exceptionally high serum concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate in a canadian family are linked to home carpet treatment applications\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es3034654\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are normally the dominant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, but here a Canadian family of seven was identified with particularly high exposure to perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS). Disproportionately high serum PFHxS concentrations (range 27.5-423 ng/mL) and moderately high PFOS (range 15.2-108 ng/mL) and PFOA (range 2.40-9.23 ng/mL) concentrations were detected in the family members, with all three chemicals being highest in the youngest children. We therefore sought to identify the source(s) and pathway(s) of this unusual exposure, and to study the excretion of PFASs for this family. Serum, urine, and stool were sampled from family members, carpet, dust, and air were sampled in the home, and a questionnaire was administered. Over 15 years, the family's household carpets were treated 8 times with Scotchgard formulations. Elevated concentrations of PFHxS were detected in household dust (2780 ng/g dust) and in family room carpet (2880 ng/g carpet), and the primary mode of excretion for the major PFASs was through urine. The high PFHxS and moderately high PFOS concentrations in serum and household samples are consistent with the known PFAS content of certain Scotchgard formulations, and exposure was likely through dust ingestion and/or inhalation.\",\"number\":\"23\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beesoon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sanjay\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Genuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Benskin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23102093\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"12960–12967\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{beesoon_exceptionally_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Exceptionally high serum concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate in a canadian family are linked to home carpet treatment applications},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es3034654},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are normally the dominant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, but here a Canadian family of seven was identified with particularly high exposure to perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS). Disproportionately high serum PFHxS concentrations (range 27.5-423 ng/mL) and moderately high PFOS (range 15.2-108 ng/mL) and PFOA (range 2.40-9.23 ng/mL) concentrations were detected in the family members, with all three chemicals being highest in the youngest children. We therefore sought to identify the source(s) and pathway(s) of this unusual exposure, and to study the excretion of PFASs for this family. Serum, urine, and stool were sampled from family members, carpet, dust, and air were sampled in the home, and a questionnaire was administered. Over 15 years, the family's household carpets were treated 8 times with Scotchgard formulations. Elevated concentrations of PFHxS were detected in household dust (2780 ng/g dust) and in family room carpet (2880 ng/g carpet), and the primary mode of excretion for the major PFASs was through urine. The high PFHxS and moderately high PFOS concentrations in serum and household samples are consistent with the known PFAS content of certain Scotchgard formulations, and exposure was likely through dust ingestion and/or inhalation.},\\n\\tnumber = {23},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Beesoon, Sanjay and Genuis, Stephen J. and Benskin, Jonathan P. and Martin, Jonathan W.},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23102093},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {12960--12967},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Beesoon, S.\",\"Genuis, S. J.\",\"Benskin, J. P.\",\"Martin, J. W.\"],\"key\":\"beesoon_exceptionally_2012\",\"id\":\"beesoon_exceptionally_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"beesoon-genuis-benskin-martin-exceptionallyhighserumconcentrationsofperfluorohexanesulfonateinacanadianfamilyarelinkedtohomecarpettreatmentapplications-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems\",\"volume\":\"51\",\"issn\":\"00431354\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067\",\"abstract\":\"The near ubiquitous presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in humans has raised concerns about potential human health effects from these chemicals, some of which are both extremely persistent and bioaccumulative. Because some of these chemicals are highly water soluble, one major pathway for human exposure is the consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study measured concentrations of PFASs in 18 raw drinking water sources and 2 treated wastewater effluents and evaluated 15 full-scale treatment systems for the attenuation of PFASs in water treatment utilities throughout the U.S. A liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method was used to enable measurement of a suite of 23 PFASs, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). Despite the differences in reporting levels, the PFASs that were detected in \\\\textgreater70% of the source water samples (n=39) included PFSAs, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (74%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (79%), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (84%), and PFCAs, perfluoropentanoic acid (74%), perfluorohexanoic acid (79%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (74%), and perfluorooctanoic acid (74%). More importantly, water treatment techniques such as ferric or alum coagulation, granular/micro-/ultra- filtration, aeration, oxidation (i.e., permanganate, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide), and disinfection (i.e., ozonation, chlorine dioxide, chlorination, and chloramination) were mostly ineffective in removing PFASs. However, anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFASs and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs, and reverse osmosis demonstrated significant removal for all the PFASs, including the smallest PFAS, perfluorobutanoic acid. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\",\"journal\":\"Water Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Appleman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timothy\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Higgins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quinones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oscar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vanderford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brett\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kolstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeigler-Holady\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janie\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dickenson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"R\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"24275109\",\"keywords\":\"Anion exchange, Full-scale, Granular actived carbon, Occurrence, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Reverse osmosis, Treatment\",\"pages\":\"246–255\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{appleman_treatment_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in {U}.{S}. full-scale water treatment systems},\\n\\tvolume = {51},\\n\\tissn = {00431354},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067},\\n\\tabstract = {The near ubiquitous presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in humans has raised concerns about potential human health effects from these chemicals, some of which are both extremely persistent and bioaccumulative. Because some of these chemicals are highly water soluble, one major pathway for human exposure is the consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study measured concentrations of PFASs in 18 raw drinking water sources and 2 treated wastewater effluents and evaluated 15 full-scale treatment systems for the attenuation of PFASs in water treatment utilities throughout the U.S. A liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method was used to enable measurement of a suite of 23 PFASs, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). Despite the differences in reporting levels, the PFASs that were detected in {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater70\\\\% of the source water samples (n=39) included PFSAs, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (74\\\\%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (79\\\\%), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (84\\\\%), and PFCAs, perfluoropentanoic acid (74\\\\%), perfluorohexanoic acid (79\\\\%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (74\\\\%), and perfluorooctanoic acid (74\\\\%). More importantly, water treatment techniques such as ferric or alum coagulation, granular/micro-/ultra- filtration, aeration, oxidation (i.e., permanganate, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide), and disinfection (i.e., ozonation, chlorine dioxide, chlorination, and chloramination) were mostly ineffective in removing PFASs. However, anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFASs and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs, and reverse osmosis demonstrated significant removal for all the PFASs, including the smallest PFAS, perfluorobutanoic acid. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\\n\\tjournal = {Water Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Appleman, Timothy D. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Quinones, Oscar and Vanderford, Brett J. and Kolstad, Chad and Zeigler-Holady, Janie C. and Dickenson, Eric R V},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {24275109},\\n\\tkeywords = {Anion exchange, Full-scale, Granular actived carbon, Occurrence, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Reverse osmosis, Treatment},\\n\\tpages = {246--255},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Appleman, T. D.\",\"Higgins, C. P.\",\"Quinones, O.\",\"Vanderford, B. J.\",\"Kolstad, C.\",\"Zeigler-Holady, J. C.\",\"Dickenson, E. R V\"],\"key\":\"appleman_treatment_2014\",\"id\":\"appleman_treatment_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"appleman-higgins-quinones-vanderford-kolstad-zeiglerholady-dickenson-treatmentofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinusfullscalewatertreatmentsystems-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Anion exchange\",\"Full-scale\",\"Granular actived carbon\",\"Occurrence\",\"PFAS\",\"PFOA\",\"PFOS\",\"Reverse osmosis\",\"Treatment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Poisoned Legacy; Ten Years Later, Chemical Safety and Justice for Dupont's Teflon Victims Remain Elusive\",\"url\":\"http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease\",\"abstract\":\"In 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency fined chemical giant DuPont a record $16.5 million over its decades-long cover-up of the health hazards of C8, also known as PFOA. One of a family of perfluorinated chemicals, or PFCs, PFOA was a key ingredient in making Teflon, the non-stick, waterproof, stain-resistant “miracle of modern chemistry” used in thousands of household products. DuPont had long known that PFOA caused cancer, had poisoned drinking water in the mid-Ohio River Valley and polluted the blood of people and animals worldwide. But it never told its workers, local officials and residents, state regulators or the EPA. Eventually, research by federal officials, EWG and other public interest groups found that the blood of almost all Americans was contaminated with PFCs. And in 2006 the EPA confirmed that PFOA is a probable human carcinogen.\",\"number\":\"April\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Working Group\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andrews\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bill\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{andrews_poisoned_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Poisoned {Legacy}; {Ten} {Years} {Later}, {Chemical} {Safety} and {Justice} for {Dupont}'s {Teflon} {Victims} {Remain} {Elusive}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease},\\n\\tabstract = {In 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency fined chemical giant DuPont a record \\\\$16.5 million over its decades-long cover-up of the health hazards of C8, also known as PFOA. One of a family of perfluorinated chemicals, or PFCs, PFOA was a key ingredient in making Teflon, the non-stick, waterproof, stain-resistant “miracle of modern chemistry” used in thousands of household products. DuPont had long known that PFOA caused cancer, had poisoned drinking water in the mid-Ohio River Valley and polluted the blood of people and animals worldwide. But it never told its workers, local officials and residents, state regulators or the EPA. Eventually, research by federal officials, EWG and other public interest groups found that the blood of almost all Americans was contaminated with PFCs. And in 2006 the EPA confirmed that PFOA is a probable human carcinogen.},\\n\\tnumber = {April},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Working Group},\\n\\tauthor = {Andrews, David and Walker, Bill},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Andrews, D.\",\"Walker, B.\"],\"key\":\"andrews_poisoned_2015\",\"id\":\"andrews_poisoned_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"andrews-walker-poisonedlegacytenyearslaterchemicalsafetyandjusticefordupontsteflonvictimsremainelusive-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease\"},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"issn\":\"15528618\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2663\",\"abstract\":\"Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8 -based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahrens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lutz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bundschuh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mirco\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"24924660\",\"keywords\":\"Aquatic environment, Effects, Fate, Multiple stressors, PFAS, Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFA, Species interaction, Toxicity\",\"pages\":\"1921–1929\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahrens_fate_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: {A} review},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tissn = {15528618},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2663},\\n\\tabstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8 -based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahrens, Lutz and Bundschuh, Mirco},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {24924660},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aquatic environment, Effects, Fate, Multiple stressors, PFAS, Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFA, Species interaction, Toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {1921--1929},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahrens, L.\",\"Bundschuh, M.\"],\"key\":\"ahrens_fate_2014\",\"id\":\"ahrens_fate_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahrens-bundschuh-fateandeffectsofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesintheaquaticenvironmentareview-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Aquatic environment\",\"Effects\",\"Fate\",\"Multiple stressors\",\"PFAS\",\"Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)\",\"Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFA\",\"Species interaction\",\"Toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluorochemicals: potential sources of and migration from food packaging.\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issn\":\"0265-203X\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02652030500183474\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluorochemicals are widely used in the manufacturing and processing of a vast array of consumer goods, including electrical wiring, clothing, household and automotive products. Furthermore, relatively small quantities of perfluorochemicals are also used in the manufacturing of food-contact substances that represent potential sources of oral exposure to these chemicals. The most recognizable products to consumers are the uses of perfluorochemicals in non-stick coatings (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) for cookware and also their use in paper coatings for oil and moisture resistance. Recent epidemiology studies have demonstrated the presence of two particular perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum at very low part per billion levels. These perfluorochemicals are biopersistent and are the subject of numerous studies investigating the many possible sources of human exposure. Among the various uses of these two chemicals, PFOS is a residual impurity in some paper coatings used for food contact and PFOA is a processing aid in the manufacture of PTFE used for many purposes including non-stick cookware. Little information is available on the types of perfluorochemicals that have the potential to migrate from perfluoro coatings into food. One obstacle to studying migration is the difficulty in measuring perfluorochemicals by routine conventional analytical techniques such as GC/MS or LC-UV. Many perfluorochemicals used in food-contact substances are not detectable by these conventional methods. As liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) develops into a routine analytical technique, potential migrants from perfluoro coatings can be more easily characterized. In this paper, data will be presented on the types of perfluoro chemicals that are used in food packaging and cookware. Additionally, research will be presented on the migration or potential for migration of these chemicals into foods or food simulating liquids. Results from migration tests show mg kg(-1) amounts of perfluoro paper additives/coatings transfer to food oil. Analysis of PTFE cookware shows residual amounts of PFOA in the low microg kg(-1) range. PFOA is present in microwave popcorn bag paper at amounts as high as 300 microg kg(-1).\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Food Additives and Contaminants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Begley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"White\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Honigfort\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Twaroski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neches\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"a\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"16227186\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid, food packaging, migration, perfluoro telomers, perfluorochemicals\",\"pages\":\"1023–1031\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{begley_perfluorochemicals:_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluorochemicals: potential sources of and migration from food packaging.},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tissn = {0265-203X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030500183474},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluorochemicals are widely used in the manufacturing and processing of a vast array of consumer goods, including electrical wiring, clothing, household and automotive products. Furthermore, relatively small quantities of perfluorochemicals are also used in the manufacturing of food-contact substances that represent potential sources of oral exposure to these chemicals. The most recognizable products to consumers are the uses of perfluorochemicals in non-stick coatings (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) for cookware and also their use in paper coatings for oil and moisture resistance. Recent epidemiology studies have demonstrated the presence of two particular perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum at very low part per billion levels. These perfluorochemicals are biopersistent and are the subject of numerous studies investigating the many possible sources of human exposure. Among the various uses of these two chemicals, PFOS is a residual impurity in some paper coatings used for food contact and PFOA is a processing aid in the manufacture of PTFE used for many purposes including non-stick cookware. Little information is available on the types of perfluorochemicals that have the potential to migrate from perfluoro coatings into food. One obstacle to studying migration is the difficulty in measuring perfluorochemicals by routine conventional analytical techniques such as GC/MS or LC-UV. Many perfluorochemicals used in food-contact substances are not detectable by these conventional methods. As liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) develops into a routine analytical technique, potential migrants from perfluoro coatings can be more easily characterized. In this paper, data will be presented on the types of perfluoro chemicals that are used in food packaging and cookware. Additionally, research will be presented on the migration or potential for migration of these chemicals into foods or food simulating liquids. Results from migration tests show mg kg(-1) amounts of perfluoro paper additives/coatings transfer to food oil. Analysis of PTFE cookware shows residual amounts of PFOA in the low microg kg(-1) range. PFOA is present in microwave popcorn bag paper at amounts as high as 300 microg kg(-1).},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},\\n\\tauthor = {Begley, T H and White, K and Honigfort, P and Twaroski, M L and Neches, R and Walker, R a},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {16227186},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid, food packaging, migration, perfluoro telomers, perfluorochemicals},\\n\\tpages = {1023--1031},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Begley, T H\",\"White, K\",\"Honigfort, P\",\"Twaroski, M L\",\"Neches, R\",\"Walker, R a\"],\"key\":\"begley_perfluorochemicals:_2005\",\"id\":\"begley_perfluorochemicals:_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"begley-white-honigfort-twaroski-neches-walker-perfluorochemicalspotentialsourcesofandmigrationfromfoodpackaging-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"Perfluorooctanoic acid\",\"food packaging\",\"migration\",\"perfluoro telomers\",\"perfluorochemicals\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1944-0049\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02652030701513784\",\"abstract\":\"Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Food Additives and Contaminants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Begley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noonan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diachenko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18311629\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration\",\"pages\":\"384–390\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{begley_migration_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1944-0049},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030701513784},\\n\\tabstract = {Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},\\n\\tauthor = {Begley, T H and Hsu, W and Noonan, G and Diachenko, G},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18311629},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration},\\n\\tpages = {384--390},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Begley, T H\",\"Hsu, W\",\"Noonan, G\",\"Diachenko, G\"],\"key\":\"begley_migration_2008-1\",\"id\":\"begley_migration_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"fluorochemicals\",\"food packaging\",\"food simulants\",\"migration\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rate of decline in serum PFOA concentrations after granular activated carbon filtration at two public water systems in Ohio and West Virginia\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"00916765\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901252\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Drinking water in multiple water districts in the Mid-Ohio Valley has been contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was released by a nearby DuPont chemical plant. Two highly contaminated water districts began granular activated carbon filtration in 2007.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of decline in serum PFOA, and its corresponding half-life, during the first year after filtration.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nMETHODS: Up to six blood samples were collected from each of 200 participants from May 2007 until August 2008. The primary source of drinking water varied over time for some participants; our analyses were grouped according to water source at baseline in May-June 2007.${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nRESULTS: For Lubeck Public Service District customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between May-June 2007 and May-August 2008 was 32 ng/mL (26%) for those primarily consuming public water at home (n = 130), and 16 ng/mL (28%) for those primarily consuming bottled water at home (n = 17). For Little Hocking Water Association customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between November-December 2007 and May-June 2008 was 39 ng/mL (11%) for consumers of public water (n = 39) and 28 ng/mL (20%) for consumers of bottled water (n = 11). The covariate-adjusted average rate of decrease in serum PFOA concentration after water filtration was 26% per year (95% confidence interval, 2528% per year).${\\\\}backslash$n${\\\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The observed data are consistent with first-order elimination and a median serum PFOA half-life of 2.3 years. Ongoing follow-up will lead to improved half-life estimation.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bartell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calafat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonia\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lyu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kayoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Barry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steenland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyle\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20123620\",\"keywords\":\"Exposure, Half-Life, Intervention, PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid\",\"pages\":\"222–228\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bartell_rate_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Rate of decline in serum {PFOA} concentrations after granular activated carbon filtration at two public water systems in {Ohio} and {West} {Virginia}},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {00916765},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901252},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Drinking water in multiple water districts in the Mid-Ohio Valley has been contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was released by a nearby DuPont chemical plant. Two highly contaminated water districts began granular activated carbon filtration in 2007.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nOBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of decline in serum PFOA, and its corresponding half-life, during the first year after filtration.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nMETHODS: Up to six blood samples were collected from each of 200 participants from May 2007 until August 2008. The primary source of drinking water varied over time for some participants; our analyses were grouped according to water source at baseline in May-June 2007.\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nRESULTS: For Lubeck Public Service District customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between May-June 2007 and May-August 2008 was 32 ng/mL (26\\\\%) for those primarily consuming public water at home (n = 130), and 16 ng/mL (28\\\\%) for those primarily consuming bottled water at home (n = 17). For Little Hocking Water Association customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between November-December 2007 and May-June 2008 was 39 ng/mL (11\\\\%) for consumers of public water (n = 39) and 28 ng/mL (20\\\\%) for consumers of bottled water (n = 11). The covariate-adjusted average rate of decrease in serum PFOA concentration after water filtration was 26\\\\% per year (95\\\\% confidence interval, 2528\\\\% per year).\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$n\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}backslash\\\\$nCONCLUSIONS: The observed data are consistent with first-order elimination and a median serum PFOA half-life of 2.3 years. Ongoing follow-up will lead to improved half-life estimation.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Bartell, Scott M. and Calafat, Antonia M. and Lyu, Christopher and Kato, Kayoko and Ryan, P. Barry and Steenland, Kyle},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20123620},\\n\\tkeywords = {Exposure, Half-Life, Intervention, PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid},\\n\\tpages = {222--228},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bartell, S. M.\",\"Calafat, A. M.\",\"Lyu, C.\",\"Kato, K.\",\"Ryan, P. B.\",\"Steenland, K.\"],\"key\":\"bartell_rate_2010\",\"id\":\"bartell_rate_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bartell-calafat-lyu-kato-ryan-steenland-rateofdeclineinserumpfoaconcentrationsaftergranularactivatedcarbonfiltrationattwopublicwatersystemsinohioandwestvirginia-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Exposure\",\"Half-Life\",\"Intervention\",\"PFAS\",\"Perfluorooctanoic acid\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposurers and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1306615\",\"number\":\"11-12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"Winquist\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"A.\",\"Steenland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"24007715\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"1313–1318\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{barry_v._winquist_a._steenland_perfluorooctanoic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) exposurers and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1306615},\\n\\tnumber = {11-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Barry, V. Winquist, A. Steenland, K.},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {24007715},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {1313--1318},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Barry, V. W.\",\"A. Steenland, K.\"],\"key\":\"barry_v._winquist_a._steenland_perfluorooctanoic_2013\",\"id\":\"barry_v._winquist_a._steenland_perfluorooctanoic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"barry-asteenland-perfluorooctanoicacidpfoaexposurersandincidentcancersamongadultslivingnearachemicalplant-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"0013936X\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1036173\",\"abstract\":\"Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were determined in air around a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and two landfill sites using sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers in summer 2009. The samples were analyzed for five PFC classes (i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)) to investigate their concentration in air, composition and emissions to the atmosphere. summation operatorPFC concentrations in air were 3-15 times higher within the WWTP (2280-24 040 pg/m(3)) and 5-30 times higher at the landfill sites (2780-26 430 pg/m(3)) compared to the reference sites (597-1600 pg/m3). Variations in the PFC pattern were observed between the WWTP and landfill sites and even within the WWTP site. For example, FTOHs were the predominant PFC class in air for all WWTP and landfill sites, with 6:2 FTOH as the dominant compound at the WWTP (895-12 290 pg/m(3)) and 8:2 FTOH dominating at the landfill sites (1290-17 380 pg/m(3)). Furthermore, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was dominant within the WWTP (43-171 pg/m(3)), followed by perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (55-116 pg/m(3)), while PFBA was dominant at the landfill sites (101-102 pg/m(3)). It is also noteworthy that the PFCA concentrations decreased with increasing chain length and that the emissions for the even chain length PFCAs outweighed emissions for the odd chain length compounds. Furthermore, highly elevated PFC concentrations were found near the aeration tanks compared to the other tanks (i.e., primary and secondary clarifier) and likely associated with increased volatilization during aeration that may be further enhanced through aqueous aerosol-mediated transport. summation operatorPFC yearly emissions estimated using a simplified dispersion model were 2560 g/year for the WWTP, 99 g/year for landfill site 1, and 1000 g/year for landfill site 2. These results highlight the important role of WWTPs and landfills as emission sources of PFCs to the atmosphere.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahrens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lutz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sum\",\"Chi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21466185\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS\",\"pages\":\"8098–8105\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ahrens_wastewater_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {0013936X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1036173},\\n\\tabstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were determined in air around a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and two landfill sites using sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers in summer 2009. The samples were analyzed for five PFC classes (i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)) to investigate their concentration in air, composition and emissions to the atmosphere. summation operatorPFC concentrations in air were 3-15 times higher within the WWTP (2280-24 040 pg/m(3)) and 5-30 times higher at the landfill sites (2780-26 430 pg/m(3)) compared to the reference sites (597-1600 pg/m3). Variations in the PFC pattern were observed between the WWTP and landfill sites and even within the WWTP site. For example, FTOHs were the predominant PFC class in air for all WWTP and landfill sites, with 6:2 FTOH as the dominant compound at the WWTP (895-12 290 pg/m(3)) and 8:2 FTOH dominating at the landfill sites (1290-17 380 pg/m(3)). Furthermore, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was dominant within the WWTP (43-171 pg/m(3)), followed by perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (55-116 pg/m(3)), while PFBA was dominant at the landfill sites (101-102 pg/m(3)). It is also noteworthy that the PFCA concentrations decreased with increasing chain length and that the emissions for the even chain length PFCAs outweighed emissions for the odd chain length compounds. Furthermore, highly elevated PFC concentrations were found near the aeration tanks compared to the other tanks (i.e., primary and secondary clarifier) and likely associated with increased volatilization during aeration that may be further enhanced through aqueous aerosol-mediated transport. summation operatorPFC yearly emissions estimated using a simplified dispersion model were 2560 g/year for the WWTP, 99 g/year for landfill site 1, and 1000 g/year for landfill site 2. These results highlight the important role of WWTPs and landfills as emission sources of PFCs to the atmosphere.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ahrens, Lutz and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Lee, Sum Chi and Guo, Rui and Reiner, Eric J.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21466185},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS},\\n\\tpages = {8098--8105},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ahrens, L.\",\"Shoeib, M.\",\"Harner, T.\",\"Lee, S. C.\",\"Guo, R.\",\"Reiner, E. J.\"],\"key\":\"ahrens_wastewater_2011\",\"id\":\"ahrens_wastewater_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ahrens-shoeib-harner-lee-guo-reiner-wastewatertreatmentplantandlandfillsassourcesofpolyfluoroalkylcompoundstotheatmosphere-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessing direct analysis in real-time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the rapid identification of additives in food packaging.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1944-0049\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02652030903232753\",\"abstract\":\"The ambient ionization technique direct analysis in real time (DART) was characterized and evaluated for the screening of food packaging for the presence of packaging additives using a benchtop mass spectrometer (MS). Approximate optimum conditions were determined for 13 common food-packaging additives, including plasticizers, anti-oxidants, colorants, grease-proofers, and ultraviolet light stabilizers. Method sensitivity and linearity were evaluated using solutions and characterized polymer samples. Additionally, the response of a model additive (di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate) was examined across a range of sample positions, DART, and MS conditions (temperature, voltage and helium flow). Under optimal conditions, molecular ion (M+H+) was the major ion for most additives. Additive responses were highly sensitive to sample and DART source orientation, as well as to DART flow rates, temperatures, and MS inlet voltages, respectively. DART-MS response was neither consistently linear nor quantitative in this setting, and sensitivity varied by additive. All additives studied were rapidly identified in multiple food-packaging materials by DART-MS/MS, suggesting this technique can be used to screen food packaging rapidly. However, method sensitivity and quantitation requires further study and improvement.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Food Additives and Contaminants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ackerman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noonan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Begley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19753496\",\"keywords\":\"PFAS, Plastics, food-contact materials, in-house validation, packaging additives, paper, screening assays\",\"pages\":\"1611–1618\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ackerman_assessing_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessing direct analysis in real-time-mass spectrometry ({DART}-{MS}) for the rapid identification of additives in food packaging.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1944-0049},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030903232753},\\n\\tabstract = {The ambient ionization technique direct analysis in real time (DART) was characterized and evaluated for the screening of food packaging for the presence of packaging additives using a benchtop mass spectrometer (MS). Approximate optimum conditions were determined for 13 common food-packaging additives, including plasticizers, anti-oxidants, colorants, grease-proofers, and ultraviolet light stabilizers. Method sensitivity and linearity were evaluated using solutions and characterized polymer samples. Additionally, the response of a model additive (di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate) was examined across a range of sample positions, DART, and MS conditions (temperature, voltage and helium flow). Under optimal conditions, molecular ion (M+H+) was the major ion for most additives. Additive responses were highly sensitive to sample and DART source orientation, as well as to DART flow rates, temperatures, and MS inlet voltages, respectively. DART-MS response was neither consistently linear nor quantitative in this setting, and sensitivity varied by additive. All additives studied were rapidly identified in multiple food-packaging materials by DART-MS/MS, suggesting this technique can be used to screen food packaging rapidly. However, method sensitivity and quantitation requires further study and improvement.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},\\n\\tauthor = {Ackerman, L K and Noonan, G O and Begley, T H},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19753496},\\n\\tkeywords = {PFAS, Plastics, food-contact materials, in-house validation, packaging additives, paper, screening assays},\\n\\tpages = {1611--1618},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ackerman, L K\",\"Noonan, G O\",\"Begley, T H\"],\"key\":\"ackerman_assessing_2009\",\"id\":\"ackerman_assessing_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ackerman-noonan-begley-assessingdirectanalysisinrealtimemassspectrometrydartmsfortherapididentificationofadditivesinfoodpackaging-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"PFAS\",\"Plastics\",\"food-contact materials\",\"in-house validation\",\"packaging additives\",\"paper\",\"screening assays\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in {India}\",\"url\":\"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, news\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{noauthor_chemtura_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Chemtura {Corp} to invest \\\\$100-150 mn next 5 yrs in {India}},\\n\\turl = {http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, news},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_chemtura_2011\",\"id\":\"noauthor_chemtura_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-chemturacorptoinvest100150mnnext5yrsinindia-2011\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"news\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Listing of POPs in the Stockholm Convention\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx\",\"urldate\":\"2013-11-01\",\"keywords\":\"CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{noauthor_listing_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Listing of {POPs} in the {Stockholm} {Convention}},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx},\\n\\turldate = {2013-11-01},\\n\\tkeywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_listing_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_listing_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-listingofpopsinthestockholmconvention\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx\"},\"keyword\":[\"CHM\",\"Clearing\",\"Clearing-house\",\"Convention\",\"Flame retardants\",\"House\",\"POPs\",\"Stockholm\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Regional variation in levels of indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers may reflect differences in fire safety regulations...\",\"url\":\"http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers\",\"urldate\":\"2013-11-01\",\"keywords\":\"AR, DE Camann, Flame retardants, JG Brody, RA Morello-Frosch, RA Rudel, Zota\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{noauthor_regional_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Regional variation in levels of indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers may reflect differences in fire safety regulations...},\\n\\turl = {http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers},\\n\\turldate = {2013-11-01},\\n\\tkeywords = {AR, DE Camann, Flame retardants, JG Brody, RA Morello-Frosch, RA Rudel, Zota},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_regional_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_regional_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-regionalvariationinlevelsofindoorpolybrominateddiphenylethersmayreflectdifferencesinfiresafetyregulations\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers\"},\"keyword\":[\"AR\",\"DE Camann\",\"Flame retardants\",\"JG Brody\",\"RA Morello-Frosch\",\"RA Rudel\",\"Zota\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Fire statistics, United Kingdom 2006\",\"url\":\"http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Department of Communities and Local Government, UK\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{noauthor_fire_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire statistics, {United} {Kingdom} 2006},\\n\\turl = {http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Department of Communities and Local Government, UK},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_fire_2008\",\"id\":\"noauthor_fire_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2008\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1551-8280\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116\",\"journal\":\"Report on carcinogens : carcinogen profiles / U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program\",\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21863116\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Carcinogens, Carcinogens: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: legislation & jurisprudenc, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, unsure\",\"pages\":\"428–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noauthor_tris23-dibromopropyl_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1551-8280},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116},\\n\\tjournal = {Report on carcinogens : carcinogen profiles / U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21863116},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Carcinogens, Carcinogens: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: legislation \\\\& jurisprudenc, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {428--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_tris23-dibromopropyl_2011\",\"id\":\"noauthor_tris23-dibromopropyl_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-tris23dibromopropylphosphate-2011\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Carcinogens\",\"Carcinogens: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Exposure: legislation & jurisprudenc\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Neoplasms\",\"Neoplasms: chemically induced\",\"Neoplasms: epidemiology\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: toxicity\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Chemtura Corporation Announces Price Increase on Bromine-Based Products\",\"url\":\"http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"CHMT, Flame retardants, NYSE:CHMT, investor center, investors, news\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{noauthor_chemtura_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Chemtura {Corporation} {Announces} {Price} {Increase} on {Bromine}-{Based} {Products}},\\n\\turl = {http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {CHMT, Flame retardants, NYSE:CHMT, investor center, investors, news},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_chemtura_2010\",\"id\":\"noauthor_chemtura_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-chemturacorporationannouncespriceincreaseonbrominebasedproducts-2010\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products\"},\"keyword\":[\"CHMT\",\"Flame retardants\",\"NYSE:CHMT\",\"investor center\",\"investors\",\"news\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"148125_Sindiku_PPOLYBROMINATED DIOXINS AND FURANS (PBDD/Fs) IN E-WASTE POLYMERS IN NIGERIA BDDF.pdf\",\"url\":\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf\",\"urldate\":\"2013-11-01\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{noauthor_148125_sindiku_ppolybrominated_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {148125\\\\_Sindiku\\\\_PPOLYBROMINATED {DIOXINS} {AND} {FURANS} ({PBDD}/{Fs}) {IN} {E}-{WASTE} {POLYMERS} {IN} {NIGERIA} {BDDF}.pdf},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf},\\n\\turldate = {2013-11-01},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_148125_sindiku_ppolybrominated_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_148125_sindiku_ppolybrominated_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-148125sindikuppolybrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinewastepolymersinnigeriabddfpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"firesafecigarettes.org\",\"url\":\"http://firesafecigarettes.org\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{noauthor_firesafecigarettes.org_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {firesafecigarettes.org},\\n\\turl = {http://firesafecigarettes.org},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_firesafecigarettes.org_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_firesafecigarettes.org_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-firesafecigarettesorg\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://firesafecigarettes.org\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE HEAT RELEASE RATES - MEASUREMENTS AND ESTIMATION\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"issn\":\"0734-9041\",\"url\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&page=1&doc=1\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES\",\"year\":\"1983\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"9–32\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noauthor_upholstered_1983,\\n\\ttitle = {{UPHOLSTERED} {FURNITURE} {HEAT} {RELEASE} {RATES} - {MEASUREMENTS} {AND} {ESTIMATION}},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tissn = {0734-9041},\\n\\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&page=1&doc=1},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES},\\n\\tyear = {1983},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {9--32},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_upholstered_1983\",\"id\":\"noauthor_upholstered_1983\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&page=1&doc=1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es200422b\",\"abstract\":\"Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zota\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ami\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"June-Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunzhu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zoeller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woodruff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tracey\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california\",\"pages\":\"7896–7905\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zota_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in {California}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es200422b},\\n\\tabstract = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Petreas, Myrto and Zoeller, R Thomas and Woodruff, Tracey J},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california},\\n\\tpages = {7896--7905},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zota, A. R\",\"Park, J.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"Zoeller, R T.\",\"Woodruff, T. J\"],\"key\":\"zota_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"zota_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Trimester\",\"Pregnancy: blood\",\"Second\",\"Second: blood\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: blood\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: blood\",\"Young Adult\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Are PBDEs an environmental equity concern? Exposure disparities by socioeconomic status.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es101723d\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zota\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ami\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adamkiewicz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morello-Frosch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachel\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20578734\",\"keywords\":\"Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Income, Income: statistics & numerical data, Male, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors\",\"pages\":\"5691–2\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zota_are_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Are {PBDEs} an environmental equity concern? {Exposure} disparities by socioeconomic status.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es101723d},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Adamkiewicz, Gary and Morello-Frosch, Rachel A},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20578734},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Income, Income: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Male, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors},\\n\\tpages = {5691--2},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zota, A. R\",\"Adamkiewicz, G.\",\"Morello-Frosch, R. A\"],\"key\":\"zota_are_2010\",\"id\":\"zota_are_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zota-adamkiewicz-morellofrosch-arepbdesanenvironmentalequityconcernexposuredisparitiesbysocioeconomicstatus-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734\"},\"keyword\":[\"Body Burden\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Income\",\"Income: statistics & numerical data\",\"Male\",\"Social Class\",\"Socioeconomic Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Finish ratings of gypsum wallboards\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/\",\"abstract\":\"The term ldquofinish ratingrdquo is used in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)1 to describe the required performance of finish materials installed as thermal barriers for electrical nonmetallic tubing. Finish rating data is most commonly associated with assemblies containing combustible wood framing, although the definition has also been extended to assemblies with noncombustible metal framing. To date, however, very little finish rating data has been available for common finish materials installed over metal framing. To supplement the available information, finish rating tests were conducted on identical wall sections finished with standard 1/2Prime gypsum wallboard from five different manufacturers, constructed with metal and wood stud framing. All 10 assemblies tested demonstrated finish ratings of 15 minutes or more.\",\"journal\":\"Fire Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zicherman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eliahu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"356–362\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zicherman_finish_1998,\\n\\ttitle = {Finish ratings of gypsum wallboards},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/},\\n\\tabstract = {The term ldquofinish ratingrdquo is used in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)1 to describe the required performance of finish materials installed as thermal barriers for electrical nonmetallic tubing. Finish rating data is most commonly associated with assemblies containing combustible wood framing, although the definition has also been extended to assemblies with noncombustible metal framing. To date, however, very little finish rating data has been available for common finish materials installed over metal framing. To supplement the available information, finish rating tests were conducted on identical wall sections finished with standard 1/2Prime gypsum wallboard from five different manufacturers, constructed with metal and wood stud framing. All 10 assemblies tested demonstrated finish ratings of 15 minutes or more.},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zicherman, J B and Eliahu, A},\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {356--362},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zicherman, J B\",\"Eliahu, A\"],\"key\":\"zicherman_finish_1998\",\"id\":\"zicherman_finish_1998\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zicherman-eliahu-finishratingsofgypsumwallboards-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, hexabromocyclododecanes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mollusks from Chinese Bohai Sea.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es300776f\",\"abstract\":\"A novel brominated flame retardant (BFR), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), as well as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were analyzed in 11 species of mollusks collected from nine coastal cities around the Chinese Bohai Sea in 2009 and 2010. The detection frequencies were 100%, 99%, and 77% for PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBC, respectively. Concentrations of ∑HBCDs ranged from below detection limit (nd) to 28.8 ng g(-1) on a dry weight (dw) basis, followed by ∑(12)PBDE (0.01-20.4 ng g(-1) dw) and TBC (nd-12.1 ng g(-1) dw). Statistically significant linear correlations were found among the three BFRs. Positive correlations were found between BFRs concentrations and lipid content in mollusks. The concentrations tend to decrease with increasing trophic levels of the mollusks, implying trophic dilution rather than biomagnifications of the BFRs in the aquatic food chains of the sampling area. Among the 11 mollusks species, Mytilus edulis showed higher bioaccumulation capability than others and was therefore considered to be an appropriate bioindicator of contamination by the BFRs in the Chinese Bohai Sea, in agreement with its previous selection for the biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A dramatic decrease in PBDE concentrations in mollusks of the area was found for the time period from 2003 to 2010, with a half-life of only 2.3 ± 1.7 years, reflecting a rapid response of mollusks to the change in pollution of the marine environment.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nali\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"An\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thanh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guangbo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yuan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lixi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yawei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guibin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22663562\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Mollusca, Mollusca: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Triazines: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"7174–81\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_tris23-dibromopropyl_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, hexabromocyclododecanes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mollusks from {Chinese} {Bohai} {Sea}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es300776f},\\n\\tabstract = {A novel brominated flame retardant (BFR), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), as well as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were analyzed in 11 species of mollusks collected from nine coastal cities around the Chinese Bohai Sea in 2009 and 2010. The detection frequencies were 100\\\\%, 99\\\\%, and 77\\\\% for PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBC, respectively. Concentrations of ∑HBCDs ranged from below detection limit (nd) to 28.8 ng g(-1) on a dry weight (dw) basis, followed by ∑(12)PBDE (0.01-20.4 ng g(-1) dw) and TBC (nd-12.1 ng g(-1) dw). Statistically significant linear correlations were found among the three BFRs. Positive correlations were found between BFRs concentrations and lipid content in mollusks. The concentrations tend to decrease with increasing trophic levels of the mollusks, implying trophic dilution rather than biomagnifications of the BFRs in the aquatic food chains of the sampling area. Among the 11 mollusks species, Mytilus edulis showed higher bioaccumulation capability than others and was therefore considered to be an appropriate bioindicator of contamination by the BFRs in the Chinese Bohai Sea, in agreement with its previous selection for the biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A dramatic decrease in PBDE concentrations in mollusks of the area was found for the time period from 2003 to 2010, with a half-life of only 2.3 ± 1.7 years, reflecting a rapid response of mollusks to the change in pollution of the marine environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Nali and Li, An and Wang, Thanh and Wang, Pu and Qu, Guangbo and Ruan, Ting and Fu, Jianjie and Yuan, Bo and Zeng, Lixi and Wang, Yawei and Jiang, Guibin},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22663562},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Mollusca, Mollusca: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Triazines: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {7174--81},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, N.\",\"Li, A.\",\"Wang, T.\",\"Wang, P.\",\"Qu, G.\",\"Ruan, T.\",\"Fu, J.\",\"Yuan, B.\",\"Zeng, L.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Jiang, G.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_tris23-dibromopropyl_2012\",\"id\":\"zhu_tris23-dibromopropyl_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-li-wang-wang-qu-ruan-fu-yuan-etal-tris23dibromopropylisocyanuratehexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmollusksfromchinesebohaisea-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mollusca\",\"Mollusca: metabolism\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Triazines\",\"Triazines: analysis\",\"Triazines: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in northern China.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728\",\"abstract\":\"In 2006, 128 serum samples were collected from three populations in Tianjin, China: office cleaners, university students, and policemen. These samples were all analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and for other brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The median concentration of total PBDEs (sum of 41 congeners) was 7.1 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 1980 ng/g lipid. Among these PBDE congeners, the median sum of the tri- to hepta-PBDE (SigmaPBDE3-7) congener concentrations was 2.9 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 20 ng/g lipid. The most common tri- to heptabrominated congeners were BDE-47 (30% of total), BDE-99 (24%), BDE-183 (15%), BDE-153 (12%), BDE-28 (9.5%), and BDE-100 (6.2%). These levels of SigmaPBDE3-7 were similar to those observed in Europe and Asia but were much lower than those observed in North America. Highly brominated BDE congeners were detected in some serum samples. In particular, BDE-209 was detected in 28 samples; the median BDE-209 concentration in these samples was 42 ng/g lipid, ranging from ND to 1770 ng/g lipid. The total PBDE levels in office cleaners were significantly higher than in university students and policemen. In addition, we also measured several other BFRs. Hexabromobenzene (HBB) was identified in 26 samples with a median concentration of 0.27 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.11 to 1.50 ng/g lipid. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were not detected in any of these samples.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lingyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Baoling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19806728\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, China, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"6963–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_brominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in northern {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728},\\n\\tabstract = {In 2006, 128 serum samples were collected from three populations in Tianjin, China: office cleaners, university students, and policemen. These samples were all analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and for other brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The median concentration of total PBDEs (sum of 41 congeners) was 7.1 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 1980 ng/g lipid. Among these PBDE congeners, the median sum of the tri- to hepta-PBDE (SigmaPBDE3-7) congener concentrations was 2.9 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 20 ng/g lipid. The most common tri- to heptabrominated congeners were BDE-47 (30\\\\% of total), BDE-99 (24\\\\%), BDE-183 (15\\\\%), BDE-153 (12\\\\%), BDE-28 (9.5\\\\%), and BDE-100 (6.2\\\\%). These levels of SigmaPBDE3-7 were similar to those observed in Europe and Asia but were much lower than those observed in North America. Highly brominated BDE congeners were detected in some serum samples. In particular, BDE-209 was detected in 28 samples; the median BDE-209 concentration in these samples was 42 ng/g lipid, ranging from ND to 1770 ng/g lipid. The total PBDE levels in office cleaners were significantly higher than in university students and policemen. In addition, we also measured several other BFRs. Hexabromobenzene (HBB) was identified in 26 samples with a median concentration of 0.27 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.11 to 1.50 ng/g lipid. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were not detected in any of these samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Lingyan and Ma, Baoling and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19806728},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, China, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {6963--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, L.\",\"Ma, B.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"zhu_brominated_2009\",\"id\":\"zhu_brominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-ma-hites-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Young Adult\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification and determination of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in residential indoor air and dust: a previously unreported halogenated flame retardant in the environment.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135\",\"abstract\":\"Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g(-1) and a median of 2.0 ng g(-1) respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g(-1) which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m(-3) and a median of 92 pg m(-3), were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m(-3). Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Lai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18284135\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Ontario\",\"pages\":\"386–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_identification_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification and determination of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane ({HCDBCO}) in residential indoor air and dust: a previously unreported halogenated flame retardant in the environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g(-1) and a median of 2.0 ng g(-1) respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g(-1) which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m(-3) and a median of 92 pg m(-3), were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m(-3). Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-Lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18284135},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Ontario},\\n\\tpages = {386--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, J.\",\"Hou, Y.\",\"Feng, Y.\",\"Shoeib, M.\",\"Harner, T.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_identification_2008\",\"id\":\"zhu_identification_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Housing\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Ontario\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Leaching characteristics of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants from waste printed circuit boards.\",\"volume\":\"246-247\",\"issn\":\"1873-3336\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.065\",\"abstract\":\"Leaching assessment on five heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel and cadmium) and two brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) were conducted using various leaching methods. The mean leaching concentrations of copper were the highest in both toxicity characteristic leaching procedures (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedures (SPLP) tests at 8.6 mg/L and 1.1mg/L, while only lead (6.2mg/L) exceeded the TCLP criteria and Chinese EPA regulatory limit (both 5.0mg/L). However, PBDEs and TBBPA were not detected in TCLP and SPLP tests. Then the BFRs leaching trends and potential leachabilities were further investigated in actual landfill leachates using a modified method. Leaching characteristics that fast-leaching initially followed by slow-desorption over time were generally observed. In landfill leachate tests, the highest leaching concentrations of PBDEs and TBBPA were determined at 30.39 and 12.27 μg/L. Meanwhile, the highest leaching rates were estimated to reach 0.08% and 1.00%, respectively, which were significantly influenced by the dissolved organic carbon contents of extracts, the hydrophobicities of target BFRs and the specific surface areas of WPCBs materials. These results proved that leaching from WPCBs was a significant emission source of BFRs in landfill and electronic waste recycling dumpsite.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of hazardous materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kuangfei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Deng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingjing\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23291335\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"96–102\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhou_leaching_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Leaching characteristics of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants from waste printed circuit boards.},\\n\\tvolume = {246-247},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3336},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.065},\\n\\tabstract = {Leaching assessment on five heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel and cadmium) and two brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) were conducted using various leaching methods. The mean leaching concentrations of copper were the highest in both toxicity characteristic leaching procedures (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedures (SPLP) tests at 8.6 mg/L and 1.1mg/L, while only lead (6.2mg/L) exceeded the TCLP criteria and Chinese EPA regulatory limit (both 5.0mg/L). However, PBDEs and TBBPA were not detected in TCLP and SPLP tests. Then the BFRs leaching trends and potential leachabilities were further investigated in actual landfill leachates using a modified method. Leaching characteristics that fast-leaching initially followed by slow-desorption over time were generally observed. In landfill leachate tests, the highest leaching concentrations of PBDEs and TBBPA were determined at 30.39 and 12.27 μg/L. Meanwhile, the highest leaching rates were estimated to reach 0.08\\\\% and 1.00\\\\%, respectively, which were significantly influenced by the dissolved organic carbon contents of extracts, the hydrophobicities of target BFRs and the specific surface areas of WPCBs materials. These results proved that leaching from WPCBs was a significant emission source of BFRs in landfill and electronic waste recycling dumpsite.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of hazardous materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhou, Xiaoyu and Guo, Jie and Lin, Kuangfei and Huang, Kai and Deng, Jingjing},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23291335},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {96--102},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhou, X.\",\"Guo, J.\",\"Lin, K.\",\"Huang, K.\",\"Deng, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhou_leaching_2013\",\"id\":\"zhou_leaching_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhou-guo-lin-huang-deng-leachingcharacteristicsofheavymetalsandbrominatedflameretardantsfromwasteprintedcircuitboards-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918\",\"abstract\":\"Studies show higher house dust and body burden levels of PBDE flame retardants in North America than Europe; but little is known about exposure variation within North America, where California's furniture flammability standard affects PBDE use. We compared dust samples from 49 homes in two California communities with 120 Massachusetts homes and with other published studies. Dust concentrations [median (range) ng/g] in California homes of BDE-47, -99, and -100 were 2700 (112-107,000), 3800 (102-170,000), and 684 (\\\\textlessMRL-30,900), respectively, and were 4-10 times higher than previously reported in North America. Maximum concentrations were the highest ever reported in indoor dust. We then investigated whether human serum PBDE levels were also higher in California compared to other North American regions by analyzing the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the only data set available with serum from a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2040). California residence was significantly associated with nearly 2-fold higher sigma PBDE serum levels [least square geometric mean (LSGM) ng/g lipid, 73.0 vs 38.5 (p = 0.002)]. Elevated PBDE exposures in California may result from the state's furniture flammability standards; our results suggest the need for further research in a larger representative sample.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zota\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ami\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruthann\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morello-Frosch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachel\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\",\"Green\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"19031918\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Interior Design and Furnishings: standards, Male, Middle Aged, california, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"8158–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zota_elevated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of {PBDEs} in {California}: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918},\\n\\tabstract = {Studies show higher house dust and body burden levels of PBDE flame retardants in North America than Europe; but little is known about exposure variation within North America, where California's furniture flammability standard affects PBDE use. We compared dust samples from 49 homes in two California communities with 120 Massachusetts homes and with other published studies. Dust concentrations [median (range) ng/g] in California homes of BDE-47, -99, and -100 were 2700 (112-107,000), 3800 (102-170,000), and 684 ({\\\\textbackslash}textlessMRL-30,900), respectively, and were 4-10 times higher than previously reported in North America. Maximum concentrations were the highest ever reported in indoor dust. We then investigated whether human serum PBDE levels were also higher in California compared to other North American regions by analyzing the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the only data set available with serum from a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2040). California residence was significantly associated with nearly 2-fold higher sigma PBDE serum levels [least square geometric mean (LSGM) ng/g lipid, 73.0 vs 38.5 (p = 0.002)]. Elevated PBDE exposures in California may result from the state's furniture flammability standards; our results suggest the need for further research in a larger representative sample.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Rudel, Ruthann A and Morello-Frosch, Rachel A and Brody, Julia Green},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {19031918},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Interior Design and Furnishings: standards, Male, Middle Aged, california, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {8158--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zota, A. R\",\"Rudel, R. A\",\"Morello-Frosch, R. A\",\"Brody, J. G.\"],\"key\":\"zota_elevated_2008\",\"id\":\"zota_elevated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zota-rudel-morellofrosch-brody-elevatedhousedustandserumconcentrationsofpbdesincaliforniaunintendedconsequencesoffurnitureflammabilitystandards-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Child\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: standards\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Interior Design and Furnishings\",\"Interior Design and Furnishings: standards\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"california\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es200422b\",\"abstract\":\"Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zota\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ami\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"June-Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunzhu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zoeller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woodruff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tracey\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21830753\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california\",\"pages\":\"7896–905\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zota_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in {California}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es200422b},\\n\\tabstract = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Petreas, Myrto and Zoeller, R Thomas and Woodruff, Tracey J},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21830753},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california},\\n\\tpages = {7896--905},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zota, A. R\",\"Park, J.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"Zoeller, R T.\",\"Woodruff, T. J\"],\"key\":\"zota_polybrominated_2011-1\",\"id\":\"zota_polybrominated_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Trimester\",\"Pregnancy: blood\",\"Second\",\"Second: blood\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: blood\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: blood\",\"Young Adult\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) extracted from burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes.\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.055\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigated the effects of two mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. The two mixtures were obtained from the livers of burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes (Mjøsa and Losna) with different contaminant profiles. Steroid hormone levels in the cell culture medium and mRNA levels of 16 genes involved in steroidogenesis were investigated. The crude Lake Mjøsa extract had to be diluted ten times more than the Lake Losna extract in order to prevent cytotoxicity. The ten times diluted Lake Mjøsa mixture had higher levels of DDT and derivates (∑DDTs, 1.7 times) and brominated flame retardants (∑BDEs and HBCD, 15-25 times) than the Lake Losna mixture, which, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of ∑PCBs (1.5 times higher) and also of HCB, ∑HCH isomers and ∑chlordane isomers (5-20 times higher). In the cell culture media, only cortisol levels were increased at the highest exposure concentration to the Lake Mjøsa mixture, while both cortisol and estradiol levels were increased following exposure to the two highest Lake Losna mixture exposure concentrations. Testosterone levels decreased only at the highest exposure concentration of the Lake Losna mixture. Multivariate models suggested that ∑PCBs, and to a lesser extent ∑DDTs, were responsible for the cortisol responses, while estradiol and testosterone alterations were best explained by HCB and ∑PCBs, respectively. Exposure to the mixtures generally increased mRNA levels, with smaller effects exerted by the Lake Mjøsa mixture than the Lake Losna mixture. It was concluded that both mixtures affected steroidogenesis in the H295R cells. Small differences in mixture composition, rather than the high content of brominated flame retardants in the Lake Mjøsa mixture, were suggested to be the most probable reason for the apparent differences in potencies of the two mixtures.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zimmer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karin\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Montaño\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mauricio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsaker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingrid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dahl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vidar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Camilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albertinka\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janneche\",\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ropstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verhaegen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21420147\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: blood, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: physiology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Water Pollutants, cell line\",\"pages\":\"2040–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zimmer_vitro_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) extracted from burbot ({Lota} lota) caught in two {Norwegian} lakes.},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.055},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigated the effects of two mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. The two mixtures were obtained from the livers of burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes (Mjøsa and Losna) with different contaminant profiles. Steroid hormone levels in the cell culture medium and mRNA levels of 16 genes involved in steroidogenesis were investigated. The crude Lake Mjøsa extract had to be diluted ten times more than the Lake Losna extract in order to prevent cytotoxicity. The ten times diluted Lake Mjøsa mixture had higher levels of DDT and derivates (∑DDTs, 1.7 times) and brominated flame retardants (∑BDEs and HBCD, 15-25 times) than the Lake Losna mixture, which, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of ∑PCBs (1.5 times higher) and also of HCB, ∑HCH isomers and ∑chlordane isomers (5-20 times higher). In the cell culture media, only cortisol levels were increased at the highest exposure concentration to the Lake Mjøsa mixture, while both cortisol and estradiol levels were increased following exposure to the two highest Lake Losna mixture exposure concentrations. Testosterone levels decreased only at the highest exposure concentration of the Lake Losna mixture. Multivariate models suggested that ∑PCBs, and to a lesser extent ∑DDTs, were responsible for the cortisol responses, while estradiol and testosterone alterations were best explained by HCB and ∑PCBs, respectively. Exposure to the mixtures generally increased mRNA levels, with smaller effects exerted by the Lake Mjøsa mixture than the Lake Losna mixture. It was concluded that both mixtures affected steroidogenesis in the H295R cells. Small differences in mixture composition, rather than the high content of brominated flame retardants in the Lake Mjøsa mixture, were suggested to be the most probable reason for the apparent differences in potencies of the two mixtures.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Zimmer, Karin E and Montaño, Mauricio and Olsaker, Ingrid and Dahl, Ellen and Berg, Vidar and Karlsson, Camilla and Murk, Albertinka J and Skaare, Janneche U and Ropstad, Erik and Verhaegen, Steven},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21420147},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: blood, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: physiology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Water Pollutants, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {2040--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zimmer, K. E\",\"Montaño, M.\",\"Olsaker, I.\",\"Dahl, E.\",\"Berg, V.\",\"Karlsson, C.\",\"Murk, A. J\",\"Skaare, J. U\",\"Ropstad, E.\",\"Verhaegen, S.\"],\"key\":\"zimmer_vitro_2011\",\"id\":\"zimmer_vitro_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zimmer-montao-olsaker-dahl-berg-karlsson-murk-skaare-etal-invitrosteroidogeniceffectsofmixturesofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsextractedfromburbotlotalotacaughtintwonorwegianlakes-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: metabolism\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Gadiformes\",\"Gadiformes: blood\",\"Gadiformes: metabolism\",\"Gadiformes: physiology\",\"Gene Expression\",\"Gene Expression: drug effects\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Norway\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection of dechlorane plus in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076\",\"abstract\":\"Dechlorane plus (DP), a flame retardant recently identified in the air and sediment of the Great Lakes region, has been detected in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry under negative chemical ionization mode. DP was detected in all dust samples with a concentration range of 2.3 to 182 ng g(-1), except for one dust sample (5683 ng g(-1)) which was much higher. The levels of DP in indoor dust were several times higher than those in the sediment of the Great Lakes. The presence of DP in indoor environments could have implications for potential human exposure to this chemical. The daily human intake of DP from dust was estimated using dust ingestion data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The large variation of the ratio of syn- and anti-DP isomers in the dust samples also suggests a complex degradation process of DP in the environment.\",\"number\":\"22\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Lai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"18075076\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Canada, Chemical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Models, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"7694–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_detection_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of dechlorane plus in residential indoor dust in the city of {Ottawa}, {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076},\\n\\tabstract = {Dechlorane plus (DP), a flame retardant recently identified in the air and sediment of the Great Lakes region, has been detected in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry under negative chemical ionization mode. DP was detected in all dust samples with a concentration range of 2.3 to 182 ng g(-1), except for one dust sample (5683 ng g(-1)) which was much higher. The levels of DP in indoor dust were several times higher than those in the sediment of the Great Lakes. The presence of DP in indoor environments could have implications for potential human exposure to this chemical. The daily human intake of DP from dust was estimated using dust ingestion data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The large variation of the ratio of syn- and anti-DP isomers in the dust samples also suggests a complex degradation process of DP in the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {22},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Feng, Yong-Lai and Shoeib, Mahiba},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {18075076},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Canada, Chemical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Models, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {7694--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, J.\",\"Feng, Y.\",\"Shoeib, M.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_detection_2007\",\"id\":\"zhu_detection_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-feng-shoeib-detectionofdechloraneplusinresidentialindoordustinthecityofottawacanada-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Canada\",\"Chemical\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Housing\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Models\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in South China.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.009\",\"abstract\":\"Human hair and indoor dust from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in south China were collected and analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs concentrations in hair from occupational e-waste recycling workers were higher than those from non-occupational exposed residents in other sampling areas. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two major BFRs in hair samples. The PBDE congener profiles in hair from the e-waste area are different from those from urban and rural areas with relatively higher contribution of lower brominated congeners. DBDPE, instead of BDE209, has become the major BFR in non-e-waste recycling areas. Significant correlations were found between hair level and dust level for DBDPE and BTBPE but not for PBDEs. The different PBDE congener profiles between dust and hair may suggest that exogenous exposure to the PBDE adsorbed on dust is not a major source of hair PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yuan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jian-Gang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu-Tao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shen-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhong-Yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21840093\",\"keywords\":\"80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Rural Health, Urban Health, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"3706–13\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zheng_levels_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Human hair and indoor dust from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in south China were collected and analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs concentrations in hair from occupational e-waste recycling workers were higher than those from non-occupational exposed residents in other sampling areas. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two major BFRs in hair samples. The PBDE congener profiles in hair from the e-waste area are different from those from urban and rural areas with relatively higher contribution of lower brominated congeners. DBDPE, instead of BDE209, has become the major BFR in non-e-waste recycling areas. Significant correlations were found between hair level and dust level for DBDPE and BTBPE but not for PBDEs. The different PBDE congener profiles between dust and hair may suggest that exogenous exposure to the PBDE adsorbed on dust is not a major source of hair PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Zheng, Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yuan, Jian-Gang and Wang, Jing and Wang, Yu-Tao and Chen, Shen-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian and Yang, Zhong-Yi},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21840093},\\n\\tkeywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Rural Health, Urban Health, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {3706--13},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zheng, J.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Yuan, J.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Mai, B.\",\"Yang, Z.\"],\"key\":\"zheng_levels_2011\",\"id\":\"zheng_levels_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zheng-luo-yuan-wang-wang-chen-mai-yang-levelsandsourcesofbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanhairfromurbanewasteandruralareasinsouthchina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093\"},\"keyword\":[\"80 and over\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Child\",\"China\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Electronic Waste: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hair\",\"Hair: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Preschool\",\"Rural Health\",\"Urban Health\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: levels, distribution and their influencing factors.\",\"volume\":\"82\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.032\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g(-1)d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaofeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haijun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuwen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianbo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xueping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Su\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daoming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21208636\",\"keywords\":\"Carbon, Carbon: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Kinetics, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1262–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhao_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the {Daliao} {River} {Estuary}, {China}: levels, distribution and their influencing factors.},\\n\\tvolume = {82},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.032},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g(-1)d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhao, Xiaofeng and Zhang, Haijun and Ni, Yuwen and Lu, Xianbo and Zhang, Xueping and Su, Fan and Fan, Jingfeng and Guan, Daoming and Chen, Jiping},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21208636},\\n\\tkeywords = {Carbon, Carbon: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Kinetics, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1262--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhao, X.\",\"Zhang, H.\",\"Ni, Y.\",\"Lu, X.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Su, F.\",\"Fan, J.\",\"Guan, D.\",\"Chen, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhao_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"zhao_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhao-zhang-ni-lu-zhang-su-fan-guan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsofthedaliaoriverestuarychinalevelsdistributionandtheirinfluencingfactors-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636\"},\"keyword\":[\"Carbon\",\"Carbon: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Kinetics\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Water Movements\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Do Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Increase the Risk of Thyroid Cancer?\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"issn\":\"1876-746X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.bihy.2008.06.003\",\"abstract\":\"An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in many parts of the world including the United States during the past several decades. Recently emerging evidence has demonstrated that polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alter thyroid hormone homeostasis and cause thyroid dysfunction. However, few studies have been conducted to test whether exposure to PBDEs and other PHAHs increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Here, we hypothesize that elevated exposure to PHAHs, particularly PBDEs, increases the risk of thyroid cancer and may explain part of the increase in incidence of thyroid cancer during the past several decades. In addition, genetic and epigenetic variations in metabolic pathway genes may alter the expression and function of metabolic enzymes which are involved in the metabolism of endogenous thyroid hormones and the detoxification of PBDEs and other PHAHs. Such variation may result in different individual susceptibilities to PBDEs and other PHAHs and the subsequent development of thyroid cancer. The investigation of this hypothesis will lead to an improved understanding of the role of PBDEs and other PHAHs in thyroid tumorigenesis and may provide a real means to prevent this deadly disease.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Bioscience hypotheses\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yawei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grace\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xuesong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cairong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kilfoy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Briseis\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boyle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tongzhang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"19122824\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"195–199\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_polybrominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Do {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) {Increase} the {Risk} of {Thyroid} {Cancer}?},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tissn = {1876-746X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bihy.2008.06.003},\\n\\tabstract = {An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in many parts of the world including the United States during the past several decades. Recently emerging evidence has demonstrated that polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alter thyroid hormone homeostasis and cause thyroid dysfunction. However, few studies have been conducted to test whether exposure to PBDEs and other PHAHs increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Here, we hypothesize that elevated exposure to PHAHs, particularly PBDEs, increases the risk of thyroid cancer and may explain part of the increase in incidence of thyroid cancer during the past several decades. In addition, genetic and epigenetic variations in metabolic pathway genes may alter the expression and function of metabolic enzymes which are involved in the metabolism of endogenous thyroid hormones and the detoxification of PBDEs and other PHAHs. Such variation may result in different individual susceptibilities to PBDEs and other PHAHs and the subsequent development of thyroid cancer. The investigation of this hypothesis will lead to an improved understanding of the role of PBDEs and other PHAHs in thyroid tumorigenesis and may provide a real means to prevent this deadly disease.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Bioscience hypotheses},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Yawei and Guo, Grace L and Han, Xuesong and Zhu, Cairong and Kilfoy, Briseis A and Zhu, Yong and Boyle, Peter and Zheng, Tongzhang},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {19122824},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {195--199},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Guo, G. L\",\"Han, X.\",\"Zhu, C.\",\"Kilfoy, B. A\",\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Boyle, P.\",\"Zheng, T.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_polybrominated_2008\",\"id\":\"zhang_polybrominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-guo-han-zhu-kilfoy-zhu-boyle-zheng-dopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincreasetheriskofthyroidcancer-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments and a sediment core from Rivers and Harbor in the northern Chinese city of Tianjin.\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.037\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were investigated in the sediment from Haihe River (HR), Dagu Dainage Canal (DDC) and Tianjin Harbor (TH) at Bohai Bay using a total of 51 samples of surface sediments and a sediment core collected from May to September in 2010, and its diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles were analyzed. The concentration of total HBCDs were generally high, with mean value and ranges of 31.0 and 1.35-634 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. The contamination followed the order of TH\\\\textgreaterDDC\\\\textgreaterHR. Higher levels (up to 634 ng g(-1)dw) occurred in the lower reach of HR and DDC located in an industrial area of Tianjin. This is the first time to report so high concentration of HBCDs in sediment in Southeast Asia. The γ-diastereomer dominated in most samples (44 out of 51), and this is in agreement with the diastereomer distribution pattern in industrial products, while α-HBCD was the dominant diastereomer in the other seven samples. However, only few samples exhibited γ-diastereomer ratio similar to that (75-89%) in technical products, indicating the inter-transformation and variable degradation of the different isomers. The high ratio of γ-diastereomer could be used as an indicator for fresh contamination input. Enantiomeric factors (EFs) of HBCD isomers in most of the samples were statistically different from technical products (p\\\\textless0.05), showing a trend of more easily enrichment of the (-)-HBCD-enantiomer compared to the (+)-HBCD-enantiomer. The δ- and ϵ-diastereomers were frequently detected but at low level. The HBCDs in the sediment core showed several peaks, and the greatest value occurred in 2005, when a plastic manufacture plant using HBCD was set up nearby.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yanwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuefei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongwen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lijie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23062943\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1610–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_hexabromocyclododecanes_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments and a sediment core from {Rivers} and {Harbor} in the northern {Chinese} city of {Tianjin}.},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.037},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were investigated in the sediment from Haihe River (HR), Dagu Dainage Canal (DDC) and Tianjin Harbor (TH) at Bohai Bay using a total of 51 samples of surface sediments and a sediment core collected from May to September in 2010, and its diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles were analyzed. The concentration of total HBCDs were generally high, with mean value and ranges of 31.0 and 1.35-634 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. The contamination followed the order of TH{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterDDC{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterHR. Higher levels (up to 634 ng g(-1)dw) occurred in the lower reach of HR and DDC located in an industrial area of Tianjin. This is the first time to report so high concentration of HBCDs in sediment in Southeast Asia. The γ-diastereomer dominated in most samples (44 out of 51), and this is in agreement with the diastereomer distribution pattern in industrial products, while α-HBCD was the dominant diastereomer in the other seven samples. However, only few samples exhibited γ-diastereomer ratio similar to that (75-89\\\\%) in technical products, indicating the inter-transformation and variable degradation of the different isomers. The high ratio of γ-diastereomer could be used as an indicator for fresh contamination input. Enantiomeric factors (EFs) of HBCD isomers in most of the samples were statistically different from technical products (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05), showing a trend of more easily enrichment of the (-)-HBCD-enantiomer compared to the (+)-HBCD-enantiomer. The δ- and ϵ-diastereomers were frequently detected but at low level. The HBCDs in the sediment core showed several peaks, and the greatest value occurred in 2005, when a plastic manufacture plant using HBCD was set up nearby.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Yanwei and Ruan, Yuefei and Sun, Hongwen and Zhao, Lijie and Gan, Zhiwei},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23062943},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1610--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Ruan, Y.\",\"Sun, H.\",\"Zhao, L.\",\"Gan, Z.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_hexabromocyclododecanes_2013\",\"id\":\"zhang_hexabromocyclododecanes_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-ruan-sun-zhao-gan-hexabromocyclododecanesinsurfacesedimentsandasedimentcorefromriversandharborinthenorthernchinesecityoftianjin-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960\",\"abstract\":\"We adapted an indoor multimedia fugacity model to consider emissions and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and to understand the variability of indoor concentrations. The model was applied to an office in which an 80% decrease in PBDE air concentration was observed after an old computer was exchanged with a newer one. PBDE-impregnated polyurethane foam (PUF) and carpet were treated as pseudo-steady-state components with specified fugacities derived from measured concentrations of 173 and 2140 ng x g(-1), respectively. Emission rates of 35 and 5.4 ng x h(-1), for the old and new computers, respectively, were calculated using the pseudo-steady-state approach. Particle movement (deposition and resuspension) dominates within-room transport processes, and dust removal (vacuuming) and air advection (ventilation) are the main loss processes. The most sensitive parameters to air concentrations and estimated emission rates are room temperature, particle concentrations and deposition velocity, and air exchange rates. The air exchange rates and bouncing on PUF furniture can alter whether the PUF and carpet are sources or sinks of PBDEs. Model results suggest that exposure via air can be reduced by removing dust, having a high air exchange rate, and low indoor temperatures.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diamond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibarra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catalina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Chemical, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Models\",\"pages\":\"2845–2850\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_multimedia_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960},\\n\\tabstract = {We adapted an indoor multimedia fugacity model to consider emissions and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and to understand the variability of indoor concentrations. The model was applied to an office in which an 80\\\\% decrease in PBDE air concentration was observed after an old computer was exchanged with a newer one. PBDE-impregnated polyurethane foam (PUF) and carpet were treated as pseudo-steady-state components with specified fugacities derived from measured concentrations of 173 and 2140 ng x g(-1), respectively. Emission rates of 35 and 5.4 ng x h(-1), for the old and new computers, respectively, were calculated using the pseudo-steady-state approach. Particle movement (deposition and resuspension) dominates within-room transport processes, and dust removal (vacuuming) and air advection (ventilation) are the main loss processes. The most sensitive parameters to air concentrations and estimated emission rates are room temperature, particle concentrations and deposition velocity, and air exchange rates. The air exchange rates and bouncing on PUF furniture can alter whether the PUF and carpet are sources or sinks of PBDEs. Model results suggest that exposure via air can be reduced by removing dust, having a high air exchange rate, and low indoor temperatures.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Xianming and Diamond, Miriam L and Ibarra, Catalina and Harrad, Stuart},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Chemical, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Models},\\n\\tpages = {2845--2850},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, X.\",\"Diamond, M. L\",\"Ibarra, C.\",\"Harrad, S.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_multimedia_2009\",\"id\":\"zhang_multimedia_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-diamond-ibarra-harrad-multimediamodelingofpolybrominateddiphenyletheremissionsandfateindoors-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Chemical\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Indoor\",\"Models\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Co-release of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nano- and microparticles from the thermal cutting of polystyrene foams.\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es302559v\",\"abstract\":\"Polystyrene foam is a very important insulation material, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is frequently used as its flame retardant. HBCD is persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, and therefore workplace exposure and environmental emission should be avoided. In this study, we investigated the co-release of HBCD and aerosol particles during the thermal cutting of expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) and extruded polystyrene foam (XPS). The generated particles were simultaneously measured by a fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS) and collected by a cascade impactor (NanoMoudi). In the breathing zone of a cutting worker, the number concentration of aerosol particles was above 1 ×1012 particles m-3, and the air concentration of HBCD was more than 50 μg m-3. Most of the released HBCD was partitioned into particles with an aerodynamic diameter at the nano-meter scale. The average concentrations of HBCD in these submicron particles generated from the thermal cutting of EPS and XPS were 13 times and 15 times higher than the concentrations in raw foams, respectively. An occupational exposure assessment indicated that more than 60% of HBCD and 70% of particles deposited in the lung of cutting worker would be allocated to the alveolar region. The potential subchronic (or chronic) toxicity jointly caused by the particles and HBCD calls for future studies.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haijun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu-Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gerecke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_co-release_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Co-release of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) and nano- and microparticles from the thermal cutting of polystyrene foams.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es302559v},\\n\\tabstract = {Polystyrene foam is a very important insulation material, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is frequently used as its flame retardant. HBCD is persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, and therefore workplace exposure and environmental emission should be avoided. In this study, we investigated the co-release of HBCD and aerosol particles during the thermal cutting of expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) and extruded polystyrene foam (XPS). The generated particles were simultaneously measured by a fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS) and collected by a cascade impactor (NanoMoudi). In the breathing zone of a cutting worker, the number concentration of aerosol particles was above 1 ×1012 particles m-3, and the air concentration of HBCD was more than 50 μg m-3. Most of the released HBCD was partitioned into particles with an aerodynamic diameter at the nano-meter scale. The average concentrations of HBCD in these submicron particles generated from the thermal cutting of EPS and XPS were 13 times and 15 times higher than the concentrations in raw foams, respectively. An occupational exposure assessment indicated that more than 60\\\\% of HBCD and 70\\\\% of particles deposited in the lung of cutting worker would be allocated to the alveolar region. The potential subchronic (or chronic) toxicity jointly caused by the particles and HBCD calls for future studies.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Haijun and Kuo, Yu-Ying and Gerecke, Andreas C and Wang, Jing},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, H.\",\"Kuo, Y.\",\"Gerecke, A. C\",\"Wang, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_co-release_2012\",\"id\":\"zhang_co-release_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-kuo-gerecke-wang-coreleaseofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnanoandmicroparticlesfromthethermalcuttingofpolystyrenefoams-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Halogenated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling region in South China: levels, composition profiles, and human dietary exposure assessment.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.006\",\"abstract\":\"Three regulated halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) including Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in the home-produced eggs from three recycling sites and a reference site in an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling region, South China. Mean levels of HFRs in eggs from the recycling sites ranged 2640-14100, 700-1620, 44-350, and 720-3920 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PBDEs, ∑PBBs, ∑HBCDs, and ∑AHFRs, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those examined in the reference site. PBDEs were the predominant HFR in those eggs, with contributions \\\\textgreater50% to the total HFRs; followed by PBBs and the AHFRs (contributing 14-22% in average). The α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomers of HBCDs, with preferential enrichment of the (-)-enantiomer in most of the eggs; but no significant stereoselective enrichment of the DP isomers was observed in these eggs. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDs, and the AHFRs via eggs from the recycling sites ranged 4200-20000, 1120-2440, 80-490, and 970-4530 ng/day, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those reported from other parts of the world. The potential adverse effects of these HFRs to human health in the e-waste sites should be further investigated. This is the first report on the isomer compositions of DP and the chiral signatures of HBCDs in hen eggs.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Bo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan-Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"She\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ya-Zhe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22609680\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chickens, China, Diet, Diet: statistics & numerical data, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Eggs: statistics & numerical data, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"122–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zheng_halogenated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Halogenated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling region in {South} {China}: levels, composition profiles, and human dietary exposure assessment.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.006},\\n\\tabstract = {Three regulated halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) including Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in the home-produced eggs from three recycling sites and a reference site in an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling region, South China. Mean levels of HFRs in eggs from the recycling sites ranged 2640-14100, 700-1620, 44-350, and 720-3920 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PBDEs, ∑PBBs, ∑HBCDs, and ∑AHFRs, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those examined in the reference site. PBDEs were the predominant HFR in those eggs, with contributions {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater50\\\\% to the total HFRs; followed by PBBs and the AHFRs (contributing 14-22\\\\% in average). The α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomers of HBCDs, with preferential enrichment of the (-)-enantiomer in most of the eggs; but no significant stereoselective enrichment of the DP isomers was observed in these eggs. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDs, and the AHFRs via eggs from the recycling sites ranged 4200-20000, 1120-2440, 80-490, and 970-4530 ng/day, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those reported from other parts of the world. The potential adverse effects of these HFRs to human health in the e-waste sites should be further investigated. This is the first report on the isomer compositions of DP and the chiral signatures of HBCDs in hen eggs.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Zheng, Xiao-Bo and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zeng, Yan-Hong and She, Ya-Zhe and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22609680},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chickens, China, Diet, Diet: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Eggs: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {122--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zheng, X.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Zeng, Y.\",\"She, Y.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"zheng_halogenated_2012\",\"id\":\"zheng_halogenated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zheng-wu-luo-zeng-she-mai-halogenatedflameretardantsinhomeproducedeggsfromanelectronicwasterecyclingregioninsouthchinalevelscompositionprofilesandhumandietaryexposureassessment-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Chickens\",\"China\",\"Diet\",\"Diet: statistics & numerical data\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Eggs: statistics & numerical data\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effect of brominated flame retardant BDE-47 on androgen production of adult rat Leydig cells.\",\"volume\":\"205\",\"issn\":\"1879-3169\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.011\",\"abstract\":\"As one of the most abundant polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) detected in adipose tissue and breast milk of humans, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is considered as a potential endocrine disruptor. The objective of this study is to explore whether environment-related level of BDE-47 could affect the androgen production in rat Leydig cells. Rat adult Leydig cells (ALCs) were treated with 10(-8) to 10(-4)M BDE-47 in vitro, the production of testosterone (T) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein level were determined. BDE-47 significantly increased basal T production and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level of ALCs after treatment with 10(-4)M BED-47. Overall, LH (0.1ng/ml) stimulated T production in ALCs by 6 folds, however it did not increase T production in BDE-47-treated ALCs when compared to untreated ALC. Both 8-Br-cAMP (for cAMP signaling) and 22R-hydroxycholesterol (22-diol, for P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme P450scc activity) significantly increased T production in ALCs treated with BDE-47 from 10(-7) to 10(-5)M. The results of this study indicate that environment-related level of BDE-47 in vitro increased T production in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulated effects of BDE-47 on StAR and P450scc might play key roles in BDE-47-mediated stimulation of T production.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sottas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chantal\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ren-Shan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21704137\",\"keywords\":\"Aging, Aging: metabolism, Animals, Cell Culture Techniques, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis\",\"pages\":\"209–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhao_effect_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Effect of brominated flame retardant {BDE}-47 on androgen production of adult rat {Leydig} cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {205},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3169},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.011},\\n\\tabstract = {As one of the most abundant polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) detected in adipose tissue and breast milk of humans, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is considered as a potential endocrine disruptor. The objective of this study is to explore whether environment-related level of BDE-47 could affect the androgen production in rat Leydig cells. Rat adult Leydig cells (ALCs) were treated with 10(-8) to 10(-4)M BDE-47 in vitro, the production of testosterone (T) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein level were determined. BDE-47 significantly increased basal T production and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level of ALCs after treatment with 10(-4)M BED-47. Overall, LH (0.1ng/ml) stimulated T production in ALCs by 6 folds, however it did not increase T production in BDE-47-treated ALCs when compared to untreated ALC. Both 8-Br-cAMP (for cAMP signaling) and 22R-hydroxycholesterol (22-diol, for P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme P450scc activity) significantly increased T production in ALCs treated with BDE-47 from 10(-7) to 10(-5)M. The results of this study indicate that environment-related level of BDE-47 in vitro increased T production in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulated effects of BDE-47 on StAR and P450scc might play key roles in BDE-47-mediated stimulation of T production.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhao, Yan and Ao, Hong and Chen, Li and Sottas, Chantal M and Ge, Ren-Shan and Zhang, Yunhui},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21704137},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aging, Aging: metabolism, Animals, Cell Culture Techniques, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis},\\n\\tpages = {209--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Ao, H.\",\"Chen, L.\",\"Sottas, C. M\",\"Ge, R.\",\"Zhang, Y.\"],\"key\":\"zhao_effect_2011\",\"id\":\"zhao_effect_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhao-ao-chen-sottas-ge-zhang-effectofbrominatedflameretardantbde47onandrogenproductionofadultratleydigcells-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aging\",\"Aging: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Cell Culture Techniques\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cultured\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorescent Antibody Technique\",\"Leydig Cells\",\"Leydig Cells: drug effects\",\"Leydig Cells: metabolism\",\"Long-Evans\",\"Male\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Radioimmunoassay\",\"Rats\",\"Testosterone\",\"Testosterone: biosynthesis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Contaminant pattern and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging organhalogen pollutants in the aquatic biota from an e-waste recycling region in South China.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.122\",\"abstract\":\"Legacy pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), and some emerging organhalogen pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and dechlorane plus (DP), were detected in an aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from an e-waste recycling region in South China. Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, PBDEs, and HBB were detected in more than 90% of the samples, with respective concentrations ranging from not detected (ND)-32,000 ng/g lipid weight, ND-850 ng/g lipid weight, 8 to 1,300 ng/g lipid weight, and 0.28 to 240 ng/g lipid weight. Pentabromotoluene, PBEB, BTBPE, and DP were also quantifiable in collected samples with a concentration range of ND-40 ng/g lipid weight. The elevated levels of PCBs and PBDEs in the organisms, compared with those in non-e-waste regions in South China, suggest that these two kinds of pollutants derived mainly from e-waste recycling practices. Hexabromobenzene was significantly correlated with PBDEs, implying that HBB come from the release of e-waste along with PBDEs and/or the pyrolysis of BDE209. Most of the compounds whose trophic magnification factor (TMF) could be calculated were found to biomagnify (TMF \\\\textgreater 1). Hexabromobenzene was also found, for the first time, to biomagnify in the present food web, with a TMF of 2.1.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20821514\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, DDT, DDT: pharmacokinetics, Electronics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"852–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_contaminant_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Contaminant pattern and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging organhalogen pollutants in the aquatic biota from an e-waste recycling region in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.122},\\n\\tabstract = {Legacy pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), and some emerging organhalogen pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and dechlorane plus (DP), were detected in an aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from an e-waste recycling region in South China. Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, PBDEs, and HBB were detected in more than 90\\\\% of the samples, with respective concentrations ranging from not detected (ND)-32,000 ng/g lipid weight, ND-850 ng/g lipid weight, 8 to 1,300 ng/g lipid weight, and 0.28 to 240 ng/g lipid weight. Pentabromotoluene, PBEB, BTBPE, and DP were also quantifiable in collected samples with a concentration range of ND-40 ng/g lipid weight. The elevated levels of PCBs and PBDEs in the organisms, compared with those in non-e-waste regions in South China, suggest that these two kinds of pollutants derived mainly from e-waste recycling practices. Hexabromobenzene was significantly correlated with PBDEs, implying that HBB come from the release of e-waste along with PBDEs and/or the pyrolysis of BDE209. Most of the compounds whose trophic magnification factor (TMF) could be calculated were found to biomagnify (TMF {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 1). Hexabromobenzene was also found, for the first time, to biomagnify in the present food web, with a TMF of 2.1.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Ying and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Liu, Juan and Wang, Jing and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20821514},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, DDT, DDT: pharmacokinetics, Electronics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {852--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Liu, J.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_contaminant_2010\",\"id\":\"zhang_contaminant_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-luo-wu-liu-wang-chen-mai-contaminantpatternandbioaccumulationoflegacyandemergingorganhalogenpollutantsintheaquaticbiotafromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"China\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: pharmacokinetics\",\"Electronics\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tissue distribution of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its metabolites in sucking rat pups after prenatal and/or postnatal exposure.\",\"volume\":\"283\",\"issn\":\"1879-3185\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.003\",\"abstract\":\"Growing evidence has shown that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) can disrupt thyroid hormones and induce neurological and developmental effects, especially for the fetuses and neonates after prenatal or postnatal exposure. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to BDE-209 on the absorption and tissue distribution of BDE-209 and its metabolites in offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5μmol/kg b.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil during gestational and lactational period or during lactational period only. BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners were analyzed in several maternal tissues, offspring carcass and neonatal tissues. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their time profiles in maternal blood, placenta and fetuses/sucking pups indicated that BDE-209 and its debrominated products can be transferred from mother to offspring via in utero or lactational exposure. Nona-BDEs were the predominant congeners in the analyzed pup tissues, and BDE-206 was the most abundant congener while BDE-197/204 was the major congener of octa-BDE. Then the contributions of transplacental and lactational transfer were compared for BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners. The levels of PBDEs in tissues of sucking pups of the in utero and lactational exposure group were much higher than those of only lactationally exposed group. BDE-197/204 was the debrominated congener with the most significant difference between these two groups and the pup brain was the tissue with the most significant difference of the levels of debrominated congeners. The results provide a basis for understanding the possible adverse effects caused by maternal transfer of BDE-209 during the critical periods of development of fetuses and sucking neonates.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenbing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunmei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dunjin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21345361\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Pregnancy, Random Allocation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Tissue Distribution\",\"pages\":\"49–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_tissue_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Tissue distribution of decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) and its metabolites in sucking rat pups after prenatal and/or postnatal exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {283},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3185},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Growing evidence has shown that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) can disrupt thyroid hormones and induce neurological and developmental effects, especially for the fetuses and neonates after prenatal or postnatal exposure. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to BDE-209 on the absorption and tissue distribution of BDE-209 and its metabolites in offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5μmol/kg b.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil during gestational and lactational period or during lactational period only. BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners were analyzed in several maternal tissues, offspring carcass and neonatal tissues. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their time profiles in maternal blood, placenta and fetuses/sucking pups indicated that BDE-209 and its debrominated products can be transferred from mother to offspring via in utero or lactational exposure. Nona-BDEs were the predominant congeners in the analyzed pup tissues, and BDE-206 was the most abundant congener while BDE-197/204 was the major congener of octa-BDE. Then the contributions of transplacental and lactational transfer were compared for BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners. The levels of PBDEs in tissues of sucking pups of the in utero and lactational exposure group were much higher than those of only lactationally exposed group. BDE-197/204 was the debrominated congener with the most significant difference between these two groups and the pup brain was the tissue with the most significant difference of the levels of debrominated congeners. The results provide a basis for understanding the possible adverse effects caused by maternal transfer of BDE-209 during the critical periods of development of fetuses and sucking neonates.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Wenbing and Cai, Yunmei and Sheng, Guoying and Chen, Dunjin and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21345361},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Pregnancy, Random Allocation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Tissue Distribution},\\n\\tpages = {49--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, W.\",\"Cai, Y.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_tissue_2011\",\"id\":\"zhang_tissue_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-cai-sheng-chen-fu-tissuedistributionofdecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209anditsmetabolitesinsuckingratpupsafterprenatalandorpostnatalexposure-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lactation\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Random Allocation\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Suckling\",\"Tissue Distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dietary accumulation, disposition, and metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether (DE-71) in pregnant mink (mustela vision) and their offspring\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099\",\"doi\":\"10.1897/07-487\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in humans and wildlife suggest significant bioaccumulation potential in mammals, although no quantitative biomagnification data are available from controlled experiments. As part of a larger study examining the effects of PBDEs on mink reproduction and development, we examined congener-specific tissue distribution, maternal transfer, biotransformation, and biomagnification of the technical penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in farmed mink. Adult female mink were fed one of four concentrations of DE-71 (0-2.5 mug/g) in the diet from breeding, through gestation, and until weaning at six weeks post-parturition. Parent PBDEs were measured in tissues and excreta of adult mink, kits, and juveniles, while hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) were measured in juveniles only. Similar lipid normalized concentrations of PBDEs were detected in most tissues of adult mink, with the exception of brain which was significantly lower. However, kits had a higher proportion of PBDEs in the brain than adults, presumably due to incomplete development of the blood-brain barrier. Maternal transfer favored lower brominated BDE congeners, and the bulk of the body burden in kits at weaning resulted from lactational transfer, rather than transplacental transfer. Lipid-normalized whole-body biomagnification factors ranged from 0.5 to 5.2 for the major congeners and were highest for BDE 47 and BDE 153. Metabolism clearly limited the biomagnification of some PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs were detectable in plasma, liver, and feces. On a mass basis, OH-PBDEs accounted for 28 to 32% of the excreted fraction, indicating metabolism was an important elimination pathway. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of PBDE biotransformation.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Si\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bursian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hing\",\"Man\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18171099\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"1\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_dietary_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Dietary accumulation, disposition, and metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether ({DE}-71) in pregnant mink (mustela vision) and their offspring},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1897/07-487},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in humans and wildlife suggest significant bioaccumulation potential in mammals, although no quantitative biomagnification data are available from controlled experiments. As part of a larger study examining the effects of PBDEs on mink reproduction and development, we examined congener-specific tissue distribution, maternal transfer, biotransformation, and biomagnification of the technical penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in farmed mink. Adult female mink were fed one of four concentrations of DE-71 (0-2.5 mug/g) in the diet from breeding, through gestation, and until weaning at six weeks post-parturition. Parent PBDEs were measured in tissues and excreta of adult mink, kits, and juveniles, while hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) were measured in juveniles only. Similar lipid normalized concentrations of PBDEs were detected in most tissues of adult mink, with the exception of brain which was significantly lower. However, kits had a higher proportion of PBDEs in the brain than adults, presumably due to incomplete development of the blood-brain barrier. Maternal transfer favored lower brominated BDE congeners, and the bulk of the body burden in kits at weaning resulted from lactational transfer, rather than transplacental transfer. Lipid-normalized whole-body biomagnification factors ranged from 0.5 to 5.2 for the major congeners and were highest for BDE 47 and BDE 153. Metabolism clearly limited the biomagnification of some PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs were detectable in plasma, liver, and feces. On a mass basis, OH-PBDEs accounted for 28 to 32\\\\% of the excreted fraction, indicating metabolism was an important elimination pathway. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of PBDE biotransformation.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Si and Bursian, Steven J and Martin, Pamela and Chan, Hing Man and Martin, Jonathan},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18171099},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, S.\",\"Bursian, S. J\",\"Martin, P.\",\"Chan, H. M.\",\"Martin, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_dietary_2008\",\"id\":\"zhang_dietary_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-bursian-martin-chan-martin-dietaryaccumulationdispositionandmetabolismoftechnicalpentabrominateddiphenyletherde71inpregnantminkmustelavisionandtheiroffspring-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in primipara breast milk from Shenzhen and exposure risk for breast-fed infants.\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c2em10739b\",\"abstract\":\"This study aimed at revealing the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from primipara in Shenzhen (China), and estimating daily intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants. Concentrations of 7 PBDEs were measured in 60 breast milk samples by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS (high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry). The intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants was estimated based on the infant's daily milk consumption. The range of total concentration of 7 PBDEs congeners in samples was 2.6-188.6 ng g(-1) lipid (mean: 14.8 ng g(-1) lipid; median: 7.2 ng g(-1) lipid). The mean estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast-fed infants ranged from 9.9 to 335.9 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) per day (mean: 52.5 ng kg(-1) bw per day; median: 28.6 ng kg(-1) bw per day). The levels of PBDEs body burden in the recruited mothers of Shenzhen were higher than those reported previously for the general population from other areas in China. No significant correlations were found between the body burden of PBDEs and the mothers' age, pre-pregnancy BMI, dietary habits, duration of residence in Shenzhen, weight and length of the newborns. BDE-47 and BDE-153 were major PBDE congeners in milk samples, while the congeners of BDE-183 and BDE-28 were also high in Shenzhen. The situation may be attributed to the special economic pattern including electronic production in Shenzhen in the past three decades. Continuous surveillance on PBDEs levels in human milk is needed in order to accurately evaluate the environmental impact of PBDEs to human health in Shenzhen.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jian\",\"Gang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao\",\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hua\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22277921\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: statistics & numerical data, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Parity, Pregnancy, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"893–900\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_levels_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in primipara breast milk from {Shenzhen} and exposure risk for breast-fed infants.},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em10739b},\\n\\tabstract = {This study aimed at revealing the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from primipara in Shenzhen (China), and estimating daily intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants. Concentrations of 7 PBDEs were measured in 60 breast milk samples by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS (high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry). The intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants was estimated based on the infant's daily milk consumption. The range of total concentration of 7 PBDEs congeners in samples was 2.6-188.6 ng g(-1) lipid (mean: 14.8 ng g(-1) lipid; median: 7.2 ng g(-1) lipid). The mean estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast-fed infants ranged from 9.9 to 335.9 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) per day (mean: 52.5 ng kg(-1) bw per day; median: 28.6 ng kg(-1) bw per day). The levels of PBDEs body burden in the recruited mothers of Shenzhen were higher than those reported previously for the general population from other areas in China. No significant correlations were found between the body burden of PBDEs and the mothers' age, pre-pregnancy BMI, dietary habits, duration of residence in Shenzhen, weight and length of the newborns. BDE-47 and BDE-153 were major PBDE congeners in milk samples, while the congeners of BDE-183 and BDE-28 were also high in Shenzhen. The situation may be attributed to the special economic pattern including electronic production in Shenzhen in the past three decades. Continuous surveillance on PBDEs levels in human milk is needed in order to accurately evaluate the environmental impact of PBDEs to human health in Shenzhen.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Jian Gang and Sun, Xiao Wei and Ai, Hua},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22277921},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: statistics \\\\& numerical data, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Parity, Pregnancy, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {893--900},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, J. G.\",\"Sun, X. W.\",\"Ai, H.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_levels_2012\",\"id\":\"zhang_levels_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-sun-ai-levelsandcongenerprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinprimiparabreastmilkfromshenzhenandexposureriskforbreastfedinfants-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Breast Feeding\",\"Breast Feeding: statistics & numerical data\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Parity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Role of brominated diphenly ether-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro.\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"1873-474X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.002\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated diphenly ether-209 (BDE-209, decaBDE) is among the most common flame retardants. In a previous study, it was confirmed that exposure to BDE-209 can decrease learning and memory in mice. However, it is still unknown whether BDE-209 has an effect on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). To analyse the role of BDE-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells, NSCs obtained from neonatal rats were cultured as neurospheres in DMEM/F12 medium that contained different concentrations of BDE-209 for 7 days. BDE-209 was found to inhibit neurite outgrowth and the differentiation of NSCs into neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. BDE-209 also enhanced the ratio of differentiation of NSCs into glial cells.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunfang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianbao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dunjin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20600791\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Differentiation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: physiology, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: cytology, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: physiology, Neurites: ultrastructure, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: physiology, Newborn, Rats, Sprague-Dawley\",\"pages\":\"497–502\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_role_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Role of brominated diphenly ether-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro.},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {1873-474X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated diphenly ether-209 (BDE-209, decaBDE) is among the most common flame retardants. In a previous study, it was confirmed that exposure to BDE-209 can decrease learning and memory in mice. However, it is still unknown whether BDE-209 has an effect on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). To analyse the role of BDE-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells, NSCs obtained from neonatal rats were cultured as neurospheres in DMEM/F12 medium that contained different concentrations of BDE-209 for 7 days. BDE-209 was found to inhibit neurite outgrowth and the differentiation of NSCs into neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. BDE-209 also enhanced the ratio of differentiation of NSCs into glial cells.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Chunfang and Liu, Xianbao and Chen, Dunjin},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20600791},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Differentiation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: physiology, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: cytology, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: physiology, Neurites: ultrastructure, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: physiology, Newborn, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},\\n\\tpages = {497--502},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, C.\",\"Liu, X.\",\"Chen, D.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_role_2010\",\"id\":\"zhang_role_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-liu-chen-roleofbrominateddiphenlyether209inthedifferentiationofneuralstemcellsinvitro-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cell Differentiation\",\"Cell Differentiation: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cultured\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Hippocampus\",\"Hippocampus: cytology\",\"Hippocampus: drug effects\",\"Hippocampus: physiology\",\"Neural Stem Cells\",\"Neural Stem Cells: cytology\",\"Neural Stem Cells: drug effects\",\"Neural Stem Cells: physiology\",\"Neurites\",\"Neurites: drug effects\",\"Neurites: physiology\",\"Neurites: ultrastructure\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: cytology\",\"Neurons: drug effects\",\"Neurons: physiology\",\"Newborn\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fingerprints of chlorinated,brominated and mixed halogenaed dioxins at two e-waste recycling sites in guiyu/China.\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"url\":\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints\",\"abstract\":\"This study describes the fingerprints of chlorinated, brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins at two e-waste open burning/smouldering sites in Guiyu, China. The total concentrations of PXDD/PXDF in the soils were in ppm range. The total furan (PXDF) to dioxin (PXDD) ratios were around 100 revealing that PBDEsA as direct furan precursors were responsible for the formation of most of the dioxin-like compounds at the sites. The high levels of mixed chlorinated-brominated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins present as main contaminants at the open burning site reveal a significant bromine-chlorine exchange in PBDEA/PBDF most probably from PVC and chlorine containing additives (e-g. chlorinated paraffins, tetrachlorobisphenol A, etc.). The comparable concentrations of halogenated PXDF and precursor PBDEs at both sites indicate that a significant share of PBDEs was converted into PBDF/PXDF. When considering that several thousand tons of PBDEA are present in the 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste reaching the waste recycling sector every year, and that developing countries process a significant amount of e-waste utilizing rudimentary thermal processes, the load of halogenated PXDD/PXDF formed and released can be expected on the scale of tons and therefore possibly higher than all current inventoried PCDD/PCDF sources combined.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zennegg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Markus\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zennegg_fingerprints_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Fingerprints of chlorinated,brominated and mixed halogenaed dioxins at two e-waste recycling sites in guiyu/{China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\turl = {http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints},\\n\\tabstract = {This study describes the fingerprints of chlorinated, brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins at two e-waste open burning/smouldering sites in Guiyu, China. The total concentrations of PXDD/PXDF in the soils were in ppm range. The total furan (PXDF) to dioxin (PXDD) ratios were around 100 revealing that PBDEsA as direct furan precursors were responsible for the formation of most of the dioxin-like compounds at the sites. The high levels of mixed chlorinated-brominated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins present as main contaminants at the open burning site reveal a significant bromine-chlorine exchange in PBDEA/PBDF most probably from PVC and chlorine containing additives (e-g. chlorinated paraffins, tetrachlorobisphenol A, etc.). The comparable concentrations of halogenated PXDF and precursor PBDEs at both sites indicate that a significant share of PBDEs was converted into PBDF/PXDF. When considering that several thousand tons of PBDEA are present in the 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste reaching the waste recycling sector every year, and that developing countries process a significant amount of e-waste utilizing rudimentary thermal processes, the load of halogenated PXDD/PXDF formed and released can be expected on the scale of tons and therefore possibly higher than all current inventoried PCDD/PCDF sources combined.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Zennegg, Markus},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zennegg, M.\"],\"key\":\"zennegg_fingerprints_2009\",\"id\":\"zennegg_fingerprints_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zennegg-fingerprintsofchlorinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenaeddioxinsattwoewasterecyclingsitesinguiyuchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in Chinese workers from an E-waste dismantling site.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, we recruited 49 subjects from one village close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 50 km away from the e-waste site (control group). We found that serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median PBDEs, 382 ng/g lipid weight; range, 77-8452 ng/g lipid weight) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (median TSH, 1.79 microIU/mL; range, 0.38-9.03 microIU/mL) and frequencies of micro-nucleated binucleated cells (MNed BNC; median, 5% per hundred; range, 0-96% per hundred) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (158 ng/g, range of 18-436 ng/g, and p \\\\textless 0.05; 1.15 microIU/mL, range of 0.48-2.09, and p \\\\textless 0.01; and 0% per hundred, range of 0-5% per hundred, and p \\\\textless 0.01, respectively). A history of working with e-waste was significantly associated with increased MNed BNC frequencies (odds ratio (OR), 38.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1-1358.71, p = 0.044), independent of years of local residence, a perceived risk factor. However, there was no association between PBDEs exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, the exposure to PBDEs at the e-waste site may have an effect on the levels of TSH and genetoxic damage among these workers, but this needs to be validated in large studies.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yuan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duohong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ju\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jibin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tangchun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xuemin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18411489\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Chromosome-Defective, Chromosome-Defective: chemically indu, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxyguanosine: analogs & derivatives, Deoxyguanosine: urine, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: blood, Humans, Lymphocytes, Lymphocytes: drug effects, Male, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: blood, Micronuclei, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: blood, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Waste Products, eol, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"2195–200\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yuan_elevated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in {Chinese} workers from an {E}-waste dismantling site.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, we recruited 49 subjects from one village close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 50 km away from the e-waste site (control group). We found that serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median PBDEs, 382 ng/g lipid weight; range, 77-8452 ng/g lipid weight) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (median TSH, 1.79 microIU/mL; range, 0.38-9.03 microIU/mL) and frequencies of micro-nucleated binucleated cells (MNed BNC; median, 5\\\\% per hundred; range, 0-96\\\\% per hundred) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (158 ng/g, range of 18-436 ng/g, and p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05; 1.15 microIU/mL, range of 0.48-2.09, and p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01; and 0\\\\% per hundred, range of 0-5\\\\% per hundred, and p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01, respectively). A history of working with e-waste was significantly associated with increased MNed BNC frequencies (odds ratio (OR), 38.85; 95\\\\% confidence interval (CI) = 1-1358.71, p = 0.044), independent of years of local residence, a perceived risk factor. However, there was no association between PBDEs exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, the exposure to PBDEs at the e-waste site may have an effect on the levels of TSH and genetoxic damage among these workers, but this needs to be validated in large studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Yuan, Jing and Chen, Lan and Chen, Duohong and Guo, Huan and Bi, Xinhui and Ju, Ying and Jiang, Pu and Shi, Jibin and Yu, Zhiqiang and Yang, Jin and Li, Liping and Jiang, Qi and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo and Wu, Tangchun and Chen, Xuemin},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18411489},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Chromosome-Defective, Chromosome-Defective: chemically indu, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxyguanosine: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Deoxyguanosine: urine, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: blood, Humans, Lymphocytes, Lymphocytes: drug effects, Male, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: blood, Micronuclei, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: blood, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Waste Products, eol, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {2195--200},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yuan, J.\",\"Chen, L.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Guo, H.\",\"Bi, X.\",\"Ju, Y.\",\"Jiang, P.\",\"Shi, J.\",\"Yu, Z.\",\"Yang, J.\",\"Li, L.\",\"Jiang, Q.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\",\"Wu, T.\",\"Chen, X.\"],\"key\":\"yuan_elevated_2008\",\"id\":\"yuan_elevated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yuan-chen-chen-guo-bi-ju-jiang-shi-etal-elevatedserumpolybrominateddiphenylethersandthyroidstimulatinghormoneassociatedwithlymphocyticmicronucleiinchineseworkersfromanewastedismantlingsite-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Asian Continental Ancestry Group\",\"Chromosome-Defective\",\"Chromosome-Defective: chemically indu\",\"Deoxyguanosine\",\"Deoxyguanosine: analogs & derivatives\",\"Deoxyguanosine: urine\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione\",\"Glutathione: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Lymphocytes\",\"Lymphocytes: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Malondialdehyde\",\"Malondialdehyde: blood\",\"Micronuclei\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Occupational Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Occupational Exposure: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Superoxide Dismutase\",\"Superoxide Dismutase: blood\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: blood\",\"Waste Products\",\"eol\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a Chinese city with cholinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins.\",\"volume\":\"70\",\"url\":\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0\",\"abstract\":\"About 50-80% of electronic waste (e-waste) from industrialized countries ends up in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines1, 2 for cheap recycling due to the low labour costs and less stringent environmental regulations in these countries2. Recycling of this material has been undertaken for 10-20 years in these countries. E-waste contains a whole range of toxic compounds including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) as well as a broad range of toxic heavy metals;3. Its low tech recycling has produced contaminated mega-sites with a multitude of contaminants4, 5. An example of such a site is Guiyu city. This city is located in the Chaoyang District in Southeast China, with a total area of 52 km2 and a population of 150,000. It is a rice-growing region and its industry has been dominated by e-waste recycling since the early 1990s. The soil in this area has been found to be highly contaminated with heavy metals, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and other BFRs, PCBs and other toxic compounds4, 5. Similarly, the drinking water of Guiyu city has been identified unfit for consumption and drinking water is partly imported,2,5. In the low tech e-waste treatment, open burning is carried out as a “cleaning step” for removing plastics from cables and other parts of dismantled e-waste. Open burning is also used for final disposal of residues. Since ewaste contains considerable amount of bromine (mainly from BFRs) and chlorine (mainly from PVC, plasticizers like chlorinated paraffins or PCB), a mixture of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated compounds is formed from thermal treatment of this waste6. Hence, unintentionally formed POPs like PCDD/F and PAHs are formed and emitted to air7, soil5,8,9 and water in addition to the release of toxicants incorporated in the e-waste (heavy metals BFRs etc3,4. These releases ultimately provide pathways for human exposure as demonstrated e.g. for PCDD/F10. The present study presents data on PCDD/F, PBDD/F and mixed halogenated PXDD/F in soils impacted from different open burning sites in Guiyu. In addition total dioxin-like toxicity in these samples was screened with the DR CALUX assay. The relevance of these compounds with respect to the necessity of remediation measures is evaluated.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiezhi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"813 – 816\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_e-waste_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a {Chinese} city with cholinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins.},\\n\\tvolume = {70},\\n\\turl = {http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0},\\n\\tabstract = {About 50-80\\\\% of electronic waste (e-waste) from industrialized countries ends up in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines1, 2 for cheap recycling due to the low labour costs and less stringent environmental regulations in these countries2. Recycling of this material has been undertaken for 10-20 years in these countries. E-waste contains a whole range of toxic compounds including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) as well as a broad range of toxic heavy metals;3. Its low tech recycling has produced contaminated mega-sites with a multitude of contaminants4, 5. An example of such a site is Guiyu city. This city is located in the Chaoyang District in Southeast China, with a total area of 52 km2 and a population of 150,000. It is a rice-growing region and its industry has been dominated by e-waste recycling since the early 1990s. The soil in this area has been found to be highly contaminated with heavy metals, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and other BFRs, PCBs and other toxic compounds4, 5. Similarly, the drinking water of Guiyu city has been identified unfit for consumption and drinking water is partly imported,2,5. In the low tech e-waste treatment, open burning is carried out as a “cleaning step” for removing plastics from cables and other parts of dismantled e-waste. Open burning is also used for final disposal of residues. Since ewaste contains considerable amount of bromine (mainly from BFRs) and chlorine (mainly from PVC, plasticizers like chlorinated paraffins or PCB), a mixture of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated compounds is formed from thermal treatment of this waste6. Hence, unintentionally formed POPs like PCDD/F and PAHs are formed and emitted to air7, soil5,8,9 and water in addition to the release of toxicants incorporated in the e-waste (heavy metals BFRs etc3,4. These releases ultimately provide pathways for human exposure as demonstrated e.g. for PCDD/F10. The present study presents data on PCDD/F, PBDD/F and mixed halogenated PXDD/F in soils impacted from different open burning sites in Guiyu. In addition total dioxin-like toxicity in these samples was screened with the DR CALUX assay. The relevance of these compounds with respect to the necessity of remediation measures is evaluated.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Xiezhi},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {813 -- 816},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, X.\"],\"key\":\"yu_e-waste_2008\",\"id\":\"yu_e-waste_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-ewasterecyclingheavilycontaminatesachinesecitywithcholinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxins-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Parental transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es2026592\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system. The objective of the present study was to characterize the disrupting effects of long-term exposure on the thyroid endocrine system in adult fish and their progeny following parental exposure to PBDEs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 3, and 10 μg/L) of the PBDE mixture DE-71 for 5 months until sexual maturation. In the F0 generation, exposure to DE-71 significantly increased plasma thyroxine (T4) but not 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in females. This increased T4 was accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyrotropin β-subunit (TSHβ) in the brain. The F1 generation was further examined with or without continued DE-71 treatment conditions. Exposure to DE-71 in the F0 fish caused significant increases in T4 and T3 levels in the F1 larvae and modified gene expressions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) under both conditions. Decreased hatching and inhibition of growth in the F1 offspring were observed in the condition without DE-71 treatment. Continued DE-71 treatment in the F1 embryos/larvae resulted in further decreased hatching, and increased malformation rates compared with those without DE-71 exposure. Analysis of F1 eggs indicated that parental exposure to DE-71 could result in a transfer of PBDEs and thyroid hormones (THs) to their offspring. For the first time, we demonstrated that parental exposure to low concentrations of PBDEs could affect THs in the offspring and the transgenerational PBDE-induced toxicity in subsequent nonexposed generations.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liqin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"C\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudolf\",\"S\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"K\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bingsheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"22039834\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish\",\"pages\":\"10652–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_parental_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Parental transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es2026592},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system. The objective of the present study was to characterize the disrupting effects of long-term exposure on the thyroid endocrine system in adult fish and their progeny following parental exposure to PBDEs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 3, and 10 μg/L) of the PBDE mixture DE-71 for 5 months until sexual maturation. In the F0 generation, exposure to DE-71 significantly increased plasma thyroxine (T4) but not 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in females. This increased T4 was accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyrotropin β-subunit (TSHβ) in the brain. The F1 generation was further examined with or without continued DE-71 treatment conditions. Exposure to DE-71 in the F0 fish caused significant increases in T4 and T3 levels in the F1 larvae and modified gene expressions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) under both conditions. Decreased hatching and inhibition of growth in the F1 offspring were observed in the condition without DE-71 treatment. Continued DE-71 treatment in the F1 embryos/larvae resulted in further decreased hatching, and increased malformation rates compared with those without DE-71 exposure. Analysis of F1 eggs indicated that parental exposure to DE-71 could result in a transfer of PBDEs and thyroid hormones (THs) to their offspring. For the first time, we demonstrated that parental exposure to low concentrations of PBDEs could affect THs in the offspring and the transgenerational PBDE-induced toxicity in subsequent nonexposed generations.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Liqin and Lam, James C W and Guo, Yongyong and Wu, Rudolf S S and Lam, Paul K S and Zhou, Bingsheng},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {22039834},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish},\\n\\tpages = {10652--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, L.\",\"Lam, J. C W\",\"Guo, Y.\",\"Wu, R. S S\",\"Lam, P. K S\",\"Zhou, B.\"],\"key\":\"yu_parental_2011\",\"id\":\"yu_parental_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-lam-guo-wu-lam-zhou-parentaltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandthyroidendocrinedisruptioninzebrafish-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Male\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine disruption effects of 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) in reporter gene assays.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c0em00654h\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of flame retardants. 2,2',4,4',6-Pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) is a prominent PBDE congener in some human populations. The potential of BDE100 to modulate responses mediated by the estrogen (ER), thyroid hormone (ThR) or androgen receptors (AR) were investigated by use of transactivation reporter gene assays. The African green monkey kidney CV-1 cell transiently transfected with the constructed reporter gene plasmid ERE-TATA-Luc and pUAS-tk-Luc with luciferase (Luc) under control of the estrogen response (ERE), or thyroid hormone response (ThRE) elements were used to evaluate (anti)estrogen and thyroid effects of BDE100. The (anti)androgenic potency of BDE100 was also evaluated by use of MDA-kb2 cells, which were stably transfected with MMTV-luciferase. The assays displayed appropriate responses to known natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), ThR ligand triiodothyronine (T3), and the AR agonist 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). 10 or 50 μM BDE100 significantly up-regulated expression of Luc under control of the ER. Antiestrogenic potency was observed for BDE100 (IC50 = 6.21 μM). Co-exposure to 50 μM BDE100 significantly enhanced expression of Luc caused by 5 nM T3. BDE100 was antiandrogenic at 10 and 50 μM with an IC50 of 28.60 μM BDE100. These results suggest that BDE100 can modulate the endocrine system in multiple ways by interfering with several hormonal signaling pathways simultaneously.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fengxian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ouxi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"H\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21390402\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cercopithecus aethiops, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genes, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reporter, Tumor, cell line\",\"pages\":\"850–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_endocrine_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine disruption effects of 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenylether ({BDE100}) in reporter gene assays.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c0em00654h},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of flame retardants. 2,2',4,4',6-Pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) is a prominent PBDE congener in some human populations. The potential of BDE100 to modulate responses mediated by the estrogen (ER), thyroid hormone (ThR) or androgen receptors (AR) were investigated by use of transactivation reporter gene assays. The African green monkey kidney CV-1 cell transiently transfected with the constructed reporter gene plasmid ERE-TATA-Luc and pUAS-tk-Luc with luciferase (Luc) under control of the estrogen response (ERE), or thyroid hormone response (ThRE) elements were used to evaluate (anti)estrogen and thyroid effects of BDE100. The (anti)androgenic potency of BDE100 was also evaluated by use of MDA-kb2 cells, which were stably transfected with MMTV-luciferase. The assays displayed appropriate responses to known natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), ThR ligand triiodothyronine (T3), and the AR agonist 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). 10 or 50 μM BDE100 significantly up-regulated expression of Luc under control of the ER. Antiestrogenic potency was observed for BDE100 (IC50 = 6.21 μM). Co-exposure to 50 μM BDE100 significantly enhanced expression of Luc caused by 5 nM T3. BDE100 was antiandrogenic at 10 and 50 μM with an IC50 of 28.60 μM BDE100. These results suggest that BDE100 can modulate the endocrine system in multiple ways by interfering with several hormonal signaling pathways simultaneously.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Fengxian and Hu, Wei and Yu, Hongxia and Sun, Hong and Shen, Ouxi and Wang, Xinru and Liu, Hongling and Lam, Michael H W and Giesy, John P and Zhang, Xiaowei},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21390402},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cercopithecus aethiops, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genes, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reporter, Tumor, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {850--4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, F.\",\"Hu, W.\",\"Yu, H.\",\"Sun, H.\",\"Shen, O.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Liu, H.\",\"Lam, M. H W\",\"Giesy, J. P\",\"Zhang, X.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_endocrine_2011\",\"id\":\"zhang_endocrine_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-hu-yu-sun-shen-wang-liu-lam-etal-endocrinedisruptioneffectsof22446pentabromodiphenyletherbde100inreportergeneassays-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cercopithecus aethiops\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genes\",\"Humans\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Reporter\",\"Tumor\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and isomer profiles of Dechlorane Plus in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China.\",\"volume\":\"158\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.003\",\"abstract\":\"Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p\\\\textgreater0.05). Further intensive studies are needed to investigate the process of DP degradation and its degradation products.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaoyou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shutao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingzhi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huiru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiangying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis\",\"pages\":\"2920–2925\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_levels_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and isomer profiles of {Dechlorane} {Plus} in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {158},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). Further intensive studies are needed to investigate the process of DP degradation and its degradation products.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Zhiqiang and Lu, Shaoyou and Gao, Shutao and Wang, Jingzhi and Li, Huiru and Zeng, Xiangying and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {2920--2925},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, Z.\",\"Lu, S.\",\"Gao, S.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Li, H.\",\"Zeng, X.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"yu_levels_2010\",\"id\":\"yu_levels_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-lu-gao-wang-li-zeng-sheng-fu-levelsandisomerprofilesofdechloraneplusinthesurfacesoilsfromewasterecyclingareasandindustrialareasinsouthchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: chemistry\",\"Electrical Equipment and Supplies\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Waste Products\",\"Waste Products: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Particle-bound Dechlorane Plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around Shanghai, China.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.024\",\"abstract\":\"In present study, atmospheric particles from Shanghai, the biggest city and the most important industrial base in China, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of ∑(20)PBDEs and DP both exhibited the changing trend of industrial area \\\\textgreater urban areas. Jiading District had the highest levels of particulate PBDEs and DP with values of 744 ± 152 pg/m(3) and 5.48 ± 1.28 pg/m(3), respectively. Compared with similar data in other areas of the world, PBDEs in Shanghai were at medium pollution level, while DP was at lower level, which reflected their different production and use in Shanghai. The results from multiple linear regression analysis suggested that deca-BDE mixture was the most important contributor of particulate PBDEs in Shanghai. The fractions of anti-DP showed no significant differences to those of the technical mixtures (p \\\\textgreater 0.05), which suggested that no obviously stereoselective process occurred in ambient air around Shanghai.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ru'e\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huiru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ligui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiangying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21561692\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particle Size, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"pages\":\"2982–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_particle-bound_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Particle-bound {Dechlorane} {Plus} and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around {Shanghai}, {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.024},\\n\\tabstract = {In present study, atmospheric particles from Shanghai, the biggest city and the most important industrial base in China, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of ∑(20)PBDEs and DP both exhibited the changing trend of industrial area {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater urban areas. Jiading District had the highest levels of particulate PBDEs and DP with values of 744 ± 152 pg/m(3) and 5.48 ± 1.28 pg/m(3), respectively. Compared with similar data in other areas of the world, PBDEs in Shanghai were at medium pollution level, while DP was at lower level, which reflected their different production and use in Shanghai. The results from multiple linear regression analysis suggested that deca-BDE mixture was the most important contributor of particulate PBDEs in Shanghai. The fractions of anti-DP showed no significant differences to those of the technical mixtures (p {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.05), which suggested that no obviously stereoselective process occurred in ambient air around Shanghai.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Zhiqiang and Liao, Ru'e and Li, Huiru and Mo, Ligui and Zeng, Xiangying and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21561692},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particle Size, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {2982--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, Z.\",\"Liao, R.\",\"Li, H.\",\"Mo, L.\",\"Zeng, X.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"yu_particle-bound_2011\",\"id\":\"yu_particle-bound_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-liao-li-mo-zeng-sheng-fu-particlebounddechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinambientairaroundshanghaichina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"China\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Particle Size\",\"Particulate Matter\",\"Particulate Matter: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Biomagnification of higher brominated PBDE congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north China based on field observation of prey deliveries.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es200030z\",\"abstract\":\"As an important group of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) persist in the wildlife food webs. However, the biomagnification of PBDEs has not been adequately studied in the terrestrial food webs. In this study, a terrestrial food web composed of common kestrels, sparrows, rats, grasshoppers, and dragonflies in the urban environment from northern China was obtained. A field prey delivery study, reinforced by δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, indicates that sparrows are the primary prey items of common kestrels. Concentrations of PBDEs were in the following order: common kestrel \\\\textgreater sparrow \\\\textgreater rat \\\\textgreater grasshopper and dragonfly with BDE-209 as the dominant congener. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated as the ratio between the lipid normalized concentrations in the predator and prey. The highest BMF (6.9) was determined for BDE-153 in sparrow/common kestrel food chain. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-202, -203, -154, -183, -197, and -209, were also biomagnified in this terrestrial food chain with BMF of 1.3-4.7. BDE-47, -99, and -100 were found to be biodiluted from sparrow to common kestrel (BMFs \\\\textless 1). Measured BMF values for BDE-153, -47, -99, and -100 were consistent with predicted values from a nonsteady-state model in American kestrels from another study. Retention factors and metabolism of BDE congeners may be confounding factors influencing the measured BMFs in this current study.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Le-Huan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li-Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Quan-Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiu-Lan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21612266\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Carbon Isotopes, China, Cities, Diet, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geography, Nitrogen Isotopes, Poaceae, Poaceae: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Predatory Behavior, Predatory Behavior: physiology, Rats, Soil, Soil: chemistry, Species Specificity\",\"pages\":\"5125–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_biomagnification_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Biomagnification of higher brominated {PBDE} congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north {China} based on field observation of prey deliveries.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es200030z},\\n\\tabstract = {As an important group of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) persist in the wildlife food webs. However, the biomagnification of PBDEs has not been adequately studied in the terrestrial food webs. In this study, a terrestrial food web composed of common kestrels, sparrows, rats, grasshoppers, and dragonflies in the urban environment from northern China was obtained. A field prey delivery study, reinforced by δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, indicates that sparrows are the primary prey items of common kestrels. Concentrations of PBDEs were in the following order: common kestrel {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater sparrow {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater rat {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater grasshopper and dragonfly with BDE-209 as the dominant congener. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated as the ratio between the lipid normalized concentrations in the predator and prey. The highest BMF (6.9) was determined for BDE-153 in sparrow/common kestrel food chain. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-202, -203, -154, -183, -197, and -209, were also biomagnified in this terrestrial food chain with BMF of 1.3-4.7. BDE-47, -99, and -100 were found to be biodiluted from sparrow to common kestrel (BMFs {\\\\textbackslash}textless 1). Measured BMF values for BDE-153, -47, -99, and -100 were consistent with predicted values from a nonsteady-state model in American kestrels from another study. Retention factors and metabolism of BDE congeners may be confounding factors influencing the measured BMFs in this current study.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Le-Huan and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Liu, Li-Yu and Song, Jie and Sun, Quan-Hui and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21612266},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Carbon Isotopes, China, Cities, Diet, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geography, Nitrogen Isotopes, Poaceae, Poaceae: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Predatory Behavior, Predatory Behavior: physiology, Rats, Soil, Soil: chemistry, Species Specificity},\\n\\tpages = {5125--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, L.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Liu, L.\",\"Song, J.\",\"Sun, Q.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"yu_biomagnification_2011\",\"id\":\"yu_biomagnification_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-luo-wu-liu-song-sun-zhang-chen-etal-biomagnificationofhigherbrominatedpbdecongenersinanurbanterrestrialfoodwebinnorthchinabasedonfieldobservationofpreydeliveries-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Carbon Isotopes\",\"China\",\"Cities\",\"Diet\",\"Ecosystem\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Geography\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes\",\"Poaceae\",\"Poaceae: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Predatory Behavior\",\"Predatory Behavior: physiology\",\"Rats\",\"Soil\",\"Soil: chemistry\",\"Species Specificity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to DE-71 alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae.\",\"volume\":\"97\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.022\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have not yet been clarified. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to a low concentration (0, 1, 3, and 10microg/L) of DE-71 from fertilization to 14 days thereafter. The whole-body content of thyroid hormone and transcription of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. Exposure to up to 10microg/L of DE-71 significantly reduced thyroxine (T4) levels and significantly upregulated the transcription of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHbeta) genes in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of TH proteins, sodium/iodide symporter (Slc5a5), and thyroglobulin (TG) and the transcription of marker genes associated with early thyroid development (Pax8 and Nkx2.1) were significantly upregulated upon DE-71 exposure. The expression of thyronine deiodinase (Deio1 and Deio2) mRNAs was also significantly upregulated, possibly as a compensatory response to the decreased T4 levels. However, DE-71 exposure resulted in the downregulation of transthyretin (TTR) gene transcription and did not affect the transcription of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Exposure to DE-71 significantly induced the transcription of the uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1ab) gene. The results of our study confirmed the reliability of the zebrafish larvae as models for assessment of the developmental toxicity of PBDEs and transcription of genes of the HPT axis can evaluate the potential mechanisms of thyroid disruption.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liqin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Deng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiongjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunsheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bingsheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19945756\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: drug effects, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: metabolism, Larva, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Messenger: metabolism, RNA, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Transcription, Zebrafish, Zebrafish Proteins, Zebrafish Proteins: genetics, Zebrafish Proteins: metabolism, Zebrafish: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"226–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_exposure_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to {DE}-71 alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae.},\\n\\tvolume = {97},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have not yet been clarified. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to a low concentration (0, 1, 3, and 10microg/L) of DE-71 from fertilization to 14 days thereafter. The whole-body content of thyroid hormone and transcription of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. Exposure to up to 10microg/L of DE-71 significantly reduced thyroxine (T4) levels and significantly upregulated the transcription of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHbeta) genes in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of TH proteins, sodium/iodide symporter (Slc5a5), and thyroglobulin (TG) and the transcription of marker genes associated with early thyroid development (Pax8 and Nkx2.1) were significantly upregulated upon DE-71 exposure. The expression of thyronine deiodinase (Deio1 and Deio2) mRNAs was also significantly upregulated, possibly as a compensatory response to the decreased T4 levels. However, DE-71 exposure resulted in the downregulation of transthyretin (TTR) gene transcription and did not affect the transcription of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Exposure to DE-71 significantly induced the transcription of the uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1ab) gene. The results of our study confirmed the reliability of the zebrafish larvae as models for assessment of the developmental toxicity of PBDEs and transcription of genes of the HPT axis can evaluate the potential mechanisms of thyroid disruption.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Liqin and Deng, Jun and Shi, Xiongjie and Liu, Chunsheng and Yu, Ke and Zhou, Bingsheng},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19945756},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: drug effects, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: metabolism, Larva, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Messenger: metabolism, RNA, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Transcription, Zebrafish, Zebrafish Proteins, Zebrafish Proteins: genetics, Zebrafish Proteins: metabolism, Zebrafish: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {226--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, L.\",\"Deng, J.\",\"Shi, X.\",\"Liu, C.\",\"Yu, K.\",\"Zhou, B.\"],\"key\":\"yu_exposure_2010\",\"id\":\"yu_exposure_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-deng-shi-liu-yu-zhou-exposuretode71altersthyroidhormonelevelsandgenetranscriptioninthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisofzebrafishlarvae-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genetic\",\"Genetic: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System\",\"Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: drug effects\",\"Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: metabolism\",\"Larva\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: genetics\",\"Messenger: metabolism\",\"RNA\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"Transcription\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish Proteins\",\"Zebrafish Proteins: genetics\",\"Zebrafish Proteins: metabolism\",\"Zebrafish: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistent halogenated compounds in aquaculture environments of South China: implications for global consumers' health risk via fish consumption.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.012\",\"abstract\":\"This study examined the potential sources of persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), including organochlorine pesticides, mainly DDXs (sum of o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, -DDD, and -DDE and p,p'-DDMU) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, to typical aquaculture environments of South China, determined the relative importance of gill diffusion and fish feeding for exposure of fish to these contaminants and assessed potential health risk for global consumers via consumption of fish from South China. Fish feed is generally a direct and important source of PHCs in both freshwater and seawater aquaculture. In addition, gill diffusion is the predominant uptake route for PHCs (except p,p'-DDMU, o,p'-DDD and -DDT) in farmed freshwater fish, whereas accumulation from the diet is the major route for farmed marine fish. Risks to health of global consumers via consumption of fish from South China are minimal. However, increased risk can be foreseen due to continuous use of brominated fire retardants and electronic waste importation to China.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huan-Yun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bao-Zhong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eddy\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21570724\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aquaculture, Aquaculture: statistics & numerical data, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analogs & deriv, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics & numerical data, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seafood, Seafood: statistics & numerical data, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1190–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_persistent_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistent halogenated compounds in aquaculture environments of {South} {China}: implications for global consumers' health risk via fish consumption.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.012},\\n\\tabstract = {This study examined the potential sources of persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), including organochlorine pesticides, mainly DDXs (sum of o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, -DDD, and -DDE and p,p'-DDMU) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, to typical aquaculture environments of South China, determined the relative importance of gill diffusion and fish feeding for exposure of fish to these contaminants and assessed potential health risk for global consumers via consumption of fish from South China. Fish feed is generally a direct and important source of PHCs in both freshwater and seawater aquaculture. In addition, gill diffusion is the predominant uptake route for PHCs (except p,p'-DDMU, o,p'-DDD and -DDT) in farmed freshwater fish, whereas accumulation from the diet is the major route for farmed marine fish. Risks to health of global consumers via consumption of fish from South China are minimal. However, increased risk can be foreseen due to continuous use of brominated fire retardants and electronic waste importation to China.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Huan-Yun and Zhang, Bao-Zhong and Giesy, John P and Zeng, Eddy Y},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21570724},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Aquaculture: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analogs \\\\& deriv, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seafood, Seafood: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1190--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, H.\",\"Zhang, B.\",\"Giesy, J. P\",\"Zeng, E. Y\"],\"key\":\"yu_persistent_2011\",\"id\":\"yu_persistent_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-zhang-giesy-zeng-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinaquacultureenvironmentsofsouthchinaimplicationsforglobalconsumershealthriskviafishconsumption-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aquaculture\",\"Aquaculture: statistics & numerical data\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"China\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: analysis\",\"DDT: metabolism\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analogs & deriv\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism\",\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane\",\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis\",\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism\",\"Diet\",\"Diet: statistics & numerical data\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Electronic Waste: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Halogenated: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Seafood\",\"Seafood: statistics & numerical data\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of São Paulo, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic.\",\"volume\":\"62\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.024\",\"abstract\":\"Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenella frontalis (770 ng g(-1) lipid) followed by Steno bredanensis (475 ng g(-1) lipid), Sotalia guianensis (65.6 ng g(-1) lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g(-1) lipid) and Pontoporia blainvillei (60.3 ng g(-1) lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yogui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Santos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"C\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bertozzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sericano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Montone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"22014918\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brazil, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dolphins, Ecosystem, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Sex Distribution, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"2666–70\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yogui_pbdes_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of {São} {Paulo}, {Brazil}, southwestern {Atlantic}.},\\n\\tvolume = {62},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.024},\\n\\tabstract = {Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenella frontalis (770 ng g(-1) lipid) followed by Steno bredanensis (475 ng g(-1) lipid), Sotalia guianensis (65.6 ng g(-1) lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g(-1) lipid) and Pontoporia blainvillei (60.3 ng g(-1) lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Yogui, G T and Santos, M C O and Bertozzi, C P and Sericano, J L and Montone, R C},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {22014918},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brazil, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dolphins, Ecosystem, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Sex Distribution, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {2666--70},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yogui, G T\",\"Santos, M C O\",\"Bertozzi, C P\",\"Sericano, J L\",\"Montone, R C\"],\"key\":\"yogui_pbdes_2011\",\"id\":\"yogui_pbdes_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yogui-santos-bertozzi-sericano-montone-pbdesintheblubberofmarinemammalsfromcoastalareasofsopaulobrazilsouthwesternatlantic-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adipose Tissue: drug effects\",\"Analysis of Variance\",\"Animals\",\"Brazil\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Dolphins\",\"Ecosystem\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Male\",\"Sex Distribution\",\"Species Specificity\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Special distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in brain tissues of free-range domestic hens and ducks from a village near an electronic waste recycling site in South China.\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"1432-0800\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00128-011-0209-z\",\"abstract\":\"The rural village, Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, had been exposed to e-waste recycling for years, the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in hens and ducks were high. The concentration of ∑PBDEs in the brain was the lowest among tissues of individual hens and ducks after correction for the respective lipid content. Also, the concentration ratio of BDE-153 versus BDE-154 (153/154) of brain was the highest among tissues of individual hens and ducks. Our results indicate that the hindrance of blood-brain barrier to compounds, such as high molecular weight and non-planar conformation (steric hindrance), contributed to the low concentration of PBDEs in the brain tissue of hens and ducks, especially in cases exposed to high levels of PBDE.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhong-Zhi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Fang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xing-Ru\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21290098\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Chickens, Chickens: blood, Chickens: metabolism, China, Ducks, Ducks: blood, Ducks: metabolism, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Waste Management\",\"pages\":\"283–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yang_special_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Special distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in brain tissues of free-range domestic hens and ducks from a village near an electronic waste recycling site in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0800},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-011-0209-z},\\n\\tabstract = {The rural village, Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, had been exposed to e-waste recycling for years, the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in hens and ducks were high. The concentration of ∑PBDEs in the brain was the lowest among tissues of individual hens and ducks after correction for the respective lipid content. Also, the concentration ratio of BDE-153 versus BDE-154 (153/154) of brain was the highest among tissues of individual hens and ducks. Our results indicate that the hindrance of blood-brain barrier to compounds, such as high molecular weight and non-planar conformation (steric hindrance), contributed to the low concentration of PBDEs in the brain tissue of hens and ducks, especially in cases exposed to high levels of PBDE.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Yang, Zhong-Zhi and Li, Yong-Fang and Fu, Shan and Zhao, Xing-Ru},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21290098},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Chickens, Chickens: blood, Chickens: metabolism, China, Ducks, Ducks: blood, Ducks: metabolism, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Waste Management},\\n\\tpages = {283--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yang, Z.\",\"Li, Y.\",\"Fu, S.\",\"Zhao, X.\"],\"key\":\"yang_special_2011\",\"id\":\"yang_special_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yang-li-fu-zhao-specialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbraintissuesoffreerangedomestichensandducksfromavillagenearanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Chickens\",\"Chickens: blood\",\"Chickens: metabolism\",\"China\",\"Ducks\",\"Ducks: blood\",\"Ducks: metabolism\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Waste Management\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Insights into the structural and conformational requirements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites as potential estrogens based on molecular docking.\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.010\",\"abstract\":\"PBDEs and their metabolites are of concern due to their increasing concentrations in the environment and their toxic effects. Knowledge about the toxicological mechanisms of PBDEs and metabolites is urgently needed for further screening. The objective of the present study was to explore the structural and conformational requirements of PBDE compounds as human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα) agonists, and further screened out hERα agonists from PBDE compounds. Molecular docking and postdocking analysis were adopted to attain the aim. The obtained results revealed that PBDEs can be primarily screened for their estrogenicity using score values, hydrogen bonds interaction with amino acid residues Glu353 and/or Arg394 might be important for HO-PBDEs' estrogenicity. For most MeO-PBDEs, hydrophobic interaction might be the key factor affecting their estrogenic activity. The current study suggested that molecular docking and postdocking analysis can serve as an efficient pre-screening technique for identifying potential estrogens.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weihua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Si\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21601234\",\"keywords\":\"Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor alpha: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: chemistry, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Molecular Structure, unsure\",\"pages\":\"328–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yang_insights_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Insights into the structural and conformational requirements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites as potential estrogens based on molecular docking.},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.010},\\n\\tabstract = {PBDEs and their metabolites are of concern due to their increasing concentrations in the environment and their toxic effects. Knowledge about the toxicological mechanisms of PBDEs and metabolites is urgently needed for further screening. The objective of the present study was to explore the structural and conformational requirements of PBDE compounds as human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα) agonists, and further screened out hERα agonists from PBDE compounds. Molecular docking and postdocking analysis were adopted to attain the aim. The obtained results revealed that PBDEs can be primarily screened for their estrogenicity using score values, hydrogen bonds interaction with amino acid residues Glu353 and/or Arg394 might be important for HO-PBDEs' estrogenicity. For most MeO-PBDEs, hydrophobic interaction might be the key factor affecting their estrogenic activity. The current study suggested that molecular docking and postdocking analysis can serve as an efficient pre-screening technique for identifying potential estrogens.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Yang, Weihua and Wei, Si and Liu, Hongling and Yu, Hongxia},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21601234},\\n\\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor alpha: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: chemistry, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Molecular Structure, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {328--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yang, W.\",\"Wei, S.\",\"Liu, H.\",\"Yu, H.\"],\"key\":\"yang_insights_2011\",\"id\":\"yang_insights_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yang-wei-liu-yu-insightsintothestructuralandconformationalrequirementsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmetabolitesaspotentialestrogensbasedonmoleculardocking-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234\"},\"keyword\":[\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Estrogen Receptor alpha\",\"Estrogen Receptor alpha: metabolism\",\"Estrogens\",\"Estrogens: chemistry\",\"Estrogens: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predicting emissions of SVOCs from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"A model that predicts the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials is extended and used to predict the emission rate of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from polymeric materials. Reasonable agreement between model predictions and gas-phase di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations is achieved using data collected in a previous experimental study that measured emissions of DEHP from vinyl flooring in two very different chambers. While emissions of highly volatile VOCs are subject to \\\"internal\\\" control (the material-phase diffusion coefficient), emissions of the very low volatility SVOCs are subject to \\\"external\\\" control (partitioning into the gas phase, the convective mass-transfer coefficient, and adsorption onto interior surfaces). The effect of SVOCs partitioning onto airborne particles is also examined. The DEHP emission rate is increased when the gas-phase concentration is high, and especially when partitioning to the airborne particles is strong. Airborne particles may play an important role in inhalation exposure as well as in transporting SVOCs well beyond the source. Although more rigorous validation is needed, the model should help elucidate the mechanisms governing emissions of phthalate plasticizers, brominated flame retardants, biocides, and other SVOCs from a wide range of building materials and consumer products.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Little\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Flame retardants, Models, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: chemistry, Theoretical, Volatilization\",\"pages\":\"456–461\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{xu_predicting_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Predicting emissions of {SVOCs} from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {A model that predicts the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials is extended and used to predict the emission rate of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from polymeric materials. Reasonable agreement between model predictions and gas-phase di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations is achieved using data collected in a previous experimental study that measured emissions of DEHP from vinyl flooring in two very different chambers. While emissions of highly volatile VOCs are subject to \\\"internal\\\" control (the material-phase diffusion coefficient), emissions of the very low volatility SVOCs are subject to \\\"external\\\" control (partitioning into the gas phase, the convective mass-transfer coefficient, and adsorption onto interior surfaces). The effect of SVOCs partitioning onto airborne particles is also examined. The DEHP emission rate is increased when the gas-phase concentration is high, and especially when partitioning to the airborne particles is strong. Airborne particles may play an important role in inhalation exposure as well as in transporting SVOCs well beyond the source. Although more rigorous validation is needed, the model should help elucidate the mechanisms governing emissions of phthalate plasticizers, brominated flame retardants, biocides, and other SVOCs from a wide range of building materials and consumer products.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Xu, Ying and Little, John C},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Flame retardants, Models, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: chemistry, Theoretical, Volatilization},\\n\\tpages = {456--461},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Xu, Y.\",\"Little, J. C\"],\"key\":\"xu_predicting_2006\",\"id\":\"xu_predicting_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"xu-little-predictingemissionsofsvocsfrompolymericmaterialsandtheirinteractionwithairborneparticles-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Models\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: analysis\",\"Organic Chemicals: chemistry\",\"Polymers\",\"Polymers: chemistry\",\"Theoretical\",\"Volatilization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es103803t\",\"abstract\":\"Seawater and air samples were collected aboard the FS Polarstern during the cruises ANT-XXV/1 + 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean in 2008. The particulate and dissolved phase in water and particulate and gaseous phase in air were analyzed separately for nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and six non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Air concentrations of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) in the gaseous and particulate phase (median = 0.56 pg m(-3) for DPTE and 0.92 pg m(-3) for HBB) were comparable to ∑(9)PBDEs (1.0 pg m(-3)). Pentabromotoluene (PBT) was detectable in ∼30% of the gaseous phase samples, whereas concentration of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allylether (ATE), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) were below their method detection limits. DPTE, and PBDEs were also found in seawater at low pg per liter levels. Elevated seawater concentrations of PBDEs and DPTE were measured in the English Channel and close to South African coast. Concentrations of DPTE, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in the atmosphere generally decreased from Europe toward the Southern Ocean, whereas no latitudinal trend was observed in seawater. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition dominates for all selected substances. The medians of net deposition fluxes for the air-water gas exchange were 83, 21, 69, 20, and 781 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB, whereas medians of dry deposition fluxes were 2.0, 0.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB. Overall, these results highlight the important role of the long-range atmospheric transport of PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs to remote regions.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahrens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lutz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21291232\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data, Antarctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1820–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{xie_brominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the {Atlantic} and the {Southern} {Ocean}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es103803t},\\n\\tabstract = {Seawater and air samples were collected aboard the FS Polarstern during the cruises ANT-XXV/1 + 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean in 2008. The particulate and dissolved phase in water and particulate and gaseous phase in air were analyzed separately for nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and six non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Air concentrations of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) in the gaseous and particulate phase (median = 0.56 pg m(-3) for DPTE and 0.92 pg m(-3) for HBB) were comparable to ∑(9)PBDEs (1.0 pg m(-3)). Pentabromotoluene (PBT) was detectable in ∼30\\\\% of the gaseous phase samples, whereas concentration of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allylether (ATE), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) were below their method detection limits. DPTE, and PBDEs were also found in seawater at low pg per liter levels. Elevated seawater concentrations of PBDEs and DPTE were measured in the English Channel and close to South African coast. Concentrations of DPTE, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in the atmosphere generally decreased from Europe toward the Southern Ocean, whereas no latitudinal trend was observed in seawater. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition dominates for all selected substances. The medians of net deposition fluxes for the air-water gas exchange were 83, 21, 69, 20, and 781 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB, whereas medians of dry deposition fluxes were 2.0, 0.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB. Overall, these results highlight the important role of the long-range atmospheric transport of PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs to remote regions.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Xie, Zhiyong and Möller, Axel and Ahrens, Lutz and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21291232},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Antarctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1820--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Xie, Z.\",\"Möller, A.\",\"Ahrens, L.\",\"Sturm, R.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\"],\"key\":\"xie_brominated_2011\",\"id\":\"xie_brominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"xie-mller-ahrens-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsinseawaterandatmosphereoftheatlanticandthesouthernocean-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data\",\"Antarctic Regions\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Trace determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A in the atmosphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.\",\"volume\":\"584\",\"issn\":\"1873-4324\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.062\",\"abstract\":\"A simple and effective method has been developed for analysis of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in environmental samples by using modified soxhlet extraction in combination with silica gel clean-up, derivatization with silylation reagent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Satisfactory recoveries were achieved for the large volume sampling, soxhlet extraction and silica gel clean-up. The overall recovery is 79+/-1%. The derivatization procedure is simple and fast, and produces stable TBBPA derivative. GC-MS with electronic impact (EI) ionization mode shows better detection power than using negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. EI gives a method detection limit of 0.04 pgm(-3) and enables to determine trace TBBPA in ambient air in remote area. The method was successfully applied to the determination of TBBPA in atmospheric samples collected over land and coastal regions. The concentrations of TBBPA ranged from below the method detection limit (0.04 pgm(-3)) to 0.85 pgm(-3). A declining trend with increasing latitude was present from the Wadden Sea to the Arctic. The atmospheric occurrence of TBBPA in the Arctic is significant and might imply that TBBPA has long-range transport potential.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Analytica chimica acta\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lohmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rainer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heemken\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Armando\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Püttmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wilhelm\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17386623\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"pages\":\"333–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{xie_trace_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Trace determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol {A} in the atmosphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.},\\n\\tvolume = {584},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4324},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.062},\\n\\tabstract = {A simple and effective method has been developed for analysis of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in environmental samples by using modified soxhlet extraction in combination with silica gel clean-up, derivatization with silylation reagent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Satisfactory recoveries were achieved for the large volume sampling, soxhlet extraction and silica gel clean-up. The overall recovery is 79+/-1\\\\%. The derivatization procedure is simple and fast, and produces stable TBBPA derivative. GC-MS with electronic impact (EI) ionization mode shows better detection power than using negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. EI gives a method detection limit of 0.04 pgm(-3) and enables to determine trace TBBPA in ambient air in remote area. The method was successfully applied to the determination of TBBPA in atmospheric samples collected over land and coastal regions. The concentrations of TBBPA ranged from below the method detection limit (0.04 pgm(-3)) to 0.85 pgm(-3). A declining trend with increasing latitude was present from the Wadden Sea to the Arctic. The atmospheric occurrence of TBBPA in the Arctic is significant and might imply that TBBPA has long-range transport potential.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytica chimica acta},\\n\\tauthor = {Xie, Zhiyong and Ebinghaus, Ralf and Lohmann, Rainer and Heemken, Olaf and Caba, Armando and Püttmann, Wilhelm},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17386623},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {333--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Xie, Z.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\",\"Lohmann, R.\",\"Heemken, O.\",\"Caba, A.\",\"Püttmann, W.\"],\"key\":\"xie_trace_2007\",\"id\":\"xie_trace_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"xie-ebinghaus-lohmann-heemken-caba-pttmann-tracedeterminationoftheflameretardanttetrabromobisphenolaintheatmospherebygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Germany\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: the Canadian High Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau.\",\"volume\":\"161\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.041\",\"abstract\":\"Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (FRs) were monitored for approximately one year at two remote stations, namely Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau and Alert in the Canadian High Arctic. BDE-47 and 99 were the dominant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners at both sites. Atmospheric PBDE concentrations in Nam Co were generally lower than those at Alert. While significant seasonal variations were observed for PBDEs at Alert, the FR concentrations at Nam Co showed no significant seasonality, even though air masses originated from distinctly different regions during different seasons. This suggests that FRs in Tibet do not have regional sources, but are reflective of truly global background contamination. Three new FRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) and bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) were detected at relatively high concentrations at both sites. This is the first report of these FRs in the remote global atmosphere and suggests significant potential for long-range atmospheric transport.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xiao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Su\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yushan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barresi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Enzo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dejong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maryl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hayley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying-Duan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wania\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shi-Chang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22230080\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Tibet\",\"pages\":\"154–61\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{xiao_atmospheric_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: the {Canadian} {High} {Arctic} and the {Tibetan} {Plateau}.},\\n\\tvolume = {161},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.041},\\n\\tabstract = {Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (FRs) were monitored for approximately one year at two remote stations, namely Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau and Alert in the Canadian High Arctic. BDE-47 and 99 were the dominant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners at both sites. Atmospheric PBDE concentrations in Nam Co were generally lower than those at Alert. While significant seasonal variations were observed for PBDEs at Alert, the FR concentrations at Nam Co showed no significant seasonality, even though air masses originated from distinctly different regions during different seasons. This suggests that FRs in Tibet do not have regional sources, but are reflective of truly global background contamination. Three new FRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) and bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) were detected at relatively high concentrations at both sites. This is the first report of these FRs in the remote global atmosphere and suggests significant potential for long-range atmospheric transport.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Xiao, Hang and Shen, Li and Su, Yushan and Barresi, Enzo and Dejong, Maryl and Hung, Hayley and Lei, Ying-Duan and Wania, Frank and Reiner, Eric J and Sverko, Ed and Kang, Shi-Chang},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22230080},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Tibet},\\n\\tpages = {154--61},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Xiao, H.\",\"Shen, L.\",\"Su, Y.\",\"Barresi, E.\",\"Dejong, M.\",\"Hung, H.\",\"Lei, Y.\",\"Wania, F.\",\"Reiner, E. J\",\"Sverko, E.\",\"Kang, S.\"],\"key\":\"xiao_atmospheric_2012\",\"id\":\"xiao_atmospheric_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"xiao-shen-su-barresi-dejong-hung-lei-wania-etal-atmosphericconcentrationsofhalogenatedflameretardantsattworemotelocationsthecanadianhigharcticandthetibetanplateau-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Canada\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Tibet\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Spatial learning and memory deficit of low level polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 in male adult rat is modulated by intracellular glutamate receptors.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1880-3989\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of widely used flame retardants, are extensively diffused in the environment. Of particular concern are the reported highly sensitivity of PBDEs in children or developmental animals, however, almost no information is available on their potential effects on adults and the mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the neurotoxic effects of sub-chronic PBDE-47 exposure on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, PBDE-47, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg per day was administered to rats by gavage for 30 days. The learning and memory function was tested by Morris water maze. Further, in order to explore the potential mechanism, the expression of NMDA-receptors was evaluated by using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR. Our results showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 produced learning and memory deficits in male adult rats. Also, significant decrease in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus areas of hippocampus affected by all three doses of PBDE-47 on the expression of NR(1), NR(2)B and Glu were found by IHC. In addition, the evaluation of expression of the NR(1), NR(2)B and NR(2)C showed statistically significant decrease in mRNA expression in rats exposed to PBDE-47. These findings showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 could also induce behavioral alterations and the neurotoxic effects might due to the down-regulation expression of NMDA receptors. Our data indicated that the possibility of exposure of adults to PBDE-47 warranted further studies to characterize their potential neurotoxicity.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xuejun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chengzhi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Youbin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xuelan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Changyan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22467012\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutamate, Glutamate: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: metabolism, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory Disorders, Memory Disorders: chemically induced, Memory Disorders: metabolism, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: genetics, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: metabolism, RNA, Rats, Receptors, Sprague-Dawley\",\"pages\":\"223–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yan_spatial_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Spatial learning and memory deficit of low level polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 in male adult rat is modulated by intracellular glutamate receptors.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1880-3989},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of widely used flame retardants, are extensively diffused in the environment. Of particular concern are the reported highly sensitivity of PBDEs in children or developmental animals, however, almost no information is available on their potential effects on adults and the mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the neurotoxic effects of sub-chronic PBDE-47 exposure on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, PBDE-47, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg per day was administered to rats by gavage for 30 days. The learning and memory function was tested by Morris water maze. Further, in order to explore the potential mechanism, the expression of NMDA-receptors was evaluated by using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR. Our results showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 produced learning and memory deficits in male adult rats. Also, significant decrease in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus areas of hippocampus affected by all three doses of PBDE-47 on the expression of NR(1), NR(2)B and Glu were found by IHC. In addition, the evaluation of expression of the NR(1), NR(2)B and NR(2)C showed statistically significant decrease in mRNA expression in rats exposed to PBDE-47. These findings showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 could also induce behavioral alterations and the neurotoxic effects might due to the down-regulation expression of NMDA receptors. Our data indicated that the possibility of exposure of adults to PBDE-47 warranted further studies to characterize their potential neurotoxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Yan, Tang and Xiang, Li and Xuejun, Jiang and Chengzhi, Chen and Youbin, Qi and Xuelan, Yu and Yang, Liu and Changyan, Peng and Hui, Chen},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22467012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutamate, Glutamate: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: metabolism, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory Disorders, Memory Disorders: chemically induced, Memory Disorders: metabolism, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: genetics, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: metabolism, RNA, Rats, Receptors, Sprague-Dawley},\\n\\tpages = {223--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yan, T.\",\"Xiang, L.\",\"Xuejun, J.\",\"Chengzhi, C.\",\"Youbin, Q.\",\"Xuelan, Y.\",\"Yang, L.\",\"Changyan, P.\",\"Hui, C.\"],\"key\":\"yan_spatial_2012\",\"id\":\"yan_spatial_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yan-xiang-xuejun-chengzhi-youbin-xuelan-yang-changyan-etal-spatiallearningandmemorydeficitoflowlevelpolybrominateddiphenylethers47inmaleadultratismodulatedbyintracellularglutamatereceptors-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutamate\",\"Glutamate: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hippocampus\",\"Hippocampus: drug effects\",\"Hippocampus: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Maze Learning: physiology\",\"Memory Disorders\",\"Memory Disorders: chemically induced\",\"Memory Disorders: metabolism\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: metabolism\",\"N-Methyl-D-Aspartate\",\"N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: genetics\",\"N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: metabolism\",\"RNA\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Sprague-Dawley\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), and nitrofen (NIP).\",\"volume\":\"155\",\"issn\":\"0378-4274\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.005\",\"abstract\":\"Previously, we demonstrated that some endocrine disrupting chemicals affected thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated gene expression in HeLaTR cells that stably expressed the human TRalpha1. To examine whether widely used brominated flame retardants and pesticides affect TR-mediated gene expression, those with organohalogen, which is also present in T3, were screened. To monitor the TR-mediated gene expression, HeLaTR cells were transfected with a luciferase gene that was linked to the thyroid hormone responsive element. Thus, transcription of the luciferase gene in HeLaTR cells is driven by TR. By screening 38 chemical agents, it was found that 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), markedly, and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nitrofen (NIP), to a much lesser extent but significantly, enhanced the expression of the luciferase gene at concentrations that did not affect the growth of HeLaTR cells. DIB also augmented the E2-induced expression of the luciferase gene that was linked to the estrogen responsive element in MCF7 cells, whereas HBCD and NIP did not. These results indicate that DIB augments TR- and ER-mediated gene expression, but HBCD and NIP affect only TR-mediated gene expression. Thus, there is a potential risk that HBCD, DIB, and NIP act as endocrine disrupters in animals and human beings.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamada-Okabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haruya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kashima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamada-Okabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hisafumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"15585367\",\"keywords\":\"Biphenyl Compounds, Biphenyl Compounds: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Estrogen: biosynthesis, Estrogen: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Genes, Hela Cells, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Luciferases, Luciferases: genetics, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, estrogen, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"127–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yamada-okabe_modulation_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}), 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl ({DIB}), and nitrofen ({NIP}).},\\n\\tvolume = {155},\\n\\tissn = {0378-4274},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Previously, we demonstrated that some endocrine disrupting chemicals affected thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated gene expression in HeLaTR cells that stably expressed the human TRalpha1. To examine whether widely used brominated flame retardants and pesticides affect TR-mediated gene expression, those with organohalogen, which is also present in T3, were screened. To monitor the TR-mediated gene expression, HeLaTR cells were transfected with a luciferase gene that was linked to the thyroid hormone responsive element. Thus, transcription of the luciferase gene in HeLaTR cells is driven by TR. By screening 38 chemical agents, it was found that 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), markedly, and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nitrofen (NIP), to a much lesser extent but significantly, enhanced the expression of the luciferase gene at concentrations that did not affect the growth of HeLaTR cells. DIB also augmented the E2-induced expression of the luciferase gene that was linked to the estrogen responsive element in MCF7 cells, whereas HBCD and NIP did not. These results indicate that DIB augments TR- and ER-mediated gene expression, but HBCD and NIP affect only TR-mediated gene expression. Thus, there is a potential risk that HBCD, DIB, and NIP act as endocrine disrupters in animals and human beings.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Yamada-Okabe, Toshiko and Sakai, Haruya and Kashima, Yuji and Yamada-Okabe, Hisafumi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {15585367},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biphenyl Compounds, Biphenyl Compounds: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Estrogen: biosynthesis, Estrogen: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Genes, Hela Cells, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Luciferases, Luciferases: genetics, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, estrogen, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {127--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yamada-Okabe, T.\",\"Sakai, H.\",\"Kashima, Y.\",\"Yamada-Okabe, H.\"],\"key\":\"yamada-okabe_modulation_2005\",\"id\":\"yamada-okabe_modulation_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yamadaokabe-sakai-kashima-yamadaokabe-modulationatacellularlevelofthethyroidhormonereceptormediatedgeneexpressionby1256910hexabromocyclododecanehbcd44diiodobiphenyldibandnitrofennip-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biphenyl Compounds\",\"Biphenyl Compounds: toxicity\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cell Proliferation\",\"Cell Proliferation: drug effects\",\"Estrogen: biosynthesis\",\"Estrogen: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects\",\"Genes\",\"Hela Cells\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Luciferases\",\"Luciferases: genetics\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: toxicity\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Plasmids\",\"Plasmids: genetics\",\"Receptors\",\"Reporter\",\"Reporter: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormone\",\"Thyroid Hormone: drug effects\",\"Transfection\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: pharmacology\",\"estrogen\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Pb isotopes at a remote site in Southwestern China: implications for monsoon-associated transport.\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.035\",\"abstract\":\"A 13-month sampling campaign was conducted at a remote site in southwestern China from October, 2005 to December, 2006. An integrated approach with lead isotopes and air back trajectory analysis was used to investigate the monsoon-associated atmospheric transport of PBDEs in tropical/subtropical Asia regions. The air concentration of PBDEs ranged from 1.6 to 57.5 pgm(-3) (15.9±12.0 pgm(-3)), comparable to reported levels at other remote sites in the world. BDE-209, followed by BDE-47 and -99 dominated the PBDE compositions, indicating a mixed deca- and penta-BDE source. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed that the major potential source regions of BDE-47 and -99 could be southern China and Thailand, while those of BDE-209 are widely distributed in industrialized and urbanized areas in tropical Asia. The different lead isotope compositions of aerosols between trajectory clusters further substantiated the observation that the South Asian monsoon from spring to summer could penetrate deep into southwestern China, and facilitate long-range transport of airborne pollutants from South Asia.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiangdong\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21855958\",\"keywords\":\"Aerosols, Aerosols: analysis, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, China, Cyclonic Storms, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Isotopes, Isotopes: analysis, Lead, Lead: analysis, Seasons\",\"pages\":\"4564–71\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{xu_atmospheric_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and {Pb} isotopes at a remote site in {Southwestern} {China}: implications for monsoon-associated transport.},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.035},\\n\\tabstract = {A 13-month sampling campaign was conducted at a remote site in southwestern China from October, 2005 to December, 2006. An integrated approach with lead isotopes and air back trajectory analysis was used to investigate the monsoon-associated atmospheric transport of PBDEs in tropical/subtropical Asia regions. The air concentration of PBDEs ranged from 1.6 to 57.5 pgm(-3) (15.9±12.0 pgm(-3)), comparable to reported levels at other remote sites in the world. BDE-209, followed by BDE-47 and -99 dominated the PBDE compositions, indicating a mixed deca- and penta-BDE source. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed that the major potential source regions of BDE-47 and -99 could be southern China and Thailand, while those of BDE-209 are widely distributed in industrialized and urbanized areas in tropical Asia. The different lead isotope compositions of aerosols between trajectory clusters further substantiated the observation that the South Asian monsoon from spring to summer could penetrate deep into southwestern China, and facilitate long-range transport of airborne pollutants from South Asia.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Xu, Yue and Zhang, Gan and Li, Jun and Liu, Xiang and Li, Xiangdong},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21855958},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aerosols, Aerosols: analysis, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, China, Cyclonic Storms, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Isotopes, Isotopes: analysis, Lead, Lead: analysis, Seasons},\\n\\tpages = {4564--71},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Xu, Y.\",\"Zhang, G.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Liu, X.\",\"Li, X.\"],\"key\":\"xu_atmospheric_2011\",\"id\":\"xu_atmospheric_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"xu-zhang-li-liu-li-atmosphericpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpbisotopesataremotesiteinsouthwesternchinaimplicationsformonsoonassociatedtransport-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aerosols\",\"Aerosols: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Atmosphere\",\"China\",\"Cyclonic Storms\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Isotopes\",\"Isotopes: analysis\",\"Lead\",\"Lead: analysis\",\"Seasons\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from Guiyu, China.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es9024518\",\"abstract\":\"We aimed to evaluate the exposure of neonates to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from a primitive e-waste (obsolete electrical and electronic devices) recycling area, in Guiyu, China, and a control area, Chaonan, China, through umbilical cord blood (UCB), the health effects, and relevant factors. Questionnaires were addressed, and UCB was collected shortly after birth from 153 pregnant women between May and July 2007. Blood samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extracting methods. PBDE concentration was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ionization mode. The total PBDE concentration was higher in UCB samples from Guiyu than in Chaonan samples (median 13.84, range 1.14-504.97 ng g(-1) lipid, vs 5.23, range 0.29-363.70 ng g(-1) lipid) (p \\\\textless 0.05). BDE-209 was the dominant PBDE congener, followed by BDE-47, -153, and -99. Residence in Guiyu, which is a site for e-waste recycling, involvement in e-waste recycling, and the residence also being used as a family workshop were significant factors contributing to PBDE exposure. PBDE levels significantly differed in neonates by normal birth and adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature delivery (p \\\\textless 0.05). The neonates from Guiyu are exposed to high levels of PBDEs. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs may affect neonates' health in Guiyu, which still needs to be evaluated in larger epidemiological studies.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kusheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xijin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Junxiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20000818\",\"keywords\":\"China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"813–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from {Guiyu}, {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es9024518},\\n\\tabstract = {We aimed to evaluate the exposure of neonates to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from a primitive e-waste (obsolete electrical and electronic devices) recycling area, in Guiyu, China, and a control area, Chaonan, China, through umbilical cord blood (UCB), the health effects, and relevant factors. Questionnaires were addressed, and UCB was collected shortly after birth from 153 pregnant women between May and July 2007. Blood samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extracting methods. PBDE concentration was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ionization mode. The total PBDE concentration was higher in UCB samples from Guiyu than in Chaonan samples (median 13.84, range 1.14-504.97 ng g(-1) lipid, vs 5.23, range 0.29-363.70 ng g(-1) lipid) (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). BDE-209 was the dominant PBDE congener, followed by BDE-47, -153, and -99. Residence in Guiyu, which is a site for e-waste recycling, involvement in e-waste recycling, and the residence also being used as a family workshop were significant factors contributing to PBDE exposure. PBDE levels significantly differed in neonates by normal birth and adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature delivery (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). The neonates from Guiyu are exposed to high levels of PBDEs. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs may affect neonates' health in Guiyu, which still needs to be evaluated in larger epidemiological studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Kusheng and Xu, Xijin and Liu, Junxiao and Guo, Yongyong and Li, Yan and Huo, Xia},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20000818},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {813--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, K.\",\"Xu, X.\",\"Liu, J.\",\"Guo, Y.\",\"Li, Y.\",\"Huo, X.\"],\"key\":\"wu_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"wu_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-xu-liu-guo-li-huo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinumbilicalcordbloodandrelevantfactorsinneonatesfromguiyuchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Newborn\",\"Pregnancy\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Environmental Health Criteria 209: Flame retardants : tris ( chloropropyl ) phosphate and tris ( 2- chloroethyl ) phosphate.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"World Health Organization\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{world_health_organization_environmental_1998,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental {Health} {Criteria} 209: {Flame} retardants : tris ( chloropropyl ) phosphate and tris ( 2- chloroethyl ) phosphate.},\\n\\tauthor = {{World Health Organization}},\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"World Health Organization\"],\"key\":\"world_health_organization_environmental_1998\",\"id\":\"world_health_organization_environmental_1998\",\"bibbaseid\":\"worldhealthorganization-environmentalhealthcriteria209flameretardantstrischloropropylphosphateandtris2chloroethylphosphate-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling.\",\"volume\":\"149\",\"issn\":\"0269-7491\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.044\",\"abstract\":\"This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants such as flame retardants (PBDEs), dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals/metalloid concentrations of different environmental media at Guiyu, a traditional rice-growing village located in southeastern Guangdong Province (PR China), which has turned into an intensive electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site. Incomplete combustion of e-waste in open air and dumping of processed materials are the major sources of various toxic chemicals. By comparing with existing data available in other areas and also guidelines adopted in different countries, it is obvious that the environment is highly contaminated by these toxic chemicals derived from the recycling processes. For example, the monthly concentration of the sum of 22 PBDE congeners contained in PM(2.5) (16.8ngm(-3)) of air samples at Guiyu was 100 times higher than published data. In order to safeguard the environment and human health, detailed investigations are urgently needed, especially on tracking the exposure pathways of different toxic chemicals which may affect the workers and local residents especially mothers, infants and children.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Deng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X\",\"Z\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Q\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"O\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\",\"S\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luksemburg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17412468\",\"keywords\":\"Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Aromatic: toxicity, China, Developing Countries, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: toxicity, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Manufactured Materials, Metals, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"131–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wong_export_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling.},\\n\\tvolume = {149},\\n\\tissn = {0269-7491},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.044},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants such as flame retardants (PBDEs), dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals/metalloid concentrations of different environmental media at Guiyu, a traditional rice-growing village located in southeastern Guangdong Province (PR China), which has turned into an intensive electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site. Incomplete combustion of e-waste in open air and dumping of processed materials are the major sources of various toxic chemicals. By comparing with existing data available in other areas and also guidelines adopted in different countries, it is obvious that the environment is highly contaminated by these toxic chemicals derived from the recycling processes. For example, the monthly concentration of the sum of 22 PBDE congeners contained in PM(2.5) (16.8ngm(-3)) of air samples at Guiyu was 100 times higher than published data. In order to safeguard the environment and human health, detailed investigations are urgently needed, especially on tracking the exposure pathways of different toxic chemicals which may affect the workers and local residents especially mothers, infants and children.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Wong, M H and Wu, S C and Deng, W J and Yu, X Z and Luo, Q and Leung, A O W and Wong, C S C and Luksemburg, W J and Wong, A S},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17412468},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Aromatic: toxicity, China, Developing Countries, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: toxicity, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Manufactured Materials, Metals, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {131--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wong, M H\",\"Wu, S C\",\"Deng, W J\",\"Yu, X Z\",\"Luo, Q\",\"Leung, A O W\",\"Wong, C S C\",\"Luksemburg, W J\",\"Wong, A S\"],\"key\":\"wong_export_2007\",\"id\":\"wong_export_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wong-wu-deng-yu-luo-leung-wong-luksemburg-etal-exportoftoxicchemicalsareviewofthecaseofuncontrolledelectronicwasterecycling-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aromatic\",\"Aromatic: analysis\",\"Aromatic: toxicity\",\"China\",\"Developing Countries\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Heavy\",\"Heavy: analysis\",\"Heavy: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Manufactured Materials\",\"Metals\",\"Polycyclic Hydrocarbons\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Refuse Disposal: methods\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fate of brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides in urban soil: volatility and degradation.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203287x\",\"abstract\":\"As the uses of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are being phased out in many countries, soils could become a secondary emission source to the atmosphere. It is also anticipated that the demand for alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) will grow, but little is known about their environmental fate in soils. In this study, the volatility and degradation of BFRs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil was investigated. A low organic carbon (5.6%) urban soil was spiked with a suite of BFRs and OCPs, followed by incubation under laboratory condition for 360 days. These included BDE- 17, -28, -47, -99; α- and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), β-1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), OCPs: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) and (13)C(6)-α-HCH, trans-chlordane (TC), and (13)C(10)-TC. The volatility of spiked chemicals was investigated using a fugacity meter to measure the soil-air partition coefficient (K(SA)). K(SA) of some spiked BFRs and OCPs increased from Day 10 to 60 or 90 and leveled off afterward. This suggests that the volatility of BFRs and OCPs decreases over time as the chemicals become more strongly bound to the soil. Degradation of alternative BFRs (α- and β-TBECH, β-TBCO, DPTE), BDE-17, and α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was evident in soils over 360 days, but no degradation was observed for the BDE-28, -47, -99, and TC ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled). A method to separate the enantiomers of α-TBECH and β-TBCO was developed and their degradation, along with α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was enantioselective. This is the first study which reports the enantioselective degradation of chiral BFRs in soils. Discrepancies between the enantiomer fraction (EF) of chemicals extracted from the soil by dichloromethane (DCM) and air were found. It is suggested that DCM removes both the sequestered and loosely bound fractions of chemicals in soil, whereas air accesses only the loosely bound fraction, and these two pools are subject to different degrees of enantioselective degradation. This calls for caution when interpreting EFs obtained from DCM extraction of soil with EFs in ambient air.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fiona\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurt-Karakus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Perihan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bidleman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terry\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22243402\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Cities, Environmental Remediation, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Volatilization\",\"pages\":\"2668–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wong_fate_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Fate of brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides in urban soil: volatility and degradation.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203287x},\\n\\tabstract = {As the uses of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are being phased out in many countries, soils could become a secondary emission source to the atmosphere. It is also anticipated that the demand for alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) will grow, but little is known about their environmental fate in soils. In this study, the volatility and degradation of BFRs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil was investigated. A low organic carbon (5.6\\\\%) urban soil was spiked with a suite of BFRs and OCPs, followed by incubation under laboratory condition for 360 days. These included BDE- 17, -28, -47, -99; α- and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), β-1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), OCPs: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) and (13)C(6)-α-HCH, trans-chlordane (TC), and (13)C(10)-TC. The volatility of spiked chemicals was investigated using a fugacity meter to measure the soil-air partition coefficient (K(SA)). K(SA) of some spiked BFRs and OCPs increased from Day 10 to 60 or 90 and leveled off afterward. This suggests that the volatility of BFRs and OCPs decreases over time as the chemicals become more strongly bound to the soil. Degradation of alternative BFRs (α- and β-TBECH, β-TBCO, DPTE), BDE-17, and α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was evident in soils over 360 days, but no degradation was observed for the BDE-28, -47, -99, and TC ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled). A method to separate the enantiomers of α-TBECH and β-TBCO was developed and their degradation, along with α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was enantioselective. This is the first study which reports the enantioselective degradation of chiral BFRs in soils. Discrepancies between the enantiomer fraction (EF) of chemicals extracted from the soil by dichloromethane (DCM) and air were found. It is suggested that DCM removes both the sequestered and loosely bound fractions of chemicals in soil, whereas air accesses only the loosely bound fraction, and these two pools are subject to different degrees of enantioselective degradation. This calls for caution when interpreting EFs obtained from DCM extraction of soil with EFs in ambient air.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wong, Fiona and Kurt-Karakus, Perihan and Bidleman, Terry F},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22243402},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Cities, Environmental Remediation, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Volatilization},\\n\\tpages = {2668--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wong, F.\",\"Kurt-Karakus, P.\",\"Bidleman, T. F\"],\"key\":\"wong_fate_2012\",\"id\":\"wong_fate_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wong-kurtkarakus-bidleman-fateofbrominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinepesticidesinurbansoilvolatilityanddegradation-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: chemistry\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Remediation\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Half-Life\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Stereoisomerism\",\"Time Factors\",\"Volatilization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human exposure to PBDEs: associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645\",\"abstract\":\"This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2-8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nerissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Paepke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tickner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17396645\",\"keywords\":\"Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Food, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Questionnaires, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1584–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_human_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Human exposure to {PBDEs}: associations of {PBDE} body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2-8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Nerissa and Herrmann, Thomas and Paepke, Olaf and Tickner, Joel and Hale, Robert and Harvey, L Ellen and La Guardia, Mark and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17396645},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Food, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Questionnaires, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1584--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, N.\",\"Herrmann, T.\",\"Paepke, O.\",\"Tickner, J.\",\"Hale, R.\",\"Harvey, L E.\",\"La Guardia, M.\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"wu_human_2007\",\"id\":\"wu_human_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645\"},\"keyword\":[\"Body Burden\",\"Boston\",\"Dust\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Milk\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Questionnaires\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human Exposure to PBDEs: Associations of PBDE Body Burdens with Food Consumption and House Dust Concentrations\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es0620282\",\"abstract\":\"This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs. This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nerissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Paepke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tickner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1584–1589\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_human_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Human {Exposure} to {PBDEs}: {Associations} of {PBDE} {Body} {Burdens} with {Food} {Consumption} and {House} {Dust} {Concentrations}},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es0620282},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs. This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Nerissa and Herrmann, Thomas and Paepke, Olaf and Tickner, Joel and Hale, Robert and Harvey, Ellen and La Guardia, Mark and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1584--1589},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, N.\",\"Herrmann, T.\",\"Paepke, O.\",\"Tickner, J.\",\"Hale, R.\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"La Guardia, M.\",\"McClean, M. D.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"wu_human_2007-1\",\"id\":\"wu_human_2007-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics.\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"1001-0742\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375\",\"abstract\":\"Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental sciences (China)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaojun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"She\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yazhe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lehuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shejun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bixian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22655375\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Time Factors, Wild\",\"pages\":\"183–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_review_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from {China}: levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics.},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {1001-0742},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375},\\n\\tabstract = {Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Jiangping and Zhang, Ying and Luo, Xiaojun and She, Yazhe and Yu, Lehuan and Chen, Shejun and Mai, Bixian},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22655375},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Time Factors, Wild},\\n\\tpages = {183--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, J.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"She, Y.\",\"Yu, L.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"wu_review_2012\",\"id\":\"wu_review_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-zhang-luo-she-yu-chen-mai-areviewofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinwildlifefromchinalevelstrendsandbioaccumulationcharacteristics-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Time Factors\",\"Wild\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal PBDE exposure and Mecp2308 mutation.\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1460-2083\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/hmg/dds046\",\"abstract\":\"The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Human molecular genetics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woods\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rima\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vallero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roxanne\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Golub\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mari\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suarez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joanne\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tram\",\"Anh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yasui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dag\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lai-Har\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kostyniak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaSalle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janine\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22343140\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: genetics, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Epigenomics, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Inbred Strains, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: genetics, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: metabolism, Mice, Mutation, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"2399–411\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{woods_long-lived_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal {PBDE} exposure and {Mecp2308} mutation.},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1460-2083},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/hmg/dds046},\\n\\tabstract = {The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Human molecular genetics},\\n\\tauthor = {Woods, Rima and Vallero, Roxanne O and Golub, Mari S and Suarez, Joanne K and Ta, Tram Anh and Yasui, Dag H and Chi, Lai-Har and Kostyniak, Paul J and Pessah, Isaac N and Berman, Robert F and LaSalle, Janine M},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22343140},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: genetics, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Epigenomics, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Inbred Strains, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: genetics, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: metabolism, Mice, Mutation, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {2399--411},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Woods, R.\",\"Vallero, R. O\",\"Golub, M. S\",\"Suarez, J. K\",\"Ta, T. A.\",\"Yasui, D. H\",\"Chi, L.\",\"Kostyniak, P. J\",\"Pessah, I. N\",\"Berman, R. F\",\"LaSalle, J. M\"],\"key\":\"woods_long-lived_2012\",\"id\":\"woods_long-lived_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase\",\"DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: genetics\",\"DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Epigenomics\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Inbred Strains\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2\",\"Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: genetics\",\"Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: metabolism\",\"Mice\",\"Mutation\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Body burdens of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organo-halogenated compounds and their descriptors in US girls.\",\"volume\":\"110\",\"issn\":\"1096-0953\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.004\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Levels of brominated flame retardants are increasing in US populations, yet little data are available on body burdens of these and other persistent hormonally active agents (HAAs) in school-aged children. Exposures to such chemicals may affect a number of health outcomes related to development and reproductive function. OBJECTIVE: Determine the distribution of biomarkers of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organo-chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT/DDE, in children, and their variation by key descriptor variables. METHODS: Ethnically diverse cohorts of girls 6-8 y old at baseline are being followed for growth and pubertal development in a multi-site, longitudinal study. Nearly 600 serum samples from the California and Ohio sites were analyzed for lipids, 35 PCB congeners, 11 PBDE congeners, and 9 OCPs. The biomarker distributions were examined and geometric means compared for selected analytes across categories of age, race, site, body mass index (BMI), parental education, maternal age at delivery, and breast feeding in adjusted models. RESULTS: Six PBDE congeners were detected among greater than 70% of samples, with BDE-47 having the highest concentration (median 42.2, range 4.9-855 ng/g lipid). Girls in California had adjusted geometric mean (GM) PBDE levels significantly higher than girls in Ohio. Furthermore, Blacks had significantly higher adjusted GMs of all six PBDE congeners than Whites, and Hispanics had intermediate values. GMs tended to be lower among more obese girls, while other variables were not strongly associated. In contrast, GMs of the six PCB congeners most frequently detected were significantly lower among Blacks and Hispanics than Whites. PCBs and the three pesticides most frequently detected were also consistently lower among girls with high BMI, who were not breast-fed, whose mothers were younger, or whose care-givers (usually parents) were less educated. Girls in California had higher GMs than in Ohio for the pesticides and most PCB congeners, but the opposite for CB-99 and -118. CONCLUSIONS: Several of these potential HAAs were detected in nearly all of these young girls, some at relatively high levels, with variation by geographic location and other demographic factors that may reflect exposure pathways. The higher PBDE levels in California likely reflect differences in fire regulation and safety codes, with potential policy implications.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Windham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gayle\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hiatt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kushi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lawrence\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20129604\",\"keywords\":\"Body Burden, Child, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Ohio, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, United States, california, ffr, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"251–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{windham_body_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Body burdens of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organo-halogenated compounds and their descriptors in {US} girls.},\\n\\tvolume = {110},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.004},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Levels of brominated flame retardants are increasing in US populations, yet little data are available on body burdens of these and other persistent hormonally active agents (HAAs) in school-aged children. Exposures to such chemicals may affect a number of health outcomes related to development and reproductive function. OBJECTIVE: Determine the distribution of biomarkers of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organo-chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT/DDE, in children, and their variation by key descriptor variables. METHODS: Ethnically diverse cohorts of girls 6-8 y old at baseline are being followed for growth and pubertal development in a multi-site, longitudinal study. Nearly 600 serum samples from the California and Ohio sites were analyzed for lipids, 35 PCB congeners, 11 PBDE congeners, and 9 OCPs. The biomarker distributions were examined and geometric means compared for selected analytes across categories of age, race, site, body mass index (BMI), parental education, maternal age at delivery, and breast feeding in adjusted models. RESULTS: Six PBDE congeners were detected among greater than 70\\\\% of samples, with BDE-47 having the highest concentration (median 42.2, range 4.9-855 ng/g lipid). Girls in California had adjusted geometric mean (GM) PBDE levels significantly higher than girls in Ohio. Furthermore, Blacks had significantly higher adjusted GMs of all six PBDE congeners than Whites, and Hispanics had intermediate values. GMs tended to be lower among more obese girls, while other variables were not strongly associated. In contrast, GMs of the six PCB congeners most frequently detected were significantly lower among Blacks and Hispanics than Whites. PCBs and the three pesticides most frequently detected were also consistently lower among girls with high BMI, who were not breast-fed, whose mothers were younger, or whose care-givers (usually parents) were less educated. Girls in California had higher GMs than in Ohio for the pesticides and most PCB congeners, but the opposite for CB-99 and -118. CONCLUSIONS: Several of these potential HAAs were detected in nearly all of these young girls, some at relatively high levels, with variation by geographic location and other demographic factors that may reflect exposure pathways. The higher PBDE levels in California likely reflect differences in fire regulation and safety codes, with potential policy implications.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental research},\\n\\tauthor = {Windham, Gayle C and Pinney, Susan M and Sjodin, Andreas and Lum, Raymond and Jones, Richard S and Needham, Larry L and Biro, Frank M and Hiatt, Robert A and Kushi, Lawrence H},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20129604},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Child, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Ohio, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, United States, california, ffr, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {251--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Windham, G. C\",\"Pinney, S. M\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Lum, R.\",\"Jones, R. S\",\"Needham, L. L\",\"Biro, F. M\",\"Hiatt, R. A\",\"Kushi, L. H\"],\"key\":\"windham_body_2010\",\"id\":\"windham_body_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"windham-pinney-sjodin-lum-jones-needham-biro-hiatt-etal-bodyburdensofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpersistentorganohalogenatedcompoundsandtheirdescriptorsinusgirls-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Body Burden\",\"Child\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: blood\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: blood\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Ohio\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"United States\",\"california\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polystyrene insulation: Does it belong in a green building?\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"url\":\"http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Building News\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frbldg\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wilson_polystyrene_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polystyrene insulation: {Does} it belong in a green building?},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\turl = {http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Building News},\\n\\tauthor = {Wilson, A},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wilson, A\"],\"key\":\"wilson_polystyrene_2009\",\"id\":\"wilson_polystyrene_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wilson-polystyreneinsulationdoesitbelonginagreenbuilding-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frbldg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The potential of selected brominated flame retardants to affect neurological development.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1521-6950\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10937401003751630\",\"abstract\":\"Various brominated flame retardants (BFR), including polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are commonly used in household items and electronics and have been detected in the environment and/or the bodily fluids of people, including children. Some studies in animals suggest that exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA during the perinatal period may affect locomotor activity and/or memory and learning. Epidemiological studies showing similar effects in humans, however, are lacking. To assess whether an association exists between perinatal exposure and development of consistent neurobehavioral alterations, published animal studies investigating perinatal exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA with specific neurobehavioral evaluations-particularly, assessments of motor activity-were reviewed for consistency of results. Our analysis shows that although the majority of studies suggest that perinatal exposure affects motor activity, the effects observed were not consistent. This lack of consistency includes the type of motor activity (locomotion, rearing, or total activity) affected, the direction (increase or decrease) and pattern of change associated with exposure, the existence of a dose response, the permanency of findings, and the possibility of gender differences in response. Interestingly, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)-compliant studies that followed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing found no adverse effects associated with exposure to PBDE209, HBCD, or TBBPA at doses that were orders of magnitude higher and administered over longer durations than those used in the other studies examined herein. The lack of consistency across studies precludes establishment of a causal relationship between perinatal exposure to these substances and alterations in motor activity.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"Lavin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DeSesso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20582854\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Risk Assessment\",\"pages\":\"411–48\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{williams_potential_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {The potential of selected brominated flame retardants to affect neurological development.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1521-6950},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10937401003751630},\\n\\tabstract = {Various brominated flame retardants (BFR), including polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are commonly used in household items and electronics and have been detected in the environment and/or the bodily fluids of people, including children. Some studies in animals suggest that exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA during the perinatal period may affect locomotor activity and/or memory and learning. Epidemiological studies showing similar effects in humans, however, are lacking. To assess whether an association exists between perinatal exposure and development of consistent neurobehavioral alterations, published animal studies investigating perinatal exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA with specific neurobehavioral evaluations-particularly, assessments of motor activity-were reviewed for consistency of results. Our analysis shows that although the majority of studies suggest that perinatal exposure affects motor activity, the effects observed were not consistent. This lack of consistency includes the type of motor activity (locomotion, rearing, or total activity) affected, the direction (increase or decrease) and pattern of change associated with exposure, the existence of a dose response, the permanency of findings, and the possibility of gender differences in response. Interestingly, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)-compliant studies that followed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing found no adverse effects associated with exposure to PBDE209, HBCD, or TBBPA at doses that were orders of magnitude higher and administered over longer durations than those used in the other studies examined herein. The lack of consistency across studies precludes establishment of a causal relationship between perinatal exposure to these substances and alterations in motor activity.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Williams, Amy Lavin and DeSesso, John M},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20582854},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Risk Assessment},\\n\\tpages = {411--48},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Williams, A. L.\",\"DeSesso, J. M\"],\"key\":\"williams_potential_2010\",\"id\":\"williams_potential_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"williams-desesso-thepotentialofselectedbrominatedflameretardantstoaffectneurologicaldevelopment-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Risk Assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Passive Sampling Survey of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Indoor and Outdoor Air in Ottawa, Canada: Implications for Sources and Exposure\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es049260x\",\"abstract\":\"The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations (\\\\textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1% (f) and 4.4% (m) of overall daily intake. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations (\\\\textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1% (f) and 4.4% (m) of overall daily intake.\",\"number\":\"20\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bryony\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"5312–5318\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wilford_passive_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Passive {Sampling} {Survey} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Air} in {Ottawa}, {Canada}: {Implications} for {Sources} and {Exposure}},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es049260x},\\n\\tabstract = {The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1\\\\% (f) and 4.4\\\\% (m) of overall daily intake. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1\\\\% (f) and 4.4\\\\% (m) of overall daily intake.},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wilford, Bryony H. and Harner, Tom and Zhu, Jiping and Shoeib, Mahiba and Jones, Kevin C.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {5312--5318},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wilford, B. H.\",\"Harner, T.\",\"Zhu, J.\",\"Shoeib, M.\",\"Jones, K. C.\"],\"key\":\"wilford_passive_2004\",\"id\":\"wilford_passive_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wilford-harner-zhu-shoeib-jones-passivesamplingsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinindoorandoutdoorairinottawacanadaimplicationsforsourcesandexposure-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs: environmental sources, metabolic relationships, and relative toxicities.\",\"volume\":\"63\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.008\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated compounds are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are anthropogenic compounds of concern. Studies suggest that PBDEs can be biotransformed to hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDE). However, the rate of OH-BDE formation observed has been extremely small. OH-BDEs have also been identified as natural compounds produced by some marine invertebrates. Another class of compounds, the methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs), has also been identified as natural compounds in the marine environment. Both the OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs bioaccumulate in higher marine organisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that MeO-BDEs can be biotransformed to OH-BDEs and this generates greater amounts of OH-BDEs than could be generated from PBDEs. Consequently, MeO-BDEs likely represent the primary source of metabolically derived OH-BDEs. Given that for some endpoints OH-BDEs often exhibit greater toxicity compared to PBDEs, it is prudent to consider OH-BDEs as chemicals of concern, despite their seemingly \\\"natural\\\" origins.\",\"number\":\"5-12\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wiseman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steve\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hecker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Markus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21439595\",\"keywords\":\"Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation\",\"pages\":\"179–88\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wiseman_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs: environmental sources, metabolic relationships, and relative toxicities.},\\n\\tvolume = {63},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated compounds are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are anthropogenic compounds of concern. Studies suggest that PBDEs can be biotransformed to hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDE). However, the rate of OH-BDE formation observed has been extremely small. OH-BDEs have also been identified as natural compounds produced by some marine invertebrates. Another class of compounds, the methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs), has also been identified as natural compounds in the marine environment. Both the OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs bioaccumulate in higher marine organisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that MeO-BDEs can be biotransformed to OH-BDEs and this generates greater amounts of OH-BDEs than could be generated from PBDEs. Consequently, MeO-BDEs likely represent the primary source of metabolically derived OH-BDEs. Given that for some endpoints OH-BDEs often exhibit greater toxicity compared to PBDEs, it is prudent to consider OH-BDEs as chemicals of concern, despite their seemingly \\\"natural\\\" origins.},\\n\\tnumber = {5-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Wiseman, Steve B and Wan, Yi and Chang, Hong and Zhang, Xiaowei and Hecker, Markus and Jones, Paul D and Giesy, John P},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21439595},\\n\\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation},\\n\\tpages = {179--88},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wiseman, S. B\",\"Wan, Y.\",\"Chang, H.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Hecker, M.\",\"Jones, P. D\",\"Giesy, J. P\"],\"key\":\"wiseman_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"wiseman_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wiseman-wan-chang-zhang-hecker-jones-giesy-polybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedmethoxylatedanalogsenvironmentalsourcesmetabolicrelationshipsandrelativetoxicities-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595\"},\"keyword\":[\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Endocrine System\",\"Endocrine System: drug effects\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hydroxylation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The role of interior finish in fire development\",\"volume\":\"Fall\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Fire Protection Engineering\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williamson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mowrer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"26–29,32–34,36,38–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{williamson_role_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {The role of interior finish in fire development},\\n\\tvolume = {Fall},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Protection Engineering},\\n\\tauthor = {Williamson, R B and Mowrer, F W},\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {26--29,32--34,36,38--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Williamson, R B\",\"Mowrer, F W\"],\"key\":\"williamson_role_2004\",\"id\":\"williamson_role_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"williamson-mowrer-theroleofinteriorfinishinfiredevelopment-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A corner fire test to simulate residential fires\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire and Flammability\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williamson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1973\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"99–105\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{williamson_corner_1973,\\n\\ttitle = {A corner fire test to simulate residential fires},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire and Flammability},\\n\\tauthor = {Williamson, R B and Baron, F M},\\n\\tyear = {1973},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {99--105},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Williamson, R B\",\"Baron, F M\"],\"key\":\"williamson_corner_1973\",\"id\":\"williamson_corner_1973\",\"bibbaseid\":\"williamson-baron-acornerfiretesttosimulateresidentialfires-1973\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thermal formation of PBDD/F from tetrabromobisphenol A–a comparison of polymer linked TBBP A with its additive incorporation in thermoplastics.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610\",\"abstract\":\"For a long period, polybrominated flame retardants are under discussion because of the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD)/dibenzofurans (PBDF) (PBDD/F) in case of thermal stress. Concerning polymer linked tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), formation of PBDD/F was commonly presumed to be sterically hindered because of the covalent fixation into the polymer backbone. Combustion experiments with additively incorporated TBBP A compared with its polymer linkage revealed, that this assumption is incorrect and has to be revised. Under same conditions, similar PBDD/F concentrations in the range of 17.5-19.6 mg PBBD/F per kg TBBP A applied were analyzed. PBDD/F homologue distribution patterns were almost identical predominated by low brominated PBDF. These findings for PBDD/F formation have to be considered in future discussions regarding thermal stress caused by combustion or recycling processes, including other flame retardants bound in polymer matrix, e.g. polybrominated polystyrene (PS), or those with molecular structures showing less analogy to PBDD/F, like hexabromocyclododecane. The second aspect introduced, is the influence of different plastics on the formation rates of PBDD/F. In this context, combustion experiments were performed in an atmosphere consisting of synthetic air and HBr. PBDD/F concentrations were 8.47 mg/kg polyethylene, 1.67 mg/kg PS, 3.92 mg/kg phenolic resin and 18.1 mg/kg epoxy resin. Distribution patterns of PBDD/F homologues could partly be correlated with the occurrence of the precursors polybrominated benzenes and phenols.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wichmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dettmer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bahadir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11999610\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Temperature, com, frelec\",\"pages\":\"349–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wichmann_thermal_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Thermal formation of {PBDD}/{F} from tetrabromobisphenol {A}–a comparison of polymer linked {TBBP} {A} with its additive incorporation in thermoplastics.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610},\\n\\tabstract = {For a long period, polybrominated flame retardants are under discussion because of the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD)/dibenzofurans (PBDF) (PBDD/F) in case of thermal stress. Concerning polymer linked tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), formation of PBDD/F was commonly presumed to be sterically hindered because of the covalent fixation into the polymer backbone. Combustion experiments with additively incorporated TBBP A compared with its polymer linkage revealed, that this assumption is incorrect and has to be revised. Under same conditions, similar PBDD/F concentrations in the range of 17.5-19.6 mg PBBD/F per kg TBBP A applied were analyzed. PBDD/F homologue distribution patterns were almost identical predominated by low brominated PBDF. These findings for PBDD/F formation have to be considered in future discussions regarding thermal stress caused by combustion or recycling processes, including other flame retardants bound in polymer matrix, e.g. polybrominated polystyrene (PS), or those with molecular structures showing less analogy to PBDD/F, like hexabromocyclododecane. The second aspect introduced, is the influence of different plastics on the formation rates of PBDD/F. In this context, combustion experiments were performed in an atmosphere consisting of synthetic air and HBr. PBDD/F concentrations were 8.47 mg/kg polyethylene, 1.67 mg/kg PS, 3.92 mg/kg phenolic resin and 18.1 mg/kg epoxy resin. Distribution patterns of PBDD/F homologues could partly be correlated with the occurrence of the precursors polybrominated benzenes and phenols.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Wichmann, H and Dettmer, F T and Bahadir, M},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11999610},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Temperature, com, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {349--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wichmann, H\",\"Dettmer, F T\",\"Bahadir, M\"],\"key\":\"wichmann_thermal_2002\",\"id\":\"wichmann_thermal_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wichmann-dettmer-bahadir-thermalformationofpbddffromtetrabromobisphenolaacomparisonofpolymerlinkedtbbpawithitsadditiveincorporationinthermoplastics-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polymers\",\"Temperature\",\"com\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Geneva\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Health Criteria 205.\",\"url\":\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"WHO\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{who_polybrominated_1998,\\n\\taddress = {Geneva},\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. {Environmental} {Health} {Criteria} 205.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm},\\n\\tauthor = {{WHO}},\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"WHO\"],\"key\":\"who_polybrominated_1998\",\"id\":\"who_polybrominated_1998\",\"bibbaseid\":\"who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransenvironmentalhealthcriteria205-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust.\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1559-064X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/jes.2011.11\",\"abstract\":\"Residential dust has been used as a medium for assessing human exposures to a constellation of indoor contaminants including radionuclides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, allergens, and tobacco smoke. Here, we review and comment on investigations of household dust levels of particular analytes of health significance, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In doing so, we not only describe methods for collecting and analyzing residential dust, but also describe global patterns in dust levels. Aside from geographic location, we discuss several potential determinants for dust levels of these contaminants. We also review previous estimates of the contribution of dust to overall intake of these three chemical classes and show how residential-dust measurements could be useful in either augmenting or replacing questionnaire-based assessment of human exposures in epidemiological studies. We conclude our review with a discussion of the current gaps in knowledge of worldwide dust levels and suggestions for how residential-dust measurements could be used to describe human exposures to chemicals in developing countries.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whitehead\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Metayer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buffler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rappaport\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"21522188\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Developing Countries, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods\",\"pages\":\"549–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{whitehead_estimating_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1559-064X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2011.11},\\n\\tabstract = {Residential dust has been used as a medium for assessing human exposures to a constellation of indoor contaminants including radionuclides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, allergens, and tobacco smoke. Here, we review and comment on investigations of household dust levels of particular analytes of health significance, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In doing so, we not only describe methods for collecting and analyzing residential dust, but also describe global patterns in dust levels. Aside from geographic location, we discuss several potential determinants for dust levels of these contaminants. We also review previous estimates of the contribution of dust to overall intake of these three chemical classes and show how residential-dust measurements could be useful in either augmenting or replacing questionnaire-based assessment of human exposures in epidemiological studies. We conclude our review with a discussion of the current gaps in knowledge of worldwide dust levels and suggestions for how residential-dust measurements could be used to describe human exposures to chemicals in developing countries.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\\\& environmental epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Whitehead, Todd and Metayer, Catherine and Buffler, Patricia and Rappaport, Stephen M},\\n\\tpmid = {21522188},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Developing Countries, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods},\\n\\tpages = {549--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Whitehead, T.\",\"Metayer, C.\",\"Buffler, P.\",\"Rappaport, S. M\"],\"key\":\"whitehead_estimating_nodate\",\"id\":\"whitehead_estimating_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"whitehead-metayer-buffler-rappaport-estimatingexposurestoindoorcontaminantsusingresidentialdust\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Developing Countries\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: classification\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Assessment: methods\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"SVOC partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"url\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029\",\"number\":\"30\",\"journal\":\"Atmospheric Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weschler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nazaroff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"3609–3620\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weschler_svoc_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{SVOC} partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029},\\n\\tnumber = {30},\\n\\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Weschler, Charles J and Nazaroff, William W},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {3609--3620},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weschler, C. J\",\"Nazaroff, W. W\"],\"key\":\"weschler_svoc_2010\",\"id\":\"weschler_svoc_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weschler-nazaroff-svocpartitioningbetweenthegasphaseandsettleddustindoors-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"13522310\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052\",\"abstract\":\"Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments, redistributing from their original sources to all indoor surfaces. Exposures resulting from their indoor presence contribute to detectable body burdens of diverse SVOCs, including pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants. This paper critically examines equilibrium partitioning of SVOCs among indoor compartments. It proceeds to evaluate kinetic constraints on sorptive partitioning to organic matter on fixed surfaces and airborne particles. Analyses indicate that equilibrium partitioning is achieved faster for particles than for typical indoor surfaces; indeed, for a strongly sorbing SVOC and a thick sorptive reservoir, equilibrium partitioning is never achieved. Mass-balance considerations are used to develop physical-science-based models that connect source- and sink-rates to airborne concentrations for commonly encountered situations, such as the application of a pesticide or the emission of a plasticizer or flame retardant from its host material. Calculations suggest that many SVOCs have long indoor persistence, even after the primary source is removed. If the only removal mechanism is ventilation, moderately sorbing compounds (Koa \\\\textgreater 1010) may persist indoors for hundreds to thousands of hours, while strongly sorbing compounds (Koa \\\\textgreater 1012) may persist for years. The paper concludes by applying the newly developed framework to explore exposure pathways of building occupants to indoor SVOCs. Accumulation of SVOCs as a consequence of direct air-to-human transport is shown to be potentially large, with a maximum indoor-air processing rate of 10–20 m3/h for SVOC uptake by human skin, hair and clothing. Levels on human skin calculated with a simple model of direct air-to-skin transfer agree remarkably well with levels measured in dermal hand wipes for SVOCs possessing a wide range of octanol–air partition coefficients.\",\"number\":\"40\",\"journal\":\"Atmospheric Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"WESCHLER\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"NAZAROFF\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Exposure, Flame retardants, Pesticides, Plasticizers, dynamic behavior, partitioning\",\"pages\":\"9018–9040\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weschler_semivolatile_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {13522310},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052},\\n\\tabstract = {Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments, redistributing from their original sources to all indoor surfaces. Exposures resulting from their indoor presence contribute to detectable body burdens of diverse SVOCs, including pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants. This paper critically examines equilibrium partitioning of SVOCs among indoor compartments. It proceeds to evaluate kinetic constraints on sorptive partitioning to organic matter on fixed surfaces and airborne particles. Analyses indicate that equilibrium partitioning is achieved faster for particles than for typical indoor surfaces; indeed, for a strongly sorbing SVOC and a thick sorptive reservoir, equilibrium partitioning is never achieved. Mass-balance considerations are used to develop physical-science-based models that connect source- and sink-rates to airborne concentrations for commonly encountered situations, such as the application of a pesticide or the emission of a plasticizer or flame retardant from its host material. Calculations suggest that many SVOCs have long indoor persistence, even after the primary source is removed. If the only removal mechanism is ventilation, moderately sorbing compounds (Koa {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 1010) may persist indoors for hundreds to thousands of hours, while strongly sorbing compounds (Koa {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 1012) may persist for years. The paper concludes by applying the newly developed framework to explore exposure pathways of building occupants to indoor SVOCs. Accumulation of SVOCs as a consequence of direct air-to-human transport is shown to be potentially large, with a maximum indoor-air processing rate of 10–20 m3/h for SVOC uptake by human skin, hair and clothing. Levels on human skin calculated with a simple model of direct air-to-skin transfer agree remarkably well with levels measured in dermal hand wipes for SVOCs possessing a wide range of octanol–air partition coefficients.},\\n\\tnumber = {40},\\n\\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {WESCHLER, C and NAZAROFF, W},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Exposure, Flame retardants, Pesticides, Plasticizers, dynamic behavior, partitioning},\\n\\tpages = {9018--9040},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"WESCHLER, C\",\"NAZAROFF, W\"],\"key\":\"weschler_semivolatile_2008\",\"id\":\"weschler_semivolatile_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weschler-nazaroff-semivolatileorganiccompoundsinindoorenvironments-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052\"},\"keyword\":[\"Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Pesticides\",\"Plasticizers\",\"dynamic behavior\",\"partitioning\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"SVOC exposure indoors: fresh look at dermal pathways.\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00772.x\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract This paper critically examines indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) via dermal pathways. First, it demonstrates that - in central tendency - an SVOC's abundance on indoor surfaces and in handwipes can be predicted reasonably well from gas-phase concentrations, assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium prevails. Then, equations are developed, based upon idealized mass-transport considerations, to estimate transdermal penetration of an SVOC either from its concentration in skin-surface lipids or its concentration in air. Kinetic constraints limit air-to-skin transport in the case of SVOCs that strongly sorb to skin-surface lipids. Air-to-skin transdermal uptake is estimated to be comparable to or larger than inhalation intake for many SVOCs of current or potential interest indoors, including butylated hydroxytoluene, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diethyl phthalate, Galaxolide, geranyl acetone, nicotine (in free-base form), PCB28, PCB52, Phantolide, Texanol and Tonalide. Although air-to-skin transdermal uptake is anticipated to be slow for bisphenol A, we find that transdermal permeation may nevertheless be substantial following its transfer to skin via contact with contaminated surfaces. The paper concludes with explorations of the influence of particles and dust on dermal exposure, the role of clothing and bedding as transport vectors, and the potential significance of hair follicles as transport shunts through the epidermis. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Human exposure to indoor pollutants can occur through dietary and nondietary ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Many factors influence the relative importance of these pathways, including physical and chemical properties of the pollutants. This paper argues that exposure to indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through the dermal pathway has often been underestimated. Transdermal permeation of SVOCs can be substantially greater than is commonly assumed. Transport of SVOCs from the air to and through the skin is typically not taken into account in exposure assessments. Yet, for certain SVOCs, intake through skin is estimated to be substantially larger than intake through inhalation. Exposure scientists, risk assessors, and public health officials should be mindful of the dermal pathway when estimating exposures to indoor SVOCs. Also, they should recognize that health consequences vary with exposure pathway. For example, an SVOC that enters the blood through the skin does not encounter the same detoxifying enzymes that an ingested SVOC would experience in the stomach, intestines, and liver before it enters the blood.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Indoor air\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weschler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nazaroff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Lipids, air-to-skin transport, handwipes, partitioning, permeability coefficient, skin-surface, transdermal permeation\",\"pages\":\"356–377\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weschler_svoc_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {{SVOC} exposure indoors: fresh look at dermal pathways.},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00772.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract This paper critically examines indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) via dermal pathways. First, it demonstrates that - in central tendency - an SVOC's abundance on indoor surfaces and in handwipes can be predicted reasonably well from gas-phase concentrations, assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium prevails. Then, equations are developed, based upon idealized mass-transport considerations, to estimate transdermal penetration of an SVOC either from its concentration in skin-surface lipids or its concentration in air. Kinetic constraints limit air-to-skin transport in the case of SVOCs that strongly sorb to skin-surface lipids. Air-to-skin transdermal uptake is estimated to be comparable to or larger than inhalation intake for many SVOCs of current or potential interest indoors, including butylated hydroxytoluene, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diethyl phthalate, Galaxolide, geranyl acetone, nicotine (in free-base form), PCB28, PCB52, Phantolide, Texanol and Tonalide. Although air-to-skin transdermal uptake is anticipated to be slow for bisphenol A, we find that transdermal permeation may nevertheless be substantial following its transfer to skin via contact with contaminated surfaces. The paper concludes with explorations of the influence of particles and dust on dermal exposure, the role of clothing and bedding as transport vectors, and the potential significance of hair follicles as transport shunts through the epidermis. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Human exposure to indoor pollutants can occur through dietary and nondietary ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Many factors influence the relative importance of these pathways, including physical and chemical properties of the pollutants. This paper argues that exposure to indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through the dermal pathway has often been underestimated. Transdermal permeation of SVOCs can be substantially greater than is commonly assumed. Transport of SVOCs from the air to and through the skin is typically not taken into account in exposure assessments. Yet, for certain SVOCs, intake through skin is estimated to be substantially larger than intake through inhalation. Exposure scientists, risk assessors, and public health officials should be mindful of the dermal pathway when estimating exposures to indoor SVOCs. Also, they should recognize that health consequences vary with exposure pathway. For example, an SVOC that enters the blood through the skin does not encounter the same detoxifying enzymes that an ingested SVOC would experience in the stomach, intestines, and liver before it enters the blood.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Indoor air},\\n\\tauthor = {Weschler, C J and Nazaroff, W W},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Lipids, air-to-skin transport, handwipes, partitioning, permeability coefficient, skin-surface, transdermal permeation},\\n\\tpages = {356--377},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weschler, C J\",\"Nazaroff, W W\"],\"key\":\"weschler_svoc_2012\",\"id\":\"weschler_svoc_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weschler-nazaroff-svocexposureindoorsfreshlookatdermalpathways-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Lipids\",\"air-to-skin transport\",\"handwipes\",\"partitioning\",\"permeability coefficient\",\"skin-surface\",\"transdermal permeation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in China.\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"0895-3988\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680\",\"doi\":\"10.3967/0895-3988.2011.02.003\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). METHODS: Particulate samples including total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter \\\\textless2.5 μm diameter (PM(2.5)) were collected on selected non-rainy days in summer (Jul 10-12, 2006) and winter (Jan 11-13, 2007) from Fengjiang (FJ), an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao (LQ). The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution - high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). RESULTS: In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations (mean TEQ values) were 280.6 pg Nm(-3) (3.432 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm(-3) (3.180 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the PM(2.5) samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM(2.5) samples were about 66.8%-108.0% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for adults and 110.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO (1998) tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg of WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1). CONCLUSION: The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e-waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tingming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21565680\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Occupational Exposure, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Seasons, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"102–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wen_particle-bound_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Particle-bound {PCDD}/{Fs} in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {0895-3988},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3967/0895-3988.2011.02.003},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). METHODS: Particulate samples including total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter {\\\\textbackslash}textless2.5 μm diameter (PM(2.5)) were collected on selected non-rainy days in summer (Jul 10-12, 2006) and winter (Jan 11-13, 2007) from Fengjiang (FJ), an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao (LQ). The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution - high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). RESULTS: In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations (mean TEQ values) were 280.6 pg Nm(-3) (3.432 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm(-3) (3.180 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the PM(2.5) samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM(2.5) samples were about 66.8\\\\%-108.0\\\\% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for adults and 110.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO (1998) tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg of WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1). CONCLUSION: The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e-waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES},\\n\\tauthor = {Wen, Sheng and Gong, Yan and Li, Jingguang and Shi, Tingming and Zhao, Yunfeng and Wu, Yongning},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21565680},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Occupational Exposure, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Seasons, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {102--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wen, S.\",\"Gong, Y.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Shi, T.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"wen_particle-bound_2011\",\"id\":\"wen_particle-bound_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wen-gong-li-shi-zhao-wu-particleboundpcddfsintheatmosphereofanelectronicwastedismantlingareainchina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"China\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Particulate Matter\",\"Particulate Matter: chemistry\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Refuse Disposal: methods\",\"Seasons\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organohalogenated compounds in tissues of Black Sea harbour porpoises.\",\"volume\":\"60\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.022\",\"abstract\":\"Harbour porpoises are one of the three cetacean species inhabiting the Black Sea. This is the first study to report on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced compounds, methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs), in tissues (kidney, brain, blubber, liver, muscle) of male harbour porpoises (11 adults, 9 juveniles) from the Black Sea. Lipid-normalized concentrations decreased from muscle\\\\textgreaterblubber\\\\textgreaterliver\\\\textgreaterkidney\\\\textgreaterbrain for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and for the sum of PBDEs. Among the naturally-produced compounds, levels of PBHDs were higher than of MeO-PBDEs, with tri-BHD and 6-MeO-BDE 47 being the dominant compounds for both groups, respectively. Concentrations of naturally-produced compounds decreased from blubber to brain, similarly to the sum of DDT and metabolites (DDXs). Concentrations of DDXs were highest, followed by PCBs, HCB, PBHDs, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. Levels of PCBs and PBDEs in blubber were lower than concentrations reported for harbour porpoises from the North Sea, while concentrations of DDXs were higher.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weijs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liesbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Das\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Krishna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blust\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20031175\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Eastern, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Oceans and Seas, Phocoena, Phocoena: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Xanthenes, Xanthenes: analysis, Xanthenes: pharmacokinetics\",\"pages\":\"725–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weijs_occurrence_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organohalogenated compounds in tissues of {Black} {Sea} harbour porpoises.},\\n\\tvolume = {60},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Harbour porpoises are one of the three cetacean species inhabiting the Black Sea. This is the first study to report on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced compounds, methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs), in tissues (kidney, brain, blubber, liver, muscle) of male harbour porpoises (11 adults, 9 juveniles) from the Black Sea. Lipid-normalized concentrations decreased from muscle{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterblubber{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterliver{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterkidney{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterbrain for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and for the sum of PBDEs. Among the naturally-produced compounds, levels of PBHDs were higher than of MeO-PBDEs, with tri-BHD and 6-MeO-BDE 47 being the dominant compounds for both groups, respectively. Concentrations of naturally-produced compounds decreased from blubber to brain, similarly to the sum of DDT and metabolites (DDXs). Concentrations of DDXs were highest, followed by PCBs, HCB, PBHDs, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. Levels of PCBs and PBDEs in blubber were lower than concentrations reported for harbour porpoises from the North Sea, while concentrations of DDXs were higher.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Weijs, Liesbeth and Das, Krishna and Neels, Hugo and Blust, Ronny and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20031175},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Eastern, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Oceans and Seas, Phocoena, Phocoena: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Xanthenes, Xanthenes: analysis, Xanthenes: pharmacokinetics},\\n\\tpages = {725--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weijs, L.\",\"Das, K.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Blust, R.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"weijs_occurrence_2010\",\"id\":\"weijs_occurrence_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weijs-das-neels-blust-covaci-occurrenceofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogenatedcompoundsintissuesofblackseaharbourporpoises-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Eastern\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Europe\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Halogenated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Lipids\",\"Lipids: analysis\",\"Male\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Phocoena\",\"Phocoena: metabolism\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Xanthenes\",\"Xanthenes: analysis\",\"Xanthenes: pharmacokinetics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Kyoto, Japan\",\"title\":\"PentaBDE alternatives in homes, offices and cars.\",\"url\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"PentaBDE was phased out of production in the USA in 2004 and was recently added to the Stockholm Convention. Nevertheless, large quantities remain in use in polyurethane foam furniture in North America. At least two major replacements for pentaBDE are used in the USA. Firemaster 550 (FM550) consists of approximately 50% triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and isopropylated triaryl phosphate and 50% brominated flame retardants. We previously identified the two brominated components as bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5- tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (Stapleton et al 2008b). TBPH has also been used separately as a product called DP-45, e.g., in wires and cables containing polyvinylchloride. A second major pentaBDE replacement is tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). TDCPP and TPP have been used for decades as flame retardants or plasticizers (TPP only) in a wide variety of applications (Stapleton et al 2009a). As discussed elsewhere at this meeting, TDCPP is fairly well metabolized in humans; TDCPP or its metabolites may be developmentally neurotoxic (Stapleton et al 2010). We recently reported on the presence of pentaBDE replacements in house dust as well as foam samples (Stapleton et al 2008b, 2009a). However, no data are available on the concentrations of these compounds in dust from offices or cars. As fire codes can be stricter for office furniture than for residential furniture, dust concentrations of pentaBDE and its replacements may be higher in offices than homes. Furthermore, no data are available on time trends of these compounds in dust. We therefore collected dust from homes, offices and cars in the Boston, MA area and compared our results with our earlier work. In these offices we also collected air samples and handwipes. Materials\",\"booktitle\":\"5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"TF\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"DJ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fraser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"AJ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heiger-Bernays\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"HM\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"MD\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{webster_pentabde_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\\n\\ttitle = {{PentaBDE} alternatives in homes, offices and cars.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {PentaBDE was phased out of production in the USA in 2004 and was recently added to the Stockholm Convention. Nevertheless, large quantities remain in use in polyurethane foam furniture in North America. At least two major replacements for pentaBDE are used in the USA. Firemaster 550 (FM550) consists of approximately 50\\\\% triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and isopropylated triaryl phosphate and 50\\\\% brominated flame retardants. We previously identified the two brominated components as bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5- tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (Stapleton et al 2008b). TBPH has also been used separately as a product called DP-45, e.g., in wires and cables containing polyvinylchloride. A second major pentaBDE replacement is tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). TDCPP and TPP have been used for decades as flame retardants or plasticizers (TPP only) in a wide variety of applications (Stapleton et al 2009a). As discussed elsewhere at this meeting, TDCPP is fairly well metabolized in humans; TDCPP or its metabolites may be developmentally neurotoxic (Stapleton et al 2010). We recently reported on the presence of pentaBDE replacements in house dust as well as foam samples (Stapleton et al 2008b, 2009a). However, no data are available on the concentrations of these compounds in dust from offices or cars. As fire codes can be stricter for office furniture than for residential furniture, dust concentrations of pentaBDE and its replacements may be higher in offices than homes. Furthermore, no data are available on time trends of these compounds in dust. We therefore collected dust from homes, offices and cars in the Boston, MA area and compared our results with our earlier work. In these offices we also collected air samples and handwipes. Materials},\\n\\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Webster, TF and Watkins, DJ and Walker, C and Fraser, AJ and Heiger-Bernays, W and Stapleton, HM and McClean, MD},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Webster, T.\",\"Watkins, D.\",\"Walker, C\",\"Fraser, A.\",\"Heiger-Bernays, W\",\"Stapleton, H.\",\"McClean, M.\"],\"key\":\"webster_pentabde_2010\",\"id\":\"webster_pentabde_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"webster-watkins-walker-fraser-heigerbernays-stapleton-mcclean-pentabdealternativesinhomesofficesandcars-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Kyoto, Japan\",\"title\":\"New POPs- The unique challenge of controlling PBDEs under the Stockholm Convention.\",\"url\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"In May 2009 certain congeners contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether 1 (‘PentaBDE') and octabromodiphenyl ethers2 (‘OctaBDE') were added to Annex A of the Stockholm Convention3 by the fourth Conference of the Parties in Geneva. As a consequence of this these chemicals are officially recognised as persistent organic pollutants (‘POPs') and may no longer be produced. Furthermore Article 6 of the Convention requires that wastes containing POPs be managed in a manner protective of human health and the environment (Stockholm Convention 2001). The new listing therefore requires each party of the Stockholm Convention to take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate releases of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from stockpiles and wastes.4 The listing of these PBDEs5, unlike the original Stockholm POPs, includes specific exemptions allowing for recycling and the use in articles of recycled materials containing these chemicals (Textbox 1) (Stockholm Convention 2009a,b). This exemption generated significant discussion about whether it could be considered to be consistent with the principal objective6 of the Stockholm Convention which is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. Recycling of POPs inevitably increases the possibilities of generating new environmental and health risks. The possibility to include POPs in recycled products lead to exposure in the recycling stage (and future recycling cycles) and even generates the possibility that the ‘second life' exposure may be greater than in previous uses. The long-term implications of allowing POPs to be released in what is likely to be an uncontrolled fashion also raises serious questions about whether the exemptions compromise the objectives of the Convention. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee was therefore requested to make recommendations to the Conference of the Parties to address the above concerns. These recommendations will be based on information gathered from Parties and observers, and informed by a technical report provided by external consultants.\",\"booktitle\":\"5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{weber_new_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\\n\\ttitle = {New {POPs}- {The} unique challenge of controlling {PBDEs} under the {Stockholm} {Convention}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {In May 2009 certain congeners contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether 1 (‘PentaBDE') and octabromodiphenyl ethers2 (‘OctaBDE') were added to Annex A of the Stockholm Convention3 by the fourth Conference of the Parties in Geneva. As a consequence of this these chemicals are officially recognised as persistent organic pollutants (‘POPs') and may no longer be produced. Furthermore Article 6 of the Convention requires that wastes containing POPs be managed in a manner protective of human health and the environment (Stockholm Convention 2001). The new listing therefore requires each party of the Stockholm Convention to take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate releases of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from stockpiles and wastes.4 The listing of these PBDEs5, unlike the original Stockholm POPs, includes specific exemptions allowing for recycling and the use in articles of recycled materials containing these chemicals (Textbox 1) (Stockholm Convention 2009a,b). This exemption generated significant discussion about whether it could be considered to be consistent with the principal objective6 of the Stockholm Convention which is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. Recycling of POPs inevitably increases the possibilities of generating new environmental and health risks. The possibility to include POPs in recycled products lead to exposure in the recycling stage (and future recycling cycles) and even generates the possibility that the ‘second life' exposure may be greater than in previous uses. The long-term implications of allowing POPs to be released in what is likely to be an uncontrolled fashion also raises serious questions about whether the exemptions compromise the objectives of the Convention. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee was therefore requested to make recommendations to the Conference of the Parties to address the above concerns. These recommendations will be based on information gathered from Parties and observers, and informed by a technical report provided by external consultants.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Weber, R and Watson, A and Webster, T},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weber, R\",\"Watson, A\",\"Webster, T\"],\"key\":\"weber_new_2010\",\"id\":\"weber_new_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weber-watson-webster-newpopstheuniquechallengeofcontrollingpbdesunderthestockholmconvention-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Material flammability, combustion, toxicity and fire hazard in transportation.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"03601285\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3\",\"abstract\":\"Many materials used in transportation vehicles are combustible, often dramatically so. These materials may include gases, liquids and solids. They are sometimes employed in order to increase fuel efficiency, reduce manufacturing cost or meet other market demands such as durability or appearance. Extensive research has been conducted on such materials both with and without the expressed intent of applying the results directly to transportation. Combustion and fire research, considered generally, are much broader than (and in fact encompass), the specific applications to transportation issues discussed here. Much if not most of fire and combustion research, therefore, has a direct bearing on transportation. This review ties together disparate subjects of fundamental fire and combustion research that have relevance to transportation fire. The goal is to provide a technical overview of the combustion literature related to, but not exclusively concerned with or focused on, transportation fire safety. Although they are not a large percentage of transportation-related fatalities, fires can be costly in human and economic terms. In the United States, post-collision fires occur in 1–5% of fatal motor vehicle accidents, while approximately 20% of air traffic fatalities are attributed to fire. This review addresses scientific and technical engineering issues in the fields of fire initiation; fire spread; products of combustion and their toxicity; and practical fire prevention in vehicles and other modes of transportation.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wichman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"247–299\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wichman_material_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Material flammability, combustion, toxicity and fire hazard in transportation.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {03601285},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3},\\n\\tabstract = {Many materials used in transportation vehicles are combustible, often dramatically so. These materials may include gases, liquids and solids. They are sometimes employed in order to increase fuel efficiency, reduce manufacturing cost or meet other market demands such as durability or appearance. Extensive research has been conducted on such materials both with and without the expressed intent of applying the results directly to transportation. Combustion and fire research, considered generally, are much broader than (and in fact encompass), the specific applications to transportation issues discussed here. Much if not most of fire and combustion research, therefore, has a direct bearing on transportation. This review ties together disparate subjects of fundamental fire and combustion research that have relevance to transportation fire. The goal is to provide a technical overview of the combustion literature related to, but not exclusively concerned with or focused on, transportation fire safety. Although they are not a large percentage of transportation-related fatalities, fires can be costly in human and economic terms. In the United States, post-collision fires occur in 1–5\\\\% of fatal motor vehicle accidents, while approximately 20\\\\% of air traffic fatalities are attributed to fire. This review addresses scientific and technical engineering issues in the fields of fire initiation; fire spread; products of combustion and their toxicity; and practical fire prevention in vehicles and other modes of transportation.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Wichman, I},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {247--299},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wichman, I\"],\"key\":\"wichman_material_2003\",\"id\":\"wichman_material_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wichman-materialflammabilitycombustiontoxicityandfirehazardintransportation-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Geneva\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (EHC 205)\",\"url\":\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\",\"publisher\":\"World Health Organization\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"WHO\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{who_polybrominated_1998,\\n\\taddress = {Geneva},\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({EHC} 205)},\\n\\turl = {http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm},\\n\\tpublisher = {World Health Organization},\\n\\tauthor = {{WHO}},\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"WHO\"],\"key\":\"who_polybrominated_1998-1\",\"id\":\"who_polybrominated_1998-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransehc205-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Although the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust has been linked to consumer products, the mechanism of transfer remains poorly understood. We conjecture that volatilized PBDEs will be associated with dust particles containing organic matter and will be homogeneously distributed in house dust. In contrast, PBDEs arising from weathering or abrasion of polymers should remain bound to particles of the original polymer matrix and will be heterogeneously distributed within the dust. We used scanning electron microscopy and othertools of environmental forensic microscopy to investigate PBDEs in dust, examining U.S. and U.K. dust samples with extremely high levels of BDE 209 (260-2600 microg/g), a nonvolatile compound at room temperature. We found that the bromine in these samples was concentrated in widely scattered, highly contaminated particles. In the house dust samples from Boston (U.S.), bromine was associated with a polymer/organic matrix. These results suggest that the BDE 209 was transferred to dust via physical processes such as abrasion or weathering. In conjunction with more traditional tools of environmental chemistry, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), environmental forensic microscopy provides novel insights into the origins of BDE 209 in dust and their mechanisms of transfer from products.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Millette\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holbrook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibarra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catalina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"Abou-Elwafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electron, Environment, Flame retardants, Forensic Sciences, Forensic Sciences: instrumentation, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infrared, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Scanning, Spectrophotometry\",\"pages\":\"3067–3072\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{webster_identifying_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE} 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Although the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust has been linked to consumer products, the mechanism of transfer remains poorly understood. We conjecture that volatilized PBDEs will be associated with dust particles containing organic matter and will be homogeneously distributed in house dust. In contrast, PBDEs arising from weathering or abrasion of polymers should remain bound to particles of the original polymer matrix and will be heterogeneously distributed within the dust. We used scanning electron microscopy and othertools of environmental forensic microscopy to investigate PBDEs in dust, examining U.S. and U.K. dust samples with extremely high levels of BDE 209 (260-2600 microg/g), a nonvolatile compound at room temperature. We found that the bromine in these samples was concentrated in widely scattered, highly contaminated particles. In the house dust samples from Boston (U.S.), bromine was associated with a polymer/organic matrix. These results suggest that the BDE 209 was transferred to dust via physical processes such as abrasion or weathering. In conjunction with more traditional tools of environmental chemistry, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), environmental forensic microscopy provides novel insights into the origins of BDE 209 in dust and their mechanisms of transfer from products.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Webster, Thomas F and Harrad, Stuart and Millette, James R and Holbrook, R David and Davis, Jeffrey M and Stapleton, Heather M and Allen, Joseph G and McClean, Michael D and Ibarra, Catalina and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electron, Environment, Flame retardants, Forensic Sciences, Forensic Sciences: instrumentation, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infrared, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Scanning, Spectrophotometry},\\n\\tpages = {3067--3072},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Webster, T. F\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Millette, J. R\",\"Holbrook, R D.\",\"Davis, J. M\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Allen, J. G\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Ibarra, C.\",\"Abdallah, M. A.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"webster_identifying_2009\",\"id\":\"webster_identifying_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"webster-harrad-millette-holbrook-davis-stapleton-allen-mcclean-etal-identifyingtransfermechanismsandsourcesofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inindoorenvironmentsusingenvironmentalforensicmicroscopy-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Automobiles\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Electron\",\"Environment\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Forensic Sciences\",\"Forensic Sciences: instrumentation\",\"Great Britain\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Infrared\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Microscopy\",\"Scanning\",\"Spectrophotometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"01604120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00118-1\",\"abstract\":\"The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition. Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions. In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12850089\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"699–710\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weber_relevance_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Relevance of {BFRs} and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {01604120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00118-1},\\n\\tabstract = {The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition. Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions. In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Weber, R},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12850089},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {699--710},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weber, R\"],\"key\":\"weber_relevance_2003\",\"id\":\"weber_relevance_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weber-relevanceofbfrsandthermalconditionsontheformationpathwaysofbrominatedandbrominatedchlorinateddibenzodioxinsanddibenzofurans-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemistry\",\"Chlorine\",\"Chlorine: chemistry\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Models\",\"Physical\",\"Physicochemical Phenomena\",\"Thermodynamics\",\"com\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fraser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Handwashing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires\",\"pages\":\"1247–1252\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{watkins_exposure_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Fraser, Alicia J and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Handwashing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires},\\n\\tpages = {1247--1252},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Watkins, D. J\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Fraser, A. J\",\"Weinberg, J.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"watkins_exposure_2011\",\"id\":\"watkins_exposure_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Body Burden\",\"Boston\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hand\",\"Handwashing\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Questionnaires\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water.\",\"volume\":\"1218\",\"issn\":\"1873-3778\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067\",\"abstract\":\"Widely used as flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are now broadly present in the indoor and outdoor environments. Currently available liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods share some drawbacks with gas chromatography (GC) methods, including time consuming, limited target OPEs, incomplete separation capability for some OPEs and low throughput. In this study, a fast and high throughput LC-MS/MS method was developed. For the first time, all the twelve OPEs that have been studied in literature, ranging from the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate to the very hydrophobic and non-volatile tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, were separated within 11 min. Different from previous studies, we found that the blank contamination was mainly from organic mobile phase rather than the enrichment process, and it can be efficiently eliminated by using acetonitrile rather than methanol as the organic phase of the mobile phase. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) was significantly improved by using 0.1% formic acid as an organic modifier. The method exhibited high throughput and sensitivity and can baseline separate 11 of the 12 OPEs studied within 11 min with LOQs ranging from 2 to 6 ng/L. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 2-10%. For both reagent water and river water, the spiked recoveries of OPEs ranged from 70 to 110%, except for the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate that has recovery below 10%. The developed procedure was successfully applied to study the OPE contamination of the Songhua River, and it was found that all the target OPEs were detected with total concentrations of around 1 μg/L in the river waters.\",\"number\":\"38\",\"journal\":\"Journal of chromatography. A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing-fu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-guang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21835412\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"6705–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_development_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water.},\\n\\tvolume = {1218},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3778},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067},\\n\\tabstract = {Widely used as flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are now broadly present in the indoor and outdoor environments. Currently available liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods share some drawbacks with gas chromatography (GC) methods, including time consuming, limited target OPEs, incomplete separation capability for some OPEs and low throughput. In this study, a fast and high throughput LC-MS/MS method was developed. For the first time, all the twelve OPEs that have been studied in literature, ranging from the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate to the very hydrophobic and non-volatile tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, were separated within 11 min. Different from previous studies, we found that the blank contamination was mainly from organic mobile phase rather than the enrichment process, and it can be efficiently eliminated by using acetonitrile rather than methanol as the organic phase of the mobile phase. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) was significantly improved by using 0.1\\\\% formic acid as an organic modifier. The method exhibited high throughput and sensitivity and can baseline separate 11 of the 12 OPEs studied within 11 min with LOQs ranging from 2 to 6 ng/L. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 2-10\\\\%. For both reagent water and river water, the spiked recoveries of OPEs ranged from 70 to 110\\\\%, except for the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate that has recovery below 10\\\\%. The developed procedure was successfully applied to study the OPE contamination of the Songhua River, and it was found that all the target OPEs were detected with total concentrations of around 1 μg/L in the river waters.},\\n\\tnumber = {38},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Xiao-wei and Liu, Jing-fu and Yin, Yong-guang},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21835412},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {6705--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, X.\",\"Liu, J.\",\"Yin, Y.\"],\"key\":\"wang_development_2011\",\"id\":\"wang_development_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-liu-yin-developmentofanultrahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodforhighthroughputdeterminationoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinenvironmentalwater-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chromatography\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"High Pressure Liquid: methods\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Improved measurements of partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es103087a\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants with strong hydrophobicity. Due to their strong affinity for organic matter, accurate measurement of adsorption coefficients for PBDEs using conventional batch methods can be confounded by biases caused by their sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this study, sorption isotherms were constructed for BDE-47 and BDE-99 in sediments by using different methods to measure the aqueous phase concentration Cw. Upon centrifugation, Cw measured by automated solid-phase microextraction (Cw-SPME) was consistently smaller than by liquid-liquid extraction (Cw-LLE), suggesting substantial association of PBDEs with DOC. Significant underestimations (1.2-106-fold) of sediment-water partition coefficient Kd occurred when Cw was measured by LLE. The log KDOC values derived from the SPME measurements ranged from 5.10 to 8.02 for eight congeners from BDE-28 to BDE-183, suggesting a strong tendency for PBDEs to complex with DOC. This study showed that PBDE congeners have larger sorption coefficients than would be measured by the conventional method. The high affinity to DOC also means a potential for DOC-facilitated transport, thus enhancing the environmental mobility of PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Delgado-Moreno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qingfu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jay\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21210679\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1521–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_improved_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Improved measurements of partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es103087a},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants with strong hydrophobicity. Due to their strong affinity for organic matter, accurate measurement of adsorption coefficients for PBDEs using conventional batch methods can be confounded by biases caused by their sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this study, sorption isotherms were constructed for BDE-47 and BDE-99 in sediments by using different methods to measure the aqueous phase concentration Cw. Upon centrifugation, Cw measured by automated solid-phase microextraction (Cw-SPME) was consistently smaller than by liquid-liquid extraction (Cw-LLE), suggesting substantial association of PBDEs with DOC. Significant underestimations (1.2-106-fold) of sediment-water partition coefficient Kd occurred when Cw was measured by LLE. The log KDOC values derived from the SPME measurements ranged from 5.10 to 8.02 for eight congeners from BDE-28 to BDE-183, suggesting a strong tendency for PBDEs to complex with DOC. This study showed that PBDE congeners have larger sorption coefficients than would be measured by the conventional method. The high affinity to DOC also means a potential for DOC-facilitated transport, thus enhancing the environmental mobility of PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Wei and Delgado-Moreno, Laura and Ye, Qingfu and Gan, Jay},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21210679},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1521--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, W.\",\"Delgado-Moreno, L.\",\"Ye, Q.\",\"Gan, J.\"],\"key\":\"wang_improved_2011\",\"id\":\"wang_improved_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-delgadomoreno-ye-gan-improvedmeasurementsofpartitioncoefficientsforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The hormesis effect of BDE-47 in HepG2 cells and the potential molecular mechanism.\",\"volume\":\"209\",\"issn\":\"1879-3169\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.014\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) had been used extensively in electrical and electronic products as brominated flame retardants. PBDEs are widely distributed in environment media and wildlife since they are lipophilic and persistent, resulting in bioaccumulation and bioamplification through food chains. Accumulation of PBDEs in the environment and human tissues will consequently cause potential negative effects on the ecological environment and human health. To date, some in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PBDEs possess neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproduction toxicity, endocrine disrupting activity and carcinogenicity. BDE-47 is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners detected in human tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate whether low concentration of BDE-47 could cause hormesis effect in the human hepatoma HepG(2) cells, and to explore the possible molecular mechanism. The results showed that low concentration of BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) could promote cell proliferation and cause no obvious change in DNA damage or cell apoptosis, while the high concentration significantly inhibit cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in low concentration BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) treated groups significantly elevated compared with the control group. After low concentration BDE-47 treatment, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) in the HepG(2) cells was markedly up-regulated. However, in DNA-PKcs inhibited cells, the promotion effect on cell proliferation was significantly suppressed. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant decrease in G1 phase after exposure to low concentration of BDE-47. Moreover, pre-exposure to low concentration BDE-47 seemed alleviate the negative effects of high concentration (50 μM) exposure to cause DNA damage and apoptosis. These results suggested that BDE-47 has a hormesis effect in HepG(2) cells and DNA-PKcs/Akt pathway may be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liulin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yufang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"An\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minghong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22233939\",\"keywords\":\"Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Blotting, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: physiology, Comet Assay, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D1: metabolism, DNA Damage, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hep G2 Cells, Hormesis, Hormesis: drug effects, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: metabolism, Western\",\"pages\":\"193–201\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_hormesis_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {The hormesis effect of {BDE}-47 in {HepG2} cells and the potential molecular mechanism.},\\n\\tvolume = {209},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3169},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) had been used extensively in electrical and electronic products as brominated flame retardants. PBDEs are widely distributed in environment media and wildlife since they are lipophilic and persistent, resulting in bioaccumulation and bioamplification through food chains. Accumulation of PBDEs in the environment and human tissues will consequently cause potential negative effects on the ecological environment and human health. To date, some in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PBDEs possess neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproduction toxicity, endocrine disrupting activity and carcinogenicity. BDE-47 is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners detected in human tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate whether low concentration of BDE-47 could cause hormesis effect in the human hepatoma HepG(2) cells, and to explore the possible molecular mechanism. The results showed that low concentration of BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) could promote cell proliferation and cause no obvious change in DNA damage or cell apoptosis, while the high concentration significantly inhibit cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in low concentration BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) treated groups significantly elevated compared with the control group. After low concentration BDE-47 treatment, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) in the HepG(2) cells was markedly up-regulated. However, in DNA-PKcs inhibited cells, the promotion effect on cell proliferation was significantly suppressed. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant decrease in G1 phase after exposure to low concentration of BDE-47. Moreover, pre-exposure to low concentration BDE-47 seemed alleviate the negative effects of high concentration (50 μM) exposure to cause DNA damage and apoptosis. These results suggested that BDE-47 has a hormesis effect in HepG(2) cells and DNA-PKcs/Akt pathway may be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Liulin and Zou, Wen and Zhong, Yufang and An, Jing and Zhang, Xinyu and Wu, Minghong and Yu, Zhiqiang},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22233939},\\n\\tkeywords = {Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Blotting, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: physiology, Comet Assay, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D1: metabolism, DNA Damage, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hep G2 Cells, Hormesis, Hormesis: drug effects, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: metabolism, Western},\\n\\tpages = {193--201},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, L.\",\"Zou, W.\",\"Zhong, Y.\",\"An, J.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Wu, M.\",\"Yu, Z.\"],\"key\":\"wang_hormesis_2012\",\"id\":\"wang_hormesis_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-zou-zhong-an-zhang-wu-yu-thehormesiseffectofbde47inhepg2cellsandthepotentialmolecularmechanism-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939\"},\"keyword\":[\"Apoptosis\",\"Apoptosis: drug effects\",\"Blotting\",\"Cell Proliferation\",\"Cell Proliferation: drug effects\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: physiology\",\"Comet Assay\",\"Cyclin D1\",\"Cyclin D1: metabolism\",\"DNA Damage\",\"DNA-Activated Protein Kinase\",\"DNA-Activated Protein Kinase: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hep G2 Cells\",\"Hormesis\",\"Hormesis: drug effects\",\"Humans\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen\",\"Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: metabolism\",\"Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt\",\"Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: metabolism\",\"Western\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview.\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"0098-4108\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans can be formed under laboratory conditions by pyrolysis of flame retardants based on polybrominated biphenyls and biphenyl ethers. Their occurrence in the environment, however, is due to combustion processes such as municipal waste incineration and internal combustion engines. As these processes generally take place in the presence of an excess of chlorine, predominantly mixed brominated and chlorinated compounds have been identified so far in environmental samples. Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins or dibenzofurans bind to the cytosolic Ah receptor about as avidly as their chlorinated congeners and induce hepatic microsomal enzymes with comparable potency. The same holds true for mixed brominated-chlorinated compounds. Gross pathologic symptoms-hypothyroidism, thymic atrophy, wasting of body mass, lethality-also occur at doses that, on a molar concentration basis, are virtually identical to those seen with the chlorinated compounds. Their potency to induce malformations in mice following prenatal exposure is equivalent to that of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Possible activities as (co)carcinogens and endocrine disrupters have not been evaluated, but are likely to exist. Considering the overall similarity in action of chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, environmental and health assessments should be based on molar body burdens without discrimination for the nature of the halogen.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of toxicology and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Greim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"1997\",\"pmid\":\"9055873\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"pages\":\"195–215\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weber_toxicity_1997,\\n\\ttitle = {The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview.},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {0098-4108},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans can be formed under laboratory conditions by pyrolysis of flame retardants based on polybrominated biphenyls and biphenyl ethers. Their occurrence in the environment, however, is due to combustion processes such as municipal waste incineration and internal combustion engines. As these processes generally take place in the presence of an excess of chlorine, predominantly mixed brominated and chlorinated compounds have been identified so far in environmental samples. Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins or dibenzofurans bind to the cytosolic Ah receptor about as avidly as their chlorinated congeners and induce hepatic microsomal enzymes with comparable potency. The same holds true for mixed brominated-chlorinated compounds. Gross pathologic symptoms-hypothyroidism, thymic atrophy, wasting of body mass, lethality-also occur at doses that, on a molar concentration basis, are virtually identical to those seen with the chlorinated compounds. Their potency to induce malformations in mice following prenatal exposure is equivalent to that of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Possible activities as (co)carcinogens and endocrine disrupters have not been evaluated, but are likely to exist. Considering the overall similarity in action of chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, environmental and health assessments should be based on molar body burdens without discrimination for the nature of the halogen.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Weber, L W and Greim, H},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {1997},\\n\\tpmid = {9055873},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Structure-Activity Relationship},\\n\\tpages = {195--215},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weber, L W\",\"Greim, H\"],\"key\":\"weber_toxicity_1997\",\"id\":\"weber_toxicity_1997\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weber-greim-thetoxicityofbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransanoverview-1997\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"Benzofurans: toxicity\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: chemistry\",\"Halogenated: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mice\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1003271\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fraser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21715243\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires\",\"pages\":\"1247–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{watkins_exposure_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003271},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Fraser, Alicia J and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21715243},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires},\\n\\tpages = {1247--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Watkins, D. J\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Fraser, A. J\",\"Weinberg, J.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"watkins_exposure_2011-1\",\"id\":\"watkins_exposure_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Body Burden\",\"Boston\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hand\",\"Hand Disinfection\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Questionnaires\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally.\",\"volume\":\"82\",\"issn\":\"1096-9071\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jmv.21770\",\"abstract\":\"Perinatal exposure to a representative flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), was shown previously to increase viral titers in the lungs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected offspring on day 5 post-infection, resulting in exacerbation of pneumonia. In this study, the significant increase of pulmonary viral titers was confirmed even on day 1 post-infection and the effect on the primary immune response to RSV infection were examined to assess a mode of DBDE action on developmental immunotoxicity. On day 1 after infection, the secretion of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased significantly in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid prepared from RSV-infected offspring exposed to DBDE perinatally, but IL-1beta increased. However, in ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation test, the productivity of TNF-alpha in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells, which are mainly primary immune cells responding to RSV infection, prepared from offspring mice exposed to DBDE perinatally was not lower than that in the control. The primary immune cells retained normally the ability of cytokine production after the DBDE exposure. Gene expressions of innate pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptor 3 and 4, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I) in lung tissues were not affected by DBDE exposure. Because the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta are known to be elevated in the lungs of RSV-infected mice, these irregular productions due to perinatal DBDE exposure indicate a disorder of the primary immune response to RSV infection. Thus, perinatal exposure to DBDE was suggested to cause a functional disorder of primary immunity responding to RSV infection.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of medical virology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wataru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimizu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomomi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sawamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katsuhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurokawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masahiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20419825\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: chemistry, Cytokines, Cytokines: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Immunity, Immunologic Factors, Immunologic Factors: toxicity, Inbred BALB C, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lung, Lung: immunology, Lung: pathology, Lung: virology, Male, Mice, Organ Culture Techniques, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: immunology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: pathology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: virology, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses: immunology, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"1075–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{watanabe_functional_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally.},\\n\\tvolume = {82},\\n\\tissn = {1096-9071},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jmv.21770},\\n\\tabstract = {Perinatal exposure to a representative flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), was shown previously to increase viral titers in the lungs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected offspring on day 5 post-infection, resulting in exacerbation of pneumonia. In this study, the significant increase of pulmonary viral titers was confirmed even on day 1 post-infection and the effect on the primary immune response to RSV infection were examined to assess a mode of DBDE action on developmental immunotoxicity. On day 1 after infection, the secretion of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased significantly in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid prepared from RSV-infected offspring exposed to DBDE perinatally, but IL-1beta increased. However, in ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation test, the productivity of TNF-alpha in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells, which are mainly primary immune cells responding to RSV infection, prepared from offspring mice exposed to DBDE perinatally was not lower than that in the control. The primary immune cells retained normally the ability of cytokine production after the DBDE exposure. Gene expressions of innate pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptor 3 and 4, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I) in lung tissues were not affected by DBDE exposure. Because the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta are known to be elevated in the lungs of RSV-infected mice, these irregular productions due to perinatal DBDE exposure indicate a disorder of the primary immune response to RSV infection. Thus, perinatal exposure to DBDE was suggested to cause a functional disorder of primary immunity responding to RSV infection.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of medical virology},\\n\\tauthor = {Watanabe, Wataru and Shimizu, Tomomi and Sawamura, Rie and Hino, Akane and Konno, Katsuhiko and Kurokawa, Masahiko},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20419825},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: chemistry, Cytokines, Cytokines: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Immunity, Immunologic Factors, Immunologic Factors: toxicity, Inbred BALB C, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lung, Lung: immunology, Lung: pathology, Lung: virology, Male, Mice, Organ Culture Techniques, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: immunology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: pathology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: virology, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses: immunology, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1075--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Watanabe, W.\",\"Shimizu, T.\",\"Sawamura, R.\",\"Hino, A.\",\"Konno, K.\",\"Kurokawa, M.\"],\"key\":\"watanabe_functional_2010\",\"id\":\"watanabe_functional_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"watanabe-shimizu-sawamura-hino-konno-kurokawa-functionaldisorderofprimaryimmunityrespondingtorespiratorysyncytialvirusinfectioninoffspringmiceexposedtoaflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherperinatally-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid\",\"Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: chemistry\",\"Cytokines\",\"Cytokines: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Immunity\",\"Immunologic Factors\",\"Immunologic Factors: toxicity\",\"Inbred BALB C\",\"Innate\",\"Innate: drug effects\",\"Lung\",\"Lung: immunology\",\"Lung: pathology\",\"Lung: virology\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Organ Culture Techniques\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections\",\"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: immunology\",\"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: pathology\",\"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: virology\",\"Respiratory Syncytial Viruses\",\"Respiratory Syncytial Viruses: immunology\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1382-6689\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.004\",\"abstract\":\"Decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), a representative brominated flame retardant ubiquitous in the environment, is suspected of being hazardous to humans. We evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of DBDE by an assay system using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in offspring mice. Pregnant mice were continuously exposed to DBDE (10, 100, 1000, or 10,000ppm) in the diet from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. Offspring mice born to these dams were intranasally infected with RSV. Virus titers in the lungs of RSV-infected offspring exposed perinatally to DBDE increased dose-dependently compared with the control. The level of interferon-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and gene expression of the chemokine RANTES in the lungs were also significantly elevated in offspring mice exposed to DBDE. Histopathological analysis revealed that pneumonia in the lungs of offspring mice exposed to 10,000ppm of DBDE was exacerbated compared with the control. These results indicate that DBDE is a developmental immunotoxic agent.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wataru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimizu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomomi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurokawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masahiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"21791381\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"315–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{watanabe_effects_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether ({DBDE}) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1382-6689},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), a representative brominated flame retardant ubiquitous in the environment, is suspected of being hazardous to humans. We evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of DBDE by an assay system using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in offspring mice. Pregnant mice were continuously exposed to DBDE (10, 100, 1000, or 10,000ppm) in the diet from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. Offspring mice born to these dams were intranasally infected with RSV. Virus titers in the lungs of RSV-infected offspring exposed perinatally to DBDE increased dose-dependently compared with the control. The level of interferon-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and gene expression of the chemokine RANTES in the lungs were also significantly elevated in offspring mice exposed to DBDE. Histopathological analysis revealed that pneumonia in the lungs of offspring mice exposed to 10,000ppm of DBDE was exacerbated compared with the control. These results indicate that DBDE is a developmental immunotoxic agent.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Watanabe, Wataru and Shimizu, Tomomi and Hino, Akane and Kurokawa, Masahiko},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {21791381},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {315--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Watanabe, W.\",\"Shimizu, T.\",\"Hino, A.\",\"Kurokawa, M.\"],\"key\":\"watanabe_effects_2008\",\"id\":\"watanabe_effects_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"watanabe-shimizu-hino-kurokawa-effectsofdecabrominateddiphenyletherdbdeondevelopmentalimmunotoxicityinoffspringmice-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.035\",\"abstract\":\"A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass and the influence of root colonization with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. BDE-209 dissipation in soil varied with its proximity to the roots and was enhanced by AM inoculation. A negative correlation (P \\\\textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.66) was found between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and soil microbial biomass estimated as the total phospholipid fatty acids, suggesting a contribution of microbial degradation to BDE-209 dissipation. Twelve and twenty-four lower brominated PBDEs were detected in soil and plant samples, respectively, with a higher proportion of di- through hepta-BDE congeners in the plant tissues than in the soils, indicating the occurrence of BDE-209 debromination in the soil-plant system. AM inoculation increased the levels of lower brominated PBDEs in ryegrass. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuzhen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honglin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21183262\",\"keywords\":\"Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fungi, Fungi: drug effects, Fungi: metabolism, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycota: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: metabolism, Lolium: microbiology, Mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizae: drug effects, Mycorrhizae: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Plant Shoots, Plant Shoots: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rhizosphere, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"749–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_behavior_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.035},\\n\\tabstract = {A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass and the influence of root colonization with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. BDE-209 dissipation in soil varied with its proximity to the roots and was enhanced by AM inoculation. A negative correlation (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.66) was found between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and soil microbial biomass estimated as the total phospholipid fatty acids, suggesting a contribution of microbial degradation to BDE-209 dissipation. Twelve and twenty-four lower brominated PBDEs were detected in soil and plant samples, respectively, with a higher proportion of di- through hepta-BDE congeners in the plant tissues than in the soils, indicating the occurrence of BDE-209 debromination in the soil-plant system. AM inoculation increased the levels of lower brominated PBDEs in ryegrass. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Sen and Zhang, Shuzhen and Huang, Honglin and Christie, Peter},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21183262},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fungi, Fungi: drug effects, Fungi: metabolism, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycota: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: metabolism, Lolium: microbiology, Mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizae: drug effects, Mycorrhizae: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Plant Shoots, Plant Shoots: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rhizosphere, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {749--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, S.\",\"Zhang, S.\",\"Huang, H.\",\"Christie, P.\"],\"key\":\"wang_behavior_2011\",\"id\":\"wang_behavior_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-zhang-huang-christie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209insoileffectsofrhizosphereandmycorrhizalcolonizationofryegrassroots-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fungi\",\"Fungi: drug effects\",\"Fungi: metabolism\",\"Glomeromycota\",\"Glomeromycota: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Lolium\",\"Lolium: drug effects\",\"Lolium: metabolism\",\"Lolium: microbiology\",\"Mycorrhizae\",\"Mycorrhizae: drug effects\",\"Mycorrhizae: metabolism\",\"Plant Roots\",\"Plant Roots: metabolism\",\"Plant Shoots\",\"Plant Shoots: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Rhizosphere\",\"Soil Microbiology\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Soil Pollutants: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from metallurgical processes.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es903128e\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigated the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the stack flue gases of the metallurgical processes. An examination of the PBDEs existing in the stack flue gases of sinter plants revealed that PBDEs can form during the combustion processes through the similar formation conditions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PBDD/F and PBDE emission rates of the metallurgical facilities were 0.446-3.19 microg TEQ/h and 4470-27000 microg/h, correspondingly. Both emission rates could reach several orders higher than those of the reported sources, revealing that the metallurgical facilities are not only important PCDD/F but also significant PBDD/F and PBDE emission sources to the environment. BDE-209 is the most abundant PBDE congener in the emissions of metallurgical facilities and is found to be dominant in the atmosphere and soils. However, few studies have considered metallurgical facilities as potential PBDE contributors to the environment. Because PBDEs could form or not be completely destroyed in the feeding materials in the combustion system, PBDE contributions from combustion emission sources to the atmosphere should not be ignored and need further investigation.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lin-Chi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ya-Fen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hsing-Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang-Chien\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guo-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20102211\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy\",\"pages\":\"1240–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_characterizing_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) from metallurgical processes.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es903128e},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigated the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the stack flue gases of the metallurgical processes. An examination of the PBDEs existing in the stack flue gases of sinter plants revealed that PBDEs can form during the combustion processes through the similar formation conditions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PBDD/F and PBDE emission rates of the metallurgical facilities were 0.446-3.19 microg TEQ/h and 4470-27000 microg/h, correspondingly. Both emission rates could reach several orders higher than those of the reported sources, revealing that the metallurgical facilities are not only important PCDD/F but also significant PBDD/F and PBDE emission sources to the environment. BDE-209 is the most abundant PBDE congener in the emissions of metallurgical facilities and is found to be dominant in the atmosphere and soils. However, few studies have considered metallurgical facilities as potential PBDE contributors to the environment. Because PBDEs could form or not be completely destroyed in the feeding materials in the combustion system, PBDE contributions from combustion emission sources to the atmosphere should not be ignored and need further investigation.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Lin-Chi and Wang, Ya-Fen and Hsi, Hsing-Cheng and Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20102211},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy},\\n\\tpages = {1240--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, L.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Hsi, H.\",\"Chang-Chien, G.\"],\"key\":\"wang_characterizing_2010\",\"id\":\"wang_characterizing_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-wang-hsi-changchien-characterizingtheemissionsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsfrommetallurgicalprocesses-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Metallurgy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators.\",\"volume\":\"158\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.016\",\"abstract\":\"The stack flue gases and the ashes in different units of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are sampled to investigate the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Bottom ashes (BA) exhibited much higher PBDD/F (8.11-52.2 pg TEQ/g) and PBDE contents (20.4-186 ng/g) than those of fly ashes (0.0932-2.02 pg TEQ/g and 0.332-25.5 ng/g), revealing that the PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the feeding waste may not be completely destroyed. The PBDE concentrations/contents in the stack flue gases (26.1-109 ng/Nm(3)) and in the BA (20.4-186 ng/g) of the MSWIs could reach three orders higher than those in the atmosphere and reference soils. PBDE contributions to the environment from the stack flue gases or the reutilization of BA of MSWIs should not be ignored from the developing PBDE inventory.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lin-Chi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hsing-Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ya-Fen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheng-Lun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang-Chien\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guo-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20047781\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"1595–602\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_distribution_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in municipal solid waste incinerators.},\\n\\tvolume = {158},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.016},\\n\\tabstract = {The stack flue gases and the ashes in different units of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are sampled to investigate the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Bottom ashes (BA) exhibited much higher PBDD/F (8.11-52.2 pg TEQ/g) and PBDE contents (20.4-186 ng/g) than those of fly ashes (0.0932-2.02 pg TEQ/g and 0.332-25.5 ng/g), revealing that the PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the feeding waste may not be completely destroyed. The PBDE concentrations/contents in the stack flue gases (26.1-109 ng/Nm(3)) and in the BA (20.4-186 ng/g) of the MSWIs could reach three orders higher than those in the atmosphere and reference soils. PBDE contributions to the environment from the stack flue gases or the reutilization of BA of MSWIs should not be ignored from the developing PBDE inventory.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Lin-Chi and Hsi, Hsing-Cheng and Wang, Ya-Fen and Lin, Sheng-Lun and Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20047781},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {1595--602},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, L.\",\"Hsi, H.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Lin, S.\",\"Chang-Chien, G.\"],\"key\":\"wang_distribution_2010\",\"id\":\"wang_distribution_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-hsi-wang-lin-changchien-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsinmunicipalsolidwasteincinerators-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Incineration\",\"Waste Products\",\"Waste Products: analysis\",\"eol\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1460-2350\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/humrep/der165\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that have been defined as major environmental pollutants. While previous studies have found that PBDEs may enhance the levels of sex-steroid hormones, their effects on testosterone secretion from rat Leydig cells are unclear. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of PBDE-710, a mixture of tetra- and penta-PBDEs, on testosterone biosynthesis in rat Leydig cells.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Human reproduction (Oxford, England)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai-Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shih-Min\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I-Fang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mei-Lien\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shyi-Wu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paulus\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21642635\",\"keywords\":\"8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: pharmacolo, Adenine, Adenine: analogs & derivatives, Adenine: pharmacology, Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: drug effec, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: biosynthesis, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis\",\"pages\":\"2209–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_effects_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on steroidogenesis in rat {Leydig} cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1460-2350},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/humrep/der165},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that have been defined as major environmental pollutants. While previous studies have found that PBDEs may enhance the levels of sex-steroid hormones, their effects on testosterone secretion from rat Leydig cells are unclear. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of PBDE-710, a mixture of tetra- and penta-PBDEs, on testosterone biosynthesis in rat Leydig cells.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Human reproduction (Oxford, England)},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Kai-Lee and Hsia, Shih-Min and Mao, I-Fang and Chen, Mei-Lien and Wang, Shyi-Wu and Wang, Paulus S},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21642635},\\n\\tkeywords = {8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: pharmacolo, Adenine, Adenine: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Adenine: pharmacology, Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: drug effec, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: biosynthesis, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis},\\n\\tpages = {2209--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, K.\",\"Hsia, S.\",\"Mao, I.\",\"Chen, M.\",\"Wang, S.\",\"Wang, P. S\"],\"key\":\"wang_effects_2011\",\"id\":\"wang_effects_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-hsia-mao-chen-wang-wang-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersonsteroidogenesisinratleydigcells-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635\"},\"keyword\":[\"8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate\",\"8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: pharmacolo\",\"Adenine\",\"Adenine: analogs & derivatives\",\"Adenine: pharmacology\",\"Animals\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: drug effec\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism\",\"Chorionic Gonadotropin\",\"Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology\",\"Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases\",\"Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology\",\"Leydig Cells\",\"Leydig Cells: drug effects\",\"Leydig Cells: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Phosphoproteins\",\"Phosphoproteins: biosynthesis\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Testosterone\",\"Testosterone: biosynthesis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in honeys from different geographic regions.\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"issn\":\"1520-5118\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/jf904490g\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame-retardants. Fifty honey samples labeled as being from different countries and regions were analyzed for 27 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of the 26 PBDEs, excluding BDE-209, ranged from 300 to 10,550 pg/g while the concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from nondetected to 9,260 pg/g. The honey samples labeled as originating in developed countries generally displayed higher concentrations of the total 27 PBDEs than those labeled as being from developing countries. Concentrations of 26 PBDEs ranged from 2,720 to 10,550 pg/g in honeys originating in developed countries and ranged from 1,030 to 3,470 pg/g in those from developing countries. BDE-209 was a dominant PBDE congener in all honey samples, on average accounting for 16% and 65% of the total 27 PBDEs in honeys from developed and developing countries, respectively. Honeys originating in developing countries, however, showed much higher BDE-209 levels and higher ratios of BDE-209 relative to the other PBDE congeners. In addition, some highly brominated PBDE congeners such as BDE-196, -197, -206, and -207 showed elevated concentrations in honeys from developing countries. The findings were in agreement with the long, heavy historical uses of PBDE products in developed countries and the current, heavy uses of BDE-209 in developing countries. When BDE-209 was fortified in honey and incubated in the dark for four weeks at 25 or 60 degrees C, BDE-153, -183, -206, and -207 were detected as debromination products of BDE-209. Less brominated congeners in honeys may primarily come from the environment. Debromination of BDE-209 is also a source of less brominated congeners in honeys. The detection of PBDEs in honeys suggests that human exposure to PBDEs occurs as a result of honey consumption.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kliks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Soojin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qing\",\"X\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20184322\",\"keywords\":\"Developing Countries, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Honey, Honey: analysis\",\"pages\":\"3495–501\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_residues_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in honeys from different geographic regions.},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5118},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/jf904490g},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame-retardants. Fifty honey samples labeled as being from different countries and regions were analyzed for 27 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of the 26 PBDEs, excluding BDE-209, ranged from 300 to 10,550 pg/g while the concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from nondetected to 9,260 pg/g. The honey samples labeled as originating in developed countries generally displayed higher concentrations of the total 27 PBDEs than those labeled as being from developing countries. Concentrations of 26 PBDEs ranged from 2,720 to 10,550 pg/g in honeys originating in developed countries and ranged from 1,030 to 3,470 pg/g in those from developing countries. BDE-209 was a dominant PBDE congener in all honey samples, on average accounting for 16\\\\% and 65\\\\% of the total 27 PBDEs in honeys from developed and developing countries, respectively. Honeys originating in developing countries, however, showed much higher BDE-209 levels and higher ratios of BDE-209 relative to the other PBDE congeners. In addition, some highly brominated PBDE congeners such as BDE-196, -197, -206, and -207 showed elevated concentrations in honeys from developing countries. The findings were in agreement with the long, heavy historical uses of PBDE products in developed countries and the current, heavy uses of BDE-209 in developing countries. When BDE-209 was fortified in honey and incubated in the dark for four weeks at 25 or 60 degrees C, BDE-153, -183, -206, and -207 were detected as debromination products of BDE-209. Less brominated congeners in honeys may primarily come from the environment. Debromination of BDE-209 is also a source of less brominated congeners in honeys. The detection of PBDEs in honeys suggests that human exposure to PBDEs occurs as a result of honey consumption.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Jun and Kliks, Michael M and Jun, Soojin and Li, Qing X},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20184322},\\n\\tkeywords = {Developing Countries, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Honey, Honey: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {3495--501},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, J.\",\"Kliks, M. M\",\"Jun, S.\",\"Li, Q. X\"],\"key\":\"wang_residues_2010\",\"id\":\"wang_residues_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-kliks-jun-li-residuesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhoneysfromdifferentgeographicregions-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322\"},\"keyword\":[\"Developing Countries\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Honey\",\"Honey: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in South China: implications on human exposure.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.005\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000 ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000 ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000 ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304 ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6 ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun-Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20452672\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics & numerical data, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Preschool, Waste Management\",\"pages\":\"535–41\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in {South} {China}: implications on human exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000 ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000 ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000 ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304 ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6 ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Jing and Ma, Yun-Juan and Chen, She-Jun and Tian, Mi and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20452672},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Preschool, Waste Management},\\n\\tpages = {535--41},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, J.\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Tian, M.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"wang_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"wang_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-ma-chen-tian-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinhousedustfromewasterecyclingandurbanareasinsouthchinaimplicationsonhumanexposure-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Child\",\"China\",\"Cities\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Electrical Equipment and Supplies\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Housing\",\"Housing: statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Preschool\",\"Waste Management\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Examining the relationship between brominated flame retardants (BFR) exposure and changes of thyroid hormone levels around e-waste dismantling sites.\",\"volume\":\"213\",\"issn\":\"1618-131X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.004\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) released from e-waste related activities may affect the health of local people. Assessing the impact of e-waste exposure during recycling and dismantling activities on local people's thyroid hormone levels is an area of ongoing research. During November and December 2008, the process of e-waste recycling and dismantling was investigated, and 236 occupation-exposed people and 89 non-occupation-exposed people approximate to the e-waste recycling sites were surveyed; their thyroid hormone levels (THs), thyrotropins (TSH) and BFRs levels in serum were assayed. Multiple regression models were constructed to analyze the changes of serum THs and TSH in the people living in the exposure area (exposure group) and the people in the control group. Covariates known to be or likely to be associated with THs, TSH and BFRs levels were analyzed. Lower level of Triiodothyronine (T(3)) in both occupation-exposed and non-occupation-exposed group were observed (p\\\\textless0.01), when compared with the control group, and the same trend was obtained for free triiodothyronine (fT(3)) and free thyroxine (fT4) (p\\\\textless0.01). However, no significant difference in thyroxine (T(4)) was found between the two groups. The level of TSH in the e-waste recycling occupational-exposed group ranged from 0.00 to 5.00microIU/ml with a mean of 1.26microIU/ml, whereas the level of TSH in the control group was from 0.03 to 5.54microIU/ml with a mean of 1.57microIU/ml. This study revealed that people having worked on e-waste recycling and dismantling had significantly lower TSH compared with the control group (p\\\\textless0.01). Moreover, the level of BDE-205 is positively associated with the level of T4, as confirmed by the linear regression model (unstandardized regression coefficient, beta=0.25, rho=0.001) and a weaker positive relation was also found between the levels of BDE-126 and T4. Meanwhile, a weak negative relation was found between the levels of PBB 103 and T3, and between the levels of fT3 and fT4. These results suggest that exposure to BFRs released from primitive e-waste handling may contribute to the changes of THs and TSH levels.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"International journal of hygiene and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongmei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Feifei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20598942\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Waste Management, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"369–80\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_examining_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Examining the relationship between brominated flame retardants ({BFR}) exposure and changes of thyroid hormone levels around e-waste dismantling sites.},\\n\\tvolume = {213},\\n\\tissn = {1618-131X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) released from e-waste related activities may affect the health of local people. Assessing the impact of e-waste exposure during recycling and dismantling activities on local people's thyroid hormone levels is an area of ongoing research. During November and December 2008, the process of e-waste recycling and dismantling was investigated, and 236 occupation-exposed people and 89 non-occupation-exposed people approximate to the e-waste recycling sites were surveyed; their thyroid hormone levels (THs), thyrotropins (TSH) and BFRs levels in serum were assayed. Multiple regression models were constructed to analyze the changes of serum THs and TSH in the people living in the exposure area (exposure group) and the people in the control group. Covariates known to be or likely to be associated with THs, TSH and BFRs levels were analyzed. Lower level of Triiodothyronine (T(3)) in both occupation-exposed and non-occupation-exposed group were observed (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.01), when compared with the control group, and the same trend was obtained for free triiodothyronine (fT(3)) and free thyroxine (fT4) (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.01). However, no significant difference in thyroxine (T(4)) was found between the two groups. The level of TSH in the e-waste recycling occupational-exposed group ranged from 0.00 to 5.00microIU/ml with a mean of 1.26microIU/ml, whereas the level of TSH in the control group was from 0.03 to 5.54microIU/ml with a mean of 1.57microIU/ml. This study revealed that people having worked on e-waste recycling and dismantling had significantly lower TSH compared with the control group (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.01). Moreover, the level of BDE-205 is positively associated with the level of T4, as confirmed by the linear regression model (unstandardized regression coefficient, beta=0.25, rho=0.001) and a weaker positive relation was also found between the levels of BDE-126 and T4. Meanwhile, a weak negative relation was found between the levels of PBB 103 and T3, and between the levels of fT3 and fT4. These results suggest that exposure to BFRs released from primitive e-waste handling may contribute to the changes of THs and TSH levels.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Hongmei and Zhang, Yuan and Liu, Qian and Wang, Feifei and Nie, Jing and Qian, Yan},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20598942},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\\\& numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Waste Management, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {369--80},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, H.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Liu, Q.\",\"Wang, F.\",\"Nie, J.\",\"Qian, Y.\"],\"key\":\"wang_examining_2010\",\"id\":\"wang_examining_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-zhang-liu-wang-nie-qian-examiningtherelationshipbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsbfrexposureandchangesofthyroidhormonelevelsaroundewastedismantlingsites-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Electrical Equipment and Supplies\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Occupational Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Occupational Exposure: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Waste Management\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis and occurrence of emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in surficial sediment of the Dalian coastal area in China.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c1em10241a\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations and distributions of some typical chlorinated flame retardants (Dechlorane or Mirex, Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) and brominated FRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)) were analyzed in surficial sediment collected from the Dalian coastal area in northeast China. Dec 603, Dec 604, and BTBPE were below their respective limits of detection (LOD) in all sediment samples, while Dechlorane, Dec 602, DP, Σ13BDE (tri- to hepta-BDEs), BDE 209, and PBEB were identified in the ranges \\\\textless0.015-39.9 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), \\\\textless0.011-0.156 ng g(-1) dw, 0.69-7.00 ng g(-1) dw, 0.017-1.33 ng g(-1) dw, 3.94-103 ng g(-1) dw, and \\\\textless0.073-1.9 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Relationships between these chlorinated and brominated FRs were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). DP, Dechlorane, Σ13BDE, and BDE 209 showed significantly positive correlation (p\\\\textless0.05), and these relationships showed excellent agreement with PCA results. The spatial trends for Dechlorane, DP, BDE 209, and Σ13BDE showed that high concentrations were found in the industrial zone and lower concentrations in residential and garden zones. The results imply that these FRs are originating from a common source, and support the view that direct input from the effluent of sewage outlets is a major source of these compounds in Dalian sediment.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"De-Gao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yi-Fan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21956524\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Limit of Detection, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Quality Control, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"3104–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_analysis_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis and occurrence of emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in surficial sediment of the {Dalian} coastal area in {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10241a},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations and distributions of some typical chlorinated flame retardants (Dechlorane or Mirex, Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) and brominated FRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)) were analyzed in surficial sediment collected from the Dalian coastal area in northeast China. Dec 603, Dec 604, and BTBPE were below their respective limits of detection (LOD) in all sediment samples, while Dechlorane, Dec 602, DP, Σ13BDE (tri- to hepta-BDEs), BDE 209, and PBEB were identified in the ranges {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.015-39.9 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.011-0.156 ng g(-1) dw, 0.69-7.00 ng g(-1) dw, 0.017-1.33 ng g(-1) dw, 3.94-103 ng g(-1) dw, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.073-1.9 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Relationships between these chlorinated and brominated FRs were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). DP, Dechlorane, Σ13BDE, and BDE 209 showed significantly positive correlation (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05), and these relationships showed excellent agreement with PCA results. The spatial trends for Dechlorane, DP, BDE 209, and Σ13BDE showed that high concentrations were found in the industrial zone and lower concentrations in residential and garden zones. The results imply that these FRs are originating from a common source, and support the view that direct input from the effluent of sewage outlets is a major source of these compounds in Dalian sediment.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, De-Gao and Alaee, Mehran and Sverko, Ed and Li, Yi-Fan and Reiner, Eric J and Shen, Li},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21956524},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Limit of Detection, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Quality Control, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {3104--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, D.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Sverko, E.\",\"Li, Y.\",\"Reiner, E. J\",\"Shen, L.\"],\"key\":\"wang_analysis_2011\",\"id\":\"wang_analysis_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-alaee-sverko-li-reiner-shen-analysisandoccurrenceofemergingchlorinatedandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurficialsedimentofthedaliancoastalareainchina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"China\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Quality Control\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Morphology, spatial distribution, and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy.\",\"volume\":\"59C\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.003\",\"abstract\":\"We characterized flame retardant (FR) morphologies and spatial distributions in 7 consumer products and 7 environmental dusts to determine their implications for transfer mechanisms, human exposure, and the reproducibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) dust measurements. We characterized individual particles using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS). Samples were screened for the presence of 3 FR constituents (bromine, phosphorous, non-salt chlorine) and 2 metal synergists (antimony and bismuth). Subsequent analyses of select samples by RMS enabled molecular identification of the FR compounds and matrix materials. The consumer products and dust samples possessed FR elemental weight percents of up to 36% and 31%, respectively. We identified 24 FR-containing particles in the dust samples and classified them into 9 types based on morphology and composition. We observed a broad range of morphologies for these FR-containing particles, suggesting FR transfer to dust via multiple mechanisms. We developed an equation to describe the heterogeneity of FR-containing particles in environmental dust samples. The number of individual FR-containing particles expected in a 1-mg dust sample with a FR concentration of 100ppm ranged from \\\\textless1 to \\\\textgreater1000 particles. The presence of rare, high-concentration bromine particles was correlated with decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations obtained via GC-MS. When FRs are distributed heterogeneously in highly concentrated dust particles, human exposure to FRs may be characterized by high transient exposures interspersed by periods of low exposure, and GC-MS FR concentrations may exhibit large variability in replicate subsamples. Current limitations of this SEM/EDS technique include potential false negatives for volatile and chlorinated FRs and greater quantitation uncertainty for brominated FR in aluminum-rich matrices.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wagner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeff\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ghosal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sutapa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whitehead\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Metayer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23739093\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"16–26\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wagner_morphology_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Morphology, spatial distribution, and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and {Raman} micro-spectroscopy.},\\n\\tvolume = {59C},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.003},\\n\\tabstract = {We characterized flame retardant (FR) morphologies and spatial distributions in 7 consumer products and 7 environmental dusts to determine their implications for transfer mechanisms, human exposure, and the reproducibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) dust measurements. We characterized individual particles using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS). Samples were screened for the presence of 3 FR constituents (bromine, phosphorous, non-salt chlorine) and 2 metal synergists (antimony and bismuth). Subsequent analyses of select samples by RMS enabled molecular identification of the FR compounds and matrix materials. The consumer products and dust samples possessed FR elemental weight percents of up to 36\\\\% and 31\\\\%, respectively. We identified 24 FR-containing particles in the dust samples and classified them into 9 types based on morphology and composition. We observed a broad range of morphologies for these FR-containing particles, suggesting FR transfer to dust via multiple mechanisms. We developed an equation to describe the heterogeneity of FR-containing particles in environmental dust samples. The number of individual FR-containing particles expected in a 1-mg dust sample with a FR concentration of 100ppm ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless1 to {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1000 particles. The presence of rare, high-concentration bromine particles was correlated with decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations obtained via GC-MS. When FRs are distributed heterogeneously in highly concentrated dust particles, human exposure to FRs may be characterized by high transient exposures interspersed by periods of low exposure, and GC-MS FR concentrations may exhibit large variability in replicate subsamples. Current limitations of this SEM/EDS technique include potential false negatives for volatile and chlorinated FRs and greater quantitation uncertainty for brominated FR in aluminum-rich matrices.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Wagner, Jeff and Ghosal, Sutapa and Whitehead, Todd and Metayer, Catherine},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23739093},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {16--26},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wagner, J.\",\"Ghosal, S.\",\"Whitehead, T.\",\"Metayer, C.\"],\"key\":\"wagner_morphology_2013\",\"id\":\"wagner_morphology_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wagner-ghosal-whitehead-metayer-morphologyspatialdistributionandconcentrationofflameretardantsinconsumerproductsandenvironmentaldustsusingscanningelectronmicroscopyandramanmicrospectroscopy-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Summer atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban and rural areas of northern China.\",\"volume\":\"171\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.041\",\"abstract\":\"High levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reported in urban areas and at e-waste recycling sites in coastal China. However, data are scarce in northern China and are not available in rural areas at all. In addition, it is often believed that air concentrations in rural areas are lower than those in urban areas without distinguishing rural residential areas and open fields. In this study, air samples were collected at 17 sites covering urban and rural (residential and open field) areas in northern China using active samplers. With BDE-209 dominated in all congeners, the average concentrations of BDE-209 (41 ± 72 pg/m(3)) and other 13 PBDEs (16 ± 12 pg/m(3)) were significantly lower than those found in south China, such as in Guangzhou or Hong Kong. On average, the total PBDE concentrations at the urban sites were 2.2 and 2.9 times of those at the rural residential and field sites, respectively.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongqijie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tongchao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guofeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huizhong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ye\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yanyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenxin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xilong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shu\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22955250\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons\",\"pages\":\"234–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_summer_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Summer atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban and rural areas of northern {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {171},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.041},\\n\\tabstract = {High levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reported in urban areas and at e-waste recycling sites in coastal China. However, data are scarce in northern China and are not available in rural areas at all. In addition, it is often believed that air concentrations in rural areas are lower than those in urban areas without distinguishing rural residential areas and open fields. In this study, air samples were collected at 17 sites covering urban and rural (residential and open field) areas in northern China using active samplers. With BDE-209 dominated in all congeners, the average concentrations of BDE-209 (41 ± 72 pg/m(3)) and other 13 PBDEs (16 ± 12 pg/m(3)) were significantly lower than those found in south China, such as in Guangzhou or Hong Kong. On average, the total PBDE concentrations at the urban sites were 2.2 and 2.9 times of those at the rural residential and field sites, respectively.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Chen and Li, Wei and Chen, Jiwei and Wang, Hongqijie and Li, Tongchao and Shen, Guofeng and Shen, Huizhong and Huang, Ye and Wang, Rong and Wang, Bin and Zhang, Yanyan and Tang, Jianhui and Liu, Wenxin and Wang, Xilong and Tao, Shu},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22955250},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons},\\n\\tpages = {234--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, C.\",\"Li, W.\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Wang, H.\",\"Li, T.\",\"Shen, G.\",\"Shen, H.\",\"Huang, Y.\",\"Wang, R.\",\"Wang, B.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Tang, J.\",\"Liu, W.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Tao, S.\"],\"key\":\"wang_summer_2012\",\"id\":\"wang_summer_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-li-chen-wang-li-shen-shen-huang-etal-summeratmosphericpolybrominateddiphenylethersinurbanandruralareasofnorthernchina-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"China\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Seasons\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of halogen-free flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"222\",\"issn\":\"0179-5953\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_1\",\"abstract\":\"Polymers are synthetic organic materials having a high carbon and hydrogen content, which make them readily combustible. Polymers have many indoor uses and their flammability makes them a fire hazard. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) are incorporated into these materials as a safety measure. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which accounted for about 21% of the total world market of FRs, have several unintended negative effects on the environment and human health. Hence, there is growing interest in finding appropriate alternative halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Many of these HFFRs are marketed already, although their environ- mental behavior and toxicological properties are often only known to a limited extent, and their potential impact on the environment cannot yet be properly assessed. Therefore, we undertook this review to make an inventory of the available data that exists (up to September 2011) on the physical-chemical properties, pro- duction volumes, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) of a selection of HFFRs that are potential replacements for BFRs in polymers. Large data gaps were identified for the physical-chemical and the PBT properties of the reviewed HFFRs. Because these HFFRs are currently on the market, there is an urgent need to fill these data gaps. Enhanced transparency of methodology and data are needed to reevaluate certain test results that appear contradictory, and, if this does not provide new insights, further research should be performed. TPP has been studied quite extensively and it is clearly persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. So far, RDP and BDP have demonstrated low to high ecotoxicity and persistence. The compounds ATH and ZB exerted high toxicity to some species and ALPI appeared to be persistent and has low to moderate reported ecotoxicity. DOPO and MPP may be persistent, but this view is based merely on one or two studies, clearly indicating a lack of information. Many degradation studies have been performed on PER and show low persistence, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there is too l ittle information on the bioaccumulation potential of PER. APP mostly has low PBT properties; however, moderate ecotoxicity was reported in two studies. Mg(OH)₂, ZHS, and ZS do not show such remarkably high bioaccumulation or toxicity, but large data gaps exist for these compounds also. Nevertheless, we consider the latter compounds to be the most promising among alternative HFFRs. To assess whether the presently reviewed HFFRs are truly suitable alternatives, each compound should be examined individually by comparing its PBT values with those of the relevant halogenated flame retardant. Until more data are available, it remains impossible to accurately evaluate the risk of each of these compounds, including the ones that are already extensively marketed.\",\"journal\":\"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Waaijers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susanne\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deguo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendriks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hester\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cousins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westerink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Remco\",\"H\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michiel\",\"H\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Admiraal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parsons\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"22990944\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1–71\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{waaijers_persistence_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of halogen-free flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {222},\\n\\tissn = {0179-5953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_1},\\n\\tabstract = {Polymers are synthetic organic materials having a high carbon and hydrogen content, which make them readily combustible. Polymers have many indoor uses and their flammability makes them a fire hazard. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) are incorporated into these materials as a safety measure. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which accounted for about 21\\\\% of the total world market of FRs, have several unintended negative effects on the environment and human health. Hence, there is growing interest in finding appropriate alternative halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Many of these HFFRs are marketed already, although their environ- mental behavior and toxicological properties are often only known to a limited extent, and their potential impact on the environment cannot yet be properly assessed. Therefore, we undertook this review to make an inventory of the available data that exists (up to September 2011) on the physical-chemical properties, pro- duction volumes, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) of a selection of HFFRs that are potential replacements for BFRs in polymers. Large data gaps were identified for the physical-chemical and the PBT properties of the reviewed HFFRs. Because these HFFRs are currently on the market, there is an urgent need to fill these data gaps. Enhanced transparency of methodology and data are needed to reevaluate certain test results that appear contradictory, and, if this does not provide new insights, further research should be performed. TPP has been studied quite extensively and it is clearly persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. So far, RDP and BDP have demonstrated low to high ecotoxicity and persistence. The compounds ATH and ZB exerted high toxicity to some species and ALPI appeared to be persistent and has low to moderate reported ecotoxicity. DOPO and MPP may be persistent, but this view is based merely on one or two studies, clearly indicating a lack of information. Many degradation studies have been performed on PER and show low persistence, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there is too l ittle information on the bioaccumulation potential of PER. APP mostly has low PBT properties; however, moderate ecotoxicity was reported in two studies. Mg(OH)₂, ZHS, and ZS do not show such remarkably high bioaccumulation or toxicity, but large data gaps exist for these compounds also. Nevertheless, we consider the latter compounds to be the most promising among alternative HFFRs. To assess whether the presently reviewed HFFRs are truly suitable alternatives, each compound should be examined individually by comparing its PBT values with those of the relevant halogenated flame retardant. Until more data are available, it remains impossible to accurately evaluate the risk of each of these compounds, including the ones that are already extensively marketed.},\\n\\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Waaijers, Susanne L and Kong, Deguo and Hendriks, Hester S and de Wit, Cynthia A and Cousins, Ian T and Westerink, Remco H S and Leonards, Pim E G and Kraak, Michiel H S and Admiraal, Wim and de Voogt, Pim and Parsons, John R},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {22990944},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1--71},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Waaijers, S. L\",\"Kong, D.\",\"Hendriks, H. S\",\"de Wit, C. A\",\"Cousins, I. T\",\"Westerink, R. H S\",\"Leonards, P. E G\",\"Kraak, M. H S\",\"Admiraal, W.\",\"de Voogt, P.\",\"Parsons, J. R\"],\"key\":\"waaijers_persistence_2013\",\"id\":\"waaijers_persistence_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"waaijers-kong-hendriks-dewit-cousins-westerink-leonards-kraak-etal-persistencebioaccumulationandtoxicityofhalogenfreeflameretardants-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge.\",\"volume\":\"81\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.010\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants. PBDEs are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic compounds. They are often detected in sewage sludge which is applied on agricultural soils as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to find out whether plants are able to accumulate and translocate PBDEs. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and nightshade (Solanum nigrum) were planted in pots containing contaminated sewage sludge and uncontaminated substrate. After 6 months of plant cultivation in sewage sludge up to 15.4 ng g(-1) dw and 76.6 ng g(-1) dw of PBDE congeners–BDE 47, BDE 99 and BDE 100—were accumulated in the nightshade and tobacco tissue, respectively. Corresponding values in plants vegetated in the control garden substrate were 10 times lower. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of accumulated congeners were calculated. Tobacco exhibited higher BCFs values and for both plants BCFs values of BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100 and BDE 209 negatively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (logK(ow)). The exception was decaBDE (BDE 209) which was accumulated only in tobacco tissue in the concentration of 116.8 ng g(-1) dw. The majority of PBDEs was detected in above-ground plant biomass indicating that both plants have the ability to translocate PBDEs. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies reporting the accumulation of both lower PBDEs and BDE 209 in plants. Our results suggest that absorption, accumulation and translocation of PBDEs by plants and their transfer to the food chain could represent another possible risk for human exposure.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vrkoslavová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Demnerová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katerina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Macková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zemanová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tereza\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Macek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomás\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hajslová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pulkrabová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hrádková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Petra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stiborová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20684973\",\"keywords\":\"Biodegradation, Environmental, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Development, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Solanum, Solanum: growth & development, Solanum: metabolism, Tobacco, Tobacco: growth & development, Tobacco: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"381–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vrkoslavova_absorption_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge.},\\n\\tvolume = {81},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants. PBDEs are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic compounds. They are often detected in sewage sludge which is applied on agricultural soils as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to find out whether plants are able to accumulate and translocate PBDEs. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and nightshade (Solanum nigrum) were planted in pots containing contaminated sewage sludge and uncontaminated substrate. After 6 months of plant cultivation in sewage sludge up to 15.4 ng g(-1) dw and 76.6 ng g(-1) dw of PBDE congeners–BDE 47, BDE 99 and BDE 100—were accumulated in the nightshade and tobacco tissue, respectively. Corresponding values in plants vegetated in the control garden substrate were 10 times lower. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of accumulated congeners were calculated. Tobacco exhibited higher BCFs values and for both plants BCFs values of BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100 and BDE 209 negatively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (logK(ow)). The exception was decaBDE (BDE 209) which was accumulated only in tobacco tissue in the concentration of 116.8 ng g(-1) dw. The majority of PBDEs was detected in above-ground plant biomass indicating that both plants have the ability to translocate PBDEs. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies reporting the accumulation of both lower PBDEs and BDE 209 in plants. Our results suggest that absorption, accumulation and translocation of PBDEs by plants and their transfer to the food chain could represent another possible risk for human exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Vrkoslavová, Jana and Demnerová, Katerina and Macková, Martina and Zemanová, Tereza and Macek, Tomás and Hajslová, Jana and Pulkrabová, Jana and Hrádková, Petra and Stiborová, Hana},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20684973},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Development, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Solanum, Solanum: growth \\\\& development, Solanum: metabolism, Tobacco, Tobacco: growth \\\\& development, Tobacco: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {381--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vrkoslavová, J.\",\"Demnerová, K.\",\"Macková, M.\",\"Zemanová, T.\",\"Macek, T.\",\"Hajslová, J.\",\"Pulkrabová, J.\",\"Hrádková, P.\",\"Stiborová, H.\"],\"key\":\"vrkoslavova_absorption_2010\",\"id\":\"vrkoslavova_absorption_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vrkoslavov-demnerov-mackov-zemanov-macek-hajslov-pulkrabov-hrdkov-etal-absorptionandtranslocationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesbyplantsfromcontaminatedsewagesludge-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biodegradation\",\"Environmental\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Plant Development\",\"Plants\",\"Plants: metabolism\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Solanum\",\"Solanum: growth & development\",\"Solanum: metabolism\",\"Tobacco\",\"Tobacco: growth & development\",\"Tobacco: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001\",\"abstract\":\"As part of a larger exposure study, samples of dust and indoor air were collected in the homes of 43 pregnant women living in the Copenhagen area (Denmark) and analysed for 12 polybrominated diphenyl ethers using GC-MS. A second dust sample collected after delivery was analysed for BDE-183 and BDE-209, which were highly correlated with the pre-delivery samples, but did not reproduce the actual values. Concentrations as high as 80 μg/g were measured for the dominant BDE congener BDE-209, with median concentrations of 332 and 432 ng/g, respectively, in pre- and post-delivery dust samples. In 12% of the dust samples, the concentration of BDE-209 was lower than that of the summed concentration of PentaBDE congeners. The median concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in dust were 16.9 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively. The dust concentrations were in line with other European studies and confirmed previously established geographical differences between continental Europe and North America. Additional octa- and nonaBDE congeners (BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-206, BDE-207, and BDE-208) were analysed in dust and analytical issues were discussed as these congeners also can be a product of thermal degradation of BDE-209 in gas chromatographic analysis. BDE-206 was the dominating nonaBDE, with median and maximum concentrations of 12.8 and 2217 ng/g, respectively, but the ratio of nonaBDEs to the sum of nona- and decaBDEs was relatively constant, despite a large range in absolute dust concentrations. While the congeners of the PentaBDE mixture were highly inter-correlated for both dust and air, no correlation was found with BDE-209 in either matrix. Air concentrations were relatively high in an international context, with median concentrations of 134, 63.7 and 119 pg/m³ for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209, respectively, and not correlated with dust concentrations. Additional placenta data were available for the study group and found to correlate significantly with dust concentrations for some PentaBDE congeners, but not BDE-209, indicating that dust may be an important exposure pathway for PentaBDE congeners. While BDE-209 also was present in placenta, it did not exceed the other congeners by the same factors as in dust. This might be caused by a combination of the compound's physical-chemical properties affecting bioavailability, uptake, partitioning and metabolisation, and other sources of exposure, but was not investigated further in this study. For all matrices, the PBDE profile resembled that of the technical product Bromkal 70-5DE, but air contained higher percentages of the lower brominated congeners and placenta tissue was dominated by BDE-153. The predominance of BDE-153 has been described in other studies on human samples and related to the highest retention in the body, but further research into toxicokinetics will be required to clarify mechanisms.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marianne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frederiksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pedersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knudsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisbeth\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20609475\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr\",\"pages\":\"1–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vorkamp_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001},\\n\\tabstract = {As part of a larger exposure study, samples of dust and indoor air were collected in the homes of 43 pregnant women living in the Copenhagen area (Denmark) and analysed for 12 polybrominated diphenyl ethers using GC-MS. A second dust sample collected after delivery was analysed for BDE-183 and BDE-209, which were highly correlated with the pre-delivery samples, but did not reproduce the actual values. Concentrations as high as 80 μg/g were measured for the dominant BDE congener BDE-209, with median concentrations of 332 and 432 ng/g, respectively, in pre- and post-delivery dust samples. In 12\\\\% of the dust samples, the concentration of BDE-209 was lower than that of the summed concentration of PentaBDE congeners. The median concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in dust were 16.9 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively. The dust concentrations were in line with other European studies and confirmed previously established geographical differences between continental Europe and North America. Additional octa- and nonaBDE congeners (BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-206, BDE-207, and BDE-208) were analysed in dust and analytical issues were discussed as these congeners also can be a product of thermal degradation of BDE-209 in gas chromatographic analysis. BDE-206 was the dominating nonaBDE, with median and maximum concentrations of 12.8 and 2217 ng/g, respectively, but the ratio of nonaBDEs to the sum of nona- and decaBDEs was relatively constant, despite a large range in absolute dust concentrations. While the congeners of the PentaBDE mixture were highly inter-correlated for both dust and air, no correlation was found with BDE-209 in either matrix. Air concentrations were relatively high in an international context, with median concentrations of 134, 63.7 and 119 pg/m³ for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209, respectively, and not correlated with dust concentrations. Additional placenta data were available for the study group and found to correlate significantly with dust concentrations for some PentaBDE congeners, but not BDE-209, indicating that dust may be an important exposure pathway for PentaBDE congeners. While BDE-209 also was present in placenta, it did not exceed the other congeners by the same factors as in dust. This might be caused by a combination of the compound's physical-chemical properties affecting bioavailability, uptake, partitioning and metabolisation, and other sources of exposure, but was not investigated further in this study. For all matrices, the PBDE profile resembled that of the technical product Bromkal 70-5DE, but air contained higher percentages of the lower brominated congeners and placenta tissue was dominated by BDE-153. The predominance of BDE-153 has been described in other studies on human samples and related to the highest retention in the body, but further research into toxicokinetics will be required to clarify mechanisms.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Frederiksen, Marie and Pedersen, Marie and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20609475},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {1--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vorkamp, K.\",\"Thomsen, M.\",\"Frederiksen, M.\",\"Pedersen, M.\",\"Knudsen, L. E\"],\"key\":\"vorkamp_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"vorkamp_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vorkamp-thomsen-frederiksen-pedersen-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorenvironmentandassociationswithprenatalexposure-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity.\",\"volume\":\"400\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221\",\"abstract\":\"This manuscript critically considers several areas of study of the polybrominated diphenyl ether compounds. Specifically, a brief review of PBDE toxicity is followed by an in depth discussion of PBDE occurrence in abiotic and biotic environmental matrices. Temporal and geographic trends are examined in conjunction with risk assessment factors. Rather than summarize or tabulate the growing body of literature on PBDEs in the environment, the overall goal of this review paper is to highlight broad patterns that may contribute to a more holistic understanding of PBDE behavior in the environment, as well as to identify critical areas of research that warrant further attention.\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vonderheide\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meija\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Welsh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gwendolyn\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biological Availability, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment\",\"pages\":\"425–436\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vonderheide_polybrominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity.},\\n\\tvolume = {400},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221},\\n\\tabstract = {This manuscript critically considers several areas of study of the polybrominated diphenyl ether compounds. Specifically, a brief review of PBDE toxicity is followed by an in depth discussion of PBDE occurrence in abiotic and biotic environmental matrices. Temporal and geographic trends are examined in conjunction with risk assessment factors. Rather than summarize or tabulate the growing body of literature on PBDEs in the environment, the overall goal of this review paper is to highlight broad patterns that may contribute to a more holistic understanding of PBDE behavior in the environment, as well as to identify critical areas of research that warrant further attention.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Vonderheide, Anne P and Mueller, Kevin E and Meija, Juris and Welsh, Gwendolyn L},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Availability, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment},\\n\\tpages = {425--436},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vonderheide, A. P\",\"Mueller, K. E\",\"Meija, J.\",\"Welsh, G. L\"],\"key\":\"vonderheide_polybrominated_2008\",\"id\":\"vonderheide_polybrominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vonderheide-mueller-meija-welsh-polybrominateddiphenyletherscausesforconcernandknowledgegapsregardingenvironmentaldistributionfateandtoxicity-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biological Availability\",\"Ecosystem\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Risk Assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain).\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.011\",\"abstract\":\"Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blood serum of pregnant women and in cord blood serum of their newborns from a general population cohort (n = 174; Valencia, Spain). The most abundant PBDE congeners identified were BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 209. Their cord blood serum concentrations were about 45% of those in maternal serum but after lipid normalization about the same concentrations were observed in both types of samples. Thus, median of total PBDEs was 9.6 ng/g lipid in cord serum (range between not detected and 140 ng/g lipid) and 9.6 ng/g lipid in maternal serum (range between not detected and 120 ng/g lipid). The distributions of these compounds were dominated by BDE 47 in both cases. In cord blood serum the decreasing order of abundance was BDE 47\\\\textgreaterBDE 99\\\\textgreaterBDE 209\\\\textgreaterBDE 153\\\\textgreaterBDE 154. The congener composition in maternal serum followed a similar trend: BDE 47\\\\textgreaterBDE 153\\\\textgreaterBDE 154\\\\textgreaterBDE 209\\\\textgreaterBDE 99. The congener concentrations exhibited a higher degree of correlation in cord blood than in maternal serum. Use of the maternal determinants for categorization of the observed maternal and fetal PBDE concentrations only showed significant associations for the levels in umbilical cord. Neonates from rural areas exhibited statistically significantly lower concentrations than those from urban, semi-urban or metropolitan sites. Maternal serum also showed this difference but the higher dispersion of the concentrations in maternal serum did not afford its recognition with statistical significance. The lower qualitative and quantitative variability in the PBDE concentrations of cord blood serum than maternal serum suggest that the latter is reflecting PBDE contributions from a wider diversity of sources than the former whereas cord blood sera seem to represent the long term standing stock of these compounds accumulated in the maternal tissues.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vizcaino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Esther\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grimalt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joan\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lopez-Espinosa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria-José\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Llop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabrina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rebagliato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ferran\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20864175\",\"keywords\":\"Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Newborn: blood, Pregnancy, Spain\",\"pages\":\"152–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vizcaino_polybromodiphenyl_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population ({Valencia}, {Spain}).},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blood serum of pregnant women and in cord blood serum of their newborns from a general population cohort (n = 174; Valencia, Spain). The most abundant PBDE congeners identified were BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 209. Their cord blood serum concentrations were about 45\\\\% of those in maternal serum but after lipid normalization about the same concentrations were observed in both types of samples. Thus, median of total PBDEs was 9.6 ng/g lipid in cord serum (range between not detected and 140 ng/g lipid) and 9.6 ng/g lipid in maternal serum (range between not detected and 120 ng/g lipid). The distributions of these compounds were dominated by BDE 47 in both cases. In cord blood serum the decreasing order of abundance was BDE 47{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 99{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 209{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 153{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 154. The congener composition in maternal serum followed a similar trend: BDE 47{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 153{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 154{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 209{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 99. The congener concentrations exhibited a higher degree of correlation in cord blood than in maternal serum. Use of the maternal determinants for categorization of the observed maternal and fetal PBDE concentrations only showed significant associations for the levels in umbilical cord. Neonates from rural areas exhibited statistically significantly lower concentrations than those from urban, semi-urban or metropolitan sites. Maternal serum also showed this difference but the higher dispersion of the concentrations in maternal serum did not afford its recognition with statistical significance. The lower qualitative and quantitative variability in the PBDE concentrations of cord blood serum than maternal serum suggest that the latter is reflecting PBDE contributions from a wider diversity of sources than the former whereas cord blood sera seem to represent the long term standing stock of these compounds accumulated in the maternal tissues.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Vizcaino, Esther and Grimalt, Joan O and Lopez-Espinosa, Maria-José and Llop, Sabrina and Rebagliato, Marisa and Ballester, Ferran},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20864175},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Newborn: blood, Pregnancy, Spain},\\n\\tpages = {152--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vizcaino, E.\",\"Grimalt, J. O\",\"Lopez-Espinosa, M.\",\"Llop, S.\",\"Rebagliato, M.\",\"Ballester, F.\"],\"key\":\"vizcaino_polybromodiphenyl_2011\",\"id\":\"vizcaino_polybromodiphenyl_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vizcaino-grimalt-lopezespinosa-llop-rebagliato-ballester-polybromodiphenylethersinmothersandtheirnewbornsfromanonoccupationallyexposedpopulationvalenciaspain-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175\"},\"keyword\":[\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: chemistry\",\"Fetal Blood: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Newborn\",\"Newborn: blood\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Spain\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice.\",\"volume\":\"92\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfj196\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, have been shown to be increasing in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have earlier reported that lower brominated PBDEs, such as tetra-, penta-, and hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. Recently, this was also observed with the full-brominated PBDE, deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209), although it was suggested that the effects were caused by a (possibly debrominated) metabolite thereof. The present study revealed that 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 206), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 203), and to a minor extent also 2,2',3,4,4',5',6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 183) can induce developmental neurotoxic effects. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were exposed on postnatal day 3 or 10 to PBDE 206, PBDE 203, or PBDE 183, given as a single oral dose of 21 mumol/kg body weight. At the adult age of 2-3 months, the mice were observed for performance in a spontaneous behavior test and the Morris water maze test. PBDE 203 and PBDE 206, when administered on neonatal day 10, caused disturbances in spontaneous behavior, leading to disrupted habituation and a hyperactive condition in adults at the age of 2 months. These behavioral changes were also seen in 2-month-old mice exposed to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 3. Furthermore, exposure to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 10 affected learning and memory functions in adult mice. The developmental neurotoxic effects were most pronounced in mice exposed to PBDE 203. These developmental neurobehavioral defects were in agreement with those we observed previously with lower brominated PBDEs and with PBDE 209. It is important to consider the fact that different PBDE congeners can have differing degrees of potency, when comparing levels of PBDEs in the environment and in mother's milk.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henrik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johansson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Niclas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marsh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Göran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16611620\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Ethers, Flame retardants, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Male, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"211–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{viberg_neonatal_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {92},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj196},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, have been shown to be increasing in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have earlier reported that lower brominated PBDEs, such as tetra-, penta-, and hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. Recently, this was also observed with the full-brominated PBDE, deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209), although it was suggested that the effects were caused by a (possibly debrominated) metabolite thereof. The present study revealed that 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 206), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 203), and to a minor extent also 2,2',3,4,4',5',6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 183) can induce developmental neurotoxic effects. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were exposed on postnatal day 3 or 10 to PBDE 206, PBDE 203, or PBDE 183, given as a single oral dose of 21 mumol/kg body weight. At the adult age of 2-3 months, the mice were observed for performance in a spontaneous behavior test and the Morris water maze test. PBDE 203 and PBDE 206, when administered on neonatal day 10, caused disturbances in spontaneous behavior, leading to disrupted habituation and a hyperactive condition in adults at the age of 2 months. These behavioral changes were also seen in 2-month-old mice exposed to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 3. Furthermore, exposure to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 10 affected learning and memory functions in adult mice. The developmental neurotoxic effects were most pronounced in mice exposed to PBDE 203. These developmental neurobehavioral defects were in agreement with those we observed previously with lower brominated PBDEs and with PBDE 209. It is important to consider the fact that different PBDE congeners can have differing degrees of potency, when comparing levels of PBDEs in the environment and in mother's milk.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Johansson, Niclas and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Johan and Marsh, Göran and Eriksson, Per},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16611620},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Ethers, Flame retardants, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Male, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {211--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Viberg, H.\",\"Johansson, N.\",\"Fredriksson, A.\",\"Eriksson, J.\",\"Marsh, G.\",\"Eriksson, P.\"],\"key\":\"viberg_neonatal_2006\",\"id\":\"viberg_neonatal_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"viberg-johansson-fredriksson-eriksson-marsh-eriksson-neonatalexposuretohigherbrominateddiphenylethersheptaoctaornonabromodiphenyletherimpairsspontaneousbehaviorandlearningandmemoryfunctionsofadultmice-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Ethers\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Learning\",\"Learning: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Memory\",\"Memory: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Disruptive effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants on thyroid function in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard.\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.014\",\"abstract\":\"We analysed levels of 56 organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) including brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides in the blubber of white (beluga) whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway (N=12; 6 adults [5 males and 1 female] and 6 subadults [4 males and 2 females]) collected in 1996-2001. We also measured circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the whales. The results confirm that OHC levels in these white whales are among the highest levels recorded in wildlife from Svalbard, and at the high end of the range when compared to white whales from the North American Arctic. A projection to latent structure (PLS) model (subadults and adult males grouped together) revealed that known or suspected thyroid disruptive contaminants (polybrominated diphenylether [PBDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154, hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and PCB-105) were negatively correlated with circulating levels of total thyroxin (TT4), free T4 (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Most of these negative relationships were also confirmed using partial correlations controlling for length (and thus age) of the whales. The positive correlations of TT4, FT4 and FT3 with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), chlorinated bornanes CHB-40 and CHB-62 revealed by the PLS model were not confirmed by partial correlations. TH levels in the present study appeared to be somewhat lower than levels measured in beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic. However, we were not able to determine if this was caused by different levels of OHCs, or differences in biological factors (e.g. age, sex, moulting status, and season) and analytical methods between the studies. Although the sample sizes were low and statistical models cannot depict the biological cause-effect relationships, this study suggests negative influences of specific OHCs, particularly PBDEs, on thyroid hormone levels in white whales. The impact this might have on individual and population health is unknown.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villanger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lydersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kovacs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21497377\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: metabolism, Halogenated: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Svalbard, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"2511–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villanger_disruptive_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Disruptive effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants on thyroid function in white whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas) from {Svalbard}.},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.014},\\n\\tabstract = {We analysed levels of 56 organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) including brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides in the blubber of white (beluga) whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway (N=12; 6 adults [5 males and 1 female] and 6 subadults [4 males and 2 females]) collected in 1996-2001. We also measured circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the whales. The results confirm that OHC levels in these white whales are among the highest levels recorded in wildlife from Svalbard, and at the high end of the range when compared to white whales from the North American Arctic. A projection to latent structure (PLS) model (subadults and adult males grouped together) revealed that known or suspected thyroid disruptive contaminants (polybrominated diphenylether [PBDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154, hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and PCB-105) were negatively correlated with circulating levels of total thyroxin (TT4), free T4 (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Most of these negative relationships were also confirmed using partial correlations controlling for length (and thus age) of the whales. The positive correlations of TT4, FT4 and FT3 with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), chlorinated bornanes CHB-40 and CHB-62 revealed by the PLS model were not confirmed by partial correlations. TH levels in the present study appeared to be somewhat lower than levels measured in beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic. However, we were not able to determine if this was caused by different levels of OHCs, or differences in biological factors (e.g. age, sex, moulting status, and season) and analytical methods between the studies. Although the sample sizes were low and statistical models cannot depict the biological cause-effect relationships, this study suggests negative influences of specific OHCs, particularly PBDEs, on thyroid hormone levels in white whales. The impact this might have on individual and population health is unknown.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Villanger, G D and Lydersen, C and Kovacs, K M and Lie, E and Skaare, J U and Jenssen, B M},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21497377},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: metabolism, Halogenated: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Svalbard, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {2511--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villanger, G D\",\"Lydersen, C\",\"Kovacs, K M\",\"Lie, E\",\"Skaare, J U\",\"Jenssen, B M\"],\"key\":\"villanger_disruptive_2011\",\"id\":\"villanger_disruptive_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villanger-lydersen-kovacs-lie-skaare-jenssen-disruptiveeffectsofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsonthyroidfunctioninwhitewhalesdelphinapterusleucasfromsvalbard-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Beluga Whale\",\"Beluga Whale: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: metabolism\",\"Halogenated: toxicity\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: metabolism\",\"Pesticides: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Svalbard\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) enters the food web of the River Po and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes.\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the primary constituent of a widely used flame retardant formulation, is present at relatively high levels in sediments and macroinvertebrates of the River Po. Since it was demonstrated that BDE-209 can be biotransformed to smaller and more toxic polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), the main objective of this study was to assess whether the large quantities of BDE-209 present in the River Po are bioavailable to the higher levels of the food web and are biotransformed in feral fishes. To this aim, 23 cyprinids, mainly common carp, were analysed for the hepatic contents of PBDEs. Contrary to sediments and invertebrates of the same area, no fish sample contained detectable levels of BDE-209. All fishes contained typical PBDE representatives, e.g. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154, but more importantly they contained three congeners, i.e. BDE-179, BDE-188 and BDE-202, which are not present in any technical formulations and are known products of BDE-209 debromination in fish. The age of carps had no effects on the bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Conversely, the contents of PCBs, which also were determined in the same fish samples, showed a positive correlation with age. Both groups of chemicals displayed a tendency to a higher contamination in male fish. This study shows that BDE-209 enters the food web of the River Po contributing to the load of lower brominated PBDEs and thus to the load of chemical stressors threatening the aquatic life of the major Italian watercourse.\",\"number\":\"23\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viganò\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luigi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roscioli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guzzella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Licia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21925710\",\"keywords\":\"Age Factors, Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenation, Italy, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Rivers, Sex Factors, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"4966–72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vigano_decabromodiphenyl_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) enters the food web of the {River} {Po} and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes.},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the primary constituent of a widely used flame retardant formulation, is present at relatively high levels in sediments and macroinvertebrates of the River Po. Since it was demonstrated that BDE-209 can be biotransformed to smaller and more toxic polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), the main objective of this study was to assess whether the large quantities of BDE-209 present in the River Po are bioavailable to the higher levels of the food web and are biotransformed in feral fishes. To this aim, 23 cyprinids, mainly common carp, were analysed for the hepatic contents of PBDEs. Contrary to sediments and invertebrates of the same area, no fish sample contained detectable levels of BDE-209. All fishes contained typical PBDE representatives, e.g. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154, but more importantly they contained three congeners, i.e. BDE-179, BDE-188 and BDE-202, which are not present in any technical formulations and are known products of BDE-209 debromination in fish. The age of carps had no effects on the bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Conversely, the contents of PCBs, which also were determined in the same fish samples, showed a positive correlation with age. Both groups of chemicals displayed a tendency to a higher contamination in male fish. This study shows that BDE-209 enters the food web of the River Po contributing to the load of lower brominated PBDEs and thus to the load of chemical stressors threatening the aquatic life of the major Italian watercourse.},\\n\\tnumber = {23},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Viganò, Luigi and Roscioli, Claudio and Guzzella, Licia},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21925710},\\n\\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\\\& numerical d, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenation, Italy, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Rivers, Sex Factors, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {4966--72},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Viganò, L.\",\"Roscioli, C.\",\"Guzzella, L.\"],\"key\":\"vigano_decabromodiphenyl_2011\",\"id\":\"vigano_decabromodiphenyl_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vigan-roscioli-guzzella-decabromodiphenyletherbde209entersthefoodweboftheriverpoandismetabolicallydebrominatedinresidentcyprinidfishes-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710\"},\"keyword\":[\"Age Factors\",\"Animals\",\"Biological Availability\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Chromatography\",\"Cyprinidae\",\"Cyprinidae: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Gas\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenation\",\"Italy\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: chemistry\",\"Male\",\"Rivers\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Differences in neonatal neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, PBDE 99 and TBBPA, in mice.\",\"volume\":\"289\",\"issn\":\"1879-3185\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.010\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A are used as flame retardants and detected in the environmental, wildlife species and human tissues. Exposure to PBDEs during the neonatal development of the brain has been shown to affect behavior and learning and memory in adult mice, while neonatal exposure to TBBPA (another brominated flame retardant) did not affect behavioral variables in the adult. In this study, we hypothesized that the effects of these compounds could be reflected by changes in biochemical substrates and cholinergic receptors and have examined the levels of four proteins involved in maturation of the brain, neuronal growth and synaptogenesis and the densities of both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. We measured the levels of radioactivity in the brain after administration of (14)C-labelled TBBPA at different time points and saw that levels of TBBA peaked earlier and decreased faster than the earlier reported levels of PBDE 99. The protein analysis in the neonatal brain showed changes in the levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin following neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 (21 μmol/kg body weight), but not following exposure TBBPA. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and TBBPA caused a decrease in binding sites of the nicotinic ligand cytisine in frontal cortex. These results confirm earlier reported data that PBDE 99 can act as a developmental neurotoxicant, possibly due to its different uptake and retention in the brain compared to TBBPA. In addition, the changes in protein levels are interesting leads in the search for mechanisms behind the developmental neonatal neurotoxicity of PBDEs in general and PBDE 99 in particular, since also other compounds inducing similar adult behavioral disturbances as PBDE 99, affect these proteins during the period of rapid brain development.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henrik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21820030\",\"keywords\":\"Alkaloids, Alkaloids: metabolism, Animals, Azocines, Azocines: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunoblotting, Male, Mice, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: metabolism, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Quinolizines, Quinolizines: metabolism, Synaptophysin, Synaptophysin: metabolism, unsure\",\"pages\":\"59–65\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{viberg_differences_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Differences in neonatal neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, {PBDE} 99 and {TBBPA}, in mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {289},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3185},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A are used as flame retardants and detected in the environmental, wildlife species and human tissues. Exposure to PBDEs during the neonatal development of the brain has been shown to affect behavior and learning and memory in adult mice, while neonatal exposure to TBBPA (another brominated flame retardant) did not affect behavioral variables in the adult. In this study, we hypothesized that the effects of these compounds could be reflected by changes in biochemical substrates and cholinergic receptors and have examined the levels of four proteins involved in maturation of the brain, neuronal growth and synaptogenesis and the densities of both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. We measured the levels of radioactivity in the brain after administration of (14)C-labelled TBBPA at different time points and saw that levels of TBBA peaked earlier and decreased faster than the earlier reported levels of PBDE 99. The protein analysis in the neonatal brain showed changes in the levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin following neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 (21 μmol/kg body weight), but not following exposure TBBPA. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and TBBPA caused a decrease in binding sites of the nicotinic ligand cytisine in frontal cortex. These results confirm earlier reported data that PBDE 99 can act as a developmental neurotoxicant, possibly due to its different uptake and retention in the brain compared to TBBPA. In addition, the changes in protein levels are interesting leads in the search for mechanisms behind the developmental neonatal neurotoxicity of PBDEs in general and PBDE 99 in particular, since also other compounds inducing similar adult behavioral disturbances as PBDE 99, affect these proteins during the period of rapid brain development.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Eriksson, Per},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21820030},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alkaloids, Alkaloids: metabolism, Animals, Azocines, Azocines: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunoblotting, Male, Mice, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: metabolism, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Quinolizines, Quinolizines: metabolism, Synaptophysin, Synaptophysin: metabolism, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {59--65},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Viberg, H.\",\"Eriksson, P.\"],\"key\":\"viberg_differences_2011\",\"id\":\"viberg_differences_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"viberg-eriksson-differencesinneonatalneurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantspbde99andtbbpainmice-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alkaloids\",\"Alkaloids: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Azocines\",\"Azocines: metabolism\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"GAP-43 Protein\",\"GAP-43 Protein: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Immunoblotting\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes: metabolism\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Quinolizines\",\"Quinolizines: metabolism\",\"Synaptophysin\",\"Synaptophysin: metabolism\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"13826689\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame-retardants and have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk. We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99) can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour and also affect learning and memory functions in the adult animal. The present study indicates that the cholinergic system, in its developing stage, can be a target for PBDEs. Neonatal oral exposure of male NMRI mice, on postnatal day 10, to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (12 mg/kg body weight) was shown to decrease the density of cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, at an adult age. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexaBDE, PCBs and nicotine, compounds shown to affect cholinergic nicotinic receptors. The animals of the present study also showed disrupted spontaneous behaviour, and the highest dose that did not cause any significant behavioural disruption was 0.4 mg 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE/kg b.w.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"61–65\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{viberg_neonatal_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {13826689},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame-retardants and have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk. We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99) can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour and also affect learning and memory functions in the adult animal. The present study indicates that the cholinergic system, in its developing stage, can be a target for PBDEs. Neonatal oral exposure of male NMRI mice, on postnatal day 10, to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (12 mg/kg body weight) was shown to decrease the density of cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, at an adult age. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexaBDE, PCBs and nicotine, compounds shown to affect cholinergic nicotinic receptors. The animals of the present study also showed disrupted spontaneous behaviour, and the highest dose that did not cause any significant behavioural disruption was 0.4 mg 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE/kg b.w.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Viberg, H and Fredriksson, A and Eriksson, P},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {61--65},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Viberg, H\",\"Fredriksson, A\",\"Eriksson, P\"],\"key\":\"viberg_neonatal_2004\",\"id\":\"viberg_neonatal_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletherdecreasescholinergicnicotinicreceptorsinhippocampusandaffectsspontaneousbehaviourintheadultmouse-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro neurotoxicity data in human risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): overview and perspectives.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1879-3177\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.007\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants routinely detected in samples of cord blood and breast milk. Concerns have been raised with regard to the toxicity of both pre- and postnatal exposures towards the developing nervous system. Although there is an increasing body of literature on the disruption of brain cell functions by certain PBDE congeners in vitro, some challenges have yet to be tackled to enable the translation of in vitro findings into their in vivo counterparts. In this paper, we review findings on the PBDE neurotoxicity in human cells and discuss the research gaps to be addressed. Moreover, we propose a scheme for the incorporation of in vitro data in human risk assessment, namely through (i) the determination of in vitro cell benchmark levels; (ii) the consideration of uncertainties in establishing equivalency between the in vitro and the in vivo tissue benchmark levels (e.g., chronic vs. acute exposure, interactions with other chemicals); and (iii) relating tissue benchmark levels to surrogate levels of internal exposure. Alongside the assessment of brain dosimetry following exposure to PBDEs, in vitro neurotoxicity data provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the risks of prenatal and early life exposures on children neurodevelopment.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc-André\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bouchard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michèle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fritsche\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Charbonneau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haddad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sami\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21704695\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: physiology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Risk Assessment, cell line\",\"pages\":\"1509–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{verner_vitro_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro neurotoxicity data in human risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}): overview and perspectives.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3177},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.007},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants routinely detected in samples of cord blood and breast milk. Concerns have been raised with regard to the toxicity of both pre- and postnatal exposures towards the developing nervous system. Although there is an increasing body of literature on the disruption of brain cell functions by certain PBDE congeners in vitro, some challenges have yet to be tackled to enable the translation of in vitro findings into their in vivo counterparts. In this paper, we review findings on the PBDE neurotoxicity in human cells and discuss the research gaps to be addressed. Moreover, we propose a scheme for the incorporation of in vitro data in human risk assessment, namely through (i) the determination of in vitro cell benchmark levels; (ii) the consideration of uncertainties in establishing equivalency between the in vitro and the in vivo tissue benchmark levels (e.g., chronic vs. acute exposure, interactions with other chemicals); and (iii) relating tissue benchmark levels to surrogate levels of internal exposure. Alongside the assessment of brain dosimetry following exposure to PBDEs, in vitro neurotoxicity data provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the risks of prenatal and early life exposures on children neurodevelopment.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},\\n\\tauthor = {Verner, Marc-André and Bouchard, Michèle and Fritsche, Ellen and Charbonneau, Michel and Haddad, Sami},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21704695},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: physiology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Risk Assessment, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {1509--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Verner, M.\",\"Bouchard, M.\",\"Fritsche, E.\",\"Charbonneau, M.\",\"Haddad, S.\"],\"key\":\"verner_vitro_2011\",\"id\":\"verner_vitro_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"verner-bouchard-fritsche-charbonneau-haddad-invitroneurotoxicitydatainhumanriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesoverviewandperspectives-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: physiology\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Neural Stem Cells\",\"Neural Stem Cells: drug effects\",\"Neural Stem Cells: physiology\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Adrenocortical function of Arctic-breeding glaucous gulls in relation to persistent organic pollutants.\",\"volume\":\"166\",\"issn\":\"1095-6840\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.013\",\"abstract\":\"Unpredictable changes in the environment stimulate the avian hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce corticosterone, which induces behavioural and metabolic changes that enhance survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions. In addition to profound environmental perturbations, such as severe weather conditions and unpredictable food shortages, many Arctic-breeding birds are also confronted with chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), some of which are known to disrupt endocrine processes. This study investigated the adrenocortical function of a top predator in the Arctic marine environment, the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus). High concentrations of organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and metabolically-derived products in blood plasma of incubating glaucous gulls were associated with high baseline corticosterone concentrations in both sexes and a reduced stress response in males. Contaminant-related changes in corticosterone concentration occurred over and above differences in body condition and seasonal variation. Chronically high corticosterone concentrations and/or a compromised adrenocortical response to stress can have negative effects on the health of an individual. The results of the present study suggest that exposure to POPs may increase the vulnerability of glaucous gulls to environmental stressors and thus could potentially compromise their ability to adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions associated with climate change that are currently seen in the Arctic.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"General and comparative endocrinology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verboven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nanette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verreault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19932109\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Breeding, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: adverse effects, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oceans and Seas, Physiological, Stress, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"25–32\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{verboven_adrenocortical_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Adrenocortical function of {Arctic}-breeding glaucous gulls in relation to persistent organic pollutants.},\\n\\tvolume = {166},\\n\\tissn = {1095-6840},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Unpredictable changes in the environment stimulate the avian hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce corticosterone, which induces behavioural and metabolic changes that enhance survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions. In addition to profound environmental perturbations, such as severe weather conditions and unpredictable food shortages, many Arctic-breeding birds are also confronted with chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), some of which are known to disrupt endocrine processes. This study investigated the adrenocortical function of a top predator in the Arctic marine environment, the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus). High concentrations of organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and metabolically-derived products in blood plasma of incubating glaucous gulls were associated with high baseline corticosterone concentrations in both sexes and a reduced stress response in males. Contaminant-related changes in corticosterone concentration occurred over and above differences in body condition and seasonal variation. Chronically high corticosterone concentrations and/or a compromised adrenocortical response to stress can have negative effects on the health of an individual. The results of the present study suggest that exposure to POPs may increase the vulnerability of glaucous gulls to environmental stressors and thus could potentially compromise their ability to adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions associated with climate change that are currently seen in the Arctic.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {General and comparative endocrinology},\\n\\tauthor = {Verboven, Nanette and Verreault, Jonathan and Letcher, Robert J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Evans, Neil P},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19932109},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Breeding, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: adverse effects, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oceans and Seas, Physiological, Stress, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {25--32},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Verboven, N.\",\"Verreault, J.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\",\"Evans, N. P\"],\"key\":\"verboven_adrenocortical_2010\",\"id\":\"verboven_adrenocortical_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"verboven-verreault-letcher-gabrielsen-evans-adrenocorticalfunctionofarcticbreedingglaucousgullsinrelationtopersistentorganicpollutants-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Breeding\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Charadriiformes: physiology\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: adverse effects\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: blood\",\"Corticosterone\",\"Corticosterone: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Physiological\",\"Stress\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in bald eagle plasma from the Great Lakes region.\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.043\",\"abstract\":\"We report measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and of emerging flame retardants in the plasma of nestling bald eagles sampled from early May to late June of 2005. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 0.35 ng g(-1) ww to 29.3 ng g(-1) ww (average=5.7+/-1.9 ng g(-1) ww). The most abundant congeners were BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100. The fully brominated congener, BDE-209, was detected in approximately one third of the samples at an average concentration of 1.2+/-0.72 ng g(-1) ww. Several emerging flame retardants, such as pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DP), were detected in these samples. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides were also detected at levels close to those previously published. A statistically significant relationship was found between total PBDE concentrations and total PCB and p,p'-DDE concentrations, suggesting that these compounds share a common source, which is most likely the eagle's food.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Venier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wierda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bowerman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20579684\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Eagles, Eagles: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"pages\":\"1234–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{venier_flame_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in bald eagle plasma from the {Great} {Lakes} region.},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.043},\\n\\tabstract = {We report measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and of emerging flame retardants in the plasma of nestling bald eagles sampled from early May to late June of 2005. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 0.35 ng g(-1) ww to 29.3 ng g(-1) ww (average=5.7+/-1.9 ng g(-1) ww). The most abundant congeners were BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100. The fully brominated congener, BDE-209, was detected in approximately one third of the samples at an average concentration of 1.2+/-0.72 ng g(-1) ww. Several emerging flame retardants, such as pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DP), were detected in these samples. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides were also detected at levels close to those previously published. A statistically significant relationship was found between total PBDE concentrations and total PCB and p,p'-DDE concentrations, suggesting that these compounds share a common source, which is most likely the eagle's food.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Venier, Marta and Wierda, Michael and Bowerman, William W and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20579684},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Eagles, Eagles: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood},\\n\\tpages = {1234--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Venier, M.\",\"Wierda, M.\",\"Bowerman, W. W\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"venier_flame_2010\",\"id\":\"venier_flame_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"venier-wierda-bowerman-hites-flameretardantsandorganochlorinepollutantsinbaldeagleplasmafromthegreatlakesregion-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Eagles\",\"Eagles: blood\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bromobenzene Flame Retardants in the Great Lakes Atmosphere.\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919\",\"abstract\":\"Seven bromobenzene flame retardants were measured in vapor-phase samples collected at five sites, all near the shores of the North American Great Lakes during 2008-2009, inclusive. The target compounds were hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzylacrylate (PBBA), pentabromobenzyl bromide (PBBB), tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX), and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB). Detection frequencies were, on average, higher than 50% for all of the compounds, with the exception of PBBA, which was detected only in 22% of all the samples. Considering all the sampling sites together, HBB showed the highest average concentration (4.6 ± 1.0 pg/m(3)), followed by PBBB (3.3 ± 0.5 pg/m(3)) and PBEB (1.0 ± 0.1 pg/m(3)). The concentrations of these compounds were generally significantly correlated with one another, with the exception of PBBA, which was correlated only to PBBB. The atmospheric concentrations of PBT, pTBX, PBBB, and PBBA tracked local human population density, suggesting that these compounds are or were used in a variety of commercial products. Unexpectedly, the concentration of PBEB was highest at the remote site of Eagle Harbor in northern Michigan, whereas that of HBB was highest at Sturgeon Point, ∼25 km southwest of Buffalo, New York. The lack of dependence of these two compounds' concentrations on human population suggests local point sources.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Venier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuning\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{venier_bromobenzene_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Bromobenzene {Flame} {Retardants} in the {Great} {Lakes} {Atmosphere}.},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919},\\n\\tabstract = {Seven bromobenzene flame retardants were measured in vapor-phase samples collected at five sites, all near the shores of the North American Great Lakes during 2008-2009, inclusive. The target compounds were hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzylacrylate (PBBA), pentabromobenzyl bromide (PBBB), tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX), and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB). Detection frequencies were, on average, higher than 50\\\\% for all of the compounds, with the exception of PBBA, which was detected only in 22\\\\% of all the samples. Considering all the sampling sites together, HBB showed the highest average concentration (4.6 ± 1.0 pg/m(3)), followed by PBBB (3.3 ± 0.5 pg/m(3)) and PBEB (1.0 ± 0.1 pg/m(3)). The concentrations of these compounds were generally significantly correlated with one another, with the exception of PBBA, which was correlated only to PBBB. The atmospheric concentrations of PBT, pTBX, PBBB, and PBBA tracked local human population density, suggesting that these compounds are or were used in a variety of commercial products. Unexpectedly, the concentration of PBEB was highest at the remote site of Eagle Harbor in northern Michigan, whereas that of HBB was highest at Sturgeon Point, ∼25 km southwest of Buffalo, New York. The lack of dependence of these two compounds' concentrations on human population suggests local point sources.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Venier, Marta and Ma, Yuning and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Venier, M.\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"venier_bromobenzene_2012\",\"id\":\"venier_bromobenzene_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"venier-ma-hites-bromobenzeneflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants in the serum of pet dogs and in their food.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1043529\",\"abstract\":\"A previous study from our laboratory showed that pet cats had much higher serum levels of flame retardants compared to humans, despite sharing the same household environment. Dogs, on the other hand, are expected to have lower serum levels of flame retardants because they are metabolically better equipped to degrade these compounds. Thus, we hypothesized that dogs might be more similar to humans in their response to these environmental stressors and be better indicators of human exposures to these contaminants. Serum samples and their food were collected from 18 dogs and analyzed for PBDEs and other emerging flame retardants. The concentrations of PBDEs in dog serum and dog food averaged 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 1.1 ± 0.2 ng/g ww, respectively. While the dog serum samples were dominated by the tetra to hepta BDE congeners, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in the dog food. This difference in congener pattern was analyzed in terms of half-lives. Assuming food as the main exposure source, the average half-life in dog serum was 450 ± 170 days for the less brominated congeners and 2.3 ± 0.5 days for BDE-209. Dust was also considered as an additional exposure source, giving unreasonable residence times. In addition to PBDEs, other flame retardants, including Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenylethane, and hexabromocyclododecane, were identified in these samples.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Venier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21500827\",\"keywords\":\"Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Dogs, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Pets, Pets: blood\",\"pages\":\"4602–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{venier_flame_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants in the serum of pet dogs and in their food.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1043529},\\n\\tabstract = {A previous study from our laboratory showed that pet cats had much higher serum levels of flame retardants compared to humans, despite sharing the same household environment. Dogs, on the other hand, are expected to have lower serum levels of flame retardants because they are metabolically better equipped to degrade these compounds. Thus, we hypothesized that dogs might be more similar to humans in their response to these environmental stressors and be better indicators of human exposures to these contaminants. Serum samples and their food were collected from 18 dogs and analyzed for PBDEs and other emerging flame retardants. The concentrations of PBDEs in dog serum and dog food averaged 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 1.1 ± 0.2 ng/g ww, respectively. While the dog serum samples were dominated by the tetra to hepta BDE congeners, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in the dog food. This difference in congener pattern was analyzed in terms of half-lives. Assuming food as the main exposure source, the average half-life in dog serum was 450 ± 170 days for the less brominated congeners and 2.3 ± 0.5 days for BDE-209. Dust was also considered as an additional exposure source, giving unreasonable residence times. In addition to PBDEs, other flame retardants, including Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenylethane, and hexabromocyclododecane, were identified in these samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21500827},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Dogs, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Pets, Pets: blood},\\n\\tpages = {4602--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Venier, M.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"venier_flame_2011\",\"id\":\"venier_flame_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"venier-hites-flameretardantsintheserumofpetdogsandintheirfood-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal Feed\",\"Animal Feed: analysis\",\"Animals\",\"Dogs\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Pets\",\"Pets: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development.\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfg210\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), has been found to be increasing in the environment and in human milk. Previous studies have shown that lower brominated PBDEs, tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects. The present study shows that the highly brominated PBDE 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209) can be absorbed during neonatal life and induce developmental neurotoxic effects in adult mice, effects that also worsen with age. These effects seem to be inducible only during a defined critical period of neonatal life. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice were exposed on day 3 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, on day 10 to 1.34, 13.4, or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or on day 19 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or to [U-14C]-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE. The oral neonatal administration of [U-14C]PBDE 209 on day 3, 10, or 19 showed that the compound distributes throughout the body and increases in the brain, from 24 h after administration to 7 days after administration, in 3-day-old and 10-day-old mice. The spontaneous behavior tests, observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, showed that the effect only occurred in mice exposed on day 3 and that this effect worsened with age. We conclude that more attention should be focused on the highly brominated PBDEs as possible developmental neurotoxic agents.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henrik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eva\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Orn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12915714\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth & development, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Time Factors, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"112–20\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{viberg_neurobehavioral_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development.},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfg210},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), has been found to be increasing in the environment and in human milk. Previous studies have shown that lower brominated PBDEs, tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects. The present study shows that the highly brominated PBDE 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209) can be absorbed during neonatal life and induce developmental neurotoxic effects in adult mice, effects that also worsen with age. These effects seem to be inducible only during a defined critical period of neonatal life. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice were exposed on day 3 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, on day 10 to 1.34, 13.4, or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or on day 19 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or to [U-14C]-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE. The oral neonatal administration of [U-14C]PBDE 209 on day 3, 10, or 19 showed that the compound distributes throughout the body and increases in the brain, from 24 h after administration to 7 days after administration, in 3-day-old and 10-day-old mice. The spontaneous behavior tests, observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, showed that the effect only occurred in mice exposed on day 3 and that this effect worsened with age. We conclude that more attention should be focused on the highly brominated PBDEs as possible developmental neurotoxic agents.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Jakobsson, Eva and Orn, Ulrika and Eriksson, Per},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12915714},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \\\\& development, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Time Factors, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {112--20},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Viberg, H.\",\"Fredriksson, A.\",\"Jakobsson, E.\",\"Orn, U.\",\"Eriksson, P.\"],\"key\":\"viberg_neurobehavioral_2003\",\"id\":\"viberg_neurobehavioral_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"viberg-fredriksson-jakobsson-orn-eriksson-neurobehavioralderangementsinadultmicereceivingdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209duringadefinedperiodofneonatalbraindevelopment-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: growth & development\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Habituation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Newborn\",\"Oral\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Psychophysiologic\",\"Psychophysiologic: drug effects\",\"Time Factors\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209).\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"0161-813X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants, have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk, which is also true for the decabrominated congener, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209). We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to PBDE 209 can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, in mice, effects that get worse with age. Other PBDE congeners affect learning and memory functions and the cholinergic system in adult mice and rats. The present study indicates that spontaneous behaviour, along with the cholinergic system during its developing stage, can be targets for PBDE 209 in the rat. Neonatal oral exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats, on postnatal day 3, to 6.7, and 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, was shown to disrupt normal spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age. Also, rats exposed to the high dose of PBDE 209 showed a different response to adult nicotine treatment, compared to control rats. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure of rats or mice to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153) and certain PCBs, compounds shown to affect both spontaneous behaviour and the cholinergic system. It is also clear from the present study and from recent studies from our research group that both lower and higher brominated diphenyl ethers can cause similar developmental neurotoxic effects in both mice and rats.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henrik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17030062\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Grooming, Grooming: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Movement, Movement: drug effects, Newborn, Newborn: physiology, Nicotine, Nicotine: toxicity, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: toxicity, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tremor, Tremor: chemically induced, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"136–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{viberg_changes_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209).},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {0161-813X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants, have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk, which is also true for the decabrominated congener, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209). We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to PBDE 209 can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, in mice, effects that get worse with age. Other PBDE congeners affect learning and memory functions and the cholinergic system in adult mice and rats. The present study indicates that spontaneous behaviour, along with the cholinergic system during its developing stage, can be targets for PBDE 209 in the rat. Neonatal oral exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats, on postnatal day 3, to 6.7, and 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, was shown to disrupt normal spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age. Also, rats exposed to the high dose of PBDE 209 showed a different response to adult nicotine treatment, compared to control rats. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure of rats or mice to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153) and certain PCBs, compounds shown to affect both spontaneous behaviour and the cholinergic system. It is also clear from the present study and from recent studies from our research group that both lower and higher brominated diphenyl ethers can cause similar developmental neurotoxic effects in both mice and rats.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Per},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17030062},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Grooming, Grooming: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Movement, Movement: drug effects, Newborn, Newborn: physiology, Nicotine, Nicotine: toxicity, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: toxicity, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tremor, Tremor: chemically induced, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {136--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Viberg, H.\",\"Fredriksson, A.\",\"Eriksson, P.\"],\"key\":\"viberg_changes_2007\",\"id\":\"viberg_changes_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-changesinspontaneousbehaviourandalteredresponsetonicotineintheadultratafterneonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Grooming\",\"Grooming: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Movement\",\"Movement: drug effects\",\"Newborn\",\"Newborn: physiology\",\"Nicotine\",\"Nicotine: toxicity\",\"Nicotinic Agonists\",\"Nicotinic Agonists: toxicity\",\"Parasympathetic Nervous System\",\"Parasympathetic Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Tremor\",\"Tremor: chemically induced\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice.\",\"volume\":\"192\",\"issn\":\"0041-008X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744\",\"abstract\":\"Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are present and increasing in the environment and in human milk. The present study shows that neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153), a PBDE persistent both in environment and in human milk, can induce developmental neurotoxic effects, such as changes in spontaneous behaviour (hyperactivity), impairments in learning and memory, and reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors, effects that get worse with age. Neonatal NMRI male mice were orally exposed on day 10 to 0.45, 0.9, or 9.0 mg of PBDE 153/kg of body weight. Spontaneous behaviour (locomotion, rearing, and total activity) was observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, Morris water maze at an age of 6 months. The behaviour tests showed that the effects were dose-response and time-response related. Animals showing defects in learning and memory also showed significantly reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, using alpha-bungarotoxin binding assay. The observed developmental neurotoxic effects seen for PBDE 153 are similar to those seen for PBDE 99 and for certain PCBs. Furthermore, PBDEs appear to as potent as the PCBs.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and applied pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henrik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"14550744\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Age Factors, Animals, Binding Sites, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: growth & development, Hippocampus: metabolism, Inbred Strains, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Nicotinic, Nicotinic: biosynthesis, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Swimming, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"95–106\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{viberg_neonatal_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {192},\\n\\tissn = {0041-008X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744},\\n\\tabstract = {Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are present and increasing in the environment and in human milk. The present study shows that neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153), a PBDE persistent both in environment and in human milk, can induce developmental neurotoxic effects, such as changes in spontaneous behaviour (hyperactivity), impairments in learning and memory, and reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors, effects that get worse with age. Neonatal NMRI male mice were orally exposed on day 10 to 0.45, 0.9, or 9.0 mg of PBDE 153/kg of body weight. Spontaneous behaviour (locomotion, rearing, and total activity) was observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, Morris water maze at an age of 6 months. The behaviour tests showed that the effects were dose-response and time-response related. Animals showing defects in learning and memory also showed significantly reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, using alpha-bungarotoxin binding assay. The observed developmental neurotoxic effects seen for PBDE 153 are similar to those seen for PBDE 99 and for certain PCBs. Furthermore, PBDEs appear to as potent as the PCBs.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Per},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {14550744},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Age Factors, Animals, Binding Sites, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: growth \\\\& development, Hippocampus: metabolism, Inbred Strains, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Nicotinic, Nicotinic: biosynthesis, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Swimming, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {95--106},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Viberg, H.\",\"Fredriksson, A.\",\"Eriksson, P.\"],\"key\":\"viberg_neonatal_2003\",\"id\":\"viberg_neonatal_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde153disruptsspontaneousbehaviourimpairslearningandmemoryanddecreaseshippocampalcholinergicreceptorsinadultmice-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Age Factors\",\"Animals\",\"Binding Sites\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hippocampus\",\"Hippocampus: growth & development\",\"Hippocampus: metabolism\",\"Inbred Strains\",\"Male\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Memory\",\"Memory: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Newborn\",\"Nicotinic\",\"Nicotinic: biosynthesis\",\"Oral\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Receptors\",\"Swimming\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204\",\"abstract\":\"Several, unregulated, current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and hexabromocyclododecane (as total-(alpha)-HBCD), were examined in egg yolk and plasma of male and female glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Also examined were BDE209 and 38 tri- to nona-BDE congeners and brominated biphenyl (BB) 101. The HBB, BTBPE, PBEB, and PBT had high detection frequencies and variability in male and female plasma and egg yolk samples, and their concentrations ranged from nondetectable (\\\\textless 0.02-0.27 ng/g wet wt) to 2.64 ng/g wet wt. The detection frequencies and range of concentrations of non-BDE BFRs were generally highest in plasma of males relative to females. Total-(alpha)-HBCD concentrations were highest among the non-PBDE BFRs (up to 6.12 and 63.9 ng/g wet wt in plasma and egg yolk, respectively). Next highest was HBB with concentrations within a range comparable to the minor PBDEs monitored (e.g., BDE28, 116 and 155). Sum (sigma)38PBDE concentrations ranged from 2.49 to 54.5 ng/g wet wt in plasma and 81.2 to 321 ng/g wet wt in egg yolk. The BDE209 was virtually nondetectable, whereas six octa-BDEs (i.e., BDE196, 197, 201, 202, 203, and 205), as well as three nona-BDEs (i.e., BDE206, 207, and 208, and potential BDE209 debromination products) were found sporadically in plasma and egg yolk. The results from this study suggestthat in addition to PBDEs, several current-use, non-BDE BFRs undergo long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulate at low levels in and are maternally transferred (to eggs) in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verreault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gebbink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wouter\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gauthier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lewis\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17711204\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Reference Standards, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"4925–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{verreault_brominated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the {Norwegian} {Arctic}: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204},\\n\\tabstract = {Several, unregulated, current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and hexabromocyclododecane (as total-(alpha)-HBCD), were examined in egg yolk and plasma of male and female glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Also examined were BDE209 and 38 tri- to nona-BDE congeners and brominated biphenyl (BB) 101. The HBB, BTBPE, PBEB, and PBT had high detection frequencies and variability in male and female plasma and egg yolk samples, and their concentrations ranged from nondetectable ({\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.02-0.27 ng/g wet wt) to 2.64 ng/g wet wt. The detection frequencies and range of concentrations of non-BDE BFRs were generally highest in plasma of males relative to females. Total-(alpha)-HBCD concentrations were highest among the non-PBDE BFRs (up to 6.12 and 63.9 ng/g wet wt in plasma and egg yolk, respectively). Next highest was HBB with concentrations within a range comparable to the minor PBDEs monitored (e.g., BDE28, 116 and 155). Sum (sigma)38PBDE concentrations ranged from 2.49 to 54.5 ng/g wet wt in plasma and 81.2 to 321 ng/g wet wt in egg yolk. The BDE209 was virtually nondetectable, whereas six octa-BDEs (i.e., BDE196, 197, 201, 202, 203, and 205), as well as three nona-BDEs (i.e., BDE206, 207, and 208, and potential BDE209 debromination products) were found sporadically in plasma and egg yolk. The results from this study suggestthat in addition to PBDEs, several current-use, non-BDE BFRs undergo long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulate at low levels in and are maternally transferred (to eggs) in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Verreault, Jonathan and Gebbink, Wouter A and Gauthier, Lewis T and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17711204},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Reference Standards, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {4925--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Verreault, J.\",\"Gebbink, W. A\",\"Gauthier, L. T\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"verreault_brominated_2007\",\"id\":\"verreault_brominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"verreault-gebbink-gauthier-gabrielsen-letcher-brominatedflameretardantsinglaucousgullsfromthenorwegianarcticmorethanjustanissueofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Birds\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Male\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Quality Control\",\"Reference Standards\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thermal treatment of electrical and electronic waste plastics.\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"0734-242X\",\"url\":\"http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0734242X0001800205\",\"abstract\":\"During cocombustion tests up to 12 wt % of different types of electrical and electronic (E + E) waste plastics were added to pretreated municipal solid waste (MSW) in a test incinerator. The increased heating value improved the burnout of the bottom ashes. The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the raw gas was not altered significantly by the co-combustion. Even high bromine (Br) load caused only limited concentrations of bromine containing dioxins and furans in the raw gas, which did not deteriorate the emission quality. Hence MSW combustion is a beneficial disposal route for limited amounts of certain E + E waste. Metallic components should carefully be separated prior to combustion.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Waste Management & Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vehlow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergfeldt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seifert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wanke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"131–140\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vehlow_thermal_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Thermal treatment of electrical and electronic waste plastics.},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {0734-242X},\\n\\turl = {http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0734242X0001800205},\\n\\tabstract = {During cocombustion tests up to 12 wt \\\\% of different types of electrical and electronic (E + E) waste plastics were added to pretreated municipal solid waste (MSW) in a test incinerator. The increased heating value improved the burnout of the bottom ashes. The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the raw gas was not altered significantly by the co-combustion. Even high bromine (Br) load caused only limited concentrations of bromine containing dioxins and furans in the raw gas, which did not deteriorate the emission quality. Hence MSW combustion is a beneficial disposal route for limited amounts of certain E + E waste. Metallic components should carefully be separated prior to combustion.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Waste Management \\\\& Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Vehlow, J. and Bergfeldt, B. and Jay, K. and Seifert, H. and Wanke, T. and Mark, F.E.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {131--140},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vehlow, J.\",\"Bergfeldt, B.\",\"Jay, K.\",\"Seifert, H.\",\"Wanke, T.\",\"Mark, F.\"],\"key\":\"vehlow_thermal_2000\",\"id\":\"vehlow_thermal_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vehlow-bergfeldt-jay-seifert-wanke-mark-thermaltreatmentofelectricalandelectronicwasteplastics-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A 28-day oral dose toxicity study enhanced to detect endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane in Wistar rats.\",\"volume\":\"94\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfl113\",\"abstract\":\"A 28-day repeated dose study in rats (OECD407) enhanced for endocrine and immune parameters was performed with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Rats were exposed by daily gavage to HBCD dissolved in corn oil in 8 dose groups with doses ranging between 0 and 200 mg/kg bw per day (mkd). Evaluation consisted of dose-response analysis with calculation of a benchmark dose at the lower 95% one-sided confidence bound (BMDL) at predefined critical effect sizes (CESs) of 10-20%. The most remarkable findings were dose-related effects on the thyroid hormone axis, that is, decreased total thyroxin (TT4, BMDL 55.5 mkd at CES–10%), increased pituitary weight (29 mkd at 10%) and increased immunostaining of TSH in the pituitary, increased thyroid weight (1.6 mkd at 10%), and thyroid follicle cell activation. These effects were restricted to females. Female rats also showed increased absolute liver weights (22.9 mkd at 20%) and induction of T4-glucuronyl transferase (4.1 mkd at 10%), suggesting that aberrant metabolization of T4 triggers feedback activation of the thyroid hormone system. These effects were accompanied by possibly secondary effects, including increased cholesterol (7.4 mkd at 10%), increased tibial bone mineral density (\\\\textgreater 49 mkd at 10%), both in females, and decreased splenocyte counts (0.3-6.3 mkd at 20%; only evaluated in males). Overall, female rats appeared to be more sensitive to HBCD than male rats, and an overall BMDL is proposed at 1.6 mkd, based on a 10% increase of the thyroid weight, which was the most sensitive parameter in the sequence of events.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"T\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verhoef\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Kuil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slob\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wout\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Visser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Theo\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herlin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"H\\\\a\",\"akansson\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Helen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olausson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piersma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldert\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josephus\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16984958\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Bone Density, Bone Density: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: classification, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: classification, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: biosynthesis, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Pituitary Gland: pathology, Rats, Risk Assessment, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: metabolism, Tibia, Tibia: drug effects, Tibia: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Wistar, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"281–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_der_ven_28-day_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {A 28-day oral dose toxicity study enhanced to detect endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane in {Wistar} rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {94},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl113},\\n\\tabstract = {A 28-day repeated dose study in rats (OECD407) enhanced for endocrine and immune parameters was performed with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Rats were exposed by daily gavage to HBCD dissolved in corn oil in 8 dose groups with doses ranging between 0 and 200 mg/kg bw per day (mkd). Evaluation consisted of dose-response analysis with calculation of a benchmark dose at the lower 95\\\\% one-sided confidence bound (BMDL) at predefined critical effect sizes (CESs) of 10-20\\\\%. The most remarkable findings were dose-related effects on the thyroid hormone axis, that is, decreased total thyroxin (TT4, BMDL 55.5 mkd at CES–10\\\\%), increased pituitary weight (29 mkd at 10\\\\%) and increased immunostaining of TSH in the pituitary, increased thyroid weight (1.6 mkd at 10\\\\%), and thyroid follicle cell activation. These effects were restricted to females. Female rats also showed increased absolute liver weights (22.9 mkd at 20\\\\%) and induction of T4-glucuronyl transferase (4.1 mkd at 10\\\\%), suggesting that aberrant metabolization of T4 triggers feedback activation of the thyroid hormone system. These effects were accompanied by possibly secondary effects, including increased cholesterol (7.4 mkd at 10\\\\%), increased tibial bone mineral density ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 49 mkd at 10\\\\%), both in females, and decreased splenocyte counts (0.3-6.3 mkd at 20\\\\%; only evaluated in males). Overall, female rats appeared to be more sensitive to HBCD than male rats, and an overall BMDL is proposed at 1.6 mkd, based on a 10\\\\% increase of the thyroid weight, which was the most sensitive parameter in the sequence of events.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {van der Ven, Leo T M and Verhoef, Aart and van De Kuil, Ton and Slob, Wout and Leonards, Pim E G and Visser, Theo J and Hamers, Timo and Herlin, Maria and H{\\\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Olausson, Hanna and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16984958},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Bone Density, Bone Density: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: classification, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: classification, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: biosynthesis, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Pituitary Gland: pathology, Rats, Risk Assessment, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: metabolism, Tibia, Tibia: drug effects, Tibia: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Wistar, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {281--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"van der Ven, L. T M\",\"Verhoef, A.\",\"van De Kuil, T.\",\"Slob, W.\",\"Leonards, P. E G\",\"Visser, T. J\",\"Hamers, T.\",\"Herlin, M.\",\"H\\\\a akansson , H.\",\"Olausson, H.\",\"Piersma, A. H\",\"Vos, J. G\"],\"key\":\"van_der_ven_28-day_2006\",\"id\":\"van_der_ven_28-day_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanderven-verhoef-vandekuil-slob-leonards-visser-hamers-herlin-etal-a28dayoraldosetoxicitystudyenhancedtodetectendocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneinwistarrats-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Bone Density\",\"Bone Density: drug effects\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: classification\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cell Count\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: classification\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase: biosynthesis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: pathology\",\"Male\",\"Oral\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Pituitary Gland\",\"Pituitary Gland: drug effects\",\"Pituitary Gland: metabolism\",\"Pituitary Gland: pathology\",\"Rats\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Spleen\",\"Spleen: drug effects\",\"Spleen: pathology\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: metabolism\",\"Tibia\",\"Tibia: drug effects\",\"Tibia: metabolism\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Wistar\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in sediment cores from the inner Clyde Estuary, UK.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1573-2983\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 mug/kg and the average concentration was 287 mug/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 mug/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental geochemistry and health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun-Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19347590\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"13–21\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vane_increasing_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) contamination in sediment cores from the inner {Clyde} {Estuary}, {UK}.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1573-2983},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 mug/kg and the average concentration was 287 mug/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 mug/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental geochemistry and health},\\n\\tauthor = {Vane, Christopher H and Ma, Yun-Juan and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19347590},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {13--21},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vane, C. H\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"vane_increasing_2010\",\"id\":\"vane_increasing_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vane-ma-chen-mai-increasingpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdecontaminationinsedimentcoresfromtheinnerclydeestuaryuk-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Great Britain\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of chronic polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure on gonadal development in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.1702\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulative, persistent organic pollutants used as flame retardants in consumer goods. Concentrations of PBDEs in North American wildlife have been increasing for decades and been shown to have estrogenic effects on sexual development. No studies, however, have examined the effects of PBDEs on the sexual development of North American frogs at ecologically relevant concentrations. This study examined the effects of five dietary concentrations of DE-71 (0, 1.1, 6.1, 71.4, and 634 ng ΣPBDEs/g diet), a technical PBDE mixture, on the gonadal development of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Tadpoles were exposed chronically from the time they became free-swimming until metamorphosis. Frogs were killed either at metamorphic climax or 10 weeks after completing metamorphosis, processed for histology, and examined for alterations in sexual development. The experimental group exposed to PBDEs at 1.1 ng/g had a significantly larger proportion of females compared with the expected 50:50 sex ratio. At 10 weeks post-metamorphosis, male frogs exposed to 6.1 and 71.4 ng/g had significantly smaller testes, but all other measure of gonadal development tested showed no effects. No intersex or increased incidence of gonadal abnormality were detected. These findings indicate that PBDEs may disrupt sexual differentiation in frogs at low, environmentally relevant concentrations.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Schmidt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cary\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tawnya\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ortiz-Santaliestra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuel\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karasov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22105220\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological, Biological: drug effects, Estrogens, Estrogens: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonads, Gonads: drug effects, Gonads: growth & development, Gonads: pathology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth & development, Male, Metamorphosis, Rana pipiens, Rana pipiens: growth & development, Rana pipiens: physiology, Sex Differentiation, Sex Differentiation: drug effects, Sex Ratio, Swimming\",\"pages\":\"347–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_schmidt_effects_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of chronic polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure on gonadal development in the northern leopard frog, {Rana} pipiens.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1702},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulative, persistent organic pollutants used as flame retardants in consumer goods. Concentrations of PBDEs in North American wildlife have been increasing for decades and been shown to have estrogenic effects on sexual development. No studies, however, have examined the effects of PBDEs on the sexual development of North American frogs at ecologically relevant concentrations. This study examined the effects of five dietary concentrations of DE-71 (0, 1.1, 6.1, 71.4, and 634 ng ΣPBDEs/g diet), a technical PBDE mixture, on the gonadal development of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Tadpoles were exposed chronically from the time they became free-swimming until metamorphosis. Frogs were killed either at metamorphic climax or 10 weeks after completing metamorphosis, processed for histology, and examined for alterations in sexual development. The experimental group exposed to PBDEs at 1.1 ng/g had a significantly larger proportion of females compared with the expected 50:50 sex ratio. At 10 weeks post-metamorphosis, male frogs exposed to 6.1 and 71.4 ng/g had significantly smaller testes, but all other measure of gonadal development tested showed no effects. No intersex or increased incidence of gonadal abnormality were detected. These findings indicate that PBDEs may disrupt sexual differentiation in frogs at low, environmentally relevant concentrations.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Van Schmidt, Nathan D and Cary, Tawnya L and Ortiz-Santaliestra, Manuel E and Karasov, William H},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22105220},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological, Biological: drug effects, Estrogens, Estrogens: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonads, Gonads: drug effects, Gonads: growth \\\\& development, Gonads: pathology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth \\\\& development, Male, Metamorphosis, Rana pipiens, Rana pipiens: growth \\\\& development, Rana pipiens: physiology, Sex Differentiation, Sex Differentiation: drug effects, Sex Ratio, Swimming},\\n\\tpages = {347--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van Schmidt, N. D\",\"Cary, T. L\",\"Ortiz-Santaliestra, M. E\",\"Karasov, W. H\"],\"key\":\"van_schmidt_effects_2012\",\"id\":\"van_schmidt_effects_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanschmidt-cary-ortizsantaliestra-karasov-effectsofchronicpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposureongonadaldevelopmentinthenorthernleopardfrogranapipiens-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Biological\",\"Biological: drug effects\",\"Estrogens\",\"Estrogens: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gonads\",\"Gonads: drug effects\",\"Gonads: growth & development\",\"Gonads: pathology\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: drug effects\",\"Larva: growth & development\",\"Male\",\"Metamorphosis\",\"Rana pipiens\",\"Rana pipiens: growth & development\",\"Rana pipiens: physiology\",\"Sex Differentiation\",\"Sex Differentiation: drug effects\",\"Sex Ratio\",\"Swimming\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dioxins: WHO's tolerable daily intake (TDI) revisited.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051\",\"abstract\":\"In December 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 10 pg/kg b.w. (body weight) for TCDD, based on liver toxicity, reproductive effects and immunotoxicity in experimental animals, and making use of kinetic data in humans and experimental animals. Since then new epidemiological and toxicological data have emerged, in particular with respect to neurodevelopmental and endocrine effects of dioxin. Therefore, the European Centre for Environment and Health of the World Health Organization (WHO-ECEH) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) jointly organized a consultation on the \\\"Assessment of the health risk of dioxins: re-evaluation of the TDI\\\", May 1998, Geneva, Switzerland. The participants discussed the health risks for infants, cancer and non-cancer endpoints in humans and animals, mechanistic aspects, kinetic behaviour, modelling, exposure, and the applicability of the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concept. For the health risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds, the WHO Consultation focused on the most sensitive effects that are considered adverse (hormonal, reproductive and developmental effects) seen at low doses in animal studies (rats and monkeys). Human daily intakes corresponding with body burdens similar to those associated with adverse effects in animals could be estimated to be in the range of 14-37 pg/kg b.w./day. To arrive at a TDI expressed as TEQ, a composite uncertainty factor of 10 was recommended. By applying this uncertainty factor a TDI range of 1-4 pg TEQs/kg body weight was established. An extensive executive summary of the results of this WHO Consultation with all the underlying background documents will be published in Food Additives and Contaminants (in press).\",\"number\":\"9-11\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Leeuwen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"X\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feeley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schrenk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Younes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"10739051\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration & dosage, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins: toxicity, Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration & dosage, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Immunity, Immunity: drug effects, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: administration & dosage, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: pharmacokinetics, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, World Health Organization\",\"pages\":\"1095–101\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_leeuwen_dioxins:_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Dioxins: {WHO}'s tolerable daily intake ({TDI}) revisited.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051},\\n\\tabstract = {In December 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 10 pg/kg b.w. (body weight) for TCDD, based on liver toxicity, reproductive effects and immunotoxicity in experimental animals, and making use of kinetic data in humans and experimental animals. Since then new epidemiological and toxicological data have emerged, in particular with respect to neurodevelopmental and endocrine effects of dioxin. Therefore, the European Centre for Environment and Health of the World Health Organization (WHO-ECEH) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) jointly organized a consultation on the \\\"Assessment of the health risk of dioxins: re-evaluation of the TDI\\\", May 1998, Geneva, Switzerland. The participants discussed the health risks for infants, cancer and non-cancer endpoints in humans and animals, mechanistic aspects, kinetic behaviour, modelling, exposure, and the applicability of the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concept. For the health risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds, the WHO Consultation focused on the most sensitive effects that are considered adverse (hormonal, reproductive and developmental effects) seen at low doses in animal studies (rats and monkeys). Human daily intakes corresponding with body burdens similar to those associated with adverse effects in animals could be estimated to be in the range of 14-37 pg/kg b.w./day. To arrive at a TDI expressed as TEQ, a composite uncertainty factor of 10 was recommended. By applying this uncertainty factor a TDI range of 1-4 pg TEQs/kg body weight was established. An extensive executive summary of the results of this WHO Consultation with all the underlying background documents will be published in Food Additives and Contaminants (in press).},\\n\\tnumber = {9-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {van Leeuwen, F X and Feeley, M and Schrenk, D and Larsen, J C and Farland, W and Younes, M},\\n\\tpmid = {10739051},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration \\\\& dosage, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins: toxicity, Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \\\\& dosage, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Immunity, Immunity: drug effects, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: administration \\\\& dosage, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: pharmacokinetics, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, World Health Organization},\\n\\tpages = {1095--101},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"van Leeuwen, F X\",\"Feeley, M\",\"Schrenk, D\",\"Larsen, J C\",\"Farland, W\",\"Younes, M\"],\"key\":\"van_leeuwen_dioxins:_nodate\",\"id\":\"van_leeuwen_dioxins:_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanleeuwen-feeley-schrenk-larsen-farland-younes-dioxinswhostolerabledailyintaketdirevisited\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: administration & dosage\",\"Dioxins: pharmacokinetics\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Drug-Induced Liver Injury\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: administration & dosage\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Immunity\",\"Immunity: drug effects\",\"Maximum Allowable Concentration\",\"Neoplasms\",\"Neoplasms: chemically induced\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: administration & dosage\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: pharmacokinetics\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity\",\"World Health Organization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study.\",\"volume\":\"245\",\"issn\":\"0300-483X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.009\",\"abstract\":\"Endocrine effects of the brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) were studied in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats via repeated dietary exposure, applying eight dose groups at 0-3-10-30-100-300-1,000-3,000 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd). This design enables dose-response analysis and calculation of benchmark doses (BMDL). This reproduction study was preceded by a 28-day repeat dose subacute toxicity study, at 0-30-100-300 mkd. Major effects in the reproduction study included decreased circulating thyroxine (T4) with BMDLs of 31 (m) and 16 (f) mkd, and increased weight of testis and male pituitary (BMDLs of 0.5 and 0.6 mkd). The hypothyroxinemia correlated to a cluster of developmental parameters including delayed sexual development in females, decreased pup mortality, and effects on brainstem auditory evoked potentials [Lilienthal, H., Verwer, C.M., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G., 2008. Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Toxicology]. A second cluster of parameters in F1 animals was correlated to increased testis weight, and included female gonad weight, endometrium height, CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary, and plasma testosterone levels in males. These two correlation clusters suggest a dual action of TBBPA. The only effects in the subacute study were decreased circulating T4 and increased T3 levels in males (BMDLs 48 and 124mkd), and non-significant trends for these parameters in females, suggesting that the other effects in the reproduction study were induced during development. Combined with data of human exposure to environmental TBBPA, the margin of exposure for highly exposed populations can be calculated at 2.6, and current use of TBBPA may therefore be a matter of concern for human health.\",\"number\":\"1-2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"T\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"De\",\"Kuil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verhoef\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lilienthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hellmuth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ute\",\"M\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cantón\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rocío\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Litens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Jong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Visser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Theo\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dekant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"H\\\\a\",\"akansson\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Helen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slob\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wout\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Den\",\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josephus\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piersma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldert\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18255212\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Bone and Bones, Bone and Bones: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Tissue Distribution, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Wistar, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"76–89\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_der_ven_endocrine_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol-{A} ({TBBPA}) in {Wistar} rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study.},\\n\\tvolume = {245},\\n\\tissn = {0300-483X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Endocrine effects of the brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) were studied in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats via repeated dietary exposure, applying eight dose groups at 0-3-10-30-100-300-1,000-3,000 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd). This design enables dose-response analysis and calculation of benchmark doses (BMDL). This reproduction study was preceded by a 28-day repeat dose subacute toxicity study, at 0-30-100-300 mkd. Major effects in the reproduction study included decreased circulating thyroxine (T4) with BMDLs of 31 (m) and 16 (f) mkd, and increased weight of testis and male pituitary (BMDLs of 0.5 and 0.6 mkd). The hypothyroxinemia correlated to a cluster of developmental parameters including delayed sexual development in females, decreased pup mortality, and effects on brainstem auditory evoked potentials [Lilienthal, H., Verwer, C.M., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G., 2008. Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Toxicology]. A second cluster of parameters in F1 animals was correlated to increased testis weight, and included female gonad weight, endometrium height, CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary, and plasma testosterone levels in males. These two correlation clusters suggest a dual action of TBBPA. The only effects in the subacute study were decreased circulating T4 and increased T3 levels in males (BMDLs 48 and 124mkd), and non-significant trends for these parameters in females, suggesting that the other effects in the reproduction study were induced during development. Combined with data of human exposure to environmental TBBPA, the margin of exposure for highly exposed populations can be calculated at 2.6, and current use of TBBPA may therefore be a matter of concern for human health.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Van der Ven, Leo T M and Van De Kuil, Ton and Verhoef, Aart and Verwer, Cynthia M and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Leonards, Pim E G and Schauer, Ute M D and Cantón, Rocío F and Litens, Sabina and De Jong, Frank H and Visser, Theo J and Dekant, Wolfgang and Stern, Natalia and H{\\\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Slob, Wout and Van Den Berg, Martin and Vos, Josephus G and Piersma, Aldert H},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18255212},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Bone and Bones, Bone and Bones: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Tissue Distribution, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Wistar, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {76--89},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van der Ven, L. T M\",\"Van De Kuil, T.\",\"Verhoef, A.\",\"Verwer, C. M\",\"Lilienthal, H.\",\"Leonards, P. E G\",\"Schauer, U. M D\",\"Cantón, R. F\",\"Litens, S.\",\"De Jong, F. H\",\"Visser, T. J\",\"Dekant, W.\",\"Stern, N.\",\"H\\\\a akansson , H.\",\"Slob, W.\",\"Van Den Berg, M.\",\"Vos, J. G\",\"Piersma, A. H\"],\"key\":\"van_der_ven_endocrine_2008\",\"id\":\"van_der_ven_endocrine_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanderven-vandekuil-verhoef-verwer-lilienthal-leonards-schauer-cantn-etal-endocrineeffectsoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsastestedinaonegenerationreproductionstudyandasubacutetoxicitystudy-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Bone Development\",\"Bone Development: drug effects\",\"Bone and Bones\",\"Bone and Bones: drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Male\",\"Oral\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Toxicity Tests: methods\",\"Wistar\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats.\",\"volume\":\"185\",\"issn\":\"0378-4274\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.003\",\"abstract\":\"The brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane was tested in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats, enhanced for endocrine parameters. A solution of the compound in corn oil was mixed in the feed, targeting at dietary exposure of 0-0.1-0.3-1-3-10-30-100 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd) in parental rats during 10 (males) or 2 (females) weeks premating, during gestation and lactation, and in their F1 offspring from weaning until final necropsy. Effects were assessed in F1 animals. Livers of these animals showed increased HBCD concentrations, in a dose-dependent way. The trabecular bone mineral density of the tibia was dose-dependently decreased in females (BenchMark Dose Lower confidence bound, BMDL=0.056 mkd). The IgG response after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased in males (BMDL=0.46 mkd). Further sensitive effects were decreased weight of the testis (BMDL=1.5 mkd), increased fraction of neutrophilic granulocytes (BMDL=7.7 mkd), decreased concentration of apolar retinoids in female livers (BMDL=1.3 mkd), and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase in females (BMDL=8.6 mkd). CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary was correlated to the concentration of gamma-HBCD in the liver. A developmental origin of these effects is considered, and this is also true for sensitive effects observed in neurobehavioural testing in littermates from the same experiment, i.e. in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials and in a catalepsy test [Lilienthal, H., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G. Neurobehavioral effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure, in press]. The low BMDLs of these effects may raise concern for human health, particularly when based on body burdens of HBCD, which leads to critical margins of exposure particularly for the occupational setting.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"T\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Kuil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slob\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wout\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lilienthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hellmuth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Litens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herlin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"H\\\\a\",\"akansson\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Helen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cantón\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rocío\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Den\",\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Visser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Theo\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Loveren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henk\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josephus\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piersma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldert\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19118610\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Burden, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: physiology, Hydrocarbons, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Retinoids, Retinoids: metabolism, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"51–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_der_ven_endocrine_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) in a one-generation reproduction study in {Wistar} rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {185},\\n\\tissn = {0378-4274},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.003},\\n\\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane was tested in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats, enhanced for endocrine parameters. A solution of the compound in corn oil was mixed in the feed, targeting at dietary exposure of 0-0.1-0.3-1-3-10-30-100 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd) in parental rats during 10 (males) or 2 (females) weeks premating, during gestation and lactation, and in their F1 offspring from weaning until final necropsy. Effects were assessed in F1 animals. Livers of these animals showed increased HBCD concentrations, in a dose-dependent way. The trabecular bone mineral density of the tibia was dose-dependently decreased in females (BenchMark Dose Lower confidence bound, BMDL=0.056 mkd). The IgG response after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased in males (BMDL=0.46 mkd). Further sensitive effects were decreased weight of the testis (BMDL=1.5 mkd), increased fraction of neutrophilic granulocytes (BMDL=7.7 mkd), decreased concentration of apolar retinoids in female livers (BMDL=1.3 mkd), and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase in females (BMDL=8.6 mkd). CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary was correlated to the concentration of gamma-HBCD in the liver. A developmental origin of these effects is considered, and this is also true for sensitive effects observed in neurobehavioural testing in littermates from the same experiment, i.e. in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials and in a catalepsy test [Lilienthal, H., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G. Neurobehavioral effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure, in press]. The low BMDLs of these effects may raise concern for human health, particularly when based on body burdens of HBCD, which leads to critical margins of exposure particularly for the occupational setting.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {van der Ven, Leo T M and van De Kuil, Ton and Leonards, Pim E G and Slob, Wout and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Litens, Sabina and Herlin, Maria and H{\\\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Cantón, Rocío F and van Den Berg, Martin and Visser, Theo J and van Loveren, Henk and Vos, Josephus G and Piersma, Aldert H},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19118610},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Burden, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: physiology, Hydrocarbons, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Retinoids, Retinoids: metabolism, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {51--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"van der Ven, L. T M\",\"van De Kuil, T.\",\"Leonards, P. E G\",\"Slob, W.\",\"Lilienthal, H.\",\"Litens, S.\",\"Herlin, M.\",\"H\\\\a akansson , H.\",\"Cantón, R. F\",\"van Den Berg, M.\",\"Visser, T. J\",\"van Loveren, H.\",\"Vos, J. G\",\"Piersma, A. H\"],\"key\":\"van_der_ven_endocrine_2009\",\"id\":\"van_der_ven_endocrine_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanderven-vandekuil-leonards-slob-lilienthal-litens-herlin-haakansson-etal-endocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Burden\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Eating\",\"Eating: drug effects\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones: physiology\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Immune System\",\"Immune System: drug effects\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Retinoids\",\"Retinoids: metabolism\",\"Spermatozoa\",\"Spermatozoa: drug effects\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010\",\"abstract\":\"A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was \\\\textless14% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between \\\\textless1 and 50ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor \\\\textgreater5.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21176966\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr\",\"pages\":\"454–61\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_den_eede_analytical_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010},\\n\\tabstract = {A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127\\\\%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was {\\\\textbackslash}textless14\\\\% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between {\\\\textbackslash}textless1 and 50ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater5.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21176966},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {454--61},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"van_den_eede_analytical_2011\",\"id\":\"van_den_eede_analytical_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples.\",\"volume\":\"770\",\"issn\":\"1873-4324\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059\",\"abstract\":\"An extraction and preconcentration procedure for the determination in water samples of several halogenated flame retardants (FRs), nine brominated diphenyls ethers (BDEs) and seven non-BDE FRs, was developed and validated. The optimised procedure is based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods as sorptive extraction material, followed by liquid desorption and gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) determination, rendering an efficient and inexpensive method. The final optimised protocol consists of overnight extraction of 100mL of sample solutions containing 40% MeOH and 4% NaCl, followed by a 15-min sonication-assisted desorption with 300 μL of ethyl acetate, solvent evaporation and GC-NCI-MS analysis. Under these conditions, extraction efficiencies in the 9 to 70% range were obtained, leading to enrichment factors between 108 and 840, detection limits in the range from 0.4 to 10 ng L(-1)and RSD values in the 2-23% range. After method validation, different real water samples, including river, ria, sea, landfill leachate, influent and effluent wastewater from an urban sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluent wastewater from a textile industry, were analysed. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-197 were detected in wastewater and landfill leachate samples at concentration levels up to 2887 ng L(-1). Among the non-BDE FRs, bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (DEHTBP) was detected in surface water samples (sea, river and ria) between 1.3 and 2.2 ng L(-1) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the landfill leachate (64 ng L(-1)).\",\"journal\":\"Analytica chimica acta\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Valls-Cantenys\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carme\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villaverde-de-Sáa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eugenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosario\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quintana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Benito\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iglesias\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mònica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salvadó\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Victòria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cela\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rafael\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23498690\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"85–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{valls-cantenys_application_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {770},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4324},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059},\\n\\tabstract = {An extraction and preconcentration procedure for the determination in water samples of several halogenated flame retardants (FRs), nine brominated diphenyls ethers (BDEs) and seven non-BDE FRs, was developed and validated. The optimised procedure is based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods as sorptive extraction material, followed by liquid desorption and gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) determination, rendering an efficient and inexpensive method. The final optimised protocol consists of overnight extraction of 100mL of sample solutions containing 40\\\\% MeOH and 4\\\\% NaCl, followed by a 15-min sonication-assisted desorption with 300 μL of ethyl acetate, solvent evaporation and GC-NCI-MS analysis. Under these conditions, extraction efficiencies in the 9 to 70\\\\% range were obtained, leading to enrichment factors between 108 and 840, detection limits in the range from 0.4 to 10 ng L(-1)and RSD values in the 2-23\\\\% range. After method validation, different real water samples, including river, ria, sea, landfill leachate, influent and effluent wastewater from an urban sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluent wastewater from a textile industry, were analysed. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-197 were detected in wastewater and landfill leachate samples at concentration levels up to 2887 ng L(-1). Among the non-BDE FRs, bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (DEHTBP) was detected in surface water samples (sea, river and ria) between 1.3 and 2.2 ng L(-1) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the landfill leachate (64 ng L(-1)).},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytica chimica acta},\\n\\tauthor = {Valls-Cantenys, Carme and Villaverde-de-Sáa, Eugenia and Rodil, Rosario and Quintana, José Benito and Iglesias, Mònica and Salvadó, Victòria and Cela, Rafael},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23498690},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {85--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Valls-Cantenys, C.\",\"Villaverde-de-Sáa, E.\",\"Rodil, R.\",\"Quintana, J. B.\",\"Iglesias, M.\",\"Salvadó, V.\",\"Cela, R.\"],\"key\":\"valls-cantenys_application_2013\",\"id\":\"valls-cantenys_application_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vallscantenys-villaverdedesa-rodil-quintana-iglesias-salvad-cela-applicationofpolydimethylsiloxanerodextractiontothedeterminationofsixteenhalogenatedflameretardantsinwatersamples-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067\",\"abstract\":\"Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m(-3), in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg(-1) were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L(-1). In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg(-1), with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67-105%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (\\\\textless20%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78-105%) and RSDs (3-8%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), GC-atomic emission detection (AED), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS and GC-Inductively-coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) are used. GC-ICP-MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5-10 ng mL(-1)) compared to GC-NPD and GC-MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC-MS offers a higher selectivity than GC-NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Veen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22537891\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environment, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenation, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"1119–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067},\\n\\tabstract = {Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20\\\\% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m(-3), in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg(-1) were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L(-1). In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg(-1), with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67-105\\\\%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless20\\\\%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78-105\\\\%) and RSDs (3-8\\\\%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), GC-atomic emission detection (AED), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS and GC-Inductively-coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) are used. GC-ICP-MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5-10 ng mL(-1)) compared to GC-NPD and GC-MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC-MS offers a higher selectivity than GC-NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {van der Veen, Ike and de Boer, Jacob},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22537891},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environment, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenation, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {1119--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"van der Veen, I.\",\"de Boer, J.\"],\"key\":\"van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012\",\"id\":\"van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environment\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenation\",\"Humans\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An exposure study with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): toxicokinetics and reproductive effects.\",\"volume\":\"157\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.031\",\"abstract\":\"We exposed female European starlings to a pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE) mixture through subcutaneous implants, and examined levels and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) together with reproductive effects. Sum PBDE levels increased significantly in the serum of the exposed females from 218+/-43 to 23,400+/-2035 pg/ml. Sum PBDE concentrations in the eggs of the exposed group ranged from 130+/-12 to 220+/-37 ng/g wet weight (ww). The profile in serum after egg laying was very similar to that in eggs. There were no detectable levels of HO-PBDEs in both serum and eggs. Fewer females of the exposed group initiated egg laying compared to the control group, although the difference was not significant. In addition, egg weight and volume were significantly higher in the exposed group. These results suggest that, at the investigated exposure levels (150 microg sum PBDEs/bird), PBDEs may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Steen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jaspers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veerle\",\"L\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinxten\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rianne\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"18977567\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Ovum: pathology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Starlings, Starlings: metabolism, Starlings: physiology, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"430–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_den_steen_exposure_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {An exposure study with polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in female {European} starlings ({Sturnus} vulgaris): toxicokinetics and reproductive effects.},\\n\\tvolume = {157},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.031},\\n\\tabstract = {We exposed female European starlings to a pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE) mixture through subcutaneous implants, and examined levels and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) together with reproductive effects. Sum PBDE levels increased significantly in the serum of the exposed females from 218+/-43 to 23,400+/-2035 pg/ml. Sum PBDE concentrations in the eggs of the exposed group ranged from 130+/-12 to 220+/-37 ng/g wet weight (ww). The profile in serum after egg laying was very similar to that in eggs. There were no detectable levels of HO-PBDEs in both serum and eggs. Fewer females of the exposed group initiated egg laying compared to the control group, although the difference was not significant. In addition, egg weight and volume were significantly higher in the exposed group. These results suggest that, at the investigated exposure levels (150 microg sum PBDEs/bird), PBDEs may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Van den Steen, Evi and Eens, Marcel and Covaci, Adrian and Dirtu, Alin C and Jaspers, Veerle L B and Neels, Hugo and Pinxten, Rianne},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {18977567},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Ovum: pathology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Starlings, Starlings: metabolism, Starlings: physiology, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {430--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van den Steen, E.\",\"Eens, M.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Jaspers, V. L B\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Pinxten, R.\"],\"key\":\"van_den_steen_exposure_2009\",\"id\":\"van_den_steen_exposure_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vandensteen-eens-covaci-dirtu-jaspers-neels-pinxten-anexposurestudywithpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfemaleeuropeanstarlingssturnusvulgaristoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffects-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Ovum: pathology\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Starlings\",\"Starlings: metabolism\",\"Starlings: physiology\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.\",\"volume\":\"93\",\"url\":\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfl055\",\"abstract\":\"In June 2005, a World Health Organization (WHO)-International Programme on Chemical Safety expert meeting was held in Geneva during which the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds, including some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were reevaluated. For this reevaluation process, the refined TEF database recently published by Haws et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 89, 4-30) was used as a starting point. Decisions about a TEF value were made based on a combination of unweighted relative effect potency (REP) distributions from this database, expert judgment, and point estimates. Previous TEFs were assigned in increments of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, etc., but for this reevaluation, it was decided to use half order of magnitude increments on a logarithmic scale of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, etc. Changes were decided by the expert panel for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.3), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.03), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzofuran (TEFs = 0.0003), 3,4,4',5-tetrachlorbiphenyl (PCB 81) (TEF = 0.0003), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) (TEF = 0.03), and a single TEF value (0.00003) for all relevant mono-ortho-substituted PCBs. Additivity, an important prerequisite of the TEF concept was again confirmed by results from recent in vivo mixture studies. Some experimental evidence shows that non-dioxin-like aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists are able to impact the overall toxic potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, and this needs to be investigated further. Certain individual and groups of compounds were identified for possible future inclusion in the TEF concept, including 3,4,4'-TCB (PCB 37), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, mixed polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polyhalogenated naphthalenes, and polybrominated biphenyls. Concern was expressed about direct application of the TEF/total toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach to abiotic matrices, such as soil, sediment, etc., for direct application in human risk assessment. This is problematic as the present TEF scheme and TEQ methodology are primarily intended for estimating exposure and risks via oral ingestion (e.g., by dietary intake). A number of future approaches to determine alternative or additional TEFs were also identified. These included the use of a probabilistic methodology to determine TEFs that better describe the associated levels of uncertainty and \\\"systemic\\\" TEFs for blood and adipose tissue and TEQ for body burden.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Denison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Vito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feeley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiedler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heidelore\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hakansson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Helen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haws\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Safe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schrenk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dieter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tohyama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chiharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tritscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Angelika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tuomisto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jouko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tysklind\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mats\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nigel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Endpoint Determination, Flame retardants, Humans, Mice, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Probability, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization\",\"pages\":\"223–241\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_den_berg_2005_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {The 2005 {World} {Health} {Organization} reevaluation of human and {Mammalian} toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.},\\n\\tvolume = {93},\\n\\turl = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl055},\\n\\tabstract = {In June 2005, a World Health Organization (WHO)-International Programme on Chemical Safety expert meeting was held in Geneva during which the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds, including some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were reevaluated. For this reevaluation process, the refined TEF database recently published by Haws et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 89, 4-30) was used as a starting point. Decisions about a TEF value were made based on a combination of unweighted relative effect potency (REP) distributions from this database, expert judgment, and point estimates. Previous TEFs were assigned in increments of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, etc., but for this reevaluation, it was decided to use half order of magnitude increments on a logarithmic scale of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, etc. Changes were decided by the expert panel for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.3), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.03), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzofuran (TEFs = 0.0003), 3,4,4',5-tetrachlorbiphenyl (PCB 81) (TEF = 0.0003), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) (TEF = 0.03), and a single TEF value (0.00003) for all relevant mono-ortho-substituted PCBs. Additivity, an important prerequisite of the TEF concept was again confirmed by results from recent in vivo mixture studies. Some experimental evidence shows that non-dioxin-like aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists are able to impact the overall toxic potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, and this needs to be investigated further. Certain individual and groups of compounds were identified for possible future inclusion in the TEF concept, including 3,4,4'-TCB (PCB 37), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, mixed polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polyhalogenated naphthalenes, and polybrominated biphenyls. Concern was expressed about direct application of the TEF/total toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach to abiotic matrices, such as soil, sediment, etc., for direct application in human risk assessment. This is problematic as the present TEF scheme and TEQ methodology are primarily intended for estimating exposure and risks via oral ingestion (e.g., by dietary intake). A number of future approaches to determine alternative or additional TEFs were also identified. These included the use of a probabilistic methodology to determine TEFs that better describe the associated levels of uncertainty and \\\"systemic\\\" TEFs for blood and adipose tissue and TEQ for body burden.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Van den Berg, Martin and Birnbaum, Linda S and Denison, Michael and De Vito, Mike and Farland, William and Feeley, Mark and Fiedler, Heidelore and Hakansson, Helen and Hanberg, Annika and Haws, Laurie and Rose, Martin and Safe, Stephen and Schrenk, Dieter and Tohyama, Chiharu and Tritscher, Angelika and Tuomisto, Jouko and Tysklind, Mats and Walker, Nigel and Peterson, Richard E},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Endpoint Determination, Flame retardants, Humans, Mice, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Probability, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization},\\n\\tpages = {223--241},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van den Berg, M.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\",\"Denison, M.\",\"De Vito, M.\",\"Farland, W.\",\"Feeley, M.\",\"Fiedler, H.\",\"Hakansson, H.\",\"Hanberg, A.\",\"Haws, L.\",\"Rose, M.\",\"Safe, S.\",\"Schrenk, D.\",\"Tohyama, C.\",\"Tritscher, A.\",\"Tuomisto, J.\",\"Tysklind, M.\",\"Walker, N.\",\"Peterson, R. E\"],\"key\":\"van_den_berg_2005_2006\",\"id\":\"van_den_berg_2005_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vandenberg-birnbaum-denison-devito-farland-feeley-fiedler-hakansson-etal-the2005worldhealthorganizationreevaluationofhumanandmammaliantoxicequivalencyfactorsfordioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: toxicity\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Endpoint Determination\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Mice\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Probability\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"World Health Organization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Copenhagen\",\"title\":\"Proposal to list hexabromocyclododecane in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png\",\"institution\":\"Nordic Council of Ministers\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frbldg, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_proposal_2009,\\n\\taddress = {Copenhagen},\\n\\ttitle = {Proposal to list hexabromocyclododecane in {Annex} {A} of the {Stockholm} {Convention} on persistent organic pollutants.},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png},\\n\\tinstitution = {Nordic Council of Ministers},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC\"],\"key\":\"unep/pops/poprc_proposal_2009\",\"id\":\"unep/pops/poprc_proposal_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uneppopspoprc-proposaltolisthexabromocyclododecaneinannexaofthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frbldg\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"UN experts target toxic flame retardant HBCD for control under global chemicals treaty\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx\",\"abstract\":\"A UN expert body has recommended that the industrial flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) be eliminated from the global marketplace to protect human health and the environment. HBCD is used mainly in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene. It is also used in textile coatings and in high impact polystyrene for electrical and electronic equipment. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, a subsidiary body of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), adopted a recommendation to include HBCD in the Convention's Annex A for elimination, with specific exemptions for expanded and extruded polystyrene needed to give countries time to phase-in safer substitutes. The recommendation will now be sent to the Parties to the Stockholm Convention for consideration at the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, scheduled to be held from 28 April to 10 May 2013, in Geneva.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{unep_experts_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {{UN} experts target toxic flame retardant {HBCD} for control under global chemicals treaty},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx},\\n\\tabstract = {A UN expert body has recommended that the industrial flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) be eliminated from the global marketplace to protect human health and the environment. HBCD is used mainly in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene. It is also used in textile coatings and in high impact polystyrene for electrical and electronic equipment. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, a subsidiary body of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), adopted a recommendation to include HBCD in the Convention's Annex A for elimination, with specific exemptions for expanded and extruded polystyrene needed to give countries time to phase-in safer substitutes. The recommendation will now be sent to the Parties to the Stockholm Convention for consideration at the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, scheduled to be held from 28 April to 10 May 2013, in Geneva.},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP\"],\"key\":\"unep_experts_2012\",\"id\":\"unep_experts_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"unep-unexpertstargettoxicflameretardanthbcdforcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx\"},\"keyword\":[\"CHM\",\"Clearing\",\"Clearing-house\",\"Convention\",\"Flame retardants\",\"House\",\"POPs\",\"Stockholm\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Stockholm Convention text and annexes as amended in 2009.\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext\",\"institution\":\"United Nations Environment Programme\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{unep_stockholm_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Stockholm {Convention} text and annexes as amended in 2009.},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext},\\n\\tinstitution = {United Nations Environment Programme},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP\"],\"key\":\"unep_stockholm_2009\",\"id\":\"unep_stockholm_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"unep-stockholmconventiontextandannexesasamendedin2009-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The POPs\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx\",\"urldate\":\"2010-12-30\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{unep_pops_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {The {POPs}},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx},\\n\\turldate = {2010-12-30},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP\"],\"key\":\"unep_pops_2009\",\"id\":\"unep_pops_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"unep-thepops-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Fire Statistics Great Britain, 2010 - 2011\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Department for Communities and Local Government\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UK\"],\"firstnames\":[\"DCLG\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{uk_fire_2011,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire {Statistics} {Great} {Britain}, 2010 - 2011},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},\\n\\tauthor = {UK, DCLG},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UK, D.\"],\"key\":\"uk_fire_2011\",\"id\":\"uk_fire_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uk-firestatisticsgreatbritain20102011-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers.\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.11707\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), affect endocrine function. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are similar in structure to PCBs, has increased recently, but health effects have not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: Our goal in this study was to determine whether PBDE body burdens are related to thyroid and steroid hormone levels, thyroid antibodies, and thyroid disease in a cohort of frequent and infrequent adult male sport fish consumers. METHODS: We tested serum from 405 adult males for PBDE congeners, PCB congeners, testosterone, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), SHBG-bound testosterone, thyroglobulin antibodies, and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and T(4)-binding globulin (TBG). We collected data on demographics, fish consumption, medical diseases, and medication use. RESULTS: The median sum of PBDEs was 38 ng/g lipid. In 308 men without thyroid disease or diabetes, PBDEs were positively related to measures of T(4) and reverse T(3) and inversely related to total T(3) and TSH. PBDEs were positively related to the percentage of T(4) bound to albumin, and inversely related to the percentage of T(4) bound to TBG. Associations of BDE congeners with hormones varied. BDE-47 was positively associated with testosterone levels. Participants with PBDEs over the 95th percentile were more likely to have thyroglobulin antibodies, although high PBDE exposure was not associated with thyroid disease. PBDE effects were independent of PCB exposure and sport fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure, at levels comparable with those of the general U.S. population, was associated with increased thyroglobulin antibodies and increased T(4) in adult males.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Persky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Victoria\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Imm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knobeloch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chatterton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henry\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"19079713\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Animals, Cohort Studies, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Hormones, Hormones: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Recreation, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1635–41\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{turyk_hormone_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Hormone disruption by {PBDEs} in adult male sport fish consumers.},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.11707},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), affect endocrine function. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are similar in structure to PCBs, has increased recently, but health effects have not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: Our goal in this study was to determine whether PBDE body burdens are related to thyroid and steroid hormone levels, thyroid antibodies, and thyroid disease in a cohort of frequent and infrequent adult male sport fish consumers. METHODS: We tested serum from 405 adult males for PBDE congeners, PCB congeners, testosterone, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), SHBG-bound testosterone, thyroglobulin antibodies, and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and T(4)-binding globulin (TBG). We collected data on demographics, fish consumption, medical diseases, and medication use. RESULTS: The median sum of PBDEs was 38 ng/g lipid. In 308 men without thyroid disease or diabetes, PBDEs were positively related to measures of T(4) and reverse T(3) and inversely related to total T(3) and TSH. PBDEs were positively related to the percentage of T(4) bound to albumin, and inversely related to the percentage of T(4) bound to TBG. Associations of BDE congeners with hormones varied. BDE-47 was positively associated with testosterone levels. Participants with PBDEs over the 95th percentile were more likely to have thyroglobulin antibodies, although high PBDE exposure was not associated with thyroid disease. PBDE effects were independent of PCB exposure and sport fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure, at levels comparable with those of the general U.S. population, was associated with increased thyroglobulin antibodies and increased T(4) in adult males.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Turyk, Mary E and Persky, Victoria W and Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Chatterton, Robert and Anderson, Henry A},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {19079713},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Animals, Cohort Studies, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Hormones, Hormones: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Recreation, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1635--41},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Turyk, M. E\",\"Persky, V. W\",\"Imm, P.\",\"Knobeloch, L.\",\"Chatterton, R.\",\"Anderson, H. A\"],\"key\":\"turyk_hormone_2008\",\"id\":\"turyk_hormone_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"turyk-persky-imm-knobeloch-chatterton-anderson-hormonedisruptionbypbdesinadultmalesportfishconsumers-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Animals\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Diet\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Ethers\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hormones\",\"Hormones: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Recreation\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in Inuit children attending childcare centers in Nunavik, Canada.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203622v\",\"abstract\":\"Arctic populations are exposed to substantial levels of environmental contaminants that can negatively affect children's health and development. Moreover, emerging contaminants have never been assessed in Inuit children. In this study, we document the biological exposure to toxic metals and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of 155 Inuit children (mean age 25.2 months) attending childcare centers in Nunavik. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, brominated flame retardants [e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances [PFASs; e.g. perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane (PFOA)]. Lead [geometric mean (GM) 0.08 μmol/L], PCB-153 (GM 22.2 ng/g of lipid), BDE-47 (GM 184 ng/g of lipid), PFOS (GM 3369 ng/L), and PFOA (GM 1617 ng/L) were detected in all samples. Mercury (GM 9.8 nmol/L) was detected in nearly all blood samples (97%). Levels of metals and legacy POPs are consistent with the decreasing trend observed in Nunavik and in the Arctic. PBDE levels were higher than those observed in many children and adolescents around the world but lower than those reported in some U.S. cities. PFOS were present in lower concentrations than in Nunavimmiut adults. There is a clear need for continued biomonitoring of blood contaminant levels in this population, particularly for PBDEs and PFASs.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turgeon\",\"O'Brien\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huguette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blanchet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosanne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gagné\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Doris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lauzière\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vézina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carole\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vaissière\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emilie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ayotte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Déry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Serge\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22420632\",\"keywords\":\"Child, Child Day Care Centers, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Inuits, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Mercury, Mercury: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Preschool, Quebec\",\"pages\":\"4614–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{turgeon_obrien_exposure_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in {Inuit} children attending childcare centers in {Nunavik}, {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203622v},\\n\\tabstract = {Arctic populations are exposed to substantial levels of environmental contaminants that can negatively affect children's health and development. Moreover, emerging contaminants have never been assessed in Inuit children. In this study, we document the biological exposure to toxic metals and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of 155 Inuit children (mean age 25.2 months) attending childcare centers in Nunavik. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, brominated flame retardants [e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances [PFASs; e.g. perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane (PFOA)]. Lead [geometric mean (GM) 0.08 μmol/L], PCB-153 (GM 22.2 ng/g of lipid), BDE-47 (GM 184 ng/g of lipid), PFOS (GM 3369 ng/L), and PFOA (GM 1617 ng/L) were detected in all samples. Mercury (GM 9.8 nmol/L) was detected in nearly all blood samples (97\\\\%). Levels of metals and legacy POPs are consistent with the decreasing trend observed in Nunavik and in the Arctic. PBDE levels were higher than those observed in many children and adolescents around the world but lower than those reported in some U.S. cities. PFOS were present in lower concentrations than in Nunavimmiut adults. There is a clear need for continued biomonitoring of blood contaminant levels in this population, particularly for PBDEs and PFASs.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Turgeon O'Brien, Huguette and Blanchet, Rosanne and Gagné, Doris and Lauzière, Julie and Vézina, Carole and Vaissière, Emilie and Ayotte, Pierre and Déry, Serge},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22420632},\\n\\tkeywords = {Child, Child Day Care Centers, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Inuits, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Mercury, Mercury: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Preschool, Quebec},\\n\\tpages = {4614--23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Turgeon O'Brien, H.\",\"Blanchet, R.\",\"Gagné, D.\",\"Lauzière, J.\",\"Vézina, C.\",\"Vaissière, E.\",\"Ayotte, P.\",\"Déry, S.\"],\"key\":\"turgeon_obrien_exposure_2012\",\"id\":\"turgeon_obrien_exposure_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"turgeonobrien-blanchet-gagn-lauzire-vzina-vaissire-ayotte-dry-exposuretotoxicmetalsandpersistentorganicpollutantsininuitchildrenattendingchildcarecentersinnunavikcanada-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632\"},\"keyword\":[\"Child\",\"Child Day Care Centers\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: blood\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorocarbons\",\"Fluorocarbons: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Inuits\",\"Lead\",\"Lead: blood\",\"Male\",\"Mercury\",\"Mercury: blood\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: blood\",\"Preschool\",\"Quebec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites.\",\"volume\":\"51\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.006\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigated the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor dust and air from two Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs) and an urban site in order to assess the relevance of these media for human exposure. The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in settled house dust from the EWRSs (130-12,000, 5.4-400, 5.2-620 and 31-1400 ng g(-1), respectively) were significantly higher than in urban house dust but the levels of PCBs (4.8-320 ng g(-1)) were not higher. The levels of PCBs and PBDEs in air at e-waste recycling houses (1000-1800 and 620-720 pg m(-3), respectively), determined using passive sampling, were also higher compared with non-e-waste houses. The composition of BFRs in EWRS samples suggests the influence from high-temperature processes and occurrence of waste materials containing older BFR formulations. Results of daily intake estimation for e-waste recycling workers are in good agreement with the accumulation patterns previously observed in human milk and indicate that dust ingestion contributes a large portion of the PBDE intake (60%-88%), and air inhalation to the low-chlorinated PCB intake (\\\\textgreater80% for triCBs) due to their high levels in dust and air, respectively. Further investigation of both indoor dust and air as the exposure media for other e-waste recycling-related contaminants and assessment of health risk associated with exposure to these contaminant mixtures is necessary.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nguyen\",\"Minh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pham\",\"Hung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kobara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuso\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seike\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nobuyasu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23228866\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"160–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tue_contamination_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in {Vietnamese} informal e-waste recycling sites.},\\n\\tvolume = {51},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.006},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigated the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor dust and air from two Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs) and an urban site in order to assess the relevance of these media for human exposure. The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in settled house dust from the EWRSs (130-12,000, 5.4-400, 5.2-620 and 31-1400 ng g(-1), respectively) were significantly higher than in urban house dust but the levels of PCBs (4.8-320 ng g(-1)) were not higher. The levels of PCBs and PBDEs in air at e-waste recycling houses (1000-1800 and 620-720 pg m(-3), respectively), determined using passive sampling, were also higher compared with non-e-waste houses. The composition of BFRs in EWRS samples suggests the influence from high-temperature processes and occurrence of waste materials containing older BFR formulations. Results of daily intake estimation for e-waste recycling workers are in good agreement with the accumulation patterns previously observed in human milk and indicate that dust ingestion contributes a large portion of the PBDE intake (60\\\\%-88\\\\%), and air inhalation to the low-chlorinated PCB intake ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater80\\\\% for triCBs) due to their high levels in dust and air, respectively. Further investigation of both indoor dust and air as the exposure media for other e-waste recycling-related contaminants and assessment of health risk associated with exposure to these contaminant mixtures is necessary.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Tue, Nguyen Minh and Takahashi, Shin and Suzuki, Go and Isobe, Tomohiko and Viet, Pham Hung and Kobara, Yuso and Seike, Nobuyasu and Zhang, Gan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23228866},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {160--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tue, N. M.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Viet, P. H.\",\"Kobara, Y.\",\"Seike, N.\",\"Zhang, G.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"tue_contamination_2013\",\"id\":\"tue_contamination_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tue-takahashi-suzuki-isobe-viet-kobara-seike-zhang-etal-contaminationofindoordustandairbypolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsandrelevanceofnondietaryexposureinvietnameseinformalewasterecyclingsites-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of BDE-85 on the oxidative status and nerve conduction in rodents.\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1092-874X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1091581811411109\",\"abstract\":\"BDE-85 is a congener of a class of flame-retardant compounds called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although there are some studies on other congeners of PBDEs, there are none on the toxicity potential of this penta-BDE member. This study, therefore, reports the oxidative status and sciatic nerve conduction properties following BDE-85 treatment in rodents. The oxidative stress markers, lipid hydroperoxides, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase, in the exposed mice liver and brain tissues showed tissue-specific alterations following intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mg/kg body weight of BDE-85 for 4 days. The results indicate a significant disruption in the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and setting in of oxidative stress. Isolated sciatic nerves of rats exposed to 5 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL of BDE-85 showed a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity and compound action potential amplitudes, indicating physiological damage to the sciatic nerves.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"International journal of toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vagula\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubeldis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelatury\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21772022\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Antioxidants, Antioxidants: metabolism, Biological Markers, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxides, Lipid Peroxides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Male, Mice, Neural Conduction, Neural Conduction: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"428–34\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vagula_effects_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of {BDE}-85 on the oxidative status and nerve conduction in rodents.},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1092-874X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1091581811411109},\\n\\tabstract = {BDE-85 is a congener of a class of flame-retardant compounds called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although there are some studies on other congeners of PBDEs, there are none on the toxicity potential of this penta-BDE member. This study, therefore, reports the oxidative status and sciatic nerve conduction properties following BDE-85 treatment in rodents. The oxidative stress markers, lipid hydroperoxides, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase, in the exposed mice liver and brain tissues showed tissue-specific alterations following intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mg/kg body weight of BDE-85 for 4 days. The results indicate a significant disruption in the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and setting in of oxidative stress. Isolated sciatic nerves of rats exposed to 5 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL of BDE-85 showed a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity and compound action potential amplitudes, indicating physiological damage to the sciatic nerves.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Vagula, Mary C and Kubeldis, Nathan and Nelatury, Charles F},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21772022},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Antioxidants, Antioxidants: metabolism, Biological Markers, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxides, Lipid Peroxides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Male, Mice, Neural Conduction, Neural Conduction: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {428--34},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vagula, M. C\",\"Kubeldis, N.\",\"Nelatury, C. F\"],\"key\":\"vagula_effects_2011\",\"id\":\"vagula_effects_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vagula-kubeldis-nelatury-effectsofbde85ontheoxidativestatusandnerveconductioninrodents-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Antioxidants\",\"Antioxidants: metabolism\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Catalase\",\"Catalase: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione Peroxidase\",\"Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism\",\"Glutathione Transferase\",\"Glutathione Transferase: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lipid Peroxides\",\"Lipid Peroxides: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Neural Conduction\",\"Neural Conduction: drug effects\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Rats\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Superoxide Dismutase\",\"Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Technical review of the implications of recycling commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether and commercial octabromodiphenyl ether.\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx\",\"institution\":\"Stockholm Convention POPs Review Committee\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_technical_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Technical review of the implications of recycling commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether and commercial octabromodiphenyl ether.},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx},\\n\\tinstitution = {Stockholm Convention POPs Review Committee},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC\"],\"key\":\"unep/pops/poprc_technical_2010\",\"id\":\"unep/pops/poprc_technical_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uneppopspoprc-technicalreviewoftheimplicationsofrecyclingcommercialpentabromodiphenyletherandcommercialoctabromodiphenylether-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"General guidance on considerations related to alternatives and substitutes for listed persistent organic pollutants and candidate chemicals.\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_general_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {General guidance on considerations related to alternatives and substitutes for listed persistent organic pollutants and candidate chemicals.},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC\"],\"key\":\"unep/pops/poprc_general_2009\",\"id\":\"unep/pops/poprc_general_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uneppopspoprc-generalguidanceonconsiderationsrelatedtoalternativesandsubstitutesforlistedpersistentorganicpollutantsandcandidatechemicals-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.\",\"url\":\"http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF\",\"institution\":\"United Nations Environment Programme\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UNEP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{unep_final_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the {Stockholm} {Convention} on persistent organic pollutants.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF},\\n\\tinstitution = {United Nations Environment Programme},\\n\\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UNEP\"],\"key\":\"unep_final_2001\",\"id\":\"unep_final_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"unep-finalactoftheconferenceofplenipotentiariesonthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"UL 1410 Television receivers and high-voltage video products.\",\"publisher\":\"Underwriters Laboratories\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UL\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1997\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ul_ul_1997,\\n\\ttitle = {{UL} 1410 {Television} receivers and high-voltage video products.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},\\n\\tauthor = {{UL}},\\n\\tyear = {1997},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UL\"],\"key\":\"ul_ul_1997\",\"id\":\"ul_ul_1997\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ul-ul1410televisionreceiversandhighvoltagevideoproducts-1997\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Fire Statistics, United Kingdom, 2006\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Department for Communities and Local Government\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UK\"],\"firstnames\":[\"DCLG\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{uk_fire_2006,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire {Statistics}, {United} {Kingdom}, 2006},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},\\n\\tauthor = {UK, DCLG},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UK, D.\"],\"key\":\"uk_fire_2006\",\"id\":\"uk_fire_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Fire Statistics, United Kingdom, 2008\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-4098-2660-6\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Department for Communities and Local Government\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"UK\"],\"firstnames\":[\"DCLG\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{uk_fire_2010,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire {Statistics}, {United} {Kingdom}, 2008},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-4098-2660-6},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},\\n\\tauthor = {UK, DCLG},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"UK, D.\"],\"key\":\"uk_fire_2010\",\"id\":\"uk_fire_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2008-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Spatial distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines in bivalves from Japanese coastal waters.\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.058\",\"abstract\":\"In order to elucidate the spatial distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the Japanese coastal environment, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines (OCs: PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB) were determined in bivalves (oysters and mussels) collected from Japanese coastal waters. HBCDs and PBDEs were detected in all samples analyzed. Concentration ranges of HBCDs were 12-5200 ng g(-1) lipid wt., followed by PCBs (20-3100 ng g(-1))\\\\textgreaterPBDEs (3.1-86 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). The highest concentration of HBCDs was found in the Osaka region. This result indicates that HBCDs are ubiquitous and predominant compounds in bivalves from the Japanese coastal waters. Since no species differences between oysters and mussels were observed for the bioaccumulation properties of HBCDs and PBDEs, oysters could be utilized for BFR contamination monitoring worldwide as an alternative to mussels. Global comparisons between oysters and mussels showed that HBCD concentrations in Japan are among the highest levels reported from Asia and Europe. Estimated dietary exposures of HBCDs and PBDEs through seafood were 0.45-34 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), and 0.054-6.8 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), respectively. These exposure levels were more than 1000 times lower than the lowest observable effects or no observable adverse effects levels for HBCDs and PBDEs, respectively.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ueno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marvin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Inoue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Someya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miyajima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kodama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20096439\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1213–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ueno_spatial_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Spatial distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and organochlorines in bivalves from {Japanese} coastal waters.},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.058},\\n\\tabstract = {In order to elucidate the spatial distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the Japanese coastal environment, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines (OCs: PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB) were determined in bivalves (oysters and mussels) collected from Japanese coastal waters. HBCDs and PBDEs were detected in all samples analyzed. Concentration ranges of HBCDs were 12-5200 ng g(-1) lipid wt., followed by PCBs (20-3100 ng g(-1)){\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterPBDEs (3.1-86 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). The highest concentration of HBCDs was found in the Osaka region. This result indicates that HBCDs are ubiquitous and predominant compounds in bivalves from the Japanese coastal waters. Since no species differences between oysters and mussels were observed for the bioaccumulation properties of HBCDs and PBDEs, oysters could be utilized for BFR contamination monitoring worldwide as an alternative to mussels. Global comparisons between oysters and mussels showed that HBCD concentrations in Japan are among the highest levels reported from Asia and Europe. Estimated dietary exposures of HBCDs and PBDEs through seafood were 0.45-34 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), and 0.054-6.8 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), respectively. These exposure levels were more than 1000 times lower than the lowest observable effects or no observable adverse effects levels for HBCDs and PBDEs, respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ueno, D and Isobe, T and Ramu, K and Tanabe, S and Alaee, M and Marvin, C and Inoue, K and Someya, T and Miyajima, T and Kodama, H and Nakata, H},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20096439},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1213--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ueno, D\",\"Isobe, T\",\"Ramu, K\",\"Tanabe, S\",\"Alaee, M\",\"Marvin, C\",\"Inoue, K\",\"Someya, T\",\"Miyajima, T\",\"Kodama, H\",\"Nakata, H\"],\"key\":\"ueno_spatial_2010\",\"id\":\"ueno_spatial_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ueno-isobe-ramu-tanabe-alaee-marvin-inoue-someya-etal-spatialdistributionofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandorganochlorinesinbivalvesfromjapanesecoastalwaters-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bivalvia\",\"Bivalvia: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Japan\",\"Pacific Ocean\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in breast milk from women living in Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites.\",\"volume\":\"408\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.012\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigated the contamination status of PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in human and possible exposure pathways in three Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites: Trang Minh (suburb of Hai Phong city), Dong Mai and Bui Dau (Hung Yen province), and one reference site (capital city Hanoi) by analysing human breast milk samples and examining the relationships between contaminant levels and lifestyle factors. Levels of PBDEs, but not PCBs and HBCDs, were significantly higher in Trang Minh and Bui Dau than in the reference site. The recyclers from Bui Dau had the highest levels of PBDEs (20-250 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), higher than in the reference group by two orders of magnitude and more abundant than PCBs (28-59 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), and were also the only group with significant exposure to HBCDs (1.4-7.6 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). A specific accumulation, unrelated to diet, of low-chlorinated PCBs and high-brominated PBDEs was observed in e-waste recyclers, suggesting extensive exposure to these compounds during e-waste recycling activities, possibly through inhalation and ingestion of dust. The estimated infant intake dose of PBDEs from breast milk of some mothers occupationally involved in e-waste recycling were close to or higher than the reference doses issued by the U.S. EPA.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nguyen\",\"Minh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Minh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tu\",\"Binh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pham\",\"Hung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20116831\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: adverse effects, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: drug effects, Human: metabolism, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Infant, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Lactation: metabolism, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Vietnam, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"2155–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tue_accumulation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in breast milk from women living in {Vietnamese} e-waste recycling sites.},\\n\\tvolume = {408},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.012},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigated the contamination status of PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in human and possible exposure pathways in three Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites: Trang Minh (suburb of Hai Phong city), Dong Mai and Bui Dau (Hung Yen province), and one reference site (capital city Hanoi) by analysing human breast milk samples and examining the relationships between contaminant levels and lifestyle factors. Levels of PBDEs, but not PCBs and HBCDs, were significantly higher in Trang Minh and Bui Dau than in the reference site. The recyclers from Bui Dau had the highest levels of PBDEs (20-250 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), higher than in the reference group by two orders of magnitude and more abundant than PCBs (28-59 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), and were also the only group with significant exposure to HBCDs (1.4-7.6 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). A specific accumulation, unrelated to diet, of low-chlorinated PCBs and high-brominated PBDEs was observed in e-waste recyclers, suggesting extensive exposure to these compounds during e-waste recycling activities, possibly through inhalation and ingestion of dust. The estimated infant intake dose of PBDEs from breast milk of some mothers occupationally involved in e-waste recycling were close to or higher than the reference doses issued by the U.S. EPA.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Tue, Nguyen Minh and Sudaryanto, Agus and Minh, Tu Binh and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin and Viet, Pham Hung and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20116831},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: adverse effects, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: drug effects, Human: metabolism, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Infant, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Lactation: metabolism, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Vietnam, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {2155--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tue, N. M.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Minh, T. B.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Viet, P. H.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"tue_accumulation_2010\",\"id\":\"tue_accumulation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tue-sudaryanto-minh-isobe-takahashi-viet-tanabe-accumulationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromwomenlivinginvietnameseewasterecyclingsites-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Breast Feeding\",\"Breast Feeding: adverse effects\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Human: drug effects\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Infant\",\"Lactation\",\"Lactation: drug effects\",\"Lactation: metabolism\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Vietnam\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling.\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1559-064X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/jes.2010.41\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants added to plastics, polyurethane foam, electronics, textiles, and other products. These products release PBDEs into the indoor and outdoor environment, thus causing human exposure through food and dust. This study models PBDE dose distributions from ingestion of food for Irish adults on congener basis by using two probabilistic and one semi-deterministic method. One of the probabilistic methods was newly developed and is based on summary statistics of food consumption combined with a model generating realistic daily energy supply from food. Median (intermediate) doses of total PBDEs are in the range of 0.4-0.6 ng/kg(bw)/day for Irish adults. The 97.5th percentiles of total PBDE doses lie in a range of 1.7-2.2 ng/kg(bw)/day, which is comparable to doses derived for Belgian and Dutch adults. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified as the congeners contributing most to estimated intakes, accounting for more than half of the total doses. The most influential food groups contributing to this intake are lean fish and salmon which together account for about 22-25% of the total doses.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tlustos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Von\",\"Goetz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hungerbühler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"20664651\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Biological, Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Ireland, Male, Models, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Risk Assessment: statistics & numerical data, Statistical, Time Factors\",\"pages\":\"565–75\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{trudel_pbde_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDE} exposure from food in {Ireland}: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling.},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1559-064X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2010.41},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants added to plastics, polyurethane foam, electronics, textiles, and other products. These products release PBDEs into the indoor and outdoor environment, thus causing human exposure through food and dust. This study models PBDE dose distributions from ingestion of food for Irish adults on congener basis by using two probabilistic and one semi-deterministic method. One of the probabilistic methods was newly developed and is based on summary statistics of food consumption combined with a model generating realistic daily energy supply from food. Median (intermediate) doses of total PBDEs are in the range of 0.4-0.6 ng/kg(bw)/day for Irish adults. The 97.5th percentiles of total PBDE doses lie in a range of 1.7-2.2 ng/kg(bw)/day, which is comparable to doses derived for Belgian and Dutch adults. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified as the congeners contributing most to estimated intakes, accounting for more than half of the total doses. The most influential food groups contributing to this intake are lean fish and salmon which together account for about 22-25\\\\% of the total doses.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\\\& environmental epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Tlustos, Christina and Von Goetz, Natalie and Scheringer, Martin and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\\n\\tpmid = {20664651},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Biological, Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Ireland, Male, Models, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Risk Assessment: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Statistical, Time Factors},\\n\\tpages = {565--75},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Trudel, D.\",\"Tlustos, C.\",\"Von Goetz, N.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Hungerbühler, K.\"],\"key\":\"trudel_pbde_nodate\",\"id\":\"trudel_pbde_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-hungerbhler-pbdeexposurefromfoodinirelandoptimisingdataexploitationinprobabilisticexposuremodelling\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Biological\",\"Body Burden\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Ireland\",\"Male\",\"Models\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Assessment: methods\",\"Risk Assessment: statistics & numerical data\",\"Statistical\",\"Time Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of dietary exposure to brominated flame retardant BDE-47 on thyroid condition, gonadal development and growth of zebrafish.\",\"issn\":\"1573-5168\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10695-012-9768-0\",\"abstract\":\"Little is known about the effects of brominated flame retardants in teleosts and some of the information currently available is inconsistent. This study examined effects of dietary exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on thyroid condition, body mass and size, and gonadal development of zebrafish. Pubertal, 49-day-old (posthatch) fish were fed diets without BDE-47 (control) or with 1, 5 or 25 μg/g BDE-47/diet. Treatments were conducted in triplicate 30-L tanks each containing 50 zebrafish, and 15 fish per treatment (5 per tank) were sampled at days 40, 80 and 120 of exposure. Measurements were taken of body mass, standard length, head depth and head length. Sex (at 40-120 days of exposure), germ cell stage (at 40 days) and thyroid condition (at 120 days; follicular cell height, colloid depletion, angiogenesis) were histologically determined. Whole-body BDE-47 levels at study completion were within the high end of levels reported in environmentally exposed (wild) fishes. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences among treatments at each sampling time. No effects were observed on thyroid condition or germ cell stage in either sex. Reduced head length was observed in females exposed to BDE-47 at 80 days but not at 40 or 120 days. In males, no apparent effects of BDE-47 were observed at 40 and 80 days, but fish exposed to 25 μg/g had lower body mass at 120 days compared to control fish. These observations suggest that BDE-47 at environmentally relevant whole-body concentrations does not affect thyroid condition or pubertal development of zebrafish but does affect growth during the juvenile-to-adult transition, especially in males.\",\"journal\":\"Fish physiology and biochemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Torres\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leticia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Orazio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carl\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patiño\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reynaldo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23334565\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{torres_effects_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of dietary exposure to brominated flame retardant {BDE}-47 on thyroid condition, gonadal development and growth of zebrafish.},\\n\\tissn = {1573-5168},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10695-012-9768-0},\\n\\tabstract = {Little is known about the effects of brominated flame retardants in teleosts and some of the information currently available is inconsistent. This study examined effects of dietary exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on thyroid condition, body mass and size, and gonadal development of zebrafish. Pubertal, 49-day-old (posthatch) fish were fed diets without BDE-47 (control) or with 1, 5 or 25 μg/g BDE-47/diet. Treatments were conducted in triplicate 30-L tanks each containing 50 zebrafish, and 15 fish per treatment (5 per tank) were sampled at days 40, 80 and 120 of exposure. Measurements were taken of body mass, standard length, head depth and head length. Sex (at 40-120 days of exposure), germ cell stage (at 40 days) and thyroid condition (at 120 days; follicular cell height, colloid depletion, angiogenesis) were histologically determined. Whole-body BDE-47 levels at study completion were within the high end of levels reported in environmentally exposed (wild) fishes. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences among treatments at each sampling time. No effects were observed on thyroid condition or germ cell stage in either sex. Reduced head length was observed in females exposed to BDE-47 at 80 days but not at 40 or 120 days. In males, no apparent effects of BDE-47 were observed at 40 and 80 days, but fish exposed to 25 μg/g had lower body mass at 120 days compared to control fish. These observations suggest that BDE-47 at environmentally relevant whole-body concentrations does not affect thyroid condition or pubertal development of zebrafish but does affect growth during the juvenile-to-adult transition, especially in males.},\\n\\tjournal = {Fish physiology and biochemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Torres, Leticia and Orazio, Carl E and Peterman, Paul H and Patiño, Reynaldo},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23334565},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Torres, L.\",\"Orazio, C. E\",\"Peterman, P. H\",\"Patiño, R.\"],\"key\":\"torres_effects_2013\",\"id\":\"torres_effects_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"torres-orazio-peterman-patio-effectsofdietaryexposuretobrominatedflameretardantbde47onthyroidconditiongonadaldevelopmentandgrowthofzebrafish-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209): Effects on sperm oxidative stress and chromatin dna damage in mouse offspring.\",\"issn\":\"1522-7278\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/tox.20729\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as brominated flame retardants and have been found in human milk in recent years. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) induces sperm dysfunction in male offspring. Pregnant CD-1 mice were gavaged once daily with corn oil (control), 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) body weight of BDE-209 from day 0 of gestation to day 17. The outcomes of male reproductive parameters were assessed on postnatal day 71. Anogenital distance, sperm-head abnormalities, and testicular histopathology were significantly affected in male offspring prenatally exposed to 1500 mg kg(-1) . Significant increases in the tendency for sperm DNA denaturation (αT) induction and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were found in those exposed to 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) (P \\\\textless 0.05). We observed a significant increase of sperm hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) generation in the 10 and 1500 mg/kg/day groups compared to the control group (P \\\\textless 0.05). Although our findings suggested that the mechanisms underlying BDE-209-induced sperm DNA damage and H(2) O(2) generation might not be represented as a dose-response relationship, we found that the greater the excess production of sperm H(2) O(2) , the greater the sperm αT (r = 0.65, P = 0.0155) and DFI (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). In conclusion, developmental exposure to BDE-209 induced sperm-head abnormality, oxidative stress, chromatin DNA damage, and testicular histopathological changes. These findings suggest that BDE-209-induced male reproductive effects might involve the formation of sperm H(2) O(2) which attacks nucleic acids via H(2) O(2) generation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tseng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li-Ho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ping-Chi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chia-Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinn-Shyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Min-Hsiung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mei-Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21626651\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tseng_developmental_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209): {Effects} on sperm oxidative stress and chromatin dna damage in mouse offspring.},\\n\\tissn = {1522-7278},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20729},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as brominated flame retardants and have been found in human milk in recent years. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) induces sperm dysfunction in male offspring. Pregnant CD-1 mice were gavaged once daily with corn oil (control), 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) body weight of BDE-209 from day 0 of gestation to day 17. The outcomes of male reproductive parameters were assessed on postnatal day 71. Anogenital distance, sperm-head abnormalities, and testicular histopathology were significantly affected in male offspring prenatally exposed to 1500 mg kg(-1) . Significant increases in the tendency for sperm DNA denaturation (αT) induction and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were found in those exposed to 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). We observed a significant increase of sperm hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) generation in the 10 and 1500 mg/kg/day groups compared to the control group (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). Although our findings suggested that the mechanisms underlying BDE-209-induced sperm DNA damage and H(2) O(2) generation might not be represented as a dose-response relationship, we found that the greater the excess production of sperm H(2) O(2) , the greater the sperm αT (r = 0.65, P = 0.0155) and DFI (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). In conclusion, developmental exposure to BDE-209 induced sperm-head abnormality, oxidative stress, chromatin DNA damage, and testicular histopathological changes. These findings suggest that BDE-209-induced male reproductive effects might involve the formation of sperm H(2) O(2) which attacks nucleic acids via H(2) O(2) generation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tseng, Li-Ho and Hsu, Ping-Chi and Lee, Chia-Wei and Tsai, Shinn-Shyong and Pan, Min-Hsiung and Li, Mei-Hui},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21626651},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tseng, L.\",\"Hsu, P.\",\"Lee, C.\",\"Tsai, S.\",\"Pan, M.\",\"Li, M.\"],\"key\":\"tseng_developmental_2011\",\"id\":\"tseng_developmental_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tseng-hsu-lee-tsai-pan-li-developmentalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209effectsonspermoxidativestressandchromatindnadamageinmouseoffspring-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure of the Irish population to PBDEs in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment.\",\"issn\":\"1944-0057\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/19440049.2011.572082\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants used to retard the ignition and/or spread of fire. PBDEs are used in various consumer products, such as textiles, mattresses and TV screens. This study presents a chemical risk assessment for the Irish population based on exposure to PBDEs from food. Special regard is given to the influence of parameter uncertainty and variability on the margins of safety. To quantitatively model uncertainty and variability in concentration data and variability in consumer behavior, a hierarchical probabilistic model was constructed. This model was evaluated using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D-MCS) approach. By considering uncertainty and variability in concentration data, margins of safety (MOS) were derived that are lower by a factor of ∼2 compared to MOS based on dose estimates that only consider variability. The lowest MOS is 7.5 × 10(4) for BDE-99, with impaired spermatogenesis as toxic endpoint. Assuming an MOS of 10(4) as acceptable, we conclude that there is no significant risk for human health through intake of contaminated food. To investigate whether additional measurements could improve the quality of dose estimates, the statistic \\\"uncertainty-to-variability (UVR)\\\" was developed. By applying the UVR to our dose estimates, we show that, in our case, the datasets contain little uncertainty and additional measurements would not significantly improve the quality of dose estimates.\",\"journal\":\"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tlustos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"von\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Goetz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reichert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hungerbuhler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21656413\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1–13\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{trudel_exposure_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure of the {Irish} population to {PBDEs} in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment.},\\n\\tissn = {1944-0057},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/19440049.2011.572082},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants used to retard the ignition and/or spread of fire. PBDEs are used in various consumer products, such as textiles, mattresses and TV screens. This study presents a chemical risk assessment for the Irish population based on exposure to PBDEs from food. Special regard is given to the influence of parameter uncertainty and variability on the margins of safety. To quantitatively model uncertainty and variability in concentration data and variability in consumer behavior, a hierarchical probabilistic model was constructed. This model was evaluated using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D-MCS) approach. By considering uncertainty and variability in concentration data, margins of safety (MOS) were derived that are lower by a factor of ∼2 compared to MOS based on dose estimates that only consider variability. The lowest MOS is 7.5 × 10(4) for BDE-99, with impaired spermatogenesis as toxic endpoint. Assuming an MOS of 10(4) as acceptable, we conclude that there is no significant risk for human health through intake of contaminated food. To investigate whether additional measurements could improve the quality of dose estimates, the statistic \\\"uncertainty-to-variability (UVR)\\\" was developed. By applying the UVR to our dose estimates, we show that, in our case, the datasets contain little uncertainty and additional measurements would not significantly improve the quality of dose estimates.},\\n\\tjournal = {Food additives \\\\& contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure \\\\& risk assessment},\\n\\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Tlustos, Christina and von Goetz, Natalie and Scheringer, Martin and Reichert, Peter and Hungerbuhler, Konrad},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21656413},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1--13},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Trudel, D.\",\"Tlustos, C.\",\"von Goetz, N.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Reichert, P.\",\"Hungerbuhler, K.\"],\"key\":\"trudel_exposure_2011\",\"id\":\"trudel_exposure_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-reichert-hungerbuhler-exposureoftheirishpopulationtopbdesinfoodconsiderationofparameteruncertaintyandvariabilityforriskassessment-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in North America and Europe.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1035046\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, polyurethane foams, and plastics. PBDEs exert toxic effects in various organisms, including humans, and are ubiquitous in the outdoor and indoor environment. Here we estimate total daily PBDE doses received by consumers in North America and Europe, along with the most important pathways and congeners, and derive PBDE elimination half-lives for chronic exposure. We estimate distributions for all parameters (PBDE concentrations in exposure media, food consumption rates, etc.) and conduct a probabilistic exposure assessment. We find that Americans are exposed the most, likely due to stricter fire regulations, followed by consumers from the UK and Continental Europe. In the central quantiles of the exposure distributions derived, food is the dominant pathway; in the upper quantiles either food or oral and dermal exposure to dust. This reflects the lipophilic and persistent nature of PBDEs and their use in products for indoor-use. Median elimination half-lives are in a range of 1-3 years except for BDE-153 with about seven years and BDE-209 with 4-7 days.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"von\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Goetz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hungerbühler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21348481\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diet, Diet: statistics & numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration & dosage, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Half-Life, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, North America, Preschool, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"2391–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{trudel_total_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {North} {America} and {Europe}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1035046},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, polyurethane foams, and plastics. PBDEs exert toxic effects in various organisms, including humans, and are ubiquitous in the outdoor and indoor environment. Here we estimate total daily PBDE doses received by consumers in North America and Europe, along with the most important pathways and congeners, and derive PBDE elimination half-lives for chronic exposure. We estimate distributions for all parameters (PBDE concentrations in exposure media, food consumption rates, etc.) and conduct a probabilistic exposure assessment. We find that Americans are exposed the most, likely due to stricter fire regulations, followed by consumers from the UK and Continental Europe. In the central quantiles of the exposure distributions derived, food is the dominant pathway; in the upper quantiles either food or oral and dermal exposure to dust. This reflects the lipophilic and persistent nature of PBDEs and their use in products for indoor-use. Median elimination half-lives are in a range of 1-3 years except for BDE-153 with about seven years and BDE-209 with 4-7 days.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Scheringer, Martin and von Goetz, Natalie and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21348481},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diet, Diet: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \\\\& dosage, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Half-Life, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, North America, Preschool, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {2391--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Trudel, D.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"von Goetz, N.\",\"Hungerbühler, K.\"],\"key\":\"trudel_total_2011\",\"id\":\"trudel_total_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"trudel-scheringer-vongoetz-hungerbhler-totalconsumerexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinnorthamericaandeurope-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Child\",\"Diet\",\"Diet: statistics & numerical data\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: administration & dosage\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Europe\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Analysis\",\"Half-Life\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Newborn\",\"North America\",\"Preschool\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, and Henry's law constants of some brominated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419\",\"abstract\":\"The subcooled liquid vapor pressures (P0(L),25S) and aqueous solubilities (Sw,25s) were determined and Henry's law constants (H25s) were estimated for a number of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) at 25 degrees C. The established methods of the gas chromatography-retention time and generator column techniques were used to experimentally determine P0(L),25 and Sw,25 for hexabromobenzene and a series of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners. The H25 was estimated as the ratio of P0(L)25 to the subcooled liquid aqueous solubility. Values of PL0(L),25 obtained ranged from 0.000000282 Pa (BDE-190) to 0.259 Pa (BDE-3); Sw,25 ranged from 0.00000087 g/L (BDE-153 and BDE-154) to 0.00013 g/L (BDE-15); and H25 ranged from 0.0074 Pa m3/mol (BDE-183) to 21 Pa m3/mol (BDE-15). An increase in the bromine content of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners resulted in significant decreases Of P0(L),25, Sw25, and H25. A simple four-compartment equilibrium distribution model suggested that the majority of BFRs being released into the environment would reside in soil and sediment and have localized distributions. The model also suggested that lower brominated congeners tend to be somewhat more mobile. Degradative debromination reactions that yield these congeners would mobilize them environmentally, and ultimately affect the fate and distribution of BFRs.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tittlemier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheryl\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Halldorson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"12206419\",\"keywords\":\"Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Solubility, Volatilization\",\"pages\":\"1804–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tittlemier_vapor_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, and {Henry}'s law constants of some brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419},\\n\\tabstract = {The subcooled liquid vapor pressures (P0(L),25S) and aqueous solubilities (Sw,25s) were determined and Henry's law constants (H25s) were estimated for a number of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) at 25 degrees C. The established methods of the gas chromatography-retention time and generator column techniques were used to experimentally determine P0(L),25 and Sw,25 for hexabromobenzene and a series of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners. The H25 was estimated as the ratio of P0(L)25 to the subcooled liquid aqueous solubility. Values of PL0(L),25 obtained ranged from 0.000000282 Pa (BDE-190) to 0.259 Pa (BDE-3); Sw,25 ranged from 0.00000087 g/L (BDE-153 and BDE-154) to 0.00013 g/L (BDE-15); and H25 ranged from 0.0074 Pa m3/mol (BDE-183) to 21 Pa m3/mol (BDE-15). An increase in the bromine content of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners resulted in significant decreases Of P0(L),25, Sw25, and H25. A simple four-compartment equilibrium distribution model suggested that the majority of BFRs being released into the environment would reside in soil and sediment and have localized distributions. The model also suggested that lower brominated congeners tend to be somewhat more mobile. Degradative debromination reactions that yield these congeners would mobilize them environmentally, and ultimately affect the fate and distribution of BFRs.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Tittlemier, Sheryl A and Halldorson, Thor and Stern, Gary A and Tomy, Gregg T},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {12206419},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Solubility, Volatilization},\\n\\tpages = {1804--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tittlemier, S. A\",\"Halldorson, T.\",\"Stern, G. A\",\"Tomy, G. T\"],\"key\":\"tittlemier_vapor_2002\",\"id\":\"tittlemier_vapor_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tittlemier-halldorson-stern-tomy-vaporpressuresaqueoussolubilitiesandhenryslawconstantsofsomebrominatedflameretardants-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: chemistry\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemistry\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Models\",\"Physical\",\"Physicochemical Phenomena\",\"Solubility\",\"Volatilization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats.\",\"volume\":\"106\",\"issn\":\"0041-008X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115\",\"abstract\":\"Adult female, Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 275 mg/kg of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP) by gavage. TRCP produced consistent signs of convulsive activity within 60-90 min after dosing and extensive loss of CAT hippocampal pyramidal cells when examined 7 days after dosing. At the light microscopic level, toxic effects of TRCP on pyramidal cells in the CA3 and CA4 regions and on granule cells in the dentate gyrus were less severe than those on the CA1 cells. The seizure-related and neurohistological effects of TRCP were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with atropine or chlordizepoxide, suggesting that the hippocampal damage was related to the seizures produced by TRCP. In a second experiment designed to assess the potential health risk associated with TRCP, exposed rats were mildly impaired in the acquisition of a reference memory task in a water maze. However, TRCP-exposed rats were consistently impaired in performing a repeated acquisition task in the water maze. These data underscore the potential health risk associated with exposure to TRCP and support the conclusion that the hippocampus is intimately involved in spatial memory in rats.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and applied pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Veronesi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLamb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matthews\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"1990\",\"pmid\":\"2256115\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Atropine, Atropine: pharmacology, Behavior, Chlordiazepoxide, Chlordiazepoxide: pharmacology, Female, Flame retardants, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: anatomy & histology, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Inbred F344, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: administration & dosage, Organophosphates: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors\",\"pages\":\"254–69\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tilson_acute_1990,\\n\\ttitle = {Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {106},\\n\\tissn = {0041-008X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115},\\n\\tabstract = {Adult female, Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 275 mg/kg of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP) by gavage. TRCP produced consistent signs of convulsive activity within 60-90 min after dosing and extensive loss of CAT hippocampal pyramidal cells when examined 7 days after dosing. At the light microscopic level, toxic effects of TRCP on pyramidal cells in the CA3 and CA4 regions and on granule cells in the dentate gyrus were less severe than those on the CA1 cells. The seizure-related and neurohistological effects of TRCP were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with atropine or chlordizepoxide, suggesting that the hippocampal damage was related to the seizures produced by TRCP. In a second experiment designed to assess the potential health risk associated with TRCP, exposed rats were mildly impaired in the acquisition of a reference memory task in a water maze. However, TRCP-exposed rats were consistently impaired in performing a repeated acquisition task in the water maze. These data underscore the potential health risk associated with exposure to TRCP and support the conclusion that the hippocampus is intimately involved in spatial memory in rats.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tilson, H A and Veronesi, B and McLamb, R L and Matthews, H B},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n\\tpmid = {2256115},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Atropine, Atropine: pharmacology, Behavior, Chlordiazepoxide, Chlordiazepoxide: pharmacology, Female, Flame retardants, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: anatomy \\\\& histology, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Inbred F344, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: administration \\\\& dosage, Organophosphates: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors},\\n\\tpages = {254--69},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tilson, H A\",\"Veronesi, B\",\"McLamb, R L\",\"Matthews, H B\"],\"key\":\"tilson_acute_1990\",\"id\":\"tilson_acute_1990\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tilson-veronesi-mclamb-matthews-acuteexposuretotris2chloroethylphosphateproduceshippocampalneuronallossandimpairslearninginrats-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Atropine\",\"Atropine: pharmacology\",\"Behavior\",\"Chlordiazepoxide\",\"Chlordiazepoxide: pharmacology\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hippocampus\",\"Hippocampus: anatomy & histology\",\"Hippocampus: cytology\",\"Hippocampus: drug effects\",\"Inbred F344\",\"Learning\",\"Learning: drug effects\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: drug effects\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: administration & dosage\",\"Organophosphates: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Time Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of E-waste and rural sites in southern China: seasonal variation, temperature dependence, and gas-particle partitioning.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es202284p\",\"abstract\":\"The recycling of electrical and electronic waste(e-waste) in developing countries has attracted much attention as a significant source of brominated flame retardants (BFRs).Gaseous and particle-bound BFRs were measured in the atmosphere at e-waste and rural sites in southern China during 2007-2008. The annual average concentrations in the air were 3260 ± 3370 and 219 ± 192 pg/m³ for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and were 546 ± 547 and 165 ± 144 pg/m³ for non-PBDE BFRs at the e-waste and rural sites,respectively. PBDEs had unusually high relative concentrations of di- and tribrominated congeners at the e-waste site. The Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots showed that the gaseous concentrations of less brominated BFRs (di- through hexa-BFRs) were strongly controlled by temperature-driven evaporation from contaminated surfaces (e.g., e-waste, soils, and recycled e-waste remains) except for winter. However, weak temperature dependence at the rural site suggests that regional or long-range atmospheric transport was largely responsible for the air concentrations. Gas-particle partitioning (KP) of PBDEs correlated well with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (PL(o)) for most sampling events. The varied slopes of log KP versus log PL(o) plots for the e-waste site (-0.59 to -1.29) indicated an influence of ambient temperature and atmospheric particle properties on the partitioning behavior of BFRs. The flat slopes (-0.23 to -0.80) for the rural site implied an absorption-dominant partitioning. This paper suggests that e-waste recycling in Asian low-latitude regions is a significant source of less brominated BFRs and has important implications for their global transport from warm to colder climate\",\"number\":\"20\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Bo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21902255\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons, Temperature\",\"pages\":\"8819–25\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tian_brominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of {E}-waste and rural sites in southern {China}: seasonal variation, temperature dependence, and gas-particle partitioning.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es202284p},\\n\\tabstract = {The recycling of electrical and electronic waste(e-waste) in developing countries has attracted much attention as a significant source of brominated flame retardants (BFRs).Gaseous and particle-bound BFRs were measured in the atmosphere at e-waste and rural sites in southern China during 2007-2008. The annual average concentrations in the air were 3260 ± 3370 and 219 ± 192 pg/m³ for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and were 546 ± 547 and 165 ± 144 pg/m³ for non-PBDE BFRs at the e-waste and rural sites,respectively. PBDEs had unusually high relative concentrations of di- and tribrominated congeners at the e-waste site. The Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots showed that the gaseous concentrations of less brominated BFRs (di- through hexa-BFRs) were strongly controlled by temperature-driven evaporation from contaminated surfaces (e.g., e-waste, soils, and recycled e-waste remains) except for winter. However, weak temperature dependence at the rural site suggests that regional or long-range atmospheric transport was largely responsible for the air concentrations. Gas-particle partitioning (KP) of PBDEs correlated well with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (PL(o)) for most sampling events. The varied slopes of log KP versus log PL(o) plots for the e-waste site (-0.59 to -1.29) indicated an influence of ambient temperature and atmospheric particle properties on the partitioning behavior of BFRs. The flat slopes (-0.23 to -0.80) for the rural site implied an absorption-dominant partitioning. This paper suggests that e-waste recycling in Asian low-latitude regions is a significant source of less brominated BFRs and has important implications for their global transport from warm to colder climate},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Zheng, Xiao-Bo and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21902255},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons, Temperature},\\n\\tpages = {8819--25},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tian, M.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Zheng, X.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"tian_brominated_2011\",\"id\":\"tian_brominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tian-chen-wang-zheng-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereofewasteandruralsitesinsouthernchinaseasonalvariationtemperaturedependenceandgasparticlepartitioning-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"China\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Electronic Waste: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Seasons\",\"Temperature\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Air-plant exchange of brominated flame retardants at a rural site: Influencing factor, interspecies difference, and forest scavenging.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2195\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles from a rural site in southern China were measured to investigate the air-plant exchange. Mean concentrations of BFRs were higher in pine needles (79.8 ng/g dry wt) than in eucalyptus leaves (74.5 ng/g), whereas an inverse result was found for the leaf surface particles, with mean concentrations of 3490 ng/g and 5718 ng/g, respectively. For most of the BFRs, the correlations between their concentrations in plants and those in the vapor phase, atmospheric particles, leaf surface particles, and the environmental variables (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) at this site were in contrast to the results the authors observed at an electronic waste site previously, indicating that ambient air level plays a vital role in the relationships. The interspecies difference in the BFR profiles and the correlations above implied that pine needles likely have more advantages for uptake of BFRs from gaseous deposition than eucalyptus leaves, for which particle-bound deposition is more important. Like the electronic waste site, the leaf scavenging ratios of BFRs were also controlled by their octanol-air partition coefficient. It was estimated that approximately 154 kg of BFRs in the atmosphere are scavenged annually by forest in this region, which was 1.7 times larger than that via atmospheric deposition to nonforest ground. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1248-1253. © 2013 SETAC.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhi-Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23424087\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1248–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tian_air-plant_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Air-plant exchange of brominated flame retardants at a rural site: {Influencing} factor, interspecies difference, and forest scavenging.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2195},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles from a rural site in southern China were measured to investigate the air-plant exchange. Mean concentrations of BFRs were higher in pine needles (79.8 ng/g dry wt) than in eucalyptus leaves (74.5 ng/g), whereas an inverse result was found for the leaf surface particles, with mean concentrations of 3490 ng/g and 5718 ng/g, respectively. For most of the BFRs, the correlations between their concentrations in plants and those in the vapor phase, atmospheric particles, leaf surface particles, and the environmental variables (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) at this site were in contrast to the results the authors observed at an electronic waste site previously, indicating that ambient air level plays a vital role in the relationships. The interspecies difference in the BFR profiles and the correlations above implied that pine needles likely have more advantages for uptake of BFRs from gaseous deposition than eucalyptus leaves, for which particle-bound deposition is more important. Like the electronic waste site, the leaf scavenging ratios of BFRs were also controlled by their octanol-air partition coefficient. It was estimated that approximately 154 kg of BFRs in the atmosphere are scavenged annually by forest in this region, which was 1.7 times larger than that via atmospheric deposition to nonforest ground. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1248-1253. © 2013 SETAC.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Luo, Yong and Wang, Jing and Zhu, Zhi-Cheng and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23424087},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1248--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tian, M.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Luo, Y.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Zhu, Z.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"tian_air-plant_2013\",\"id\":\"tian_air-plant_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tian-chen-luo-wang-zhu-luo-mai-airplantexchangeofbrominatedflameretardantsataruralsiteinfluencingfactorinterspeciesdifferenceandforestscavenging-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occupational exposure to commercial decabromodiphenyl ether in workers manufacturing or handling flame-retarded rubber.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is commonly used as a flame retardant in different electrical and textile applications. It is also used in the production of flame-retarded rubber compound. DecaBDE is the major technical polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in use today and consists mainly of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). PBDEs, including BDE-209, are well-known environmental pollutants, ubiquitous both in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The aim of the present study was to assess the exposure to PBDEs in workers manufacturing or handling rubber which was flame retarded with DecaBDE. A referent group, abattoir workers (slaughterhouse workers), with no occupational exposure to PBDEs, was also investigated. Moreover, the methodology for analysis of PBDEs in serum was refined, with special emphasis on congeners with a high number of bromine substituents, i.e., octa- to decaBDEs. The highest BDE-209 concentration observed among the rubber workers was 280 pmol/g lipid weight (I.w.) (270 ng/g I.w.). The median concentration of BDE-209 among rubber workers was 37 pmol/g I.w. (35 ng/g I.w.). Among referents, the median was 2.5 (range 0.92-9.7) pmol/g I.w. (median 2.4 ng/g I.w.). In rubber workers the BDE-209 concentrations were up to 32% (median 4%) of the 2,2',4,4',5,5'-chlorobiphenyl (CB-153) concentrations, on a molar basis, whereas the referents had BDE-209 concentrations which were similar to that of 2,2',4,4'-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), below 1.4% (median 0.3%) of the CB-153 concentration. Concentrations of all nonabromodiphenyl ethers (nonaBDEs) and several octabrmodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) congeners, including BDE-203, were also elevated among the rubber workers, with 2.5- to 11-fold higher median concentrations, compared to the referents. The results confirm a significant uptake of BDE-209 in the workers exposed to DecaBDE and indicate a potential for in vivo formation of lower BDEs in these persons.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thuresson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Chemical Industry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Rubber, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"1980–1986\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thuresson_occupational_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Occupational exposure to commercial decabromodiphenyl ether in workers manufacturing or handling flame-retarded rubber.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is commonly used as a flame retardant in different electrical and textile applications. It is also used in the production of flame-retarded rubber compound. DecaBDE is the major technical polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in use today and consists mainly of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). PBDEs, including BDE-209, are well-known environmental pollutants, ubiquitous both in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The aim of the present study was to assess the exposure to PBDEs in workers manufacturing or handling rubber which was flame retarded with DecaBDE. A referent group, abattoir workers (slaughterhouse workers), with no occupational exposure to PBDEs, was also investigated. Moreover, the methodology for analysis of PBDEs in serum was refined, with special emphasis on congeners with a high number of bromine substituents, i.e., octa- to decaBDEs. The highest BDE-209 concentration observed among the rubber workers was 280 pmol/g lipid weight (I.w.) (270 ng/g I.w.). The median concentration of BDE-209 among rubber workers was 37 pmol/g I.w. (35 ng/g I.w.). Among referents, the median was 2.5 (range 0.92-9.7) pmol/g I.w. (median 2.4 ng/g I.w.). In rubber workers the BDE-209 concentrations were up to 32\\\\% (median 4\\\\%) of the 2,2',4,4',5,5'-chlorobiphenyl (CB-153) concentrations, on a molar basis, whereas the referents had BDE-209 concentrations which were similar to that of 2,2',4,4'-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), below 1.4\\\\% (median 0.3\\\\%) of the CB-153 concentration. Concentrations of all nonabromodiphenyl ethers (nonaBDEs) and several octabrmodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) congeners, including BDE-203, were also elevated among the rubber workers, with 2.5- to 11-fold higher median concentrations, compared to the referents. The results confirm a significant uptake of BDE-209 in the workers exposed to DecaBDE and indicate a potential for in vivo formation of lower BDEs in these persons.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Thuresson, Kaj and Bergman, Ake and Jakobsson, Kristina},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Chemical Industry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\\\& numerical d, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Rubber, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {1980--1986},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thuresson, K.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"Jakobsson, K.\"],\"key\":\"thuresson_occupational_2005\",\"id\":\"thuresson_occupational_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thuresson-bergman-jakobsson-occupationalexposuretocommercialdecabromodiphenyletherinworkersmanufacturingorhandlingflameretardedrubber-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Chemical Industry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Humans\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Rubber\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Isomers of dechlorane plus in Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario food webs.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771\",\"abstract\":\"The extent of bioaccumulation of the syn- and anti-isomers of Dechlorane Plus (DP) is assessed in archived food web samples from Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario. Concentrations of the isomers were determined using purified analytical solutions of individual isomers as opposed to the technical mixture. The syn-isomer was consistently detected in all samples from both lakes; the anti-isomer was detected in all Lake Ontario samples, but only 45% of the samples from Lake Winnipeg. The pattern of bioaccumulation was different for the isomers in Lake Winnipeg. The anti-isomer was dominant in higher trophic level (TL) organisms like walleye [arithmetic mean +/- 1 x standard error: 730 +/- 120 pg/g, lipid weight (1w)] and goldeye (760 +/- 170 pg/g, Iw) while the syn-isomer dominated the lower TL organisms like zooplankton (550 +/- 40 pg/g, Iw) and mussels (430 +/- 140 pg/g, Iw). In Lake Ontario, the extent of bioaccumulation of the isomers and concentrations was greatest in the lower TL benthic organism, Diporeia (syn, 1307 +/- 554; and anti, 3108 +/- 898 pg/g Iw) and also high in zooplankton (syn, 719; and anti, 1332 pg/g Iw). This suggests that the isomers are bioavailable in sediment and that, despite their molecular size, diffusion from the water column into zooplankton can occur. Differences in the mean fractional abundance of the anti-isomer (mean fanti = mean concentration of the anti-isomer divided by sum of mean syn- and anti-concentrations) were pronounced in sediments between lakes (Lake Winnipeg mean fanti = 0.610, Lake Ontario mean fanti = 0.860) and the extent of enrichment (anti-) and depletion (syn-) of the isomers were more marked in Lake Winnipeg biota. There were also differences in the biomagnification potentials, as measured bythe trophic magnification factor (TMF), between the isomers in the Lake Winnipeg food web; no statistically significant TMFs for either isomer were found for the\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pleskach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ismail\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nargis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whittle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaruk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marvin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17438771\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Bivalvia: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Manitoba, Ontario, Water Pollutants, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: chemistry, Zooplankton: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"2249–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tomy_isomers_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Isomers of dechlorane plus in {Lake} {Winnipeg} and {Lake} {Ontario} food webs.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771},\\n\\tabstract = {The extent of bioaccumulation of the syn- and anti-isomers of Dechlorane Plus (DP) is assessed in archived food web samples from Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario. Concentrations of the isomers were determined using purified analytical solutions of individual isomers as opposed to the technical mixture. The syn-isomer was consistently detected in all samples from both lakes; the anti-isomer was detected in all Lake Ontario samples, but only 45\\\\% of the samples from Lake Winnipeg. The pattern of bioaccumulation was different for the isomers in Lake Winnipeg. The anti-isomer was dominant in higher trophic level (TL) organisms like walleye [arithmetic mean +/- 1 x standard error: 730 +/- 120 pg/g, lipid weight (1w)] and goldeye (760 +/- 170 pg/g, Iw) while the syn-isomer dominated the lower TL organisms like zooplankton (550 +/- 40 pg/g, Iw) and mussels (430 +/- 140 pg/g, Iw). In Lake Ontario, the extent of bioaccumulation of the isomers and concentrations was greatest in the lower TL benthic organism, Diporeia (syn, 1307 +/- 554; and anti, 3108 +/- 898 pg/g Iw) and also high in zooplankton (syn, 719; and anti, 1332 pg/g Iw). This suggests that the isomers are bioavailable in sediment and that, despite their molecular size, diffusion from the water column into zooplankton can occur. Differences in the mean fractional abundance of the anti-isomer (mean fanti = mean concentration of the anti-isomer divided by sum of mean syn- and anti-concentrations) were pronounced in sediments between lakes (Lake Winnipeg mean fanti = 0.610, Lake Ontario mean fanti = 0.860) and the extent of enrichment (anti-) and depletion (syn-) of the isomers were more marked in Lake Winnipeg biota. There were also differences in the biomagnification potentials, as measured bythe trophic magnification factor (TMF), between the isomers in the Lake Winnipeg food web; no statistically significant TMFs for either isomer were found for the},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tomy, Gregg T and Pleskach, Kerri and Ismail, Nargis and Whittle, D Michael and Helm, Paul A and Sverko, Ed and Zaruk, Donna and Marvin, Chris H},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17438771},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Bivalvia: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\\\& numerical d, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Manitoba, Ontario, Water Pollutants, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: chemistry, Zooplankton: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {2249--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tomy, G. T\",\"Pleskach, K.\",\"Ismail, N.\",\"Whittle, D M.\",\"Helm, P. A\",\"Sverko, E.\",\"Zaruk, D.\",\"Marvin, C. H\"],\"key\":\"tomy_isomers_2007\",\"id\":\"tomy_isomers_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tomy-pleskach-ismail-whittle-helm-sverko-zaruk-marvin-isomersofdechloraneplusinlakewinnipegandlakeontariofoodwebs-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bivalvia\",\"Bivalvia: chemistry\",\"Bivalvia: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Manitoba\",\"Ontario\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zooplankton\",\"Zooplankton: chemistry\",\"Zooplankton: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352\",\"abstract\":\"Juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to three dietary concentrations (0, approximately 2.5, and approximately 25 ng/g per BDE congener) of 13 BDE congeners (3-10 Br atoms) in the laboratory for 56 days, followed by 112 days of clean food, to examine bioaccumulation parameters and potential biochemical effects. The bioaccumulation of BDEs by the trout was highly influenced by biotransformation, via debromination, which resulted in bioaccumulation parameters that were much different than would be expected based on studies of chlorinated organic compounds (e.g., PCBs). Half-lives (t1/2's) for some BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-85 and -190) were much lower than expected based on their Kow, which was likely due to biotransformation, whereas t1/2's of other BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-66, -77, -153, and -154) were much longer than anticipated based on Kow. This was likely because the metabolites of BDE formed via debromination had the same chemical structure of these BDE congeners, which supplemented measured concentrations. The detection of three BDE congeners (an unknown penta, BDE-140, and an unknown hexa) in the fish that were not present in the food or in the control fish provide further evidence forthe debromination of BDEs. Half-lives of BDEs ranged from 38 +/- 9 to 346 +/- 173 days and biomagnification factors ranged from 1.6 (BDE-190) to 45.9 (BDE-100), but these bioaccumulation parameters need to be viewed with caution because they were highly influenced by debromination and relative abundance of individual BDEs that the fish were exposed to. CYP1A enzyme activity, measured as EROD, and free tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma of lake trout varied significantly throughout the experiment but were not related to BDE exposure. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroxine levels (T4) were lower in both groups of PBDE-exposed fish compared with control fish after 56 days of exposure, and after 168 days in the high dose, suggesting that PBDEs may influence thyroid homeostasis at levels that are higher than what is normally found in the environment.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vince\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Halldorson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Braekevelt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wautier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brinkworth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lyndon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fisk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"15046352\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: pharmacology, Diet, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Homeostasis, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Tissue Distribution, Trout, Trout: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa\",\"pages\":\"1496–504\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tomy_bioaccumulation_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout ({Salvelinus} namaycush).},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352},\\n\\tabstract = {Juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to three dietary concentrations (0, approximately 2.5, and approximately 25 ng/g per BDE congener) of 13 BDE congeners (3-10 Br atoms) in the laboratory for 56 days, followed by 112 days of clean food, to examine bioaccumulation parameters and potential biochemical effects. The bioaccumulation of BDEs by the trout was highly influenced by biotransformation, via debromination, which resulted in bioaccumulation parameters that were much different than would be expected based on studies of chlorinated organic compounds (e.g., PCBs). Half-lives (t1/2's) for some BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-85 and -190) were much lower than expected based on their Kow, which was likely due to biotransformation, whereas t1/2's of other BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-66, -77, -153, and -154) were much longer than anticipated based on Kow. This was likely because the metabolites of BDE formed via debromination had the same chemical structure of these BDE congeners, which supplemented measured concentrations. The detection of three BDE congeners (an unknown penta, BDE-140, and an unknown hexa) in the fish that were not present in the food or in the control fish provide further evidence forthe debromination of BDEs. Half-lives of BDEs ranged from 38 +/- 9 to 346 +/- 173 days and biomagnification factors ranged from 1.6 (BDE-190) to 45.9 (BDE-100), but these bioaccumulation parameters need to be viewed with caution because they were highly influenced by debromination and relative abundance of individual BDEs that the fish were exposed to. CYP1A enzyme activity, measured as EROD, and free tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma of lake trout varied significantly throughout the experiment but were not related to BDE exposure. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroxine levels (T4) were lower in both groups of PBDE-exposed fish compared with control fish after 56 days of exposure, and after 168 days in the high dose, suggesting that PBDEs may influence thyroid homeostasis at levels that are higher than what is normally found in the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tomy, Gregg T and Palace, Vince P and Halldorson, Thor and Braekevelt, Eric and Danell, Robert and Wautier, Kerry and Evans, Bob and Brinkworth, Lyndon and Fisk, Aaron T},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {15046352},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: pharmacology, Diet, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Homeostasis, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Tissue Distribution, Trout, Trout: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa},\\n\\tpages = {1496--504},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tomy, G. T\",\"Palace, V. P\",\"Halldorson, T.\",\"Braekevelt, E.\",\"Danell, R.\",\"Wautier, K.\",\"Evans, B.\",\"Brinkworth, L.\",\"Fisk, A. T\"],\"key\":\"tomy_bioaccumulation_2004\",\"id\":\"tomy_bioaccumulation_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tomy-palace-halldorson-braekevelt-danell-wautier-evans-brinkworth-etal-bioaccumulationbiotransformationandbiochemicaleffectsofbrominateddiphenylethersinjuvenilelaketroutsalvelinusnamaycush-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Chemical: pharmacology\",\"Diet\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Half-Life\",\"Homeostasis\",\"Oral\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Trout\",\"Trout: physiology\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes.\",\"volume\":\"158\",\"issn\":\"0179-5953\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033\",\"abstract\":\"Polychlorinated-n-alkanes (PCAs) or chlorinated paraffins consist of C10 to C30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30% to 70% by mass. PCAs are used as high-temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This review presents the existing data on the environmental chemistry and toxicology of PCAs and a preliminary exposure and risk assessment. There is limited information on the levels, fate, or biological effects of PCAs in the environment. This results both from the difficulty associated with quantifying PCAs, because of the complexity inherent to commercial formulations, and from the limited knowledge of their physicochemical properties and biodegradation rates. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/L levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet wt) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited in the U.S. and Canada, and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Assuming that reported water concentrations are mainly caused by the short chain (C10-C13) compounds, aquatic organisms may be at risk from exposure to PCAs. Fugacity level II modeling for two representative PCAs, using the best available physicochemical property data and estimated degradation rates, suggested that C16C24Cl10 would achieve higher concentrations in biota, sediment, and soil than C12H20Cl6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Environmental residence time of C16H24Cl10 is estimated to be 520 d compared to 210 d for C12H20Cl6. Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data are needed to evaluate exposure of biota to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe.\",\"journal\":\"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fisk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westmore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1998\",\"pmid\":\"9751033\",\"keywords\":\"Alkanes, Alkanes: analysis, Alkanes: chemistry, Alkanes: toxicity, Animals, Biodegradation, Biological Availability, Birds, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Mammals, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"53–128\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tomy_environmental_1998,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes.},\\n\\tvolume = {158},\\n\\tissn = {0179-5953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033},\\n\\tabstract = {Polychlorinated-n-alkanes (PCAs) or chlorinated paraffins consist of C10 to C30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30\\\\% to 70\\\\% by mass. PCAs are used as high-temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This review presents the existing data on the environmental chemistry and toxicology of PCAs and a preliminary exposure and risk assessment. There is limited information on the levels, fate, or biological effects of PCAs in the environment. This results both from the difficulty associated with quantifying PCAs, because of the complexity inherent to commercial formulations, and from the limited knowledge of their physicochemical properties and biodegradation rates. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/L levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet wt) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited in the U.S. and Canada, and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Assuming that reported water concentrations are mainly caused by the short chain (C10-C13) compounds, aquatic organisms may be at risk from exposure to PCAs. Fugacity level II modeling for two representative PCAs, using the best available physicochemical property data and estimated degradation rates, suggested that C16C24Cl10 would achieve higher concentrations in biota, sediment, and soil than C12H20Cl6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Environmental residence time of C16H24Cl10 is estimated to be 520 d compared to 210 d for C12H20Cl6. Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data are needed to evaluate exposure of biota to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe.},\\n\\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tomy, G T and Fisk, A T and Westmore, J B and Muir, D C},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tpmid = {9751033},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alkanes, Alkanes: analysis, Alkanes: chemistry, Alkanes: toxicity, Animals, Biodegradation, Biological Availability, Birds, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Mammals, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {53--128},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tomy, G T\",\"Fisk, A T\",\"Westmore, J B\",\"Muir, D C\"],\"key\":\"tomy_environmental_1998\",\"id\":\"tomy_environmental_1998\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tomy-fisk-westmore-muir-environmentalchemistryandtoxicologyofpolychlorinatednalkanes-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alkanes\",\"Alkanes: analysis\",\"Alkanes: chemistry\",\"Alkanes: toxicity\",\"Animals\",\"Biodegradation\",\"Biological Availability\",\"Birds\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Chlorine\",\"Chlorine: chemistry\",\"Environmental\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Humans\",\"Mammals\",\"Public Health\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993-2009.\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g(-1)lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g(-1)lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g(-1)lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g(-1)lipid while ∑(4)PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g(-1)lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑(4)PBDEs=9.6 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g(-1)lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g(-1)lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p=0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fiona\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hobson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22748388\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Child, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Remediation, Environmental Remediation: legislation & jurisprud, Environmental Remediation: trends, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Liquid, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Milk, Preschool, Seasons\",\"pages\":\"398–403\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{toms_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993-2009.},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g(-1)lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g(-1)lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g(-1)lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g(-1)lipid while ∑(4)PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g(-1)lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑(4)PBDEs=9.6 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g(-1)lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g(-1)lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p=0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22748388},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Child, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Remediation, Environmental Remediation: legislation \\\\& jurisprud, Environmental Remediation: trends, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Liquid, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Milk, Preschool, Seasons},\\n\\tpages = {398--403},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Toms, L. L\",\"Guerra, P.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\",\"Harden, F. A\",\"Hobson, P.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Ryan, E.\",\"Mueller, J. F\"],\"key\":\"toms_brominated_2012\",\"id\":\"toms_brominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: blood\",\"Child\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Remediation\",\"Environmental Remediation: legislation & jurisprud\",\"Environmental Remediation: trends\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Liquid\",\"Male\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Milk\",\"Preschool\",\"Seasons\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture DE-71 in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).\",\"volume\":\"62\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.037\",\"abstract\":\"Exposures to penta polybrominated diphenylether (PeBDE) cause neurobehavioral toxicity in developing mice and rats. As levels of these ubiquitous contaminants are increasing in the environment, this raises concern that wildlife may also suffer such effects, with consequences for their ability to catch prey and avoid predators. PeBDE levels in wild-caught fish have been steadily escalating over the past fifteen years. To our knowledge, behavioral consequences of piscine embryonic exposure to PeBDE has not yet been studied. The objectives of this investigation were to characterize effects on development in an environmentally relevant fish model, and test for latent behavioral effects following cessation of exposure. Embryos from the estuarine minnow, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed from day 0-7 post fertilization to the industrial PeBDE mixture, DE-71 (0.001 to 100 microg l(-1)). Embryos were assayed for hatching success, development, and microsomal enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, which was determined by analysis of in ovo ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activation in embryos. Larval fish were assayed for predation ability, activity level, and fright response to a simulated predator. Juvenile fish were assayed for learning ability in a three-chambered fish maze. No induction of embryonic EROD activity was observed, nor was a high dose of DE-71 able to inhibit EROD activity induced by beta-naphthoflavone. No deformities were detected, but a subtle developmental asymmetry with respect to tail curvature direction was observed, and a hatching delay of up to 4.5 days was noted. Behavioral test results suggest that embryonic exposure to DE-71 may alter activity level, fright response, predation rates, and learning ability in subsequent life stages.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Timme-Laragy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Di\",\"Giulio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16045967\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame retardants, Fundulidae, Fundulidae: embryology, Fundulidae: growth & development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Swimming, Water Pollutants, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"1097–104\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{timme-laragy_developmental_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture {DE}-71 in the killifish ({Fundulus} heteroclitus).},\\n\\tvolume = {62},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.037},\\n\\tabstract = {Exposures to penta polybrominated diphenylether (PeBDE) cause neurobehavioral toxicity in developing mice and rats. As levels of these ubiquitous contaminants are increasing in the environment, this raises concern that wildlife may also suffer such effects, with consequences for their ability to catch prey and avoid predators. PeBDE levels in wild-caught fish have been steadily escalating over the past fifteen years. To our knowledge, behavioral consequences of piscine embryonic exposure to PeBDE has not yet been studied. The objectives of this investigation were to characterize effects on development in an environmentally relevant fish model, and test for latent behavioral effects following cessation of exposure. Embryos from the estuarine minnow, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed from day 0-7 post fertilization to the industrial PeBDE mixture, DE-71 (0.001 to 100 microg l(-1)). Embryos were assayed for hatching success, development, and microsomal enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, which was determined by analysis of in ovo ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activation in embryos. Larval fish were assayed for predation ability, activity level, and fright response to a simulated predator. Juvenile fish were assayed for learning ability in a three-chambered fish maze. No induction of embryonic EROD activity was observed, nor was a high dose of DE-71 able to inhibit EROD activity induced by beta-naphthoflavone. No deformities were detected, but a subtle developmental asymmetry with respect to tail curvature direction was observed, and a hatching delay of up to 4.5 days was noted. Behavioral test results suggest that embryonic exposure to DE-71 may alter activity level, fright response, predation rates, and learning ability in subsequent life stages.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Timme-Laragy, Alicia R and Levin, Edward D and Di Giulio, Richard T},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16045967},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame retardants, Fundulidae, Fundulidae: embryology, Fundulidae: growth \\\\& development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Swimming, Water Pollutants, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1097--104},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Timme-Laragy, A. R\",\"Levin, E. D\",\"Di Giulio, R. T\"],\"key\":\"timme-laragy_developmental_2006\",\"id\":\"timme-laragy_developmental_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"timmelaragy-levin-digiulio-developmentalandbehavioraleffectsofembryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inthekillifishfundulusheteroclitus-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Embryo\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fundulidae\",\"Fundulidae: embryology\",\"Fundulidae: growth & development\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Swimming\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants at urban, e-waste, and rural locations in southern China.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es200112m\",\"abstract\":\"Measurements of atmospheric deposition fluxes and temporal variation of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) from 2007 to 2008 at urban, electronic waste (e-waste), and rural sites in southern China are presented. The deposition fluxes of total HFRs at the urban (99.3-1327 ng m(-2) day(-1)) and e-waste (79.1-1200 ng m(-2) day(-1)) sites were much higher than at the rural site (9.27-79.5 ng m(-2) day(-1)), demonstrating that e-waste recycling and industrial activities in southern China are two important sources of HFRs in the environment. The urban deposition profile was dominated by current-use HFRs (decabrominated diphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane), whereas the profile at the e-waste site reflects the past when significant amounts of PBDEs and Dechlorane Plus were used. Source apportionment estimated by principal component analyses with multiple linear regression analysis showed that deposition HFRs at the rural site were primarily contributed by the urban and e-waste sources (45% and 38%, respectively) compared to the contribution from local emission (17%). Our results suggest that the HFRs that are readily present in gas or sorbed onto fine particle phases have enhanced potential for long-range atmospheric transport.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21542623\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"pages\":\"4696–701\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tian_atmospheric_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants at urban, e-waste, and rural locations in southern {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es200112m},\\n\\tabstract = {Measurements of atmospheric deposition fluxes and temporal variation of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) from 2007 to 2008 at urban, electronic waste (e-waste), and rural sites in southern China are presented. The deposition fluxes of total HFRs at the urban (99.3-1327 ng m(-2) day(-1)) and e-waste (79.1-1200 ng m(-2) day(-1)) sites were much higher than at the rural site (9.27-79.5 ng m(-2) day(-1)), demonstrating that e-waste recycling and industrial activities in southern China are two important sources of HFRs in the environment. The urban deposition profile was dominated by current-use HFRs (decabrominated diphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane), whereas the profile at the e-waste site reflects the past when significant amounts of PBDEs and Dechlorane Plus were used. Source apportionment estimated by principal component analyses with multiple linear regression analysis showed that deposition HFRs at the rural site were primarily contributed by the urban and e-waste sources (45\\\\% and 38\\\\%, respectively) compared to the contribution from local emission (17\\\\%). Our results suggest that the HFRs that are readily present in gas or sorbed onto fine particle phases have enhanced potential for long-range atmospheric transport.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Shi, Tian and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21542623},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {4696--701},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tian, M.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Shi, T.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"tian_atmospheric_2011\",\"id\":\"tian_atmospheric_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tian-chen-wang-shi-luo-mai-atmosphericdepositionofhalogenatedflameretardantsaturbanewasteandrurallocationsinsouthernchina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"China\",\"Cities\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Electronic Waste: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Plant uptake of atmospheric brominated flame retardants at an E-waste site in southern China.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203669n\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles as well as the leaf surface particles (LSPs) of the two species at an e-waste site in southern China in 2007-2008. The monthly concentrations of total BFRs in the eucalyptus leaves and pine needles were in range of 30.6-154 and 15.1-236 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and relatively higher concentrations were observed in winter and spring. Correlation analysis of BFR concentrations and comparison of PBDE compositions between the plants and LSPs, air (gaseous and particle-bound phases), and ambient variables were conducted. The results revealed that BFRs in the plants, especially for less brominated BFRs, showed positive relationships with BFRs in the LSPs and negative relationships with the gaseous BFRs and ambient temperature. The PBDE profiles in the plants were similar to the gaseous profile for low brominated BDEs (di- through hexa-BDEs) and to the LSP profiles for highly brominated BDEs (hepta- through deca-BDEs). Applying McLachlan's framework to our data suggests that the uptake of BFRs was controlled primarily by gaseous partitioning equilibrium for compounds with log octanol-air partition coefficients (K(OA)) \\\\textless 12 and by particle-bound deposition for compounds with log K(OA) \\\\textgreater 13. Different relationships between the plant/air partition coefficient (K(PA)) and K(OA), which depend on the uptake mechanisms, were observed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This paper adds to the current knowledge of the factors and mechanisms governing plant uptake of semivolatile organic compounds with relatively high K(OA) in the environment.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22308972\",\"keywords\":\"Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pinus, Pinus: metabolism, Plant Leaves, Plant Leaves: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"2708–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tian_plant_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Plant uptake of atmospheric brominated flame retardants at an {E}-waste site in southern {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203669n},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles as well as the leaf surface particles (LSPs) of the two species at an e-waste site in southern China in 2007-2008. The monthly concentrations of total BFRs in the eucalyptus leaves and pine needles were in range of 30.6-154 and 15.1-236 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and relatively higher concentrations were observed in winter and spring. Correlation analysis of BFR concentrations and comparison of PBDE compositions between the plants and LSPs, air (gaseous and particle-bound phases), and ambient variables were conducted. The results revealed that BFRs in the plants, especially for less brominated BFRs, showed positive relationships with BFRs in the LSPs and negative relationships with the gaseous BFRs and ambient temperature. The PBDE profiles in the plants were similar to the gaseous profile for low brominated BDEs (di- through hexa-BDEs) and to the LSP profiles for highly brominated BDEs (hepta- through deca-BDEs). Applying McLachlan's framework to our data suggests that the uptake of BFRs was controlled primarily by gaseous partitioning equilibrium for compounds with log octanol-air partition coefficients (K(OA)) {\\\\textbackslash}textless 12 and by particle-bound deposition for compounds with log K(OA) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 13. Different relationships between the plant/air partition coefficient (K(PA)) and K(OA), which depend on the uptake mechanisms, were observed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This paper adds to the current knowledge of the factors and mechanisms governing plant uptake of semivolatile organic compounds with relatively high K(OA) in the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Luo, Yong and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22308972},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pinus, Pinus: metabolism, Plant Leaves, Plant Leaves: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {2708--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tian, M.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Luo, Y.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"tian_plant_2012\",\"id\":\"tian_plant_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tian-chen-wang-luo-luo-mai-plantuptakeofatmosphericbrominatedflameretardantsatanewastesiteinsouthernchina-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Biodegradation\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"China\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Environmental\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Eucalyptus\",\"Eucalyptus: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Particulate Matter\",\"Particulate Matter: analysis\",\"Pinus\",\"Pinus: metabolism\",\"Plant Leaves\",\"Plant Leaves: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk fat.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006\",\"abstract\":\"Chlorinated paraffins (also called polychlorinated n-alkanes – PCAs) are a class of industrial chemicals comprising chlorinated straight chain hydrocarbons. They have a wide range of applications and are now found in a range of environmental compartments. We analysed a total of 25 human milk-fat samples, donated by 18 individuals from the urban London and more rural Lancaster areas in the UK, for short chain PCAs (C(10)-C(13) sPCAs) and medium chain PCAs (C(14)-C(17) mPCAs), using gas chromatography-ECNI high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our study confirms that trace quantities of PCAs can reach human milk-fat. sPCAs were detected in all but four samples, while mPCAs were detected in all samples. The median sPCA concentration was 180 ng/g fat (range of 49 to 820 ng/g fat – detected values only) and the median mPCA concentration was 21 ng/g fat (range of 6.2 to 320 ng/g fat). No differences were noted in ranges of observed values for either sPCAs or mPCAs between samples from London and Lancaster. Most samples also exhibited similar patterns of sPCAs and mPCAs. One sample exhibited a different pattern for sPCAs and mPCAs, an observation that may be related to differences in exposure or biological factors for this individual.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gareth\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farrar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Braekevelt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalantzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olga\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francis\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"15979717\",\"keywords\":\"Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Fats, Fats: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"34–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thomas_short_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in {UK} human milk fat.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006},\\n\\tabstract = {Chlorinated paraffins (also called polychlorinated n-alkanes – PCAs) are a class of industrial chemicals comprising chlorinated straight chain hydrocarbons. They have a wide range of applications and are now found in a range of environmental compartments. We analysed a total of 25 human milk-fat samples, donated by 18 individuals from the urban London and more rural Lancaster areas in the UK, for short chain PCAs (C(10)-C(13) sPCAs) and medium chain PCAs (C(14)-C(17) mPCAs), using gas chromatography-ECNI high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our study confirms that trace quantities of PCAs can reach human milk-fat. sPCAs were detected in all but four samples, while mPCAs were detected in all samples. The median sPCA concentration was 180 ng/g fat (range of 49 to 820 ng/g fat – detected values only) and the median mPCA concentration was 21 ng/g fat (range of 6.2 to 320 ng/g fat). No differences were noted in ranges of observed values for either sPCAs or mPCAs between samples from London and Lancaster. Most samples also exhibited similar patterns of sPCAs and mPCAs. One sample exhibited a different pattern for sPCAs and mPCAs, an observation that may be related to differences in exposure or biological factors for this individual.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Thomas, Gareth O and Farrar, David and Braekevelt, Eric and Stern, Gary and Kalantzi, Olga I and Martin, Francis L and Jones, Kevin C},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {15979717},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Fats, Fats: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {34--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thomas, G. O\",\"Farrar, D.\",\"Braekevelt, E.\",\"Stern, G.\",\"Kalantzi, O. I\",\"Martin, F. L\",\"Jones, K. C\"],\"key\":\"thomas_short_2006\",\"id\":\"thomas_short_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thomas-farrar-braekevelt-stern-kalantzi-martin-jones-shortandmediumchainlengthchlorinatedparaffinsinukhumanmilkfat-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: chemistry\",\"Fats\",\"Fats: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Britain\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Milk\",\"Paraffin\",\"Paraffin: analysis\",\"Paraffin: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Getting Started with Mendeley\",\"url\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\",\"abstract\":\"A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\",\"publisher\":\"Mendeley Ltd.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2010,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\\n\\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\\n\\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"key\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2010\",\"id\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Mendeley\",\"how-to\",\"user manual\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Getting Started with Mendeley\",\"url\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\",\"abstract\":\"A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\",\"publisher\":\"Mendeley Ltd.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\\n\\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\\n\\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"key\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011\",\"id\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Mendeley\",\"how-to\",\"user manual\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Getting Started with Mendeley\",\"url\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\",\"abstract\":\"A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\",\"publisher\":\"Mendeley Ltd.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\\n\\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\\n\\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"key\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011-1\",\"id\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Mendeley\",\"how-to\",\"user manual\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Getting Started with Mendeley\",\"url\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\",\"abstract\":\"A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\",\"publisher\":\"Mendeley Ltd.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Team\"],\"firstnames\":[\"The\",\"Mendeley\",\"Support\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{team_getting_2011,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\\n\\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\\n\\tauthor = {Team, The Mendeley Support},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Team, T. M. S.\"],\"key\":\"team_getting_2011\",\"id\":\"team_getting_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"team-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Mendeley\",\"how-to\",\"user manual\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fire spread in concealed foamed plastic insulation\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf\",\"journal\":\"Fire Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Taylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1983\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"192–203\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{taylor_fire_1983,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire spread in concealed foamed plastic insulation},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Taylor, W},\\n\\tyear = {1983},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {192--203},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Taylor, W\"],\"key\":\"taylor_fire_1983\",\"id\":\"taylor_fire_1983\",\"bibbaseid\":\"taylor-firespreadinconcealedfoamedplasticinsulation-1983\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDE and PCB contamination of eels from the Gironde estuary: from glass eels to silver eels.\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.044\",\"abstract\":\"Since the 1980s, the eel population has been decreasing dangerously. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the suspected causes of this decline. A preliminary study of PCB contamination carried out on different fish from the Gironde estuary (southwest of France, Europe) has shown a relatively high level of contamination of eel muscles. In order to characterize the contamination level of PCBs and PBDEs (PolyBrominated Diphenyl-Ethers) in eels from this estuary more than 240 eels were collected during the years 2004-2005 in the Gironde estuarine system, from glass eels to silver eels. Individual European eels were grouped according to length and localization sites. The results have shown a low contamination level of glass eels: respectively 28±11 ng g(-1)dw for PCBs and 5±3 ng g(-1)dw for PBDEs. The contamination level in eels (expressed in ng g(-1)dw) increases from glass eels to silver eels up to 3399 ng g(-1)dw of PCBs for the most contaminated silver eel. Such levels of PCBs similar to those observed in Northern Europe, could raise sanitary problems connected with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. These results are worrying for the local people who regularly eat eels caught in the Gironde estuary.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tapie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Le\",\"Menach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pasquaud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stéphanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\",\"Hélène\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Budzinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hélène\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21256534\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, France, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"175–85\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tapie_pbde_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDE} and {PCB} contamination of eels from the {Gironde} estuary: from glass eels to silver eels.},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.044},\\n\\tabstract = {Since the 1980s, the eel population has been decreasing dangerously. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the suspected causes of this decline. A preliminary study of PCB contamination carried out on different fish from the Gironde estuary (southwest of France, Europe) has shown a relatively high level of contamination of eel muscles. In order to characterize the contamination level of PCBs and PBDEs (PolyBrominated Diphenyl-Ethers) in eels from this estuary more than 240 eels were collected during the years 2004-2005 in the Gironde estuarine system, from glass eels to silver eels. Individual European eels were grouped according to length and localization sites. The results have shown a low contamination level of glass eels: respectively 28±11 ng g(-1)dw for PCBs and 5±3 ng g(-1)dw for PBDEs. The contamination level in eels (expressed in ng g(-1)dw) increases from glass eels to silver eels up to 3399 ng g(-1)dw of PCBs for the most contaminated silver eel. Such levels of PCBs similar to those observed in Northern Europe, could raise sanitary problems connected with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. These results are worrying for the local people who regularly eat eels caught in the Gironde estuary.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Tapie, Nathalie and Le Menach, Karyn and Pasquaud, Stéphanie and Elie, Pierre and Devier, Marie Hélène and Budzinski, Hélène},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21256534},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, France, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {175--85},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tapie, N.\",\"Le Menach, K.\",\"Pasquaud, S.\",\"Elie, P.\",\"Devier, M. H.\",\"Budzinski, H.\"],\"key\":\"tapie_pbde_2011\",\"id\":\"tapie_pbde_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tapie-lemenach-pasquaud-elie-devier-budzinski-pbdeandpcbcontaminationofeelsfromthegirondeestuaryfromglasseelstosilvereels-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Eels\",\"Eels: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"France\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Evaluation of Test Method and Performance Criteria for Cigarette Ignition (Smoldering) Resistance of Upholstered Furniture Materials\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weiying\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{tao_evaluation_2005,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Evaluation of {Test} {Method} and {Performance} {Criteria} for {Cigarette} {Ignition} ({Smoldering}) {Resistance} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Materials}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Tao, Weiying},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tao, W.\"],\"key\":\"tao_evaluation_2005\",\"id\":\"tao_evaluation_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tao-evaluationoftestmethodandperformancecriteriaforcigaretteignitionsmolderingresistanceofupholsteredfurniturematerials-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring.\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.10536\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are capable of disrupting thyroid hormone homeostasis. PBDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) is one of the most abundant congeners found in human breast adipose tissue and maternal milk samples. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of developmental exposure to low doses of PBDE-47 on the female reproductive system. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were administered vehicle (peanut oil) or PBDE-47 [140 or 700 microg/kg body weight (bw)] on gestation day (GD) 6, or 5 mg 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)/L in the drinking water from GD7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. RESULTS: In female offspring sacrificed on PND38, there was a significant decrease in ovarian weight after exposure to PTU or 140 microg/kg PBDE-47. Alterations in folliculogenesis were apparent: we observed a decrease in tertiary follicles and serum estradiol concentrations in the offspring exposed to either PTU or 700 microg/kg PBDE-47. PTU exposure also resulted in a decrease in primordial follicles. On PND100, persistent effects on the thyroid glands included histologic and morphometric changes after exposure to either PTU or PBDE-47. No relevant changes in reproductive indices were observed after mating the exposed F1 females with nontreated males. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of PBDE-47 at doses relevant to human exposure led to changes in the rat female reproductive system and thyroid gland.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Talsness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuriyama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergio\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sterner-Kock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schnitker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Petra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grande\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simone\",\"Wichert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shakibaei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehdi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andrade\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grote\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konstanze\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chahoud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ibrahim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18335096\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aromatase, Aromatase: metabolism, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Estradiol: blood, Female, Female: drug effects, Female: enzymology, Female: pathology, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: enzymology, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Wistar, estradiol, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"308–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{talsness_utero_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring.},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.10536},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are capable of disrupting thyroid hormone homeostasis. PBDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) is one of the most abundant congeners found in human breast adipose tissue and maternal milk samples. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of developmental exposure to low doses of PBDE-47 on the female reproductive system. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were administered vehicle (peanut oil) or PBDE-47 [140 or 700 microg/kg body weight (bw)] on gestation day (GD) 6, or 5 mg 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)/L in the drinking water from GD7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. RESULTS: In female offspring sacrificed on PND38, there was a significant decrease in ovarian weight after exposure to PTU or 140 microg/kg PBDE-47. Alterations in folliculogenesis were apparent: we observed a decrease in tertiary follicles and serum estradiol concentrations in the offspring exposed to either PTU or 700 microg/kg PBDE-47. PTU exposure also resulted in a decrease in primordial follicles. On PND100, persistent effects on the thyroid glands included histologic and morphometric changes after exposure to either PTU or PBDE-47. No relevant changes in reproductive indices were observed after mating the exposed F1 females with nontreated males. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of PBDE-47 at doses relevant to human exposure led to changes in the rat female reproductive system and thyroid gland.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Talsness, Chris E and Kuriyama, Sergio N and Sterner-Kock, Anja and Schnitker, Petra and Grande, Simone Wichert and Shakibaei, Mehdi and Andrade, Anderson and Grote, Konstanze and Chahoud, Ibrahim},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18335096},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aromatase, Aromatase: metabolism, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Estradiol: blood, Female, Female: drug effects, Female: enzymology, Female: pathology, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: enzymology, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Wistar, estradiol, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {308--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Talsness, C. E\",\"Kuriyama, S. N\",\"Sterner-Kock, A.\",\"Schnitker, P.\",\"Grande, S. W.\",\"Shakibaei, M.\",\"Andrade, A.\",\"Grote, K.\",\"Chahoud, I.\"],\"key\":\"talsness_utero_2008\",\"id\":\"talsness_utero_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"talsness-kuriyama-sternerkock-schnitker-grande-shakibaei-andrade-grote-etal-inuteroandlactationalexposurestolowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenylether47alterthereproductivesystemandthyroidglandoffemaleratoffspring-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aromatase\",\"Aromatase: metabolism\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Estradiol: blood\",\"Female\",\"Female: drug effects\",\"Female: enzymology\",\"Female: pathology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genitalia\",\"Lactation\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Ovary\",\"Ovary: drug effects\",\"Ovary: enzymology\",\"Ovary: pathology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Rats\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Wistar\",\"estradiol\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.002\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are widely present in human populations. In order to investigate human exposure pathways and associations with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, 393 breast milk samples from mothers living in various regions throughout Norway were analyzed. Up to ten PBDE congeners were measured in all the samples, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 in subsets of 310 and 46, respectively. The median concentrations of the sum of the seven most prominent PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183), BDE-209 and HBCD were 2.1, 0.32 and 0.86ng/g lipids, respectively. These concentrations are comparable to the levels generally observed in human populations in Europe. The frequency distributions were quite skewed with long tails towards higher concentrations. Maternal age, parity, education, having a cohabitant employed as electrician, and ventilation were factors significantly associated with some of the BFRs, although these factors only explained a small amount of the variability (R(2) 0.04-0.16). The mothers' diet was not found to influence the breast milk PBDE and HBCD levels. Our results show that sources other than the diet are important for the variability seen in breast milk BFR concentrations and that exposure from the indoor atmosphere should be emphasized in future studies.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cathrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stigum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hein\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frøshaug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"May\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Broadwell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sharon\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eggesbø\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Merete\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19889457\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Demography, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Norway, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"68–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thomsen_determinants_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale {Norwegian} study.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are widely present in human populations. In order to investigate human exposure pathways and associations with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, 393 breast milk samples from mothers living in various regions throughout Norway were analyzed. Up to ten PBDE congeners were measured in all the samples, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 in subsets of 310 and 46, respectively. The median concentrations of the sum of the seven most prominent PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183), BDE-209 and HBCD were 2.1, 0.32 and 0.86ng/g lipids, respectively. These concentrations are comparable to the levels generally observed in human populations in Europe. The frequency distributions were quite skewed with long tails towards higher concentrations. Maternal age, parity, education, having a cohabitant employed as electrician, and ventilation were factors significantly associated with some of the BFRs, although these factors only explained a small amount of the variability (R(2) 0.04-0.16). The mothers' diet was not found to influence the breast milk PBDE and HBCD levels. Our results show that sources other than the diet are important for the variability seen in breast milk BFR concentrations and that exposure from the indoor atmosphere should be emphasized in future studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Thomsen, Cathrine and Stigum, Hein and Frøshaug, May and Broadwell, Sharon L and Becher, Georg and Eggesbø, Merete},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19889457},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Demography, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Norway, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {68--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thomsen, C.\",\"Stigum, H.\",\"Frøshaug, M.\",\"Broadwell, S. L\",\"Becher, G.\",\"Eggesbø, M.\"],\"key\":\"thomsen_determinants_2010\",\"id\":\"thomsen_determinants_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thomsen-stigum-frshaug-broadwell-becher-eggesb-determinantsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromalargescalenorwegianstudy-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Demography\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Human\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Milk\",\"Norway\",\"Socioeconomic Factors\",\"Young Adult\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Getting Started with Mendeley\",\"url\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\",\"abstract\":\"A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\",\"publisher\":\"Mendeley Ltd.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\\n\\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\\n\\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"The Mendeley Support Team\"],\"key\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011-1-1\",\"id\":\"the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.mendeley.com\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Mendeley\",\"how-to\",\"user manual\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the environment of Asia-Pacific: an overview of spatial and temporal trends.\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issn\":\"1464-0325\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/b709928b\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper, we summarize spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in coastal and marine biota, and further assess human exposure to these brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia-Pacific. The review is based mainly on the studies that were conducted in our laboratory and utilized samples archived in the environmental specimen bank (es-BANK) of Ehime University, Japan. The studies suggest that the target BFRs are ubiquitous in the environment of Asia-Pacific. Examination of spatial trends reveals that concentrations of these contaminants are relatively high in samples from Korea, South China and Japan. In general, the magnitude of environmental contamination by PBDEs in Asia-Pacific, as well as human exposure to these contaminants, seem to be comparable to or slightly higher than in Europe, but lower than in North America. Evaluation of temporal trends in concentrations of BFRs in marine mammals from the coastal waters of Japan and China showed drastic increase during the last 30 years. These changes in BFR levels in samples from Japan were in line with trends in production/use of the commercial formulations. Since the withdrawal of some PBDE products from the Japanese market in the 1990s, concentrations of HBCDs appear to exceed those of PBDEs, reflecting increasing usage of HBCDs over PBDEs. The increasing environmental contamination by BFRs in Chinese coastal waters indicates that contamination by BFRs has already become evident, even in developing countries. In view of the rising environmental levels and the high consumption volume of BFRs in Asia, further efforts should be made to monitor environmental contamination by these chemicals in order to identify sources and reduce emissions.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18246212\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec\",\"pages\":\"188–97\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tanabe_brominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the environment of {Asia}-{Pacific}: an overview of spatial and temporal trends.},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0325},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/b709928b},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper, we summarize spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in coastal and marine biota, and further assess human exposure to these brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia-Pacific. The review is based mainly on the studies that were conducted in our laboratory and utilized samples archived in the environmental specimen bank (es-BANK) of Ehime University, Japan. The studies suggest that the target BFRs are ubiquitous in the environment of Asia-Pacific. Examination of spatial trends reveals that concentrations of these contaminants are relatively high in samples from Korea, South China and Japan. In general, the magnitude of environmental contamination by PBDEs in Asia-Pacific, as well as human exposure to these contaminants, seem to be comparable to or slightly higher than in Europe, but lower than in North America. Evaluation of temporal trends in concentrations of BFRs in marine mammals from the coastal waters of Japan and China showed drastic increase during the last 30 years. These changes in BFR levels in samples from Japan were in line with trends in production/use of the commercial formulations. Since the withdrawal of some PBDE products from the Japanese market in the 1990s, concentrations of HBCDs appear to exceed those of PBDEs, reflecting increasing usage of HBCDs over PBDEs. The increasing environmental contamination by BFRs in Chinese coastal waters indicates that contamination by BFRs has already become evident, even in developing countries. In view of the rising environmental levels and the high consumption volume of BFRs in Asia, further efforts should be made to monitor environmental contamination by these chemicals in order to identify sources and reduce emissions.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Tanabe, Shinsuke and Ramu, Karri and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18246212},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {188--97},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tanabe, S.\",\"Ramu, K.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Takahashi, S.\"],\"key\":\"tanabe_brominated_2008\",\"id\":\"tanabe_brominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tanabe-ramu-isobe-takahashi-brominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentofasiapacificanoverviewofspatialandtemporaltrends-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Far East\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health.\",\"volume\":\"364\",\"issn\":\"1471-2970\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1098/rstb.2008.0281\",\"abstract\":\"Components used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are detected in humans. In addition to their utility in plastics, an inadvertent characteristic of these chemicals is the ability to alter the endocrine system. Phthalates function as anti-androgens while the main action attributed to BPA is oestrogen-like activity. PBDE and TBBPA have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis while PBDEs also exhibit anti-androgen action. Experimental investigations in animals indicate a wide variety of effects associated with exposure to these compounds, causing concern regarding potential risk to human health. For example, the spectrum of effects following perinatal exposure of male rats to phthalates has remarkable similarities to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome in humans. Concentrations of BPA in the foetal mouse within the range of unconjugated BPA levels observed in human foetal blood have produced effects in animal experiments. Finally, thyroid hormones are essential for normal neurological development and reproductive function. Human body burdens of these chemicals are detected with high prevalence, and concentrations in young children, a group particularly sensitive to exogenous insults, are typically higher, indicating the need to decrease exposure to these compounds.\",\"number\":\"1526\",\"journal\":\"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Talsness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andrade\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anderson\",\"J\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuriyama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergio\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Taylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"vom\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Saal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederick\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19528057\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Burden, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"2079–96\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{talsness_components_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health.},\\n\\tvolume = {364},\\n\\tissn = {1471-2970},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0281},\\n\\tabstract = {Components used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are detected in humans. In addition to their utility in plastics, an inadvertent characteristic of these chemicals is the ability to alter the endocrine system. Phthalates function as anti-androgens while the main action attributed to BPA is oestrogen-like activity. PBDE and TBBPA have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis while PBDEs also exhibit anti-androgen action. Experimental investigations in animals indicate a wide variety of effects associated with exposure to these compounds, causing concern regarding potential risk to human health. For example, the spectrum of effects following perinatal exposure of male rats to phthalates has remarkable similarities to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome in humans. Concentrations of BPA in the foetal mouse within the range of unconjugated BPA levels observed in human foetal blood have produced effects in animal experiments. Finally, thyroid hormones are essential for normal neurological development and reproductive function. Human body burdens of these chemicals are detected with high prevalence, and concentrations in young children, a group particularly sensitive to exogenous insults, are typically higher, indicating the need to decrease exposure to these compounds.},\\n\\tnumber = {1526},\\n\\tjournal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Talsness, Chris E and Andrade, Anderson J M and Kuriyama, Sergio N and Taylor, Julia A and vom Saal, Frederick S},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19528057},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Burden, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {2079--96},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Talsness, C. E\",\"Andrade, A. J M\",\"Kuriyama, S. N\",\"Taylor, J. A\",\"vom Saal, F. S\"],\"key\":\"talsness_components_2009\",\"id\":\"talsness_components_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"talsness-andrade-kuriyama-taylor-vomsaal-componentsofplasticexperimentalstudiesinanimalsandrelevanceforhumanhealth-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Burden\",\"Endocrine System\",\"Endocrine System: drug effects\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Growth and Development\",\"Growth and Development: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Mice\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: analysis\",\"Phenols: toxicity\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: analysis\",\"Phthalic Acids: toxicity\",\"Plastics\",\"Plastics: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Phases 1&2, UFAC Small Open Flame Tests and Cigarette Ignition Tests\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf\",\"booktitle\":\"Annual AFMA Flammability Conf\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Talley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{talley_phases_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {Phases 1\\\\&2, {UFAC} {Small} {Open} {Flame} {Tests} and {Cigarette} {Ignition} {Tests}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Annual {AFMA} {Flammability} {Conf}},\\n\\tauthor = {Talley, T H},\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Talley, T H\"],\"key\":\"talley_phases_1995\",\"id\":\"talley_phases_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"talley-phases12ufacsmallopenflametestsandcigaretteignitiontests-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Phase 1, UFAC Open Flame Tests.\",\"url\":\"http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html\",\"abstract\":\"A test protocol involving 15 different fabrics was developed to determine if there was adequate technical justification to add TB-117 foam to the UFAC voluntary program. The fabrics represented a cross section of those currently being used in residential furniture. Cushions were made using TB-117 type polyurethane foam, conventional polyurethane foam, and polyester fiber wrap between the fabric cover and the foam cores. The ignition and flame spread characteristics of each sample was determined and visual comparisons of the burning characteristics of the flame retarded vs. non flame retarded conventional foam were made. Small open flame testing and cigarette ignition testing were performed separately on each type cushion construction. The tests were designed to simulate a carelessly dropped match on the top of a cushion, or the careless dropping of four cigarettes on the top of a cushion. A methenamine pill was used as the small open flame source, and a Pall Mall cigarette was used for the standard UFAC testing. The conclusion drawn from the cigarette ignition testing was that the TB-117 foam made no difference or improvement in cigarette ignition propensity. The conclusions drawn from the small open flame testing were: 1.The TB-117 foam made no significant, consistent difference in either ignition or flame spread. 2.These tests demonstrated that changes in construction to improve small open flame performance can negatively affect performance in cigarette ignition. 3.The use of polyester fiber wrap topper pads had no significant qualitative effect on small open flame ignition or flame spread\",\"booktitle\":\"Polyurethane Foam Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Talley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{talley_phase_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {Phase 1, {UFAC} {Open} {Flame} {Tests}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html},\\n\\tabstract = {A test protocol involving 15 different fabrics was developed to determine if there was adequate technical justification to add TB-117 foam to the UFAC voluntary program. The fabrics represented a cross section of those currently being used in residential furniture. Cushions were made using TB-117 type polyurethane foam, conventional polyurethane foam, and polyester fiber wrap between the fabric cover and the foam cores. The ignition and flame spread characteristics of each sample was determined and visual comparisons of the burning characteristics of the flame retarded vs. non flame retarded conventional foam were made. Small open flame testing and cigarette ignition testing were performed separately on each type cushion construction. The tests were designed to simulate a carelessly dropped match on the top of a cushion, or the careless dropping of four cigarettes on the top of a cushion. A methenamine pill was used as the small open flame source, and a Pall Mall cigarette was used for the standard UFAC testing. The conclusion drawn from the cigarette ignition testing was that the TB-117 foam made no difference or improvement in cigarette ignition propensity. The conclusions drawn from the small open flame testing were: 1.The TB-117 foam made no significant, consistent difference in either ignition or flame spread. 2.These tests demonstrated that changes in construction to improve small open flame performance can negatively affect performance in cigarette ignition. 3.The use of polyester fiber wrap topper pads had no significant qualitative effect on small open flame ignition or flame spread},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Polyurethane {Foam} {Association}},\\n\\tauthor = {Talley, H},\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Talley, H\"],\"key\":\"talley_phase_1995\",\"id\":\"talley_phase_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"talley-phase1ufacopenflametests-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan: Contamination status and bioaccumulation profiles.\",\"volume\":\"60\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.027\",\"abstract\":\"Twelve species of deep-sea fishes collected in 2005 from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan were analyzed for organohalogen compounds. Among the compounds analyzed, concentrations of DDTs and PCBs (up to 23,000 and 12,400 ng/g lipid wt, respectively) were the highest. The present study is the foremost to report the occurrence of brominated flame retardants such as PBDEs and HBCDs in deep-sea organisms from the North Pacific region. Significant positive correlations found between delta(15)N ( per thousand) and PCBs, DDTs and PBDEs suggest the high biomagnification potential of these contaminants in food web. The large variation in delta(13)C (per thousand) values observed between the species indicate multiple sources of carbon in the food web and specific accumulation of hydrophobic organohalogen compounds in benthic dwelling carnivore species like snubnosed eel. The results obtained in this study highlight the usefulness of deep-sea fishes as sentinel species to monitor the deep-sea environment.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oshihoi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohmori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubodera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tsunemi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19837437\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogens: analysis, Halogens: metabolism, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants, halogens\",\"pages\":\"187–96\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takahashi_organohalogen_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes from the western {North} {Pacific}, off-{Tohoku}, {Japan}: {Contamination} status and bioaccumulation profiles.},\\n\\tvolume = {60},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.027},\\n\\tabstract = {Twelve species of deep-sea fishes collected in 2005 from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan were analyzed for organohalogen compounds. Among the compounds analyzed, concentrations of DDTs and PCBs (up to 23,000 and 12,400 ng/g lipid wt, respectively) were the highest. The present study is the foremost to report the occurrence of brominated flame retardants such as PBDEs and HBCDs in deep-sea organisms from the North Pacific region. Significant positive correlations found between delta(15)N ( per thousand) and PCBs, DDTs and PBDEs suggest the high biomagnification potential of these contaminants in food web. The large variation in delta(13)C (per thousand) values observed between the species indicate multiple sources of carbon in the food web and specific accumulation of hydrophobic organohalogen compounds in benthic dwelling carnivore species like snubnosed eel. The results obtained in this study highlight the usefulness of deep-sea fishes as sentinel species to monitor the deep-sea environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Takahashi, Shin and Oshihoi, Tomoko and Ramu, Karri and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ohmori, Koji and Kubodera, Tsunemi and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19837437},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogens: analysis, Halogens: metabolism, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants, halogens},\\n\\tpages = {187--96},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Oshihoi, T.\",\"Ramu, K.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Ohmori, K.\",\"Kubodera, T.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"takahashi_organohalogen_2010\",\"id\":\"takahashi_organohalogen_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takahashi-oshihoi-ramu-isobe-ohmori-kubodera-tanabe-organohalogencompoundsindeepseafishesfromthewesternnorthpacificofftohokujapancontaminationstatusandbioaccumulationprofiles-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Fishes: physiology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Halogens: analysis\",\"Halogens: metabolism\",\"Japan\",\"Pacific Ocean\",\"Species Specificity\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"halogens\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Low concentrations of the brominated flame retardants BDE-47 and BDE-99 induce synergistic oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells.\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"1879-3177\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.020\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become widespread environmental contaminants. The highest body burden has been found in toddlers and infants, due to their exposure through breast milk and house dust, and the current concern for potential adverse health effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of PBDEs are largely not understood, though there is evidence that PBDEs may elicit oxidative stress. In this study, two different mathematical models were used to evaluate the interaction between BDE-47 and BDE-99 on viability of neuronal cells. The combined exposure to these compounds induced synergistic effects at concentrations of BDE-47 below its threshold doses, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations below its IC(50). In contrast, at concentrations of BDE-47 near its IC(50) value, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations, antagonistic effects were observed. The interactions observed on cell viability were confirmed by an assessment of induction of oxidative stress. The finding that co-exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-99 could induce synergistic neurotoxic effects, in particular at low doses of BDE-47, is of much toxicological interest, as humans are exposed to mixtures of PBDEs, most notably tetra- and penta-BDE congeners.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tagliaferri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caglieri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldoni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matteo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silvana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alinovi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rossella\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Poli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Diana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pellacani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giordano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gennaro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mutti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Costa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucio\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19720130\",\"keywords\":\"Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Synergism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Models, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: metabolism, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Neurons: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Statistical, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances: metabolis, Trypan Blue, Tumor, cell line\",\"pages\":\"116–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tagliaferri_low_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Low concentrations of the brominated flame retardants {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 induce synergistic oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3177},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.020},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become widespread environmental contaminants. The highest body burden has been found in toddlers and infants, due to their exposure through breast milk and house dust, and the current concern for potential adverse health effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of PBDEs are largely not understood, though there is evidence that PBDEs may elicit oxidative stress. In this study, two different mathematical models were used to evaluate the interaction between BDE-47 and BDE-99 on viability of neuronal cells. The combined exposure to these compounds induced synergistic effects at concentrations of BDE-47 below its threshold doses, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations below its IC(50). In contrast, at concentrations of BDE-47 near its IC(50) value, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations, antagonistic effects were observed. The interactions observed on cell viability were confirmed by an assessment of induction of oxidative stress. The finding that co-exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-99 could induce synergistic neurotoxic effects, in particular at low doses of BDE-47, is of much toxicological interest, as humans are exposed to mixtures of PBDEs, most notably tetra- and penta-BDE congeners.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},\\n\\tauthor = {Tagliaferri, Sara and Caglieri, Andrea and Goldoni, Matteo and Pinelli, Silvana and Alinovi, Rossella and Poli, Diana and Pellacani, Claudia and Giordano, Gennaro and Mutti, Antonio and Costa, Lucio G},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19720130},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Synergism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Models, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: metabolism, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Neurons: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Statistical, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances: metabolis, Trypan Blue, Tumor, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {116--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tagliaferri, S.\",\"Caglieri, A.\",\"Goldoni, M.\",\"Pinelli, S.\",\"Alinovi, R.\",\"Poli, D.\",\"Pellacani, C.\",\"Giordano, G.\",\"Mutti, A.\",\"Costa, L. G\"],\"key\":\"tagliaferri_low_2010\",\"id\":\"tagliaferri_low_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tagliaferri-caglieri-goldoni-pinelli-alinovi-poli-pellacani-giordano-etal-lowconcentrationsofthebrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde99inducesynergisticoxidativestressmediatedneurotoxicityinhumanneuroblastomacells-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Drug Synergism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Lipid Peroxidation\",\"Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects\",\"Models\",\"Neuroblastoma\",\"Neuroblastoma: metabolism\",\"Neuroblastoma: pathology\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: metabolism\",\"Neurons: pathology\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species\",\"Statistical\",\"Tetrazolium Salts\",\"Thiazoles\",\"Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances\",\"Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances: metabolis\",\"Trypan Blue\",\"Tumor\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan.\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006\",\"abstract\":\"This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 10(2)-10(3)pgm(-3) order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13000 ng g(-1)) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad \\\\textlessor=0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs - decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants' exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"270–277\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takigami_brominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006},\\n\\tabstract = {This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 10(2)-10(3)pgm(-3) order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13000 ng g(-1)) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad {\\\\textbackslash}textlessor=0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs - decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants' exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {270--277},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takigami, H.\",\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Hirai, Y.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"takigami_brominated_2009\",\"id\":\"takigami_brominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032\",\"abstract\":\"Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 microg/g, 19,000 microg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The SigmaPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective SigmaPBDE and SigmaPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67-500 microg/g (mean 300 microg/g) and 180-650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18657291\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Television, frelec\",\"pages\":\"161–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takigami_transfer_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032},\\n\\tabstract = {Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 microg/g, 19,000 microg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The SigmaPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective SigmaPBDE and SigmaPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67-500 microg/g (mean 300 microg/g) and 180-650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18657291},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Television, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {161--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takigami, H.\",\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Hirai, Y.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"takigami_transfer_2008\",\"id\":\"takigami_transfer_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Television\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation and behavioral effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in perinatally exposed mice.\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"issn\":\"1872-9738\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.003\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that have become pervasive environmental contaminants and may contribute to adverse health outcomes. We evaluated in mice the developmental neurotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant PBDE congeners detected in animal and human tissues. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to daily doses of 0, 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg beginning 4 weeks prior to conception, continuing through gestation and lactation, and ending at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21. Levels of BDE-47 in blood, brain, liver and adipose tissues of dams were markedly increased after 4 weeks of exposure, around the time of mating, and continued to increase through the time of parturition. Blood levels of BDE-47 in the dosed dams were within the range reported in humans. BDE-47 tissue levels in the dams decreased between parturition and weaning, possibly reflecting mobilization during lactation. Brain BDE-47 levels in the offspring at PND 1 approached those of the dams at parturition. Perinatal exposure to BDE-47 resulted in significant dose dependent growth retardation, slower motor performance in several behavioral tests, and mice exposed to 1mg/kg/day BDE-47 showed altered performance in the Morris water maze. There were no differences between groups in the numbers of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1. These results document accumulation of BDE-47 in several organ systems following exposure to low-levels of BDE-47, and provide evidence that such exposure is associated with early behavioral deficits in exposed neonates.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology and teratology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tram\",\"Anh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koenig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Golub\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mari\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lihong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aronov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pavel\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"21334437\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, CA1 Region, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gestational Age, Hippocampal, Hippocampal: drug effects, Hippocampal: embryology, Hippocampal: growth & development, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: drug effects, Pyramidal Cells: metabolism, Pyramidal Cells: pathology, Tissue Distribution, Weaning\",\"pages\":\"393–404\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ta_bioaccumulation_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and behavioral effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-47) in perinatally exposed mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tissn = {1872-9738},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that have become pervasive environmental contaminants and may contribute to adverse health outcomes. We evaluated in mice the developmental neurotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant PBDE congeners detected in animal and human tissues. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to daily doses of 0, 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg beginning 4 weeks prior to conception, continuing through gestation and lactation, and ending at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21. Levels of BDE-47 in blood, brain, liver and adipose tissues of dams were markedly increased after 4 weeks of exposure, around the time of mating, and continued to increase through the time of parturition. Blood levels of BDE-47 in the dosed dams were within the range reported in humans. BDE-47 tissue levels in the dams decreased between parturition and weaning, possibly reflecting mobilization during lactation. Brain BDE-47 levels in the offspring at PND 1 approached those of the dams at parturition. Perinatal exposure to BDE-47 resulted in significant dose dependent growth retardation, slower motor performance in several behavioral tests, and mice exposed to 1mg/kg/day BDE-47 showed altered performance in the Morris water maze. There were no differences between groups in the numbers of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1. These results document accumulation of BDE-47 in several organ systems following exposure to low-levels of BDE-47, and provide evidence that such exposure is associated with early behavioral deficits in exposed neonates.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ta, Tram Anh and Koenig, Claire M and Golub, Mari S and Pessah, Isaac N and Qi, Lihong and Aronov, Pavel A and Berman, Robert F},\\n\\tpmid = {21334437},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, CA1 Region, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gestational Age, Hippocampal, Hippocampal: drug effects, Hippocampal: embryology, Hippocampal: growth \\\\& development, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: drug effects, Pyramidal Cells: metabolism, Pyramidal Cells: pathology, Tissue Distribution, Weaning},\\n\\tpages = {393--404},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ta, T. A.\",\"Koenig, C. M\",\"Golub, M. S\",\"Pessah, I. N\",\"Qi, L.\",\"Aronov, P. A\",\"Berman, R. F\"],\"key\":\"ta_bioaccumulation_nodate\",\"id\":\"ta_bioaccumulation_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ta-koenig-golub-pessah-qi-aronov-berman-bioaccumulationandbehavioraleffectsof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47inperinatallyexposedmice\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"CA1 Region\",\"Cell Count\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gestational Age\",\"Hippocampal\",\"Hippocampal: drug effects\",\"Hippocampal: embryology\",\"Hippocampal: growth & development\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology\",\"Pyramidal Cells\",\"Pyramidal Cells: drug effects\",\"Pyramidal Cells: metabolism\",\"Pyramidal Cells: pathology\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Weaning\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of perinatal PBDE exposure on hepatic phase I, phase II, phase III, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups.\",\"volume\":\"107\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfn230\",\"abstract\":\"Previous studies demonstrated that perinatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of brominated flame retardants, may affect thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations by inducing hepatic uridinediphosphate-glucoronosyltransferases (UGTs). This study further examines effects of the commercial penta mixture, DE-71, on genes related to TH metabolism at different developmental time points in male rats. DE-71 is predominately composed of PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 with low levels of brominated dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were orally administered 1.7 (low), 10.2 (mid), or 30.6 (high) mg/kg/day of DE-71 in corn oil from gestational day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Serum and liver were collected from male pups at PND 4, 21, and 60. Total serum thyroxine (T(4)) decreased to 57% (mid) and 51% (high) on PND 4, and 46% (mid) dose and 25% (high) on PND 21. Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1/2, and Cyp3a1 enzyme and mRNA expression, regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane xenobiotic receptor, respectively, increased in a dose-dependent manner. UGT-T(4) enzymatic activity significantly increased, whereas age and dose-dependent effects were observed for Ugt1a6, 1a7, and 2b mRNA. Sult1b1 mRNA expression increased, whereas that of transthyretin (Ttr) decreased as did both the deiodinase I (D1) enzyme activity and mRNA expression. Hepatic efflux transporters Mdr1 (multidrug resistance), Mrp2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein), and Mrp3 and influx transporter Oatp1a4 mRNA expression increased. In this study the most sensitive responses to PBDEs following DE-71 exposure were CYP2B and D1 activities and Cyb2b1/2, d1, Mdr1, Mrp2, and Mrp3 gene expression. All responses were reversible by PND 60. In conclusion, deiodination, active transport, and sulfation, in addition to glucuronidation, may be involved in disruption of TH homeostasis due to perinatal exposure to DE-71 in male rat offspring.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richardson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vicki\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diliberto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janet\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kodavanti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Prasada\",\"R\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"18978342\",\"keywords\":\"Analysis of Variance, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: genetics, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Long-Evans, Male, Microsomes, Newborn, Pregnancy, Rats, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: genetics, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: analysis, Thyroxine: blood, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: analysis, Triiodothyronine: blood, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"27–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{szabo_effects_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of perinatal {PBDE} exposure on hepatic phase {I}, phase {II}, phase {III}, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups.},\\n\\tvolume = {107},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfn230},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous studies demonstrated that perinatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of brominated flame retardants, may affect thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations by inducing hepatic uridinediphosphate-glucoronosyltransferases (UGTs). This study further examines effects of the commercial penta mixture, DE-71, on genes related to TH metabolism at different developmental time points in male rats. DE-71 is predominately composed of PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 with low levels of brominated dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were orally administered 1.7 (low), 10.2 (mid), or 30.6 (high) mg/kg/day of DE-71 in corn oil from gestational day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Serum and liver were collected from male pups at PND 4, 21, and 60. Total serum thyroxine (T(4)) decreased to 57\\\\% (mid) and 51\\\\% (high) on PND 4, and 46\\\\% (mid) dose and 25\\\\% (high) on PND 21. Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1/2, and Cyp3a1 enzyme and mRNA expression, regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane xenobiotic receptor, respectively, increased in a dose-dependent manner. UGT-T(4) enzymatic activity significantly increased, whereas age and dose-dependent effects were observed for Ugt1a6, 1a7, and 2b mRNA. Sult1b1 mRNA expression increased, whereas that of transthyretin (Ttr) decreased as did both the deiodinase I (D1) enzyme activity and mRNA expression. Hepatic efflux transporters Mdr1 (multidrug resistance), Mrp2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein), and Mrp3 and influx transporter Oatp1a4 mRNA expression increased. In this study the most sensitive responses to PBDEs following DE-71 exposure were CYP2B and D1 activities and Cyb2b1/2, d1, Mdr1, Mrp2, and Mrp3 gene expression. All responses were reversible by PND 60. In conclusion, deiodination, active transport, and sulfation, in addition to glucuronidation, may be involved in disruption of TH homeostasis due to perinatal exposure to DE-71 in male rat offspring.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Szabo, David T and Richardson, Vicki M and Ross, David G and Diliberto, Janet J and Kodavanti, Prasada R S and Birnbaum, Linda S},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {18978342},\\n\\tkeywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: genetics, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Long-Evans, Male, Microsomes, Newborn, Pregnancy, Rats, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: genetics, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: analysis, Thyroxine: blood, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: analysis, Triiodothyronine: blood, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {27--39},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Szabo, D. T\",\"Richardson, V. M\",\"Ross, D. G\",\"Diliberto, J. J\",\"Kodavanti, P. R S\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\"],\"key\":\"szabo_effects_2009\",\"id\":\"szabo_effects_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"szabo-richardson-ross-diliberto-kodavanti-birnbaum-effectsofperinatalpbdeexposureonhepaticphaseiphaseiiphaseiiianddeiodinase1geneexpressioninvolvedinthyroidhormonemetabolisminmaleratpups-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Analysis of Variance\",\"Animals\",\"Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases\",\"Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: genetics\",\"Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: metabolism\",\"Developmental\",\"Developmental: drug ef\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: chemistry\",\"Long-Evans\",\"Male\",\"Microsomes\",\"Newborn\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Sulfotransferases\",\"Sulfotransferases: genetics\",\"Sulfotransferases: metabolism\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: analysis\",\"Thyroxine: blood\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: analysis\",\"Triiodothyronine: blood\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification of brominated and chlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837\",\"abstract\":\"Our previous study demonstrated that compounds in indoor dusts strongly inhibit thyroxine (T4) binding to the human thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin (TTR) in vitro. Exposure assessment indicated that house dust is an important medium of exposure of children to TTR-binding compounds when binding potency and dust ingestion rates are high. Here, we used chemical fractionation with in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay and GC-MS to analyze the TTR-binding compounds in a sulfuric-acid-treated dust extract. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TriBPh) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol (PeCPh) were potent TTR-binding compounds in all dust samples. 2,4,6-TriBPh- and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh-derived theoretical T4 equivalents (T4EQs), calculated arithmetically from the concentrations and relative potencies, accounted for about 40-70% of experimental T4EQs detected in indoor dusts, indicating that these compounds contributed strongly to the TTR-binding potency of indoor dust. Indoor sources of 2,4,6-TriBPh might be brominated flame retardants currently used in household materials such as electrical appliances. In contrast, the 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh might be trace evidence of past use in agricultural chemicals and preservatives in indoor or outdoor environments, because its use has been banned since 1990 in Japan. 2,4,6-TriBPh and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh are ubiquitous potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in the home and work environments of Japan and other countries.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mafumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazutoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Misuzu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-Ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18441837\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Chromatography, Dust, Electrospray Ionization, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"pages\":\"1794–800\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suzuki_identification_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification of brominated and chlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837},\\n\\tabstract = {Our previous study demonstrated that compounds in indoor dusts strongly inhibit thyroxine (T4) binding to the human thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin (TTR) in vitro. Exposure assessment indicated that house dust is an important medium of exposure of children to TTR-binding compounds when binding potency and dust ingestion rates are high. Here, we used chemical fractionation with in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay and GC-MS to analyze the TTR-binding compounds in a sulfuric-acid-treated dust extract. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TriBPh) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol (PeCPh) were potent TTR-binding compounds in all dust samples. 2,4,6-TriBPh- and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh-derived theoretical T4 equivalents (T4EQs), calculated arithmetically from the concentrations and relative potencies, accounted for about 40-70\\\\% of experimental T4EQs detected in indoor dusts, indicating that these compounds contributed strongly to the TTR-binding potency of indoor dust. Indoor sources of 2,4,6-TriBPh might be brominated flame retardants currently used in household materials such as electrical appliances. In contrast, the 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh might be trace evidence of past use in agricultural chemicals and preservatives in indoor or outdoor environments, because its use has been banned since 1990 in Japan. 2,4,6-TriBPh and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh are ubiquitous potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in the home and work environments of Japan and other countries.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Takigami, Hidetaka and Watanabe, Mafumi and Takahashi, Shin and Nose, Kazutoshi and Asari, Misuzu and Sakai, Shin-Ichi},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18441837},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Chromatography, Dust, Electrospray Ionization, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects},\\n\\tpages = {1794--800},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Takigami, H.\",\"Watanabe, M.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Nose, K.\",\"Asari, M.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"suzuki_identification_2008\",\"id\":\"suzuki_identification_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suzuki-takigami-watanabe-takahashi-nose-asari-sakai-identificationofbrominatedandchlorinatedphenolsaspotentialthyroiddisruptingcompoundsinindoordusts-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Chromatography\",\"Dust\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mass\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: analysis\",\"Phenols: toxicity\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Kyoto, Japan\",\"title\":\"Dioxin-like compounds in Japanese indoor dusts: Brominated dibenzo-furans strongly contribute to dioxin-like activity evaluated by In Vitro bioassay.\",\"url\":\"http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Someya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{suzuki_dioxin-like_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\\n\\ttitle = {Dioxin-like compounds in {Japanese} indoor dusts: {Brominated} dibenzo-furans strongly contribute to dioxin-like activity evaluated by {In} {Vitro} bioassay.},\\n\\turl = {http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Suzuki, G and Someya, M and Takahashi, S and Takigami, H and Sakai, S},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suzuki, G\",\"Someya, M\",\"Takahashi, S\",\"Takigami, H\",\"Sakai, S\"],\"key\":\"suzuki_dioxin-like_2010\",\"id\":\"suzuki_dioxin-like_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suzuki-someya-takahashi-takigami-sakai-dioxinlikecompoundsinjapaneseindoordustsbrominateddibenzofuransstronglycontributetodioxinlikeactivityevaluatedbyinvitrobioassay-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Luxembourg\",\"title\":\"Risk assessment, hexabromocyclododecane. Final report.\",\"url\":\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf\",\"institution\":\"European Commission\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Swedish Chemicals Agency\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frbldg, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{swedish_chemicals_agency_risk_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Luxembourg},\\n\\ttitle = {Risk assessment, hexabromocyclododecane. {Final} report.},\\n\\turl = {http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {European Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {{Swedish Chemicals Agency}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Swedish Chemicals Agency\"],\"key\":\"swedish_chemicals_agency_risk_2008\",\"id\":\"swedish_chemicals_agency_risk_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"swedishchemicalsagency-riskassessmenthexabromocyclododecanefinalreport-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Compounds structurally related to Dechlorane Plus in sediment and biota from Lake Ontario (Canada).\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es9025535\",\"abstract\":\"The historical occurrence of Dechlorane Plus (DP) and detection of novel compounds structurally related to DP is described in a dated Lake Ontario sediment core. Our core was collected near the mouth of the Niagara River, which is known to be a major source of DP to the lake. Maximum DP concentrations (920 ng g(-1), dry weight) were observed between 1976 and 1980, the highest reported to date. Following that time, we observed a dramatic decrease in DP concentration which coincided with the enactment of United States federal and state laws to mitigate free release of chemicals into the Niagara River and installation of an industrial wastewater treatment facility. During the course of our research, four new substances structurally related to DP were also identified. These compounds were thought to arise from the Diels-Alder reactions resulting from impurities present in 1,5-cyclooctadiene, a feedstock used in production of DP. To confirm our hypothesis, Diels-Alder reactions were performed on the individual impurities. Using different stationary-phase capillary gas chromatography columns and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we were able to positively identify some of these novel compounds in the core. Interestingly, we also were able to identify a monoadduct compound, formed by addition of 1 mol of hexachlorocyclopentadiene to 2 mol of 1,3-cyclooctadiene, in lake trout. The concentration of this monoadduct was approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of DP, suggesting that it is more bioaccumulative.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCrindle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arsenault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gilles\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaruk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacPherson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marvin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20025285\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Trout, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"574–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sverko_compounds_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Compounds structurally related to {Dechlorane} {Plus} in sediment and biota from {Lake} {Ontario} ({Canada}).},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es9025535},\\n\\tabstract = {The historical occurrence of Dechlorane Plus (DP) and detection of novel compounds structurally related to DP is described in a dated Lake Ontario sediment core. Our core was collected near the mouth of the Niagara River, which is known to be a major source of DP to the lake. Maximum DP concentrations (920 ng g(-1), dry weight) were observed between 1976 and 1980, the highest reported to date. Following that time, we observed a dramatic decrease in DP concentration which coincided with the enactment of United States federal and state laws to mitigate free release of chemicals into the Niagara River and installation of an industrial wastewater treatment facility. During the course of our research, four new substances structurally related to DP were also identified. These compounds were thought to arise from the Diels-Alder reactions resulting from impurities present in 1,5-cyclooctadiene, a feedstock used in production of DP. To confirm our hypothesis, Diels-Alder reactions were performed on the individual impurities. Using different stationary-phase capillary gas chromatography columns and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we were able to positively identify some of these novel compounds in the core. Interestingly, we also were able to identify a monoadduct compound, formed by addition of 1 mol of hexachlorocyclopentadiene to 2 mol of 1,3-cyclooctadiene, in lake trout. The concentration of this monoadduct was approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of DP, suggesting that it is more bioaccumulative.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sverko, Ed and Reiner, Eric J and Tomy, Gregg T and McCrindle, Robert and Shen, Li and Arsenault, Gilles and Zaruk, Donna and MacPherson, Karen A and Marvin, Chris H and Helm, Paul A and McCarry, Brian E},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20025285},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Trout, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {574--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sverko, E.\",\"Reiner, E. J\",\"Tomy, G. T\",\"McCrindle, R.\",\"Shen, L.\",\"Arsenault, G.\",\"Zaruk, D.\",\"MacPherson, K. A\",\"Marvin, C. H\",\"Helm, P. A\",\"McCarry, B. E\"],\"key\":\"sverko_compounds_2010\",\"id\":\"sverko_compounds_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sverko-reiner-tomy-mccrindle-shen-arsenault-zaruk-macpherson-etal-compoundsstructurallyrelatedtodechloraneplusinsedimentandbiotafromlakeontariocanada-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Canada\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: chemistry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry\",\"Trout\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Similarities in the endocrine-disrupting potencies of indoor dust and flame retardants by using human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell-based reporter gene assays.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es304691a\",\"abstract\":\"Indoor dust is a sink for many kinds of pollutants, including flame retardants (FRs), plasticizers, and their contaminants and degradation products. These pollutants can be migrated to indoor dust from household items such as televisions and computers. To reveal high-priority end points of and contaminant candidates in indoor dust, using CALUX reporter gene assays based on human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell lines, we evaluated and characterized the endocrine-disrupting potencies of crude extracts of indoor dust collected from Japan (n = 8), the United States (n = 21), Vietnam (n = 10), the Philippines (n = 17), and Indonesia (n = 10) and for 23 selected FRs. The CALUX reporter gene assays used were specific for compounds interacting with the human androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2). Indoor dust extracts were agonistic to ERα, GR, and PPARγ2 and antagonistic against AR, PR, GR, and PPARγ2. In comparison, a majority of FRs was agonistic to ERα and PPARγ2 only, and some FRs demonstrated receptor-specific antagonism against all tested nuclear receptors. Hierarchical clustering clearly indicated that agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR were common, frequently detected end points for indoor dust and tested FRs. Given our previous results regarding the concentrations of FRs in indoor dust and in light of our current results, candidate contributors to these effects include not only internationally controlled brominated FRs but also alternatives such as some phosphorus-containing FRs. In the context of indoor pollution, high-frequency effects of FRs such as agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR are candidate high-priority end points for further investigation.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nguyen\",\"Minh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malarvannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Govindan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brouwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abraham\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uramaru\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naoto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23398518\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"2898–908\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suzuki_similarities_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Similarities in the endocrine-disrupting potencies of indoor dust and flame retardants by using human osteosarcoma ({U2OS}) cell-based reporter gene assays.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es304691a},\\n\\tabstract = {Indoor dust is a sink for many kinds of pollutants, including flame retardants (FRs), plasticizers, and their contaminants and degradation products. These pollutants can be migrated to indoor dust from household items such as televisions and computers. To reveal high-priority end points of and contaminant candidates in indoor dust, using CALUX reporter gene assays based on human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell lines, we evaluated and characterized the endocrine-disrupting potencies of crude extracts of indoor dust collected from Japan (n = 8), the United States (n = 21), Vietnam (n = 10), the Philippines (n = 17), and Indonesia (n = 10) and for 23 selected FRs. The CALUX reporter gene assays used were specific for compounds interacting with the human androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2). Indoor dust extracts were agonistic to ERα, GR, and PPARγ2 and antagonistic against AR, PR, GR, and PPARγ2. In comparison, a majority of FRs was agonistic to ERα and PPARγ2 only, and some FRs demonstrated receptor-specific antagonism against all tested nuclear receptors. Hierarchical clustering clearly indicated that agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR were common, frequently detected end points for indoor dust and tested FRs. Given our previous results regarding the concentrations of FRs in indoor dust and in light of our current results, candidate contributors to these effects include not only internationally controlled brominated FRs but also alternatives such as some phosphorus-containing FRs. In the context of indoor pollution, high-frequency effects of FRs such as agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR are candidate high-priority end points for further investigation.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Malarvannan, Govindan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Brouwer, Abraham and Uramaru, Naoto and Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Takigami, Hidetaka},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23398518},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {2898--908},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Tue, N. M.\",\"Malarvannan, G.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\",\"Sakai, S.\",\"Brouwer, A.\",\"Uramaru, N.\",\"Kitamura, S.\",\"Takigami, H.\"],\"key\":\"suzuki_similarities_2013\",\"id\":\"suzuki_similarities_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suzuki-tue-malarvannan-sudaryanto-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-brouwer-etal-similaritiesintheendocrinedisruptingpotenciesofindoordustandflameretardantsbyusinghumanosteosarcomau2oscellbasedreportergeneassays-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dioxin-Like and Transthyretin-Binding Compounds in Indoor Dusts Collected from Japan: Average Daily Dose and Possible Implications for Children\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es061907l\",\"abstract\":\"Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted. Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazutoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Misuzu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1487–1493\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suzuki_dioxin-like_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Dioxin-{Like} and {Transthyretin}-{Binding} {Compounds} in {Indoor} {Dusts} {Collected} from {Japan}: {Average} {Daily} {Dose} and {Possible} {Implications} for {Children}},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es061907l},\\n\\tabstract = {Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted. Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Takigami, Hidetaka and Nose, Kazutoshi and Takahashi, Shin and Asari, Misuzu and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1487--1493},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Takigami, H.\",\"Nose, K.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Asari, M.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"suzuki_dioxin-like_2007\",\"id\":\"suzuki_dioxin-like_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suzuki-takigami-nose-takahashi-asari-sakai-dioxinlikeandtransthyretinbindingcompoundsinindoordustscollectedfromjapanaveragedailydoseandpossibleimplicationsforchildren-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dioxin-like activity in Japanese indoor dusts evaluated by means of in vitro bioassay and instrumental analysis: brominated dibenzofurans are an important contributor.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es102021c\",\"abstract\":\"In our previous study, we demonstrated that dioxin-like activity in sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of Japanese indoor dust was higher than the activity in contaminated sediments. In the current study, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation in combination with the dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (DR-CALUX) assay and gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) to quantitatively evaluate dioxin-like compounds in indoor dusts. Selected four sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of indoor dusts were fractionated into seven fractions by means of HPLC with a nitrophenylpropylsilica column, and the activity in the first fraction of each extract was much higher than the activities in the other fractions. Therefore, each of the first fractions was further fractionated into 90 fractions by HPLC with an octadecylsilica column, and all the fractions were analyzed by means of the DR-CALUX assay. On the basis of elution characteristics, the active compounds in the fractions showing high activity were determined to be polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), or supposed to be polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). These compounds in the 33 dusts extracts were quantified by means of GC-HRMS, and their median-based contributions of the theoretical CALUX-TEQs [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetraCDD) equivalent] chemically calculated for PBDFs, PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho Co-PCBs, PCNs, and mono-ortho Co-PCBs to the experimental values (38-1400 pg/g, median 160 pg/g) were 17%, 14%, 8.8%, 0.98%, 0.10%, and 0.019%, respectively. Our results indicate that PBDFs, which are not internationally regulated dioxins, were important contributors to dioxin-like activity in Japanese dust and that further analysis of PBDFs in indoor dust is required so that the risk of exposure to these compounds via dust can be assessed.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Someya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masayuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20860407\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"8330–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suzuki_dioxin-like_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Dioxin-like activity in {Japanese} indoor dusts evaluated by means of in vitro bioassay and instrumental analysis: brominated dibenzofurans are an important contributor.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es102021c},\\n\\tabstract = {In our previous study, we demonstrated that dioxin-like activity in sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of Japanese indoor dust was higher than the activity in contaminated sediments. In the current study, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation in combination with the dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (DR-CALUX) assay and gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) to quantitatively evaluate dioxin-like compounds in indoor dusts. Selected four sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of indoor dusts were fractionated into seven fractions by means of HPLC with a nitrophenylpropylsilica column, and the activity in the first fraction of each extract was much higher than the activities in the other fractions. Therefore, each of the first fractions was further fractionated into 90 fractions by HPLC with an octadecylsilica column, and all the fractions were analyzed by means of the DR-CALUX assay. On the basis of elution characteristics, the active compounds in the fractions showing high activity were determined to be polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), or supposed to be polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). These compounds in the 33 dusts extracts were quantified by means of GC-HRMS, and their median-based contributions of the theoretical CALUX-TEQs [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetraCDD) equivalent] chemically calculated for PBDFs, PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho Co-PCBs, PCNs, and mono-ortho Co-PCBs to the experimental values (38-1400 pg/g, median 160 pg/g) were 17\\\\%, 14\\\\%, 8.8\\\\%, 0.98\\\\%, 0.10\\\\%, and 0.019\\\\%, respectively. Our results indicate that PBDFs, which are not internationally regulated dioxins, were important contributors to dioxin-like activity in Japanese dust and that further analysis of PBDFs in indoor dust is required so that the risk of exposure to these compounds via dust can be assessed.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Someya, Masayuki and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Takigami, Hidetaka},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20860407},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {8330--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Someya, M.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\",\"Sakai, S.\",\"Takigami, H.\"],\"key\":\"suzuki_dioxin-like_2010-1\",\"id\":\"suzuki_dioxin-like_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suzuki-someya-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-takigami-dioxinlikeactivityinjapaneseindoordustsevaluatedbymeansofinvitrobioassayandinstrumentalanalysisbrominateddibenzofuransareanimportantcontributor-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs and PBDD/Fs in house and office dust from Japan.\",\"volume\":\"68\",\"url\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"In order to reduce the accidental fire, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as PBDEs are added to plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for household materials. The rapid decrease in PBDE consumption after 1990 could be due to the industry's voluntary phasing out of PBDEs in Japan because of global concern regarding their potential adverse environmental and health effects and their thermal-breakdown products.1 However, lots of products such as TV and computer have contained PBDEs used in the past, which may be sources of them in the indoor air.2 Previous studies have indicated that PBDEs accumulate through food chain and are potential toxic compounds for human, suggesting that the control strategy for them contained in products is very important. Recently, the analysis of PBDEs in house dust has been conducted all over the world, indicating that PBDE concentrations of house dust are relatively higher than other media such as sediment. 3-6 Many researchers also demonstrated the importance of house dust as the routes of human exposure to PBDEs. On the other hand, there is no systematic monitoring investigation for grasping PBDEs level of dust in Japan. In this study, we investigated the PBDE concentrations in dust derived from household and office in Japan. PBDD/Fs, the thermal-breakdown products of PBDEs, were also investigated. First, in order to evaluate the PBDE and PBDD/F level of collected dust in Japan, we compared the obtained data with those reported in previous studies. Then we tried to identify an indoor source of them in dust by evaluating the relevance of the concentration in dusts and the investigated indoor information.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"SI\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"1843–1846\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suzuki_pbdes_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBDD}/{Fs} in house and office dust from {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {68},\\n\\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {In order to reduce the accidental fire, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as PBDEs are added to plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for household materials. The rapid decrease in PBDE consumption after 1990 could be due to the industry's voluntary phasing out of PBDEs in Japan because of global concern regarding their potential adverse environmental and health effects and their thermal-breakdown products.1 However, lots of products such as TV and computer have contained PBDEs used in the past, which may be sources of them in the indoor air.2 Previous studies have indicated that PBDEs accumulate through food chain and are potential toxic compounds for human, suggesting that the control strategy for them contained in products is very important. Recently, the analysis of PBDEs in house dust has been conducted all over the world, indicating that PBDE concentrations of house dust are relatively higher than other media such as sediment. 3-6 Many researchers also demonstrated the importance of house dust as the routes of human exposure to PBDEs. On the other hand, there is no systematic monitoring investigation for grasping PBDEs level of dust in Japan. In this study, we investigated the PBDE concentrations in dust derived from household and office in Japan. PBDD/Fs, the thermal-breakdown products of PBDEs, were also investigated. First, in order to evaluate the PBDE and PBDD/F level of collected dust in Japan, we compared the obtained data with those reported in previous studies. Then we tried to identify an indoor source of them in dust by evaluating the relevance of the concentration in dusts and the investigated indoor information.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Suzuki, G and Nose, K and Takigami, H and Takahashi, S and Sakai, SI},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {1843--1846},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suzuki, G\",\"Nose, K\",\"Takigami, H\",\"Takahashi, S\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"suzuki_pbdes_2006\",\"id\":\"suzuki_pbdes_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suzuki-nose-takigami-takahashi-sakai-pbdesandpbddfsinhouseandofficedustfromjapan-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Delayed response in the rat frontal lobe transcriptome to perinatal exposure to the flame retardant BDE-47.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1099-1263\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jat.1667\",\"abstract\":\"BDE-47 is the most prevalent congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which are widely used flame retardants, and is known for endocrine and behavioral disrupting properties in animals. Transient effect on spontaneous motor activity in rats following perinatal exposure to BDE-47 at low doses, relevant to human exposure, was reported in our previous study. The objective of this study was to screen for the long-term effects on gene expression in the brain of rats perinatally exposed to BDE-47. Wistar dams were exposed to BDE-47 (0.002 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) body weight) from gestation day 15 to postnatal day (PND) 20. Total RNA was extracted from the whole brain at PND10 and the brain frontal lobes at PND41 and hybridized to whole-genome RNA expression microarrays. The genes, differentially expressed 1.5-fold, were analyzed with the DAVID bioinformatics resources for cluster and gene-term enrichment. At PND41, clusters of genes involved in nerve impulse transmission, nervous system development and functioning, and core biosynthetic process were altered, including several downregulated genes of cation channels. Representation of LINE1 RNA was decreased significantly. Altered expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment occured at least 3 weeks after the last exposure and the behavioral manifestation of low dose BDE-47 toxicity.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Journal of applied toxicology : JAT\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suvorov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexander\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21394737\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Behavior, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Frontal Lobe, Frontal Lobe: drug effects, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Maternal Exposure, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Neurogenesis: genetics, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"477–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suvorov_delayed_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Delayed response in the rat frontal lobe transcriptome to perinatal exposure to the flame retardant {BDE}-47.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1099-1263},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jat.1667},\\n\\tabstract = {BDE-47 is the most prevalent congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which are widely used flame retardants, and is known for endocrine and behavioral disrupting properties in animals. Transient effect on spontaneous motor activity in rats following perinatal exposure to BDE-47 at low doses, relevant to human exposure, was reported in our previous study. The objective of this study was to screen for the long-term effects on gene expression in the brain of rats perinatally exposed to BDE-47. Wistar dams were exposed to BDE-47 (0.002 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) body weight) from gestation day 15 to postnatal day (PND) 20. Total RNA was extracted from the whole brain at PND10 and the brain frontal lobes at PND41 and hybridized to whole-genome RNA expression microarrays. The genes, differentially expressed 1.5-fold, were analyzed with the DAVID bioinformatics resources for cluster and gene-term enrichment. At PND41, clusters of genes involved in nerve impulse transmission, nervous system development and functioning, and core biosynthetic process were altered, including several downregulated genes of cation channels. Representation of LINE1 RNA was decreased significantly. Altered expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment occured at least 3 weeks after the last exposure and the behavioral manifestation of low dose BDE-47 toxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of applied toxicology : JAT},\\n\\tauthor = {Suvorov, Alexander and Takser, Larissa},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21394737},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Behavior, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Frontal Lobe, Frontal Lobe: drug effects, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Maternal Exposure, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Neurogenesis: genetics, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {477--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suvorov, A.\",\"Takser, L.\"],\"key\":\"suvorov_delayed_2011\",\"id\":\"suvorov_delayed_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suvorov-takser-delayedresponseintheratfrontallobetranscriptometoperinatalexposuretotheflameretardantbde47-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animal: physiology\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Developmental\",\"Developmental: drug ef\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Frontal Lobe\",\"Frontal Lobe: drug effects\",\"Gene Expression\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression: drug effects\",\"Genome-Wide Association Study\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Neurogenesis\",\"Neurogenesis: drug effects\",\"Neurogenesis: genetics\",\"Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.).\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.003\",\"abstract\":\"To explore the concentrations and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) the reindeer milk and tissue samples were collected from the sub-arctic northern Finland. Reindeer milk's PCB sum (1.20ng g(-1) wet weight) and PCDD/F sum (0.70pg g(-1) ww) in autumn were higher than in summer (PCBs 0.50ng g(-1) ww and PCDD/Fs 0.20pg g(-1) ww). The mean fat content in autumn milk (26%) was significantly higher than in summer (10%). Concentrations in reindeer milk were generally far below 50% of that in adult reindeer body burden. However, the bioaccumulation factors were multiple in milk/reindeer calf ratio and that aroused the question of other important exposure routes than lactation. The muscle and liver of reindeer calves had higher PCDD/F and PCB concentrations than adult animals that possibly indicate the significance of transfer of these compounds from dam to calf through lactation and placenta. However, PBDE concentrations were higher in adult reindeer, especially in liver. In addition, reindeer liver seems to have a special feature to collect highly toxic PCDD/Fs, although the PCB sum concentrations (range from 0.33 to 1.69ng g(-1) wet weight) were clearly higher than the sums of PCDD/Fs (range from 3.78 to 39.2pg g(-1) ww). Stillborn reindeer calves represented individuals who had got their PCDD/F, PCB and PBDE load only via the placenta. Concentrations in muscle and brown adipose tissue samples did not indicate dependency on fat content. Obviously effective placental transfer of PCBs and PBDEs from reindeer dam to foetus was seen in this study.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suutari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anniina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruokojärvi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Päivi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiviranta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matti\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korhonen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Markku\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nieminen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mauri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laaksonen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sauli\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21040976\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, waa\",\"pages\":\"335–41\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suutari_polychlorinated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PCDDs}), dibenzofurans ({PCDFs}), polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Finnish} semi-domesticated reindeer ({Rangifer} tarandus tarandus {L}.).},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.003},\\n\\tabstract = {To explore the concentrations and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) the reindeer milk and tissue samples were collected from the sub-arctic northern Finland. Reindeer milk's PCB sum (1.20ng g(-1) wet weight) and PCDD/F sum (0.70pg g(-1) ww) in autumn were higher than in summer (PCBs 0.50ng g(-1) ww and PCDD/Fs 0.20pg g(-1) ww). The mean fat content in autumn milk (26\\\\%) was significantly higher than in summer (10\\\\%). Concentrations in reindeer milk were generally far below 50\\\\% of that in adult reindeer body burden. However, the bioaccumulation factors were multiple in milk/reindeer calf ratio and that aroused the question of other important exposure routes than lactation. The muscle and liver of reindeer calves had higher PCDD/F and PCB concentrations than adult animals that possibly indicate the significance of transfer of these compounds from dam to calf through lactation and placenta. However, PBDE concentrations were higher in adult reindeer, especially in liver. In addition, reindeer liver seems to have a special feature to collect highly toxic PCDD/Fs, although the PCB sum concentrations (range from 0.33 to 1.69ng g(-1) wet weight) were clearly higher than the sums of PCDD/Fs (range from 3.78 to 39.2pg g(-1) ww). Stillborn reindeer calves represented individuals who had got their PCDD/F, PCB and PBDE load only via the placenta. Concentrations in muscle and brown adipose tissue samples did not indicate dependency on fat content. Obviously effective placental transfer of PCBs and PBDEs from reindeer dam to foetus was seen in this study.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Suutari, Anniina and Ruokojärvi, Päivi and Kiviranta, Hannu and Verta, Matti and Korhonen, Markku and Nieminen, Mauri and Laaksonen, Sauli},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21040976},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, waa},\\n\\tpages = {335--41},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Suutari, A.\",\"Ruokojärvi, P.\",\"Kiviranta, H.\",\"Verta, M.\",\"Korhonen, M.\",\"Nieminen, M.\",\"Laaksonen, S.\"],\"key\":\"suutari_polychlorinated_2011\",\"id\":\"suutari_polychlorinated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"suutari-ruokojrvi-kiviranta-verta-korhonen-nieminen-laaksonen-polychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddsdibenzofuranspcdfspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfinnishsemidomesticatedreindeerrangifertarandustarandusl-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/b921910b\",\"abstract\":\"The levels and relative proportions of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs), some of which are reportedly toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in human breast milk and samples of fish and mussels from Swedish lakes and coastal areas in order to assess spatial differences in environmental exposure and spatial and temporal differences in human exposure. Some of the biota samples were collected at locations with known potential sources of OPs, but most were collected in background locations. Tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) dominated in the biota with levels ranging from 170 to 770 ng g(-1) for TCPP in perch and between 21 and 180 ng g(-1) for TPP. In milk samples, TCPP (median 45 ng g(-1)) and tributyl phosphate (median 12 ng g(-1)) were the most frequently occurring OPs. Among samples of fish from background locations, the concentrations and profiles of most OPs were quite similar, indicating that their sources were diffuse. However, in fish from sample locations near known sources, there were marked differences in OP concentrations and profiles. Fish from a stream receiving surface water from Arlanda airport displayed high levels of OPs (10 200 ng g(-1)) that are commonly used in aircraft hydraulic fluids. Fish collected at points 1 or 2 km downstream of sewage treatment plants showed significantly higher levels of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), one of the most typically abundant OP in effluents from such plants. In the milk samples obtained from women in different towns no distinct differences were detected in OP concentrations or profiles. However, the levels of TBEP tended to be higher in milk collected 10 years ago than in milk collected more recently. However, human exposure to OPs through eating fish or to breastfeeding babies seems to be of minor importance in relation to other potential sources, such as indoor dust inhalation and ingestion.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sundkvist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anneli\",\"Marklund\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olofsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haglund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20383376\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Mytilus, Mytilus: chemistry, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"943–51\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sundkvist_organophosphorus_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/b921910b},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels and relative proportions of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs), some of which are reportedly toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in human breast milk and samples of fish and mussels from Swedish lakes and coastal areas in order to assess spatial differences in environmental exposure and spatial and temporal differences in human exposure. Some of the biota samples were collected at locations with known potential sources of OPs, but most were collected in background locations. Tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) dominated in the biota with levels ranging from 170 to 770 ng g(-1) for TCPP in perch and between 21 and 180 ng g(-1) for TPP. In milk samples, TCPP (median 45 ng g(-1)) and tributyl phosphate (median 12 ng g(-1)) were the most frequently occurring OPs. Among samples of fish from background locations, the concentrations and profiles of most OPs were quite similar, indicating that their sources were diffuse. However, in fish from sample locations near known sources, there were marked differences in OP concentrations and profiles. Fish from a stream receiving surface water from Arlanda airport displayed high levels of OPs (10 200 ng g(-1)) that are commonly used in aircraft hydraulic fluids. Fish collected at points 1 or 2 km downstream of sewage treatment plants showed significantly higher levels of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), one of the most typically abundant OP in effluents from such plants. In the milk samples obtained from women in different towns no distinct differences were detected in OP concentrations or profiles. However, the levels of TBEP tended to be higher in milk collected 10 years ago than in milk collected more recently. However, human exposure to OPs through eating fish or to breastfeeding babies seems to be of minor importance in relation to other potential sources, such as indoor dust inhalation and ingestion.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Sundkvist, Anneli Marklund and Olofsson, Ulrika and Haglund, Peter},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20383376},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Mytilus, Mytilus: chemistry, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {943--51},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sundkvist, A. M.\",\"Olofsson, U.\",\"Haglund, P.\"],\"key\":\"sundkvist_organophosphorus_2010\",\"id\":\"sundkvist_organophosphorus_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sundkvist-olofsson-haglund-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinmarineandfreshwaterbiotaandinhumanmilk-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Milk\",\"Mytilus\",\"Mytilus: chemistry\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"UK Department of Trade and Industry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"of\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Surrey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"University\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{of_surrey_effectiveness_2000,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Effectiveness of the {Furniture} and {Furnishings} ({Fire}) ({Safety}) {Regulations} 1988},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {UK Department of Trade and Industry},\\n\\tauthor = {of Surrey, University},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"of Surrey, U.\"],\"key\":\"of_surrey_effectiveness_2000\",\"id\":\"of_surrey_effectiveness_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ofsurrey-effectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in three terrestrial passerine birds from South China: geographical pattern and implication for potential sources.\",\"volume\":\"162\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.013\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were investigated in light-vented bulbul (LVB), long-tailed shrike (LTS) and oriental magpie-robin (OMR) collected from seven sampling sites in South China. ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, PBB 153, and PBT levels ranged from 35 to 15,000, no detected (nd)-130, nd-6800, and nd-6.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Positive correlations were found between δ(15)N values and brominated flame retardant (BFR) concentrations. The BFR geographic pattern indicated that PBDEs were linked to e-waste recycling and local industry activities as well as urbanization; PBB 153 was derived from e-waste; DBDPE was mainly come from local industry activities; and no specific source was observed for PBT. PBDE congener profiles were found to be depended on bird species and sampling sites with relatively high abundances of lower brominated congeners in e-waste site and significantly higher abundance of BDE153 in LTS and OMR than in LVB.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu-xin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fa-sheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22243889\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"381–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sun_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in three terrestrial passerine birds from {South} {China}: geographical pattern and implication for potential sources.},\\n\\tvolume = {162},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were investigated in light-vented bulbul (LVB), long-tailed shrike (LTS) and oriental magpie-robin (OMR) collected from seven sampling sites in South China. ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, PBB 153, and PBT levels ranged from 35 to 15,000, no detected (nd)-130, nd-6800, and nd-6.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Positive correlations were found between δ(15)N values and brominated flame retardant (BFR) concentrations. The BFR geographic pattern indicated that PBDEs were linked to e-waste recycling and local industry activities as well as urbanization; PBB 153 was derived from e-waste; DBDPE was mainly come from local industry activities; and no specific source was observed for PBT. PBDE congener profiles were found to be depended on bird species and sampling sites with relatively high abundances of lower brominated congeners in e-waste site and significantly higher abundance of BDE153 in LTS and OMR than in LVB.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Sun, Yu-xin and Luo, Xiao-jun and Mo, Ling and Zhang, Qiang and Wu, Jiang-ping and Chen, She-jun and Zou, Fa-sheng and Mai, Bi-xian},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22243889},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {381--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sun, Y.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mo, L.\",\"Zhang, Q.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Zou, F.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"sun_brominated_2012\",\"id\":\"sun_brominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sun-luo-mo-zhang-wu-chen-zou-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinthreeterrestrialpasserinebirdsfromsouthchinageographicalpatternandimplicationforpotentialsources-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"China\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Passeriformes\",\"Passeriformes: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changes in plasma retinol of American kestrels (Falco sparverius) in response to dietary or in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a penta-brominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"1528-7394\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15287394.2010.501720\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are ubiquitous, lipophilic, and bioaccumulative brominated flame retardants. Plasma retinol concentrations of captive adult American kestrels were assessed at the beginning of the breeding season following 3 wk of daily dietary exposure to vehicle (control), low (0.3 ng/g wet weight [ww]), or high (1.6 ng/g ww) concentrations of DE-71 and in their 25-d-old nestlings following embryonic exposure by maternal deposition to environmentally relevant low (291 ± 48 ng/g ww) or high (1111 ± 160 ng/g ww) sum (Σ) PBDE concentrations. Unexpectedly, low in ovo concentrations of total-α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were detected. Plasma retinol concentrations of adult males exposed to higher DE-71 concentrations were negatively correlated with in ovo ΣPBDE, BDE-100, and HBCD levels. Maternal (13%) and nestling (11%) retinol levels were lower in the low-exposure group compared to respective controls, and biologically significant since their retinol levels were correlated with hatching success and growth, respectively. Maternal retinol levels were also correlated with BDE-153. The underlying mechanisms may involve (1) PBDE exposure, hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites, and subsequent changes in retinol mobilization; (2) decreased maternal food consumption; and (3) reduced maternal retinol yolk deposits. The apparent lack of retinol changes in the high-exposure kestrel may reflect compensation occurring, either by increased mobilization and transportation of retinol, and/or higher food consumption in these birds. When highly mobile as evidenced during reproduction or development, retinol concentrations of adult and nestling kestrels are sensitive to environmentally relevant PBDE and HBCD levels.\",\"number\":\"23\",\"journal\":\"Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sullivan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrina\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bird\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ritchie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"Ian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shutt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"Laird\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20967677\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: blood, Vitamin A: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"1645–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sullivan_changes_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Changes in plasma retinol of {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) in response to dietary or in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a penta-brominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {1528-7394},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15287394.2010.501720},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are ubiquitous, lipophilic, and bioaccumulative brominated flame retardants. Plasma retinol concentrations of captive adult American kestrels were assessed at the beginning of the breeding season following 3 wk of daily dietary exposure to vehicle (control), low (0.3 ng/g wet weight [ww]), or high (1.6 ng/g ww) concentrations of DE-71 and in their 25-d-old nestlings following embryonic exposure by maternal deposition to environmentally relevant low (291 ± 48 ng/g ww) or high (1111 ± 160 ng/g ww) sum (Σ) PBDE concentrations. Unexpectedly, low in ovo concentrations of total-α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were detected. Plasma retinol concentrations of adult males exposed to higher DE-71 concentrations were negatively correlated with in ovo ΣPBDE, BDE-100, and HBCD levels. Maternal (13\\\\%) and nestling (11\\\\%) retinol levels were lower in the low-exposure group compared to respective controls, and biologically significant since their retinol levels were correlated with hatching success and growth, respectively. Maternal retinol levels were also correlated with BDE-153. The underlying mechanisms may involve (1) PBDE exposure, hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites, and subsequent changes in retinol mobilization; (2) decreased maternal food consumption; and (3) reduced maternal retinol yolk deposits. The apparent lack of retinol changes in the high-exposure kestrel may reflect compensation occurring, either by increased mobilization and transportation of retinol, and/or higher food consumption in these birds. When highly mobile as evidenced during reproduction or development, retinol concentrations of adult and nestling kestrels are sensitive to environmentally relevant PBDE and HBCD levels.},\\n\\tnumber = {23},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},\\n\\tauthor = {Sullivan, Katrina M and Bird, David M and Ritchie, J Ian and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Fernie, Kim J},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20967677},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: blood, Vitamin A: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {1645--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sullivan, K. M\",\"Bird, D. M\",\"Ritchie, J I.\",\"Shutt, J L.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Fernie, K. J\"],\"key\":\"sullivan_changes_2010\",\"id\":\"sullivan_changes_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sullivan-bird-ritchie-shutt-letcher-fernie-changesinplasmaretinolofamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusinresponsetodietaryorinovoexposuretoenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofapentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Diet\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology\",\"Male\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Vitamin A\",\"Vitamin A: blood\",\"Vitamin A: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in liver of Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus).\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.059\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known brominated flame retardants that have now been banned or phased out in many parts of the world. As a consequence, interest in the environmental occurrence of non-PBDE flame retardants has increased. In the present study several potential PBDE replacement products together with short chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were assessed in Greenland sharks accidentally caught in waters around Iceland between 2001 and 2003. Non-PBDE flame retardants detected were pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene (TBX). The concentrations were lower than levels of BDE-47 but similar to other PBDE congeners previously reported in Greenland shark. The median concentrations of SCCPs was 430 ng g(-1) fat, similar to individual PCB congeners previously reported. This is the first report of SCCPs, BTBPE, PBEB and TBX in any shark species globally and confirms the usefulness of the Greenland shark as a screening species for environmental contamination in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environment.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruhn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoffer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Svavarsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jörundur\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"\\\\AAke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23360749\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"222–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{strid_brominated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in liver of {Greenland} shark ({Somniosus} microcephalus).},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.059},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known brominated flame retardants that have now been banned or phased out in many parts of the world. As a consequence, interest in the environmental occurrence of non-PBDE flame retardants has increased. In the present study several potential PBDE replacement products together with short chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were assessed in Greenland sharks accidentally caught in waters around Iceland between 2001 and 2003. Non-PBDE flame retardants detected were pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene (TBX). The concentrations were lower than levels of BDE-47 but similar to other PBDE congeners previously reported in Greenland shark. The median concentrations of SCCPs was 430 ng g(-1) fat, similar to individual PCB congeners previously reported. This is the first report of SCCPs, BTBPE, PBEB and TBX in any shark species globally and confirms the usefulness of the Greenland shark as a screening species for environmental contamination in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Strid, Anna and Bruhn, Christoffer and Sverko, Ed and Svavarsson, Jörundur and Tomy, Gregg and Bergman, {\\\\textbackslash}AAke},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23360749},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {222--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Strid, A.\",\"Bruhn, C.\",\"Sverko, E.\",\"Svavarsson, J.\",\"Tomy, G.\",\"Bergman, \\\\.\"],\"key\":\"strid_brominated_2013\",\"id\":\"strid_brominated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"strid-bruhn-sverko-svavarsson-tomy-bergman-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinliverofgreenlandsharksomniosusmicrocephalus-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols.\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfh029\",\"abstract\":\"DE-71, a commercial mixture, was used to test the sensitivity of the female and male pubertal protocol to detect thyroid active chemicals. These protocols are being evaluated for the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program as part of a Tier I Screening Battery. To examine the ability of these protocols to screen for chemicals that induce the clearance of thyroid hormone, we examined male and female Wistar rats following DE-71 exposure. Rats were gavaged daily with 0, 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg DE in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 23-53 in the male or PND 22-41 in the female. The temporal effects of DE-71 on liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were measured in another group of males and females following only 5 days of dosing (PND 21 to 26 in females and PND 23 to 28 in males). Serum T4 was significantly decreased at 30 and 60 mg/kg following the 5-day exposures and in the 21-day exposed females. Doses of 3, 30, and 60 mg/kg decreased T4 in 31-day exposed males. Serum T3 was decreased and TSH elevated by 30 and 60 mg/kg in the 31-day exposed males only. Decreased colloid area and increased follicular cell heights (indicative of the hypothyroid state) were observed in thyroids of the 60 mg/kg groups of 20- and 31-day exposed female and males. Increased liver-to-body weight ratios coincided with a significant induction of uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDGPT; two to four-fold), and ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD) at the two highest doses in all exposures. Of the androgen dependent tissues in the 31-day exposed males, seminal vesicle (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights were reduced at 60 mg/kg, while testes and epididymal weights were not affected. Preputial separation (PPS) was also significantly delayed by doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. In the female, the 60 mg/kg dose also caused a significant delay in the age of vaginal opening. Based upon the thyroid hormone response data, this study provides evidence that the 31-day alternative Tier 1 male protocol is a more sensitive test protocol than the 5-day or female pubertal protocol for thyrotoxic agents that act via up-regulation of hepatic metabolism. This apparent greater sensitivity may be due a greater body burden attained following the longer dosing regimen as compared with that of the female protocol, or to gender specific differences in thyroid hormone metabolism. Also, the delay in PPS and reduction in SV and VP weights may indicate a modification or inhibition of endogenous androgenic stimulation directly by DE-71 or a secondary effect that occurs in response to a DE-induced change in thyroid hormones.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stoker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tammy\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laws\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crofton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hedge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joan\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferrell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janet\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralph\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"14999130\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Complex Mixtures, Complex Mixtures: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Evaluation, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: chemically induced, Endpoint Determination, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Microsomes, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Penis, Penis: drug effects, Penis: growth & development, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preclinical, Pregnancy, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Toxicity Tests, Vagina, Vagina: drug effects, Vagina: growth & development, Wistar, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"144–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stoker_assessment_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) mixture, in the {EDSP} male and female pubertal protocols.},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfh029},\\n\\tabstract = {DE-71, a commercial mixture, was used to test the sensitivity of the female and male pubertal protocol to detect thyroid active chemicals. These protocols are being evaluated for the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program as part of a Tier I Screening Battery. To examine the ability of these protocols to screen for chemicals that induce the clearance of thyroid hormone, we examined male and female Wistar rats following DE-71 exposure. Rats were gavaged daily with 0, 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg DE in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 23-53 in the male or PND 22-41 in the female. The temporal effects of DE-71 on liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were measured in another group of males and females following only 5 days of dosing (PND 21 to 26 in females and PND 23 to 28 in males). Serum T4 was significantly decreased at 30 and 60 mg/kg following the 5-day exposures and in the 21-day exposed females. Doses of 3, 30, and 60 mg/kg decreased T4 in 31-day exposed males. Serum T3 was decreased and TSH elevated by 30 and 60 mg/kg in the 31-day exposed males only. Decreased colloid area and increased follicular cell heights (indicative of the hypothyroid state) were observed in thyroids of the 60 mg/kg groups of 20- and 31-day exposed female and males. Increased liver-to-body weight ratios coincided with a significant induction of uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDGPT; two to four-fold), and ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD) at the two highest doses in all exposures. Of the androgen dependent tissues in the 31-day exposed males, seminal vesicle (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights were reduced at 60 mg/kg, while testes and epididymal weights were not affected. Preputial separation (PPS) was also significantly delayed by doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. In the female, the 60 mg/kg dose also caused a significant delay in the age of vaginal opening. Based upon the thyroid hormone response data, this study provides evidence that the 31-day alternative Tier 1 male protocol is a more sensitive test protocol than the 5-day or female pubertal protocol for thyrotoxic agents that act via up-regulation of hepatic metabolism. This apparent greater sensitivity may be due a greater body burden attained following the longer dosing regimen as compared with that of the female protocol, or to gender specific differences in thyroid hormone metabolism. Also, the delay in PPS and reduction in SV and VP weights may indicate a modification or inhibition of endogenous androgenic stimulation directly by DE-71 or a secondary effect that occurs in response to a DE-induced change in thyroid hormones.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Stoker, Tammy E and Laws, Susan C and Crofton, Kevin M and Hedge, Joan M and Ferrell, Janet M and Cooper, Ralph L},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {14999130},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Complex Mixtures, Complex Mixtures: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Evaluation, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: chemically induced, Endpoint Determination, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Microsomes, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Penis, Penis: drug effects, Penis: growth \\\\& development, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preclinical, Pregnancy, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Toxicity Tests, Vagina, Vagina: drug effects, Vagina: growth \\\\& development, Wistar, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {144--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stoker, T. E\",\"Laws, S. C\",\"Crofton, K. M\",\"Hedge, J. M\",\"Ferrell, J. M\",\"Cooper, R. L\"],\"key\":\"stoker_assessment_2004\",\"id\":\"stoker_assessment_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stoker-laws-crofton-hedge-ferrell-cooper-assessmentofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixtureintheedspmaleandfemalepubertalprotocols-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Complex Mixtures\",\"Complex Mixtures: toxicity\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Drug Evaluation\",\"Endocrine System Diseases\",\"Endocrine System Diseases: chemically induced\",\"Endpoint Determination\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Male\",\"Microsomes\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Penis\",\"Penis: drug effects\",\"Penis: growth & development\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Preclinical\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Radioimmunoassay\",\"Rats\",\"Sexual Maturation\",\"Sexual Maturation: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Vagina\",\"Vagina: drug effects\",\"Vagina: growth & development\",\"Wistar\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"url\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.015\",\"number\":\"2-3\",\"journal\":\"Energy and Buildings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hull\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"498–506\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stec_assessment_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.015},\\n\\tnumber = {2-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Energy and Buildings},\\n\\tauthor = {Stec, Anna A and Hull, T Richard},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {498--506},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stec, A. A\",\"Hull, T R.\"],\"key\":\"stec_assessment_2011\",\"id\":\"stec_assessment_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stec-hull-assessmentofthefiretoxicityofbuildinginsulationmaterials-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia.\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia. Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ(7) of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82400 ng g(-1) (median 571 ng g(-1)). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66% of Σ(32)PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ(32)PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stasinska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alison\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinwood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stevenson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gavin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Callan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\",\"Øyvind\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heyworth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jane\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23357863\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"187–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stasinska_concentrations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in residential dust samples from {Western} {Australia}.},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia. Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ(7) of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82400 ng g(-1) (median 571 ng g(-1)). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66\\\\% of Σ(32)PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ(32)PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Stasinska, Ania and Reid, Alison and Hinwood, Andrea and Stevenson, Gavin and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Heyworth, Jane},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23357863},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {187--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stasinska, A.\",\"Reid, A.\",\"Hinwood, A.\",\"Stevenson, G.\",\"Callan, A.\",\"Odland, J. Ø.\",\"Heyworth, J.\"],\"key\":\"stasinska_concentrations_2013\",\"id\":\"stasinska_concentrations_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"IDENTIFICATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYURETHANE FOAM COLLECTED FROM BABY PRODUCTS.\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"url\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Prior to 2004, PentaBDE was a flame retardant mixture frequently added to the polyurethane foam in consumer products (e.g. furniture). Due to concerns over the persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) present in this commercial mixture, chemical companies voluntarily phased out the use of PentaBDE in the United States. Today, alternative types of chemical flame retardants are added to polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards for furniture. The flammability standard which primarily drives this use is California's Department of Consumer Affairs Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117). Despite the fact that TB117 is only required for residential upholstered furniture sold in the state of California, a large number of products sold elsewhere in the U.S. also comply with TB117 and therefore contain additive flame retardants. In addition to furniture, these products include baby products such as strollers, car seats, mattresses, and nursing pillows. There are currently no data available regarding the types of chemicals commonly added to foam found in baby products. This study was undertaken to determine how frequently flame retardant additives are found in specific types of baby products, identify the most common chemicals used, and determine whether the presence of a TB117 label on the product could be used as an indicator for the presence of these flame retardant chemicals in the foam.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"HM\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"TF\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, use\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_identification_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{IDENTIFICATION} {OF} {FLAME} {RETARDANTS} {IN} {POLYURETHANE} {FOAM} {COLLECTED} {FROM} {BABY} {PRODUCTS}.},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Prior to 2004, PentaBDE was a flame retardant mixture frequently added to the polyurethane foam in consumer products (e.g. furniture). Due to concerns over the persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) present in this commercial mixture, chemical companies voluntarily phased out the use of PentaBDE in the United States. Today, alternative types of chemical flame retardants are added to polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards for furniture. The flammability standard which primarily drives this use is California's Department of Consumer Affairs Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117). Despite the fact that TB117 is only required for residential upholstered furniture sold in the state of California, a large number of products sold elsewhere in the U.S. also comply with TB117 and therefore contain additive flame retardants. In addition to furniture, these products include baby products such as strollers, car seats, mattresses, and nursing pillows. There are currently no data available regarding the types of chemicals commonly added to foam found in baby products. This study was undertaken to determine how frequently flame retardant additives are found in specific types of baby products, identify the most common chemicals used, and determine whether the presence of a TB117 label on the product could be used as an indicator for the presence of these flame retardant chemicals in the foam.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, HM and Klosterhaus, S and Blum, A and Webster, TF},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, use},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H.\",\"Klosterhaus, S\",\"Blum, A\",\"Webster, T.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_identification_2010\",\"id\":\"stapleton_identification_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-klosterhaus-blum-webster-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foam recyclers and carpet installers working in the United States.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133\",\"abstract\":\"Increased exposure to the flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may be expected to occur during the recycling of polyurethane foam containing these chemicals. To date, no studies in the United States have investigated occupational exposure to these flame retardants during recycling processes. The objective of the present study was to determine if individuals working in foam recycling facilities, and/or carpet installers who may install carpet padding manufactured from recycled foam, possess significantly higher PBDE serum levels relative to that of the general U.S. population. As a control group, serum was collected from four spouses and one clerical worker. In addition, levels in workers were also compared to the recently published national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) data set on PBDEs in the general U.S. population. Serum samples were collected in duplicate and analyzed by two different laboratories as quality control. Total PBDE levels were found to be significantly higher (p \\\\textless 0.05) in the individuals recycling foam and installing carpet (n = 15) relative to the control group (n = 5). Median sigmaPBDE levels in the foam recyclers, carpet layers, and control group were 160, 178, and 19 ng/g lipid, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of a polybrominated biphenyl (BB-153) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (CB-153) were equivalent among all groups tested. The PBDE congeners BDE-47, 99, 100, and 153 contributed 90% of the sigmaPBDE concentration in serum and no differences in congener patterns were apparent among the different groups. Relative to concentrations measured in the NHANES, foam recyclers and carpet layers have body burdens that are an order of magnitude higher. These data suggest individuals recycling foam-containing products, and/ or using products manufactured from recycled foam (i.e., carpet padding), have higher body burdens of PBDEs, and thus may be at higher risk from adverse health effects associated with brominated flame retardant exposure.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niehüser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yalin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18522133\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Quality Control, United States, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"3453–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_serum_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in foam recyclers and carpet installers working in the {United} {States}.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133},\\n\\tabstract = {Increased exposure to the flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may be expected to occur during the recycling of polyurethane foam containing these chemicals. To date, no studies in the United States have investigated occupational exposure to these flame retardants during recycling processes. The objective of the present study was to determine if individuals working in foam recycling facilities, and/or carpet installers who may install carpet padding manufactured from recycled foam, possess significantly higher PBDE serum levels relative to that of the general U.S. population. As a control group, serum was collected from four spouses and one clerical worker. In addition, levels in workers were also compared to the recently published national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) data set on PBDEs in the general U.S. population. Serum samples were collected in duplicate and analyzed by two different laboratories as quality control. Total PBDE levels were found to be significantly higher (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) in the individuals recycling foam and installing carpet (n = 15) relative to the control group (n = 5). Median sigmaPBDE levels in the foam recyclers, carpet layers, and control group were 160, 178, and 19 ng/g lipid, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of a polybrominated biphenyl (BB-153) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (CB-153) were equivalent among all groups tested. The PBDE congeners BDE-47, 99, 100, and 153 contributed 90\\\\% of the sigmaPBDE concentration in serum and no differences in congener patterns were apparent among the different groups. Relative to concentrations measured in the NHANES, foam recyclers and carpet layers have body burdens that are an order of magnitude higher. These data suggest individuals recycling foam-containing products, and/ or using products manufactured from recycled foam (i.e., carpet padding), have higher body burdens of PBDEs, and thus may be at higher risk from adverse health effects associated with brominated flame retardant exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Jones, Richard S and Niehüser, Sara and Zhang, Yalin and Patterson, Donald G},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18522133},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Quality Control, United States, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {3453--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Jones, R. S\",\"Niehüser, S.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Patterson, D. G\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_serum_2008\",\"id\":\"stapleton_serum_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-sjdin-jones-niehser-zhang-patterson-serumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfoamrecyclersandcarpetinstallersworkingintheunitedstates-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Ethers\",\"Ethers: analysis\",\"Ethers: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polyurethanes\",\"Polyurethanes: chemistry\",\"Quality Control\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and dechloranes in eels from German Rivers.\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.016\",\"abstract\":\"The levels of PBDEs, alternate BFRs and dechloranes in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) samples (elvers, yellow and silver eels) were investigated to compare the contamination of eels from the rivers Elbe and Rhine and to estimate the BFR contamination throughout the eel's life cycle. PBDEs were the dominating flame retardants (FRs) in muscle tissues of yellow and silver eels, while the alternate BFR 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and the Dechlorane 602 were the dominating FRs in elvers (juvenile eels). Concentrations of FRs in silver eels from river Rhine were generally higher than concentrations in other eels analysed with up to 46 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) ∑PBDEs. The concentrations in yellow and silver eels from river Elbe were similar with an average of 9.0±5.1 ng g(-1)ww and 8.1±3.7 ng g(-1)ww respectively. PBDE concentrations in elvers were comparably low (0.02 (BDE-100) to 0.1 (BDE-183) ng g(-1)ww), which lead to the conclusion that these contaminants were mostly ingested within the rivers. Among the alternate BFRs and dechloranes, DPTE as well as the Dechlorane 602 and Dechlorane Plus (DP) were found in all life cycle stages and rivers with concentrations between 0.01 ng g(-1)ww and 0.7 ng g(-1)ww. Dechlorane 603 could only be detected in silver eels from river Rhine. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was only found in yellow and silver eels and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) could only be detected in elvers. These are the first reports of Dec-602 and 603 in aquatic organisms from Europe. The results of this study show the lasting relevance of PBDEs as contaminants in rivers and river-dwelling species but also the growing relevance of emerging contaminants such as alternate BFRs and dechloranes.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sühring\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roxana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freese\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pohlmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan-Dag\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolschke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hendrik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reinhold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"22985592\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"118–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{suhring_brominated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and dechloranes in eels from {German} {Rivers}.},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.016},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels of PBDEs, alternate BFRs and dechloranes in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) samples (elvers, yellow and silver eels) were investigated to compare the contamination of eels from the rivers Elbe and Rhine and to estimate the BFR contamination throughout the eel's life cycle. PBDEs were the dominating flame retardants (FRs) in muscle tissues of yellow and silver eels, while the alternate BFR 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and the Dechlorane 602 were the dominating FRs in elvers (juvenile eels). Concentrations of FRs in silver eels from river Rhine were generally higher than concentrations in other eels analysed with up to 46 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) ∑PBDEs. The concentrations in yellow and silver eels from river Elbe were similar with an average of 9.0±5.1 ng g(-1)ww and 8.1±3.7 ng g(-1)ww respectively. PBDE concentrations in elvers were comparably low (0.02 (BDE-100) to 0.1 (BDE-183) ng g(-1)ww), which lead to the conclusion that these contaminants were mostly ingested within the rivers. Among the alternate BFRs and dechloranes, DPTE as well as the Dechlorane 602 and Dechlorane Plus (DP) were found in all life cycle stages and rivers with concentrations between 0.01 ng g(-1)ww and 0.7 ng g(-1)ww. Dechlorane 603 could only be detected in silver eels from river Rhine. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was only found in yellow and silver eels and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) could only be detected in elvers. These are the first reports of Dec-602 and 603 in aquatic organisms from Europe. The results of this study show the lasting relevance of PBDEs as contaminants in rivers and river-dwelling species but also the growing relevance of emerging contaminants such as alternate BFRs and dechloranes.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Sühring, Roxana and Möller, Axel and Freese, Marko and Pohlmann, Jan-Dag and Wolschke, Hendrik and Sturm, Renate and Xie, Zhiyong and Hanel, Reinhold and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {22985592},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {118--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sühring, R.\",\"Möller, A.\",\"Freese, M.\",\"Pohlmann, J.\",\"Wolschke, H.\",\"Sturm, R.\",\"Xie, Z.\",\"Hanel, R.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\"],\"key\":\"suhring_brominated_2013\",\"id\":\"suhring_brominated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shring-mller-freese-pohlmann-wolschke-sturm-xie-hanel-etal-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesineelsfromgermanrivers-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: metabolism\",\"Eels\",\"Eels: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicogenomic mechanisms of 6-HO-BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47, and BDE-47 in E. coli.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203212w\",\"abstract\":\"Cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 and its two analogues, BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47, and the associated molecular mechanisms were assessed by use of a live cell reporter assay system which contains a library of 1820 modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing promoter reporter vectors constructed from E. coli K12 strains. 6-HO-BDE-47 inhibited growth of E. coli with a 4 h median effect concentration (EC50) of 22.52 ± 2.20 mg/L, but neither BDE-47 nor 6-MeO-BDE-47 were cytotoxic. Thus, 6-HO-BDE-47 might serve as an antibiotic in some living organisms. Exposure to 6-HO-BDE-47 resulted in 65 (fold change \\\\textgreater2) or 129 (fold change \\\\textgreater1.5) genes being differentially expressed. The no observed transcriptional effect concentration (NOTEC) and median transcriptional effect concentration (TEC50) based on transcriptional end points, of 6-HO-BDE-47 were 0.0438 and 0.580 mg/L, respectively. The transcriptional responses were 514- and 39-fold more sensitive than the acute EC50 to inhibit cell growth. Most of the genes that were differentially expressed in response to 6-HO-BDE-47 were not modulated by BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 to E. coli was via a mechanism that was different from that of either BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. Gene expression associated with metabolic pathways was more responsive to 6-HO-BDE-47, which suggests that this pathway might be the primary target of this compound.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Su\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guanyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"H\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"K\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siddiqui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maqsood\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Musarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Javed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Khedhairy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abdulaziz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22111525\",\"keywords\":\"Anisoles, Anisoles: toxicity, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effect, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: genetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Molecular Structure, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1185–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{su_toxicogenomic_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicogenomic mechanisms of 6-{HO}-{BDE}-47, 6-{MeO}-{BDE}-47, and {BDE}-47 in {E}. coli.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203212w},\\n\\tabstract = {Cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 and its two analogues, BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47, and the associated molecular mechanisms were assessed by use of a live cell reporter assay system which contains a library of 1820 modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing promoter reporter vectors constructed from E. coli K12 strains. 6-HO-BDE-47 inhibited growth of E. coli with a 4 h median effect concentration (EC50) of 22.52 ± 2.20 mg/L, but neither BDE-47 nor 6-MeO-BDE-47 were cytotoxic. Thus, 6-HO-BDE-47 might serve as an antibiotic in some living organisms. Exposure to 6-HO-BDE-47 resulted in 65 (fold change {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater2) or 129 (fold change {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1.5) genes being differentially expressed. The no observed transcriptional effect concentration (NOTEC) and median transcriptional effect concentration (TEC50) based on transcriptional end points, of 6-HO-BDE-47 were 0.0438 and 0.580 mg/L, respectively. The transcriptional responses were 514- and 39-fold more sensitive than the acute EC50 to inhibit cell growth. Most of the genes that were differentially expressed in response to 6-HO-BDE-47 were not modulated by BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 to E. coli was via a mechanism that was different from that of either BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. Gene expression associated with metabolic pathways was more responsive to 6-HO-BDE-47, which suggests that this pathway might be the primary target of this compound.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Su, Guanyong and Zhang, Xiaowei and Liu, Hongling and Giesy, John P and Lam, Michael H W and Lam, Paul K S and Siddiqui, Maqsood A and Musarrat, Javed and Al-Khedhairy, Abdulaziz and Yu, Hongxia},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22111525},\\n\\tkeywords = {Anisoles, Anisoles: toxicity, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effect, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: genetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Molecular Structure, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1185--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Su, G.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Liu, H.\",\"Giesy, J. P\",\"Lam, M. H W\",\"Lam, P. K S\",\"Siddiqui, M. A\",\"Musarrat, J.\",\"Al-Khedhairy, A.\",\"Yu, H.\"],\"key\":\"su_toxicogenomic_2012\",\"id\":\"su_toxicogenomic_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"su-zhang-liu-giesy-lam-lam-siddiqui-musarrat-etal-toxicogenomicmechanismsof6hobde476meobde47andbde47inecoli-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525\"},\"keyword\":[\"Anisoles\",\"Anisoles: toxicity\",\"Bacterial\",\"Bacterial: drug effect\",\"Escherichia coli\",\"Escherichia coli: drug effects\",\"Escherichia coli: genetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cytotoxicity of TBBPA and effects on proliferation, cell cycle and MAPK pathways in mammalian cells.\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.136\",\"abstract\":\"Poly-brominated flame retardants are ecotoxicologically relevant chemicals that can show high persistency in environmental samples and bioaccumulation in marine and fresh water animals. One of the most widely used compound is tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Until today, the toxicological data are rather fragmentary. Our studies on acute and sub-acute toxic effects with established cell lines demonstrate that TBBPA interferes with cellular signaling pathways. Cell viability is significantly reduced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The observed EC50 for rat kidney cells (NRK) was 52 microM (27 mg/l), 168 microM (90 mg/l) for A549 human lung cells, and 200 microM (108 mg/l) for Cal-62 human thyroid cells, respectively. The comparison of TBBPA with the non-brominated substance bisphenol A (BPA) clearly demonstrates that only the brominated compound exerts these effects on proliferation and cell viability. Cell cycle regulation was influenced considerably in Cal-62 cells, showing an explicit G2/M arrest in the cell cycle at TBBPA concentrations higher than 75 microM. Cellular signaling pathways directly connected to these affected parameters, e.g. the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, are partly influenced in a cell specific and dose dependent manner. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) is deactivated in NRK and A549 cells and activated in Cal-62 cells with increasing TBBPA concentrations.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Siegfried\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Detzel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tanja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wahl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Markus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bertram\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Harald\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17254629\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors, cell line, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"S405–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{strack_cytotoxicity_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Cytotoxicity of {TBBPA} and effects on proliferation, cell cycle and {MAPK} pathways in mammalian cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.136},\\n\\tabstract = {Poly-brominated flame retardants are ecotoxicologically relevant chemicals that can show high persistency in environmental samples and bioaccumulation in marine and fresh water animals. One of the most widely used compound is tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Until today, the toxicological data are rather fragmentary. Our studies on acute and sub-acute toxic effects with established cell lines demonstrate that TBBPA interferes with cellular signaling pathways. Cell viability is significantly reduced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The observed EC50 for rat kidney cells (NRK) was 52 microM (27 mg/l), 168 microM (90 mg/l) for A549 human lung cells, and 200 microM (108 mg/l) for Cal-62 human thyroid cells, respectively. The comparison of TBBPA with the non-brominated substance bisphenol A (BPA) clearly demonstrates that only the brominated compound exerts these effects on proliferation and cell viability. Cell cycle regulation was influenced considerably in Cal-62 cells, showing an explicit G2/M arrest in the cell cycle at TBBPA concentrations higher than 75 microM. Cellular signaling pathways directly connected to these affected parameters, e.g. the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, are partly influenced in a cell specific and dose dependent manner. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) is deactivated in NRK and A549 cells and activated in Cal-62 cells with increasing TBBPA concentrations.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Strack, Siegfried and Detzel, Tanja and Wahl, Markus and Kuch, Bertram and Krug, Harald F},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17254629},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors, cell line, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {S405--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Strack, S.\",\"Detzel, T.\",\"Wahl, M.\",\"Kuch, B.\",\"Krug, H. F\"],\"key\":\"strack_cytotoxicity_2007\",\"id\":\"strack_cytotoxicity_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"strack-detzel-wahl-kuch-krug-cytotoxicityoftbbpaandeffectsonproliferationcellcycleandmapkpathwaysinmammaliancells-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cell Cycle\",\"Cell Cycle: drug effects\",\"Cell Proliferation\",\"Cell Proliferation: drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Time Factors\",\"cell line\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture.\",\"volume\":\"207\",\"issn\":\"0041-008X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010\",\"abstract\":\"PBDEs have been synthesized in large quantities as flame retardants for commercial products, such as electronic equipment and textiles. The rising in levels of PBDEs in tissues in wildlife species and in human milk and plasma samples over the past several years have raised concerns about possible health effects. Recently, we showed that the PBDE mixture, DE-71, delayed puberty and suppressed the growth of androgen-dependent tissues in male Wistar rat following a peri-pubertal exposure. These effects suggested that DE-71 may be either inducing steroid hormone metabolism or acting as an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. To elucidate the potential anti-androgenic effects of this mixture, we evaluated DE-71 in several in vivo assays, which are responsive to alterations in androgen activity. In a pubertal exposure study designed to further evaluate the delay in preputial separation (PPS), we observed a dose-dependent delay in PPS with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day of DE-71 (4 and 5 days) and a corresponding suppression of ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicle growth at both doses. Adult males exposed to 60 mg/kg DE-71 for 3 days resulted in a significant increase in luteinizing hormone and a non-significant increase in testosterone, androstenedione and estrone. DE-71 also tested positive for anti-androgenic activity in an immature rat Hershberger assay, with decreases in mean VP and seminal vesicle weight following doses of 30-240 mg/kg. DE-71 and the individual BDE congeners which comprise the mixture (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154) were also evaluated in vitro. First, AR binding was evaluated in a competitive binding assay using rat VP cytosol. In addition, we evaluated gene activation in a transcriptional activation assay using the MDA-kb2 cell line which contains an endogenous human AR and a transfected luciferase reporter. DE-71 and BDE-100 (2, 4, 6-pentaBDE) both inhibited AR binding, with IC50s of approximately 5 microM. In addition, DE-71 and two of the congeners (BDE-100 and BDE-47) inhibited DHT-induced transcriptional activation. The pattern of inhibition shown in the double-reciprocal plot for BDE-100 and the linear slope replot confirmed that the in vitro mechanism is pure competitive inhibition, with a inhibition constant (Ki) of 1 microM. The delay in puberty in the male rat and decreased growth of androgen-dependent tissues observed previously following exposure to DE-71 were likely due to this inhibition of AR binding by several of the congeners which make up this mixture.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and applied pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stoker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lambright\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"16005038\",\"keywords\":\"Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: pharmacology, Androgen Receptor Antagonists, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Rats, Receptors, Transcriptional Activation, Transcriptional Activation: drug effects, Wistar, cell line, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"78–88\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stoker_vivo_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) mixture.},\\n\\tvolume = {207},\\n\\tissn = {0041-008X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010},\\n\\tabstract = {PBDEs have been synthesized in large quantities as flame retardants for commercial products, such as electronic equipment and textiles. The rising in levels of PBDEs in tissues in wildlife species and in human milk and plasma samples over the past several years have raised concerns about possible health effects. Recently, we showed that the PBDE mixture, DE-71, delayed puberty and suppressed the growth of androgen-dependent tissues in male Wistar rat following a peri-pubertal exposure. These effects suggested that DE-71 may be either inducing steroid hormone metabolism or acting as an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. To elucidate the potential anti-androgenic effects of this mixture, we evaluated DE-71 in several in vivo assays, which are responsive to alterations in androgen activity. In a pubertal exposure study designed to further evaluate the delay in preputial separation (PPS), we observed a dose-dependent delay in PPS with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day of DE-71 (4 and 5 days) and a corresponding suppression of ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicle growth at both doses. Adult males exposed to 60 mg/kg DE-71 for 3 days resulted in a significant increase in luteinizing hormone and a non-significant increase in testosterone, androstenedione and estrone. DE-71 also tested positive for anti-androgenic activity in an immature rat Hershberger assay, with decreases in mean VP and seminal vesicle weight following doses of 30-240 mg/kg. DE-71 and the individual BDE congeners which comprise the mixture (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154) were also evaluated in vitro. First, AR binding was evaluated in a competitive binding assay using rat VP cytosol. In addition, we evaluated gene activation in a transcriptional activation assay using the MDA-kb2 cell line which contains an endogenous human AR and a transfected luciferase reporter. DE-71 and BDE-100 (2, 4, 6-pentaBDE) both inhibited AR binding, with IC50s of approximately 5 microM. In addition, DE-71 and two of the congeners (BDE-100 and BDE-47) inhibited DHT-induced transcriptional activation. The pattern of inhibition shown in the double-reciprocal plot for BDE-100 and the linear slope replot confirmed that the in vitro mechanism is pure competitive inhibition, with a inhibition constant (Ki) of 1 microM. The delay in puberty in the male rat and decreased growth of androgen-dependent tissues observed previously following exposure to DE-71 were likely due to this inhibition of AR binding by several of the congeners which make up this mixture.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stoker, T E and Cooper, R L and Lambright, C S and Wilson, V S and Furr, J and Gray, L E},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {16005038},\\n\\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: pharmacology, Androgen Receptor Antagonists, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Rats, Receptors, Transcriptional Activation, Transcriptional Activation: drug effects, Wistar, cell line, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {78--88},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stoker, T E\",\"Cooper, R L\",\"Lambright, C S\",\"Wilson, V S\",\"Furr, J\",\"Gray, L E\"],\"key\":\"stoker_vivo_2005\",\"id\":\"stoker_vivo_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stoker-cooper-lambright-wilson-furr-gray-invivoandinvitroantiandrogeniceffectsofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixture-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038\"},\"keyword\":[\"Androgen\",\"Androgen Antagonists\",\"Androgen Antagonists: pharmacology\",\"Androgen Receptor Antagonists\",\"Androgen: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Transcriptional Activation\",\"Transcriptional Activation: drug effects\",\"Wistar\",\"cell line\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Oxford\",\"title\":\"Fire toxicity.\",\"publisher\":\"Woodhead Publishing Ltd.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hull\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{stec_fire_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Oxford},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire toxicity.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Woodhead Publishing Ltd.},\\n\\tauthor = {Stec, A and Hull, R},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stec, A\",\"Hull, R\"],\"key\":\"stec_fire_2010\",\"id\":\"stec_fire_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stec-hull-firetoxicity-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303471d\",\"abstract\":\"California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sharma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Smriti\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Getzinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabriel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23186002\",\"keywords\":\"Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california, unsure\",\"pages\":\"13432–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel and high volume use flame retardants in {US} couches reflective of the 2005 {PentaBDE} phase out.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\\n\\tabstract = {California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23186002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {13432--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Sharma, S.\",\"Getzinger, G.\",\"Ferguson, P L.\",\"Gabriel, M.\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_novel_2012\",\"id\":\"stapleton_novel_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"},\"keyword\":[\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Interior Design and Furnishings\",\"Polyurethanes\",\"Polyurethanes: analysis\",\"california\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303471d\",\"abstract\":\"California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sharma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Smriti\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Getzinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabriel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23186002\",\"keywords\":\"Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california\",\"pages\":\"13432–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel and high volume use flame retardants in {US} couches reflective of the 2005 {PentaBDE} phase out.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\\n\\tabstract = {California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23186002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california},\\n\\tpages = {13432--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Sharma, S.\",\"Getzinger, G.\",\"Ferguson, P L.\",\"Gabriel, M.\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_novel_2012-1\",\"id\":\"stapleton_novel_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Interior Design and Furnishings\",\"Polyurethanes\",\"Polyurethanes: analysis\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Saskia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission\",\"pages\":\"5323–5331\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_identification_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36\\\\%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17\\\\%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15\\\\%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Keller, Alex and Ferguson, P Lee and van Bergen, Saskia and Cooper, Ellen and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission},\\n\\tpages = {5323--5331},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"Keller, A.\",\"Ferguson, P L.\",\"van Bergen, S.\",\"Cooper, E.\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_identification_2011\",\"id\":\"stapleton_identification_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: analysis\",\"Chlorine\",\"Chlorine: analysis\",\"Environmental Health\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Infant Equipment\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polyurethanes\",\"Polyurethanes: chemistry\",\"Spectrometry\",\"X-Ray Emission\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es2007462\",\"abstract\":\"With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Saskia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21591615\",\"keywords\":\"Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission\",\"pages\":\"5323–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_identification_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es2007462},\\n\\tabstract = {With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36\\\\%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17\\\\%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15\\\\%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Keller, Alex and Ferguson, P Lee and van Bergen, Saskia and Cooper, Ellen and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21591615},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission},\\n\\tpages = {5323--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"Keller, A.\",\"Ferguson, P L.\",\"van Bergen, S.\",\"Cooper, E.\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_identification_2011-1\",\"id\":\"stapleton_identification_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: analysis\",\"Chlorine\",\"Chlorine: analysis\",\"Environmental Health\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Infant Equipment\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polyurethanes\",\"Polyurethanes: chemistry\",\"Spectrometry\",\"X-Ray Emission\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out.\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303471d\",\"abstract\":\"California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sharma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Smriti\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Getzinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabriel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel and {High} {Volume} {Use} {Flame} {Retardants} in {US} {Couches} {Reflective} of the 2005 {PentaBDE} {Phase} {Out}.},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\\n\\tabstract = {California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Sharma, S.\",\"Getzinger, G.\",\"Ferguson, P L.\",\"Gabriel, M.\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_novel_2012-1-1\",\"id\":\"stapleton_novel_2012-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardanttris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1-5% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 -22% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam,we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were \\\\textgreater 96% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eagle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fuh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19848166\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Molecular Structure, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: chemistry, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, United States, ffr, use\",\"pages\":\"7490–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_detection_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and {U}.{S}. house dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardanttris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1-5\\\\% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 -22\\\\% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2\\\\% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5\\\\% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam,we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 96\\\\% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24\\\\% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Eagle, Sarah and Fuh, Jennifer and Meeker, John D and Blum, A and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19848166},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Molecular Structure, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: chemistry, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, United States, ffr, use},\\n\\tpages = {7490--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"Eagle, S.\",\"Fuh, J.\",\"Meeker, J. D\",\"Blum, A\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_detection_2009\",\"id\":\"stapleton_detection_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Housing\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Interior Design and Furnishings\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry\",\"Phosphoric Acid Esters\",\"Phosphoric Acid Esters: chemistry\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: chemistry\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort: Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"url\":\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Objectives: We used handwipes to estimate exposure to PBDEs in house dust among toddlers and examined sex, age, breast-feeding, race, and parents' education as predictors of serum PBDEs. Methods: Eighty-three children from 12 to 36 months of age were enrolled in North Carolina between May 2009 and November 2010. Blood, handwipe, and house dust samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. A questionnaire was administered to collect demographic data. Results: PBDEs were detected in all serum samples (geometric mean for ΣpentaBDE in serum was 43.3 ng/g lipid), 98% of the handwipe samples, and 100% of the dust samples. Serum ΣpentaBDEs were significantly correlated with both handwipe and house dust ΣpentaBDE levels, but were more strongly associated with handwipe levels (r = 0.57; p \\\\textless 0.001 vs. r = 0.35; p \\\\textless 0.01). Multivariate model estimates revealed that handwipe levels, child's sex, child's age, and father's education accounted for 39% of the variation in serum ΣBDE3 levels (sum of BDEs 47, 99, and 100). In contrast, age, handwipe levels, and breast-feeding duration explained 39% of the variation in serum BDE 153. Conclusions: Our study suggests that hand-to-mouth activity may be a significant source of exposure to PBDEs. Furthermore, age, socioeconomic status, and breast-feeding were significant predictors of exposure, but associations varied by congener. Specifically, serum ΣBDE3 was inversely associated with socioeconomic status, whereas serum BDE-153 was positively associated with duration of breast-feeding and mother's education.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eagle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_serum_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Serum {PBDEs} in a {North} {Carolina} {Toddler} {Cohort}: {Associations} with {Handwipes}, {House} {Dust}, and {Socioeconomic} {Variables}},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Objectives: We used handwipes to estimate exposure to PBDEs in house dust among toddlers and examined sex, age, breast-feeding, race, and parents' education as predictors of serum PBDEs. Methods: Eighty-three children from 12 to 36 months of age were enrolled in North Carolina between May 2009 and November 2010. Blood, handwipe, and house dust samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. A questionnaire was administered to collect demographic data. Results: PBDEs were detected in all serum samples (geometric mean for ΣpentaBDE in serum was 43.3 ng/g lipid), 98\\\\% of the handwipe samples, and 100\\\\% of the dust samples. Serum ΣpentaBDEs were significantly correlated with both handwipe and house dust ΣpentaBDE levels, but were more strongly associated with handwipe levels (r = 0.57; p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.001 vs. r = 0.35; p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Multivariate model estimates revealed that handwipe levels, child's sex, child's age, and father's education accounted for 39\\\\% of the variation in serum ΣBDE3 levels (sum of BDEs 47, 99, and 100). In contrast, age, handwipe levels, and breast-feeding duration explained 39\\\\% of the variation in serum BDE 153. Conclusions: Our study suggests that hand-to-mouth activity may be a significant source of exposure to PBDEs. Furthermore, age, socioeconomic status, and breast-feeding were significant predictors of exposure, but associations varied by congener. Specifically, serum ΣBDE3 was inversely associated with socioeconomic status, whereas serum BDE-153 was positively associated with duration of breast-feeding and mother's education.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Eagle, S.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_serum_2012\",\"id\":\"stapleton_serum_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables.\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1104802\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eagle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22763040\",\"keywords\":\"Age Factors, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Male, Multivariate Analysis, North Carolina, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, Sex Factors, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1049–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_serum_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Serum {PBDEs} in a {North} {Carolina} toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables.},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1104802},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22763040},\\n\\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Male, Multivariate Analysis, North Carolina, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, Sex Factors, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1049--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Eagle, S.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_serum_2012-1\",\"id\":\"stapleton_serum_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Age Factors\",\"Child\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Multivariate Analysis\",\"North Carolina\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Preschool\",\"Sex Factors\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight.\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638\",\"doi\":\"10.1897/07-301R.1\",\"abstract\":\"Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) has been observed in several matrices such as solvent/ water mixtures, sediments, and soil; however, no studies have investigated the degradation potential of BDE 209 in house dust. In the present study, both a natural and a BDE 209-spiked dust material were exposed to sunlight for 200 cumulative h. Degradation of BDE 209 was observed in both matrices but was 35% greater in the spiked dust relative to the natural dust material. The pseudo- first-order degradation rates were 2.3 x 10(-3) and 1.7 x 10(-3) per hour for the spiked and natural dust, respectively. During the 200-h exposure, as much as 38% of the original BDE 209 mass was degraded in the spiked dust, 25% of which could not be accounted for and was lost to unknown pathways and/or products. The remaining 13% was accounted for by the formation of lower brominated congeners. Debrominated products detected in the spiked dust included all three nonabrominated congeners (BDE 206, BDE 207, and BDE 208) and several octabrominated congeners (BDE 196, BDE 197, BDE 201, BDE 202, and BDE 203/200). In technical commercial octa-BDE mixtures, BDE 201 is a very small component (below detection limit to 0.8%), and BDE 202 is not detected. Therefore, the presence of these congeners in house dust may provide a marker of environmental debromination of BDE 209. The ratio of BDE 197 to BDE 201 may also be indicative of BDE 209 degradation. as the ratio of these two congeners appeared to reach a steady-state value (∼1) in both exposure scenarios in the present study.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18348638\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, frelec\",\"pages\":\"306–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_photodegradation_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight.},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1897/07-301R.1},\\n\\tabstract = {Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) has been observed in several matrices such as solvent/ water mixtures, sediments, and soil; however, no studies have investigated the degradation potential of BDE 209 in house dust. In the present study, both a natural and a BDE 209-spiked dust material were exposed to sunlight for 200 cumulative h. Degradation of BDE 209 was observed in both matrices but was 35\\\\% greater in the spiked dust relative to the natural dust material. The pseudo- first-order degradation rates were 2.3 x 10(-3) and 1.7 x 10(-3) per hour for the spiked and natural dust, respectively. During the 200-h exposure, as much as 38\\\\% of the original BDE 209 mass was degraded in the spiked dust, 25\\\\% of which could not be accounted for and was lost to unknown pathways and/or products. The remaining 13\\\\% was accounted for by the formation of lower brominated congeners. Debrominated products detected in the spiked dust included all three nonabrominated congeners (BDE 206, BDE 207, and BDE 208) and several octabrominated congeners (BDE 196, BDE 197, BDE 201, BDE 202, and BDE 203/200). In technical commercial octa-BDE mixtures, BDE 201 is a very small component (below detection limit to 0.8\\\\%), and BDE 202 is not detected. Therefore, the presence of these congeners in house dust may provide a marker of environmental debromination of BDE 209. The ratio of BDE 197 to BDE 201 may also be indicative of BDE 209 degradation. as the ratio of these two congeners appeared to reach a steady-state value (∼1) in both exposure scenarios in the present study.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Dodder, Nathan G},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18348638},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {306--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Dodder, N. G\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_photodegradation_2008\",\"id\":\"stapleton_photodegradation_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-dodder-photodegradationofdecabromodiphenyletherinhousedustbynaturalsunlight-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Sunlight\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003.\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"issn\":\"0025-326X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045\",\"abstract\":\"Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from \\\\textless 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from \\\\textless 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2), previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.7; p \\\\textless 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kucklick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reddy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schantz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gulland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Porter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wise\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16293266\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: metabolism, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam\",\"pages\":\"522–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_determination_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of {HBCD}, {PBDEs} and {MeO}-{BDEs} in {California} sea lions ({Zalophus} californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003.},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\tissn = {0025-326X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045},\\n\\tabstract = {Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2), previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.7; p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, H M and Dodder, N G and Kucklick, J R and Reddy, C M and Schantz, M M and Becker, P R and Gulland, F and Porter, B J and Wise, S A},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16293266},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: metabolism, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam},\\n\\tpages = {522--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H M\",\"Dodder, N G\",\"Kucklick, J R\",\"Reddy, C M\",\"Schantz, M M\",\"Becker, P R\",\"Gulland, F\",\"Porter, B J\",\"Wise, S A\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_determination_2006\",\"id\":\"stapleton_determination_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-dodder-kucklick-reddy-schantz-becker-gulland-porter-etal-determinationofhbcdpbdesandmeobdesincaliforniasealionszalophuscalifornianusstrandedbetween1993and2003-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Lipids\",\"Lipids: analysis\",\"Male\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Sea Lions\",\"Sea Lions: metabolism\",\"Statistics as Topic\",\"Time Factors\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"BDE-99 congener induces cell death by apoptosis of human hepatoblastoma cell line - HepG2.\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"1879-3177\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.022\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame retardants with a wide range of toxic effects on biotic and abiotic systems. The toxic mechanisms of PBDEs are still not completely understood because there are several different congeners with different chemical and biological characteristics. BDE-99 is one of these, widely found in the environment and biological samples, showing evidence of neurotoxic and endocrine disruption activities, but with little information about its action mechanism described in the current literature. This work investigated the effects of BDE-99 on the HepG2 cell line in order to clarify its toxic mechanism, using concentrations of 0.5-25 μM (24 and 48 h). Our results showed that BDE-99 could cause cell death in the higher concentrations, its activity being related to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an accumulation of ROS. It was also shown that BDE-99 induced the exposure of phosphatidylserine, caspases 3 and 9 activation and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, without causing the release of LDH. Thus it was shown that BDE-99 could cause HepG2 cell death by apoptosis, suggesting its toxicity to the human liver.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Souza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pereira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliveira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dorta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23124135\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"580–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{souza_bde-99_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {{BDE}-99 congener induces cell death by apoptosis of human hepatoblastoma cell line - {HepG2}.},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3177},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame retardants with a wide range of toxic effects on biotic and abiotic systems. The toxic mechanisms of PBDEs are still not completely understood because there are several different congeners with different chemical and biological characteristics. BDE-99 is one of these, widely found in the environment and biological samples, showing evidence of neurotoxic and endocrine disruption activities, but with little information about its action mechanism described in the current literature. This work investigated the effects of BDE-99 on the HepG2 cell line in order to clarify its toxic mechanism, using concentrations of 0.5-25 μM (24 and 48 h). Our results showed that BDE-99 could cause cell death in the higher concentrations, its activity being related to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an accumulation of ROS. It was also shown that BDE-99 induced the exposure of phosphatidylserine, caspases 3 and 9 activation and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, without causing the release of LDH. Thus it was shown that BDE-99 could cause HepG2 cell death by apoptosis, suggesting its toxicity to the human liver.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},\\n\\tauthor = {Souza, A O and Pereira, L C and Oliveira, D P and Dorta, D J},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23124135},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {580--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Souza, A O\",\"Pereira, L C\",\"Oliveira, D P\",\"Dorta, D J\"],\"key\":\"souza_bde-99_2013\",\"id\":\"souza_bde-99_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"souza-pereira-oliveira-dorta-bde99congenerinducescelldeathbyapoptosisofhumanhepatoblastomacelllinehepg2-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Trophic level determines levels of brominated flame-retardants in coastal herring gulls.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1090-2414\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.012\",\"abstract\":\"Liver concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs: sum of brominated diphenyl ethers [BDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) ranged from 135 to 985 ngg(-1) lipid weight (lw) in coastal herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the marine Hvaler Archipelago (The Glomma River Estuary), Norway. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations ranged from 10 to 698 ngg(-1)lw. High range in δ(13)C indicates that gulls were subject to a diversity of carbon sources, likely reflecting their mixed feeding on terrestrial and marine organisms, or diversity of autochthonous and allochthonous (watershed) energy sources at the bases of their marine/estuarial food chains. Inverse relationships of HBCD, and to somewhat lesser extent of BDE-209, with δ(13)C values suggest higher abundance of these compounds in the land-derived energy-sources of the gulls. Inverse relationships of BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-209 with δ(15)N suggest that trophic relationships affect bioaccumulation of these compounds in the herring gulls, with greater bioaccumulation from lower trophic level prey species. This may be because these PBDE congeners are subject of debromination in higher trophic levels prey species of the gulls (e.g., teleost fish). Levels of BDE-209 (up to 95 ng/g lipid) of these herring gulls from 1998 were in the higher range reported in European birds, and not matched by other reports in North Sea seabirds. The present study suggests that the currently used brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), BDE-209 and HBCD relate to changing nutrient allocation in the herring gulls, and represent a risk to seabirds exploiting near-shore and estuary ecosystems.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sørmo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaustad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21762987\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Charadriiformes, Female, Fishes, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, North Sea, Norway\",\"pages\":\"2091–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sormo_trophic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Trophic level determines levels of brominated flame-retardants in coastal herring gulls.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1090-2414},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.012},\\n\\tabstract = {Liver concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs: sum of brominated diphenyl ethers [BDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) ranged from 135 to 985 ngg(-1) lipid weight (lw) in coastal herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the marine Hvaler Archipelago (The Glomma River Estuary), Norway. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations ranged from 10 to 698 ngg(-1)lw. High range in δ(13)C indicates that gulls were subject to a diversity of carbon sources, likely reflecting their mixed feeding on terrestrial and marine organisms, or diversity of autochthonous and allochthonous (watershed) energy sources at the bases of their marine/estuarial food chains. Inverse relationships of HBCD, and to somewhat lesser extent of BDE-209, with δ(13)C values suggest higher abundance of these compounds in the land-derived energy-sources of the gulls. Inverse relationships of BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-209 with δ(15)N suggest that trophic relationships affect bioaccumulation of these compounds in the herring gulls, with greater bioaccumulation from lower trophic level prey species. This may be because these PBDE congeners are subject of debromination in higher trophic levels prey species of the gulls (e.g., teleost fish). Levels of BDE-209 (up to 95 ng/g lipid) of these herring gulls from 1998 were in the higher range reported in European birds, and not matched by other reports in North Sea seabirds. The present study suggests that the currently used brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), BDE-209 and HBCD relate to changing nutrient allocation in the herring gulls, and represent a risk to seabirds exploiting near-shore and estuary ecosystems.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Sørmo, E G and Lie, E and Ruus, A and Gaustad, H and Skaare, J U and Jenssen, B M},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21762987},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Charadriiformes, Female, Fishes, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, North Sea, Norway},\\n\\tpages = {2091--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sørmo, E G\",\"Lie, E\",\"Ruus, A\",\"Gaustad, H\",\"Skaare, J U\",\"Jenssen, B M\"],\"key\":\"sormo_trophic_2011\",\"id\":\"sormo_trophic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"srmo-lie-ruus-gaustad-skaare-jenssen-trophicleveldetermineslevelsofbrominatedflameretardantsincoastalherringgulls-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Carbon Isotopes\",\"Carbon Isotopes: analysis\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Female\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis\",\"North Sea\",\"Norway\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, phenolic metabolites, and thyroid hormones during pregnancy.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1003235\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are chemical additives used as flame retardants in commercial products. PBDEs are bioaccumulative and persistent and have been linked to several adverse health outcomes.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eagle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anthopolos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miranda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\",\"Lynn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21715241\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"1454–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_associations_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants, phenolic metabolites, and thyroid hormones during pregnancy.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003235},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are chemical additives used as flame retardants in commercial products. PBDEs are bioaccumulative and persistent and have been linked to several adverse health outcomes.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Anthopolos, Rebecca and Wolkin, Amy and Miranda, Marie Lynn},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21715241},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {1454--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Eagle, S.\",\"Anthopolos, R.\",\"Wolkin, A.\",\"Miranda, M. L.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_associations_2011\",\"id\":\"stapleton_associations_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-eagle-anthopolos-wolkin-miranda-associationsbetweenpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsphenolicmetabolitesandthyroidhormonesduringpregnancy-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: blood\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463\",\"abstract\":\"Few studies have measured the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment. Here, we report measurements of PBDEs in house dust samples collected from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in the United States. Dust samples were analyzed for 22 individual PBDE congeners and our results found PBDEs present in every sample. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 780 ng/g dry mass to 30 100 ng/g dry mass. The dominant congeners observed in the dust samples were congeners associated with the pentaBDE and decaBDE commercial mixtures. Ancillary data were collected on the homes and examined for any correlations with total PBDE concentrations. No correlations were observed with year of house construction, type of flooring (i.e., hardwood vs carpet) or the number of television sets or personal computers in the home. However, a significant inverse correlation (p \\\\textless 0.05) was observed between the area of the home and the contribution of BDE 209 to the total PBDE concentration in dust. Using estimates of inadvertent dust ingestion (0.02-0.2 g/day) by young children (ages 1-4), we estimate ingestion of total PBDEs to range from 120 to 6000 ng/day. Clothes dryer lint was also sampled and analyzed for PBDEs from five of the homes and were present in all five samples ranging from 480 to 3080 ng/g dry mass. This study demonstrates that PBDEs are prevalent at relatively high concentrations within homes where people, and particularly young children, may be susceptible to exposure.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Offenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schantz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michele\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wise\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Age Factors, Clothing, District of Columbia, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Europe, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States\",\"pages\":\"925–931\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_polybrominated_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463},\\n\\tabstract = {Few studies have measured the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment. Here, we report measurements of PBDEs in house dust samples collected from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in the United States. Dust samples were analyzed for 22 individual PBDE congeners and our results found PBDEs present in every sample. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 780 ng/g dry mass to 30 100 ng/g dry mass. The dominant congeners observed in the dust samples were congeners associated with the pentaBDE and decaBDE commercial mixtures. Ancillary data were collected on the homes and examined for any correlations with total PBDE concentrations. No correlations were observed with year of house construction, type of flooring (i.e., hardwood vs carpet) or the number of television sets or personal computers in the home. However, a significant inverse correlation (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) was observed between the area of the home and the contribution of BDE 209 to the total PBDE concentration in dust. Using estimates of inadvertent dust ingestion (0.02-0.2 g/day) by young children (ages 1-4), we estimate ingestion of total PBDEs to range from 120 to 6000 ng/day. Clothes dryer lint was also sampled and analyzed for PBDEs from five of the homes and were present in all five samples ranging from 480 to 3080 ng/g dry mass. This study demonstrates that PBDEs are prevalent at relatively high concentrations within homes where people, and particularly young children, may be susceptible to exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Dodder, Nathan G and Offenberg, John H and Schantz, Michele M and Wise, Stephen A},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Clothing, District of Columbia, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Europe, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States},\\n\\tpages = {925--931},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Dodder, N. G\",\"Offenberg, J. H\",\"Schantz, M. M\",\"Wise, S. A\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_polybrominated_2005\",\"id\":\"stapleton_polybrominated_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-dodder-offenberg-schantz-wise-polybrominateddiphenylethersinhousedustandclothesdryerlint-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463\"},\"keyword\":[\"Age Factors\",\"Clothing\",\"District of Columbia\",\"Dust\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Europe\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808\",\"abstract\":\"Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (sigma HBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from \\\\textless4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from \\\\textless10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from \\\\textless6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kelly\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shannon\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konstantinov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18853808\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Reference Standards, United States, ffr, frbldg, frelec\",\"pages\":\"6910–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_alternate_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in {U}.{S}. house dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808},\\n\\tabstract = {Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (sigma HBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from {\\\\textbackslash}textless4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Allen, Joseph G and Kelly, Shannon M and Konstantinov, Alex and Klosterhaus, Susan and Watkins, Deborah and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18853808},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Reference Standards, United States, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {6910--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Allen, J. G\",\"Kelly, S. M\",\"Konstantinov, A.\",\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"Watkins, D.\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_alternate_2008\",\"id\":\"stapleton_alternate_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Reference Standards\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure.\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725\",\"abstract\":\"The congener 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant known as decaBDE. This flame retardant constitutes approximately 80% of the world market demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Because this compound is very hydrophobic (log K(ow) approximately 10), it has been suggested that BDE 209 has very low bioavailability, although debromination to more bioavailable metabolites has also been suggested to occur in fish tissues. In the present study, juvenile carp were exposed to BDE 209 amended food on a daily basis for 60 days, followed by a 40-day depuration period in which the fate of BDE 209 was monitored in whole fish and liver tissues separately. No net accumulation of BDE 209 was observed throughout the experiment despite an exposure concentration of 940 ng/day/fish. However, seven apparent debrominated products of BDE 209 accumulated in whole fish and liver tissues over the exposure period. These debrominated metabolites of BDE 209 were identified as penta- to octaBDEs using both GC/ECNI-MS and GC/HRMS. Using estimation methods for relative retention times of phenyl substitution patterns, we have identified possible structures for the hexa- and heptabromodiphenyl ethers identified in the carp tissues. Although exposure of carp to BDE 209 did not result in the accumulation of BDE 209 in carp tissues, our results indicate evidence of limited BDE 209 bioavailability from food in the form of lower brominated metabolites.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"14740725\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Biological Availability, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Bromobenzenes: pharmacokinetics, Carps, Carps: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"112–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_debromination_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp ({Cyprinus} carpio) following dietary exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725},\\n\\tabstract = {The congener 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant known as decaBDE. This flame retardant constitutes approximately 80\\\\% of the world market demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Because this compound is very hydrophobic (log K(ow) approximately 10), it has been suggested that BDE 209 has very low bioavailability, although debromination to more bioavailable metabolites has also been suggested to occur in fish tissues. In the present study, juvenile carp were exposed to BDE 209 amended food on a daily basis for 60 days, followed by a 40-day depuration period in which the fate of BDE 209 was monitored in whole fish and liver tissues separately. No net accumulation of BDE 209 was observed throughout the experiment despite an exposure concentration of 940 ng/day/fish. However, seven apparent debrominated products of BDE 209 accumulated in whole fish and liver tissues over the exposure period. These debrominated metabolites of BDE 209 were identified as penta- to octaBDEs using both GC/ECNI-MS and GC/HRMS. Using estimation methods for relative retention times of phenyl substitution patterns, we have identified possible structures for the hexa- and heptabromodiphenyl ethers identified in the carp tissues. Although exposure of carp to BDE 209 did not result in the accumulation of BDE 209 in carp tissues, our results indicate evidence of limited BDE 209 bioavailability from food in the form of lower brominated metabolites.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Alaee, Mehran and Letcher, Robert J and Baker, Joel E},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {14740725},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Biological Availability, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Bromobenzenes: pharmacokinetics, Carps, Carps: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {112--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Baker, J. E\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_debromination_2004\",\"id\":\"stapleton_debromination_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-alaee-letcher-baker-debrominationoftheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherbyjuvenilecarpcyprinuscarpiofollowingdietaryexposure-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Biological Availability\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Bromobenzenes: pharmacokinetics\",\"Carps\",\"Carps: physiology\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Diet\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: chemistry\",\"Oral\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rodent thyroid, liver, and fetal testis toxicity of the monoester metabolite of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (tbph), a novel brominated flame retardant present in indoor dust.\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1204932\",\"abstract\":\"Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is widely used as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in commercial flame retardant mixtures such as Firemaster 550. It is also used in a commercial mixture called DP 45. Mono-(2-ethyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP) is a potentially toxic metabolite.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Springer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cecilia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dere\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDonnell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Butt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlezinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boekelheide\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23014847\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Animals, Automobiles, Boston, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: blood, Bromobenzoates: metabolism, Bromobenzoates: toxicity, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Esterases, Esterases: metabolism, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Housing, Inbred F344, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Swine, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Workplace\",\"pages\":\"1711–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{springer_rodent_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Rodent thyroid, liver, and fetal testis toxicity of the monoester metabolite of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (tbph), a novel brominated flame retardant present in indoor dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1204932},\\n\\tabstract = {Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is widely used as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in commercial flame retardant mixtures such as Firemaster 550. It is also used in a commercial mixture called DP 45. Mono-(2-ethyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP) is a potentially toxic metabolite.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Springer, Cecilia and Dere, Edward and Hall, Susan J and McDonnell, Elizabeth V and Roberts, Simon C and Butt, Craig M and Stapleton, Heather M and Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F and Schlezinger, Jennifer J and Boekelheide, Kim},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23014847},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Animals, Automobiles, Boston, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: blood, Bromobenzoates: metabolism, Bromobenzoates: toxicity, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Esterases, Esterases: metabolism, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Housing, Inbred F344, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Swine, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Workplace},\\n\\tpages = {1711--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Springer, C.\",\"Dere, E.\",\"Hall, S. J\",\"McDonnell, E. V\",\"Roberts, S. C\",\"Butt, C. M\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Watkins, D. J\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Schlezinger, J. J\",\"Boekelheide, K.\"],\"key\":\"springer_rodent_2012\",\"id\":\"springer_rodent_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants: blood\",\"Air Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Air Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Animals\",\"Automobiles\",\"Boston\",\"Bromobenzoates\",\"Bromobenzoates: analysis\",\"Bromobenzoates: blood\",\"Bromobenzoates: metabolism\",\"Bromobenzoates: toxicity\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Esterases\",\"Esterases: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Housing\",\"Inbred F344\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: adverse effects\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Swine\",\"Testis\",\"Testis: drug effects\",\"Testis: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Workplace\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organohalogen contaminants and Blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in three colonies of North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua).\",\"volume\":\"92\",\"issn\":\"1090-2414\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.012\",\"abstract\":\"The present study compares blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) in birds from three geographically distinct North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua) colonies. Birds from these sites bioaccumulate different POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentrations and that enabled us to compare Great skua BCCPs in different exposure scenarios. Persistent organic pollutants (organochlorines: PCB, DDT, chlordanes, HCB, HCH, mirex and brominated flame retardants: PBDEs) and nineteen BCCPs were analysed in 114 adult Great skuas sampled during summer 2009 in North Atlantic colonies at Bjørnøya (n=42), Iceland (n=57) and Shetland (n=15). Specimens from Bjørnøya had the highest blood plasma concentrations of all contaminant groups followed by Iceland and Shetland birds, respectively (ANOVA: p\\\\textless0.05). Most of the 19 BCCP parameters followed the pattern of colony differences found for contaminants, with Bjørnøya having the highest concentrations. However seven BCCPs, the three liver enzymes ALKP, ALAT and GGT as well as bile acids, cholesterol, sodium and potassium, did not differ between colonies (ANOVA: p\\\\textgreater0.05). Therefore correlation analyses of these seven BCCPs vs. POPs were done on the combined colony data while the analyses of the remaining 12 BCCPs were carried out for each colony separately. The analyses of combined colony data showed that the blood plasma concentration of liver enzymes ALAT and GGT increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPBDE and ΣHCH, HCB and ΣCHL, respectively (all Pearson's p\\\\textless0.05). In Great skuas from Shetland, the important osmotic transport protein albumin increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT, while total blood plasma protein increased with ΣPCB, ΣDDT, ΣHCH and HCB concentrations (all Pearson's p\\\\textless0.05). In both Bjørnøya and Iceland skuas, blood plasma pancreatic enzyme amylase decreased with increasing ΣHCH concentrations while the erythrocyte waste product total bilirubin in blood plasma increased with increasing ΣHCH and ΣPBDE concentrations in Iceland Great skuas (all Pearson's p\\\\textless0.05). In Bjørnøya birds, blood plasma urea from protein metabolism (reflects kidney function) increased with increasing ΣPBDE concentrations (Pearson's p\\\\textless0.05). Furthermore, a redundancy analysis showed that 10.6% of the variations in BCCPs could be explained by the variations in POP concentrations. Based on these results we suggest that liver and renal functions could be negatively affected by different POP compounds. It is, however, uncertain if the colony BCCP differences and their relationship to POP concentrations reflect health effects that could have an overall impact on the populations via reduced survival and reproduction parameters.\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rigét\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eliza\",\"H\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bourgeon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sophie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Borg\\\\a\",\"a\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strøm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hallvard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sveinn\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aevar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olafsdottir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magnusdottir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bustnes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kjelgaard-Hansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mads\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23537726\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"245–51\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sonne_organohalogen_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Organohalogen contaminants and {Blood} plasma clinical-chemical parameters in three colonies of {North} {Atlantic} {Great} skua ({Stercorarius} skua).},\\n\\tvolume = {92},\\n\\tissn = {1090-2414},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.012},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study compares blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) in birds from three geographically distinct North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua) colonies. Birds from these sites bioaccumulate different POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentrations and that enabled us to compare Great skua BCCPs in different exposure scenarios. Persistent organic pollutants (organochlorines: PCB, DDT, chlordanes, HCB, HCH, mirex and brominated flame retardants: PBDEs) and nineteen BCCPs were analysed in 114 adult Great skuas sampled during summer 2009 in North Atlantic colonies at Bjørnøya (n=42), Iceland (n=57) and Shetland (n=15). Specimens from Bjørnøya had the highest blood plasma concentrations of all contaminant groups followed by Iceland and Shetland birds, respectively (ANOVA: p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Most of the 19 BCCP parameters followed the pattern of colony differences found for contaminants, with Bjørnøya having the highest concentrations. However seven BCCPs, the three liver enzymes ALKP, ALAT and GGT as well as bile acids, cholesterol, sodium and potassium, did not differ between colonies (ANOVA: p{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). Therefore correlation analyses of these seven BCCPs vs. POPs were done on the combined colony data while the analyses of the remaining 12 BCCPs were carried out for each colony separately. The analyses of combined colony data showed that the blood plasma concentration of liver enzymes ALAT and GGT increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPBDE and ΣHCH, HCB and ΣCHL, respectively (all Pearson's p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In Great skuas from Shetland, the important osmotic transport protein albumin increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT, while total blood plasma protein increased with ΣPCB, ΣDDT, ΣHCH and HCB concentrations (all Pearson's p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In both Bjørnøya and Iceland skuas, blood plasma pancreatic enzyme amylase decreased with increasing ΣHCH concentrations while the erythrocyte waste product total bilirubin in blood plasma increased with increasing ΣHCH and ΣPBDE concentrations in Iceland Great skuas (all Pearson's p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In Bjørnøya birds, blood plasma urea from protein metabolism (reflects kidney function) increased with increasing ΣPBDE concentrations (Pearson's p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Furthermore, a redundancy analysis showed that 10.6\\\\% of the variations in BCCPs could be explained by the variations in POP concentrations. Based on these results we suggest that liver and renal functions could be negatively affected by different POP compounds. It is, however, uncertain if the colony BCCP differences and their relationship to POP concentrations reflect health effects that could have an overall impact on the populations via reduced survival and reproduction parameters.},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Sonne, Christian and Rigét, Frank F and Leat, Eliza H K and Bourgeon, Sophie and Borg{\\\\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn A and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdottir, Kristin and Magnusdottir, Ellen and Bustnes, Jan O and Furness, Robert W and Kjelgaard-Hansen, Mads},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23537726},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {245--51},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sonne, C.\",\"Rigét, F. F\",\"Leat, E. H K\",\"Bourgeon, S.\",\"Borg\\\\a a , K.\",\"Strøm, H.\",\"Hanssen, S. A\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\",\"Petersen, A.\",\"Olafsdottir, K.\",\"Magnusdottir, E.\",\"Bustnes, J. O\",\"Furness, R. W\",\"Kjelgaard-Hansen, M.\"],\"key\":\"sonne_organohalogen_2013\",\"id\":\"sonne_organohalogen_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sonne-rigt-leat-bourgeon-borgaa-strm-hanssen-gabrielsen-etal-organohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinthreecoloniesofnorthatlanticgreatskuastercorariusskua-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Reproductive outcomes among women exposed to a brominated flame retardant in utero.\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"1933-8244\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/19338244.2010.539640\",\"abstract\":\"The authors studied 194 women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in utero when their mothers consumed products accidentally contaminated in Michigan in 1973. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effect of in utero PBB exposure on adult pregnancy-related outcomes. Compared to those with the lowest exposure (≤1 ppb), those with mid-range (\\\\textgreater1-3.16 ppb) and high (≥3.17 ppb) PBB exposure had increased odds of spontaneous abortion with wide confidence intervals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-11.79, OR = 4.08, 95% CI = 0.94-17.70; respectively; p for trend = .05). Exposure during infancy to PBB-contaminated breast milk further increased this risk. Time to pregnancy and infertility were not associated with in utero exposure to PBB. Future studies should examine the suggested relationship between spontaneous abortion and other brominated flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Archives of environmental & occupational health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Small\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chanley\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Terrell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Metrecia\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marcus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michele\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"22014192\",\"keywords\":\"Abortion, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infertility, Infertility: chemically induced, Infertility: epidemiology, Limit of Detection, Michigan, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Spontaneous, Spontaneous: chemically induced, Spontaneous: epidemiology, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"201–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{small_reproductive_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Reproductive outcomes among women exposed to a brominated flame retardant in utero.},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {1933-8244},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/19338244.2010.539640},\\n\\tabstract = {The authors studied 194 women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in utero when their mothers consumed products accidentally contaminated in Michigan in 1973. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effect of in utero PBB exposure on adult pregnancy-related outcomes. Compared to those with the lowest exposure (≤1 ppb), those with mid-range ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1-3.16 ppb) and high (≥3.17 ppb) PBB exposure had increased odds of spontaneous abortion with wide confidence intervals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.75, 95\\\\% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-11.79, OR = 4.08, 95\\\\% CI = 0.94-17.70; respectively; p for trend = .05). Exposure during infancy to PBB-contaminated breast milk further increased this risk. Time to pregnancy and infertility were not associated with in utero exposure to PBB. Future studies should examine the suggested relationship between spontaneous abortion and other brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of environmental \\\\& occupational health},\\n\\tauthor = {Small, Chanley M and Murray, Deanna and Terrell, Metrecia L and Marcus, Michele},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {22014192},\\n\\tkeywords = {Abortion, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infertility, Infertility: chemically induced, Infertility: epidemiology, Limit of Detection, Michigan, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Spontaneous, Spontaneous: chemically induced, Spontaneous: epidemiology, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {201--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Small, C. M\",\"Murray, D.\",\"Terrell, M. L\",\"Marcus, M.\"],\"key\":\"small_reproductive_2011\",\"id\":\"small_reproductive_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"small-murray-terrell-marcus-reproductiveoutcomesamongwomenexposedtoabrominatedflameretardantinutero-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192\"},\"keyword\":[\"Abortion\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Fertility\",\"Fertility: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Infertility\",\"Infertility: chemically induced\",\"Infertility: epidemiology\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Michigan\",\"Milk\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Outcome\",\"Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu\",\"Spontaneous\",\"Spontaneous: chemically induced\",\"Spontaneous: epidemiology\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from Northern Norway.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"1090-2414\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.017\",\"abstract\":\"Organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. We therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and OHCs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from Northern Norway. Correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various OHCs (all: p\\\\textless0.05; r: -0.43 to -0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), total protein, cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, ratios protein:creatinine and uric acid:creatinine were significantly positively correlated to various OHCs (all: p\\\\textless0.05; r: 0.43-0.96). Based on these relationships, we suggest that the OHC concentrations found in certain raptor chicks of Northern Scandinavia may impact blood plasma biochemistry in a way that indicates impacts on liver, kidney, bone, endocrinology and metabolism. In order to elaborate further on these relationships and mechanisms, we recommend that a larger study should take place in the near future.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bustnes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"Ove\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jaspers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veerle\",\"L\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Halley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duncan\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Truls\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eulaers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Igor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ims\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rolf\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sveinn\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Einar\",\"Erikstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kjell\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trond\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schnug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rigét\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asger\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19800686\",\"keywords\":\"Alkaline Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase: blood, Animals, Bilirubin, Bilirubin: blood, Blood Chemical Analysis, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose: analysis, Blood Proteins, Blood Proteins: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Creatinine, Creatinine: blood, Eagles, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Hawks, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Uric Acid, Uric Acid: blood\",\"pages\":\"7–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sonne_relationships_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from {Northern} {Norway}.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {1090-2414},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. We therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and OHCs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from Northern Norway. Correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various OHCs (all: p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05; r: -0.43 to -0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), total protein, cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, ratios protein:creatinine and uric acid:creatinine were significantly positively correlated to various OHCs (all: p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05; r: 0.43-0.96). Based on these relationships, we suggest that the OHC concentrations found in certain raptor chicks of Northern Scandinavia may impact blood plasma biochemistry in a way that indicates impacts on liver, kidney, bone, endocrinology and metabolism. In order to elaborate further on these relationships and mechanisms, we recommend that a larger study should take place in the near future.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Sonne, Christian and Bustnes, Jan Ove and Herzke, Dorte and Jaspers, Veerle L B and Covaci, Adrian and Halley, Duncan J and Moum, Truls and Eulaers, Igor and Eens, Marcel and Ims, Rolf A and Hanssen, Sveinn A and Einar Erikstad, Kjell and Johnsen, Trond and Schnug, Lisbeth and Rigét, Frank F and Jensen, Asger L},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19800686},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alkaline Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase: blood, Animals, Bilirubin, Bilirubin: blood, Blood Chemical Analysis, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose: analysis, Blood Proteins, Blood Proteins: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Creatinine, Creatinine: blood, Eagles, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Hawks, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Uric Acid, Uric Acid: blood},\\n\\tpages = {7--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sonne, C.\",\"Bustnes, J. O.\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Jaspers, V. L B\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Halley, D. J\",\"Moum, T.\",\"Eulaers, I.\",\"Eens, M.\",\"Ims, R. A\",\"Hanssen, S. A\",\"Einar Erikstad, K.\",\"Johnsen, T.\",\"Schnug, L.\",\"Rigét, F. F\",\"Jensen, A. L\"],\"key\":\"sonne_relationships_2010\",\"id\":\"sonne_relationships_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sonne-bustnes-herzke-jaspers-covaci-halley-moum-eulaers-etal-relationshipsbetweenorganohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinchicksofthreeraptorspeciesfromnorthernnorway-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alkaline Phosphatase\",\"Alkaline Phosphatase: blood\",\"Animals\",\"Bilirubin\",\"Bilirubin: blood\",\"Blood Chemical Analysis\",\"Blood Glucose\",\"Blood Glucose: analysis\",\"Blood Proteins\",\"Blood Proteins: analysis\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Cholesterol\",\"Cholesterol: blood\",\"Creatinine\",\"Creatinine: blood\",\"Eagles\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorocarbons\",\"Fluorocarbons: toxicity\",\"Hawks\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Norway\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Uric Acid\",\"Uric Acid: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of PBDE congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).\",\"volume\":\"105\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.012\",\"abstract\":\"The brominated flame retardant congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 are among the congeners accumulating to the highest degree in fish. In order to gain knowledge about the toxicological effects of PBDEs in fish, microarray-based transcriptomic and 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomic approaches were used to screen for effects in primary Atlantic salmon hepatocytes exposed to these congeners alone or in combination (PBDE-MIX). A small set of stress related transcripts and proteins were differentially expressed in the PBDE exposed hepatocytes. The PBDE-MIX, and BDE153 to a lesser degree, seems to have induced metabolic disturbances by affecting several pathways related to glucose homeostasis. Further, effects on cell cycle control and proliferation signal pathways in PBDE-MIX-exposed hepatocytes clearly suggest that the PBDE exposure affected cell proliferation processes. CYP1A was 7.41- and 7.37-fold up-regulated in hepatocytes exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX, respectively, and was the only biotransformation pathway affected by the PBDE exposure. The factorial design and PLS regression analyses of the effect of the PBDE-MIX indicated that BDE47 contributed the most to the observed CYP1A response, suggesting that this congener should be incorporated in the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concept in future risk assessment of dioxin-like chemicals. Additionally, a significant up-regulation of the ER-responsive genes VTG and ZP3 was observed in cells exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX. Further analyses suggested that BDE47 and BDE154 have an estrogenic effect in male fish. The data also suggested an antagonistic interaction between BDE153 and BDE154. In conclusion, this study shows that PBDEs can affect several biological systems in Atlantic salmon cells, and demonstrates the need for more studies on the simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures to identify combined effects of chemicals.\",\"number\":\"3-4\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Søfteland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liv\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kjell\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stavrum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne-Kristin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsvik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\\\\a\",\"al\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21767471\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Electrophoresis, Fish Proteins, Fish Proteins: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Male, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorpti, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein Array Analysis, Proteome, Proteome: drug effects, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Regression Analysis, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: genetics, Salmo salar: metabolism, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests, Transcriptome, Transcriptome: drug effects, Two-Dimensional, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"246–63\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{softeland_hepatic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of {PBDE} congeners {BDE47}, {BDE153} and {BDE154} in {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar {L}.).},\\n\\tvolume = {105},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.012},\\n\\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 are among the congeners accumulating to the highest degree in fish. In order to gain knowledge about the toxicological effects of PBDEs in fish, microarray-based transcriptomic and 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomic approaches were used to screen for effects in primary Atlantic salmon hepatocytes exposed to these congeners alone or in combination (PBDE-MIX). A small set of stress related transcripts and proteins were differentially expressed in the PBDE exposed hepatocytes. The PBDE-MIX, and BDE153 to a lesser degree, seems to have induced metabolic disturbances by affecting several pathways related to glucose homeostasis. Further, effects on cell cycle control and proliferation signal pathways in PBDE-MIX-exposed hepatocytes clearly suggest that the PBDE exposure affected cell proliferation processes. CYP1A was 7.41- and 7.37-fold up-regulated in hepatocytes exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX, respectively, and was the only biotransformation pathway affected by the PBDE exposure. The factorial design and PLS regression analyses of the effect of the PBDE-MIX indicated that BDE47 contributed the most to the observed CYP1A response, suggesting that this congener should be incorporated in the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concept in future risk assessment of dioxin-like chemicals. Additionally, a significant up-regulation of the ER-responsive genes VTG and ZP3 was observed in cells exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX. Further analyses suggested that BDE47 and BDE154 have an estrogenic effect in male fish. The data also suggested an antagonistic interaction between BDE153 and BDE154. In conclusion, this study shows that PBDEs can affect several biological systems in Atlantic salmon cells, and demonstrates the need for more studies on the simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures to identify combined effects of chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {3-4},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Søfteland, Liv and Petersen, Kjell and Stavrum, Anne-Kristin and Wu, Terence and Olsvik, P{\\\\textbackslash}a al A},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21767471},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Electrophoresis, Fish Proteins, Fish Proteins: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Male, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorpti, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein Array Analysis, Proteome, Proteome: drug effects, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Regression Analysis, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: genetics, Salmo salar: metabolism, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests, Transcriptome, Transcriptome: drug effects, Two-Dimensional, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {246--63},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Søfteland, L.\",\"Petersen, K.\",\"Stavrum, A.\",\"Wu, T.\",\"Olsvik, P. a. A\"],\"key\":\"softeland_hepatic_2011\",\"id\":\"softeland_hepatic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sfteland-petersen-stavrum-wu-olsvik-hepaticinvitrotoxicityassessmentofpbdecongenersbde47bde153andbde154inatlanticsalmonsalmosalarl-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Chronic\",\"Electrophoresis\",\"Fish Proteins\",\"Fish Proteins: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gel\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Hepatocytes\",\"Hepatocytes: drug effects\",\"Hepatocytes: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Mass\",\"Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorpti\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Protein Array Analysis\",\"Proteome\",\"Proteome: drug effects\",\"Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction\",\"Regression Analysis\",\"Salmo salar\",\"Salmo salar: genetics\",\"Salmo salar: metabolism\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Transcriptome\",\"Transcriptome: drug effects\",\"Two-Dimensional\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBCDD and PBCDF from incineration of waste-containing brominated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated organic flame retardants comprise a large, heterogeneous group of compounds that are useful but also potentially damaging to the environment. In this investigation, three common brominated flame retardants were co-combusted with an artificial municipal solid waste in a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator. Combustion conditions ensured degradation of the flame retardants, but stable brominated organic compounds such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans were formed in the cooling flue gases. The incineration of fuels that contain both chlorine and bromine leads to the formation of a complex mixture of polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. More bromination than chlorination was observed in these experiments, and the chlorination levels increased when bromine was added to the fuel. The most favored reactions led to the formation of dibromodichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dibromodichlorodibenzofuran. Theoretical calculations show that there is more Br2 than Cl2 in the flue gas when the two halogens are present at equimolar levels, because chlorine is mainly found in the form of HCl. This may explain the higher bromination level. BrCl is also present, which drives the chlorination observed when bromine is added.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Söderström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stellan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"12026978\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, eol, ffr, frelec, halogens, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1959–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{soderstrom_pbcdd_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBCDD} and {PBCDF} from incineration of waste-containing brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated organic flame retardants comprise a large, heterogeneous group of compounds that are useful but also potentially damaging to the environment. In this investigation, three common brominated flame retardants were co-combusted with an artificial municipal solid waste in a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator. Combustion conditions ensured degradation of the flame retardants, but stable brominated organic compounds such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans were formed in the cooling flue gases. The incineration of fuels that contain both chlorine and bromine leads to the formation of a complex mixture of polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. More bromination than chlorination was observed in these experiments, and the chlorination levels increased when bromine was added to the fuel. The most favored reactions led to the formation of dibromodichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dibromodichlorodibenzofuran. Theoretical calculations show that there is more Br2 than Cl2 in the flue gas when the two halogens are present at equimolar levels, because chlorine is mainly found in the form of HCl. This may explain the higher bromination level. BrCl is also present, which drives the chlorination observed when bromine is added.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Söderström, Gunilla and Marklund, Stellan},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {12026978},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, eol, ffr, frelec, halogens, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1959--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Söderström, G.\",\"Marklund, S.\"],\"key\":\"soderstrom_pbcdd_2002\",\"id\":\"soderstrom_pbcdd_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sderstrm-marklund-pbcddandpbcdffromincinerationofwastecontainingbrominatedflameretardants-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gases\",\"Incineration\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"eol\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"halogens\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) are chemicals known as brominated flame retardants. We have assessed the exposure status of the United States population to PBDEs and BB-153 and explored associations with demographic information, including participants' age, sex, and race/ethnicity. A total of 2,062 serum samples, from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 aged 12 years and older, were analyzed for PBDEs and BB-153; stratified and regression analyses were used to examine levels among demographic groups. The congener with the highest serum concentration was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) [geometric mean 20.5 ng/g lipid]; followed by 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE-153) [5.7 ng/g lipid]; 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (BDE-99) [5.0 ng/g lipid; a value equal to the highest limit of detection for an individual sample]; 2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE (BDE-100) [3.9 ng/g lipid]; BB-153 [2.3 ng/g lipid]; and 2,4,4'-triBDE (BDE-28) [1.2 ng/g lipid]. For BDE-47, we observed no significant difference in the least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) by sex, but with age we found both a linear decrease (p = 0.01) and a positive quadratic trend (p = 0.01). Its LSGM, 27.9 ng/lipid, in the 12-19 year olds decreased to 17.2 ng/g lipid in the 40-49 year group, and then curved upward to 20.4 ng/g lipid in the \\\\textgreater or =60 years olds. Mexican Americans had the highest LSGM of BDE-47 (24.5 ng/g lipid), which was significantly higher than that of non-Hispanic whites (19.7 ng/g lipid, p = 0.01). Adults 60 years and older were twice as likely as adults 20-59 years old to have a serum BDE-47 concentration above the 95th percentile (p = 0.02). These data provide needed exposure assessment data for public health decisions.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lee-Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yalin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hodge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dipietro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emily\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClure\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cheryl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wayman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Environmental Exposure, Ethers, Flame retardants, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Population Surveillance, Sensitivity and Specificity, United States\",\"pages\":\"1377–1384\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sjodin_serum_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated biphenyl ({PBB}) in the {United} {States} population: 2003-2004.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) are chemicals known as brominated flame retardants. We have assessed the exposure status of the United States population to PBDEs and BB-153 and explored associations with demographic information, including participants' age, sex, and race/ethnicity. A total of 2,062 serum samples, from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 aged 12 years and older, were analyzed for PBDEs and BB-153; stratified and regression analyses were used to examine levels among demographic groups. The congener with the highest serum concentration was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) [geometric mean 20.5 ng/g lipid]; followed by 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE-153) [5.7 ng/g lipid]; 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (BDE-99) [5.0 ng/g lipid; a value equal to the highest limit of detection for an individual sample]; 2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE (BDE-100) [3.9 ng/g lipid]; BB-153 [2.3 ng/g lipid]; and 2,4,4'-triBDE (BDE-28) [1.2 ng/g lipid]. For BDE-47, we observed no significant difference in the least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) by sex, but with age we found both a linear decrease (p = 0.01) and a positive quadratic trend (p = 0.01). Its LSGM, 27.9 ng/lipid, in the 12-19 year olds decreased to 17.2 ng/g lipid in the 40-49 year group, and then curved upward to 20.4 ng/g lipid in the {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater or =60 years olds. Mexican Americans had the highest LSGM of BDE-47 (24.5 ng/g lipid), which was significantly higher than that of non-Hispanic whites (19.7 ng/g lipid, p = 0.01). Adults 60 years and older were twice as likely as adults 20-59 years old to have a serum BDE-47 concentration above the 95th percentile (p = 0.02). These data provide needed exposure assessment data for public health decisions.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Wong, Lee-Yang and Jones, Richard S and Park, Annie and Zhang, Yalin and Hodge, Carolyn and Dipietro, Emily and McClure, Cheryl and Turner, Wayman and Needham, Larry L and Patterson, Donald G},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environmental Exposure, Ethers, Flame retardants, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Population Surveillance, Sensitivity and Specificity, United States},\\n\\tpages = {1377--1384},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Wong, L.\",\"Jones, R. S\",\"Park, A.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Hodge, C.\",\"Dipietro, E.\",\"McClure, C.\",\"Turner, W.\",\"Needham, L. L\",\"Patterson, D. G\"],\"key\":\"sjodin_serum_2008\",\"id\":\"sjodin_serum_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjdin-wong-jones-park-zhang-hodge-dipietro-mcclure-etal-serumconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominatedbiphenylpbbintheunitedstatespopulation20032004-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Ethers\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Nutrition Surveys\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Population Surveillance\",\"Sensitivity and Specificity\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been and are still heavily used as additive or reactive chemicals in polymers and textiles. Only a few of the BFRs have been assessed in human subjects with a major data set on internal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mothers' milk from Sweden as well as in blood from Germany and Norway. The levels are in general lower than PCB levels. However, the PBDE concentrations found in the North Americans are considerably higher compared to European subjects. The PBDEs are dominated by 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is reported both in the general population and in occupationally exposed persons showing the bioavailability of this high molecular weight compound. While the lower and medium brominated diphenyl ethers are persistent, BDE-209 has a fairly short half-life of approximately 2 weeks. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is readily eliminated in humans showing a half-life of about 2 days. Still, TBBPA is accumulated in humans but a continuous exposure to this BFR is required to maintain a certain level in the human subject. TBBPA has not been detected in the general population but in people exposed at work. The current review addresses human exposure routes and levels of BFRs.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"\\\\AAke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Human, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS\",\"pages\":\"829–839\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sjodin_review_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been and are still heavily used as additive or reactive chemicals in polymers and textiles. Only a few of the BFRs have been assessed in human subjects with a major data set on internal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mothers' milk from Sweden as well as in blood from Germany and Norway. The levels are in general lower than PCB levels. However, the PBDE concentrations found in the North Americans are considerably higher compared to European subjects. The PBDEs are dominated by 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is reported both in the general population and in occupationally exposed persons showing the bioavailability of this high molecular weight compound. While the lower and medium brominated diphenyl ethers are persistent, BDE-209 has a fairly short half-life of approximately 2 weeks. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is readily eliminated in humans showing a half-life of about 2 days. Still, TBBPA is accumulated in humans but a continuous exposure to this BFR is required to maintain a certain level in the human subject. TBBPA has not been detected in the general population but in people exposed at work. The current review addresses human exposure routes and levels of BFRs.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Patterson, Donald G. and Bergman, {\\\\textbackslash}AAke},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Human, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS},\\n\\tpages = {829--839},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Patterson, D. G.\",\"Bergman, \\\\.\"],\"key\":\"sjodin_review_2003\",\"id\":\"sjodin_review_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjdin-patterson-bergman-areviewonhumanexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsparticularlypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human\",\"POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075\",\"abstract\":\"Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction (\\\\textless2mm) of household dust samples (n=40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17-550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500-13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520-29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950-54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States (\\\\textless1-330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany (\\\\textless1-2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.\",\"number\":\"1 Suppl\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGahee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ernest\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Focant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-François\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pless-Mulloli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tanja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"Leontjew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18501952\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Europe, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, United States, ffr\",\"pages\":\"S131–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sjodin_concentration_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in household dust from various countries.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075},\\n\\tabstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction ({\\\\textbackslash}textless2mm) of household dust samples (n=40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17-550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500-13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520-29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950-54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States ({\\\\textbackslash}textless1-330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany ({\\\\textbackslash}textless1-2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.},\\n\\tnumber = {1 Suppl},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Päpke, Olaf and McGahee, Ernest and Focant, Jean-François and Jones, Richard S and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja and Toms, Leisa-Maree Leontjew and Herrmann, Thomas and Müller, Jochen and Needham, Larry L and Patterson, Donald G},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18501952},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Europe, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, United States, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {S131--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Päpke, O.\",\"McGahee, E.\",\"Focant, J.\",\"Jones, R. S\",\"Pless-Mulloli, T.\",\"Toms, L. L.\",\"Herrmann, T.\",\"Müller, J.\",\"Needham, L. L\",\"Patterson, D. G\"],\"key\":\"sjodin_concentration_2008\",\"id\":\"sjodin_concentration_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Europe\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Housing\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"United States\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame Retardants in Indoor Air at an Electronics Recycling Plant and at Other Work Environments\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es000077n\",\"abstract\":\"Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers. Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H˚akan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thuresson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjölin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sverker\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"\\\\AAke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Östman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Conny\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"448–454\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sjodin_flame_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Indoor} {Air} at an {Electronics} {Recycling} {Plant} and at {Other} {Work} {Environments}},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es000077n},\\n\\tabstract = {Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers. Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Carlsson, H˚akan and Thuresson, Kaj and Sjölin, Sverker and Bergman, {\\\\textbackslash}AAke and Östman, Conny},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {448--454},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Carlsson, H.\",\"Thuresson, K.\",\"Sjölin, S.\",\"Bergman, \\\\.\",\"Östman, C.\"],\"key\":\"sjodin_flame_2001\",\"id\":\"sjodin_flame_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjdin-carlsson-thuresson-sjlin-bergman-stman-flameretardantsinindoorairatanelectronicsrecyclingplantandatotherworkenvironments-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fire-LCA study of TV sets with V0 and HB enclosure material.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797\",\"abstract\":\"A novel Life-Cycle Assessment model (Fire-LCA) has been defined for the determination of the environmental impact of measures taken to attain a high level of fire safety. This study, which represents the first application of this LCA model, concentrates on a comparison between a TV with an enclosure manufactured with a flame retardant (FR) plastic (V0-rated high impact polystyrene, HIPS, typical for the US market) and one manufactured with a non-flame retardant (HB-rated HIPS, typical for the European market). A fire model has been defined based on international statistics, which indicate that use of V0 rated enclosure material essentially removes the risk of TV fires while approximately 165 TV fires occur per million TVs in Europe each year where the enclosure material is breached. The application of the model indicates that emissions of some key species (such as dibenzodioxins and PAH) are actually lower for the TV with the FR enclosure than for the TV with the NFR enclosure. This has direct reprercussions for the assessment of the environmental impact of the FR TV relative to that of the NFR TV. Finally, when considering the risk associated with the use of flame retardants, it is also important to consider the risk associated with fires. Based on the in-depth analysis of available fire statistics, conducted as a part of this study, it has been estimated that as many as 160 people may die each year in Europe as a direct result of TV fires and as many as 2000 may be injured in the same period.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Simonson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tullin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stripple\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\\\\a\",\"akan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11999797\",\"keywords\":\"Aromatic, Aromatic: adverse effects, Dioxins, Dioxins: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Equipment Design, Fires, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Manufactured Materials, Models, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Risk Assessment, Television, Theoretical, com, frelec\",\"pages\":\"737–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{simonson_fire-lca_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire-{LCA} study of {TV} sets with {V0} and {HB} enclosure material.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797},\\n\\tabstract = {A novel Life-Cycle Assessment model (Fire-LCA) has been defined for the determination of the environmental impact of measures taken to attain a high level of fire safety. This study, which represents the first application of this LCA model, concentrates on a comparison between a TV with an enclosure manufactured with a flame retardant (FR) plastic (V0-rated high impact polystyrene, HIPS, typical for the US market) and one manufactured with a non-flame retardant (HB-rated HIPS, typical for the European market). A fire model has been defined based on international statistics, which indicate that use of V0 rated enclosure material essentially removes the risk of TV fires while approximately 165 TV fires occur per million TVs in Europe each year where the enclosure material is breached. The application of the model indicates that emissions of some key species (such as dibenzodioxins and PAH) are actually lower for the TV with the FR enclosure than for the TV with the NFR enclosure. This has direct reprercussions for the assessment of the environmental impact of the FR TV relative to that of the NFR TV. Finally, when considering the risk associated with the use of flame retardants, it is also important to consider the risk associated with fires. Based on the in-depth analysis of available fire statistics, conducted as a part of this study, it has been estimated that as many as 160 people may die each year in Europe as a direct result of TV fires and as many as 2000 may be injured in the same period.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Simonson, Margaret and Tullin, Claes and Stripple, H{\\\\textbackslash}a akan},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11999797},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: adverse effects, Dioxins, Dioxins: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Equipment Design, Fires, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Manufactured Materials, Models, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Risk Assessment, Television, Theoretical, com, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {737--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Simonson, M.\",\"Tullin, C.\",\"Stripple, H. a.\"],\"key\":\"simonson_fire-lca_2002\",\"id\":\"simonson_fire-lca_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"simonson-tullin-stripple-firelcastudyoftvsetswithv0andhbenclosurematerial-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aromatic\",\"Aromatic: adverse effects\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Equipment Design\",\"Fires\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Manufactured Materials\",\"Models\",\"Polycyclic Hydrocarbons\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Television\",\"Theoretical\",\"com\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two Canadian cities.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.010\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardant dechlorane plus (DP) and several polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners have been measured in 87 human milk samples collected in two Canadian cities: Kingston and Sherbrooke. The levels of PBDEs in human milk (mean (median), ng g(-1) lipid weight=10 (5.9), 4.1 (2.8), 3.0 (1.6), 5.12 (1.6), and 15 (ND) for BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209, respectively) were comparable to those reported in Europe, U.S.A. and China. The levels of DP, with a mean value of 0.98 ng g(-1) and a median value of 0.60 ng g(-1) (lipid weight), were two to ten times lower than those of concurrently measured major PBDEs including BDE-209. While there is little difference in the levels of measured contaminants in milk samples collected from the two cities, the contaminants levels in human milk show, indicated by Principal Components Analysis, that DP, deca-BDE, and penta-BDE come from three distinct sources. The mean and median isomer ratio values of DP in milk were 0.67 and 0.69, respectively, very similar to that of DP commercial products.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siddique\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shabana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdelouahab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Phillips\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Lai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22208742\",\"keywords\":\"Canada, Cities, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"pages\":\"50–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{siddique_levels_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two {Canadian} cities.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardant dechlorane plus (DP) and several polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners have been measured in 87 human milk samples collected in two Canadian cities: Kingston and Sherbrooke. The levels of PBDEs in human milk (mean (median), ng g(-1) lipid weight=10 (5.9), 4.1 (2.8), 3.0 (1.6), 5.12 (1.6), and 15 (ND) for BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209, respectively) were comparable to those reported in Europe, U.S.A. and China. The levels of DP, with a mean value of 0.98 ng g(-1) and a median value of 0.60 ng g(-1) (lipid weight), were two to ten times lower than those of concurrently measured major PBDEs including BDE-209. While there is little difference in the levels of measured contaminants in milk samples collected from the two cities, the contaminants levels in human milk show, indicated by Principal Components Analysis, that DP, deca-BDE, and penta-BDE come from three distinct sources. The mean and median isomer ratio values of DP in milk were 0.67 and 0.69, respectively, very similar to that of DP commercial products.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Siddique, Shabana and Xian, Qiming and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Takser, Larissa and Phillips, Susan P and Feng, Yong-Lai and Wang, Bing and Zhu, Jiping},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22208742},\\n\\tkeywords = {Canada, Cities, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {50--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Siddique, S.\",\"Xian, Q.\",\"Abdelouahab, N.\",\"Takser, L.\",\"Phillips, S. P\",\"Feng, Y.\",\"Wang, B.\",\"Zhu, J.\"],\"key\":\"siddique_levels_2012\",\"id\":\"siddique_levels_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"siddique-xian-abdelouahab-takser-phillips-feng-wang-zhu-levelsofdechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkintwocanadiancities-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742\"},\"keyword\":[\"Canada\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Milk\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada.\",\"volume\":\"169\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043\",\"abstract\":\"Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007-2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81% and 100% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Glenys\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22402458\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Pollution, Canada, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Male, Preschool, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"175–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shoeib_legacy_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from {Vancouver}, {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {169},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043},\\n\\tabstract = {Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007-2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81\\\\% and 100\\\\% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Webster, Glenys M and Sverko, Ed and Cheng, Yu},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22402458},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Canada, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Male, Preschool, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {175--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shoeib, M.\",\"Harner, T.\",\"Webster, G. M\",\"Sverko, E.\",\"Cheng, Y.\"],\"key\":\"shoeib_legacy_2012\",\"id\":\"shoeib_legacy_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Canada\",\"Child\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: adverse effects\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Preschool\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Dechloranes 602, 603, and 604.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es902482b\",\"abstract\":\"Dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dechlorane (Dec) 603, Dechlorane (Dec) 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP) are flame retardant substitutes for mirex. Dec 602, 603, and 604 were detected in sediment and fish from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lake Ontario surface sediments had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 6.0 and 4.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Temporal analysis of a Lake Ontario sediment core indicates that Dec 602 and 604 trends are similar to DP peaking in the early 1980s. Lake trout and whitefish from Lake Ontario also had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 34 and 1.2 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of Dec 602 were higher than those of DP in all fish samples, indicating that Dec 602 is likely more bioavailable and/or more readily bioaccumulates than DP. Spatial trends for Dec 602 and 604 in sediment and fish indicate that manufacturing plants along the Niagara River upstream of Lake Ontario were important sources of Dec 602 and 604 to the Great Lakes, while Dec 603 in the Great Lakes is likely from atmospheric deposition. The findings of this first report of Dec 602, 603, and 604 in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin suggests further investigation of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the environment is merited.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacPherson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kolic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terry\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhavsar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Satyendra\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brindle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marvin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20000816\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"760–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shen_identification_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes}: {Dechloranes} 602, 603, and 604.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es902482b},\\n\\tabstract = {Dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dechlorane (Dec) 603, Dechlorane (Dec) 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP) are flame retardant substitutes for mirex. Dec 602, 603, and 604 were detected in sediment and fish from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lake Ontario surface sediments had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 6.0 and 4.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Temporal analysis of a Lake Ontario sediment core indicates that Dec 602 and 604 trends are similar to DP peaking in the early 1980s. Lake trout and whitefish from Lake Ontario also had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 34 and 1.2 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of Dec 602 were higher than those of DP in all fish samples, indicating that Dec 602 is likely more bioavailable and/or more readily bioaccumulates than DP. Spatial trends for Dec 602 and 604 in sediment and fish indicate that manufacturing plants along the Niagara River upstream of Lake Ontario were important sources of Dec 602 and 604 to the Great Lakes, while Dec 603 in the Great Lakes is likely from atmospheric deposition. The findings of this first report of Dec 602, 603, and 604 in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin suggests further investigation of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the environment is merited.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Shen, Li and Reiner, Eric J and MacPherson, Karen A and Kolic, Terry M and Sverko, Ed and Helm, Paul A and Bhavsar, Satyendra P and Brindle, Ian D and Marvin, Chris H},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20000816},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {760--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shen, L.\",\"Reiner, E. J\",\"MacPherson, K. A\",\"Kolic, T. M\",\"Sverko, E.\",\"Helm, P. A\",\"Bhavsar, S. P\",\"Brindle, I. D\",\"Marvin, C. H\"],\"key\":\"shen_identification_2010\",\"id\":\"shen_identification_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shen-reiner-macpherson-kolic-sverko-helm-bhavsar-brindle-etal-identificationandscreeninganalysisofhalogenatednorborneneflameretardantsinthelaurentiangreatlakesdechloranes602603and604-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: chemistry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several alternative halogenated flame retardants in a small herbivorous food chain.\",\"volume\":\"174\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.024\",\"abstract\":\"Little is known about the bioaccumulation behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in plants and in herbivores. In the present study, PBDEs and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) were examined in a small herbivorous food chain (paddy soils-rice plant-apple snails) from an electronic waste recycling site in South China. Mean concentrations of total PBDEs were 40.5, 1.81, and 5.54 ng/g dry weight in the soils, rice plant, and apple snails, respectively. Levels of total AHFRs in the samples were comparable to or even higher than those of PBDEs. The calculated plant to soil concentration ratios for most AHFRs (0.05-3.40) were higher than those for PBDEs (0.02-0.23), indicating the greater bioavailability of the AHFRs in the rice plant. All PBDE congeners and Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were biomagnified from the rice plant to apple snails, with mean biomagnification factors (BMFs) of 1.1-5.0.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"She\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ya-Zhe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23262072\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Herbivory, Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa: chemistry, Snails, Snails: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"164–70\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{she_bioaccumulation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several alternative halogenated flame retardants in a small herbivorous food chain.},\\n\\tvolume = {174},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.024},\\n\\tabstract = {Little is known about the bioaccumulation behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in plants and in herbivores. In the present study, PBDEs and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) were examined in a small herbivorous food chain (paddy soils-rice plant-apple snails) from an electronic waste recycling site in South China. Mean concentrations of total PBDEs were 40.5, 1.81, and 5.54 ng/g dry weight in the soils, rice plant, and apple snails, respectively. Levels of total AHFRs in the samples were comparable to or even higher than those of PBDEs. The calculated plant to soil concentration ratios for most AHFRs (0.05-3.40) were higher than those for PBDEs (0.02-0.23), indicating the greater bioavailability of the AHFRs in the rice plant. All PBDE congeners and Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were biomagnified from the rice plant to apple snails, with mean biomagnification factors (BMFs) of 1.1-5.0.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {She, Ya-Zhe and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Zhang, Ying and Peng, Ying and Mo, Ling and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23262072},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Herbivory, Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa: chemistry, Snails, Snails: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {164--70},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"She, Y.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Peng, Y.\",\"Mo, L.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"she_bioaccumulation_2013\",\"id\":\"she_bioaccumulation_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"she-wu-zhang-peng-mo-luo-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandseveralalternativehalogenatedflameretardantsinasmallherbivorousfoodchain-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"China\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Herbivory\",\"Oryza sativa\",\"Oryza sativa: chemistry\",\"Snails\",\"Snails: metabolism\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Soil: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in serum from U.S. blood donors.\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440\",\"abstract\":\"Serum samples collected in 1988 from U.S. blood donors were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs and PBBs). The levels of the PBDEs are reported for the first time in serum from the U.S. population. The median concentrations and range of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47); 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153); 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183); and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were 1.3 (\\\\textless0.8-49); 0.54 (0.13-3.1); 0.24 (0.12-1.8); and \\\\textless1 (\\\\textless1-35) pmol/g lipid weight (l.w.), respectively. In addition we also measured detectable levels of nine additional PBDE congeners in many of the serum samples. The median concentrations and ranges of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachloro- and hexabromobiphenyl (CB-153 and BB-153) were 190 (21-2600) and 19 (4.2-84) pmol/g l.w. The levels of PBDEs and CB-153 found in the U.S. samples were similar to background levels reported in the serum of Swedish hospital cleaners collected 10 years later, i.e., 1997. The BB-153 congener measured in the U.S. samples was not found in the Swedish samples. The difference in exposure to this congener could not be assessed in this study, although might be related to the 1973 BB-153 (FireMaster BP-6) animal and human contamination incident in the State of Michigan.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pmid\":\"11642440\",\"keywords\":\"Blood Donors, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: blood, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Reference Values, United States, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"3830–3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sjodin_brominated_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in serum from {U}.{S}. blood donors.},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440},\\n\\tabstract = {Serum samples collected in 1988 from U.S. blood donors were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs and PBBs). The levels of the PBDEs are reported for the first time in serum from the U.S. population. The median concentrations and range of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47); 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153); 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183); and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were 1.3 ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.8-49); 0.54 (0.13-3.1); 0.24 (0.12-1.8); and {\\\\textbackslash}textless1 ({\\\\textbackslash}textless1-35) pmol/g lipid weight (l.w.), respectively. In addition we also measured detectable levels of nine additional PBDE congeners in many of the serum samples. The median concentrations and ranges of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachloro- and hexabromobiphenyl (CB-153 and BB-153) were 190 (21-2600) and 19 (4.2-84) pmol/g l.w. The levels of PBDEs and CB-153 found in the U.S. samples were similar to background levels reported in the serum of Swedish hospital cleaners collected 10 years later, i.e., 1997. The BB-153 congener measured in the U.S. samples was not found in the Swedish samples. The difference in exposure to this congener could not be assessed in this study, although might be related to the 1973 BB-153 (FireMaster BP-6) animal and human contamination incident in the State of Michigan.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjödin, A and Patterson, D G and Bergman, A},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpmid = {11642440},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood Donors, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: blood, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Reference Values, United States, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {3830--3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjödin, A\",\"Patterson, D G\",\"Bergman, A\"],\"key\":\"sjodin_brominated_2001\",\"id\":\"sjodin_brominated_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjdin-patterson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromusblooddonors-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood Donors\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: blood\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Humans\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Reference Values\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Cost benefit analysis model for fire safety: Methodology and TV (DecaBDE) case study.\",\"url\":\"http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"A fire cost-benefit model (Fire-CBA) has been developed to evaluate the financial impact of regulations and voluntary industry initiatives, aimed at the removal of flame retardants. This model has been constructed to include such costs as: incremental increases in cost to flame retard a product relative to a non-flame retarded product; additional costs for disposal of the product at the end of the product life cycle. Similarly, the model includes provisions for benefits such as: lives saved, injuries avoided, capital costs avoided through fires averted. In all, a total of 8 scenarios were tested for the TV set application of the Fire-CBA model developed in this report. In all cases the benefits of a high level of fire performance in a TV set far outweigh the costs associated with obtaining that high level of fire safety. The net benefit is a function of the choices made in the various scenarios but ranges between 657 to 1 380 million US$ (or approximately 520 – 1100 million €) per year. The various scenarios were chosen to illustrate the significance of the various parameters included in the study as the specific value chosen for each parameter can vary depending on the assumptions made in the model.\",\"institution\":\"SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Simonson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Den\",\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{simonson_cost_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Cost benefit analysis model for fire safety: {Methodology} and {TV} ({DecaBDE}) case study.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {A fire cost-benefit model (Fire-CBA) has been developed to evaluate the financial impact of regulations and voluntary industry initiatives, aimed at the removal of flame retardants. This model has been constructed to include such costs as: incremental increases in cost to flame retard a product relative to a non-flame retarded product; additional costs for disposal of the product at the end of the product life cycle. Similarly, the model includes provisions for benefits such as: lives saved, injuries avoided, capital costs avoided through fires averted. In all, a total of 8 scenarios were tested for the TV set application of the Fire-CBA model developed in this report. In all cases the benefits of a high level of fire performance in a TV set far outweigh the costs associated with obtaining that high level of fire safety. The net benefit is a function of the choices made in the various scenarios but ranges between 657 to 1 380 million US\\\\$ (or approximately 520 – 1100 million €) per year. The various scenarios were chosen to illustrate the significance of the various parameters included in the study as the specific value chosen for each parameter can vary depending on the assumptions made in the model.},\\n\\tinstitution = {SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute},\\n\\tauthor = {Simonson, M and Andersson, P and van Den Berg, M},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Simonson, M\",\"Andersson, P\",\"van Den Berg, M\"],\"key\":\"simonson_cost_2006\",\"id\":\"simonson_cost_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"simonson-andersson-vandenberg-costbenefitanalysismodelforfiresafetymethodologyandtvdecabdecasestudy-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China.\",\"volume\":\"452-453\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038\",\"abstract\":\"Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \\\\textlessLOD to 12.46 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g(-1) lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \\\\textlessLOD to 78.28 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g(-1) lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g(-1) lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhixiong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinfang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23500394\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"10–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shi_levels_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {452-453},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},\\n\\tabstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 12.46 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g(-1) lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 78.28 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g(-1) lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g(-1) lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23500394},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {10--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shi, Z.\",\"Jiao, Y.\",\"Hu, Y.\",\"Sun, Z.\",\"Zhou, X.\",\"Feng, J.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"shi_levels_2013\",\"id\":\"shi_levels_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental and biota samples from southern China.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.047\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations of three currently used non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-DBPE), were examined in environmental and biota samples collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and an electronic waste (e-waste) area in southern China. We also examined deca-BDE (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners for comparison. The results indicate that these non-PBDE BFRs occur widely in the environment of the two study areas. We found a noticeable increase in the levels of TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in recent sediments, the concentrations of which even exceed those of BDE209 (deca-BDE) in some samples from the PRD. The BFR profiles of the two study areas are distinct. Relatively high proportions of DBDPE and TBBPA-DBPE were found in the PRD environment, whereas the levels of discontinued BFRs (penta-BDEs and BDE183) and BTBPE were higher in the e-waste area. Our results suggest that the industrial activities in the PRD and the recycling of e-waste have introduced distinct types of BFR contamination to the ambient environment and deca-BDE product has been partly replaced by the TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in the PRD. Furthermore, BTBPE and DBDPE were detected in bird tissues and BTBPE in the fish tissues collected from the e-waste area. This is the first report of the occurrence of TBBPA-DBPE in environmental samples worldwide. More studies are needed for reaching a better understanding of the behavior, bioaccumulation, and toxicology of these increasingly used BFRs in the environment.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiu-Lan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cai-Ming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun-Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xian-Zhi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19059630\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biodiversity, Birds, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, env, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"910–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shi_occurrence_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental and biota samples from southern {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.047},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations of three currently used non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-DBPE), were examined in environmental and biota samples collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and an electronic waste (e-waste) area in southern China. We also examined deca-BDE (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners for comparison. The results indicate that these non-PBDE BFRs occur widely in the environment of the two study areas. We found a noticeable increase in the levels of TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in recent sediments, the concentrations of which even exceed those of BDE209 (deca-BDE) in some samples from the PRD. The BFR profiles of the two study areas are distinct. Relatively high proportions of DBDPE and TBBPA-DBPE were found in the PRD environment, whereas the levels of discontinued BFRs (penta-BDEs and BDE183) and BTBPE were higher in the e-waste area. Our results suggest that the industrial activities in the PRD and the recycling of e-waste have introduced distinct types of BFR contamination to the ambient environment and deca-BDE product has been partly replaced by the TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in the PRD. Furthermore, BTBPE and DBDPE were detected in bird tissues and BTBPE in the fish tissues collected from the e-waste area. This is the first report of the occurrence of TBBPA-DBPE in environmental samples worldwide. More studies are needed for reaching a better understanding of the behavior, bioaccumulation, and toxicology of these increasingly used BFRs in the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Shi, Tian and Chen, She-Jun and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Tang, Cai-Ming and Luo, Yong and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Peng, Xian-Zhi and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19059630},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Birds, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, env, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {910--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shi, T.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Tang, C.\",\"Luo, Y.\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Peng, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"shi_occurrence_2009\",\"id\":\"shi_occurrence_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shi-chen-luo-zhang-tang-luo-ma-wu-etal-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsotherthanpolybrominateddiphenylethersinenvironmentalandbiotasamplesfromsouthernchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biodiversity\",\"Birds\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"env\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.016\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. summation operatorPBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n=42) ranged from 80 to 25720 ng g(-1)lw, (overall mean 2403+/-5406 ng g(-1)lw). By age, mean summation operatorPBDE concentrations were: 3645+/-7388, 2945+/-5995, 1385+/-1265, and 326+/-193 ng g(-1)lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n=12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g(-1)lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Diane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chia-Swee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Addink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudolf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hilker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18950831\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Time Factors, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"1773–80\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shaw_bioaccumulation_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest {Atlantic}.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.016},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. summation operatorPBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n=42) ranged from 80 to 25720 ng g(-1)lw, (overall mean 2403+/-5406 ng g(-1)lw). By age, mean summation operatorPBDE concentrations were: 3645+/-7388, 2945+/-5995, 1385+/-1265, and 326+/-193 ng g(-1)lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22\\\\%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14\\\\%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n=12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g(-1)lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Brenner, Diane and Berger, Michelle L and Fang, Fu and Hong, Chia-Swee and Addink, Rudolf and Hilker, David},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18950831},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Time Factors, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {1773--80},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Brenner, D.\",\"Berger, M. L\",\"Fang, F.\",\"Hong, C.\",\"Addink, R.\",\"Hilker, D.\"],\"key\":\"shaw_bioaccumulation_2008\",\"id\":\"shaw_bioaccumulation_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shaw-brenner-berger-fang-hong-addink-hilker-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Atlantic Ocean\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Phoca\",\"Phoca: metabolism\",\"Time Factors\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks?\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"0048-7554\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442\",\"abstract\":\"Since the 1970s, an increasing number of regulations have expanded the use of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. Many of these chemicals are now recognized as global contaminants and are associated with adverse health effects in animals and humans, including endocrine and thyroid disruption, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cancer, and adverse effects on fetal and child development and neurologic function. Some flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned or voluntarily phased out by manufacturers because of their environmental persistence and toxicity, only to be replaced by other organohalogens of unknown toxicity. Despite restrictions on further production in some countries, consumer products previously treated with banned retardants are still in use and continue to release toxic chemicals into the environment, and the worldwide use of organohalogen retardants continues to increase. This paper examines major uses and known toxic effects of commonly-used organohalogen flame retardants, replacements for those that have been phased out, their combustion by-products, and their effectiveness at reducing fire hazard. Policy and other solutions to maintain fire safety while reducing toxicity are suggested. The major conclusions are: (1) Flammability regulations can cause greater adverse environmental and health impacts than fire safety benefits. (2) The current options for end-of-life disposal of products treated with organohalogens retardants are problematic. (3) Life-cycle analyses evaluating benefits and risks should consider the health and environmental effects of the chemicals, as well as their fire safety impacts. (4) Most fire deaths and most fire injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide, irritant gases, and soot. The incorporation of organohalogens can increase the yield of these toxic by-products during combustion. (5) Fire-safe cigarettes, fire-safe candles, child-resistant lighters, sprinklers, and smoke detectors can prevent fires without the potential adverse effects of flame retardant chemicals. (6) Alternatives to organohalogen flame retardant chemicals include using less flammable materials, design changes, and safer chemicals. To date, before evaluating their health and environmental impacts, many flame retardant chemicals have been produced and used, resulting in high levels of human exposure. As a growing literature continues to find adverse impacts from such chemicals, a more systematic approach to their regulation is needed. Before implementing new flammability standards, decision-makers should evaluate the potential fire safety benefit versus the health and environmental impacts of the chemicals, materials, or technologies likely to be used to meet the standard. Reducing the use of toxic or untested flame retardant chemicals in consumer products can protect human and animal health and the global environment without compromising fire safety.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Reviews on environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roland\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lucas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koshland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dobraca\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"21268442\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: legislation & jurispruden, Fires, Fires: prevention & control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy, Refuse Disposal\",\"pages\":\"261–305\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shaw_halogenated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks?},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {0048-7554},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442},\\n\\tabstract = {Since the 1970s, an increasing number of regulations have expanded the use of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. Many of these chemicals are now recognized as global contaminants and are associated with adverse health effects in animals and humans, including endocrine and thyroid disruption, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cancer, and adverse effects on fetal and child development and neurologic function. Some flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned or voluntarily phased out by manufacturers because of their environmental persistence and toxicity, only to be replaced by other organohalogens of unknown toxicity. Despite restrictions on further production in some countries, consumer products previously treated with banned retardants are still in use and continue to release toxic chemicals into the environment, and the worldwide use of organohalogen retardants continues to increase. This paper examines major uses and known toxic effects of commonly-used organohalogen flame retardants, replacements for those that have been phased out, their combustion by-products, and their effectiveness at reducing fire hazard. Policy and other solutions to maintain fire safety while reducing toxicity are suggested. The major conclusions are: (1) Flammability regulations can cause greater adverse environmental and health impacts than fire safety benefits. (2) The current options for end-of-life disposal of products treated with organohalogens retardants are problematic. (3) Life-cycle analyses evaluating benefits and risks should consider the health and environmental effects of the chemicals, as well as their fire safety impacts. (4) Most fire deaths and most fire injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide, irritant gases, and soot. The incorporation of organohalogens can increase the yield of these toxic by-products during combustion. (5) Fire-safe cigarettes, fire-safe candles, child-resistant lighters, sprinklers, and smoke detectors can prevent fires without the potential adverse effects of flame retardant chemicals. (6) Alternatives to organohalogen flame retardant chemicals include using less flammable materials, design changes, and safer chemicals. To date, before evaluating their health and environmental impacts, many flame retardant chemicals have been produced and used, resulting in high levels of human exposure. As a growing literature continues to find adverse impacts from such chemicals, a more systematic approach to their regulation is needed. Before implementing new flammability standards, decision-makers should evaluate the potential fire safety benefit versus the health and environmental impacts of the chemicals, materials, or technologies likely to be used to meet the standard. Reducing the use of toxic or untested flame retardant chemicals in consumer products can protect human and animal health and the global environment without compromising fire safety.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Reviews on environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Blum, Arlene and Weber, Roland and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Rich, David and Lucas, Donald and Koshland, Catherine P and Dobraca, Dina and Hanson, Sarah and Birnbaum, Linda S},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {21268442},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: legislation \\\\& jurispruden, Fires, Fires: prevention \\\\& control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy, Refuse Disposal},\\n\\tpages = {261--305},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Weber, R.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Rich, D.\",\"Lucas, D.\",\"Koshland, C. P\",\"Dobraca, D.\",\"Hanson, S.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\"],\"key\":\"shaw_halogenated_2010\",\"id\":\"shaw_halogenated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shaw-blum-weber-kannan-rich-lucas-koshland-dobraca-etal-halogenatedflameretardantsdothefiresafetybenefitsjustifytherisks-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Pollution: legislation & jurispruden\",\"Fires\",\"Fires: prevention & control\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Policy\",\"Refuse Disposal\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tissue-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) including Deca-BDE and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.001\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used flame retardants that enter coastal waters from multiple sources and biomagnify in marine food webs. PBDEs have been detected at relatively high concentrations in harbor seals, apex predators in the northwest Atlantic. Whereas tri- to hexa-BDEs readily biomagnified from prey fishes to seal blubber, Deca-BDE (BDE-209) did not biomagnify in blubber. To explore tissue-specific differences in the accumulation/biomagnification of BFRs, we analyzed tri- to Deca-BDES in liver of 56 harbor seals (6 adult males, 50 pups), and compared hepatic concentrations and biomagnification potential with those in blubber. HBCDs were analyzed in seal liver and blubber to enable similar comparisons. Hepatic ΣPBDE (tri- to Octa-BDE) concentrations (range 35-19,547ng/glipid weight, lw) were similar to blubber concentrations, while α-HBCD levels in seal liver (range 2-279ng/glw) were significantly higher than levels in blubber. Tissue distribution of PBDEs and α-HBCD varied significantly by age and, surprisingly, by gender among the pups. Biomagnification of α-HBCD from fish to seal liver and blubber was negligible to low, implying that harbor seals can metabolize this persistent isomer. Similar to the patterns in blubber, tri- through hexa-BDEs were highly biomagnified from fish to seal liver. In contrast, BDE-209 concentrations in liver were up to five times higher than those in blubber, which is consistent with observations that BDE-209 migrates to perfused tissues such as the liver in biota. Although detection frequency was low, BDE-209 levels in seal liver were up to ten times higher than those in their prey fish, suggesting that the accumulation/biomagnification of Deca-BDE in marine food webs is tissue-specific. As BDE-209 is the dominant PBDE found in marine sediments, its biomagnification in marine ecosystems is of concern.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weijs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liesbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22321537\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shaw_tissue-specific_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Tissue-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) including {Deca}-{BDE} and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in harbor seals from the northwest {Atlantic}.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used flame retardants that enter coastal waters from multiple sources and biomagnify in marine food webs. PBDEs have been detected at relatively high concentrations in harbor seals, apex predators in the northwest Atlantic. Whereas tri- to hexa-BDEs readily biomagnified from prey fishes to seal blubber, Deca-BDE (BDE-209) did not biomagnify in blubber. To explore tissue-specific differences in the accumulation/biomagnification of BFRs, we analyzed tri- to Deca-BDES in liver of 56 harbor seals (6 adult males, 50 pups), and compared hepatic concentrations and biomagnification potential with those in blubber. HBCDs were analyzed in seal liver and blubber to enable similar comparisons. Hepatic ΣPBDE (tri- to Octa-BDE) concentrations (range 35-19,547ng/glipid weight, lw) were similar to blubber concentrations, while α-HBCD levels in seal liver (range 2-279ng/glw) were significantly higher than levels in blubber. Tissue distribution of PBDEs and α-HBCD varied significantly by age and, surprisingly, by gender among the pups. Biomagnification of α-HBCD from fish to seal liver and blubber was negligible to low, implying that harbor seals can metabolize this persistent isomer. Similar to the patterns in blubber, tri- through hexa-BDEs were highly biomagnified from fish to seal liver. In contrast, BDE-209 concentrations in liver were up to five times higher than those in blubber, which is consistent with observations that BDE-209 migrates to perfused tissues such as the liver in biota. Although detection frequency was low, BDE-209 levels in seal liver were up to ten times higher than those in their prey fish, suggesting that the accumulation/biomagnification of Deca-BDE in marine food webs is tissue-specific. As BDE-209 is the dominant PBDE found in marine sediments, its biomagnification in marine ecosystems is of concern.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Weijs, Liesbeth and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22321537},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Berger, M. L\",\"Weijs, L.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"shaw_tissue-specific_2012\",\"id\":\"shaw_tissue-specific_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shaw-berger-weijs-covaci-tissuespecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincludingdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Phoca\",\"Phoca: metabolism\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flaming Combustion Characteristics of Upholstered Furniture.\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"0734-9041\",\"url\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/073490418900700602\",\"abstract\":\"A designed set of upholstered chairs, differing variously with respect to foam, fabric and the use of an interliner, was subjected to rate of heat release studies using a specially constructed room calorimeter. Although the ease of ignition was found to be influenced by the covering fabric, major prog ress toward reducing fire risk was demonstrated through the use of improved materials such as combustion modified high resiliency foam and melamine modified foam. The presence of an interliner in the chair construction was addi tionally effective and, when used together with the modified foams, resulted in optimum fire performance.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schuhmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartzell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1989\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"pages\":\"386–402\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schuhmann_flaming_1989,\\n\\ttitle = {Flaming {Combustion} {Characteristics} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}.},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {0734-9041},\\n\\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/073490418900700602},\\n\\tabstract = {A designed set of upholstered chairs, differing variously with respect to foam, fabric and the use of an interliner, was subjected to rate of heat release studies using a specially constructed room calorimeter. Although the ease of ignition was found to be influenced by the covering fabric, major prog ress toward reducing fire risk was demonstrated through the use of improved materials such as combustion modified high resiliency foam and melamine modified foam. The presence of an interliner in the chair construction was addi tionally effective and, when used together with the modified foams, resulted in optimum fire performance.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Schuhmann, J. G. and Hartzell, G. E.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1989},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {386--402},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schuhmann, J. G.\",\"Hartzell, G. E.\"],\"key\":\"schuhmann_flaming_1989\",\"id\":\"schuhmann_flaming_1989\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schuhmann-hartzell-flamingcombustioncharacteristicsofupholsteredfurniture-1989\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793\",\"abstract\":\"To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average sigma PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low microg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"She\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianwen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Winkler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Visita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dianne\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11999793\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Earless, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Humans, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Seals, california, ffr, hum, mam\",\"pages\":\"697–707\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{she_pbdes_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793},\\n\\tabstract = {To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average sigma PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low microg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {She, Jianwen and Petreas, Myrto and Winkler, Jennifer and Visita, Patria and McKinney, Michael and Kopec, Dianne},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11999793},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Earless, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Humans, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Seals, california, ffr, hum, mam},\\n\\tpages = {697--707},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"She, J.\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"Winkler, J.\",\"Visita, P.\",\"McKinney, M.\",\"Kopec, D.\"],\"key\":\"she_pbdes_2002\",\"id\":\"she_pbdes_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adult\",\"Age Factors\",\"Animals\",\"Breast\",\"Breast: chemistry\",\"Earless\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Seals\",\"california\",\"ffr\",\"hum\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the American continents: foresight from current knowledge.\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"0048-7554\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated organic compounds used in commercial and household products, such as textiles, furniture, and electronics, to increase their flame ignition resistance and to meet fire safety standards. The demonstrated persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential of these compounds in animals and in humans are of increasing concern. The oceans are considered global sinks for PBDEs, as higher levels are found in marine organisms than in terrestrial biota. For the past three decades, North America has dominated the world market demand for PBDEs, consuming 95% of the penta-BDE formulation. Accordingly, the PBDE concentrations in marine biota and people from North America are the highest in the world and are increasing. Despite recent restrictions on penta- and octa-BDE commercial formulations, penta-BDE containing products will remain a reservoir for PBDE release for years to come, and the deca-BDE formulation is still in high-volume use. In this paper, we review all available data on the occurrence and trends of PBDEs in the marine ecosystems (air, water, sediments, invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals) of North and South America. We outline here our concerns about the potential future impacts of large existing stores of banned PBDEs in consumer products, and the vast and growing reservoirs of deca-BDE as well as new and naturally occurring brominated compounds on marine ecosystems.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Reviews on environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"19891120\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Ecosystem, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Marine Biology, North America, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam, south america, waa\",\"pages\":\"157–229\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shaw_polybrominated_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the {American} continents: foresight from current knowledge.},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {0048-7554},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated organic compounds used in commercial and household products, such as textiles, furniture, and electronics, to increase their flame ignition resistance and to meet fire safety standards. The demonstrated persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential of these compounds in animals and in humans are of increasing concern. The oceans are considered global sinks for PBDEs, as higher levels are found in marine organisms than in terrestrial biota. For the past three decades, North America has dominated the world market demand for PBDEs, consuming 95\\\\% of the penta-BDE formulation. Accordingly, the PBDE concentrations in marine biota and people from North America are the highest in the world and are increasing. Despite recent restrictions on penta- and octa-BDE commercial formulations, penta-BDE containing products will remain a reservoir for PBDE release for years to come, and the deca-BDE formulation is still in high-volume use. In this paper, we review all available data on the occurrence and trends of PBDEs in the marine ecosystems (air, water, sediments, invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals) of North and South America. We outline here our concerns about the potential future impacts of large existing stores of banned PBDEs in consumer products, and the vast and growing reservoirs of deca-BDE as well as new and naturally occurring brominated compounds on marine ecosystems.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Reviews on environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tpmid = {19891120},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Ecosystem, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Marine Biology, North America, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam, south america, waa},\\n\\tpages = {157--229},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"shaw_polybrominated_nodate\",\"id\":\"shaw_polybrominated_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shaw-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersinmarineecosystemsoftheamericancontinentsforesightfromcurrentknowledge\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Ecosystem\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Marine Biology\",\"North America\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\",\"south america\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Se\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunyang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stefani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shaw_persistent_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from {Northern} {California}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Harris, Jennifer H and Hun, Se and Wu, Qian and Liao, Chunyang and Blum, Arlene and Stefani, Anthony and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Berger, M. L\",\"Harris, J. H\",\"Hun, S.\",\"Wu, Q.\",\"Liao, C.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Stefani, A.\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"shaw_persistent_2013\",\"id\":\"shaw_persistent_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shaw-berger-harris-hun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest Atlantic marine food web.\",\"volume\":\"407\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.018\",\"abstract\":\"Seven species of teleost fishes comprising major prey of northwest Atlantic harbor seals were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDE concentrations in whole fish samples (n=87) were compared with those measured previously in harbor seal blubber to evaluate the transfer of PBDEs from prey to predator. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations were measured in three fish species to provide an initial estimation of HBCD contamination in this ecosystem. HBCD was detected in 87% of the fish samples at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 38.1 ng/g, lw (overall mean 17.2+/-10.2 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 17.9 to 94 ng/g, lw (overall mean 62+/-34 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in the harbor seals were two orders of magnitude higher than levels in the fish. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to seals averaged from 17 to 76, indicating that tetra- to hexa-BDEs are highly biomagnified in this marine food web. BDE-47 was the dominant congener in all samples, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE mixture. The presence of higher brominated congeners including BDE-209 at measurable levels in fish and seal tissue, along with the very high biomagnification of BDE-153, as well as -155, and -154, suggests recent exposure to the octa- and deca-BDE formulations in this US coastal marine food web, as well as the additional contribution of BDE-209 debromination in fish to the loading of persistent PBDEs in the seals. This is the first study to report the occurrence of BDE-209 and other higher BDEs in commercially important marine fishes from the northwest Atlantic.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Diane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lohmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19269019\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Phoca, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, frelec, mam, waa\",\"pages\":\"3323–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shaw_bioaccumulation_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest {Atlantic} marine food web.},\\n\\tvolume = {407},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.018},\\n\\tabstract = {Seven species of teleost fishes comprising major prey of northwest Atlantic harbor seals were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDE concentrations in whole fish samples (n=87) were compared with those measured previously in harbor seal blubber to evaluate the transfer of PBDEs from prey to predator. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations were measured in three fish species to provide an initial estimation of HBCD contamination in this ecosystem. HBCD was detected in 87\\\\% of the fish samples at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 38.1 ng/g, lw (overall mean 17.2+/-10.2 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 17.9 to 94 ng/g, lw (overall mean 62+/-34 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in the harbor seals were two orders of magnitude higher than levels in the fish. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to seals averaged from 17 to 76, indicating that tetra- to hexa-BDEs are highly biomagnified in this marine food web. BDE-47 was the dominant congener in all samples, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE mixture. The presence of higher brominated congeners including BDE-209 at measurable levels in fish and seal tissue, along with the very high biomagnification of BDE-153, as well as -155, and -154, suggests recent exposure to the octa- and deca-BDE formulations in this US coastal marine food web, as well as the additional contribution of BDE-209 debromination in fish to the loading of persistent PBDEs in the seals. This is the first study to report the occurrence of BDE-209 and other higher BDEs in commercially important marine fishes from the northwest Atlantic.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Brenner, Diane and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Lohmann, Nina and Päpke, Olaf},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19269019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Phoca, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, frelec, mam, waa},\\n\\tpages = {3323--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Berger, M. L\",\"Brenner, D.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Lohmann, N.\",\"Päpke, O.\"],\"key\":\"shaw_bioaccumulation_2009\",\"id\":\"shaw_bioaccumulation_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shaw-berger-brenner-kannan-lohmann-ppke-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinthenorthwestatlanticmarinefoodweb-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Atlantic Ocean\",\"Body Burden\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Phoca\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"mam\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats.\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1879-1123\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.019\",\"abstract\":\"Deca-bromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) is one of the most efficient brominated flame retardant (BFR) available on the market. We recently demonstrated that when administered to female rat by oral route, DBDE is efficiently absorbed, with the highest residual concentrations found in two endocrine glands, namely the adrenal glands and the ovaries. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging, a technique usually used for the study of endogenous compounds, was applied for the first time to a persistent organic pollutant, allowing to detect and to precisely localize DBDE residues in these two target tissues. The detection of the bromide ion ((81)Br isotope) by TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to demonstrate a marked cortical tropism of DBDE residues for the adrenal glands in female rats dosed per os 2 mg·kg(-1) DBDE, daily, over 96 h. In ovaries, DBDE residues were found to be concentrated in spots corresponding to part of the corpora lutea. Hepatic residues of DBDE were found to be homogeneously distributed. Due to the intrinsic toxicity of DBDE, its accumulation in the adrenal glands and the ovaries may be connected to the mechanisms of actions by which DBDE could trigger endocrine disruption in mammals.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Debrauwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurent\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bourgès-Abella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brunelle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alain\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laprévote\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olivier\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20675151\",\"keywords\":\"Adrenal Glands, Adrenal Glands: chemistry, Adrenal Glands: metabolism, Animals, Bromides, Bromides: chemistry, Computer-Assisted, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Histocytochemistry, Image Processing, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Ovary, Ovary: chemistry, Ovary: metabolism, Rats, Tissue Distribution, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"1836–45\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{seyer_time--flight_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1123},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.019},\\n\\tabstract = {Deca-bromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) is one of the most efficient brominated flame retardant (BFR) available on the market. We recently demonstrated that when administered to female rat by oral route, DBDE is efficiently absorbed, with the highest residual concentrations found in two endocrine glands, namely the adrenal glands and the ovaries. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging, a technique usually used for the study of endogenous compounds, was applied for the first time to a persistent organic pollutant, allowing to detect and to precisely localize DBDE residues in these two target tissues. The detection of the bromide ion ((81)Br isotope) by TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to demonstrate a marked cortical tropism of DBDE residues for the adrenal glands in female rats dosed per os 2 mg·kg(-1) DBDE, daily, over 96 h. In ovaries, DBDE residues were found to be concentrated in spots corresponding to part of the corpora lutea. Hepatic residues of DBDE were found to be homogeneously distributed. Due to the intrinsic toxicity of DBDE, its accumulation in the adrenal glands and the ovaries may be connected to the mechanisms of actions by which DBDE could trigger endocrine disruption in mammals.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry},\\n\\tauthor = {Seyer, Alexandre and Riu, Anne and Debrauwer, Laurent and Bourgès-Abella, Nathalie and Brunelle, Alain and Laprévote, Olivier and Zalko, Daniel},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20675151},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adrenal Glands, Adrenal Glands: chemistry, Adrenal Glands: metabolism, Animals, Bromides, Bromides: chemistry, Computer-Assisted, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Histocytochemistry, Image Processing, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Ovary, Ovary: chemistry, Ovary: metabolism, Rats, Tissue Distribution, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {1836--45},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Seyer, A.\",\"Riu, A.\",\"Debrauwer, L.\",\"Bourgès-Abella, N.\",\"Brunelle, A.\",\"Laprévote, O.\",\"Zalko, D.\"],\"key\":\"seyer_time--flight_2010\",\"id\":\"seyer_time--flight_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"seyer-riu-debrauwer-bourgsabella-brunelle-laprvote-zalko-timeofflightsecondaryionmassspectrometryimagingdemonstratesthespecificlocalizationofdecabromodiphenyletherresiduesintheovariesandadrenalglandsofexposedrats-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adrenal Glands\",\"Adrenal Glands: chemistry\",\"Adrenal Glands: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Bromides\",\"Bromides: chemistry\",\"Computer-Assisted\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Histocytochemistry\",\"Image Processing\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Ovary\",\"Ovary: chemistry\",\"Ovary: metabolism\",\"Rats\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"T-screen to quantify functional potentiating, antagonistic and thyroid hormone-like activities of poly halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs).\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"0887-2333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.001\",\"abstract\":\"The present study investigates chemical thyroid hormone disruption at the level of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) functioning. To this end the (ant)agonistic action of a series of xenobiotics was tested in the newly developed T-screen. This assay makes use of a GH3 rat pituitary cell line, that specifically proliferates when exposed to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). The growth stimulatory effect is mediated via T3-receptors. (Ant)agonistic and potentiating action of compounds was studied in absence and presence of T3 at its EC50 level (0.25 nM). The compounds tested included the specific TR-antagonist amiodarone, as well as a series of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), including specifically synthesized BDEs with a structural resemblance to 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), T3 and T4 (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine). The results obtained reveal that only BDE206 and amiodarone are specific antagonists. Interestingly some compounds which did not respond in the T-screen in absence of T3, potentiated effects when tested in combination with T3. This points at possibilities for disruption at the TR in vivo, where exposure generally occurs in presence of T3. Altogether the results of the present study show that the newly developed T-screen can be used as a valuable tool for identification and quantification of compounds active in disturbing thyroid hormone homeostasis at the level of TR-functioning.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology in vitro\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schriks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Merijn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vrabie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cozmina\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gutleb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arno\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Faassen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elisabeth\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rietjens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ivonne\",\"M\",\"C\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albertinka\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16219445\",\"keywords\":\"Amiodarone, Amiodarone: toxicity, Animals, Aromatic, Aromatic: toxicity, Biological Assay, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cultured, Drug Synergism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Pituitary Neoplasms, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: agonists, Thyroid Hormone: antagonists & inhibito, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, Tumor Cells, unsure\",\"pages\":\"490–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schriks_t-screen_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {T-screen to quantify functional potentiating, antagonistic and thyroid hormone-like activities of poly halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ({PHAHs}).},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {0887-2333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.001},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study investigates chemical thyroid hormone disruption at the level of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) functioning. To this end the (ant)agonistic action of a series of xenobiotics was tested in the newly developed T-screen. This assay makes use of a GH3 rat pituitary cell line, that specifically proliferates when exposed to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). The growth stimulatory effect is mediated via T3-receptors. (Ant)agonistic and potentiating action of compounds was studied in absence and presence of T3 at its EC50 level (0.25 nM). The compounds tested included the specific TR-antagonist amiodarone, as well as a series of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), including specifically synthesized BDEs with a structural resemblance to 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), T3 and T4 (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine). The results obtained reveal that only BDE206 and amiodarone are specific antagonists. Interestingly some compounds which did not respond in the T-screen in absence of T3, potentiated effects when tested in combination with T3. This points at possibilities for disruption at the TR in vivo, where exposure generally occurs in presence of T3. Altogether the results of the present study show that the newly developed T-screen can be used as a valuable tool for identification and quantification of compounds active in disturbing thyroid hormone homeostasis at the level of TR-functioning.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro},\\n\\tauthor = {Schriks, Merijn and Vrabie, Cozmina M and Gutleb, Arno C and Faassen, Elisabeth J and Rietjens, Ivonne M C M and Murk, Albertinka J},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16219445},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amiodarone, Amiodarone: toxicity, Animals, Aromatic, Aromatic: toxicity, Biological Assay, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cultured, Drug Synergism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Pituitary Neoplasms, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: agonists, Thyroid Hormone: antagonists \\\\& inhibito, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, Tumor Cells, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {490--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schriks, M.\",\"Vrabie, C. M\",\"Gutleb, A. C\",\"Faassen, E. J\",\"Rietjens, I. M C M\",\"Murk, A. J\"],\"key\":\"schriks_t-screen_2006\",\"id\":\"schriks_t-screen_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schriks-vrabie-gutleb-faassen-rietjens-murk-tscreentoquantifyfunctionalpotentiatingantagonisticandthyroidhormonelikeactivitiesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsphahs-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amiodarone\",\"Amiodarone: toxicity\",\"Animals\",\"Aromatic\",\"Aromatic: toxicity\",\"Biological Assay\",\"Cell Proliferation\",\"Cell Proliferation: drug effects\",\"Cultured\",\"Drug Synergism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: toxicity\",\"Hormone Antagonists\",\"Hormone Antagonists: toxicity\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Pituitary Neoplasms\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Polycyclic Hydrocarbons\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Thyroid Hormone\",\"Thyroid Hormone: agonists\",\"Thyroid Hormone: antagonists & inhibito\",\"Thyroid Hormone: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormone: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: physiology\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: pharmacology\",\"Tumor Cells\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.\",\"volume\":\"395\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/\",\"abstract\":\"Trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid are widely used as flame retardants. The corresponding dialkylphosphates are formed as the main metabolites in animal experiments. We extended a previously published method for the determination of four organophosphorus flame retardant metabolites [bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, di-m-cresyl phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate] to be able to determine di-n-butyl phosphate (DBP) and bis(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (BCPP) in human urine samples additionally in one run. After solid-phase extraction, derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and further solid-phase cleanup, the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection were 0.25 microg/l for both analytes. Interday imprecisions were 2-6%. To show the applicability of the method, the internal burden of 25 persons of the population was determined. Twelve percent of the urine samples analysed tested positive for BCPP at concentrations from below the limit of detection to 0.85 microg/l; one sample contained 0.26 microg/l DBP.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schindler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Birgit\",\"Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Förster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Angerer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jürgen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Solid Phase Extraction, Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"1167–1171\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schindler_quantification_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.},\\n\\tvolume = {395},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/},\\n\\tabstract = {Trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid are widely used as flame retardants. The corresponding dialkylphosphates are formed as the main metabolites in animal experiments. We extended a previously published method for the determination of four organophosphorus flame retardant metabolites [bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, di-m-cresyl phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate] to be able to determine di-n-butyl phosphate (DBP) and bis(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (BCPP) in human urine samples additionally in one run. After solid-phase extraction, derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and further solid-phase cleanup, the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection were 0.25 microg/l for both analytes. Interday imprecisions were 2-6\\\\%. To show the applicability of the method, the internal burden of 25 persons of the population was determined. Twelve percent of the urine samples analysed tested positive for BCPP at concentrations from below the limit of detection to 0.85 microg/l; one sample contained 0.26 microg/l DBP.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Schindler, Birgit Karin and Förster, Katrin and Angerer, Jürgen},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Solid Phase Extraction, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {1167--1171},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schindler, B. K.\",\"Förster, K.\",\"Angerer, J.\"],\"key\":\"schindler_quantification_2009\",\"id\":\"schindler_quantification_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schindler-frster-angerer-quantificationoftwourinarymetabolitesoforganophosphorusflameretardantsbysolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chromatography\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: urine\",\"Solid Phase Extraction\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers induce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitro model: evidence for endocrine disruption.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901435\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants, which are found in rising concentrations in human tissues. They are of concern for human health because animal studies have shown that they possess the potential to be developmentally neurotoxic.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schreiber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gassmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Götz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hübenthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moors\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michaela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krause\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guido\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Merk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nguyen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ngoc-Ha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scanlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josef\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fritsche\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20368126\",\"keywords\":\"Brain, Brain: cytology, Brain: drug effects, Cell Movement, Cell Movement: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"572–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schreiber_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers induce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitro model: evidence for endocrine disruption.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901435},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants, which are found in rising concentrations in human tissues. They are of concern for human health because animal studies have shown that they possess the potential to be developmentally neurotoxic.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Schreiber, Timm and Gassmann, Kathrin and Götz, Christine and Hübenthal, Ulrike and Moors, Michaela and Krause, Guido and Merk, Hans F and Nguyen, Ngoc-Ha and Scanlan, Thomas S and Abel, Josef and Rose, Christine R and Fritsche, Ellen},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20368126},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brain, Brain: cytology, Brain: drug effects, Cell Movement, Cell Movement: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {572--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schreiber, T.\",\"Gassmann, K.\",\"Götz, C.\",\"Hübenthal, U.\",\"Moors, M.\",\"Krause, G.\",\"Merk, H. F\",\"Nguyen, N.\",\"Scanlan, T. S\",\"Abel, J.\",\"Rose, C. R\",\"Fritsche, E.\"],\"key\":\"schreiber_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"schreiber_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schreiber-gassmann-gtz-hbenthal-moors-krause-merk-nguyen-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinducedevelopmentalneurotoxicityinahumaninvitromodelevidenceforendocrinedisruption-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brain\",\"Brain: cytology\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Cell Movement\",\"Cell Movement: drug effects\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cultured\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Immunohistochemistry\",\"Microscopy\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: drug effects\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Reduced combustion efficiency of chlorinated compounds, resulting in higher yields of carbon monoxide.\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"0308-0501\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/fam.810190203\",\"abstract\":\"A series of experiments involving the combustion of inherently fire-retarded compounds has been performed using the DIN 53 436 furnace. Six chlorinated compounds comprising four pesticides, an organic solvent, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been investigated with the focus on the combustion efficiency expressed as the CO2/CO ratio in the fire effluent. It was found that increased chloride content in a compound resulted in decreased CO2/CO ratio. The correlation was found to be . The results indicate higher concentrations of CO in the fire effluent from chlorinated compounds than from wood. Together with a release of HCI this could result in an increased toxic potency. The overall toxic hazard may or may not be increased, since (inherently) fire-retarded materials tend to have an improved fire performance.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Fire and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schnipper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith-hansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erling\",\"Sonnich\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"pages\":\"61–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schnipper_reduced_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {Reduced combustion efficiency of chlorinated compounds, resulting in higher yields of carbon monoxide.},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {0308-0501},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/fam.810190203},\\n\\tabstract = {A series of experiments involving the combustion of inherently fire-retarded compounds has been performed using the DIN 53 436 furnace. Six chlorinated compounds comprising four pesticides, an organic solvent, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been investigated with the focus on the combustion efficiency expressed as the CO2/CO ratio in the fire effluent. It was found that increased chloride content in a compound resulted in decreased CO2/CO ratio. The correlation was found to be . The results indicate higher concentrations of CO in the fire effluent from chlorinated compounds than from wood. Together with a release of HCI this could result in an increased toxic potency. The overall toxic hazard may or may not be increased, since (inherently) fire-retarded materials tend to have an improved fire performance.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Schnipper, Anette and Smith-hansen, Lene and Thomsen, Erling Sonnich},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {61--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schnipper, A.\",\"Smith-hansen, L.\",\"Thomsen, E. S.\"],\"key\":\"schnipper_reduced_1995\",\"id\":\"schnipper_reduced_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schnipper-smithhansen-thomsen-reducedcombustionefficiencyofchlorinatedcompoundsresultinginhigheryieldsofcarbonmonoxide-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management.\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077\",\"abstract\":\"There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlummer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gruber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ludwig\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mäurer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gerd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eldik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17207844\",\"keywords\":\"Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: chemistry, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Metals, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Plastics, Plastics: analysis, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management, Waste Management: instrumentation, Waste Management: legislation & jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"1866–76\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schlummer_characterisation_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment ({WEEE}) and implications for waste management.},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077},\\n\\tabstract = {There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Schlummer, Martin and Gruber, Ludwig and Mäurer, Andreas and Wolz, Gerd and van Eldik, Rudi},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17207844},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: chemistry, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Metals, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Plastics, Plastics: analysis, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management, Waste Management: instrumentation, Waste Management: legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {1866--76},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schlummer, M.\",\"Gruber, L.\",\"Mäurer, A.\",\"Wolz, G.\",\"van Eldik, R.\"],\"key\":\"schlummer_characterisation_2007\",\"id\":\"schlummer_characterisation_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Heavy\",\"Heavy: analysis\",\"Heavy: chemistry\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Metals\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Plastics\",\"Plastics: analysis\",\"Plastics: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polymers\",\"Polymers: analysis\",\"Polymers: chemistry\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Waste Management\",\"Waste Management: instrumentation\",\"Waste Management: legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Waste Management: methods\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Stereoisomers in U.S. Food from Dallas, Texas.\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1204993\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used in polystyrene foams in thermal insulation and electrical equipment. The HBCD commercial mixture consists mainly of α, β, and γ stereoisomers. Health concerns of HBCD exposure include alterations in immune and reproductive systems, neurotoxic effects, and endocrine disruption. Stereoisomer-specific levels of HBCD have not been measured previously in U.S. food.Objectives: We measured HBCD stereoisomer levels in U.S. foods from Dallas, Texas, supermarkets.Methods: Convenience samples of commonly consumed foods were purchased from supermarkets in Dallas in 2009-2010. Food samples included a wide variety of lipid-rich foods: fish, peanut butter, poultry, pork, and beef. Thirty-six individual food samples were collected in 2010 and analyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten pooled food samples previously collected in 2009 for a study of total HBCD levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were reanalyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using LC-MS/MS.Results: Of the 36 measured individual foods, 15 (42%) had detectable levels of HBCD. Median (ranges) of α- and γ-HBCD concentrations were 0.003 (\\\\textless 0.005-1.307) and 0.005 (\\\\textless 0.010-0.143) ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively; β-HBCD was present in three samples with a median (range) of 0.003 (\\\\textless 0.005-0.019) ng/g ww. Median levels (range) for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in pooled samples were 0.077 (0.010-0.310), 0.008 (\\\\textless 0.002-0.070), and 0.024 (0.012-0.170) ng/g ww, respectively.Conclusions: α-HBCD was detected most frequently and at highest concentrations, followed by γ-, and then β-HBCD, in food samples from Dallas, Texas. Food may be a substantial contributor to the elevated α-HBCD levels observed in humans. These data suggest that larger and more representative sampling should be conducted.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tyra\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malik-Bass\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Malte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Paepke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colacino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hynan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sunitha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1260–1264\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_hexabromocyclododecane_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) {Stereoisomers} in {U}.{S}. {Food} from {Dallas}, {Texas}.},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1204993},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used in polystyrene foams in thermal insulation and electrical equipment. The HBCD commercial mixture consists mainly of α, β, and γ stereoisomers. Health concerns of HBCD exposure include alterations in immune and reproductive systems, neurotoxic effects, and endocrine disruption. Stereoisomer-specific levels of HBCD have not been measured previously in U.S. food.Objectives: We measured HBCD stereoisomer levels in U.S. foods from Dallas, Texas, supermarkets.Methods: Convenience samples of commonly consumed foods were purchased from supermarkets in Dallas in 2009-2010. Food samples included a wide variety of lipid-rich foods: fish, peanut butter, poultry, pork, and beef. Thirty-six individual food samples were collected in 2010 and analyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten pooled food samples previously collected in 2009 for a study of total HBCD levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were reanalyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using LC-MS/MS.Results: Of the 36 measured individual foods, 15 (42\\\\%) had detectable levels of HBCD. Median (ranges) of α- and γ-HBCD concentrations were 0.003 ({\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.005-1.307) and 0.005 ({\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.010-0.143) ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively; β-HBCD was present in three samples with a median (range) of 0.003 ({\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.005-0.019) ng/g ww. Median levels (range) for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in pooled samples were 0.077 (0.010-0.310), 0.008 ({\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.002-0.070), and 0.024 (0.012-0.170) ng/g ww, respectively.Conclusions: α-HBCD was detected most frequently and at highest concentrations, followed by γ-, and then β-HBCD, in food samples from Dallas, Texas. Food may be a substantial contributor to the elevated α-HBCD levels observed in humans. These data suggest that larger and more representative sampling should be conducted.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Szabo, David T and Miller, James and Gent, Tyra L and Malik-Bass, Noor and Petersen, Malte and Paepke, Olaf and Colacino, Justin A and Hynan, Linda S and Harris, T Robert and Malla, Sunitha and Birnbaum, Linda S},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1260--1264},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Szabo, D. T\",\"Miller, J.\",\"Gent, T. L\",\"Malik-Bass, N.\",\"Petersen, M.\",\"Paepke, O.\",\"Colacino, J. A\",\"Hynan, L. S\",\"Harris, T R.\",\"Malla, S.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\"],\"key\":\"schecter_hexabromocyclododecane_2012\",\"id\":\"schecter_hexabromocyclododecane_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-szabo-miller-gent-malikbass-petersen-paepke-colacino-etal-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdstereoisomersinusfoodfromdallastexas-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in US food.\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"issn\":\"1613-4133\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/mnfr.200700166\",\"abstract\":\"We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16-1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Molecular nutrition & food research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nirav\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Musumba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18040989\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Hot Temperature, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Meat, Meat: analysis, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"266–72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_brominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in {US} food.},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\tissn = {1613-4133},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700166},\\n\\tabstract = {We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16-1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\\\& food research},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Harris, T Robert and Shah, Nirav and Musumba, Alice and Päpke, Olaf},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18040989},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Hot Temperature, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Meat, Meat: analysis, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {266--72},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Harris, T R.\",\"Shah, N.\",\"Musumba, A.\",\"Päpke, O.\"],\"key\":\"schecter_brominated_2008\",\"id\":\"schecter_brominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Dairy Products\",\"Dairy Products: analysis\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Analysis\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Hot Temperature\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Meat\",\"Meat: analysis\",\"Milk\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haffner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darrah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colacino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keyur\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Opel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States\",\"pages\":\"357–362\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hexabromocyclodecane ({HBCD}) in composite {U}.{S}. food samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Haffner, Darrah and Colacino, Justin and Patel, Keyur and Päpke, Olaf and Opel, Matthias and Birnbaum, Linda S},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States},\\n\\tpages = {357--362},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Haffner, D.\",\"Colacino, J.\",\"Patel, K.\",\"Päpke, O.\",\"Opel, M.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\"],\"key\":\"schecter_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"schecter_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Dairy Products\",\"Dairy Products: analysis\",\"Data Collection\",\"Diet\",\"Diet: classification\",\"Fish Products\",\"Fish Products: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Analysis\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Meat Products\",\"Meat Products: analysis\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901345\",\"abstract\":\"This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haffner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darrah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colacino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keyur\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Opel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20064778\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States\",\"pages\":\"357–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hexabromocyclodecane ({HBCD}) in composite {U}.{S}. food samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901345},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Haffner, Darrah and Colacino, Justin and Patel, Keyur and Päpke, Olaf and Opel, Matthias and Birnbaum, Linda},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20064778},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States},\\n\\tpages = {357--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Haffner, D.\",\"Colacino, J.\",\"Patel, K.\",\"Päpke, O.\",\"Opel, M.\",\"Birnbaum, L.\"],\"key\":\"schecter_polybrominated_2010-1\",\"id\":\"schecter_polybrominated_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Dairy Products\",\"Dairy Products: analysis\",\"Data Collection\",\"Diet\",\"Diet: classification\",\"Fish Products\",\"Fish Products: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Analysis\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Meat Products\",\"Meat Products: analysis\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants in Tree Bark from Around the Globe.\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303393z\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P \\\\textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P \\\\textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salamova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{salamova_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Tree} {Bark} from {Around} the {Globe}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303393z},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Salamova, A.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"salamova_brominated_2012\",\"id\":\"salamova_brominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the great lakes basin.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es2020378\",\"abstract\":\"Air (vapor and particle) and precipitation samples were collected at five sites (two urban, one rural, and two remote) around the Great Lakes during 2005-2009 as a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were measured in these samples. The highest concentrations of these compounds were generally observed at the two urban sites-Chicago and Cleveland-with a few exceptions: The remote site at Eagle Harbor had particularly high levels of PBEB in all three phases, and the rural Sturgeon Point site had the highest HBB concentrations in the vapor phase. The sources of HBB and PBEB to these sites are unknown. A multiple linear regression model was applied to the concentrations of these compounds in the vapor phase, particle phase, precipitation, and the three phases combined. This regression resulted in overall (three phases combined) halving times for total PBDE concentrations of 6.3 ± 1.1 years. The overall halving times for HBB and BTBPE were 9.5 ± 4.6 years and 9.8 ± 2.8 years, respectively. For PBEB and DBDPE, the regression was not statistically significant for the combined phases, indicating that the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds have not changed between 2005 and 2009.\",\"number\":\"20\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salamova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21942402\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chicago, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Ohio\",\"pages\":\"8698–706\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{salamova_discontinued_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the great lakes basin.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es2020378},\\n\\tabstract = {Air (vapor and particle) and precipitation samples were collected at five sites (two urban, one rural, and two remote) around the Great Lakes during 2005-2009 as a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were measured in these samples. The highest concentrations of these compounds were generally observed at the two urban sites-Chicago and Cleveland-with a few exceptions: The remote site at Eagle Harbor had particularly high levels of PBEB in all three phases, and the rural Sturgeon Point site had the highest HBB concentrations in the vapor phase. The sources of HBB and PBEB to these sites are unknown. A multiple linear regression model was applied to the concentrations of these compounds in the vapor phase, particle phase, precipitation, and the three phases combined. This regression resulted in overall (three phases combined) halving times for total PBDE concentrations of 6.3 ± 1.1 years. The overall halving times for HBB and BTBPE were 9.5 ± 4.6 years and 9.8 ± 2.8 years, respectively. For PBEB and DBDPE, the regression was not statistically significant for the combined phases, indicating that the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds have not changed between 2005 and 2009.},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21942402},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chicago, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Ohio},\\n\\tpages = {8698--706},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Salamova, A.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"salamova_discontinued_2011\",\"id\":\"salamova_discontinued_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"salamova-hites-discontinuedandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereandprecipitationfromthegreatlakesbasin-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Chicago\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Ohio\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303393z\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P \\\\textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P \\\\textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salamova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23231623\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"349–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{salamova_brominated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303393z},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23231623},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {349--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Salamova, A.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"salamova_brominated_2013\",\"id\":\"salamova_brominated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676\",\"abstract\":\"The substance flow rate of PBDDs/DFs into flue gas and incineration residues from incineration of three types of waste samples containing brominated flame retardants were examined. The samples used consisted of PBDEs (a typical retardant), used TV casing materials (actual waste materials), and waste printed circuit boards. PBDDs/DFs concentrations in the experimental samples of PBDEs/PE, waste TV casing materials and printed circuit boards ranged between 3000 and 130,000 ng/g. These values are very high when compared to other investigations. The increase of chlorine concentration in input sample reduced the ratio of PBDDs/DFs in flue gas and raised the ratio of PCDDs/DFs. With adequate combustion control and flue gas treatment, the amount of PBDDs/DFs released from the incineration of resin containing brominated flame retardants was lower than the input amount. The presence of PBDDs/DFs in incineration residues dominated the total amount of dioxins released. When PBDDs/DFs, PCDDs/DFs and PXDDs/DFs were considered as a total, the total amount released was lower than the total amount input.\",\"number\":\"5-7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Honda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takatsuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aoki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Futamatsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shiozaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"11219676\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, frelec\",\"pages\":\"519–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sakai_combustion_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676},\\n\\tabstract = {The substance flow rate of PBDDs/DFs into flue gas and incineration residues from incineration of three types of waste samples containing brominated flame retardants were examined. The samples used consisted of PBDEs (a typical retardant), used TV casing materials (actual waste materials), and waste printed circuit boards. PBDDs/DFs concentrations in the experimental samples of PBDEs/PE, waste TV casing materials and printed circuit boards ranged between 3000 and 130,000 ng/g. These values are very high when compared to other investigations. The increase of chlorine concentration in input sample reduced the ratio of PBDDs/DFs in flue gas and raised the ratio of PCDDs/DFs. With adequate combustion control and flue gas treatment, the amount of PBDDs/DFs released from the incineration of resin containing brominated flame retardants was lower than the input amount. The presence of PBDDs/DFs in incineration residues dominated the total amount of dioxins released. When PBDDs/DFs, PCDDs/DFs and PXDDs/DFs were considered as a total, the total amount released was lower than the total amount input.},\\n\\tnumber = {5-7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Sakai, S and Watanabe, J and Honda, Y and Takatsuki, H and Aoki, I and Futamatsu, M and Shiozaki, K},\\n\\tpmid = {11219676},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {519--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sakai, S\",\"Watanabe, J\",\"Honda, Y\",\"Takatsuki, H\",\"Aoki, I\",\"Futamatsu, M\",\"Shiozaki, K\"],\"key\":\"sakai_combustion_nodate\",\"id\":\"sakai_combustion_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sakai-watanabe-honda-takatsuki-aoki-futamatsu-shiozaki-combustionofbrominatedflameretardantsandbehaviorofitsbyproducts\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Report of the international conference on chemicals management on the work of its second session\",\"url\":\"http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"SAICM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{saicm_report_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Report of the international conference on chemicals management on the work of its second session},\\n\\turl = {http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management},\\n\\tauthor = {{SAICM}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"SAICM\"],\"key\":\"saicm_report_2009\",\"id\":\"saicm_report_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"saicm-reportoftheinternationalconferenceonchemicalsmanagementontheworkofitssecondsession-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers.\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016\",\"abstract\":\"We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g(-1) lipid (range 6.7-501.6 ng g(-1) lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g(-1) lipid (range 12.9-580.3 ng g(-1) lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g(-1) lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colacino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20079522\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Chemical Fractionation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Milk, Texas\",\"pages\":\"1279–84\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_partitioning_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum and milk from the same mothers.},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016},\\n\\tabstract = {We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g(-1) lipid (range 6.7-501.6 ng g(-1) lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g(-1) lipid (range 12.9-580.3 ng g(-1) lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g(-1) lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Colacino, Justin and Sjödin, Andreas and Needham, Larry and Birnbaum, Linda},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20079522},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Chemical Fractionation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Milk, Texas},\\n\\tpages = {1279--84},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Colacino, J.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Needham, L.\",\"Birnbaum, L.\"],\"key\":\"schecter_partitioning_2010\",\"id\":\"schecter_partitioning_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Chemical Fractionation\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Human\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Milk\",\"Texas\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicokinetics of tetrabromobisphenol a in humans and rats after oral administration.\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfj132\",\"abstract\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. This study reports the characterization of the toxicokinetics of TBBPA in human subjects and in rats. A single oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg TBBPA was administered to five human subjects. Rats were administered a single oral dose of 300 mg TBBPA/kg body weight. Urine and blood concentrations of TBBPA and its metabolites were determined by LC/MS-MS. TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were identified as metabolites of TBBPA in blood and urine of the human subjects and rats. In blood, TBBPA-glucuronide was detected in all human subjects, whereas TBBPA-sulfate was only present in blood from two individuals. Maximum plasma concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (16 nmol/l) were obtained within 4 h after administration. In two individuals where TBBPA-sulfate was present in blood, maximum concentrations were obtained at the 4-h sampling point; the concentrations rapidly declined to reach the limit of detection (LOD) after 8 h. Parent TBBPA was not present in detectable concentrations in any of the human plasma samples. TBBPA-glucuronide was slowly eliminated in urine to reach the LOD 124 h after administration. In rats, TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were also the major metabolites of TBBPA present in blood; in addition, a diglucuronide of TBBPA, a mixed glucuronide-sulfate conjugate of TBBPA, tribromobisphenol A, and the glucuronide of tribromobisphenol A were also present in low concentrations. TBBPA plasma concentrations peaked at 103 micromol/l 3 h after administration and thereafter declined with a half-life of 13 h; maximal concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (25 micromol/l) were also observed 3 h after administration. Peak plasma concentrations of TBBPA-sulfate (694 micromol/l) were reached within 6 h after administration. The obtained results suggest absorption of TBBPA from the gastrointestinal tract and rapid metabolism of the absorbed TBBPA by conjugation resulting in a low systemic bioavailability of TBBPA.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ute\",\"M\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Völkel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dekant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16481339\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Male, Mass, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"49–58\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schauer_toxicokinetics_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicokinetics of tetrabromobisphenol a in humans and rats after oral administration.},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj132},\\n\\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. This study reports the characterization of the toxicokinetics of TBBPA in human subjects and in rats. A single oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg TBBPA was administered to five human subjects. Rats were administered a single oral dose of 300 mg TBBPA/kg body weight. Urine and blood concentrations of TBBPA and its metabolites were determined by LC/MS-MS. TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were identified as metabolites of TBBPA in blood and urine of the human subjects and rats. In blood, TBBPA-glucuronide was detected in all human subjects, whereas TBBPA-sulfate was only present in blood from two individuals. Maximum plasma concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (16 nmol/l) were obtained within 4 h after administration. In two individuals where TBBPA-sulfate was present in blood, maximum concentrations were obtained at the 4-h sampling point; the concentrations rapidly declined to reach the limit of detection (LOD) after 8 h. Parent TBBPA was not present in detectable concentrations in any of the human plasma samples. TBBPA-glucuronide was slowly eliminated in urine to reach the LOD 124 h after administration. In rats, TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were also the major metabolites of TBBPA present in blood; in addition, a diglucuronide of TBBPA, a mixed glucuronide-sulfate conjugate of TBBPA, tribromobisphenol A, and the glucuronide of tribromobisphenol A were also present in low concentrations. TBBPA plasma concentrations peaked at 103 micromol/l 3 h after administration and thereafter declined with a half-life of 13 h; maximal concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (25 micromol/l) were also observed 3 h after administration. Peak plasma concentrations of TBBPA-sulfate (694 micromol/l) were reached within 6 h after administration. The obtained results suggest absorption of TBBPA from the gastrointestinal tract and rapid metabolism of the absorbed TBBPA by conjugation resulting in a low systemic bioavailability of TBBPA.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Schauer, Ute M D and Völkel, Wolfgang and Dekant, Wolfgang},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16481339},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Male, Mass, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {49--58},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schauer, U. M D\",\"Völkel, W.\",\"Dekant, W.\"],\"key\":\"schauer_toxicokinetics_2006\",\"id\":\"schauer_toxicokinetics_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schauer-vlkel-dekant-toxicokineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainhumansandratsafteroraladministration-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Area Under Curve\",\"Chromatography\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Mass\",\"Oral\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Sensitivity and Specificity\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC, July 17\",\"title\":\"Testimony of UL: Hearing on the Effectiveness of Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standards and Flame Retardant Chemicals\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Underwriters Laboratories\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schaefer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"August\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{schaefer_testimony_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC, July 17},\\n\\ttitle = {Testimony of {UL}: {Hearing} on the {Effectiveness} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standards} and {Flame} {Retardant} {Chemicals}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},\\n\\tauthor = {Schaefer, August},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schaefer, A.\"],\"key\":\"schaefer_testimony_2012\",\"id\":\"schaefer_testimony_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schaefer-testimonyofulhearingontheeffectivenessofupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandardsandflameretardantchemicals-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"CHL report for hexabromocyclododecane. Proposal for harmonised classification and labelling.\",\"url\":\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Swedish Chemicals Agency\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"SCA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{sca_chl_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {{CHL} report for hexabromocyclododecane. {Proposal} for harmonised classification and labelling.},\\n\\turl = {http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Swedish Chemicals Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {{SCA}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"SCA\"],\"key\":\"sca_chl_2009\",\"id\":\"sca_chl_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sca-chlreportforhexabromocyclododecaneproposalforharmonisedclassificationandlabelling-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay (CALUX).\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.003\",\"abstract\":\"Determination of toxic activity requires knowledge of both the concentration and toxicity to evaluate the risk for adverse human health and environmental effects. A chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay system (CALUX) and an antibody-based method enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used to detect the dioxin-like response of several polybrominated, polychlorinated, and polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDDs/Fs, PCDDs/Fs, and PBCDDs/Fs, respectively). It has been suggested that the biological activity of the brominated and mixed bromo/chloro compounds is similar to their chlorinated analogues (measured by binding to the Ah receptor). PBDD/F, PCDD/F, and PBCDD/F laboratory standards exhibited biological activity ranging over three orders of magnitude. The highest relative potency (REP) values from CALUX analysis, when compared to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, were 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 0.99 (+/-0.07), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD at 0.69, and 2-Br-3,7,8-TriCDD at 0.72 (+/-0.02). Cross-reactivities were calculated using EIA for several PBDDs/Fs and PBCDDs. The highest percent cross-reactivity was found for 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 138 (+/-34%), and 2,3,7-TriBDD at 84 (+/-36%).\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Samara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fatin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gullett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19121869\",\"keywords\":\"Biological Assay, Biological Assay: methods, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cross Reactions, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: analysis, Furans: toxicity, Gene Expression, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Immunoenzyme Techniques: methods, Luciferases, Luciferases: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"588–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{samara_determination_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay ({EIA}) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay ({CALUX}).},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Determination of toxic activity requires knowledge of both the concentration and toxicity to evaluate the risk for adverse human health and environmental effects. A chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay system (CALUX) and an antibody-based method enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used to detect the dioxin-like response of several polybrominated, polychlorinated, and polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDDs/Fs, PCDDs/Fs, and PBCDDs/Fs, respectively). It has been suggested that the biological activity of the brominated and mixed bromo/chloro compounds is similar to their chlorinated analogues (measured by binding to the Ah receptor). PBDD/F, PCDD/F, and PBCDD/F laboratory standards exhibited biological activity ranging over three orders of magnitude. The highest relative potency (REP) values from CALUX analysis, when compared to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, were 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 0.99 (+/-0.07), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD at 0.69, and 2-Br-3,7,8-TriCDD at 0.72 (+/-0.02). Cross-reactivities were calculated using EIA for several PBDDs/Fs and PBCDDs. The highest percent cross-reactivity was found for 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 138 (+/-34\\\\%), and 2,3,7-TriBDD at 84 (+/-36\\\\%).},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Samara, Fatin and Gullett, Brian K and Harrison, Robert O and Chu, Andrew and Clark, George C},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19121869},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biological Assay, Biological Assay: methods, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cross Reactions, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: analysis, Furans: toxicity, Gene Expression, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Immunoenzyme Techniques: methods, Luciferases, Luciferases: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {588--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Samara, F.\",\"Gullett, B. K\",\"Harrison, R. O\",\"Chu, A.\",\"Clark, G. C\"],\"key\":\"samara_determination_2009\",\"id\":\"samara_determination_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"samara-gullett-harrison-chu-clark-determinationofrelativeassayresponsefactorsfortoxicchlorinatedandbrominateddioxinsfuransusinganenzymeimmunoassayeiaandachemicallyactivatedluciferasegeneexpressioncellbioassaycalux-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biological Assay\",\"Biological Assay: methods\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Cross Reactions\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Ecotoxicology\",\"Ecotoxicology: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Furans\",\"Furans: analysis\",\"Furans: toxicity\",\"Gene Expression\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Immunoenzyme Techniques\",\"Immunoenzyme Techniques: methods\",\"Luciferases\",\"Luciferases: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es101599h\",\"abstract\":\"To investigate the relationship between the levels of persistent organic pollutants in tree bark (a passive sampler) and those in air and precipitation, tree bark and air and precipitation samples were collected during the same time period at the five U.S. Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites located in Great Lakes basin. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenyl ethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, and chlordanes were measured in these samples. Overall, the pollutant concentrations in tree bark are significantly related to the concentrations of these compounds in the air and precipitation collected where the tree was growing. Generally, the highest tree bark and air pollutant concentrations were observed at urban sites, and the lowest concentrations were observed at remote sites. The overall correlation between bark and atmospheric and precipitation concentrations for all the compounds measured in this study was highly significant (P \\\\textless 0.0001) over 3-4 orders of magnitude. In addition, bark-air partition coefficients, measured for all the chemical categories in this study, were about 10(6), which was in good agreement with previously estimated bark-air partition coefficients for corresponding pollutant groups.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salamova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20704217\",\"keywords\":\"Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical Precipitation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, Volatilization\",\"pages\":\"6196–201\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{salamova_evaluation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, {PCBs}, and organochlorine pesticides.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es101599h},\\n\\tabstract = {To investigate the relationship between the levels of persistent organic pollutants in tree bark (a passive sampler) and those in air and precipitation, tree bark and air and precipitation samples were collected during the same time period at the five U.S. Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites located in Great Lakes basin. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenyl ethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, and chlordanes were measured in these samples. Overall, the pollutant concentrations in tree bark are significantly related to the concentrations of these compounds in the air and precipitation collected where the tree was growing. Generally, the highest tree bark and air pollutant concentrations were observed at urban sites, and the lowest concentrations were observed at remote sites. The overall correlation between bark and atmospheric and precipitation concentrations for all the compounds measured in this study was highly significant (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001) over 3-4 orders of magnitude. In addition, bark-air partition coefficients, measured for all the chemical categories in this study, were about 10(6), which was in good agreement with previously estimated bark-air partition coefficients for corresponding pollutant groups.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20704217},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical Precipitation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, Volatilization},\\n\\tpages = {6196--201},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Salamova, A.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"salamova_evaluation_2010\",\"id\":\"salamova_evaluation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"salamova-hites-evaluationoftreebarkasapassiveatmosphericsamplerforflameretardantspcbsandorganochlorinepesticides-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Chemical Precipitation\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Kinetics\",\"Particulate Matter\",\"Particulate Matter: analysis\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Plant Bark\",\"Plant Bark: chemistry\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"United States\",\"Volatilization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transient aberration of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants in rats.\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764\",\"abstract\":\"We immunohistochemically investigated the impact and reversibility of three brominated flame retardants (BFRs) known to be weak thyroid hormone disruptors on neuronal development in the hippocampal formation and apoptosis in the dentate subgranular zone. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10, 100, or 1,000 ppm decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE); 100, 1,000 or 10,000 ppm tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the diet from gestational day 10 through to day 20 after delivery (weaning). On postnatal day (PND) 20, interneurons in the dentate hilus-expressing reelin increased with all chemicals, suggestive of aberration of neuronal migration. However, this increase had disappeared by PND 77. NeuN-positive mature neurons increased in the hilus on PND 77 with all chemicals. In the subgranular zone on PND 20, an increase in apoptotic bodies suggestive of impaired neurogenesis was observed after exposure to TBBPA or HBCD. The effects on neuronal development were detected at doses of ≥100 ppm DBDE; ≥1,000 ppm TBBPA; and at least at 10,000 ppm HBCD. On PND 20, the highest dose of DBDE and HBCD revealed mild fluctuations in the serum concentrations of thyroid-related hormones suggestive of weak developmental hypothyroidism, while TBBPA did not. Thus, DBDE and TBBPA may exert direct effect on neuronal development in the brain, but hypothyroidism may be operated for DBDE and HBCD at high doses. An excess of mature neurons in the hilus at later stages may be the signature of the developmental effects of BFRs. However, the effect itself was reversible.\",\"journal\":\"Archives of toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saegusa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hitoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gye-Hyeong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitsumori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kunitoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nishikawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akiyoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shibutani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Makoto\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{saegusa_transient_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Transient aberration of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants in rats.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764},\\n\\tabstract = {We immunohistochemically investigated the impact and reversibility of three brominated flame retardants (BFRs) known to be weak thyroid hormone disruptors on neuronal development in the hippocampal formation and apoptosis in the dentate subgranular zone. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10, 100, or 1,000 ppm decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE); 100, 1,000 or 10,000 ppm tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the diet from gestational day 10 through to day 20 after delivery (weaning). On postnatal day (PND) 20, interneurons in the dentate hilus-expressing reelin increased with all chemicals, suggestive of aberration of neuronal migration. However, this increase had disappeared by PND 77. NeuN-positive mature neurons increased in the hilus on PND 77 with all chemicals. In the subgranular zone on PND 20, an increase in apoptotic bodies suggestive of impaired neurogenesis was observed after exposure to TBBPA or HBCD. The effects on neuronal development were detected at doses of ≥100 ppm DBDE; ≥1,000 ppm TBBPA; and at least at 10,000 ppm HBCD. On PND 20, the highest dose of DBDE and HBCD revealed mild fluctuations in the serum concentrations of thyroid-related hormones suggestive of weak developmental hypothyroidism, while TBBPA did not. Thus, DBDE and TBBPA may exert direct effect on neuronal development in the brain, but hypothyroidism may be operated for DBDE and HBCD at high doses. An excess of mature neurons in the hilus at later stages may be the signature of the developmental effects of BFRs. However, the effect itself was reversible.},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Saegusa, Yukie and Fujimoto, Hitoshi and Woo, Gye-Hyeong and Ohishi, Takumi and Wang, Liyun and Mitsumori, Kunitoshi and Nishikawa, Akiyoshi and Shibutani, Makoto},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Saegusa, Y.\",\"Fujimoto, H.\",\"Woo, G.\",\"Ohishi, T.\",\"Wang, L.\",\"Mitsumori, K.\",\"Nishikawa, A.\",\"Shibutani, M.\"],\"key\":\"saegusa_transient_2012\",\"id\":\"saegusa_transient_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"saegusa-fujimoto-woo-ohishi-wang-mitsumori-nishikawa-shibutani-transientaberrationofneuronaldevelopmentinthehippocampaldentategyrusafterdevelopmentalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinrats-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PERSPECTIVE / PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation\",\"volume\":\"63\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1139/F05-244\",\"number\":\"January 2005\",\"journal\":\"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"224–234\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ross_perspective_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {{PERSPECTIVE} / {PERSPECTIVE} {Fireproof} killer whales ( {Orcinus} orca ): flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation},\\n\\tvolume = {63},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1139/F05-244},\\n\\tnumber = {January 2005},\\n\\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Ross, Peter S},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {224--234},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ross, P. S\"],\"key\":\"ross_perspective_2006\",\"id\":\"ross_perspective_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ross-perspectiveperspectivefireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservation-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of British Columbia, Canada\",\"volume\":\"63\",\"issn\":\"0706-652X\",\"url\":\"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244\",\"doi\":\"10.1139/f05-244\",\"abstract\":\"Long-lived and high trophic level marine mammals are vulnerable to accumulating often very high concentrations of persistent chemicals, including pesticides, industrial by-products, and flame retardants. In the case of killer whales (Orcinus orca), some of the older individuals currently frequenting the coastal waters of British Columbia (BC) were born during the First World War, well before the advent of widespread chemical manufacture and use. BC's killer whales are now among the most polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated marine mammals in the world. While the \\\"legacy\\\" PCBs have largely been banned, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently emerged as a major concern. The endocrine-disrupting nature of these two persistent fire retardants in biota spells trouble at the top of the food chain, with increasing evidence of effects on reproductive health, the immune system, and development in exposed mammals. The heavy contamination of BC's killer whales, coupled with their long life span an...\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"224–234\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ross_fireproof_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Fireproof killer whales ( {Orcinus} orca ): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}},\\n\\tvolume = {63},\\n\\tissn = {0706-652X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1139/f05-244},\\n\\tabstract = {Long-lived and high trophic level marine mammals are vulnerable to accumulating often very high concentrations of persistent chemicals, including pesticides, industrial by-products, and flame retardants. In the case of killer whales (Orcinus orca), some of the older individuals currently frequenting the coastal waters of British Columbia (BC) were born during the First World War, well before the advent of widespread chemical manufacture and use. BC's killer whales are now among the most polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated marine mammals in the world. While the \\\"legacy\\\" PCBs have largely been banned, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently emerged as a major concern. The endocrine-disrupting nature of these two persistent fire retardants in biota spells trouble at the top of the food chain, with increasing evidence of effects on reproductive health, the immune system, and development in exposed mammals. The heavy contamination of BC's killer whales, coupled with their long life span an...},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Ross, Peter S},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {224--234},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ross, P. S\"],\"key\":\"ross_fireproof_2006\",\"id\":\"ross_fireproof_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ross-fireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservationimperativeinthecharismaticiconofbritishcolumbiacanada-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"New brominated flame retardants in Arctic biota (TA-2630-2010)\",\"url\":\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"As part of the work related to international conventions, harmful chemicals should be removed from the market if they fulfill the following criteria; persistency, volatility (potential for long-range transport), bimagnification (accumulate in the food chain) and toxicity (show toxic effects). The main goal of the present study was to screen for ”new” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in seven animal species from Svalbard. Detection of these BFRs in Arctic biota implies long-range transport, because local sources are not present. Contaminants that are detected in the Arctic environment, that accumulate in the food web and have toxic effects will be high on the priority list of chemicals that need to be phased out and substituted by less harmful compounds. The study includes one fish species; capelin (Mallotus villosus), three seabird species; common eider (Somateria mollissima), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and three mammalian species; ringed seal (Phoca hispida), arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The samples from these species were collected in collaboration with other research projects to optimize use of time and resources. Two of the 14 compounds were not analyzed due to analytical problems. Seven BFRs were not detected in the biota samples. The compound 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) was detected in all the seven species and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was found in five of the seven species. Due to a lack of data points above detection limits no statistical analysis could be performed. The lipid normalized concentrations of TBB indicate that this compound may biomagnify in the marine food chain. BEHTBP do not show the same ability. The results from the present study indicate that two of the 12 analyzed BFRs undergo long-range transport to the Arctic and that one compound (TBB) may undergo biomagnification in the Arctic marine food chain. Three other BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP)) are found at very low levels (mean 0.05-0.7 ng/g wet weight) and should be included in future analyses of BFRs in Arctic biota. It is recommended that TBB and BEHTBP are monitored in these and other Arctic species, or in similar species at lower latitudes to clarify their distribution and bio-accumulation capacity.\",\"journal\":\"Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (Klif)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sagerup\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harju\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evenset\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"GN\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Routti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fuglei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aars\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"GW\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, unsure, waa\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sagerup_new_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {New brominated flame retardants in {Arctic} biota ({TA}-2630-2010)},\\n\\turl = {http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {As part of the work related to international conventions, harmful chemicals should be removed from the market if they fulfill the following criteria; persistency, volatility (potential for long-range transport), bimagnification (accumulate in the food chain) and toxicity (show toxic effects). The main goal of the present study was to screen for ”new” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in seven animal species from Svalbard. Detection of these BFRs in Arctic biota implies long-range transport, because local sources are not present. Contaminants that are detected in the Arctic environment, that accumulate in the food web and have toxic effects will be high on the priority list of chemicals that need to be phased out and substituted by less harmful compounds. The study includes one fish species; capelin (Mallotus villosus), three seabird species; common eider (Somateria mollissima), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and three mammalian species; ringed seal (Phoca hispida), arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The samples from these species were collected in collaboration with other research projects to optimize use of time and resources. Two of the 14 compounds were not analyzed due to analytical problems. Seven BFRs were not detected in the biota samples. The compound 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) was detected in all the seven species and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was found in five of the seven species. Due to a lack of data points above detection limits no statistical analysis could be performed. The lipid normalized concentrations of TBB indicate that this compound may biomagnify in the marine food chain. BEHTBP do not show the same ability. The results from the present study indicate that two of the 12 analyzed BFRs undergo long-range transport to the Arctic and that one compound (TBB) may undergo biomagnification in the Arctic marine food chain. Three other BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP)) are found at very low levels (mean 0.05-0.7 ng/g wet weight) and should be included in future analyses of BFRs in Arctic biota. It is recommended that TBB and BEHTBP are monitored in these and other Arctic species, or in similar species at lower latitudes to clarify their distribution and bio-accumulation capacity.},\\n\\tjournal = {Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (Klif)},\\n\\tauthor = {Sagerup, K and Herzke, D and Harju, M and Evenset, A and Christensen, GN and Routti, H and Fuglei, E and Aars, J and Strom, H and Gabrielsen, GW},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, unsure, waa},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sagerup, K\",\"Herzke, D\",\"Harju, M\",\"Evenset, A\",\"Christensen, G.\",\"Routti, H\",\"Fuglei, E\",\"Aars, J\",\"Strom, H\",\"Gabrielsen, G.\"],\"key\":\"sagerup_new_2010\",\"id\":\"sagerup_new_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sagerup-herzke-harju-evenset-christensen-routti-fuglei-aars-etal-newbrominatedflameretardantsinarcticbiotata26302010-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"unsure\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Semivolatile endocrine-disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two northern California communities.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es100159c\",\"abstract\":\"Interest in the health effects of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are high production volume chemicals used in consumer products has made exposure assessment and source identification a priority. We collected paired indoor and outdoor air samples in 40 nonsmoking homes in urban, industrial Richmond, CA, and 10 in rural Bolinas, CA. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS for 104 analytes, including phthalates (11), alkylphenols (3), parabens (3), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (3), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (24), pesticides (38), and phenolic compounds (19). We detected 39 analytes in outdoor air and 63 in indoor air. For many of the phenolic compounds, alkylphenols, phthalates, and PBDEs, these represent some of the first outdoor measures and the first analysis of the relative importance of indoor and outdoor sources in paired samples. Data demonstrate higher indoor concentrations for 32 analytes, suggesting primarily indoor sources, as compared with only 2 that were higher outdoors. Outdoor air concentrations were higher in Richmond than Bolinas for 3 phthalates, 10 PAHs, and o-phenylphenol, while indoor air levels were more similar between communities, except that differences observed outdoors were also seen indoors. Indoor concentrations of the most ubiquitous chemicals were generally correlated with each other (4-t-butylphenol, o-phenylphenol, nonylphenol, several phthalates, and methyl phenanthrenes; Kendall correlation coefficients 0.2-0.6, p\\\\textless0.05), indicating possible shared sources and highlighting the importance of considering mixtures in health studies.\",\"number\":\"17\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruthann\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morello-Frosch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Camann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zuniga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alice\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Just\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allan\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\",\"Green\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20681565\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air: analysis, Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Residence Characteristics, Volatilization, california\",\"pages\":\"6583–90\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rudel_semivolatile_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Semivolatile endocrine-disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two northern {California} communities.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es100159c},\\n\\tabstract = {Interest in the health effects of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are high production volume chemicals used in consumer products has made exposure assessment and source identification a priority. We collected paired indoor and outdoor air samples in 40 nonsmoking homes in urban, industrial Richmond, CA, and 10 in rural Bolinas, CA. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS for 104 analytes, including phthalates (11), alkylphenols (3), parabens (3), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (3), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (24), pesticides (38), and phenolic compounds (19). We detected 39 analytes in outdoor air and 63 in indoor air. For many of the phenolic compounds, alkylphenols, phthalates, and PBDEs, these represent some of the first outdoor measures and the first analysis of the relative importance of indoor and outdoor sources in paired samples. Data demonstrate higher indoor concentrations for 32 analytes, suggesting primarily indoor sources, as compared with only 2 that were higher outdoors. Outdoor air concentrations were higher in Richmond than Bolinas for 3 phthalates, 10 PAHs, and o-phenylphenol, while indoor air levels were more similar between communities, except that differences observed outdoors were also seen indoors. Indoor concentrations of the most ubiquitous chemicals were generally correlated with each other (4-t-butylphenol, o-phenylphenol, nonylphenol, several phthalates, and methyl phenanthrenes; Kendall correlation coefficients 0.2-0.6, p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05), indicating possible shared sources and highlighting the importance of considering mixtures in health studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Rudel, Ruthann A and Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Morello-Frosch, Rachel and Camann, David E and Zuniga, Michelle M and Yau, Alice Y and Just, Allan C and Brody, Julia Green},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20681565},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air: analysis, Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Residence Characteristics, Volatilization, california},\\n\\tpages = {6583--90},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rudel, R. A\",\"Dodson, R. E\",\"Perovich, L. J\",\"Morello-Frosch, R.\",\"Camann, D. E\",\"Zuniga, M. M\",\"Yau, A. Y\",\"Just, A. C\",\"Brody, J. G.\"],\"key\":\"rudel_semivolatile_2010\",\"id\":\"rudel_semivolatile_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rudel-dodson-perovich-morellofrosch-camann-zuniga-yau-just-etal-semivolatileendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinpairedindoorandoutdoorairintwonortherncaliforniacommunities-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air: analysis\",\"Aromatic\",\"Aromatic: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: analysis\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Hydrocarbons\",\"Residence Characteristics\",\"Volatilization\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359\",\"abstract\":\"Chemicals identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. We sampled indoor air and dust in 120 homes, analyzing for 89 organic chemicals identified as EDCs. Fifty-two compounds were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measures in residential environments for over 30 of the compounds, including several detected at the highest concentrations. The number of compounds detected per home ranged from 13 to 28 in air and from 6 to 42 in dust. The most abundant compounds in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive) with typical concentrations in the range of 50-1500 ng/m3. The penta- and tetrabrominated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. Twenty-three pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust, the most abundant being permethrins and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. The banned pesticides heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, and DDT were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degradation. Detected concentrations exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compounds, but no guidelines are available for 28 compounds, and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure research for individual EDCs and mixtures and provides new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.\",\"number\":\"20\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruthann\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Camann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spengler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"14594359\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Dust, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Guidelines as Topic, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Public Health, Reference Values, Risk Assessment\",\"pages\":\"4543–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rudel_phthalates_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359},\\n\\tabstract = {Chemicals identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. We sampled indoor air and dust in 120 homes, analyzing for 89 organic chemicals identified as EDCs. Fifty-two compounds were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measures in residential environments for over 30 of the compounds, including several detected at the highest concentrations. The number of compounds detected per home ranged from 13 to 28 in air and from 6 to 42 in dust. The most abundant compounds in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive) with typical concentrations in the range of 50-1500 ng/m3. The penta- and tetrabrominated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. Twenty-three pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust, the most abundant being permethrins and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. The banned pesticides heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, and DDT were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degradation. Detected concentrations exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compounds, but no guidelines are available for 28 compounds, and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure research for individual EDCs and mixtures and provides new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Rudel, Ruthann A and Camann, David E and Spengler, John D and Korn, Leo R and Brody, Julia G},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {14594359},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Guidelines as Topic, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Public Health, Reference Values, Risk Assessment},\\n\\tpages = {4543--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rudel, R. A\",\"Camann, D. E\",\"Spengler, J. D\",\"Korn, L. R\",\"Brody, J. G\"],\"key\":\"rudel_phthalates_2003\",\"id\":\"rudel_phthalates_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rudel-camann-spengler-korn-brody-phthalatesalkylphenolspesticidespolybrominateddiphenylethersandotherendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinindoorairanddust-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Dust\",\"Endocrine System\",\"Endocrine System: drug effects\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Guidelines as Topic\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: analysis\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Public Health\",\"Reference Values\",\"Risk Assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age.\",\"volume\":\"117\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901015\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Organohalogen compounds (OHCs) are known to have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of prenatal exposure to OHCs, including brominated flame retardants, on motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcome in healthy children of school age. METHODS: This study was part of the prospective Groningen infant COMPARE (Comparison of Exposure-Effect Pathways to Improve the Assessment of Human Health Risks of Complex Environmental Mixtures of Organohalogens) study. It included 62 children in whose mothers the following compounds had been determined in the 35th week of pregnancy: 2,2'-bis-(4 chlorophenyl)-1,1'-dichloroethene, pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB-153), 4-hydroxy-2,3,3',4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4OH-CB-107), 4OH-CB-146, 4OH-CB-187, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and hexabromocyclododecane. Thyroid hormones were determined in umbilical cord blood. When the children were 5-6 years of age, we assessed their neuropsychological functioning: motor performance (coordination, fine motor skills), cognition (intelligence, visual perception, visuomotor integration, inhibitory control, verbal memory, and attention), and behavior. RESULTS: Brominated flame retardants correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, worse attention, better coordination, better visual perception, and better behavior. Chlorinated OHCs correlated with less choreiform dyskinesia. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, better attention, and better visual perception. The wood protective agent (PCP) correlated with worse coordination, less sensory integrity, worse attention, and worse visuomotor integration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate for the first time that transplacental transfer of polybrominated flame retardants is associated with the development of children at school age. Because of the widespread use of these compounds, especially in the United States, where concentrations in the environment are four times higher than in Europe, these results cause serious concern.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elise\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meijer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisethe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bakker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Attie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Braeckel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koenraad\",\"N\",\"J\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pieter\",\"J\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arend\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"20049217\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, ffr, frbldg, hum\",\"pages\":\"1953–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{roze_prenatal_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age.},\\n\\tvolume = {117},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901015},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Organohalogen compounds (OHCs) are known to have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of prenatal exposure to OHCs, including brominated flame retardants, on motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcome in healthy children of school age. METHODS: This study was part of the prospective Groningen infant COMPARE (Comparison of Exposure-Effect Pathways to Improve the Assessment of Human Health Risks of Complex Environmental Mixtures of Organohalogens) study. It included 62 children in whose mothers the following compounds had been determined in the 35th week of pregnancy: 2,2'-bis-(4 chlorophenyl)-1,1'-dichloroethene, pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB-153), 4-hydroxy-2,3,3',4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4OH-CB-107), 4OH-CB-146, 4OH-CB-187, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and hexabromocyclododecane. Thyroid hormones were determined in umbilical cord blood. When the children were 5-6 years of age, we assessed their neuropsychological functioning: motor performance (coordination, fine motor skills), cognition (intelligence, visual perception, visuomotor integration, inhibitory control, verbal memory, and attention), and behavior. RESULTS: Brominated flame retardants correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, worse attention, better coordination, better visual perception, and better behavior. Chlorinated OHCs correlated with less choreiform dyskinesia. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, better attention, and better visual perception. The wood protective agent (PCP) correlated with worse coordination, less sensory integrity, worse attention, and worse visuomotor integration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate for the first time that transplacental transfer of polybrominated flame retardants is associated with the development of children at school age. Because of the widespread use of these compounds, especially in the United States, where concentrations in the environment are four times higher than in Europe, these results cause serious concern.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Roze, Elise and Meijer, Lisethe and Bakker, Attie and Van Braeckel, Koenraad N J A and Sauer, Pieter J J and Bos, Arend F},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {20049217},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, ffr, frbldg, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1953--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roze, E.\",\"Meijer, L.\",\"Bakker, A.\",\"Van Braeckel, K. N J A\",\"Sauer, P. J J\",\"Bos, A. F\"],\"key\":\"roze_prenatal_2009\",\"id\":\"roze_prenatal_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Child\",\"Child Behavior\",\"Child Behavior: drug effects\",\"Cognition\",\"Cognition: drug effects\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Preschool\",\"Prospective Studies\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2026\",\"abstract\":\"The aim of the present study was to investigate how contaminant exposure and reduced food intake affect tissue distribution and biotransformation of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in Arctic seabirds using herring gull (Larus argentatus) as a model species. Herring gull chicks were exposed for 44 d to cod liver oil containing a typical mixture of contaminants. Following exposure, food intake was reduced for a one-week period in a subgroup of the chicks. Polyclorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and brominated flame retardants, as well as a wide range of hydroxy, methyl sulfone, and methoxy compounds were measured in liver, brain, and plasma samples. Additionally, phase I biotransformation enzyme activities and phase I and II messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were investigated in the liver, brain, or both. Both contaminant exposure and reduced food intake had an increasing effect on the concentrations of HOCs and their metabolites. The HOC exposure and reduced food intake also led to increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) activity, whereas mRNA expression of the biotransformation enzymes increased only following the reduced food intake. Tissue distribution of HOCs and their metabolites was not affected by either contaminant exposure or reduced food intake. In conclusion, the results indicate that biotransformation capacity and formation of HOC metabolites increase during reduced food intake. This finding supports the hypothesis that reduced food intake increases the susceptibility of Arctic animals to the effects of lipophilic HOCs.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Routti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helgason\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"Bjørnsdatter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arukwe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Augustine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolkers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eldbjørg\",\"Sofie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harju\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vidar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"Wing\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23060285\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"156–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{routti_effect_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull ({Larus} argentatus) chicks.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2026},\\n\\tabstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate how contaminant exposure and reduced food intake affect tissue distribution and biotransformation of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in Arctic seabirds using herring gull (Larus argentatus) as a model species. Herring gull chicks were exposed for 44 d to cod liver oil containing a typical mixture of contaminants. Following exposure, food intake was reduced for a one-week period in a subgroup of the chicks. Polyclorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and brominated flame retardants, as well as a wide range of hydroxy, methyl sulfone, and methoxy compounds were measured in liver, brain, and plasma samples. Additionally, phase I biotransformation enzyme activities and phase I and II messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were investigated in the liver, brain, or both. Both contaminant exposure and reduced food intake had an increasing effect on the concentrations of HOCs and their metabolites. The HOC exposure and reduced food intake also led to increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) activity, whereas mRNA expression of the biotransformation enzymes increased only following the reduced food intake. Tissue distribution of HOCs and their metabolites was not affected by either contaminant exposure or reduced food intake. In conclusion, the results indicate that biotransformation capacity and formation of HOC metabolites increase during reduced food intake. This finding supports the hypothesis that reduced food intake increases the susceptibility of Arctic animals to the effects of lipophilic HOCs.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Routti, Heli and Helgason, Lisa Bjørnsdatter and Arukwe, Augustine and Wolkers, Hans and Heimstad, Eldbjørg Sofie and Harju, Mikael and Berg, Vidar and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23060285},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {156--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Routti, H.\",\"Helgason, L. B.\",\"Arukwe, A.\",\"Wolkers, H.\",\"Heimstad, E. S.\",\"Harju, M.\",\"Berg, V.\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W.\"],\"key\":\"routti_effect_2013\",\"id\":\"routti_effect_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"routti-helgason-arukwe-wolkers-heimstad-harju-berg-gabrielsen-effectofreducedfoodintakeontoxicokineticsofhalogenatedorganiccontaminantsinherringgulllarusargentatuschicks-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Large and growing environmental reservoirs of Deca-BDE present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals.\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"issn\":\"0025-326X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.002\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been the subject of intense scientific and regulatory scrutiny during recent years. Of the three commercial forms (Penta, Octa and Deca) of PBDEs that have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture upholstery, plastics, and electronics, only Deca-BDE remains on the general market in North America, while a recent ruling of the European Court spells an impending end to its use in Europe. We review here highlights of aquatic research documenting the rapid emergence of PBDEs as a high priority environmental concern in Canada. PBDEs are being introduced in large quantities to the aquatic environment through sewage discharge and atmospheric deposition. In certain environmental compartments, the single congener BDE-209, the main ingredient in the Deca-BDE formulation, has surpassed the legacy PCBs and DDT as the top contaminant by concentration. Limited biomagnification of BDE-209 in aquatic food webs reflects its high log K(ow) and preferential partitioning into the particle phase. As a result, large environmental reservoirs of BDE-209 are being created in sediments, and these may present a long-term threat to biota: BDE-209 breaks down into more persistent, more bioaccumulative, more toxic, and more mobile PBDE congeners in the environment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Couillard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikonomou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johannessen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sophia\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lebeuf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Macdonald\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robie\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"18929373\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mammals, Mammals: physiology, Marine Biology, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, frelec, mam, waa\",\"pages\":\"7–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ross_large_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Large and growing environmental reservoirs of {Deca}-{BDE} present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals.},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\tissn = {0025-326X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been the subject of intense scientific and regulatory scrutiny during recent years. Of the three commercial forms (Penta, Octa and Deca) of PBDEs that have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture upholstery, plastics, and electronics, only Deca-BDE remains on the general market in North America, while a recent ruling of the European Court spells an impending end to its use in Europe. We review here highlights of aquatic research documenting the rapid emergence of PBDEs as a high priority environmental concern in Canada. PBDEs are being introduced in large quantities to the aquatic environment through sewage discharge and atmospheric deposition. In certain environmental compartments, the single congener BDE-209, the main ingredient in the Deca-BDE formulation, has surpassed the legacy PCBs and DDT as the top contaminant by concentration. Limited biomagnification of BDE-209 in aquatic food webs reflects its high log K(ow) and preferential partitioning into the particle phase. As a result, large environmental reservoirs of BDE-209 are being created in sediments, and these may present a long-term threat to biota: BDE-209 breaks down into more persistent, more bioaccumulative, more toxic, and more mobile PBDE congeners in the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Ross, Peter S and Couillard, Catherine M and Ikonomou, Michael G and Johannessen, Sophia C and Lebeuf, Michel and Macdonald, Robie W and Tomy, Gregg T},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {18929373},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mammals, Mammals: physiology, Marine Biology, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, frelec, mam, waa},\\n\\tpages = {7--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ross, P. S\",\"Couillard, C. M\",\"Ikonomou, M. G\",\"Johannessen, S. C\",\"Lebeuf, M.\",\"Macdonald, R. W\",\"Tomy, G. T\"],\"key\":\"ross_large_2009\",\"id\":\"ross_large_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ross-couillard-ikonomou-johannessen-lebeuf-macdonald-tomy-largeandgrowingenvironmentalreservoirsofdecabdepresentanemerginghealthriskforfishandmarinemammals-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Animals\",\"Canada\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: physiology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Mammals\",\"Mammals: physiology\",\"Marine Biology\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"frelec\",\"mam\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in 2-5 year-old children from California and associations with diet and indoor environment.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es903240g\",\"abstract\":\"This study determined the body burden of PBDEs in 100 California children, and evaluated associations with sociodemographic, household, and dietary factors. In national and international comparisons, California dust, breast milk, and human serum samples contain higher concentrations of PBDEs. Higher levels in children suggest exposure pathways depend upon age. Plasma samples were analyzed for PBDEs using GC/MS. Circulating levels of PBDEs were 10-to 1000-fold higher than similar aged populations in Mexico and Europe, 5-times higher than similar aged children across the U.S., and 2- to 10-fold higher than U.S. adults. Increased levels of higher-brominated congeners were associated with the recent purchase of new upholstered furniture or mattresses and consumption of pork. Concentrations of lower-brominated congeners increased with frequency of poultry consumption. Lower maternal education was independently and significantly associated with higher levels of most congeners in the children.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bennett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fängström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Britta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hertz-Picciotto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Irva\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20196589\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Child, Demography, Diet, Dust, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Male, Motor Vehicles, california, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"2648–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rose_pbdes_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in 2-5 year-old children from {California} and associations with diet and indoor environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es903240g},\\n\\tabstract = {This study determined the body burden of PBDEs in 100 California children, and evaluated associations with sociodemographic, household, and dietary factors. In national and international comparisons, California dust, breast milk, and human serum samples contain higher concentrations of PBDEs. Higher levels in children suggest exposure pathways depend upon age. Plasma samples were analyzed for PBDEs using GC/MS. Circulating levels of PBDEs were 10-to 1000-fold higher than similar aged populations in Mexico and Europe, 5-times higher than similar aged children across the U.S., and 2- to 10-fold higher than U.S. adults. Increased levels of higher-brominated congeners were associated with the recent purchase of new upholstered furniture or mattresses and consumption of pork. Concentrations of lower-brominated congeners increased with frequency of poultry consumption. Lower maternal education was independently and significantly associated with higher levels of most congeners in the children.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Rose, Melissa and Bennett, Deborah H and Bergman, Ake and Fängström, Britta and Pessah, Isaac N and Hertz-Picciotto, Irva},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20196589},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Child, Demography, Diet, Dust, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Male, Motor Vehicles, california, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {2648--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rose, M.\",\"Bennett, D. H\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"Fängström, B.\",\"Pessah, I. N\",\"Hertz-Picciotto, I.\"],\"key\":\"rose_pbdes_2010\",\"id\":\"rose_pbdes_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rose-bennett-bergman-fngstrm-pessah-hertzpicciotto-pbdesin25yearoldchildrenfromcaliforniaandassociationswithdietandindoorenvironment-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Child\",\"Demography\",\"Diet\",\"Dust\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Male\",\"Motor Vehicles\",\"california\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in foods- a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"url\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rose_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in foods- a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Rose, M and Fernandes, A},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rose, M\",\"Fernandes, A\"],\"key\":\"rose_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"rose_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rose-fernandes-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Ottawa\",\"title\":\"Fire testing of rigid cellular plastics (IR-422)\",\"publisher\":\"National Research Council of Canada\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1975\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{rose_fire_1975,\\n\\taddress = {Ottawa},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire testing of rigid cellular plastics ({IR}-422)},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Research Council of Canada},\\n\\tauthor = {Rose, A},\\n\\tyear = {1975},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rose, A\"],\"key\":\"rose_fire_1975\",\"id\":\"rose_fire_1975\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rose-firetestingofrigidcellularplasticsir422-1975\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Ottawa\",\"title\":\"Flammability of Lining and Insulating Materials (Canadian Building Digest DBD-141)\",\"publisher\":\"National Research Council of Canada\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1971\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{rose_flammability_1971,\\n\\taddress = {Ottawa},\\n\\ttitle = {Flammability of {Lining} and {Insulating} {Materials} ({Canadian} {Building} {Digest} {DBD}-141)},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Research Council of Canada},\\n\\tauthor = {Rose, A},\\n\\tyear = {1971},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rose, A\"],\"key\":\"rose_flammability_1971\",\"id\":\"rose_flammability_1971\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rose-flammabilityofliningandinsulatingmaterialscanadianbuildingdigestdbd141-1971\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby\",\"url\":\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html\",\"abstract\":\"On the defensive over toxic flame retardants, the chemical industry turns to the questionable conclusions of a scientist who advises its chief trade group\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, news\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{roe_doubts_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby},\\n\\turl = {http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html},\\n\\tabstract = {On the defensive over toxic flame retardants, the chemical industry turns to the questionable conclusions of a scientist who advises its chief trade group},\\n\\tauthor = {Roe, Samuel},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, news},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roe, S.\"],\"key\":\"roe_doubts_2012\",\"id\":\"roe_doubts_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roe-doubtscastonnewresearchtoutedbyfireretardantlobby-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"news\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Kyoto, Japan\",\"title\":\"Are BFRs responsible for brominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in food?\",\"url\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Relatively little is known about the environmental and toxicological significance of polybromodibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), polybromodibenzofurans (PBDFs) and mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBrClDD/Fs). Chlorinated analogues have been studied intensively whereas brominated and mixed bromochloro analogues have been studied to a much smaller extent. Theoretically, there are a total of 5020 brominated, chlorinated or mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxin or furan congeners (Table 1). All of these compounds resist chemical transformations, have a low biological degradation rate, are lipophilic, stable and persistent (D'Silva et al, 2004).\",\"booktitle\":\"5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{rose_are_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\\n\\ttitle = {Are {BFRs} responsible for brominated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in food?},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Relatively little is known about the environmental and toxicological significance of polybromodibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), polybromodibenzofurans (PBDFs) and mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBrClDD/Fs). Chlorinated analogues have been studied intensively whereas brominated and mixed bromochloro analogues have been studied to a much smaller extent. Theoretically, there are a total of 5020 brominated, chlorinated or mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxin or furan congeners (Table 1). All of these compounds resist chemical transformations, have a low biological degradation rate, are lipophilic, stable and persistent (D'Silva et al, 2004).},\\n\\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Rose, M and Fernandes, A},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rose, M\",\"Fernandes, A\"],\"key\":\"rose_are_2010\",\"id\":\"rose_are_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rose-fernandes-arebfrsresponsibleforbrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfood-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk.\",\"volume\":\"158\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.022\",\"abstract\":\"We assessed the exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) by analysis of pooled cord blood, adolescent and adult serum, and human milk. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blood (range 1.6-6.5 ng/g lipid weight, lw) and milk (range 2.0-6.4 ng/g lw) agreed with European data. Hexabromocyclododecane ranged between \\\\textless2.1-5.7 ng/g lw in milk. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated in blood and ranged between 1 and 171 ng/mL and \\\\textless0.9-9.5 ng/mL, respectively. Total PFC levels in milk ranged between \\\\textless0.5-29 ng/mL. A significant increase in PBDE concentrations was detected from newborns (median 2.1) to the adolescents and adults (medians 3.8 and 4.6 ng/g lw, respectively). An identical trend was observed for PFOS, but not for PFOA. We estimated that newborn exposure to BFRs and PFCs occurs predominantly post-natally, whereas placental transfer has a minor impact on the body burden.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D'Hollander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wendy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bervoets\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lieven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynders\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Campenhout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cornelis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Den\",\"Heuvel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koppen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gudrun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20573431\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Brominated: metabolism, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: blood, Fluorinated: metabolism, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"2546–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{roosens_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in {Belgian} human blood and milk.},\\n\\tvolume = {158},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.022},\\n\\tabstract = {We assessed the exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) by analysis of pooled cord blood, adolescent and adult serum, and human milk. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blood (range 1.6-6.5 ng/g lipid weight, lw) and milk (range 2.0-6.4 ng/g lw) agreed with European data. Hexabromocyclododecane ranged between {\\\\textbackslash}textless2.1-5.7 ng/g lw in milk. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated in blood and ranged between 1 and 171 ng/mL and {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.9-9.5 ng/mL, respectively. Total PFC levels in milk ranged between {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.5-29 ng/mL. A significant increase in PBDE concentrations was detected from newborns (median 2.1) to the adolescents and adults (medians 3.8 and 4.6 ng/g lw, respectively). An identical trend was observed for PFOS, but not for PFOA. We estimated that newborn exposure to BFRs and PFCs occurs predominantly post-natally, whereas placental transfer has a minor impact on the body burden.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Roosens, Laurence and D'Hollander, Wendy and Bervoets, Lieven and Reynders, Hans and Van Campenhout, Karen and Cornelis, Christa and Van Den Heuvel, Rosette and Koppen, Gudrun and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20573431},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Brominated: metabolism, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: blood, Fluorinated: metabolism, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {2546--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roosens, L.\",\"D'Hollander, W.\",\"Bervoets, L.\",\"Reynders, H.\",\"Van Campenhout, K.\",\"Cornelis, C.\",\"Van Den Heuvel, R.\",\"Koppen, G.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"roosens_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"roosens_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roosens-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-cornelis-vandenheuvel-koppen-etal-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedchemicalstwogroupsofpersistentcontaminantsinbelgianhumanbloodandmilk-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Alkanesulfonic Acids\",\"Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood\",\"Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism\",\"Belgium\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: blood\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Caprylates\",\"Caprylates: blood\",\"Caprylates: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorinated\",\"Fluorinated: blood\",\"Fluorinated: metabolism\",\"Fluorocarbons\",\"Fluorocarbons: blood\",\"Fluorocarbons: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Human\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.005\",\"abstract\":\"Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) varies widely throughout the world as it depends on country-related usage, production and legislation of these chemicals. US and UK exposure assessments show very diverse levels and patterns which in turn, are likely to differ from those in background exposed countries such as Belgium, where levels tend to be about an order of magnitude lower. The current study assessed human exposure to BFRs through the indoor and outdoor environment (e.g. dust, soil, and air) and food for all age groups in Flanders, Belgium. Most relevant food groups were identified based on a national food consumption survey and food items with Flemish origin were collected. Dust samples were collected using a standardized protocol in 43 homes and 10 offices throughout Flanders. Food, human milk and dust samples were analysed for their polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) content using GC/MS and LC/MS-MS. An exposure model was developed including all analysed data, complemented with literature data. The model covered human exposure of infants, children and adults through human milk, food, dust/soil ingestion and air inhalation. Total human exposure was compared to the existing toxicological criteria and previous exposure estimates. In general, the exposure levels through human milk are consistent with those of a background exposed European population, whereas dust and food intake are at the low end of what has been reported in previous European intake assessments. Total average intake of SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5) at 50th percentile (P50) levels by newborns equals 3.1 and 12.0ng/kg body weight (bw) day, respectively. This intake increases to 15.2 and 20.9ng/kgbwday for SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5), for higher exposed newborns (95th percentile=P95 levels). Due to the limited database on health-based limit values for PBDEs and HBCD, it is difficult to assess the immediate health concern for any of the age groups, although the higher intake of newborns indicates the need for ongoing monitoring. For median exposed individuals, the average SigmaHBCD intake peaked at the age 3 to 6years with an intake of 6.59ng/kgbwday and declines to approximately 1ng/kgbwday at later age. SigmaBDE(5) intake exhibited a different profile compared to SigmaHBCD with maximal levels for newborns and a decline to approximately 0.7ng/kgbwday at adulthood.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cornelis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D'Hollander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wendy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bervoets\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lieven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynders\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Campenhout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Den\",\"Heuvel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20226530\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Models, Newborn, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Statistical, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"368–76\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{roosens_exposure_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure of the {Flemish} population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) varies widely throughout the world as it depends on country-related usage, production and legislation of these chemicals. US and UK exposure assessments show very diverse levels and patterns which in turn, are likely to differ from those in background exposed countries such as Belgium, where levels tend to be about an order of magnitude lower. The current study assessed human exposure to BFRs through the indoor and outdoor environment (e.g. dust, soil, and air) and food for all age groups in Flanders, Belgium. Most relevant food groups were identified based on a national food consumption survey and food items with Flemish origin were collected. Dust samples were collected using a standardized protocol in 43 homes and 10 offices throughout Flanders. Food, human milk and dust samples were analysed for their polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) content using GC/MS and LC/MS-MS. An exposure model was developed including all analysed data, complemented with literature data. The model covered human exposure of infants, children and adults through human milk, food, dust/soil ingestion and air inhalation. Total human exposure was compared to the existing toxicological criteria and previous exposure estimates. In general, the exposure levels through human milk are consistent with those of a background exposed European population, whereas dust and food intake are at the low end of what has been reported in previous European intake assessments. Total average intake of SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5) at 50th percentile (P50) levels by newborns equals 3.1 and 12.0ng/kg body weight (bw) day, respectively. This intake increases to 15.2 and 20.9ng/kgbwday for SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5), for higher exposed newborns (95th percentile=P95 levels). Due to the limited database on health-based limit values for PBDEs and HBCD, it is difficult to assess the immediate health concern for any of the age groups, although the higher intake of newborns indicates the need for ongoing monitoring. For median exposed individuals, the average SigmaHBCD intake peaked at the age 3 to 6years with an intake of 6.59ng/kgbwday and declines to approximately 1ng/kgbwday at later age. SigmaBDE(5) intake exhibited a different profile compared to SigmaHBCD with maximal levels for newborns and a decline to approximately 0.7ng/kgbwday at adulthood.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Roosens, Laurence and Cornelis, Christa and D'Hollander, Wendy and Bervoets, Lieven and Reynders, Hans and Van Campenhout, Karen and Van Den Heuvel, Rosette and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20226530},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Models, Newborn, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Statistical, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {368--76},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roosens, L.\",\"Cornelis, C.\",\"D'Hollander, W.\",\"Bervoets, L.\",\"Reynders, H.\",\"Van Campenhout, K.\",\"Van Den Heuvel, R.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"roosens_exposure_2010\",\"id\":\"roosens_exposure_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roosens-cornelis-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-vandenheuvel-neels-etal-exposureoftheflemishpopulationtobrominatedflameretardantsmodelandriskassessment-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Belgium\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Child\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Models\",\"Newborn\",\"Preschool\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Statistical\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout.\",\"volume\":\"69\",\"issn\":\"0166-445X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.007\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) leak out in the environment, including the aquatic one. Despite this, sublethal effects of these chemicals are poorly investigated in fish. In this study, a screening of selected biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and feral eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) was performed after exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Rainbow trout was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with HBCDD or TBBPA. Two out of four short-term experiments with HBCDD showed an increase in the activity of catalase. A 40% increase in liver somatic index (LSI) could be observed after 28 days. HBCDD did also seem to have an inhibitory effect on CYP1A's activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)). A putative peroxisome proliferating activity of the compound was investigated without giving a definite answer. HBCDD did not seem to be estrogenic or genotoxic. TBBPA increased the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) after 4, 14 and 28 days in rainbow trout suggesting a possible role of this compound in inducing oxidative stress. The compound did not seem to be estrogenic. TBBPA seemed to compete with the artificial substrate ethoxyresorufin in vitro, during the EROD assay. In eelpout, only one 5 days in vivo experiment was performed. Neither of the compounds gave rise to any effect in this fish. This was the first screening of sublethal effects of the two chemicals in fish, using high doses. Our results indicate that there is a need for further studies of long-term, low-dose effects of these two widely used flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ronisz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Finne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"Farmen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Förlin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"15276329\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Blotting, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: enzymology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Organ Size, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrophotometry, Time Factors, Ultraviolet, Western, frbldg, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"229–45\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ronisz_effects_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCDD}), and tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout.},\\n\\tvolume = {69},\\n\\tissn = {0166-445X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.007},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) leak out in the environment, including the aquatic one. Despite this, sublethal effects of these chemicals are poorly investigated in fish. In this study, a screening of selected biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and feral eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) was performed after exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Rainbow trout was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with HBCDD or TBBPA. Two out of four short-term experiments with HBCDD showed an increase in the activity of catalase. A 40\\\\% increase in liver somatic index (LSI) could be observed after 28 days. HBCDD did also seem to have an inhibitory effect on CYP1A's activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)). A putative peroxisome proliferating activity of the compound was investigated without giving a definite answer. HBCDD did not seem to be estrogenic or genotoxic. TBBPA increased the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) after 4, 14 and 28 days in rainbow trout suggesting a possible role of this compound in inducing oxidative stress. The compound did not seem to be estrogenic. TBBPA seemed to compete with the artificial substrate ethoxyresorufin in vitro, during the EROD assay. In eelpout, only one 5 days in vivo experiment was performed. Neither of the compounds gave rise to any effect in this fish. This was the first screening of sublethal effects of the two chemicals in fish, using high doses. Our results indicate that there is a need for further studies of long-term, low-dose effects of these two widely used flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ronisz, D and Finne, E Farmen and Karlsson, H and Förlin, L},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {15276329},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Blotting, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: enzymology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Organ Size, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrophotometry, Time Factors, Ultraviolet, Western, frbldg, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {229--45},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ronisz, D\",\"Finne, E F.\",\"Karlsson, H\",\"Förlin, L\"],\"key\":\"ronisz_effects_2004\",\"id\":\"ronisz_effects_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ronisz-finne-karlsson-frlin-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecanehbcddandtetrabromobisphenolatbbpaonhepaticenzymesandotherbiomarkersinjuvenilerainbowtroutandferaleelpout-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Blotting\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Catalase\",\"Catalase: metabolism\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism\",\"Cytosol\",\"Cytosol: enzymology\",\"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Glutathione Reductase\",\"Glutathione Reductase: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Microsomes\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism\",\"Organ Size\",\"Perciformes\",\"Perciformes: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Spectrophotometry\",\"Time Factors\",\"Ultraviolet\",\"Western\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Anaerobic-aerobic process for microbial degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A.\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"0099-2240\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a flame retardant that is used as an additive during manufacturing of plastic polymers and electronic circuit boards. Little is known about the fate of this compound in the environment. In the current study we investigated biodegradation of TBBPA, as well as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), in slurry of anaerobic sediment from a wet ephemeral desert stream bed contaminated with chemical industry waste. Anaerobic incubation of the sediment with TBBPA and peptone-tryptone-glucose-yeast extract medium resulted in a 80% decrease in the TBBPA concentration and accumulation of a single metabolite. This metabolite was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as nonbrominated bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, TBP was reductively dehalogenated to phenol, which was further metabolized under anaerobic conditions. BPA persisted in the anaerobic slurry but was degraded aerobically. A gram-negative bacterium (strain WH1) was isolated from the contaminated soil, and under aerobic conditions this organism could use BPA as a sole carbon and energy source. During degradation of BPA two metabolites were detected in the culture medium, and these metabolites were identified by GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Both of those compounds were utilized by WH1 as carbon and energy sources. Our findings demonstrate that it may be possible to use a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process to completely degrade TBBPA in contaminated soils.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Applied and environmental microbiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ronen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abeliovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"pmid\":\"10831413\",\"keywords\":\"Aerobiosis, Anaerobic, Anaerobic: growth & development, Anaerobic: metabolism, Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Culture Media, Environmental, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: growth & developme, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: metabolism, Industrial Waste, Phenols, Phenols: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: metabolism, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"2372–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ronen_anaerobic-aerobic_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Anaerobic-aerobic process for microbial degradation of tetrabromobisphenol {A}.},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {0099-2240},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a flame retardant that is used as an additive during manufacturing of plastic polymers and electronic circuit boards. Little is known about the fate of this compound in the environment. In the current study we investigated biodegradation of TBBPA, as well as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), in slurry of anaerobic sediment from a wet ephemeral desert stream bed contaminated with chemical industry waste. Anaerobic incubation of the sediment with TBBPA and peptone-tryptone-glucose-yeast extract medium resulted in a 80\\\\% decrease in the TBBPA concentration and accumulation of a single metabolite. This metabolite was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as nonbrominated bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, TBP was reductively dehalogenated to phenol, which was further metabolized under anaerobic conditions. BPA persisted in the anaerobic slurry but was degraded aerobically. A gram-negative bacterium (strain WH1) was isolated from the contaminated soil, and under aerobic conditions this organism could use BPA as a sole carbon and energy source. During degradation of BPA two metabolites were detected in the culture medium, and these metabolites were identified by GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Both of those compounds were utilized by WH1 as carbon and energy sources. Our findings demonstrate that it may be possible to use a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process to completely degrade TBBPA in contaminated soils.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ronen, Z and Abeliovich, A},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tpmid = {10831413},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobic, Anaerobic: growth \\\\& development, Anaerobic: metabolism, Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Culture Media, Environmental, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: growth \\\\& developme, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: metabolism, Industrial Waste, Phenols, Phenols: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: metabolism, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {2372--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ronen, Z\",\"Abeliovich, A\"],\"key\":\"ronen_anaerobic-aerobic_2000\",\"id\":\"ronen_anaerobic-aerobic_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ronen-abeliovich-anaerobicaerobicprocessformicrobialdegradationoftetrabromobisphenola-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aerobiosis\",\"Anaerobic\",\"Anaerobic: growth & development\",\"Anaerobic: metabolism\",\"Anaerobiosis\",\"Bacteria\",\"Biodegradation\",\"Culture Media\",\"Environmental\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria\",\"Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: growth & developme\",\"Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: metabolism\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Water Microbiology\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollutants: metabolism\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro metabolism of the brominated flame retardants 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in human and rat tissues.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1520-5010\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/tx300086x\",\"abstract\":\"Due to the phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, new chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), have been used as replacements in some commercial flame retardant mixtures. Both chemicals have been detected in indoor dust at concentrations approaching the concentrations of PBDEs; however, little is known about their fate, metabolism, or toxicity. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential metabolism of these two brominated flame retardants in human and rat tissues by conducting in vitro experiments with liver and intestinal subcellular fractions. In all the experiments, TBB was consistently metabolized to 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) via cleavage of the 2-ethylhexyl chain without requiring any added cofactors. TBBA was also formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase but at a much faster rate of 6.29 ± 0.58 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). The estimated K(m) and V(max) values for TBB metabolism in human microsomes were 11.1 ± 3.9 μM and 0.644 ± 0.144 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively. A similar K(m) of 9.3 ± 2.2 μM was calculated for porcine carboxylesterase, indicating similar enzyme specificity. While the rapid formation of TBBA may reduce the bioaccumulation potential of TBB in mammals and may be useful as a biomarker of TBB exposure, the toxicity of this brominated benzoic acid is unknown and may be a concern based on its structural similarity to other toxic pollutants. In contrast to TBB, no metabolites of TBPH were detected in human or rat subcellular fractions. However, a metabolic product of TBPH, mono(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP), was formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase at an approximate rate of 1.08 pmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). No phase II metabolites of TBBA or TBMEHP were observed. More research is needed to understand the in vivo toxicokinetics and health effects of these compounds given their current ubiquitous presence in most US households and the resulting probability of chronic exposure, particularly to young children.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemical research in toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Macaulay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22575079\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Air Pollution: analysis, Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: chemistry, Benzoates: metabolism, Carboxylesterase, Carboxylesterase: metabolism, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Kinetics, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Mass, Microsomes, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: chemistry, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Rats, Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"1435–41\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{roberts_vitro_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro metabolism of the brominated flame retardants 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate ({TBB}) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate ({TBPH}) in human and rat tissues.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5010},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/tx300086x},\\n\\tabstract = {Due to the phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, new chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), have been used as replacements in some commercial flame retardant mixtures. Both chemicals have been detected in indoor dust at concentrations approaching the concentrations of PBDEs; however, little is known about their fate, metabolism, or toxicity. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential metabolism of these two brominated flame retardants in human and rat tissues by conducting in vitro experiments with liver and intestinal subcellular fractions. In all the experiments, TBB was consistently metabolized to 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) via cleavage of the 2-ethylhexyl chain without requiring any added cofactors. TBBA was also formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase but at a much faster rate of 6.29 ± 0.58 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). The estimated K(m) and V(max) values for TBB metabolism in human microsomes were 11.1 ± 3.9 μM and 0.644 ± 0.144 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively. A similar K(m) of 9.3 ± 2.2 μM was calculated for porcine carboxylesterase, indicating similar enzyme specificity. While the rapid formation of TBBA may reduce the bioaccumulation potential of TBB in mammals and may be useful as a biomarker of TBB exposure, the toxicity of this brominated benzoic acid is unknown and may be a concern based on its structural similarity to other toxic pollutants. In contrast to TBB, no metabolites of TBPH were detected in human or rat subcellular fractions. However, a metabolic product of TBPH, mono(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP), was formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase at an approximate rate of 1.08 pmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). No phase II metabolites of TBBA or TBMEHP were observed. More research is needed to understand the in vivo toxicokinetics and health effects of these compounds given their current ubiquitous presence in most US households and the resulting probability of chronic exposure, particularly to young children.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical research in toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Roberts, Simon C and Macaulay, Laura J and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22575079},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Air Pollution: analysis, Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: chemistry, Benzoates: metabolism, Carboxylesterase, Carboxylesterase: metabolism, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Kinetics, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Mass, Microsomes, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: chemistry, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Rats, Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {1435--41},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roberts, S. C\",\"Macaulay, L. J\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"roberts_vitro_2012\",\"id\":\"roberts_vitro_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roberts-macaulay-stapleton-invitrometabolismofthebrominatedflameretardants2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromobenzoatetbbandbis2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromophthalatetbphinhumanandrattissues-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: analysis\",\"Animals\",\"Benzoates\",\"Benzoates: chemistry\",\"Benzoates: metabolism\",\"Carboxylesterase\",\"Carboxylesterase: metabolism\",\"Chromatography\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Humans\",\"Kinetics\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Mass\",\"Microsomes\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: chemistry\",\"Phthalic Acids: metabolism\",\"Rats\",\"Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Medford, MA\",\"title\":\"Revised Estimates of the Costs and Benefits of the CPSC 2005 Revised Draft Flammability Standard\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf\",\"number\":\"617\",\"publisher\":\"Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{roach_revised_2007,\\n\\taddress = {Medford, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Revised {Estimates} of the {Costs} and {Benefits} of the {CPSC} 2005 {Revised} {Draft} {Flammability} {Standard}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {617},\\n\\tpublisher = {Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University},\\n\\tauthor = {Roach, Brian},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roach, B.\"],\"key\":\"roach_revised_2007\",\"id\":\"roach_revised_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roach-revisedestimatesofthecostsandbenefitsofthecpsc2005reviseddraftflammabilitystandard-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and potential sources of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in lake and marine sediments in Sweden.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es903701q\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) used as a replacement for the structurally similar decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), which is a regulated environmental contaminant of concern. DBDPE has been found in indoor dust, sewage sludge, sediment, and biota, but little is known about its occurrence and distribution in the environment In this paper, sediment was analyzed from 11 isolated Swedish lakes and along a transect running from central Stockholm through the Stockholm archipelago to the Baltic Sea. DBDPE was present in all samples. In lake sediment, the levels ranged from 0.23 to 11 ng/g d.wt. and were very similar to the levels of decaBDE (0.48-11 ng/g d.wt.). Since the lakes have no known point sources of BFRs, their presence in the sediments provides evidence for long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. In the marine sediment, the DBDPE and decaBDE levels decreased by a factor of 20-50 over 40 km from the inner harbor to the outer archipelago. There the DBDPE and decaBDE levels were similar to the levels in nearby isolated lakes. The results indicate that contamination of the Swedish environment with DBDPE has already approached that of decaBDE, and that this contamination is primarily occurring via the atmosphere.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ricklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Niklas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kierkegaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amelie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLachlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20146463\",\"keywords\":\"Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sweden, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1987–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ricklund_levels_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and potential sources of decabromodiphenyl ethane ({DBDPE}) and decabromodiphenyl ether ({DecaBDE}) in lake and marine sediments in {Sweden}.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es903701q},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) used as a replacement for the structurally similar decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), which is a regulated environmental contaminant of concern. DBDPE has been found in indoor dust, sewage sludge, sediment, and biota, but little is known about its occurrence and distribution in the environment In this paper, sediment was analyzed from 11 isolated Swedish lakes and along a transect running from central Stockholm through the Stockholm archipelago to the Baltic Sea. DBDPE was present in all samples. In lake sediment, the levels ranged from 0.23 to 11 ng/g d.wt. and were very similar to the levels of decaBDE (0.48-11 ng/g d.wt.). Since the lakes have no known point sources of BFRs, their presence in the sediments provides evidence for long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. In the marine sediment, the DBDPE and decaBDE levels decreased by a factor of 20-50 over 40 km from the inner harbor to the outer archipelago. There the DBDPE and decaBDE levels were similar to the levels in nearby isolated lakes. The results indicate that contamination of the Swedish environment with DBDPE has already approached that of decaBDE, and that this contamination is primarily occurring via the atmosphere.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ricklund, Niklas and Kierkegaard, Amelie and McLachlan, Michael S},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20146463},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sweden, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1987--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ricklund, N.\",\"Kierkegaard, A.\",\"McLachlan, M. S\"],\"key\":\"ricklund_levels_2010\",\"id\":\"ricklund_levels_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-levelsandpotentialsourcesofdecabromodiphenylethanedbdpeanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinlakeandmarinesedimentsinsweden-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Sweden\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.047\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is an additive flame retardant marketed as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). The structures of the two chemicals are similar, and hence deBDethane may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. Environmental data on deBDethane are scarce. Since sewage sludge is an early indicator of leakage of these chemicals into the environment, an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in sludge was conducted. Samples were collected from 42 WWTPs in 12 different countries and analyzed with GC/LRMS. DeBDethane was present in sludge from all countries and may therefore be a worldwide concern. The levels of deBDethane in sludge samples from the Ruhr area of Germany were the highest so far reported in the literature (216 ng g(-1)d.wt.). The [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] quotient for the whole data set ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High ratios were found in and around Germany where deBDethane imports are known to have been high and substitution of decaBDE with deBDethane is likely to have occurred. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, countries that have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. An estimate of the flux of deBDEthane from the technosphere via WWTPs to the environment within the European Union gave 1.7+/-0.34 mg annually per person. The corresponding value for decaBDE was 41+/-22 mg annually per person.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ricklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Niklas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kierkegaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amelie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLachlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18922559\",\"keywords\":\"Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Data Collection, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Internationality, Quality Control, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"1799–804\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ricklund_international_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane ({deBDethane}) and decabromodiphenyl ether ({decaBDE}) in sewage sludge samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.047},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is an additive flame retardant marketed as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). The structures of the two chemicals are similar, and hence deBDethane may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. Environmental data on deBDethane are scarce. Since sewage sludge is an early indicator of leakage of these chemicals into the environment, an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in sludge was conducted. Samples were collected from 42 WWTPs in 12 different countries and analyzed with GC/LRMS. DeBDethane was present in sludge from all countries and may therefore be a worldwide concern. The levels of deBDethane in sludge samples from the Ruhr area of Germany were the highest so far reported in the literature (216 ng g(-1)d.wt.). The [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] quotient for the whole data set ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High ratios were found in and around Germany where deBDethane imports are known to have been high and substitution of decaBDE with deBDethane is likely to have occurred. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, countries that have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. An estimate of the flux of deBDEthane from the technosphere via WWTPs to the environment within the European Union gave 1.7+/-0.34 mg annually per person. The corresponding value for decaBDE was 41+/-22 mg annually per person.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ricklund, Niklas and Kierkegaard, Amelie and McLachlan, Michael S},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18922559},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Data Collection, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Internationality, Quality Control, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {1799--804},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ricklund, N.\",\"Kierkegaard, A.\",\"McLachlan, M. S\"],\"key\":\"ricklund_international_2008\",\"id\":\"ricklund_international_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-aninternationalsurveyofdecabromodiphenylethanedebdethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinsewagesludgesamples-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Data Collection\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Internationality\",\"Quality Control\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0892-0362\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061\",\"abstract\":\"After several decades of commercial use, the flame retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites have become pervasive environmental contaminants with a global distribution. PBDEs have entered the food chain and increasing levels can be detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the most widely used of the PBDEs in the United States. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the health effects of decaBDE. The current study examined the effects of neonatal exposure to decaBDE in the inbred C57BL6/J mouse. Neonatal male and female mice were exposed to a daily oral dose of 0, 6, or 20 mg/kg decaBDE from postnatal day 2 to 15. Three groups of endpoints were examined: the ontogeny of sensorimotor responses and serum thyroxine levels in immature animals, and locomotor activity in adult animals. In immature animals, 20 mg/kg/day produced developmental delays in the acquisition of the palpebral reflex. At this age, exposed males also showed a dose-related reduction of serum thyroxine levels. As adults, decaBDE exposure altered the normal sex- and age-specific characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity. The most striking effect was an increase of activity during the first 1.5 h of the 2 h assessment in males exposed to 20 mg/kg/day decaBDE. These effects suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology and teratology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rice\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reeve\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herlihy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aleece\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zoeller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thompson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"Douglas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Markowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincent\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"17482428\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Pregnancy, Psychomotor Disorders, Psychomotor Disorders: chemically induced, Sex Factors, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"511–20\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rice_developmental_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the {C57BL6}/{J} mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated {PBDE}, decabromodiphenyl ether.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0892-0362},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061},\\n\\tabstract = {After several decades of commercial use, the flame retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites have become pervasive environmental contaminants with a global distribution. PBDEs have entered the food chain and increasing levels can be detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the most widely used of the PBDEs in the United States. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the health effects of decaBDE. The current study examined the effects of neonatal exposure to decaBDE in the inbred C57BL6/J mouse. Neonatal male and female mice were exposed to a daily oral dose of 0, 6, or 20 mg/kg decaBDE from postnatal day 2 to 15. Three groups of endpoints were examined: the ontogeny of sensorimotor responses and serum thyroxine levels in immature animals, and locomotor activity in adult animals. In immature animals, 20 mg/kg/day produced developmental delays in the acquisition of the palpebral reflex. At this age, exposed males also showed a dose-related reduction of serum thyroxine levels. As adults, decaBDE exposure altered the normal sex- and age-specific characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity. The most striking effect was an increase of activity during the first 1.5 h of the 2 h assessment in males exposed to 20 mg/kg/day decaBDE. These effects suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\\n\\tauthor = {Rice, Deborah C and Reeve, Elizabeth A and Herlihy, Aleece and Zoeller, R Thomas and Thompson, W Douglas and Markowski, Vincent P},\\n\\tpmid = {17482428},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Pregnancy, Psychomotor Disorders, Psychomotor Disorders: chemically induced, Sex Factors, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {511--20},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rice, D. C\",\"Reeve, E. A\",\"Herlihy, A.\",\"Zoeller, R T.\",\"Thompson, W D.\",\"Markowski, V. P\"],\"key\":\"rice_developmental_nodate\",\"id\":\"rice_developmental_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rice-reeve-herlihy-zoeller-thompson-markowski-developmentaldelaysandlocomotoractivityinthec57bl6jmousefollowingneonatalexposuretothefullybrominatedpbdedecabromodiphenylether\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Age Factors\",\"Analysis of Variance\",\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Newborn\",\"Oral\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Psychomotor Disorders\",\"Psychomotor Disorders: chemically induced\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: blood\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in Galicia (NW Spain).\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053\",\"abstract\":\"A monitoring programme was carried out on wastewater, surface and drinking water on the NW area of Spain during the four seasons of a year period (November 2007-September 2008). This study covered a series of emerging pollutants of different classes, including pharmaceuticals, neutral and acidic organophosphorus flame retardant/plasticizers (OPs), triclosan, phenoxy-herbicides, insect repellents and UV filters. From the total set of 53 compounds, 19 were found in raw wastewater with median concentrations higher than 0.1 μg L(-1). Among them, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and the UV filter benzophenone-4 (BP-4) were the most concentrated, exceeding the 1 μg L(-1) median value. Subsequently, 11 of these contaminants are not efficiently enough removed in the small WWTPs tested and their median concentrations in effluents still surpassed the 0.1 μg L(-1), so that they can spread through surface water. These chemicals are the pharmaceuticals naproxen, diclofenac and atenolol; the OPs tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP); and the sulphonate UV filters BP-4 and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (PBSA). These OPs were then the dominant emerging pollutants occurring in surface and drinking water, where they are detected in the 20-200 ng L(-1) range. Pharmaceuticals and UV filters are typically below the 10 ng L(-1) level. Finally, herbicides were only detected in the last sampling campaign under the 100 ng L(-1) drinking water European Union limit.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosario\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quintana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Benito\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Concha-Graña\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Estefanía\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"López-Mahía\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Purificación\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muniategui-Lorenzo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Soledad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prada-Rodríguez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darío\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22189380\",\"keywords\":\"Atenolol, Atenolol: analysis, Benzophenones, Benzophenones: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Diclofenac, Diclofenac: analysis, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Ibuprofen, Ibuprofen: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Naproxen, Naproxen: analysis, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Salicylic Acid, Salicylic Acid: analysis, Seasons, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Spain, Sunscreening Agents, Sunscreening Agents: analysis, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1040–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rodil_emerging_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in {Galicia} ({NW} {Spain}).},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053},\\n\\tabstract = {A monitoring programme was carried out on wastewater, surface and drinking water on the NW area of Spain during the four seasons of a year period (November 2007-September 2008). This study covered a series of emerging pollutants of different classes, including pharmaceuticals, neutral and acidic organophosphorus flame retardant/plasticizers (OPs), triclosan, phenoxy-herbicides, insect repellents and UV filters. From the total set of 53 compounds, 19 were found in raw wastewater with median concentrations higher than 0.1 μg L(-1). Among them, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and the UV filter benzophenone-4 (BP-4) were the most concentrated, exceeding the 1 μg L(-1) median value. Subsequently, 11 of these contaminants are not efficiently enough removed in the small WWTPs tested and their median concentrations in effluents still surpassed the 0.1 μg L(-1), so that they can spread through surface water. These chemicals are the pharmaceuticals naproxen, diclofenac and atenolol; the OPs tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP); and the sulphonate UV filters BP-4 and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (PBSA). These OPs were then the dominant emerging pollutants occurring in surface and drinking water, where they are detected in the 20-200 ng L(-1) range. Pharmaceuticals and UV filters are typically below the 10 ng L(-1) level. Finally, herbicides were only detected in the last sampling campaign under the 100 ng L(-1) drinking water European Union limit.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Rodil, Rosario and Quintana, José Benito and Concha-Graña, Estefanía and López-Mahía, Purificación and Muniategui-Lorenzo, Soledad and Prada-Rodríguez, Darío},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22189380},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atenolol, Atenolol: analysis, Benzophenones, Benzophenones: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Diclofenac, Diclofenac: analysis, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Ibuprofen, Ibuprofen: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Naproxen, Naproxen: analysis, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Salicylic Acid, Salicylic Acid: analysis, Seasons, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Spain, Sunscreening Agents, Sunscreening Agents: analysis, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1040--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rodil, R.\",\"Quintana, J. B.\",\"Concha-Graña, E.\",\"López-Mahía, P.\",\"Muniategui-Lorenzo, S.\",\"Prada-Rodríguez, D.\"],\"key\":\"rodil_emerging_2012\",\"id\":\"rodil_emerging_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rodil-quintana-conchagraa-lpezmaha-muniateguilorenzo-pradarodrguez-emergingpollutantsinsewagesurfaceanddrinkingwateringalicianwspain-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atenolol\",\"Atenolol: analysis\",\"Benzophenones\",\"Benzophenones: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Diclofenac\",\"Diclofenac: analysis\",\"Drinking Water\",\"Drinking Water: chemistry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluid\",\"Ibuprofen\",\"Ibuprofen: analysis\",\"Insecticides\",\"Insecticides: analysis\",\"Naproxen\",\"Naproxen: analysis\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Salicylic Acid\",\"Salicylic Acid: analysis\",\"Seasons\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"Spain\",\"Sunscreening Agents\",\"Sunscreening Agents: analysis\",\"Triclosan\",\"Triclosan: analysis\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of PBDE congeners in three fish species.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es103934x\",\"abstract\":\"Previous studies have suggested that there may be species-specific differences in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among different fish species. In this study, we investigated the in vitro hepatic metabolism of eleven individual PBDE congeners (tri- through decaBDEs) in three different fish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Chinook salmon (O. tschwatcha). In addition, we evaluated the influence of PBDE structural characteristics (i.e., bromine substitution patterns) on metabolism. Six of the eleven congeners we evaluated, BDEs 99, 153, 183, 203, 208, and 209, were metabolically debrominated to lower brominated congeners. All of the congeners that were metabolized contained at least one meta-substituted bromine. Metabolites were not detected for congeners without one meta-substituted bromine (e.g., BDEs 28, 47, and 100). Metabolite formation rates were generally 10 to 100 times faster in carp than in trout and salmon. BDEs 47, 49, 101, 154, and 183 were the major metabolites observed in all three species with the exception of BDE 47, which was only detected in carp. Carp demonstrated a preference toward meta-debromination, while trout and salmon debrominated meta- and para-bromine atoms to an equal extent. We compared glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and deiodinase (DI) activity among all three species as these enzyme systems have been hypothesized to play a role in PBDE debromination in teleosts. Carp exhibited a preference for meta-deiodination of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which was consistent with the preference for meta-debromination of PBDEs observed in carp.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noyes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gallagher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evan\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21291240\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biotransformation, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1999–2005\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{roberts_species-specific_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of {PBDE} congeners in three fish species.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es103934x},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous studies have suggested that there may be species-specific differences in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among different fish species. In this study, we investigated the in vitro hepatic metabolism of eleven individual PBDE congeners (tri- through decaBDEs) in three different fish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Chinook salmon (O. tschwatcha). In addition, we evaluated the influence of PBDE structural characteristics (i.e., bromine substitution patterns) on metabolism. Six of the eleven congeners we evaluated, BDEs 99, 153, 183, 203, 208, and 209, were metabolically debrominated to lower brominated congeners. All of the congeners that were metabolized contained at least one meta-substituted bromine. Metabolites were not detected for congeners without one meta-substituted bromine (e.g., BDEs 28, 47, and 100). Metabolite formation rates were generally 10 to 100 times faster in carp than in trout and salmon. BDEs 47, 49, 101, 154, and 183 were the major metabolites observed in all three species with the exception of BDE 47, which was only detected in carp. Carp demonstrated a preference toward meta-debromination, while trout and salmon debrominated meta- and para-bromine atoms to an equal extent. We compared glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and deiodinase (DI) activity among all three species as these enzyme systems have been hypothesized to play a role in PBDE debromination in teleosts. Carp exhibited a preference for meta-deiodination of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which was consistent with the preference for meta-debromination of PBDEs observed in carp.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Roberts, Simon C and Noyes, Pamela D and Gallagher, Evan P and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21291240},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1999--2005},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roberts, S. C\",\"Noyes, P. D\",\"Gallagher, E. P\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"roberts_species-specific_2011\",\"id\":\"roberts_species-specific_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roberts-noyes-gallagher-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesandstructureactivityrelationshipsinthedebrominationofpbdecongenersinthreefishspecies-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Carps\",\"Carps: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione Transferase\",\"Glutathione Transferase: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenation\",\"Iodide Peroxidase\",\"Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism\",\"Salmon\",\"Salmon: metabolism\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Medford, MA\",\"title\":\"Public comment on CPSC 2005 draft flammability standard\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf\",\"number\":\"617\",\"publisher\":\"Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{roach_public_2007,\\n\\taddress = {Medford, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Public comment on {CPSC} 2005 draft flammability standard},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {617},\\n\\tpublisher = {Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University},\\n\\tauthor = {Roach, Brian},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roach, B.\"],\"key\":\"roach_public_2007\",\"id\":\"roach_public_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roach-publiccommentoncpsc2005draftflammabilitystandard-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Behavioral changes in aging but not young mice after neonatal exposure to the polybrominated flame retardant decaBDE.\",\"volume\":\"117\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.11814\",\"abstract\":\"After several decades of commercial use, the flame-retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are pervasive environmental contaminants and are detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the only PBDE in production in the United States.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rice\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thompson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"Douglas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reeve\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Onos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristen\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Assadollahzadeh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Markowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincent\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"20049210\",\"keywords\":\"Aging, Aging: psychology, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Conditioning, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Newborn, Operant, Operant: drug effects, Reinforcement Schedule, Sex Characteristics, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"1903–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rice_behavioral_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Behavioral changes in aging but not young mice after neonatal exposure to the polybrominated flame retardant {decaBDE}.},\\n\\tvolume = {117},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.11814},\\n\\tabstract = {After several decades of commercial use, the flame-retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are pervasive environmental contaminants and are detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the only PBDE in production in the United States.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Rice, Deborah C and Thompson, W Douglas and Reeve, Elizabeth A and Onos, Kristen D and Assadollahzadeh, Mina and Markowski, Vincent P},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {20049210},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aging, Aging: psychology, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Conditioning, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Newborn, Operant, Operant: drug effects, Reinforcement Schedule, Sex Characteristics, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1903--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rice, D. C\",\"Thompson, W D.\",\"Reeve, E. A\",\"Onos, K. D\",\"Assadollahzadeh, M.\",\"Markowski, V. P\"],\"key\":\"rice_behavioral_2009\",\"id\":\"rice_behavioral_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rice-thompson-reeve-onos-assadollahzadeh-markowski-behavioralchangesinagingbutnotyoungmiceafterneonatalexposuretothepolybrominatedflameretardantdecabde-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aging\",\"Aging: psychology\",\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Conditioning\",\"Discrimination Learning\",\"Discrimination Learning: drug effects\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Newborn\",\"Operant\",\"Operant: drug effects\",\"Reinforcement Schedule\",\"Sex Characteristics\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Proapoptotic effect of a micropollutant (tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate) at environmental level in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells.\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issn\":\"1477-8920\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709\",\"doi\":\"10.2166/wh.2012.180\",\"abstract\":\"Being a typical micropollutant, tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) is often found in aquatic environments. However, the potential effects of TCEP at environmental concentrations on apoptotic mechanisms are mostly unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the apoptotic regulatory protein expression of TCEP at environmental concentration in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs). The results show that TCEP at 0.01 and 1 mg L(-1) significantly increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) (135.5 and 138.0% of the control, respectively), and significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and cIAP-2 at all tested concentrations, except for a slight decrease of Bcl-2 at 0.01 mg L(-1). In addition, TCEP significantly increased the expression of caspase-3 at all three concentrations (132.6, 172.6 and 167.9% of the control, respectively) and caspase-9 at 1 and 10 mg L(-1) (128.3 and 144.5% of the control, respectively). Furthermore, TCEP increased the apoptotic cell population in a flow cytometry analysis. In conclusion, environmental TCEP might have a dose-dependent proapoptotic effect with a decrease of DNA synthesis and cell number in primary cultured renal PTCs.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of water and health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianghao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ho\",\"Jae\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\",\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sang\",\"Hun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"How\",\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chae\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyu-Jung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"In\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23165709\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Apoptosis: drug effects, Cell Cycle, Cells, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Kidney Tubules, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Phosphorylation, Proximal, Proximal: drug effects, Proximal: metabolism, Rabbits, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"522–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ren_proapoptotic_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Proapoptotic effect of a micropollutant (tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate) at environmental level in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tissn = {1477-8920},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2166/wh.2012.180},\\n\\tabstract = {Being a typical micropollutant, tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) is often found in aquatic environments. However, the potential effects of TCEP at environmental concentrations on apoptotic mechanisms are mostly unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the apoptotic regulatory protein expression of TCEP at environmental concentration in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs). The results show that TCEP at 0.01 and 1 mg L(-1) significantly increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) (135.5 and 138.0\\\\% of the control, respectively), and significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and cIAP-2 at all tested concentrations, except for a slight decrease of Bcl-2 at 0.01 mg L(-1). In addition, TCEP significantly increased the expression of caspase-3 at all three concentrations (132.6, 172.6 and 167.9\\\\% of the control, respectively) and caspase-9 at 1 and 10 mg L(-1) (128.3 and 144.5\\\\% of the control, respectively). Furthermore, TCEP increased the apoptotic cell population in a flow cytometry analysis. In conclusion, environmental TCEP might have a dose-dependent proapoptotic effect with a decrease of DNA synthesis and cell number in primary cultured renal PTCs.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of water and health},\\n\\tauthor = {Ren, Xianghao and Han, Ho Jae and Lee, Yu Jin and Lee, Sang Hun and Ng, How Yong and Chae, Kyu-Jung and Kim, In S},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23165709},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Apoptosis: drug effects, Cell Cycle, Cells, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Kidney Tubules, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Phosphorylation, Proximal, Proximal: drug effects, Proximal: metabolism, Rabbits, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {522--30},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ren, X.\",\"Han, H. J.\",\"Lee, Y. J.\",\"Lee, S. H.\",\"Ng, H. Y.\",\"Chae, K.\",\"Kim, I. S\"],\"key\":\"ren_proapoptotic_2012\",\"id\":\"ren_proapoptotic_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ren-han-lee-lee-ng-chae-kim-proapoptoticeffectofamicropollutanttris2chloroethylphosphateatenvironmentallevelinprimaryculturedrenalproximaltubulecells-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Apoptosis\",\"Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins\",\"Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism\",\"Apoptosis: drug effects\",\"Cell Cycle\",\"Cells\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Cultured\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Kidney Tubules\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: toxicity\",\"Phosphorylation\",\"Proximal\",\"Proximal: drug effects\",\"Proximal: metabolism\",\"Rabbits\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Guangzhou, China: seasonal variations and sources.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c1em10195a\",\"abstract\":\"The atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) was investigated at four locations in different suburban and urban functional districts of Guangzhou City. The annual deposition fluxes of total PBDD/Fs (eight 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to hexa-BDD/Fs) were in the range of 36-51 (mean 46) pg m(-2) day(-1), and the corresponding TEQ fluxes were estimated to range between 7.9 and 11.3 (mean 10.3) pg I-TEQ m(-2) day(-1), indicating a noticeable pollution level. The deposition fluxes of PBDD/Fs during the wet season were 2-4 times as high as those during the dry season. Both rainfall and temperature positively correlated with PBDD/F deposition fluxes. Ambient gas/particle partition coefficients (K(p)) were predicted with SPARC. It appears seasonal variations of PBDD/F deposition fluxes were influenced by meteorological parameters and the local usage of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The congener profiles of PBDD/Fs at four locations were similar either spatially or temporally, indicating that the main PBDD/F emission sources were similar to one another. Seasonal variations and congener patterns of PBDD/Fs indicated the possible sources included electronic waste recycling, industrial waste incinerators and products containing BFRs.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Man\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ping'an\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"De\",\"Yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21870013\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, China, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Seasons\",\"pages\":\"2880–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ren_atmospheric_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in {Guangzhou}, {China}: seasonal variations and sources.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10195a},\\n\\tabstract = {The atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) was investigated at four locations in different suburban and urban functional districts of Guangzhou City. The annual deposition fluxes of total PBDD/Fs (eight 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to hexa-BDD/Fs) were in the range of 36-51 (mean 46) pg m(-2) day(-1), and the corresponding TEQ fluxes were estimated to range between 7.9 and 11.3 (mean 10.3) pg I-TEQ m(-2) day(-1), indicating a noticeable pollution level. The deposition fluxes of PBDD/Fs during the wet season were 2-4 times as high as those during the dry season. Both rainfall and temperature positively correlated with PBDD/F deposition fluxes. Ambient gas/particle partition coefficients (K(p)) were predicted with SPARC. It appears seasonal variations of PBDD/F deposition fluxes were influenced by meteorological parameters and the local usage of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The congener profiles of PBDD/Fs at four locations were similar either spatially or temporally, indicating that the main PBDD/F emission sources were similar to one another. Seasonal variations and congener patterns of PBDD/Fs indicated the possible sources included electronic waste recycling, industrial waste incinerators and products containing BFRs.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Ren, Man and Zhou, Lin and Peng, Ping'an and Chen, De Yi and Cai, Ying},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21870013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, China, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Seasons},\\n\\tpages = {2880--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ren, M.\",\"Zhou, L.\",\"Peng, P.\",\"Chen, D. Y.\",\"Cai, Y.\"],\"key\":\"ren_atmospheric_2011\",\"id\":\"ren_atmospheric_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ren-zhou-peng-chen-cai-atmosphericdepositionofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinguangzhouchinaseasonalvariationsandsources-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"China\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Seasons\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in urban and remote surface waters in Germany.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1879-2448\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.024\",\"abstract\":\"Within this study, concentration levels and distribution of the organophosphates tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were investigated at nine lentic surface waters under different anthropogenic impact between June 2007 and October 2009. Furthermore, the possibility of in-lake photochemical degradation of the analytes was studied in laboratory experiments using spiked ultrapure water and lake water samples incubated in Teflon bottles (which transmit sunlight). TBEP, TiBP, and TnBP were photochemically degraded in spiked lake water samples upon exposure to sunlight. Organophosphate concentrations in the more remote lakes were often below or close to the limits of quantification (LOQ). TCPP was the substance with the highest median concentration in rural volcanic lakes (7-18ngL(-1)) indicating an atmospheric transport of the compound. At urban lakes their median concentrations were in the range of 23-61ngL(-1) (TCEP), 85-126ngL(-1) (TCPP), \\\\textlessLOQ-53ngL(-1) (TBEP), 8-10ngL(-1) (TiBP), and 17-32ngL(-1) (TnBP). High variability but no significant seasonal trends were observed for all five organophosphates in urban lake water samples.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Water research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regnery\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Püttmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wilhelm\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20599098\",\"keywords\":\"Cities, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis\",\"pages\":\"4097–104\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{regnery_occurrence_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in urban and remote surface waters in {Germany}.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1879-2448},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.024},\\n\\tabstract = {Within this study, concentration levels and distribution of the organophosphates tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were investigated at nine lentic surface waters under different anthropogenic impact between June 2007 and October 2009. Furthermore, the possibility of in-lake photochemical degradation of the analytes was studied in laboratory experiments using spiked ultrapure water and lake water samples incubated in Teflon bottles (which transmit sunlight). TBEP, TiBP, and TnBP were photochemically degraded in spiked lake water samples upon exposure to sunlight. Organophosphate concentrations in the more remote lakes were often below or close to the limits of quantification (LOQ). TCPP was the substance with the highest median concentration in rural volcanic lakes (7-18ngL(-1)) indicating an atmospheric transport of the compound. At urban lakes their median concentrations were in the range of 23-61ngL(-1) (TCEP), 85-126ngL(-1) (TCPP), {\\\\textbackslash}textlessLOQ-53ngL(-1) (TBEP), 8-10ngL(-1) (TiBP), and 17-32ngL(-1) (TnBP). High variability but no significant seasonal trends were observed for all five organophosphates in urban lake water samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Water research},\\n\\tauthor = {Regnery, Julia and Püttmann, Wilhelm},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20599098},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cities, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {4097--104},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Regnery, J.\",\"Püttmann, W.\"],\"key\":\"regnery_occurrence_2010\",\"id\":\"regnery_occurrence_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"regnery-pttmann-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinurbanandremotesurfacewatersingermany-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cities\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: analysis\",\"Germany\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Water Supply\",\"Water Supply: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff.\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.027\",\"abstract\":\"To investigate seasonal fluctuations and trends of organophosphate (flame retardants, plasticizers) concentrations in rain and snow, precipitation samples were collected in 2007-2009 period at a densely populated urban sampling site and two sparsely populated rural sampling sites in middle Germany. In addition, storm water runoff was sampled from May 2008 to April 2009 at an urban storm water holding tank (SWHT). Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Among the six analyzed organophosphates (OPs), TCPP dominated in all precipitation and SWHT water samples with maximum concentrations exceeding 1000ngL(-1). For all analytes, no seasonal trends were observed at the urban precipitation sampling site, although atmospheric photooxidation was expected to reduce particularly concentrations of non-chlorinated OPs during transport from urban to remote areas in summer months with higher global irradiation. In the SWHT a seasonal trend with decreasing concentrations in summer/autumn is evident for the non-chlorinated OPs due to in-lake degradation but not for the chlorinated OPs. Furthermore, an accumulation of OPs deposited in SWHTs was observed with concentrations often exceeding those observed in wet precipitation. Median concentrations of TCPP (880ngL(-1)), TDCP (13ngL(-1)) and TBEP (77ngL(-1)) at the SWHT were more than twice as high as median concentrations measured at the urban precipitation sampling site (403ngL(-1), 5ngL(-1), and 21ngL(-1) respectively).\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regnery\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Püttmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wilhelm\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20074776\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rain, Rain: chemistry, Seasons\",\"pages\":\"958–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{regnery_seasonal_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff.},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.027},\\n\\tabstract = {To investigate seasonal fluctuations and trends of organophosphate (flame retardants, plasticizers) concentrations in rain and snow, precipitation samples were collected in 2007-2009 period at a densely populated urban sampling site and two sparsely populated rural sampling sites in middle Germany. In addition, storm water runoff was sampled from May 2008 to April 2009 at an urban storm water holding tank (SWHT). Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Among the six analyzed organophosphates (OPs), TCPP dominated in all precipitation and SWHT water samples with maximum concentrations exceeding 1000ngL(-1). For all analytes, no seasonal trends were observed at the urban precipitation sampling site, although atmospheric photooxidation was expected to reduce particularly concentrations of non-chlorinated OPs during transport from urban to remote areas in summer months with higher global irradiation. In the SWHT a seasonal trend with decreasing concentrations in summer/autumn is evident for the non-chlorinated OPs due to in-lake degradation but not for the chlorinated OPs. Furthermore, an accumulation of OPs deposited in SWHTs was observed with concentrations often exceeding those observed in wet precipitation. Median concentrations of TCPP (880ngL(-1)), TDCP (13ngL(-1)) and TBEP (77ngL(-1)) at the SWHT were more than twice as high as median concentrations measured at the urban precipitation sampling site (403ngL(-1), 5ngL(-1), and 21ngL(-1) respectively).},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Regnery, Julia and Püttmann, Wilhelm},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20074776},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rain, Rain: chemistry, Seasons},\\n\\tpages = {958--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Regnery, J.\",\"Püttmann, W.\"],\"key\":\"regnery_seasonal_2010\",\"id\":\"regnery_seasonal_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"regnery-pttmann-seasonalfluctuationsoforganophosphateconcentrationsinprecipitationandstormwaterrunoff-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Germany\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Rain\",\"Rain: chemistry\",\"Seasons\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of Dechlorane Plus in serum from electronics dismantling workers in South China.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es901672m\",\"abstract\":\"Previous studies have reported high serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residents of an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling site in Guiyu town, South China. In this study, serum levels of Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant of growing concern, were measured in residents of this region, and compared to those of a matched cohort from a nearby region in Haojiang, where fishing is the dominant industry. DP was detected in all the serum samples, with concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 465 ng/g lipid (median: 42.6 ng/g) and 0.93 to 50.5 ng/g lipid (median: 13.7 ng/g) in Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between DP and decabromodiphenyl ether showed a positive relationship in Guiyu (r = 0.931, p \\\\textless 0.01), but no correlation in Haojiang (r = 0.321, p = 0.34). The average anti-DP fractional abundances (f(anti) ratio) were 0.58 +/- 0.11 and 0.64 +/- 0.05 for Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively (p \\\\textless 0.01). Tentatively identified dechlorination product ([-Cl + H]) was found in 19/40 serum samples (11/20 for Guiyu, 8/20 for Haojiang). These results suggest that the Guiyu and Haojiang cohorts experienced different dominant exposure routes. It is also possible that DP could bioaccumulate in a stereoselective manner, and undergo dechlorination metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report DP levels in human serum. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guofa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shengtao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huiru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pingan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Aged, Animals, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: chemistry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: blood, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"9453–9457\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ren_determination_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of {Dechlorane} {Plus} in serum from electronics dismantling workers in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es901672m},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous studies have reported high serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residents of an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling site in Guiyu town, South China. In this study, serum levels of Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant of growing concern, were measured in residents of this region, and compared to those of a matched cohort from a nearby region in Haojiang, where fishing is the dominant industry. DP was detected in all the serum samples, with concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 465 ng/g lipid (median: 42.6 ng/g) and 0.93 to 50.5 ng/g lipid (median: 13.7 ng/g) in Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between DP and decabromodiphenyl ether showed a positive relationship in Guiyu (r = 0.931, p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01), but no correlation in Haojiang (r = 0.321, p = 0.34). The average anti-DP fractional abundances (f(anti) ratio) were 0.58 +/- 0.11 and 0.64 +/- 0.05 for Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Tentatively identified dechlorination product ([-Cl + H]) was found in 19/40 serum samples (11/20 for Guiyu, 8/20 for Haojiang). These results suggest that the Guiyu and Haojiang cohorts experienced different dominant exposure routes. It is also possible that DP could bioaccumulate in a stereoselective manner, and undergo dechlorination metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report DP levels in human serum. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ren, Guofa and Yu, Zhiqiang and Ma, Shengtao and Li, Huiru and Peng, Pingan and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Animals, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: chemistry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: blood, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {9453--9457},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ren, G.\",\"Yu, Z.\",\"Ma, S.\",\"Li, H.\",\"Peng, P.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"ren_determination_2009\",\"id\":\"ren_determination_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ren-yu-ma-li-peng-sheng-fu-determinationofdechloraneplusinserumfromelectronicsdismantlingworkersinsouthchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Animals\",\"China\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: blood\",\"Chlorinated: chemistry\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: blood\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Refuse Disposal: methods\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden.\",\"volume\":\"54\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6\",\"abstract\":\"The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Remberger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sternbeck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lennart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strömberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katarina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brorström-Lundén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eva\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Geography, Hydrocarbons, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"9–21\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{remberger_environmental_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in {Sweden}.},\\n\\tvolume = {54},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6},\\n\\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Remberger, Mikael and Sternbeck, John and Palm, Anna and Kaj, Lennart and Strömberg, Katarina and Brorström-Lundén, Eva},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Geography, Hydrocarbons, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {9--21},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Remberger, M.\",\"Sternbeck, J.\",\"Palm, A.\",\"Kaj, L.\",\"Strömberg, K.\",\"Brorström-Lundén, E.\"],\"key\":\"remberger_environmental_2004\",\"id\":\"remberger_environmental_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: analysis\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Analysis\",\"Geography\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol-A on cerebellar granule cells: cell death, free radical formation, calcium influx and extracellular glutamate.\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfl198\",\"abstract\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is one of the worlds most widely used brominated flame retardant. The present study reports effects of TBBPA on primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we show that TBBPA induces death of CGC at low micro molar concentrations. Cell death was reduced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 microM), the antioxidant vitamin E (50 microM), and in calcium-free buffer. We further demonstrate that TBBPA's toxicity was accompanied by apoptosis-like nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Other hallmarks of apoptosis such as caspase activity were, however, absent, indicating an atypical form of apoptosis. TBBPA increased intracellular free calcium in a concentration-dependent manner. TBBPA also induced an increase in extracellular glutamate in a time-dependent manner. TBBPA gave a concentration-dependent increase information reactive oxygen species (ROS) of measured with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The ROS formation was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin-A (25 microM), eliminating calcium from the buffer and by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid (DDC, 100 microM). Further analysis with Western blot confirmed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after exposure to TBBPA. We found that TBBPA induces ROS formation, increases intracellular calcium, extracellular glutamate, and death of CGC in vitro at concentrations comparable to those of polychlorinated biphenyl. These findings implicate TBBPA as a predicted environmental toxin and bring out the importance of awareness of its hazardous effects.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reistad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mariussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Espen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ring\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Avi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fonnum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frode\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17205976\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aspartic Acid, Aspartic Acid: chemistry, Aspartic Acid: metabolism, Calcium, Calcium: chemistry, Calcium: metabolism, Caspases, Caspases: antagonists & inhibitors, Caspases: metabolism, Cell Death, Cell Death: drug effects, Cell Nucleus, Cell Nucleus: drug effects, Cell Nucleus: ultrastructure, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cell Survival: physiology, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Cytoplasmic Granules, Cytoplasmic Granules: drug effects, DNA Fragmentation, DNA Fragmentation: drug effects, Dizocilpine Maleate, Dizocilpine Maleate: pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Activation, Enzyme Activation: drug effects, Extracellular Space, Extracellular Space: chemistry, Extracellular Space: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutamates, Glutamates: chemistry, Glutamates: metabolism, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Intracellular Fluid, Intracellular Fluid: chemistry, Intracellular Fluid: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Nucleosomes, Nucleosomes: drug effects, Okadaic Acid, Okadaic Acid: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: antagonists & inhibitors, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: antagonists & inhibitors, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: antagonists & inhibitors, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: administration & dosage, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"268–78\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{reistad_vitro_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol-{A} on cerebellar granule cells: cell death, free radical formation, calcium influx and extracellular glutamate.},\\n\\tvolume = {96},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl198},\\n\\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is one of the worlds most widely used brominated flame retardant. The present study reports effects of TBBPA on primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we show that TBBPA induces death of CGC at low micro molar concentrations. Cell death was reduced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 microM), the antioxidant vitamin E (50 microM), and in calcium-free buffer. We further demonstrate that TBBPA's toxicity was accompanied by apoptosis-like nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Other hallmarks of apoptosis such as caspase activity were, however, absent, indicating an atypical form of apoptosis. TBBPA increased intracellular free calcium in a concentration-dependent manner. TBBPA also induced an increase in extracellular glutamate in a time-dependent manner. TBBPA gave a concentration-dependent increase information reactive oxygen species (ROS) of measured with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The ROS formation was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin-A (25 microM), eliminating calcium from the buffer and by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid (DDC, 100 microM). Further analysis with Western blot confirmed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after exposure to TBBPA. We found that TBBPA induces ROS formation, increases intracellular calcium, extracellular glutamate, and death of CGC in vitro at concentrations comparable to those of polychlorinated biphenyl. These findings implicate TBBPA as a predicted environmental toxin and bring out the importance of awareness of its hazardous effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Reistad, Trine and Mariussen, Espen and Ring, Avi and Fonnum, Frode},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17205976},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aspartic Acid, Aspartic Acid: chemistry, Aspartic Acid: metabolism, Calcium, Calcium: chemistry, Calcium: metabolism, Caspases, Caspases: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Caspases: metabolism, Cell Death, Cell Death: drug effects, Cell Nucleus, Cell Nucleus: drug effects, Cell Nucleus: ultrastructure, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cell Survival: physiology, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Cytoplasmic Granules, Cytoplasmic Granules: drug effects, DNA Fragmentation, DNA Fragmentation: drug effects, Dizocilpine Maleate, Dizocilpine Maleate: pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Activation, Enzyme Activation: drug effects, Extracellular Space, Extracellular Space: chemistry, Extracellular Space: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutamates, Glutamates: chemistry, Glutamates: metabolism, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Intracellular Fluid, Intracellular Fluid: chemistry, Intracellular Fluid: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Nucleosomes, Nucleosomes: drug effects, Okadaic Acid, Okadaic Acid: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: administration \\\\& dosage, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {268--78},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Reistad, T.\",\"Mariussen, E.\",\"Ring, A.\",\"Fonnum, F.\"],\"key\":\"reistad_vitro_2007\",\"id\":\"reistad_vitro_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"reistad-mariussen-ring-fonnum-invitrotoxicityoftetrabromobisphenolaoncerebellargranulecellscelldeathfreeradicalformationcalciuminfluxandextracellularglutamate-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aspartic Acid\",\"Aspartic Acid: chemistry\",\"Aspartic Acid: metabolism\",\"Calcium\",\"Calcium: chemistry\",\"Calcium: metabolism\",\"Caspases\",\"Caspases: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Caspases: metabolism\",\"Cell Death\",\"Cell Death: drug effects\",\"Cell Nucleus\",\"Cell Nucleus: drug effects\",\"Cell Nucleus: ultrastructure\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cell Survival: physiology\",\"Cells\",\"Cerebellum\",\"Cerebellum: cytology\",\"Cerebellum: drug effects\",\"Cultured\",\"Cytoplasmic Granules\",\"Cytoplasmic Granules: drug effects\",\"DNA Fragmentation\",\"DNA Fragmentation: drug effects\",\"Dizocilpine Maleate\",\"Dizocilpine Maleate: pharmacology\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Enzyme Activation\",\"Enzyme Activation: drug effects\",\"Extracellular Space\",\"Extracellular Space: chemistry\",\"Extracellular Space: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutamates\",\"Glutamates: chemistry\",\"Glutamates: metabolism\",\"Hazardous Substances\",\"Hazardous Substances: toxicity\",\"Intracellular Fluid\",\"Intracellular Fluid: chemistry\",\"Intracellular Fluid: metabolism\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism\",\"Nucleosomes\",\"Nucleosomes: drug effects\",\"Okadaic Acid\",\"Okadaic Acid: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Protein-Tyrosine Kinases\",\"Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Rats\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism\",\"Vitamin E\",\"Vitamin E: administration & dosage\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro.\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"0340-5761\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00204-006-0099-8\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are compounds used as additive flame retardants in plastics, electronic equipment, and textiles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and HBCD on cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Both DE-71 and HBCD induced death of CGC in low micromolar concentrations. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 (3 microM), and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (50 microM) significantly reduced the cell death. Incubation of the compounds together with the rat liver post-mitochondrial (S9) fraction reduced cell death by 58 and 64% for DE-71 and HBCD, respectively. No ROS formation and no elevation in intracellular calcium were observed. We further demonstrated apoptotic morphology (Hoechst straining) after exposure to low levels of the two brominated flame retardants and signs of DNA laddering were found after DE-71 exposure. However, other hallmarks of apoptosis, like caspase activity, were absent indicating an atypical form of apoptosis induced by DE-71. After intraperitoneal injection of the two compounds both DE-71 and HBCD were found in significant amounts in brain (559 +/- 194 and 49 +/- 13 microg/kg, respectively) and liver (4,010 +/- 2,437 and 1,248 +/- 505 microg/kg, respectively) 72 h after injection. Our results indicate that the lower brominated PBDEs have a higher potency of bioaccumulation than HBCD, and that both compounds have a neurotoxic potential in vitro.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Archives of toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reistad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fonnum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frode\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mariussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Espen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16614824\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: physiology, Cultured, DNA Fragmentation, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"785–96\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{reistad_neurotoxicity_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71, and hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro.},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {0340-5761},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-006-0099-8},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are compounds used as additive flame retardants in plastics, electronic equipment, and textiles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and HBCD on cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Both DE-71 and HBCD induced death of CGC in low micromolar concentrations. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 (3 microM), and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (50 microM) significantly reduced the cell death. Incubation of the compounds together with the rat liver post-mitochondrial (S9) fraction reduced cell death by 58 and 64\\\\% for DE-71 and HBCD, respectively. No ROS formation and no elevation in intracellular calcium were observed. We further demonstrated apoptotic morphology (Hoechst straining) after exposure to low levels of the two brominated flame retardants and signs of DNA laddering were found after DE-71 exposure. However, other hallmarks of apoptosis, like caspase activity, were absent indicating an atypical form of apoptosis induced by DE-71. After intraperitoneal injection of the two compounds both DE-71 and HBCD were found in significant amounts in brain (559 +/- 194 and 49 +/- 13 microg/kg, respectively) and liver (4,010 +/- 2,437 and 1,248 +/- 505 microg/kg, respectively) 72 h after injection. Our results indicate that the lower brominated PBDEs have a higher potency of bioaccumulation than HBCD, and that both compounds have a neurotoxic potential in vitro.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Reistad, Trine and Fonnum, Frode and Mariussen, Espen},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16614824},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: physiology, Cultured, DNA Fragmentation, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {785--96},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Reistad, T.\",\"Fonnum, F.\",\"Mariussen, E.\"],\"key\":\"reistad_neurotoxicity_2006\",\"id\":\"reistad_neurotoxicity_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"reistad-fonnum-mariussen-neurotoxicityofthepentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71andhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinratcerebellargranulecellsinvitro-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cerebellum\",\"Cerebellum: cytology\",\"Cerebellum: physiology\",\"Cultured\",\"DNA Fragmentation\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism\",\"Wistar\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c0em00419g\",\"abstract\":\"Occurrence and distribution of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates in 72 groundwater samples from Germany under different recharge/infiltration conditions were investigated. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most frequently detected organophosphates in groundwater samples. Highest individual organophosphate concentrations (\\\\textgreater0.1 µg L(-1)) were determined in groundwater polluted by infiltrating leachate and groundwater recharged via riverbank filtration of organophosphate-loaded recipients. In samples from springs and deep groundwater monitoring wells that are not affected by surface waters, organophosphate concentrations were mostly below the limit of detection. The occurrence (3-9 ng L(-1)) of TCPP and TCEP in samples from aquifers with groundwater ages between 20 and 45 years indicates the persistence of both compounds within the aquifer. At urban sites organophosphate-loaded precipitation, surface runoff, and leakage of wastewater influenced groundwater quality. For rural sites, where groundwater recharge is only influenced by precipitation, organophosphates were very rarely detectable in groundwater.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Regnery\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Püttmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Merz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berthold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21132162\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water: analysis, water\",\"pages\":\"347–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{regnery_occurrence_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c0em00419g},\\n\\tabstract = {Occurrence and distribution of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates in 72 groundwater samples from Germany under different recharge/infiltration conditions were investigated. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most frequently detected organophosphates in groundwater samples. Highest individual organophosphate concentrations ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.1 µg L(-1)) were determined in groundwater polluted by infiltrating leachate and groundwater recharged via riverbank filtration of organophosphate-loaded recipients. In samples from springs and deep groundwater monitoring wells that are not affected by surface waters, organophosphate concentrations were mostly below the limit of detection. The occurrence (3-9 ng L(-1)) of TCPP and TCEP in samples from aquifers with groundwater ages between 20 and 45 years indicates the persistence of both compounds within the aquifer. At urban sites organophosphate-loaded precipitation, surface runoff, and leakage of wastewater influenced groundwater quality. For rural sites, where groundwater recharge is only influenced by precipitation, organophosphates were very rarely detectable in groundwater.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Regnery, J and Püttmann, W and Merz, C and Berthold, G},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21132162},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water: analysis, water},\\n\\tpages = {347--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Regnery, J\",\"Püttmann, W\",\"Merz, C\",\"Berthold, G\"],\"key\":\"regnery_occurrence_2011\",\"id\":\"regnery_occurrence_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"regnery-pttmann-merz-berthold-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinanthropogenicallyaffectedgroundwater-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: analysis\",\"Germany\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Supply\",\"Water: analysis\",\"water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate.\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"01659936\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Trends in Analytical Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"REEMTSMA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"QUINTANA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"JB\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"RODIL\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"GARCIALOPEZ\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"RODRIGUEZ\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Flame retardants, env, ffr, indoor environment, organophosphate ester, organophosphorus pollutant, plasticizer, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, urban dust, water\",\"pages\":\"727–737\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate.},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {01659936},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {REEMTSMA, T and QUINTANA, JB and RODIL, R and GARCIALOPEZ, M and RODRIGUEZ, I},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, env, ffr, indoor environment, organophosphate ester, organophosphorus pollutant, plasticizer, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, urban dust, water},\\n\\tpages = {727--737},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"REEMTSMA, T\",\"QUINTANA, J.\",\"RODIL, R\",\"GARCIALOPEZ, M\",\"RODRIGUEZ, I\"],\"key\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008\",\"id\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcialopez-rodriguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Flame retardants\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"indoor environment\",\"organophosphate ester\",\"organophosphorus pollutant\",\"plasticizer\",\"tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate\",\"tri(chloropropyl) phosphate\",\"urban dust\",\"water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Peer Reviewed CPSC Staff Research Reports on Upholstered Furniture Flammability\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf\",\"number\":\"December\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dale\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ray_peer_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Peer {Reviewed} {CPSC} {Staff} {Research} {Reports} on {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {December},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Ray, Dale R},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ray, D. R\"],\"key\":\"ray_peer_2006\",\"id\":\"ray_peer_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ray-peerreviewedcpscstaffresearchreportsonupholsteredfurnitureflammability-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Policy relevant results from an expert elicitation on the human health risks of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).\",\"volume\":\"11 Suppl 1\",\"issn\":\"1476-069X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S7\",\"abstract\":\"Apply a recently developed expert elicitation procedure to evaluate the state of the current knowledge of the two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) most commonly used today; decabromo-diphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and their potential impact on human health in order to support policy considerations. This expert elicitation was organized by the HENVINET (Health and Environment Network) Consortium.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ravnum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Solveig\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zimmer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karin\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keune\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gutleb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arno\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albertinka\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koppe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janna\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magnanti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brooke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lyche\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunnar\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ropstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janneche\",\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kobernus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aileen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bartonova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Krayer\",\"von\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauss\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22759507\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Health, Expert Testimony, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Policy, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy Making, Questionnaires, Risk Assessment\",\"pages\":\"S7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ravnum_policy_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Policy relevant results from an expert elicitation on the human health risks of decabromodiphenyl ether ({decaBDE}) and hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}).},\\n\\tvolume = {11 Suppl 1},\\n\\tissn = {1476-069X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S7},\\n\\tabstract = {Apply a recently developed expert elicitation procedure to evaluate the state of the current knowledge of the two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) most commonly used today; decabromo-diphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and their potential impact on human health in order to support policy considerations. This expert elicitation was organized by the HENVINET (Health and Environment Network) Consortium.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Ravnum, Solveig and Zimmer, Karin E and Keune, Hans and Gutleb, Arno C and Murk, Albertinka J and Koppe, Janna G and Magnanti, Brooke and Lyche, Jan L and Eriksen, Gunnar S and Ropstad, Erik and Skaare, Janneche U and Kobernus, Michael and Yang, Aileen and Bartonova, Alena and Krayer von Krauss, Martin},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22759507},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Health, Expert Testimony, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Policy, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy Making, Questionnaires, Risk Assessment},\\n\\tpages = {S7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ravnum, S.\",\"Zimmer, K. E\",\"Keune, H.\",\"Gutleb, A. C\",\"Murk, A. J\",\"Koppe, J. G\",\"Magnanti, B.\",\"Lyche, J. L\",\"Eriksen, G. S\",\"Ropstad, E.\",\"Skaare, J. U\",\"Kobernus, M.\",\"Yang, A.\",\"Bartonova, A.\",\"Krayer von Krauss, M.\"],\"key\":\"ravnum_policy_2012\",\"id\":\"ravnum_policy_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ravnum-zimmer-keune-gutleb-murk-koppe-magnanti-lyche-etal-policyrelevantresultsfromanexpertelicitationonthehumanhealthrisksofdecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Environmental Health\",\"Expert Testimony\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Health Policy\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Policy Making\",\"Questionnaires\",\"Risk Assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations and loadings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from low-income households in California.\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.003\",\"abstract\":\"California residents may experience the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant exposures in the United States, the nation with the highest body burdens worldwide. It is hypothesized that Californians' high exposures are due to the state's strict furniture flammability standards. Ingestion of PBDE-contaminated dust, to which children may be particularly susceptible, is a dominant exposure pathway. Low-income populations may also face disparately high exposures due to the presence of older, deteriorated or poorly manufactured furniture treated with PBDEs. We collected up to two dust samples per home (54 samples total), several days apart, from low-income California households in the urban community of Oakland (n=13 homes) and the agricultural community of Salinas (n=15 homes). We measured BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, the major constituents of the penta-PBDE flame retardant formulation commonly used in furniture. All three PBDE congeners were detected in every sample with concentrations (loadings) ranging from 185 to 126,000ng/g (621-264,000ng/m(2)), 367-220,000ng/g (1550-457,000ng/m(2)), and 84-41,100ng/g (257-85,700ng/m(2)) for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. Median concentrations (loadings) observed in Salinas homes for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 were 3100ng/g (10,800ng/m(2)), 5480ng/g (19,500ng/m(2)), and 1060ng/g (3810ng/m(2)), respectively, and in Oakland homes 2780ng/g (10,700ng/m(2)), 4450ng/g (19,100ng/m(2)), and 1050ng/g (4000ng/m(2)), respectively. Maximum concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-99 are the highest reported to date. Indoor concentrations and loadings did not significantly differ between communities; concentrations and loadings were strongly correlated between collections for all three congeners (Spearman rho=0.79-0.97, p\\\\textless0.002). We estimated non-dietary ingestion of each congener for one child in each home (n=28 children) and found that estimated intake for BDE-47 and BDE-99 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended chronic reference dose for three and five children, respectively. Children's estimated intake via dust ranged from 1.0 to 599ng/kg/day, 2.0-1065ng/kg/day and 0.5-196ng/kg/day for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. In order to mitigate these exposures, future research must address the factors that contribute to PBDE exposures in low-income homes.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quirós-Alcalá\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lesliam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nishioka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harnly\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martha\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hubbard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21239062\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{quiros-alcala_concentrations_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations and loadings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from low-income households in {California}.},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.003},\\n\\tabstract = {California residents may experience the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant exposures in the United States, the nation with the highest body burdens worldwide. It is hypothesized that Californians' high exposures are due to the state's strict furniture flammability standards. Ingestion of PBDE-contaminated dust, to which children may be particularly susceptible, is a dominant exposure pathway. Low-income populations may also face disparately high exposures due to the presence of older, deteriorated or poorly manufactured furniture treated with PBDEs. We collected up to two dust samples per home (54 samples total), several days apart, from low-income California households in the urban community of Oakland (n=13 homes) and the agricultural community of Salinas (n=15 homes). We measured BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, the major constituents of the penta-PBDE flame retardant formulation commonly used in furniture. All three PBDE congeners were detected in every sample with concentrations (loadings) ranging from 185 to 126,000ng/g (621-264,000ng/m(2)), 367-220,000ng/g (1550-457,000ng/m(2)), and 84-41,100ng/g (257-85,700ng/m(2)) for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. Median concentrations (loadings) observed in Salinas homes for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 were 3100ng/g (10,800ng/m(2)), 5480ng/g (19,500ng/m(2)), and 1060ng/g (3810ng/m(2)), respectively, and in Oakland homes 2780ng/g (10,700ng/m(2)), 4450ng/g (19,100ng/m(2)), and 1050ng/g (4000ng/m(2)), respectively. Maximum concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-99 are the highest reported to date. Indoor concentrations and loadings did not significantly differ between communities; concentrations and loadings were strongly correlated between collections for all three congeners (Spearman rho=0.79-0.97, p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.002). We estimated non-dietary ingestion of each congener for one child in each home (n=28 children) and found that estimated intake for BDE-47 and BDE-99 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended chronic reference dose for three and five children, respectively. Children's estimated intake via dust ranged from 1.0 to 599ng/kg/day, 2.0-1065ng/kg/day and 0.5-196ng/kg/day for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. In order to mitigate these exposures, future research must address the factors that contribute to PBDE exposures in low-income homes.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Quirós-Alcalá, Lesliam and Bradman, Asa and Nishioka, Marcia and Harnly, Martha E and Hubbard, Alan and McKone, Thomas E and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21239062},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Quirós-Alcalá, L.\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Nishioka, M.\",\"Harnly, M. E\",\"Hubbard, A.\",\"McKone, T. E\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"quiros-alcala_concentrations_2011\",\"id\":\"quiros-alcala_concentrations_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"quirsalcal-bradman-nishioka-harnly-hubbard-mckone-eskenazi-concentrationsandloadingsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersindustfromlowincomehouseholdsincalifornia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs, PBBs, and PCNs in three communities of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean.\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were quantified in blubber biopsy samples collected from free-ranging male and female killer whales (Orcinus orca) belonging to three distinct communities (southern residents, northern residents, and transients) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. High concentrations of sigmaPBDE were observed in male southern residents (942+/-582 ng/g Iw), male and female transients (1015+/-605 and 885+/-706 ng/g Iw, respectively), and male and female northern residents (203+/-116 and 415+/-676 ng/g Iw, respectively). Because of large variation within sample groups, sigmaPBDE levels generally did not differ statistically with the exception of male northern residents, which had lower sigmaPBDE concentrations than male southern residents, male transients, and female transients, perhaps reflecting the consumption of less contaminated prey items. Male transient killer whales, which consume high trophic level prey including other cetaceans and occasionally spend time near populated areas, had sigmaPBDE concentrations approximately equal to southern residents. No significant age-related relationships were observed for sigmaPBDE concentrations. sigmaPBDE concentrations were approximately 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of sigmaPBB (3.0-31 ng/g Iw) and sigmaPCN (20-167 ng/g Iw) measured in a subset of samples, suggesting that PBDEs may represent a contaminant class of concern in these marine mammals.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rayne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sierra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikonomou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ellis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Graeme\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barrett-Lennard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lance\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"15382855\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Movement, Naphthalenes, Naphthalenes: analysis, Naphthalenes: pharmacokinetics, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Whales, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"4293–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rayne_pbdes_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs}, {PBBs}, and {PCNs} in three communities of free-ranging killer whales ({Orcinus} orca) from the northeastern {Pacific} {Ocean}.},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were quantified in blubber biopsy samples collected from free-ranging male and female killer whales (Orcinus orca) belonging to three distinct communities (southern residents, northern residents, and transients) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. High concentrations of sigmaPBDE were observed in male southern residents (942+/-582 ng/g Iw), male and female transients (1015+/-605 and 885+/-706 ng/g Iw, respectively), and male and female northern residents (203+/-116 and 415+/-676 ng/g Iw, respectively). Because of large variation within sample groups, sigmaPBDE levels generally did not differ statistically with the exception of male northern residents, which had lower sigmaPBDE concentrations than male southern residents, male transients, and female transients, perhaps reflecting the consumption of less contaminated prey items. Male transient killer whales, which consume high trophic level prey including other cetaceans and occasionally spend time near populated areas, had sigmaPBDE concentrations approximately equal to southern residents. No significant age-related relationships were observed for sigmaPBDE concentrations. sigmaPBDE concentrations were approximately 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of sigmaPBB (3.0-31 ng/g Iw) and sigmaPCN (20-167 ng/g Iw) measured in a subset of samples, suggesting that PBDEs may represent a contaminant class of concern in these marine mammals.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Rayne, Sierra and Ikonomou, Michael G and Ross, Peter S and Ellis, Graeme M and Barrett-Lennard, Lance G},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {15382855},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Movement, Naphthalenes, Naphthalenes: analysis, Naphthalenes: pharmacokinetics, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Whales, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {4293--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rayne, S.\",\"Ikonomou, M. G\",\"Ross, P. S\",\"Ellis, G. M\",\"Barrett-Lennard, L. G\"],\"key\":\"rayne_pbdes_2004\",\"id\":\"rayne_pbdes_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rayne-ikonomou-ross-ellis-barrettlennard-pbdespbbsandpcnsinthreecommunitiesoffreerangingkillerwhalesorcinusorcafromthenortheasternpacificocean-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Diet\",\"Ethers\",\"Ethers: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Male\",\"Movement\",\"Naphthalenes\",\"Naphthalenes: analysis\",\"Naphthalenes: pharmacokinetics\",\"Pacific Ocean\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Whales\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Briefing package on upholstered furniture flammability: regulatory options\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dale\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ray_briefing_2001,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Briefing package on upholstered furniture flammability: regulatory options},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Ray, Dale R},\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ray, D. R\"],\"key\":\"ray_briefing_2001\",\"id\":\"ray_briefing_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ray-briefingpackageonupholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptions-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Upholstered Furniture Flammability: Regulatory Options for Small Open Flame and Smoking Material Ignited Fires\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dale\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1997\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ray_upholstered_1997,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Flammability}: {Regulatory} {Options} for {Small} {Open} {Flame} and {Smoking} {Material} {Ignited} {Fires}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Ray, Dale R},\\n\\tyear = {1997},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ray, D. R\"],\"key\":\"ray_upholstered_1997\",\"id\":\"ray_upholstered_1997\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ray-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptionsforsmallopenflameandsmokingmaterialignitedfires-1997\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in Canadian chicken egg yolks.\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"1944-0057\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/19440049.2010.545443\",\"abstract\":\"Chicken eggs categorised as conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range and organic were collected at grading stations in three regions of Canada between 2005 and 2006. Free run eggs, which were only available for collection from two regions, were also sampled during this time frame. Egg yolks from each of these egg types (n = 162) were analysed to determine brominated flame retardant levels, specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). PBDEs were detected in 100% of the 162 samples tested, while HBCD was observed in 85% of the egg yolks. Total PBDE concentrations in egg yolks ranged from 0.018 to 20.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 3.03 ng g(-1) lipid), with PBDE 209 identified as being the major contributor to ΣPBDE concentrations. In addition to PBDE 209, PBDE 99, 47, 100, 183 and 153 were important contributors to ΣPBDE concentrations. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to a maximum concentration of 71.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 0.053 ng g(-1) lipid). The α-isomer was the dominant contributor to ΣHBCD levels in Canadian egg yolks and was the most frequently detected HBCD isomer. ΣPBDE levels exhibited large differences in variability between combinations of region and type. ΣHBCD concentrations were not significantly different among regions, although differences were observed between the different types of egg yolks analysed in the present study.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rawn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"F\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sadler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quade\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W-F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"P-Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kosarac\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hayward\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21623506\",\"keywords\":\"Animal Husbandry, Animal Husbandry: methods, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Chickens, Diet, Egg Yolk, Egg Yolk: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fatty Acids, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: statistics & numerical data, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Isomerism, Limit of Detection, Mass, Omega-3, Omega-3: administration & dosage, Organic, Organic: analysis, Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"807–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rawn_brominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in {Canadian} chicken egg yolks.},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {1944-0057},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/19440049.2010.545443},\\n\\tabstract = {Chicken eggs categorised as conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range and organic were collected at grading stations in three regions of Canada between 2005 and 2006. Free run eggs, which were only available for collection from two regions, were also sampled during this time frame. Egg yolks from each of these egg types (n = 162) were analysed to determine brominated flame retardant levels, specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). PBDEs were detected in 100\\\\% of the 162 samples tested, while HBCD was observed in 85\\\\% of the egg yolks. Total PBDE concentrations in egg yolks ranged from 0.018 to 20.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 3.03 ng g(-1) lipid), with PBDE 209 identified as being the major contributor to ΣPBDE concentrations. In addition to PBDE 209, PBDE 99, 47, 100, 183 and 153 were important contributors to ΣPBDE concentrations. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to a maximum concentration of 71.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 0.053 ng g(-1) lipid). The α-isomer was the dominant contributor to ΣHBCD levels in Canadian egg yolks and was the most frequently detected HBCD isomer. ΣPBDE levels exhibited large differences in variability between combinations of region and type. ΣHBCD concentrations were not significantly different among regions, although differences were observed between the different types of egg yolks analysed in the present study.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Food additives \\\\& contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure \\\\& risk assessment},\\n\\tauthor = {Rawn, D F K and Sadler, A and Quade, S C and Sun, W-F and Lau, B P-Y and Kosarac, I and Hayward, S and Ryan, J J},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21623506},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animal Husbandry: methods, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Chickens, Diet, Egg Yolk, Egg Yolk: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fatty Acids, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Isomerism, Limit of Detection, Mass, Omega-3, Omega-3: administration \\\\& dosage, Organic, Organic: analysis, Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {807--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rawn, D F K\",\"Sadler, A\",\"Quade, S C\",\"Sun, W.\",\"Lau, B P.\",\"Kosarac, I\",\"Hayward, S\",\"Ryan, J J\"],\"key\":\"rawn_brominated_2011\",\"id\":\"rawn_brominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rawn-sadler-quade-sun-lau-kosarac-hayward-ryan-brominatedflameretardantsincanadianchickeneggyolks-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal Husbandry\",\"Animal Husbandry: methods\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Canada\",\"Chickens\",\"Diet\",\"Egg Yolk\",\"Egg Yolk: chemistry\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Fatty Acids\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: statistics & numerical data\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Isomerism\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Mass\",\"Omega-3\",\"Omega-3: administration & dosage\",\"Organic\",\"Organic: analysis\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"275\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether, PBDE, flame retardants are now a world-wide pollution problem reaching even remote areas. They have been found to bioaccumulate and there are concerns over the health effects of exposure to PBDEs, they also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. They are lipophilic compounds so are easily removed from the aqueous environment and are predicted to sorb onto sediments and particulate matter or to fatty tissue, aiding their distribution throughout the environment. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and DDT and, therefore, their chemical properties, persistence and distribution in the environment follow similar patterns. Concentrations of PBDEs found in environmental samples are now higher than those of PCBs. Evidence to date demonstrates that PBDEs are a growing problem in the environment and concern over their fate and effects is warranted. The manufacture of reactive and additive flame retardants is briefly discussed and their fate and behaviour in the environment is assessed. PBDE toxicology is reviewed and methods of analysis are evaluated.\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rahman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Langford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scrimshaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pmid\":\"11482396\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phthalic Anhydrides, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Structure-Activity Relationship, env, ffr\",\"pages\":\"1–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rahman_polybrominated_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {275},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether, PBDE, flame retardants are now a world-wide pollution problem reaching even remote areas. They have been found to bioaccumulate and there are concerns over the health effects of exposure to PBDEs, they also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. They are lipophilic compounds so are easily removed from the aqueous environment and are predicted to sorb onto sediments and particulate matter or to fatty tissue, aiding their distribution throughout the environment. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and DDT and, therefore, their chemical properties, persistence and distribution in the environment follow similar patterns. Concentrations of PBDEs found in environmental samples are now higher than those of PCBs. Evidence to date demonstrates that PBDEs are a growing problem in the environment and concern over their fate and effects is warranted. The manufacture of reactive and additive flame retardants is briefly discussed and their fate and behaviour in the environment is assessed. PBDE toxicology is reviewed and methods of analysis are evaluated.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Rahman, F and Langford, K H and Scrimshaw, M D and Lester, J N},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpmid = {11482396},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phthalic Anhydrides, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Structure-Activity Relationship, env, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {1--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rahman, F\",\"Langford, K H\",\"Scrimshaw, M D\",\"Lester, J N\"],\"key\":\"rahman_polybrominated_2001\",\"id\":\"rahman_polybrominated_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rahman-langford-scrimshaw-lester-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Occupational Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Phthalic Anhydrides\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"env\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of the St Lawrence Estuary beluga (Delphinapterus leucas): a comparison of levels and temporal trends with the blubber.\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c0em00310g\",\"abstract\":\"Due to their lipophilic properties, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are commonly assessed using the blubber of marine mammals. However, these chemicals are also accumulating in other tissues including the liver. Some pollutants, namely perfluorinated alkyl acids, are found predominately in the liver and blood of marine mammals, and thus monitored in those tissues. This raises the question whether any tissue would represent an identical trend of POPs in the SLE beluga. The current study reports the first temporal trends of PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of 65 SLE belugas. Neither ∑(7)PBDEs nor major individual PBDE-homolog group concentrations showed significant trends between 1993 and 2007. Also, ∑(32)PCBs did not change over years, although, tetra-, penta- and hepta-PCB decreased by 7.1, 6.8 and 8.5%, respectively, in males, whereas tetra-, penta- and octa-PCBs declined by 11, 12 and 12.9%, respectively, in females. In order to compare the distribution of POPs between liver and blubber, a lipid normalised concentration ratio R (blubber/liver) for PBDEs and PCBs was calculated for each individual beluga. For all PBDE and several PCB homolog groups, mean R values were not statistically different from unity indicating that the partitioning of these POPs is governed by the tissue lipid-content. Temporal trends of R ratios of PBDEs and PCBs were also examined. There were generally no significant temporal trends except for PBDEs in males where R increased in average by 12.7 ± 2.9% yearly. The stratification of the blubber into a metabolically active (inner) and less active layers (outer blubber) may result in a slower response time of the blubber (full depth) than the liver to the recent change of contamination in the environment and explain the time trend differences between both tissues. This study suggests that the liver is more representative of recent exposure to lipophilic contaminants.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meriem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lebeuf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pelletier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emilien\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21270998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, mam\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{raach_pbdes_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PCBs} in the liver of the {St} {Lawrence} {Estuary} beluga ({Delphinapterus} leucas): a comparison of levels and temporal trends with the blubber.},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c0em00310g},\\n\\tabstract = {Due to their lipophilic properties, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are commonly assessed using the blubber of marine mammals. However, these chemicals are also accumulating in other tissues including the liver. Some pollutants, namely perfluorinated alkyl acids, are found predominately in the liver and blood of marine mammals, and thus monitored in those tissues. This raises the question whether any tissue would represent an identical trend of POPs in the SLE beluga. The current study reports the first temporal trends of PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of 65 SLE belugas. Neither ∑(7)PBDEs nor major individual PBDE-homolog group concentrations showed significant trends between 1993 and 2007. Also, ∑(32)PCBs did not change over years, although, tetra-, penta- and hepta-PCB decreased by 7.1, 6.8 and 8.5\\\\%, respectively, in males, whereas tetra-, penta- and octa-PCBs declined by 11, 12 and 12.9\\\\%, respectively, in females. In order to compare the distribution of POPs between liver and blubber, a lipid normalised concentration ratio R (blubber/liver) for PBDEs and PCBs was calculated for each individual beluga. For all PBDE and several PCB homolog groups, mean R values were not statistically different from unity indicating that the partitioning of these POPs is governed by the tissue lipid-content. Temporal trends of R ratios of PBDEs and PCBs were also examined. There were generally no significant temporal trends except for PBDEs in males where R increased in average by 12.7 ± 2.9\\\\% yearly. The stratification of the blubber into a metabolically active (inner) and less active layers (outer blubber) may result in a slower response time of the blubber (full depth) than the liver to the recent change of contamination in the environment and explain the time trend differences between both tissues. This study suggests that the liver is more representative of recent exposure to lipophilic contaminants.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Raach, Meriem and Lebeuf, Michel and Pelletier, Emilien},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21270998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Raach, M.\",\"Lebeuf, M.\",\"Pelletier, E.\"],\"key\":\"raach_pbdes_2011\",\"id\":\"raach_pbdes_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"raach-lebeuf-pelletier-pbdesandpcbsintheliverofthestlawrenceestuarybelugadelphinapterusleucasacomparisonoflevelsandtemporaltrendswiththeblubber-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from Taihu Lake, East China.\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.013\",\"abstract\":\"Air and water samples were collected from Taihu Lake, East China through 2004 and analyzed for 33 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and other seven brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. The annual concentration of total atmospheric PBDEs was 220 pg m(-3); BDE-209 was most abundant (average 41% of total PBDEs), followed by BDE-47 (17%) and BDE-28 (15%). The relative abundance of tetra- and tri-BDE congeners (including BDE-47, -28, -49, -66, and -17) instead of BDE-99 indicated that a specific penta-BDE formulation might be produced and/or consumed in this region. The source was confirmed by the analysis of air-water gas exchange, which was nearly at equilibrium in spring and summer but displayed strong volatilization flux in autumn and winter, especially for BDE-28, indicating the potential wastewater discharge of PBDEs into the lake. In addition to PBDEs, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, decabromodiphenylethane, and Dechlorane Plus were detected in air samples, with an annual mean concentration of 23 pg m(-3) for decabromodiphenylethane, and \\\\textless4 pg m(-3) for the others.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinghua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianxin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20594579\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1207–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{qiu_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from {Taihu} {Lake}, {East} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Air and water samples were collected from Taihu Lake, East China through 2004 and analyzed for 33 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and other seven brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. The annual concentration of total atmospheric PBDEs was 220 pg m(-3); BDE-209 was most abundant (average 41\\\\% of total PBDEs), followed by BDE-47 (17\\\\%) and BDE-28 (15\\\\%). The relative abundance of tetra- and tri-BDE congeners (including BDE-47, -28, -49, -66, and -17) instead of BDE-99 indicated that a specific penta-BDE formulation might be produced and/or consumed in this region. The source was confirmed by the analysis of air-water gas exchange, which was nearly at equilibrium in spring and summer but displayed strong volatilization flux in autumn and winter, especially for BDE-28, indicating the potential wastewater discharge of PBDEs into the lake. In addition to PBDEs, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, decabromodiphenylethane, and Dechlorane Plus were detected in air samples, with an annual mean concentration of 23 pg m(-3) for decabromodiphenylethane, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless4 pg m(-3) for the others.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Qiu, Xinghua and Zhu, Tong and Hu, Jianxin},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20594579},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1207--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Qiu, X.\",\"Zhu, T.\",\"Hu, J.\"],\"key\":\"qiu_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"qiu_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"qiu-zhu-hu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherflameretardantsintheatmosphereandwaterfromtaihulakeeastchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"New York\",\"title\":\"The performance of fire retardants in relation to toxicity, toxic hazard, and risk in fires.\",\"booktitle\":\"Fire retardancy of polymeric materials\",\"publisher\":\"Marcel Dekker Inc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Purser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"DA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"pages\":\"449–499\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{purser_performance_2000,\\n\\taddress = {New York},\\n\\ttitle = {The performance of fire retardants in relation to toxicity, toxic hazard, and risk in fires.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Fire retardancy of polymeric materials},\\n\\tpublisher = {Marcel Dekker Inc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Purser, DA},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {449--499},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Purser, D.\"],\"key\":\"purser_performance_2000\",\"id\":\"purser_performance_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"purser-theperformanceoffireretardantsinrelationtotoxicitytoxichazardandriskinfires-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detecting genome-wide gene transcription profiles associated with high pollution burden in the critically endangered European eel.\",\"volume\":\"132-133\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.012\",\"abstract\":\"The European eel illustrates an example of a critically endangered fish species strongly affected by human stressors throughout its life cycle, in which pollution is considered to be one of the factors responsible for the decline of the stock. The objective of our study was to better understand the transcriptional response of European eels chronically exposed to pollutants in their natural environment. A total of 42 pre-migrating (silver) female eels from lowly, highly and extremely polluted environments in Belgium and, for comparative purposes, a lowly polluted habitat in Italy were measured for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Multipollutant level of bioaccumulation was linked to their genome-wide gene transcription using an eel-specific array of 14,913 annotated cDNAs. Shared responses to pollutant exposure were observed when comparing the highly polluted site in Belgium with the relatively clean sites in Belgium and Italy. First, an altered pattern of transcription of genes was associated with detoxification, with a novel European eel CYP3A gene and gluthatione S-transferase transcriptionally up-regulated. Second, an altered pattern of transcription of genes associated with the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, with the following genes involved in the generation of ATP being transcriptionally down-regulated in individuals from the highly polluted site: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase. Although we did not measure metabolism directly, seeing that the transcription level of many genes encoding enzymes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated in the highly polluted site suggests that pollutants may have a significant effect on energy metabolism in these fish.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pujolar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Milan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\",\"A\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Capoccioni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ciccotti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belpaire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malarvannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patarnello\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bargelloni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23518471\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"157–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pujolar_detecting_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Detecting genome-wide gene transcription profiles associated with high pollution burden in the critically endangered {European} eel.},\\n\\tvolume = {132-133},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.012},\\n\\tabstract = {The European eel illustrates an example of a critically endangered fish species strongly affected by human stressors throughout its life cycle, in which pollution is considered to be one of the factors responsible for the decline of the stock. The objective of our study was to better understand the transcriptional response of European eels chronically exposed to pollutants in their natural environment. A total of 42 pre-migrating (silver) female eels from lowly, highly and extremely polluted environments in Belgium and, for comparative purposes, a lowly polluted habitat in Italy were measured for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Multipollutant level of bioaccumulation was linked to their genome-wide gene transcription using an eel-specific array of 14,913 annotated cDNAs. Shared responses to pollutant exposure were observed when comparing the highly polluted site in Belgium with the relatively clean sites in Belgium and Italy. First, an altered pattern of transcription of genes was associated with detoxification, with a novel European eel CYP3A gene and gluthatione S-transferase transcriptionally up-regulated. Second, an altered pattern of transcription of genes associated with the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, with the following genes involved in the generation of ATP being transcriptionally down-regulated in individuals from the highly polluted site: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase. Although we did not measure metabolism directly, seeing that the transcription level of many genes encoding enzymes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated in the highly polluted site suggests that pollutants may have a significant effect on energy metabolism in these fish.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Pujolar, J M and Milan, M and Marino, I A M and Capoccioni, F and Ciccotti, E and Belpaire, C and Covaci, A and Malarvannan, G and Patarnello, T and Bargelloni, L and Zane, L and Maes, G E},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23518471},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {157--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pujolar, J M\",\"Milan, M\",\"Marino, I A M\",\"Capoccioni, F\",\"Ciccotti, E\",\"Belpaire, C\",\"Covaci, A\",\"Malarvannan, G\",\"Patarnello, T\",\"Bargelloni, L\",\"Zane, L\",\"Maes, G E\"],\"key\":\"pujolar_detecting_2013\",\"id\":\"pujolar_detecting_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pujolar-milan-marino-capoccioni-ciccotti-belpaire-covaci-malarvannan-etal-detectinggenomewidegenetranscriptionprofilesassociatedwithhighpollutionburdeninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Molndal, Sweden\",\"title\":\"Exploration of Management options for HBCD\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Swerea IVF\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Posner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{posner_exploration_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Molndal, Sweden},\\n\\ttitle = {Exploration of {Management} options for {HBCD}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Swerea IVF},\\n\\tauthor = {Posner, Stefan and Roos, Sandra and Olsson, Elizabeth},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Posner, S.\",\"Roos, S.\",\"Olsson, E.\"],\"key\":\"posner_exploration_2010\",\"id\":\"posner_exploration_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"posner-roos-olsson-explorationofmanagementoptionsforhbcd-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Geneva, Switzerland\",\"title\":\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/INF/25 Supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"The annex to the present note contains a supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane prepared by the intersessional working group established at the fifth meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee. The draft risk profile is set out in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The annex is presented as prepared by the working group and has not been formally edited by the Secretariat.\",\"number\":\"October\",\"publisher\":\"United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/inf/25_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\\n\\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.6/{INF}/25 {Supporting} document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {The annex to the present note contains a supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane prepared by the intersessional working group established at the fifth meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee. The draft risk profile is set out in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The annex is presented as prepared by the working group and has not been formally edited by the Secretariat.},\\n\\tnumber = {October},\\n\\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\\n\\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"POPRC\"],\"key\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/inf/25_2010\",\"id\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/inf/25_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"poprc-uneppopspoprc6inf25supportingdocumentforthedraftriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Geneva, Switzerland\",\"title\":\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/13/Add.2 Addendum: Risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"At its sixth meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane, on the basis of the draft risk profile contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The text of the risk profile, as amended, is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.\",\"publisher\":\"United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/13/add.2_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\\n\\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.6/13/{Add}.2 {Addendum}: {Risk} profile on hexabromocyclododecane},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {At its sixth meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane, on the basis of the draft risk profile contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The text of the risk profile, as amended, is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.},\\n\\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\\n\\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"POPRC\"],\"key\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/13/add.2_2010\",\"id\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/13/add.2_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"poprc-uneppopspoprc613add2addendumriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High body burdens of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women.\",\"volume\":\"111\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Following our first report on elevated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in California women, we expanded our investigation to include diverse groups of local women. We analyzed additional adipose and serum samples collected in the late 1990s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a breast cancer study and in a reproductive study, respectively. Adipose samples (n = 32) were analyzed by low-resolution mass spectrometry in negative-ion chemical ionization mode, whereas serum samples (n = 50) were analyzed by dual-column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The results confirmed our earlier findings. Concentrations of 2,2,4,4 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in contemporary California women ranged between 5 and 510 ng/g lipid, with a median (16.5 ng/g lipid) 3-10 times higher than those reported from Europe. In contrast, PBDEs were not measurable in any of 420 archived serum samples collected in the 1960s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a study of child development. BDE-47 concentrations did not increase with age or with concentrations of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB-153), suggesting other routes of exposure in addition to diet. Rising body burdens of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as PBDEs may pose a potential public health threat.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"She\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianwen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"Reber\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Winkler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Windham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gayle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rogers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guomao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhatia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rajiv\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Charles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"Judith\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12842770\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Diet, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, california, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1175–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{petreas_high_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {High body burdens of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-47) in {California} women.},\\n\\tvolume = {111},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Following our first report on elevated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in California women, we expanded our investigation to include diverse groups of local women. We analyzed additional adipose and serum samples collected in the late 1990s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a breast cancer study and in a reproductive study, respectively. Adipose samples (n = 32) were analyzed by low-resolution mass spectrometry in negative-ion chemical ionization mode, whereas serum samples (n = 50) were analyzed by dual-column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The results confirmed our earlier findings. Concentrations of 2,2,4,4 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in contemporary California women ranged between 5 and 510 ng/g lipid, with a median (16.5 ng/g lipid) 3-10 times higher than those reported from Europe. In contrast, PBDEs were not measurable in any of 420 archived serum samples collected in the 1960s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a study of child development. BDE-47 concentrations did not increase with age or with concentrations of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB-153), suggesting other routes of exposure in addition to diet. Rising body burdens of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as PBDEs may pose a potential public health threat.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Petreas, Myrto and She, Jianwen and Brown, F Reber and Winkler, Jennifer and Windham, Gayle and Rogers, Evan and Zhao, Guomao and Bhatia, Rajiv and Charles, M Judith},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12842770},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Diet, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, california, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1175--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Petreas, M.\",\"She, J.\",\"Brown, F R.\",\"Winkler, J.\",\"Windham, G.\",\"Rogers, E.\",\"Zhao, G.\",\"Bhatia, R.\",\"Charles, M J.\"],\"key\":\"petreas_high_2003\",\"id\":\"petreas_high_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"petreas-she-brown-winkler-windham-rogers-zhao-bhatia-etal-highbodyburdensof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47incaliforniawomen-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adult\",\"Body Burden\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Chromatography\",\"Diet\",\"Endocrine System\",\"Endocrine System: drug effects\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Public Health\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"california\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in California wastestreams.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.093\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in consumer products, including electronics, fabrics, and polyurethane foam. Exposures may occur during the products' useful lifetime and also after the products' disposal. A survey of California wastestreams (e-wastes, autoshredder waste and wastewater sewage sludge) attempted to assess the relative importance of these wastestreams as repositories of PBDEs. Based on measurements of PBDEs in samples of such wastestreams and on assumptions regarding use patterns, e-wastes appeared to be by far the predominant wastestream with 1200 metric tons (MT) of PBDEs year(-1), followed by autoshredder waste (31 MT of PBDEs year(-1)) and sewage sludge (2.3 MT of PBDEs year(-1)). When these estimates were compared with the reported use of PBDEs in California, about half of the PBDEs could not be accounted for in the wastestreams examined. This suggests that additional wastestreams, such as household wastes should be evaluated for their PBDE content. Information on the presence and fate of PBDEs in all wastestreams needs to be included in decision making practices for waste management to avoid public health and ecologic catastrophes.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oros\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19027926\",\"keywords\":\"Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Management, california, eol, ffr\",\"pages\":\"996–1001\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{petreas_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {California} wastestreams.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.093},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in consumer products, including electronics, fabrics, and polyurethane foam. Exposures may occur during the products' useful lifetime and also after the products' disposal. A survey of California wastestreams (e-wastes, autoshredder waste and wastewater sewage sludge) attempted to assess the relative importance of these wastestreams as repositories of PBDEs. Based on measurements of PBDEs in samples of such wastestreams and on assumptions regarding use patterns, e-wastes appeared to be by far the predominant wastestream with 1200 metric tons (MT) of PBDEs year(-1), followed by autoshredder waste (31 MT of PBDEs year(-1)) and sewage sludge (2.3 MT of PBDEs year(-1)). When these estimates were compared with the reported use of PBDEs in California, about half of the PBDEs could not be accounted for in the wastestreams examined. This suggests that additional wastestreams, such as household wastes should be evaluated for their PBDE content. Information on the presence and fate of PBDEs in all wastestreams needs to be included in decision making practices for waste management to avoid public health and ecologic catastrophes.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Petreas, Myrto and Oros, Daniel},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19027926},\\n\\tkeywords = {Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Management, california, eol, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {996--1001},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Petreas, M.\",\"Oros, D.\"],\"key\":\"petreas_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"petreas_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"petreas-oros-polybrominateddiphenylethersincaliforniawastestreams-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926\"},\"keyword\":[\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"Waste Management\",\"california\",\"eol\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether suppress the induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in murine splenocytes.\",\"volume\":\"184\",\"issn\":\"0300-483X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated flame retardants (PBF) are frequently used additives in electronical equipment. They are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which bioaccumulate with several health effects for humans and the environment. This study investigated immunotoxic effects of the PBF tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether (TBBP A-AE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl-ether) (TBBP A-PE), decabromodiphenylether (DBDE), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) in vitro. The structurally related polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and dioxins mediate their immunotoxicity via the Ah-receptor gene complex. A highly relevant function of the Ah receptor, the induction of CYP 1A1 in hepatocytes of C57BL/6 mice by the established inducers 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and PCB77 was compared to the effect of PBF by measurement of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity. The PBF did not show any induction of CYP 1A1, while EROD activity of hepatocytes exposed to MC and PCB77 was induced 10.8- and 8.7-fold, respectively. To investigate immunotoxic effects of the flame retardants, splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice were incubated with subtoxic doses of the flame retardants and PCB77 and activated by concanavalin A (Con A). The flame retardants TBBP A and TBBP A-AE significantly inhibited the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in contrast to TBBP A-PE, DBDE, TBP, and PCB77 as shown by immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis by laser scanning cytometry. None of the substances had any effect on the Con A-induced production of cytokines. Hence, TBBP A and TBBP A-AE may act as immunotoxic compounds by specifically inhibiting the expression of CD25.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pullen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boecker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tiegs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12505372\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cell Separation, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Confocal, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Cytokines, Cytokines: metabolism, Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Induction: drug effects, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Immunohistochemistry, Inbred C57BL, Indicators and Reagents, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-2: biosynthesis, Mice, Microscopy, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Solutions, Spleen, Spleen: cytology, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"11–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pullen_flame_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol {A} and tetrabromobisphenol {A}-bisallylether suppress the induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain ({CD25}) in murine splenocytes.},\\n\\tvolume = {184},\\n\\tissn = {0300-483X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated flame retardants (PBF) are frequently used additives in electronical equipment. They are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which bioaccumulate with several health effects for humans and the environment. This study investigated immunotoxic effects of the PBF tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether (TBBP A-AE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl-ether) (TBBP A-PE), decabromodiphenylether (DBDE), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) in vitro. The structurally related polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and dioxins mediate their immunotoxicity via the Ah-receptor gene complex. A highly relevant function of the Ah receptor, the induction of CYP 1A1 in hepatocytes of C57BL/6 mice by the established inducers 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and PCB77 was compared to the effect of PBF by measurement of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity. The PBF did not show any induction of CYP 1A1, while EROD activity of hepatocytes exposed to MC and PCB77 was induced 10.8- and 8.7-fold, respectively. To investigate immunotoxic effects of the flame retardants, splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice were incubated with subtoxic doses of the flame retardants and PCB77 and activated by concanavalin A (Con A). The flame retardants TBBP A and TBBP A-AE significantly inhibited the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in contrast to TBBP A-PE, DBDE, TBP, and PCB77 as shown by immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis by laser scanning cytometry. None of the substances had any effect on the Con A-induced production of cytokines. Hence, TBBP A and TBBP A-AE may act as immunotoxic compounds by specifically inhibiting the expression of CD25.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pullen, Sabine and Boecker, Ronald and Tiegs, Gisa},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12505372},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Separation, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Confocal, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Cytokines, Cytokines: metabolism, Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Induction: drug effects, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Immunohistochemistry, Inbred C57BL, Indicators and Reagents, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-2: biosynthesis, Mice, Microscopy, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Solutions, Spleen, Spleen: cytology, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {11--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pullen, S.\",\"Boecker, R.\",\"Tiegs, G.\"],\"key\":\"pullen_flame_2003\",\"id\":\"pullen_flame_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pullen-boecker-tiegs-theflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrabromobisphenolabisallylethersuppresstheinductionofinterleukin2receptoralphachaincd25inmurinesplenocytes-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cell Separation\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Confocal\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis\",\"Cytokines\",\"Cytokines: metabolism\",\"Enzyme Induction\",\"Enzyme Induction: drug effects\",\"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hepatocytes\",\"Hepatocytes: drug effects\",\"Immunohistochemistry\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Indicators and Reagents\",\"Interleukin-2\",\"Interleukin-2: biosynthesis\",\"Mice\",\"Microscopy\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Receptors\",\"Solutions\",\"Spleen\",\"Spleen: cytology\",\"Spleen: drug effects\",\"Spleen: metabolism\",\"Tetrazolium Salts\",\"Thiazoles\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Surviving in a toxic world: transcriptomics and gene expression profiling in response to environmental pollution in the critically endangered European eel.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1471-2164\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1471-2164-13-507\",\"abstract\":\"Genomic and transcriptomic approaches have the potential for unveiling the genome-wide response to environmental perturbations. The abundance of the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock has been declining since the 1980s probably due to a combination of anthropogenic and climatic factors. In this paper, we explore the transcriptomic dynamics between individuals from high (river Tiber, Italy) and low pollution (lake Bolsena, Italy) environments, which were measured for 36 PCBs, several organochlorine pesticides and brominated flame retardants and nine metals.\",\"journal\":\"BMC genomics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pujolar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jose\",\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ilaria\",\"A\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Milan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Massimo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coppe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alessandro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Capoccioni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ciccotti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eleonora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bervoets\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lieven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belpaire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claude\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cramb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patarnello\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomaso\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bargelloni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bortoluzzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lorenzo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23009661\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: metabolism, Eels, Eels: genetics, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: genetics, Endangered Species, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: genetics, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: genetics, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Italy, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxidative Phosphorylation: drug effects, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Transcriptome, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics\",\"pages\":\"507\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pujolar_surviving_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Surviving in a toxic world: transcriptomics and gene expression profiling in response to environmental pollution in the critically endangered {European} eel.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1471-2164},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1471-2164-13-507},\\n\\tabstract = {Genomic and transcriptomic approaches have the potential for unveiling the genome-wide response to environmental perturbations. The abundance of the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock has been declining since the 1980s probably due to a combination of anthropogenic and climatic factors. In this paper, we explore the transcriptomic dynamics between individuals from high (river Tiber, Italy) and low pollution (lake Bolsena, Italy) environments, which were measured for 36 PCBs, several organochlorine pesticides and brominated flame retardants and nine metals.},\\n\\tjournal = {BMC genomics},\\n\\tauthor = {Pujolar, Jose Martin and Marino, Ilaria A M and Milan, Massimo and Coppe, Alessandro and Maes, Gregory E and Capoccioni, Fabrizio and Ciccotti, Eleonora and Bervoets, Lieven and Covaci, Adrian and Belpaire, Claude and Cramb, Gordon and Patarnello, Tomaso and Bargelloni, Luca and Bortoluzzi, Stefania and Zane, Lorenzo},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23009661},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: metabolism, Eels, Eels: genetics, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: genetics, Endangered Species, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: genetics, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: genetics, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Italy, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxidative Phosphorylation: drug effects, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Transcriptome, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics},\\n\\tpages = {507},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pujolar, J. M.\",\"Marino, I. A M\",\"Milan, M.\",\"Coppe, A.\",\"Maes, G. E\",\"Capoccioni, F.\",\"Ciccotti, E.\",\"Bervoets, L.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Belpaire, C.\",\"Cramb, G.\",\"Patarnello, T.\",\"Bargelloni, L.\",\"Bortoluzzi, S.\",\"Zane, L.\"],\"key\":\"pujolar_surviving_2012\",\"id\":\"pujolar_surviving_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pujolar-marino-milan-coppe-maes-capoccioni-ciccotti-bervoets-etal-survivinginatoxicworldtranscriptomicsandgeneexpressionprofilinginresponsetoenvironmentalpollutioninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: genetics\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: metabolism\",\"Eels\",\"Eels: genetics\",\"Electron Transport\",\"Electron Transport: genetics\",\"Endangered Species\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects\",\"Gene Expression: drug effects\",\"Genome-Wide Association Study\",\"Glutathione Peroxidase\",\"Glutathione Peroxidase: genetics\",\"Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism\",\"Glutathione Transferase\",\"Glutathione Transferase: genetics\",\"Glutathione Transferase: metabolism\",\"High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing\",\"Italy\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Oxidative Phosphorylation\",\"Oxidative Phosphorylation: drug effects\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: toxicity\",\"Transcriptome\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: genetics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Exporting harm- The high-tech trashing of Asia.\",\"url\":\"http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Basel Action Network, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Puckett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Byster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westervelt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gutierrez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hussain\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dutta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{puckett_exporting_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Exporting harm- {The} high-tech trashing of {Asia}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Basel Action Network, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition},\\n\\tauthor = {Puckett, J and Byster, L and Westervelt, S and Gutierrez, R and Davis, S and Hussain, A and Dutta, M},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Puckett, J\",\"Byster, L\",\"Westervelt, S\",\"Gutierrez, R\",\"Davis, S\",\"Hussain, A\",\"Dutta, M\"],\"key\":\"puckett_exporting_2002\",\"id\":\"puckett_exporting_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"puckett-byster-westervelt-gutierrez-davis-hussain-dutta-exportingharmthehightechtrashingofasia-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Burning behaviour of foam/cotton fabric combinations in the cone calorimeter.\",\"volume\":\"77\",\"issn\":\"01413910\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8\",\"abstract\":\"The burning behaviours of polyurethane foam/cotton fabric combinations were investigated using cone calorimetry. One non-flame retarded and two flame retarded polyurethane foams containing melamine and melamine plus a chlorinated phosphate respectively, were combined with four cotton fabrics, i.e. two types of commercial cotton, one without flame retardant (CN) and another flame retarded with Proban (CPR); and another two flame retardant cottons which were treated with Pyrovatex (CPY) and (NH4)2HPO4 (CDA) respectively in the laboratory.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Polymer Degradation and Stability\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Price\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"pages\":\"213–220\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{price_burning_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Burning behaviour of foam/cotton fabric combinations in the cone calorimeter.},\\n\\tvolume = {77},\\n\\tissn = {01413910},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8},\\n\\tabstract = {The burning behaviours of polyurethane foam/cotton fabric combinations were investigated using cone calorimetry. One non-flame retarded and two flame retarded polyurethane foams containing melamine and melamine plus a chlorinated phosphate respectively, were combined with four cotton fabrics, i.e. two types of commercial cotton, one without flame retardant (CN) and another flame retarded with Proban (CPR); and another two flame retardant cottons which were treated with Pyrovatex (CPY) and (NH4)2HPO4 (CDA) respectively in the laboratory.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability},\\n\\tauthor = {Price, D},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {213--220},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Price, D\"],\"key\":\"price_burning_2002\",\"id\":\"price_burning_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"price-burningbehaviouroffoamcottonfabriccombinationsintheconecalorimeter-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Chemicals proposed for listing under the Convention\",\"url\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{poprc_chemicals_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Chemicals proposed for listing under the {Convention}},\\n\\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx},\\n\\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\\n\\tkeywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"POPRC\"],\"key\":\"poprc_chemicals_nodate\",\"id\":\"poprc_chemicals_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"poprc-chemicalsproposedforlistingundertheconvention\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx\"},\"keyword\":[\"CHM\",\"Clearing\",\"Clearing-house\",\"Convention\",\"Flame retardants\",\"House\",\"POPs\",\"Stockholm\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Geneva, Switzerland\",\"title\":\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/19/Add.1 Addendum: Risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"At its seventh meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane on the basis of the draft contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/5, as amended. The text of the risk management evaluation is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.\",\"publisher\":\"United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.7/19/add.1_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\\n\\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.7/19/{Add}.1 {Addendum}: {Risk} management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {At its seventh meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane on the basis of the draft contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/5, as amended. The text of the risk management evaluation is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.},\\n\\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\\n\\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"POPRC\"],\"key\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.7/19/add.1_2011\",\"id\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.7/19/add.1_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"poprc-uneppopspoprc719add1addendumriskmanagementevaluationonhexabromocyclododecane-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Geneva, Switzerland\",\"title\":\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/4 Intersessional work on hexabromocyclododecane\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"POPRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.8/4_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\\n\\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.8/4 {Intersessional} work on hexabromocyclododecane},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\\n\\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"POPRC\"],\"key\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.8/4_2012\",\"id\":\"poprc_unep/pops/poprc.8/4_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"poprc-uneppopspoprc84intersessionalworkonhexabromocyclododecane-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in breast adipose tissue of California women.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.001\",\"abstract\":\"We measured major PBDEs and PCBs in breast adipose tissues of California women participating in a breast cancer study in the late 1990s. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact ionization and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The congener profile observed was: BDE47\\\\textgreaterBDE99\\\\textgreaterBDE153\\\\textgreaterBDE100\\\\textgreaterBDE154 and PCB153\\\\textgreaterPCB180\\\\textgreaterPCB138\\\\textgreaterPCB118. Whereas high correlations were observed within each chemical class, very weak correlations appeared between classes, pointing to different exposure pathways. Weak negative associations were observed for PBDE congeners and age. Our PBDE data are among the highest reported, exceeding data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and consistent with the high use of PBDEs in California. These data may be helpful in establishing a baseline for PBDE body burdens to gauge changes over time as a result of restrictions in the use of PBDE formulations.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"Reber\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Debbie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynolds\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peggy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20951435\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"190–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{petreas_high_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers ({PBDEs}) in breast adipose tissue of {California} women.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.001},\\n\\tabstract = {We measured major PBDEs and PCBs in breast adipose tissues of California women participating in a breast cancer study in the late 1990s. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact ionization and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The congener profile observed was: BDE47{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE99{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE153{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE100{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE154 and PCB153{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB180{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB138{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB118. Whereas high correlations were observed within each chemical class, very weak correlations appeared between classes, pointing to different exposure pathways. Weak negative associations were observed for PBDE congeners and age. Our PBDE data are among the highest reported, exceeding data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and consistent with the high use of PBDEs in California. These data may be helpful in establishing a baseline for PBDE body burdens to gauge changes over time as a result of restrictions in the use of PBDE formulations.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Petreas, Myrto and Nelson, David and Brown, F Reber and Goldberg, Debbie and Hurley, Susan and Reynolds, Peggy},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20951435},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {190--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Petreas, M.\",\"Nelson, D.\",\"Brown, F R.\",\"Goldberg, D.\",\"Hurley, S.\",\"Reynolds, P.\"],\"key\":\"petreas_high_2011\",\"id\":\"petreas_high_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"petreas-nelson-brown-goldberg-hurley-reynolds-highconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastadiposetissueofcaliforniawomen-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congener (BDE-100) Induces Mitochondrial Impairment.\",\"volume\":\"112\",\"issn\":\"1742-7843\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/bcpt.12046\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants are used in various consumer products to increase their resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are representatives of this class and among the most widely used congeners, and BDE-100 is produced on a large scale. There is a lack of toxicological data about these compounds, which has recently become a matter of concern to the scientific community. The mitochondria are recognized as the main energy-producing organelles, as well as playing a vital role in the maintenance of many cell functions. Therefore, mitochondria were used in the present work as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the BDE-100 congeners at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 50 μM. The results showed that high concentrations of BDE-100 were able to induce mitochondrial alterations. It was observed that the substance had an affinity for the hydrophilic portion of the mitochondrial membrane, as monitored by ANS, inhibiting the glutamate + malate-stimulated mitochondrial respiration and also inducing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, deregulation of calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial swelling, the latter being insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA) but partially inhibited by Ruthenium Red and N-ethyl maleimide. In addition, a significant reduction in mitochondrial ATP content was found, but on the other hand, no oxidative stress was observed after exposure of the mitochondria to BDE-100. These results show the key role of mitochondria in the cytotoxicity induced by BDE-100.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pereira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lílian\",\"Cristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Souza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alecsandra\",\"Oliveira\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dorta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"Junqueira\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23302053\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"418–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pereira_polybrominated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Congener} ({BDE}-100) {Induces} {Mitochondrial} {Impairment}.},\\n\\tvolume = {112},\\n\\tissn = {1742-7843},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/bcpt.12046},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are used in various consumer products to increase their resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are representatives of this class and among the most widely used congeners, and BDE-100 is produced on a large scale. There is a lack of toxicological data about these compounds, which has recently become a matter of concern to the scientific community. The mitochondria are recognized as the main energy-producing organelles, as well as playing a vital role in the maintenance of many cell functions. Therefore, mitochondria were used in the present work as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the BDE-100 congeners at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 50 μM. The results showed that high concentrations of BDE-100 were able to induce mitochondrial alterations. It was observed that the substance had an affinity for the hydrophilic portion of the mitochondrial membrane, as monitored by ANS, inhibiting the glutamate + malate-stimulated mitochondrial respiration and also inducing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, deregulation of calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial swelling, the latter being insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA) but partially inhibited by Ruthenium Red and N-ethyl maleimide. In addition, a significant reduction in mitochondrial ATP content was found, but on the other hand, no oxidative stress was observed after exposure of the mitochondria to BDE-100. These results show the key role of mitochondria in the cytotoxicity induced by BDE-100.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Basic \\\\& clinical pharmacology \\\\& toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pereira, Lílian Cristina and de Souza, Alecsandra Oliveira and Dorta, Daniel Junqueira},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23302053},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {418--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pereira, L. C.\",\"de Souza, A. O.\",\"Dorta, D. J.\"],\"key\":\"pereira_polybrominated_2013\",\"id\":\"pereira_polybrominated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pereira-desouza-dorta-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerbde100inducesmitochondrialimpairment-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thyroid disruption: mechanism and clinical implications in human health.\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1089-5159\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460\",\"abstract\":\"Exposure to specific environmental toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines, has been shown to interfere with the production, transportation, and metabolism of thyroid hormones by a variety of mechanisms. A broad range of chemicals, with structural similarity to thyroid hormone, have been shown to bind to thyroid receptors with both agonist and antagonist effects on thyroid hormone signaling. The incidence of thyroid disease in the United States, particularly for thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease, is increasing substantially. The evidence for the significant effects of background levels of thyroid-disrupting chemicals, the known pathways for thyroid disruptors, and the evidence and implications for neurodevelopmental damage due to thyroid-disrupting chemicals is reviewed.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patrick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"20030460\",\"keywords\":\"Attitudes, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Knowledge, Humans, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Practice, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Diseases: chemically induced, Thyroid Diseases: epidemiology, Thyroid Diseases: prevention & control, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Neoplasms, Thyroid Neoplasms: chemically induced, Thyroid Neoplasms: epidemiology, United States, United States: epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"326–46\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{patrick_thyroid_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Thyroid disruption: mechanism and clinical implications in human health.},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1089-5159},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460},\\n\\tabstract = {Exposure to specific environmental toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines, has been shown to interfere with the production, transportation, and metabolism of thyroid hormones by a variety of mechanisms. A broad range of chemicals, with structural similarity to thyroid hormone, have been shown to bind to thyroid receptors with both agonist and antagonist effects on thyroid hormone signaling. The incidence of thyroid disease in the United States, particularly for thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease, is increasing substantially. The evidence for the significant effects of background levels of thyroid-disrupting chemicals, the known pathways for thyroid disruptors, and the evidence and implications for neurodevelopmental damage due to thyroid-disrupting chemicals is reviewed.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic},\\n\\tauthor = {Patrick, Lyn},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {20030460},\\n\\tkeywords = {Attitudes, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Knowledge, Humans, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Practice, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Diseases: chemically induced, Thyroid Diseases: epidemiology, Thyroid Diseases: prevention \\\\& control, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Neoplasms, Thyroid Neoplasms: chemically induced, Thyroid Neoplasms: epidemiology, United States, United States: epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {326--46},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Patrick, L.\"],\"key\":\"patrick_thyroid_2009\",\"id\":\"patrick_thyroid_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"patrick-thyroiddisruptionmechanismandclinicalimplicationsinhumanhealth-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460\"},\"keyword\":[\"Attitudes\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Health Knowledge\",\"Humans\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Practice\",\"Thyroid Diseases\",\"Thyroid Diseases: chemically induced\",\"Thyroid Diseases: epidemiology\",\"Thyroid Diseases: prevention & control\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Neoplasms\",\"Thyroid Neoplasms: chemically induced\",\"Thyroid Neoplasms: epidemiology\",\"United States\",\"United States: epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mexican children.\",\"volume\":\"75\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6-13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g(-1) lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4-5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pérez-Maldonado\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iván\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramírez-Jiménez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"María\",\"Del\",\"Rocio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez-Arévalo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"López-Guzmán\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O\",\"Dania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanasiadou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yarto-Ramírez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mario\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gavilán-García\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arturo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yáñez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leticia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Díaz-Barriga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fernando\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19269001\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: blood, Child, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1215–20\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{perez-maldonado_exposure_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Mexican} children.},\\n\\tvolume = {75},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6-13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g(-1) lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4-5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N and Ramírez-Jiménez, María Del Rocio and Martínez-Arévalo, Laura P and López-Guzmán, O Dania and Athanasiadou, Maria and Bergman, Ake and Yarto-Ramírez, Mario and Gavilán-García, Arturo and Yáñez, Leticia and Díaz-Barriga, Fernando},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19269001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: blood, Child, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1215--20},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pérez-Maldonado, I. N\",\"Ramírez-Jiménez, M. D. R.\",\"Martínez-Arévalo, L. P\",\"López-Guzmán, O D.\",\"Athanasiadou, M.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"Yarto-Ramírez, M.\",\"Gavilán-García, A.\",\"Yáñez, L.\",\"Díaz-Barriga, F.\"],\"key\":\"perez-maldonado_exposure_2009\",\"id\":\"perez-maldonado_exposure_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: blood\",\"Child\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Mexico\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna.\",\"volume\":\"1218\",\"issn\":\"1873-3778\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.031\",\"abstract\":\"This study evaluates comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToF MS) for the simultaneous analysis of several classes of organobromines (OBs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), several halogenated naturally produced compounds (HNPs) and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole and a mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1), in bluefin tuna muscles. The proposed methodology maximised separation of both within and among OB families, and among these and other halogenated micropollutants detected in these samples and co-extracted matrix components. Special attention has been paid to solve co-elution problems observed during the analysis of OBs with one-dimensional GC-based techniques. Satisfactory separation among several relevant PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs has been obtained allowing their unambiguous determination in a single run. Additional studies were conducted to identify selected NBFRs and HNPs. 2,4-Dibromoanisole, a dibromophenol isomer and hexabromobenzene were identified in the investigated samples. Several new tri- and tetra-BHD derivates were also identified, indicating that these compounds could apparently exist as structured families in nature. In addition, a tetrabrominated diMeO-biphenyl and two tetrabrominated diMeO-BDEs were also tentatively identified.\",\"number\":\"39\",\"journal\":\"Journal of chromatography. A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pena-Abaurrea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miren\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lourdes\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21872866\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Male, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Tuna, unsure\",\"pages\":\"6995–7002\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pena-abaurrea_comprehensive_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna.},\\n\\tvolume = {1218},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3778},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.031},\\n\\tabstract = {This study evaluates comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToF MS) for the simultaneous analysis of several classes of organobromines (OBs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), several halogenated naturally produced compounds (HNPs) and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole and a mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1), in bluefin tuna muscles. The proposed methodology maximised separation of both within and among OB families, and among these and other halogenated micropollutants detected in these samples and co-extracted matrix components. Special attention has been paid to solve co-elution problems observed during the analysis of OBs with one-dimensional GC-based techniques. Satisfactory separation among several relevant PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs has been obtained allowing their unambiguous determination in a single run. Additional studies were conducted to identify selected NBFRs and HNPs. 2,4-Dibromoanisole, a dibromophenol isomer and hexabromobenzene were identified in the investigated samples. Several new tri- and tetra-BHD derivates were also identified, indicating that these compounds could apparently exist as structured families in nature. In addition, a tetrabrominated diMeO-biphenyl and two tetrabrominated diMeO-BDEs were also tentatively identified.},\\n\\tnumber = {39},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\\n\\tauthor = {Pena-Abaurrea, Miren and Covaci, Adrian and Ramos, Lourdes},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21872866},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Male, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Tuna, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {6995--7002},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pena-Abaurrea, M.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Ramos, L.\"],\"key\":\"pena-abaurrea_comprehensive_2011\",\"id\":\"pena-abaurrea_comprehensive_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"penaabaurrea-covaci-ramos-comprehensivetwodimensionalgaschromatographytimeofflightmassspectrometryfortheidentificationoforganobrominatedcompoundsinbluefintuna-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Muscles\",\"Muscles: chemistry\",\"Tuna\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Evaluation of DNA damage induced by 2 polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (BDE-47 and BDE-209) in SK-N-MC cells.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1092-874X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1091581812449663\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants whose levels have increased in the environment and in human tissues in the past decades. Exposure to PBDEs has been associated with developmental neurotoxicity, endocrine dysfunction, and reproductive disorders. In spite of their widespread distribution and potential adverse health effects, only few studies have addressed the potential neurotoxicity of PBDEs. In the present study, we evaluated the cyto- and genotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-MC). The DNA damage was measured using the alkaline version of the Comet assay, while specific oxidative-generated DNA damage was evaluated by a modified version of the Comet assay with the repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG). The results show that BDE-47 and BDE-209 (5-20 μmol/L) are able to induce DNA damage in human SK-N-MC cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant melatonin significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by both congeners. The Comet assay carried out in the presence of FPG suggests that both congeners increase purine oxidation. In all cases, BDE-47 was more potent than BDE-209. The results indicate that 2 environmentally relevant PBDEs cause DNA damage which is primarily mediated by the induction of oxidative stress and may contribute to adverse health effects.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"International journal of toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pellacani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buschini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annamaria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galati\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Serena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mussi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francesca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Franzoni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Costa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucio\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"22710639\",\"keywords\":\"Comet Assay, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: chemically induced, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Tumor, cell line\",\"pages\":\"372–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pellacani_evaluation_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Evaluation of {DNA} damage induced by 2 polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants ({BDE}-47 and {BDE}-209) in {SK}-{N}-{MC} cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1092-874X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1091581812449663},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants whose levels have increased in the environment and in human tissues in the past decades. Exposure to PBDEs has been associated with developmental neurotoxicity, endocrine dysfunction, and reproductive disorders. In spite of their widespread distribution and potential adverse health effects, only few studies have addressed the potential neurotoxicity of PBDEs. In the present study, we evaluated the cyto- and genotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-MC). The DNA damage was measured using the alkaline version of the Comet assay, while specific oxidative-generated DNA damage was evaluated by a modified version of the Comet assay with the repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG). The results show that BDE-47 and BDE-209 (5-20 μmol/L) are able to induce DNA damage in human SK-N-MC cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant melatonin significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by both congeners. The Comet assay carried out in the presence of FPG suggests that both congeners increase purine oxidation. In all cases, BDE-47 was more potent than BDE-209. The results indicate that 2 environmentally relevant PBDEs cause DNA damage which is primarily mediated by the induction of oxidative stress and may contribute to adverse health effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pellacani, Claudia and Buschini, Annamaria and Galati, Serena and Mussi, Francesca and Franzoni, Susanna and Costa, Lucio G},\\n\\tpmid = {22710639},\\n\\tkeywords = {Comet Assay, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: chemically induced, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Tumor, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {372--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pellacani, C.\",\"Buschini, A.\",\"Galati, S.\",\"Mussi, F.\",\"Franzoni, S.\",\"Costa, L. G\"],\"key\":\"pellacani_evaluation_nodate\",\"id\":\"pellacani_evaluation_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pellacani-buschini-galati-mussi-franzoni-costa-evaluationofdnadamageinducedby2polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsbde47andbde209insknmccells\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639\"},\"keyword\":[\"Comet Assay\",\"DNA Damage\",\"DNA Damage: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Neuroblastoma\",\"Neuroblastoma: chemically induced\",\"Neuroblastoma: pathology\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Tumor\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation and Endocrine Disrupting Effects of the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster(®) 550 in Rats: An Exploratory Assessment.\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jbt.21439\",\"abstract\":\"Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patisaul\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mabrey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCaffrey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gear\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Braun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{patisaul_accumulation_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation and {Endocrine} {Disrupting} {Effects} of the {Flame} {Retardant} {Mixture} {Firemaster}(®) 550 in {Rats}: {An} {Exploratory} {Assessment}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jbt.21439},\\n\\tabstract = {Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Patisaul, Heather B and Roberts, Simon C and Mabrey, Natalie and McCaffrey, Katherine A and Gear, Robin B and Braun, Joe and Belcher, Scott M and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Patisaul, H. B\",\"Roberts, S. C\",\"Mabrey, N.\",\"McCaffrey, K. A\",\"Gear, R. B\",\"Braun, J.\",\"Belcher, S. M\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"patisaul_accumulation_2012\",\"id\":\"patisaul_accumulation_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation and endocrine disrupting effects of the flame retardant mixture Firemaster® 550 in rats: an exploratory assessment.\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"1099-0461\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jbt.21439\",\"abstract\":\"Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patisaul\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mabrey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCaffrey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gear\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Braun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23139171\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"124–36\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{patisaul_accumulation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation and endocrine disrupting effects of the flame retardant mixture {Firemaster}® 550 in rats: an exploratory assessment.},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {1099-0461},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jbt.21439},\\n\\tabstract = {Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Patisaul, Heather B and Roberts, Simon C and Mabrey, Natalie and McCaffrey, Katherine A and Gear, Robin B and Braun, Joe and Belcher, Scott M and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23139171},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {124--36},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Patisaul, H. B\",\"Roberts, S. C\",\"Mabrey, N.\",\"McCaffrey, K. A\",\"Gear, R. B\",\"Braun, J.\",\"Belcher, S. M\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"patisaul_accumulation_2013\",\"id\":\"patisaul_accumulation_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cyto-genotoxic effects induced by three brominated diphenyl ether congeners on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha.\",\"volume\":\"79\",\"issn\":\"1090-2414\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.008\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of highly hydrophobic and persistent chemicals that has been used as flame retardants in several industrial applications. They have been detected in various environmental matrices worldwide and an increasing number of studies have recently been carried out to investigate their potential toxicity on ecosystem communities. Although a variety of biological damage has been documented in vertebrates, the effects on invertebrates are largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the cyto-genotoxic effects induced by single exposure to three concentrations of 2,4,2',4'-tetra BDE (BDE 47), 2,2',4,4',6-penta BDE (BDE-100) and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexa BDE (BDE-154) on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha by a multi-biomarker approach. We performed on bivalve hemocytes the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA Diffusion assay and the Micronucleus test (MN test) to assess genotoxicity, while the Neutral Red Retention Assay (NRRA) was used to evaluate cytotoxic effects. Results showed that BDE-47 did not produce any genetic damage at the tested concentrations (0.1 μg/L, 0.5 μg/L and 1 μg/L), while BDE-100 and BDE-154 can be considered moderately genotoxic, since both primary and fixed DNA injuries were induced. The NRRA indicated a moderate increase in cellular stress in BDEs-treated bivalves. Thus, our data seems to suggest that investigated BDEs may pose a low risk to freshwater mussels at environmental concentrations.\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parolini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Binelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22280972\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Characidae, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Comet Assay, DNA Damage, Dreissena, Dreissena: drug effects, Dreissena: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hemocytes, Hemocytes: drug effects, Hemocytes: metabolism, Micronucleus Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"247–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{parolini_cyto-genotoxic_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Cyto-genotoxic effects induced by three brominated diphenyl ether congeners on the freshwater mussel {Dreissena} polymorpha.},\\n\\tvolume = {79},\\n\\tissn = {1090-2414},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of highly hydrophobic and persistent chemicals that has been used as flame retardants in several industrial applications. They have been detected in various environmental matrices worldwide and an increasing number of studies have recently been carried out to investigate their potential toxicity on ecosystem communities. Although a variety of biological damage has been documented in vertebrates, the effects on invertebrates are largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the cyto-genotoxic effects induced by single exposure to three concentrations of 2,4,2',4'-tetra BDE (BDE 47), 2,2',4,4',6-penta BDE (BDE-100) and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexa BDE (BDE-154) on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha by a multi-biomarker approach. We performed on bivalve hemocytes the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA Diffusion assay and the Micronucleus test (MN test) to assess genotoxicity, while the Neutral Red Retention Assay (NRRA) was used to evaluate cytotoxic effects. Results showed that BDE-47 did not produce any genetic damage at the tested concentrations (0.1 μg/L, 0.5 μg/L and 1 μg/L), while BDE-100 and BDE-154 can be considered moderately genotoxic, since both primary and fixed DNA injuries were induced. The NRRA indicated a moderate increase in cellular stress in BDEs-treated bivalves. Thus, our data seems to suggest that investigated BDEs may pose a low risk to freshwater mussels at environmental concentrations.},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Parolini, Marco and Binelli, Andrea},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22280972},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Characidae, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Comet Assay, DNA Damage, Dreissena, Dreissena: drug effects, Dreissena: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hemocytes, Hemocytes: drug effects, Hemocytes: metabolism, Micronucleus Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {247--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Parolini, M.\",\"Binelli, A.\"],\"key\":\"parolini_cyto-genotoxic_2012\",\"id\":\"parolini_cyto-genotoxic_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"parolini-binelli-cytogenotoxiceffectsinducedbythreebrominateddiphenylethercongenersonthefreshwatermusseldreissenapolymorpha-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Biological Markers: metabolism\",\"Characidae\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Comet Assay\",\"DNA Damage\",\"Dreissena\",\"Dreissena: drug effects\",\"Dreissena: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hemocytes\",\"Hemocytes: drug effects\",\"Hemocytes: metabolism\",\"Micronucleus Tests\",\"Mutagens\",\"Mutagens: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c1em10169b\",\"abstract\":\"62 riverine and marine sediments were collected from the Laizhou Bay area, where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia is located. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed to investigate the impact of rapidly-developed bromine industries on the regional aquatic system. PBDE concentrations varied largely in riverine sediments. Σ(7)PBDEs (including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) and BDE 209 ranged from 0.01 to 53 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.74 to 285 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 4.5 ng g(-1) dw and 54 ng g(-1) dw, respectively, indicating a strong influence of direct pollution discharges from local factories. In marine sediments, Σ(7)PBDEs and BDE 209 ranged from not detected (nd) to 0.66 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.66 to 12 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 0.32 ng g(-1) dw and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. PBDE concentrations were mostly \\\\textless10 ng g(-1) dw for Σ(7)PBDEs and \\\\textless50 ng g(-1) dw for BDE 209, which are at a relatively low level for monitored riverine and coastal sediments around the world. Even at the most contaminated sites in Laizhou Bay area, PBDE concentrations were not among the highest concentrations reported in the literature. Congener compositions were dominated by BDE 209 (57.2-99.9% of the sum of BDE congeners), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDE products. Tri- to octa-BDE congeners were well correlated among each other (r \\\\textgreater 0.75) and thus sources from similar mixing of penta- and octa-BDE products were suggested in this area. Compared with riverine sediments, a much better correlation between PBDE concentrations with TOC was observed in marine environment. The congener pattern changed and their correlation coefficients among each other were remarkably reduced. Contributions of BDE 28, 47 and 99 to Σ(7)PBDEs were generally the same in almost all the marine sites, while it was distinctively higher for BDE 153. These are probably attributable to several reasons, such as contributions by atmospheric deposition and/or redistribution between particles of various sizes during and/or after fluvial transportation combined with the difference of physiochemical properties of BDE congeners.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaohui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guangcai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yingjun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21423921\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Quality Control, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"886–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pan_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the riverine and marine sediments of the {Laizhou} {Bay} area, {North} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10169b},\\n\\tabstract = {62 riverine and marine sediments were collected from the Laizhou Bay area, where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia is located. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed to investigate the impact of rapidly-developed bromine industries on the regional aquatic system. PBDE concentrations varied largely in riverine sediments. Σ(7)PBDEs (including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) and BDE 209 ranged from 0.01 to 53 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.74 to 285 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 4.5 ng g(-1) dw and 54 ng g(-1) dw, respectively, indicating a strong influence of direct pollution discharges from local factories. In marine sediments, Σ(7)PBDEs and BDE 209 ranged from not detected (nd) to 0.66 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.66 to 12 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 0.32 ng g(-1) dw and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. PBDE concentrations were mostly {\\\\textbackslash}textless10 ng g(-1) dw for Σ(7)PBDEs and {\\\\textbackslash}textless50 ng g(-1) dw for BDE 209, which are at a relatively low level for monitored riverine and coastal sediments around the world. Even at the most contaminated sites in Laizhou Bay area, PBDE concentrations were not among the highest concentrations reported in the literature. Congener compositions were dominated by BDE 209 (57.2-99.9\\\\% of the sum of BDE congeners), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDE products. Tri- to octa-BDE congeners were well correlated among each other (r {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.75) and thus sources from similar mixing of penta- and octa-BDE products were suggested in this area. Compared with riverine sediments, a much better correlation between PBDE concentrations with TOC was observed in marine environment. The congener pattern changed and their correlation coefficients among each other were remarkably reduced. Contributions of BDE 28, 47 and 99 to Σ(7)PBDEs were generally the same in almost all the marine sites, while it was distinctively higher for BDE 153. These are probably attributable to several reasons, such as contributions by atmospheric deposition and/or redistribution between particles of various sizes during and/or after fluvial transportation combined with the difference of physiochemical properties of BDE congeners.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Pan, Xiaohui and Tang, Jianhui and Li, Jun and Zhong, Guangcai and Chen, Yingjun and Zhang, Gan},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21423921},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Quality Control, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {886--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pan, X.\",\"Tang, J.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Zhong, G.\",\"Chen, Y.\",\"Zhang, G.\"],\"key\":\"pan_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"pan_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pan-tang-li-zhong-chen-zhang-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheriverineandmarinesedimentsofthelaizhoubayareanorthchina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"China\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Quality Control\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ether uptake into the liver: PBDE congeners are substrates of human hepatic OATP transporters.\",\"volume\":\"115\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfq059\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants that upon chronic exposure enter the liver where they are biotransformed to potentially toxic metabolites. The mechanism by which PBDEs enter the liver is not known. However, due to their large molecular weights (MWs approximately 485 to 1000 Da), they cannot enter hepatocytes by simple diffusion. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are responsible for hepatic uptake of a variety of amphipathic compounds of MWs larger than 350 Da. Therefore, in the present study, Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 were used to test the hypothesis that OATPs expressed in human hepatocytes would be responsible for the uptake of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 153. The results demonstrated that PBDE congeners inhibited OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated uptake of estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide as well as OATP2B1-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate in a concentration-dependent manner. Direct uptake studies confirmed that all three PBDE congeners are substrates for the three tested hepatic OATPs. Detailed kinetic analysis revealed that OATP1B1 transported 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) with the highest affinity (K(m) = 0.31 microM) followed by 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) (K(m) = 0.91 microM) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153) (K(m) = 1.91 microM). For OATP1B3, the order was the same (BDE47: K(m) = 0.41 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.70 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 1.66 microM), while OATP2B1 transported all three congeners with similar affinities (BDE47: K(m) = 0.81 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.87 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 0.65 microM). These results clearly suggest that uptake of PBDEs via these OATPs is a mechanism responsible for liver-specific accumulation of PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pacyniak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hagenbuch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruno\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grace\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20176623\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, CHO Cells, CHO Cells: metabolism, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Estradiol: analogs & derivatives, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrone, Estrone: analogs & derivatives, Estrone: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Humans, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Organic Anion Transporters, Organic Anion Transporters: metabolism, estradiol\",\"pages\":\"344–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pacyniak_mechanism_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ether uptake into the liver: {PBDE} congeners are substrates of human hepatic {OATP} transporters.},\\n\\tvolume = {115},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfq059},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants that upon chronic exposure enter the liver where they are biotransformed to potentially toxic metabolites. The mechanism by which PBDEs enter the liver is not known. However, due to their large molecular weights (MWs approximately 485 to 1000 Da), they cannot enter hepatocytes by simple diffusion. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are responsible for hepatic uptake of a variety of amphipathic compounds of MWs larger than 350 Da. Therefore, in the present study, Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 were used to test the hypothesis that OATPs expressed in human hepatocytes would be responsible for the uptake of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 153. The results demonstrated that PBDE congeners inhibited OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated uptake of estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide as well as OATP2B1-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate in a concentration-dependent manner. Direct uptake studies confirmed that all three PBDE congeners are substrates for the three tested hepatic OATPs. Detailed kinetic analysis revealed that OATP1B1 transported 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) with the highest affinity (K(m) = 0.31 microM) followed by 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) (K(m) = 0.91 microM) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153) (K(m) = 1.91 microM). For OATP1B3, the order was the same (BDE47: K(m) = 0.41 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.70 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 1.66 microM), while OATP2B1 transported all three congeners with similar affinities (BDE47: K(m) = 0.81 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.87 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 0.65 microM). These results clearly suggest that uptake of PBDEs via these OATPs is a mechanism responsible for liver-specific accumulation of PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Pacyniak, Erik and Roth, Megan and Hagenbuch, Bruno and Guo, Grace L},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20176623},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, CHO Cells, CHO Cells: metabolism, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Estradiol: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrone, Estrone: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Estrone: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Humans, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Organic Anion Transporters, Organic Anion Transporters: metabolism, estradiol},\\n\\tpages = {344--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pacyniak, E.\",\"Roth, M.\",\"Hagenbuch, B.\",\"Guo, G. L\"],\"key\":\"pacyniak_mechanism_2010\",\"id\":\"pacyniak_mechanism_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pacyniak-roth-hagenbuch-guo-mechanismofpolybrominateddiphenyletheruptakeintotheliverpbdecongenersaresubstratesofhumanhepaticoatptransporters-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"CHO Cells\",\"CHO Cells: metabolism\",\"Cricetinae\",\"Cricetulus\",\"Estradiol: analogs & derivatives\",\"Estradiol: metabolism\",\"Estrone\",\"Estrone: analogs & derivatives\",\"Estrone: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Hepatocytes\",\"Hepatocytes: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Organic Anion Transporters\",\"Organic Anion Transporters: metabolism\",\"estradiol\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Current status of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/DFs) emission in Japan.\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"url\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ota\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aitawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kondo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1340–1345\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ota_current_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Current status of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{DFs}) emission in {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Ota, S and Aitawa, H and Kondo, Y and Takigami, H and Hirai, Y and Sakai, S},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1340--1345},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ota, S\",\"Aitawa, H\",\"Kondo, Y\",\"Takigami, H\",\"Hirai, Y\",\"Sakai, S\"],\"key\":\"ota_current_2009\",\"id\":\"ota_current_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ota-aitawa-kondo-takigami-hirai-sakai-currentstatusofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandfuranspbdddfsemissioninjapan-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"1432-0800\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3\",\"abstract\":\"The purpose of this study was to measure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blood of children (50 individuals) living in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. We analyzed six PBDE congeners by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total PBDE levels ranged from not detectable (nd) to 15.2 μg/L on a whole-weight basis and from nd to 6,435 ng/g lipid on a lipid-weight basis. The dominant congener in our study was BDE-153, followed by BDE-154, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-47. Levels of BDE-209 were below the detection limit. Our data indicate that children living in the areas studied in this work are exposed to high levels of PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Orta-Garcia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\",\"Teresa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"León-Moreno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lilia\",\"Carolina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"González-Vega\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dominguez-Cortinas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gabriela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Espinosa-Reyes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guillermo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pérez-Maldonado\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iván\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22847182\",\"keywords\":\"Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"pages\":\"925–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{orta-garcia_assessment_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from {Guadalajara}, {Jalisco}, {Mexico}.},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0800},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3},\\n\\tabstract = {The purpose of this study was to measure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blood of children (50 individuals) living in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. We analyzed six PBDE congeners by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total PBDE levels ranged from not detectable (nd) to 15.2 μg/L on a whole-weight basis and from nd to 6,435 ng/g lipid on a lipid-weight basis. The dominant congener in our study was BDE-153, followed by BDE-154, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-47. Levels of BDE-209 were below the detection limit. Our data indicate that children living in the areas studied in this work are exposed to high levels of PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Orta-Garcia, Sandra Teresa and León-Moreno, Lilia Carolina and González-Vega, Carolina and Dominguez-Cortinas, Gabriela and Espinosa-Reyes, Guillermo and Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22847182},\\n\\tkeywords = {Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood},\\n\\tpages = {925--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Orta-Garcia, S. T.\",\"León-Moreno, L. C.\",\"González-Vega, C.\",\"Dominguez-Cortinas, G.\",\"Espinosa-Reyes, G.\",\"Pérez-Maldonado, I. N\"],\"key\":\"orta-garcia_assessment_2012\",\"id\":\"orta-garcia_assessment_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ortagarcia-lenmoreno-gonzlezvega-dominguezcortinas-espinosareyes-prezmaldonado-assessmentofthelevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodsamplesfromguadalajarajaliscomexico-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182\"},\"keyword\":[\"Child\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Mexico\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Gaithersburg, MD\",\"title\":\"NISTIR 5653 Behavior of Mock-Ups in the California Technical Bulletin 133 Test Protocol: Fabric and Barrier Effects\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"llventy-seven material combinations (seven fabrics, four barriers and two polyurethane foams) were tested in four cushion mock-up form in accord with California Technical Bulletin 133 using a furniture calorimeter. These same material combinations were also tested in triplicate, mainly at 35 kW/m2, in the Cone Calorimeter. Both mock-up and Cone sample behavior were recorded on video to facilitate behavioral comparisons of the samples; distinct differences were noted for thermoplastic fabrics. Heat fluxes were also measured on both scales; the effective “external” flux in full-scale can exceed 50 kW/m2. The mock-up behavior always comprised at least a heat release peak during the 80 second gas burner exposure; it often included a later and larger peak as well. The first peak could not be adequately predicted by averaged heat release data from the Cone. A dimensional analysis suggested a possible dependence on four additional parameters, three of which can be obtained from the Cone. A statistical fit of the available data to these more complex types of correlations appears to work best for charring fabrics; it helps improve the correlation for all types of fabrics but two material combinations were outliers. The second heat release peak in the mock-up tests is attributable to a “basal melt fire” mechanism; efforts to correlate this behavior with Cone results have been limited thus far and show little success.\",\"publisher\":\"National Institute of Standards and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohlemiller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shields\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ohlemiller_nistir_1995,\\n\\taddress = {Gaithersburg, MD},\\n\\ttitle = {{NISTIR} 5653 {Behavior} of {Mock}-{Ups} in the {California} {Technical} {Bulletin} 133 {Test} {Protocol}: {Fabric} and {Barrier} {Effects}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {llventy-seven material combinations (seven fabrics, four barriers and two polyurethane foams) were tested in four cushion mock-up form in accord with California Technical Bulletin 133 using a furniture calorimeter. These same material combinations were also tested in triplicate, mainly at 35 kW/m2, in the Cone Calorimeter. Both mock-up and Cone sample behavior were recorded on video to facilitate behavioral comparisons of the samples; distinct differences were noted for thermoplastic fabrics. Heat fluxes were also measured on both scales; the effective “external” flux in full-scale can exceed 50 kW/m2. The mock-up behavior always comprised at least a heat release peak during the 80 second gas burner exposure; it often included a later and larger peak as well. The first peak could not be adequately predicted by averaged heat release data from the Cone. A dimensional analysis suggested a possible dependence on four additional parameters, three of which can be obtained from the Cone. A statistical fit of the available data to these more complex types of correlations appears to work best for charring fabrics; it helps improve the correlation for all types of fabrics but two material combinations were outliers. The second heat release peak in the mock-up tests is attributable to a “basal melt fire” mechanism; efforts to correlate this behavior with Cone results have been limited thus far and show little success.},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ohlemiller, T J and Shields, J R},\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ohlemiller, T J\",\"Shields, J R\"],\"key\":\"ohlemiller_nistir_1995\",\"id\":\"ohlemiller_nistir_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ohlemiller-shields-nistir5653behaviorofmockupsinthecaliforniatechnicalbulletin133testprotocolfabricandbarriereffects-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in Japan.\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\",\"abstract\":\"Leachate samples were taken from seven different landfills and concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were quantified. Leaching characteristics of BFRs, especially factors affecting leachability, were clarified to obtain basic information regarding the release of BFRs into the environment. The results obtained for observed levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.–4000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d. for the treated one, respectively, and those of TBBPA were n.d.–620,000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d.–11,000 pg/l for the treated one, respectively. Three sites that not only had crushed material from bulk wastes such as waste electric and electronic equipment, but also were under operation or within a year since closure, indicated a higher concentration of BFRs than the other sites. In particular extremely high concentration of PBDEs was observed at a site with a large amount of organics. Considering the leaching characteristics of BFRs, there exists the possibility that leachability of PBDEs is influenced by the presence of dissolved humic matter (DHM) in the leachate. The high removal efficiency for BFRs in the leachate treatment process was also confirmed.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osako\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masahiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"15519402\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Refuse Disposal, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"1571–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{osako_leaching_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},\\n\\tabstract = {Leachate samples were taken from seven different landfills and concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were quantified. Leaching characteristics of BFRs, especially factors affecting leachability, were clarified to obtain basic information regarding the release of BFRs into the environment. The results obtained for observed levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.–4000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d. for the treated one, respectively, and those of TBBPA were n.d.–620,000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d.–11,000 pg/l for the treated one, respectively. Three sites that not only had crushed material from bulk wastes such as waste electric and electronic equipment, but also were under operation or within a year since closure, indicated a higher concentration of BFRs than the other sites. In particular extremely high concentration of PBDEs was observed at a site with a large amount of organics. Considering the leaching characteristics of BFRs, there exists the possibility that leachability of PBDEs is influenced by the presence of dissolved humic matter (DHM) in the leachate. The high removal efficiency for BFRs in the leachate treatment process was also confirmed.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Osako, Masahiro and Kim, Yong-Jin and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {15519402},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Refuse Disposal, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {1571--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Osako, M.\",\"Kim, Y.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"osako_leaching_2004\",\"id\":\"osako_leaching_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"osako-kim-sakai-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Carbon Isotopes\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Japan\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"eol\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of brominated flame retardants in Jukskei River catchment area in Gauteng, South Africa.\",\"volume\":\"65\",\"issn\":\"0273-1223\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235\",\"doi\":\"10.2166/wst.2012.894\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are considered to be environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity in the environment. Little information is known about the presence of brominated flame retardants in South Africa's water systems. Therefore, this study examined and compared different extraction methods (liquid-liquid (LL) vs. solid phase (SP) for water, Soxhlet extraction (SE) vs. ultrasonic for sediment) for extraction efficiencies in the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in water and sediment from Jukskei River. Clean-up of sample extracts was performed using disposable Pasteur pipettes containing neutral, acidified and basic silica gel. Final extracts, after concentration and dilution to 200 μL were analyzed by injecting 1 μL in the GC-ECD and GC-MS. Results obtained showed good recoveries for most of the tested analytes in water; for LLE, values ranged between 80.5 ± 10.22% and 126.6 ± 1.94%; SPE, 70.41 ± 2.01%-124.78 ± 3.78% (n = 3) and for sediment (73-114%, with an RSD \\\\textless17%) using SE. The ultrasonic extraction method gave less than 50% recovery for most of the congeners. The concentrations of the BFRs in water samples were less than the detection limit while the concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.95 to 36.61 ng g(-1) dry weight for Σ(11) BFRs. Dichloromethane and n-hexane : acetone (2 : 1, v/v) gave optimum value of recovery for water and sediment respectively.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olukunle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okonkwo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kefeni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lupankwa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22277235\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, South Africa\",\"pages\":\"743–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{olukunle_determination_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of brominated flame retardants in {Jukskei} {River} catchment area in {Gauteng}, {South} {Africa}.},\\n\\tvolume = {65},\\n\\tissn = {0273-1223},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2166/wst.2012.894},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are considered to be environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity in the environment. Little information is known about the presence of brominated flame retardants in South Africa's water systems. Therefore, this study examined and compared different extraction methods (liquid-liquid (LL) vs. solid phase (SP) for water, Soxhlet extraction (SE) vs. ultrasonic for sediment) for extraction efficiencies in the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in water and sediment from Jukskei River. Clean-up of sample extracts was performed using disposable Pasteur pipettes containing neutral, acidified and basic silica gel. Final extracts, after concentration and dilution to 200 μL were analyzed by injecting 1 μL in the GC-ECD and GC-MS. Results obtained showed good recoveries for most of the tested analytes in water; for LLE, values ranged between 80.5 ± 10.22\\\\% and 126.6 ± 1.94\\\\%; SPE, 70.41 ± 2.01\\\\%-124.78 ± 3.78\\\\% (n = 3) and for sediment (73-114\\\\%, with an RSD {\\\\textbackslash}textless17\\\\%) using SE. The ultrasonic extraction method gave less than 50\\\\% recovery for most of the congeners. The concentrations of the BFRs in water samples were less than the detection limit while the concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.95 to 36.61 ng g(-1) dry weight for Σ(11) BFRs. Dichloromethane and n-hexane : acetone (2 : 1, v/v) gave optimum value of recovery for water and sediment respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Olukunle, O I and Okonkwo, O J and Kefeni, K K and Lupankwa, M},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22277235},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, South Africa},\\n\\tpages = {743--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Olukunle, O I\",\"Okonkwo, O J\",\"Kefeni, K K\",\"Lupankwa, M\"],\"key\":\"olukunle_determination_2012\",\"id\":\"olukunle_determination_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"olukunle-okonkwo-kefeni-lupankwa-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsinjukskeirivercatchmentareaingautengsouthafrica-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical Fractionation\",\"Chemical Fractionation: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"South Africa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736\",\"doi\":\"10.1897/07-004R.1\",\"abstract\":\"As a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/ F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were \\\\textgreater or =1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Helena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Engwall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Magnus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kammann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klempt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Otte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jens\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hollert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henner\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17941736\",\"keywords\":\"Adenoma, Adenoma: pathology, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: toxicity, Guinea Pigs, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Rats, Receptors, Risk Assessment, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, cell line, unsure\",\"pages\":\"2448–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{olsman_relative_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1897/07-004R.1},\\n\\tabstract = {As a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/ F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater or =1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Olsman, Helena and Engwall, Magnus and Kammann, Ulrike and Klempt, Martin and Otte, Jens and van Bavel, Bert and Hollert, Henner},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17941736},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adenoma, Adenoma: pathology, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: toxicity, Guinea Pigs, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Rats, Receptors, Risk Assessment, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, cell line, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {2448--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Olsman, H.\",\"Engwall, M.\",\"Kammann, U.\",\"Klempt, M.\",\"Otte, J.\",\"van Bavel, B.\",\"Hollert, H.\"],\"key\":\"olsman_relative_2007\",\"id\":\"olsman_relative_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"olsman-engwall-kammann-klempt-otte-vanbavel-hollert-relativedifferencesinarylhydrocarbonreceptormediatedresponsefor18polybrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsandfuransincelllinesfromfourdifferentspecies-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adenoma\",\"Adenoma: pathology\",\"Animals\",\"Aryl Hydrocarbon\",\"Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism\",\"Biological Assay\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Furans\",\"Furans: toxicity\",\"Guinea Pigs\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: pathology\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity\",\"cell line\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Sorption-desorption behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.003\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that are commonly found in commercial and household products. These compounds are considered persistent organic pollutants. In this study, we used 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15) as a model compound to elucidate the sorption and desorption behavior of PBDEs in soils. The organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (K(OC)) of BDE-15 was more than three times higher for humin than for bulk soils. However, pronounced desorption hysteresis was obtained mainly for bulk soils. For humin, increasing concentration of sorbed BDE-15 resulted in decreased desorption. Our data illustrate that BDE-15 and probably other PBDEs exhibit high sorption affinity to soils. Moreover, sorption is irreversible and thus PBDEs can potentially accumulate in the topsoil layer. We also suggest that although humin is probably a major sorbent for PBDEs in soils, other humic materials are also responsible for their sequestration.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olshansky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yaniv\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Polubesova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tamara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vetter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Walter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chefetz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Benny\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21783286\",\"keywords\":\"Adsorption, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Models, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"2375–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{olshansky_sorption-desorption_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Sorption-desorption behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that are commonly found in commercial and household products. These compounds are considered persistent organic pollutants. In this study, we used 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15) as a model compound to elucidate the sorption and desorption behavior of PBDEs in soils. The organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (K(OC)) of BDE-15 was more than three times higher for humin than for bulk soils. However, pronounced desorption hysteresis was obtained mainly for bulk soils. For humin, increasing concentration of sorbed BDE-15 resulted in decreased desorption. Our data illustrate that BDE-15 and probably other PBDEs exhibit high sorption affinity to soils. Moreover, sorption is irreversible and thus PBDEs can potentially accumulate in the topsoil layer. We also suggest that although humin is probably a major sorbent for PBDEs in soils, other humic materials are also responsible for their sequestration.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Olshansky, Yaniv and Polubesova, Tamara and Vetter, Walter and Chefetz, Benny},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21783286},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adsorption, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Models, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {2375--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Olshansky, Y.\",\"Polubesova, T.\",\"Vetter, W.\",\"Chefetz, B.\"],\"key\":\"olshansky_sorption-desorption_2011\",\"id\":\"olshansky_sorption-desorption_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"olshansky-polubesova-vetter-chefetz-sorptiondesorptionbehaviorofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoils-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adsorption\",\"Chemical\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Models\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Soil: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Minnesota environment\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliaei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fardin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Phillips\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurie\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"185–188\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{oliaei_occurence_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Minnesota} environment},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Oliaei, Fardin and King, Patricia and Phillips, Laurie},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {185--188},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Oliaei, F.\",\"King, P.\",\"Phillips, L.\"],\"key\":\"oliaei_occurence_2002\",\"id\":\"oliaei_occurence_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oliaei-king-phillips-occurenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Minnesota environment.\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"url\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliaei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Phillips\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, env, ffr\",\"pages\":\"185–188\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{oliaei_occurrence_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Minnesota} environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Oliaei, F and King, P and Phillips, L},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {185--188},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Oliaei, F\",\"King, P\",\"Phillips, L\"],\"key\":\"oliaei_occurrence_2002\",\"id\":\"oliaei_occurrence_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oliaei-king-phillips-occurrenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"env\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP)\",\"url\":\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Flame retardants, Health, Pesticides, Public Health, Safe Drinking Water and Toxics Enforcement Act, chemical exposures, children's health, proposition 65, toxics, water\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{oehha_oehha_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{OEHHA} {Proposition} 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP})},\\n\\turl = {http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html},\\n\\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Health, Pesticides, Public Health, Safe Drinking Water and Toxics Enforcement Act, chemical exposures, children's health, proposition 65, toxics, water},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"key\":\"oehha_oehha_2011\",\"id\":\"oehha_oehha_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oehha-oehhaproposition65tris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcpp-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Health\",\"Pesticides\",\"Public Health\",\"Safe Drinking Water and Toxics Enforcement Act\",\"chemical exposures\",\"children's health\",\"proposition 65\",\"toxics\",\"water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants: Additional information on four flame retardants.\",\"url\":\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, frelec, use\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{oehha_brominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants: {Additional} information on four flame retardants.},\\n\\turl = {http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment},\\n\\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, frelec, use},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"key\":\"oehha_brominated_2008\",\"id\":\"oehha_brominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganicchemicalcompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Proposition 65: The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act\",\"url\":\"http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html\",\"urldate\":\"2010-12-30\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1986\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{oehha_proposition_1986,\\n\\ttitle = {Proposition 65: {The} {Safe} {Drinking} {Water} and {Toxic} {Enforcement} {Act}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html},\\n\\turldate = {2010-12-30},\\n\\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\\n\\tyear = {1986},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"key\":\"oehha_proposition_1986\",\"id\":\"oehha_proposition_1986\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oehha-proposition65thesafedrinkingwaterandtoxicenforcementact-1986\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: hot spots for persistent organic pollutants.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n = 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n = 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 +/- 311, 165,000 +/- 285,000, and 33 +/- 3 ng m(-3), average +/- SD for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m(-3) for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n = 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 +/- 35, 320 +/- 134 ng m(-3), 1451 +/- 954 pg m(-3), for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are \\\"hot spots\\\" for POPs.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odabasi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mustafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bayram\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abdurrahman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elbir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tolga\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seyfioglu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Remzi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dumanoglu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yetkin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bozlaker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayse\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Demircioglu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hulusi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Altiok\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hasan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yatkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sinan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cetin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Banu\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19708342\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy, Metallurgy: instrumentation, Metallurgy: methods, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Steel, Steel: chemistry, Turkey, Volatilization, Wind, frelec, use\",\"pages\":\"5205–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{odabasi_electric_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: hot spots for persistent organic pollutants.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n = 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n = 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 +/- 311, 165,000 +/- 285,000, and 33 +/- 3 ng m(-3), average +/- SD for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m(-3) for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n = 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 +/- 35, 320 +/- 134 ng m(-3), 1451 +/- 954 pg m(-3), for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are \\\"hot spots\\\" for POPs.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Odabasi, Mustafa and Bayram, Abdurrahman and Elbir, Tolga and Seyfioglu, Remzi and Dumanoglu, Yetkin and Bozlaker, Ayse and Demircioglu, Hulusi and Altiok, Hasan and Yatkin, Sinan and Cetin, Banu},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19708342},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy, Metallurgy: instrumentation, Metallurgy: methods, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Steel, Steel: chemistry, Turkey, Volatilization, Wind, frelec, use},\\n\\tpages = {5205--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Odabasi, M.\",\"Bayram, A.\",\"Elbir, T.\",\"Seyfioglu, R.\",\"Dumanoglu, Y.\",\"Bozlaker, A.\",\"Demircioglu, H.\",\"Altiok, H.\",\"Yatkin, S.\",\"Cetin, B.\"],\"key\":\"odabasi_electric_2009\",\"id\":\"odabasi_electric_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"odabasi-bayram-elbir-seyfioglu-dumanoglu-bozlaker-demircioglu-altiok-etal-electricarcfurnacesforsteelmakinghotspotsforpersistentorganicpollutants-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Fires\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Metallurgy\",\"Metallurgy: instrumentation\",\"Metallurgy: methods\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: analysis\",\"Organic Chemicals: toxicity\",\"Steel\",\"Steel: chemistry\",\"Turkey\",\"Volatilization\",\"Wind\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Gaithersburg, MD\",\"title\":\"NIST Technical Note 1493: Aspects of the Fire Behavior of Thermoplastic Materials\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Thermoplastic polymers pose unique new challenges (resulting from the movement of burning melt material) for the understanding and control of fire growth on objects that incorporate them. Both full density thermoplastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene, as well as low density polyurethane foams are examined in this study, which has two overall goals: (1) assessment of potential test methods for quantitatively judging the flammability hazard of a thermoplastic (focused most specifically on polyurethane foams) and (2) fostering the development and validation of a model of fire growth over generic configurations of thermoplastic materials suggested by their end product use (particularly upholstered furniture). One such configuration is that used in the flammability test method, but early model development steps emphasize simpler configurations and materials. A critical aspect of modeling these materials is an adequate description of the viscosity of the polymer melt as a function of temperature; the viscosity can vary by several orders of magnitude. A procedure for deriving an empirical description of viscosity for full density thermoplastics, dependent only on temperature, is given but it requires extrapolation of melt viscosity out to burning temperatures. The procedure may be stymied by the complex behavior of polyurethane foam melts, indicating a need for further work. Gasification kinetics of the material, also needed in the fire growth model, are derived here from thermogravimetry for four full density thermoplastics. The more complex degradation behavior of polyurethane foam requires further work to derive these kinetics. The modeling process has been proceeding in stages of increasing complexity in conjunction with an outside contractor. The current stage focuses on two-dimensional, non-flaming melting plus gasification at heat fluxes comparable to those seen in fire growth. The present study has produced data on four full density thermoplastics and several polyurethane foams in this configuration which serves to test the developing model. Among the experimental results is the flux-dependent fraction of mass lost as melt flow from the heated sample surface. For polyurethane foams of varied composition, these results were found to vary over a wide range. This helped in understanding the relative fire growth behavior of these same foams when tested as roughly 30 cm by 60 cm slabs under the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Furniture Calorimeter. Similar scale tests were also done with thin sheets of polypropylene (the fire growth configuration which the model will attempt to predict first); these tests revealed complex flow dynamics in the melt pool fire and provided clues about the role of a pool fire in the overall fire growth process. As a result of the large scale foam tests we have proposed a tentative test configuration for polyurethane foams that are intended for use in upholstered chairs and a validation test series is being planned. The question of whether this test can be scaled down to use smaller amounts of foam is addressed; the scaling is difficult because of a mis-match in transient behaviors.\",\"publisher\":\"National Institute of Standards and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohlemiller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shields\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ohlemiller_nist_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Gaithersburg, MD},\\n\\ttitle = {{NIST} {Technical} {Note} 1493: {Aspects} of the {Fire} {Behavior} of {Thermoplastic} {Materials}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Thermoplastic polymers pose unique new challenges (resulting from the movement of burning melt material) for the understanding and control of fire growth on objects that incorporate them. Both full density thermoplastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene, as well as low density polyurethane foams are examined in this study, which has two overall goals: (1) assessment of potential test methods for quantitatively judging the flammability hazard of a thermoplastic (focused most specifically on polyurethane foams) and (2) fostering the development and validation of a model of fire growth over generic configurations of thermoplastic materials suggested by their end product use (particularly upholstered furniture). One such configuration is that used in the flammability test method, but early model development steps emphasize simpler configurations and materials. A critical aspect of modeling these materials is an adequate description of the viscosity of the polymer melt as a function of temperature; the viscosity can vary by several orders of magnitude. A procedure for deriving an empirical description of viscosity for full density thermoplastics, dependent only on temperature, is given but it requires extrapolation of melt viscosity out to burning temperatures. The procedure may be stymied by the complex behavior of polyurethane foam melts, indicating a need for further work. Gasification kinetics of the material, also needed in the fire growth model, are derived here from thermogravimetry for four full density thermoplastics. The more complex degradation behavior of polyurethane foam requires further work to derive these kinetics. The modeling process has been proceeding in stages of increasing complexity in conjunction with an outside contractor. The current stage focuses on two-dimensional, non-flaming melting plus gasification at heat fluxes comparable to those seen in fire growth. The present study has produced data on four full density thermoplastics and several polyurethane foams in this configuration which serves to test the developing model. Among the experimental results is the flux-dependent fraction of mass lost as melt flow from the heated sample surface. For polyurethane foams of varied composition, these results were found to vary over a wide range. This helped in understanding the relative fire growth behavior of these same foams when tested as roughly 30 cm by 60 cm slabs under the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Furniture Calorimeter. Similar scale tests were also done with thin sheets of polypropylene (the fire growth configuration which the model will attempt to predict first); these tests revealed complex flow dynamics in the melt pool fire and provided clues about the role of a pool fire in the overall fire growth process. As a result of the large scale foam tests we have proposed a tentative test configuration for polyurethane foams that are intended for use in upholstered chairs and a validation test series is being planned. The question of whether this test can be scaled down to use smaller amounts of foam is addressed; the scaling is difficult because of a mis-match in transient behaviors.},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ohlemiller, T J and Shields, J R},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ohlemiller, T J\",\"Shields, J R\"],\"key\":\"ohlemiller_nist_2008\",\"id\":\"ohlemiller_nist_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ohlemiller-shields-nisttechnicalnote1493aspectsofthefirebehaviorofthermoplasticmaterials-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sacramento, CA\",\"title\":\"Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants\",\"url\":\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{oehha_brominated_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},\\n\\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"key\":\"oehha_brominated_2008-1\",\"id\":\"oehha_brominated_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP)\",\"biomonitoring\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sacramento, CA\",\"title\":\"Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants: additional information on four flame retardants\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{oehha_brominated_2009,\\n\\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants: additional information on four flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},\\n\\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"OEHHA\"],\"key\":\"oehha_brominated_2009\",\"id\":\"oehha_brominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP)\",\"biomonitoring\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in leachates from selected landfill sites in South Africa.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0956-053X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.011\",\"abstract\":\"The last few decades have seen dramatic growth in the scale of production and the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants. Consequently, PBDEs such as BDE -28, -47, -66, -71, -75, -77, -85, -99, -100, -119, -138, -153, -154, and -183 have been detected in various environmental matrices. Generally, in South Africa, once the products containing these chemicals have outlived their usefulness, they are discarded into landfill sites. Consequently, the levels of PBDEs in leachates from landfill sites may give an indication of the general exposure and use of these compounds. The present study was aimed at determining the occurrence and concentrations of most common PBDEs in leachates from selected landfill sites. The extraction capacities of the solvents were also tested. Spiked landfill leachate samples were used for the recovery tests. Separation and determination of the PBDE congeners were carried out with a gas chromatograph equipped with Ni63 electron capture detector. The mean percentage recoveries ranged from 63% to 108% (n=3) for landfill leachate samples with petroleum ether giving the highest percentage extraction. The mean concentrations of PBDEs obtained ranged from ND to 2670pgl(-1), ND to 6638pgl(-1), ND to 7230pgl(-1), 41 to 4009pgl(-1), 90 to 9793pgl(-1) for the Garankuwa, Hatherly, Kwaggarsrand, Soshanguve and Temba landfill sites, respectively. Also BDE -28, -47, -71 and BDE-77 were detected in the leachate samples from all the landfill sites; and all the congeners were detected in two of the oldest landfill sites. The peak concentrations were recorded for BDE-47 at three sites and BDE-71 and BDE-75 at two sites. The highest concentration, 9793+/-1.5pgl(-1), was obtained for the Temba landfill site with the highest BOD value. This may suggest some influence of organics on the level of PBDEs. Considering the leaching characteristics of brominated flame retardants, there is a high possibility that with time these compounds may infiltrate into the groundwater around the sites since most of the sites are not adequately lined.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Waste management\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odusanya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okonkwo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Botha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ben\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"18406124\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chromatography, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, South Africa, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr\",\"pages\":\"96–102\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{odusanya_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in leachates from selected landfill sites in {South} {Africa}.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0956-053X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.011},\\n\\tabstract = {The last few decades have seen dramatic growth in the scale of production and the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants. Consequently, PBDEs such as BDE -28, -47, -66, -71, -75, -77, -85, -99, -100, -119, -138, -153, -154, and -183 have been detected in various environmental matrices. Generally, in South Africa, once the products containing these chemicals have outlived their usefulness, they are discarded into landfill sites. Consequently, the levels of PBDEs in leachates from landfill sites may give an indication of the general exposure and use of these compounds. The present study was aimed at determining the occurrence and concentrations of most common PBDEs in leachates from selected landfill sites. The extraction capacities of the solvents were also tested. Spiked landfill leachate samples were used for the recovery tests. Separation and determination of the PBDE congeners were carried out with a gas chromatograph equipped with Ni63 electron capture detector. The mean percentage recoveries ranged from 63\\\\% to 108\\\\% (n=3) for landfill leachate samples with petroleum ether giving the highest percentage extraction. The mean concentrations of PBDEs obtained ranged from ND to 2670pgl(-1), ND to 6638pgl(-1), ND to 7230pgl(-1), 41 to 4009pgl(-1), 90 to 9793pgl(-1) for the Garankuwa, Hatherly, Kwaggarsrand, Soshanguve and Temba landfill sites, respectively. Also BDE -28, -47, -71 and BDE-77 were detected in the leachate samples from all the landfill sites; and all the congeners were detected in two of the oldest landfill sites. The peak concentrations were recorded for BDE-47 at three sites and BDE-71 and BDE-75 at two sites. The highest concentration, 9793+/-1.5pgl(-1), was obtained for the Temba landfill site with the highest BOD value. This may suggest some influence of organics on the level of PBDEs. Considering the leaching characteristics of brominated flame retardants, there is a high possibility that with time these compounds may infiltrate into the groundwater around the sites since most of the sites are not adequately lined.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Waste management},\\n\\tauthor = {Odusanya, David O and Okonkwo, Jonathan O and Botha, Ben},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {18406124},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chromatography, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, South Africa, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {96--102},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Odusanya, D. O\",\"Okonkwo, J. O\",\"Botha, B.\"],\"key\":\"odusanya_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"odusanya_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"odusanya-okonkwo-botha-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinleachatesfromselectedlandfillsitesinsouthafrica-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Chromatography\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"South Africa\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"eol\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicity of Bromkal 70-5DE, a technical mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, following 28 d of oral exposure in rats and impact of analysed impurities\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.006\",\"abstract\":\"The subacute toxicity of a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) preparation, Bromkal 70-5DE, was investigated. In addition to a vehicle control, the mixture was given orally to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 d at three dose levels; 2.5, 25 and 250 mg kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). The observed effects include increased hepatic EROD activity (from 2.5 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); increased liver weight (males), increased PROD activity and depletion of hepatic retinoids (from 25 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); and increased liver weight (females), marked histological changes in the liver and lungs, as well as increased serum parameters such as total protein, cholesterol and albumin (from 250 mg kg(-1)d(-1)). Chemical analysis of the PBDE mixture with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) showed impurities of polybrominated dibenzofurans and to a lesser extent dibenzodioxins, in total levels of about 7.0 microg g(-1) of Bromkal technical mixture. The animals were thereby exposed to an estimated dose of dioxin-like equivalents corresponding to 1.3-131 ng TEQ kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). It cannot be ruled out that this level of impurities can explain the hepatic EROD induction and hepatic retinoid depletion, which are considered typical markers of toxicity mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Öberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mattias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westerholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fattore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haglund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wiberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergendorff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"H\\\\a\",\"akansson\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Helen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20447676\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Lung, Lung: drug effects, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Spleen, Spleen: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, unsure\",\"pages\":\"137–143\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{oberg_toxicity_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicity of {Bromkal} 70-{5DE}, a technical mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, following 28 d of oral exposure in rats and impact of analysed impurities},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.006},\\n\\tabstract = {The subacute toxicity of a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) preparation, Bromkal 70-5DE, was investigated. In addition to a vehicle control, the mixture was given orally to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 d at three dose levels; 2.5, 25 and 250 mg kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). The observed effects include increased hepatic EROD activity (from 2.5 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); increased liver weight (males), increased PROD activity and depletion of hepatic retinoids (from 25 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); and increased liver weight (females), marked histological changes in the liver and lungs, as well as increased serum parameters such as total protein, cholesterol and albumin (from 250 mg kg(-1)d(-1)). Chemical analysis of the PBDE mixture with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) showed impurities of polybrominated dibenzofurans and to a lesser extent dibenzodioxins, in total levels of about 7.0 microg g(-1) of Bromkal technical mixture. The animals were thereby exposed to an estimated dose of dioxin-like equivalents corresponding to 1.3-131 ng TEQ kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). It cannot be ruled out that this level of impurities can explain the hepatic EROD induction and hepatic retinoid depletion, which are considered typical markers of toxicity mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Öberg, Mattias and Westerholm, Emma and Fattore, Elena and Stern, Natalia and Hanberg, Annika and Haglund, Peter and Wiberg, Karin and Bergendorff, Anders and H{\\\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20447676},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Lung, Lung: drug effects, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Spleen, Spleen: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {137--143},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Öberg, M.\",\"Westerholm, E.\",\"Fattore, E.\",\"Stern, N.\",\"Hanberg, A.\",\"Haglund, P.\",\"Wiberg, K.\",\"Bergendorff, A.\",\"H\\\\a akansson , H.\"],\"key\":\"oberg_toxicity_2010\",\"id\":\"oberg_toxicity_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"berg-westerholm-fattore-stern-hanberg-haglund-wiberg-bergendorff-etal-toxicityofbromkal705deatechnicalmixtureofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfollowing28doforalexposureinratsandimpactofanalysedimpurities-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Kidney\",\"Kidney: drug effects\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Lung\",\"Lung: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Oral\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Rats\",\"Spleen\",\"Spleen: metabolism\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predicting Fire Resistance Performance of Drywall Construction Exposed to Parametric Design Fires – A Review\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"url\":\"http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1042391507080811\",\"abstract\":\"This paper describes validation of a cumulative radiant energy method for predicting the time to failure of non load-bearing drywall construction exposed to realistic parametric fires. The validation uses full-scale compartment fire tests and analytical calculations. Three compartment fire tests are carried out in a room 3.6 m by 2.4 m with different arrangements of fuel load and ventilation, with walls and ceilings constructed from assemblies which have been previously tested in standard fire resistance tests. The analytical calculations use a finite difference heat transfer model developed for predicting the fire performance of cavity construction, in combination with a number of Eurocode parametric fires. We conclude that the cumulative radiant energy method can be used as a valid tool for prediction of insulation failure times of drywall assemblies, during the period of fire exposure where heat transfer is predominantly by radiation. This includes the growth period to flashover, the period of sustained ventilation-controlled burning, and the early part of the decay period.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nyman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gerlich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\",\"J\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wade\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchanan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"a.\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"117–139\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nyman_predicting_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Predicting {Fire} {Resistance} {Performance} of {Drywall} {Construction} {Exposed} to {Parametric} {Design} {Fires} – {A} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\turl = {http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1042391507080811},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper describes validation of a cumulative radiant energy method for predicting the time to failure of non load-bearing drywall construction exposed to realistic parametric fires. The validation uses full-scale compartment fire tests and analytical calculations. Three compartment fire tests are carried out in a room 3.6 m by 2.4 m with different arrangements of fuel load and ventilation, with walls and ceilings constructed from assemblies which have been previously tested in standard fire resistance tests. The analytical calculations use a finite difference heat transfer model developed for predicting the fire performance of cavity construction, in combination with a number of Eurocode parametric fires. We conclude that the cumulative radiant energy method can be used as a valid tool for prediction of insulation failure times of drywall assemblies, during the period of fire exposure where heat transfer is predominantly by radiation. This includes the growth period to flashover, the period of sustained ventilation-controlled burning, and the early part of the decay period.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Protection Engineering},\\n\\tauthor = {Nyman, J F and Gerlich, H J T and Wade, C and Buchanan, a. H},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {117--139},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nyman, J F\",\"Gerlich, H J T\",\"Wade, C\",\"Buchanan, a. H\"],\"key\":\"nyman_predicting_2008\",\"id\":\"nyman_predicting_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nyman-gerlich-wade-buchanan-predictingfireresistanceperformanceofdrywallconstructionexposedtoparametricdesignfiresareview-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil.\",\"volume\":\"158\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.010\",\"abstract\":\"The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biodegradation kinetics in aerobic and anaerobic soil of the following brominated flame retardants: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246BrPh), and hexabromobenzene (HxBrBz). For comparison, the biodegradation of the chlorinated compounds 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether (CDE 28), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246ClPh), hexachlorobenzene (HxClBz), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was also assessed. In aerobic soil, BDE 209 showed no significant degradation during the test period, but concentrations of the other BFRs declined, with half-lives decreasing in the following order: BDE 28 \\\\textgreater TBBPA \\\\textgreater TBECH \\\\textgreater HxBrBz \\\\textgreater 246BrPh. Declines in almost the same order were observed in anaerobic soil: BDE 28, BDE 209 \\\\textgreater TBBPA \\\\textgreater HxBrBz \\\\textgreater TBECH \\\\textgreater 246BrPh.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nyholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jenny\",\"Rattfelt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lundberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charlott\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20227803\",\"keywords\":\"Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"2235–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nyholm_biodegradation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil.},\\n\\tvolume = {158},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.010},\\n\\tabstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biodegradation kinetics in aerobic and anaerobic soil of the following brominated flame retardants: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246BrPh), and hexabromobenzene (HxBrBz). For comparison, the biodegradation of the chlorinated compounds 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether (CDE 28), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246ClPh), hexachlorobenzene (HxClBz), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was also assessed. In aerobic soil, BDE 209 showed no significant degradation during the test period, but concentrations of the other BFRs declined, with half-lives decreasing in the following order: BDE 28 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater TBECH {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater HxBrBz {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 246BrPh. Declines in almost the same order were observed in anaerobic soil: BDE 28, BDE 209 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater HxBrBz {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater TBECH {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 246BrPh.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Lundberg, Charlott and Andersson, Patrik L},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20227803},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {2235--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nyholm, J. R.\",\"Lundberg, C.\",\"Andersson, P. L\"],\"key\":\"nyholm_biodegradation_2010\",\"id\":\"nyholm_biodegradation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nyholm-lundberg-andersson-biodegradationkineticsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinaerobicandanaerobicsoil-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aerobiosis\",\"Anaerobiosis\",\"Biodegradation\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Environmental\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Kinetics\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil: analysis\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in Norway.\",\"volume\":\"443\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081\",\"abstract\":\"The environmental occurrence of potentially emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was investigated near suspected source zones in Norway, within seepage water, sewage waste water, sewage sludges, and sediments. Analyzed emerging BFRs included 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (EBTPI), tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA AE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dipropyl ether) (TBBPA DBPE). In addition selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, so that findings could be compared to legacy BFRs. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of EBTPI, TBBPA AE, and TBBPA DBPE. The legacy BFRs were in general found in higher levels and abundances than the studied emerging BFRs. However, BTBPE was detected in most of the studied matrices (sewage sludge, seepage water and sediment). DBDPE was detected in sewage sludge, waste water, seepage water and in sediment taken close to a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site. TBECH was found in seepage water, waste water and sewage sludge. EBTPI was identified in one seepage water sample; TBBPA AE was detected both in seepage water and sediment, and TBPPA DBPE in waste water and seepage water. Of the emerging BFRs, the highest levels in water samples were quantified for TBBPA DBPE (81 ng/L, seepage water from a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site) and in sediment for BTBPE (6.5 ng/g, taken close to landfill). The findings of current-use BFRs in seepage water, sediment and in sewage suggest that further investigations are needed of the environmental fate and effects of these flame retardants.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nyholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jenny\",\"Rattfelt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grabic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\",\"Peter\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moskeland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23201697\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"307–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nyholm_environmental_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in {Norway}.},\\n\\tvolume = {443},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081},\\n\\tabstract = {The environmental occurrence of potentially emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was investigated near suspected source zones in Norway, within seepage water, sewage waste water, sewage sludges, and sediments. Analyzed emerging BFRs included 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (EBTPI), tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA AE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dipropyl ether) (TBBPA DBPE). In addition selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, so that findings could be compared to legacy BFRs. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of EBTPI, TBBPA AE, and TBBPA DBPE. The legacy BFRs were in general found in higher levels and abundances than the studied emerging BFRs. However, BTBPE was detected in most of the studied matrices (sewage sludge, seepage water and sediment). DBDPE was detected in sewage sludge, waste water, seepage water and in sediment taken close to a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site. TBECH was found in seepage water, waste water and sewage sludge. EBTPI was identified in one seepage water sample; TBBPA AE was detected both in seepage water and sediment, and TBPPA DBPE in waste water and seepage water. Of the emerging BFRs, the highest levels in water samples were quantified for TBBPA DBPE (81 ng/L, seepage water from a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site) and in sediment for BTBPE (6.5 ng/g, taken close to landfill). The findings of current-use BFRs in seepage water, sediment and in sewage suggest that further investigations are needed of the environmental fate and effects of these flame retardants.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Grabic, Roman and Arp, Hans Peter H and Moskeland, Thomas and Andersson, Patrik L},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23201697},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {307--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nyholm, J. R.\",\"Grabic, R.\",\"Arp, H. P. H\",\"Moskeland, T.\",\"Andersson, P. L\"],\"key\":\"nyholm_environmental_2013\",\"id\":\"nyholm_environmental_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nyholm-grabic-arp-moskeland-andersson-environmentaloccurrenceofemergingandlegacybrominatedflameretardantsnearsuspectedsourcesinnorway-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Research Triangle Park, NC\",\"title\":\"Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide (CAS No. 1163-19-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). TR-309.\",\"url\":\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf\",\"institution\":\"National Toxicology Program\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"NTP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1986\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{ntp_toxicology_1986,\\n\\taddress = {Research Triangle Park, NC},\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide ({CAS} {No}. 1163-19-5) in {F344}/{N} rats and {B6C3F1} mice (feed studies). {TR}-309.},\\n\\turl = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {National Toxicology Program},\\n\\tauthor = {{NTP}},\\n\\tyear = {1986},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"NTP\"],\"key\":\"ntp_toxicology_1986\",\"id\":\"ntp_toxicology_1986\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ntp-toxicologyandcarcinogenesisstudiesofdecabromodiphenyloxidecasno1163195inf344nratsandb6c3f1micefeedstudiestr309-1986\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterizing the in vitro hepatic biotransformation of the flame retardant BDE 99 by common carp.\",\"volume\":\"97\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.013\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardant chemicals known to biomagnify in aquatic foodwebs. However, significant biotransformation of some congeners via reductive dehalogenation has been observed during in vivo and in vitro laboratory exposures, particularly in fish models. Little information is available on the enzyme systems responsible for catalyzing this metabolic pathway in fish. This study was undertaken to characterize the biotransformation of one primary BDE congener, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), using in vitro techniques. Hepatic sub-cellular fractions were first prepared from individual adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to examine metabolism in both microsomal and cytosolic sub-cellular fractions. Debromination rates (i.e. BDE-99 biotransformation to BDE-47) were generally higher in the microsomal fraction than in the cytosolic fraction, and some intra-species variability was observed. Further experiments were conducted to determine the biotransformation kinetics and the influence of specific co-factors, inhibitors and competitive substrates on metabolism using pooled carp liver microsomes. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values were 19.4microM and 1120pmolesh(-1)mgprotein(-1), respectively. Iodoacetate (IaC) and the two thyroid hormones, reverse triodothyronine (rT3) and thyroxine (T4), significantly inhibited the debromination of BDE-99 in microsomal sub-cellular fractions with IC(50) values of 2.2microM, 0.83microM, and \\\\textgreater1.0microM, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that deiodinase enzymes may be catalyzing the metabolism of PBDEs in fish liver tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate metabolic activity in other species and tissues that contain these enzymes.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noyes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kelly\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shannon\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitchelmore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carys\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20080306\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodoacetates, Iodoacetates: pharmacology, Kinetics, Linear Models, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Propylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil: pharmacology, Reverse, Reverse: antagonists & inhibitor, Reverse: metabolism, Subcellular Fractions, Subcellular Fractions: enzymology, Subcellular Fractions: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: antagonists & inhibitors, Thyroxine: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"142–50\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noyes_characterizing_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterizing the in vitro hepatic biotransformation of the flame retardant {BDE} 99 by common carp.},\\n\\tvolume = {97},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardant chemicals known to biomagnify in aquatic foodwebs. However, significant biotransformation of some congeners via reductive dehalogenation has been observed during in vivo and in vitro laboratory exposures, particularly in fish models. Little information is available on the enzyme systems responsible for catalyzing this metabolic pathway in fish. This study was undertaken to characterize the biotransformation of one primary BDE congener, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), using in vitro techniques. Hepatic sub-cellular fractions were first prepared from individual adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to examine metabolism in both microsomal and cytosolic sub-cellular fractions. Debromination rates (i.e. BDE-99 biotransformation to BDE-47) were generally higher in the microsomal fraction than in the cytosolic fraction, and some intra-species variability was observed. Further experiments were conducted to determine the biotransformation kinetics and the influence of specific co-factors, inhibitors and competitive substrates on metabolism using pooled carp liver microsomes. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values were 19.4microM and 1120pmolesh(-1)mgprotein(-1), respectively. Iodoacetate (IaC) and the two thyroid hormones, reverse triodothyronine (rT3) and thyroxine (T4), significantly inhibited the debromination of BDE-99 in microsomal sub-cellular fractions with IC(50) values of 2.2microM, 0.83microM, and {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1.0microM, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that deiodinase enzymes may be catalyzing the metabolism of PBDEs in fish liver tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate metabolic activity in other species and tissues that contain these enzymes.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Noyes, Pamela D and Kelly, Shannon M and Mitchelmore, Carys L and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20080306},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodoacetates, Iodoacetates: pharmacology, Kinetics, Linear Models, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Propylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil: pharmacology, Reverse, Reverse: antagonists \\\\& inhibitor, Reverse: metabolism, Subcellular Fractions, Subcellular Fractions: enzymology, Subcellular Fractions: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Thyroxine: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {142--50},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Noyes, P. D\",\"Kelly, S. M\",\"Mitchelmore, C. L\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"noyes_characterizing_2010\",\"id\":\"noyes_characterizing_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"noyes-kelly-mitchelmore-stapleton-characterizingtheinvitrohepaticbiotransformationoftheflameretardantbde99bycommoncarp-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Carps\",\"Carps: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione Transferase\",\"Glutathione Transferase: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Iodoacetates\",\"Iodoacetates: pharmacology\",\"Kinetics\",\"Linear Models\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Propylthiouracil\",\"Propylthiouracil: pharmacology\",\"Reverse\",\"Reverse: antagonists & inhibitor\",\"Reverse: metabolism\",\"Subcellular Fractions\",\"Subcellular Fractions: enzymology\",\"Subcellular Fractions: metabolism\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Thyroxine: metabolism\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations.\",\"volume\":\"122\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfr105\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are known to affect thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. The TH-regulating deiodinases have been implicated in these impacts; however, PBDE effects on the fish thyroid system are largely unknown. Moreover, the liver as a potential target of PBDE toxicity has not been explored in young fish. This study measured decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) effects on TH regulation by measuring deiodinase activity in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Dietary accumulations and debromination of BDE-209 were also measured, and the morphology of thyroid and liver tissues was examined. Juvenile fathead minnows (28 days old) received a 28-day dietary treatment of BDE-209 at 9.8 ± 0.16 μg/g of food at 5% of their body weight per day followed by a 14-day depuration period in which they were fed clean food. Chemical analysis revealed that BDE-209 accumulated in tissues and was metabolized to reductive products ranging from penta- to octaBDEs with 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154) being the most accumulative metabolite. By day 28 of the exposure, rates of outer and inner ring deiodination (ORD and IRD, respectively) of thyroxine (T4) were each reduced by ∼74% among treatments. Effects on T4-ORD and T4-IRD remained significant even after the 14-day depuration period. Histological examination of treated fish showed significantly increased thyroid follicular epithelial cell heights and vacuolated hepatocyte nuclei. Enlarged biliary passageways may be the cause of the distinctive liver phenotype observed, although further testing is needed. Altogether, these results suggest that juvenile fish may be uniquely susceptible to thyroid disruptors like PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noyes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21546348\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: analysis, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: analysis, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"265–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noyes_accumulation_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in juvenile fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations.},\\n\\tvolume = {122},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr105},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are known to affect thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. The TH-regulating deiodinases have been implicated in these impacts; however, PBDE effects on the fish thyroid system are largely unknown. Moreover, the liver as a potential target of PBDE toxicity has not been explored in young fish. This study measured decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) effects on TH regulation by measuring deiodinase activity in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Dietary accumulations and debromination of BDE-209 were also measured, and the morphology of thyroid and liver tissues was examined. Juvenile fathead minnows (28 days old) received a 28-day dietary treatment of BDE-209 at 9.8 ± 0.16 μg/g of food at 5\\\\% of their body weight per day followed by a 14-day depuration period in which they were fed clean food. Chemical analysis revealed that BDE-209 accumulated in tissues and was metabolized to reductive products ranging from penta- to octaBDEs with 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154) being the most accumulative metabolite. By day 28 of the exposure, rates of outer and inner ring deiodination (ORD and IRD, respectively) of thyroxine (T4) were each reduced by ∼74\\\\% among treatments. Effects on T4-ORD and T4-IRD remained significant even after the 14-day depuration period. Histological examination of treated fish showed significantly increased thyroid follicular epithelial cell heights and vacuolated hepatocyte nuclei. Enlarged biliary passageways may be the cause of the distinctive liver phenotype observed, although further testing is needed. Altogether, these results suggest that juvenile fish may be uniquely susceptible to thyroid disruptors like PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Noyes, Pamela D and Hinton, David E and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21546348},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: analysis, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: analysis, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {265--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Noyes, P. D\",\"Hinton, D. E\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"noyes_accumulation_2011\",\"id\":\"noyes_accumulation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"noyes-hinton-stapleton-accumulationanddebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209injuvenilefatheadminnowspimephalespromelasinducesthyroiddisruptionandliveralterations-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cyprinidae\",\"Cyprinidae: metabolism\",\"Diet\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione Transferase\",\"Glutathione Transferase: analysis\",\"Glutathione Transferase: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Iodide Peroxidase\",\"Iodide Peroxidase: analysis\",\"Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: pathology\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Decabromobiphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and brominated phenolic compounds in serum of cats diagnosed with the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism.\",\"volume\":\"63\",\"issn\":\"1432-0703\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00244-012-9750-y\",\"abstract\":\"The incidence of cats being diagnosed with feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased greatly since it was first described in 1979. The cause of FH has not been established. Hypothetically, there is a link between increasing FH and exposure to brominated flame retardants. Much greater polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) concentrations have been reported in cat serum compared with human serum, likely due to cat licking behaviour. This study aimed to extend the present identification of brominated compounds in cat serum, with a focus on hydroxylated metabolites of PBDE, to improve the understanding of feline metabolism of PBDEs. A pooled serum sample from 30 Swedish pet cats with FH was analysed, and brominated species were identified. The results showed exposure to the discontinued flame retardant decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) and technical penta- and octa-BDEs. Altogether 12 PBDE congeners were identified along with 2'-MeO-BDE68. Furthermore, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4,6-, 2,4,5- and 2,3,4-tribromophenol plus 2'-OH-BDE68, 6-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47, 4'-OH-BDE49 were identified. 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 6-OH-BDE47 were the most prominent species in cat serum. Considering that these are natural products, it can be concluded that metabolism of PBDEs to OH-PBDEs is not a major route of PBDE elimination in cats. It is notable that BB-209, 6-OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol all suggested that endocrine-disrupting chemicals were present in high concentrations in cat serum.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norrgran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindquist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nils-Gunnar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22311549\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: physiopathology, Cats, Cats: blood, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenation, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: physiopathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"pages\":\"161–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{norrgran_decabromobiphenyl_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Decabromobiphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and brominated phenolic compounds in serum of cats diagnosed with the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism.},\\n\\tvolume = {63},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0703},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-012-9750-y},\\n\\tabstract = {The incidence of cats being diagnosed with feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased greatly since it was first described in 1979. The cause of FH has not been established. Hypothetically, there is a link between increasing FH and exposure to brominated flame retardants. Much greater polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) concentrations have been reported in cat serum compared with human serum, likely due to cat licking behaviour. This study aimed to extend the present identification of brominated compounds in cat serum, with a focus on hydroxylated metabolites of PBDE, to improve the understanding of feline metabolism of PBDEs. A pooled serum sample from 30 Swedish pet cats with FH was analysed, and brominated species were identified. The results showed exposure to the discontinued flame retardant decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) and technical penta- and octa-BDEs. Altogether 12 PBDE congeners were identified along with 2'-MeO-BDE68. Furthermore, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4,6-, 2,4,5- and 2,3,4-tribromophenol plus 2'-OH-BDE68, 6-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47, 4'-OH-BDE49 were identified. 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 6-OH-BDE47 were the most prominent species in cat serum. Considering that these are natural products, it can be concluded that metabolism of PBDEs to OH-PBDEs is not a major route of PBDE elimination in cats. It is notable that BB-209, 6-OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol all suggested that endocrine-disrupting chemicals were present in high concentrations in cat serum.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Norrgran, Jessica and Jones, Bernt and Lindquist, Nils-Gunnar and Bergman, Ake},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22311549},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: physiopathology, Cats, Cats: blood, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenation, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: physiopathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics},\\n\\tpages = {161--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Norrgran, J.\",\"Jones, B.\",\"Lindquist, N.\",\"Bergman, A.\"],\"key\":\"norrgran_decabromobiphenyl_2012\",\"id\":\"norrgran_decabromobiphenyl_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"norrgran-jones-lindquist-bergman-decabromobiphenylpolybrominateddiphenylethersandbrominatedphenoliccompoundsinserumofcatsdiagnosedwiththeendocrinediseasefelinehyperthyroidism-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cat Diseases\",\"Cat Diseases: physiopathology\",\"Cats\",\"Cats: blood\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: blood\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenation\",\"Hyperthyroidism\",\"Hyperthyroidism: physiopathology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Effects of soil type and aging.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1023288\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study the accumulation potentials in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated. The tested BFRs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), were found to be bioavailable to Eisenia fetida, and they accumulated in the earthworms. To our knowledge, this is the first published study to address the bioaccumulation potential of TBECH in terrestrial biota. Aging the soil resulted in decreased accumulation of TBECH, HBB, and PBDEs with six or less bromine atoms. However, no effect of soil aging was seen for BDEs 183 or 209, possibly due to their low mobility in soil. The use of different soils (artificial OECD soil and two natural Swedish soils) also affected the degree of accumulation in the worms. The results indicate that use of the generally accepted standard OECD soil may overestimate accumulation of organic contaminants by earthworms, due to high bioavailability of the contaminants and/or weight loss of the worms in it. Further, the accumulation of selected PBDEs and HBB was compared to the accumulation of their chlorinated analogues. Brominated compounds accumulated to the same or a lesser extent than their chlorinated counterparts.\",\"number\":\"23\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nyholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jenny\",\"Rattfelt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asamoah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"Kumah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danielsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Conny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"21028802\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"9189–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nyholm_accumulation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm ({Eisenia} fetida). {Effects} of soil type and aging.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1023288},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study the accumulation potentials in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated. The tested BFRs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), were found to be bioavailable to Eisenia fetida, and they accumulated in the earthworms. To our knowledge, this is the first published study to address the bioaccumulation potential of TBECH in terrestrial biota. Aging the soil resulted in decreased accumulation of TBECH, HBB, and PBDEs with six or less bromine atoms. However, no effect of soil aging was seen for BDEs 183 or 209, possibly due to their low mobility in soil. The use of different soils (artificial OECD soil and two natural Swedish soils) also affected the degree of accumulation in the worms. The results indicate that use of the generally accepted standard OECD soil may overestimate accumulation of organic contaminants by earthworms, due to high bioavailability of the contaminants and/or weight loss of the worms in it. Further, the accumulation of selected PBDEs and HBB was compared to the accumulation of their chlorinated analogues. Brominated compounds accumulated to the same or a lesser extent than their chlorinated counterparts.},\\n\\tnumber = {23},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Asamoah, Robert Kumah and van der Wal, Leon and Danielsson, Conny and Andersson, Patrik L},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {21028802},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {9189--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nyholm, J. R.\",\"Asamoah, R. K.\",\"van der Wal, L.\",\"Danielsson, C.\",\"Andersson, P. L\"],\"key\":\"nyholm_accumulation_2010\",\"id\":\"nyholm_accumulation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nyholm-asamoah-vanderwal-danielsson-andersson-accumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethershexabromobenzeneand12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneinearthwormeiseniafetidaeffectsofsoiltypeandaging-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cyclohexanes\",\"Cyclohexanes: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Oligochaeta\",\"Oligochaeta: metabolism\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Soil: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Substance profiles: Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% Chlorine) CAS No. 108171-26-2. Report on carcinogens, 11th ed.\",\"url\":\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf\",\"institution\":\"National Toxicology Program\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"NTP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{ntp_substance_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Substance profiles: {Chlorinated} paraffins ({C12}, 60\\\\% {Chlorine}) {CAS} {No}. 108171-26-2. {Report} on carcinogens, 11th ed.},\\n\\turl = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {National Toxicology Program},\\n\\tauthor = {{NTP}},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"NTP\"],\"key\":\"ntp_substance_2005\",\"id\":\"ntp_substance_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ntp-substanceprofileschlorinatedparaffinsc1260chlorinecasno108171262reportoncarcinogens11thed-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Halogenated organic contaminants and their correlations with circulating thyroid hormones in developing Arctic seabirds.\",\"volume\":\"414\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.051\",\"abstract\":\"Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development and disruption of thyroid homeostasis can be critical to young developing individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess plasma concentrations of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in chicks of two seabird species and to investigate possible correlations of HOCs with circulating thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations. Plasma from black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) chicks were sampled in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in 2006. The samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones and a wide range of HOCs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated (OH-) and methylsulphoned (MeSO-) PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)). Concentrations of HOCs were generally low in kittiwake and fulmar chicks compared to previous reports. HOC concentrations were five times higher in fulmar chicks compared to in kittiwake chicks. PFCs dominated the summed HOCs concentrations in both species (77% in kittiwakes and 69% in fulmars). Positive associations between total thyroxin (TT4) and PFCs (PFHpS, PFOS, PFNA) were found in both species. Although correlations do not implicate causal relationships per se, the correlations are of concern as disruption of TH homeostasis may cause developmental effects in young birds.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nøst\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Therese\",\"Haugdahl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helgason\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"Bjørnsdatter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harju\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eldbjørg\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"Wing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bjørn\",\"Munro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22154184\",\"keywords\":\"Analysis of Variance, Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: blood, Body Weights and Measures, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Principal Component Analysis, Radioimmunoassay, Species Specificity, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"pages\":\"248–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nost_halogenated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Halogenated organic contaminants and their correlations with circulating thyroid hormones in developing {Arctic} seabirds.},\\n\\tvolume = {414},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.051},\\n\\tabstract = {Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development and disruption of thyroid homeostasis can be critical to young developing individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess plasma concentrations of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in chicks of two seabird species and to investigate possible correlations of HOCs with circulating thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations. Plasma from black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) chicks were sampled in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in 2006. The samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones and a wide range of HOCs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated (OH-) and methylsulphoned (MeSO-) PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)). Concentrations of HOCs were generally low in kittiwake and fulmar chicks compared to previous reports. HOC concentrations were five times higher in fulmar chicks compared to in kittiwake chicks. PFCs dominated the summed HOCs concentrations in both species (77\\\\% in kittiwakes and 69\\\\% in fulmars). Positive associations between total thyroxin (TT4) and PFCs (PFHpS, PFOS, PFNA) were found in both species. Although correlations do not implicate causal relationships per se, the correlations are of concern as disruption of TH homeostasis may cause developmental effects in young birds.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Nøst, Therese Haugdahl and Helgason, Lisa Bjørnsdatter and Harju, Mikael and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing and Jenssen, Bjørn Munro},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22154184},\\n\\tkeywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: blood, Body Weights and Measures, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Principal Component Analysis, Radioimmunoassay, Species Specificity, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\\n\\tpages = {248--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nøst, T. H.\",\"Helgason, L. B.\",\"Harju, M.\",\"Heimstad, E. S\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W.\",\"Jenssen, B. M.\"],\"key\":\"nost_halogenated_2012\",\"id\":\"nost_halogenated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nst-helgason-harju-heimstad-gabrielsen-jenssen-halogenatedorganiccontaminantsandtheircorrelationswithcirculatingthyroidhormonesindevelopingarcticseabirds-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184\"},\"keyword\":[\"Analysis of Variance\",\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: blood\",\"Body Weights and Measures\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: blood\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liquid\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Radioimmunoassay\",\"Species Specificity\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of brominated flame retardants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles breeding in different regions of Sweden.\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.042\",\"abstract\":\"Forty-four unhatched eggs from white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), collected in four regions in Sweden in 1992-2005, were analysed for contents of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and naturally occurring methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs). Two freshwater areas-Lapland in the arctic zone (LAP) and inland lakes in central and southern Sweden (INL), and two brackish marine areas in the Baltic Sea-the south Bothnian Sea (SB) and the Baltic Proper (BP)-were chosen for comparison of the concentrations and congener distributions in white-tailed sea eagles with different diet and migratory patterns. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations (ng/g lipid weight (l.w.)) of ∑(5)PBDE (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) were 720 (LAP), 1500 (INL), 4 100 (SB) and 4 300 (BP), whereas BDE-209 was not detectable in any of the samples. The GM concentrations for HBCD content in LAP, INL, SB and BP were 60, 90, 150 and 140ng/g l.w., respectively, whereas the corresponding values for BB-153 were 20, 30, 100 and 120ng/g l.w. In general, the eggs from all four regions demonstrated similar patterns of PBDE congeners, with concentrations in descending order of BDE-47, -100, -99, -153 and -154. The ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs (6-MeO-BDE47, 2'-MeO-BDE68, 5-Cl-6-MeO-BDE47) for these same regions (as above) were 80, 40, 340 and 240ng/g l.w., respectively. ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs for LAP and INL (freshwaters) were significantly different, whereas those for SB and BP were not. The presence of MeO-PBDEs in all of the inland samples indicates that there is an as-yet-unidentified source of these compounds in the freshwater ecosystem. Between the two more contaminated subpopulations from the Baltic Sea coast, SB showed significantly lower productivity than BP, but no correlation was found between productivity and PBDE, PBB and HBCD at the concentrations found in this study.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nordlöf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Björn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bignert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asplund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lillemor\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20971499\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"238–46\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nordlof_levels_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles breeding in different regions of {Sweden}.},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.042},\\n\\tabstract = {Forty-four unhatched eggs from white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), collected in four regions in Sweden in 1992-2005, were analysed for contents of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and naturally occurring methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs). Two freshwater areas-Lapland in the arctic zone (LAP) and inland lakes in central and southern Sweden (INL), and two brackish marine areas in the Baltic Sea-the south Bothnian Sea (SB) and the Baltic Proper (BP)-were chosen for comparison of the concentrations and congener distributions in white-tailed sea eagles with different diet and migratory patterns. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations (ng/g lipid weight (l.w.)) of ∑(5)PBDE (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) were 720 (LAP), 1500 (INL), 4 100 (SB) and 4 300 (BP), whereas BDE-209 was not detectable in any of the samples. The GM concentrations for HBCD content in LAP, INL, SB and BP were 60, 90, 150 and 140ng/g l.w., respectively, whereas the corresponding values for BB-153 were 20, 30, 100 and 120ng/g l.w. In general, the eggs from all four regions demonstrated similar patterns of PBDE congeners, with concentrations in descending order of BDE-47, -100, -99, -153 and -154. The ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs (6-MeO-BDE47, 2'-MeO-BDE68, 5-Cl-6-MeO-BDE47) for these same regions (as above) were 80, 40, 340 and 240ng/g l.w., respectively. ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs for LAP and INL (freshwaters) were significantly different, whereas those for SB and BP were not. The presence of MeO-PBDEs in all of the inland samples indicates that there is an as-yet-unidentified source of these compounds in the freshwater ecosystem. Between the two more contaminated subpopulations from the Baltic Sea coast, SB showed significantly lower productivity than BP, but no correlation was found between productivity and PBDE, PBB and HBCD at the concentrations found in this study.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Nordlöf, Ulrika and Helander, Björn and Bignert, Anders and Asplund, Lillemor},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20971499},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {238--46},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nordlöf, U.\",\"Helander, B.\",\"Bignert, A.\",\"Asplund, L.\"],\"key\":\"nordlof_levels_2010\",\"id\":\"nordlof_levels_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nordlf-helander-bignert-asplund-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitetailedseaeaglesbreedingindifferentregionsofsweden-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Eagles\",\"Eagles: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"Demographic and other characteristics related to fire deaths or injuries\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"The risk of fire death and injury varies by age group, race, region, and community size. Children under five and adults 65 or older face the highest risk of fire death, although they do not account for the majority of fire fatalities. The risk of non-fatal fire injury is highest for those between 20 and 49. Higher fire death rates are seen in states with larger percentages of people who possess one or more of the following characteristics: are black, poor, smoke, have less formal education, or who live in rural areas. In more affluent areas, race played less of a role. The South and Midwest had the highest fire death rates per million population in 2004-2008. The rate in the rural South was the highest by far.\",\"number\":\"March\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"NFPA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{nfpa_demographic_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Demographic and other characteristics related to fire deaths or injuries},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {The risk of fire death and injury varies by age group, race, region, and community size. Children under five and adults 65 or older face the highest risk of fire death, although they do not account for the majority of fire fatalities. The risk of non-fatal fire injury is highest for those between 20 and 49. Higher fire death rates are seen in states with larger percentages of people who possess one or more of the following characteristics: are black, poor, smoke, have less formal education, or who live in rural areas. In more affluent areas, race played less of a role. The South and Midwest had the highest fire death rates per million population in 2004-2008. The rate in the rural South was the highest by far.},\\n\\tnumber = {March},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {{NFPA}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"NFPA\"],\"key\":\"nfpa_demographic_2010\",\"id\":\"nfpa_demographic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nfpa-demographicandothercharacteristicsrelatedtofiredeathsorinjuries-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from California correlate with diet and human population density.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es100658e\",\"abstract\":\"Peregrine falcons are now considered a conservation success story due in part to the phasing out of harmful contaminants that adversely affected reproduction. Recent studies have shown that peregrine eggs collected from California cities, however, have high levels of the higher-brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (SigmaPBDE(183-209)), a class of industrial flame retardants, in comparison to published data for other wildlife. Sources of these high PBDE levels and unusual PBDE profiles are unknown. Here we analyzed the stable carbon (delta(13)C), hydrogen (deltaD), and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotope composition of peregrine eggs collected from urban and nonurban habitats. We found that delta(13)C values were significantly higher in urban versus nonurban eggs, suggesting that urban peregrines indirectly receive anthropogenic subsidies via their consumption of prey reliant on corn-based anthropogenic foods. delta(15)N and deltaD values were significantly lower in urban versus nonurban eggs, reflecting differences in dietary diversity and food/water sources available to peregrines in each habitat. These patterns suggest a link between an anthropogenic diet and high levels of SigmaPBDE(183-209) in California peregrines, and identify anthropogenic food as a potentially important PBDE exposure pathway for urban wildlife. If diet is an important PBDE exposure pathway for peregrines, continued high body burdens of SigmaPBDE(183-209) may be a potential risk to ongoing peregrine conservation efforts in California.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Newsome\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Seth\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"June-Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bill\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arthur\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fogel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marilyn\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linthicum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janet\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20540532\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: chemistry, Deuterium, Deuterium: chemistry, Diet, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: chemistry, Population Density, california\",\"pages\":\"5248–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{newsome_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) levels in peregrine falcon ({Falco} peregrinus) eggs from {California} correlate with diet and human population density.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es100658e},\\n\\tabstract = {Peregrine falcons are now considered a conservation success story due in part to the phasing out of harmful contaminants that adversely affected reproduction. Recent studies have shown that peregrine eggs collected from California cities, however, have high levels of the higher-brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (SigmaPBDE(183-209)), a class of industrial flame retardants, in comparison to published data for other wildlife. Sources of these high PBDE levels and unusual PBDE profiles are unknown. Here we analyzed the stable carbon (delta(13)C), hydrogen (deltaD), and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotope composition of peregrine eggs collected from urban and nonurban habitats. We found that delta(13)C values were significantly higher in urban versus nonurban eggs, suggesting that urban peregrines indirectly receive anthropogenic subsidies via their consumption of prey reliant on corn-based anthropogenic foods. delta(15)N and deltaD values were significantly lower in urban versus nonurban eggs, reflecting differences in dietary diversity and food/water sources available to peregrines in each habitat. These patterns suggest a link between an anthropogenic diet and high levels of SigmaPBDE(183-209) in California peregrines, and identify anthropogenic food as a potentially important PBDE exposure pathway for urban wildlife. If diet is an important PBDE exposure pathway for peregrines, continued high body burdens of SigmaPBDE(183-209) may be a potential risk to ongoing peregrine conservation efforts in California.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Newsome, Seth D and Park, June-Soo and Henry, Bill W and Holden, Arthur and Fogel, Marilyn L and Linthicum, Janet and Chu, Vivian and Hooper, Kim},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20540532},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: chemistry, Deuterium, Deuterium: chemistry, Diet, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: chemistry, Population Density, california},\\n\\tpages = {5248--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Newsome, S. D\",\"Park, J.\",\"Henry, B. W\",\"Holden, A.\",\"Fogel, M. L\",\"Linthicum, J.\",\"Chu, V.\",\"Hooper, K.\"],\"key\":\"newsome_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"newsome_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"newsome-park-henry-holden-fogel-linthicum-chu-hooper-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcaliforniacorrelatewithdietandhumanpopulationdensity-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Carbon Isotopes\",\"Carbon Isotopes: chemistry\",\"Deuterium\",\"Deuterium: chemistry\",\"Diet\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes: chemistry\",\"Population Density\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Substance Profiles: Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate CAS No . 126-72-7. Report on Carcinogens 11th Edition.\",\"number\":\"126\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"National Toxicology Program (NTP)\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, tox, unsure\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{national_toxicology_program_ntp_substance_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Substance {Profiles}: {Tris}(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate {CAS} {No} . 126-72-7. {Report} on {Carcinogens} 11th {Edition}.},\\n\\tnumber = {126},\\n\\tauthor = {{National Toxicology Program (NTP)}},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox, unsure},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"National Toxicology Program (NTP)\"],\"key\":\"national_toxicology_program_ntp_substance_2005\",\"id\":\"national_toxicology_program_ntp_substance_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nationaltoxicologyprogramntp-substanceprofilestris23dibromopropylphosphatecasno126727reportoncarcinogens11thedition-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme kinetics in male Wistar rats: implications for lipid and glucose metabolism.\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"1528-7394\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15287394.2012.738457\",\"abstract\":\"Xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and Aroclor 1254 significantly suppress the activity of a key gluconeogenic and glyceroneogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), suggesting that xenobiotics disrupt hepatic glucose and fat metabolism. The effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), a family of synthetic flame-retardant chemicals, on PEPCK activity is unknown. This study investigated the effect of DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture, on PEPCK enzyme kinetics. Forty-eight 1-mo-old male Wistar rats were gavaged daily with either corn oil or corn oil containing 14 mg/kg DE-71 for 3, 14, or 28 d (n = 8/group). At each time point, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured and hepatic PEPCK activity, lipid content, and three cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP1A, -2B, and -3A) were assayed. PBDE treatment for 28 d significantly decreased PEPCK Vmax ( μ mol/min/g liver weight) by 43% and increased liver lipid by 20%, compared to control. CYP1A, -2B, and -3A Vmax values were enhanced by 5-, 6-, and 39-fold, respectively, at both 14 and 28 d in treated rats compared to control. There was a significant inverse and temporal correlation between CYP3A and PEPCK Vmax for the treatment group. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were not markedly affected by treatment, but the glucose:insulin ratio was significantly higher in treated compared to control rats. Data suggest that in vivo PBDE treatment compromises liver glucose and lipid metabolism, and may influence whole-body insulin sensitivity.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nash\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gale\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23294302\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gluconeogenesis, Gluconeogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Insulin Resistance, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP): metabolis, Random Allocation, Rats, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"142–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nash_polybrominated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme kinetics in male {Wistar} rats: implications for lipid and glucose metabolism.},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {1528-7394},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15287394.2012.738457},\\n\\tabstract = {Xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and Aroclor 1254 significantly suppress the activity of a key gluconeogenic and glyceroneogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), suggesting that xenobiotics disrupt hepatic glucose and fat metabolism. The effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), a family of synthetic flame-retardant chemicals, on PEPCK activity is unknown. This study investigated the effect of DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture, on PEPCK enzyme kinetics. Forty-eight 1-mo-old male Wistar rats were gavaged daily with either corn oil or corn oil containing 14 mg/kg DE-71 for 3, 14, or 28 d (n = 8/group). At each time point, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured and hepatic PEPCK activity, lipid content, and three cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP1A, -2B, and -3A) were assayed. PBDE treatment for 28 d significantly decreased PEPCK Vmax ( μ mol/min/g liver weight) by 43\\\\% and increased liver lipid by 20\\\\%, compared to control. CYP1A, -2B, and -3A Vmax values were enhanced by 5-, 6-, and 39-fold, respectively, at both 14 and 28 d in treated rats compared to control. There was a significant inverse and temporal correlation between CYP3A and PEPCK Vmax for the treatment group. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were not markedly affected by treatment, but the glucose:insulin ratio was significantly higher in treated compared to control rats. Data suggest that in vivo PBDE treatment compromises liver glucose and lipid metabolism, and may influence whole-body insulin sensitivity.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},\\n\\tauthor = {Nash, Jessica T and Szabo, David T and Carey, Gale B},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23294302},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gluconeogenesis, Gluconeogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Insulin Resistance, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP): metabolis, Random Allocation, Rats, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {142--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nash, J. T\",\"Szabo, D. T\",\"Carey, G. B\"],\"key\":\"nash_polybrominated_2013\",\"id\":\"nash_polybrominated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nash-szabo-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersalterhepaticphosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseenzymekineticsinmalewistarratsimplicationsforlipidandglucosemetabolism-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Biological Markers: metabolism\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gluconeogenesis\",\"Gluconeogenesis: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Insulin Resistance\",\"Lipid Metabolism\",\"Lipid Metabolism: drug effects\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Male\",\"Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)\",\"Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP): metabolis\",\"Random Allocation\",\"Rats\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1522-7278\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/tox.20499\",\"abstract\":\"Toxicity of a relative new flame retardant, namely decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), marketed as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was assessed both in vivo and in vitro using the freshly separated fish hepatocyte assay and standardized water flea and zebrafish egg-larvae tests. The fish hepatocyte assay, based on the synthesis and secretion of vitellogenin from isolated male liver cells produced a clear dose-response curve in the presence of DBDPE. DBDPE induced the induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity at low test concentrations, but started to inhibit the activity at higher concentrations. Also, the induction of the hepatocyte conjugation activity, uridinediphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), was induced with no signs of inhibition even at the highest test concentration. The reduced EROD activity resulted in a drop in the production of vitellogenin by the cells. In vivo tests showed that DBDPE was acutely toxic to water fleas, the 48 h EC-50 value being 19 microg/L. Moreover, DBDPE reduced the hatching rates of exposed zebra-fish eggs and raised significantly the mortality of hatched larvae. Because there is hardly any information available on the effects of DBDPE on the aquatic environments, it is crucial to obtain more data on the effects and effective concentrations of DBDPE along with its occurrence in the environment. Such data would enable reliable assessments of the risks posed by this flame retardant.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tarja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huhtala\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sami\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19449387\",\"keywords\":\"Acute, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cladocera, Cladocera: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: physiology, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Male, Toxicity Tests, Vitellogenins, Vitellogenins: metabolism, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"333–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nakari_vivo_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1522-7278},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20499},\\n\\tabstract = {Toxicity of a relative new flame retardant, namely decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), marketed as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was assessed both in vivo and in vitro using the freshly separated fish hepatocyte assay and standardized water flea and zebrafish egg-larvae tests. The fish hepatocyte assay, based on the synthesis and secretion of vitellogenin from isolated male liver cells produced a clear dose-response curve in the presence of DBDPE. DBDPE induced the induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity at low test concentrations, but started to inhibit the activity at higher concentrations. Also, the induction of the hepatocyte conjugation activity, uridinediphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), was induced with no signs of inhibition even at the highest test concentration. The reduced EROD activity resulted in a drop in the production of vitellogenin by the cells. In vivo tests showed that DBDPE was acutely toxic to water fleas, the 48 h EC-50 value being 19 microg/L. Moreover, DBDPE reduced the hatching rates of exposed zebra-fish eggs and raised significantly the mortality of hatched larvae. Because there is hardly any information available on the effects of DBDPE on the aquatic environments, it is crucial to obtain more data on the effects and effective concentrations of DBDPE along with its occurrence in the environment. Such data would enable reliable assessments of the risks posed by this flame retardant.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Nakari, Tarja and Huhtala, Sami},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19449387},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cladocera, Cladocera: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: physiology, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Male, Toxicity Tests, Vitellogenins, Vitellogenins: metabolism, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {333--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nakari, T.\",\"Huhtala, S.\"],\"key\":\"nakari_vivo_2010\",\"id\":\"nakari_vivo_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nakari-huhtala-invivoandinvitrotoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneaflameretardant-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute\",\"Animals\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: toxicity\",\"Cladocera\",\"Cladocera: drug effects\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hepatocytes\",\"Hepatocytes: drug effects\",\"Hepatocytes: physiology\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Vitellogenins\",\"Vitellogenins: metabolism\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sydney, Australia\",\"title\":\"Priority existing chemical report No. 34: Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-74241-715-8\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf\",\"number\":\"34\",\"publisher\":\"National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"NICNAS\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{nicnas_priority_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Sydney, Australia},\\n\\ttitle = {Priority existing chemical report {No}. 34: {Hexabromocyclododecane}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-74241-715-8},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {34},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme},\\n\\tauthor = {{NICNAS}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"NICNAS\"],\"key\":\"nicnas_priority_2012\",\"id\":\"nicnas_priority_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nicnas-priorityexistingchemicalreportno34hexabromocyclododecane-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"Standard method of fire tests for the evaluation of thermal barriers (NFPA 275)\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"NFPA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{nfpa_standard_2009,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Standard method of fire tests for the evaluation of thermal barriers ({NFPA} 275)},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {{NFPA}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"NFPA\"],\"key\":\"nfpa_standard_2009\",\"id\":\"nfpa_standard_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nfpa-standardmethodoffiretestsfortheevaluationofthermalbarriersnfpa275-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicity of the flame-retardant BDE-49 on brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells enhanced by a PTEN-deficient background.\",\"volume\":\"132\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfs339\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) represent an important group of flame retardants extensively used, tonnage of which in the environment has been steadily increasing over the past 25 years. PBDEs or metabolites can induce neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, PBDEs with \\\\textless 5 Br substitutions (i.e., 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-47] and 2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-49]) have gained interest because of their high bioaccumulation. In particular, congeners such as BDE-49 arise as one of the most biologically active, with concentrations typically lower than those observed for BDE-47 in biological tissues; however, its potential to cause MD at biologically relevant concentrations is unknown. To this end, the effect of BDE-49 was studied in brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells (NPC). BDE-49 uncoupled mitochondria at concentrations \\\\textless 0.1 nM, whereas at \\\\textgreater 1 nM, it inhibited the electron transport at Complex V (mixed type inhibition; IC(50) = 6 nM) and Complex IV (noncompetitive inhibition; IC(50) = 40 nM). These concentrations are easily achieved in plasma concentrations considering that BDE-49 (this study, 400-fold) and other PBDEs accumulate 1-3 orders of magnitude in the cells, particularly in mitochondria and microsomes. Similar effects were observed in NPC and exacerbated with PTEN (negative modulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway) deficiency, background associated with autism-like behavior, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. PBDE-mediated MD per se or enhanced by a background that confers susceptibility to this exposure may have profound implications in the energy balance of brain.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Napoli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eleonora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Connie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giulivi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cecilia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23288049\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"196–210\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{napoli_toxicity_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicity of the flame-retardant {BDE}-49 on brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells enhanced by a {PTEN}-deficient background.},\\n\\tvolume = {132},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs339},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) represent an important group of flame retardants extensively used, tonnage of which in the environment has been steadily increasing over the past 25 years. PBDEs or metabolites can induce neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, PBDEs with {\\\\textbackslash}textless 5 Br substitutions (i.e., 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-47] and 2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-49]) have gained interest because of their high bioaccumulation. In particular, congeners such as BDE-49 arise as one of the most biologically active, with concentrations typically lower than those observed for BDE-47 in biological tissues; however, its potential to cause MD at biologically relevant concentrations is unknown. To this end, the effect of BDE-49 was studied in brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells (NPC). BDE-49 uncoupled mitochondria at concentrations {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.1 nM, whereas at {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 1 nM, it inhibited the electron transport at Complex V (mixed type inhibition; IC(50) = 6 nM) and Complex IV (noncompetitive inhibition; IC(50) = 40 nM). These concentrations are easily achieved in plasma concentrations considering that BDE-49 (this study, 400-fold) and other PBDEs accumulate 1-3 orders of magnitude in the cells, particularly in mitochondria and microsomes. Similar effects were observed in NPC and exacerbated with PTEN (negative modulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway) deficiency, background associated with autism-like behavior, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. PBDE-mediated MD per se or enhanced by a background that confers susceptibility to this exposure may have profound implications in the energy balance of brain.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Napoli, Eleonora and Hung, Connie and Wong, Sarah and Giulivi, Cecilia},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23288049},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {196--210},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Napoli, E.\",\"Hung, C.\",\"Wong, S.\",\"Giulivi, C.\"],\"key\":\"napoli_toxicity_2013\",\"id\":\"napoli_toxicity_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"napoli-hung-wong-giulivi-toxicityoftheflameretardantbde49onbrainmitochondriaandneuronalprogenitorstriatalcellsenhancedbyaptendeficientbackground-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A, a brominated flame retardant, in mice.\",\"volume\":\"189\",\"issn\":\"1879-3169\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.003\",\"abstract\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral effects of TBBPA and measured the levels of TBBPA in the brain after oral administration in mice. Acute treatment with TBBPA (5mg/kg body weight) 3h before the open-field test induced an increase in the horizontal movement activities. In contextual fear conditioning paradigm, mice treated with TBBPA (0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight) showed more freezing behavior than vehicle-treated mice. In addition, TBBPA (0.1mg/kg body weight) significantly increased the spontaneous alternation behavior in the Y-maze test. The levels of TBBPA in the brain following TBBPA treatment were determined by using LC/ESI-MS/MS system. In the brain regions examined, high amounts of TBBPA were detected in the striatum after treatment with 0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight TBBPA, whereas non-specific accumulation of TBBPA in the brain was found after treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight TBBPA. These results suggest that TBBPA accumulates in brain regions including the striatum and induces the behavioral alterations. Together, the possibility of widespread human exposure to TBBPA warrants further studies to characterize its neurotoxicity.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakajima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akira\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saigusa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daisuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tetsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naomi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamakuni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tohru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomioka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshihisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hishinuma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takanori\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19463927\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Chromatography, Conditioning (Psychology), Conditioning (Psychology): drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Inbred Strains, Liquid, Male, Mass, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrometry, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"78–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nakajima_neurobehavioral_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, a brominated flame retardant, in mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {189},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3169},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral effects of TBBPA and measured the levels of TBBPA in the brain after oral administration in mice. Acute treatment with TBBPA (5mg/kg body weight) 3h before the open-field test induced an increase in the horizontal movement activities. In contextual fear conditioning paradigm, mice treated with TBBPA (0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight) showed more freezing behavior than vehicle-treated mice. In addition, TBBPA (0.1mg/kg body weight) significantly increased the spontaneous alternation behavior in the Y-maze test. The levels of TBBPA in the brain following TBBPA treatment were determined by using LC/ESI-MS/MS system. In the brain regions examined, high amounts of TBBPA were detected in the striatum after treatment with 0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight TBBPA, whereas non-specific accumulation of TBBPA in the brain was found after treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight TBBPA. These results suggest that TBBPA accumulates in brain regions including the striatum and induces the behavioral alterations. Together, the possibility of widespread human exposure to TBBPA warrants further studies to characterize its neurotoxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Nakajima, Akira and Saigusa, Daisuke and Tetsu, Naomi and Yamakuni, Tohru and Tomioka, Yoshihisa and Hishinuma, Takanori},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19463927},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Chromatography, Conditioning (Psychology), Conditioning (Psychology): drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Inbred Strains, Liquid, Male, Mass, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrometry, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {78--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nakajima, A.\",\"Saigusa, D.\",\"Tetsu, N.\",\"Yamakuni, T.\",\"Tomioka, Y.\",\"Hishinuma, T.\"],\"key\":\"nakajima_neurobehavioral_2009\",\"id\":\"nakajima_neurobehavioral_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nakajima-saigusa-tetsu-yamakuni-tomioka-hishinuma-neurobehavioraleffectsoftetrabromobisphenolaabrominatedflameretardantinmice-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Chromatography\",\"Conditioning (Psychology)\",\"Conditioning (Psychology): drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Inbred Strains\",\"Liquid\",\"Male\",\"Mass\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Oral\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Spectrometry\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predominance of BDE-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) colonies from Spain.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants for which there is still a lack of knowledge about the environmental behavior and fate of the higher brominated congeners (octa- to deca-BDEs). In this study, the PBDE content and congener profiles in failed eggs from two colonies of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain were studied. The average total PBDE concentration was 1.64ng/g (wet weight, w.w.) for the rural colony and 9.08ng/g (w.w.) for the urban colony. Higher brominated BDEs dominated the congener profiles of both colonies. Of particular interest was the determination of BDE-209 as the dominant congener accounting for 44.1% and 38.6% of the total PBDE content in the rural and urban colonies, respectively. BDE-202, considered an indicator of BDE 209 debromination, was detected in 83% and all of the samples from rural and urban colonies, respectively. The observed congener profile in which BDE-207\\\\textgreaterBDE-208\\\\textgreaterBDE-206 does not correspond to any known technical PBDE mixture and is evidence for possible BDE-209 degradation.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muñoz-Arnanz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sáez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mónica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aguirre\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hiraldo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fernando\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raquel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pacepavicius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grazina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiménez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Begoña\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21193230\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Spain\",\"pages\":\"572–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{munoz-arnanz_predominance_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Predominance of {BDE}-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork ({Ciconia} ciconia) colonies from {Spain}.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants for which there is still a lack of knowledge about the environmental behavior and fate of the higher brominated congeners (octa- to deca-BDEs). In this study, the PBDE content and congener profiles in failed eggs from two colonies of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain were studied. The average total PBDE concentration was 1.64ng/g (wet weight, w.w.) for the rural colony and 9.08ng/g (w.w.) for the urban colony. Higher brominated BDEs dominated the congener profiles of both colonies. Of particular interest was the determination of BDE-209 as the dominant congener accounting for 44.1\\\\% and 38.6\\\\% of the total PBDE content in the rural and urban colonies, respectively. BDE-202, considered an indicator of BDE 209 debromination, was detected in 83\\\\% and all of the samples from rural and urban colonies, respectively. The observed congener profile in which BDE-207{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-208{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-206 does not correspond to any known technical PBDE mixture and is evidence for possible BDE-209 degradation.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Muñoz-Arnanz, Juan and Sáez, Mónica and Aguirre, José I and Hiraldo, Fernando and Baos, Raquel and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Alaee, Mehran and Jiménez, Begoña},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21193230},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Spain},\\n\\tpages = {572--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Muñoz-Arnanz, J.\",\"Sáez, M.\",\"Aguirre, J. I\",\"Hiraldo, F.\",\"Baos, R.\",\"Pacepavicius, G.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Jiménez, B.\"],\"key\":\"munoz-arnanz_predominance_2011\",\"id\":\"munoz-arnanz_predominance_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"muozarnanz-sez-aguirre-hiraldo-baos-pacepavicius-alaee-jimnez-predominanceofbde209andotherhigherbrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitestorkciconiaciconiacoloniesfromspain-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Spain\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Classic and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in common sole (Solea solea L.) from main nursery zones along the French coasts.\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.021\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in juvenile common sole from nursery zones situated along the French coast in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Extensive identification was performed with regard to PBDEs, novel BFRs 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and other non-PBDE BFRs, namely, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (Σ 14 congeners) ranged from 0.01 ng/g to 0.16 ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle, and 0.07 ng/g to 2.8 ng/g ww in liver. Concentrations were in the lower range of those reported in the literature in other European locations. Lower PBDE concentrations, condition indices and lipid contents were observed in the Seine estuary in 2009, possibly in relation to a lower water flow. The PBDE patterns and ratios we observed suggested that juvenile sole have a relative high metabolic degradation capacity. Non-PBDE BFRs were detected at lower levels than PBDEs, i.e., within the \\\\textless method detection limit - 0.005 ng/g ww range in muscle, and \\\\textless method detection limit - 0.2 ng/g ww range in liver. The data obtained is of particular interest for the future monitoring of these compounds in the environment.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Munschy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Héas-Moisan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tixier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boulesteix\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21855959\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Benzene Derivatives, Benzene Derivatives: analysis, Benzene Derivatives: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: metabolism, France, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Seasons, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"4618–27\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{munschy_classic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Classic and novel brominated flame retardants ({BFRs}) in common sole ({Solea} solea {L}.) from main nursery zones along the {French} coasts.},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.021},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in juvenile common sole from nursery zones situated along the French coast in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Extensive identification was performed with regard to PBDEs, novel BFRs 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and other non-PBDE BFRs, namely, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (Σ 14 congeners) ranged from 0.01 ng/g to 0.16 ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle, and 0.07 ng/g to 2.8 ng/g ww in liver. Concentrations were in the lower range of those reported in the literature in other European locations. Lower PBDE concentrations, condition indices and lipid contents were observed in the Seine estuary in 2009, possibly in relation to a lower water flow. The PBDE patterns and ratios we observed suggested that juvenile sole have a relative high metabolic degradation capacity. Non-PBDE BFRs were detected at lower levels than PBDEs, i.e., within the {\\\\textbackslash}textless method detection limit - 0.005 ng/g ww range in muscle, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless method detection limit - 0.2 ng/g ww range in liver. The data obtained is of particular interest for the future monitoring of these compounds in the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Munschy, C and Héas-Moisan, K and Tixier, C and Boulesteix, L and Morin, J},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21855959},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzene Derivatives, Benzene Derivatives: analysis, Benzene Derivatives: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: metabolism, France, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Seasons, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {4618--27},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Munschy, C\",\"Héas-Moisan, K\",\"Tixier, C\",\"Boulesteix, L\",\"Morin, J\"],\"key\":\"munschy_classic_2011\",\"id\":\"munschy_classic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"munschy-hasmoisan-tixier-boulesteix-morin-classicandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsbfrsincommonsolesoleasolealfrommainnurseryzonesalongthefrenchcoasts-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Benzene Derivatives\",\"Benzene Derivatives: analysis\",\"Benzene Derivatives: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Flatfishes\",\"Flatfishes: metabolism\",\"France\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: chemistry\",\"Muscles\",\"Muscles: chemistry\",\"Seasons\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not affect metamorphosis but alter the proteome of the invasive slipper limpet Crepidula onyx.\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.009\",\"abstract\":\"Man-made polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used as flame retardants in various consumer products may be harmful to marine organisms. Larvae of some marine invertebrates, especially invasive species, can develop resistance to PBDEs through altered protein expression patterns or proteome plasticity. This is the first report of a proteomics approach to study BDE-47 induced molecular changes in the invasive limpet Crepidula onyx. Larvae of C. onyx were cultured for 5days (hatching to metamorphosis) in the presence of BDE-47 (1μgL(-1)). Using a 2-DE proteomics approach with triple quadrupole and high-resolution TOF-MS, we showed that BDE-47 altered the proteome structure but not the growth or metamorphosis of C. onyx larvae. We found eight significant differentially expressed proteins in response to BDE-47, deemed the protein expression signature, consisting of cytoskeletal, stress tolerance, metabolism and energy production related proteins. Our data suggest C. onyx larvae have adequate proteome plasticity to tolerate BDE-47 toxicity.\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mukherjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Po\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Beverly\",\"H\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jill\",\"M\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudolf\",\"S\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pei-Yuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thiyagarajan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vengatesen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23743271\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mukherjee_polybrominated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not affect metamorphosis but alter the proteome of the invasive slipper limpet {Crepidula} onyx.},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Man-made polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used as flame retardants in various consumer products may be harmful to marine organisms. Larvae of some marine invertebrates, especially invasive species, can develop resistance to PBDEs through altered protein expression patterns or proteome plasticity. This is the first report of a proteomics approach to study BDE-47 induced molecular changes in the invasive limpet Crepidula onyx. Larvae of C. onyx were cultured for 5days (hatching to metamorphosis) in the presence of BDE-47 (1μgL(-1)). Using a 2-DE proteomics approach with triple quadrupole and high-resolution TOF-MS, we showed that BDE-47 altered the proteome structure but not the growth or metamorphosis of C. onyx larvae. We found eight significant differentially expressed proteins in response to BDE-47, deemed the protein expression signature, consisting of cytoskeletal, stress tolerance, metabolism and energy production related proteins. Our data suggest C. onyx larvae have adequate proteome plasticity to tolerate BDE-47 toxicity.},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Mukherjee, Joy and Po, Beverly H K and Chiu, Jill M Y and Wu, Rudolf S S and Qian, Pei-Yuan and Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23743271},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mukherjee, J.\",\"Po, B. H K\",\"Chiu, J. M Y\",\"Wu, R. S S\",\"Qian, P.\",\"Thiyagarajan, V.\"],\"key\":\"mukherjee_polybrominated_2013\",\"id\":\"mukherjee_polybrominated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mukherjee-po-chiu-wu-qian-thiyagarajan-polybrominateddiphenylethersdonotaffectmetamorphosisbutaltertheproteomeoftheinvasiveslipperlimpetcrepidulaonyx-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Oral exposure of PBDE-47 in fish: toxicokinetics and reproductive effects in Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398\",\"abstract\":\"The toxicokinetics of 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) was studied in the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) after a single oral exposure followed by termination at specific time points. The effects of repeated oral exposure to PBDE-47 on reproductive performance was assessed using a pair breeding experimental design with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) given daily PBDE-47 exposures for 25 days, during which fecundity was measured as an indicator of reproductive performance. Medaka and fathead minnows were orally exposed to PBDE-47 by bioencapsulation in brine shrimp, Artemia sp. In the medaka studies, measurable levels of PBDE-47 were detected in the carcass within 0.25 h with peak levels occurring at 8 h. The body levels of PBDE-47 slowly declined and were still 25% of peak levels at 624 h after dosing. Assimilation of the bioencapsulated dose was at least 80% and may well approach 100%. The PBDE-47 concentration-time profile was fitted to a one-compartment clearance-volume toxicokinetic model and the model-predicted value for elimination half-life was determined to be 281 h and the first-order absorption rate constant was Ka = 0.26 hr(-1). In the fathead minnow study, egg laying in the PBDE-treated breeding pairs stopped after 10 days. The condition factor of PBDE-treated males was significantly reduced (P \\\\textless0.011) compared with control males, whereas no significant difference was observed in females. Histological examination revealed a greater than 50% reduction in mature sperm in PBDE-47 exposed minnows compared to controls. Collectively, these results suggest PBDE-47 is selectively toxic to sexually mature male fathead minnows.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muirhead\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elisabeth\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skillman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ann\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sharon\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schultz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Irvin\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16468398\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oral, Oryzias, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"523–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{muirhead_oral_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Oral exposure of {PBDE}-47 in fish: toxicokinetics and reproductive effects in {Japanese} {Medaka} ({Oryzias} latipes) and fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas).},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398},\\n\\tabstract = {The toxicokinetics of 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) was studied in the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) after a single oral exposure followed by termination at specific time points. The effects of repeated oral exposure to PBDE-47 on reproductive performance was assessed using a pair breeding experimental design with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) given daily PBDE-47 exposures for 25 days, during which fecundity was measured as an indicator of reproductive performance. Medaka and fathead minnows were orally exposed to PBDE-47 by bioencapsulation in brine shrimp, Artemia sp. In the medaka studies, measurable levels of PBDE-47 were detected in the carcass within 0.25 h with peak levels occurring at 8 h. The body levels of PBDE-47 slowly declined and were still 25\\\\% of peak levels at 624 h after dosing. Assimilation of the bioencapsulated dose was at least 80\\\\% and may well approach 100\\\\%. The PBDE-47 concentration-time profile was fitted to a one-compartment clearance-volume toxicokinetic model and the model-predicted value for elimination half-life was determined to be 281 h and the first-order absorption rate constant was Ka = 0.26 hr(-1). In the fathead minnow study, egg laying in the PBDE-treated breeding pairs stopped after 10 days. The condition factor of PBDE-treated males was significantly reduced (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.011) compared with control males, whereas no significant difference was observed in females. Histological examination revealed a greater than 50\\\\% reduction in mature sperm in PBDE-47 exposed minnows compared to controls. Collectively, these results suggest PBDE-47 is selectively toxic to sexually mature male fathead minnows.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Muirhead, Elisabeth K and Skillman, Ann D and Hook, Sharon E and Schultz, Irvin R},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16468398},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oral, Oryzias, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {523--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Muirhead, E. K\",\"Skillman, A. D\",\"Hook, S. E\",\"Schultz, I. R\"],\"key\":\"muirhead_oral_2006\",\"id\":\"muirhead_oral_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"muirhead-skillman-hook-schultz-oralexposureofpbde47infishtoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffectsinjapanesemedakaoryziaslatipesandfatheadminnowspimephalespromelas-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cyprinidae\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Oral\",\"Oryzias\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application, technology, and future directions\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/fam\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. This paper is a general overview of commercial flame retardant technology. It covers the drivers behind why flame retardants are used today, the current technologies in use, how they are applied, and where the field of flame retardant research is headed. The paper is not a full review of the technology, but rather a general overview of this entire field of applied science and is designed to get the reader started on the fundamentals behind this technology. This paper is based upon presentations given by the authors in late 2009 at the Flame Retardants and Fire Fighters meeting held at NIST.\",\"journal\":\"Fire and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morgan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gilman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"1, Flame retardants, History, and flame retardancy, fire as a hazard, fire hazard, fire risk, fire safety, for all of recorded, in the modern, sustainability, that has been around, to society is something\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{morgan_overview_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application, technology, and future directions},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/fam},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. This paper is a general overview of commercial flame retardant technology. It covers the drivers behind why flame retardants are used today, the current technologies in use, how they are applied, and where the field of flame retardant research is headed. The paper is not a full review of the technology, but rather a general overview of this entire field of applied science and is designed to get the reader started on the fundamentals behind this technology. This paper is based upon presentations given by the authors in late 2009 at the Flame Retardants and Fire Fighters meeting held at NIST.},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Morgan, A B and Gilman, J W},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {1, Flame retardants, History, and flame retardancy, fire as a hazard, fire hazard, fire risk, fire safety, for all of recorded, in the modern, sustainability, that has been around, to society is something},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Morgan, A B\",\"Gilman, J W\"],\"key\":\"morgan_overview_2012\",\"id\":\"morgan_overview_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"morgan-gilman-anoverviewofflameretardancyofpolymericmaterialsapplicationtechnologyandfuturedirections-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"1\",\"Flame retardants\",\"History\",\"and flame retardancy\",\"fire as a hazard\",\"fire hazard\",\"fire risk\",\"fire safety\",\"for all of recorded\",\"in the modern\",\"sustainability\",\"that has been around\",\"to society is something\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.054\",\"abstract\":\"The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to -492 and -1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21421283\",\"keywords\":\"Air Movements, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Toluene, Toluene: analogs & derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1577–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{moller_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the {European} {Arctic}.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.054},\\n\\tabstract = {The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to -492 and -1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21421283},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Movements, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Toluene, Toluene: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1577--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Möller, A.\",\"Xie, Z.\",\"Sturm, R.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\"],\"key\":\"moller_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"moller_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mller-xie-sturm-ebinghaus-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinairandseawateroftheeuropeanarctic-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Movements\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Europe\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Particulate Matter\",\"Particulate Matter: analysis\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Toluene\",\"Toluene: analogs & derivatives\",\"Toluene: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers vs alternate brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes from East Asia to the Arctic.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es201850n\",\"abstract\":\"Marine boundary layer air and seawater samples taken during a polar expedition cruise from East China Sea to the Arctic were analyzed in order to compare the occurrence, distribution, and fate of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with their brominated alternatives as well as the chlorinated Dechloranes. The sum of PBDEs (∑(10)PBDEs) in the atmosphere ranged from 0.07 to 8.1 pg m(-3) with BDE-209 being the dominating congener and from not detected (n.d.) to 0.6 pg L(-1) in seawater. Alternate brominated flame retardants (BFRs), especially hexabromobenzene (HBB), (2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in higher concentrations than PBDEs, even in the high Arctic (0.6 to 15.4 pg m(-3) for sum of alternate BFRs), indicating the change of PBDEs toward alternate BFRs in the environmental predominance. In addition, Dechlorane Plus (DP) as well as Dechlorane 602, 603, and 604 were detected both in the atmosphere and in seawater. The highest concentrations as well as the highest compound variability were observed in East Asian samples suggesting the Asian continent as source of these compounds in the marine environment. The air-seawater exchange indicates strong deposition, especially of alternate BFRs, as well as dry particle-bound deposition of BDE-209 into the ocean.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minghong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guangcai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minggang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21751774\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Air: analysis, Arctic Regions, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Gases: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Ships\",\"pages\":\"6793–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{moller_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers vs alternate brominated flame retardants and {Dechloranes} from {East} {Asia} to the {Arctic}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es201850n},\\n\\tabstract = {Marine boundary layer air and seawater samples taken during a polar expedition cruise from East China Sea to the Arctic were analyzed in order to compare the occurrence, distribution, and fate of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with their brominated alternatives as well as the chlorinated Dechloranes. The sum of PBDEs (∑(10)PBDEs) in the atmosphere ranged from 0.07 to 8.1 pg m(-3) with BDE-209 being the dominating congener and from not detected (n.d.) to 0.6 pg L(-1) in seawater. Alternate brominated flame retardants (BFRs), especially hexabromobenzene (HBB), (2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in higher concentrations than PBDEs, even in the high Arctic (0.6 to 15.4 pg m(-3) for sum of alternate BFRs), indicating the change of PBDEs toward alternate BFRs in the environmental predominance. In addition, Dechlorane Plus (DP) as well as Dechlorane 602, 603, and 604 were detected both in the atmosphere and in seawater. The highest concentrations as well as the highest compound variability were observed in East Asian samples suggesting the Asian continent as source of these compounds in the marine environment. The air-seawater exchange indicates strong deposition, especially of alternate BFRs, as well as dry particle-bound deposition of BDE-209 into the ocean.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and Zhong, Guangcai and Huang, Peng and Cai, Minggang and Sturm, Renate and He, Jianfeng and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21751774},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Arctic Regions, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Gases: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Ships},\\n\\tpages = {6793--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Möller, A.\",\"Xie, Z.\",\"Cai, M.\",\"Zhong, G.\",\"Huang, P.\",\"Cai, M.\",\"Sturm, R.\",\"He, J.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\"],\"key\":\"moller_polybrominated_2011-1\",\"id\":\"moller_polybrominated_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mller-xie-cai-zhong-huang-cai-sturm-he-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersvsalternatebrominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesfromeastasiatothearctic-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Air: analysis\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Far East\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gases\",\"Gases: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Ships\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the atmosphere of the North Sea.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.022\",\"abstract\":\"Air samples collected in the German part of the North Sea from March to July 2010 were investigated for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers. The ∑(8)OPs concentration ranged from 110 to 1400 pg m(-3) while tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated all samples with individual concentrations up to 1200 pg m(-3). The highest concentrations were observed in continental air masses showing the high influence of industrialized regions including production sites on atmospheric emissions and concentrations. The occurrence of OPs even in oceanic/Arctic air masses shows that OPs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. Dry particle-bound deposition fluxes from 9 to 240 ng m(-2) d(-1) for ∑(8)OPs were estimated leading to a minimum annual flux of 710 ± 580 kg y(-1) OPs into the German North Sea. This study presents the first occurrence of OPs in the marine atmosphere together with important information on their long-range transport potential.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Armando\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21840096\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis\",\"pages\":\"3660–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{moller_organophosphorus_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the atmosphere of the {North} {Sea}.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Air samples collected in the German part of the North Sea from March to July 2010 were investigated for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers. The ∑(8)OPs concentration ranged from 110 to 1400 pg m(-3) while tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated all samples with individual concentrations up to 1200 pg m(-3). The highest concentrations were observed in continental air masses showing the high influence of industrialized regions including production sites on atmospheric emissions and concentrations. The occurrence of OPs even in oceanic/Arctic air masses shows that OPs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. Dry particle-bound deposition fluxes from 9 to 240 ng m(-2) d(-1) for ∑(8)OPs were estimated leading to a minimum annual flux of 710 ± 580 kg y(-1) OPs into the German North Sea. This study presents the first occurrence of OPs in the marine atmosphere together with important information on their long-range transport potential.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Caba, Armando and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21840096},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {3660--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Möller, A.\",\"Xie, Z.\",\"Caba, A.\",\"Sturm, R.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\"],\"key\":\"moller_organophosphorus_2011\",\"id\":\"moller_organophosphorus_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mller-xie-caba-sturm-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersintheatmosphereofthenorthsea-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Europe\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"North Sea\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An attempt to replicate the risk management analysis of cost, benefits, and risks in the Deca-BDE and TV case study.\",\"volume\":\"69\",\"url\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"At the Dioxin 2006 meeting, an attempt to monetize the risks, costs and benefits of DecaBDE in TVs was made. No alternatives were examined, and it was asserted there are no environmental or health risk. An attempt to replicate found overstated benefits and understated costs. The case study used a small sample of TV fires, and other studies, to proportionally extrapolate fire, fatality and injury numbers to the EU. The Poisson 95% CI, for the 8 TV electrical fires observed, of 3.5 to 15.8, was used here. The benefits of reduced fatalities and injuries from TV fires, taking account evidence presented here, ranges from $321 million a year for the mean case study, to $96 million for the Poisson mean primary data. These benefits are mostly less than TV end of life costs ($110 to $393 million/yr). The evidence does not support the zero cost asserted for health effects of DecaBDE related exposures. In some jurisdictions, it appears there is no margin of safety remaining for further exposure to POPs, such as DecaBDE, for a significant population. In examples provided here, the possible adverse effects and monetary cost far outweigh the estimated benefits – billions compared to millions.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, frelec\",\"pages\":\"2611–2614\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{muir_attempt_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {An attempt to replicate the risk management analysis of cost, benefits, and risks in the {Deca}-{BDE} and {TV} case study.},\\n\\tvolume = {69},\\n\\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {At the Dioxin 2006 meeting, an attempt to monetize the risks, costs and benefits of DecaBDE in TVs was made. No alternatives were examined, and it was asserted there are no environmental or health risk. An attempt to replicate found overstated benefits and understated costs. The case study used a small sample of TV fires, and other studies, to proportionally extrapolate fire, fatality and injury numbers to the EU. The Poisson 95\\\\% CI, for the 8 TV electrical fires observed, of 3.5 to 15.8, was used here. The benefits of reduced fatalities and injuries from TV fires, taking account evidence presented here, ranges from \\\\$321 million a year for the mean case study, to \\\\$96 million for the Poisson mean primary data. These benefits are mostly less than TV end of life costs (\\\\$110 to \\\\$393 million/yr). The evidence does not support the zero cost asserted for health effects of DecaBDE related exposures. In some jurisdictions, it appears there is no margin of safety remaining for further exposure to POPs, such as DecaBDE, for a significant population. In examples provided here, the possible adverse effects and monetary cost far outweigh the estimated benefits – billions compared to millions.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Muir, T},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {2611--2614},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Muir, T\"],\"key\":\"muir_attempt_2007\",\"id\":\"muir_attempt_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"muir-anattempttoreplicatetheriskmanagementanalysisofcostbenefitsandrisksinthedecabdeandtvcasestudy-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in Thailand.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.002\",\"abstract\":\"This study reports concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust samples (n=25) and in indoor (n=5) and outdoor air (n=10) (using PUF disk passive air samplers) from 5 electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) storage facilities in Thailand. Concentrations of Sigma(10)PBDEs (BDEs 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153 and 154) in outdoor air in the vicinity of e-waste storage facilities ranged from 8 to 150 pg m(-3). Indoor air concentrations ranged from 46 to 350 pg m(-3), with highest concentrations found in a personal computer and printer waste storage room at an e-waste storage facility. These are lower than reported previously for electronic waste treatment facilities in China, Sweden, and the US. Concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs (Sigma(10)PBDEs+BDEs 181, 183, 184, 191, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) in dust were 320-290,000, 43-8700 and \\\\textless20-2300 ng g(-1) respectively, with the highest concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs, BDE-209 and DBDPE in a room used to house discarded TVs, stereos and radios. PBDE concentrations in dust were slightly higher but within the range of those detected in workshop floor dust from an e-waste recycling centre in China. The highest concentration of BB-209 was detected in a room storing discarded personal computers and printers. Consistent with recent reports of elevated ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 and BDE-183:BDE-209 in household electronics from South China, percentage ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 (0.64-2.9%) and of BDE-208:BDE-183 (2.8-933%) in dust samples exceeded substantially those present in commercial deca-BDE and octa-BDE formulations. This suggests direct migration of BDE-208 and other nonabrominated BDEs from e-waste to the environment. Under realistic high-end scenarios of occupational exposure to BDE-99, workers in the facilities were exposed above a recently-published Health Based Limit Value for this congener. Reassuringly, estimated exposures to BDE-209 were below the USEPA's reference dose for this congener.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muenhor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dudsadee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20605636\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Thailand\",\"pages\":\"690–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{muenhor_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants ({BFRs}) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in {Thailand}.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.002},\\n\\tabstract = {This study reports concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust samples (n=25) and in indoor (n=5) and outdoor air (n=10) (using PUF disk passive air samplers) from 5 electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) storage facilities in Thailand. Concentrations of Sigma(10)PBDEs (BDEs 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153 and 154) in outdoor air in the vicinity of e-waste storage facilities ranged from 8 to 150 pg m(-3). Indoor air concentrations ranged from 46 to 350 pg m(-3), with highest concentrations found in a personal computer and printer waste storage room at an e-waste storage facility. These are lower than reported previously for electronic waste treatment facilities in China, Sweden, and the US. Concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs (Sigma(10)PBDEs+BDEs 181, 183, 184, 191, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) in dust were 320-290,000, 43-8700 and {\\\\textbackslash}textless20-2300 ng g(-1) respectively, with the highest concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs, BDE-209 and DBDPE in a room used to house discarded TVs, stereos and radios. PBDE concentrations in dust were slightly higher but within the range of those detected in workshop floor dust from an e-waste recycling centre in China. The highest concentration of BB-209 was detected in a room storing discarded personal computers and printers. Consistent with recent reports of elevated ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 and BDE-183:BDE-209 in household electronics from South China, percentage ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 (0.64-2.9\\\\%) and of BDE-208:BDE-183 (2.8-933\\\\%) in dust samples exceeded substantially those present in commercial deca-BDE and octa-BDE formulations. This suggests direct migration of BDE-208 and other nonabrominated BDEs from e-waste to the environment. Under realistic high-end scenarios of occupational exposure to BDE-99, workers in the facilities were exposed above a recently-published Health Based Limit Value for this congener. Reassuringly, estimated exposures to BDE-209 were below the USEPA's reference dose for this congener.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Muenhor, Dudsadee and Harrad, Stuart and Ali, Nadeem and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20605636},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Thailand},\\n\\tpages = {690--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Muenhor, D.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Ali, N.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"muenhor_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"muenhor_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"muenhor-harrad-ali-covaci-brominatedflameretardantsbfrsinairanddustfromelectronicwastestoragefacilitiesinthailand-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Electrical Equipment and Supplies\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Thailand\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"American dippers indicate contaminant biotransport by Pacific salmon.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es2028058\",\"abstract\":\"Migrating salmon can increase productivity in Pacific Northwestern streams and lakes through the deposition of nutrients from their decomposing carcasses after spawning. Several studies also report simultaneous biotransport of persistent organic pollutants that have contaminated lake food webs, although no similar effect has been shown conclusively in rivers. We tested the prediction that salmon enhance contaminants in river food webs using the American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), an aquatic songbird and a recognized indicator of stream quality. Over 3 years, we analyzed 29 dipper eggs and aquatic invertebrate samples from 14 different rivers in 10 catchments in southern British Columbia, Canada to assess whether variations in autumn spawning density of Pacific salmon were reflected in dipper egg contamination or stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. δ(13)C isotope signatures, but not δ(15)N, in aquatic invertebrates and dipper eggs increased among catchments in proportion to the average density of spawning salmon. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDTs), and chlordane compounds were related in part to the δ(13)C measure of salmon density, but mercury, chlorobenzenes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were explained better by dipper trophic level. We conclude that spawning Pacific salmon result in the increased availability of salmon fry as dipper prey and salmon are a significant source of PBDEs, DDTs, and chlordanes to river ecosystems. However, contrary to lake studies, postspawn concentrations of legacy PCBs in river birds, even in salmon-rich rivers, were not significantly higher than would be expected from atmospheric deposition alone. We recommend using δ(13)C isotopes to trace salmon-derived lipids which may persist over winter particularly in rivers, and are potentially a better reflection of lipophilic contaminant transfer.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morrissey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christy\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pollet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingrid\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ormerod\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steve\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elliott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22145949\",\"keywords\":\"Animal Migration, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Ovum, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism, Population Density, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1153–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{morrissey_american_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {American dippers indicate contaminant biotransport by {Pacific} salmon.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es2028058},\\n\\tabstract = {Migrating salmon can increase productivity in Pacific Northwestern streams and lakes through the deposition of nutrients from their decomposing carcasses after spawning. Several studies also report simultaneous biotransport of persistent organic pollutants that have contaminated lake food webs, although no similar effect has been shown conclusively in rivers. We tested the prediction that salmon enhance contaminants in river food webs using the American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), an aquatic songbird and a recognized indicator of stream quality. Over 3 years, we analyzed 29 dipper eggs and aquatic invertebrate samples from 14 different rivers in 10 catchments in southern British Columbia, Canada to assess whether variations in autumn spawning density of Pacific salmon were reflected in dipper egg contamination or stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. δ(13)C isotope signatures, but not δ(15)N, in aquatic invertebrates and dipper eggs increased among catchments in proportion to the average density of spawning salmon. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDTs), and chlordane compounds were related in part to the δ(13)C measure of salmon density, but mercury, chlorobenzenes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were explained better by dipper trophic level. We conclude that spawning Pacific salmon result in the increased availability of salmon fry as dipper prey and salmon are a significant source of PBDEs, DDTs, and chlordanes to river ecosystems. However, contrary to lake studies, postspawn concentrations of legacy PCBs in river birds, even in salmon-rich rivers, were not significantly higher than would be expected from atmospheric deposition alone. We recommend using δ(13)C isotopes to trace salmon-derived lipids which may persist over winter particularly in rivers, and are potentially a better reflection of lipophilic contaminant transfer.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Morrissey, Christy A and Pollet, Ingrid L and Ormerod, Steve J and Elliott, John E},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22145949},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal Migration, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Ovum, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism, Population Density, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1153--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Morrissey, C. A\",\"Pollet, I. L\",\"Ormerod, S. J\",\"Elliott, J. E\"],\"key\":\"morrissey_american_2012\",\"id\":\"morrissey_american_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"morrissey-pollet-ormerod-elliott-americandippersindicatecontaminantbiotransportbypacificsalmon-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal Migration\",\"Animals\",\"Canada\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Ovum\",\"Passeriformes\",\"Passeriformes: metabolism\",\"Population Density\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Salmon\",\"Salmon: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distribution and Fate of HBCD and TBBPA Brominated Flame Retardants in North Sea Estuaries and Aquatic Food Webs\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i\",\"abstract\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allchin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colin\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zegers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bart\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haftka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joris\",\"J\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belpaire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claude\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Leeuwen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\",\"P\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"5497–5504\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{morris_distribution_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Distribution and {Fate} of {HBCD} and {TBBPA} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {North} {Sea} {Estuaries} and {Aquatic} {Food} {Webs}},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i},\\n\\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Morris, Steven and Allchin, Colin R and Zegers, Bart N and Haftka, Joris J H and Boon, Jan P and Belpaire, Claude and Leonards, Pim E G and van Leeuwen, Stefan P J and de Boer, Jacob},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {5497--5504},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Morris, S.\",\"Allchin, C. R\",\"Zegers, B. N\",\"Haftka, J. J H\",\"Boon, J. P\",\"Belpaire, C.\",\"Leonards, P. E G\",\"van Leeuwen, S. P J\",\"de Boer, J.\"],\"key\":\"morris_distribution_2004\",\"id\":\"morris_distribution_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"morris-allchin-zegers-haftka-boon-belpaire-leonards-vanleeuwen-etal-distributionandfateofhbcdandtbbpabrominatedflameretardantsinnorthseaestuariesandaquaticfoodwebs-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in wild and farmed Chilean salmon and preliminary flow data for commercial transport.\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"1001-0742\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380\",\"abstract\":\"This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile. Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms, rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region, Chile. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Contaminants were observed in all the samples, and the congeners BDE 17, 28, 47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples. The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon, presenting significant differences with wild salmon. The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight (ww) vs. 120 ww. In the case of the rainbow trout, the concentrations were lower, although the congener profile was quite similar. The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish, and no significant difference was observed between the species. In both species, the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47. Based on this information, the BDE flow was estimated for commerce, which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies. A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg, and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental sciences (China)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Montory\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Habit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evelyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pilar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grimalt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joan\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ricardo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22655380\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aquaculture, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Pilot Projects, Salmon, chile\",\"pages\":\"221–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{montory_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in wild and farmed {Chilean} salmon and preliminary flow data for commercial transport.},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {1001-0742},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380},\\n\\tabstract = {This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile. Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms, rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region, Chile. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Contaminants were observed in all the samples, and the congeners BDE 17, 28, 47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples. The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon, presenting significant differences with wild salmon. The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight (ww) vs. 120 ww. In the case of the rainbow trout, the concentrations were lower, although the congener profile was quite similar. The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish, and no significant difference was observed between the species. In both species, the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47. Based on this information, the BDE flow was estimated for commerce, which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies. A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg, and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},\\n\\tauthor = {Montory, Monica and Habit, Evelyn and Fernandez, Pilar and Grimalt, Joan O and Barra, Ricardo},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22655380},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Pilot Projects, Salmon, chile},\\n\\tpages = {221--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Montory, M.\",\"Habit, E.\",\"Fernandez, P.\",\"Grimalt, J. O\",\"Barra, R.\"],\"key\":\"montory_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"montory_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"montory-habit-fernandez-grimalt-barra-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinwildandfarmedchileansalmonandpreliminaryflowdataforcommercialtransport-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aquaculture\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Salmon\",\"chile\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine contaminants in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.\",\"volume\":\"60\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.002\",\"abstract\":\"Various brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, as well as organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were measured in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Eastern United States and Canada. The concentrations of PBDEs in winter flounder and right whales were similar in magnitude to the levels of PCBs, which was unlike the pattern observed in seals. In these marine mammals, the levels of PBDEs were orders of magnitude lower than the levels of OCs and PCBs detected. Evidence existed for the accumulation of methoxylated (MeO)-PBDEs of natural origin in seals and right whales. Current-use, non-PBDE BFRs (including hexabromocyclododecane, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, and pentabromotoluene) were detected in winter flounder and marine mammals. Future research should focus on monitoring PBDEs, current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, and MeO-BDEs of natural origin in marine organisms from Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Montie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reddy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rubinstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Belinda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20434733\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flounder, Flounder: metabolism, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seals, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Whales, Whales: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"1160–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{montie_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine contaminants in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and {North} {Atlantic} right whales from the {Northwest} {Atlantic} {Ocean}.},\\n\\tvolume = {60},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Various brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, as well as organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were measured in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Eastern United States and Canada. The concentrations of PBDEs in winter flounder and right whales were similar in magnitude to the levels of PCBs, which was unlike the pattern observed in seals. In these marine mammals, the levels of PBDEs were orders of magnitude lower than the levels of OCs and PCBs detected. Evidence existed for the accumulation of methoxylated (MeO)-PBDEs of natural origin in seals and right whales. Current-use, non-PBDE BFRs (including hexabromocyclododecane, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, and pentabromotoluene) were detected in winter flounder and marine mammals. Future research should focus on monitoring PBDEs, current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, and MeO-BDEs of natural origin in marine organisms from Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Montie, Eric W and Letcher, Robert J and Reddy, Christopher M and Moore, Michael J and Rubinstein, Belinda and Hahn, Mark E},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20434733},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flounder, Flounder: metabolism, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seals, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Whales, Whales: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {1160--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Montie, E. W\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Reddy, C. M\",\"Moore, M. J\",\"Rubinstein, B.\",\"Hahn, M. E\"],\"key\":\"montie_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"montie_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"montie-letcher-reddy-moore-rubinstein-hahn-brominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinecontaminantsinwinterflounderharpandhoodedsealsandnorthatlanticrightwhalesfromthenorthwestatlanticocean-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Atlantic Ocean\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Bromine Compounds: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: metabolism\",\"Earless\",\"Earless: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Flounder\",\"Flounder: metabolism\",\"Fluid\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Seals\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Whales\",\"Whales: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es300138q\",\"abstract\":\"The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m(-3) which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m(-3), respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m(-3) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m(-3), respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m(-3) (Σ(10)PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minghong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22376139\",\"keywords\":\"Antarctic Regions, Asia, Australia, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Oceans and Seas, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Southeastern, Toluene, Toluene: analogs & derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"3141–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{moller_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from {Southeast} {Asia} toward {Antarctica}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es300138q},\\n\\tabstract = {The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m(-3) which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m(-3), respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m(-3) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m(-3), respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m(-3) (Σ(10)PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22376139},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antarctic Regions, Asia, Australia, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Oceans and Seas, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Southeastern, Toluene, Toluene: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {3141--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Möller, A.\",\"Xie, Z.\",\"Cai, M.\",\"Sturm, R.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\"],\"key\":\"moller_brominated_2012\",\"id\":\"moller_brominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mller-xie-cai-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloraneplusinthemarineatmospherefromsoutheastasiatowardantarctica-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antarctic Regions\",\"Asia\",\"Australia\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Bromobenzoates\",\"Bromobenzoates: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Southeastern\",\"Toluene\",\"Toluene: analogs & derivatives\",\"Toluene: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane flame retardants in kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) from an electronic waste-recycling site in South China.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.1929\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) and their prey fish from an electronic waste-recycling site in south China. Elevated BFR residues were detected in the kingfishers, with median concentrations of 8,760, 12, and 7.7 ng/g lipid weight for total PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. The calculated predator/prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) were greater than unity for most of the investigated PBDE congeners, with relatively higher values for some hexa-, hepta-, and octa-BDEs (e.g., BDEs 153, 183, 196, 197, 202, and 203). The average BMFs ranged 0.10 to 0.77 and 1.90 to 3.60 for DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The BMFs for BTBPE were comparable to or even greater than those for some tri- to penta-BDEs in certain predator/prey pairs, indicating potentially high environmental risks of this compound. Significantly higher concentration ratios of BDEs 202 and 207 to BDE 209 were observed in the kingfishers compared with their prey fish, and these ratios were negatively correlated with the logarithm of BDE 209 concentrations in the kingfishers. This may indicate biotransformation of BDE 209 to BDEs 202 and 207 in these birds. This is the first assessment of the biomagnification potentials of DBDPE and BTBPE in a wild piscivorous bird.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fa-Sheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22752998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"2153–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mo_bioaccumulation_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane flame retardants in kingfishers ({Alcedo} atthis) from an electronic waste-recycling site in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1929},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) and their prey fish from an electronic waste-recycling site in south China. Elevated BFR residues were detected in the kingfishers, with median concentrations of 8,760, 12, and 7.7 ng/g lipid weight for total PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. The calculated predator/prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) were greater than unity for most of the investigated PBDE congeners, with relatively higher values for some hexa-, hepta-, and octa-BDEs (e.g., BDEs 153, 183, 196, 197, 202, and 203). The average BMFs ranged 0.10 to 0.77 and 1.90 to 3.60 for DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The BMFs for BTBPE were comparable to or even greater than those for some tri- to penta-BDEs in certain predator/prey pairs, indicating potentially high environmental risks of this compound. Significantly higher concentration ratios of BDEs 202 and 207 to BDE 209 were observed in the kingfishers compared with their prey fish, and these ratios were negatively correlated with the logarithm of BDE 209 concentrations in the kingfishers. This may indicate biotransformation of BDE 209 to BDEs 202 and 207 in these birds. This is the first assessment of the biomagnification potentials of DBDPE and BTBPE in a wild piscivorous bird.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Mo, Ling and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zou, Fa-Sheng and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22752998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {2153--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mo, L.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Zou, F.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"mo_bioaccumulation_2012\",\"id\":\"mo_bioaccumulation_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mo-wu-luo-zou-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdecabromodiphenylethaneand12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneflameretardantsinkingfishersalcedoatthisfromanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid.\",\"volume\":\"417-418\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337-21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chernyak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergei\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Batterman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loch-Caruso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rita\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22236635\",\"keywords\":\"Amniotic Fluid, Amniotic Fluid: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Michigan, Nonparametric, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Statistics\",\"pages\":\"294–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{miller_concentrations_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid.},\\n\\tvolume = {417-418},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337-21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6\\\\%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Miller, Mark F and Chernyak, Sergei M and Domino, Steven E and Batterman, Stuart A and Loch-Caruso, Rita},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22236635},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amniotic Fluid, Amniotic Fluid: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Michigan, Nonparametric, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Statistics},\\n\\tpages = {294--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miller, M. F\",\"Chernyak, S. M\",\"Domino, S. E\",\"Batterman, S. A\",\"Loch-Caruso, R.\"],\"key\":\"miller_concentrations_2012\",\"id\":\"miller_concentrations_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amniotic Fluid\",\"Amniotic Fluid: chemistry\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Michigan\",\"Nonparametric\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Trimester\",\"Second\",\"Statistics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the Northern Pacific and Indian Ocean toward the Polar Regions: evidence for global occurrence.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es204272v\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers were investigated in airborne particles over the Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean. Samples taken during two polar expeditions in 2010/11, one from East Asia to the high Arctic (CHINARE 4) and another from East Asia toward the Indian Ocean to the Antarctic (CHINARE 27), were analyzed for three halogenated OPs (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCP)), four alkylated OPs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The sum of the eight investigated OPs ranged from 230 to 2900 pg m(-3) and from 120 to 1700 pg m(-3) during CHINARE 4 and CHINARE 27, respectively. TCEP and TCPP were the predominating compounds, both over the Asian seas as well as in the polar regions, with concentrations from 19 to 2000 pg m(-3) and 22 to 620 pg m(-3), respectively. Elevated concentrations were observed in proximity to the Asian continent enhanced by continental air masses. They decreased sharply toward the open oceans where they remained relatively stable. This paper shows the first occurrence of OPs over the global oceans proving that they undergo long-range atmospheric transport over the global oceans toward the Arctic and Antarctica.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sturm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minghong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22332897\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Cold Climate, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Oceans and Seas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis\",\"pages\":\"3127–34\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{moller_organophosphorus_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the {Northern} {Pacific} and {Indian} {Ocean} toward the {Polar} {Regions}: evidence for global occurrence.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es204272v},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers were investigated in airborne particles over the Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean. Samples taken during two polar expeditions in 2010/11, one from East Asia to the high Arctic (CHINARE 4) and another from East Asia toward the Indian Ocean to the Antarctic (CHINARE 27), were analyzed for three halogenated OPs (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCP)), four alkylated OPs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The sum of the eight investigated OPs ranged from 230 to 2900 pg m(-3) and from 120 to 1700 pg m(-3) during CHINARE 4 and CHINARE 27, respectively. TCEP and TCPP were the predominating compounds, both over the Asian seas as well as in the polar regions, with concentrations from 19 to 2000 pg m(-3) and 22 to 620 pg m(-3), respectively. Elevated concentrations were observed in proximity to the Asian continent enhanced by continental air masses. They decreased sharply toward the open oceans where they remained relatively stable. This paper shows the first occurrence of OPs over the global oceans proving that they undergo long-range atmospheric transport over the global oceans toward the Arctic and Antarctica.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Sturm, Renate and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and He, Jianfeng and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22332897},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Cold Climate, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Oceans and Seas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {3127--34},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Möller, A.\",\"Sturm, R.\",\"Xie, Z.\",\"Cai, M.\",\"He, J.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\"],\"key\":\"moller_organophosphorus_2012\",\"id\":\"moller_organophosphorus_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mller-sturm-xie-cai-he-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinairborneparticlesoverthenorthernpacificandindianoceantowardthepolarregionsevidenceforglobaloccurrence-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Cold Climate\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Estimation of the source strength of polybrominated diphenyl ethers based on their diel variability in air in Zurich, Switzerland.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1001049\",\"abstract\":\"Diel (24-h) concentration variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in air were measured in the center of Zurich, Switzerland, and on Uetliberg, a hill about 5 km from the city center. Air samples were collected simultaneously at both sites over 4 h time periods for 3 consecutive days during a stable high pressure system in August 2007. Higher PBDE concentrations in the city compared to the Uetliberg site indicate that Zurich is a likely source of PBDEs to the atmosphere. A multimedia mass balance model was used to (i) explain the diel cycling pattern of PBDE concentrations observed at both sites in terms of dominant processes and (ii) estimate emission rates of PBDEs from the city to the atmosphere. We estimate that Zurich emits 0.4, 6.2, 1.6, and 0.4 kg year(-1) of the PBDE congeners 28, 47, 99, and 100, respectively. On a per-capita basis, these estimates are within the range or somewhat above those obtained in other studies using approaches based on emission factors (EF) and PBDE production, usage, and disposal data, or concentration measurements. The present approach complements emission estimates based on the EF approach and can also be applied to source areas where EFs and PBDE material flows are poorly characterized or unknown, such as electronic waste processing plants.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moeckel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gasic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bojan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacLeod\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hungerbühler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20441149\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Quality Control, Switzerland, Uncertainty, env, ffr\",\"pages\":\"4225–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{moeckel_estimation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Estimation of the source strength of polybrominated diphenyl ethers based on their diel variability in air in {Zurich}, {Switzerland}.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1001049},\\n\\tabstract = {Diel (24-h) concentration variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in air were measured in the center of Zurich, Switzerland, and on Uetliberg, a hill about 5 km from the city center. Air samples were collected simultaneously at both sites over 4 h time periods for 3 consecutive days during a stable high pressure system in August 2007. Higher PBDE concentrations in the city compared to the Uetliberg site indicate that Zurich is a likely source of PBDEs to the atmosphere. A multimedia mass balance model was used to (i) explain the diel cycling pattern of PBDE concentrations observed at both sites in terms of dominant processes and (ii) estimate emission rates of PBDEs from the city to the atmosphere. We estimate that Zurich emits 0.4, 6.2, 1.6, and 0.4 kg year(-1) of the PBDE congeners 28, 47, 99, and 100, respectively. On a per-capita basis, these estimates are within the range or somewhat above those obtained in other studies using approaches based on emission factors (EF) and PBDE production, usage, and disposal data, or concentration measurements. The present approach complements emission estimates based on the EF approach and can also be applied to source areas where EFs and PBDE material flows are poorly characterized or unknown, such as electronic waste processing plants.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Moeckel, Claudia and Gasic, Bojan and MacLeod, Matthew and Scheringer, Martin and Jones, Kevin C and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20441149},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Quality Control, Switzerland, Uncertainty, env, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {4225--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Moeckel, C.\",\"Gasic, B.\",\"MacLeod, M.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Jones, K. C\",\"Hungerbühler, K.\"],\"key\":\"moeckel_estimation_2010\",\"id\":\"moeckel_estimation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"moeckel-gasic-macleod-scheringer-jones-hungerbhler-estimationofthesourcestrengthofpolybrominateddiphenylethersbasedontheirdielvariabilityinairinzurichswitzerland-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Quality Control\",\"Switzerland\",\"Uncertainty\",\"env\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator of PCBs and PBDEs in the dinghushan biosphere reserve, China.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2227\",\"abstract\":\"The Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve and a site for the study of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems. Rapid industrialization and intensive electronic waste-recycling activities around the biosphere reserve have resulted in elevated levels of industrial organic contaminants in the local environment that may cause adverse effects on wildlife that inhabits this area. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 2 alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs)-decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)-were investigated in the biosphere reserve and a reference site by using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator. Residue concentrations in kingfishers from the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve ranged from 490 ng/g to 3000 ng/g, 51 ng/g to 420 ng/g, 0.44 ng/g to 90 ng/g, and 0.04 ng/g to 0.87 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. With the exception of the BTBPE, these levels were 2 to 5 times higher than those detected in kingfishers from the reference site. The contaminant patterns from the biosphere reserve were also different, with larger PCB contributions in comparison with the reference site. The estimated predator-prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) showed that most of the PCB and PBDE congeners and BTBPE were biomagnified in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve. The calculated toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) concentrations of major coplanar PCB congeners in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve ranged from 18 pg/g to 66 pg/g wet weight, with some of these TEQ concentrations reaching or exceeding the levels known to impair bird reproduction and survival. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1655-1662. © 2013 SETAC.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ke-Lin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"An-Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fa-Sheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23554012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1655–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mo_using_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Using the kingfisher ({Alcedo} atthis) as a bioindicator of {PCBs} and {PBDEs} in the dinghushan biosphere reserve, {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2227},\\n\\tabstract = {The Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve and a site for the study of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems. Rapid industrialization and intensive electronic waste-recycling activities around the biosphere reserve have resulted in elevated levels of industrial organic contaminants in the local environment that may cause adverse effects on wildlife that inhabits this area. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 2 alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs)-decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)-were investigated in the biosphere reserve and a reference site by using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator. Residue concentrations in kingfishers from the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve ranged from 490 ng/g to 3000 ng/g, 51 ng/g to 420 ng/g, 0.44 ng/g to 90 ng/g, and 0.04 ng/g to 0.87 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. With the exception of the BTBPE, these levels were 2 to 5 times higher than those detected in kingfishers from the reference site. The contaminant patterns from the biosphere reserve were also different, with larger PCB contributions in comparison with the reference site. The estimated predator-prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) showed that most of the PCB and PBDE congeners and BTBPE were biomagnified in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve. The calculated toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) concentrations of major coplanar PCB congeners in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve ranged from 18 pg/g to 66 pg/g wet weight, with some of these TEQ concentrations reaching or exceeding the levels known to impair bird reproduction and survival. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1655-1662. © 2013 SETAC.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Mo, Ling and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Li, Ke-Lin and Peng, Ying and Feng, An-Hong and Zhang, Qiang and Zou, Fa-Sheng and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23554012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1655--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mo, L.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Li, K.\",\"Peng, Y.\",\"Feng, A.\",\"Zhang, Q.\",\"Zou, F.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"mo_using_2013\",\"id\":\"mo_using_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mo-wu-luo-li-peng-feng-zhang-zou-etal-usingthekingfisheralcedoatthisasabioindicatorofpcbsandpbdesinthedinghushanbiospherereservechina-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Postnatal exposure to low-dose decabromodiphenyl ether adversely affects mouse testes by increasing thyrosine phosphorylation level of cortactin.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1880-3989\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant used in many commercial products such as televisions, computers, and textiles. Recent reports indicate that decaBDE adversely affects male reproductive organs in mice, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that decaBDE affects mouse testes by altering the expression and phosphorylation level of cortactin (CTTN), an F-actin-binding protein that is similar to flutamide, and we performed western blot analyses on testicular samples from mice subcutaneously injected with decaBDE (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) on postnatal days 1 to 5. Mice treated with low-dose decaBDE (0.025 mg/kg) showed reduced testicular weight, sperm count, elongated spermatid and Sertoli cell numbers, as well as induced Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN and reduced the expression level of p60 Src tyrosine kinase (SRC). Further, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg decaBDE-exposed groups produced an decrease the expression level of CTTN. High-dose decaBDE (2.5 mg/kg) showed increased abnormal germ cells, as well as induced Ser phosphorylation of CTTN and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2); however, high-dose decaBDE did not affect testicular weight and sperm count. These findings suggest that postnatal exposure to low-dose decaBDE inhibits mouse testicular development by increasing Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN, although different mechanisms may be involved depending on the dose of decaBDE.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miyaso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidenobu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noriko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matsuno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshiharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kawashiro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Komiyama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masatoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chisato\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23038006\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cortactin, Cortactin: metabolism, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred ICR, Male, Mice, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Newborn, Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testis: pathology, src-Family Kinases, src-Family Kinases: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"987–99\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{miyaso_postnatal_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Postnatal exposure to low-dose decabromodiphenyl ether adversely affects mouse testes by increasing thyrosine phosphorylation level of cortactin.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1880-3989},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant used in many commercial products such as televisions, computers, and textiles. Recent reports indicate that decaBDE adversely affects male reproductive organs in mice, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that decaBDE affects mouse testes by altering the expression and phosphorylation level of cortactin (CTTN), an F-actin-binding protein that is similar to flutamide, and we performed western blot analyses on testicular samples from mice subcutaneously injected with decaBDE (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) on postnatal days 1 to 5. Mice treated with low-dose decaBDE (0.025 mg/kg) showed reduced testicular weight, sperm count, elongated spermatid and Sertoli cell numbers, as well as induced Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN and reduced the expression level of p60 Src tyrosine kinase (SRC). Further, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg decaBDE-exposed groups produced an decrease the expression level of CTTN. High-dose decaBDE (2.5 mg/kg) showed increased abnormal germ cells, as well as induced Ser phosphorylation of CTTN and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2); however, high-dose decaBDE did not affect testicular weight and sperm count. These findings suggest that postnatal exposure to low-dose decaBDE inhibits mouse testicular development by increasing Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN, although different mechanisms may be involved depending on the dose of decaBDE.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Miyaso, Hidenobu and Nakamura, Noriko and Matsuno, Yoshiharu and Kawashiro, Yukiko and Komiyama, Masatoshi and Mori, Chisato},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23038006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cortactin, Cortactin: metabolism, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred ICR, Male, Mice, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Newborn, Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testis: pathology, src-Family Kinases, src-Family Kinases: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {987--99},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miyaso, H.\",\"Nakamura, N.\",\"Matsuno, Y.\",\"Kawashiro, Y.\",\"Komiyama, M.\",\"Mori, C.\"],\"key\":\"miyaso_postnatal_2012\",\"id\":\"miyaso_postnatal_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"miyaso-nakamura-matsuno-kawashiro-komiyama-mori-postnatalexposuretolowdosedecabromodiphenyletheradverselyaffectsmousetestesbyincreasingthyrosinephosphorylationlevelofcortactin-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cortactin\",\"Cortactin: metabolism\",\"Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases\",\"Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Inbred ICR\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: metabolism\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3\",\"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism\",\"Newborn\",\"Phosphorylation\",\"Phosphorylation: drug effects\",\"Sperm Count\",\"Testis\",\"Testis: drug effects\",\"Testis: metabolism\",\"Testis: pathology\",\"src-Family Kinases\",\"src-Family Kinases: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Eggshell thinning and decreased concentrations of vitamin E are associated with contaminants in eggs of ivory gulls.\",\"volume\":\"431\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.018\",\"abstract\":\"The ivory gull is a high Arctic seabird species threatened by climate change and contaminant exposure. High levels of contaminants have been reported in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from Svalbard and the Russian Arctic. The present study investigated associations between high levels of contaminants (organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg)) and three response variables: eggshell thickness, retinol (vitamin A) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Negative associations were found between levels of OCPs, PCBs and BFRs and eggshell thickness (p\\\\textless0.021) and α-tocopherol (p\\\\textless0.023), but not with retinol (p\\\\textgreater0.1). There were no associations between PFASs and mercury and the three response variables. Furthermore, the eggshell thickness was 7-17% thinner in the present study than in archived ivory gull eggs (≤1930). In general, a thinning above 16 to 20% has been associated with a decline in bird populations, suggesting that contaminant-induced eggshell thinning may constitute a serious threat to ivory gull populations globally.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miljeteig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cecilie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"Wing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strøm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hallvard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gavrilo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elisabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bjørn\",\"Munro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22673175\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: anatomy & histology, Egg Shell: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mercury, Mercury: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Russia, Svalbard, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: analysis, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: analysis\",\"pages\":\"92–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{miljeteig_eggshell_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Eggshell thinning and decreased concentrations of vitamin {E} are associated with contaminants in eggs of ivory gulls.},\\n\\tvolume = {431},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.018},\\n\\tabstract = {The ivory gull is a high Arctic seabird species threatened by climate change and contaminant exposure. High levels of contaminants have been reported in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from Svalbard and the Russian Arctic. The present study investigated associations between high levels of contaminants (organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg)) and three response variables: eggshell thickness, retinol (vitamin A) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Negative associations were found between levels of OCPs, PCBs and BFRs and eggshell thickness (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.021) and α-tocopherol (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.023), but not with retinol (p{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.1). There were no associations between PFASs and mercury and the three response variables. Furthermore, the eggshell thickness was 7-17\\\\% thinner in the present study than in archived ivory gull eggs (≤1930). In general, a thinning above 16 to 20\\\\% has been associated with a decline in bird populations, suggesting that contaminant-induced eggshell thinning may constitute a serious threat to ivory gull populations globally.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Miljeteig, Cecilie and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing and Strøm, Hallvard and Gavrilo, Maria V and Lie, Elisabeth and Jenssen, Bjørn Munro},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22673175},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: anatomy \\\\& histology, Egg Shell: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mercury, Mercury: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Russia, Svalbard, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: analysis, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {92--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miljeteig, C.\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W.\",\"Strøm, H.\",\"Gavrilo, M. V\",\"Lie, E.\",\"Jenssen, B. M.\"],\"key\":\"miljeteig_eggshell_2012\",\"id\":\"miljeteig_eggshell_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"miljeteig-gabrielsen-strm-gavrilo-lie-jenssen-eggshellthinninganddecreasedconcentrationsofvitamineareassociatedwithcontaminantsineggsofivorygulls-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Charadriiformes: metabolism\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Egg Shell\",\"Egg Shell: anatomy & histology\",\"Egg Shell: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mercury\",\"Mercury: analysis\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Russia\",\"Svalbard\",\"Vitamin A\",\"Vitamin A: analysis\",\"Vitamin E\",\"Vitamin E: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Acute toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for turbot (Psetta maxima) early life stages (ELS).\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-011-0602-5\",\"abstract\":\"The environmental presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among which BDE-47 and BDE-99 are particularly abundant, makes toxicity data necessary to assess the hazard risk posed by PBDE to aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 on embryo-larval stages of the marine flatfish turbot.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science and pollution research international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mhadhbi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lazhar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fumega\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boumaiza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Moncef\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beiras\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ricardo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"21912957\",\"keywords\":\"Acute, Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: administration & dosag, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: embryology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Teratogens, Teratogens: analysis, Teratogens: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"708–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mhadhbi_acute_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Acute toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) for turbot ({Psetta} maxima) early life stages ({ELS}).},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-011-0602-5},\\n\\tabstract = {The environmental presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among which BDE-47 and BDE-99 are particularly abundant, makes toxicity data necessary to assess the hazard risk posed by PBDE to aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 on embryo-larval stages of the marine flatfish turbot.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\\n\\tauthor = {Mhadhbi, Lazhar and Fumega, José and Boumaiza, Moncef and Beiras, Ricardo},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {21912957},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: administration \\\\& dosag, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: embryology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Teratogens, Teratogens: analysis, Teratogens: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {708--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mhadhbi, L.\",\"Fumega, J.\",\"Boumaiza, M.\",\"Beiras, R.\"],\"key\":\"mhadhbi_acute_2012\",\"id\":\"mhadhbi_acute_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mhadhbi-fumega-boumaiza-beiras-acutetoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforturbotpsettamaximaearlylifestagesels-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute\",\"Animals\",\"Aquaculture\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: administration & dosag\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Ecotoxicology\",\"Ecotoxicology: methods\",\"Embryo\",\"Embryonic Development\",\"Embryonic Development: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Flatfishes\",\"Flatfishes: embryology\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: drug effects\",\"Lethal Dose 50\",\"No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Nonmammalian: pathology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Random Allocation\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Assessment: methods\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Teratogens\",\"Teratogens: analysis\",\"Teratogens: toxicity\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Deposition of brominated flame retardants to the Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es202900u\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) can be transported to Arctic regions via atmospheric long-range transport, however, relatively little is known about their deposition to terrestrial environments. Snow cores from the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, Canada served to determine the recent depositional trends of BFRs. Snow pits were dug in 2005, 2006, and 2008. Dating using annual snow accumulation data, ion chemistry, and density measurements established that the pits covered the period from approximately 1993 to spring 2008. Samples were extracted under clean room conditions, and analyzed using GC-negative ion MS for 26 tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs), as well as other BFRs, nonbrominated flame retardants, and industrial chemicals. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the major congener present in all samples followed by nona-BDEs (BDE-207, BDE-206, and BDE-208), both accounting for 89% and 7% of total BDE, respectively. BDE-209 concentrations were in most cases significantly correlated (P \\\\textless 0.05) to tri- to nona-BDE homologues, and the strength of the correlations increased with increasing degree of bromination. Prior to or after deposition BDE-209 may be subject to debromination to lighter congeners. Deposition fluxes of BDE-209 show no clear temporal trend and range between 90 and 2000 pg·cm(-2)·year(-1). Back trajectory origin in densely populated areas of northeastern North America is significantly correlated (P \\\\textless 0.005) with the BDE-209 deposition flux. Several other high production volume and/or alternative BFRs such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromo ethyl benzene (PBEBz), and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), as well as the industrial chemical 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (135-TBBz) were found consistently in the snow pits.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Torsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teixeira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Camilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Teresa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wania\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22148267\",\"keywords\":\"Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Ice, Ice: analysis, Time Factors\",\"pages\":\"826–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meyer_deposition_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Deposition of brominated flame retardants to the {Devon} {Ice} {Cap}, {Nunavut}, {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es202900u},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) can be transported to Arctic regions via atmospheric long-range transport, however, relatively little is known about their deposition to terrestrial environments. Snow cores from the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, Canada served to determine the recent depositional trends of BFRs. Snow pits were dug in 2005, 2006, and 2008. Dating using annual snow accumulation data, ion chemistry, and density measurements established that the pits covered the period from approximately 1993 to spring 2008. Samples were extracted under clean room conditions, and analyzed using GC-negative ion MS for 26 tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs), as well as other BFRs, nonbrominated flame retardants, and industrial chemicals. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the major congener present in all samples followed by nona-BDEs (BDE-207, BDE-206, and BDE-208), both accounting for 89\\\\% and 7\\\\% of total BDE, respectively. BDE-209 concentrations were in most cases significantly correlated (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) to tri- to nona-BDE homologues, and the strength of the correlations increased with increasing degree of bromination. Prior to or after deposition BDE-209 may be subject to debromination to lighter congeners. Deposition fluxes of BDE-209 show no clear temporal trend and range between 90 and 2000 pg·cm(-2)·year(-1). Back trajectory origin in densely populated areas of northeastern North America is significantly correlated (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.005) with the BDE-209 deposition flux. Several other high production volume and/or alternative BFRs such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromo ethyl benzene (PBEBz), and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), as well as the industrial chemical 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (135-TBBz) were found consistently in the snow pits.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Meyer, Torsten and Muir, Derek C G and Teixeira, Camilla and Wang, Xiaowa and Young, Teresa and Wania, Frank},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22148267},\\n\\tkeywords = {Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Ice, Ice: analysis, Time Factors},\\n\\tpages = {826--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meyer, T.\",\"Muir, D. C G\",\"Teixeira, C.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Young, T.\",\"Wania, F.\"],\"key\":\"meyer_deposition_2012\",\"id\":\"meyer_deposition_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meyer-muir-teixeira-wang-young-wania-depositionofbrominatedflameretardantstothedevonicecapnunavutcanada-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267\"},\"keyword\":[\"Arctic Regions\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Canada\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Ice\",\"Ice: analysis\",\"Time Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern California coast.\",\"volume\":\"157\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.029\",\"abstract\":\"Little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern California (USA) coast. Fourteen PBDE congeners were determined by GC-ECNI-MS in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. Total PBDE concentrations (SigmaPBDE) in California sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). To our knowledge, these are the highest reported PBDE levels in marine mammals to date. By comparison, mean SigmaPBDE in Pacific harbor seals (n = 9) and northern elephant seals (n = 16) were 0.96 and 0.09 microg/g, respectively. PBDEs in adult males were higher than for adult females, however, no age class differences or temporal trends were observed. As the first PBDE data reported for marine mammals in this region, the elevated levels underscore the need for additional studies on the sources, temporal trends, and potential effects of PBDEs in highly urbanized coastal zones.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang-Zhou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blasius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gossett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maruya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keith\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19487060\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"2731–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meng_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern {California} coast.},\\n\\tvolume = {157},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.029},\\n\\tabstract = {Little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern California (USA) coast. Fourteen PBDE congeners were determined by GC-ECNI-MS in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. Total PBDE concentrations (SigmaPBDE) in California sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). To our knowledge, these are the highest reported PBDE levels in marine mammals to date. By comparison, mean SigmaPBDE in Pacific harbor seals (n = 9) and northern elephant seals (n = 16) were 0.96 and 0.09 microg/g, respectively. PBDEs in adult males were higher than for adult females, however, no age class differences or temporal trends were observed. As the first PBDE data reported for marine mammals in this region, the elevated levels underscore the need for additional studies on the sources, temporal trends, and potential effects of PBDEs in highly urbanized coastal zones.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Meng, Xiang-Zhou and Blasius, Mary Ellen and Gossett, Richard W and Maruya, Keith A},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19487060},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {2731--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meng, X.\",\"Blasius, M. E.\",\"Gossett, R. W\",\"Maruya, K. A\"],\"key\":\"meng_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"meng_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meng-blasius-gossett-maruya-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpinnipedsstrandedalongthesoutherncaliforniacoast-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901332\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of materials. Although widespread human exposure to OP flame retardants is likely, there is a lack of human and animal data on potential health effects. OBJECTIVE: We explored relationships of TDCPP and TPP concentrations in house dust with hormone levels and semen quality parameters. METHODS: We analyzed house dust from 50 men recruited through a U.S. infertility clinic for TDCPP and TPP. Relationships with reproductive and thyroid hormone levels, as well as semen quality parameters, were assessed using crude and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: TDCPP and TPP were detected in 96% and 98% of samples, respectively, with widely varying concentrations up to 1.8 mg/g. In models adjusted for age and body mass index, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in TDCPP was associated with a 3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 5% to 1%) decline in free thyroxine and a 17% (95% CI, 432%) increase in prolactin. There was a suggestive inverse association between TDCPP and free androgen index that became less evident in adjusted models. In the adjusted models, an IQR increase in TPP was associated with a 10% (95% CI, 219%) increase in prolactin and a 19% (95% CI, 30% to 5%) decrease in sperm concentration. CONCLUSION: OP flame retardants may be associated with altered hormone levels and decreased semen quality in men. More research on sources and levels of human exposure to OP flame retardants and associated health outcomes are needed.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20194068\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"318–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meeker_house_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901332},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of materials. Although widespread human exposure to OP flame retardants is likely, there is a lack of human and animal data on potential health effects. OBJECTIVE: We explored relationships of TDCPP and TPP concentrations in house dust with hormone levels and semen quality parameters. METHODS: We analyzed house dust from 50 men recruited through a U.S. infertility clinic for TDCPP and TPP. Relationships with reproductive and thyroid hormone levels, as well as semen quality parameters, were assessed using crude and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: TDCPP and TPP were detected in 96\\\\% and 98\\\\% of samples, respectively, with widely varying concentrations up to 1.8 mg/g. In models adjusted for age and body mass index, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in TDCPP was associated with a 3\\\\% [95\\\\% confidence interval (CI), 5\\\\% to 1\\\\%) decline in free thyroxine and a 17\\\\% (95\\\\% CI, 432\\\\%) increase in prolactin. There was a suggestive inverse association between TDCPP and free androgen index that became less evident in adjusted models. In the adjusted models, an IQR increase in TPP was associated with a 10\\\\% (95\\\\% CI, 219\\\\%) increase in prolactin and a 19\\\\% (95\\\\% CI, 30\\\\% to 5\\\\%) decrease in sperm concentration. CONCLUSION: OP flame retardants may be associated with altered hormone levels and decreased semen quality in men. More research on sources and levels of human exposure to OP flame retardants and associated health outcomes are needed.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Meeker, John D and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20194068},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {318--23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meeker, J. D\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"meeker_house_2010\",\"id\":\"meeker_house_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations.\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205907\",\"abstract\":\"Background: A reduction in the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) because of human health concerns may result in an increased use of and human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Human exposure and health studies of OPFRs are lacking.Objectives: We sought to define the degree of temporal variability in urinary OPFR metabolites in order to inform epidemiologic study design, and to explore a potential primary source of exposure by examining the relationship between OPFRs in house dust and their metabolites in urine.Methods: Nine repeated urine samples were collected from 7 men over the course of 3 months and analyzed for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP), metabolites of the OPFRs tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to characterize temporal reliability. Paired house dust and urine samples were collected from 45 men.Results: BDCPP was detected in 91% of urine samples, and DPP in 96%. Urinary BDCPP showed moderate-to-strong temporal reliability (ICC range, 0.55-0.72). ICCs for DPP were lower, but moderately reliable (range, 0.35-0.51). There was a weak [Spearman r (rS) = 0.31] but significant (p = 0.03) correlation between urinary BDCPP and TDCPP concentrations in house dust that strengthened when nondetects (rS = 0.47) were excluded. There was no correlation between uncorrected DPP and TPP measured in house dust (rS \\\\textless 0.1).Conclusions: Household dust may be an important source of exposure to TDCPP but not TPP. Urinary concentrations of BDCPP and DPP were moderately to highly reliable within individuals over 3 months.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23461877\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"580–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meeker_urinary_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations.},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205907},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: A reduction in the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) because of human health concerns may result in an increased use of and human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Human exposure and health studies of OPFRs are lacking.Objectives: We sought to define the degree of temporal variability in urinary OPFR metabolites in order to inform epidemiologic study design, and to explore a potential primary source of exposure by examining the relationship between OPFRs in house dust and their metabolites in urine.Methods: Nine repeated urine samples were collected from 7 men over the course of 3 months and analyzed for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP), metabolites of the OPFRs tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to characterize temporal reliability. Paired house dust and urine samples were collected from 45 men.Results: BDCPP was detected in 91\\\\% of urine samples, and DPP in 96\\\\%. Urinary BDCPP showed moderate-to-strong temporal reliability (ICC range, 0.55-0.72). ICCs for DPP were lower, but moderately reliable (range, 0.35-0.51). There was a weak [Spearman r (rS) = 0.31] but significant (p = 0.03) correlation between urinary BDCPP and TDCPP concentrations in house dust that strengthened when nondetects (rS = 0.47) were excluded. There was no correlation between uncorrected DPP and TPP measured in house dust (rS {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.1).Conclusions: Household dust may be an important source of exposure to TDCPP but not TPP. Urinary concentrations of BDCPP and DPP were moderately to highly reliable within individuals over 3 months.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Meeker, John D and Cooper, Ellen M and Stapleton, Heather M and Hauser, Russ},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23461877},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {580--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meeker, J. D\",\"Cooper, E. M\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Hauser, R.\"],\"key\":\"meeker_urinary_2013\",\"id\":\"meeker_urinary_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors.\",\"volume\":\"100\",\"issn\":\"1873-507X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants, including Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used at increasing levels in home furnishings and electronics over the past 25 years. They have also become widespread environmental pollutants. High PBDE levels have been detected in food, household dust, and indoor air, with subsequent appearance in animal and human tissues. This minireview summarizes studies on the extent to which these compounds can act as potent thyroid hormone mimetics, and emerging studies on long-term neurological effects of acute administration of PBDEs during development. When these data are considered in combination with the extensive literature on stage-dependent effects of thyroid hormone on aspects of brain development that are also implicated in autistic brains, a hypothesis that PBDEs might also serve as autism risk factors emerges. Studies designed to explicitly test this hypothesis will require chronic exposure paradigms, and specific body burden and behavioral monitoring in animal models. Such testing may help to prioritize extensive human epidemiological studies, as well as offer protocols for evaluation of future compounds.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Physiology & behavior\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Messer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20100501\",\"keywords\":\"Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: metabolism, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"245–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{messer_mini-review:_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors.},\\n\\tvolume = {100},\\n\\tissn = {1873-507X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used at increasing levels in home furnishings and electronics over the past 25 years. They have also become widespread environmental pollutants. High PBDE levels have been detected in food, household dust, and indoor air, with subsequent appearance in animal and human tissues. This minireview summarizes studies on the extent to which these compounds can act as potent thyroid hormone mimetics, and emerging studies on long-term neurological effects of acute administration of PBDEs during development. When these data are considered in combination with the extensive literature on stage-dependent effects of thyroid hormone on aspects of brain development that are also implicated in autistic brains, a hypothesis that PBDEs might also serve as autism risk factors emerges. Studies designed to explicitly test this hypothesis will require chronic exposure paradigms, and specific body burden and behavioral monitoring in animal models. Such testing may help to prioritize extensive human epidemiological studies, as well as offer protocols for evaluation of future compounds.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Physiology \\\\& behavior},\\n\\tauthor = {Messer, Anne},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20100501},\\n\\tkeywords = {Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: metabolism, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {245--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Messer, A.\"],\"key\":\"messer_mini-review:_2010\",\"id\":\"messer_mini-review:_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"messer-minireviewpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsaspotentialautismriskfactors-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501\"},\"keyword\":[\"Autistic Disorder\",\"Autistic Disorder: chemically induced\",\"Autistic Disorder: metabolism\",\"Body Burden\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The feline thyroid gland: a model for endocrine disruption by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)?\",\"volume\":\"75\",\"issn\":\"1528-7394\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15287394.2012.652054\",\"abstract\":\"The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) was investigated in the occurrence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH) by evaluating 15 PBDE congeners in serum from 62 client-owned (21 euthyroid, 41 hyperthyroid) and 10 feral cats. Total serum PBDE concentrations in euthyroid cats were not significantly different from those of hyperthyroid cats. Total serum PBDE in feral cats were significantly lower than in either of the groups of client-owned cats. Total serum PBDE did not correlate with serum total T4 concentration. Ten samples of commercial canned cat food and 19 dust samples from homes of client-owned cats were analyzed. Total PBDE in canned cat food ranged from 0.42 to 3.1 ng/g, and total PBDE in dust from 510 to 95,000 ng/g. Total PBDE in dust from homes of euthyroid cats ranged from 510 to 4900 ng/g. In dust from homes of hyperthyroid cats, total PBDE concentrations were significantly higher, ranging from 1100 to 95,000 ng/g. Dust PBDE and serum total T4 concentration were also significantly correlated. Estimates of PBDE exposures calculated from canned cat food and dust data suggest that domestic cats are primarily exposed through ingestion of household dust. These findings indicate further study of the role of PBDE is needed in the development of FH, which might identify the cat as a model and sentinel for humans with toxic nodular goiter (TNG).\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mensching\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donna\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slater\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duncan\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beasley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Val\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22352329\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: blood, Cat Diseases: chemically induced, Cats, Disease Models, Dust, Dust: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: blood, Hyperthyroidism: chemically induced, Hyperthyroidism: veterinary, Pilot Projects, Questionnaires, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Function Tests: veterinary, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood\",\"pages\":\"201–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mensching_feline_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {The feline thyroid gland: a model for endocrine disruption by polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs})?},\\n\\tvolume = {75},\\n\\tissn = {1528-7394},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15287394.2012.652054},\\n\\tabstract = {The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) was investigated in the occurrence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH) by evaluating 15 PBDE congeners in serum from 62 client-owned (21 euthyroid, 41 hyperthyroid) and 10 feral cats. Total serum PBDE concentrations in euthyroid cats were not significantly different from those of hyperthyroid cats. Total serum PBDE in feral cats were significantly lower than in either of the groups of client-owned cats. Total serum PBDE did not correlate with serum total T4 concentration. Ten samples of commercial canned cat food and 19 dust samples from homes of client-owned cats were analyzed. Total PBDE in canned cat food ranged from 0.42 to 3.1 ng/g, and total PBDE in dust from 510 to 95,000 ng/g. Total PBDE in dust from homes of euthyroid cats ranged from 510 to 4900 ng/g. In dust from homes of hyperthyroid cats, total PBDE concentrations were significantly higher, ranging from 1100 to 95,000 ng/g. Dust PBDE and serum total T4 concentration were also significantly correlated. Estimates of PBDE exposures calculated from canned cat food and dust data suggest that domestic cats are primarily exposed through ingestion of household dust. These findings indicate further study of the role of PBDE is needed in the development of FH, which might identify the cat as a model and sentinel for humans with toxic nodular goiter (TNG).},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},\\n\\tauthor = {Mensching, Donna A and Slater, Margaret and Scott, John W and Ferguson, Duncan C and Beasley, Val R},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22352329},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: blood, Cat Diseases: chemically induced, Cats, Disease Models, Dust, Dust: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: blood, Hyperthyroidism: chemically induced, Hyperthyroidism: veterinary, Pilot Projects, Questionnaires, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Function Tests: veterinary, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood},\\n\\tpages = {201--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mensching, D. A\",\"Slater, M.\",\"Scott, J. W\",\"Ferguson, D. C\",\"Beasley, V. R\"],\"key\":\"mensching_feline_2012\",\"id\":\"mensching_feline_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mensching-slater-scott-ferguson-beasley-thefelinethyroidglandamodelforendocrinedisruptionbypolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal Feed\",\"Animal Feed: analysis\",\"Animals\",\"Cat Diseases\",\"Cat Diseases: blood\",\"Cat Diseases: chemically induced\",\"Cats\",\"Disease Models\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: blood\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hyperthyroidism\",\"Hyperthyroidism: blood\",\"Hyperthyroidism: chemically induced\",\"Hyperthyroidism: veterinary\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Questionnaires\",\"Thyroid Function Tests\",\"Thyroid Function Tests: veterinary\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: blood\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Bethesda, MD\",\"title\":\"Upholstered Furniture Full Scale Chair Tests – Open Flame Ignition Results and Analysis\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mehta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shivani\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{mehta_upholstered_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Bethesda, MD},\\n\\ttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Full} {Scale} {Chair} {Tests} – {Open} {Flame} {Ignition} {Results} and {Analysis}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Mehta, Shivani},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mehta, S.\"],\"key\":\"mehta_upholstered_2012\",\"id\":\"mehta_upholstered_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mehta-upholsteredfurniturefullscalechairtestsopenflameignitionresultsandanalysis-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A model for predicting heat transfer through gypsum-board/wood-stud walls exposed to fire\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/fam.810180505\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Fire and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mehaffey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cuerrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carisse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"1994\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"297–305\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mehaffey_model_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {A model for predicting heat transfer through gypsum-board/wood-stud walls exposed to fire},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/fam.810180505},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Mehaffey, J R and Cuerrier, P and Carisse, G},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {297--305},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mehaffey, J R\",\"Cuerrier, P\",\"Carisse, G\"],\"key\":\"mehaffey_model_1994\",\"id\":\"mehaffey_model_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mehaffey-cuerrier-carisse-amodelforpredictingheattransferthroughgypsumboardwoodstudwallsexposedtofire-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro.\",\"volume\":\"56\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenol (PBP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are produced in large quantities for use in electronic equipment, plastics, and building materials. Because these compounds have some structural resemblance to the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)), it was suggested that they may interfere with thyroid hormone metabolism and transport, e.g., by competition with T(4) on transthyretin (TTR). In the present study, we investigated the possible interaction of several brominated flame retardants with T(4) binding to TTR in an in vitro competitive binding assay, using human TTR and 125 I-T(4) as the displaceable radioligand. Compounds were tested in at least eight different concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 500 nM. In addition, we investigated the structural requirements of these and related ligands for competitive binding to TTR. We were able to show very potent competition binding for TBBPA and PBP (10.6- and 7.1-fold stronger than the natural ligand T(4), respectively). PBDEs were able to compete with T(4)-TTR binding only after metabolic conversion by induced rat liver microsomes, suggesting an important role for hydroxylation. Brominated bisphenols with a high degree of bromination appeared to be more efficient competitors, whereas chlorinated bisphenols were less potent compared to their brominated analogues. These results indicate that brominated flame retardants, especially the brominated phenols and tetrabromobisphenol A, are very potent competitors for T(4) binding to human transthyretin in vitro and may have effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis in vivo comparable to the thyroid-disrupting effects of PCBs.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meerts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Zanden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luijks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Leeuwen-Bol\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marsh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brouwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"pmid\":\"10869457\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Binding, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Competitive, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Molecular Structure, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Rats, Structure-Activity Relationship, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"95–104\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meerts_potent_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro.},\\n\\tvolume = {56},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenol (PBP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are produced in large quantities for use in electronic equipment, plastics, and building materials. Because these compounds have some structural resemblance to the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)), it was suggested that they may interfere with thyroid hormone metabolism and transport, e.g., by competition with T(4) on transthyretin (TTR). In the present study, we investigated the possible interaction of several brominated flame retardants with T(4) binding to TTR in an in vitro competitive binding assay, using human TTR and 125 I-T(4) as the displaceable radioligand. Compounds were tested in at least eight different concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 500 nM. In addition, we investigated the structural requirements of these and related ligands for competitive binding to TTR. We were able to show very potent competition binding for TBBPA and PBP (10.6- and 7.1-fold stronger than the natural ligand T(4), respectively). PBDEs were able to compete with T(4)-TTR binding only after metabolic conversion by induced rat liver microsomes, suggesting an important role for hydroxylation. Brominated bisphenols with a high degree of bromination appeared to be more efficient competitors, whereas chlorinated bisphenols were less potent compared to their brominated analogues. These results indicate that brominated flame retardants, especially the brominated phenols and tetrabromobisphenol A, are very potent competitors for T(4) binding to human transthyretin in vitro and may have effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis in vivo comparable to the thyroid-disrupting effects of PCBs.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Meerts, I A and van Zanden, J J and Luijks, E A and van Leeuwen-Bol, I and Marsh, G and Jakobsson, E and Bergman, A and Brouwer, A},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tpmid = {10869457},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Competitive, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Molecular Structure, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Rats, Structure-Activity Relationship, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {95--104},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meerts, I A\",\"van Zanden, J J\",\"Luijks, E A\",\"van Leeuwen-Bol, I\",\"Marsh, G\",\"Jakobsson, E\",\"Bergman, A\",\"Brouwer, A\"],\"key\":\"meerts_potent_2000\",\"id\":\"meerts_potent_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meerts-vanzanden-luijks-vanleeuwenbol-marsh-jakobsson-bergman-brouwer-potentcompetitiveinteractionsofsomebrominatedflameretardantsandrelatedcompoundswithhumantransthyretininvitro-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Binding\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Competitive\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Microsomes\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Prealbumin\",\"Prealbumin: metabolism\",\"Rats\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: metabolism\",\"Wistar\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men.\",\"volume\":\"407\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030\",\"abstract\":\"Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Camann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19211133\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Androgens, Androgens: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male: blood, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"3425–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meeker_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men.},\\n\\tvolume = {407},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030},\\n\\tabstract = {Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100\\\\% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67\\\\% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Meeker, John D and Johnson, Paula I and Camann, David and Hauser, Russ},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19211133},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Androgens, Androgens: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male: blood, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {3425--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meeker, J. D\",\"Johnson, P. I\",\"Camann, D.\",\"Hauser, R.\"],\"key\":\"meeker_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"meeker_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Androgens\",\"Androgens: blood\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Infertility\",\"Male\",\"Male: blood\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Young Adult\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The role of diet on long-term concentration and pattern trends of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in western Hudson Bay polar bears, 1991-2007.\",\"volume\":\"408\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.033\",\"abstract\":\"Adipose tissue was sampled from the western Hudson Bay (WHB) subpopulation of polar bears at intervals from 1991 to 2007 to examine temporal trends of PCB and OCP levels both on an individual and sum-(∑-)contaminant basis. We also determined levels and temporal trends of emerging polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants. Over the 17-year period, ∑DDT (and p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT) decreased (-8.4%/year); α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) decreased (-11%/year); β-HCH increased (+8.3%/year); and ∑PCB and ∑chlordane (CHL), both contaminants at highest concentrations in all years (\\\\textgreater1ppm), showed no distinct trends even when compared to previous data for this subpopulation dating back to 1968. Some of the less persistent PCB congeners decreased significantly (-1.6%/year to -6.3%/year), whereas CB153 levels tended to increase (+3.3%/year). Parent CHLs (c-nonachlor, t-nonachlor) declined, whereas non-monotonic trends were detected for metabolites (heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane). ∑chlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene, ∑mirex, ∑MeSO(2)-PCB and dieldrin did not significantly change. Increasing ∑PBDE levels (+13%/year) matched increases in the four consistently detected congeners, BDE47, BDE99, BDE100 and BDE153. Although no trend was observed, total-(α)-HBCD was only detected post-2000. Levels of the highest concentration brominated contaminant, BB153, showed no temporal change. As long-term ecosystem changes affecting contaminant levels may also affect contaminant patterns, we examined the influence of year (i.e., aging or \\\"weathering\\\" of the contaminant pattern), dietary tracers (carbon stable isotope ratios, fatty acid patterns) and biological (age/sex) group on congener/metabolite profiles. Patterns of PCBs, CHLs and PBDEs were correlated with dietary tracers and biological group, but only PCB and CHL patterns were correlated with year. DDT patterns were not associated with any explanatory variables, possibly related to local DDT sources. Contaminant pattern trends may be useful in distinguishing the possible role of ecological/diet changes on contaminant burdens from expected dynamics due to atmospheric sources and weathering.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stirling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lunn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nick\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peacock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20870269\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"6210–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mckinney_role_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {The role of diet on long-term concentration and pattern trends of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in western {Hudson} {Bay} polar bears, 1991-2007.},\\n\\tvolume = {408},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.033},\\n\\tabstract = {Adipose tissue was sampled from the western Hudson Bay (WHB) subpopulation of polar bears at intervals from 1991 to 2007 to examine temporal trends of PCB and OCP levels both on an individual and sum-(∑-)contaminant basis. We also determined levels and temporal trends of emerging polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants. Over the 17-year period, ∑DDT (and p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT) decreased (-8.4\\\\%/year); α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) decreased (-11\\\\%/year); β-HCH increased (+8.3\\\\%/year); and ∑PCB and ∑chlordane (CHL), both contaminants at highest concentrations in all years ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1ppm), showed no distinct trends even when compared to previous data for this subpopulation dating back to 1968. Some of the less persistent PCB congeners decreased significantly (-1.6\\\\%/year to -6.3\\\\%/year), whereas CB153 levels tended to increase (+3.3\\\\%/year). Parent CHLs (c-nonachlor, t-nonachlor) declined, whereas non-monotonic trends were detected for metabolites (heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane). ∑chlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene, ∑mirex, ∑MeSO(2)-PCB and dieldrin did not significantly change. Increasing ∑PBDE levels (+13\\\\%/year) matched increases in the four consistently detected congeners, BDE47, BDE99, BDE100 and BDE153. Although no trend was observed, total-(α)-HBCD was only detected post-2000. Levels of the highest concentration brominated contaminant, BB153, showed no temporal change. As long-term ecosystem changes affecting contaminant levels may also affect contaminant patterns, we examined the influence of year (i.e., aging or \\\"weathering\\\" of the contaminant pattern), dietary tracers (carbon stable isotope ratios, fatty acid patterns) and biological (age/sex) group on congener/metabolite profiles. Patterns of PCBs, CHLs and PBDEs were correlated with dietary tracers and biological group, but only PCB and CHL patterns were correlated with year. DDT patterns were not associated with any explanatory variables, possibly related to local DDT sources. Contaminant pattern trends may be useful in distinguishing the possible role of ecological/diet changes on contaminant burdens from expected dynamics due to atmospheric sources and weathering.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Stirling, Ian and Lunn, Nick J and Peacock, Elizabeth and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20870269},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {6210--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McKinney, M. A\",\"Stirling, I.\",\"Lunn, N. J\",\"Peacock, E.\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"mckinney_role_2010\",\"id\":\"mckinney_role_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mckinney-stirling-lunn-peacock-letcher-theroleofdietonlongtermconcentrationandpatterntrendsofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsinwesternhudsonbaypolarbears19912007-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Canada\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: metabolism\",\"Diet\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: metabolism\",\"Ursidae\",\"Ursidae: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland and Svalbard, 2005-2008.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.008\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(α)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(α-)HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean ΣPBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(α)-HBCD levels (\\\\textless0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than ΣPBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. ΣPCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). ΣCHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). ΣDDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p'-DDT to ΣDDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, ΣPBDE, total-(α)-HBCD, p,p'-DDE and ΣCHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of \\\"new\\\" chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aars\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Born\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Branigan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marsha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rune\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peacock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21131049\",\"keywords\":\"Alaska, Animals, Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Canada, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"365–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mckinney_flame_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from {Alaska}, {Canada}, {East} {Greenland} and {Svalbard}, 2005-2008.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(α)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(α-)HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean ΣPBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(α)-HBCD levels ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than ΣPBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. ΣPCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). ΣCHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). ΣDDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p'-DDT to ΣDDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, ΣPBDE, total-(α)-HBCD, p,p'-DDE and ΣCHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of \\\"new\\\" chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Letcher, Robert J and Aars, Jon and Born, Erik W and Branigan, Marsha and Dietz, Rune and Evans, Thomas J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Peacock, Elizabeth and Sonne, Christian},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21131049},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alaska, Animals, Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Canada, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {365--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McKinney, M. A\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Aars, J.\",\"Born, E. W\",\"Branigan, M.\",\"Dietz, R.\",\"Evans, T. J\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\",\"Peacock, E.\",\"Sonne, C.\"],\"key\":\"mckinney_flame_2011\",\"id\":\"mckinney_flame_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-flameretardantsandlegacycontaminantsinpolarbearsfromalaskacanadaeastgreenlandandsvalbard20052008-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alaska\",\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Canada\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Greenland\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Svalbard\",\"Ursidae\",\"Ursidae: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es102781b\",\"abstract\":\"The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted δ(15)N and δ(13)C, lower proportions of C(20) and C(22) monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C(18) and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan and Canadian Arctic signatures were intermediate. Between-subpopulation dietary differences predominated over interannual, seasonal, sex, or age variation. Among various brominated and chlorinated contaminants, diet signatures significantly explained variation in adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (14-15%) and legacy PCBs (18-21%). However, dietary influence was contaminant class-specific, since only low or nonsignificant proportions of variation in organochlorine pesticide (e.g., chlordane) levels were explained by diet. Hudson Bay diet signatures were associated with lower PCB and PBDE levels, whereas East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were associated with higher levels. Understanding diet/food web factors is important to accurately interpret contaminant trends, particularly in a changing Arctic.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aars\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Born\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Branigan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marsha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rune\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peacock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21166451\",\"keywords\":\"Alaska, Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Canada, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics & numerical data, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"896–902\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mckinney_regional_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es102781b},\\n\\tabstract = {The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted δ(15)N and δ(13)C, lower proportions of C(20) and C(22) monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C(18) and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan and Canadian Arctic signatures were intermediate. Between-subpopulation dietary differences predominated over interannual, seasonal, sex, or age variation. Among various brominated and chlorinated contaminants, diet signatures significantly explained variation in adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (14-15\\\\%) and legacy PCBs (18-21\\\\%). However, dietary influence was contaminant class-specific, since only low or nonsignificant proportions of variation in organochlorine pesticide (e.g., chlordane) levels were explained by diet. Hudson Bay diet signatures were associated with lower PCB and PBDE levels, whereas East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were associated with higher levels. Understanding diet/food web factors is important to accurately interpret contaminant trends, particularly in a changing Arctic.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Letcher, Robert J and Aars, Jon and Born, Erik W and Branigan, Marsha and Dietz, Rune and Evans, Thomas J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Muir, Derek C G and Peacock, Elizabeth and Sonne, Christian},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21166451},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alaska, Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Canada, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {896--902},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McKinney, M. A\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Aars, J.\",\"Born, E. W\",\"Branigan, M.\",\"Dietz, R.\",\"Evans, T. J\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\",\"Muir, D. C G\",\"Peacock, E.\",\"Sonne, C.\"],\"key\":\"mckinney_regional_2011\",\"id\":\"mckinney_regional_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-regionalcontaminationversusregionaldietarydifferencesunderstandinggeographicvariationinbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantlevelsinpolarbears-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alaska\",\"Animals\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: metabolism\",\"Canada\",\"Chlorine Compounds\",\"Chlorine Compounds: metabolism\",\"Diet\",\"Diet: statistics & numerical data\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Greenland\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Svalbard\",\"Ursidae\",\"Ursidae: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparative hepatic microsomal biotransformation of selected PBDEs, including decabromodiphenyl ether, and decabromodiphenyl ethane flame retardants in Arctic marine-feeding mammals.\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.535\",\"abstract\":\"The present study assessed and compared the oxidative and reductive biotransformation of brominated flame retardants, including established polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using an in vitro system based on liver microsomes from various arctic marine-feeding mammals: polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat as a mammalian model species. Greater depletion of fully brominated BDE209 (14-25% of 30 pmol) and DBDPE (44-74% of 90 pmol) occurred in individuals from all species relative to depletion of lower brominated PBDEs (BDEs 99, 100, and 154; 0-3% of 30 pmol). No evidence of simply debrominated metabolites was observed. Investigation of phenolic metabolites in rat and polar bear revealed formation of two phenolic, likely multiply debrominated, DBDPE metabolites in polar bear and one phenolic BDE154 metabolite in polar bear and rat microsomes. For BDE209 and DBDPE, observed metabolite concentrations were low to nondetectable, despite substantial parent depletion. These findings suggested possible underestimation of the ecosystem burden of total-BDE209, as well as its transformation products, and a need for research to identify and characterize the persistence and toxicity of major BDE209 metabolites. Similar cause for concern may exist regarding DBDPE, given similarities of physicochemical and environmental behavior to BDE209, current evidence of biotransformation, and increasing use of DBDPE as a replacement for BDE209.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rune\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Guise\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sylvain\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skirnisson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steingrímsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Egill\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21437940\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Biotransformation, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Rats, Seals, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"1506–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mckinney_comparative_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparative hepatic microsomal biotransformation of selected {PBDEs}, including decabromodiphenyl ether, and decabromodiphenyl ethane flame retardants in {Arctic} marine-feeding mammals.},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.535},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study assessed and compared the oxidative and reductive biotransformation of brominated flame retardants, including established polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using an in vitro system based on liver microsomes from various arctic marine-feeding mammals: polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat as a mammalian model species. Greater depletion of fully brominated BDE209 (14-25\\\\% of 30 pmol) and DBDPE (44-74\\\\% of 90 pmol) occurred in individuals from all species relative to depletion of lower brominated PBDEs (BDEs 99, 100, and 154; 0-3\\\\% of 30 pmol). No evidence of simply debrominated metabolites was observed. Investigation of phenolic metabolites in rat and polar bear revealed formation of two phenolic, likely multiply debrominated, DBDPE metabolites in polar bear and one phenolic BDE154 metabolite in polar bear and rat microsomes. For BDE209 and DBDPE, observed metabolite concentrations were low to nondetectable, despite substantial parent depletion. These findings suggested possible underestimation of the ecosystem burden of total-BDE209, as well as its transformation products, and a need for research to identify and characterize the persistence and toxicity of major BDE209 metabolites. Similar cause for concern may exist regarding DBDPE, given similarities of physicochemical and environmental behavior to BDE209, current evidence of biotransformation, and increasing use of DBDPE as a replacement for BDE209.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Dietz, Rune and Sonne, Christian and De Guise, Sylvain and Skirnisson, Karl and Karlsson, Karl and Steingrímsson, Egill and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21437940},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Biotransformation, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Rats, Seals, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {1506--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McKinney, M. A\",\"Dietz, R.\",\"Sonne, C.\",\"De Guise, S.\",\"Skirnisson, K.\",\"Karlsson, K.\",\"Steingrímsson, E.\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"mckinney_comparative_2011\",\"id\":\"mckinney_comparative_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mckinney-dietz-sonne-deguise-skirnisson-karlsson-steingrmsson-letcher-comparativehepaticmicrosomalbiotransformationofselectedpbdesincludingdecabromodiphenyletheranddecabromodiphenylethaneflameretardantsinarcticmarinefeedingmammals-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Beluga Whale\",\"Beluga Whale: metabolism\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Earless\",\"Earless: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Microsomes\",\"Rats\",\"Seals\",\"Ursidae\",\"Ursidae: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (DE-71) in chicken (Gallus gallus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrel (Falco sparverius) embryos and hatchlings.\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936\",\"doi\":\"10.1897/08-318.1\",\"abstract\":\"Embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01-20 microg/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 microg/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 microg/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 microg/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 microg total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKernan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Moira\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rattner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barnett\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ottinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"Ann\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19045936\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Chick Embryo, Chick Embryo: drug effects, Chickens, Ducks, Ducks: embryology, Ducks: growth & development, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: growth & development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Lymphoid Tissue, Lymphoid Tissue: drug effects, Lymphoid Tissue: growth & development, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"1007–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mckernan_toxicity_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({DE}-71) in chicken ({Gallus} gallus), mallard ({Anas} platyrhynchos), and {American} kestrel ({Falco} sparverius) embryos and hatchlings.},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1897/08-318.1},\\n\\tabstract = {Embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01-20 microg/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 microg/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 microg/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 microg/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29\\\\% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18\\\\% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 microg total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {McKernan, Moira A and Rattner, Barnett A and Hale, Robert C and Ottinger, Mary Ann},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19045936},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Chick Embryo, Chick Embryo: drug effects, Chickens, Ducks, Ducks: embryology, Ducks: growth \\\\& development, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: growth \\\\& development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Lymphoid Tissue, Lymphoid Tissue: drug effects, Lymphoid Tissue: growth \\\\& development, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1007--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McKernan, M. A\",\"Rattner, B. A\",\"Hale, R. C\",\"Ottinger, M. A.\"],\"key\":\"mckernan_toxicity_2009\",\"id\":\"mckernan_toxicity_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mckernan-rattner-hale-ottinger-toxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersde71inchickengallusgallusmallardanasplatyrhynchosandamericankestrelfalcosparveriusembryosandhatchlings-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bone Development\",\"Bone Development: drug effects\",\"Chick Embryo\",\"Chick Embryo: drug effects\",\"Chickens\",\"Ducks\",\"Ducks: embryology\",\"Ducks: growth & development\",\"Embryo\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: embryology\",\"Falconiformes: growth & development\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Liver: pathology\",\"Lymphoid Tissue\",\"Lymphoid Tissue: drug effects\",\"Lymphoid Tissue: growth & development\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Responses of the L5178Y mouse Lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. V: 27 coded chemicals.\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"0893-6692\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415\",\"abstract\":\"Twenty-seven chemicals were tested for their mutagenic potential in the L5178Y tk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay using procedures based upon those described by McGregor et al. (McGregor DB, Martin R, Cattanach P, Edwards I, McBride D, Caspary WJ (1987): Environ Mol Mutagen 9:143-160). Cultures were exposed to the chemicals for 4 hr, then cultured for 2 days before plating in soft agar with or without trifluorothymidine (TFT), 3 micrograms/ml. The chemicals were tested at least twice. Statistically significant responses were obtained with acid orange 10, aniline, benzaldehyde, o-chloroaniline, chlorodibromomethane, cytembena, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromomethyl) cyclohexane, dieldrin, lithocholic acid, oxytetracycline, phenazopyridine HCl, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, solvent yellow 14, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Apart from phenazopyridine HCl, acid orange 10, and solvent yellow 14, rat liver S9 mix was not a requirement for the mutagenic activity of these compounds. Chemical not identified as mutagens were N-4-acetylaminofluorene, chlorpheniramine maleate, chloropropamide, 1,4-dioxane, endrin, ethylene glycol, iron dextran, methapyrilene, sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental and molecular mutagenesis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGregor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Howgate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McBride\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caspary\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1991\",\"pmid\":\"1902415\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cultured, Data Interpretation, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Flame retardants, Inbred F344, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Quality Control, Rats, Statistical, Thymidine Kinase, Thymidine Kinase: genetics, Trifluridine, Tumor Cells\",\"pages\":\"196–219\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcgregor_responses_1991,\\n\\ttitle = {Responses of the {L5178Y} mouse {Lymphoma} cell forward mutation assay. {V}: 27 coded chemicals.},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {0893-6692},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415},\\n\\tabstract = {Twenty-seven chemicals were tested for their mutagenic potential in the L5178Y tk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay using procedures based upon those described by McGregor et al. (McGregor DB, Martin R, Cattanach P, Edwards I, McBride D, Caspary WJ (1987): Environ Mol Mutagen 9:143-160). Cultures were exposed to the chemicals for 4 hr, then cultured for 2 days before plating in soft agar with or without trifluorothymidine (TFT), 3 micrograms/ml. The chemicals were tested at least twice. Statistically significant responses were obtained with acid orange 10, aniline, benzaldehyde, o-chloroaniline, chlorodibromomethane, cytembena, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromomethyl) cyclohexane, dieldrin, lithocholic acid, oxytetracycline, phenazopyridine HCl, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, solvent yellow 14, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Apart from phenazopyridine HCl, acid orange 10, and solvent yellow 14, rat liver S9 mix was not a requirement for the mutagenic activity of these compounds. Chemical not identified as mutagens were N-4-acetylaminofluorene, chlorpheniramine maleate, chloropropamide, 1,4-dioxane, endrin, ethylene glycol, iron dextran, methapyrilene, sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental and molecular mutagenesis},\\n\\tauthor = {McGregor, D B and Brown, A G and Howgate, S and McBride, D and Riach, C and Caspary, W J},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1991},\\n\\tpmid = {1902415},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cultured, Data Interpretation, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Flame retardants, Inbred F344, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Quality Control, Rats, Statistical, Thymidine Kinase, Thymidine Kinase: genetics, Trifluridine, Tumor Cells},\\n\\tpages = {196--219},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McGregor, D B\",\"Brown, A G\",\"Howgate, S\",\"McBride, D\",\"Riach, C\",\"Caspary, W J\"],\"key\":\"mcgregor_responses_1991\",\"id\":\"mcgregor_responses_1991\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcgregor-brown-howgate-mcbride-riach-caspary-responsesofthel5178ymouselymphomacellforwardmutationassayv27codedchemicals-1991\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cultured\",\"Data Interpretation\",\"Evaluation Studies as Topic\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Inbred F344\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Mutagenicity Tests\",\"Mutagens\",\"Mutagens: toxicity\",\"Quality Control\",\"Rats\",\"Statistical\",\"Thymidine Kinase\",\"Thymidine Kinase: genetics\",\"Trifluridine\",\"Tumor Cells\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Aryl phosphate esters within a major PentaBDE replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kft020\",\"abstract\":\"Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konstantinov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Volz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23377616\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"144–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcgee_aryl_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Aryl phosphate esters within a major {PentaBDE} replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft020},\\n\\tabstract = {Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50\\\\% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {McGee, Sean P and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23377616},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {144--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McGee, S. P\",\"Konstantinov, A.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Volz, D. C\"],\"key\":\"mcgee_aryl_2013\",\"id\":\"mcgee_aryl_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Kyoto, Japan\",\"title\":\"Estimation of PBDD/DF toxicity equivalency factors from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.\",\"url\":\"http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) are unintentionally produced during various combustion processes of plastics, textiles and other materials containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) or present as contaminants in technical mixtures of BFRs1. Additionally, human adipose tissue concentration levels of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD of the general Japanese were reported to be a median value of 1.7 pg/g with a range of 0.8-4.2 pg/g in 1970 and a median value of 0.5 pg/g with a range of 0.1-2.0 pg/g in 20082. The toxic properties of individual PBDD/DFs congeners strongly depend on the substitution numbers and position of bromine similarly to those of chlorinated analogues. Recently, a few data on the general toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD for experimental animals have been published as well as the results of studies on reproductive toxicity. Single oral and interperitoneal administrations of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD were reported to induce teratogenic effects in mice and thymic atrophy, body weight loss and induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in immature male rats3,4. However, PBDD/DFs are much less studied than the chlorinated congeners partly due to the lack of available standards and the difficulties in sensitive detection. Still it seems important to know the toxic effects of those chemicals as they are persistent and toxic. This study focused on Toxicity Equivalency Factor of PBDD/DFs estimated from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.\",\"booktitle\":\"5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matsuda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yousuke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Handa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kawano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{matsuda_estimation_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\\n\\ttitle = {Estimation of {PBDD}/{DF} toxicity equivalency factors from {Ah} receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.},\\n\\turl = {http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) are unintentionally produced during various combustion processes of plastics, textiles and other materials containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) or present as contaminants in technical mixtures of BFRs1. Additionally, human adipose tissue concentration levels of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD of the general Japanese were reported to be a median value of 1.7 pg/g with a range of 0.8-4.2 pg/g in 1970 and a median value of 0.5 pg/g with a range of 0.1-2.0 pg/g in 20082. The toxic properties of individual PBDD/DFs congeners strongly depend on the substitution numbers and position of bromine similarly to those of chlorinated analogues. Recently, a few data on the general toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD for experimental animals have been published as well as the results of studies on reproductive toxicity. Single oral and interperitoneal administrations of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD were reported to induce teratogenic effects in mice and thymic atrophy, body weight loss and induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in immature male rats3,4. However, PBDD/DFs are much less studied than the chlorinated congeners partly due to the lack of available standards and the difficulties in sensitive detection. Still it seems important to know the toxic effects of those chemicals as they are persistent and toxic. This study focused on Toxicity Equivalency Factor of PBDD/DFs estimated from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Matsuda, M and Okimoto, M and Yousuke, T and Nakamura, M and Handa, H and Kawano, M and Nose, K},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Matsuda, M\",\"Okimoto, M\",\"Yousuke, T\",\"Nakamura, M\",\"Handa, H\",\"Kawano, M\",\"Nose, K\"],\"key\":\"matsuda_estimation_2010\",\"id\":\"matsuda_estimation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"matsuda-okimoto-yousuke-nakamura-handa-kawano-nose-estimationofpbdddftoxicityequivalencyfactorsfromahreceptorbindingaffinityandclearancerateinrat-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information.\",\"number\":\"20\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marvin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Armitage\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arnot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vince\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons\",\"pages\":\"8613–8623\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marvin_hexabromocyclododecane:_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information.},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Marvin, Christopher H and Tomy, Gregg T and Armitage, James M and Arnot, Jon A and McCarty, Lynn and Covaci, Adrian and Palace, Vince},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons},\\n\\tpages = {8613--8623},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marvin, C. H\",\"Tomy, G. T\",\"Armitage, J. M\",\"Arnot, J. A\",\"McCarty, L.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Palace, V.\"],\"key\":\"marvin_hexabromocyclododecane:_2011\",\"id\":\"marvin_hexabromocyclododecane:_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marvin-tomy-armitage-arnot-mccarty-covaci-palace-hexabromocyclododecanecurrentunderstandingofchemistryenvironmentalfateandtoxicologyandimplicationsforglobalmanagement-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust.\",\"volume\":\"404\",\"issn\":\"1618-2650\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00216-012-5967-x\",\"abstract\":\"This study presents a focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), from mono- to hexa-congeners, in indoor dust. This approach provided a simple, fast, and economical method. After the solvent extraction selection, the FUSLE conditions were studied using a central composite design. Finally, the number of extraction cycles was studied. The selected conditions were 8 mL of 3:1 n-hexane-acetone mixture as extraction solvent, at a power of 65% for 20 s. The proposed method allowed accurate determination of BDEs, with recovery values around 100% and detection limits between 0.05 and 0.8 ng g(-1). It also has advantages over other existing methods in terms of simplicity, analysis time, and solvent consumption. The analysis of several indoor dust samples showed high concentration values of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 in some of the samples, moreover, BDEs 47 and 99 were found in all samples.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez-Moral\"],\"firstnames\":[\"María\",\"Pilar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tena\"],\"firstnames\":[\"María\",\"Teresa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22526646\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"289–95\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{martinez-moral_focused_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {404},\\n\\tissn = {1618-2650},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-012-5967-x},\\n\\tabstract = {This study presents a focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), from mono- to hexa-congeners, in indoor dust. This approach provided a simple, fast, and economical method. After the solvent extraction selection, the FUSLE conditions were studied using a central composite design. Finally, the number of extraction cycles was studied. The selected conditions were 8 mL of 3:1 n-hexane-acetone mixture as extraction solvent, at a power of 65\\\\% for 20 s. The proposed method allowed accurate determination of BDEs, with recovery values around 100\\\\% and detection limits between 0.05 and 0.8 ng g(-1). It also has advantages over other existing methods in terms of simplicity, analysis time, and solvent consumption. The analysis of several indoor dust samples showed high concentration values of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 in some of the samples, moreover, BDEs 47 and 99 were found in all samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Martínez-Moral, María Pilar and Tena, María Teresa},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22526646},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {289--95},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Martínez-Moral, M. P.\",\"Tena, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"martinez-moral_focused_2012\",\"id\":\"martinez-moral_focused_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"martnezmoral-tena-focusedultrasoundsolidliquidextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometrydeterminationofbrominatedflameretardantsinindoordust-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 in ranch mink (Mustela vison).\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, organohalogen compounds that are increasing exponentially in the Great Lakes (Canada/USA) biota. The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of a commercial PBDE mixture in ranch mink (Mustela vison). Twenty-week-old mink (n = 10 mink/group) were exposed to 0, 1, 5, or 10 ppm of DE-71 through their diet for eight weeks. The phytohemagglutinin-induced cutaneous reaction, and antibodies specific to keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugated to dinitrophenol were measured. Liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity also was measured. Organs were weighed and spleens were examined histologically. No differences were found in the PHA-induced skin response in exposed mink; mink in the two highest treatments exhibited significant increases in antibody production over control mink. Systemic toxicity was apparent; significant body weight reductions were found in mink exposed to 5 and 10 ppm of DE-71. Exposed mink had significantly larger relative spleen, adrenal, and liver masses than control mink. Spleens of mink exposed to 10 ppm of DE-71 had significantly increased germinal center development and incidence of B-cell hyperplasia. The activity of EROD was induced in all treated mink relative to controls and was positively associated with the liver somatic index. Hematocrit in mink from the two highest exposure groups was significantly lower than control mink. Percentage neutrophils increased and percentage lymphocytes decreased significantly in mink from the higher two dosage groups. Our findings have direct relevance to wild mink in the Great Lakes ecosystem, because mink are top predators of the aquatic food web, providing evidence for the vulnerability of this species to the effects of environmental PBDE mixtures.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mayne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greg\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bursian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"Steven\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vince\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pekarik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smits\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judit\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17521147\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, B-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes: drug effects, B-Lymphocytes: immunology, B-Lymphocytes: metabolism, Canada, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: immunology, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Germinal Center, Germinal Center: drug effects, Germinal Center: immunology, Germinal Center: metabolism, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Mink, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: immunology, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: immunology, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: immunology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, United States, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"988–97\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{martin_immunotoxicity_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture {DE}-71 in ranch mink ({Mustela} vison).},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, organohalogen compounds that are increasing exponentially in the Great Lakes (Canada/USA) biota. The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of a commercial PBDE mixture in ranch mink (Mustela vison). Twenty-week-old mink (n = 10 mink/group) were exposed to 0, 1, 5, or 10 ppm of DE-71 through their diet for eight weeks. The phytohemagglutinin-induced cutaneous reaction, and antibodies specific to keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugated to dinitrophenol were measured. Liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity also was measured. Organs were weighed and spleens were examined histologically. No differences were found in the PHA-induced skin response in exposed mink; mink in the two highest treatments exhibited significant increases in antibody production over control mink. Systemic toxicity was apparent; significant body weight reductions were found in mink exposed to 5 and 10 ppm of DE-71. Exposed mink had significantly larger relative spleen, adrenal, and liver masses than control mink. Spleens of mink exposed to 10 ppm of DE-71 had significantly increased germinal center development and incidence of B-cell hyperplasia. The activity of EROD was induced in all treated mink relative to controls and was positively associated with the liver somatic index. Hematocrit in mink from the two highest exposure groups was significantly lower than control mink. Percentage neutrophils increased and percentage lymphocytes decreased significantly in mink from the higher two dosage groups. Our findings have direct relevance to wild mink in the Great Lakes ecosystem, because mink are top predators of the aquatic food web, providing evidence for the vulnerability of this species to the effects of environmental PBDE mixtures.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Martin, Pamela A and Mayne, Greg J and Bursian, F Steven J and Tomy, Gregg and Palace, Vince and Pekarik, Cynthia and Smits, Judit},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17521147},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, B-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes: drug effects, B-Lymphocytes: immunology, B-Lymphocytes: metabolism, Canada, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: immunology, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Germinal Center, Germinal Center: drug effects, Germinal Center: immunology, Germinal Center: metabolism, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Mink, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: immunology, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: immunology, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: immunology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, United States, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {988--97},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Martin, P. A\",\"Mayne, G. J\",\"Bursian, F S. J\",\"Tomy, G.\",\"Palace, V.\",\"Pekarik, C.\",\"Smits, J.\"],\"key\":\"martin_immunotoxicity_2007\",\"id\":\"martin_immunotoxicity_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"martin-mayne-bursian-tomy-palace-pekarik-smits-immunotoxicityofthecommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inranchminkmustelavison-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"B-Lymphocytes\",\"B-Lymphocytes: drug effects\",\"B-Lymphocytes: immunology\",\"B-Lymphocytes: metabolism\",\"Canada\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: immunology\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Germinal Center\",\"Germinal Center: drug effects\",\"Germinal Center: immunology\",\"Germinal Center: metabolism\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Microsomes\",\"Mink\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: immunology\",\"Phenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: immunology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: immunology\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Spleen\",\"Spleen: drug effects\",\"Spleen: metabolism\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans (PBDD/FS) in foods – a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"url\":\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin Rose,Alwyn Fernandes\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1396 – 1401\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{martin_rosealwyn_fernandesdavid_mortimer_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{FS}) in foods – a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\turl = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {{Martin Rose,Alwyn Fernandes,David Mortimer}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1396 -- 1401},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Martin Rose,Alwyn Fernandes\"],\"key\":\"martin_rosealwyn_fernandesdavid_mortimer_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"martin_rosealwyn_fernandesdavid_mortimer_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"martinrose-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Aryl phosphate esters within a major PentaBDE replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kft020\",\"abstract\":\"Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konstantinov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Volz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23377616\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"144–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcgee_aryl_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Aryl phosphate esters within a major {PentaBDE} replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft020},\\n\\tabstract = {Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50\\\\% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {McGee, Sean P and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23377616},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {144--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McGee, S. P\",\"Konstantinov, A.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Volz, D. C\"],\"key\":\"mcgee_aryl_2013-1\",\"id\":\"mcgee_aryl_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Early zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to developmental TDCPP exposure.\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205316\",\"abstract\":\"Chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) are widely used as additive flame retardants for low-density polyurethane foams and have frequently been detected at elevated concentrations within indoor environmental media.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Volz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23017583\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1585–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcgee_early_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Early zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to developmental {TDCPP} exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205316},\\n\\tabstract = {Chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) are widely used as additive flame retardants for low-density polyurethane foams and have frequently been detected at elevated concentrations within indoor environmental media.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {McGee, Sean P and Cooper, Ellen M and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23017583},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1585--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McGee, S. P\",\"Cooper, E. M\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Volz, D. C\"],\"key\":\"mcgee_early_2012\",\"id\":\"mcgee_early_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcgee-cooper-stapleton-volz-earlyzebrafishembryogenesisissusceptibletodevelopmentaltdcppexposure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenylether levels among United States residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs.\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"issn\":\"1551-3777\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901\",\"abstract\":\"Data on Polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations in individual U.S. women were compiled. PBDE levels in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk from individual U.S. women were found to follow similar lognormal distributions, which exhibited a high degree of variability. The distribution of lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations for all media combined had a median of 47.9 ng/g and a 95th percentile estimate of 302 ng/g. Estimates of congener-specific kinetic parameters were used to calculate the total daily intake of the PBDEs (sum of 5 PBDE prominent congeners, PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) that would be required to achieve the measured body burdens. PBDE intake estimates from all routes of exposure were 8.5 ng/kg/d (median) and 54 ng/kg/d (95th percentile). The potential health risks posed by the PBDEs were examined by comparing 95th percentile tissue concentrations in humans (C(human)) to modeled and measured tissue concentrations in rodents that caused no developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive effects (C(rodent)). The ratio of rodent-to-human PBDE concentrations (C(rodent):C(human)) was \\\\textless1 for alterations of male and female reproductive organs in rats, \\\\textless10 for neurodevelopmental effects in mice, and \\\\textless100 for neurodevelopmental effects in rats. If humans are as sensitive as animals to PBDE-induced developmental toxicity, the current margin of safety appears low for a fraction of the population.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Integrated environmental assessment and management\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDonald\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"16639901\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth & development, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth & development, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rodentia, Tissue Distribution, United States, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"343–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcdonald_polybrominated_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenylether levels among {United} {States} residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs.},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tissn = {1551-3777},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901},\\n\\tabstract = {Data on Polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations in individual U.S. women were compiled. PBDE levels in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk from individual U.S. women were found to follow similar lognormal distributions, which exhibited a high degree of variability. The distribution of lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations for all media combined had a median of 47.9 ng/g and a 95th percentile estimate of 302 ng/g. Estimates of congener-specific kinetic parameters were used to calculate the total daily intake of the PBDEs (sum of 5 PBDE prominent congeners, PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) that would be required to achieve the measured body burdens. PBDE intake estimates from all routes of exposure were 8.5 ng/kg/d (median) and 54 ng/kg/d (95th percentile). The potential health risks posed by the PBDEs were examined by comparing 95th percentile tissue concentrations in humans (C(human)) to modeled and measured tissue concentrations in rodents that caused no developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive effects (C(rodent)). The ratio of rodent-to-human PBDE concentrations (C(rodent):C(human)) was {\\\\textbackslash}textless1 for alterations of male and female reproductive organs in rats, {\\\\textbackslash}textless10 for neurodevelopmental effects in mice, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless100 for neurodevelopmental effects in rats. If humans are as sensitive as animals to PBDE-induced developmental toxicity, the current margin of safety appears low for a fraction of the population.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management},\\n\\tauthor = {McDonald, Thomas A},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {16639901},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \\\\& development, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth \\\\& development, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rodentia, Tissue Distribution, United States, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {343--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McDonald, T. A\"],\"key\":\"mcdonald_polybrominated_2005\",\"id\":\"mcdonald_polybrominated_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcdonald-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsamongunitedstatesresidentsdailyintakeandriskofharmtothedevelopingbrainandreproductiveorgans-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adult\",\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: growth & development\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Development\",\"Fetal Development: drug effects\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genitalia\",\"Genitalia: drug effects\",\"Genitalia: growth & development\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Milk\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Rodentia\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"BDE 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.\",\"volume\":\"155\",\"issn\":\"1532-0456\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.004\",\"abstract\":\"The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardants. Human health concerns of these agents have largely centered upon their potential to elicit reproductive and developmental effects. Of the various congeners, BDE 49 (2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) has been poorly studied, despite the fact that it is often detected in the tissues of fish and wildlife species. Furthermore, we have previously shown that BDE 49 is a metabolic debromination product of BDE 99 hepatic metabolism in salmon, carp and trout, underscoring the need for a better understanding of biological effects. In the current study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of BDE 49 using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo larval model. Embryo and larval zebrafish were exposed to BDE 49 at either 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) or 24 hpf and monitored for developmental and neurotoxicity. Exposure to BDE 49 at concentrations of 4iμ-32 μM caused a dose-dependent loss in survivorship at 6 days post fertilization (dpf). Morphological impairments were observed prior to the onset of mortality, the most striking of which included severe dorsal curvatures of the tail. The incidence of dorsal tail curvatures was dose and time dependent. Exposure to BDE 49 caused cardiac toxicity as evidenced by a significant reduction in zebrafish heart rates at 6 dpf but not earlier, suggesting that cardiac toxicity was non-specific and associated with physiological stress. Neurobehavioral injury from BDE 49 was evidenced by an impairment of touch-escape responses observed at 5 dpf. Our results indicate that BDE 49 is a developmental toxicant in larval zebrafish that can cause morphological abnormalities and adversely affect neurobehavior. The observed toxicities from BDE 49 were similar in scope to those previously reported for the more common tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, and also for other lower brominated PBDEs, suggest that these compounds may share similarities in risk to aquatic species.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClain\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Valerie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tilton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fred\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gallagher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evan\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"21951712\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Escape Reaction, Escape Reaction: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: embryology, Heart: physiopathology, Humans, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: physiology, Male, Molecular Structure, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Tail, Tail: drug effects, Tail: embryology, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Zebrafish\",\"pages\":\"253–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcclain_bde_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {{BDE} 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.},\\n\\tvolume = {155},\\n\\tissn = {1532-0456},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.004},\\n\\tabstract = {The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardants. Human health concerns of these agents have largely centered upon their potential to elicit reproductive and developmental effects. Of the various congeners, BDE 49 (2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) has been poorly studied, despite the fact that it is often detected in the tissues of fish and wildlife species. Furthermore, we have previously shown that BDE 49 is a metabolic debromination product of BDE 99 hepatic metabolism in salmon, carp and trout, underscoring the need for a better understanding of biological effects. In the current study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of BDE 49 using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo larval model. Embryo and larval zebrafish were exposed to BDE 49 at either 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) or 24 hpf and monitored for developmental and neurotoxicity. Exposure to BDE 49 at concentrations of 4iμ-32 μM caused a dose-dependent loss in survivorship at 6 days post fertilization (dpf). Morphological impairments were observed prior to the onset of mortality, the most striking of which included severe dorsal curvatures of the tail. The incidence of dorsal tail curvatures was dose and time dependent. Exposure to BDE 49 caused cardiac toxicity as evidenced by a significant reduction in zebrafish heart rates at 6 dpf but not earlier, suggesting that cardiac toxicity was non-specific and associated with physiological stress. Neurobehavioral injury from BDE 49 was evidenced by an impairment of touch-escape responses observed at 5 dpf. Our results indicate that BDE 49 is a developmental toxicant in larval zebrafish that can cause morphological abnormalities and adversely affect neurobehavior. The observed toxicities from BDE 49 were similar in scope to those previously reported for the more common tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, and also for other lower brominated PBDEs, suggest that these compounds may share similarities in risk to aquatic species.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology \\\\& pharmacology : CBP},\\n\\tauthor = {McClain, Valerie and Stapleton, Heather M and Tilton, Fred and Gallagher, Evan P},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {21951712},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Escape Reaction, Escape Reaction: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: embryology, Heart: physiopathology, Humans, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: physiology, Male, Molecular Structure, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Tail, Tail: drug effects, Tail: embryology, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Zebrafish},\\n\\tpages = {253--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McClain, V.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Tilton, F.\",\"Gallagher, E. P\"],\"key\":\"mcclain_bde_2012\",\"id\":\"mcclain_bde_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcclain-stapleton-tilton-gallagher-bde49anddevelopmentaltoxicityinzebrafish-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Embryo\",\"Escape Reaction\",\"Escape Reaction: drug effects\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Heart\",\"Heart: drug effects\",\"Heart: embryology\",\"Heart: physiopathology\",\"Humans\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: drug effects\",\"Larva: physiology\",\"Male\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Nonmammalian: embryology\",\"Tail\",\"Tail: drug effects\",\"Tail: embryology\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Toxicity Tests: methods\",\"Zebrafish\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\",\"abstract\":\"Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.\",\"number\":\"10-12\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MCALLISTER\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MAZAC\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"GORSICH\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"FREIBERG\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"TONDEUR\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1990\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1537–1541\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcallister_analysis_1990,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},\\n\\tabstract = {Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.},\\n\\tnumber = {10-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {MCALLISTER, D and MAZAC, C and GORSICH, R and FREIBERG, M and TONDEUR, Y},\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1537--1541},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"MCALLISTER, D\",\"MAZAC, C\",\"GORSICH, R\",\"FREIBERG, M\",\"TONDEUR, Y\"],\"key\":\"mcallister_analysis_1990\",\"id\":\"mcallister_analysis_1990\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Multi-generational effects of polybrominated diphenylethers exposure: embryonic exposure of male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to DE-71 alters reproductive success and behaviors.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.200\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are additive flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative compounds of particular concern to species at high trophic levels, including predatory birds. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to male birds at environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on reproductive success and behaviors using captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 and unintentionally to low concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at three mean +/- standard error DE-71 concentrations of 288.60 +/- 33.35 ng/g wet weight (low-exposure), 1130.59 +/- 95.34 ng/g wet weight (high-exposure), or background levels of 3.01 +/- 0.46 ng/g wet weight (control). One year following exposure, males were paired with unexposed females. Reproductive success was lower in the high exposure pairs: 43% failed to lay eggs while all other pairs laid complete clutches; they also laid smaller clutches and produced smaller eggs with reduced fertility, parameters that were negatively correlated with paternal in ovo concentrations of all PBDEs, as well as individual congeners and HBCD. Throughout courtship, there were fewer copulations by all in ovo exposed males, fewer mate-calls made by high-exposure males, and decreasing trends in pair-bonding and nest-box behaviors across treatments that continued during brood rearing. The reductions in clutch size and fertility were associated with the reduced frequencies of male courtship behaviors, and were associated with increasing concentrations of the PBDE congeners BDE-47, -99, -100, -53, -138, and HBCD. The results of the present study confirm effects noted in the F(0) generation and demonstrate that exposure to DE-71 affects multiple generations of this predatory avian species at environmentally relevant levels of exposure.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marteinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bird\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shutt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"Laird\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ritchie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20821627\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: metabolism, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"1740–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marteinson_multi-generational_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Multi-generational effects of polybrominated diphenylethers exposure: embryonic exposure of male {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) to {DE}-71 alters reproductive success and behaviors.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.200},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are additive flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative compounds of particular concern to species at high trophic levels, including predatory birds. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to male birds at environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on reproductive success and behaviors using captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 and unintentionally to low concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at three mean +/- standard error DE-71 concentrations of 288.60 +/- 33.35 ng/g wet weight (low-exposure), 1130.59 +/- 95.34 ng/g wet weight (high-exposure), or background levels of 3.01 +/- 0.46 ng/g wet weight (control). One year following exposure, males were paired with unexposed females. Reproductive success was lower in the high exposure pairs: 43\\\\% failed to lay eggs while all other pairs laid complete clutches; they also laid smaller clutches and produced smaller eggs with reduced fertility, parameters that were negatively correlated with paternal in ovo concentrations of all PBDEs, as well as individual congeners and HBCD. Throughout courtship, there were fewer copulations by all in ovo exposed males, fewer mate-calls made by high-exposure males, and decreasing trends in pair-bonding and nest-box behaviors across treatments that continued during brood rearing. The reductions in clutch size and fertility were associated with the reduced frequencies of male courtship behaviors, and were associated with increasing concentrations of the PBDE congeners BDE-47, -99, -100, -53, -138, and HBCD. The results of the present study confirm effects noted in the F(0) generation and demonstrate that exposure to DE-71 affects multiple generations of this predatory avian species at environmentally relevant levels of exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Marteinson, Sarah C and Bird, David M and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Fernie, Kim J},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20821627},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: metabolism, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {1740--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marteinson, S. C\",\"Bird, D. M\",\"Shutt, J L.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Ritchie, I. J\",\"Fernie, K. J\"],\"key\":\"marteinson_multi-generational_2010\",\"id\":\"marteinson_multi-generational_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marteinson-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-multigenerationaleffectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersexposureembryonicexposureofmaleamericankestrelsfalcosparveriustode71altersreproductivesuccessandbehaviors-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Embryo\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: embryology\",\"Falconiformes: metabolism\",\"Falconiformes: physiology\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Male\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Nonmammalian: metabolism\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: drug effects\",\"Ovum: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"The characteristics of plastics-rich waste streams from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment.\",\"institution\":\"Plastics Europe\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{mark_characteristics_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {The characteristics of plastics-rich waste streams from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment.},\\n\\tinstitution = {Plastics Europe},\\n\\tauthor = {Mark, F},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mark, F\"],\"key\":\"mark_characteristics_2006\",\"id\":\"mark_characteristics_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mark-thecharacteristicsofplasticsrichwastestreamsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"01970186\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5\",\"abstract\":\"The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC50 value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 μM, and the IC50 values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 μM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP+). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC50 value of 3, 3 and 8 μM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.\",\"number\":\"4-5\",\"journal\":\"Neurochemistry International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mariussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Espen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fonnum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frode\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dopamine, Flame retardants, neurotransmitters\",\"pages\":\"533–542\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mariussen_effect_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {01970186},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5},\\n\\tabstract = {The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC50 value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 μM, and the IC50 values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 μM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50\\\\% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP+). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC50 value of 3, 3 and 8 μM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.},\\n\\tnumber = {4-5},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurochemistry International},\\n\\tauthor = {Mariussen, Espen and Fonnum, Frode},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dopamine, Flame retardants, neurotransmitters},\\n\\tpages = {533--542},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mariussen, E.\",\"Fonnum, F.\"],\"key\":\"mariussen_effect_2003\",\"id\":\"mariussen_effect_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Dopamine\",\"Flame retardants\",\"neurotransmitters\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0197-0186\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101\",\"abstract\":\"The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC(50) value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 microM, and the IC(50) values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 microM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP(+)). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC(50) value of 3, 3 and 8 microM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.\",\"number\":\"4-5\",\"journal\":\"Neurochemistry international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mariussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Espen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fonnum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frode\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12742101\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Rats, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"533–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mariussen_effect_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0197-0186},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101},\\n\\tabstract = {The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC(50) value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 microM, and the IC(50) values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 microM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50\\\\% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP(+)). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC(50) value of 3, 3 and 8 microM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.},\\n\\tnumber = {4-5},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurochemistry international},\\n\\tauthor = {Mariussen, Espen and Fonnum, Frode},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12742101},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Rats, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {533--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mariussen, E.\",\"Fonnum, F.\"],\"key\":\"mariussen_effect_2003-1\",\"id\":\"mariussen_effect_2003-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Male\",\"Neurotransmitter Agents\",\"Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism\",\"Rats\",\"Synaptosomes\",\"Synaptosomes: drug effects\",\"Synaptosomes: metabolism\",\"Wistar\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Influence of gypsum board type (X or C) on real fire performance of partition assemblies\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/fam\",\"abstract\":\"This paper compares the responses of wall-size partition assemblies, composed of either type X or type C gypsum wallboard panels over steel studs, when each was exposed to an intense room fire. The exposures lasted from the time of ignition to beyond flashover. Heat flux gauges provided time histories of the energy incident on the partitions, while thermocouples provided data on the propagation of heat through the partitions and on the progress toward perforation. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image partition behaviour during the fire exposure. Contraction of the seams of the two types of assemblies occurred under similar thermal conditions on the unexposed surface. However, there were noticeable differences in cracking behaviour. Reduced scale experiments were performed in conjunction with the real- scale fire tests to provide insight into the contraction and cracking behaviour of the different gypsum board types. Results obtained from these experiments are discussed.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Fire and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Manzello\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kukuck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lenhert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, compartmentation, fire resistance, heat flux, partitions, wall\",\"pages\":\"425–442\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{manzello_influence_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Influence of gypsum board type ({X} or {C}) on real fire performance of partition assemblies},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/fam},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper compares the responses of wall-size partition assemblies, composed of either type X or type C gypsum wallboard panels over steel studs, when each was exposed to an intense room fire. The exposures lasted from the time of ignition to beyond flashover. Heat flux gauges provided time histories of the energy incident on the partitions, while thermocouples provided data on the propagation of heat through the partitions and on the progress toward perforation. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image partition behaviour during the fire exposure. Contraction of the seams of the two types of assemblies occurred under similar thermal conditions on the unexposed surface. However, there were noticeable differences in cracking behaviour. Reduced scale experiments were performed in conjunction with the real- scale fire tests to provide insight into the contraction and cracking behaviour of the different gypsum board types. Results obtained from these experiments are discussed.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Manzello, Samuel L and Gann, Richard G and Kukuck, Scott R and Lenhert, David B},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, compartmentation, fire resistance, heat flux, partitions, wall},\\n\\tpages = {425--442},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Manzello, S. L\",\"Gann, R. G\",\"Kukuck, S. R\",\"Lenhert, D. B\"],\"key\":\"manzello_influence_2007\",\"id\":\"manzello_influence_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"manzello-gann-kukuck-lenhert-influenceofgypsumboardtypexorconrealfireperformanceofpartitionassemblies-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"compartmentation\",\"fire resistance\",\"heat flux\",\"partitions\",\"wall\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines: levels, distribution and profiles.\",\"volume\":\"442\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005\",\"abstract\":\"Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n=30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17-44% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12-35%), CB-118 (4-12%), CB-180 (2-13%), CB-187 (3-13%), and CB-170 (1.5-10%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malarvannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Govindan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prudente\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maricar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23178840\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"366–79\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{malarvannan_accumulation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}: levels, distribution and profiles.},\\n\\tvolume = {442},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n=30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17-44\\\\% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12-35\\\\%), CB-118 (4-12\\\\%), CB-180 (2-13\\\\%), CB-187 (3-13\\\\%), and CB-170 (1.5-10\\\\%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Malarvannan, Govindan and Isobe, Tomohiko and Covaci, Adrian and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23178840},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {366--79},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Malarvannan, G.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Prudente, M.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"malarvannan_accumulation_2013\",\"id\":\"malarvannan_accumulation_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, affects testes and circulating testosterone concentrations in adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius).\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfr027\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are additive flame retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on male reproductive physiology in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) was determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 at three mean concentrations of 289 ng/g ww (low exposure), 1131 ng/g ww (high-exposure), or background levels of 3 ng/g ww (control). As adults, males were paired with unexposed females for breeding and, 1 year later, sacrificed for testes evaluation. While breeding, high-exposure males demonstrated a trend of reduced circulating testosterone levels when their female mate commenced egg laying when compared with controls (p = 0.056). No differences in circulating free T₄ or T₃ were detected. Sperm numbers were elevated on the perivitelline layer of the first egg of both high- and low-exposure males when compared with controls (p = 0.021). High-exposure males had a higher gonadosomatic index (p = 0.046) and heavier right testis than controls (p = 0.034) with a similar trend for their left testis (p = 0.055). High-exposure males had more seminiferous tubules containing lumen than controls (p = 0.030), and in proportion to the total number of tubules, low-exposure males had more tubules containing lumen than did controls (p = 0.016). Only high-exposure males had fewer than half of tubules containing final spermatids (43%). The results of the present study demonstrate that embryonic exposure to technical DE-71 affects the reproductive tract of adult male kestrels.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marteinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kimmins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bird\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shutt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"Laird\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ritchie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21282710\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: blood, Falconiformes: embryology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood\",\"pages\":\"168–76\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marteinson_embryonic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71, affects testes and circulating testosterone concentrations in adult {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius).},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr027},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are additive flame retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on male reproductive physiology in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) was determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 at three mean concentrations of 289 ng/g ww (low exposure), 1131 ng/g ww (high-exposure), or background levels of 3 ng/g ww (control). As adults, males were paired with unexposed females for breeding and, 1 year later, sacrificed for testes evaluation. While breeding, high-exposure males demonstrated a trend of reduced circulating testosterone levels when their female mate commenced egg laying when compared with controls (p = 0.056). No differences in circulating free T₄ or T₃ were detected. Sperm numbers were elevated on the perivitelline layer of the first egg of both high- and low-exposure males when compared with controls (p = 0.021). High-exposure males had a higher gonadosomatic index (p = 0.046) and heavier right testis than controls (p = 0.034) with a similar trend for their left testis (p = 0.055). High-exposure males had more seminiferous tubules containing lumen than controls (p = 0.030), and in proportion to the total number of tubules, low-exposure males had more tubules containing lumen than did controls (p = 0.016). Only high-exposure males had fewer than half of tubules containing final spermatids (43\\\\%). The results of the present study demonstrate that embryonic exposure to technical DE-71 affects the reproductive tract of adult male kestrels.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Marteinson, Sarah C and Kimmins, Sarah and Bird, David M and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Fernie, Kim J},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21282710},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: blood, Falconiformes: embryology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood},\\n\\tpages = {168--76},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marteinson, S. C\",\"Kimmins, S.\",\"Bird, D. M\",\"Shutt, J L.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Ritchie, I. J\",\"Fernie, K. J\"],\"key\":\"marteinson_embryonic_2011\",\"id\":\"marteinson_embryonic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marteinson-kimmins-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-embryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71affectstestesandcirculatingtestosteroneconcentrationsinadultamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: blood\",\"Falconiformes: embryology\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Male\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Sperm Count\",\"Testis\",\"Testis: drug effects\",\"Testosterone\",\"Testosterone: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Screening of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in water supplies of Cyprus.\",\"volume\":\"62\",\"issn\":\"0273-1223\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061\",\"doi\":\"10.2166/wst.2010.549\",\"abstract\":\"Cyprus is currently the leading country in antibiotic consumption among all European Union member countries and is likely to have a high consumption of pharmaceuticals overall. This reconnaissance type of project sought to investigate the occurrence of 16 pharmaceuticals, six known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), two flame retardants, one insect repellant, and one fragrance for the first time in water supplies of Cyprus. Groundwater samples from sites that were located beneath farms scattered around Cyprus, wastewater influent and tertiary-treated effluent, raw and finished surface water, and household potable water samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the tested compounds were \\\\textless minimum reporting limit, except for ibuprofen (mean of 1.4 ng L⁻¹) and bisphenol A (mean of 50 ng L⁻¹), which were detected in more than one out of the five groundwater sampling sites. Certain compounds were found in large concentrations in the wastewater influent (caffeine 82,000 ng L⁻¹, sulfamethoxazole 240 ng L⁻¹, ibuprofen 4,300 ng L⁻¹, and triclosan 480 ng L⁻¹. However, several pharmaceuticals and EDCs were detected in the tertiary-treated effluent (recycled water). For the raw and finished surface water, and potable water samples, ibuprofen was detected, whereas, bisphenol-A was measured in only potable water. Overall, with a few notable exceptions, source, finished and potable water had rare detection or low concentration of target compounds, but further research is needed to elucidate the temporal and spatial distribution of the detected emerging contaminants along with the characterization of the related public health risk.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Makris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konstantinos\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Snyder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shane\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"21099061\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Cyprus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Flame retardants, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, unsure\",\"pages\":\"2720–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{makris_screening_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Screening of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in water supplies of {Cyprus}.},\\n\\tvolume = {62},\\n\\tissn = {0273-1223},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2166/wst.2010.549},\\n\\tabstract = {Cyprus is currently the leading country in antibiotic consumption among all European Union member countries and is likely to have a high consumption of pharmaceuticals overall. This reconnaissance type of project sought to investigate the occurrence of 16 pharmaceuticals, six known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), two flame retardants, one insect repellant, and one fragrance for the first time in water supplies of Cyprus. Groundwater samples from sites that were located beneath farms scattered around Cyprus, wastewater influent and tertiary-treated effluent, raw and finished surface water, and household potable water samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the tested compounds were {\\\\textbackslash}textless minimum reporting limit, except for ibuprofen (mean of 1.4 ng L⁻¹) and bisphenol A (mean of 50 ng L⁻¹), which were detected in more than one out of the five groundwater sampling sites. Certain compounds were found in large concentrations in the wastewater influent (caffeine 82,000 ng L⁻¹, sulfamethoxazole 240 ng L⁻¹, ibuprofen 4,300 ng L⁻¹, and triclosan 480 ng L⁻¹. However, several pharmaceuticals and EDCs were detected in the tertiary-treated effluent (recycled water). For the raw and finished surface water, and potable water samples, ibuprofen was detected, whereas, bisphenol-A was measured in only potable water. Overall, with a few notable exceptions, source, finished and potable water had rare detection or low concentration of target compounds, but further research is needed to elucidate the temporal and spatial distribution of the detected emerging contaminants along with the characterization of the related public health risk.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Makris, Konstantinos C and Snyder, Shane A},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {21099061},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Cyprus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Flame retardants, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {2720--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Makris, K. C\",\"Snyder, S. A\"],\"key\":\"makris_screening_2010\",\"id\":\"makris_screening_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"makris-snyder-screeningofpharmaceuticalsandendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinwatersuppliesofcyprus-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Cyprus\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"Pharmaceutical Preparations: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Supply\",\"Water Supply: analysis\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys.\",\"volume\":\"115\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.9924\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries. OBJECTIVES: Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent. METHODS: In a prospective Danish-Finnish study, 1997-2001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism. We analyzed whole placentas (for 95 cryptorchid/185 healthy boys) and individual breast milk samples (62/68) for 14 PBDEs and infant serum samples for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B. RESULTS: In 86 placenta-milk pairs, placenta PBDE concentrations in fat were lower than in breast milk, and a larger number of congeners were nondetectable. There was no significant difference between boys with and without cryptorchidism for individual congeners, the sum of 5 most prevalent, or all 14 congeners. The concentration of PBDEs in breast milk was significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism than in controls (sum of BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, and 154: median, 4.16 vs. 3.16 ng/g fat; p \\\\textless 0.007). There was a positive correlation between the sum of PBDEs and serum luteinizing hormone (p \\\\textless 0.033). The sum of PBDEs in breast milk did not differ between Denmark and Finland (median, 3.52 vs. 3.44 ng/g fat), but significant differences in some individual congeners were found. CONCLUSIONS: Two different proxies were used for prenatal PBDE exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. Other environmental factors may contribute to cryptorchidism. Our observations are of concern because human exposure to PBDEs is high in some geographic areas.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Main\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katharina\",\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiviranta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Virtanen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Helena\",\"Eeva\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sundqvist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erno\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tuomisto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jouni\",\"Tapio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tuomisto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jouko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vartiainen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terttu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skakkebaek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Niels\",\"Erik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toppari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jorma\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17938745\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Case-Control Studies, Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism: chemically induced, Cryptorchidism: epidemiology, Denmark, Denmark: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Female, Finland, Finland: epidemiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Milk, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Placenta, Placenta: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Statistics as Topic, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1519–26\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{main_flame_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys.},\\n\\tvolume = {115},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.9924},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries. OBJECTIVES: Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent. METHODS: In a prospective Danish-Finnish study, 1997-2001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism. We analyzed whole placentas (for 95 cryptorchid/185 healthy boys) and individual breast milk samples (62/68) for 14 PBDEs and infant serum samples for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B. RESULTS: In 86 placenta-milk pairs, placenta PBDE concentrations in fat were lower than in breast milk, and a larger number of congeners were nondetectable. There was no significant difference between boys with and without cryptorchidism for individual congeners, the sum of 5 most prevalent, or all 14 congeners. The concentration of PBDEs in breast milk was significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism than in controls (sum of BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, and 154: median, 4.16 vs. 3.16 ng/g fat; p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.007). There was a positive correlation between the sum of PBDEs and serum luteinizing hormone (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.033). The sum of PBDEs in breast milk did not differ between Denmark and Finland (median, 3.52 vs. 3.44 ng/g fat), but significant differences in some individual congeners were found. CONCLUSIONS: Two different proxies were used for prenatal PBDE exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. Other environmental factors may contribute to cryptorchidism. Our observations are of concern because human exposure to PBDEs is high in some geographic areas.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Main, Katharina Maria and Kiviranta, Hannu and Virtanen, Helena Eeva and Sundqvist, Erno and Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio and Tuomisto, Jouko and Vartiainen, Terttu and Skakkebaek, Niels Erik and Toppari, Jorma},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17938745},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Case-Control Studies, Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism: chemically induced, Cryptorchidism: epidemiology, Denmark, Denmark: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Female, Finland, Finland: epidemiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Milk, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Placenta, Placenta: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Statistics as Topic, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1519--26},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Main, K. M.\",\"Kiviranta, H.\",\"Virtanen, H. E.\",\"Sundqvist, E.\",\"Tuomisto, J. T.\",\"Tuomisto, J.\",\"Vartiainen, T.\",\"Skakkebaek, N. E.\",\"Toppari, J.\"],\"key\":\"main_flame_2007\",\"id\":\"main_flame_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"main-kiviranta-virtanen-sundqvist-tuomisto-tuomisto-vartiainen-skakkebaek-etal-flameretardantsinplacentaandbreastmilkandcryptorchidisminnewbornboys-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Case-Control Studies\",\"Cryptorchidism\",\"Cryptorchidism: chemically induced\",\"Cryptorchidism: epidemiology\",\"Denmark\",\"Denmark: epidemiology\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Female\",\"Finland\",\"Finland: epidemiology\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Longitudinal Studies\",\"Male\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Placenta\",\"Placenta: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prospective Studies\",\"Statistics as Topic\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"2-Ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203251f\",\"abstract\":\"Two relatively new flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were identified and quantitated in gas and particle-phase air samples collected from six sites near the shores of the Great Lakes. TBB and TBPH were detected in more than half of the samples collected from 2008 to 2010. Urban areas, such as Chicago and Cleveland, showed the highest concentrations (0.36-290 pg/m(3)), while remote areas, such as Eagle Harbor and Sleeping Bear Dunes, exhibited the lowest levels (0.050-32 pg/m(3)). The atmospheric concentrations of TBB and TBPH increased rapidly and significantly over this time period, perhaps indicating that these compounds are replacing the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have been removed or soon will be removed from the marketplace.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuning\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Venier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22128844\",\"keywords\":\"Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors\",\"pages\":\"204–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ma_2-ethylhexyl_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {2-{Ethylhexyl} tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the {Great} {Lakes} atmosphere.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203251f},\\n\\tabstract = {Two relatively new flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were identified and quantitated in gas and particle-phase air samples collected from six sites near the shores of the Great Lakes. TBB and TBPH were detected in more than half of the samples collected from 2008 to 2010. Urban areas, such as Chicago and Cleveland, showed the highest concentrations (0.36-290 pg/m(3)), while remote areas, such as Eagle Harbor and Sleeping Bear Dunes, exhibited the lowest levels (0.050-32 pg/m(3)). The atmospheric concentrations of TBB and TBPH increased rapidly and significantly over this time period, perhaps indicating that these compounds are replacing the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have been removed or soon will be removed from the marketplace.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ma, Yuning and Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22128844},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors},\\n\\tpages = {204--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ma, Y.\",\"Venier, M.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"ma_2-ethylhexyl_2012\",\"id\":\"ma_2-ethylhexyl_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ma-venier-hites-2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateandbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalateflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Bromobenzoates\",\"Bromobenzoates: analysis\",\"Bromobenzoates: chemistry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Time Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, vegetation, workshop-floor dust, and electronic shredder residue from an electronic waste recycling facility and in soils from a chemical industrial complex in eas\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145\",\"abstract\":\"The formation and release of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the incineration of electronic wastes (e-waste) that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a concern. However, studies on the determination of PBDD/Fs in environmental samples collected from e-waste recycling facilities are scarce. In this study, 11 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs and 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were determined in electronic shredder waste, workshop-floor dust soil, and leaves (of plants on the grounds of the facility) from a large-scale e-waste recycling facility and in surface soil from a chemical-industrial complex (comprising a coke-oven plant, a coal-fired power plant, and a chlor-alkali plant) as well as agricultural areas in eastern China. Total PBDD/F concentrations in environmental samples were in the range of 113-818 pg/g dry wt (dw) for leaves, 392-18500 pg/g dw for electronic shredder residues, 716-800000 pg/g dw for soil samples, and 89600-pg/g dw for workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility and in a range from nondetect (ND) to 427 pg/g dw in soil from the chemical-industrial complex. The highest mean concentrations of total PBDD/Fs were found in soil samples and workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility. The dioxin-like toxic equivalent (measured as TEQ) concentrations of PBDD/Fs were greater than the TEQs of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) reported in our previous study for the same set of samples. The concentrations of PBDFs were several orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of PBDDs in samples from the e-waste facility or from soil from the chemical-industrial complex. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of sigmaPBDD/Fs and sigmaPBDEs (r = 0.769, p \\\\textless 0.01) and between sigmaPBDD/Fs and the previously reported sigmaPCDD/F concentrations (r = 0.805, p \\\\textless 0.01). The estimated daily human intakes of TEQs contributed by PBDD/Fs via soil/dust ingestion and dermal exposures in e-waste recycling facilities were higher than the intakes of TEQs contributed by PCDD/ Fs, calculated in our previous study.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Addink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudolf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sehun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenhua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19848145\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dust, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Plants, Plants: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, env, eol, frelec, unsure\",\"pages\":\"7350–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ma_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, vegetation, workshop-floor dust, and electronic shredder residue from an electronic waste recycling facility and in soils from a chemical industrial complex in eas},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145},\\n\\tabstract = {The formation and release of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the incineration of electronic wastes (e-waste) that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a concern. However, studies on the determination of PBDD/Fs in environmental samples collected from e-waste recycling facilities are scarce. In this study, 11 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs and 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were determined in electronic shredder waste, workshop-floor dust soil, and leaves (of plants on the grounds of the facility) from a large-scale e-waste recycling facility and in surface soil from a chemical-industrial complex (comprising a coke-oven plant, a coal-fired power plant, and a chlor-alkali plant) as well as agricultural areas in eastern China. Total PBDD/F concentrations in environmental samples were in the range of 113-818 pg/g dry wt (dw) for leaves, 392-18500 pg/g dw for electronic shredder residues, 716-800000 pg/g dw for soil samples, and 89600-pg/g dw for workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility and in a range from nondetect (ND) to 427 pg/g dw in soil from the chemical-industrial complex. The highest mean concentrations of total PBDD/Fs were found in soil samples and workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility. The dioxin-like toxic equivalent (measured as TEQ) concentrations of PBDD/Fs were greater than the TEQs of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) reported in our previous study for the same set of samples. The concentrations of PBDFs were several orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of PBDDs in samples from the e-waste facility or from soil from the chemical-industrial complex. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of sigmaPBDD/Fs and sigmaPBDEs (r = 0.769, p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) and between sigmaPBDD/Fs and the previously reported sigmaPCDD/F concentrations (r = 0.805, p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01). The estimated daily human intakes of TEQs contributed by PBDD/Fs via soil/dust ingestion and dermal exposures in e-waste recycling facilities were higher than the intakes of TEQs contributed by PCDD/ Fs, calculated in our previous study.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ma, Jing and Addink, Rudolf and Yun, Sehun and Cheng, Jinping and Wang, Wenhua and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19848145},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dust, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Plants, Plants: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, env, eol, frelec, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {7350--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ma, J.\",\"Addink, R.\",\"Yun, S.\",\"Cheng, J.\",\"Wang, W.\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"ma_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"ma_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ma-addink-yun-cheng-wang-kannan-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoilvegetationworkshopfloordustandelectronicshredderresiduefromanelectronicwasterecyclingfacilityandinsoilsfromachemicalindustrialcomplexineas-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"China\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Dust\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Indoor\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Plants\",\"Plants: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Soil\",\"Soil: analysis\",\"env\",\"eol\",\"frelec\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in China: an overview.\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.093\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinghua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tong\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22546636\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"769–78\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ma_state_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {China}: an overview.},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.093},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ma, Jin and Qiu, Xinghua and Zhang, Jinliang and Duan, Xiaoli and Zhu, Tong},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22546636},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {769--78},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ma, J.\",\"Qiu, X.\",\"Zhang, J.\",\"Duan, X.\",\"Zhu, T.\"],\"key\":\"ma_state_2012\",\"id\":\"ma_state_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ma-qiu-zhang-duan-zhu-stateofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinchinaanoverview-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in South China.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153), were quantified in muscles of five waterbird species collected from an extensive e-waste recycling region in the Pearl River Delta, South China. PCBs, at concentrations up to 1,400,000 ng/g lipid, were the dominant contaminants contributing to 80%-90% of PHCs. PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides (sum of DDTs and HCHs) contributed approximately equally to total PHCs with median concentrations ranging from 37-2200 and 530-4300 ng/g lipid, respectively. This contaminant distribution pattern was different from those acquired by most studies conducted in other regions. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in Chinese-pond heron from the present study were higher than those from most other previous studies with birds having similar trophic levels. The extensive e-waste recycling activities were probably the cause of the elevated PCB and PBDE levels in the bird samples. The median concentrations of PBB 153 and DBDPE ranged from 3-140 and 10-176 ng/g lipid, respectively. The frequent detection and high concentrations of DBDPE in piscivorous birds implicate a potential environmental concern for this \\\"new\\\" brominated flame retardant. Additionally, the interspecies differences in the levels of contaminants and species-specific PBDE congener patterns were also elucidated in the present study.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiu-lan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiang-ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhong-yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity\",\"pages\":\"306–311\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{luo_persistent_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153), were quantified in muscles of five waterbird species collected from an extensive e-waste recycling region in the Pearl River Delta, South China. PCBs, at concentrations up to 1,400,000 ng/g lipid, were the dominant contaminants contributing to 80\\\\%-90\\\\% of PHCs. PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides (sum of DDTs and HCHs) contributed approximately equally to total PHCs with median concentrations ranging from 37-2200 and 530-4300 ng/g lipid, respectively. This contaminant distribution pattern was different from those acquired by most studies conducted in other regions. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in Chinese-pond heron from the present study were higher than those from most other previous studies with birds having similar trophic levels. The extensive e-waste recycling activities were probably the cause of the elevated PCB and PBDE levels in the bird samples. The median concentrations of PBB 153 and DBDPE ranged from 3-140 and 10-176 ng/g lipid, respectively. The frequent detection and high concentrations of DBDPE in piscivorous birds implicate a potential environmental concern for this \\\"new\\\" brominated flame retardant. Additionally, the interspecies differences in the levels of contaminants and species-specific PBDE congener patterns were also elucidated in the present study.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Luo, Xiao-jun and Zhang, Xiu-lan and Liu, Juan and Wu, Jiang-ping and Luo, Yong and Chen, She-jun and Mai, Bi-xian and Yang, Zhong-yi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity},\\n\\tpages = {306--311},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Luo, X.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Liu, J.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Luo, Y.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Mai, B.\",\"Yang, Z.\"],\"key\":\"luo_persistent_2009\",\"id\":\"luo_persistent_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"luo-zhang-liu-wu-luo-chen-mai-yang-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinwaterbirdsfromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Charadriiformes: metabolism\",\"China\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Muscles\",\"Muscles: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Species Specificity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Free and bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in freshwater sediments.\",\"volume\":\"60\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.023\",\"abstract\":\"Both free and bound fractions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in sediment were examined. The free fraction was operationally defined as the fraction of each target compound extracted with a solvent mixture of hexane/acetone by Soxhlet extraction, while the bound fraction was the portion released from the sediments by alkaline hydrolysis following the solvent extractions. Tri- to hepta-BDEs and TBBPA were detected in the bound fraction. Bound PBDEs accounted for 0.2-2.8% of the total PBDEs and bound TBBPA accounted for 6.5-48% of the total TBBPA, in surface sediments. In sediment cores, these percentages ranged from 1.8% to 42% for bound PBDEs and 22-92% for bound TBBPA. The percentages of bound materials showed an increasing trend with the sediment depth. Sequestration of PBDEs and TBBPA within sediments might be an important geochemical fate of these brominated flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiu-Lan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20042203\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geography, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrolysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Solvents, Solvents: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"718–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{luo_free_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Free and bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} in freshwater sediments.},\\n\\tvolume = {60},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.023},\\n\\tabstract = {Both free and bound fractions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in sediment were examined. The free fraction was operationally defined as the fraction of each target compound extracted with a solvent mixture of hexane/acetone by Soxhlet extraction, while the bound fraction was the portion released from the sediments by alkaline hydrolysis following the solvent extractions. Tri- to hepta-BDEs and TBBPA were detected in the bound fraction. Bound PBDEs accounted for 0.2-2.8\\\\% of the total PBDEs and bound TBBPA accounted for 6.5-48\\\\% of the total TBBPA, in surface sediments. In sediment cores, these percentages ranged from 1.8\\\\% to 42\\\\% for bound PBDEs and 22-92\\\\% for bound TBBPA. The percentages of bound materials showed an increasing trend with the sediment depth. Sequestration of PBDEs and TBBPA within sediments might be an important geochemical fate of these brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20042203},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geography, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrolysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Solvents, Solvents: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {718--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Luo, X.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"luo_free_2010\",\"id\":\"luo_free_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"luo-zhang-chen-mai-freeandboundpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolainfreshwatersediments-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Geography\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrolysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Solvents\",\"Solvents: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste.\",\"volume\":\"383\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.009\",\"abstract\":\"The present study investigated contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish samples collected from rivers in Guiyu, China where electronic waste (e-waste) is recycled and disposed. PBDE congeners with mono-to hepta-brominated and deca-brominated substitutions were detected using (13)C(12) isotope dilution GC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods, respectively. The total PBDE concentrations ranged from 4434 to 16088 ng/g (dry weight) in Nanyang River bank sediment, from 55 to 445 ng/g in Nanyang River bottom sediment and 51.3followed by abdomen muscle (1088 ng/g ww) of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) collected from Nanyang River. A significant correlation of concentration of each PBDE congener between sediment and muscle from Guiyu was observed. The present results of total PBDEs in sediment and fish were 10 and 1000 times higher than other studies. Open burning and dumping of e-waste are the major causes of PBDE contamination.; to 365 ng/g in Lianjiang River bottom sediment in Guiyu compared with those from 16.1 to 21.4 ng/g in wastewater discharged from a vehicle repairing workshop in Lo Uk Tsuen in Hong Kong. No PBDE congeners were detected in bottom sediment and fish from Mai Po Marshes in Hong Kong. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs in mixed muscles of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) from Lianjiang River were 115 ng/g wet weight (ww) and from wastewater in Hong Kong were 4.1 ng/g ww. Highest mean PBDE concentration was obtained in liver (2687 ng/g ww)\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zong\",\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ming\",\"Hung\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17560632\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Industrial Waste, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Tilapia, Tilapia: metabolism, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"115–27\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{luo_polybrominated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste.},\\n\\tvolume = {383},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.009},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study investigated contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish samples collected from rivers in Guiyu, China where electronic waste (e-waste) is recycled and disposed. PBDE congeners with mono-to hepta-brominated and deca-brominated substitutions were detected using (13)C(12) isotope dilution GC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods, respectively. The total PBDE concentrations ranged from 4434 to 16088 ng/g (dry weight) in Nanyang River bank sediment, from 55 to 445 ng/g in Nanyang River bottom sediment and 51.3followed by abdomen muscle (1088 ng/g ww) of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) collected from Nanyang River. A significant correlation of concentration of each PBDE congener between sediment and muscle from Guiyu was observed. The present results of total PBDEs in sediment and fish were 10 and 1000 times higher than other studies. Open burning and dumping of e-waste are the major causes of PBDE contamination.; to 365 ng/g in Lianjiang River bottom sediment in Guiyu compared with those from 16.1 to 21.4 ng/g in wastewater discharged from a vehicle repairing workshop in Lo Uk Tsuen in Hong Kong. No PBDE congeners were detected in bottom sediment and fish from Mai Po Marshes in Hong Kong. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs in mixed muscles of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) from Lianjiang River were 115 ng/g wet weight (ww) and from wastewater in Hong Kong were 4.1 ng/g ww. Highest mean PBDE concentration was obtained in liver (2687 ng/g ww)},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Luo, Qian and Cai, Zong Wei and Wong, Ming Hung},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17560632},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Industrial Waste, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Tilapia, Tilapia: metabolism, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {115--27},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Luo, Q.\",\"Cai, Z. W.\",\"Wong, M. H.\"],\"key\":\"luo_polybrominated_2007\",\"id\":\"luo_polybrominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"luo-cai-wong-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfishandsedimentfromriverpollutedbyelectronicwaste-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Carps\",\"Carps: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"China\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Muscles\",\"Muscles: metabolism\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Rivers\",\"Tilapia\",\"Tilapia: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"env\",\"eol\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tribromophenoxy flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es3033814\",\"abstract\":\"The 2,4,6-tribromophenoxy moiety is a common structural feature of several brominated flame retardants, and we have previously reported on the environmental concentrations of one such compound, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (TBE). Here we report the atmospheric concentrations of TBE and three other tribromophenoxy compounds: allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), 2-bromoallyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (BATE), and 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE). The samples were collected at five sites near the shores of the Great Lakes during the period 2008-2009, inclusive. Of these four compounds, TBE and ATE are currently used as flame retardants, and DPTE was formerly used as a flame retardant until its production ceased in the mid-1980s. The total concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE were ∼2 pg/m³ in the cities of Chicago and Cleveland and 0.1-0.4 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. The concentrations of TBE were ∼1 pg/m³ in these cities and 0.2-0.8 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. In both cases, this was a very significant urban effect. The concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE did not change significantly over the two-year study, but the concentrations of TBE decreased by about a factor of 2 during this time. This temporal change was statistically significant but not strong compared to the urban effect.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuning\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Venier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23181569\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Regression Analysis, Time Factors\",\"pages\":\"13112–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ma_tribromophenoxy_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Tribromophenoxy flame retardants in the {Great} {Lakes} atmosphere.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es3033814},\\n\\tabstract = {The 2,4,6-tribromophenoxy moiety is a common structural feature of several brominated flame retardants, and we have previously reported on the environmental concentrations of one such compound, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (TBE). Here we report the atmospheric concentrations of TBE and three other tribromophenoxy compounds: allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), 2-bromoallyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (BATE), and 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE). The samples were collected at five sites near the shores of the Great Lakes during the period 2008-2009, inclusive. Of these four compounds, TBE and ATE are currently used as flame retardants, and DPTE was formerly used as a flame retardant until its production ceased in the mid-1980s. The total concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE were ∼2 pg/m³ in the cities of Chicago and Cleveland and 0.1-0.4 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. The concentrations of TBE were ∼1 pg/m³ in these cities and 0.2-0.8 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. In both cases, this was a very significant urban effect. The concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE did not change significantly over the two-year study, but the concentrations of TBE decreased by about a factor of 2 during this time. This temporal change was statistically significant but not strong compared to the urban effect.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ma, Yuning and Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23181569},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Regression Analysis, Time Factors},\\n\\tpages = {13112--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ma, Y.\",\"Venier, M.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"ma_tribromophenoxy_2012\",\"id\":\"ma_tribromophenoxy_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ma-venier-hites-tribromophenoxyflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes: chemistry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Regression Analysis\",\"Time Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Temporal Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Blood of Newborns from New York State during 1997 through 2011: Analysis of Dried Blood Spots from the Newborn Screening Program\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"url\":\"http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, and on a global basis, North American populations are exposed to the highest doses of PBDEs. In response to the exponential increase in human exposure to PBDEs during the late 1990s, some PBDE formulations were phased out from production in the early 2000s. The effectiveness of the phase-out of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures in 2004 in the U.S. on human exposure levels is not known. Dried blood spots (DBSs), collected for the newborn screening program (NSP) in the U.S., are a valuable resource for the elucidation of trends in exposure to environmental pollutants in newborns. In this study, seven PBDE congeners were determined by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in archived DBS samples (in total, 51 blood spot composites from 1224 newborns) collected from newborns in New York State (NYS) from 1997 to 2011. The most frequently detected PBDE congener was BDE-47, with a detection rate (DR) of 86%, followed by BDE-99 (DR: 45%) and BDE-100 (DR: 43%). The mean concentrations determined during 1997 through 2011 in the whole blood of newborns were 0.128, 0.040, and 0.012 ng/mL for BDE-47, -99, and -100, respectively. A significant correlation was found among the concentrations of three major congeners (p \\\\textless 0.001). PBDE concentrations were similar during 1997 through 2002 and, thereafter, decreased significantly, which was similar to the trends observed for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in DBS samples. Occurrence of PBDEs in the whole blood of newborns confirms that these compounds do cross the placental barrier.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wan-Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sehun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erin\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Druschel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charlotte\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caggana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aldous\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kenneth\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buck\",\"Louis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Germaine\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"8015–8021\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ma_temporal_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Temporal {Trends} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) in the {Blood} of {Newborns} from {New} {York} {State} during 1997 through 2011: {Analysis} of {Dried} {Blood} {Spots} from the {Newborn} {Screening} {Program}},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\turl = {http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, and on a global basis, North American populations are exposed to the highest doses of PBDEs. In response to the exponential increase in human exposure to PBDEs during the late 1990s, some PBDE formulations were phased out from production in the early 2000s. The effectiveness of the phase-out of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures in 2004 in the U.S. on human exposure levels is not known. Dried blood spots (DBSs), collected for the newborn screening program (NSP) in the U.S., are a valuable resource for the elucidation of trends in exposure to environmental pollutants in newborns. In this study, seven PBDE congeners were determined by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in archived DBS samples (in total, 51 blood spot composites from 1224 newborns) collected from newborns in New York State (NYS) from 1997 to 2011. The most frequently detected PBDE congener was BDE-47, with a detection rate (DR) of 86\\\\%, followed by BDE-99 (DR: 45\\\\%) and BDE-100 (DR: 43\\\\%). The mean concentrations determined during 1997 through 2011 in the whole blood of newborns were 0.128, 0.040, and 0.012 ng/mL for BDE-47, -99, and -100, respectively. A significant correlation was found among the concentrations of three major congeners (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.001). PBDE concentrations were similar during 1997 through 2002 and, thereafter, decreased significantly, which was similar to the trends observed for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in DBS samples. Occurrence of PBDEs in the whole blood of newborns confirms that these compounds do cross the placental barrier.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ma, Wan-Li and Yun, Sehun and Bell, Erin M and Druschel, Charlotte M and Caggana, Michele and Aldous, Kenneth M and Buck Louis, Germaine M and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {8015--8021},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ma, W.\",\"Yun, S.\",\"Bell, E. M\",\"Druschel, C. M\",\"Caggana, M.\",\"Aldous, K. M\",\"Buck Louis, G. M\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"ma_temporal_2013\",\"id\":\"ma_temporal_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ma-yun-bell-druschel-caggana-aldous-bucklouis-kannan-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinthebloodofnewbornsfromnewyorkstateduring1997through2011analysisofdriedbloodspotsfromthenewbornscreeningprogram-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Karlstad, Sweden\",\"title\":\"The Swedish Rescue Services in Figures\",\"isbn\":\"978-91-7383-076-8\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"This yearbook is a report with descriptive statistics on the organisation and emergency responses of the Swedish rescue services. The statistics are based on material that the Swedish Rescue Services Agency collated from 1996 to 2008 from the municipal fire (and rescue) brigades and national authorities. The production of rescue service statistics now takes place in the section for Lessons Learned at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). For fires and most sorts of accidents it is the municipality that is responsible for the rescue service response. National authorities are responsible for mountain, air and sea search and rescue, searching for missing people, maritime environmental protection and emissions of radioactive substances from a nuclear energy establishment. In total the municipal fire brigades carried out approximately 92 400 emergency responses in 2008. This was an increase of about 4% from 2007. More than four out of ten emerg— ency responses proved to be unnecessary. False calls from automatic fire alarms stood for 80% of these unnecessary responses. Most of the remainder were false calls with good intent, less than 2% being judged as malicious false calls. The total number of unneces- sary calls was about the same as in 2007. In 2008 fire brigades attended close to 10 900 building fires. This is reduction of about 2% from 2007. Fires in homes accounted for 55% of all building fires, while 21% were in public buildings and 11% in industrial buildings. The most common cause of fires in public buildings was arson, which was the cause of nearly 2950 building fires in 2008. School buildings are especially targeted and last year arson was assessed to have caused 270 fires, which represents more then half of all fires in school buildings. The trend of fires in school buildings caused by arson is increasing, and last year's figure is the highest since the incident report system was introduced in 1996. There was a substantial increase in the number of emergency responses to non-building fires attended in 2008 when compared with 2007. In 2008 the fire brigades attended 17 800 non-building fires, which is an increase of nearly 11%. Nearly one third of all non-building fires are either forest or grass fires, which are very dependent on weather conditions. The weather varies considerably from year to year, making it difficult to observe underlying changes in the fire risk over the years. At traffic accidents firefighers play an important role when freeing victims from the wreckage and making the scene of the accident safe. They often also provide first-aid. The number of traffic accidents attended has nearly doubled over thirteen years, increasing from 7 500 in 1996 to 14 400 in 2008. A substantial part of this increase is due to changed routines in the municipal fire brigades for responding to emergency calls from road accidents. In 2008 the number of emergency responses rose by 3.5% compared with the previous year. The fire brigades were called out to nearly 2 500 incidents with dangerous substances in 2008. Only 4% of these incidents involve dangerous goods (dangerous substances being transported). The most common type of hazardous material incident is cleaning up after a limited quantity of petrol, diesel or motor oil has leaked from a vehicle. The fire brigades were called to 369 drowning incidents in 2008. This was a reduction of 4% when compared with 2007. However the number of fatalities in connection with these incidents increased from 89 to 93. In addition to emergency responses in accordance with the Civil Protection Act, Swedish fire brigades provide assistance in various circumstances. In 2008 the fire brigades were involved in over 18600 assistance tasks, more than half being medical assistance while waiting for ambulance. In 2008 police authorities carried out 227 mountain rescue operations and 240 searches for missing persons in other locations. There were 798 alarms for air search and rescue, including 57 incidents/accidents. The Swedish Maritime Administration reported 1037 maritime search and rescue operations and the Swedish Coast Guard confirmed 315 emissions of oil or other harmful substances in 2008\",\"publisher\":\"Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lundqvist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McIntyre\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrika\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{lundqvist_swedish_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Karlstad, Sweden},\\n\\ttitle = {The {Swedish} {Rescue} {Services} in {Figures}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-91-7383-076-8},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {This yearbook is a report with descriptive statistics on the organisation and emergency responses of the Swedish rescue services. The statistics are based on material that the Swedish Rescue Services Agency collated from 1996 to 2008 from the municipal fire (and rescue) brigades and national authorities. The production of rescue service statistics now takes place in the section for Lessons Learned at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). For fires and most sorts of accidents it is the municipality that is responsible for the rescue service response. National authorities are responsible for mountain, air and sea search and rescue, searching for missing people, maritime environmental protection and emissions of radioactive substances from a nuclear energy establishment. In total the municipal fire brigades carried out approximately 92 400 emergency responses in 2008. This was an increase of about 4\\\\% from 2007. More than four out of ten emerg— ency responses proved to be unnecessary. False calls from automatic fire alarms stood for 80\\\\% of these unnecessary responses. Most of the remainder were false calls with good intent, less than 2\\\\% being judged as malicious false calls. The total number of unneces- sary calls was about the same as in 2007. In 2008 fire brigades attended close to 10 900 building fires. This is reduction of about 2\\\\% from 2007. Fires in homes accounted for 55\\\\% of all building fires, while 21\\\\% were in public buildings and 11\\\\% in industrial buildings. The most common cause of fires in public buildings was arson, which was the cause of nearly 2950 building fires in 2008. School buildings are especially targeted and last year arson was assessed to have caused 270 fires, which represents more then half of all fires in school buildings. The trend of fires in school buildings caused by arson is increasing, and last year's figure is the highest since the incident report system was introduced in 1996. There was a substantial increase in the number of emergency responses to non-building fires attended in 2008 when compared with 2007. In 2008 the fire brigades attended 17 800 non-building fires, which is an increase of nearly 11\\\\%. Nearly one third of all non-building fires are either forest or grass fires, which are very dependent on weather conditions. The weather varies considerably from year to year, making it difficult to observe underlying changes in the fire risk over the years. At traffic accidents firefighers play an important role when freeing victims from the wreckage and making the scene of the accident safe. They often also provide first-aid. The number of traffic accidents attended has nearly doubled over thirteen years, increasing from 7 500 in 1996 to 14 400 in 2008. A substantial part of this increase is due to changed routines in the municipal fire brigades for responding to emergency calls from road accidents. In 2008 the number of emergency responses rose by 3.5\\\\% compared with the previous year. The fire brigades were called out to nearly 2 500 incidents with dangerous substances in 2008. Only 4\\\\% of these incidents involve dangerous goods (dangerous substances being transported). The most common type of hazardous material incident is cleaning up after a limited quantity of petrol, diesel or motor oil has leaked from a vehicle. The fire brigades were called to 369 drowning incidents in 2008. This was a reduction of 4\\\\% when compared with 2007. However the number of fatalities in connection with these incidents increased from 89 to 93. In addition to emergency responses in accordance with the Civil Protection Act, Swedish fire brigades provide assistance in various circumstances. In 2008 the fire brigades were involved in over 18600 assistance tasks, more than half being medical assistance while waiting for ambulance. In 2008 police authorities carried out 227 mountain rescue operations and 240 searches for missing persons in other locations. There were 798 alarms for air search and rescue, including 57 incidents/accidents. The Swedish Maritime Administration reported 1037 maritime search and rescue operations and the Swedish Coast Guard confirmed 315 emissions of oil or other harmful substances in 2008},\\n\\tpublisher = {Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB)},\\n\\tauthor = {Lundqvist, Marie and McIntyre, Colin and Hedman, Ulrika},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lundqvist, M.\",\"McIntyre, C.\",\"Hedman, U.\"],\"key\":\"lundqvist_swedish_2008\",\"id\":\"lundqvist_swedish_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lundqvist-mcintyre-hedman-theswedishrescueservicesinfigures-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1009357\",\"abstract\":\"While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p \\\\textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lunder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sonya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hovander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lotta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20540541\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States\",\"pages\":\"5256–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lunder_significantly_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young {U}.{S}. children than in their mothers.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1009357},\\n\\tabstract = {While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lunder, Sonya and Hovander, Lotta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20540541},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States},\\n\\tpages = {5256--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lunder, S.\",\"Hovander, L.\",\"Athanassiadis, I.\",\"Bergman, A.\"],\"key\":\"lunder_significantly_2010\",\"id\":\"lunder_significantly_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Age Factors\",\"Child\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Mothers\",\"Preschool\",\"Risk\",\"Time Factors\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1009357\",\"abstract\":\"While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p \\\\textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lunder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sonya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hovander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lotta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20540541\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States\",\"pages\":\"5256–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lunder_significantly_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young {U}.{S}. children than in their mothers.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1009357},\\n\\tabstract = {While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lunder, Sonya and Hovander, Lotta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20540541},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States},\\n\\tpages = {5256--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lunder, S.\",\"Hovander, L.\",\"Athanassiadis, I.\",\"Bergman, A.\"],\"key\":\"lunder_significantly_2010-1\",\"id\":\"lunder_significantly_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Age Factors\",\"Child\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Mothers\",\"Preschool\",\"Risk\",\"Time Factors\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1559-064X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/sj.jes.7500572\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1-5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6-11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12-19. The much higher dose for the child age 1-5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82% of the overall estimated intakes.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lorber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"17426733\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Animals, Body Burden, Dust, Eating, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"2–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lorber_exposure_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure of {Americans} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1559-064X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500572},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1-5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6-11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12-19. The much higher dose for the child age 1-5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82\\\\% of the overall estimated intakes.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\\\& environmental epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lorber, Matthew},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {17426733},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Animals, Body Burden, Dust, Eating, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {2--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lorber, M.\"],\"key\":\"lorber_exposure_2008\",\"id\":\"lorber_exposure_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Animals\",\"Body Burden\",\"Dust\",\"Eating\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Lipids\",\"Lipids: blood\",\"Lipids: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Public Health\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Time Factors\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC-MS.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1615-9314\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jssc.200900480\",\"abstract\":\"A method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic animal tissue was developed, and it is based on cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the pretreatment of samples with fat content. Aquatic animal tissue homogenate was extracted with acetone, and then frozen in a freezer at -80 degrees C. Fat in aquatic animal tissue was isolated from the analytes, i.e. PBDE congeners dissolved in acetone and fat formed floccules at low temperature. The supernatant was extracted using the DLLME technique. Under the optimum DLLME conditions, 0.75 mL supernatant with 33 microL chlorobenzene was added into 5.0 mL pure water, and subsequently cloudy solution was formed. After centrifuging, 1.0 microL lower phase was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Recovery test was performed at fortified concentrations of 5.0-2500 microg/kg. The detection results showed that the recoveries for each target analyte ranged from 75.3 to 127.8%. The repeatability of the proposed method by spiking aquatic animal samples at 10 microg/kg for PBDEs, expressed as RSD, n=5, varied between 4.3 and 10.3% (n=5). LOD of the proposed method for aquatic animal tissue samples were between 2.4 and 4.9 microg/kg for all the analytes.\",\"number\":\"23-24\",\"journal\":\"Journal of separation science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiujuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Changjiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huili\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xuedong\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19924727\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Freezing, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Ranidae, Snails, Solvents\",\"pages\":\"4213–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_determination_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with {GC}-{MS}.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1615-9314},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jssc.200900480},\\n\\tabstract = {A method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic animal tissue was developed, and it is based on cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the pretreatment of samples with fat content. Aquatic animal tissue homogenate was extracted with acetone, and then frozen in a freezer at -80 degrees C. Fat in aquatic animal tissue was isolated from the analytes, i.e. PBDE congeners dissolved in acetone and fat formed floccules at low temperature. The supernatant was extracted using the DLLME technique. Under the optimum DLLME conditions, 0.75 mL supernatant with 33 microL chlorobenzene was added into 5.0 mL pure water, and subsequently cloudy solution was formed. After centrifuging, 1.0 microL lower phase was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Recovery test was performed at fortified concentrations of 5.0-2500 microg/kg. The detection results showed that the recoveries for each target analyte ranged from 75.3 to 127.8\\\\%. The repeatability of the proposed method by spiking aquatic animal samples at 10 microg/kg for PBDEs, expressed as RSD, n=5, varied between 4.3 and 10.3\\\\% (n=5). LOD of the proposed method for aquatic animal tissue samples were between 2.4 and 4.9 microg/kg for all the analytes.},\\n\\tnumber = {23-24},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of separation science},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, Xiujuan and Hu, Jia and Huang, Changjiang and Wang, Huili and Wang, Xuedong},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19924727},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Freezing, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Ranidae, Snails, Solvents},\\n\\tpages = {4213--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, X.\",\"Hu, J.\",\"Huang, C.\",\"Wang, H.\",\"Wang, X.\"],\"key\":\"liu_determination_2009\",\"id\":\"liu_determination_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-hu-huang-wang-wang-determinationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinaquaticanimaltissueusingcleanupbyfreezingdispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractioncombinedwithgcms-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Freezing\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Ranidae\",\"Snails\",\"Solvents\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of TDCPP or TPP on gene transcriptions and hormones of HPG axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).\",\"volume\":\"134-135\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.013\",\"abstract\":\"Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) belong to the group of triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which have been used in a wide range of consumer products. These chemicals have been frequently detected in effluents, surface water, and fish, and hence their potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystem are of concern. The present study was conducted to investigate the reproduction-related effects and possible molecular mechanisms of TDCPP and TPP using a 21 day reproduction test employing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 21 d of exposure to TDCPP or TPP, significant decrease in fecundity along with significant increases of plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations, vitellogenin (VTG) levels, and E2/testosterone (T) and E2/11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) ratios were observed. The transcriptional profiles of several genes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis changed as well after the exposure, but the trend was sex-dependent. In male fish, gonadotropin-releasing hormone2 (GnRH2), GnRHR3, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19B, estrogen receptor α (ERα), ER2 β1, and follicle stimulating hormone β (FSHβ) were upregulated in the brain, while luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) and androgen receptor (AR) were downregulated. Corresponding to the upregulation of FSHβ and downregulation of LHβ in the brain, FSHR was upregulated and LHR was downregulated in the testis. Among the genes that regulate the steroidogenesis pathway, transcription of hydroxyl methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGRA), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) decreased, while transcription of CYP11A, CYP17, and CYP19A increased. In female fish, transcription ofGnRH2 and GnRHR3 decreased, but FSHβ, LHβ, CYP19B, ERα, ER2β1, and AR transcription increased in the brain. In the ovary, FSHR and LHR were significantly upregulated, and most steroidogenic genes were significantly upregulated. The observed disruption of GnRH and GtHs could be further related to subsequent disruption in both sex steroid hormone balance and plasma VTG levels, as well as reproductive performance. Overall, our observation indicates that both TDCPP and TPP could disturb the sex hormone balance by altering regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis, eventually leading to disruption of reproductive performance in fish.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoshan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyunghee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Areum\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyo-Bang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyungho\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23603146\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"104–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_effects_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of {TDCPP} or {TPP} on gene transcriptions and hormones of {HPG} axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish ({Danio} rerio).},\\n\\tvolume = {134-135},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) belong to the group of triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which have been used in a wide range of consumer products. These chemicals have been frequently detected in effluents, surface water, and fish, and hence their potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystem are of concern. The present study was conducted to investigate the reproduction-related effects and possible molecular mechanisms of TDCPP and TPP using a 21 day reproduction test employing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 21 d of exposure to TDCPP or TPP, significant decrease in fecundity along with significant increases of plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations, vitellogenin (VTG) levels, and E2/testosterone (T) and E2/11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) ratios were observed. The transcriptional profiles of several genes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis changed as well after the exposure, but the trend was sex-dependent. In male fish, gonadotropin-releasing hormone2 (GnRH2), GnRHR3, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19B, estrogen receptor α (ERα), ER2 β1, and follicle stimulating hormone β (FSHβ) were upregulated in the brain, while luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) and androgen receptor (AR) were downregulated. Corresponding to the upregulation of FSHβ and downregulation of LHβ in the brain, FSHR was upregulated and LHR was downregulated in the testis. Among the genes that regulate the steroidogenesis pathway, transcription of hydroxyl methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGRA), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) decreased, while transcription of CYP11A, CYP17, and CYP19A increased. In female fish, transcription ofGnRH2 and GnRHR3 decreased, but FSHβ, LHβ, CYP19B, ERα, ER2β1, and AR transcription increased in the brain. In the ovary, FSHR and LHR were significantly upregulated, and most steroidogenic genes were significantly upregulated. The observed disruption of GnRH and GtHs could be further related to subsequent disruption in both sex steroid hormone balance and plasma VTG levels, as well as reproductive performance. Overall, our observation indicates that both TDCPP and TPP could disturb the sex hormone balance by altering regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis, eventually leading to disruption of reproductive performance in fish.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Jo, Areum and Moon, Hyo-Bang and Choi, Kyungho},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23603146},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {104--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, X.\",\"Ji, K.\",\"Jo, A.\",\"Moon, H.\",\"Choi, K.\"],\"key\":\"liu_effects_2013\",\"id\":\"liu_effects_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-ji-jo-moon-choi-effectsoftdcpportppongenetranscriptionsandhormonesofhpgaxisandtheirconsequencesonreproductioninadultzebrafishdaniorerio-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Viral infection and PBDE exposure interact on CYP gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver.\",\"volume\":\"242\",\"issn\":\"0300-483X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.014\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) adapted to Balb/c mice was used to examine whether infection affects xenobiotic-metabolising CYP1A1 and CYP2B gene expression (measured by RT-PCR) and the corresponding enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD), as observed on day 3 of infection. To study the simultaneous effects of xenobiotic exposure, mice were administered the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) compounds BDE-99 (single congener) and Bromkal 70-5 DE (commercial mixture). Serum thyroxine levels were also measured. High numbers of CVB3 were found in the livers of infected mice but no significant effects of PBDE on virus replication were observed. In infected mice gene expression and CYP activities were decreased in comparison with non-infected mice, especially for CYP2B. PBDE exposure in the non-infected mice was characterised by an increase in both CYP2B and PROD levels/activities, whereas CYP1A levels increased and EROD activity decreased. In general, PBDE exposure in the infected mice did not increase EROD and PROD activities to the same extent as in the non-infected exposed mice. Infected mice exposed to BDE-99 showed significantly higher CYP2B and PROD levels than both the infected non-exposed and Bromkal-exposed groups. T(4) levels were greatly decreased by infection and a tendency of reduced T(4) levels after PBDE exposure could be observed in non-infected mice. In conclusion, infection reduced the detoxifying capacity of the liver and the serum T(4) levels. PBDE exposure can modify these effects. Notably, in the infected mice differences between BDE-99 and Bromkal were observed on CYP2B gene expression and PROD activity.\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lundgren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Magnus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darnerud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\",\"Ola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ylva\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lilienthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hellmuth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blomberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ilbäck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nils-Gunnar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17964055\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Coxsackievirus Infections, Coxsackievirus Infections: enzymology, Coxsackievirus Infections: genetics, Coxsackievirus Infections: virology, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Disease Models, Enterovirus B, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: drug effects, Human: pathogenicity, Hydrocarbons, Inbred BALB C, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: virology, Mice, Oxazines, Oxazines: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Virus Replication, Virus Replication: drug effects, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"100–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lundgren_viral_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Viral infection and {PBDE} exposure interact on {CYP} gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver.},\\n\\tvolume = {242},\\n\\tissn = {0300-483X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.014},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) adapted to Balb/c mice was used to examine whether infection affects xenobiotic-metabolising CYP1A1 and CYP2B gene expression (measured by RT-PCR) and the corresponding enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD), as observed on day 3 of infection. To study the simultaneous effects of xenobiotic exposure, mice were administered the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) compounds BDE-99 (single congener) and Bromkal 70-5 DE (commercial mixture). Serum thyroxine levels were also measured. High numbers of CVB3 were found in the livers of infected mice but no significant effects of PBDE on virus replication were observed. In infected mice gene expression and CYP activities were decreased in comparison with non-infected mice, especially for CYP2B. PBDE exposure in the non-infected mice was characterised by an increase in both CYP2B and PROD levels/activities, whereas CYP1A levels increased and EROD activity decreased. In general, PBDE exposure in the infected mice did not increase EROD and PROD activities to the same extent as in the non-infected exposed mice. Infected mice exposed to BDE-99 showed significantly higher CYP2B and PROD levels than both the infected non-exposed and Bromkal-exposed groups. T(4) levels were greatly decreased by infection and a tendency of reduced T(4) levels after PBDE exposure could be observed in non-infected mice. In conclusion, infection reduced the detoxifying capacity of the liver and the serum T(4) levels. PBDE exposure can modify these effects. Notably, in the infected mice differences between BDE-99 and Bromkal were observed on CYP2B gene expression and PROD activity.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lundgren, Magnus and Darnerud, Per Ola and Molin, Ylva and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Blomberg, Jonas and Ilbäck, Nils-Gunnar},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17964055},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Coxsackievirus Infections, Coxsackievirus Infections: enzymology, Coxsackievirus Infections: genetics, Coxsackievirus Infections: virology, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Disease Models, Enterovirus B, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: drug effects, Human: pathogenicity, Hydrocarbons, Inbred BALB C, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: virology, Mice, Oxazines, Oxazines: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Virus Replication, Virus Replication: drug effects, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {100--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lundgren, M.\",\"Darnerud, P. O.\",\"Molin, Y.\",\"Lilienthal, H.\",\"Blomberg, J.\",\"Ilbäck, N.\"],\"key\":\"lundgren_viral_2007\",\"id\":\"lundgren_viral_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lundgren-darnerud-molin-lilienthal-blomberg-ilbck-viralinfectionandpbdeexposureinteractoncypgeneexpressionandenzymeactivitiesinthemouseliver-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Coxsackievirus Infections\",\"Coxsackievirus Infections: enzymology\",\"Coxsackievirus Infections: genetics\",\"Coxsackievirus Infections: virology\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: genetics\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: genetics\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism\",\"Disease Models\",\"Enterovirus B\",\"Enzymologic\",\"Enzymologic: drug effe\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Human\",\"Human: drug effects\",\"Human: pathogenicity\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Inbred BALB C\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Liver: virology\",\"Mice\",\"Oxazines\",\"Oxazines: metabolism\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: blood\",\"Time Factors\",\"Virus Replication\",\"Virus Replication: drug effects\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Benthic bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from surficial Lake Ontario sediments near Rochester, New York, USA.\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"1432-0800\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00128-010-0088-8\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Lake Ontario watershed sediments were assessed for benthic bioavailability through the use of biota-sediment accumulation factors. Sediments from lake and Rochester Harbor (lower Genesee River) areas were investigated. Congeners 47, 66, 85, 99 and 100 were detected in tissues of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Biota-sediment accumulation factors ranged from 3.95 (congener 154) to 19.5 (congener 28) and were higher at the Lake Ontario area. The lower biota-sediment accumulation factors for the Rochester Harbor sediment may result from a higher fraction of black carbon generally expected in highly urbanized rivers. Degree of bromination may reduce bioavailability.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lotufo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pickard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20658224\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, New York, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"348–51\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lotufo_benthic_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Benthic bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from surficial {Lake} {Ontario} sediments near {Rochester}, {New} {York}, {USA}.},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0800},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-010-0088-8},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Lake Ontario watershed sediments were assessed for benthic bioavailability through the use of biota-sediment accumulation factors. Sediments from lake and Rochester Harbor (lower Genesee River) areas were investigated. Congeners 47, 66, 85, 99 and 100 were detected in tissues of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Biota-sediment accumulation factors ranged from 3.95 (congener 154) to 19.5 (congener 28) and were higher at the Lake Ontario area. The lower biota-sediment accumulation factors for the Rochester Harbor sediment may result from a higher fraction of black carbon generally expected in highly urbanized rivers. Degree of bromination may reduce bioavailability.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lotufo, G R and Pickard, S W},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20658224},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, New York, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {348--51},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lotufo, G R\",\"Pickard, S W\"],\"key\":\"lotufo_benthic_2010\",\"id\":\"lotufo_benthic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lotufo-pickard-benthicbioaccumulationandbioavailabilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromsurficiallakeontariosedimentsnearrochesternewyorkusa-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"New York\",\"Oligochaeta\",\"Oligochaeta: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter.\",\"volume\":\"400\",\"issn\":\"1618-2650\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00216-011-4807-8\",\"abstract\":\"With more stringent legislation on brominated flame retardants, it is expected that increasing amounts of substitutes would replace polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Therefore, the development and optimization of analytical methodologies that allow their identification and quantification are of paramount relevance. This work describes the optimization of an analytical procedure to determine pentabromochlorocyclohexane, tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, decabromodiphenylethane and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane together with PBDEs in sediments and in suspended particulate matter. This method comprises a pressurized liquid extraction followed by three cleanup steps (gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction on Oasis™ HLB and on silica cartridges). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using electron capture negative chemical ionization, is used for the final analysis. The proposed method provides recoveries \\\\textgreater85%. The method was applied to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from different locations in the Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the occurrence of the additive flame retardants 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromochlorocyclohexane is reported in the literature. The concentrations of these new flame retardants ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 μg/kg dry weight.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"López\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21369755\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"871–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lopez_optimization_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter.},\\n\\tvolume = {400},\\n\\tissn = {1618-2650},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4807-8},\\n\\tabstract = {With more stringent legislation on brominated flame retardants, it is expected that increasing amounts of substitutes would replace polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Therefore, the development and optimization of analytical methodologies that allow their identification and quantification are of paramount relevance. This work describes the optimization of an analytical procedure to determine pentabromochlorocyclohexane, tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, decabromodiphenylethane and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane together with PBDEs in sediments and in suspended particulate matter. This method comprises a pressurized liquid extraction followed by three cleanup steps (gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction on Oasis™ HLB and on silica cartridges). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using electron capture negative chemical ionization, is used for the final analysis. The proposed method provides recoveries {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater85\\\\%. The method was applied to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from different locations in the Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the occurrence of the additive flame retardants 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromochlorocyclohexane is reported in the literature. The concentrations of these new flame retardants ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 μg/kg dry weight.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {López, P and Brandsma, S A and Leonards, P E G and de Boer, J},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21369755},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {871--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"López, P\",\"Brandsma, S A\",\"Leonards, P E G\",\"de Boer, J\"],\"key\":\"lopez_optimization_2011\",\"id\":\"lopez_optimization_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lpez-brandsma-leonards-deboer-optimizationanddevelopmentofanalyticalmethodsforthedeterminationofnewbrominatedflameretardantsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsandsuspendedparticulatematter-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in marine fish from four areas of China.\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.045\",\"abstract\":\"The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in marine fish from four areas of China (South China Sea, Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea) using GC/NCI-MS and GC/ITMS, respectively. Total concentrations of eight PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) in all samples ranged from 0.3ngg(-1)ww (wet weight) to 700 ng g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 85 ng g(-1)ww and 200 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the major congeners in all samples, contributing 54% and 19% to the total concentration, respectively. The sum of seven indicator PCB levels (CB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) ranged from 0.3 ng g(-1)ww to 3.1 μg g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 6.4 ng g(-1)ww and 398 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. High contributions of CB-138 (32%) and CB-153 (25%) were found in all samples. In general, pollutants measured in this study were at high levels when compared with previous studies from other regions in the world. The relative abundance of BDE-209 may suggest that deca-BDE sources existed in studied area. And principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there were other PBDE sources in Yellow Sea. The pattern and PCA showed that PCB pollutions came from similar sources in the studied areas. In addition, concentrations of ∑(7)PBDEs (u/209) were strongly correlated with those of ∑(7)PCBs in all fish (r=0.907, n=44).\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yin-ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing-guang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun-feng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fei-fei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-ning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21220147\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"168–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in marine fish from four areas of {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.045},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in marine fish from four areas of China (South China Sea, Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea) using GC/NCI-MS and GC/ITMS, respectively. Total concentrations of eight PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) in all samples ranged from 0.3ngg(-1)ww (wet weight) to 700 ng g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 85 ng g(-1)ww and 200 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the major congeners in all samples, contributing 54\\\\% and 19\\\\% to the total concentration, respectively. The sum of seven indicator PCB levels (CB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) ranged from 0.3 ng g(-1)ww to 3.1 μg g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 6.4 ng g(-1)ww and 398 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. High contributions of CB-138 (32\\\\%) and CB-153 (25\\\\%) were found in all samples. In general, pollutants measured in this study were at high levels when compared with previous studies from other regions in the world. The relative abundance of BDE-209 may suggest that deca-BDE sources existed in studied area. And principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there were other PBDE sources in Yellow Sea. The pattern and PCA showed that PCB pollutions came from similar sources in the studied areas. In addition, concentrations of ∑(7)PBDEs (u/209) were strongly correlated with those of ∑(7)PCBs in all fish (r=0.907, n=44).},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, Yin-ping and Li, Jing-guang and Zhao, Yun-feng and Wen, Sheng and Huang, Fei-fei and Wu, Yong-ning},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21220147},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {168--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, Y.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Wen, S.\",\"Huang, F.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"liu_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"liu_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-li-zhao-wen-huang-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinmarinefishfromfourareasofchina-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish.\",\"volume\":\"114-115\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoshan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyunghee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyungho\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22446829\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Humans, Male, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, cell line\",\"pages\":\"173–81\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_endocrine_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in {H295R} and {MVLN} cell lines and in zebrafish.},\\n\\tvolume = {114-115},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22446829},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Humans, Male, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {173--81},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, X.\",\"Ji, K.\",\"Choi, K.\"],\"key\":\"liu_endocrine_2012\",\"id\":\"liu_endocrine_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: toxicity\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wild frogs.\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.042\",\"abstract\":\"To investigate bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in amphibians, we collected adult frogs (Rana limnocharis) from a rice field in an e-waste recycling site in China. We found that ∑PBDEs in the whole frogs and various tissues (brain, liver, testis and egg) ranged from 17.10 to 141.11 ng g(-1) wet weight. Various tissues exhibited a similar PBDE congener profile, which was characterized by intermediate brominated congeners (BDE-99 and BDE-153) as the largest contributors, with less lower brominated congeners (BDE-28 and BDE-47) and higher brominated congeners (BDE-209). The maternal transfer capacity of PBDEs declined with the increase in bromine numbers of PBDE congeners. We suggest that the bromine atom number (the molecular size, to some degree) might be a determining factor for the maternal transport of a PBDE congener rather than K(ow) (Octanol-Water partition coefficient), which expresses a compound's lipophilicity. ∑PBDEs concentrations in frogs decreased over time during a depuration period of 54 days when these wild frogs were brought to the lab from the e-waste recycling site. The half-life of ∑PBDEs was 35 days, with about 14 days for BDE-47, and 36 and 81 days for BDE-99 and BDE-153, respectively. The data shows that the elimination of PBDEs has no essential difference from aquatic and terrestrial species.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peng-Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Du\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guo-Dong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ya-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun-Song\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ai-Qian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhan-Fen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-You\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shi-Shuai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rong-Guo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Fei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Jian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21676430\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Ranidae, Ranidae: metabolism, Tissue Distribution\",\"pages\":\"972–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_bioaccumulation_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wild frogs.},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.042},\\n\\tabstract = {To investigate bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in amphibians, we collected adult frogs (Rana limnocharis) from a rice field in an e-waste recycling site in China. We found that ∑PBDEs in the whole frogs and various tissues (brain, liver, testis and egg) ranged from 17.10 to 141.11 ng g(-1) wet weight. Various tissues exhibited a similar PBDE congener profile, which was characterized by intermediate brominated congeners (BDE-99 and BDE-153) as the largest contributors, with less lower brominated congeners (BDE-28 and BDE-47) and higher brominated congeners (BDE-209). The maternal transfer capacity of PBDEs declined with the increase in bromine numbers of PBDE congeners. We suggest that the bromine atom number (the molecular size, to some degree) might be a determining factor for the maternal transport of a PBDE congener rather than K(ow) (Octanol-Water partition coefficient), which expresses a compound's lipophilicity. ∑PBDEs concentrations in frogs decreased over time during a depuration period of 54 days when these wild frogs were brought to the lab from the e-waste recycling site. The half-life of ∑PBDEs was 35 days, with about 14 days for BDE-47, and 36 and 81 days for BDE-99 and BDE-153, respectively. The data shows that the elimination of PBDEs has no essential difference from aquatic and terrestrial species.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, Peng-Yan and Du, Guo-Dong and Zhao, Ya-Xian and Mu, Yun-Song and Zhang, Ai-Qian and Qin, Zhan-Fen and Zhang, Xiao-You and Yan, Shi-Shuai and Li, Yan and Wei, Rong-Guo and Qin, Xiao-Fei and Yang, Yong-Jian},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21676430},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Ranidae, Ranidae: metabolism, Tissue Distribution},\\n\\tpages = {972--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, P.\",\"Du, G.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Mu, Y.\",\"Zhang, A.\",\"Qin, Z.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Yan, S.\",\"Li, Y.\",\"Wei, R.\",\"Qin, X.\",\"Yang, Y.\"],\"key\":\"liu_bioaccumulation_2011\",\"id\":\"liu_bioaccumulation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-du-zhao-mu-zhang-qin-zhang-yan-etal-bioaccumulationmaternaltransferandeliminationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinwildfrogs-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Ranidae\",\"Ranidae: metabolism\",\"Tissue Distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae.\",\"volume\":\"128-129\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.010\",\"abstract\":\"Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) are frequently detected in biota, including fish. However, knowledge of the toxicological and molecular effects of these currently used flame retardants is limited. In the present study, an in vivo screening approach was developed to evaluate effects of TDCPP and TPP on developmental endpoints and receptor-associated expression of mRNA in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Exposure to TDCPP or TPP resulted in significantly smaller rates of hatching and survival, in dose- and time-dependent manners. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) was 7.0 mg/L for TDCPP and 29.6 mg/L for TPP at 120 hour post-fertilization (hpf). Real-time PCR revealed alterations in expression of mRNAs involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs)-, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-, estrogenic receptors (ERs)-, thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-centered gene networks. Exposure to positive control chemicals significantly altered abundances of mRNA in corresponding receptor-centered gene networks, a result that suggests that it is feasible to use zebrafish embryos/larvae to evaluate effects of chemicals on mRNA expression in these gene networks. Exposure to TDCPP altered transcriptional profiles in all six receptor-centered gene networks, thus exerting multiple toxic effects. TPP was easily metabolized and its potency to change expression of mRNA involved in receptor-centered gene networks was weaker than that of TDCPP. The PPARα- and TRα-centered gene networks might be the primary pathways affected by TPP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TDCPP and TPP could alter mRNA expression of genes involved in the six receptor-centered gene networks in zebrafish embryos/larvae, and TDCPP seemed to have higher potency in changing the mRNA expression of these genes.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunsheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiangwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingfu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bingsheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23306105\",\"keywords\":\"Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth & development, Zebrafish: physiology\",\"pages\":\"147–57\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_effects_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated {mRNA} expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae.},\\n\\tvolume = {128-129},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) are frequently detected in biota, including fish. However, knowledge of the toxicological and molecular effects of these currently used flame retardants is limited. In the present study, an in vivo screening approach was developed to evaluate effects of TDCPP and TPP on developmental endpoints and receptor-associated expression of mRNA in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Exposure to TDCPP or TPP resulted in significantly smaller rates of hatching and survival, in dose- and time-dependent manners. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) was 7.0 mg/L for TDCPP and 29.6 mg/L for TPP at 120 hour post-fertilization (hpf). Real-time PCR revealed alterations in expression of mRNAs involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs)-, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-, estrogenic receptors (ERs)-, thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-centered gene networks. Exposure to positive control chemicals significantly altered abundances of mRNA in corresponding receptor-centered gene networks, a result that suggests that it is feasible to use zebrafish embryos/larvae to evaluate effects of chemicals on mRNA expression in these gene networks. Exposure to TDCPP altered transcriptional profiles in all six receptor-centered gene networks, thus exerting multiple toxic effects. TPP was easily metabolized and its potency to change expression of mRNA involved in receptor-centered gene networks was weaker than that of TDCPP. The PPARα- and TRα-centered gene networks might be the primary pathways affected by TPP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TDCPP and TPP could alter mRNA expression of genes involved in the six receptor-centered gene networks in zebrafish embryos/larvae, and TDCPP seemed to have higher potency in changing the mRNA expression of these genes.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, Chunsheng and Wang, Qiangwei and Liang, Kang and Liu, Jingfu and Zhou, Bingsheng and Zhang, Xiaowei and Liu, Hongling and Giesy, John P and Yu, Hongxia},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23306105},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \\\\& development, Zebrafish: physiology},\\n\\tpages = {147--57},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, C.\",\"Wang, Q.\",\"Liang, K.\",\"Liu, J.\",\"Zhou, B.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Liu, H.\",\"Giesy, J. P\",\"Yu, H.\"],\"key\":\"liu_effects_2013-1\",\"id\":\"liu_effects_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-wang-liang-liu-zhou-zhang-liu-giesy-etal-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtriphenylphosphateonreceptorassociatedmrnaexpressioninzebrafishembryoslarvae-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute\",\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Developmental\",\"Developmental: drug ef\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: toxicity\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: embryology\",\"Zebrafish: growth & development\",\"Zebrafish: physiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in blood of children in Baden-Württemberg between 2002/03 and 2008/09.\",\"volume\":\"215\",\"issn\":\"1618-131X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used in high amounts as flame retardants in plastic materials and textiles. Due to their persistence, their accumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties they have been integrated in the human biomonitoring program of the Baden-Württemberg State Health Office since 2002. In repeated cross-sectional studies in winter 2002/03 (n=162), 2004/05 (n=194), 2005/06 (n=411) and 2008/09 (n=770) blood samples of 9-11-year-old pupils were taken, pooled and analysed for PBDE after extraction and purification by silica gel using HRGC/HRMS. Samples were pooled according to region, gender, and breast feeding. PBDE in the pooled samples ranged from 1.9 to 12.5 ng/g blood fat (sum of all PBDE). Mean concentrations of PBDE, calculated for the four investigation periods, were 6.2 ng/g (2002/03), 5.4 ng/g (2004/05), 7.8 ng/g (2005/06) and 6.7 ng/g (2008/09). While the concentration of the decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) increased, the concentration of other congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) decreased slightly or remained at the same level. Consistent differences with respect to gender and breast-feeding were not recognizable. Concentrations of PBDE in children range on the same level as in adults and do not seem to be critical from the toxicological point of view. Because of the slight increase of BDE 209, the internal concentrations of BDE should be monitored in the future. The strong variations in PBDE concentration between the different pooled samples indicate that, apart from ingestion, other routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation) and additional sources (textiles, building materials) must be taken into consideration.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"International journal of hygiene and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Link\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernhard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schilling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maisner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"König\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Flicker-Klein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zöllner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22192581\",\"keywords\":\"Body Burden, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Germany, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Schools\",\"pages\":\"224–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{link_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDE}) in blood of children in {Baden}-{Württemberg} between 2002/03 and 2008/09.},\\n\\tvolume = {215},\\n\\tissn = {1618-131X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used in high amounts as flame retardants in plastic materials and textiles. Due to their persistence, their accumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties they have been integrated in the human biomonitoring program of the Baden-Württemberg State Health Office since 2002. In repeated cross-sectional studies in winter 2002/03 (n=162), 2004/05 (n=194), 2005/06 (n=411) and 2008/09 (n=770) blood samples of 9-11-year-old pupils were taken, pooled and analysed for PBDE after extraction and purification by silica gel using HRGC/HRMS. Samples were pooled according to region, gender, and breast feeding. PBDE in the pooled samples ranged from 1.9 to 12.5 ng/g blood fat (sum of all PBDE). Mean concentrations of PBDE, calculated for the four investigation periods, were 6.2 ng/g (2002/03), 5.4 ng/g (2004/05), 7.8 ng/g (2005/06) and 6.7 ng/g (2008/09). While the concentration of the decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) increased, the concentration of other congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) decreased slightly or remained at the same level. Consistent differences with respect to gender and breast-feeding were not recognizable. Concentrations of PBDE in children range on the same level as in adults and do not seem to be critical from the toxicological point of view. Because of the slight increase of BDE 209, the internal concentrations of BDE should be monitored in the future. The strong variations in PBDE concentration between the different pooled samples indicate that, apart from ingestion, other routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation) and additional sources (textiles, building materials) must be taken into consideration.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Link, Bernhard and Gabrio, T and Mann, V and Schilling, B and Maisner, V and König, M and Flicker-Klein, A and Zöllner, I and Fischer, G},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22192581},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Germany, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Schools},\\n\\tpages = {224--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Link, B.\",\"Gabrio, T\",\"Mann, V\",\"Schilling, B\",\"Maisner, V\",\"König, M\",\"Flicker-Klein, A\",\"Zöllner, I\",\"Fischer, G\"],\"key\":\"link_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"link_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"link-gabrio-mann-schilling-maisner-knig-flickerklein-zllner-etal-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeinbloodofchildreninbadenwrttembergbetween200203and200809-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581\"},\"keyword\":[\"Body Burden\",\"Child\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Germany\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Schools\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to Daphnia magna\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"1610-3653\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10311-008-0170-1\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, the joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was investigated using Daphnia magna as the test organism. The median lethal concentrations for TBP and TPP at 24 and 48 h were 5.48 and 0.51 mg/L, 1.17 and 0.089 mg/L, respectively. When mixed at either equal concentration or various toxic unit ratios, TBP and TPP mixtures displayed an additive toxicity after both 24- and 48-h exposure. This work suggests that the joint acute toxicity of TBP and TPP towards D. magna can be predicted by calculating the toxic units of mixtures.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Chemistry Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kunde\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Chemistry and Materials Science, Flame retardants, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"309–312\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lin_joint_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to {Daphnia} magna},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {1610-3653},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10311-008-0170-1},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, the joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was investigated using Daphnia magna as the test organism. The median lethal concentrations for TBP and TPP at 24 and 48 h were 5.48 and 0.51 mg/L, 1.17 and 0.089 mg/L, respectively. When mixed at either equal concentration or various toxic unit ratios, TBP and TPP mixtures displayed an additive toxicity after both 24- and 48-h exposure. This work suggests that the joint acute toxicity of TBP and TPP towards D. magna can be predicted by calculating the toxic units of mixtures.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Chemistry Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Lin, Kunde},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemistry and Materials Science, Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {309--312},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lin, K.\"],\"key\":\"lin_joint_2008\",\"id\":\"lin_joint_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lin-jointacutetoxicityoftributylphosphateandtriphenylphosphatetodaphniamagna-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemistry and Materials Science\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"url\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&WWN_2001.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00218-7\",\"abstract\":\"As air infiltrates through unintentional openings in building envelopes, pollutants may interact with adjacent surfaces. Such interactions can alter human exposure to air pollutants of outdoor origin. We present modeling explorations of the proportion of particles and reactive gases (e.g., ozone) that penetrate building envelopes as air enters through cracks and wall cavities. Calculations were performed for idealized rectangular cracks, assuming regular geometry, smooth inner crack surface and steady airflow. Particles of 0.1–1.0 mm diameter are predicted to have the highest penetration efficiency, nearly unity for crack heights of 0.25 mm or larger, assuming a pressure difference of 4 Pa or greater and a flow path length of 3 cm or less. Supermicron and ultrafine particles are significantly removed by means of gravitational settling and Brownian diffusion, respectively. In addition to crack geometry, ozone penetration depends on its reactivity with crack surfaces, as parameterized by the reaction probability. For reaction probabilities less than B10@5, penetration is complete for cracks heights greater than B1 mm. However, penetration through mm scale cracks is small if the reaction probability is B10@4 or greater. For wall cavities, fiberglass insulation is an efficient particle filter, but particles would penetrate efficiently through uninsulated wall cavities or through insulated cavities with significant airflow bypass. The ozone reaction probability on fiberglass fibers was measured to be 10@7 for fibers previously exposed to high ozone levels and 6 10@6 for unexposed fibers. Over this range, ozone penetration through fiberglass insulation would vary from \\\\textgreater90% to B10–40%. Thus, under many conditions penetration is high; however, there are realistic circumstances in which building envelopes can provide substantial pollutant removal. Not enough is yet known about the detailed nature of pollutant penetration leakage paths to reliably predict infiltration into real buildings.\",\"number\":\"26\",\"journal\":\"Atmospheric Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"De-Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nazaroff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"Exposure, Flame retardants, infiltration, ozone, particles, penetration factor, reaction probability\",\"pages\":\"4451–4462\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_modeling_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&WWN_2001.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00218-7},\\n\\tabstract = {As air infiltrates through unintentional openings in building envelopes, pollutants may interact with adjacent surfaces. Such interactions can alter human exposure to air pollutants of outdoor origin. We present modeling explorations of the proportion of particles and reactive gases (e.g., ozone) that penetrate building envelopes as air enters through cracks and wall cavities. Calculations were performed for idealized rectangular cracks, assuming regular geometry, smooth inner crack surface and steady airflow. Particles of 0.1–1.0 mm diameter are predicted to have the highest penetration efficiency, nearly unity for crack heights of 0.25 mm or larger, assuming a pressure difference of 4 Pa or greater and a flow path length of 3 cm or less. Supermicron and ultrafine particles are significantly removed by means of gravitational settling and Brownian diffusion, respectively. In addition to crack geometry, ozone penetration depends on its reactivity with crack surfaces, as parameterized by the reaction probability. For reaction probabilities less than B10@5, penetration is complete for cracks heights greater than B1 mm. However, penetration through mm scale cracks is small if the reaction probability is B10@4 or greater. For wall cavities, fiberglass insulation is an efficient particle filter, but particles would penetrate efficiently through uninsulated wall cavities or through insulated cavities with significant airflow bypass. The ozone reaction probability on fiberglass fibers was measured to be 10@7 for fibers previously exposed to high ozone levels and 6 10@6 for unexposed fibers. Over this range, ozone penetration through fiberglass insulation would vary from {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater90\\\\% to B10–40\\\\%. Thus, under many conditions penetration is high; however, there are realistic circumstances in which building envelopes can provide substantial pollutant removal. Not enough is yet known about the detailed nature of pollutant penetration leakage paths to reliably predict infiltration into real buildings.},\\n\\tnumber = {26},\\n\\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, De-Ling and Nazaroff, William W},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Exposure, Flame retardants, infiltration, ozone, particles, penetration factor, reaction probability},\\n\\tpages = {4451--4462},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, D.\",\"Nazaroff, W. W\"],\"key\":\"liu_modeling_2001\",\"id\":\"liu_modeling_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-nazaroff-modelingpollutantpenetrationacrossbuildingenvelopes-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&WWN_2001.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"infiltration\",\"ozone\",\"particles\",\"penetration factor\",\"reaction probability\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"A systematic and efficient strategy is needed to assess and manage potential risks to human health that arise from the manufacture and use of thousands of chemicals. Among available tools for rapid assessment of large numbers of chemicals, significant gaps are associated with the capability to evaluate exposures that occur indoors. For semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), exposure is strongly influenced by the types of products in which these SVOCs occur. We propose methods for obtaining screening-level estimates for two primary SVOC source classes: additives in products used indoors and ingredients in products sprayed or applied to interior surfaces. Accounting for product use, emission characteristics, and the properties of the SVOCs, we estimate exposure via inhalation of SVOCs in the gas-phase, inhalation of SVOCs sorbed to airborne particles, ingestion of SVOCs sorbed to dust, and dermal sorption of SVOCs from the air into the blood. We also evaluate how exposure to the general public will change if chemical substitutions are made. Further development of a comprehensive set of models including the other SVOC-containing products and the other SVOC exposure pathways, together with appropriate methods for estimating or measuring the key parameters (in particular, the gas-phase concentration in equilibrium with the material-phase concentration of the SVOC in the product, or y(0)), is needed. When combined with rapid toxicity estimates, screening-level exposure estimates can contribute to health-risk-based prioritization of a wide range of chemicals of concern.\",\"number\":\"20\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Little\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weschler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nazaroff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"11171–11178\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{little_rapid_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Rapid {Methods} to {Estimate} {Potential} {Exposure} to {Semivolatile} {Organic} {Compounds} in the {Indoor} {Environment}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {A systematic and efficient strategy is needed to assess and manage potential risks to human health that arise from the manufacture and use of thousands of chemicals. Among available tools for rapid assessment of large numbers of chemicals, significant gaps are associated with the capability to evaluate exposures that occur indoors. For semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), exposure is strongly influenced by the types of products in which these SVOCs occur. We propose methods for obtaining screening-level estimates for two primary SVOC source classes: additives in products used indoors and ingredients in products sprayed or applied to interior surfaces. Accounting for product use, emission characteristics, and the properties of the SVOCs, we estimate exposure via inhalation of SVOCs in the gas-phase, inhalation of SVOCs sorbed to airborne particles, ingestion of SVOCs sorbed to dust, and dermal sorption of SVOCs from the air into the blood. We also evaluate how exposure to the general public will change if chemical substitutions are made. Further development of a comprehensive set of models including the other SVOC-containing products and the other SVOC exposure pathways, together with appropriate methods for estimating or measuring the key parameters (in particular, the gas-phase concentration in equilibrium with the material-phase concentration of the SVOC in the product, or y(0)), is needed. When combined with rapid toxicity estimates, screening-level exposure estimates can contribute to health-risk-based prioritization of a wide range of chemicals of concern.},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Little, J C and Weschler, C J and Nazaroff, W},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {11171--11178},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Little, J C\",\"Weschler, C J\",\"Nazaroff, W\"],\"key\":\"little_rapid_2012\",\"id\":\"little_rapid_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"little-weschler-nazaroff-rapidmethodstoestimatepotentialexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsintheindoorenvironment-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: the implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention.\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/sj.jes.7500456\",\"abstract\":\"There are many physical and chemical processes that affect the accumulation of outdoor pollutants. In recent years some of the information and concepts previously ascribed to outdoor pollution has been found to be useful in examining indoor dynamic and chemical processes. Further, becau se of the confining nature of the indoor environment, processes such as the \\\"grasshopper effect\\\" can lead to sustained higher levels of semivolatile chemicals indoors and affect multiroute (inhalation, dermal, incidental dietary, and nondietary ingestion) exposures. Such processes can also lead to a complex mixture of both semivolatile and volatile compounds in indoor air and on surfaces or within objects. This article specifically examines the above in combination with another indoor issue, indoor chemistry, and places the results into a context that can be used to evaluate (1) multipollutant cumulative or aggregate exposures and risks indoors, (2) exposure reduction strategies that can create healthy indoor environments. It is not a review of the entire field of the indoor environment or indoor air or the indoor environment, which has been covered in numerous volumes and reports. The complexities of the scientific issues are discussed by also placing them into our traditional approaches outdoor and indoor to pollution management, to indicate the difficulty in establishing the exposures that require mitigation or prevention. Further, some emerging issues are discussed as well as how to specifically address long-term single or multiroute exposures to semivolatile compounds within the \\\"Total Indoor Environment.\\\"\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lioy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention & control, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor\",\"pages\":\"207–224\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lioy_employing_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: the implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention.},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500456},\\n\\tabstract = {There are many physical and chemical processes that affect the accumulation of outdoor pollutants. In recent years some of the information and concepts previously ascribed to outdoor pollution has been found to be useful in examining indoor dynamic and chemical processes. Further, becau se of the confining nature of the indoor environment, processes such as the \\\"grasshopper effect\\\" can lead to sustained higher levels of semivolatile chemicals indoors and affect multiroute (inhalation, dermal, incidental dietary, and nondietary ingestion) exposures. Such processes can also lead to a complex mixture of both semivolatile and volatile compounds in indoor air and on surfaces or within objects. This article specifically examines the above in combination with another indoor issue, indoor chemistry, and places the results into a context that can be used to evaluate (1) multipollutant cumulative or aggregate exposures and risks indoors, (2) exposure reduction strategies that can create healthy indoor environments. It is not a review of the entire field of the indoor environment or indoor air or the indoor environment, which has been covered in numerous volumes and reports. The complexities of the scientific issues are discussed by also placing them into our traditional approaches outdoor and indoor to pollution management, to indicate the difficulty in establishing the exposures that require mitigation or prevention. Further, some emerging issues are discussed as well as how to specifically address long-term single or multiroute exposures to semivolatile compounds within the \\\"Total Indoor Environment.\\\"},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\\\& environmental epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lioy, Paul J},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention \\\\& control, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor},\\n\\tpages = {207--224},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lioy, P. J\"],\"key\":\"lioy_employing_2006\",\"id\":\"lioy_employing_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lioy-employingdynamicalandchemicalprocessesforcontaminantmixturesoutdoorstotheindoorenvironmenttheimplicationsfortotalhumanexposureanalysisandprevention-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: prevention & control\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the U.S. population, 2003-2004.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1935-5548\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.2337/dc08-0850\",\"abstract\":\"Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disruptors accumulated in adipose tissue, were associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), are another class of POPs for which body burden is increasing. Cross-sectional associations of serum concentrations of BFRs with diabetes and metabolic syndrome were studied.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Diabetes care\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ji-Sun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duk-Hee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18559655\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus: chemically induced, Diabetes Mellitus: epidemiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Metabolic Syndrome X: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States, United States: epidemiology, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1802–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lim_association_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the {U}.{S}. population, 2003-2004.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1935-5548},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2337/dc08-0850},\\n\\tabstract = {Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disruptors accumulated in adipose tissue, were associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), are another class of POPs for which body burden is increasing. Cross-sectional associations of serum concentrations of BFRs with diabetes and metabolic syndrome were studied.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Diabetes care},\\n\\tauthor = {Lim, Ji-Sun and Lee, Duk-Hee and Jacobs, David R},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18559655},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus: chemically induced, Diabetes Mellitus: epidemiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Metabolic Syndrome X: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States, United States: epidemiology, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1802--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lim, J.\",\"Lee, D.\",\"Jacobs, D. R\"],\"key\":\"lim_association_2008\",\"id\":\"lim_association_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lim-lee-jacobs-associationofbrominatedflameretardantswithdiabetesandmetabolicsyndromeintheuspopulation20032004-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: drug effects\",\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Diabetes Mellitus\",\"Diabetes Mellitus: chemically induced\",\"Diabetes Mellitus: epidemiology\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Metabolic Syndrome X\",\"Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced\",\"Metabolic Syndrome X: epidemiology\",\"Odds Ratio\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"United States\",\"United States: epidemiology\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on dopamine-dependent behavior and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats.\",\"volume\":\"185\",\"issn\":\"0378-4274\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.002\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely used brominated flame retardant which has been recently detected in many environmental matrices. Data from a subacute toxicity study indicated dose-related effects particularly on the pituitary thyroid-axis and retinoids in female rats. Brominated and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are also reported to exert effects on the nervous system. Several investigations revealed a pronounced sensitivity of the dopaminergic system and auditory functions to polychlorinated biphenyls. Therefore, the present experiment should examine, whether or not HBCD affects these targets. Rats were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg HBCD/kg body weight via the diet. Exposure started before mating and was continued during mating, gestation, lactation, and after weaning in offspring. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were used to assess dopamine-dependent behavior and hearing function in adult male and female offspring. On the catalepsy test, reduced latencies to movement onset were observed mainly in female offspring, indicating influences on dopamine-dependent behavior. The overall pattern of BAEP alterations, with increased thresholds and prolonged latencies of early waves, suggested a predominant cochlear effect. Effects were dose-dependent with lower bounds of benchmark doses (BMDL) between \\\\textless or =1 and 10 mg/kg body weight for both catalepsy and BAEP thresholds. Tissue concentrations at the BMDL values obtained in this study were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than current exposure levels in humans.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lilienthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hellmuth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Der\",\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"T\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piersma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldert\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josephus\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19111915\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Behavior, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effe, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Catalepsy, Catalepsy: chemically induced, Dopamine, Dopamine: physiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Reaction Time, Reaction Time: drug effects, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Wistar, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"63–72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lilienthal_effects_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) on dopamine-dependent behavior and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a one-generation reproduction study in {Wistar} rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {185},\\n\\tissn = {0378-4274},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely used brominated flame retardant which has been recently detected in many environmental matrices. Data from a subacute toxicity study indicated dose-related effects particularly on the pituitary thyroid-axis and retinoids in female rats. Brominated and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are also reported to exert effects on the nervous system. Several investigations revealed a pronounced sensitivity of the dopaminergic system and auditory functions to polychlorinated biphenyls. Therefore, the present experiment should examine, whether or not HBCD affects these targets. Rats were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg HBCD/kg body weight via the diet. Exposure started before mating and was continued during mating, gestation, lactation, and after weaning in offspring. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were used to assess dopamine-dependent behavior and hearing function in adult male and female offspring. On the catalepsy test, reduced latencies to movement onset were observed mainly in female offspring, indicating influences on dopamine-dependent behavior. The overall pattern of BAEP alterations, with increased thresholds and prolonged latencies of early waves, suggested a predominant cochlear effect. Effects were dose-dependent with lower bounds of benchmark doses (BMDL) between {\\\\textbackslash}textless or =1 and 10 mg/kg body weight for both catalepsy and BAEP thresholds. Tissue concentrations at the BMDL values obtained in this study were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than current exposure levels in humans.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and van Der Ven, Leo T M and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19111915},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Behavior, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effe, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Catalepsy, Catalepsy: chemically induced, Dopamine, Dopamine: physiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Reaction Time, Reaction Time: drug effects, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Wistar, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {63--72},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lilienthal, H.\",\"van Der Ven, L. T M\",\"Piersma, A. H\",\"Vos, J. G\"],\"key\":\"lilienthal_effects_2009\",\"id\":\"lilienthal_effects_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lilienthal-vanderven-piersma-vos-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdondopaminedependentbehaviorandbrainstemauditoryevokedpotentialsinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Auditory\",\"Behavior\",\"Brain Stem\",\"Brain Stem: drug effe\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Catalepsy\",\"Catalepsy: chemically induced\",\"Dopamine\",\"Dopamine: physiology\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Evoked Potentials\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Reaction Time\",\"Reaction Time: drug effects\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Wistar\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats.\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Increasing concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in breast milk cause concern about possible developmental effects in nursed babies. Because previous studies in rats have indicated effects on sex steroids and sexually dimorphic behavior after maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), our goal in the present study was to determine if developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) induces similar endocrine-mediated effects. Pregnant rats were exposed to vehicle or PBDE-99 (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight, daily during gestational days 10-18). For comparison, we also included a group exposed to the technical PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (30 mg/kg body weight, daily). PBDE exposure resulted in pronounced decreases in circulating sex steroids in male offspring at weaning and in adulthood. Female offspring were less affected. Anogenital distance was reduced in male offspring. Puberty onset was delayed in female offspring at the higher dose level, whereas a slight acceleration was detected in low-dose males. The number of primordial/primary ovarian follicles was reduced in females at the lower dose, whereas decline of secondary follicles was more pronounced at the higher dose. Sweet preference was dose-dependently increased in PBDE-exposed adult males, indicating a feminization of this sexually dimorphic behavior. Aroclor 1254 did not alter sweet preference and numbers of primordial/primary and secondary follicles but it did affect steroid concentrations in males and sexual development in both sexes. PBDE concentrations in tissues of dams and offspring were highest on gestational day 19. These results support the hypothesis that PBDEs are endocrine-active compounds and interfere with sexual development and sexually dimorphic behavior.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lilienthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hellmuth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alfons\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roth-Härer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Astrid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grande\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simone\",\"Wichert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Talsness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16451854\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth & development, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Long-Evans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"194–201\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lilienthal_effects_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether ({PBDE}-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Increasing concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in breast milk cause concern about possible developmental effects in nursed babies. Because previous studies in rats have indicated effects on sex steroids and sexually dimorphic behavior after maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), our goal in the present study was to determine if developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) induces similar endocrine-mediated effects. Pregnant rats were exposed to vehicle or PBDE-99 (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight, daily during gestational days 10-18). For comparison, we also included a group exposed to the technical PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (30 mg/kg body weight, daily). PBDE exposure resulted in pronounced decreases in circulating sex steroids in male offspring at weaning and in adulthood. Female offspring were less affected. Anogenital distance was reduced in male offspring. Puberty onset was delayed in female offspring at the higher dose level, whereas a slight acceleration was detected in low-dose males. The number of primordial/primary ovarian follicles was reduced in females at the lower dose, whereas decline of secondary follicles was more pronounced at the higher dose. Sweet preference was dose-dependently increased in PBDE-exposed adult males, indicating a feminization of this sexually dimorphic behavior. Aroclor 1254 did not alter sweet preference and numbers of primordial/primary and secondary follicles but it did affect steroid concentrations in males and sexual development in both sexes. PBDE concentrations in tissues of dams and offspring were highest on gestational day 19. These results support the hypothesis that PBDEs are endocrine-active compounds and interfere with sexual development and sexually dimorphic behavior.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Hack, Alfons and Roth-Härer, Astrid and Grande, Simone Wichert and Talsness, Chris E},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16451854},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth \\\\& development, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Long-Evans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {194--201},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lilienthal, H.\",\"Hack, A.\",\"Roth-Härer, A.\",\"Grande, S. W.\",\"Talsness, C. E\"],\"key\":\"lilienthal_effects_2006\",\"id\":\"lilienthal_effects_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lilienthal-hack-rothhrer-grande-talsness-effectsofdevelopmentalexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherpbde99onsexsteroidssexualdevelopmentandsexuallydimorphicbehaviorinrats-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genitalia\",\"Genitalia: drug effects\",\"Genitalia: growth & development\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Long-Evans\",\"Male\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Rats\",\"Sex Characteristics\",\"Sexual Behavior\",\"Sexual Maturation\",\"Sexual Maturation: drug effects\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of repeated exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) on mice nervous system and its self repair.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"1872-7077\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.etap.2010.02.005\",\"abstract\":\"Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is widely used as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In order to investigate its direct neurotoxic effects on mice and its self repair, mice were repeatedly exposured to BDE-209. Different concentrations of BDE-209 (0, 0.1, 40, 80 and 160mg/kgbw/d) were administered daily to CD-1 Swiss mice by gavage for 15, 30 and 60 days. Body and brain weights were recorded after the exposure. And the self repair was studied. Levels of acetylcholinesterase (TchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) in brain were analyzed. Experimental results suggested that the nervous system was permanently damaged by BDE-209 through the cholinergic system enzyme.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shu-Xuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong-Xia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan-Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Mei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Han-Wen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"21787616\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"297–301\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liang_effects_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of repeated exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) on mice nervous system and its self repair.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {1872-7077},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2010.02.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is widely used as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In order to investigate its direct neurotoxic effects on mice and its self repair, mice were repeatedly exposured to BDE-209. Different concentrations of BDE-209 (0, 0.1, 40, 80 and 160mg/kgbw/d) were administered daily to CD-1 Swiss mice by gavage for 15, 30 and 60 days. Body and brain weights were recorded after the exposure. And the self repair was studied. Levels of acetylcholinesterase (TchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) in brain were analyzed. Experimental results suggested that the nervous system was permanently damaged by BDE-209 through the cholinergic system enzyme.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Liang, Shu-Xuan and Gao, Hong-Xia and Zhao, Yan-Yan and Ma, Xiao-Mei and Sun, Han-Wen},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {21787616},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {297--301},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liang, S.\",\"Gao, H.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Ma, X.\",\"Sun, H.\"],\"key\":\"liang_effects_2010\",\"id\":\"liang_effects_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liang-gao-zhao-ma-sun-effectsofrepeatedexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209onmicenervoussystemanditsselfrepair-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on mRNA transcription of thyroid hormone pathway and spermatogenesis associated genes in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus).\",\"issn\":\"1522-7278\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/tox.20767\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants, which are ubiquitous environmental contaminant found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) is the principal component, which is currently used worldwide. In this study, the effect of BDE-209 on the mRNA levels of thyroid hormone (TH) related genes and spermatogenesis associated genes were determined from larvae and adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to concentrations 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L for 21 days. The results showed that the type II deiodinase (dio2) and sodium iodide symporter (nis) mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the larvae at 10 μg/L treatment. In adult, histopathological observations showed that liver of female fish were degenerated at 10 μg/L treatment, and inhibition of spermatogenesis were observed in testis of male fish. In addition, the thyroid hormone receptor α (trα), dio2, and nis mRNA levels in the liver of male and female fish were significantly up-regulated, whereas dio2 and nis mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated in the brain. These results indicate that exposure to BDE-209 could result in tissue-specific alternations of TH-related genes expression in adults. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the testis-specific apoptosis genes, the spermatogenesis-associated 4 (spata4) and spermatogenesis-associated 17 (spata17), were down-regulated at 10 μg/L treatment in testis of male fish. Our results suggest that BDE-209 may pose threat to normal thyroid and reproductive function in fish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lifei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinmiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zijian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21901812\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_effects_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) on {mRNA} transcription of thyroid hormone pathway and spermatogenesis associated genes in {Chinese} rare minnow ({Gobiocypris} rarus).},\\n\\tissn = {1522-7278},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20767},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants, which are ubiquitous environmental contaminant found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) is the principal component, which is currently used worldwide. In this study, the effect of BDE-209 on the mRNA levels of thyroid hormone (TH) related genes and spermatogenesis associated genes were determined from larvae and adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to concentrations 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L for 21 days. The results showed that the type II deiodinase (dio2) and sodium iodide symporter (nis) mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the larvae at 10 μg/L treatment. In adult, histopathological observations showed that liver of female fish were degenerated at 10 μg/L treatment, and inhibition of spermatogenesis were observed in testis of male fish. In addition, the thyroid hormone receptor α (trα), dio2, and nis mRNA levels in the liver of male and female fish were significantly up-regulated, whereas dio2 and nis mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated in the brain. These results indicate that exposure to BDE-209 could result in tissue-specific alternations of TH-related genes expression in adults. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the testis-specific apoptosis genes, the spermatogenesis-associated 4 (spata4) and spermatogenesis-associated 17 (spata17), were down-regulated at 10 μg/L treatment in testis of male fish. Our results suggest that BDE-209 may pose threat to normal thyroid and reproductive function in fish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Wei and Zhu, Lifei and Zha, Jinmiao and Wang, Zijian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21901812},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, W.\",\"Zhu, L.\",\"Zha, J.\",\"Wang, Z.\"],\"key\":\"li_effects_2011\",\"id\":\"li_effects_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-zhu-zha-wang-effectsofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209onmrnatranscriptionofthyroidhormonepathwayandspermatogenesisassociatedgenesinchineserareminnowgobiocyprisrarus-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats: neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study.\",\"volume\":\"246\",\"issn\":\"0300-483X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.007\",\"abstract\":\"Within the framework of an EU project on risk assessment of brominated flame retardants, TBBPA was studied for neurobehavioral effects in rats. To permit benchmark dose analysis, eight dose levels were chosen ranging from 0 to 3000mg/kg body weight. Exposure of parental rats started 10 and 2 weeks before mating in males and females, respectively, and was continued throughout mating, gestation and lactation. After weaning, exposure was continued in the offspring throughout life. Previous studies had indicated TBBPA-induced effects on thyroid hormones. Because of the known implication of thyroid hormones in neurodevelopment, the present experiments tested if TBBPA exposure affects thyroid-dependent neurobehavioral functions in offspring, such as auditory responses and conditioned fear. Sweet preference was included because of sex-specific effects in littermates. No statistically significant effects were found on context or cue conditioned fear or sweet preference. Auditory responses were examined with brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) at approximately 50-110 days of age. BAEP thresholds and wave IV latency were increased in exposed female rats in the low frequency range. In male rats, thresholds were unaffected, but absolute latency of wave IV and interpeak latencies II-IV showed exposure-related increases at low frequencies. The outcome pattern suggests a predominant cochlear effect of TBBPA in females while in males neural effects are more apparent. According to benchmark analysis, the critical effect doses (CED) for prolongations of wave IV latency at 0.5kHz were in the range of 35-70mg/kg body weight with lower bounds (BMDL) of approximately 8mg/kg in males and females. The BMDL values for elevation of hearing thresholds in females were in the range of 1-40mg/kg body weight, depending on frequency. The benchmark doses for effects on the BAEP were similar to values for decreases in circulating thyroid hormones. The comparison of the exposure level at which the most sensitive effect was found with current human exposure levels yielded a margin of exposure of about 5, according to a recent risk assessment. Further investigations are needed to examine exposure pathways, fate in the body and effects of TBBPA.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lilienthal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hellmuth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Der\",\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"T\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piersma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldert\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josephus\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18295390\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Auditory: drug effects, Behavior, Benchmarking, Benchmarking: methods, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effects, Classical, Classical: drug effects, Conditioning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Paternal Exposure, Paternal Exposure: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"45–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lilienthal_exposure_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) in {Wistar} rats: neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study.},\\n\\tvolume = {246},\\n\\tissn = {0300-483X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.007},\\n\\tabstract = {Within the framework of an EU project on risk assessment of brominated flame retardants, TBBPA was studied for neurobehavioral effects in rats. To permit benchmark dose analysis, eight dose levels were chosen ranging from 0 to 3000mg/kg body weight. Exposure of parental rats started 10 and 2 weeks before mating in males and females, respectively, and was continued throughout mating, gestation and lactation. After weaning, exposure was continued in the offspring throughout life. Previous studies had indicated TBBPA-induced effects on thyroid hormones. Because of the known implication of thyroid hormones in neurodevelopment, the present experiments tested if TBBPA exposure affects thyroid-dependent neurobehavioral functions in offspring, such as auditory responses and conditioned fear. Sweet preference was included because of sex-specific effects in littermates. No statistically significant effects were found on context or cue conditioned fear or sweet preference. Auditory responses were examined with brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) at approximately 50-110 days of age. BAEP thresholds and wave IV latency were increased in exposed female rats in the low frequency range. In male rats, thresholds were unaffected, but absolute latency of wave IV and interpeak latencies II-IV showed exposure-related increases at low frequencies. The outcome pattern suggests a predominant cochlear effect of TBBPA in females while in males neural effects are more apparent. According to benchmark analysis, the critical effect doses (CED) for prolongations of wave IV latency at 0.5kHz were in the range of 35-70mg/kg body weight with lower bounds (BMDL) of approximately 8mg/kg in males and females. The BMDL values for elevation of hearing thresholds in females were in the range of 1-40mg/kg body weight, depending on frequency. The benchmark doses for effects on the BAEP were similar to values for decreases in circulating thyroid hormones. The comparison of the exposure level at which the most sensitive effect was found with current human exposure levels yielded a margin of exposure of about 5, according to a recent risk assessment. Further investigations are needed to examine exposure pathways, fate in the body and effects of TBBPA.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Verwer, Cynthia M and van Der Ven, Leo T M and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18295390},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Auditory: drug effects, Behavior, Benchmarking, Benchmarking: methods, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effects, Classical, Classical: drug effects, Conditioning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Paternal Exposure, Paternal Exposure: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {45--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lilienthal, H.\",\"Verwer, C. M\",\"van Der Ven, L. T M\",\"Piersma, A. H\",\"Vos, J. G\"],\"key\":\"lilienthal_exposure_2008\",\"id\":\"lilienthal_exposure_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lilienthal-verwer-vanderven-piersma-vos-exposuretotetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsneurobehavioraleffectsinoffspringfromaonegenerationreproductionstudy-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Auditory\",\"Auditory: drug effects\",\"Behavior\",\"Benchmarking\",\"Benchmarking: methods\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Brain Stem\",\"Brain Stem: drug effects\",\"Classical\",\"Classical: drug effects\",\"Conditioning\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Evoked Potentials\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Paternal Exposure\",\"Paternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Wistar\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dietary exposure of PBDEs resulting from a subsistence diet in three First Nation communities in the James Bay Region of Canada.\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.008\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse health effects of polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently come to light. PBDEs may potentially be of concern to indigenous (First Nations) people of Canada who subsist on traditional foods, but there is a paucity of information on this topic. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To investigate whether the traditional diet is a major source of PBDEs in sub-Arctic First Nations populations of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (James and Hudson Bay),Ontario, Canada, a variety of tissues from wild game and fish were analyzed for PBDE content (n=147) and dietary exposure assessed and compared to the US EPA reference doses (RfDs). In addition, to examine the effect of isolation/industrialization on PBDE body burdens, the blood plasma from three First Nations (Cree Nation of Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec; Fort Albany First Nation, Ontario; and Weenusk First Nation [Peawanuck], Ontario, Canada) were collected (n=54) and analyzed using a log-linear contingency model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean values of PBDEs in wild meats and fish adjusted for standard consumption values and body weight, did not exceed the US EPA RfD. Log linear modeling of the human PBDE body burden showed that PBDE body burden increases as access to manufactured goods increases. Thus, household dust from material goods containing PBDEs is likely responsible for the human exposure; the traditional First Nations diet appears to be a minor source of PBDEs.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liberda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wainman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leblanc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alain\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dumas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsuji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leonard\",\"J\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21255843\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Food, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liberda_dietary_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Dietary exposure of {PBDEs} resulting from a subsistence diet in three {First} {Nation} communities in the {James} {Bay} {Region} of {Canada}.},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.008},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse health effects of polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently come to light. PBDEs may potentially be of concern to indigenous (First Nations) people of Canada who subsist on traditional foods, but there is a paucity of information on this topic. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To investigate whether the traditional diet is a major source of PBDEs in sub-Arctic First Nations populations of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (James and Hudson Bay),Ontario, Canada, a variety of tissues from wild game and fish were analyzed for PBDE content (n=147) and dietary exposure assessed and compared to the US EPA reference doses (RfDs). In addition, to examine the effect of isolation/industrialization on PBDE body burdens, the blood plasma from three First Nations (Cree Nation of Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec; Fort Albany First Nation, Ontario; and Weenusk First Nation [Peawanuck], Ontario, Canada) were collected (n=54) and analyzed using a log-linear contingency model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean values of PBDEs in wild meats and fish adjusted for standard consumption values and body weight, did not exceed the US EPA RfD. Log linear modeling of the human PBDE body burden showed that PBDE body burden increases as access to manufactured goods increases. Thus, household dust from material goods containing PBDEs is likely responsible for the human exposure; the traditional First Nations diet appears to be a minor source of PBDEs.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Liberda, Eric N and Wainman, Bruce C and Leblanc, Alain and Dumas, Pierre and Martin, Ian and Tsuji, Leonard J S},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21255843},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Food, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liberda, E. N\",\"Wainman, B. C\",\"Leblanc, A.\",\"Dumas, P.\",\"Martin, I.\",\"Tsuji, L. J S\"],\"key\":\"liberda_dietary_2011\",\"id\":\"liberda_dietary_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liberda-wainman-leblanc-dumas-martin-tsuji-dietaryexposureofpbdesresultingfromasubsistencedietinthreefirstnationcommunitiesinthejamesbayregionofcanada-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Food\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of Ah receptor binding affinities of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via in silico molecular docking and 3D-QSAR.\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"1029-046X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/1062936X.2012.729225\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become ubiquitous contaminations due to their use as flame retardants. The structural similarity of PBDE to some dioxin-like compounds suggested that they may share similar toxicological effects: they might activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction pathway and thus might have adverse effects on wildlife and humans. In this study, in silico computational workflow combining molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was performed to investigate the binding interactions between PBDEs and AhR and the structural features affecting the AhR binding affinity of PBDE. The molecular docking showed that hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions were the major driving forces for the binding of ligands to AhR, and several key amino acid residues were also identified. The CoMSIA model was developed from the conformations obtained from molecular docking and exhibited satisfactory results as q (2) of 0.605 and r (2) of 0.996. Furthermore, the derived model had good robustness and statistical significance in both internal and external validations. The 3D contour maps generated from CoMSIA provided important structural features influence the binding affinity. The obtained results were beneficial to better understand the toxicological mechanism of PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"SAR and QSAR in environmental research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23121134\",\"keywords\":\"Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: chemistry, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Computational Biology, Computational Biology: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Ligands, Molecular Docking Simulation, Molecular Structure, Protein Binding, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Receptors\",\"pages\":\"75–87\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_analysis_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of {Ah} receptor binding affinities of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via in silico molecular docking and {3D}-{QSAR}.},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {1029-046X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/1062936X.2012.729225},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become ubiquitous contaminations due to their use as flame retardants. The structural similarity of PBDE to some dioxin-like compounds suggested that they may share similar toxicological effects: they might activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction pathway and thus might have adverse effects on wildlife and humans. In this study, in silico computational workflow combining molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was performed to investigate the binding interactions between PBDEs and AhR and the structural features affecting the AhR binding affinity of PBDE. The molecular docking showed that hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions were the major driving forces for the binding of ligands to AhR, and several key amino acid residues were also identified. The CoMSIA model was developed from the conformations obtained from molecular docking and exhibited satisfactory results as q (2) of 0.605 and r (2) of 0.996. Furthermore, the derived model had good robustness and statistical significance in both internal and external validations. The 3D contour maps generated from CoMSIA provided important structural features influence the binding affinity. The obtained results were beneficial to better understand the toxicological mechanism of PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {SAR and QSAR in environmental research},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, X and Wang, X and Shi, W and Liu, H and Yu, H},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23121134},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: chemistry, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Computational Biology, Computational Biology: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Ligands, Molecular Docking Simulation, Molecular Structure, Protein Binding, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Receptors},\\n\\tpages = {75--87},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, X\",\"Wang, X\",\"Shi, W\",\"Liu, H\",\"Yu, H\"],\"key\":\"li_analysis_2013\",\"id\":\"li_analysis_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-wang-shi-liu-yu-analysisofahreceptorbindingaffinitiesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersviainsilicomoleculardockingand3dqsar-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aryl Hydrocarbon\",\"Aryl Hydrocarbon: chemistry\",\"Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism\",\"Computational Biology\",\"Computational Biology: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrogen Bonding\",\"Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions\",\"Ligands\",\"Molecular Docking Simulation\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Protein Binding\",\"Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"Receptors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Hydroxylated Metabolite of Flame-Retardant PBDE-47 Decreases the Survival, Proliferation, and Neuronal Differentiation of Primary Cultured Adult Neural Stem Cells and Interferes with Signaling of ERK5 MAP Kinase and Neurotrophin 3.\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kft083\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of organobromine compounds widely used as flame retardants. PBDE-47 is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners found in human tissues, and it can be transformed into several metabolites, including 6-OH-PBDE-47. Recent studies have shown that PBDE-47 is neurotoxic to animals and possibly humans. However, the basis for the neurotoxicity of PBDEs and their metabolites is unclear. For example, it is not known whether PBDEs affect adult neurogenesis, a process implicated in learning and memory and in olfactory behavior. In this study, we examined the toxicity of PBDEs for primary adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mice. We discovered that 6-OH-PBDE-47, but not its parent compound PBDE-47, is cytotoxic for aNCSs using MTS metabolism and cell number as a measure of cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 6-OH-PBDE-47 induced apoptosis at concentrations above 7.5μM inhibited proliferation at 2.5-5μM while suppressing neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation at submicromolar concentrations (≤ 1μM). The effect on proliferation was reversed upon removal of 6-OH-PBDE-47 and correlated with selective but reversible inhibition of ERK5 activation by mitogenic growth factors EGF and bFGF. 6-OH-PBDE-47 also inhibited the proneuronal differentiation effect of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and NT3 activation of ERK5. Together, these data show that 6-OH-PBDE-47 is more toxic than its parent compound for SVZ-derived aNSCs and that it inhibits multiple aspects of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK5 signaling may underlie the adverse effect of 6-OH-PBDE-47 on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that exposure to PBDE-based flame retardants could cause neurotoxicity in the adult brain by interfering with adult neurogenesis.\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenbin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yung-Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lihong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhengui\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23564643\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"kft083–\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_hydroxylated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Hydroxylated} {Metabolite} of {Flame}-{Retardant} {PBDE}-47 {Decreases} the {Survival}, {Proliferation}, and {Neuronal} {Differentiation} of {Primary} {Cultured} {Adult} {Neural} {Stem} {Cells} and {Interferes} with {Signaling} of {ERK5} {MAP} {Kinase} and {Neurotrophin} 3.},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft083},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of organobromine compounds widely used as flame retardants. PBDE-47 is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners found in human tissues, and it can be transformed into several metabolites, including 6-OH-PBDE-47. Recent studies have shown that PBDE-47 is neurotoxic to animals and possibly humans. However, the basis for the neurotoxicity of PBDEs and their metabolites is unclear. For example, it is not known whether PBDEs affect adult neurogenesis, a process implicated in learning and memory and in olfactory behavior. In this study, we examined the toxicity of PBDEs for primary adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mice. We discovered that 6-OH-PBDE-47, but not its parent compound PBDE-47, is cytotoxic for aNCSs using MTS metabolism and cell number as a measure of cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 6-OH-PBDE-47 induced apoptosis at concentrations above 7.5μM inhibited proliferation at 2.5-5μM while suppressing neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation at submicromolar concentrations (≤ 1μM). The effect on proliferation was reversed upon removal of 6-OH-PBDE-47 and correlated with selective but reversible inhibition of ERK5 activation by mitogenic growth factors EGF and bFGF. 6-OH-PBDE-47 also inhibited the proneuronal differentiation effect of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and NT3 activation of ERK5. Together, these data show that 6-OH-PBDE-47 is more toxic than its parent compound for SVZ-derived aNSCs and that it inhibits multiple aspects of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK5 signaling may underlie the adverse effect of 6-OH-PBDE-47 on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that exposure to PBDE-based flame retardants could cause neurotoxicity in the adult brain by interfering with adult neurogenesis.},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Tan and Wang, Wenbin and Pan, Yung-Wei and Xu, Lihong and Xia, Zhengui},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23564643},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {kft083--},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, T.\",\"Wang, W.\",\"Pan, Y.\",\"Xu, L.\",\"Xia, Z.\"],\"key\":\"li_hydroxylated_2013\",\"id\":\"li_hydroxylated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-wang-pan-xu-xia-ahydroxylatedmetaboliteofflameretardantpbde47decreasesthesurvivalproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofprimaryculturedadultneuralstemcellsandinterfereswithsignalingoferk5mapkinaseandneurotrophin3-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hormone activity of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on human thyroid receptor-beta: in vitro and in silico investigations.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901457\",\"abstract\":\"Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid hormone status because of their structural similarity to thyroid hormone. However, the molecular mechanisms of interactions with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are not fully understood.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xuehua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Na\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingwen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zijian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ce\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20439171\",\"keywords\":\"Binding, Binding Sites, Competitive, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydroxylation, Models, Molecular, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Recombinant Proteins, Recombinant Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Proteins: drug effects, Recombinant Proteins: metabolism, Static Electricity, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: chemistry, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Two-Hybrid System Techniques\",\"pages\":\"602–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_hormone_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Hormone activity of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on human thyroid receptor-beta: in vitro and in silico investigations.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901457},\\n\\tabstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid hormone status because of their structural similarity to thyroid hormone. However, the molecular mechanisms of interactions with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are not fully understood.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Fei and Xie, Qing and Li, Xuehua and Li, Na and Chi, Ping and Chen, Jingwen and Wang, Zijian and Hao, Ce},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20439171},\\n\\tkeywords = {Binding, Binding Sites, Competitive, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydroxylation, Models, Molecular, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Recombinant Proteins, Recombinant Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Proteins: drug effects, Recombinant Proteins: metabolism, Static Electricity, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: chemistry, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Two-Hybrid System Techniques},\\n\\tpages = {602--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, F.\",\"Xie, Q.\",\"Li, X.\",\"Li, N.\",\"Chi, P.\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Wang, Z.\",\"Hao, C.\"],\"key\":\"li_hormone_2010\",\"id\":\"li_hormone_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-xie-li-li-chi-chen-wang-hao-hormoneactivityofhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonhumanthyroidreceptorbetainvitroandinsilicoinvestigations-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Binding\",\"Binding Sites\",\"Competitive\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrogen Bonding\",\"Hydroxylation\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"Recombinant Proteins\",\"Recombinant Proteins: chemistry\",\"Recombinant Proteins: drug effects\",\"Recombinant Proteins: metabolism\",\"Static Electricity\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: chemistry\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism\",\"Two-Hybrid System Techniques\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831\",\"abstract\":\"Surface soils and combusted residue from a village located in southeast China, which has been intensely involved in the dismantling and \\\"recycling\\\" of computer parts (e-waste) for the past decade, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total PBDE concentrations were highest in combusted residue of plastic chips and cables collected from a residential area (33,000-97,400 ng/g, dry wt), in soils from an acid leaching site (2720-4250 ng/g, dry wt), and a printer roller dump site (593-2890 ng/g, dry wt). BDE-209 was the most dominant congener (35-82%) among the study sites indicating the prevalence of commercial Deca-BDE, however signature congeners from commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE were also found. PCDD/F concentrations were also highest in soil from the acid leaching site (12,500-89,800 pg/g, 203-1100 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and in combusted residue (13,500-25,300 pg/g, 84.3-174 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and were comparable to PCDD/F levels of some open dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Of the e-waste activities, acid leaching and open burning emitted the highest concentrations of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs. This study is among the very few studies dealing with the important issue of pollution generated from crude e-waste recycling. Our results showthatthe crude processing of e-waste has become one of the major contributors of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs to the terrestrial environment.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\",\"O\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luksemburg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ming\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17533831\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention & control, Flame retardants, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"2730–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{leung_spatial_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at {Guiyu}, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831},\\n\\tabstract = {Surface soils and combusted residue from a village located in southeast China, which has been intensely involved in the dismantling and \\\"recycling\\\" of computer parts (e-waste) for the past decade, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total PBDE concentrations were highest in combusted residue of plastic chips and cables collected from a residential area (33,000-97,400 ng/g, dry wt), in soils from an acid leaching site (2720-4250 ng/g, dry wt), and a printer roller dump site (593-2890 ng/g, dry wt). BDE-209 was the most dominant congener (35-82\\\\%) among the study sites indicating the prevalence of commercial Deca-BDE, however signature congeners from commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE were also found. PCDD/F concentrations were also highest in soil from the acid leaching site (12,500-89,800 pg/g, 203-1100 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and in combusted residue (13,500-25,300 pg/g, 84.3-174 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and were comparable to PCDD/F levels of some open dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Of the e-waste activities, acid leaching and open burning emitted the highest concentrations of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs. This study is among the very few studies dealing with the important issue of pollution generated from crude e-waste recycling. Our results showthatthe crude processing of e-waste has become one of the major contributors of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs to the terrestrial environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Leung, Anna O W and Luksemburg, William J and Wong, Anthony S and Wong, Ming H},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17533831},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \\\\& control, Flame retardants, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {2730--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Leung, A. O W\",\"Luksemburg, W. J\",\"Wong, A. S\",\"Wong, M. H\"],\"key\":\"leung_spatial_2007\",\"id\":\"leung_spatial_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"leung-luksemburg-wong-wong-spatialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinsoilandcombustedresidueatguiyuanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsoutheastchina-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"China\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: prevention & control\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Incineration\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Soil: analysis\",\"eol\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dry and wet particle deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c001526a\",\"abstract\":\"PBDEs were measured in wet and dry particle deposition samples collected at the urban sites of Guangzhou and Hong Kong from December 2003 to December 2004. The depositional fluxes of BDE-209 ranged from 273 to 6000 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from 29.1 to 1100 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. The depositional fluxes for Sigma(9)PBDEs (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, 154, -153, -138 and -183) ranged from 0.96 to 604 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from \\\\textlessLOD to 10.6 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, showing that deca-BDE accounts for most of the total PBDE emitted in the environment. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed in the PBDE depositional fluxes in Hong Kong, with higher depositional fluxes during the winter monsoon period and lower fluxes during the summer. The air mass back trajectory analysis showed that the high concentrations of PBDEs in deposition samples in Hong Kong originated from the inland of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. With the exception of the highest depositional flux of BDE-209 observed during the periods of haze, the seasonal variation in the BDE-209 depositional fluxes in Guangzhou was less strong, suggesting the importance of local sources. The average dry deposition velocities of BDE-47, -99, and -209 were 0.32 +/- 0.12 cm s(-1), 0.24 +/- 0.16 cm s(-1), and 0.28 +/- 0.01 cm s(-1), respectively. The particle washout ratios (W(p)) of PBDEs decreased with increasing rainfall frequency and reached a consistent level afterwards. The median washout ratios of BDE-47, -99 and -209 were 1.1 x 10(5), 3.1 x 10(5), and 5.1 x 10(5), respectively.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang-Dong\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20617236\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hong Kong, Models, Seasons, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1730–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_dry_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Dry and wet particle deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Guangzhou} and {Hong} {Kong}, {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c001526a},\\n\\tabstract = {PBDEs were measured in wet and dry particle deposition samples collected at the urban sites of Guangzhou and Hong Kong from December 2003 to December 2004. The depositional fluxes of BDE-209 ranged from 273 to 6000 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from 29.1 to 1100 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. The depositional fluxes for Sigma(9)PBDEs (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, 154, -153, -138 and -183) ranged from 0.96 to 604 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from {\\\\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 10.6 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, showing that deca-BDE accounts for most of the total PBDE emitted in the environment. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed in the PBDE depositional fluxes in Hong Kong, with higher depositional fluxes during the winter monsoon period and lower fluxes during the summer. The air mass back trajectory analysis showed that the high concentrations of PBDEs in deposition samples in Hong Kong originated from the inland of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. With the exception of the highest depositional flux of BDE-209 observed during the periods of haze, the seasonal variation in the BDE-209 depositional fluxes in Guangzhou was less strong, suggesting the importance of local sources. The average dry deposition velocities of BDE-47, -99, and -209 were 0.32 +/- 0.12 cm s(-1), 0.24 +/- 0.16 cm s(-1), and 0.28 +/- 0.01 cm s(-1), respectively. The particle washout ratios (W(p)) of PBDEs decreased with increasing rainfall frequency and reached a consistent level afterwards. The median washout ratios of BDE-47, -99 and -209 were 1.1 x 10(5), 3.1 x 10(5), and 5.1 x 10(5), respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Jun and Zhang, Gan and Xu, Yue and Liu, Xiang and Li, Xiang-Dong},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20617236},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hong Kong, Models, Seasons, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1730--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, J.\",\"Zhang, G.\",\"Xu, Y.\",\"Liu, X.\",\"Li, X.\"],\"key\":\"li_dry_2010\",\"id\":\"li_dry_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-zhang-xu-liu-li-dryandwetparticledepositionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinguangzhouandhongkongsouthchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"China\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Hong Kong\",\"Models\",\"Seasons\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impaired gas bladder inflation in zebrafish exposed to a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es202420g\",\"abstract\":\"The teleost gas bladder is a gas-filled internal organ that processes gas exchange and controls buoyancy. Here we report that an emerging heterocyclic brominated flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), causes defects in the inflation of the gas bladder of zebrafish larvae. This could cause impaired motility, which can ultimately lead to their death. Exposure to zebrafish embryos revealed that TBC had the most significant influence on the larvae at 72-96 h postfertilization, which coincided with the time that the gas bladder first inflates. Critical factors involved in early zebrafish gas bladder development remained at normal levels, which indicated that TBC caused defects in the inflation of the gas bladder without disrupting early organogenesis. However, the ultrastructure of the gas bladder was altered in the TBC-treated groups: the electron density of cytoplasmic vesicles was changed and the mitochondria were damaged. We deduce that TBC causes damage to mitochondria that influences the secretion of mucus-like material, resulting in defects in gas bladder inflation. For the first time, we report that the gas bladder could be a primary target organ for TBC, and assessment of the gas bladder should be included in toxicity testing protocols of zebrafish embryos.\",\"number\":\"22\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingyi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qunfang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guibin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21961643\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Developmental, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Larva, Larva: anatomy & histology, Larva: physiology, Triazines, Triazines: toxicity, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: anatomy & histology, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology\",\"pages\":\"9750–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_impaired_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Impaired gas bladder inflation in zebrafish exposed to a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es202420g},\\n\\tabstract = {The teleost gas bladder is a gas-filled internal organ that processes gas exchange and controls buoyancy. Here we report that an emerging heterocyclic brominated flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), causes defects in the inflation of the gas bladder of zebrafish larvae. This could cause impaired motility, which can ultimately lead to their death. Exposure to zebrafish embryos revealed that TBC had the most significant influence on the larvae at 72-96 h postfertilization, which coincided with the time that the gas bladder first inflates. Critical factors involved in early zebrafish gas bladder development remained at normal levels, which indicated that TBC caused defects in the inflation of the gas bladder without disrupting early organogenesis. However, the ultrastructure of the gas bladder was altered in the TBC-treated groups: the electron density of cytoplasmic vesicles was changed and the mitochondria were damaged. We deduce that TBC causes damage to mitochondria that influences the secretion of mucus-like material, resulting in defects in gas bladder inflation. For the first time, we report that the gas bladder could be a primary target organ for TBC, and assessment of the gas bladder should be included in toxicity testing protocols of zebrafish embryos.},\\n\\tnumber = {22},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Juan and Liang, Yong and Zhang, Xu and Lu, Jingyi and Zhang, Jie and Ruan, Ting and Zhou, Qunfang and Jiang, Guibin},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21961643},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Developmental, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Larva, Larva: anatomy \\\\& histology, Larva: physiology, Triazines, Triazines: toxicity, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: anatomy \\\\& histology, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology},\\n\\tpages = {9750--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, J.\",\"Liang, Y.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Lu, J.\",\"Zhang, J.\",\"Ruan, T.\",\"Zhou, Q.\",\"Jiang, G.\"],\"key\":\"li_impaired_2011\",\"id\":\"li_impaired_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-liang-zhang-lu-zhang-ruan-zhou-jiang-impairedgasbladderinflationinzebrafishexposedtoanovelheterocyclicbrominatedflameretardanttris23dibromopropylisocyanurate-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Developmental\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: anatomy & histology\",\"Larva: physiology\",\"Triazines\",\"Triazines: toxicity\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: anatomy & histology\",\"Zebrafish: embryology\",\"Zebrafish: physiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Comparison of Upholstered Furniture Fire Deaths in California and the U.S.\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levenson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{levenson_comparison_2000,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Comparison of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Fire} {Deaths} in {California} and the {U}.{S}.},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Levenson, Mark S},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Levenson, M. S\"],\"key\":\"levenson_comparison_2000\",\"id\":\"levenson_comparison_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"levenson-comparisonofupholsteredfurniturefiredeathsincaliforniaandtheus-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of brominated and chlorinated contaminants and their metabolites in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland.\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.006\",\"abstract\":\"We report on the comparative bioaccumulation, biotransformation and/or biomagnification from East Greenland ringed seal (Pusa hispida) blubber to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) tissues (adipose, liver and brain) of various classes and congeners of persistent chlorinated and brominated contaminants and metabolic by-products: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hydroxyl (OH-) and methylsulfonyl (MeSO(2)-) PCBs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), OH-PBBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants and OH- and methoxyl (MeO-) PBDEs, 2,2-dichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (p,p'-DDE), 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 4-OH-heptachlorostyrene (4-OH-HpCS). We detected all of the investigated contaminants in ringed seal blubber with high frequency, the main diet of East Greenland bears, with the exception of OH-PCBs and 4-OH-HpCS, which indicated that these phenolic contaminants were likely of metabolic origin and formed in the bears from accumulated PCBs and octachlorostyrene (OCS), respectively, rather than being bioaccumulated from a seal blubber diet. For all of the detectable sum of classes or individual organohalogens, in general, the ringed seal to polar bear mean BMFs for SigmaPCBs, p,p'-DDE, SigmaCHLs, SigmaMeSO(2)-PCBs, 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, PCP, SigmaPBDEs, total-(alpha)-HBCD, SigmaOH-PBDEs, SigmaMeO-PBDEs and SigmaOH-PBBs indicated that these organohalogens bioaccumulate, and in some cases there was tissue-specific biomagnification, e.g., BMFs for bear adipose and liver ranged from 2 to 570. The blood-brain barrier appeared to be effective in minimizing brain accumulation as BMFs were \\\\textlessor=1 in the brain, with the exception of SigmaOH-PBBs (mean BMF=93+/-54). Unlike OH-PCB metabolites, OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues appeared to be mainly accumulated from the seal blubber rather than being metabolic formed from PBDEs in the bears. In vitro PBDE depletion assays using polar bear hepatic microsomes, wherein the rate of oxidative metabolism of PBDE congeners was very slow, supported the probability that accumulation from seals is the main source of OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues. Our findings demonstrated from ringed seal to polar bears that organohalogen biotransformation, bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification varied widely and depended on the contaminant in question. Our results show the increasing complexity of bioaccumulated and in some cases biomagnified, chlorinated and brominated contaminants and/or metabolites from the diet may be a contributing stress factor in the health of East Greenland polar bears.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gebbink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wouter\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Born\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rune\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19683343\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Biotransformation, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Insecticides, Insecticides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pentachlorophenol, Pentachlorophenol: metabolism, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, mam\",\"pages\":\"1118–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{letcher_bioaccumulation_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of brominated and chlorinated contaminants and their metabolites in ringed seals ({Pusa} hispida) and polar bears ({Ursus} maritimus) from {East} {Greenland}.},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.006},\\n\\tabstract = {We report on the comparative bioaccumulation, biotransformation and/or biomagnification from East Greenland ringed seal (Pusa hispida) blubber to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) tissues (adipose, liver and brain) of various classes and congeners of persistent chlorinated and brominated contaminants and metabolic by-products: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hydroxyl (OH-) and methylsulfonyl (MeSO(2)-) PCBs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), OH-PBBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants and OH- and methoxyl (MeO-) PBDEs, 2,2-dichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (p,p'-DDE), 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 4-OH-heptachlorostyrene (4-OH-HpCS). We detected all of the investigated contaminants in ringed seal blubber with high frequency, the main diet of East Greenland bears, with the exception of OH-PCBs and 4-OH-HpCS, which indicated that these phenolic contaminants were likely of metabolic origin and formed in the bears from accumulated PCBs and octachlorostyrene (OCS), respectively, rather than being bioaccumulated from a seal blubber diet. For all of the detectable sum of classes or individual organohalogens, in general, the ringed seal to polar bear mean BMFs for SigmaPCBs, p,p'-DDE, SigmaCHLs, SigmaMeSO(2)-PCBs, 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, PCP, SigmaPBDEs, total-(alpha)-HBCD, SigmaOH-PBDEs, SigmaMeO-PBDEs and SigmaOH-PBBs indicated that these organohalogens bioaccumulate, and in some cases there was tissue-specific biomagnification, e.g., BMFs for bear adipose and liver ranged from 2 to 570. The blood-brain barrier appeared to be effective in minimizing brain accumulation as BMFs were {\\\\textbackslash}textlessor=1 in the brain, with the exception of SigmaOH-PBBs (mean BMF=93+/-54). Unlike OH-PCB metabolites, OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues appeared to be mainly accumulated from the seal blubber rather than being metabolic formed from PBDEs in the bears. In vitro PBDE depletion assays using polar bear hepatic microsomes, wherein the rate of oxidative metabolism of PBDE congeners was very slow, supported the probability that accumulation from seals is the main source of OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues. Our findings demonstrated from ringed seal to polar bears that organohalogen biotransformation, bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification varied widely and depended on the contaminant in question. Our results show the increasing complexity of bioaccumulated and in some cases biomagnified, chlorinated and brominated contaminants and/or metabolites from the diet may be a contributing stress factor in the health of East Greenland polar bears.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Letcher, Robert J and Gebbink, Wouter A and Sonne, Christian and Born, Erik W and McKinney, Melissa A and Dietz, Rune},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19683343},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Biotransformation, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Insecticides, Insecticides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pentachlorophenol, Pentachlorophenol: metabolism, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, mam},\\n\\tpages = {1118--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Gebbink, W. A\",\"Sonne, C.\",\"Born, E. W\",\"McKinney, M. A\",\"Dietz, R.\"],\"key\":\"letcher_bioaccumulation_2009\",\"id\":\"letcher_bioaccumulation_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"letcher-gebbink-sonne-born-mckinney-dietz-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsandtheirmetabolitesinringedsealspusahispidaandpolarbearsursusmaritimusfromeastgreenland-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: metabolism\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Greenland\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Insecticides\",\"Insecticides: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Pentachlorophenol\",\"Pentachlorophenol: metabolism\",\"Phoca\",\"Phoca: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Ursidae\",\"Ursidae: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47.\",\"volume\":\"82\",\"issn\":\"0166-445X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, and textiles as a flame retardant. While PBDEs play a key role in reducing loss of human life and property from fires, these flame retardants have become pervasive organic contaminants in the environment and in the tissues of fish, birds, marine mammals, and humans. Levels of PBDEs in wildlife and humans continue to rise, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. Nevertheless, there is little currently known about the toxicological effects of PBDE exposure. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity of the PBDE congener 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an ontogenetic model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed continuously to dissolved phase PBDE 47 (100-5000 microg/l) beginning 3-5 h post-fertilization (hpf). Fish treated with the highest concentrations of PBDE 47 delayed hatching, had reduced growth post-hatching, and displayed an abnormal dorsal curvature of the body with flexion at the hindbrain. By 96h post-fertilization larvae exposed to PBDE 47 had significant tachycardia, which progressed into atrioventricular block arrhythmias. Microinjection of fluorescent dye into the hindbrain ventricle revealed that cerebrospinal fluid in the neural tube and brain ventricles flowed more slowly in fish larvae exposed to PBDE 47, a likely etiology for the dorsal curvature. Similar, though much less pronounced, developmental toxicity also occurred in larvae exposed to PBDE 47 only for a 20h period during early embryogenesis (3-23 hpf), suggesting that PBDEs incorporated in lipid of the egg are bioavailable and cause toxicity later in life. Taken together, this work indicates that exposure to PBDE 47 can cause morphological abnormalities, impair cardiovascular function and cerebrospinal fluid flow, and provides a tractable starting point for using the zebrafish model to explore molecular mechanisms of PBDE toxicity.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lema\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schultz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Irvin\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scholz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathaniel\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Incardona\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Swanson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Penny\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17412433\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System: drug effects, Central Nervous System: growth & development, Central Nervous System: physiopathology, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid: drug effects, Cerebrospinal Fluid: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: growth & development, Heart: physiopathology, Hydrocarbons, Larva, Larva: chemistry, Larva: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Survival Analysis, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth & development, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"296–307\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lema_neural_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47.},\\n\\tvolume = {82},\\n\\tissn = {0166-445X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, and textiles as a flame retardant. While PBDEs play a key role in reducing loss of human life and property from fires, these flame retardants have become pervasive organic contaminants in the environment and in the tissues of fish, birds, marine mammals, and humans. Levels of PBDEs in wildlife and humans continue to rise, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. Nevertheless, there is little currently known about the toxicological effects of PBDE exposure. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity of the PBDE congener 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an ontogenetic model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed continuously to dissolved phase PBDE 47 (100-5000 microg/l) beginning 3-5 h post-fertilization (hpf). Fish treated with the highest concentrations of PBDE 47 delayed hatching, had reduced growth post-hatching, and displayed an abnormal dorsal curvature of the body with flexion at the hindbrain. By 96h post-fertilization larvae exposed to PBDE 47 had significant tachycardia, which progressed into atrioventricular block arrhythmias. Microinjection of fluorescent dye into the hindbrain ventricle revealed that cerebrospinal fluid in the neural tube and brain ventricles flowed more slowly in fish larvae exposed to PBDE 47, a likely etiology for the dorsal curvature. Similar, though much less pronounced, developmental toxicity also occurred in larvae exposed to PBDE 47 only for a 20h period during early embryogenesis (3-23 hpf), suggesting that PBDEs incorporated in lipid of the egg are bioavailable and cause toxicity later in life. Taken together, this work indicates that exposure to PBDE 47 can cause morphological abnormalities, impair cardiovascular function and cerebrospinal fluid flow, and provides a tractable starting point for using the zebrafish model to explore molecular mechanisms of PBDE toxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lema, Sean C and Schultz, Irvin R and Scholz, Nathaniel L and Incardona, John P and Swanson, Penny},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17412433},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System: drug effects, Central Nervous System: growth \\\\& development, Central Nervous System: physiopathology, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid: drug effects, Cerebrospinal Fluid: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: growth \\\\& development, Heart: physiopathology, Hydrocarbons, Larva, Larva: chemistry, Larva: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Survival Analysis, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \\\\& development, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {296--307},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lema, S. C\",\"Schultz, I. R\",\"Scholz, N. L\",\"Incardona, J. P\",\"Swanson, P.\"],\"key\":\"lema_neural_2007\",\"id\":\"lema_neural_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lema-schultz-scholz-incardona-swanson-neuraldefectsandcardiacarrhythmiainfishlarvaefollowingembryonicexposureto2244tetrabromodiphenylether47-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Central Nervous System\",\"Central Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Central Nervous System: growth & development\",\"Central Nervous System: physiopathology\",\"Cerebrospinal Fluid\",\"Cerebrospinal Fluid: drug effects\",\"Cerebrospinal Fluid: physiology\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Embryo\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Heart\",\"Heart: drug effects\",\"Heart: growth & development\",\"Heart: physiopathology\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: chemistry\",\"Larva: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Survival Analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: embryology\",\"Zebrafish: growth & development\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.081\",\"abstract\":\"The objective of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies demonstrating the endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), while highlighting interesting data presented at the recent international BFR workshop in Amsterdam in April, 2007. A review written in 2002 was used as a starting point and about 60 publications published since 2003 were reviewed. New insights into the in vivo effects of BFRs on thyroid hormone, estrogen and androgen pathways in both mammalian and non-mammalian models are provided, and novel (in vitro) findings on the mechanisms underlying ED effects are highlighted. Special attention is also given to reports on neurotoxicological effects at relatively low doses of BFRs, although an endocrine-related mechanism is disputable. Convincing evidence has been published showing that BFRs and importantly, BFR metabolites, have the potential to disrupt endocrine systems at multiple target sites. While some studies suggest a wide margin of safety between effect concentrations in rodent models and levels encountered in humans and the environment, other studies demonstrate that exposure to low doses relevant for humans and wildlife at critical time points in development can result in profound effects on both endocrine pathways and (neuro)development.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Legler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juliette\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18667224\",\"keywords\":\"Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"216–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{legler_new_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.081},\\n\\tabstract = {The objective of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies demonstrating the endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), while highlighting interesting data presented at the recent international BFR workshop in Amsterdam in April, 2007. A review written in 2002 was used as a starting point and about 60 publications published since 2003 were reviewed. New insights into the in vivo effects of BFRs on thyroid hormone, estrogen and androgen pathways in both mammalian and non-mammalian models are provided, and novel (in vitro) findings on the mechanisms underlying ED effects are highlighted. Special attention is also given to reports on neurotoxicological effects at relatively low doses of BFRs, although an endocrine-related mechanism is disputable. Convincing evidence has been published showing that BFRs and importantly, BFR metabolites, have the potential to disrupt endocrine systems at multiple target sites. While some studies suggest a wide margin of safety between effect concentrations in rodent models and levels encountered in humans and the environment, other studies demonstrate that exposure to low doses relevant for humans and wildlife at critical time points in development can result in profound effects on both endocrine pathways and (neuro)development.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Legler, Juliette},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18667224},\\n\\tkeywords = {Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {216--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Legler, J.\"],\"key\":\"legler_new_2008\",\"id\":\"legler_new_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"legler-newinsightsintotheendocrinedisruptingeffectsofbrominatedflameretardants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224\"},\"keyword\":[\"Androgens\",\"Androgens: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Estrogens\",\"Estrogens: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish.\",\"volume\":\"408\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bustnes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"Ove\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rune\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bjørn\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jørgensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Even\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verreault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vijayan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mathilakath\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19910021\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Kidney, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Risk Assessment\",\"pages\":\"2995–3043\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{letcher_exposure_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish.},\\n\\tvolume = {408},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Letcher, Robert J and Bustnes, Jan Ove and Dietz, Rune and Jenssen, Bjørn M and Jørgensen, Even H and Sonne, Christian and Verreault, Jonathan and Vijayan, Mathilakath M and Gabrielsen, Geir W},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19910021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Kidney, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Risk Assessment},\\n\\tpages = {2995--3043},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Bustnes, J. O.\",\"Dietz, R.\",\"Jenssen, B. M\",\"Jørgensen, E. H\",\"Sonne, C.\",\"Verreault, J.\",\"Vijayan, M. M\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\"],\"key\":\"letcher_exposure_2010\",\"id\":\"letcher_exposure_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"letcher-bustnes-dietz-jenssen-jrgensen-sonne-verreault-vijayan-etal-exposureandeffectsassessmentofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsinarcticwildlifeandfish-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Halogenated: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Kidney\",\"Kidney: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Mammals\",\"Mammals: metabolism\",\"Risk Assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies.\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"1076-2752\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90\",\"abstract\":\"The objective of this study was to review 32 studies on firefighters and to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the cancer risk using a meta-analysis.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LeMasters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grace\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Genaidy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ash\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Succop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Deddens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sobeih\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tarek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barriera-Viruet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heriberto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dunning\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kari\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lockey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"17099456\",\"keywords\":\"Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Fires, Flame retardants, Models, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Risk, Statistical\",\"pages\":\"1189–202\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lemasters_cancer_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies.},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {1076-2752},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90},\\n\\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to review 32 studies on firefighters and to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the cancer risk using a meta-analysis.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {LeMasters, Grace K and Genaidy, Ash M and Succop, Paul and Deddens, James and Sobeih, Tarek and Barriera-Viruet, Heriberto and Dunning, Kari and Lockey, James},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {17099456},\\n\\tkeywords = {Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Fires, Flame retardants, Models, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Risk, Statistical},\\n\\tpages = {1189--202},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"LeMasters, G. K\",\"Genaidy, A. M\",\"Succop, P.\",\"Deddens, J.\",\"Sobeih, T.\",\"Barriera-Viruet, H.\",\"Dunning, K.\",\"Lockey, J.\"],\"key\":\"lemasters_cancer_2006\",\"id\":\"lemasters_cancer_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lemasters-genaidy-succop-deddens-sobeih-barrieraviruet-dunning-lockey-cancerriskamongfirefightersareviewandmetaanalysisof32studies-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456\"},\"keyword\":[\"Case-Control Studies\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Fires\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Models\",\"Neoplasms\",\"Neoplasms: epidemiology\",\"Occupational Diseases\",\"Occupational Diseases: epidemiology\",\"Odds Ratio\",\"Risk\",\"Statistical\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure.\",\"volume\":\"11 Suppl 1\",\"issn\":\"1476-069X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S10\",\"abstract\":\"Polychlorinated dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental toxicants that have been proven to influence thyroid metabolism both in animal studies and in human beings. In recent years polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) also have been found to have a negative influence on thyroid hormone metabolism. The lower brominated flame retardants are now banned in the EU, however higher brominated decabromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are not yet banned. They too can negatively influence thyroid hormone metabolism. An additional brominated flame retardant that is still in use is tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which has also been shown to influence thyroid hormone metabolism.Influences of brominated flame retardants, PCDD/F's and dioxin like-PCBs (dl-PCB's) on thyroid hormone metabolism in adolescence in the Netherlands will be presented in this study and determined if there are reasons for concern to human health for these toxins. In the period 1987-1991, a cohort of mother-baby pairs was formed in order to detect abnormalities in relation to dioxin levels in the perinatal period. The study demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were found around the time of birth, suggesting a modulation of the setpoint of thyroid hormone metabolism with a higher 3,3', 5,5'tetrathyroxine (T4) levels and an increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). While the same serum thyroid hormone tests (- TSH and T4) were again normal by 2 years of age and were still normal at 8-12 years, adolescence is a period with extra stress on thyroid hormone metabolism. Therefore we measured serum levels of TSH, T4, 3,3',5- triiodothyronine (T3), free T4 (FT4), antibodies and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in our adolescent cohort.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leijs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marike\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"ten\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Tusscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gavin\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kees\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Teunenbroek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Aalderen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wim\",\"M\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vulsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bartonova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Krayer\",\"von\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Krauss\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mosoiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riojas-Rodriguez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Horacio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calamandrei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gemma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koppe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janna\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22759492\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin: analysis, Thyroxine: blood\",\"pages\":\"S10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{leijs_thyroid_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {11 Suppl 1},\\n\\tissn = {1476-069X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S10},\\n\\tabstract = {Polychlorinated dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental toxicants that have been proven to influence thyroid metabolism both in animal studies and in human beings. In recent years polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) also have been found to have a negative influence on thyroid hormone metabolism. The lower brominated flame retardants are now banned in the EU, however higher brominated decabromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are not yet banned. They too can negatively influence thyroid hormone metabolism. An additional brominated flame retardant that is still in use is tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which has also been shown to influence thyroid hormone metabolism.Influences of brominated flame retardants, PCDD/F's and dioxin like-PCBs (dl-PCB's) on thyroid hormone metabolism in adolescence in the Netherlands will be presented in this study and determined if there are reasons for concern to human health for these toxins. In the period 1987-1991, a cohort of mother-baby pairs was formed in order to detect abnormalities in relation to dioxin levels in the perinatal period. The study demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were found around the time of birth, suggesting a modulation of the setpoint of thyroid hormone metabolism with a higher 3,3', 5,5'tetrathyroxine (T4) levels and an increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). While the same serum thyroid hormone tests (- TSH and T4) were again normal by 2 years of age and were still normal at 8-12 years, adolescence is a period with extra stress on thyroid hormone metabolism. Therefore we measured serum levels of TSH, T4, 3,3',5- triiodothyronine (T3), free T4 (FT4), antibodies and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in our adolescent cohort.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Leijs, Marike M and ten Tusscher, Gavin W and Olie, Kees and van Teunenbroek, Tom and van Aalderen, Wim M C and de Voogt, Pim and Vulsma, Tom and Bartonova, Alena and Krayer von Krauss, Martin and Mosoiu, Claudia and Riojas-Rodriguez, Horacio and Calamandrei, Gemma and Koppe, Janna G},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22759492},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin: analysis, Thyroxine: blood},\\n\\tpages = {S10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Leijs, M. M\",\"ten Tusscher, G. W\",\"Olie, K.\",\"van Teunenbroek, T.\",\"van Aalderen, W. M C\",\"de Voogt, P.\",\"Vulsma, T.\",\"Bartonova, A.\",\"Krayer von Krauss, M.\",\"Mosoiu, C.\",\"Riojas-Rodriguez, H.\",\"Calamandrei, G.\",\"Koppe, J. G\"],\"key\":\"leijs_thyroid_2012\",\"id\":\"leijs_thyroid_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"leijs-tentusscher-olie-vanteunenbroek-vanaalderen-devoogt-vulsma-bartonova-etal-thyroidhormonemetabolismandenvironmentalchemicalexposure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: blood\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Longitudinal Studies\",\"Male\",\"Netherlands\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: blood\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine-Binding Globulin\",\"Thyroxine-Binding Globulin: analysis\",\"Thyroxine: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphate ester flame retardant-induced acute intoxications in dogs.\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"1937-6995\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s13181-010-0105-7\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardants have wide industrial applications and are incorporated into articles found in automobiles and home environments, including seat cushions. These compounds differ widely chemically and in their toxic potential. We report here two cases involving dogs following ingestion of car seat cushions impregnated with organophosphate ester fire retardants.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lehner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Samsing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francisca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rumbeiha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wilson\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20717764\",\"keywords\":\"Acute Disease, Administration, Animals, Dog Diseases, Dog Diseases: chemically induced, Dogs, Esters, Fatal Outcome, Female, Flame Retardants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: veterinary, Oral, Phosphines, Phosphines: poisoning, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: veterinary, Seizures, Seizures: etiology, Seizures: veterinary\",\"pages\":\"448–58\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lehner_organophosphate_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphate ester flame retardant-induced acute intoxications in dogs.},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {1937-6995},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s13181-010-0105-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardants have wide industrial applications and are incorporated into articles found in automobiles and home environments, including seat cushions. These compounds differ widely chemically and in their toxic potential. We report here two cases involving dogs following ingestion of car seat cushions impregnated with organophosphate ester fire retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lehner, Andreas F and Samsing, Francisca and Rumbeiha, Wilson K},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20717764},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute Disease, Administration, Animals, Dog Diseases, Dog Diseases: chemically induced, Dogs, Esters, Fatal Outcome, Female, Flame Retardants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: veterinary, Oral, Phosphines, Phosphines: poisoning, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: veterinary, Seizures, Seizures: etiology, Seizures: veterinary},\\n\\tpages = {448--58},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lehner, A. F\",\"Samsing, F.\",\"Rumbeiha, W. K\"],\"key\":\"lehner_organophosphate_2010\",\"id\":\"lehner_organophosphate_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lehner-samsing-rumbeiha-organophosphateesterflameretardantinducedacuteintoxicationsindogs-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute Disease\",\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Dog Diseases\",\"Dog Diseases: chemically induced\",\"Dogs\",\"Esters\",\"Fatal Outcome\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: poisoning\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Male\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes: veterinary\",\"Oral\",\"Phosphines\",\"Phosphines: poisoning\",\"Poisoning\",\"Poisoning: etiology\",\"Poisoning: veterinary\",\"Seizures\",\"Seizures: etiology\",\"Seizures: veterinary\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The OBELIX project: early life exposure to endocrine disruptors and obesity.\",\"volume\":\"94\",\"issn\":\"1938-3207\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539\",\"doi\":\"10.3945/ajcn.110.001669\",\"abstract\":\"The hypothesis of whether early life exposure (both pre- and early postnatal) to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be a risk factor for obesity and related metabolic diseases later in life will be tested in the European research project OBELIX (OBesogenic Endocrine disrupting chemicals: LInking prenatal eXposure to the development of obesity later in life). OBELIX is a 4-y project that started in May 2009 and which has the following 5 main objectives: 1) to assess early life exposure in humans to major classes of EDCs identified as potential inducers of obesity (ie, dioxin-like compounds, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, and perfluorinated compounds) by using mother-child cohorts from 4 European regions with different food-contaminant exposure patterns; 2) to relate early life exposure to EDCs with clinical markers, novel biomarkers, and health-effect data related to obesity; 3) to perform hazard characterization of early life exposure to EDCs for the development of obesity later in life by using a mouse model; 4) to determine mechanisms of action of obesogenic EDCs on developmental programming with in vivo and in vitro genomics and epigenetic analyses; and 5) to perform risk assessments of prenatal exposure to obesogenic EDCs in food by integrating maternal exposure through food-contaminant exposure and health-effect data in children and hazard data in animal studies.\",\"number\":\"6 Suppl\",\"journal\":\"The American journal of clinical nutrition\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Legler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juliette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"Eck\",\"van\",\"der\",\"Sluijs-van\",\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Bor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margot\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schoeters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greet\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eggesbo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Merete\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koppe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Max\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trnovec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21543539\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animals, Biological Markers, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cohort Studies, Disease Models, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Follow-Up Studies, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Mice, Milk, Obesity, Obesity: epidemiology, Obesity: etiology, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors\",\"pages\":\"1933S–1938S\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{legler_obelix_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {The {OBELIX} project: early life exposure to endocrine disruptors and obesity.},\\n\\tvolume = {94},\\n\\tissn = {1938-3207},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3945/ajcn.110.001669},\\n\\tabstract = {The hypothesis of whether early life exposure (both pre- and early postnatal) to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be a risk factor for obesity and related metabolic diseases later in life will be tested in the European research project OBELIX (OBesogenic Endocrine disrupting chemicals: LInking prenatal eXposure to the development of obesity later in life). OBELIX is a 4-y project that started in May 2009 and which has the following 5 main objectives: 1) to assess early life exposure in humans to major classes of EDCs identified as potential inducers of obesity (ie, dioxin-like compounds, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, and perfluorinated compounds) by using mother-child cohorts from 4 European regions with different food-contaminant exposure patterns; 2) to relate early life exposure to EDCs with clinical markers, novel biomarkers, and health-effect data related to obesity; 3) to perform hazard characterization of early life exposure to EDCs for the development of obesity later in life by using a mouse model; 4) to determine mechanisms of action of obesogenic EDCs on developmental programming with in vivo and in vitro genomics and epigenetic analyses; and 5) to perform risk assessments of prenatal exposure to obesogenic EDCs in food by integrating maternal exposure through food-contaminant exposure and health-effect data in children and hazard data in animal studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {6 Suppl},\\n\\tjournal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},\\n\\tauthor = {Legler, Juliette and Hamers, Timo and van Eck van der Sluijs-van de Bor, Margot and Schoeters, Greet and van der Ven, Leo and Eggesbo, Merete and Koppe, Janna and Feinberg, Max and Trnovec, Tomas},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21543539},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Biological Markers, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cohort Studies, Disease Models, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Follow-Up Studies, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Mice, Milk, Obesity, Obesity: epidemiology, Obesity: etiology, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors},\\n\\tpages = {1933S--1938S},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Legler, J.\",\"Hamers, T.\",\"van Eck van der Sluijs-van de Bor, M.\",\"Schoeters, G.\",\"van der Ven, L.\",\"Eggesbo, M.\",\"Koppe, J.\",\"Feinberg, M.\",\"Trnovec, T.\"],\"key\":\"legler_obelix_2011\",\"id\":\"legler_obelix_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"legler-hamers-vaneckvandersluijsvandebor-schoeters-vanderven-eggesbo-koppe-feinberg-etal-theobelixprojectearlylifeexposuretoendocrinedisruptorsandobesity-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animals\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Child\",\"Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Disease Models\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Europe\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Follow-Up Studies\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Mice\",\"Milk\",\"Obesity\",\"Obesity: epidemiology\",\"Obesity: etiology\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Preschool\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Genotoxicity and development effects of brominated flame retardant PBDEs and UV-exposed PBDEs on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryo.\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.010\",\"abstract\":\"To understand how polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect the hatching sensitivity of grass shrimp embryos in different developmental stages, the hatching rates of embryos were measured after PBDE exposure on the early- and late-stage embryo of grass shrimp. PBDEs had no clear influence on the hatching rate. Also, to investigate on the reproductive and genetic toxicities of UV-exposed PBDEs, the hatching rate and DNA damage of stage 7 embryos were also measured. PBDEs had no significant impact on the hatching rate and DNA damage of grass shrimp in most experimental conditions regardless of embryo developmental stage or UV exposure, but in the case of UV-exposed BDE-47, the hatching rate was decreased, suggesting a potential reproductive toxicity. This research is meaningful because it is the first study to propose that PBDEs can cause reproductive toxicity in marine organism, after flowing into the ocean and undergoing photochemical reactions stimulated by UV.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyo\",\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gi\",\"Beum\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22964426\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, DNA Damage, Embryo, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Palaemonidae, Palaemonidae: embryology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"2892–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_genotoxicity_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Genotoxicity and development effects of brominated flame retardant {PBDEs} and {UV}-exposed {PBDEs} on grass shrimp ({Palaemonetes} pugio) embryo.},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.010},\\n\\tabstract = {To understand how polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect the hatching sensitivity of grass shrimp embryos in different developmental stages, the hatching rates of embryos were measured after PBDE exposure on the early- and late-stage embryo of grass shrimp. PBDEs had no clear influence on the hatching rate. Also, to investigate on the reproductive and genetic toxicities of UV-exposed PBDEs, the hatching rate and DNA damage of stage 7 embryos were also measured. PBDEs had no significant impact on the hatching rate and DNA damage of grass shrimp in most experimental conditions regardless of embryo developmental stage or UV exposure, but in the case of UV-exposed BDE-47, the hatching rate was decreased, suggesting a potential reproductive toxicity. This research is meaningful because it is the first study to propose that PBDEs can cause reproductive toxicity in marine organism, after flowing into the ocean and undergoing photochemical reactions stimulated by UV.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Hyo Jin and Kim, Gi Beum and Lee, Richard F},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22964426},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, DNA Damage, Embryo, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Palaemonidae, Palaemonidae: embryology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {2892--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, H. J.\",\"Kim, G. B.\",\"Lee, R. F\"],\"key\":\"lee_genotoxicity_2012\",\"id\":\"lee_genotoxicity_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-kim-lee-genotoxicityanddevelopmenteffectsofbrominatedflameretardantpbdesanduvexposedpbdesongrassshrimppalaemonetespugioembryo-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"DNA Damage\",\"Embryo\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Growth and Development\",\"Growth and Development: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Mutagens\",\"Mutagens: toxicity\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Palaemonidae\",\"Palaemonidae: embryology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Philadelphia\",\"title\":\"Standard room fire test development at the National Bureau of Standards\",\"booktitle\":\"Fire Safety: Science and Engineering (ASTM STP 882)\",\"publisher\":\"ASTM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1985\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"29–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{lee_standard_1985,\\n\\taddress = {Philadelphia},\\n\\ttitle = {Standard room fire test development at the {National} {Bureau} of {Standards}},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Fire {Safety}: {Science} and {Engineering} ({ASTM} {STP} 882)},\\n\\tpublisher = {ASTM},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, B T},\\n\\tyear = {1985},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {29--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, B T\"],\"key\":\"lee_standard_1985\",\"id\":\"lee_standard_1985\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-standardroomfiretestdevelopmentatthenationalbureauofstandards-1985\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Deca-BDE and alternatives in electrical and electronic equipment.\",\"url\":\"http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) specifies that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) put on the market are not to contain polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated di phenyl ethers (PBDE), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) or hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) for specified equipment categories. Article 5(1)(b) of the RoHS-directive makes it possible to exempt materials and components of electrical and electronic equipment from the ban in the directive if their elimination or substitution via design changes or materials and components which are not banned by the directive is technically or scientifically impracticable. Furthermore the provision also makes i possible to grant an exemption where the negative environmental, health and/or consumer safety impacts caused by substitution are likely to outweigh the environmental, health and/or consumer safety benefits thereof. In accordance with a procedure referred to in Article 7(2) of the Directive, during 2005 the Commission evaluated the applications of one of the PBDEs, Deca-BDE. With the Commission Decision 2004/717/EC of 13 October 2005, Deca-BDE in polymeric applications was added to the list of exemptions. Denmark has instituted legal proceedings against the Commission's decision to exempt Deca-BDE from the ban decreed by the RoHS Directive. This report forms part of the scientific documentation that is needed to support the case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe suitable alternatives to the brominated flame retardant Deca-BDE, and to determine whether substitution of the alternative substances is possible from a scientific or technical point of view. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has concurrently initiated an environmental and health assessment of selected alternatives in order to compare any negative environmental or health impacts caused by substitution with the environmental and health benefits of the substitution. The study has been guided by a Steering Group consisting of Torben Nørlem and Frank Jensen, Danish Environmental Agency, and Carsten Lassen, COWI. The report has been prepared by Carsten Lassen and Sven Havelund, COWI A/S (Denmark), André Leisewitz, Öko-Recherche GmbH (Germany), and Peter Maxson, Concorde East/West Sprl (Belgium). The information presented here reflects the combined view of the authors. The publication of the report does not necessarily imply that the contents reflect the views of the Danish EPA.\",\"institution\":\"Danish Environmental Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lassen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Havelund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leisewitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maxson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, reg, use\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{lassen_deca-bde_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Deca-{BDE} and alternatives in electrical and electronic equipment.},\\n\\turl = {http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) specifies that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) put on the market are not to contain polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated di phenyl ethers (PBDE), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) or hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) for specified equipment categories. Article 5(1)(b) of the RoHS-directive makes it possible to exempt materials and components of electrical and electronic equipment from the ban in the directive if their elimination or substitution via design changes or materials and components which are not banned by the directive is technically or scientifically impracticable. Furthermore the provision also makes i possible to grant an exemption where the negative environmental, health and/or consumer safety impacts caused by substitution are likely to outweigh the environmental, health and/or consumer safety benefits thereof. In accordance with a procedure referred to in Article 7(2) of the Directive, during 2005 the Commission evaluated the applications of one of the PBDEs, Deca-BDE. With the Commission Decision 2004/717/EC of 13 October 2005, Deca-BDE in polymeric applications was added to the list of exemptions. Denmark has instituted legal proceedings against the Commission's decision to exempt Deca-BDE from the ban decreed by the RoHS Directive. This report forms part of the scientific documentation that is needed to support the case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe suitable alternatives to the brominated flame retardant Deca-BDE, and to determine whether substitution of the alternative substances is possible from a scientific or technical point of view. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has concurrently initiated an environmental and health assessment of selected alternatives in order to compare any negative environmental or health impacts caused by substitution with the environmental and health benefits of the substitution. The study has been guided by a Steering Group consisting of Torben Nørlem and Frank Jensen, Danish Environmental Agency, and Carsten Lassen, COWI. The report has been prepared by Carsten Lassen and Sven Havelund, COWI A/S (Denmark), André Leisewitz, Öko-Recherche GmbH (Germany), and Peter Maxson, Concorde East/West Sprl (Belgium). The information presented here reflects the combined view of the authors. The publication of the report does not necessarily imply that the contents reflect the views of the Danish EPA.},\\n\\tinstitution = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {Lassen, C and Havelund, S and Leisewitz, A and Maxson, P},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg, use},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lassen, C\",\"Havelund, S\",\"Leisewitz, A\",\"Maxson, P\"],\"key\":\"lassen_deca-bde_2006\",\"id\":\"lassen_deca-bde_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lassen-havelund-leisewitz-maxson-decabdeandalternativesinelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"reg\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification of the brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as an androgen agonist.\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"issn\":\"0022-2623\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/jm060713d\",\"abstract\":\"To investigate androgen receptor (AR) activation by exogenous compounds, we used a combination of experimental analysis and theoretical modeling to compare a set of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with regard to ligand docking, AR binding, and AR activation in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells, as well as interacting energy analysis. Modeling of receptor docking was found to be a useful first step in predicting the potential to translocate to the ligand pocket of the receptor, and the computed interaction energy was found to correlate with the observed binding affinity. Flexible alignment studies of the BFR compounds demonstrated that 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (BCH) closely overlap DHT. Combining the theoretical modeling with in vitro ligand-binding and receptor-activation assays, we show that BCH binds to and activates the human AR. The remaining BFRs did not successfully interact with the ligand pocket, were not able to replace a synthetic androgen from the receptor, and failed to activate the receptor.\",\"number\":\"25\",\"journal\":\"Journal of medicinal chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leif\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ivarson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per-Erik\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"17149866\",\"keywords\":\"Androgen, Androgen: chemistry, Androgens, Binding, Competitive, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Cyclohexanes: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Ligands, Models, Molecular, Receptors, Tumor, cell line\",\"pages\":\"7366–72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{larsson_identification_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification of the brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as an androgen agonist.},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tissn = {0022-2623},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/jm060713d},\\n\\tabstract = {To investigate androgen receptor (AR) activation by exogenous compounds, we used a combination of experimental analysis and theoretical modeling to compare a set of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with regard to ligand docking, AR binding, and AR activation in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells, as well as interacting energy analysis. Modeling of receptor docking was found to be a useful first step in predicting the potential to translocate to the ligand pocket of the receptor, and the computed interaction energy was found to correlate with the observed binding affinity. Flexible alignment studies of the BFR compounds demonstrated that 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (BCH) closely overlap DHT. Combining the theoretical modeling with in vitro ligand-binding and receptor-activation assays, we show that BCH binds to and activates the human AR. The remaining BFRs did not successfully interact with the ligand pocket, were not able to replace a synthetic androgen from the receptor, and failed to activate the receptor.},\\n\\tnumber = {25},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Larsson, Anders and Eriksson, Leif A and Andersson, Patrik L and Ivarson, Per and Olsson, Per-Erik},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {17149866},\\n\\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen: chemistry, Androgens, Binding, Competitive, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Cyclohexanes: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Ligands, Models, Molecular, Receptors, Tumor, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {7366--72},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Larsson, A.\",\"Eriksson, L. A\",\"Andersson, P. L\",\"Ivarson, P.\",\"Olsson, P.\"],\"key\":\"larsson_identification_2006\",\"id\":\"larsson_identification_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"larsson-eriksson-andersson-ivarson-olsson-identificationofthebrominatedflameretardant12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneasanandrogenagonist-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866\"},\"keyword\":[\"Androgen\",\"Androgen: chemistry\",\"Androgens\",\"Binding\",\"Competitive\",\"Cyclohexanes\",\"Cyclohexanes: chemistry\",\"Cyclohexanes: toxicity\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Ligands\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Receptors\",\"Tumor\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"New evidence for toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: DNA adduct formation from quinone metabolites.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203068f\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigated the formation of DNA adducts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the possible mechanisms. DNA adduction was conducted by in vitro reaction of deoxyguanosine (dG) and DNA with PBDE-quinone (PBDE-Q) metabolites, and DNA adducts were characterized by using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The results suggested DNA adduction involved Michael Addition between the exocyclic NH(2) group at the N-2 position of dG and the electron-deficient carbon of quinone, followed by reductive cyclization with loss of (bromo-)1-hydroperoxy-benzene or water to form a type I or type II adduct. PBDE-Q with substituted bromine on the quinone ring was proven to be a favorable structure to form a type I adduct, while the absence of bromine on the quinone ring resulted in a type II adduct. Lower reactivity of adduction was also observed with increasing the number of bromine atoms on the phenoxyl ring. Our data clearly demonstrated PBDEs could covalently bind to DNA mediated by quinone metabolites, depending on the degree of bromine substitution. This study opened a new view on the mechanism of toxicity of PBDEs and reported the structure of PBDE-DNA adducts, which might be valuable for the evaluation on potential in vivo formation of PBDE-DNA adducts.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongquan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minghua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hanzhi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zongwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"22049977\",\"keywords\":\"Benzoquinones, Benzoquinones: metabolism, Benzoquinones: toxicity, DNA Adducts, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Risk Assessment, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests\",\"pages\":\"10720–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lai_new_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {New evidence for toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: {DNA} adduct formation from quinone metabolites.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203068f},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigated the formation of DNA adducts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the possible mechanisms. DNA adduction was conducted by in vitro reaction of deoxyguanosine (dG) and DNA with PBDE-quinone (PBDE-Q) metabolites, and DNA adducts were characterized by using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The results suggested DNA adduction involved Michael Addition between the exocyclic NH(2) group at the N-2 position of dG and the electron-deficient carbon of quinone, followed by reductive cyclization with loss of (bromo-)1-hydroperoxy-benzene or water to form a type I or type II adduct. PBDE-Q with substituted bromine on the quinone ring was proven to be a favorable structure to form a type I adduct, while the absence of bromine on the quinone ring resulted in a type II adduct. Lower reactivity of adduction was also observed with increasing the number of bromine atoms on the phenoxyl ring. Our data clearly demonstrated PBDEs could covalently bind to DNA mediated by quinone metabolites, depending on the degree of bromine substitution. This study opened a new view on the mechanism of toxicity of PBDEs and reported the structure of PBDE-DNA adducts, which might be valuable for the evaluation on potential in vivo formation of PBDE-DNA adducts.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lai, Yongquan and Lu, Minghua and Gao, Xiang and Wu, Hanzhi and Cai, Zongwei},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {22049977},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzoquinones, Benzoquinones: metabolism, Benzoquinones: toxicity, DNA Adducts, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Risk Assessment, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests},\\n\\tpages = {10720--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lai, Y.\",\"Lu, M.\",\"Gao, X.\",\"Wu, H.\",\"Cai, Z.\"],\"key\":\"lai_new_2011\",\"id\":\"lai_new_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lai-lu-gao-wu-cai-newevidencefortoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdnaadductformationfromquinonemetabolites-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzoquinones\",\"Benzoquinones: metabolism\",\"Benzoquinones: toxicity\",\"DNA Adducts\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Mass\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Toxicity Tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment.\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003-04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982-1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on summation operatorBDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Law\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allchin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colin\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lepom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tronczynski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16434081\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Air: analysis, Animals, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Europe, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Mammals, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Soil, Soil: analysis, Tissue Distribution, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa, water\",\"pages\":\"187–208\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{law_levels_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the {European} environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003-04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982-1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on summation operatorBDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Law, Robin J and Allchin, Colin R and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Herzke, Dorte and Lepom, Peter and Morris, Steven and Tronczynski, Jacek and de Wit, Cynthia A},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16434081},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Animals, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Europe, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Mammals, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Soil, Soil: analysis, Tissue Distribution, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa, water},\\n\\tpages = {187--208},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Law, R. J\",\"Allchin, C. R\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Lepom, P.\",\"Morris, S.\",\"Tronczynski, J.\",\"de Wit, C. A\"],\"key\":\"law_levels_2006\",\"id\":\"law_levels_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Air: analysis\",\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Europe\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Invertebrates\",\"Mammals\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: analysis\",\"Soil\",\"Soil: analysis\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Water: analysis\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"waa\",\"water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037\",\"abstract\":\"The extent of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers (alpha, beta, and gamma), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was examined in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Six species of fish, zooplankton, mussels, sediment, and water from the south basin of the lake were selected for study. Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of total (sigma) polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs; p \\\\textless 0.005), sigmaHBCDs (p \\\\textless 0.0001), BTBPE (p \\\\textless 0.0001), and lipid content in fish. Strong positive linear relationships also were observed from individual plots of BDE 47, BDE 209, and DBDPE concentrations (lipid wt) and trophic level (based on delta15N), suggesting that these compounds biomagnify in the Lake Winnipeg food web. Biomagnification factors varied for the chemicals studied. Plots of log bioaccumulation factors for mussel and zooplankton versus log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) were similar and suggest that neither mussels nor zooplankton are in equilibrium with the water. Fifteen BDE congeners were consistently detected in water (dissolved phase, n = 3), with BDE 47 having the greatest concentration (17 pg/L). The rank order of compounds in water (arithmetic mean +/- standard error) were sigmaPBDEs (49 +/- 12 pg/ L) \\\\textgreater alpha-HBCD (11 +/- 2 pg/L) \\\\textgreater BTBPE (1.9 +/- 0.6 pg/L). Concentrations of DPDPE, BDE 209, and beta- and -gamma-HBCD isomers were below their respective method detection limits (MDLs) in water. Total PBDE concentrations in sediment (n = 4) were greater than any other brominated flame retardant examined in the present study and ranged from 1,160 to 1,610 ng/g (dry wt), with BDE 209 contributing roughly 50% of the total. The gamma-HBCD isomer was detected at concentrations of 50 +/- 20 pg/g (dry wt) in sediment, whereas BTBPE and DBDPE were consistently below their respective MDLs in sediment.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Law\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Halldorson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gewurtz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marvin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whittle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregg\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16916037\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bromine, Bromine: metabolism, Canada, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Quality Control, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"2177–86\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{law_bioaccumulation_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a {Lake} {Winnipeg} ({Canada}) food web.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037},\\n\\tabstract = {The extent of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers (alpha, beta, and gamma), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was examined in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Six species of fish, zooplankton, mussels, sediment, and water from the south basin of the lake were selected for study. Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of total (sigma) polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs; p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.005), sigmaHBCDs (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001), BTBPE (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001), and lipid content in fish. Strong positive linear relationships also were observed from individual plots of BDE 47, BDE 209, and DBDPE concentrations (lipid wt) and trophic level (based on delta15N), suggesting that these compounds biomagnify in the Lake Winnipeg food web. Biomagnification factors varied for the chemicals studied. Plots of log bioaccumulation factors for mussel and zooplankton versus log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) were similar and suggest that neither mussels nor zooplankton are in equilibrium with the water. Fifteen BDE congeners were consistently detected in water (dissolved phase, n = 3), with BDE 47 having the greatest concentration (17 pg/L). The rank order of compounds in water (arithmetic mean +/- standard error) were sigmaPBDEs (49 +/- 12 pg/ L) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater alpha-HBCD (11 +/- 2 pg/L) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater BTBPE (1.9 +/- 0.6 pg/L). Concentrations of DPDPE, BDE 209, and beta- and -gamma-HBCD isomers were below their respective method detection limits (MDLs) in water. Total PBDE concentrations in sediment (n = 4) were greater than any other brominated flame retardant examined in the present study and ranged from 1,160 to 1,610 ng/g (dry wt), with BDE 209 contributing roughly 50\\\\% of the total. The gamma-HBCD isomer was detected at concentrations of 50 +/- 20 pg/g (dry wt) in sediment, whereas BTBPE and DBDPE were consistently below their respective MDLs in sediment.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Law, Kerri and Halldorson, Thor and Danell, Robert and Stern, Gary and Gewurtz, Sarah and Alaee, Mehran and Marvin, Chris and Whittle, Mike and Tomy, Gregg},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16916037},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: metabolism, Canada, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Quality Control, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {2177--86},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Law, K.\",\"Halldorson, T.\",\"Danell, R.\",\"Stern, G.\",\"Gewurtz, S.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Marvin, C.\",\"Whittle, M.\",\"Tomy, G.\"],\"key\":\"law_bioaccumulation_2006\",\"id\":\"law_bioaccumulation_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"law-halldorson-danell-stern-gewurtz-alaee-marvin-whittle-etal-bioaccumulationandtrophictransferofsomebrominatedflameretardantsinalakewinnipegcanadafoodweb-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: metabolism\",\"Canada\",\"Chromatography\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Quality Control\",\"Reference Standards\",\"Sensitivity and Specificity\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and mercury levels in six seabird species from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada): relationships with feeding ecology, migration and molt.\",\"volume\":\"158\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.016\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of organochlorines (OCs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and mercury (Hg) were measured in eggs of six seabird species breeding in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Stable nitrogen (delta15N) and carbon (delta13C) isotopes were used as ecological tracers to measure trophic level and connectivity with benthos, respectively. Concentrations, patterns as well as ecological tracers varied significantly between species. The sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (SigmaPCBs) was the most important group measured in all seabird species based on concentration followed generally by the sum of chlorinated pesticides (SigmaCPs), the sum of brominated flame retardants (SigmaBFRs) and finally total Hg (THg). SigmaPCBs, SigmaCPs and SigmaBFRs increased with trophic level, whereas THg did not. Only SigmaBFRs increased with a higher connectivity with the benthos. Seabird species resident to the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence ecosystem showed higher Hg and BFR levels than migratory species. Molt patterns were used to explain variations of contaminant levels.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lavoie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raphael\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Champoux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Louise\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rail\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-François\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"R\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20363539\",\"keywords\":\"Animal Migration, Animal Migration: physiology, Animals, Birds, Birds: growth & development, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Data Interpretation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Feeding Behavior, Feeding Behavior: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Methylmercury Compounds, Methylmercury Compounds: analysis, Molting, Molting: physiology, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Species Specificity, Statistical\",\"pages\":\"2189–99\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lavoie_organochlorines_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and mercury levels in six seabird species from the {Gulf} of {St}. {Lawrence} ({Canada}): relationships with feeding ecology, migration and molt.},\\n\\tvolume = {158},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.016},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of organochlorines (OCs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and mercury (Hg) were measured in eggs of six seabird species breeding in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Stable nitrogen (delta15N) and carbon (delta13C) isotopes were used as ecological tracers to measure trophic level and connectivity with benthos, respectively. Concentrations, patterns as well as ecological tracers varied significantly between species. The sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (SigmaPCBs) was the most important group measured in all seabird species based on concentration followed generally by the sum of chlorinated pesticides (SigmaCPs), the sum of brominated flame retardants (SigmaBFRs) and finally total Hg (THg). SigmaPCBs, SigmaCPs and SigmaBFRs increased with trophic level, whereas THg did not. Only SigmaBFRs increased with a higher connectivity with the benthos. Seabird species resident to the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence ecosystem showed higher Hg and BFR levels than migratory species. Molt patterns were used to explain variations of contaminant levels.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Lavoie, Raphael A and Champoux, Louise and Rail, Jean-François and Lean, David R S},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20363539},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal Migration, Animal Migration: physiology, Animals, Birds, Birds: growth \\\\& development, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Data Interpretation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Feeding Behavior, Feeding Behavior: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Methylmercury Compounds, Methylmercury Compounds: analysis, Molting, Molting: physiology, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Species Specificity, Statistical},\\n\\tpages = {2189--99},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lavoie, R. A\",\"Champoux, L.\",\"Rail, J.\",\"Lean, D. R S\"],\"key\":\"lavoie_organochlorines_2010\",\"id\":\"lavoie_organochlorines_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lavoie-champoux-rail-lean-organochlorinesbrominatedflameretardantsandmercurylevelsinsixseabirdspeciesfromthegulfofstlawrencecanadarelationshipswithfeedingecologymigrationandmolt-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal Migration\",\"Animal Migration: physiology\",\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: growth & development\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Birds: physiology\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Canada\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Data Interpretation\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Feeding Behavior\",\"Feeding Behavior: physiology\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Methylmercury Compounds\",\"Methylmercury Compounds: analysis\",\"Molting\",\"Molting: physiology\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: chemistry\",\"Ovum: drug effects\",\"Species Specificity\",\"Statistical\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Oslo, Norway\",\"title\":\"Alternatives to the use of flame retarded EPS in buildings\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (KLIF) and COWI A/S\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lassen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maag\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jakob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Høibye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vesterlykke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lundegaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tommy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{lassen_alternatives_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Oslo, Norway},\\n\\ttitle = {Alternatives to the use of flame retarded {EPS} in buildings},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (KLIF) and COWI A/S},\\n\\tauthor = {Lassen, Carsten and Maag, Jakob and Høibye, Linda and Vesterlykke, Michael and Lundegaard, Tommy},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lassen, C.\",\"Maag, J.\",\"Høibye, L.\",\"Vesterlykke, M.\",\"Lundegaard, T.\"],\"key\":\"lassen_alternatives_2011\",\"id\":\"lassen_alternatives_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lassen-maag-hibye-vesterlykke-lundegaard-alternativestotheuseofflameretardedepsinbuildings-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification of Volatile and Extractable Chloroorganics in Rain and Snow.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es980480i\",\"abstract\":\"Organics enriched from samples of rain, snow, and glacier ice were analyzed to determine the chemical structure of the chloroorganic compounds that were most abundant in such media. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was used to provide an overview of the presence of volatile and extractable chloroorganics at four sites in Europe and one site in Antarctica. Real samples and isomer-specific standards were then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) to identify and confirm the structure of the chloroorganics that had been detected in the GC-AED analysis. The results revealed that of the volatile chloroorganics found in the samples, dichloronitromethane, a compound not previously reported to occur in the ambient environment, was often present in the highest concentration (up to 130 ng L-1). Chlorobenzenes were detected mainly as 1,4-dichlorobenzene and minor amounts of 1,3- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and one isomer of tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5- or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene). Chlorinated alkyl phosphates, which were normally responsible for the largest peaks in the chlorine-specific chromatograms of hexane- or ether-extractable compounds, were present as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, and one of the isomers bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(3-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate or bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(2-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate. All of the chloroorganic compounds mentioned, i.e., dichloronitromethane, chlorobenzenes, and chlorinated alkyl phosphates, were detected at relatively remote sites in the northern hemisphere, whereas only chlorobenzenes were found in a reference sample of snow from Antarctica.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laniewski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Krzysztof\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BorÉn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grimvall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, env, ffr\",\"pages\":\"3935–3940\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{laniewski_identification_1998,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification of {Volatile} and {Extractable} {Chloroorganics} in {Rain} and {Snow}.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es980480i},\\n\\tabstract = {Organics enriched from samples of rain, snow, and glacier ice were analyzed to determine the chemical structure of the chloroorganic compounds that were most abundant in such media. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was used to provide an overview of the presence of volatile and extractable chloroorganics at four sites in Europe and one site in Antarctica. Real samples and isomer-specific standards were then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) to identify and confirm the structure of the chloroorganics that had been detected in the GC-AED analysis. The results revealed that of the volatile chloroorganics found in the samples, dichloronitromethane, a compound not previously reported to occur in the ambient environment, was often present in the highest concentration (up to 130 ng L-1). Chlorobenzenes were detected mainly as 1,4-dichlorobenzene and minor amounts of 1,3- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and one isomer of tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5- or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene). Chlorinated alkyl phosphates, which were normally responsible for the largest peaks in the chlorine-specific chromatograms of hexane- or ether-extractable compounds, were present as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, and one of the isomers bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(3-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate or bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(2-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate. All of the chloroorganic compounds mentioned, i.e., dichloronitromethane, chlorobenzenes, and chlorinated alkyl phosphates, were detected at relatively remote sites in the northern hemisphere, whereas only chlorobenzenes were found in a reference sample of snow from Antarctica.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Laniewski, Krzysztof and BorÉn, Hans and Grimvall, Anders},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {3935--3940},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Laniewski, K.\",\"BorÉn, H.\",\"Grimvall, A.\"],\"key\":\"laniewski_identification_1998\",\"id\":\"laniewski_identification_1998\",\"bibbaseid\":\"laniewski-born-grimvall-identificationofvolatileandextractablechloroorganicsinrainandsnow-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"env\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and detection of two novel flame retardants in marine mammals from Hong Kong, South China.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and three novel flame retardants, namely2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were determined in blubber samples of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides). The levels of HBCDs and PBDEs in cetacean samples ranged from 4.1 to 519 and 103 to 51,100 ng/g lw, respectively. A significant increasing trend of SigmaHBCDs was observed in dolphin samples from 1997 to 2007 with an estimated annual rate of 5%, whereas no significant temporal trends of SigmaPBDEs appeared over the sampling period. This pattern may be attributed to the increasing usage of HBCDs following the restriction/voluntary withdrawal of the production and use of PBDE commercial mixtures in several countries. HCDBCO was not found in the blubber samples. This is the first report of the presence of TBB and TBPH, two new flame retardants that have previously been identified in house dust from the U.S., in marine mammals; concentrations of these compounds in dolphins and porpoises ranged from the instrumental detection limit (IDL) (\\\\textless0.04) to 70 and IDL (\\\\textless0.04) to 3859 ng/g lw, respectively. Levels of TBPH were comparable to SigmaHBCDs in porpoise samples. The presence of these novel flame retardants in top-trophic-level marine organisms raises concern about their release into the environment and indicates the need for further monitoring of these compounds in other environmental matrices.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"C\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ridge\",\"K\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murphy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"K\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19806725\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cycloparaffins, Cycloparaffins: analysis, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hong Kong, Mammals, Mammals: anatomy & histology, Mammals: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Reproducibility of Results, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam\",\"pages\":\"6944–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lam_temporal_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and detection of two novel flame retardants in marine mammals from {Hong} {Kong}, {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and three novel flame retardants, namely2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were determined in blubber samples of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides). The levels of HBCDs and PBDEs in cetacean samples ranged from 4.1 to 519 and 103 to 51,100 ng/g lw, respectively. A significant increasing trend of SigmaHBCDs was observed in dolphin samples from 1997 to 2007 with an estimated annual rate of 5\\\\%, whereas no significant temporal trends of SigmaPBDEs appeared over the sampling period. This pattern may be attributed to the increasing usage of HBCDs following the restriction/voluntary withdrawal of the production and use of PBDE commercial mixtures in several countries. HCDBCO was not found in the blubber samples. This is the first report of the presence of TBB and TBPH, two new flame retardants that have previously been identified in house dust from the U.S., in marine mammals; concentrations of these compounds in dolphins and porpoises ranged from the instrumental detection limit (IDL) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.04) to 70 and IDL ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.04) to 3859 ng/g lw, respectively. Levels of TBPH were comparable to SigmaHBCDs in porpoise samples. The presence of these novel flame retardants in top-trophic-level marine organisms raises concern about their release into the environment and indicates the need for further monitoring of these compounds in other environmental matrices.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lam, James C W and Lau, Ridge K F and Murphy, Margaret B and Lam, Paul K S},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19806725},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cycloparaffins, Cycloparaffins: analysis, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hong Kong, Mammals, Mammals: anatomy \\\\& histology, Mammals: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Reproducibility of Results, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam},\\n\\tpages = {6944--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lam, J. C W\",\"Lau, R. K F\",\"Murphy, M. B\",\"Lam, P. K S\"],\"key\":\"lam_temporal_2009\",\"id\":\"lam_temporal_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lam-lau-murphy-lam-temporaltrendsofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesanddetectionoftwonovelflameretardantsinmarinemammalsfromhongkongsouthchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Cycloparaffins\",\"Cycloparaffins: analysis\",\"Dolphins\",\"Dolphins: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hong Kong\",\"Mammals\",\"Mammals: anatomy & histology\",\"Mammals: metabolism\",\"Porpoises\",\"Porpoises: metabolism\",\"Reproducibility of Results\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Time Factors\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In situ accumulation of HBCD, PBDEs, and several alternative flame-retardants in the bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and gastropod (Elimia proxima).\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es3004238\",\"abstract\":\"Alternative brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), are now being detected in the environment. However, contaminant bioavailability is influenced by the organisms' ecology (i.e., route of uptake) and in situ environmental factors. We observed that the filter-feeding bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and grazing gastropod (Elimia proxima), collected downstream from a textile manufacturing outfall, exhibited TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE concentrations from 152 to 2230 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw). These species also contained additional BFRs. Maximum levels of total hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (∑HBCDs) in these species were 363,000 and 151,000 ng g(-1) lw, and those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) were 64,900 and 47,200 ng g(-1) lw, respectively. These concentrations are among the highest reported to date worldwide. While BDE-209 was once thought to be nonbioavailable and resistant to degradation, it was the dominant BFR present and likely debromination products were detected. Contributions of α- and β-HBCD were higher in tissues than sediments, consistent with γ-HBCD bioisomerization. Mollusk bioaccumulation factors were similar between HBCD and PBDEs with 4 to 6 bromines, but factors for TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE were lower. Despite different feeding strategies, the bivalves and gastropods exhibited similar BFR water and sediment accumulation factors.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Matteson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ciparis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Serena\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22571713\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biota, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Corbicula, Corbicula: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gastropoda, Gastropoda: metabolism, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, North Carolina\",\"pages\":\"5798–805\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{la_guardia_situ_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {In situ accumulation of {HBCD}, {PBDEs}, and several alternative flame-retardants in the bivalve ({Corbicula} fluminea) and gastropod ({Elimia} proxima).},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es3004238},\\n\\tabstract = {Alternative brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), are now being detected in the environment. However, contaminant bioavailability is influenced by the organisms' ecology (i.e., route of uptake) and in situ environmental factors. We observed that the filter-feeding bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and grazing gastropod (Elimia proxima), collected downstream from a textile manufacturing outfall, exhibited TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE concentrations from 152 to 2230 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw). These species also contained additional BFRs. Maximum levels of total hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (∑HBCDs) in these species were 363,000 and 151,000 ng g(-1) lw, and those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) were 64,900 and 47,200 ng g(-1) lw, respectively. These concentrations are among the highest reported to date worldwide. While BDE-209 was once thought to be nonbioavailable and resistant to degradation, it was the dominant BFR present and likely debromination products were detected. Contributions of α- and β-HBCD were higher in tissues than sediments, consistent with γ-HBCD bioisomerization. Mollusk bioaccumulation factors were similar between HBCD and PBDEs with 4 to 6 bromines, but factors for TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE were lower. Despite different feeding strategies, the bivalves and gastropods exhibited similar BFR water and sediment accumulation factors.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen and Mainor, T Matteson and Ciparis, Serena},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22571713},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biota, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Corbicula, Corbicula: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gastropoda, Gastropoda: metabolism, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, North Carolina},\\n\\tpages = {5798--805},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Hale, R. C\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Mainor, T M.\",\"Ciparis, S.\"],\"key\":\"la_guardia_situ_2012\",\"id\":\"la_guardia_situ_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"laguardia-hale-harvey-mainor-ciparis-insituaccumulationofhbcdpbdesandseveralalternativeflameretardantsinthebivalvecorbiculaflumineaandgastropodelimiaproxima-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biota\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Corbicula\",\"Corbicula: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gastropoda\",\"Gastropoda: metabolism\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"North Carolina\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a high production volume flame retardant. To date, regulation and control of its environmental release have been minimal. Once in the environment, BDE-209 may encounter conditions favoring debromination, potentially forming congeners with greater toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and persistence. However, (photolytic and in vivo) debromination has only been demonstrated under laboratory scenarios. To examine whether debromination was likely in the field, PBDE congener profiles were tracked from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota. BDE-209 and 23 additional PBDEs were detected. Sludge congener profiles resembled the commercial penta- and deca- formulations, suggesting minimal -209 debromination during wastewater treatment. Similar profiles were observed in surficial sediments at the outfall and downstream. However, sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and crayfish (Cambarus puncticambarus sp. c) collected near the outfall contained tri- through deca-PBDEs, including congeners not detected in the commercial deca-mixture, sludges or sediments (BDE-179, -184, -188, -201, and -202). A previous in vivo laboratory study identified these as -209 debromination products. This supports the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions. Hence assessments that assume no BDE-209 debromination may underestimate associated bioaccumulation and toxicity attributable to the less brominated congeners produced.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17969678\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Astacoidea, Astacoidea: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"6663–70\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{la_guardia_evidence_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a high production volume flame retardant. To date, regulation and control of its environmental release have been minimal. Once in the environment, BDE-209 may encounter conditions favoring debromination, potentially forming congeners with greater toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and persistence. However, (photolytic and in vivo) debromination has only been demonstrated under laboratory scenarios. To examine whether debromination was likely in the field, PBDE congener profiles were tracked from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota. BDE-209 and 23 additional PBDEs were detected. Sludge congener profiles resembled the commercial penta- and deca- formulations, suggesting minimal -209 debromination during wastewater treatment. Similar profiles were observed in surficial sediments at the outfall and downstream. However, sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and crayfish (Cambarus puncticambarus sp. c) collected near the outfall contained tri- through deca-PBDEs, including congeners not detected in the commercial deca-mixture, sludges or sediments (BDE-179, -184, -188, -201, and -202). A previous in vivo laboratory study identified these as -209 debromination products. This supports the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions. Hence assessments that assume no BDE-209 debromination may underestimate associated bioaccumulation and toxicity attributable to the less brominated congeners produced.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17969678},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Astacoidea, Astacoidea: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {6663--70},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Hale, R. C\",\"Harvey, E.\"],\"key\":\"la_guardia_evidence_2007\",\"id\":\"la_guardia_evidence_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"laguardia-hale-harvey-evidenceofdebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inbiotafromawastewaterreceivingstream-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Astacoidea\",\"Astacoidea: metabolism\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: chemistry\",\"Bromine: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Cyprinidae\",\"Cyprinidae: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluid\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Perciformes\",\"Perciformes: metabolism\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Phenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: analysis\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"env\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites in tropical Asian countries: phase distribution and debromination.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-012-1365-3\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as flame retardants in many consumer products, and leachates from landfills have been identified as one of the possible sources of PBDEs in the environment. Meanwhile, the unprecedented economic and population growths of some Asian countries over the last decade have led to significant increases in the amount of waste containing PBDEs in that region. This study investigates the status of PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites (MSWDS) in tropical Asian countries. A total of 46 PBDE congeners were measured, both in the adsorbed (n = 24) and dissolved (n = 16) phases, in leachate samples collected, from 2002 to 2010, from ten MSWDS distributed among the eight countries of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia. PBDEs were predominantly found in the adsorbed phase. Partitioning of PBDEs in the dissolved phase was associated with the presence of dissolved organic matter; the apparent organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K'oc) of the BDE congeners were lower by two to four orders of magnitude than the K oc predicted from the octanol-water partition coefficients (K ow). The total PBDE concentrations from mono- to deca-BDEs ranged from 3.7 to 133,000 ng/L, and showed a trend toward higher concentrations in the more populous and industrialized Asian countries. The congener profiles in the leachates basically reflected the composition of PBDE technical mixtures. The occurrence of congeners not contained, or in trace concentrations, in technical products (e.g., BDEs 208, 207, 206, 202, 188, 179, 49, 17/25, 8, 1) was observed in most of the leachate samples, suggesting the debromination of technical mixtures, including BDE-209, in the MSWDS of tropical Asian countries. Moreover, the temporal trend indicated the reduction of BDE-209 over time, with a corresponding increase in and/or emergence of lower brominated PBDE congeners. The results indicated that MSWDS of tropical Asian countries are potential sources of environmental PBDEs, which may be transported to the aquatic environment via dissolution with dissolved organic matter. MSWDS could be amplifiers of PBDE toxicity in the environment, possibly through debromination.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science and pollution research international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kwan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charita\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hideshige\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mizukawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaoruko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Torii\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koike\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tatsuya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamashita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rinawati\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Santiago\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evangeline\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23247521\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"4188–204\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kwan_pbdes_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites in tropical {Asian} countries: phase distribution and debromination.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1365-3},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as flame retardants in many consumer products, and leachates from landfills have been identified as one of the possible sources of PBDEs in the environment. Meanwhile, the unprecedented economic and population growths of some Asian countries over the last decade have led to significant increases in the amount of waste containing PBDEs in that region. This study investigates the status of PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites (MSWDS) in tropical Asian countries. A total of 46 PBDE congeners were measured, both in the adsorbed (n = 24) and dissolved (n = 16) phases, in leachate samples collected, from 2002 to 2010, from ten MSWDS distributed among the eight countries of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia. PBDEs were predominantly found in the adsorbed phase. Partitioning of PBDEs in the dissolved phase was associated with the presence of dissolved organic matter; the apparent organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K'oc) of the BDE congeners were lower by two to four orders of magnitude than the K oc predicted from the octanol-water partition coefficients (K ow). The total PBDE concentrations from mono- to deca-BDEs ranged from 3.7 to 133,000 ng/L, and showed a trend toward higher concentrations in the more populous and industrialized Asian countries. The congener profiles in the leachates basically reflected the composition of PBDE technical mixtures. The occurrence of congeners not contained, or in trace concentrations, in technical products (e.g., BDEs 208, 207, 206, 202, 188, 179, 49, 17/25, 8, 1) was observed in most of the leachate samples, suggesting the debromination of technical mixtures, including BDE-209, in the MSWDS of tropical Asian countries. Moreover, the temporal trend indicated the reduction of BDE-209 over time, with a corresponding increase in and/or emergence of lower brominated PBDE congeners. The results indicated that MSWDS of tropical Asian countries are potential sources of environmental PBDEs, which may be transported to the aquatic environment via dissolution with dissolved organic matter. MSWDS could be amplifiers of PBDE toxicity in the environment, possibly through debromination.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\\n\\tauthor = {Kwan, Charita S and Takada, Hideshige and Mizukawa, Kaoruko and Torii, Maiko and Koike, Tatsuya and Yamashita, Rei and {Rinawati} and Saha, Mahua and Santiago, Evangeline C},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23247521},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {4188--204},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kwan, C. S\",\"Takada, H.\",\"Mizukawa, K.\",\"Torii, M.\",\"Koike, T.\",\"Yamashita, R.\",\"Rinawati\",\"Saha, M.\",\"Santiago, E. C\"],\"key\":\"kwan_pbdes_2013\",\"id\":\"kwan_pbdes_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kwan-takada-mizukawa-torii-koike-yamashita-rinawati-saha-etal-pbdesinleachatesfrommunicipalsolidwastedumpingsitesintropicalasiancountriesphasedistributionanddebromination-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame-retardants and other organohalogens detected in sewage sludge by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es9039264\",\"abstract\":\"Numerous halogenated organic compounds have been identified as pollutants of concern. Those with high persistence and hydrophobicity may concentrate in biota, sediments, and wastewater sludge. Nonetheless, the release to the environment of many remains largely unrecognized. Stabilized sewage sludge (biosolids) is increasingly being land-applied as a soil amendment. However, understanding the risks of land application has been hampered by the compositional complexity of biosolids. Compound specific analytical approaches may also underestimate environmental impact of land application by overlooking additional contaminants. However, utilizing an alternative analytical approach based on compound functional group (i.e., alkyl halides) enhanced the information content of the analysis. To illustrate, 49 organohalogens were observed by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry in sewage sludge; 23 identified as flame-retardants: that is, PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate, decabromodiphenyl ethane, 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and Dechlorane Plus. Concentrations ranged from 25 to 1,600,000 ng g(-1) total organic carbon. An additional 16 compounds were tentatively identified as triclosan, chlorinated-methoxy triclosan, chlorinated pesticides, hexachlorobiphenyl, TBB degradation products, brominated furans and nonabromochlorodiphenyl ethers. Such an analytical approach may enhance evaluations of the risks associated with biosolids land-application and assist in prioritizing specific chemicals for future environmental fate and toxicology studies.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20486701\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Isotopes, Mass Spectrometry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, unsure\",\"pages\":\"4658–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{la_guardia_flame-retardants_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame-retardants and other organohalogens detected in sewage sludge by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es9039264},\\n\\tabstract = {Numerous halogenated organic compounds have been identified as pollutants of concern. Those with high persistence and hydrophobicity may concentrate in biota, sediments, and wastewater sludge. Nonetheless, the release to the environment of many remains largely unrecognized. Stabilized sewage sludge (biosolids) is increasingly being land-applied as a soil amendment. However, understanding the risks of land application has been hampered by the compositional complexity of biosolids. Compound specific analytical approaches may also underestimate environmental impact of land application by overlooking additional contaminants. However, utilizing an alternative analytical approach based on compound functional group (i.e., alkyl halides) enhanced the information content of the analysis. To illustrate, 49 organohalogens were observed by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry in sewage sludge; 23 identified as flame-retardants: that is, PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate, decabromodiphenyl ethane, 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and Dechlorane Plus. Concentrations ranged from 25 to 1,600,000 ng g(-1) total organic carbon. An additional 16 compounds were tentatively identified as triclosan, chlorinated-methoxy triclosan, chlorinated pesticides, hexachlorobiphenyl, TBB degradation products, brominated furans and nonabromochlorodiphenyl ethers. Such an analytical approach may enhance evaluations of the risks associated with biosolids land-application and assist in prioritizing specific chemicals for future environmental fate and toxicology studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20486701},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Isotopes, Mass Spectrometry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {4658--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Hale, R. C\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Chen, D.\"],\"key\":\"la_guardia_flame-retardants_2010\",\"id\":\"la_guardia_flame-retardants_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"laguardia-hale-harvey-chen-flameretardantsandotherorganohalogensdetectedinsewagesludgebyelectroncapturenegativeionmassspectrometry-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: analysis\",\"Chlorine\",\"Chlorine: analysis\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Isotopes\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels.\",\"volume\":\"242\",\"issn\":\"0300-483X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011\",\"abstract\":\"Thyroid hormone concentrations, hepatic enzyme activities and tissue concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) were evaluated in Wistar rats (dams and offspring) after treatment by gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 with a single low dose of either 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw), respectively. Tissue concentration analysis confirmed that PBDE-99 is persistent in rodents as significant amounts of the parent compound were detected in adipose tissue 37 days after exposure. The dose of 300 microg PBDE-99/kg bw reduced thyroxin (T4) concentration in dams at the beginning of lactation (post-gestational day [PGD] 1), and caused a slight reduction in T4 on PGD 22, although not statistically significant. In offspring, reduced T4 was observed only at PND 22, probably due to cumulative effects of PBDE-99 during lactation. PBDEs have been shown to reduce T4 concentrations in several studies, but this is the first study demonstrating endocrine disruption at low doses. The adipose tissue concentration of PBDE-99 measured in this study was close to those reported for PBDE-99 in non-occupationally exposed humans. In addition, we have previously reported permanent changes in the reproductive systems and locomotor activity of male and female offspring using these same dosages.\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuriyama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergio\",\"Noboru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wanner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fidalgo-Neto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonio\",\"Augusto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Talsness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koerner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chahoud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ibrahim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17964054\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Body Burden, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: administration & dosage, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration & dosage, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Tissue Distribution, Wistar, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"80–90\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuriyama_developmental_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to low-dose {PBDE}-99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels.},\\n\\tvolume = {242},\\n\\tissn = {0300-483X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Thyroid hormone concentrations, hepatic enzyme activities and tissue concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) were evaluated in Wistar rats (dams and offspring) after treatment by gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 with a single low dose of either 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw), respectively. Tissue concentration analysis confirmed that PBDE-99 is persistent in rodents as significant amounts of the parent compound were detected in adipose tissue 37 days after exposure. The dose of 300 microg PBDE-99/kg bw reduced thyroxin (T4) concentration in dams at the beginning of lactation (post-gestational day [PGD] 1), and caused a slight reduction in T4 on PGD 22, although not statistically significant. In offspring, reduced T4 was observed only at PND 22, probably due to cumulative effects of PBDE-99 during lactation. PBDEs have been shown to reduce T4 concentrations in several studies, but this is the first study demonstrating endocrine disruption at low doses. The adipose tissue concentration of PBDE-99 measured in this study was close to those reported for PBDE-99 in non-occupationally exposed humans. In addition, we have previously reported permanent changes in the reproductive systems and locomotor activity of male and female offspring using these same dosages.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuriyama, Sergio Noboru and Wanner, Antonia and Fidalgo-Neto, Antonio Augusto and Talsness, Chris E and Koerner, Wolfgang and Chahoud, Ibrahim},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17964054},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Body Burden, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: administration \\\\& dosage, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosage, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Tissue Distribution, Wistar, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {80--90},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuriyama, S. N.\",\"Wanner, A.\",\"Fidalgo-Neto, A. A.\",\"Talsness, C. E\",\"Koerner, W.\",\"Chahoud, I.\"],\"key\":\"kuriyama_developmental_2007\",\"id\":\"kuriyama_developmental_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuriyama-wanner-fidalgoneto-talsness-koerner-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99tissuedistributionandthyroidhormonelevels-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Body Burden\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Down-Regulation\",\"Drug\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: administration & dosage\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gestational Age\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Male\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: administration & dosage\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Rats\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: blood\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Wistar\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.\",\"volume\":\"113\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"In utero exposure to a single low dose of 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) disrupts neurobehavioral development and causes permanent effects on the rat male reproductive system apparent in adulthood. PBDEs, a class of flame retardants, are widely used in every sector of modern life to prevent fire. They are persistent in the environment, and increasing levels of PBDEs have been found in biota and human breast milk. In the present study we assessed the effects of developmental exposure to one of the most persistent PBDE congeners (PBDE-99) on juvenile basal motor activity levels and adult male reproductive health. Wistar rat dams were treated by gavage on gestation day 6 with a single low dose of 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw). In offspring, basal locomotor activity was evaluated on postnatal days 36 and 71, and reproductive performance was assessed in males at adulthood. The exposure to low-dose PBDE-99 during development caused hyperactivity in the offspring at both time points and permanently impaired spermatogenesis by the means of reduced sperm and spermatid counts. The doses used in this study (60 and 300 microg/kg bw) are relevant to human exposure levels, being approximately 6 and 29 times, respectively, higher than the highest level reported in human breast adipose tissue. This is the lowest dose of PBDE reported to date to have an in vivo toxic effect in rodents and supports the premise that low-dose studies should be encouraged for hazard identification of persistent environmental pollutants.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuriyama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergio\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Talsness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grote\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konstanze\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chahoud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ibrahim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Infertility, Male, Male: chemically induced, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reflex, Reflex: drug effects, Sexual Behavior, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: pathology, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"149–154\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuriyama_developmental_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to low dose {PBDE} 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.},\\n\\tvolume = {113},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {In utero exposure to a single low dose of 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) disrupts neurobehavioral development and causes permanent effects on the rat male reproductive system apparent in adulthood. PBDEs, a class of flame retardants, are widely used in every sector of modern life to prevent fire. They are persistent in the environment, and increasing levels of PBDEs have been found in biota and human breast milk. In the present study we assessed the effects of developmental exposure to one of the most persistent PBDE congeners (PBDE-99) on juvenile basal motor activity levels and adult male reproductive health. Wistar rat dams were treated by gavage on gestation day 6 with a single low dose of 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw). In offspring, basal locomotor activity was evaluated on postnatal days 36 and 71, and reproductive performance was assessed in males at adulthood. The exposure to low-dose PBDE-99 during development caused hyperactivity in the offspring at both time points and permanently impaired spermatogenesis by the means of reduced sperm and spermatid counts. The doses used in this study (60 and 300 microg/kg bw) are relevant to human exposure levels, being approximately 6 and 29 times, respectively, higher than the highest level reported in human breast adipose tissue. This is the lowest dose of PBDE reported to date to have an in vivo toxic effect in rodents and supports the premise that low-dose studies should be encouraged for hazard identification of persistent environmental pollutants.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuriyama, Sergio N and Talsness, Chris E and Grote, Konstanze and Chahoud, Ibrahim},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Infertility, Male, Male: chemically induced, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reflex, Reflex: drug effects, Sexual Behavior, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: pathology, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {149--154},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuriyama, S. N\",\"Talsness, C. E\",\"Grote, K.\",\"Chahoud, I.\"],\"key\":\"kuriyama_developmental_2005\",\"id\":\"kuriyama_developmental_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuriyama-talsness-grote-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99effectsonmalefertilityandneurobehaviorinratoffspring-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Infertility\",\"Male\",\"Male: chemically induced\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Rats\",\"Reflex\",\"Reflex: drug effects\",\"Sexual Behavior\",\"Spermatogenesis\",\"Spermatogenesis: drug effects\",\"Testis\",\"Testis: drug effects\",\"Testis: pathology\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Poisoning the poor - Electronic waste in Ghana.\",\"url\":\"http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Greenpeace\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hojsik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{kuper_poisoning_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Poisoning the poor - {Electronic} waste in {Ghana}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Greenpeace},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuper, J and Hojsik, M},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuper, J\",\"Hojsik, M\"],\"key\":\"kuper_poisoning_2008\",\"id\":\"kuper_poisoning_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuper-hojsik-poisoningthepoorelectronicwasteinghana-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether and effects on daily growth in juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis).\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1573-3017\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10646-009-0451-x\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the main congener in the commonly used commercial flame retardant mixture, \\\"deca-BDE\\\". There is evidence showing that fish can debrominate BDE 209 into potentially more toxic congeners. The objective of this study was to evaluate BDE 209 uptake and its potential effects on juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Lake whitefish were fed BDE 209 at four nominal concentrations (control, 0.1, 1, and 2 microg/g-diet) for 30 days. Livers and carcasses were analyzed for 11 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, and 209) and daily otolith increment width was measured as an estimate of growth before and after exposure. Four congeners (BDE 206, 207, 208, and 209) were detected in livers and carcasses. Hepatic BDE 209 concentrations in the 1 and 2 microg/g treatments were significantly higher than in the control group (1.25 and 5.80 nmol/g-lipid compared to 0.183 nmol/g-lipid). The concentration of BDE 209 detected in the tissues of the control group resulted from BDE 209 in the base diets. Concentrations of all congeners from the 1 and 2 microg/g groups were higher in livers than carcasses, indicating the liver was the primary organ of BDE 209 accumulation. Compared to the fraction in diets, the molar fraction of BDE 209 was lower in livers and carcasses, whereas the fractions of BDE 206, 207, and 208 were higher. These different distributions of PBDE congeners resulted from differential adsorption and metabolism. One congener, BDE 206, could be a major metabolite from BDE 209 debromination. Otolith increment widths were narrower in fish from the highest diet concentration administered, suggesting BDE 209 may have affected growth rates. In conclusion, this in vivo study with lake whitefish showed that BDE 209 was debrominated into lower PBDE congeners and that exposure to 2 microg/g may have affected fish growth.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology (London, England)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yin-Ming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sepúlveda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sutton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trent\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ochoa-Acuña\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Benjamin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hua\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Inez\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20033485\",\"keywords\":\"Animal Feed, Animals, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Otolithic Membrane, Otolithic Membrane: drug effects, Otolithic Membrane: growth & development, Salmonidae, Salmonidae: growth & development, Salmonidae: metabolism, Time Factors, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"751–60\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuo_bioaccumulation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether and effects on daily growth in juvenile lake whitefish ({Coregonus} clupeaformis).},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3017},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0451-x},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the main congener in the commonly used commercial flame retardant mixture, \\\"deca-BDE\\\". There is evidence showing that fish can debrominate BDE 209 into potentially more toxic congeners. The objective of this study was to evaluate BDE 209 uptake and its potential effects on juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Lake whitefish were fed BDE 209 at four nominal concentrations (control, 0.1, 1, and 2 microg/g-diet) for 30 days. Livers and carcasses were analyzed for 11 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, and 209) and daily otolith increment width was measured as an estimate of growth before and after exposure. Four congeners (BDE 206, 207, 208, and 209) were detected in livers and carcasses. Hepatic BDE 209 concentrations in the 1 and 2 microg/g treatments were significantly higher than in the control group (1.25 and 5.80 nmol/g-lipid compared to 0.183 nmol/g-lipid). The concentration of BDE 209 detected in the tissues of the control group resulted from BDE 209 in the base diets. Concentrations of all congeners from the 1 and 2 microg/g groups were higher in livers than carcasses, indicating the liver was the primary organ of BDE 209 accumulation. Compared to the fraction in diets, the molar fraction of BDE 209 was lower in livers and carcasses, whereas the fractions of BDE 206, 207, and 208 were higher. These different distributions of PBDE congeners resulted from differential adsorption and metabolism. One congener, BDE 206, could be a major metabolite from BDE 209 debromination. Otolith increment widths were narrower in fish from the highest diet concentration administered, suggesting BDE 209 may have affected growth rates. In conclusion, this in vivo study with lake whitefish showed that BDE 209 was debrominated into lower PBDE congeners and that exposure to 2 microg/g may have affected fish growth.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuo, Yin-Ming and Sepúlveda, Maria S and Sutton, Trent M and Ochoa-Acuña, Hugo G and Muir, Andrew M and Miller, Benjamin and Hua, Inez},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20033485},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal Feed, Animals, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Otolithic Membrane, Otolithic Membrane: drug effects, Otolithic Membrane: growth \\\\& development, Salmonidae, Salmonidae: growth \\\\& development, Salmonidae: metabolism, Time Factors, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {751--60},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuo, Y.\",\"Sepúlveda, M. S\",\"Sutton, T. M\",\"Ochoa-Acuña, H. G\",\"Muir, A. M\",\"Miller, B.\",\"Hua, I.\"],\"key\":\"kuo_bioaccumulation_2010\",\"id\":\"kuo_bioaccumulation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuo-seplveda-sutton-ochoaacua-muir-miller-hua-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherandeffectsondailygrowthinjuvenilelakewhitefishcoregonusclupeaformis-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal Feed\",\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Body Burden\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Otolithic Membrane\",\"Otolithic Membrane: drug effects\",\"Otolithic Membrane: growth & development\",\"Salmonidae\",\"Salmonidae: growth & development\",\"Salmonidae: metabolism\",\"Time Factors\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan.\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1573-3017\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10646-009-0431-1\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are hydrophobic chemicals and can biomagnify in food chains. Little is known about the biomagnification of PBDEs in the Lake Michigan food web. Plankton, Diporeia, lake whitefish, lake trout, and Chinook salmon were collected from Lake Michigan in 2006 between April and August. Fish liver and muscle and whole invertebrates were analyzed for six PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were also quantified in order to establish the trophic structure of the food web. Geometric means of Sigma PBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 0.562 to 1.61 microg/g-lipid. BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.184 to 1.23 microg/g-lipid in all three fish species. Sigma BDE-47, 99, and 209 comprised 80-94% of Sigma PBDE molar concentration. Within each fish species, there were no significant differences in PBDE concentrations between liver and muscle. The highest concentration of BDE-209 (144 microg/g-lipid) was detected in Diporeia. Based on analysis of delta(15)N and PBDE concentrations, BDE-47 and 100 were found to biomagnify, whereas BDE-209 did not. A significant negative correlation between BDE-209 and trophic level was found in this food web. Biomagnification factors were also calculated and again BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified between food web members whereas BDE-209 did not. Diporeia could be one of the main dietary sources of BDE-209 for fish in Lake Michigan; BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified within this food chain; the concentration of BDE-209 decreased at higher trophic levels, suggesting partial uptake and/or biotransformation of BDE-209 in the Lake Michigan food web.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology (London, England)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yin-Ming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sepúlveda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hua\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Inez\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ochoa-Acuña\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sutton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trent\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19882349\",\"keywords\":\"Amphipoda, Amphipoda: metabolism, Animals, Biodiversity, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Body Weight, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: growth & development, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Michigan, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: metabolism, Plankton, Plankton: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"623–34\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuo_bioaccumulation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of {Lake} {Michigan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3017},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0431-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are hydrophobic chemicals and can biomagnify in food chains. Little is known about the biomagnification of PBDEs in the Lake Michigan food web. Plankton, Diporeia, lake whitefish, lake trout, and Chinook salmon were collected from Lake Michigan in 2006 between April and August. Fish liver and muscle and whole invertebrates were analyzed for six PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were also quantified in order to establish the trophic structure of the food web. Geometric means of Sigma PBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 0.562 to 1.61 microg/g-lipid. BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.184 to 1.23 microg/g-lipid in all three fish species. Sigma BDE-47, 99, and 209 comprised 80-94\\\\% of Sigma PBDE molar concentration. Within each fish species, there were no significant differences in PBDE concentrations between liver and muscle. The highest concentration of BDE-209 (144 microg/g-lipid) was detected in Diporeia. Based on analysis of delta(15)N and PBDE concentrations, BDE-47 and 100 were found to biomagnify, whereas BDE-209 did not. A significant negative correlation between BDE-209 and trophic level was found in this food web. Biomagnification factors were also calculated and again BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified between food web members whereas BDE-209 did not. Diporeia could be one of the main dietary sources of BDE-209 for fish in Lake Michigan; BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified within this food chain; the concentration of BDE-209 decreased at higher trophic levels, suggesting partial uptake and/or biotransformation of BDE-209 in the Lake Michigan food web.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuo, Yin-Ming and Sepúlveda, Maria S and Hua, Inez and Ochoa-Acuña, Hugo G and Sutton, Trent M},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19882349},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amphipoda, Amphipoda: metabolism, Animals, Biodiversity, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Body Weight, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: growth \\\\& development, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Michigan, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: metabolism, Plankton, Plankton: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {623--34},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuo, Y.\",\"Sepúlveda, M. S\",\"Hua, I.\",\"Ochoa-Acuña, H. G\",\"Sutton, T. M\"],\"key\":\"kuo_bioaccumulation_2010-1\",\"id\":\"kuo_bioaccumulation_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuo-seplveda-hua-ochoaacua-sutton-bioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinafoodweboflakemichigan-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amphipoda\",\"Amphipoda: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Biodiversity\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Body Burden\",\"Body Weight\",\"Carbon Isotopes\",\"Carbon Isotopes: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: growth & development\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Michigan\",\"Muscles\",\"Muscles: metabolism\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes: metabolism\",\"Plankton\",\"Plankton: metabolism\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test.\",\"volume\":\"81\",\"issn\":\"0340-5761\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00204-006-0117-x\",\"abstract\":\"Toxicological effects of the widely used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were assessed in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of adult fish during 30 days to water-borne TBBPA in nominal concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1.5 microM was followed by exposure of the offspring in early life stages up to 47 days posthatching (dph) to the same concentrations. Adults exposed to 3 and 6 microM showed severe disorientation and lethargy shortly after beginning of exposure and were euthanized. Because semistatic exposure resulted in fluctuating water concentrations, pooled fish samples were chemically analyzed for internal dose assessment. Egg production was decreased in fish exposed to TBBPA concentrations of 0.047 microM and higher, and a critical effect level of 7.2 microg/g lipid with a lower 5% confidence limit of 3.9 microg/g lipid for 50% decreased egg production was calculated. Histology of adult ovaries indicated a relative increase of premature oocytes in two surviving females exposed to 1.5 microM. Hatching of TBBPA-exposed larvae was decreased except in animals exposed to 0.375 microM. In the highest exposure concentration, early posthatching mortality was high (81%) in larvae and the surviving juveniles showed a significant predominance of the female phenotype. Exposure of eggs from control parents up to 6 microM TBBPA resulted in increasing malformation and pericardial fluid accumulation from 1.5 microM; at higher concentrations, all embryos failed to hatch. The presented results indicate decreased reproductive success in zebrafish at environmentally relevant TBBPA concentrations.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Archives of toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuiper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Den\",\"Brandhof\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"E\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Der\",\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"T\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"16738895\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Life Cycle Stages, Life Cycle Stages: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: metabolism, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Respiration, Respiration: drug effects, Swimming, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Time Factors, Vitellogenesis, Vitellogenesis: drug effects, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth & development, Zebrafish: metabolism, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"1–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuiper_toxicity_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio) in a partial life-cycle test.},\\n\\tvolume = {81},\\n\\tissn = {0340-5761},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-006-0117-x},\\n\\tabstract = {Toxicological effects of the widely used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were assessed in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of adult fish during 30 days to water-borne TBBPA in nominal concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1.5 microM was followed by exposure of the offspring in early life stages up to 47 days posthatching (dph) to the same concentrations. Adults exposed to 3 and 6 microM showed severe disorientation and lethargy shortly after beginning of exposure and were euthanized. Because semistatic exposure resulted in fluctuating water concentrations, pooled fish samples were chemically analyzed for internal dose assessment. Egg production was decreased in fish exposed to TBBPA concentrations of 0.047 microM and higher, and a critical effect level of 7.2 microg/g lipid with a lower 5\\\\% confidence limit of 3.9 microg/g lipid for 50\\\\% decreased egg production was calculated. Histology of adult ovaries indicated a relative increase of premature oocytes in two surviving females exposed to 1.5 microM. Hatching of TBBPA-exposed larvae was decreased except in animals exposed to 0.375 microM. In the highest exposure concentration, early posthatching mortality was high (81\\\\%) in larvae and the surviving juveniles showed a significant predominance of the female phenotype. Exposure of eggs from control parents up to 6 microM TBBPA resulted in increasing malformation and pericardial fluid accumulation from 1.5 microM; at higher concentrations, all embryos failed to hatch. The presented results indicate decreased reproductive success in zebrafish at environmentally relevant TBBPA concentrations.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuiper, R V and van Den Brandhof, E J and Leonards, P E G and van Der Ven, L T M and Wester, P W and Vos, J G},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {16738895},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Life Cycle Stages, Life Cycle Stages: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: metabolism, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Respiration, Respiration: drug effects, Swimming, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Time Factors, Vitellogenesis, Vitellogenesis: drug effects, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \\\\& development, Zebrafish: metabolism, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuiper, R V\",\"van Den Brandhof, E J\",\"Leonards, P E G\",\"van Der Ven, L T M\",\"Wester, P W\",\"Vos, J G\"],\"key\":\"kuiper_toxicity_2007\",\"id\":\"kuiper_toxicity_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuiper-vandenbrandhof-leonards-vanderven-wester-vos-toxicityoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainzebrafishdaniorerioinapartiallifecycletest-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Embryo\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Life Cycle Stages\",\"Life Cycle Stages: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Nonmammalian: embryology\",\"Nonmammalian: metabolism\",\"Ovary\",\"Ovary: drug effects\",\"Ovary: metabolism\",\"Ovary: pathology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Respiration\",\"Respiration: drug effects\",\"Swimming\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Time Factors\",\"Vitellogenesis\",\"Vitellogenesis: drug effects\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: embryology\",\"Zebrafish: growth & development\",\"Zebrafish: metabolism\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The effects of dose, route, and repeated dosing on the disposition and kinetics of tetrabromobisphenol A in male F-344 rats.\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfm006\",\"abstract\":\"Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolic and dispositional fate of (14)C-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)-a commonly used brominated flame retardant, in male Fischer-344 rats. The percent of dose eliminated as total radioactivity in feces at 72 h following three different single oral doses (2, 20, or 200 mg/kg) of (14)C-TBBPA was 90% or greater for all doses. Most of the dose was eliminated in the first 24 h. At 72 h after administration of the highest dose, the amounts of (14)C found in the tissues were minimal (0.2-0.9%). With repeated daily oral doses (20 mg/kg) for 5 or 10 days, the cumulative percent dose eliminated in the feces was 85.1+/-2.8 and 97.9+/-1.1, respectively. In all studies radioactivity recovered in urine was minimal, \\\\textless2%. Repeated dosing did not lead to retention in tissues. Following iv administration, feces was also the major route of elimination. Following iv administration of TBBPA, the radiolabel found in the blood decreased rapidly and could be described by a biexponential equation, consistent with a two-compartment model. The key calculated kinetic parameters are terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta)=82 min; area under the blood concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC)=1440 mug x min/ml; and apparent clearance (CL)=2.44 ml/min. Although readily absorbed from the gut, systemic bioavailability of TBBPA is low (\\\\textless2%). It is extensively extracted and metabolized by the liver and the metabolites (glucuronides) exported into the bile. About 50% of an oral dose (20 mg/kg) was found in the bile within 2 h. This extensive extraction and metabolism by the liver greatly limits exposure of internal tissues to TBBPA following oral exposures.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sólyom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aniko\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodriguez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veronica\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sipes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\",\"Glenn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17234645\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Bile, Bile: metabolism, Biological Availability, Carbon Radioisotopes, Chromatography, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Feces, Feces: chemistry, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gastrointestinal, Half-Life, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Inbred F344, Injections, Intestinal Absorption, Intravenous, Intubation, Kinetics, Male, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Rats, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"237–45\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuester_effects_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {The effects of dose, route, and repeated dosing on the disposition and kinetics of tetrabromobisphenol {A} in male {F}-344 rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {96},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm006},\\n\\tabstract = {Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolic and dispositional fate of (14)C-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)-a commonly used brominated flame retardant, in male Fischer-344 rats. The percent of dose eliminated as total radioactivity in feces at 72 h following three different single oral doses (2, 20, or 200 mg/kg) of (14)C-TBBPA was 90\\\\% or greater for all doses. Most of the dose was eliminated in the first 24 h. At 72 h after administration of the highest dose, the amounts of (14)C found in the tissues were minimal (0.2-0.9\\\\%). With repeated daily oral doses (20 mg/kg) for 5 or 10 days, the cumulative percent dose eliminated in the feces was 85.1+/-2.8 and 97.9+/-1.1, respectively. In all studies radioactivity recovered in urine was minimal, {\\\\textbackslash}textless2\\\\%. Repeated dosing did not lead to retention in tissues. Following iv administration, feces was also the major route of elimination. Following iv administration of TBBPA, the radiolabel found in the blood decreased rapidly and could be described by a biexponential equation, consistent with a two-compartment model. The key calculated kinetic parameters are terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta)=82 min; area under the blood concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC)=1440 mug x min/ml; and apparent clearance (CL)=2.44 ml/min. Although readily absorbed from the gut, systemic bioavailability of TBBPA is low ({\\\\textbackslash}textless2\\\\%). It is extensively extracted and metabolized by the liver and the metabolites (glucuronides) exported into the bile. About 50\\\\% of an oral dose (20 mg/kg) was found in the bile within 2 h. This extensive extraction and metabolism by the liver greatly limits exposure of internal tissues to TBBPA following oral exposures.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuester, Robert K and Sólyom, Aniko M and Rodriguez, Veronica P and Sipes, I Glenn},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17234645},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Bile, Bile: metabolism, Biological Availability, Carbon Radioisotopes, Chromatography, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Feces, Feces: chemistry, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gastrointestinal, Half-Life, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Inbred F344, Injections, Intestinal Absorption, Intravenous, Intubation, Kinetics, Male, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Rats, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {237--45},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuester, R. K\",\"Sólyom, A. M\",\"Rodriguez, V. P\",\"Sipes, I G.\"],\"key\":\"kuester_effects_2007\",\"id\":\"kuester_effects_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuester-slyom-rodriguez-sipes-theeffectsofdoserouteandrepeateddosingonthedispositionandkineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainmalef344rats-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Area Under Curve\",\"Bile\",\"Bile: metabolism\",\"Biological Availability\",\"Carbon Radioisotopes\",\"Chromatography\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Feces\",\"Feces: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gastrointestinal\",\"Half-Life\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"High Pressure Liquid: methods\",\"Inbred F344\",\"Injections\",\"Intestinal Absorption\",\"Intravenous\",\"Intubation\",\"Kinetics\",\"Male\",\"Oral\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Rats\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Time Factors\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bottlenose dolphins as indicators of persistent organic pollutants in the western North Atlantic Ocean and northern Gulf of Mexico.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1042244\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including legacy POPs (PCBs, chlordanes, mirex, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in 300 blubber biopsy samples from coastal and near shore/estuarine male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled along the U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico coasts and Bermuda. Samples were from 14 locations including urban and rural estuaries and near a Superfund site (Brunswick, Georgia) contaminated with the PCB formulation Aroclor 1268. All classes of legacy POPs in estuarine stocks varied significantly (p \\\\textless 0.05) among sampling locations. POP profiles in blubber varied by location with the most characteristic profile observed in bottlenose dolphins sampled near the Brunswick and Sapelo estuaries along the Georgia coast which differed significantly (p \\\\textless 0.001) from other sites. Here and in Sapelo, PCB congeners from Aroclor 1268 dominated indicating widespread food web contamination by this PCB mixture. PCB 153, which is associated with non-Aroclor 1268 PCB formulations, correlated significantly to human population indicating contamination from a general urban PCB source. Factors influencing regional differences of other POPs were less clear and warrant further study. This work puts into geographical context POP contamination in dolphins to help prioritize efforts examining health effects from POP exposure in bottlenose dolphins.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kucklick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schwacke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lori\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Randy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hohn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aleta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guichard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aurore\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yordy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zolman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Litz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jenny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nowacek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Doug\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rowles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Teri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pugh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balmer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sinclair\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carrie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21526819\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Chlordan, Chlordan: metabolism, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: metabolism, Mirex, Mirex: metabolism, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"4270–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kucklick_bottlenose_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Bottlenose dolphins as indicators of persistent organic pollutants in the western {North} {Atlantic} {Ocean} and northern {Gulf} of {Mexico}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1042244},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including legacy POPs (PCBs, chlordanes, mirex, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in 300 blubber biopsy samples from coastal and near shore/estuarine male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled along the U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico coasts and Bermuda. Samples were from 14 locations including urban and rural estuaries and near a Superfund site (Brunswick, Georgia) contaminated with the PCB formulation Aroclor 1268. All classes of legacy POPs in estuarine stocks varied significantly (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) among sampling locations. POP profiles in blubber varied by location with the most characteristic profile observed in bottlenose dolphins sampled near the Brunswick and Sapelo estuaries along the Georgia coast which differed significantly (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.001) from other sites. Here and in Sapelo, PCB congeners from Aroclor 1268 dominated indicating widespread food web contamination by this PCB mixture. PCB 153, which is associated with non-Aroclor 1268 PCB formulations, correlated significantly to human population indicating contamination from a general urban PCB source. Factors influencing regional differences of other POPs were less clear and warrant further study. This work puts into geographical context POP contamination in dolphins to help prioritize efforts examining health effects from POP exposure in bottlenose dolphins.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kucklick, John and Schwacke, Lori and Wells, Randy and Hohn, Aleta and Guichard, Aurore and Yordy, Jennifer and Hansen, Larry and Zolman, Eric and Wilson, Rachel and Litz, Jenny and Nowacek, Doug and Rowles, Teri and Pugh, Rebecca and Balmer, Brian and Sinclair, Carrie and Rosel, Patricia},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21526819},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Chlordan, Chlordan: metabolism, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: metabolism, Mirex, Mirex: metabolism, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {4270--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kucklick, J.\",\"Schwacke, L.\",\"Wells, R.\",\"Hohn, A.\",\"Guichard, A.\",\"Yordy, J.\",\"Hansen, L.\",\"Zolman, E.\",\"Wilson, R.\",\"Litz, J.\",\"Nowacek, D.\",\"Rowles, T.\",\"Pugh, R.\",\"Balmer, B.\",\"Sinclair, C.\",\"Rosel, P.\"],\"key\":\"kucklick_bottlenose_2011\",\"id\":\"kucklick_bottlenose_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kucklick-schwacke-wells-hohn-guichard-yordy-hansen-zolman-etal-bottlenosedolphinsasindicatorsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinthewesternnorthatlanticoceanandnortherngulfofmexico-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Atlantic Ocean\",\"Bottle-Nosed Dolphin\",\"Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Chlordan\",\"Chlordan: metabolism\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: metabolism\",\"Dieldrin\",\"Dieldrin: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hexachlorobenzene\",\"Hexachlorobenzene: metabolism\",\"Mirex\",\"Mirex: metabolism\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk.\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"issn\":\"1365-2605\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00996.x\",\"abstract\":\"Recent reports have confirmed a worldwide increasing trend of testicular cancer incidence, and a conspicuously high prevalence of this disease and other male reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias, in Denmark. In contrast, Finland, a similarly industrialized Nordic country, exhibits much lower incidences of these disorders. The reasons behind the observed trends are unexplained, but environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that affect foetal testis development are probably involved. Levels of persistent chemicals in breast milk can be considered a proxy for exposure of the foetus to such agents. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive ecological study of 121 EDCs, including the persistent compounds dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and flame retardants, and non-persistent phthalates, in 68 breast milk samples from Denmark and Finland to compare exposure of mothers to this environmental mixture of EDCs. Using sophisticated, bioinformatic tools in our analysis, we reveal, for the first time, distinct country-specific chemical signatures of EDCs with Danes having generally higher exposure than Finns to persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, whereas there was no country-specific pattern with regard to the non-persistent phthalates. Importantly, EDC levels, including some dioxins, PCBs and some pesticides (hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin) were significantly higher in Denmark than in Finland. As these classes of EDCs have been implicated in testicular cancer or in adversely affecting development of the foetal testis in humans and animals, our findings reinforce the view that environmental exposure to EDCs may explain some of the temporal and between-country differences in incidence of male reproductive disorders.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"International journal of andrology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krysiak-Baltyn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toppari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skakkebaek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Virtanen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schramm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K-W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vartiainen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiviranta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Taboureau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brunak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Main\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19780864\",\"keywords\":\"Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Denmark, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finland, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Testicular Neoplasms, Testicular Neoplasms: chemically induced, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: embryology\",\"pages\":\"270–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{krysiak-baltyn_country-specific_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk.},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tissn = {1365-2605},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00996.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent reports have confirmed a worldwide increasing trend of testicular cancer incidence, and a conspicuously high prevalence of this disease and other male reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias, in Denmark. In contrast, Finland, a similarly industrialized Nordic country, exhibits much lower incidences of these disorders. The reasons behind the observed trends are unexplained, but environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that affect foetal testis development are probably involved. Levels of persistent chemicals in breast milk can be considered a proxy for exposure of the foetus to such agents. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive ecological study of 121 EDCs, including the persistent compounds dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and flame retardants, and non-persistent phthalates, in 68 breast milk samples from Denmark and Finland to compare exposure of mothers to this environmental mixture of EDCs. Using sophisticated, bioinformatic tools in our analysis, we reveal, for the first time, distinct country-specific chemical signatures of EDCs with Danes having generally higher exposure than Finns to persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, whereas there was no country-specific pattern with regard to the non-persistent phthalates. Importantly, EDC levels, including some dioxins, PCBs and some pesticides (hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin) were significantly higher in Denmark than in Finland. As these classes of EDCs have been implicated in testicular cancer or in adversely affecting development of the foetal testis in humans and animals, our findings reinforce the view that environmental exposure to EDCs may explain some of the temporal and between-country differences in incidence of male reproductive disorders.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of andrology},\\n\\tauthor = {Krysiak-Baltyn, K and Toppari, J and Skakkebaek, N E and Jensen, T S and Virtanen, H E and Schramm, K-W and Shen, H and Vartiainen, T and Kiviranta, H and Taboureau, O and Brunak, S and Main, K M},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19780864},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Denmark, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finland, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Testicular Neoplasms, Testicular Neoplasms: chemically induced, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: embryology},\\n\\tpages = {270--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Krysiak-Baltyn, K\",\"Toppari, J\",\"Skakkebaek, N E\",\"Jensen, T S\",\"Virtanen, H E\",\"Schramm, K.\",\"Shen, H\",\"Vartiainen, T\",\"Kiviranta, H\",\"Taboureau, O\",\"Brunak, S\",\"Main, K M\"],\"key\":\"krysiak-baltyn_country-specific_2010\",\"id\":\"krysiak-baltyn_country-specific_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"krysiakbaltyn-toppari-skakkebaek-jensen-virtanen-schramm-shen-vartiainen-etal-countryspecificchemicalsignaturesofpersistentenvironmentalcompoundsinbreastmilk-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Denmark\",\"Dieldrin\",\"Dieldrin: analysis\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Finland\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hexachlorobenzene\",\"Hexachlorobenzene: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Milk\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Testicular Neoplasms\",\"Testicular Neoplasms: chemically induced\",\"Testis\",\"Testis: drug effects\",\"Testis: embryology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Are You Safe on That Sofa? - NYTimes.com\",\"url\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&ref=opinion\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kristof\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Albemarle Corp, Chemtura Corporation, Chicago Tribune, Citizens for Fire Safety, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Gland, Flame retardants, Hazardous and Toxic Substances, Heimbach David M, Israel Chemicals Ltd, Lobbying and Lobbyists, National Assn of State Fire Marshals, PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls), Regulation and Deregulation of Industry\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{kristof_are_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Are {You} {Safe} on {That} {Sofa}? - {NYTimes}.com},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&ref=opinion},\\n\\tauthor = {Kristof, Nicholas},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Albemarle Corp, Chemtura Corporation, Chicago Tribune, Citizens for Fire Safety, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Gland, Flame retardants, Hazardous and Toxic Substances, Heimbach David M, Israel Chemicals Ltd, Lobbying and Lobbyists, National Assn of State Fire Marshals, PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls), Regulation and Deregulation of Industry},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kristof, N.\"],\"key\":\"kristof_are_2012\",\"id\":\"kristof_are_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kristof-areyousafeonthatsofanytimescom-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&ref=opinion\"},\"keyword\":[\"Albemarle Corp\",\"Chemtura Corporation\",\"Chicago Tribune\",\"Citizens for Fire Safety\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Gland\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hazardous and Toxic Substances\",\"Heimbach David M\",\"Israel Chemicals Ltd\",\"Lobbying and Lobbyists\",\"National Assn of State Fire Marshals\",\"PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)\",\"Regulation and Deregulation of Industry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from Southern Resident killer whales.\",\"volume\":\"54\",\"issn\":\"0025-326X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.015\",\"abstract\":\"\\\"Southern Resident\\\" killer whales include three \\\"pods\\\" (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as \\\"endangered\\\" in the US and Canada following a 20% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential factors (i.e., levels of pollutants or changes in diet) that could adversely affect Southern Residents. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicated J- and L-pod consumed prey from similar trophic levels in 2004/2006 and also showed no evidence for a large shift in the trophic level of prey consumed by L-pod between 1996 and 2004/2006. Sigma PCBs decreased for Southern Residents biopsied in 2004/2006 compared to 1993-1995. Surprisingly, however, a three-year-old male whale (J39) had the highest concentrations of Sigma PBDEs, Sigma HCHs and HCB. POP ratio differences between J- and L-pod suggested that they occupy different ranges in winter.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"Bradley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baird\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burrows\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Douglas\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmons\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Candice\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"K\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dawn\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schorr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Collier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tracy\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17931664\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Biopsy, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame retardants, Killer, Killer: physiology, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Needle, Needle: veterinary, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants, Whale, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"1903–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{krahn_persistent_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from {Southern} {Resident} killer whales.},\\n\\tvolume = {54},\\n\\tissn = {0025-326X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.015},\\n\\tabstract = {\\\"Southern Resident\\\" killer whales include three \\\"pods\\\" (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as \\\"endangered\\\" in the US and Canada following a 20\\\\% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential factors (i.e., levels of pollutants or changes in diet) that could adversely affect Southern Residents. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicated J- and L-pod consumed prey from similar trophic levels in 2004/2006 and also showed no evidence for a large shift in the trophic level of prey consumed by L-pod between 1996 and 2004/2006. Sigma PCBs decreased for Southern Residents biopsied in 2004/2006 compared to 1993-1995. Surprisingly, however, a three-year-old male whale (J39) had the highest concentrations of Sigma PBDEs, Sigma HCHs and HCB. POP ratio differences between J- and L-pod suggested that they occupy different ranges in winter.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Krahn, Margaret M and Hanson, M Bradley and Baird, Robin W and Boyer, Richard H and Burrows, Douglas G and Emmons, Candice K and Ford, John K B and Jones, Linda L and Noren, Dawn P and Ross, Peter S and Schorr, Gregory S and Collier, Tracy K},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17931664},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Biopsy, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame retardants, Killer, Killer: physiology, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Needle, Needle: veterinary, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants, Whale, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {1903--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Krahn, M. M\",\"Hanson, M B.\",\"Baird, R. W\",\"Boyer, R. H\",\"Burrows, D. G\",\"Emmons, C. K\",\"Ford, J. K B\",\"Jones, L. L\",\"Noren, D. P\",\"Ross, P. S\",\"Schorr, G. S\",\"Collier, T. K\"],\"key\":\"krahn_persistent_2007\",\"id\":\"krahn_persistent_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"krahn-hanson-baird-boyer-burrows-emmons-ford-jones-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsandstableisotopesinbiopsysamples20042006fromsouthernresidentkillerwhales-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Animals\",\"Biopsy\",\"Carbon Isotopes\",\"Carbon Isotopes: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Killer\",\"Killer: physiology\",\"Lipids\",\"Lipids: analysis\",\"Male\",\"Needle\",\"Needle: veterinary\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes\",\"Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis\",\"Pacific Ocean\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Whale\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants stimulate mouse immune cells in vitro.\",\"issn\":\"1099-1263\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jat.2809\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used in consumer products. Their toxicological effects as endocrine disruptors have been partly examined. However, their immunological effects have not been elucidated. To evaluate the effects of BFRs on immune responses, we investigated whether BFRs affect phenotypes and the function of immune cells in vitro. Here we examined the commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71), octabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-79), decabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-83R), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Splenocytes and bone marrow (BM) cells were prepared from atopic prone NC/Nga mice. Splenocytes were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. BM cells were cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 8 days and BM-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. In another experiment, BM cells were cultured with GM-CSF in the presence of each BFR for 6 days during BMDC differentiation. After exposure, cell surface molecule expression and cytokine production were investigated. Each BFR increased MHC class II and CD86 expression and interleukin (IL)-4 production in splenocytes. DE-71, HBCD and TBBPA increased T cell receptor (TCR) expression in splenocytes. In both experiments, all BFRs except TBBPA increased DEC205 expression in BMDCs. BMDCs that differentiated in the presence of HBCD showed enhanced MHC class II, CD80, CD86 and CD11c expression. The results demonstrate that some BFRs may stimulate immune cells. BFRs can induce or enhance immune/allergic responses by increasing antigen presentation-related molecule expression and IL-4 production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of applied toxicology : JAT\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koike\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yanagisawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hirohisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22972382\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koike_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants stimulate mouse immune cells in vitro.},\\n\\tissn = {1099-1263},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jat.2809},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used in consumer products. Their toxicological effects as endocrine disruptors have been partly examined. However, their immunological effects have not been elucidated. To evaluate the effects of BFRs on immune responses, we investigated whether BFRs affect phenotypes and the function of immune cells in vitro. Here we examined the commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71), octabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-79), decabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-83R), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Splenocytes and bone marrow (BM) cells were prepared from atopic prone NC/Nga mice. Splenocytes were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. BM cells were cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 8 days and BM-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. In another experiment, BM cells were cultured with GM-CSF in the presence of each BFR for 6 days during BMDC differentiation. After exposure, cell surface molecule expression and cytokine production were investigated. Each BFR increased MHC class II and CD86 expression and interleukin (IL)-4 production in splenocytes. DE-71, HBCD and TBBPA increased T cell receptor (TCR) expression in splenocytes. In both experiments, all BFRs except TBBPA increased DEC205 expression in BMDCs. BMDCs that differentiated in the presence of HBCD showed enhanced MHC class II, CD80, CD86 and CD11c expression. The results demonstrate that some BFRs may stimulate immune cells. BFRs can induce or enhance immune/allergic responses by increasing antigen presentation-related molecule expression and IL-4 production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley \\\\& Sons, Ltd.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of applied toxicology : JAT},\\n\\tauthor = {Koike, Eiko and Yanagisawa, Rie and Takigami, Hidetaka and Takano, Hirohisa},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22972382},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koike, E.\",\"Yanagisawa, R.\",\"Takigami, H.\",\"Takano, H.\"],\"key\":\"koike_brominated_2012\",\"id\":\"koike_brominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koike-yanagisawa-takigami-takano-brominatedflameretardantsstimulatemouseimmunecellsinvitro-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Breast-milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in relation to women's age and pre-pregnant body mass index.\",\"volume\":\"213\",\"issn\":\"1618-131X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.004\",\"abstract\":\"The aim of the present study was to determine associations between the occurrence of PBDEs in breast milk of women and their demographic parameters. Participants were randomly recruited from the general population in southern Taiwan. Thirty two breast milk samples were collected and subsequently 30 congeners of PBDEs were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean and median of SigmaPBDEs were 3.54 and 3.31 ng/g lipid, respectively. SigmaPBDE levels in breast milk were not significantly correlated with age and pre-pregnant BMI of Taiwanese mothers. We did find, however, that the higher hexaBDE level was significantly related to older age (\\\\textgreater29 years). Higher levels of SigmaPBDEs and higher brominated PBDEs, such as nonaBDEs and decaBDE, had slightly but not significantly negative correlations with lower pre-pregnant BMI (\\\\textless or =21 kg/m(2)). There were no significant differences in PBDE levels among parity and ethnic groups. SigmaPBDE levels in Taiwanese breast milk were lower than those reported from the United States or Canada. SigmaPBDE levels of the present study (2007-2008) are significantly lower than those found in our previous report (2000-2001). Although our results were limited by the sampling size, preliminary results suggest the exploratory relations to show positive associations of PBDE homologues (e.g. triBDEs and hexaBDEs) with maternal age. PBDEs pattern of breast milk may have changed after pentaBDEs were stopped to use in Taiwan.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"International journal of hygiene and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Teck-Wai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chih-Cheng\",\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Solomon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang-Chien\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gou-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ding-Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fu-An\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"How-Ran\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19781992\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Canada, Chromatography, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pregnancy, Taiwan, United States, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"59–65\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koh_breast-milk_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Breast-milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in relation to women's age and pre-pregnant body mass index.},\\n\\tvolume = {213},\\n\\tissn = {1618-131X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.004},\\n\\tabstract = {The aim of the present study was to determine associations between the occurrence of PBDEs in breast milk of women and their demographic parameters. Participants were randomly recruited from the general population in southern Taiwan. Thirty two breast milk samples were collected and subsequently 30 congeners of PBDEs were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean and median of SigmaPBDEs were 3.54 and 3.31 ng/g lipid, respectively. SigmaPBDE levels in breast milk were not significantly correlated with age and pre-pregnant BMI of Taiwanese mothers. We did find, however, that the higher hexaBDE level was significantly related to older age ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater29 years). Higher levels of SigmaPBDEs and higher brominated PBDEs, such as nonaBDEs and decaBDE, had slightly but not significantly negative correlations with lower pre-pregnant BMI ({\\\\textbackslash}textless or =21 kg/m(2)). There were no significant differences in PBDE levels among parity and ethnic groups. SigmaPBDE levels in Taiwanese breast milk were lower than those reported from the United States or Canada. SigmaPBDE levels of the present study (2007-2008) are significantly lower than those found in our previous report (2000-2001). Although our results were limited by the sampling size, preliminary results suggest the exploratory relations to show positive associations of PBDE homologues (e.g. triBDEs and hexaBDEs) with maternal age. PBDEs pattern of breast milk may have changed after pentaBDEs were stopped to use in Taiwan.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Koh, Teck-Wai and Chih-Cheng Chen, Solomon and Chang-Chien, Gou-Ping and Lin, Ding-Yan and Chen, Fu-An and Chao, How-Ran},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19781992},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Canada, Chromatography, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pregnancy, Taiwan, United States, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {59--65},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koh, T.\",\"Chih-Cheng Chen, S.\",\"Chang-Chien, G.\",\"Lin, D.\",\"Chen, F.\",\"Chao, H.\"],\"key\":\"koh_breast-milk_2010\",\"id\":\"koh_breast-milk_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koh-chihchengchen-changchien-lin-chen-chao-breastmilklevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinrelationtowomensageandprepregnantbodymassindex-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Age Factors\",\"Body Mass Index\",\"Canada\",\"Chromatography\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Milk\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Taiwan\",\"United States\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor air.\",\"volume\":\"400\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00216-011-4910-x\",\"abstract\":\"This paper reviews literature information on the behaviour of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment, as well as the most likely emission sources. The consecutive stages of analytical procedures used for monitoring SVOCs in indoor environments are described. The most common approaches used for collecting samples from the gas and particulate phases are mentioned. The paper discusses and compares various types of sorbents and filters applied in dynamic, passive and denudational techniques, as well as the techniques used to liberate the SVOCs, including Soxhlet, sonication and microwave extraction. The main advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, together with possible future trends. The approaches commonly used during the final determination step, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are presented together with their possible drawbacks, and ways of eliminating them are suggested. The review makes brief reference to the effects of human exposure to SVOCs in house dust and discusses the main aspects of the analytical procedures used to monitor the presence of SVOCs in this medium.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Król\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sylwia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zabiega\\\\la\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bo\\\\.zena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Namieśnik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacek\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Air Pollution, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis\",\"pages\":\"1751–1769\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{krol_monitoring_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds ({SVOCs}) in indoor air.},\\n\\tvolume = {400},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4910-x},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper reviews literature information on the behaviour of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment, as well as the most likely emission sources. The consecutive stages of analytical procedures used for monitoring SVOCs in indoor environments are described. The most common approaches used for collecting samples from the gas and particulate phases are mentioned. The paper discusses and compares various types of sorbents and filters applied in dynamic, passive and denudational techniques, as well as the techniques used to liberate the SVOCs, including Soxhlet, sonication and microwave extraction. The main advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, together with possible future trends. The approaches commonly used during the final determination step, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are presented together with their possible drawbacks, and ways of eliminating them are suggested. The review makes brief reference to the effects of human exposure to SVOCs in house dust and discusses the main aspects of the analytical procedures used to monitor the presence of SVOCs in this medium.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Król, Sylwia and Zabiega{\\\\textbackslash}la, Bo{\\\\textbackslash}.zena and Namieśnik, Jacek},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollution, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {1751--1769},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Król, S.\",\"Zabiega\\\\la, B.\",\"Namieśnik, J.\"],\"key\":\"krol_monitoring_2011\",\"id\":\"krol_monitoring_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"krl-zabiegala-namienik-monitoringandanalyticsofsemivolatileorganiccompoundssvocsinindoorair-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Volatile Organic Compounds\",\"Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDE, PBDD/F and mixed chlorinated-brominated PXDD/F in pooled human milk samples from different countries.\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"url\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in a wide range of materials including electronic products or textiles. Mainly three different mixtures of PBDEs, designated PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE, are used as technical products1. Thermal stress (waste combustion or accidental fires) of PBDEs may result in brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) or mixed brominated-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs)2. These products and there precursors are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate. PBDD/F and PXDD/F congeners show similar toxicity as their chlorinated homologues. The increasing use of brominated flame retardants has raised concern regarding environmental releases of PBDD/Fs3,4. At present, there are only few studies about levels of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs in human milk samples5,6. PBDE concentrations from different countries have been published5,7,8 which indicate that levels in the United States are 10 to 100 times higher than those from Europe. The CVUA analyzed human milk samples from 24 countries for PCDD/Fs and PCBs as reference laboratory of the 3rd round of the WHO-coordinated exposure studies9. As a follow-up, PBDEs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs were quantified in selected samples. The aim was to compare levels of PBDE in human milk from countries worldwide, to investigate a possible correlation between PBDD/F, PXDD/F and PBDE levels and to determine their relative contribution to total TEQs.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malisch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kypke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oehme\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1540–1544\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kotz_pbde_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDE}, {PBDD}/{F} and mixed chlorinated-brominated {PXDD}/{F} in pooled human milk samples from different countries.},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in a wide range of materials including electronic products or textiles. Mainly three different mixtures of PBDEs, designated PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE, are used as technical products1. Thermal stress (waste combustion or accidental fires) of PBDEs may result in brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) or mixed brominated-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs)2. These products and there precursors are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate. PBDD/F and PXDD/F congeners show similar toxicity as their chlorinated homologues. The increasing use of brominated flame retardants has raised concern regarding environmental releases of PBDD/Fs3,4. At present, there are only few studies about levels of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs in human milk samples5,6. PBDE concentrations from different countries have been published5,7,8 which indicate that levels in the United States are 10 to 100 times higher than those from Europe. The CVUA analyzed human milk samples from 24 countries for PCDD/Fs and PCBs as reference laboratory of the 3rd round of the WHO-coordinated exposure studies9. As a follow-up, PBDEs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs were quantified in selected samples. The aim was to compare levels of PBDE in human milk from countries worldwide, to investigate a possible correlation between PBDD/F, PXDD/F and PBDE levels and to determine their relative contribution to total TEQs.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Kotz, A and Malisch, R and Kypke, K and Oehme, M},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1540--1544},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kotz, A\",\"Malisch, R\",\"Kypke, K\",\"Oehme, M\"],\"key\":\"kotz_pbde_2005\",\"id\":\"kotz_pbde_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kotz-malisch-kypke-oehme-pbdepbddfandmixedchlorinatedbrominatedpxddfinpooledhumanmilksamplesfromdifferentcountries-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Induction of DNA damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: role of oxidative stress.\",\"volume\":\"290\",\"issn\":\"1879-3185\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.006\",\"abstract\":\"2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (BMP) is an extensively used brominated flame retardant found in urethane foams and polyester resins. In a 2-year dietary study conducted by the National Toxicology Program, BMP caused neoplastic lesions at multiple sites including the urinary bladder in both rats and mice. The mechanism of its carcinogenic effect is unknown. In the present study, using SV-40 immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa), endpoints associated with BMP induced DNA damage and oxidative stress were investigated. The effects of time (1-24h) and concentration (5-100 μM) on BMP induced DNA strand breaks were assessed via the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed evidence of DNA strand breaks at 1 and 3h following incubation of cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of BMP. Strand breaks were not present after 6h of incubation. Evidences for BMP associated oxidative stress include: an elevation of intracellular ROS formation as well as induction of Nrf2 and HSP70 protein levels. In addition, DNA strand breaks were attenuated when cells were pre-treated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and oxidative base modifications were revealed when a lesion specific endonuclease, human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) was introduced into the comet assay. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BMP induces DNA strand breaks and oxidative base damage in UROtsa cells. Oxidative stress is a significant, determinant factor in mediating these DNA lesions. These early genotoxic events may, in part, contribute to BMP-induced carcinogenesis observed in rodents.\",\"number\":\"2-3\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weixi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gallegos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alfred\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sipes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\",\"Glenn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"22019925\",\"keywords\":\"Cells, Comet Assay, Cultured, DNA Breaks, DNA Breaks: drug effects, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Propylene Glycols, Propylene Glycols: administration & dosage, Propylene Glycols: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Time Factors, Urothelium, Urothelium: cytology, Urothelium: drug effects, Urothelium: pathology\",\"pages\":\"271–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kong_induction_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Induction of {DNA} damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: role of oxidative stress.},\\n\\tvolume = {290},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3185},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.006},\\n\\tabstract = {2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (BMP) is an extensively used brominated flame retardant found in urethane foams and polyester resins. In a 2-year dietary study conducted by the National Toxicology Program, BMP caused neoplastic lesions at multiple sites including the urinary bladder in both rats and mice. The mechanism of its carcinogenic effect is unknown. In the present study, using SV-40 immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa), endpoints associated with BMP induced DNA damage and oxidative stress were investigated. The effects of time (1-24h) and concentration (5-100 μM) on BMP induced DNA strand breaks were assessed via the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed evidence of DNA strand breaks at 1 and 3h following incubation of cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of BMP. Strand breaks were not present after 6h of incubation. Evidences for BMP associated oxidative stress include: an elevation of intracellular ROS formation as well as induction of Nrf2 and HSP70 protein levels. In addition, DNA strand breaks were attenuated when cells were pre-treated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and oxidative base modifications were revealed when a lesion specific endonuclease, human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) was introduced into the comet assay. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BMP induces DNA strand breaks and oxidative base damage in UROtsa cells. Oxidative stress is a significant, determinant factor in mediating these DNA lesions. These early genotoxic events may, in part, contribute to BMP-induced carcinogenesis observed in rodents.},\\n\\tnumber = {2-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kong, Weixi and Kuester, Robert K and Gallegos, Alfred and Sipes, I Glenn},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {22019925},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cells, Comet Assay, Cultured, DNA Breaks, DNA Breaks: drug effects, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Propylene Glycols, Propylene Glycols: administration \\\\& dosage, Propylene Glycols: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Time Factors, Urothelium, Urothelium: cytology, Urothelium: drug effects, Urothelium: pathology},\\n\\tpages = {271--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kong, W.\",\"Kuester, R. K\",\"Gallegos, A.\",\"Sipes, I G.\"],\"key\":\"kong_induction_2011\",\"id\":\"kong_induction_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kong-kuester-gallegos-sipes-inductionofdnadamageinhumanurothelialcellsbythebrominatedflameretardant22bisbromomethyl13propanediolroleofoxidativestress-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cells\",\"Comet Assay\",\"Cultured\",\"DNA Breaks\",\"DNA Breaks: drug effects\",\"DNA Damage\",\"DNA Damage: drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Propylene Glycols\",\"Propylene Glycols: administration & dosage\",\"Propylene Glycols: toxicity\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species\",\"Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism\",\"Time Factors\",\"Urothelium\",\"Urothelium: cytology\",\"Urothelium: drug effects\",\"Urothelium: pathology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Maternal transfer of BDE-47 to offspring and neurobehavioral development in C57BL/6J mice.\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"1872-9738\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.005\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used worldwide in a variety of commercial goods, and are now widely found in both environmental and biological samples. BDE-47 is one of the most pervasive of these PBDE congeners and therefore is of particular concern. In this study C57BL/6J mice were exposed perinatally to 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg/day of BDE-47, a dose range chosen to encompass human exposure levels. Tissue levels of BDE-47 were measured in the blood, brain, fat and milk of dams and in whole fetal homogenate and blood and brain of pups on gestational day (GD) 15, and postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 10 and 21. From GD 15 to PND 1 levels of BDE-47 increased within dam tissues and then decreased from PNDs 1 to 21. Over the period of lactation levels in dam milk were comparatively high when compared to both brain and blood for all dose groups. Measurable levels of BDE-47 were found in the fetus on GD 15 confirming gestational exposure. From PNDs 1 to 21, levels of BDE-47 in pup tissue increased over the period of lactation due to the transfer of BDE-47 through milk. Behavioral tests of fine motor function and learning and memory were carried out between postnatal weeks 5-17 in order to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity of BDE-47. Behavioral deficits were only seen in the Barnes spatial maze where mice in the three exposure groups had longer latencies and traveled longer distances to find the escape hole when compared to vehicle control mice. These results support the conclusions that perinatal exposure to BDE-47 can have neurodevelopmental consequences, and that lactational exposure represents a significant exposure risk during development.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology and teratology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koenig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lango\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jozsef\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"23022914\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Mice, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: growth & development, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Tissue Distribution\",\"pages\":\"571–80\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koenig_maternal_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Maternal transfer of {BDE}-47 to offspring and neurobehavioral development in {C57BL}/{6J} mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {1872-9738},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used worldwide in a variety of commercial goods, and are now widely found in both environmental and biological samples. BDE-47 is one of the most pervasive of these PBDE congeners and therefore is of particular concern. In this study C57BL/6J mice were exposed perinatally to 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg/day of BDE-47, a dose range chosen to encompass human exposure levels. Tissue levels of BDE-47 were measured in the blood, brain, fat and milk of dams and in whole fetal homogenate and blood and brain of pups on gestational day (GD) 15, and postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 10 and 21. From GD 15 to PND 1 levels of BDE-47 increased within dam tissues and then decreased from PNDs 1 to 21. Over the period of lactation levels in dam milk were comparatively high when compared to both brain and blood for all dose groups. Measurable levels of BDE-47 were found in the fetus on GD 15 confirming gestational exposure. From PNDs 1 to 21, levels of BDE-47 in pup tissue increased over the period of lactation due to the transfer of BDE-47 through milk. Behavioral tests of fine motor function and learning and memory were carried out between postnatal weeks 5-17 in order to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity of BDE-47. Behavioral deficits were only seen in the Barnes spatial maze where mice in the three exposure groups had longer latencies and traveled longer distances to find the escape hole when compared to vehicle control mice. These results support the conclusions that perinatal exposure to BDE-47 can have neurodevelopmental consequences, and that lactational exposure represents a significant exposure risk during development.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\\n\\tauthor = {Koenig, Claire M and Lango, Jozsef and Pessah, Isaac N and Berman, Robert F},\\n\\tpmid = {23022914},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Mice, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: growth \\\\& development, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Tissue Distribution},\\n\\tpages = {571--80},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koenig, C. M\",\"Lango, J.\",\"Pessah, I. N\",\"Berman, R. F\"],\"key\":\"koenig_maternal_nodate\",\"id\":\"koenig_maternal_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koenig-lango-pessah-berman-maternaltransferofbde47tooffspringandneurobehavioraldevelopmentinc57bl6jmice\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Male\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Mice\",\"Milk\",\"Milk: metabolism\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Nervous System: embryology\",\"Nervous System: growth & development\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism\",\"Tissue Distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Characterization of the Brominated Chemicals in a PentaBDE Replacement Mixture and their Detection in Biosolids Collected from Two San Francisco Bay Area Wastewater Treatment Plants.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"booktitle\":\"Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konstantinov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, env, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{klosterhaus_characterization_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of the {Brominated} {Chemicals} in a {PentaBDE} {Replacement} {Mixture} and their {Detection} in {Biosolids} {Collected} from {Two} {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area} {Wastewater} {Treatment} {Plants}.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Symposium on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"Konstantinov, A.\",\"Stapleton, H.\"],\"key\":\"klosterhaus_characterization_2008\",\"id\":\"klosterhaus_characterization_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"klosterhaus-konstantinov-stapleton-characterizationofthebrominatedchemicalsinapentabdereplacementmixtureandtheirdetectioninbiosolidscollectedfromtwosanfranciscobayareawastewatertreatmentplants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"env\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in San Francisco Bay sediments and wildlife.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005\",\"abstract\":\"Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly in the United States. In this study, a survey of flame retardants in San Francisco Bay was conducted to evaluate whether PBDE replacement chemicals and other current use flame retardants were accumulating in the Bay food web. In addition to PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) were detected in Bay sediments and wildlife. Median concentrations of PBDEs, HBCD, and DP, respectively, were 4.3, 0.3, and 0.2 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) in sediments; 1670, \\\\textless6.0, and 0.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); 1860, 6.5, and 1.3 ng g⁻¹ lw in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata); 5500, 37.4, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in eggs of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 770, 7.1, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) adults; and 330, 3.5, and \\\\textless0.1 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (P. vitulina) pups. Two additional flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in sediments but with less frequency and at lower concentrations (median concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively) compared to the other flame retardants. PBEB was also detected in each of the adult harbor seals and in 83% of the pups (median concentrations 0.2 and 0.07 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively). The flame retardants hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), were not detected in sediments and BTBPE, HBB and TBB were not detected in wildlife samples. Elevated concentrations of some flame retardants were likely associated with urbanization and Bay hydrodynamics. Compared to other locations, concentrations of PBDEs in Bay wildlife were comparable or higher, while concentrations of the alternatives were generally lower. This study is the first to determine concentrations of PBDE replacement products and other flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, providing some of the first data on the food web occurrence of these flame retardants in a North American urbanized estuary.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Greig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Denise\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22766500\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bays, Bays: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, San Francisco\",\"pages\":\"56–65\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{klosterhaus_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in {San} {Francisco} {Bay} sediments and wildlife.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly in the United States. In this study, a survey of flame retardants in San Francisco Bay was conducted to evaluate whether PBDE replacement chemicals and other current use flame retardants were accumulating in the Bay food web. In addition to PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) were detected in Bay sediments and wildlife. Median concentrations of PBDEs, HBCD, and DP, respectively, were 4.3, 0.3, and 0.2 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) in sediments; 1670, {\\\\textbackslash}textless6.0, and 0.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); 1860, 6.5, and 1.3 ng g⁻¹ lw in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata); 5500, 37.4, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in eggs of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 770, 7.1, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) adults; and 330, 3.5, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.1 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (P. vitulina) pups. Two additional flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in sediments but with less frequency and at lower concentrations (median concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively) compared to the other flame retardants. PBEB was also detected in each of the adult harbor seals and in 83\\\\% of the pups (median concentrations 0.2 and 0.07 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively). The flame retardants hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), were not detected in sediments and BTBPE, HBB and TBB were not detected in wildlife samples. Elevated concentrations of some flame retardants were likely associated with urbanization and Bay hydrodynamics. Compared to other locations, concentrations of PBDEs in Bay wildlife were comparable or higher, while concentrations of the alternatives were generally lower. This study is the first to determine concentrations of PBDE replacement products and other flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, providing some of the first data on the food web occurrence of these flame retardants in a North American urbanized estuary.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Stapleton, Heather M and La Guardia, Mark J and Greig, Denise J},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22766500},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bays, Bays: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, San Francisco},\\n\\tpages = {56--65},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Klosterhaus, S. L\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Greig, D. J\"],\"key\":\"klosterhaus_brominated_2012\",\"id\":\"klosterhaus_brominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"klosterhaus-stapleton-laguardia-greig-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinsanfranciscobaysedimentsandwildlife-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bays\",\"Bays: chemistry\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"San Francisco\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from estuarine sediments to the marine polychaete, Nereis virens.\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.497\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Polybrominated diphenyl ether no-uptake rates from estuarine or marine sediments to deposit-feeding organisms have not yet been reported. In the present study, the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to field-contaminated and spiked sediments containing the penta- and deca-BDE commercial mixtures in a 28-d experiment to characterize the relative bioavailability of PBDE congeners from estuarine sediments. A time series sampling regimen was conducted to estimate uptake rate constants. In both field-collected and laboratory-spiked sediment exposures, worms selectively accumulated congeners in the penta-BDE mixture over BDE 209 and other components of the deca-BDE mixture, supporting the prevalence of these congeners in higher trophic level species. Brominated diphenyl ether 209 was not bioavailable to N. virens from field sediment and was only minimally detected in worms exposed to spiked sediments in which bioavailability was maximized. Chemical hydrophobicity was not a good predictor of bioavailability for congeners in the penta-BDE mixture. Direct comparison of bioavailability from the spiked and field sediments for the predominant congeners in the penta-BDE mixture was confounded by the considerable difference in exposure concentration between treatments. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for N. virens after 28 d of exposure to the field sediment were lower than the BSAFs for Nereis succinea collected from the field site, indicating that 28-d bioaccumulation tests using N. virens may underestimate the in situ concentration of PBDEs in deposit-feeding species. The bioavailability of PBDEs to N. virens indicates that these chemicals can be remobilized from estuarine sediments and transferred to aquatic food webs.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dreis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21337608\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: drug effects, Polychaeta: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1204–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{klosterhaus_bioaccumulation_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from estuarine sediments to the marine polychaete, {Nereis} virens.},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.497},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Polybrominated diphenyl ether no-uptake rates from estuarine or marine sediments to deposit-feeding organisms have not yet been reported. In the present study, the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to field-contaminated and spiked sediments containing the penta- and deca-BDE commercial mixtures in a 28-d experiment to characterize the relative bioavailability of PBDE congeners from estuarine sediments. A time series sampling regimen was conducted to estimate uptake rate constants. In both field-collected and laboratory-spiked sediment exposures, worms selectively accumulated congeners in the penta-BDE mixture over BDE 209 and other components of the deca-BDE mixture, supporting the prevalence of these congeners in higher trophic level species. Brominated diphenyl ether 209 was not bioavailable to N. virens from field sediment and was only minimally detected in worms exposed to spiked sediments in which bioavailability was maximized. Chemical hydrophobicity was not a good predictor of bioavailability for congeners in the penta-BDE mixture. Direct comparison of bioavailability from the spiked and field sediments for the predominant congeners in the penta-BDE mixture was confounded by the considerable difference in exposure concentration between treatments. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for N. virens after 28 d of exposure to the field sediment were lower than the BSAFs for Nereis succinea collected from the field site, indicating that 28-d bioaccumulation tests using N. virens may underestimate the in situ concentration of PBDEs in deposit-feeding species. The bioavailability of PBDEs to N. virens indicates that these chemicals can be remobilized from estuarine sediments and transferred to aquatic food webs.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Dreis, Erin and Baker, Joel E},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21337608},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: drug effects, Polychaeta: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1204--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Klosterhaus, S. L\",\"Dreis, E.\",\"Baker, J. E\"],\"key\":\"klosterhaus_bioaccumulation_2011\",\"id\":\"klosterhaus_bioaccumulation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"klosterhaus-dreis-baker-bioaccumulationkineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromestuarinesedimentstothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polychaeta\",\"Polychaeta: drug effects\",\"Polychaeta: metabolism\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioavailability of decabromodiphenyl ether to the marine polychaete Nereis virens.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.103\",\"abstract\":\"The flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) accumulates in humans and terrestrial food webs, but few studies have reported the accumulation of BDE 209 in aquatic biota. To investigate the mechanisms controlling the bioavailability of BDE 209, a 28-d bioaccumulation experiment was conducted in which the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to a decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) commercial mixture (\\\\textgreater85% BDE 209) in spiked sediments, in spiked food, or in field sediments. Bioaccumulation from spiked substrate with maximum bioavailability demonstrated that BDE 209 accumulates in this species. Bioavailability depends on the exposure conditions, however, because BDE 209 in field sediments did not accumulate (\\\\textless0.3 ng/g wet weight; 28-d biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs] \\\\textless0.001). When exposed to deca-BDE in spiked sediments also containing lower brominated congeners (a penta-BDE mixture), bioaccumulation of BDE 209 was 30 times lower than when exposed to deca-BDE alone. Selective accumulation of the lower brominated congeners supports their prevalence in higher trophic level species. The mechanisms responsible for limited accumulation of BDE 209 may involve characteristics of the sediment matrix and low transfer efficiency in the digestive fluid.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joel\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20821515\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"860–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{klosterhaus_bioavailability_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioavailability of decabromodiphenyl ether to the marine polychaete {Nereis} virens.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.103},\\n\\tabstract = {The flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) accumulates in humans and terrestrial food webs, but few studies have reported the accumulation of BDE 209 in aquatic biota. To investigate the mechanisms controlling the bioavailability of BDE 209, a 28-d bioaccumulation experiment was conducted in which the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to a decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) commercial mixture ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater85\\\\% BDE 209) in spiked sediments, in spiked food, or in field sediments. Bioaccumulation from spiked substrate with maximum bioavailability demonstrated that BDE 209 accumulates in this species. Bioavailability depends on the exposure conditions, however, because BDE 209 in field sediments did not accumulate ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.3 ng/g wet weight; 28-d biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs] {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.001). When exposed to deca-BDE in spiked sediments also containing lower brominated congeners (a penta-BDE mixture), bioaccumulation of BDE 209 was 30 times lower than when exposed to deca-BDE alone. Selective accumulation of the lower brominated congeners supports their prevalence in higher trophic level species. The mechanisms responsible for limited accumulation of BDE 209 may involve characteristics of the sediment matrix and low transfer efficiency in the digestive fluid.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Baker, Joel E},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20821515},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {860--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Klosterhaus, S. L\",\"Baker, J. E\"],\"key\":\"klosterhaus_bioavailability_2010\",\"id\":\"klosterhaus_bioavailability_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"klosterhaus-baker-bioavailabilityofdecabromodiphenylethertothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biological Availability\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polychaeta\",\"Polychaeta: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants.\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"1053-4245\",\"shorttitle\":\"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/sj.jea.7500165\",\"abstract\":\"Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klepeis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Robinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Switzer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Behar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Engelmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pmid\":\"11477521\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"231–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{klepeis_national_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {The {National} {Human} {Activity} {Pattern} {Survey} ({NHAPS}): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants.},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {1053-4245},\\n\\tshorttitle = {J {Expo} {Anal} {Environ} {Epidemiol}},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jea.7500165},\\n\\tabstract = {Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63\\\\% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87\\\\% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6\\\\% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Klepeis, N E and Nelson, W C and Ott, W R and Robinson, J P and Tsang, A M and Switzer, P and Behar, J V and Hern, S C and Engelmann, W H},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpmid = {11477521},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {231--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Klepeis, N E\",\"Nelson, W C\",\"Ott, W R\",\"Robinson, J P\",\"Tsang, A M\",\"Switzer, P\",\"Behar, J V\",\"Hern, S C\",\"Engelmann, W H\"],\"key\":\"klepeis_national_2001\",\"id\":\"klepeis_national_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"klepeis-nelson-ott-robinson-tsang-switzer-behar-hern-etal-thenationalhumanactivitypatternsurveynhapsaresourceforassessingexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol A and 19 related compounds.\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfi074\",\"abstract\":\"The endocrine-disrupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and 19 related compounds were comparatively examined by means of different in vitro and in vivo reporter assays. BPA and some related compounds exhibited estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, but there were remarkable differences in activity. Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) showed the highest activity, followed by bisphenol B, BPA, and tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA); 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 2,2-diphenylpropane showed little or no activity. Anti-estrogenic activity against 17beta-estradiol was observed with TMBPA and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). TCBPA, TBBPA, and BPA gave positive responses in the in vivo uterotrophic assay using ovariectomized mice. In contrast, BPA and some related compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the androgenic activity of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3. TMBPA showed the highest antagonistic activity, followed by bisphenol AF, bisphenol AD, bisphenol B, and BPA. However, TBBPA, TCBPA, and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA, and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A exhibited significant thyroid hormonal activity towards rat pituitary cell line GH3, which releases growth hormone in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. However, BPA and other derivatives did not show such activity. The results suggest that the 4-hydroxyl group of the A-phenyl ring and the B-phenyl ring of BPA derivatives are required for these hormonal activities, and substituents at the 3,5-positions of the phenyl rings and the bridging alkyl moiety markedly influence the activities.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomoharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sanoh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Seigo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kohta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jinno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norimasa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sugihara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoshihara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin'ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nariaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiromitsu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeru\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"15635150\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms: drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estrogens, Female, Flame retardants, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: chemistry, Hormone Antagonists: classification, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Humans, Mice, NIH 3T3 Cells, NIH 3T3 Cells: drug effects, NIH 3T3 Cells: metabolism, Non-Steroidal, Non-Steroidal: chemistry, Non-Steroidal: classification, Non-Steroidal: toxicity, Occupational, Occupational: toxicity, Phenols, Phenols: chemistry, Phenols: classification, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Tumor, cell line, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"249–59\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kitamura_comparative_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol {A} and 19 related compounds.},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfi074},\\n\\tabstract = {The endocrine-disrupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and 19 related compounds were comparatively examined by means of different in vitro and in vivo reporter assays. BPA and some related compounds exhibited estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, but there were remarkable differences in activity. Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) showed the highest activity, followed by bisphenol B, BPA, and tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA); 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 2,2-diphenylpropane showed little or no activity. Anti-estrogenic activity against 17beta-estradiol was observed with TMBPA and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). TCBPA, TBBPA, and BPA gave positive responses in the in vivo uterotrophic assay using ovariectomized mice. In contrast, BPA and some related compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the androgenic activity of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3. TMBPA showed the highest antagonistic activity, followed by bisphenol AF, bisphenol AD, bisphenol B, and BPA. However, TBBPA, TCBPA, and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA, and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A exhibited significant thyroid hormonal activity towards rat pituitary cell line GH3, which releases growth hormone in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. However, BPA and other derivatives did not show such activity. The results suggest that the 4-hydroxyl group of the A-phenyl ring and the B-phenyl ring of BPA derivatives are required for these hormonal activities, and substituents at the 3,5-positions of the phenyl rings and the bridging alkyl moiety markedly influence the activities.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Suzuki, Tomoharu and Sanoh, Seigo and Kohta, Ryuki and Jinno, Norimasa and Sugihara, Kazumi and Yoshihara, Shin'ichi and Fujimoto, Nariaki and Watanabe, Hiromitsu and Ohta, Shigeru},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {15635150},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms: drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estrogens, Female, Flame retardants, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: chemistry, Hormone Antagonists: classification, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Humans, Mice, NIH 3T3 Cells, NIH 3T3 Cells: drug effects, NIH 3T3 Cells: metabolism, Non-Steroidal, Non-Steroidal: chemistry, Non-Steroidal: classification, Non-Steroidal: toxicity, Occupational, Occupational: toxicity, Phenols, Phenols: chemistry, Phenols: classification, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Tumor, cell line, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {249--59},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kitamura, S.\",\"Suzuki, T.\",\"Sanoh, S.\",\"Kohta, R.\",\"Jinno, N.\",\"Sugihara, K.\",\"Yoshihara, S.\",\"Fujimoto, N.\",\"Watanabe, H.\",\"Ohta, S.\"],\"key\":\"kitamura_comparative_2005\",\"id\":\"kitamura_comparative_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kitamura-suzuki-sanoh-kohta-jinno-sugihara-yoshihara-fujimoto-etal-comparativestudyoftheendocrinedisruptingactivityofbisphenolaand19relatedcompounds-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Animals\",\"Breast Neoplasms\",\"Breast Neoplasms: drug therapy\",\"Breast Neoplasms: metabolism\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Estrogens\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Growth Hormone\",\"Growth Hormone: metabolism\",\"Hormone Antagonists\",\"Hormone Antagonists: chemistry\",\"Hormone Antagonists: classification\",\"Hormone Antagonists: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Mice\",\"NIH 3T3 Cells\",\"NIH 3T3 Cells: drug effects\",\"NIH 3T3 Cells: metabolism\",\"Non-Steroidal\",\"Non-Steroidal: chemistry\",\"Non-Steroidal: classification\",\"Non-Steroidal: toxicity\",\"Occupational\",\"Occupational: toxicity\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: chemistry\",\"Phenols: classification\",\"Phenols: toxicity\",\"Pituitary Gland\",\"Pituitary Gland: drug effects\",\"Pituitary Gland: metabolism\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"Tumor\",\"cell line\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Chemicals of emerging concern in the Great Lakes Basin: an analysis of environmental exposures.\",\"volume\":\"207\",\"issn\":\"0179-5953\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9_1\",\"abstract\":\"This review and statistical analysis was conducted to better understand the nature and significance of environmental exposures in the Great Lakes Basin and watershed to a variety of environmental contaminants. These contaminants of interest included current-use pesticides, pharmaceuticals, organic wastewater contaminants, alkylphenol ethoxylates, perfluorinated surfactants, flame retardants, and chlorinated paraffins. The available literature was critically reviewed and used to develop a database containing 19,611 residue values for 326 substances. In many papers, sampling locations were characterized as being downstream from municipal wastewater discharges, receiving waters for industrial facilities, areas susceptible to agricultural or urban contamination, or harbors and ports. To develop an initial assessment of their potential ecological significance, the contamination levels found were compared with currently available regulatory standards, guidelines, or criteria. This review was prepared for the IJC multi-board work group, and served as background material for an expert consultation, held in March, 2009, in which the significance of the contaminants found was discussed. Moreover, the consultation attempted to identify and assess opportunities for strengthening future actions that will protect the Great Lakes. Based on the findings and conclusions of the expert consultation, it is apparent that a wide variety of chemicals of emerging concern have been detected in environmental media (air, water, sediment, biota) from the Great Lakes Basin, although many are present at only trace levels. Although the presence of these contaminants raises concerns in the public and among the scientific community, the findings must be placed in context. Significant scientific interpretation is required to understand the extent to which these chemicals may pose a threat to the ecosystem and to human health. The ability to detect chemicals in environmental media greatly surpasses our ability to understand the implications of such findings. As advances in analytical technologies occur, it is probable that substances previously found to be non-detectable will be detected. However, their presence in environmental media should not be construed to mean that they are necessarily toxic or hazardous. Current-use pesticides are tightly regulated and extensive efforts have been made to analyze for their presence in surface waters from the Great Lakes Basin. The concentrations found in surface waters for many of the pesticides are below current regulatory criteria. However, the concentrations of certain pesticides exceeded current criteria in 6-32% of the samples analyzed. Detectable concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds were present in 34% of the surface water samples. Various prescription and non-prescription drugs were detected, most frequently at locations that were proximate to the point of discharge from wastewater treatment plants or agricultural operations. At present, there are no standards, guidelines, or criteria with which to compare these contaminant concentrations. Concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites have been well studied. All surface water nonylphenol concentrations were below US ambient water quality criteria. However, the concentrations reported for some locations exceeded Canadian guidelines for water or sediment. Only limited data were available for a wide variety of organic wastewater contaminants. Measured concentrations in Great Lakes waters were generally low. Where criteria exist for comparison, the concentrations found were generally below the associated regulatory standards. However, exceedences were noted for some classes of compounds, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The highest environmental concentrations were reported in biota for a number of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated surfactants). Various stewardship as well as government risk assessment and risk management programs have been implemented over the past years for many of these compounds. Because risk management strategies for some of these contaminants have been implemented only recently, their impact on environmental concentrations, to date, remains unclear. Current evidence suggests that the concentrations of some brominated flame retardants are trending downward, while the concentrations of others appear to be increasing. Regulatory criteria are not available for many of the chemicals of emerging concern that were detected in the Great Lakes Basin. When criteria do exist, it is important to recognize that they were developed based on the best available science at the time. As the science evolves, regulatory criteria must be reassessed in light of new findings (e.g., consideration of new endpoints and mechanisms of action). Further, there are significant scientific gaps in our ability to interpret environmental monitoring data, including the need for: (a) improving the understanding of the effects of mixtures, (b) information on use of, and the commercial life cycle of chemicals and products that contain them, (c) information on source contributions and exposure pathways, and (d) the need for thoughtful additional regulatory,environmental, and health criteria. Discharges from wastewater treatment plants were identified as an important source of contaminants to surface waters in the Great Lakes Basin. Combined sewer overflows and agricultural operations were also found to be important contributors to concentrations in surface waters. Concentrations of many of the chemicals were generally the highest in the vicinity of these sources, decline with increasing distance from sources, and were generally low or non-detectable in the open waters of the Great Lakes.\",\"journal\":\"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klecka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Persoon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Currie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20652664\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention & control, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{klecka_chemicals_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Chemicals of emerging concern in the {Great} {Lakes} {Basin}: an analysis of environmental exposures.},\\n\\tvolume = {207},\\n\\tissn = {0179-5953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9_1},\\n\\tabstract = {This review and statistical analysis was conducted to better understand the nature and significance of environmental exposures in the Great Lakes Basin and watershed to a variety of environmental contaminants. These contaminants of interest included current-use pesticides, pharmaceuticals, organic wastewater contaminants, alkylphenol ethoxylates, perfluorinated surfactants, flame retardants, and chlorinated paraffins. The available literature was critically reviewed and used to develop a database containing 19,611 residue values for 326 substances. In many papers, sampling locations were characterized as being downstream from municipal wastewater discharges, receiving waters for industrial facilities, areas susceptible to agricultural or urban contamination, or harbors and ports. To develop an initial assessment of their potential ecological significance, the contamination levels found were compared with currently available regulatory standards, guidelines, or criteria. This review was prepared for the IJC multi-board work group, and served as background material for an expert consultation, held in March, 2009, in which the significance of the contaminants found was discussed. Moreover, the consultation attempted to identify and assess opportunities for strengthening future actions that will protect the Great Lakes. Based on the findings and conclusions of the expert consultation, it is apparent that a wide variety of chemicals of emerging concern have been detected in environmental media (air, water, sediment, biota) from the Great Lakes Basin, although many are present at only trace levels. Although the presence of these contaminants raises concerns in the public and among the scientific community, the findings must be placed in context. Significant scientific interpretation is required to understand the extent to which these chemicals may pose a threat to the ecosystem and to human health. The ability to detect chemicals in environmental media greatly surpasses our ability to understand the implications of such findings. As advances in analytical technologies occur, it is probable that substances previously found to be non-detectable will be detected. However, their presence in environmental media should not be construed to mean that they are necessarily toxic or hazardous. Current-use pesticides are tightly regulated and extensive efforts have been made to analyze for their presence in surface waters from the Great Lakes Basin. The concentrations found in surface waters for many of the pesticides are below current regulatory criteria. However, the concentrations of certain pesticides exceeded current criteria in 6-32\\\\% of the samples analyzed. Detectable concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds were present in 34\\\\% of the surface water samples. Various prescription and non-prescription drugs were detected, most frequently at locations that were proximate to the point of discharge from wastewater treatment plants or agricultural operations. At present, there are no standards, guidelines, or criteria with which to compare these contaminant concentrations. Concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites have been well studied. All surface water nonylphenol concentrations were below US ambient water quality criteria. However, the concentrations reported for some locations exceeded Canadian guidelines for water or sediment. Only limited data were available for a wide variety of organic wastewater contaminants. Measured concentrations in Great Lakes waters were generally low. Where criteria exist for comparison, the concentrations found were generally below the associated regulatory standards. However, exceedences were noted for some classes of compounds, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The highest environmental concentrations were reported in biota for a number of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated surfactants). Various stewardship as well as government risk assessment and risk management programs have been implemented over the past years for many of these compounds. Because risk management strategies for some of these contaminants have been implemented only recently, their impact on environmental concentrations, to date, remains unclear. Current evidence suggests that the concentrations of some brominated flame retardants are trending downward, while the concentrations of others appear to be increasing. Regulatory criteria are not available for many of the chemicals of emerging concern that were detected in the Great Lakes Basin. When criteria do exist, it is important to recognize that they were developed based on the best available science at the time. As the science evolves, regulatory criteria must be reassessed in light of new findings (e.g., consideration of new endpoints and mechanisms of action). Further, there are significant scientific gaps in our ability to interpret environmental monitoring data, including the need for: (a) improving the understanding of the effects of mixtures, (b) information on use of, and the commercial life cycle of chemicals and products that contain them, (c) information on source contributions and exposure pathways, and (d) the need for thoughtful additional regulatory,environmental, and health criteria. Discharges from wastewater treatment plants were identified as an important source of contaminants to surface waters in the Great Lakes Basin. Combined sewer overflows and agricultural operations were also found to be important contributors to concentrations in surface waters. Concentrations of many of the chemicals were generally the highest in the vicinity of these sources, decline with increasing distance from sources, and were generally low or non-detectable in the open waters of the Great Lakes.},\\n\\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Klecka, Gary and Persoon, Carolyn and Currie, Rebecca},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20652664},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention \\\\& control, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Klecka, G.\",\"Persoon, C.\",\"Currie, R.\"],\"key\":\"klecka_chemicals_2010\",\"id\":\"klecka_chemicals_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"klecka-persoon-currie-chemicalsofemergingconcerninthegreatlakesbasinananalysisofenvironmentalexposures-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Ecosystem\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: prevention & control\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Humans\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples.\",\"volume\":\"87\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman's Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7±5.1 ng g(-1) lipid, 7.7±4.2 ng g(-1) lipid, and 3.0±1.8 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28-30.94 ng g(-1) lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8-17.66 ng g(-1) lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08-8.66 ng g(-1) lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45-73% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tae\",\"Hyung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Du\",\"Yeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyun\",\"Jung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Won\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mee\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nabanita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ki\",\"Kyung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kwack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Seung\",\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kui\",\"Lea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Soon\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wahn\",\"Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jung\",\"Yeol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Byung\",\"Mu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong-Eun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong-Hyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jaewon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyung\",\"Sik\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22236587\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Pregnancy, Republic of Korea\",\"pages\":\"97–104\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_comparisons_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired {South} {Korean} cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {87},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman's Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7±5.1 ng g(-1) lipid, 7.7±4.2 ng g(-1) lipid, and 3.0±1.8 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28-30.94 ng g(-1) lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8-17.66 ng g(-1) lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08-8.66 ng g(-1) lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45-73\\\\% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Tae Hyung and Bang, Du Yeon and Lim, Hyun Jung and Won, A Jin and Ahn, Mee Young and Patra, Nabanita and Chung, Ki Kyung and Kwack, Seung Jun and Park, Kui Lea and Han, Soon Young and Choi, Wahn Soo and Han, Jung Yeol and Lee, Byung Mu and Oh, Jeong-Eun and Yoon, Jeong-Hyun and Lee, Jaewon and Kim, Hyung Sik},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22236587},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Pregnancy, Republic of Korea},\\n\\tpages = {97--104},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, T. H.\",\"Bang, D. Y.\",\"Lim, H. J.\",\"Won, A J.\",\"Ahn, M. Y.\",\"Patra, N.\",\"Chung, K. K.\",\"Kwack, S. J.\",\"Park, K. L.\",\"Han, S. Y.\",\"Choi, W. S.\",\"Han, J. Y.\",\"Lee, B. M.\",\"Oh, J.\",\"Yoon, J.\",\"Lee, J.\",\"Kim, H. S.\"],\"key\":\"kim_comparisons_2012\",\"id\":\"kim_comparisons_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-bang-lim-won-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: blood\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Human\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Milk\",\"Mothers\",\"Newborn\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Republic of Korea\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the Philippines: occurrence and assessment of human exposure.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-012-1237-x\",\"abstract\":\"The use of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased due to the ban on common polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures. However, only limited information on PFR contamination is available so far from Southeast Asia. In the present study, residual levels of PFRs in house dust and exposure through dust ingestion were investigated in the Philippines. House dust samples (n = 37) were collected from Malate (residential area) and Payatas (municipal dumping area) in the Philippines and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the targeted seven PFRs, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was the predominant compound. Median levels of ΣPFRs in Malate (530 ng/g) were two times higher (p \\\\textless 0.05) than in Payatas (240 ng/g). The estimated daily intake of PFRs in the Philippines (of areas studied) via house dust ingestion was below the guideline values. House dust may be an important contributor in the overall exposure of humans to TPP even when considering dietary sources. To our knowledge, this is a first report on PFR contamination in house dust from developing country. PFRs were ubiquitously detected in the home environments in the Philippines. Although estimated exposure levels through dust ingestion were below the guideline, it was suggested that toddlers are at higher risk. Therefore, further investigations to understand the behavior of PFRs in house and other microenvironments and overall exposure pathways for the country's populace to PFRs are necessary.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science and pollution research international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joon-Woo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malarvannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Govindan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kwang-Hyeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mamoru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prudente\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maricar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23054797\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Child, Chromatography, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Housing, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Philippines, Preschool, Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"812–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_organophosphorus_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the {Philippines}: occurrence and assessment of human exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1237-x},\\n\\tabstract = {The use of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased due to the ban on common polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures. However, only limited information on PFR contamination is available so far from Southeast Asia. In the present study, residual levels of PFRs in house dust and exposure through dust ingestion were investigated in the Philippines. House dust samples (n = 37) were collected from Malate (residential area) and Payatas (municipal dumping area) in the Philippines and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the targeted seven PFRs, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was the predominant compound. Median levels of ΣPFRs in Malate (530 ng/g) were two times higher (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) than in Payatas (240 ng/g). The estimated daily intake of PFRs in the Philippines (of areas studied) via house dust ingestion was below the guideline values. House dust may be an important contributor in the overall exposure of humans to TPP even when considering dietary sources. To our knowledge, this is a first report on PFR contamination in house dust from developing country. PFRs were ubiquitously detected in the home environments in the Philippines. Although estimated exposure levels through dust ingestion were below the guideline, it was suggested that toddlers are at higher risk. Therefore, further investigations to understand the behavior of PFRs in house and other microenvironments and overall exposure pathways for the country's populace to PFRs are necessary.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Joon-Woo and Isobe, Tomohiko and Sudaryanto, Agus and Malarvannan, Govindan and Chang, Kwang-Hyeon and Muto, Mamoru and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23054797},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Chromatography, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Housing, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Philippines, Preschool, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {812--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, J.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Malarvannan, G.\",\"Chang, K.\",\"Muto, M.\",\"Prudente, M.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"kim_organophosphorus_2013\",\"id\":\"kim_organophosphorus_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-isobe-sudaryanto-malarvannan-chang-muto-prudente-tanabe-organophosphorusflameretardantsinhousedustfromthephilippinesoccurrenceandassessmentofhumanexposure-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Child\",\"Chromatography\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Philippines\",\"Preschool\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Anti-thyroid hormonal activity of tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant, and related compounds: Affinity to the mammalian thyroid hormone receptor, and effect on tadpole metamorphosis.\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0024-3205\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.030\",\"abstract\":\"The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, and related compounds was examined. TBBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA) and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A (DMBPA) markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T3; 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA did not exhibit thyroid hormonal activity in a thyroid hormone-responsive reporter assay using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-K1) transfected with thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 or beta1, but TBBPA and TCBPA showed significant anti-thyroid hormone effects on the activity of T3 (1 x 10(-8) M) in the concentration range of 3 x 10(-6) - 5 x 10(-5) M. The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of TBBPA was also examined in terms of the effect on amphibian metamorphosis stimulated by thyroid hormone. TBBPA in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-6) M showed suppressive action on T3 (5 x 10(-8) M)-enhancement of Rana rugosa tadpole tail shortening. These facts suggest that TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA can act as thyroid hormone-disrupting agents.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Life sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Teruhisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iida\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mitsuru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jinno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norimasa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomoharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nariaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hideki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kashiwagi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kashiwagi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akihiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"15680168\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Antithyroid Agents, Antithyroid Agents: pharmacology, Biological, Biological: drug effects, CHO Cells, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Cricetinae, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genes, Larva, Metamorphosis, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Ranidae, Rats, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: genetics, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"1589–601\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kitamura_anti-thyroid_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Anti-thyroid hormonal activity of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, a flame retardant, and related compounds: {Affinity} to the mammalian thyroid hormone receptor, and effect on tadpole metamorphosis.},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0024-3205},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.030},\\n\\tabstract = {The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, and related compounds was examined. TBBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA) and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A (DMBPA) markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T3; 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA did not exhibit thyroid hormonal activity in a thyroid hormone-responsive reporter assay using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-K1) transfected with thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 or beta1, but TBBPA and TCBPA showed significant anti-thyroid hormone effects on the activity of T3 (1 x 10(-8) M) in the concentration range of 3 x 10(-6) - 5 x 10(-5) M. The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of TBBPA was also examined in terms of the effect on amphibian metamorphosis stimulated by thyroid hormone. TBBPA in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-6) M showed suppressive action on T3 (5 x 10(-8) M)-enhancement of Rana rugosa tadpole tail shortening. These facts suggest that TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA can act as thyroid hormone-disrupting agents.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Life sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Kato, Teruhisa and Iida, Mitsuru and Jinno, Norimasa and Suzuki, Tomoharu and Ohta, Shigeru and Fujimoto, Nariaki and Hanada, Hideki and Kashiwagi, Keiko and Kashiwagi, Akihiko},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {15680168},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Antithyroid Agents, Antithyroid Agents: pharmacology, Biological, Biological: drug effects, CHO Cells, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Cricetinae, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genes, Larva, Metamorphosis, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Ranidae, Rats, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: genetics, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1589--601},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kitamura, S.\",\"Kato, T.\",\"Iida, M.\",\"Jinno, N.\",\"Suzuki, T.\",\"Ohta, S.\",\"Fujimoto, N.\",\"Hanada, H.\",\"Kashiwagi, K.\",\"Kashiwagi, A.\"],\"key\":\"kitamura_anti-thyroid_2005\",\"id\":\"kitamura_anti-thyroid_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kitamura-kato-iida-jinno-suzuki-ohta-fujimoto-hanada-etal-antithyroidhormonalactivityoftetrabromobisphenolaaflameretardantandrelatedcompoundsaffinitytothemammalianthyroidhormonereceptorandeffectontadpolemetamorphosis-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Antithyroid Agents\",\"Antithyroid Agents: pharmacology\",\"Biological\",\"Biological: drug effects\",\"CHO Cells\",\"Chlorophenols\",\"Chlorophenols: pharmacology\",\"Cricetinae\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genes\",\"Larva\",\"Metamorphosis\",\"Pituitary Gland\",\"Pituitary Gland: drug effects\",\"Pituitary Gland: metabolism\",\"Plasmids\",\"Plasmids: genetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology\",\"Ranidae\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Reporter\",\"Reporter: genetics\",\"Thyroid Hormone\",\"Thyroid Hormone: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormone: genetics\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: pharmacology\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thyroid hormonal activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrachlorobisphenol A.\",\"volume\":\"293\",\"issn\":\"0006291X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00262-0\",\"abstract\":\"The thyroid hormonal-disrupting activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) was examined and compared with that of bisphenol A, a typical estrogenic xenobiotic. TBBPA and TCBPA, halogenated derivatives of bisphenol A, markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T(3); 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, but bisphenol A did not. The thyroid hormonal activity of TBBPA and TCBPA was also examined using rat pituitary cell line GH3 cells, which grow and release growth hormone (GH) depending on thyroid hormone. TBBPA and TCBPA enhanced the proliferation of GH3 cells and stimulated their production of GH in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A was inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, and bisphenol A did not show antagonistic action, i.e., these compounds did not inhibit the hormonal activity of T(3) to induce growth and GH production of GH3 cells. TBBPA and TCBPA, as well as bisphenol A, enhanced the proliferation of MtT/E-2 cells, whose growth is estrogen-dependent. These results suggest that TBBPA and TCBPA act as thyroid hormone agonists, as well as estrogens.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"12054637\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Binding, Cell Division, Cell Division: drug effects, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Competitive, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Kinetics, Pituitary Gland, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, cell line, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"554–559\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kitamura_thyroid_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Thyroid hormonal activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol {A} and tetrachlorobisphenol {A}.},\\n\\tvolume = {293},\\n\\tissn = {0006291X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00262-0},\\n\\tabstract = {The thyroid hormonal-disrupting activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) was examined and compared with that of bisphenol A, a typical estrogenic xenobiotic. TBBPA and TCBPA, halogenated derivatives of bisphenol A, markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T(3); 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, but bisphenol A did not. The thyroid hormonal activity of TBBPA and TCBPA was also examined using rat pituitary cell line GH3 cells, which grow and release growth hormone (GH) depending on thyroid hormone. TBBPA and TCBPA enhanced the proliferation of GH3 cells and stimulated their production of GH in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A was inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, and bisphenol A did not show antagonistic action, i.e., these compounds did not inhibit the hormonal activity of T(3) to induce growth and GH production of GH3 cells. TBBPA and TCBPA, as well as bisphenol A, enhanced the proliferation of MtT/E-2 cells, whose growth is estrogen-dependent. These results suggest that TBBPA and TCBPA act as thyroid hormone agonists, as well as estrogens.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications},\\n\\tauthor = {Kitamura, S},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {12054637},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding, Cell Division, Cell Division: drug effects, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Competitive, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Kinetics, Pituitary Gland, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, cell line, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {554--559},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kitamura, S\"],\"key\":\"kitamura_thyroid_2002\",\"id\":\"kitamura_thyroid_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kitamura-thyroidhormonalactivityoftheflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrachlorobisphenola-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Binding\",\"Cell Division\",\"Cell Division: drug effects\",\"Chlorophenols\",\"Chlorophenols: pharmacology\",\"Competitive\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Kinetics\",\"Pituitary Gland\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology\",\"Receptors\",\"Thyroid Hormone\",\"Thyroid Hormone: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormone: metabolism\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: metabolism\",\"cell line\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"When Product Safety and the Environment Appear to Collide: The Defeat of the Candle Flame Ignition Requirement\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf\",\"journal\":\"Conformity\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kirschner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"12–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kirschner_when_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {When {Product} {Safety} and the {Environment} {Appear} to {Collide}: {The} {Defeat} of the {Candle} {Flame} {Ignition} {Requirement}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf},\\n\\tjournal = {Conformity},\\n\\tauthor = {Kirschner, Michael and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {12--16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kirschner, M.\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"kirschner_when_2009\",\"id\":\"kirschner_when_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kirschner-blum-whenproductsafetyandtheenvironmentappeartocollidethedefeatofthecandleflameignitionrequirement-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Para- and ortho-substitutions are key determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ether activity toward ryanodine receptors and neurotoxicity.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1002728\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that bioaccumulate in human tissues. Their neurotoxicity involves dysregulation of calcium ion (Ca(2+))signaling; however, specific mechanisms have yet to be defined.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyung\",\"Ho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Diptiman\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ghogha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Atefeh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riehl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joyce\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barnhart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21106467\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Calcium, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: metabolism, Rats, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel: metabo, Sprague-Dawley, Structure-Activity Relationship, cell line\",\"pages\":\"519–26\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_para-_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Para- and ortho-substitutions are key determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ether activity toward ryanodine receptors and neurotoxicity.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002728},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that bioaccumulate in human tissues. Their neurotoxicity involves dysregulation of calcium ion (Ca(2+))signaling; however, specific mechanisms have yet to be defined.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Kyung Ho and Bose, Diptiman D and Ghogha, Atefeh and Riehl, Joyce and Zhang, Rui and Barnhart, Christopher D and Lein, Pamela J and Pessah, Isaac N},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21106467},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Calcium, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: metabolism, Rats, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel: metabo, Sprague-Dawley, Structure-Activity Relationship, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {519--26},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, K. H.\",\"Bose, D. D\",\"Ghogha, A.\",\"Riehl, J.\",\"Zhang, R.\",\"Barnhart, C. D\",\"Lein, P. J\",\"Pessah, I. N\"],\"key\":\"kim_para-_2011\",\"id\":\"kim_para-_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-bose-ghogha-riehl-zhang-barnhart-lein-pessah-paraandorthosubstitutionsarekeydeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenyletheractivitytowardryanodinereceptorsandneurotoxicity-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Calcium\",\"Calcium Signaling\",\"Calcium Signaling: drug effects\",\"Calcium: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Nervous System: metabolism\",\"Rats\",\"Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel\",\"Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel: metabo\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum from the Korean general population.\",\"volume\":\"164\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.016\",\"abstract\":\"In 2009 and 2010, 720 serum samples were collected from non-occupationally exposed study participants at four Korean locations and monitored for the presence of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The median concentrations of Σ(27)PBDEs (the sum of 27 congeners) and Σ(3-7)PBDEs (the sum of tri- to hepta-BDE congeners) were 6.04 and 4.97 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congener detected in serum samples was BDE-153, followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. The median value of Σ(3-7)PBDEs was similar to the median values observed in Asia and Europe, but much lower than that observed in North America. Some significant differences, based on geographic region and sex, were observed. We also observed a positive increase of BDE-153 with regard to age. In addition, we estimated the daily exposure to PBDEs from previously published reports of PBDE concentrations in food and dust, and determined the individual contributions of a variety of sources.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jongchul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jung-Ho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyokeun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Song-Yee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yang-Ho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoon-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22327115\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Republic of Korea, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"46–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_assessment_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum from the {Korean} general population.},\\n\\tvolume = {164},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.016},\\n\\tabstract = {In 2009 and 2010, 720 serum samples were collected from non-occupationally exposed study participants at four Korean locations and monitored for the presence of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The median concentrations of Σ(27)PBDEs (the sum of 27 congeners) and Σ(3-7)PBDEs (the sum of tri- to hepta-BDE congeners) were 6.04 and 4.97 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congener detected in serum samples was BDE-153, followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. The median value of Σ(3-7)PBDEs was similar to the median values observed in Asia and Europe, but much lower than that observed in North America. Some significant differences, based on geographic region and sex, were observed. We also observed a positive increase of BDE-153 with regard to age. In addition, we estimated the daily exposure to PBDEs from previously published reports of PBDE concentrations in food and dust, and determined the individual contributions of a variety of sources.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Jongchul and Kang, Jung-Ho and Park, Hyokeun and Baek, Song-Yee and Kim, Yang-Ho and Chang, Yoon-Seok},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22327115},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Republic of Korea, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {46--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, J.\",\"Kang, J.\",\"Park, H.\",\"Baek, S.\",\"Kim, Y.\",\"Chang, Y.\"],\"key\":\"kim_assessment_2012\",\"id\":\"kim_assessment_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-kang-park-baek-kim-chang-assessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumfromthekoreangeneralpopulation-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Child\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Republic of Korea\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of brominated flame retardants in Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) eggs from the Faroe Islands.\",\"volume\":\"367\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.050\",\"abstract\":\"Eggs from Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were sampled in the Faroe Islands. The content of the brominated flame retardants tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were determined in nine samples in concentrations ranging from non-detectable to 7 ng g-1(l.w.). The BDE levels were similar as in an earlier study of BDE levels in the fulmar eggs from the Faroe Islands but 10-1000 times lower compared to studies of eggs from seabirds and birds of prey from Europe. The two hexaBDEs #153 and #154 were the most abundant congeners, which represented around 50% of the total mean BDE concentration. The levels of BDE #209 were below the limit of detection (1.24 ng g-1 l.w.) except for one sample, which showed a concentration of 7.18 ng g-1 l.w. BTBPE was detected in eight samples and the mean level was 0.11 ng g-1 l.w. This concentration was 150 times lower than the average total BDE concentration (including BDEs #28, #47, #100, #99, #154, #153, #183, #209). BTBPE has only been detected once before in biota. Also other bromo-containing compounds were detected in the fulmar eggs. One group identified was the polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), but because of the absence of reference standards in the lab, these could not be quantified.\",\"number\":\"2-3\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ericson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J-K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16753200\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Atlantic Islands, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, ffr, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"840–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karlsson_levels_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in {Northern} {Fulmar} ({Fulmarus} glacialis) eggs from the {Faroe} {Islands}.},\\n\\tvolume = {367},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.050},\\n\\tabstract = {Eggs from Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were sampled in the Faroe Islands. The content of the brominated flame retardants tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were determined in nine samples in concentrations ranging from non-detectable to 7 ng g-1(l.w.). The BDE levels were similar as in an earlier study of BDE levels in the fulmar eggs from the Faroe Islands but 10-1000 times lower compared to studies of eggs from seabirds and birds of prey from Europe. The two hexaBDEs \\\\#153 and \\\\#154 were the most abundant congeners, which represented around 50\\\\% of the total mean BDE concentration. The levels of BDE \\\\#209 were below the limit of detection (1.24 ng g-1 l.w.) except for one sample, which showed a concentration of 7.18 ng g-1 l.w. BTBPE was detected in eight samples and the mean level was 0.11 ng g-1 l.w. This concentration was 150 times lower than the average total BDE concentration (including BDEs \\\\#28, \\\\#47, \\\\#100, \\\\#99, \\\\#154, \\\\#153, \\\\#183, \\\\#209). BTBPE has only been detected once before in biota. Also other bromo-containing compounds were detected in the fulmar eggs. One group identified was the polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), but because of the absence of reference standards in the lab, these could not be quantified.},\\n\\tnumber = {2-3},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Karlsson, M and Ericson, I and van Bavel, B and Jensen, J-K and Dam, M},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16753200},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Islands, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\\\& numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, ffr, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {840--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karlsson, M\",\"Ericson, I\",\"van Bavel, B\",\"Jensen, J.\",\"Dam, M\"],\"key\":\"karlsson_levels_2006\",\"id\":\"karlsson_levels_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karlsson-ericson-vanbavel-jensen-dam-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinnorthernfulmarfulmarusglacialiseggsfromthefaroeislands-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Atlantic Islands\",\"Birds\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Carbon Isotopes\",\"Carbon Isotopes: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: chemistry\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in Southern sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes.\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"0090-4341\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00244-006-0251-8\",\"abstract\":\"Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the California coast continue to exhibit a slower population regrowth rate than the population in Alaska. Infectious diseases have been identified as a frequent cause of death. Infectious diseases caused by varied pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites were suggestive of compromised immunological health of mature animals in this population. To test the hypothesis that elevated exposure to immunotoxic contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to disease susceptibility via immunosuppression, we determined concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in livers of 80 adult female sea otters that died of infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, or emaciation. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in sea otter livers varied widely (10-26,800 ng/g and 81-210,000 ng/g, lipid weight, respectively). Concentrations of PBDEs in sea otters were some of the highest values reported for marine mammals so far. Although PCB concentrations in sea otters have declined during 1992-2002, the mean concentration was at the threshold at which adverse health effects are elicited. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were significantly correlated, suggesting co-exposure of these contaminants in sea otters. No significant association was found between the concentrations of PBDEs and the health status of sea otters. Concentrations of PCBs were significantly higher in otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category, suggesting an association between elevated PCB concentrations and infectious diseases in Southern sea otters.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perrotta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emily\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nancy\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aldous\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kenneth\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17587145\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cause of Death, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases: metabolism, Communicable Diseases: mortality, Communicable Diseases: veterinary, Emaciation, Emaciation: metabolism, Emaciation: mortality, Emaciation: veterinary, Female, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Otters, Otters: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"293–302\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kannan_comparative_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in {Southern} sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes.},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {0090-4341},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-006-0251-8},\\n\\tabstract = {Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the California coast continue to exhibit a slower population regrowth rate than the population in Alaska. Infectious diseases have been identified as a frequent cause of death. Infectious diseases caused by varied pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites were suggestive of compromised immunological health of mature animals in this population. To test the hypothesis that elevated exposure to immunotoxic contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to disease susceptibility via immunosuppression, we determined concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in livers of 80 adult female sea otters that died of infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, or emaciation. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in sea otter livers varied widely (10-26,800 ng/g and 81-210,000 ng/g, lipid weight, respectively). Concentrations of PBDEs in sea otters were some of the highest values reported for marine mammals so far. Although PCB concentrations in sea otters have declined during 1992-2002, the mean concentration was at the threshold at which adverse health effects are elicited. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were significantly correlated, suggesting co-exposure of these contaminants in sea otters. No significant association was found between the concentrations of PBDEs and the health status of sea otters. Concentrations of PCBs were significantly higher in otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category, suggesting an association between elevated PCB concentrations and infectious diseases in Southern sea otters.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Perrotta, Emily and Thomas, Nancy J and Aldous, Kenneth M},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17587145},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cause of Death, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases: metabolism, Communicable Diseases: mortality, Communicable Diseases: veterinary, Emaciation, Emaciation: metabolism, Emaciation: mortality, Emaciation: veterinary, Female, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Otters, Otters: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {293--302},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kannan, K.\",\"Perrotta, E.\",\"Thomas, N. J\",\"Aldous, K. M\"],\"key\":\"kannan_comparative_2007\",\"id\":\"kannan_comparative_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kannan-perrotta-thomas-aldous-acomparativeanalysisofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinsouthernseaottersthatdiedofinfectiousdiseasesandnoninfectiouscauses-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cause of Death\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Communicable Diseases\",\"Communicable Diseases: metabolism\",\"Communicable Diseases: mortality\",\"Communicable Diseases: veterinary\",\"Emaciation\",\"Emaciation: metabolism\",\"Emaciation: mortality\",\"Emaciation: veterinary\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Otters\",\"Otters: metabolism\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurobehavioral function and low-level exposure to brominated flame retardants in adolescents: a cross-sectional study.\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"1476-069X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-11-86\",\"abstract\":\"Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated a neurotoxic potential of brominated flame retardants, a group of chemicals used in many household and commercial products to prevent fire. Although the first reports of detrimental neurobehavioral effects in rodents appeared more than ten years ago, human data are sparse.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiciński\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Micha\\\\l\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viaene\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mineke\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Den\",\"Hond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elly\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schoeters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greet\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vera\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruckers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liesbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Croes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sioen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isabelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baeyens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Willy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Larebeke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicolas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nawrot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tim\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23151181\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"pages\":\"86\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kicinski_neurobehavioral_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral function and low-level exposure to brominated flame retardants in adolescents: a cross-sectional study.},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {1476-069X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-86},\\n\\tabstract = {Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated a neurotoxic potential of brominated flame retardants, a group of chemicals used in many household and commercial products to prevent fire. Although the first reports of detrimental neurobehavioral effects in rodents appeared more than ten years ago, human data are sparse.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Kiciński, Micha{\\\\textbackslash}l and Viaene, Mineke K and Den Hond, Elly and Schoeters, Greet and Covaci, Adrian and Dirtu, Alin C and Nelen, Vera and Bruckers, Liesbeth and Croes, Kim and Sioen, Isabelle and Baeyens, Willy and Van Larebeke, Nicolas and Nawrot, Tim S},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23151181},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\\n\\tpages = {86},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kiciński, M.\",\"Viaene, M. K\",\"Den Hond, E.\",\"Schoeters, G.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Nelen, V.\",\"Bruckers, L.\",\"Croes, K.\",\"Sioen, I.\",\"Baeyens, W.\",\"Van Larebeke, N.\",\"Nawrot, T. S\"],\"key\":\"kicinski_neurobehavioral_2012\",\"id\":\"kicinski_neurobehavioral_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kiciski-viaene-denhond-schoeters-covaci-dirtu-nelen-bruckers-etal-neurobehavioralfunctionandlowlevelexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinadolescentsacrosssectionalstudy-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Belgium\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: blood\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Lead\",\"Lead: blood\",\"Male\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters.\",\"volume\":\"87\",\"issn\":\"0021-972X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178\",\"abstract\":\"Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenylethers, and bisphenol A derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants, which are capable of interfering with reproductive and endocrine function in birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals. PHAHs exert estrogenic effects that may be mediated in part by their hydroxylated metabolites (PHAH-OHs), the mechanisms of which remain to be identified. PHAH-OHs show low affinity for the ER. Alternatively, they may exert their estrogenic effects by inhibiting E2 metabolism. As sulfation of E2 by estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is an important pathway for E2 inactivation, inhibition of SULT1E1 may lead to an increased bioavailability of estrogens in tissues expressing this enzyme. Therefore, we studied the possible inhibition of human SULT1E1 by hydroxylated PHAH metabolites and the sulfation of the different compounds by SULT1E1. We found marked inhibition of SULT1E1 by various PHAH-OHs, in particular by compounds with two adjacent halogen substituents around the hydroxyl group that were effective at (sub)nanomolar concentrations. Depending on the structure, the inhibition is primarily competitive or noncompetitive. Most PHAH-OHs are also sulfated by SULT1E1. We also investigated the inhibitory effects of the various PHAH-OHs on E2 sulfation by human liver cytosol and found that the effects were strongly correlated with their inhibitions of recombinant SULT1E1 (r = 0.922). Based on these results, we hypothesize that hydroxylated PHAHs exert their estrogenic effects at least in part by inhibiting SULT1E1-catalyzed E2 sulfation.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monique\",\"H\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bulduk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sema\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Toor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tibboel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dick\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meinl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Walter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Glatt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hansruedi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Falany\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coughtrie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"W\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schuur\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"Gerlienke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brouwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abraham\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Visser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Theo\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11889178\",\"keywords\":\"Cytosol, Cytosol: metabolism, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: etiology, Estradiol: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hydroxylation, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Sulfates, Sulfates: metabolism, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: antagonists & inhibitors, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, estradiol, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1142–50\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kester_potent_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters.},\\n\\tvolume = {87},\\n\\tissn = {0021-972X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178},\\n\\tabstract = {Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenylethers, and bisphenol A derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants, which are capable of interfering with reproductive and endocrine function in birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals. PHAHs exert estrogenic effects that may be mediated in part by their hydroxylated metabolites (PHAH-OHs), the mechanisms of which remain to be identified. PHAH-OHs show low affinity for the ER. Alternatively, they may exert their estrogenic effects by inhibiting E2 metabolism. As sulfation of E2 by estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is an important pathway for E2 inactivation, inhibition of SULT1E1 may lead to an increased bioavailability of estrogens in tissues expressing this enzyme. Therefore, we studied the possible inhibition of human SULT1E1 by hydroxylated PHAH metabolites and the sulfation of the different compounds by SULT1E1. We found marked inhibition of SULT1E1 by various PHAH-OHs, in particular by compounds with two adjacent halogen substituents around the hydroxyl group that were effective at (sub)nanomolar concentrations. Depending on the structure, the inhibition is primarily competitive or noncompetitive. Most PHAH-OHs are also sulfated by SULT1E1. We also investigated the inhibitory effects of the various PHAH-OHs on E2 sulfation by human liver cytosol and found that the effects were strongly correlated with their inhibitions of recombinant SULT1E1 (r = 0.922). Based on these results, we hypothesize that hydroxylated PHAHs exert their estrogenic effects at least in part by inhibiting SULT1E1-catalyzed E2 sulfation.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism},\\n\\tauthor = {Kester, Monique H A and Bulduk, Sema and van Toor, Hans and Tibboel, Dick and Meinl, Walter and Glatt, Hansruedi and Falany, Charles N and Coughtrie, Michael W H and Schuur, A Gerlienke and Brouwer, Abraham and Visser, Theo J},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11889178},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cytosol, Cytosol: metabolism, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: etiology, Estradiol: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hydroxylation, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Sulfates, Sulfates: metabolism, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, estradiol, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1142--50},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kester, M. H A\",\"Bulduk, S.\",\"van Toor, H.\",\"Tibboel, D.\",\"Meinl, W.\",\"Glatt, H.\",\"Falany, C. N\",\"Coughtrie, M. W H\",\"Schuur, A G.\",\"Brouwer, A.\",\"Visser, T. J\"],\"key\":\"kester_potent_2002\",\"id\":\"kester_potent_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kester-bulduk-vantoor-tibboel-meinl-glatt-falany-coughtrie-etal-potentinhibitionofestrogensulfotransferasebyhydroxylatedmetabolitesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsrevealsalternativemechanismforestrogenicactivityofendocrinedisrupters-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cytosol\",\"Cytosol: metabolism\",\"Endocrine System Diseases\",\"Endocrine System Diseases: etiology\",\"Estradiol: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: chemistry\",\"Halogenated: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Hydroxylation\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Sulfates\",\"Sulfates: metabolism\",\"Sulfotransferases\",\"Sulfotransferases: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Sulfotransferases: metabolism\",\"estradiol\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in Japan.\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"issn\":\"1348-4540\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used to prevent combustion in consumer products. Examples of BFRs are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and tribromophenol (TBP). These compounds are reported to have adverse effects on human health and endocrine disrupting effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the Japanese perinatal exposure to PBDEs, hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs), TBBPA, and TBP compared with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs). We investigated the concentrations of these compounds in maternal blood, maternal milk, cord blood, and umbilical cords from 16 Japanese mother-infant pairs by HRGC/HRMS. PBDEs were detected in all samples of maternal blood (mean+/-SD; median=25+/-23 pg/g; 18 pg/g wet weight), maternal milk (140+/-220 pg/g; 59 pg/g wet weight), cord blood (4.8+/-6.5 pg/g; 1.6 pg/g wet weight), and umbilical cords (3.1+/-3.1 pg/g; 2.1 pg/g wet weight). The mothers were divided into two groups, a high-concentration group and a low-concentration group. The percentage of BDE-47 showed the greatest difference between the two groups. 6-OH-BDE-47, TBBPA, and TBP were detected in all umbilical cord samples (mean+/-SD; median=8.4+/-8.1 pg/g; 8.0 pg/g, 16+/-5.5 pg/g; 15 pg/g, and 33+/-8.2 pg/g; 32 pg/g wet weight respectively), but not in all maternal blood or cord blood samples. These results indicate that OH-PBDEs, TBBPA, and TBP, in addition to PBDEs, PCBs, and OH-PCBs, pass through the blood-placenta barrier and are retained in the umbilical cord.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Endocrine journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kawashiro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fukata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hideki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Omori-Inoue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mariko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubonoya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kiyoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jotaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomomi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chisato\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18719292\",\"keywords\":\"Blood Chemical Analysis, Diseases, Diseases: blood, Diseases: chemically induced, Diseases: epidemiology, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Japan, Japan: epidemiology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Umbilical Cord, Umbilical Cord: chemistry, ffr, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"1071–84\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kawashiro_perinatal_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\tissn = {1348-4540},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used to prevent combustion in consumer products. Examples of BFRs are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and tribromophenol (TBP). These compounds are reported to have adverse effects on human health and endocrine disrupting effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the Japanese perinatal exposure to PBDEs, hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs), TBBPA, and TBP compared with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs). We investigated the concentrations of these compounds in maternal blood, maternal milk, cord blood, and umbilical cords from 16 Japanese mother-infant pairs by HRGC/HRMS. PBDEs were detected in all samples of maternal blood (mean+/-SD; median=25+/-23 pg/g; 18 pg/g wet weight), maternal milk (140+/-220 pg/g; 59 pg/g wet weight), cord blood (4.8+/-6.5 pg/g; 1.6 pg/g wet weight), and umbilical cords (3.1+/-3.1 pg/g; 2.1 pg/g wet weight). The mothers were divided into two groups, a high-concentration group and a low-concentration group. The percentage of BDE-47 showed the greatest difference between the two groups. 6-OH-BDE-47, TBBPA, and TBP were detected in all umbilical cord samples (mean+/-SD; median=8.4+/-8.1 pg/g; 8.0 pg/g, 16+/-5.5 pg/g; 15 pg/g, and 33+/-8.2 pg/g; 32 pg/g wet weight respectively), but not in all maternal blood or cord blood samples. These results indicate that OH-PBDEs, TBBPA, and TBP, in addition to PBDEs, PCBs, and OH-PCBs, pass through the blood-placenta barrier and are retained in the umbilical cord.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Endocrine journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Kawashiro, Yukiko and Fukata, Hideki and Omori-Inoue, Mariko and Kubonoya, Kiyoshi and Jotaki, Tomomi and Takigami, Hidetaka and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Mori, Chisato},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18719292},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood Chemical Analysis, Diseases, Diseases: blood, Diseases: chemically induced, Diseases: epidemiology, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Japan, Japan: epidemiology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Umbilical Cord, Umbilical Cord: chemistry, ffr, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1071--84},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kawashiro, Y.\",\"Fukata, H.\",\"Omori-Inoue, M.\",\"Kubonoya, K.\",\"Jotaki, T.\",\"Takigami, H.\",\"Sakai, S.\",\"Mori, C.\"],\"key\":\"kawashiro_perinatal_2008\",\"id\":\"kawashiro_perinatal_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kawashiro-fukata-omoriinoue-kubonoya-jotaki-takigami-sakai-mori-perinatalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinjapan-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood Chemical Analysis\",\"Diseases\",\"Diseases: blood\",\"Diseases: chemically induced\",\"Diseases: epidemiology\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: blood\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Japan\",\"Japan: epidemiology\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology\",\"Umbilical Cord\",\"Umbilical Cord: chemistry\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments – A review on occurrence and human exposure\",\"volume\":\"169\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Katsoyiannis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Athanasios\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bogdal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Paoletti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cudlin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pavel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Besis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Athanasios\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Samara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Constantini\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor air, Indoor dust, Outdoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"pages\":\"217–229\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{katsoyiannis_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor and outdoor environments – {A} review on occurrence and human exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {169},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Katsoyiannis, Athanasios A. and Bogdal, Christian and Paoletti, Elena and Cudlin, Pavel and Besis, Athanasios and Samara, Constantini},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor air, Indoor dust, Outdoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\\n\\tpages = {217--229},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Katsoyiannis, A. A.\",\"Bogdal, C.\",\"Paoletti, E.\",\"Cudlin, P.\",\"Besis, A.\",\"Samara, C.\"],\"key\":\"katsoyiannis_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"katsoyiannis_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"katsoyiannis-bogdal-paoletti-cudlin-besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor air\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Outdoor air\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mixture of dominant PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) at levels noted in human blood dramatically enhances progesterone secretion by ovarian follicles.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1210-0668\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. They show an accumulation pattern similar to that of well-known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and others. So far, most of information showing adverse effects of various POPs was based on the exposure to single chemicals. However, in this study we intended to evaluate in vitro effect of the mixture of four most abundant PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) as usually found in wildlife and humans on the secretion of gonad hormones by ovarian follicles.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Endocrine regulations\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karpeta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gregoraszczuk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20429633\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cells, Coculture Techniques, Complex Mixtures, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Estradiol: secretion, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Granulosa Cells, Granulosa Cells: drug effects, Granulosa Cells: secretion, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: secretion, Swine, Testosterone, Testosterone: secretion, Theca Cells, Theca Cells: drug effects, Theca Cells: secretion, Time Factors, estradiol\",\"pages\":\"49–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karpeta_mixture_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Mixture of dominant {PBDE} congeners ({BDE}-47, -99, -100 and -209) at levels noted in human blood dramatically enhances progesterone secretion by ovarian follicles.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1210-0668},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. They show an accumulation pattern similar to that of well-known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and others. So far, most of information showing adverse effects of various POPs was based on the exposure to single chemicals. However, in this study we intended to evaluate in vitro effect of the mixture of four most abundant PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) as usually found in wildlife and humans on the secretion of gonad hormones by ovarian follicles.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Endocrine regulations},\\n\\tauthor = {Karpeta, A and Gregoraszczuk, E},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20429633},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cells, Coculture Techniques, Complex Mixtures, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Estradiol: secretion, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Granulosa Cells, Granulosa Cells: drug effects, Granulosa Cells: secretion, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: secretion, Swine, Testosterone, Testosterone: secretion, Theca Cells, Theca Cells: drug effects, Theca Cells: secretion, Time Factors, estradiol},\\n\\tpages = {49--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karpeta, A\",\"Gregoraszczuk, E\"],\"key\":\"karpeta_mixture_2010\",\"id\":\"karpeta_mixture_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karpeta-gregoraszczuk-mixtureofdominantpbdecongenersbde4799100and209atlevelsnotedinhumanblooddramaticallyenhancesprogesteronesecretionbyovarianfollicles-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cells\",\"Coculture Techniques\",\"Complex Mixtures\",\"Cultured\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: blood\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay\",\"Estradiol: secretion\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Granulosa Cells\",\"Granulosa Cells: drug effects\",\"Granulosa Cells: secretion\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Progesterone\",\"Progesterone: secretion\",\"Swine\",\"Testosterone\",\"Testosterone: secretion\",\"Theca Cells\",\"Theca Cells: drug effects\",\"Theca Cells: secretion\",\"Time Factors\",\"estradiol\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\",\"abstract\":\"Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable (\\\\textless0.41 ng g−1 l.w.) to 17 ng g−1 (l.w.). BDE#28 and #47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m−3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE#47 concentration was below the limit of detection (\\\\textless0.17 ng m−3). BDE#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m−3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE#209 level was below LOD (\\\\textless0.021 ng m−3), at a level of 0.023 ng m−3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g−1, the highest concentration representing BDE#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE#47, #99 and #209. In the plasma samples BDE#207 and #206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Julander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, Flame retardants, Plasma, pbde\",\"pages\":\"62–69\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karlsson_levels_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103},\\n\\tabstract = {Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.41 ng g−1 l.w.) to 17 ng g−1 (l.w.). BDE\\\\#28 and \\\\#47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m−3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE\\\\#47 concentration was below the limit of detection ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.17 ng m−3). BDE\\\\#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m−3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE\\\\#209 level was below LOD ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.021 ng m−3), at a level of 0.023 ng m−3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g−1, the highest concentration representing BDE\\\\#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE\\\\#47, \\\\#99 and \\\\#209. In the plasma samples BDE\\\\#207 and \\\\#206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE\\\\#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Karlsson, M. and Julander, A. and van Bavel, B. and Hardell, L.},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, Flame retardants, Plasma, pbde},\\n\\tpages = {62--69},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karlsson, M.\",\"Julander, A.\",\"van Bavel, B.\",\"Hardell, L.\"],\"key\":\"karlsson_levels_2007\",\"id\":\"karlsson_levels_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"BTBPE\",\"DeBDethane\",\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Plasma\",\"pbde\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987-2003.\",\"volume\":\"51\",\"issn\":\"1097-0274\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ajim.20549\",\"abstract\":\"Firefighters are known to be exposed to recognized or probable carcinogens. Previous studies have found elevated risks of several types of cancers in firefighters.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"American journal of industrial medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dongmug\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Letitia\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hunt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kriebel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18306327\",\"keywords\":\"Aged, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Incidence, Male, Massachusetts, Massachusetts: epidemiology, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Neoplasms: etiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Odds Ratio, Police, Population Surveillance, Registries, Rescue Work, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors\",\"pages\":\"329–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kang_cancer_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Cancer incidence among male {Massachusetts} firefighters, 1987-2003.},\\n\\tvolume = {51},\\n\\tissn = {1097-0274},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/ajim.20549},\\n\\tabstract = {Firefighters are known to be exposed to recognized or probable carcinogens. Previous studies have found elevated risks of several types of cancers in firefighters.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {American journal of industrial medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Kang, Dongmug and Davis, Letitia K and Hunt, Phillip and Kriebel, David},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18306327},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aged, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Incidence, Male, Massachusetts, Massachusetts: epidemiology, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Neoplasms: etiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Odds Ratio, Police, Population Surveillance, Registries, Rescue Work, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors},\\n\\tpages = {329--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kang, D.\",\"Davis, L. K\",\"Hunt, P.\",\"Kriebel, D.\"],\"key\":\"kang_cancer_2008\",\"id\":\"kang_cancer_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kang-davis-hunt-kriebel-cancerincidenceamongmalemassachusettsfirefighters19872003-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aged\",\"Fires\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Incidence\",\"Male\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Massachusetts: epidemiology\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Neoplasms\",\"Neoplasms: epidemiology\",\"Neoplasms: etiology\",\"Occupational Diseases\",\"Occupational Diseases: epidemiology\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Occupational Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Odds Ratio\",\"Police\",\"Population Surveillance\",\"Registries\",\"Rescue Work\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection of Dechlorane Plus and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in Japan.\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.072\",\"abstract\":\"Fish samples purchased from Japanese markets were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP)(syn-, anti-), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)(α, γ). Twenty fish were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for DP and PBDE, and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HBCD. DP was detected in 18 samples and ∑DP concentrations were \\\\textless0.2-14.2 pg g(-1)wet wt. Among the DP isomers, anti-DP was the dominant residue observed in this study. PBDE was detected in all samples. Concentrations of ∑PBDE ranged from 2.2 to 878 pg g(-1) wet wt. HBCD was detected in 18 samples, and ∑HBCD concentrations were \\\\textless0.02-21.9 ng g(-1)wet wt. In fish landed near the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, we detected relatively high concentrations of DP, PBDE, and HBCD. These results indicate that the seawaters around East Asia are contaminated with flame retardants. This study demonstrates the presence of DP in fish marketed in Japan for the first time.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kakimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kensaku\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nagayoshi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haruna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoshida\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akutsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshimasa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toriba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akira\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hayakawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22698370\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"416–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kakimoto_detection_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of {Dechlorane} {Plus} and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.072},\\n\\tabstract = {Fish samples purchased from Japanese markets were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP)(syn-, anti-), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)(α, γ). Twenty fish were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for DP and PBDE, and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HBCD. DP was detected in 18 samples and ∑DP concentrations were {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.2-14.2 pg g(-1)wet wt. Among the DP isomers, anti-DP was the dominant residue observed in this study. PBDE was detected in all samples. Concentrations of ∑PBDE ranged from 2.2 to 878 pg g(-1) wet wt. HBCD was detected in 18 samples, and ∑HBCD concentrations were {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.02-21.9 ng g(-1)wet wt. In fish landed near the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, we detected relatively high concentrations of DP, PBDE, and HBCD. These results indicate that the seawaters around East Asia are contaminated with flame retardants. This study demonstrates the presence of DP in fish marketed in Japan for the first time.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Nagayoshi, Haruna and Yoshida, Jin and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Toriba, Akira and Hayakawa, Kazuichi},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22698370},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {416--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kakimoto, K.\",\"Nagayoshi, H.\",\"Yoshida, J.\",\"Akutsu, K.\",\"Konishi, Y.\",\"Toriba, A.\",\"Hayakawa, K.\"],\"key\":\"kakimoto_detection_2012\",\"id\":\"kakimoto_detection_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kakimoto-nagayoshi-yoshida-akutsu-konishi-toriba-hayakawa-detectionofdechloraneplusandbrominatedflameretardantsinmarketedfishinjapan-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Japan\",\"Liquid\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Seafood\",\"Seafood: analysis\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women.\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (alpha, beta, and gamma) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, alpha-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; gamma-HBCD, in 7; and beta-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of summation operatorHBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kakimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kensaku\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akutsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshimasa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanaka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukio\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18076970\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Milk, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors, frbldg, hum\",\"pages\":\"1110–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kakimoto_time_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of {Japanese} women.},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (alpha, beta, and gamma) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, alpha-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; gamma-HBCD, in 7; and beta-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of summation operatorHBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Tanaka, Yukio},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18076970},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Milk, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors, frbldg, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1110--4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kakimoto, K.\",\"Akutsu, K.\",\"Konishi, Y.\",\"Tanaka, Y.\"],\"key\":\"kakimoto_time_2008\",\"id\":\"kakimoto_time_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Japan\",\"Liquid\",\"Milk\",\"Stereoisomerism\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Time Factors\",\"frbldg\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicity Reference Values for the Toxic Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Aquatic Mammals.\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"1080-7039\",\"url\":\"http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10807030091124491\",\"abstract\":\"Threshold tissue residue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) were derived from the published results of semi-field (i.e., field collected food items were used as a medium of exposure to PCBs in laboratory reared animals) or field toxicity studies conducted with seals, European otters and mink. Based on biomagnification factors (BMFs) and concentrations of PCBs or TEQs measured in fish fed in the diet of experimental aquatic mammals, dietary threshold concentrations were estimated. Hepatic vitamin A, thyroid hormone concentration, suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity and proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogens were the toxicity endpoints measured in aquatic mammals. Threshold concentrations for PCBs or TEQs in livers of aquatic mammals to elicit the physiological effects ranged from 6.6 to 11 µg PCBs/g (geometric mean: 8.7 µ/g) and 160 to 1400 pg TEQs/g (geometric mean: 520 pg/g), lipid weight, respectively. The BMFs for PCBs and TEQs varied depending on the marine mammal species, and therefore the dietary threshold concentrations could be referred only by a range of values (rather than a mean value), which were 10 to 150 ng PCBs/g and 1.4 to 1.9 pg TEQs/g, wet weight, for PCBs and TEQs, respectively.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blankenship\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, PCBs, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Risk Assessment, TEQs, aquatic mammels, dioxin, marine mammals, reference doses\",\"pages\":\"181–201\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kannan_toxicity_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicity {Reference} {Values} for the {Toxic} {Effects} of {Polychlorinated} {Biphenyls} to {Aquatic} {Mammals}.},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {1080-7039},\\n\\turl = {http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10807030091124491},\\n\\tabstract = {Threshold tissue residue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) were derived from the published results of semi-field (i.e., field collected food items were used as a medium of exposure to PCBs in laboratory reared animals) or field toxicity studies conducted with seals, European otters and mink. Based on biomagnification factors (BMFs) and concentrations of PCBs or TEQs measured in fish fed in the diet of experimental aquatic mammals, dietary threshold concentrations were estimated. Hepatic vitamin A, thyroid hormone concentration, suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity and proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogens were the toxicity endpoints measured in aquatic mammals. Threshold concentrations for PCBs or TEQs in livers of aquatic mammals to elicit the physiological effects ranged from 6.6 to 11 µg PCBs/g (geometric mean: 8.7 µ/g) and 160 to 1400 pg TEQs/g (geometric mean: 520 pg/g), lipid weight, respectively. The BMFs for PCBs and TEQs varied depending on the marine mammal species, and therefore the dietary threshold concentrations could be referred only by a range of values (rather than a mean value), which were 10 to 150 ng PCBs/g and 1.4 to 1.9 pg TEQs/g, wet weight, for PCBs and TEQs, respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Kannan, K. and Blankenship, A. L. and Jones, P. D. and Giesy, J. P.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, PCBs, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Risk Assessment, TEQs, aquatic mammels, dioxin, marine mammals, reference doses},\\n\\tpages = {181--201},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kannan, K.\",\"Blankenship, A. L.\",\"Jones, P. D.\",\"Giesy, J. P.\"],\"key\":\"kannan_toxicity_2000\",\"id\":\"kannan_toxicity_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kannan-blankenship-jones-giesy-toxicityreferencevaluesforthetoxiceffectsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylstoaquaticmammals-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"PCBs\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"TEQs\",\"aquatic mammels\",\"dioxin\",\"marine mammals\",\"reference doses\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Association between indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds and building-related symptoms among the occupants of residential dwellings.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1600-0668\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00629.x\",\"abstract\":\"The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of semi-volatile compounds (SVOCs) in residential detached houses in Sapporo, Japan, and whether exposure to these SVOCs was associated with the development of building-related symptoms named 'sick house syndrome' (SHS). The definition of SHS is fundamentally the same as that of the sick building syndrome (SBS). The presence of symptoms of SHS was evaluated using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Surveys and samplings of air and house dust in 41 dwellings were performed from October 2006 to January 2007, and 134 occupants responded to questionnaires. Samples were analyzed to quantify the concentrations of eight plasticizers, eleven phosphate triester flame retardants, two alkyl phenols used as anti-oxidants, and one organochlorine synergist called s-421, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame photometry. The compounds frequently detected were di-n-butylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and dibutylhydroxytoluene in air, and DEHP and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) in dust. Tributylphosphate was strongly and directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS; s-421 was also directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS. On the contrary, some chemicals such as diethylphthalate and TBEP were inversely associated with SHS. In future studies, we plan to assess these associations in a larger population.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Indoor air\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kanazawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Araki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takeda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saijo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20028434\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Pollution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: physiopathology, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: adverse effects, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"72–84\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kanazawa_association_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Association between indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds and building-related symptoms among the occupants of residential dwellings.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1600-0668},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00629.x},\\n\\tabstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of semi-volatile compounds (SVOCs) in residential detached houses in Sapporo, Japan, and whether exposure to these SVOCs was associated with the development of building-related symptoms named 'sick house syndrome' (SHS). The definition of SHS is fundamentally the same as that of the sick building syndrome (SBS). The presence of symptoms of SHS was evaluated using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Surveys and samplings of air and house dust in 41 dwellings were performed from October 2006 to January 2007, and 134 occupants responded to questionnaires. Samples were analyzed to quantify the concentrations of eight plasticizers, eleven phosphate triester flame retardants, two alkyl phenols used as anti-oxidants, and one organochlorine synergist called s-421, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame photometry. The compounds frequently detected were di-n-butylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and dibutylhydroxytoluene in air, and DEHP and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) in dust. Tributylphosphate was strongly and directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS; s-421 was also directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS. On the contrary, some chemicals such as diethylphthalate and TBEP were inversely associated with SHS. In future studies, we plan to assess these associations in a larger population.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Indoor air},\\n\\tauthor = {Kanazawa, A and Saito, I and Araki, A and Takeda, M and Ma, M and Saijo, Y and Kishi, R},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20028434},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: physiopathology, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: adverse effects, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {72--84},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kanazawa, A\",\"Saito, I\",\"Araki, A\",\"Takeda, M\",\"Ma, M\",\"Saijo, Y\",\"Kishi, R\"],\"key\":\"kanazawa_association_2010\",\"id\":\"kanazawa_association_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kanazawa-saito-araki-takeda-ma-saijo-kishi-associationbetweenindoorexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsandbuildingrelatedsymptomsamongtheoccupantsofresidentialdwellings-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: adverse effects\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Japan\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Sick Building Syndrome\",\"Sick Building Syndrome: physiopathology\",\"Volatile Organic Compounds\",\"Volatile Organic Compounds: adverse effects\",\"Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.005\",\"abstract\":\"Human serum samples (n=61) were collected in Attika, Greece between June and October 2007 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Thirty samples were collected from computer clerks of a large computer company in Athens working full-time with computers, and thirty-one from a control population in the Attika region with no computer use. Σ(5)PBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 0.68 to 13.3ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 1.07ngg(-1) lipid. These concentrations are on the lower end of those reported from other countries, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. Individual and ∑(5)PBDE concentrations did not statistically differ between the two groups of computer clerks and non-computer users (p\\\\textgreater0.05), with the exception of BDE 153 (p=0.033). The predominant congener was BDE 153, followed by BDEs 47, 100, 99, 183, 154 and 28. HBCD was also detected in 70% of the samples. BDE 209 was detected in 8 out 61 samples (13%), with concentrations ranging from 1.18 to 19.1ngg(-1) lipid, and a median of 2.94ngg(-1) lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs. Σ(11)PCB (sum of PCBs 74, 99, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183 and 187,) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 36 to 402ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 110ngg(-1) lipid. pp'-DDE concentrations ranged from 53.8 to 1649ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 268ngg(-1) lipid. This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in a possibly occupationally exposed subset of the Greek population.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalantzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olga\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tinne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siskos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Panayiotis\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21059472\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"349–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kalantzi_distribution_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from {Greece}.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Human serum samples (n=61) were collected in Attika, Greece between June and October 2007 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Thirty samples were collected from computer clerks of a large computer company in Athens working full-time with computers, and thirty-one from a control population in the Attika region with no computer use. Σ(5)PBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 0.68 to 13.3ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 1.07ngg(-1) lipid. These concentrations are on the lower end of those reported from other countries, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. Individual and ∑(5)PBDE concentrations did not statistically differ between the two groups of computer clerks and non-computer users (p{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05), with the exception of BDE 153 (p=0.033). The predominant congener was BDE 153, followed by BDEs 47, 100, 99, 183, 154 and 28. HBCD was also detected in 70\\\\% of the samples. BDE 209 was detected in 8 out 61 samples (13\\\\%), with concentrations ranging from 1.18 to 19.1ngg(-1) lipid, and a median of 2.94ngg(-1) lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs. Σ(11)PCB (sum of PCBs 74, 99, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183 and 187,) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 36 to 402ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 110ngg(-1) lipid. pp'-DDE concentrations ranged from 53.8 to 1649ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 268ngg(-1) lipid. This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in a possibly occupationally exposed subset of the Greek population.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Kalantzi, Olga I and Geens, Tinne and Covaci, Adrian and Siskos, Panayiotis A},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21059472},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {349--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kalantzi, O. I\",\"Geens, T.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Siskos, P. A\"],\"key\":\"kalantzi_distribution_2011\",\"id\":\"kalantzi_distribution_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kalantzi-geens-covaci-siskos-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanserumfromgreece-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose samples from Brazil.\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.008\",\"abstract\":\"Twenty five human breast adipose tissue samples were collected in Porto Alegre, Brazil during 2004-2005 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). SigmaPBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs) ranged from 0.19 to 132 ng/g lipid with a median of 1.51 ng/g lipid. These concentrations are 3- to 100-times lower than those reported from other countries, with the exception of Japan, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. The predominant congener was BDE-47, followed by BDEs 99, 183, 153 and 100. One individual in the dataset had about 70-times higher PBDE concentrations than the rest of the participants. SigmaPCB (sum of PCBs 118, 138, 153, 180) ranged from 30 to 339 ng/g lipid, with a median of 51 ng/g lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs (r=-0.800-0.374, p\\\\textgreater0.05) or PCB 180 (r=0.278, p\\\\textgreater0.05). On the other hand, PCBs 118, 138 and 153 did show age dependency (r=0.410-0.458, p\\\\textless0.05). This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in human breast adipose from Brazil.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalantzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caleffi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goth-Goldstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"18952285\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Brazil, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"113–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kalantzi_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose samples from {Brazil}.},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Twenty five human breast adipose tissue samples were collected in Porto Alegre, Brazil during 2004-2005 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). SigmaPBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs) ranged from 0.19 to 132 ng/g lipid with a median of 1.51 ng/g lipid. These concentrations are 3- to 100-times lower than those reported from other countries, with the exception of Japan, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. The predominant congener was BDE-47, followed by BDEs 99, 183, 153 and 100. One individual in the dataset had about 70-times higher PBDE concentrations than the rest of the participants. SigmaPCB (sum of PCBs 118, 138, 153, 180) ranged from 30 to 339 ng/g lipid, with a median of 51 ng/g lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs (r=-0.800-0.374, p{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05) or PCB 180 (r=0.278, p{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). On the other hand, PCBs 118, 138 and 153 did show age dependency (r=0.410-0.458, p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in human breast adipose from Brazil.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Kalantzi, O I and Brown, F R and Caleffi, M and Goth-Goldstein, R and Petreas, M},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {18952285},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Brazil, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {113--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kalantzi, O I\",\"Brown, F R\",\"Caleffi, M\",\"Goth-Goldstein, R\",\"Petreas, M\"],\"key\":\"kalantzi_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"kalantzi_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kalantzi-brown-caleffi-gothgoldstein-petreas-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastadiposesamplesfrombrazil-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Age Factors\",\"Brazil\",\"Breast\",\"Breast: chemistry\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic.\",\"volume\":\"441\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061\",\"abstract\":\"The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six \\\"alternative\\\" brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of \\\"alternative\\\" BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges \\\\textless20-3567 and \\\\textless0.3-950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalachova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hradkova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lankova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hajslova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pulkrabova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23137984\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Automobiles, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Czech Republic, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis\",\"pages\":\"182–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kalachova_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the {Czech} {Republic}.},\\n\\tvolume = {441},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six \\\"alternative\\\" brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of \\\"alternative\\\" BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges {\\\\textbackslash}textless20-3567 and {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.3-950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70\\\\% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Kalachova, K and Hradkova, P and Lankova, D and Hajslova, J and Pulkrabova, J},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23137984},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Automobiles, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Czech Republic, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {182--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kalachova, K\",\"Hradkova, P\",\"Lankova, D\",\"Hajslova, J\",\"Pulkrabova, J\"],\"key\":\"kalachova_occurrence_2012\",\"id\":\"kalachova_occurrence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Automobiles\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Czech Republic\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Housing\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046\",\"abstract\":\"To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction-Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)-were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of alpha-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of gamma-HBCD decreased, indicating that gamma-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 degrees C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n=10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22000 to 43000 mg kg(-1) (i.e. 2.2-4.3%). We found a higher proportion of the alpha-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that gamma-HBCD isomerized to alpha-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the alpha-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sueoka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minekazu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohiwa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hot Temperature, Hydrocarbons, Methylene Chloride, Stereoisomerism, Textiles, Textiles: analysis, Ultrasonics\",\"pages\":\"1485–1489\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kajiwara_determination_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046},\\n\\tabstract = {To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction-Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)-were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of alpha-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of gamma-HBCD decreased, indicating that gamma-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 degrees C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n=10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22000 to 43000 mg kg(-1) (i.e. 2.2-4.3\\\\%). We found a higher proportion of the alpha-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that gamma-HBCD isomerized to alpha-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the alpha-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Sueoka, Minekazu and Ohiwa, Toshio and Takigami, Hidetaka},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hot Temperature, Hydrocarbons, Methylene Chloride, Stereoisomerism, Textiles, Textiles: analysis, Ultrasonics},\\n\\tpages = {1485--1489},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kajiwara, N.\",\"Sueoka, M.\",\"Ohiwa, T.\",\"Takigami, H.\"],\"key\":\"kajiwara_determination_2009\",\"id\":\"kajiwara_determination_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: analysis\",\"Chemical Fractionation\",\"Chemical Fractionation: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hot Temperature\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Methylene Chloride\",\"Stereoisomerism\",\"Textiles\",\"Textiles: analysis\",\"Ultrasonics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photolysis studies of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and ethane (DeBDethane) in plastics under natural sunlight.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562\",\"abstract\":\"Photodebromination of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) incorporated into high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and TV casings was compared under natural sunlight conditions with that of technical decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane). BDE 209 in pulverized HIPS+DecaBDE samples degraded with a half-life of 51 days. In contrast, no marked loss of DeBDethane occurred throughout the experimental period of 224 days. During BDE 209 photolysis in HIPS+DecaBDE samples, partly debromination to nona- and octa-BDE was observed, however, environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100 were not formed. Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) was clearly apparent in the flame-retarded plastics that we investigated. In the HIPS+DecaBDE samples, the PBDF concentration increased by about 40 times after 1 week of exposure, with a concomitant decrease in BDE 209. In the TV casing, tetra- to octa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously during the experiment Although the concentrations of PBDFs found in the plastic matrices tested were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than those of PBDEs, more attention should be paid to the fact that PBDFs are formed by sunlight exposure during normal use as well as disposal/recycling processes of flame-retarded consumer products.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18605562\",\"keywords\":\"Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Dust, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Photochemistry, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"4404–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kajiwara_photolysis_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Photolysis studies of technical decabromodiphenyl ether ({DecaBDE}) and ethane ({DeBDethane}) in plastics under natural sunlight.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562},\\n\\tabstract = {Photodebromination of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) incorporated into high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and TV casings was compared under natural sunlight conditions with that of technical decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane). BDE 209 in pulverized HIPS+DecaBDE samples degraded with a half-life of 51 days. In contrast, no marked loss of DeBDethane occurred throughout the experimental period of 224 days. During BDE 209 photolysis in HIPS+DecaBDE samples, partly debromination to nona- and octa-BDE was observed, however, environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100 were not formed. Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) was clearly apparent in the flame-retarded plastics that we investigated. In the HIPS+DecaBDE samples, the PBDF concentration increased by about 40 times after 1 week of exposure, with a concomitant decrease in BDE 209. In the TV casing, tetra- to octa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously during the experiment Although the concentrations of PBDFs found in the plastic matrices tested were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than those of PBDEs, more attention should be paid to the fact that PBDFs are formed by sunlight exposure during normal use as well as disposal/recycling processes of flame-retarded consumer products.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Noma, Yukio and Takigami, Hidetaka},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18605562},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Dust, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Photochemistry, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {4404--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kajiwara, N.\",\"Noma, Y.\",\"Takigami, H.\"],\"key\":\"kajiwara_photolysis_2008\",\"id\":\"kajiwara_photolysis_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kajiwara-noma-takigami-photolysisstudiesoftechnicaldecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandethanedebdethaneinplasticsundernaturalsunlight-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: chemistry\",\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Photochemistry\",\"Plastics\",\"Plastics: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Sunlight\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology.\",\"volume\":\"79\",\"issn\":\"1873-2968\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.006\",\"abstract\":\"Endocrine disruptors are man-made chemicals that can disrupt the synthesis, circulating levels, and peripheral action of hormones. The disruption of sex hormones was subject of intensive research, but thyroid hormone synthesis and signaling are now also recognized as important targets of endocrine disruptors. The neurological development of mammals is largely dependent on normal thyroid hormone homeostasis, and it is likely to be particularly sensitive to disruption of the thyroid axis. Here, we survey the main thyroid-disrupting chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, perchlorates, and brominated flame-retardants, that are characteristic disruptors of thyroid hormone homeostasis, and look at their suspected relationships to impaired development of the human central nervous system. The review then focuses on disrupting mechanisms known to be directly or indirectly related to the transcriptional activity of the thyroid hormone receptors.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Biochemical pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jugan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary-Line\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yves\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blondeau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19913515\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Binding Sites, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Perchloric Acid, Perchloric Acid: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: physiology, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Transcription\",\"pages\":\"939–47\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jugan_endocrine_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology.},\\n\\tvolume = {79},\\n\\tissn = {1873-2968},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.006},\\n\\tabstract = {Endocrine disruptors are man-made chemicals that can disrupt the synthesis, circulating levels, and peripheral action of hormones. The disruption of sex hormones was subject of intensive research, but thyroid hormone synthesis and signaling are now also recognized as important targets of endocrine disruptors. The neurological development of mammals is largely dependent on normal thyroid hormone homeostasis, and it is likely to be particularly sensitive to disruption of the thyroid axis. Here, we survey the main thyroid-disrupting chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, perchlorates, and brominated flame-retardants, that are characteristic disruptors of thyroid hormone homeostasis, and look at their suspected relationships to impaired development of the human central nervous system. The review then focuses on disrupting mechanisms known to be directly or indirectly related to the transcriptional activity of the thyroid hormone receptors.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Biochemical pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Jugan, Mary-Line and Levi, Yves and Blondeau, Jean-Paul},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19913515},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding Sites, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Perchloric Acid, Perchloric Acid: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: physiology, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Transcription},\\n\\tpages = {939--47},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jugan, M.\",\"Levi, Y.\",\"Blondeau, J.\"],\"key\":\"jugan_endocrine_2010\",\"id\":\"jugan_endocrine_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jugan-levi-blondeau-endocrinedisruptorsandthyroidhormonephysiology-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Binding Sites\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genetic\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Perchloric Acid\",\"Perchloric Acid: toxicity\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Receptors\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: physiology\",\"Thyroid Hormone\",\"Thyroid Hormone: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Thyroid Hormones: physiology\",\"Transcription\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Governor Brown Directs State Agencies to Revise Flammability Standards\",\"url\":\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\",\"abstract\":\"6-18-2012 SACRAMENTO – In an effort to protect public safety by reducing the use of toxic flame retardants, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. today directed state agencies to revise flammability standards for upholstered furniture sold in the state. Governor Brown has asked the Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation to review the state's four-decade-old flammability standards and recommend changes to reduce toxic flame retardants while continuing to ensure fire safety.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Office\",\"of\",\"Governer\",\"Edmund\",\"G\",\"Brown\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, california, government, state\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{jr._governor_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Governor {Brown} {Directs} {State} {Agencies} to {Revise} {Flammability} {Standards}},\\n\\turl = {http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598},\\n\\tabstract = {6-18-2012 SACRAMENTO – In an effort to protect public safety by reducing the use of toxic flame retardants, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. today directed state agencies to revise flammability standards for upholstered furniture sold in the state. Governor Brown has asked the Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation to review the state's four-decade-old flammability standards and recommend changes to reduce toxic flame retardants while continuing to ensure fire safety.},\\n\\tauthor = {Jr., Office of Governer Edmund G Brown},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, california, government, state},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jr., O. o. G. E. G B.\"],\"key\":\"jr._governor_2012\",\"id\":\"jr._governor_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jr-governorbrowndirectsstateagenciestoreviseflammabilitystandards-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"california\",\"government\",\"state\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Kyoto, Japan\",\"title\":\"Behavior of additive brominated flame retardants in textile products.\",\"url\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"We are exposed to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in daily life through multiple media including food products, air, and dusts; direct exposure to BFRs from treated goods is also of considerable importance. However, very little is known about behavior of BFRs in the consumer products. Since textile products such as curtains, carpet, and seat covers have high specific surface areas among household articles, BFRs added to textiles may be emitted to the indoor environment and thus contribute as sources of indoor air and dust pollution. As curtains are normally used under sunlight-exposed condition, photodegradation and isomerization potentials of BFRs in the products are of interest as well. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the most frequently added BFR for textiles in Japan, followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane. Recently, wide ranges of HBCD concentrations were found in house dust samples (Stapleton et al., 2004; Abdallah et al., 2008a; Takigami et al., 2009), and apparently higher HBCD levels were observed in indoor air than in outdoor air (Abdallah et al., 2008b), indicating that significant sources of HBCDs very possibly are present indoors. We demonstrated recently an increase of HBCD concentration of indoor air when flame-retarded curtain was hanged over the wall of a room (Kose et al., 2008). However, detail behaviors of BFR emission from textile products remain poorly understood because diastereomer-specific analysis of HBCDs was not conducted in the previous study. This study was designed to examine the behavior of BFRs including HBCDs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products, and to expand the existing knowledge base related to the contribution of these products/materials to contamination of the indoor environment. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the emission rates of HBCD diastereomers from flame-retarded curtains; and (b) to elucidate the potential of HBCD photolysis when exposed the curtains to natural sunlight, in comparison to PBDEs.\",\"booktitle\":\"5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, frbldg\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{kajiwara_behavior_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\\n\\ttitle = {Behavior of additive brominated flame retardants in textile products.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {We are exposed to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in daily life through multiple media including food products, air, and dusts; direct exposure to BFRs from treated goods is also of considerable importance. However, very little is known about behavior of BFRs in the consumer products. Since textile products such as curtains, carpet, and seat covers have high specific surface areas among household articles, BFRs added to textiles may be emitted to the indoor environment and thus contribute as sources of indoor air and dust pollution. As curtains are normally used under sunlight-exposed condition, photodegradation and isomerization potentials of BFRs in the products are of interest as well. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the most frequently added BFR for textiles in Japan, followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane. Recently, wide ranges of HBCD concentrations were found in house dust samples (Stapleton et al., 2004; Abdallah et al., 2008a; Takigami et al., 2009), and apparently higher HBCD levels were observed in indoor air than in outdoor air (Abdallah et al., 2008b), indicating that significant sources of HBCDs very possibly are present indoors. We demonstrated recently an increase of HBCD concentration of indoor air when flame-retarded curtain was hanged over the wall of a room (Kose et al., 2008). However, detail behaviors of BFR emission from textile products remain poorly understood because diastereomer-specific analysis of HBCDs was not conducted in the previous study. This study was designed to examine the behavior of BFRs including HBCDs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products, and to expand the existing knowledge base related to the contribution of these products/materials to contamination of the indoor environment. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the emission rates of HBCD diastereomers from flame-retarded curtains; and (b) to elucidate the potential of HBCD photolysis when exposed the curtains to natural sunlight, in comparison to PBDEs.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Kajiwara, N and Takigami, H},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, frbldg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kajiwara, N\",\"Takigami, H\"],\"key\":\"kajiwara_behavior_2010\",\"id\":\"kajiwara_behavior_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kajiwara-takigami-behaviorofadditivebrominatedflameretardantsintextileproducts-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"frbldg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of xenobiotics and steroids on renal and hepatic estrogen metabolism in lake trout.\",\"volume\":\"148\",\"issn\":\"0016-6480\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.011\",\"abstract\":\"Experiments were conducted to (1) elucidate the biochemical pathways of E2 metabolism in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) kidney and liver, and (2) test the hypothesis that specific xenobiotics and endogenous steroids inhibit E2 metabolism by these tissues. Kidney and liver tissue fragments from immature lake trout were incubated in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled E2 plus various xenobiotics or steroids. E2 metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and quantified by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. A major metabolite produced by both tissues was an unidentified hydroxylated estrogen metabolite (E2-OH) with a molecular mass of 288 that was not estriol (16-OH-E2), but possibly 7alpha-OH-E2 or 2-OH-E2 (catecholestrogen). Both tissues also produced estradiol-17-glucuronide (E2-17-G), estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17-S), and estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3-G). Compared to the kidney, the liver produced half the amount of conjugated metabolites, but twofold more E2-OH. The following xenobiotics (at a concentration of 100 microM) inhibited the production of water-soluble (i.e., conjugated) E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver: 4,4'-(OH)2-3,3',5,5'- tetrachlorobiphenyl (4,4'-OH-TCB), bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TB-BPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TC-BPA), tribromophenol (TBP), trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The alkylphenols, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and 4-octylphenol (OP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (TBDE) had no significant effect on E2 metabolism by either tissue. Testosterone and 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one inhibited the production of conjugated E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver. Cortisol and 11-ketotestosterone inhibited E2 metabolism by the liver only. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for 4,4'-OH-TCB ranged from 7-32 microM in the kidney and 0.6-1.6 microM in the liver. For BPA, IC50's ranged from 40-108 microM in the kidney and 11-18 microM in the liver. Low doses (0.1 microM) of 4,4'-OH-TCB and BPA significantly increased estrogen metabolism in the kidney. The results suggest that certain estrogenic xenobiotics and endogenous steroids may inhibit the phase II conjugation of E2 by the kidney and liver of lake trout, and some of the known biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated, at least partially, by this mechanism of action.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"General and comparative endocrinology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jurgella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gail\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marwah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ashok\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terence\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16677648\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chromatography, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Phenols, Phenols: pharmacology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Steroids, Steroids: pharmacology, Trout, Trout: metabolism, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: pharmacology, estradiol\",\"pages\":\"273–81\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jurgella_effects_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of xenobiotics and steroids on renal and hepatic estrogen metabolism in lake trout.},\\n\\tvolume = {148},\\n\\tissn = {0016-6480},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Experiments were conducted to (1) elucidate the biochemical pathways of E2 metabolism in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) kidney and liver, and (2) test the hypothesis that specific xenobiotics and endogenous steroids inhibit E2 metabolism by these tissues. Kidney and liver tissue fragments from immature lake trout were incubated in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled E2 plus various xenobiotics or steroids. E2 metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and quantified by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. A major metabolite produced by both tissues was an unidentified hydroxylated estrogen metabolite (E2-OH) with a molecular mass of 288 that was not estriol (16-OH-E2), but possibly 7alpha-OH-E2 or 2-OH-E2 (catecholestrogen). Both tissues also produced estradiol-17-glucuronide (E2-17-G), estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17-S), and estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3-G). Compared to the kidney, the liver produced half the amount of conjugated metabolites, but twofold more E2-OH. The following xenobiotics (at a concentration of 100 microM) inhibited the production of water-soluble (i.e., conjugated) E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver: 4,4'-(OH)2-3,3',5,5'- tetrachlorobiphenyl (4,4'-OH-TCB), bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TB-BPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TC-BPA), tribromophenol (TBP), trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The alkylphenols, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and 4-octylphenol (OP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (TBDE) had no significant effect on E2 metabolism by either tissue. Testosterone and 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one inhibited the production of conjugated E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver. Cortisol and 11-ketotestosterone inhibited E2 metabolism by the liver only. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for 4,4'-OH-TCB ranged from 7-32 microM in the kidney and 0.6-1.6 microM in the liver. For BPA, IC50's ranged from 40-108 microM in the kidney and 11-18 microM in the liver. Low doses (0.1 microM) of 4,4'-OH-TCB and BPA significantly increased estrogen metabolism in the kidney. The results suggest that certain estrogenic xenobiotics and endogenous steroids may inhibit the phase II conjugation of E2 by the kidney and liver of lake trout, and some of the known biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated, at least partially, by this mechanism of action.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {General and comparative endocrinology},\\n\\tauthor = {Jurgella, Gail F and Marwah, Ashok and Malison, Jeffrey A and Peterson, Richard and Barry, Terence P},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16677648},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chromatography, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Phenols, Phenols: pharmacology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Steroids, Steroids: pharmacology, Trout, Trout: metabolism, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: pharmacology, estradiol},\\n\\tpages = {273--81},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jurgella, G. F\",\"Marwah, A.\",\"Malison, J. A\",\"Peterson, R.\",\"Barry, T. P\"],\"key\":\"jurgella_effects_2006\",\"id\":\"jurgella_effects_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jurgella-marwah-malison-peterson-barry-effectsofxenobioticsandsteroidsonrenalandhepaticestrogenmetabolisminlaketrout-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chromatography\",\"Estradiol: metabolism\",\"Estrogens\",\"Estrogens: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Kidney\",\"Kidney: drug effects\",\"Kidney: metabolism\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: pharmacology\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology\",\"Steroids\",\"Steroids: pharmacology\",\"Trout\",\"Trout: metabolism\",\"Xenobiotics\",\"Xenobiotics: pharmacology\",\"estradiol\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children's cognitive development and behavioral problems.\",\"issn\":\"1896-494X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930\",\"doi\":\"10.2478/s13382-013-0099-x\",\"abstract\":\"Nowadays a special attention is focused on prenatal and childhood exposures to a variety of contaminants in the environment, especially toxicants widely present in the environment and their impact on children's health and neurodevelopment. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to several widespread toxicants including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and gas cooking on children's cognitive development and behavioral problems by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to widespread toxicants and children's development for the last eleven years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco and Toxnet literature bases. The combination of following key words was used: 1) referring to the exposure: pregnancy, prenatal exposure, postnatal exposure, gas cooking, exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs and 2) referring to outcome: neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, psychomotor development, behavioral problems, cognitive development, mental health, school achievements, learning abilities. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to insult from low levels of exposure to widespread environmental contaminants such as: phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas cooking. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.\",\"journal\":\"International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jurewicz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Polańska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kinga\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wojciech\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23715930\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jurewicz_exposure_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children's cognitive development and behavioral problems.},\\n\\tissn = {1896-494X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2478/s13382-013-0099-x},\\n\\tabstract = {Nowadays a special attention is focused on prenatal and childhood exposures to a variety of contaminants in the environment, especially toxicants widely present in the environment and their impact on children's health and neurodevelopment. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to several widespread toxicants including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and gas cooking on children's cognitive development and behavioral problems by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to widespread toxicants and children's development for the last eleven years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco and Toxnet literature bases. The combination of following key words was used: 1) referring to the exposure: pregnancy, prenatal exposure, postnatal exposure, gas cooking, exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs and 2) referring to outcome: neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, psychomotor development, behavioral problems, cognitive development, mental health, school achievements, learning abilities. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to insult from low levels of exposure to widespread environmental contaminants such as: phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas cooking. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Jurewicz, Joanna and Polańska, Kinga and Hanke, Wojciech},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23715930},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jurewicz, J.\",\"Polańska, K.\",\"Hanke, W.\"],\"key\":\"jurewicz_exposure_2013\",\"id\":\"jurewicz_exposure_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jurewicz-polaska-hanke-exposuretowidespreadenvironmentaltoxicantsandchildrenscognitivedevelopmentandbehavioralproblems-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Development of a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extractor for organophosphate esters in human blood plasma: identification of triphenyl phosphate and octyl diphenyl phosphate in donor plasma.\",\"volume\":\"755\",\"issn\":\"1387-2273\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700\",\"abstract\":\"An extractor has been developed for microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) of lipophilic xenobiotics at trace levels in biological fluids. This new construction allows the sample phase to be stirred, while the organic phase is pumped. The extractor was evaluated using human blood plasma with added organophosphate esters. The size exclusion properties of the membrane reduced lipid co-extraction by approximately 94% compared to ordinary liquid-liquid extraction. In combination with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) step, the method was shown to remove plasma lipids efficiently and thus allow gas chromatographic separation of the compounds. The clean-up method described, including the SPE step, showed a high level of reproducibility, and recoveries of between 72 and 83% were obtained for five of the organophosphate esters after a 200-min extraction period. Using this technique, triphenyl phosphate and an isomer of octyl diphenyl phosphate were detected in human plasma obtained from blood donors. The concentration of triphenyl phosphate ranged between 0.13 and 0.15 microg/g plasma.\",\"number\":\"1-2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jonsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dyremark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nilsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pmid\":\"11393700\",\"keywords\":\"Blood Donors, Chromatography, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: isolation & purification, Liquid, Liquid: instrumentation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: blood, Organophosphates: isolation & purification, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: blood, Organophosphorus Compounds: isolation & purificati, Plasticizers\",\"pages\":\"157–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jonsson_development_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Development of a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extractor for organophosphate esters in human blood plasma: identification of triphenyl phosphate and octyl diphenyl phosphate in donor plasma.},\\n\\tvolume = {755},\\n\\tissn = {1387-2273},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700},\\n\\tabstract = {An extractor has been developed for microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) of lipophilic xenobiotics at trace levels in biological fluids. This new construction allows the sample phase to be stirred, while the organic phase is pumped. The extractor was evaluated using human blood plasma with added organophosphate esters. The size exclusion properties of the membrane reduced lipid co-extraction by approximately 94\\\\% compared to ordinary liquid-liquid extraction. In combination with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) step, the method was shown to remove plasma lipids efficiently and thus allow gas chromatographic separation of the compounds. The clean-up method described, including the SPE step, showed a high level of reproducibility, and recoveries of between 72 and 83\\\\% were obtained for five of the organophosphate esters after a 200-min extraction period. Using this technique, triphenyl phosphate and an isomer of octyl diphenyl phosphate were detected in human plasma obtained from blood donors. The concentration of triphenyl phosphate ranged between 0.13 and 0.15 microg/g plasma.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications},\\n\\tauthor = {Jonsson, O B and Dyremark, E and Nilsson, U L},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpmid = {11393700},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood Donors, Chromatography, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: isolation \\\\& purification, Liquid, Liquid: instrumentation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: blood, Organophosphates: isolation \\\\& purification, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: blood, Organophosphorus Compounds: isolation \\\\& purificati, Plasticizers},\\n\\tpages = {157--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jonsson, O B\",\"Dyremark, E\",\"Nilsson, U L\"],\"key\":\"jonsson_development_2001\",\"id\":\"jonsson_development_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jonsson-dyremark-nilsson-developmentofamicroporousmembraneliquidliquidextractorfororganophosphateestersinhumanbloodplasmaidentificationoftriphenylphosphateandoctyldiphenylphosphateindonorplasma-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood Donors\",\"Chromatography\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Humans\",\"Lipids\",\"Lipids: blood\",\"Lipids: isolation & purification\",\"Liquid\",\"Liquid: instrumentation\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: blood\",\"Organophosphates: isolation & purification\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: blood\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: isolation & purificati\",\"Plasticizers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es048267b\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones-Otazo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clarke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diamond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Archbold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josephine\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Glenn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richardson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"Jake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bryony\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"5121–5130\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jones-otazo_is_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Is {House} {Dust} the {Missing} {Exposure} {Pathway} for {PBDEs}? {An} {Analysis} of the {Urban} {Fate} and {Human} {Exposure} to {PBDEs}},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es048267b},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85\\\\% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85\\\\% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Jones-Otazo, Heather A. and Clarke, John P. and Diamond, Miriam L. and Archbold, Josephine A. and Ferguson, Glenn and Harner, Tom and Richardson, G. Mark and Ryan, John Jake and Wilford, Bryony},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {5121--5130},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jones-Otazo, H. A.\",\"Clarke, J. P.\",\"Diamond, M. L.\",\"Archbold, J. A.\",\"Ferguson, G.\",\"Harner, T.\",\"Richardson, G. M.\",\"Ryan, J. J.\",\"Wilford, B.\"],\"key\":\"jones-otazo_is_2005\",\"id\":\"jones-otazo_is_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jonesotazo-clarke-diamond-archbold-ferguson-harner-richardson-ryan-etal-ishousedustthemissingexposurepathwayforpbdesananalysisoftheurbanfateandhumanexposuretopbdes-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.\",\"volume\":\"445-446\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mukherjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bhramar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23333513\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"177–84\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson_associations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.},\\n\\tvolume = {445-446},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I and Stapleton, Heather M and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23333513},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {177--84},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson, P. I\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Mukherjee, B.\",\"Hauser, R.\",\"Meeker, J. D\"],\"key\":\"johnson_associations_2013\",\"id\":\"johnson_associations_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945\",\"abstract\":\"Human adipose tissue samples (n=52) collected in New York City during 2003-2004 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations of PBDEs in adipose tissues ranged from 17 to 9630 ng/g, lipid wt (median: 77; mean: 399 ng/g, lipid wt; sum all di- through hexaBDE congeners). Average PBDE concentrations in human adipose tissues from New York City were 10- to 100-times greater than those reported for European countries. A concentration of 9630 ng/g, lipid wt, found in a sample of adipose tissue, is one of the highest concentrations reported to date. PBDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE) was the major congener detected in human tissues, followed by PBDE congeners #99 (2,2',4,4',5-penta BDE), 100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE), and 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE). A few individuals contained PBDE 153 as the predominant congener in total PBDE concentrations, suggesting alternative exposure sources, possibly occupational. Principal component analysis of PBDE congener composition in human adipose tissues revealed the presence of five clusters, each characterized by varying composition. No significant difference was found in the concentrations of PBDEs between gender. Concentrations of PBDEs were, on average, similar to those for PCBs in human adipose tissues, and substantially higher when PBDE outliers were retained. PBDE and PCB concentrations were not correlated. PBDE concentrations did not increase with increasing age of the subjects, whereas concentrations of PCBs increased with increasing age in males but not in females in this study. These results suggest differences between PBDEs and PCBs in their sources or time course of exposure and disposition. The presence of comparable or greater concentrations of PBDEs, relative to PCBs, highlights the importance of recentvoluntary and regulatory effortsto cease production of commercial penta- and octa-BDE in North America, although these efforts do not address continuing emissions from existing sources, such as polyurethane foams.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rapaport\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"16082945\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Principal Component Analysis, Sex Factors, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"5177–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from {New} {York}.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945},\\n\\tabstract = {Human adipose tissue samples (n=52) collected in New York City during 2003-2004 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations of PBDEs in adipose tissues ranged from 17 to 9630 ng/g, lipid wt (median: 77; mean: 399 ng/g, lipid wt; sum all di- through hexaBDE congeners). Average PBDE concentrations in human adipose tissues from New York City were 10- to 100-times greater than those reported for European countries. A concentration of 9630 ng/g, lipid wt, found in a sample of adipose tissue, is one of the highest concentrations reported to date. PBDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE) was the major congener detected in human tissues, followed by PBDE congeners \\\\#99 (2,2',4,4',5-penta BDE), 100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE), and 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE). A few individuals contained PBDE 153 as the predominant congener in total PBDE concentrations, suggesting alternative exposure sources, possibly occupational. Principal component analysis of PBDE congener composition in human adipose tissues revealed the presence of five clusters, each characterized by varying composition. No significant difference was found in the concentrations of PBDEs between gender. Concentrations of PBDEs were, on average, similar to those for PCBs in human adipose tissues, and substantially higher when PBDE outliers were retained. PBDE and PCB concentrations were not correlated. PBDE concentrations did not increase with increasing age of the subjects, whereas concentrations of PCBs increased with increasing age in males but not in females in this study. These results suggest differences between PBDEs and PCBs in their sources or time course of exposure and disposition. The presence of comparable or greater concentrations of PBDEs, relative to PCBs, highlights the importance of recentvoluntary and regulatory effortsto cease production of commercial penta- and octa-BDE in North America, although these efforts do not address continuing emissions from existing sources, such as polyurethane foams.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Rapaport, David P and Rodan, Bruce D},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {16082945},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Principal Component Analysis, Sex Factors, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {5177--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo, B.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Rapaport, D. P\",\"Rodan, B. D\"],\"key\":\"johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005\",\"id\":\"johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-rapaport-rodan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanadiposetissuefromnewyork-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Age Factors\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Ethers\",\"Ethers: analysis\",\"Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"New York\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Sex Factors\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860\",\"abstract\":\"Nine species of marine fish, including teleost fishes, sharks, and stingrays, and two species of marine mammals (dolphins) collected from Florida coastal waters were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to evaluate biomagnification factors (BMF) of these contaminants in a coastal foodweb. In addition, bottlenose dolphins and bull sharks collected from the Florida coast during the 1990s and the 2000s were analyzed for evaluation of temporal trends in PBDE and PCB levels in coastal ecosystems. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle tissues of teleost fishes ranged from 8.0 ng/g, lipid wt (in silver perch), to 88 ng/g, lipid wt (in hardhead catfish), with an overall mean concentration of 43 +/- 30 ng/g, lipid wt. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle of sharks ranged from 37.8 ng/g, lipid wt, in spiny dogfish to 1630 ng/g, lipid wt, in bull sharks. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins and striped dolphins were 1190 +/- 1580 and 660 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Tetra-BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-) was the major congener detected in teleost fishes and dolphin samples, followed by BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-100, and BDE-154. In contrast, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in sharks. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in dolphins and sharks were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those in lower trophic-level fish species, indicating biomagnification of both of these contaminants in the marine foodweb. Based on the analysis of sharks and dolphins collected over a 10-year period, an exponential increase in the concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs has occurred in these marine predators. The doubling time of PBDE and PCB concentrations was estimated to be 2-3 years for bull sharks and 3-4 years for bottlenose dolphin.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Addink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudolf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Douglas\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"16294860\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Dolphins, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Florida, Food Chain, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, mam, waa\",\"pages\":\"8243–50\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal {Florida}.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860},\\n\\tabstract = {Nine species of marine fish, including teleost fishes, sharks, and stingrays, and two species of marine mammals (dolphins) collected from Florida coastal waters were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to evaluate biomagnification factors (BMF) of these contaminants in a coastal foodweb. In addition, bottlenose dolphins and bull sharks collected from the Florida coast during the 1990s and the 2000s were analyzed for evaluation of temporal trends in PBDE and PCB levels in coastal ecosystems. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle tissues of teleost fishes ranged from 8.0 ng/g, lipid wt (in silver perch), to 88 ng/g, lipid wt (in hardhead catfish), with an overall mean concentration of 43 +/- 30 ng/g, lipid wt. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle of sharks ranged from 37.8 ng/g, lipid wt, in spiny dogfish to 1630 ng/g, lipid wt, in bull sharks. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins and striped dolphins were 1190 +/- 1580 and 660 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Tetra-BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-) was the major congener detected in teleost fishes and dolphin samples, followed by BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-100, and BDE-154. In contrast, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in sharks. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in dolphins and sharks were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those in lower trophic-level fish species, indicating biomagnification of both of these contaminants in the marine foodweb. Based on the analysis of sharks and dolphins collected over a 10-year period, an exponential increase in the concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs has occurred in these marine predators. The doubling time of PBDE and PCB concentrations was estimated to be 2-3 years for bull sharks and 3-4 years for bottlenose dolphin.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Addink, Rudolf and Adams, Douglas H},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {16294860},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Dolphins, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Florida, Food Chain, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, mam, waa},\\n\\tpages = {8243--50},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo, B.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Addink, R.\",\"Adams, D. H\"],\"key\":\"johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005-1\",\"id\":\"johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-addink-adams-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinamarinefoodwebofcoastalflorida-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Dolphins\",\"Ethers\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Florida\",\"Food Chain\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Quality Control\",\"Species Specificity\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"mam\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States.\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205-1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515-1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243-8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants (\\\\textless1yr), toddlers (1-5yr), children (6-11yr), teenagers (12-19yr), and adults (20yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56-77% of the total PBDE intake.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19349061\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Milk, Preschool, United States, ffr\",\"pages\":\"542–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the {United} {States}.},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205-1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515-1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243-8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants ({\\\\textbackslash}textless1yr), toddlers (1-5yr), children (6-11yr), teenagers (12-19yr), and adults (20yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91\\\\%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56-77\\\\% of the total PBDE intake.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19349061},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Milk, Preschool, United States, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {542--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo, B.\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009\",\"id\":\"johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Child\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Infant\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Milk\",\"Preschool\",\"United States\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States.\",\"volume\":\"70\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators–bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark–collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean+/-SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048+/-0.102 and 0.333+/-0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2+/-3 and 7.38+/-18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5+/-12 and 77.7+/-128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872+/-0.5 and 54.5+/-88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5-10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1-5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Douglas\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18037156\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Adult, Animals, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Florida, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, New York City, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sharks, Sharks: metabolism, frbldg, frelec, hum, mam, waa\",\"pages\":\"1935–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the {United} {States}.},\\n\\tvolume = {70},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators–bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark–collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean+/-SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048+/-0.102 and 0.333+/-0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2+/-3 and 7.38+/-18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5+/-12 and 77.7+/-128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872+/-0.5 and 54.5+/-88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5-10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1-5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Adams, Douglas H and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18037156},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Adult, Animals, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Florida, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, New York City, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sharks, Sharks: metabolism, frbldg, frelec, hum, mam, waa},\\n\\tpages = {1935--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo, B.\",\"Adams, D. H\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008\",\"id\":\"johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Adult\",\"Animals\",\"Bottle-Nosed Dolphin\",\"Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Florida\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Muscles\",\"Muscles: metabolism\",\"New York City\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Sharks\",\"Sharks: metabolism\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"hum\",\"mam\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden.\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624\",\"doi\":\"10.1897/08-142.1\",\"abstract\":\"Previous analyses of 52 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs collected from two wild and one captive population in Sweden 1987 through 1999 were complemented by including additional polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE-35, -183, -184, -185, -196, -197, -203, and -207). In addition, 31 eggs not previously analyzed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 were analyzed for these. Geometric mean concentrations of BPBDEs, HBCD, and the hexabrominated biphenyl (BB-153) were 3,100, 140, and 81 ng/g of lipid weight for the southern population; 2,500, 110, and 84 ng/g of lipid weight for the northern population; and 47, not detected, and 8 ng/g of lipid weight for the captive population. The BDE congener pattern was dominated by BDE-153, -99, and -100. The results were used to investigate whether a difference in PBDE congener pattern could be distinguished between the two wild populations of peregrine falcons due to different diets, as the southern population preys mainly on birds belonging to the terrestrial food chain while the northern population preys more on aquatic birds. A multivariate t-test showed a subtle but significant (p \\\\textless 0.001) difference in PBDE congener pattern between the two populations. However, our hypothesis that higher-brominated congeners of PBDEs would be present to a greater extent in the terrestrial food chain was not supported by principal component analysis. The average brood size for individual females from the southern population decreased with increasing concentrations of IPBDE in the eggs (log-linear regression p \\\\textless 0.01).\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johansson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna-Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sellström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bignert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Witt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"18717624\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Raptors, Raptors: physiology, Sweden, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"9–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johansson_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons ({Falco} peregrinus) breeding in {Sweden}.},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1897/08-142.1},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous analyses of 52 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs collected from two wild and one captive population in Sweden 1987 through 1999 were complemented by including additional polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE-35, -183, -184, -185, -196, -197, -203, and -207). In addition, 31 eggs not previously analyzed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 were analyzed for these. Geometric mean concentrations of BPBDEs, HBCD, and the hexabrominated biphenyl (BB-153) were 3,100, 140, and 81 ng/g of lipid weight for the southern population; 2,500, 110, and 84 ng/g of lipid weight for the northern population; and 47, not detected, and 8 ng/g of lipid weight for the captive population. The BDE congener pattern was dominated by BDE-153, -99, and -100. The results were used to investigate whether a difference in PBDE congener pattern could be distinguished between the two wild populations of peregrine falcons due to different diets, as the southern population preys mainly on birds belonging to the terrestrial food chain while the northern population preys more on aquatic birds. A multivariate t-test showed a subtle but significant (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.001) difference in PBDE congener pattern between the two populations. However, our hypothesis that higher-brominated congeners of PBDEs would be present to a greater extent in the terrestrial food chain was not supported by principal component analysis. The average brood size for individual females from the southern population decreased with increasing concentrations of IPBDE in the eggs (log-linear regression p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.01).},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Johansson, Anna-Karin and Sellström, Ulla and Lindberg, Peter and Bignert, Anders and De Witt, Cynthia A},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {18717624},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Raptors, Raptors: physiology, Sweden, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {9--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johansson, A.\",\"Sellström, U.\",\"Lindberg, P.\",\"Bignert, A.\",\"De Witt, C. A\"],\"key\":\"johansson_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"johansson_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewitt-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerpatternshexabromocyclododecaneandbrominatedbiphenyl153ineggsofperegrinefalconsfalcoperegrinusbreedinginsweden-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Raptors\",\"Raptors: physiology\",\"Sweden\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts, USA.\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"1464-0325\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/b711409p\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB) were measured in human breast milk samples collected across Massachusetts, USA, in 2004. Seventeen PBDE congeners were found in the samples, ranging in concentration from 0.06 to 1910 ng g(-1) lipid wt. BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE), BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE), and BDE-100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE) were the major congeners detected in breast milk samples. Overall mean (+/-SD) concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB were 64.5 +/- 75, 18.9 +/- 19, 32.4 +/- 36, and 2.3 +/- 2.2 ng g(-1) lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of PBDEs were strongly correlated with concentrations of OCPs in the samples. Based on the concentrations of organohalogens and the intake rates of breast milk by infants in the United States, daily ingestion rates of contaminants were calculated. The median ingestion rates for PBDEs, HCHs, DDTs, CHLs, and HCB were 4.0, 212, 141, 44, and 5.79 ng kg(-1) body wt day(-1), respectively. The estimated daily intake of organohalogens by infants was compared with threshold reference values suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), for calculation of hazard quotients (HQs). HQs for individual organohalogens and the sum of HQ for all organohalogens were calculated as HQ indices (HQI). The results suggest that one or more of the contaminants analyzed in this study exceeded the threshold reference values in at least 26% of the breast milk samples.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Addink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudolf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arcaro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathleen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17968447\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1205–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from {Massachusetts}, {USA}.},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0325},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/b711409p},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB) were measured in human breast milk samples collected across Massachusetts, USA, in 2004. Seventeen PBDE congeners were found in the samples, ranging in concentration from 0.06 to 1910 ng g(-1) lipid wt. BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE), BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE), and BDE-100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE) were the major congeners detected in breast milk samples. Overall mean (+/-SD) concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB were 64.5 +/- 75, 18.9 +/- 19, 32.4 +/- 36, and 2.3 +/- 2.2 ng g(-1) lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of PBDEs were strongly correlated with concentrations of OCPs in the samples. Based on the concentrations of organohalogens and the intake rates of breast milk by infants in the United States, daily ingestion rates of contaminants were calculated. The median ingestion rates for PBDEs, HCHs, DDTs, CHLs, and HCB were 4.0, 212, 141, 44, and 5.79 ng kg(-1) body wt day(-1), respectively. The estimated daily intake of organohalogens by infants was compared with threshold reference values suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), for calculation of hazard quotients (HQs). HQs for individual organohalogens and the sum of HQ for all organohalogens were calculated as HQ indices (HQI). The results suggest that one or more of the contaminants analyzed in this study exceeded the threshold reference values in at least 26\\\\% of the breast milk samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Addink, Rudolf and Wong, Chung and Arcaro, Kathleen and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17968447},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1205--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo, B.\",\"Addink, R.\",\"Wong, C.\",\"Arcaro, K.\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2007\",\"id\":\"johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnsonrestrepo-addink-wong-arcaro-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandorganochlorinepesticidesinhumanbreastmilkfrommassachusettsusa-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Quality Control\",\"United States\",\"United States Environmental Protection Agency\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0161-813X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.008\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as additive flame-retardants, are increasing in the environment and are present in human mother's milk, newborns and toddlers. We reported earlier that several PBDEs, highly brominated PBDEs, caused developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, manifested as persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, habituation capability, learning and memory, and changes in the cholinergic system. The present study was undertaken to explore the dose-response effects of PBDE 209 on spontaneous behaviour, habituation and its effects on the murine cholinergic system. Neonatal male NMRI mice were given 1.4, 2.3, 14 or 21micromol PBDE 209/kg body weight, when 3 days old. The agent was administered as a single oral dose via a metal gastric tube. Spontaneous behaviour and response to the cholinergic agonist nicotine were observed in adult mice at 2 and 4 months of age. Mice were also observed for anxiety-like behaviour in an elevated plus-maze. Adult mice, 2 and 4 months old, showed a dose-response related change in spontaneous behaviour, viz. were hyperactive and showed reduced or lack of habituation, effects that worsen with age. At the adult age of 4 months the susceptibility of the cholinergic system was also affected in a dose-response related manner, viz. reduced and/or hypoactive response to nicotine. This shows that PBDE 209 can be as potent as the lower brominated PBDEs in causing developmental neurotoxic defects.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johansson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18930763\",\"keywords\":\"Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acetylcholine: pharmacology, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Exploratory Behavior, Exploratory Behavior: drug effects, Female, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Nicotine, Nicotine: pharmacology, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: pharmacology, Pregnancy, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"911–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johansson_neonatal_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0161-813X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as additive flame-retardants, are increasing in the environment and are present in human mother's milk, newborns and toddlers. We reported earlier that several PBDEs, highly brominated PBDEs, caused developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, manifested as persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, habituation capability, learning and memory, and changes in the cholinergic system. The present study was undertaken to explore the dose-response effects of PBDE 209 on spontaneous behaviour, habituation and its effects on the murine cholinergic system. Neonatal male NMRI mice were given 1.4, 2.3, 14 or 21micromol PBDE 209/kg body weight, when 3 days old. The agent was administered as a single oral dose via a metal gastric tube. Spontaneous behaviour and response to the cholinergic agonist nicotine were observed in adult mice at 2 and 4 months of age. Mice were also observed for anxiety-like behaviour in an elevated plus-maze. Adult mice, 2 and 4 months old, showed a dose-response related change in spontaneous behaviour, viz. were hyperactive and showed reduced or lack of habituation, effects that worsen with age. At the adult age of 4 months the susceptibility of the cholinergic system was also affected in a dose-response related manner, viz. reduced and/or hypoactive response to nicotine. This shows that PBDE 209 can be as potent as the lower brominated PBDEs in causing developmental neurotoxic defects.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Johansson, N and Viberg, H and Fredriksson, A and Eriksson, P},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18930763},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acetylcholine: pharmacology, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Exploratory Behavior, Exploratory Behavior: drug effects, Female, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Nicotine, Nicotine: pharmacology, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: pharmacology, Pregnancy, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {911--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johansson, N\",\"Viberg, H\",\"Fredriksson, A\",\"Eriksson, P\"],\"key\":\"johansson_neonatal_2008\",\"id\":\"johansson_neonatal_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johansson-viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209causesdoseresponsechangesinspontaneousbehaviourandcholinergicsusceptibilityinadultmice-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acetylcholine\",\"Acetylcholine: metabolism\",\"Acetylcholine: pharmacology\",\"Age Factors\",\"Analysis of Variance\",\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Exploratory Behavior\",\"Exploratory Behavior: drug effects\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Habituation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Locomotion\",\"Locomotion: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Newborn\",\"Nicotine\",\"Nicotine: pharmacology\",\"Nicotinic Agonists\",\"Nicotinic Agonists: pharmacology\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Psychophysiologic\",\"Psychophysiologic: drug effects\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in Swedish Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus) eggs.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.010\",\"abstract\":\"A temporal trend study of brominated flame retardants in eggs from peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus), a terrestrial bird of prey, is presented. Eggs collected between 1974 and 2007 were analyzed for the major constituents of the Penta-, Octa- and Decabromodiphenyl ether technical products (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -183 and -209), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Concentrations of BDE-99, -100, -153, -183, -209 and HBCD increased from 1974 to 2000. After the early 2000s, BDE-99, -100, -153 and -183 concentrations decreased, whereas BDE-209 and HBCD concentrations continued to increase. No temporal trend was detected for BDE-47. Rates of increase also differed, with BDE-99 and -100 increasing 3-fold between the 1980s and mid-1990s, and BDE-153 and -183 increasing approximately 10-fold during the same period. The average yearly increase was 15% and 11% for BDE-209 and HBCD, respectively, based on log-linear regression trends. There is a change in BDE congener patterns over time, with a shift from the predominance of BDE-99 and -47 until the late 1980s, to BDE-153 becoming the predominant congener later on. BFR temporal trends in Swedish peregrine falcon eggs reflect European BFR usage patterns.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johansson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna-Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sellström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bignert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21396716\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"678–86\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johansson_temporal_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in {Swedish} {Peregrine} {Falcon} ({Falco} peregrinus peregrinus) eggs.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.010},\\n\\tabstract = {A temporal trend study of brominated flame retardants in eggs from peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus), a terrestrial bird of prey, is presented. Eggs collected between 1974 and 2007 were analyzed for the major constituents of the Penta-, Octa- and Decabromodiphenyl ether technical products (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -183 and -209), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Concentrations of BDE-99, -100, -153, -183, -209 and HBCD increased from 1974 to 2000. After the early 2000s, BDE-99, -100, -153 and -183 concentrations decreased, whereas BDE-209 and HBCD concentrations continued to increase. No temporal trend was detected for BDE-47. Rates of increase also differed, with BDE-99 and -100 increasing 3-fold between the 1980s and mid-1990s, and BDE-153 and -183 increasing approximately 10-fold during the same period. The average yearly increase was 15\\\\% and 11\\\\% for BDE-209 and HBCD, respectively, based on log-linear regression trends. There is a change in BDE congener patterns over time, with a shift from the predominance of BDE-99 and -47 until the late 1980s, to BDE-153 becoming the predominant congener later on. BFR temporal trends in Swedish peregrine falcon eggs reflect European BFR usage patterns.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Johansson, Anna-Karin and Sellström, Ulla and Lindberg, Peter and Bignert, Anders and de Wit, Cynthia A},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21396716},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {678--86},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johansson, A.\",\"Sellström, U.\",\"Lindberg, P.\",\"Bignert, A.\",\"de Wit, C. A\"],\"key\":\"johansson_temporal_2011\",\"id\":\"johansson_temporal_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewit-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinswedishperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusperegrinuseggs-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, China.\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.006\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been produced in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province in China, but little is known about the PBDE exposure level of residents to these compounds. We set out to assess potential health risks of PBDEs in the south coast area of the Laizhou Bay by determining the concentrations of PBDEs in serum and breast milk. We measured concentrations of eight PBDE congeners in serum and breast milk. The arithmetic means of Sigma(8)PBDE in pooled serum and breast milk were 613 ng/g lipid and 81.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The highest concentration for Sigma(8)PBDE in all serum pools was 1830 ng/g lipid from the 41-50 year old female group. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, with the mean concentrations of 403 ng/g lipid in serum and 45.6 ng/g lipid in breast milk, respectively. BDE-209 averagely accounted for 65.8% and 54.2% of the total PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that high exposures to PBDEs have led to very high PBDE concentrations in serum and breast milk from the residents living in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay. High PBDE concentrations in human serum, particularly in women, pose a potential public health threat to local residents.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Congqiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jicheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weizhi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19540593\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Milk, Risk Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"1048–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jin_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.006},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been produced in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province in China, but little is known about the PBDE exposure level of residents to these compounds. We set out to assess potential health risks of PBDEs in the south coast area of the Laizhou Bay by determining the concentrations of PBDEs in serum and breast milk. We measured concentrations of eight PBDE congeners in serum and breast milk. The arithmetic means of Sigma(8)PBDE in pooled serum and breast milk were 613 ng/g lipid and 81.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The highest concentration for Sigma(8)PBDE in all serum pools was 1830 ng/g lipid from the 41-50 year old female group. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, with the mean concentrations of 403 ng/g lipid in serum and 45.6 ng/g lipid in breast milk, respectively. BDE-209 averagely accounted for 65.8\\\\% and 54.2\\\\% of the total PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that high exposures to PBDEs have led to very high PBDE concentrations in serum and breast milk from the residents living in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay. High PBDE concentrations in human serum, particularly in women, pose a potential public health threat to local residents.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Jin, Jun and Wang, Ying and Yang, Congqiao and Hu, Jicheng and Liu, Weizhi and Cui, Jian and Tang, Xiaoyan},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19540593},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Milk, Risk Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1048--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jin, J.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Yang, C.\",\"Hu, J.\",\"Liu, W.\",\"Cui, J.\",\"Tang, X.\"],\"key\":\"jin_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"jin_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jin-wang-yang-hu-liu-cui-tang-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheserumandbreastmilkoftheresidentpopulationfromproductionareachina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"China\",\"Diet\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Milk\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Young Adult\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs, and their mechanisms of toxicity.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es104344e\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively utilized as flame retardants, and recently there has been concern about potential adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Their hydroxylated analogs (OH-BDEs) have received increasing attention due to their potential for endocrine and neurological toxicities. However, the potentials and mechanisms of genotoxicity of these brominated compounds have scarcely been investigated. In the present study, genotoxicity of tetra-BDEs, penta BDE, octa-BDE, deca-BDE, and tetra-OH-BDEs were investigated by use of chicken DT40 cell lines including wild-type cells and a panel of mutant cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways. Tetra-BDEs have greater genotoxic potential than do the other BDEs tested. OH-tetra-BDEs were more genotoxic than tetra-BDEs. DT40 cells, deficient in base excision repair (Polβ(-/-)) and translesion DNA synthesis (REV3(-/-)) pathways, were hypersensitive to the genotoxic effects of tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs. The observation of chromosomal aberrations and gamma-H2AX assay confirmed that the studied brominated compounds caused double strand breaks. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly rescued the Polβ(-/-) and REV3(-/-) mutants, which is consistent with the hypothesis that PBDEs and OH-BDEs cause DNA damage mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs caused base damage through ROS leading to replication blockage and subsequent chromosomal breaks.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyunghee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyungho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Musarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Javed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takeda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shunichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21545137\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chickens, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation, Mutagenicity Tests, cell line\",\"pages\":\"5003–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ji_genotoxicity_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hydroxylated {PBDEs}, and their mechanisms of toxicity.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es104344e},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively utilized as flame retardants, and recently there has been concern about potential adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Their hydroxylated analogs (OH-BDEs) have received increasing attention due to their potential for endocrine and neurological toxicities. However, the potentials and mechanisms of genotoxicity of these brominated compounds have scarcely been investigated. In the present study, genotoxicity of tetra-BDEs, penta BDE, octa-BDE, deca-BDE, and tetra-OH-BDEs were investigated by use of chicken DT40 cell lines including wild-type cells and a panel of mutant cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways. Tetra-BDEs have greater genotoxic potential than do the other BDEs tested. OH-tetra-BDEs were more genotoxic than tetra-BDEs. DT40 cells, deficient in base excision repair (Polβ(-/-)) and translesion DNA synthesis (REV3(-/-)) pathways, were hypersensitive to the genotoxic effects of tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs. The observation of chromosomal aberrations and gamma-H2AX assay confirmed that the studied brominated compounds caused double strand breaks. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly rescued the Polβ(-/-) and REV3(-/-) mutants, which is consistent with the hypothesis that PBDEs and OH-BDEs cause DNA damage mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs caused base damage through ROS leading to replication blockage and subsequent chromosomal breaks.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho and Giesy, John P and Musarrat, Javed and Takeda, Shunichi},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21545137},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chickens, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation, Mutagenicity Tests, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {5003--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ji, K.\",\"Choi, K.\",\"Giesy, J. P\",\"Musarrat, J.\",\"Takeda, S.\"],\"key\":\"ji_genotoxicity_2011\",\"id\":\"ji_genotoxicity_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ji-choi-giesy-musarrat-takeda-genotoxicityofseveralpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhydroxylatedpbdesandtheirmechanismsoftoxicity-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chickens\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hydroxylation\",\"Mutagenicity Tests\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work. Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others. BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians. On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)-response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thuresson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rylander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hagmar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11999794\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Chromatography, Computers, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Job Description, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"709–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jakobsson_exposure_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} among computer technicians.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work. Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others. BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians. On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)-response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Jakobsson, Kristina and Thuresson, Kaj and Rylander, Lars and Sjödin, Andreas and Hagmar, Lars and Bergman, Ake},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11999794},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Chromatography, Computers, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Job Description, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {709--16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jakobsson, K.\",\"Thuresson, K.\",\"Rylander, L.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Hagmar, L.\",\"Bergman, A.\"],\"key\":\"jakobsson_exposure_2002\",\"id\":\"jakobsson_exposure_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Chromatography\",\"Computers\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Humans\",\"Job Description\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Geneva, Switzerland\",\"title\":\"ISO 9705:1993 Full-scale room test for surface products\",\"url\":\"http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561\",\"publisher\":\"International Organization for Standardization\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ISO\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1993\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{iso_iso_1993,\\n\\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\\n\\ttitle = {{ISO} 9705:1993 {Full}-scale room test for surface products},\\n\\turl = {http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Organization for Standardization},\\n\\tauthor = {{ISO}},\\n\\tyear = {1993},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ISO\"],\"key\":\"iso_iso_1993\",\"id\":\"iso_iso_1993\",\"bibbaseid\":\"iso-iso97051993fullscaleroomtestforsurfaceproducts-1993\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Proposed TB-117-2012 Language Draft\",\"url\":\"http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Insulation\"],\"firstnames\":[\"California\",\"Bureau\",\"of\",\"Electronic\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furnishings\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Appliance\",\"Repair\",\"Home\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thermal\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{insulation_proposed_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Proposed {TB}-117-2012 {Language} {Draft}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf},\\n\\tauthor = {Insulation, California Bureau of Electronic and Furnishings, Appliance Repair Home and {Thermal}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Insulation, C. B. o. E.\",\"Furnishings, A. R. H.\",\"Thermal\"],\"key\":\"insulation_proposed_2012\",\"id\":\"insulation_proposed_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"insulation-furnishings-thermal-proposedtb1172012languagedraft-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort.\",\"volume\":\"117\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0900839\",\"abstract\":\"Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Imm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knobeloch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buelow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henry\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"20049208\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Aged, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Cohort Studies, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Male, Middle Aged, Spectrometry, Time Factors, X-Ray Emission\",\"pages\":\"1890–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{imm_household_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in a {Wisconsin} {Cohort}.},\\n\\tvolume = {117},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900839},\\n\\tabstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Buelow, Carol and Anderson, Henry A},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {20049208},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Cohort Studies, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Male, Middle Aged, Spectrometry, Time Factors, X-Ray Emission},\\n\\tpages = {1890--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Imm, P.\",\"Knobeloch, L.\",\"Buelow, C.\",\"Anderson, H. A\"],\"key\":\"imm_household_2009\",\"id\":\"imm_household_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Body Burden\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Time Factors\",\"X-Ray Emission\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Water-Blown Molded Flexible Polyurethane Foam Materials\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"07349041\",\"url\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430\",\"doi\":\"10.1106/4EGW-LH1C-XFBJ-AFWL\",\"abstract\":\"Polyurethane flexible foam materials have a wide range of industrial applications. These applications include flexible foams for packaging, polyurethane-based foam materials for seat cushions in buses, railways, the airline industry, prisons, and domestic bedding. There is a substantial need for the development of flexible molded foam materials with low heat release rates and smoke release rates. In this study, an extensive series of flexible, molded polyurethane seat cushion materials based on polymeric MDI and polyether polyols were prepared and further modified with commercially available flame retardant additives. The flame retardant behavior of these foam materials was evaluated using Cone Calorimeter (ASTM-E 1354), vertical Bunsen burner test for cabin and cargo component materials [FAR 25.853 (a), Appendix F, Part I, (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii)], and oil burner test for seat cushions [FAR 25.853 (c), Appendix F, Part II]. Several formulations that passed the 12-second vertical Bunsen burner test were identified. These include the formulations modified with Firemaster(R) HP-36, Decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony oxide/Firemaster(R)HP-36, Fyrol(R) FR-2, and Fyrol(R) FR-2/graphite powder. A formulation modified with Antiblaze(R)-230 and a cross-linking agent passed both 12-second and 60-second vertical Bunsen burner tests. But, all of these materials did not pass the oil burner tests for seat cushions. Using the cone calorimeter, materials with a reduction in peak heat release rate of up to 57% were prepared and with up to a fourfold increase in char residue in the cone. However, most FR formulations showed an increase in carbon monoxide and smoke generation. Lowest peak HRR data were obtained with Firemaster(R) HP-36/Sb2O3 and Dow Silicones(R)1-9641 at 25kW/m2 and with Fyrol(R) FR2/cross-linker at 35 kW/m2 exposure. It appears that there is no correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical Bunsen burner test results.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jayakody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Myers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sorathia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"GL\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"pages\":\"430–455\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jayakody_fire-retardant_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire-{Retardant} {Characteristics} of {Water}-{Blown} {Molded} {Flexible} {Polyurethane} {Foam} {Materials}},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {07349041},\\n\\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1106/4EGW-LH1C-XFBJ-AFWL},\\n\\tabstract = {Polyurethane flexible foam materials have a wide range of industrial applications. These applications include flexible foams for packaging, polyurethane-based foam materials for seat cushions in buses, railways, the airline industry, prisons, and domestic bedding. There is a substantial need for the development of flexible molded foam materials with low heat release rates and smoke release rates. In this study, an extensive series of flexible, molded polyurethane seat cushion materials based on polymeric MDI and polyether polyols were prepared and further modified with commercially available flame retardant additives. The flame retardant behavior of these foam materials was evaluated using Cone Calorimeter (ASTM-E 1354), vertical Bunsen burner test for cabin and cargo component materials [FAR 25.853 (a), Appendix F, Part I, (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii)], and oil burner test for seat cushions [FAR 25.853 (c), Appendix F, Part II]. Several formulations that passed the 12-second vertical Bunsen burner test were identified. These include the formulations modified with Firemaster(R) HP-36, Decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony oxide/Firemaster(R)HP-36, Fyrol(R) FR-2, and Fyrol(R) FR-2/graphite powder. A formulation modified with Antiblaze(R)-230 and a cross-linking agent passed both 12-second and 60-second vertical Bunsen burner tests. But, all of these materials did not pass the oil burner tests for seat cushions. Using the cone calorimeter, materials with a reduction in peak heat release rate of up to 57\\\\% were prepared and with up to a fourfold increase in char residue in the cone. However, most FR formulations showed an increase in carbon monoxide and smoke generation. Lowest peak HRR data were obtained with Firemaster(R) HP-36/Sb2O3 and Dow Silicones(R)1-9641 at 25kW/m2 and with Fyrol(R) FR2/cross-linker at 35 kW/m2 exposure. It appears that there is no correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical Bunsen burner test results.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Jayakody, C and Myers, D and Sorathia, U and Nelson, GL},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {430--455},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jayakody, C\",\"Myers, D\",\"Sorathia, U\",\"Nelson, G.\"],\"key\":\"jayakody_fire-retardant_2000\",\"id\":\"jayakody_fire-retardant_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jayakody-myers-sorathia-nelson-fireretardantcharacteristicsofwaterblownmoldedflexiblepolyurethanefoammaterials-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Reducing Uncertainty of Quantifying the Burning Rate of Upholstered Furniture\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Southwest Research Institute\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Janssens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, NIJ Final Grant Report\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{janssens_reducing_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Reducing {Uncertainty} of {Quantifying} the {Burning} {Rate} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Southwest Research Institute},\\n\\tauthor = {Janssens, Marc L},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, NIJ Final Grant Report},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Janssens, M. L\"],\"key\":\"janssens_reducing_2012\",\"id\":\"janssens_reducing_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"janssens-reducinguncertaintyofquantifyingtheburningrateofupholsteredfurniture-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"NIJ Final Grant Report\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Contamination status of POPs and BFRs and relationship with parasitic infection in finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay, Japan.\",\"volume\":\"63\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.014\",\"abstract\":\"Contamination status of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blubber of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) stranded along the coasts of Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay in Japan were investigated. Levels of PCBs, DDTs and CHLs were significantly higher than those of HCHs, HCB, PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs, as well as organochlorine compounds in males increased with body length (p\\\\textless0.05). Among 14 PBDE congeners analyzed, BDE-47 was the predominant, which is similar to those generally reported in biota. PBDEs, HBCDs and PCBs showed no obvious temporal trend in concentrations during the study period, suggesting continuous environmental release of these chemicals. On the other hand, levels of DDT, CHLs and HCHs have decreased. Concentrations of PCBs in liver trematode infected individuals were significantly higher than those in not infected individuals, implying there could be a relationship between contaminant levels and parasitic infection.\",\"number\":\"5-12\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oshihoi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakayama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tadasu\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tajima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Amano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21334693\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animal, Animal: epidemiology, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Male, Oceans and Seas, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Parasitic Diseases, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Porpoises: parasitology, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"564–71\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{isobe_contamination_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Contamination status of {POPs} and {BFRs} and relationship with parasitic infection in finless porpoises ({Neophocaena} phocaenoides) from {Seto} {Inland} {Sea} and {Omura} {Bay}, {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {63},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Contamination status of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blubber of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) stranded along the coasts of Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay in Japan were investigated. Levels of PCBs, DDTs and CHLs were significantly higher than those of HCHs, HCB, PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs, as well as organochlorine compounds in males increased with body length (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Among 14 PBDE congeners analyzed, BDE-47 was the predominant, which is similar to those generally reported in biota. PBDEs, HBCDs and PCBs showed no obvious temporal trend in concentrations during the study period, suggesting continuous environmental release of these chemicals. On the other hand, levels of DDT, CHLs and HCHs have decreased. Concentrations of PCBs in liver trematode infected individuals were significantly higher than those in not infected individuals, implying there could be a relationship between contaminant levels and parasitic infection.},\\n\\tnumber = {5-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Isobe, Tomohiko and Oshihoi, Tomoko and Hamada, Hiroki and Nakayama, Kei and Yamada, Tadasu K and Tajima, Yuko and Amano, Masao and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21334693},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animal, Animal: epidemiology, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Male, Oceans and Seas, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Parasitic Diseases, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Porpoises: parasitology, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {564--71},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Isobe, T.\",\"Oshihoi, T.\",\"Hamada, H.\",\"Nakayama, K.\",\"Yamada, T. K\",\"Tajima, Y.\",\"Amano, M.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"isobe_contamination_2011\",\"id\":\"isobe_contamination_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"isobe-oshihoi-hamada-nakayama-yamada-tajima-amano-tanabe-contaminationstatusofpopsandbfrsandrelationshipwithparasiticinfectioninfinlessporpoisesneophocaenaphocaenoidesfromsetoinlandseaandomurabayjapan-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animal\",\"Animal: epidemiology\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Japan\",\"Male\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: metabolism\",\"Parasitic Diseases\",\"Porpoises\",\"Porpoises: metabolism\",\"Porpoises: parasitology\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Geographical distribution of non-PBDE-brominated flame retardants in mussels from Asian coastal waters.\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-012-0945-6\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) used as alternatives for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are also persistent in the environment as PBDEs. Limited information on these non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is available; in particular, there are only few publications on environmental pollution by these contaminants in the coastal waters of Asia. In this regard, we investigated the contamination status of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE in the coastal waters of Asia using mussels as a bioindicator. Concentrations of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were determined in green (Perna viridis) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the coastal areas in Cambodia, China (mainland), SAR China (Hong Kong), India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam on 2003-2008. BTBPE and DBDPE were analyzed using GC-MS, whereas HBCDs were determined by LC-MS/MS. HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were found in mussels at levels ranging from \\\\textless0.01 to 1,400, \\\\textless0.1 to 13, and \\\\textless0.3 to 22 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Among the three HBCD diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was the dominant isomer followed by γ- and β-HBCDs. Concentrations of HBCDs and DBDPE in mussels from Japan and Korea were higher compared to those from the other Asian countries, indicating extensive usage of these non-PBDE BFRs in Japan and Korea. Higher levels of HBCDs and DBDPE than PBDEs were detected in some mussel samples from Japan. The results suggest that environmental pollution by non-PBDE BFRs, especially HBCDs in Japan, is ubiquitous. This study provides baseline information on the contamination status of these non-PBDE BFRs in the coastal waters of Asia.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science and pollution research international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ogawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shohei\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22875421\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Asia, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Southeastern, Water Pollutants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"3107–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{isobe_geographical_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Geographical distribution of non-{PBDE}-brominated flame retardants in mussels from {Asian} coastal waters.},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-0945-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) used as alternatives for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are also persistent in the environment as PBDEs. Limited information on these non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is available; in particular, there are only few publications on environmental pollution by these contaminants in the coastal waters of Asia. In this regard, we investigated the contamination status of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE in the coastal waters of Asia using mussels as a bioindicator. Concentrations of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were determined in green (Perna viridis) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the coastal areas in Cambodia, China (mainland), SAR China (Hong Kong), India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam on 2003-2008. BTBPE and DBDPE were analyzed using GC-MS, whereas HBCDs were determined by LC-MS/MS. HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were found in mussels at levels ranging from {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.01 to 1,400, {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.1 to 13, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.3 to 22 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Among the three HBCD diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was the dominant isomer followed by γ- and β-HBCDs. Concentrations of HBCDs and DBDPE in mussels from Japan and Korea were higher compared to those from the other Asian countries, indicating extensive usage of these non-PBDE BFRs in Japan and Korea. Higher levels of HBCDs and DBDPE than PBDEs were detected in some mussel samples from Japan. The results suggest that environmental pollution by non-PBDE BFRs, especially HBCDs in Japan, is ubiquitous. This study provides baseline information on the contamination status of these non-PBDE BFRs in the coastal waters of Asia.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\\n\\tauthor = {Isobe, Tomohiko and Ogawa, Shohei P and Ramu, Karri and Sudaryanto, Agus and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22875421},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Asia, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Southeastern, Water Pollutants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {3107--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Isobe, T.\",\"Ogawa, S. P\",\"Ramu, K.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"isobe_geographical_2012\",\"id\":\"isobe_geographical_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"isobe-ogawa-ramu-sudaryanto-tanabe-geographicaldistributionofnonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsinmusselsfromasiancoastalwaters-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Asia\",\"Bivalvia\",\"Bivalvia: chemistry\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liquid\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: analysis\",\"Southeastern\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Household Exposures to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort\",\"volume\":\"117\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0900839\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood. oBjectives: This study was designed to assess current PBDE body burdens and identify residential sources of exposure among 29 men and 15 women in 38 households. Methods: Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers were used to measure bromine levels in upholstered furnishings, bedding, vehicle interiors, and electronic devices. Vacuum cleaner con- tents, indoor air samples, and blood sera were analyzed for PBDE congeners using conventional gas chromatograph methods. results: Bromine levels varied widely within similar household items. The greatest range for upholstered items was found among vehicle seat cushions (7–30,600 ppm). For electronic devices, television sets ranged from 4 ppm to 128,300 ppm. Based on mixed effects modeling, adjusting for couple households, the bromine content in the participants' sleeping pillows and primary vehicle seat cushions were the strongest predictors of log lipid-adjusted blood serum PBDE concentrations (p-values = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively). The total pentaBDE congener levels found in dust samples and in passive air samples were not significant predictors of blood sera levels. conclusions: This study demonstrates the usefulness of the portable XRF analyzer in identifying household items that may contribute to human exposure to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Imm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knobeloch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buelow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henry\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1890–1895\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{imm_household_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Household {Exposures} to {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) in a {Wisconsin} {Cohort}},\\n\\tvolume = {117},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900839},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood. oBjectives: This study was designed to assess current PBDE body burdens and identify residential sources of exposure among 29 men and 15 women in 38 households. Methods: Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers were used to measure bromine levels in upholstered furnishings, bedding, vehicle interiors, and electronic devices. Vacuum cleaner con- tents, indoor air samples, and blood sera were analyzed for PBDE congeners using conventional gas chromatograph methods. results: Bromine levels varied widely within similar household items. The greatest range for upholstered items was found among vehicle seat cushions (7–30,600 ppm). For electronic devices, television sets ranged from 4 ppm to 128,300 ppm. Based on mixed effects modeling, adjusting for couple households, the bromine content in the participants' sleeping pillows and primary vehicle seat cushions were the strongest predictors of log lipid-adjusted blood serum PBDE concentrations (p-values = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively). The total pentaBDE congener levels found in dust samples and in passive air samples were not significant predictors of blood sera levels. conclusions: This study demonstrates the usefulness of the portable XRF analyzer in identifying household items that may contribute to human exposure to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Buelow, Carol and Anderson, Henry A},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1890--1895},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Imm, P.\",\"Knobeloch, L.\",\"Buelow, C.\",\"Anderson, H. A\"],\"key\":\"imm_household_2009-1\",\"id\":\"imm_household_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface soils from Surabaya, Indonesia.\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.067\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs and two novel BFRs such as 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromopenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in various locations such as industrial, urban, rural, dumping site and agricultural areas of Surabaya, Indonesia has been characterized in order to evaluate their contamination status, profiles, potential sources, fate and behavior. Range and median concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs, BTBPE and DBDPE were ND - 9.6 (1.2), 0.069 - 24 (7.4), ND - 1.8 (0.48), ND - 1.7 (0.14) and ND - 7.6 (2.2) ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Industrial, urban and dumping areas were inventoried as the main sources of these pollutants. Decreasing gradient levels were observed for these contaminants from industrial district, urban, dumping site, rural and agricultural areas, in that order. Furthermore, organic carbon contents and proximity to the point sources were found as the major controlling factors. Contaminant profiles were characterized by the predominance of hexa-, hepta- and penta-homologues for PCBs; deca-, nona- and octa- for PBDEs and α-isomer for HBCDs. Product mixtures such as Ar1260/KC600 and Ar1254/KC500 for PCBs, deca- and octa-BDEs for PBDEs were the possible common formulations used in study area. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study on characterization of soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs together with two novel BFRs in a highly industrialized city located in tropical region. This study provides baseline information for establishing national monitoring programs in Indonesia.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ilyas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muhammad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Setiawan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iwan\",\"Eka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riyadi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adi\",\"Slamet\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ogawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shohei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21429558\",\"keywords\":\"Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"783–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ilyas_characterization_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface soils from {Surabaya}, {Indonesia}.},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.067},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs and two novel BFRs such as 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromopenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in various locations such as industrial, urban, rural, dumping site and agricultural areas of Surabaya, Indonesia has been characterized in order to evaluate their contamination status, profiles, potential sources, fate and behavior. Range and median concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs, BTBPE and DBDPE were ND - 9.6 (1.2), 0.069 - 24 (7.4), ND - 1.8 (0.48), ND - 1.7 (0.14) and ND - 7.6 (2.2) ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Industrial, urban and dumping areas were inventoried as the main sources of these pollutants. Decreasing gradient levels were observed for these contaminants from industrial district, urban, dumping site, rural and agricultural areas, in that order. Furthermore, organic carbon contents and proximity to the point sources were found as the major controlling factors. Contaminant profiles were characterized by the predominance of hexa-, hepta- and penta-homologues for PCBs; deca-, nona- and octa- for PBDEs and α-isomer for HBCDs. Product mixtures such as Ar1260/KC600 and Ar1254/KC500 for PCBs, deca- and octa-BDEs for PBDEs were the possible common formulations used in study area. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study on characterization of soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs together with two novel BFRs in a highly industrialized city located in tropical region. This study provides baseline information for establishing national monitoring programs in Indonesia.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ilyas, Muhammad and Sudaryanto, Agus and Setiawan, Iwan Eka and Riyadi, Adi Slamet and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ogawa, Shohei and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21429558},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {783--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ilyas, M.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Setiawan, I. E.\",\"Riyadi, A. S.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Ogawa, S.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"ilyas_characterization_2011\",\"id\":\"ilyas_characterization_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-ogawa-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurfacesoilsfromsurabayaindonesia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Indonesia\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Building Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2006\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Residential Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2000,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2000\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Residential Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2009,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2009\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Residential Code\",\"url\":\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2003,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2003\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Whittier, CA\",\"title\":\"1976 Uniform Building Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Conference of Building Officials\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICBO\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1976\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icbo_1976_1976,\\n\\taddress = {Whittier, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {1976 {Uniform} {Building} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Conference of Building Officials},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICBO}},\\n\\tyear = {1976},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICBO\"],\"key\":\"icbo_1976_1976\",\"id\":\"icbo_1976_1976\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icbo-1976uniformbuildingcode-1976\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Whittier, CA\",\"title\":\"1961 Uniform Building Code.\",\"publisher\":\"International Conference of Building Officials\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICBO\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1961\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icbo_1961_1961,\\n\\taddress = {Whittier, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {1961 {Uniform} {Building} {Code}.},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Conference of Building Officials},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICBO}},\\n\\tyear = {1961},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICBO\"],\"key\":\"icbo_1961_1961\",\"id\":\"icbo_1961_1961\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icbo-1961uniformbuildingcode-1961\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Suppression of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and disruption of thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar morphogenesis by the polybrominated biphenyl mixture, BP-6.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1872-9711\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.008\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are polyhalogenated, bioaccumulative flame retardant chemicals, which have been used in a variety of consumer and household products. They were accidentally introduced into the food chain in Michigan in 1973 and have remained a source of health concern. Studies have shown that exposure to PBB may cause adverse neurotoxic effects. We therefore examined the effects of BP-6, a PBB mixture, on thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription, on TH-induced Purkinje cell dendritogenesis, and on TH-induced cerebellar granule cell neurite extension. Our study shows that BP-6 suppressed TR-mediated transcription in CV-1 cells. Mammalian two-hybrid studies revealed that BP-6 did not inhibit coactivator binding to TR nor did it recruit corepressors to TR. Further examination using the liquid chemiluminescent DNA pull down assay revealed partial dissociation of TR from TH response element (TRE). In primary rat cerebellar culture, BP-6 significantly suppressed TH-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells, and in reaggregate rat granule cell culture, impaired TH-induced neurite extension of granule cells. Taken together, our results indicate that BP-6 may disrupt TH homeostasis and consequently impair normal neuronal development.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibhazehiebo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kingsley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iwasaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshiharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okano-Uchida\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takayuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimokawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noriaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ishizaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koibuchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noriyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21396401\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Binding Sites, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebellum: growth & development, Cerebellum: metabolism, Cerebellum: pathology, Dendrites, Dendrites: drug effects, Dendrites: metabolism, Dendrites: pathology, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Glucocorticoid, Glucocorticoid: drug effects, Glucocorticoid: metabolism, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: metabolism, Neurites: pathology, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Purkinje Cells: pathology, Rats, Receptors, Response Elements, Response Elements: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: genetics, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Transcription, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Wistar, cell line\",\"pages\":\"400–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ibhazehiebo_suppression_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Suppression of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and disruption of thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar morphogenesis by the polybrominated biphenyl mixture, {BP}-6.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1872-9711},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are polyhalogenated, bioaccumulative flame retardant chemicals, which have been used in a variety of consumer and household products. They were accidentally introduced into the food chain in Michigan in 1973 and have remained a source of health concern. Studies have shown that exposure to PBB may cause adverse neurotoxic effects. We therefore examined the effects of BP-6, a PBB mixture, on thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription, on TH-induced Purkinje cell dendritogenesis, and on TH-induced cerebellar granule cell neurite extension. Our study shows that BP-6 suppressed TR-mediated transcription in CV-1 cells. Mammalian two-hybrid studies revealed that BP-6 did not inhibit coactivator binding to TR nor did it recruit corepressors to TR. Further examination using the liquid chemiluminescent DNA pull down assay revealed partial dissociation of TR from TH response element (TRE). In primary rat cerebellar culture, BP-6 significantly suppressed TH-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells, and in reaggregate rat granule cell culture, impaired TH-induced neurite extension of granule cells. Taken together, our results indicate that BP-6 may disrupt TH homeostasis and consequently impair normal neuronal development.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ibhazehiebo, Kingsley and Iwasaki, Toshiharu and Okano-Uchida, Takayuki and Shimokawa, Noriaki and Ishizaki, Yasuki and Koibuchi, Noriyuki},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21396401},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding Sites, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebellum: growth \\\\& development, Cerebellum: metabolism, Cerebellum: pathology, Dendrites, Dendrites: drug effects, Dendrites: metabolism, Dendrites: pathology, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Glucocorticoid, Glucocorticoid: drug effects, Glucocorticoid: metabolism, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: metabolism, Neurites: pathology, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Purkinje Cells: pathology, Rats, Receptors, Response Elements, Response Elements: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: genetics, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Transcription, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Wistar, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {400--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ibhazehiebo, K.\",\"Iwasaki, T.\",\"Okano-Uchida, T.\",\"Shimokawa, N.\",\"Ishizaki, Y.\",\"Koibuchi, N.\"],\"key\":\"ibhazehiebo_suppression_2011\",\"id\":\"ibhazehiebo_suppression_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-okanouchida-shimokawa-ishizaki-koibuchi-suppressionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionanddisruptionofthyroidhormoneinducedcerebellarmorphogenesisbythepolybrominatedbiphenylmixturebp6-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Binding Sites\",\"Cercopithecus aethiops\",\"Cerebellum\",\"Cerebellum: drug effects\",\"Cerebellum: growth & development\",\"Cerebellum: metabolism\",\"Cerebellum: pathology\",\"Dendrites\",\"Dendrites: drug effects\",\"Dendrites: metabolism\",\"Dendrites: pathology\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Down-Regulation\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genetic\",\"Genetic: drug effects\",\"Glucocorticoid\",\"Glucocorticoid: drug effects\",\"Glucocorticoid: metabolism\",\"Neurites\",\"Neurites: drug effects\",\"Neurites: metabolism\",\"Neurites: pathology\",\"Neurogenesis\",\"Neurogenesis: drug effects\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Purkinje Cells\",\"Purkinje Cells: drug effects\",\"Purkinje Cells: metabolism\",\"Purkinje Cells: pathology\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Response Elements\",\"Response Elements: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: genetics\",\"Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: metabolism\",\"Transcription\",\"Transfection\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: metabolism\",\"Wistar\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"title\":\"Handbook on Green Flame Retardancy of Polymers\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Ltd\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hull\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Papaspyrides\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Constantine\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiliaris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pantelis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{hull_handbook_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Handbook on {Green} {Flame} {Retardancy} of {Polymers}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\\n\\tauthor = {Hull, T Richard},\\n\\teditor = {Papaspyrides, Constantine D and Kiliaris, Pantelis},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hull, T R.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Papaspyrides, C. D\",\"Kiliaris, P.\"],\"key\":\"hull_handbook_2012\",\"id\":\"hull_handbook_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hull-handbookongreenflameretardancyofpolymers-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tris ( Dichloropropyl ) Phosphate , a Mutagenic Flame Retardant : Frequent Occurrence in Human Seminal Plasma\",\"volume\":\"211\",\"url\":\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf\",\"number\":\"4485\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hudec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1981\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"951–952\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hudec_tris_1981,\\n\\ttitle = {Tris ( {Dichloropropyl} ) {Phosphate} , a {Mutagenic} {Flame} {Retardant} : {Frequent} {Occurrence} in {Human} {Seminal} {Plasma}},\\n\\tvolume = {211},\\n\\turl = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {4485},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Hudec, T and Thean, J},\\n\\tyear = {1981},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {951--952},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hudec, T\",\"Thean, J\"],\"key\":\"hudec_tris_1981\",\"id\":\"hudec_tris_1981\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hudec-thean-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentoccurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of Surabaya, Indonesia.\",\"volume\":\"62\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.006\",\"abstract\":\"A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from \\\\textlessDL-420, \\\\textlessDL-35 and \\\\textlessDL-5.4 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ilyas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muhammad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Setiawan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iwan\",\"Eka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riyadi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adi\",\"Slamet\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20875653\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"89–98\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ilyas_characterization_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of {Surabaya}, {Indonesia}.},\\n\\tvolume = {62},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.006},\\n\\tabstract = {A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from {\\\\textbackslash}textlessDL-420, {\\\\textbackslash}textlessDL-35 and {\\\\textbackslash}textlessDL-5.4 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Ilyas, Muhammad and Sudaryanto, Agus and Setiawan, Iwan Eka and Riyadi, Adi Slamet and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20875653},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {89--98},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ilyas, M.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Setiawan, I. E.\",\"Riyadi, A. S.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"ilyas_characterization_2011-1\",\"id\":\"ilyas_characterization_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsedimentsfromriverineandcoastalwatersofsurabayaindonesia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indonesia\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966\",\"abstract\":\"A suite of 37 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and all of the homologue groups from mono- to deca-brominated were determined in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) blubber collected from subsistence hunts in the Canadian Arctic in 1981, 1991, 1996, and 2000. Total PBDE (sum(PBDE)) concentrations have increased exponentially over this period in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years. Penta- and hexa-BDEs are increasing at approximately the same rate (t2 = 4.7 and 4.3 years, respectively) and more rapidly than tetra-BDEs (t2 = 8.6 years) and tri-BDEs (t2 = infinity) in this age/sex grouping. In contrast to declining PBDE concentrations since 1997 in human milk from Sweden, sum(PBDE) concentrations in arctic ringed seals continue to increase exponentially similar to worldwide commercial penta-BDE production. PBDE congener profiles in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years from 1991 to 2000 also differ significantly from other aquatic organisms and semipermeable membrane devices collected from temperate coastal regions of British Columbia. While PBDE concentrations are 50 times lower than those of mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs, and approxiamately 500 times higher than PCDD/Fs, our data indicate that, at current rates of bioaccumulation, PBDEs will surpass PCBs to become the most prevalent organohalogen compound in Canadian arctic ringed seals by 2050.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikonomou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rayne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sierra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Addison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"12026966\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Arctic Regions, Canada, Earless, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Retrospective Studies, Seals, Tissue Distribution, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"1886–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ikonomou_exponential_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the {Canadian} {Arctic} from 1981 to 2000.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966},\\n\\tabstract = {A suite of 37 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and all of the homologue groups from mono- to deca-brominated were determined in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) blubber collected from subsistence hunts in the Canadian Arctic in 1981, 1991, 1996, and 2000. Total PBDE (sum(PBDE)) concentrations have increased exponentially over this period in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years. Penta- and hexa-BDEs are increasing at approximately the same rate (t2 = 4.7 and 4.3 years, respectively) and more rapidly than tetra-BDEs (t2 = 8.6 years) and tri-BDEs (t2 = infinity) in this age/sex grouping. In contrast to declining PBDE concentrations since 1997 in human milk from Sweden, sum(PBDE) concentrations in arctic ringed seals continue to increase exponentially similar to worldwide commercial penta-BDE production. PBDE congener profiles in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years from 1991 to 2000 also differ significantly from other aquatic organisms and semipermeable membrane devices collected from temperate coastal regions of British Columbia. While PBDE concentrations are 50 times lower than those of mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs, and approxiamately 500 times higher than PCDD/Fs, our data indicate that, at current rates of bioaccumulation, PBDEs will surpass PCBs to become the most prevalent organohalogen compound in Canadian arctic ringed seals by 2050.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ikonomou, Michael G and Rayne, Sierra and Addison, Richard F},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {12026966},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Arctic Regions, Canada, Earless, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Retrospective Studies, Seals, Tissue Distribution, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {1886--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ikonomou, M. G\",\"Rayne, S.\",\"Addison, R. F\"],\"key\":\"ikonomou_exponential_2002\",\"id\":\"ikonomou_exponential_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ikonomou-rayne-addison-exponentialincreasesofthebrominatedflameretardantspolybrominateddiphenylethersinthecanadianarcticfrom1981to2000-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Canada\",\"Earless\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Male\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Seals\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Residential Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2012\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Building Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2009,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2009-1\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Building Code\",\"url\":\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2003,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2003-1\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2003-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Building Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2000,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2000-1\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2000-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Building Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2012-1\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"International Residential Code\",\"publisher\":\"International Code Council\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ICC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{icc_international_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\\n\\tauthor = {{ICC}},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ICC\"],\"key\":\"icc_international_2006-1\",\"id\":\"icc_international_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Disruption of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and thyroid hormone-induced Purkinje cell dendrite arborization by polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1002065\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants and are becoming a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Adverse effects in the developing brain are of great health concern.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibhazehiebo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kingsley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iwasaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshiharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kimura-Kuroda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Junko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miyazaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wataru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimokawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noriaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koibuchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noriyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20870570\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cells, Cultured, Female, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Haplorhini, Immunohistochemistry, Pregnancy, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Transcription, Wistar, cell line\",\"pages\":\"168–75\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ibhazehiebo_disruption_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Disruption of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and thyroid hormone-induced {Purkinje} cell dendrite arborization by polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002065},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants and are becoming a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Adverse effects in the developing brain are of great health concern.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Ibhazehiebo, Kingsley and Iwasaki, Toshiharu and Kimura-Kuroda, Junko and Miyazaki, Wataru and Shimokawa, Noriaki and Koibuchi, Noriyuki},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20870570},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cells, Cultured, Female, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Haplorhini, Immunohistochemistry, Pregnancy, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Transcription, Wistar, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {168--75},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ibhazehiebo, K.\",\"Iwasaki, T.\",\"Kimura-Kuroda, J.\",\"Miyazaki, W.\",\"Shimokawa, N.\",\"Koibuchi, N.\"],\"key\":\"ibhazehiebo_disruption_2011\",\"id\":\"ibhazehiebo_disruption_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-kimurakuroda-miyazaki-shimokawa-koibuchi-disruptionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionandthyroidhormoneinducedpurkinjecelldendritearborizationbypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cells\",\"Cultured\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genetic\",\"Genetic: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology\",\"Haplorhini\",\"Immunohistochemistry\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Purkinje Cells\",\"Purkinje Cells: drug effects\",\"Purkinje Cells: metabolism\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Thyroid Hormone\",\"Thyroid Hormone: genetics\",\"Thyroid Hormone: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology\",\"Transcription\",\"Wistar\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Lyon\",\"title\":\"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: FIREFIGHTING\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of shiftwork, painting and firefighting. Shiftwork is estimated to involve about 15-20% of the total working population. It is most prevalent among workers in the health care, transportation, communication, leisure and hospitality sectors. Shiftwork involving work at night is the most disruptive for the circadian clock. Painters are potentially exposed to the chemicals found in paint products during their application and removal, and may also be exposed to other workplace hazards, such as asbestos or crystalline silica dust. Firefighters may be exposed at different intensity levels depending on crew assignment, tasks, and/or the time spent at fires. All fires generate a very large number of toxic combustion products, including known, probable or possible carcinogens. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays where appropriate, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard of these three exposure circumstances to humans.\",\"publisher\":\"International Agency for Research on Cancer\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"IARC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{iarc_iarc_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Lyon},\\n\\ttitle = {{IARC} {Monographs} on the {Evaluation} of {Carcinogenic} {Risks} to {Humans}: {FIREFIGHTING}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of shiftwork, painting and firefighting. Shiftwork is estimated to involve about 15-20\\\\% of the total working population. It is most prevalent among workers in the health care, transportation, communication, leisure and hospitality sectors. Shiftwork involving work at night is the most disruptive for the circadian clock. Painters are potentially exposed to the chemicals found in paint products during their application and removal, and may also be exposed to other workplace hazards, such as asbestos or crystalline silica dust. Firefighters may be exposed at different intensity levels depending on crew assignment, tasks, and/or the time spent at fires. All fires generate a very large number of toxic combustion products, including known, probable or possible carcinogens. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays where appropriate, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard of these three exposure circumstances to humans.},\\n\\tpublisher = {International Agency for Research on Cancer},\\n\\tauthor = {{IARC}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"IARC\"],\"key\":\"iarc_iarc_2010\",\"id\":\"iarc_iarc_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"iarc-iarcmonographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansfirefighting-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Paris, France\",\"title\":\"Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 48. Some flame retardants and textile chemicals, and exposures in the textile manufacturing industry: Summary of data reported and evaluation.\",\"url\":\"http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=72&codcch=48\",\"abstract\":\"Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to selected flame retardants and other chemicals used in the textile manufacturing industry. Agents were selected for evaluation on the basis of the availability of data on carcinogenicity and on human exposure. The book also includes an extensive monograph addressing the question of whether employment in the textile manufacturing industry exposes workers to carcinogenic risks. Monographs cover six flame retardants (chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, decabromodiphenyl oxide, dimethyl hydrogen phosphite, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate), five textile dyes (para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Yellow 3, Vat Yellow 4, and 5-nitro-ortho-toluidine), and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts. Para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans; and chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, Disperse Blue 1, and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The remaining chemicals could not be classified. The most extensive monograph evaluates occupational exposures in the textile manufacturing industry. Evaluations of risk concentrate on epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity at the oral and pharyngeal, oesophagus and stomach, nasal cavity, larynx, lung, and bladder sites. In view of the strength of findings of bladder cancer among dyers and among weavers and of cancer of the nasal cavity among weavers and other textile workers, the monograph concludes that working in the textile manufacturing industry entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans.\",\"publisher\":\"World Health Organization\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"IARC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1990\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{iarc_monographs_1990,\\n\\taddress = {Paris, France},\\n\\ttitle = {Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. {Volume} 48. {Some} flame retardants and textile chemicals, and exposures in the textile manufacturing industry: {Summary} of data reported and evaluation.},\\n\\turl = {http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=72&codcch=48},\\n\\tabstract = {Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to selected flame retardants and other chemicals used in the textile manufacturing industry. Agents were selected for evaluation on the basis of the availability of data on carcinogenicity and on human exposure. The book also includes an extensive monograph addressing the question of whether employment in the textile manufacturing industry exposes workers to carcinogenic risks. Monographs cover six flame retardants (chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, decabromodiphenyl oxide, dimethyl hydrogen phosphite, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate), five textile dyes (para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Yellow 3, Vat Yellow 4, and 5-nitro-ortho-toluidine), and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts. Para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans; and chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, Disperse Blue 1, and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The remaining chemicals could not be classified. The most extensive monograph evaluates occupational exposures in the textile manufacturing industry. Evaluations of risk concentrate on epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity at the oral and pharyngeal, oesophagus and stomach, nasal cavity, larynx, lung, and bladder sites. In view of the strength of findings of bladder cancer among dyers and among weavers and of cancer of the nasal cavity among weavers and other textile workers, the monograph concludes that working in the textile manufacturing industry entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans.},\\n\\tpublisher = {World Health Organization},\\n\\tauthor = {{IARC}},\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"IARC\"],\"key\":\"iarc_monographs_1990\",\"id\":\"iarc_monographs_1990\",\"bibbaseid\":\"iarc-monographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansvolume48someflameretardantsandtextilechemicalsandexposuresinthetextilemanufacturingindustrysummaryofdatareportedandevaluation-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=72&codcch=48\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of characteristic distribution of PCDD/Fs and BFRs in sludge generated at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527\",\"abstract\":\"The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/Fs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sludge generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) and industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) was investigated. The concentrations of these pollutants were in the following ranges: 5.38-7947ngkg(-1)dw (0.02-49.9ngWHO-TEQkg(-1) dw) for 17 PCDD/Fs, 17.5-66761μgkg(-1)dw for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1.55-29604μgkg(-1)dw for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) (α-, β-, and γ-diastereomers), and 4.01-618μgkg(-1)dw for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Generally, the levels of each compound in the sewage-sludge samples were higher than those in the industrial-sludge samples with some exceptions. The characteristic distribution profiles of target compounds were observed for different types of sludge and different sources of wastewater. High-chlorinated PCDD/Fs were dominant in all samples except those from the textile industry. The distribution of the BFRs in industrial-sludge samples varied, whereas that of the BFRs in sewage-sludge samples was consistent. The proportion of penta-BDEs in sewage sludge was higher than that in industrial sludge, even though BDE-209 was the most dominant congener in all the samples. For HBCDs, the distribution of diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) was similar across sludge samples that had the same source of wastewater and treatment processes.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hwang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"In-Kyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hee-Hyung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"In-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong-Eun\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"888–894\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hwang_assessment_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of characteristic distribution of {PCDD}/{Fs} and {BFRs} in sludge generated at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527},\\n\\tabstract = {The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/Fs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sludge generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) and industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) was investigated. The concentrations of these pollutants were in the following ranges: 5.38-7947ngkg(-1)dw (0.02-49.9ngWHO-TEQkg(-1) dw) for 17 PCDD/Fs, 17.5-66761μgkg(-1)dw for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1.55-29604μgkg(-1)dw for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) (α-, β-, and γ-diastereomers), and 4.01-618μgkg(-1)dw for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Generally, the levels of each compound in the sewage-sludge samples were higher than those in the industrial-sludge samples with some exceptions. The characteristic distribution profiles of target compounds were observed for different types of sludge and different sources of wastewater. High-chlorinated PCDD/Fs were dominant in all samples except those from the textile industry. The distribution of the BFRs in industrial-sludge samples varied, whereas that of the BFRs in sewage-sludge samples was consistent. The proportion of penta-BDEs in sewage sludge was higher than that in industrial sludge, even though BDE-209 was the most dominant congener in all the samples. For HBCDs, the distribution of diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) was similar across sludge samples that had the same source of wastewater and treatment processes.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hwang, In-Kyu and Kang, Hee-Hyung and Lee, In-Seok and Oh, Jeong-Eun},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {888--894},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hwang, I.\",\"Kang, H.\",\"Lee, I.\",\"Oh, J.\"],\"key\":\"hwang_assessment_2012\",\"id\":\"hwang_assessment_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hwang-kang-lee-oh-assessmentofcharacteristicdistributionofpcddfsandbfrsinsludgegeneratedatmunicipalandindustrialwastewatertreatmentplants-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Formation and destruction of PCDD/F inside a grate furnace.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449\",\"abstract\":\"Formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans PCDD/F during the combustion process was investigated experimentally in a pilot plant. All important process steps like the burnout of the fuel bed on the grate, the burnout of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber, the heat recovery in a boiler as well as influences of the fuel composition are described in detail. High concentrations especially of PCDF are formed during the burnout of the fuel bed. The formation reaction is mainly influenced by the fuel composition and the burnout characteristic of the fuel bed. Fuels with low chlorine and low metal content (Cu) result only in negligible concentrations of PCDD/F. Under stable combustion conditions characterized by an excellent flue gas burnout PCDD/F will almost be completely destroyed already inside the combustion chamber. \\\"Cold strands\\\" of unburned flue gas (high CO concentrations) caused by disturbed combustion conditions will result in high concentrations of PCDD and especially of PCDF in the raw gas. A second place of PCDD/F formation is the well-known boiler section. Here fly ash deposits containing residual carbon (mainly soot particles) are the source for the formation reaction. Under stationary effective combustion conditions, they are dominant for PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas over a very long period of time. Stationary efficient flue gas burnout (especially soot) together with effective boiler cleaning will guaranty low concentrations of PCDD/F in the flue gas in front of the flue gas cleaning system.\",\"number\":\"9-10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hunsinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vehlow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"12002449\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: chemistry, Carbon, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Incineration, Particle Size, Refuse Disposal, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"1263–72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hunsinger_formation_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Formation and destruction of {PCDD}/{F} inside a grate furnace.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449},\\n\\tabstract = {Formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans PCDD/F during the combustion process was investigated experimentally in a pilot plant. All important process steps like the burnout of the fuel bed on the grate, the burnout of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber, the heat recovery in a boiler as well as influences of the fuel composition are described in detail. High concentrations especially of PCDF are formed during the burnout of the fuel bed. The formation reaction is mainly influenced by the fuel composition and the burnout characteristic of the fuel bed. Fuels with low chlorine and low metal content (Cu) result only in negligible concentrations of PCDD/F. Under stable combustion conditions characterized by an excellent flue gas burnout PCDD/F will almost be completely destroyed already inside the combustion chamber. \\\"Cold strands\\\" of unburned flue gas (high CO concentrations) caused by disturbed combustion conditions will result in high concentrations of PCDD and especially of PCDF in the raw gas. A second place of PCDD/F formation is the well-known boiler section. Here fly ash deposits containing residual carbon (mainly soot particles) are the source for the formation reaction. Under stationary effective combustion conditions, they are dominant for PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas over a very long period of time. Stationary efficient flue gas burnout (especially soot) together with effective boiler cleaning will guaranty low concentrations of PCDD/F in the flue gas in front of the flue gas cleaning system.},\\n\\tnumber = {9-10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hunsinger, H and Jay, K and Vehlow, J},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {12002449},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: chemistry, Carbon, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Incineration, Particle Size, Refuse Disposal, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {1263--72},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hunsinger, H\",\"Jay, K\",\"Vehlow, J\"],\"key\":\"hunsinger_formation_2002\",\"id\":\"hunsinger_formation_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hunsinger-jay-vehlow-formationanddestructionofpcddfinsideagratefurnace-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"Carbon\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Incineration\",\"Particle Size\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent cocurrence in human seminal plasma.\",\"volume\":\"211\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1126/science.7466368\",\"abstract\":\"Negative-chemical-ionization mass spectral screening of extracts of human seminal plasma has revealed a presence of a Cl7 ion cluster at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 463 in a significant number of the samples examined (34 out of 123). Experiments with different gases used to generate the negative-chemical-ionization plasma indicated that the ion at m/z 463 was a chloride adduca of a Cl6 molecule with a mass of 428 daltons. Negative-chemical-ionization mass measurement with ions from the iodoform mass spectrum used as reference peaks gave a mass of 427.882 daltons; C9H15PCl6 has a molecular weight of 427.883. Extraction of polyurethane foam with toluene produced an extract that consistently gave a negative-chemical-ionization spectrum containing an intense Cl7ion at m/z463. The component producing ion was isolated, and its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed that it was tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant. The negative-chemical-ionization screening evidence suggests that this flame retardant or its isomer tris(2,3-dichloro-l-propyl)phosphate, or both, are absorbved into the body from formulations in which they are used as flame retardants. Remedial action seems indicated to reduce human exposure to these compunds.\",\"number\":\"4485\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hudec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuehl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dougherty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"1981\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"951–952\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hudec_trisdichloropropylphosphate_1981,\\n\\ttitle = {Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent cocurrence in human seminal plasma.},\\n\\tvolume = {211},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1126/science.7466368},\\n\\tabstract = {Negative-chemical-ionization mass spectral screening of extracts of human seminal plasma has revealed a presence of a Cl7 ion cluster at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 463 in a significant number of the samples examined (34 out of 123). Experiments with different gases used to generate the negative-chemical-ionization plasma indicated that the ion at m/z 463 was a chloride adduca of a Cl6 molecule with a mass of 428 daltons. Negative-chemical-ionization mass measurement with ions from the iodoform mass spectrum used as reference peaks gave a mass of 427.882 daltons; C9H15PCl6 has a molecular weight of 427.883. Extraction of polyurethane foam with toluene produced an extract that consistently gave a negative-chemical-ionization spectrum containing an intense Cl7ion at m/z463. The component producing ion was isolated, and its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed that it was tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant. The negative-chemical-ionization screening evidence suggests that this flame retardant or its isomer tris(2,3-dichloro-l-propyl)phosphate, or both, are absorbved into the body from formulations in which they are used as flame retardants. Remedial action seems indicated to reduce human exposure to these compunds.},\\n\\tnumber = {4485},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Hudec, T and Thean, J and Kuehl, D and Dougherty, R.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {1981},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {951--952},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hudec, T\",\"Thean, J\",\"Kuehl, D\",\"Dougherty, R.\"],\"key\":\"hudec_trisdichloropropylphosphate_1981\",\"id\":\"hudec_trisdichloropropylphosphate_1981\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hudec-thean-kuehl-dougherty-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentcocurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparative cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of five polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in mouse cerebellar granule neurons.\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfp296\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants comprising 209 congeners, have become widespread environmental pollutants. High levels of PBDEs have been detected in human tissues, particularly in North America, and body burden is especially high in infants and toddlers because of exposure through breast milk and house dust. Increasing evidence, provided by animal studies, suggests that PBDEs are developmental neurotoxicants, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Various PBDEs have been reported to cause oxidative stress and to induce apoptotic cell death in several cell types. In the present study, we investigated the comparative neurotoxicity in mouse cerebellar granule neurons of five brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, chosen among the most commonly found at the highest levels in human tissues. All BDE congener tested (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209) decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death, which was prevented by antioxidants. They also caused oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in reactive oxygen species and in lipid peroxidation. For all end points measured, the potency ranking of the congeners was BDE-100 \\\\textgreater BDE-47 \\\\textgreater BDE-99 \\\\textgreater BDE-153 \\\\textgreater BDE-209. Measurement of BDE congener levels in neurons after exposure to different concentrations showed a significant accumulation in cells, which followed the same relative ranking. The findings suggest that all BDE congeners tested exhibit the same general mode of action (induction of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis) and that the ability of each isomer to elicit such effects is dependent upon their accumulation in neurons, particularly in the microsomal fraction and the mitochondria.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suping\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giordano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gennaro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Costa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucio\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19969594\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mice, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Toxicity Tests\",\"pages\":\"124–32\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huang_comparative_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparative cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of five polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in mouse cerebellar granule neurons.},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfp296},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants comprising 209 congeners, have become widespread environmental pollutants. High levels of PBDEs have been detected in human tissues, particularly in North America, and body burden is especially high in infants and toddlers because of exposure through breast milk and house dust. Increasing evidence, provided by animal studies, suggests that PBDEs are developmental neurotoxicants, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Various PBDEs have been reported to cause oxidative stress and to induce apoptotic cell death in several cell types. In the present study, we investigated the comparative neurotoxicity in mouse cerebellar granule neurons of five brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, chosen among the most commonly found at the highest levels in human tissues. All BDE congener tested (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209) decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death, which was prevented by antioxidants. They also caused oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in reactive oxygen species and in lipid peroxidation. For all end points measured, the potency ranking of the congeners was BDE-100 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-47 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-99 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-153 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-209. Measurement of BDE congener levels in neurons after exposure to different concentrations showed a significant accumulation in cells, which followed the same relative ranking. The findings suggest that all BDE congeners tested exhibit the same general mode of action (induction of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis) and that the ability of each isomer to elicit such effects is dependent upon their accumulation in neurons, particularly in the microsomal fraction and the mitochondria.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Huang, Suping C and Giordano, Gennaro and Costa, Lucio G},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19969594},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mice, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Toxicity Tests},\\n\\tpages = {124--32},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huang, S. C\",\"Giordano, G.\",\"Costa, L. G\"],\"key\":\"huang_comparative_2010\",\"id\":\"huang_comparative_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huang-giordano-costa-comparativecytotoxicityandintracellularaccumulationoffivepolybrominateddiphenylethercongenersinmousecerebellargranuleneurons-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cerebellum\",\"Cerebellum: cytology\",\"Cerebellum: drug effects\",\"Cultured\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Mice\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: drug effects\",\"Neurons: metabolism\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Toxicity Tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the soil-plant system: uptake, translocation, and metabolism in plants and dissipation in soil.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es901860r\",\"abstract\":\"Deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is the major component of the commercial deca-BDE flame retardant. There is increasing concern over BDE-209 due to its increasing occurrence in the environment and in humans. In this study the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system was investigated. Accumulation of BDE-209 was observed in the roots and shoots of all the six plant species examined, namely ryegrass, alfalfa, pumpkin, summer squash, maize, and radish. Root uptake of BDE-209 was positively correlated with root lipid content (P \\\\textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.81). The translocation factor (TF, C(shoot)/C(root)) of BDE-209 was inversely related to its concentration in roots. Nineteen lower brominated (di- to nona-) PBDEs were detected in the soil and plant samples and five hydroxylated congeners were detected in the plant samples, indicating debromination and hydroxylation of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system. Evidence of a relatively higher proportion of penta- through di-BDE congeners in plant tissues than in the soil indicates that there is further debromination of PBDEs within plants or low brominated PBDEs are more readily taken up by plants. A significant negative correlation between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and the soil microbial biomass measured as the total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) (P \\\\textless 0.05, R(2) = 0.74) suggests that microbial metabolism and degradation contribute to BDE-209 dissipation in soil. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honglin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuzhen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20000822\",\"keywords\":\"Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: analysis\",\"pages\":\"663–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huang_behavior_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in the soil-plant system: uptake, translocation, and metabolism in plants and dissipation in soil.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es901860r},\\n\\tabstract = {Deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is the major component of the commercial deca-BDE flame retardant. There is increasing concern over BDE-209 due to its increasing occurrence in the environment and in humans. In this study the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system was investigated. Accumulation of BDE-209 was observed in the roots and shoots of all the six plant species examined, namely ryegrass, alfalfa, pumpkin, summer squash, maize, and radish. Root uptake of BDE-209 was positively correlated with root lipid content (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.81). The translocation factor (TF, C(shoot)/C(root)) of BDE-209 was inversely related to its concentration in roots. Nineteen lower brominated (di- to nona-) PBDEs were detected in the soil and plant samples and five hydroxylated congeners were detected in the plant samples, indicating debromination and hydroxylation of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system. Evidence of a relatively higher proportion of penta- through di-BDE congeners in plant tissues than in the soil indicates that there is further debromination of PBDEs within plants or low brominated PBDEs are more readily taken up by plants. A significant negative correlation between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and the soil microbial biomass measured as the total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) (P {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05, R(2) = 0.74) suggests that microbial metabolism and degradation contribute to BDE-209 dissipation in soil. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Huang, Honglin and Zhang, Shuzhen and Christie, Peter and Wang, Sen and Xie, Mei},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20000822},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {663--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huang, H.\",\"Zhang, S.\",\"Christie, P.\",\"Wang, S.\",\"Xie, M.\"],\"key\":\"huang_behavior_2010\",\"id\":\"huang_behavior_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huang-zhang-christie-wang-xie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inthesoilplantsystemuptaketranslocationandmetabolisminplantsanddissipationinsoil-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: chemistry\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Plants\",\"Plants: metabolism\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Soil Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Soil: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Plant uptake and dissipation of PBDEs in the soils of electronic waste recycling sites.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.034\",\"abstract\":\"Plant uptake and dissipation of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites were investigated in a greenhouse study. Eighteen PBDE congeners (tri- through deca-) were detected in the plant tissues. The proportion of lower brominated PBDEs (mono- through hexa-) in plant roots was higher than that in the soils. A concentration gradient was observed of PBDEs in plants with the highest concentrations in the roots followed by the stems and lowest in the leaves. Reduction rates of the total PBDEs in the soils ranged from 13.3 to 21.7% after plant harvest and lower brominated PBDEs were associated with a higher tendency to dissipate than the higher brominated PBDEs. This study provides the first evidence for plant uptake of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites and planting contributes to the removal of PBDEs in e-waste contaminated soils.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honglin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuzhen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20869797\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, ffr\",\"pages\":\"238–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huang_plant_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Plant uptake and dissipation of {PBDEs} in the soils of electronic waste recycling sites.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.034},\\n\\tabstract = {Plant uptake and dissipation of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites were investigated in a greenhouse study. Eighteen PBDE congeners (tri- through deca-) were detected in the plant tissues. The proportion of lower brominated PBDEs (mono- through hexa-) in plant roots was higher than that in the soils. A concentration gradient was observed of PBDEs in plants with the highest concentrations in the roots followed by the stems and lowest in the leaves. Reduction rates of the total PBDEs in the soils ranged from 13.3 to 21.7\\\\% after plant harvest and lower brominated PBDEs were associated with a higher tendency to dissipate than the higher brominated PBDEs. This study provides the first evidence for plant uptake of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites and planting contributes to the removal of PBDEs in e-waste contaminated soils.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Huang, Honglin and Zhang, Shuzhen and Christie, Peter},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20869797},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {238--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huang, H.\",\"Zhang, S.\",\"Christie, P.\"],\"key\":\"huang_plant_2010\",\"id\":\"huang_plant_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huang-zhang-christie-plantuptakeanddissipationofpbdesinthesoilsofelectronicwasterecyclingsites-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) from China.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994\",\"abstract\":\"Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in captive giant and red panda tissues from China. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in tissues ranged from 16.3 to 888 ng/g lipid weight (lw), 24.8 to 854 ng/g lw, and 16.4 to 2158 ng/g lw, respectively. p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH were major OCP contaminants. PCBs 99, 118, 153/132, 170, 180, and 209 were the major contributing congeners determined. Among PBDEs, congener BDE-209 was the most frequent and abundant, followed by BDE-206, BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-203, BDE-47, and BDE-153. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane) was detected in 87 and 71% of the giant and red panda samples with concentrations up to 863 ng/g lw, respectively. The remarkable levels and dominance of BDE-209 and DeBDethane may relate to significant production, usage, or disposal of BFRs in China. The positive significant correlation between concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in captive pandas may suggest that the exposure routes of PBDEs and PCBs to panda are similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of DeBDethane in captive wildlife samples. Therefore, further studies are warranted to better understand DeBDethane production, transport, uptake, and toxicological effect.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guo-Cheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jia-Yin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiu-Lan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cheng-Lin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mu-Qi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fu-Wen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18677994\",\"keywords\":\"Ailuridae, Ailuridae: metabolism, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gel, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Zoo, Zoo: metabolism, ffr, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"4704–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hu_brominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda ({Ailurus} fulgens) from {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994},\\n\\tabstract = {Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in captive giant and red panda tissues from China. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in tissues ranged from 16.3 to 888 ng/g lipid weight (lw), 24.8 to 854 ng/g lw, and 16.4 to 2158 ng/g lw, respectively. p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH were major OCP contaminants. PCBs 99, 118, 153/132, 170, 180, and 209 were the major contributing congeners determined. Among PBDEs, congener BDE-209 was the most frequent and abundant, followed by BDE-206, BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-203, BDE-47, and BDE-153. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane) was detected in 87 and 71\\\\% of the giant and red panda samples with concentrations up to 863 ng/g lw, respectively. The remarkable levels and dominance of BDE-209 and DeBDethane may relate to significant production, usage, or disposal of BFRs in China. The positive significant correlation between concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in captive pandas may suggest that the exposure routes of PBDEs and PCBs to panda are similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of DeBDethane in captive wildlife samples. Therefore, further studies are warranted to better understand DeBDethane production, transport, uptake, and toxicological effect.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hu, Guo-Cheng and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Dai, Jia-Yin and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Wu, Hua and Zhang, Cheng-Lin and Guo, Wei and Xu, Mu-Qi and Mai, Bi-Xian and Weit, Fu-Wen},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18677994},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ailuridae, Ailuridae: metabolism, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\\\& numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gel, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Zoo, Zoo: metabolism, ffr, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {4704--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hu, G.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Dai, J.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Wu, H.\",\"Zhang, C.\",\"Guo, W.\",\"Xu, M.\",\"Mai, B.\",\"Weit, F.\"],\"key\":\"hu_brominated_2008\",\"id\":\"hu_brominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hu-luo-dai-zhang-wu-zhang-guo-xu-etal-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesincaptivegiantpandaailuropodamelanoleucaandredpandaailurusfulgensfromchina-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ailuridae\",\"Ailuridae: metabolism\",\"Analysis of Variance\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"China\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chromatography\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gel\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Zoo\",\"Zoo: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of halogenated contaminants in fish from selected river localities and ponds in the Czech Republic.\",\"volume\":\"62\",\"issn\":\"1432-0703\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00244-011-9681-z\",\"abstract\":\"The occurrence of organohalogenated compounds including major persistent chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT and its metabolites, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), represented by polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), together with currently widely discussed perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), mainly perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was monitored in several fish species collected from Czech rivers. Eleven sampling locations in highly industrialized areas were chosen. In addition, wild species of 14 farmed fish (grown in dedicated ponds) were also analysed. With respect to the contamination in different areas, chlorinated chemicals were dominant. PCBs and DDTs ranged from 4.8 to 211 and 2 to 791 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. Concentrations of BFRs and PFCs were significantly lower and ranged from 0.6 to 10.2 and 0.9 to 62 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. The highest levels of target analyte groups were found in fish muscle tissue in localities situated on the lower part of the Elbe River: Levels of DDT, HCB, PBDEs, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were as high as 791, 77.6, 14.4 and 193 μg/kg wet weight, respectively, in Usti nad Labem and in the sample originated from the confluence of Elbe with Bilina River; a sum of PCBs at a level of 211 μg/kg was detected.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hrádková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Petra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pulkrabová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalachová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kamila\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hloušková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veronika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tomaniová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Poustka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hajšlová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"21643965\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Czech Republic, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Muscle, Ponds, Rivers, Skeletal, Skeletal: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"85–96\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hradkova_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of halogenated contaminants in fish from selected river localities and ponds in the {Czech} {Republic}.},\\n\\tvolume = {62},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0703},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9681-z},\\n\\tabstract = {The occurrence of organohalogenated compounds including major persistent chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT and its metabolites, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), represented by polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), together with currently widely discussed perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), mainly perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was monitored in several fish species collected from Czech rivers. Eleven sampling locations in highly industrialized areas were chosen. In addition, wild species of 14 farmed fish (grown in dedicated ponds) were also analysed. With respect to the contamination in different areas, chlorinated chemicals were dominant. PCBs and DDTs ranged from 4.8 to 211 and 2 to 791 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. Concentrations of BFRs and PFCs were significantly lower and ranged from 0.6 to 10.2 and 0.9 to 62 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. The highest levels of target analyte groups were found in fish muscle tissue in localities situated on the lower part of the Elbe River: Levels of DDT, HCB, PBDEs, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were as high as 791, 77.6, 14.4 and 193 μg/kg wet weight, respectively, in Usti nad Labem and in the sample originated from the confluence of Elbe with Bilina River; a sum of PCBs at a level of 211 μg/kg was detected.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hrádková, Petra and Pulkrabová, Jana and Kalachová, Kamila and Hloušková, Veronika and Tomaniová, Monika and Poustka, Jan and Hajšlová, Jana},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {21643965},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Czech Republic, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Muscle, Ponds, Rivers, Skeletal, Skeletal: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {85--96},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hrádková, P.\",\"Pulkrabová, J.\",\"Kalachová, K.\",\"Hloušková, V.\",\"Tomaniová, M.\",\"Poustka, J.\",\"Hajšlová, J.\"],\"key\":\"hradkova_occurrence_2012\",\"id\":\"hradkova_occurrence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hrdkov-pulkrabov-kalachov-hloukov-tomaniov-poustka-hajlov-occurrenceofhalogenatedcontaminantsinfishfromselectedriverlocalitiesandpondsintheczechrepublic-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aquaculture\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Czech Republic\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Muscle\",\"Ponds\",\"Rivers\",\"Skeletal\",\"Skeletal: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification of hydroxylated PCB metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0090-4341\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s002440010298\",\"abstract\":\"A growing number of studies have reported phenolic halogenated compounds (PHCs) that are retained in the blood of humans and wildlife. These PHCs may be industrial chemicals; metabolites thereof, as in the case with polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs); or of natural origin. The present study was aimed to identify hitherto unknown PHCs in human plasma with chemical structures that are consistent to PHCs known to possess endocrine-disrupting activity. For this purpose, samples of blood plasma from 10 randomly selected male blood donors from Sweden were pooled and analyzed by GC/ECD and GC/MS. Brominated, bromochlorinated, and chlorinated methyl derivatives of phenols and OH-PCBs were synthesized to be used as authentic reference standards. More than 100 PHCs were indicated in the plasma, and among those a total of 9 monocyclic brominated or chlorinated phenol-, guaiacol-, and/or catechol-type compounds were identified as their methylated derivatives. The two major compounds were 2,4,6-tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol. Thirty-eight OH-PCB congeners were structurally identified on two GC columns of different polarity. The origin of the OH-PCB metabolites in the context of their parent PCB congeners are suggested. Other PHCs identified in the male plasma were Triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy] phenol), a common bactericide; 4-hydroxy-heptachlorostyrene, a metabolite of octachlorostyrene; and 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)phenol, a natural compound and a potential metabolite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hovander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malmberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanasiadou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rahm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wehler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"Klasson\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11706375\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Male, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Phenols: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, unsure\",\"pages\":\"105–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hovander_identification_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification of hydroxylated {PCB} metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0090-4341},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s002440010298},\\n\\tabstract = {A growing number of studies have reported phenolic halogenated compounds (PHCs) that are retained in the blood of humans and wildlife. These PHCs may be industrial chemicals; metabolites thereof, as in the case with polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs); or of natural origin. The present study was aimed to identify hitherto unknown PHCs in human plasma with chemical structures that are consistent to PHCs known to possess endocrine-disrupting activity. For this purpose, samples of blood plasma from 10 randomly selected male blood donors from Sweden were pooled and analyzed by GC/ECD and GC/MS. Brominated, bromochlorinated, and chlorinated methyl derivatives of phenols and OH-PCBs were synthesized to be used as authentic reference standards. More than 100 PHCs were indicated in the plasma, and among those a total of 9 monocyclic brominated or chlorinated phenol-, guaiacol-, and/or catechol-type compounds were identified as their methylated derivatives. The two major compounds were 2,4,6-tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol. Thirty-eight OH-PCB congeners were structurally identified on two GC columns of different polarity. The origin of the OH-PCB metabolites in the context of their parent PCB congeners are suggested. Other PHCs identified in the male plasma were Triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy] phenol), a common bactericide; 4-hydroxy-heptachlorostyrene, a metabolite of octachlorostyrene; and 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)phenol, a natural compound and a potential metabolite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hovander, L and Malmberg, T and Athanasiadou, M and Athanassiadis, I and Rahm, S and Bergman, A and Wehler, E Klasson},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11706375},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Male, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Phenols: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {105--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hovander, L\",\"Malmberg, T\",\"Athanasiadou, M\",\"Athanassiadis, I\",\"Rahm, S\",\"Bergman, A\",\"Wehler, E K.\"],\"key\":\"hovander_identification_2002\",\"id\":\"hovander_identification_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hovander-malmberg-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-rahm-bergman-wehler-identificationofhydroxylatedpcbmetabolitesandotherphenolichalogenatedpollutantsinhumanbloodplasma-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Endocrine System\",\"Endocrine System: drug effects\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: blood\",\"Phenols: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.079\",\"abstract\":\"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are unintentional byproducts of combustion and industrial processes. Firefighters face the risk of occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs. Congener-specific analyses of 17 PCDD/Fs were performed on 20 serum samples collected from firefighters and fire scene investigators, and four soot samples that had deposited on the surfaces of the fire helmets and were collected after the firefighters had fought fires. The PCDD/F concentrations on the helmets that were contaminated by being worn at the fire scenes were 63-285 times higher than those on a clean helmet. The median serum PCDD/F concentration of the 16 firefighters (12 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1)lipid) was not different from those of the males from the general Taiwanese population (9.4 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid). However, the median PCDD/F level in the four fire scene investigators (15 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid) was higher than those in the male from the general Taiwanese population (Mann-Whitney U test, p\\\\textless0.01). Furthermore, the serum samples from the firefighters and fire scene investigators, and the soot samples from the fire scenes presented similarly distinctive PCDD/F profiles that had elevated proportions for 10 PCDF congeners. Limited data indicated that the fire scene investigators were occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes. We suggested that the firefighters were not occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes due to appropriate protection. However, the fire scene investigators may have had more occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs due to poor protection, and further research must be performed to confirm this.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing-Fang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"How-Ran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hsueh\",\"Wen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chin-Kun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pao-Chi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Fires, Fires: prevention & control, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Occupational Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Protective Clothing, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood\",\"pages\":\"1353–1359\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hsu_occupational_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.079},\\n\\tabstract = {Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are unintentional byproducts of combustion and industrial processes. Firefighters face the risk of occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs. Congener-specific analyses of 17 PCDD/Fs were performed on 20 serum samples collected from firefighters and fire scene investigators, and four soot samples that had deposited on the surfaces of the fire helmets and were collected after the firefighters had fought fires. The PCDD/F concentrations on the helmets that were contaminated by being worn at the fire scenes were 63-285 times higher than those on a clean helmet. The median serum PCDD/F concentration of the 16 firefighters (12 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1)lipid) was not different from those of the males from the general Taiwanese population (9.4 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid). However, the median PCDD/F level in the four fire scene investigators (15 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid) was higher than those in the male from the general Taiwanese population (Mann-Whitney U test, p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.01). Furthermore, the serum samples from the firefighters and fire scene investigators, and the soot samples from the fire scenes presented similarly distinctive PCDD/F profiles that had elevated proportions for 10 PCDF congeners. Limited data indicated that the fire scene investigators were occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes. We suggested that the firefighters were not occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes due to appropriate protection. However, the fire scene investigators may have had more occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs due to poor protection, and further research must be performed to confirm this.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hsu, Jing-Fang and Guo, How-Ran and Wang, Hsueh Wen and Liao, Chin-Kun and Liao, Pao-Chi},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Fires, Fires: prevention \\\\& control, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Occupational Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Protective Clothing, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood},\\n\\tpages = {1353--1359},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hsu, J.\",\"Guo, H.\",\"Wang, H. W.\",\"Liao, C.\",\"Liao, P.\"],\"key\":\"hsu_occupational_2011\",\"id\":\"hsu_occupational_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hsu-guo-wang-liao-liao-anoccupationalexposureassessmentofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinanddibenzofuransinfirefighters-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants: blood\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Benzofurans: blood\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fires\",\"Fires: prevention & control\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Inhalation Exposure: analysis\",\"Inhalation Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Occupational Exposure: analysis\",\"Occupational Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Protective Clothing\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es903383a\",\"abstract\":\"The goal of this study was to identify commercial chemicals that might be persistent and bioaccumulative (P&B) and that were not being considered in current Great Lakes, North American, and Arctic contaminant measurement programs. We combined the Canadian Domestic Substance List (DSL), a list of 3059 substances of \\\"unknown or variable composition complex reaction products and biological materials\\\" (UVCBs), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Update Rule (IUR) database for years 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 yielding a database of 22263 commercial chemicals. From that list, 610 chemicals were identified by estimates from U.S EPA EPISuite software and using expert judgment. This study has yielded some interesting and probable P&B chemicals that should be considered for further study. Recent studies, following up our initial reports and presentations on this work, have confirmed the presence of many of these chemicals in the environment.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Howard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philip\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20163179\",\"keywords\":\"Commerce, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, North America, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"2277–85\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{howard_identifying_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es903383a},\\n\\tabstract = {The goal of this study was to identify commercial chemicals that might be persistent and bioaccumulative (P\\\\&B) and that were not being considered in current Great Lakes, North American, and Arctic contaminant measurement programs. We combined the Canadian Domestic Substance List (DSL), a list of 3059 substances of \\\"unknown or variable composition complex reaction products and biological materials\\\" (UVCBs), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Update Rule (IUR) database for years 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 yielding a database of 22263 commercial chemicals. From that list, 610 chemicals were identified by estimates from U.S EPA EPISuite software and using expert judgment. This study has yielded some interesting and probable P\\\\&B chemicals that should be considered for further study. Recent studies, following up our initial reports and presentations on this work, have confirmed the presence of many of these chemicals in the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Howard, Philip H and Muir, Derek C G},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20163179},\\n\\tkeywords = {Commerce, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, North America, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {2277--85},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Howard, P. H\",\"Muir, D. C G\"],\"key\":\"howard_identifying_2010\",\"id\":\"howard_identifying_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"howard-muir-identifyingnewpersistentandbioaccumulativeorganicsamongchemicalsincommerce-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179\"},\"keyword\":[\"Commerce\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"North America\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: analysis\",\"Organic Chemicals: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1476-069X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-12-23\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009-2010.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Horton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bousleiman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinhua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whyatt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wapner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Factor-Litvak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23497089\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{horton_predictors_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1476-069X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-23},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009-2010.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Horton, Megan K and Bousleiman, Sabine and Jones, Richard and Sjodin, Andreas and Liu, Xinhua and Whyatt, Robin and Wapner, Ronald and Factor-Litvak, Pam},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23497089},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Horton, M. K\",\"Bousleiman, S.\",\"Jones, R.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Liu, X.\",\"Whyatt, R.\",\"Wapner, R.\",\"Factor-Litvak, P.\"],\"key\":\"horton_predictors_2013\",\"id\":\"horton_predictors_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism.\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1930-7381\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/oby.2007.351\",\"abstract\":\"Obesity is thought to result from poor diet and insufficient exercise. An additional factor may be endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals that contaminate the air, water, and food supply. We tested the hypothesis that a class of lipid-soluble flame retardant chemicals known to accumulate in adipose tissue, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), disrupts insulin and isoproterenol sensitivity of isolated rat adipocytes.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Obesity\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoppe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gale\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"18198302\",\"keywords\":\"Adipocytes, Adipocytes: drug effects, Adipocytes: metabolism, Adipocytes: pathology, Adrenergic beta-Agonists, Adrenergic beta-Agonists: pharmacology, Animals, Cell Size, Cell Size: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucose, Glucose: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hypoglycemic Agents, Hypoglycemic Agents: pharmacology, Insulin, Insulin: pharmacology, Isoproterenol, Isoproterenol: pharmacology, Lipolysis, Lipolysis: drug effects, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"2942–50\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hoppe_polybrominated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism.},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1930-7381},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/oby.2007.351},\\n\\tabstract = {Obesity is thought to result from poor diet and insufficient exercise. An additional factor may be endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals that contaminate the air, water, and food supply. We tested the hypothesis that a class of lipid-soluble flame retardant chemicals known to accumulate in adipose tissue, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), disrupts insulin and isoproterenol sensitivity of isolated rat adipocytes.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Obesity},\\n\\tauthor = {Hoppe, Andrea A and Carey, Gale B},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {18198302},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipocytes, Adipocytes: drug effects, Adipocytes: metabolism, Adipocytes: pathology, Adrenergic beta-Agonists, Adrenergic beta-Agonists: pharmacology, Animals, Cell Size, Cell Size: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucose, Glucose: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hypoglycemic Agents, Hypoglycemic Agents: pharmacology, Insulin, Insulin: pharmacology, Isoproterenol, Isoproterenol: pharmacology, Lipolysis, Lipolysis: drug effects, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {2942--50},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hoppe, A. A\",\"Carey, G. B\"],\"key\":\"hoppe_polybrominated_2007\",\"id\":\"hoppe_polybrominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hoppe-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersasendocrinedisruptorsofadipocytemetabolism-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipocytes\",\"Adipocytes: drug effects\",\"Adipocytes: metabolism\",\"Adipocytes: pathology\",\"Adrenergic beta-Agonists\",\"Adrenergic beta-Agonists: pharmacology\",\"Animals\",\"Cell Size\",\"Cell Size: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cultured\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glucose\",\"Glucose: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hypoglycemic Agents\",\"Hypoglycemic Agents: pharmacology\",\"Insulin\",\"Insulin: pharmacology\",\"Isoproterenol\",\"Isoproterenol: pharmacology\",\"Lipolysis\",\"Lipolysis: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene, in United States' environmental samples.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337\",\"abstract\":\"Two brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PEB), were detected and identified in ambient air samples from various sites in the United States. The identifications were confirmed by comparing the gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the compounds found in the environment with those of authentic materials. Generally, the TBE concentrations in air were comparable to those of tetra- through hexabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and often higher than those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). The atmospheric TBE concentrations at locations in the southern United States were higher than those in the northern United States. TBE was also found in a sediment core from Lake Michigan; the concentrations of TBE increased with time, were lower than those of BDE-209, but were approximately 10 times higher than the sum of BDE-47, -99, and -100. The maximum PEB concentration in Chicago air was 550 pg/ m3, which was 10 times higherthan the concentration of total PBDEs in this sample. In general, the concentrations of PEB in air samples were low but detectable and were less than those of PBDEs. PEB was not found in the sediment core from Lake Michigan. These occurrences of relatively high concentrations of TBE and PEB in environmental samples may reflect the increasing usage of these compounds as flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eunha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lingyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"15884337\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: isolation & purification, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, United States, env, ffr\",\"pages\":\"2472–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hoh_novel_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene, in {United} {States}' environmental samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337},\\n\\tabstract = {Two brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PEB), were detected and identified in ambient air samples from various sites in the United States. The identifications were confirmed by comparing the gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the compounds found in the environment with those of authentic materials. Generally, the TBE concentrations in air were comparable to those of tetra- through hexabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and often higher than those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). The atmospheric TBE concentrations at locations in the southern United States were higher than those in the northern United States. TBE was also found in a sediment core from Lake Michigan; the concentrations of TBE increased with time, were lower than those of BDE-209, but were approximately 10 times higher than the sum of BDE-47, -99, and -100. The maximum PEB concentration in Chicago air was 550 pg/ m3, which was 10 times higherthan the concentration of total PBDEs in this sample. In general, the concentrations of PEB in air samples were low but detectable and were less than those of PBDEs. PEB was not found in the sediment core from Lake Michigan. These occurrences of relatively high concentrations of TBE and PEB in environmental samples may reflect the increasing usage of these compounds as flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hoh, Eunha and Zhu, Lingyan and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {15884337},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: isolation \\\\& purification, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, United States, env, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {2472--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hoh, E.\",\"Zhu, L.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"hoh_novel_2005\",\"id\":\"hoh_novel_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hoh-zhu-hites-novelflameretardants12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneand23456pentabromoethylbenzeneinunitedstatesenvironmentalsamples-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: isolation & purification\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"United States\",\"env\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in fish from the Czech aquatic ecosystem.\",\"volume\":\"461-462C\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.081\",\"abstract\":\"This study reports results of analysis of various groups of halogenated compounds, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 48 fish samples collected in eight localities from the Czech Republic. In this survey, identification of potential sources of these chemicals was also performed; therefore several sampling sites located in highly industrialized areas were also selected. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was dominating in all tested fish samples. Generally, the content of ∑BFRs was significantly lower, i.e. in the range of 0.21-19.9μg/kg wet weight, ww (median value 2.37μg/kgww) compared to the concentration of ∑PFASs that was in the range of 0.15-877μg/kgww (median value 8.5μg/kgww). The extremely high content of PFOS (842μg/kgww) was found in fish muscle tissue from the locality situated on the Bílina River, where chemical industry is located. This concentration was comparable to those found in similar highly industrialized areas worldwide.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hloušková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veronika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lanková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalachová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kamila\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hrádková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Petra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Poustka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hajšlová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pulkrabová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23712119\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"88–98\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hlouskova_occurrence_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in fish from the {Czech} aquatic ecosystem.},\\n\\tvolume = {461-462C},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.081},\\n\\tabstract = {This study reports results of analysis of various groups of halogenated compounds, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 48 fish samples collected in eight localities from the Czech Republic. In this survey, identification of potential sources of these chemicals was also performed; therefore several sampling sites located in highly industrialized areas were also selected. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was dominating in all tested fish samples. Generally, the content of ∑BFRs was significantly lower, i.e. in the range of 0.21-19.9μg/kg wet weight, ww (median value 2.37μg/kgww) compared to the concentration of ∑PFASs that was in the range of 0.15-877μg/kgww (median value 8.5μg/kgww). The extremely high content of PFOS (842μg/kgww) was found in fish muscle tissue from the locality situated on the Bílina River, where chemical industry is located. This concentration was comparable to those found in similar highly industrialized areas worldwide.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Hloušková, Veronika and Lanková, Darina and Kalachová, Kamila and Hrádková, Petra and Poustka, Jan and Hajšlová, Jana and Pulkrabová, Jana},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23712119},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {88--98},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hloušková, V.\",\"Lanková, D.\",\"Kalachová, K.\",\"Hrádková, P.\",\"Poustka, J.\",\"Hajšlová, J.\",\"Pulkrabová, J.\"],\"key\":\"hlouskova_occurrence_2013\",\"id\":\"hlouskova_occurrence_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hloukov-lankov-kalachov-hrdkov-poustka-hajlov-pulkrabov-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinfishfromtheczechaquaticecosystem-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-12-23\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009–2010. METHODS: During the first half of pregnancy we collected 316 maternal serum samples and administered an extensive questionnaire including items on demographics, diet and lifestyle. We measured 12 PBDE congeners in blood samples. Using bivariate and multivariate approaches, we regressed the most commonly detected PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) against potential demographic, dietary and lifestyle predictor variables. RESULTS: At least one PBDE congener was detected in each serum sample. Our analyses demonstrate unique predictor patterns for PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 based on demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics of women. Higher education and increased use of household electronics were associated with higher levels of all 4 congeners. Six characteristics were associated with PBDE-153 serum concentrations, more than for any other congener. These include maternal education, household income, body mass index, solid dairy consumption, processed meat consumption and frequent use of household electronics. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure in this widespread in this cohort, though levels are lower than previous assessments of US pregnant women. Lower levels may be in response to legislation restricting the production, sale and use of these compounds. In our cohort, we did not observe any individual predictor or a consistent pattern of several predictors representing a significant source of PBDE exposure. These data suggest that legislation and policy may be more effective at reducing exposure than personal lifestyle modifications.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Horton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bousleiman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinhua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whyatt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wapner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Factor-Litvak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{horton_predictors_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-23},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009–2010. METHODS: During the first half of pregnancy we collected 316 maternal serum samples and administered an extensive questionnaire including items on demographics, diet and lifestyle. We measured 12 PBDE congeners in blood samples. Using bivariate and multivariate approaches, we regressed the most commonly detected PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) against potential demographic, dietary and lifestyle predictor variables. RESULTS: At least one PBDE congener was detected in each serum sample. Our analyses demonstrate unique predictor patterns for PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 based on demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics of women. Higher education and increased use of household electronics were associated with higher levels of all 4 congeners. Six characteristics were associated with PBDE-153 serum concentrations, more than for any other congener. These include maternal education, household income, body mass index, solid dairy consumption, processed meat consumption and frequent use of household electronics. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure in this widespread in this cohort, though levels are lower than previous assessments of US pregnant women. Lower levels may be in response to legislation restricting the production, sale and use of these compounds. In our cohort, we did not observe any individual predictor or a consistent pattern of several predictors representing a significant source of PBDE exposure. These data suggest that legislation and policy may be more effective at reducing exposure than personal lifestyle modifications.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Horton, Megan K and Bousleiman, Sabine and Jones, Richard and Sjodin, Andreas and Liu, Xinhua and Whyatt, Robin and Wapner, Ronald and Factor-Litvak, Pam},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Horton, M. K\",\"Bousleiman, S.\",\"Jones, R.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Liu, X.\",\"Whyatt, R.\",\"Wapner, R.\",\"Factor-Litvak, P.\"],\"key\":\"horton_predictors_2013-1\",\"id\":\"horton_predictors_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dechlorane plus, a chlorinated flame retardant, in the Great Lakes.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773\",\"abstract\":\"A highly chlorinated flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), was detected and identified in ambient air, fish, and sediment samples from the Great Lakes region. The identity of this compound was confirmed by comparing its gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic material. This compound exists as two gas chromatographically separable stereoisomers (syn and anti), the structures of which were characterized by one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance. DP was detected in most air samples, even at remote sites. The atmospheric DP concentrations were higher at the eastern Great Lakes sites (Sturgeon Point, NY, and Cleveland, OH) than those at the western Great Lakes sites (Eagle Harbor, MI, Chicago, IL, and Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI). Atthe Sturgeon Point site, DP concentrations once reached 490 pg/m3. DP atmospheric concentrations were comparable to those of BDE-209 at the eastern Great Lakes sites. DP was also found in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and Erie. The peak DP concentrations were comparable to BDE-209 concentrations in the sediment core from Lake Erie butwere about 30 times lower than BDE-209 concentrations in the core from Lake Michigan. In the sediment cores, the DP concentrations peaked around 1975-1980, and the surficial concentrations were 10-80% of peak concentrations. Higher DP concentrations in air samples from Sturgeon Point, NY, and in the sediment core from Lake Erie suggest that DP's manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY, may be a source. DP was also detected in archived fish (walleye) from Lake Erie, suggesting that this compound is, at least partially, bioavailable.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eunha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lingyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16572773\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1184–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hoh_dechlorane_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Dechlorane plus, a chlorinated flame retardant, in the {Great} {Lakes}.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773},\\n\\tabstract = {A highly chlorinated flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), was detected and identified in ambient air, fish, and sediment samples from the Great Lakes region. The identity of this compound was confirmed by comparing its gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic material. This compound exists as two gas chromatographically separable stereoisomers (syn and anti), the structures of which were characterized by one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance. DP was detected in most air samples, even at remote sites. The atmospheric DP concentrations were higher at the eastern Great Lakes sites (Sturgeon Point, NY, and Cleveland, OH) than those at the western Great Lakes sites (Eagle Harbor, MI, Chicago, IL, and Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI). Atthe Sturgeon Point site, DP concentrations once reached 490 pg/m3. DP atmospheric concentrations were comparable to those of BDE-209 at the eastern Great Lakes sites. DP was also found in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and Erie. The peak DP concentrations were comparable to BDE-209 concentrations in the sediment core from Lake Erie butwere about 30 times lower than BDE-209 concentrations in the core from Lake Michigan. In the sediment cores, the DP concentrations peaked around 1975-1980, and the surficial concentrations were 10-80\\\\% of peak concentrations. Higher DP concentrations in air samples from Sturgeon Point, NY, and in the sediment core from Lake Erie suggest that DP's manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY, may be a source. DP was also detected in archived fish (walleye) from Lake Erie, suggesting that this compound is, at least partially, bioavailable.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hoh, Eunha and Zhu, Lingyan and Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16572773},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1184--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hoh, E.\",\"Zhu, L.\",\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"hoh_dechlorane_2006\",\"id\":\"hoh_dechlorane_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hoh-zhu-hites-dechloraneplusachlorinatedflameretardantinthegreatlakes-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gadiformes\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers.\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205100\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs have been linked to adverse neurodevelopment in animals and humans.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adgent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\",\"Davis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daniels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22814209\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1438–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hoffman_lactational_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers.},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205100},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs have been linked to adverse neurodevelopment in animals and humans.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Hoffman, Kate and Adgent, Margaret and Goldman, Barbara Davis and Sjödin, Andreas and Daniels, Julie L},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22814209},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1438--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Adgent, M.\",\"Goldman, B. D.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Daniels, J. L\"],\"key\":\"hoffman_lactational_2012\",\"id\":\"hoffman_lactational_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hoffman-adgent-goldman-sjdin-daniels-lactationalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersanditsrelationtosocialandemotionaldevelopmentamongtoddlers-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Synthesis and characterization of bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates for their direct LC-MS/MS quantification in human urine as potential exposure markers for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1520-6882\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ac302161t\",\"abstract\":\"Bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates have been reported to be products of mammalian metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of additive flame-retardants found ubiquitously in the environment. In order to explore their occurrence in human urine, four water-soluble bromophenol conjugates, namely, 2,4-dibromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4-dibromophenyl sulfate, and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl sulfate, were synthesized, purified, and characterized. An analytical protocol using solid-phase extraction and ion-paired liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) quantification has been developed for the direct and simultaneous determination of these glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples. The limit of detections for all analytes were below 13 pg mL(-1), with 73-101% analyte recovery and 7.2-8.6% repeatability. The method was applied to analyze 20 human urine samples collected randomly from voluntary donors in Hong Kong SAR, China. All the samples were found to contain one or more of the bromophenol conjugates, with concentration ranging from 0.13-2.45 μg g(-1) creatinine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical protocol for the direct and simultaneous monitoring of these potential phase II metabolites of PBDEs in human urine. Our results have also suggested the potential of these bromophenol conjugates in human urine to be convenient molecular markers for the quantification of population exposure to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"22\",\"journal\":\"Analytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ka-Lok\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murphy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bonnie\",\"M-W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sidney\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giesy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kelvin\",\"S-Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"H-W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23075377\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"9881–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ho_synthesis_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Synthesis and characterization of bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates for their direct {LC}-{MS}/{MS} quantification in human urine as potential exposure markers for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1520-6882},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ac302161t},\\n\\tabstract = {Bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates have been reported to be products of mammalian metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of additive flame-retardants found ubiquitously in the environment. In order to explore their occurrence in human urine, four water-soluble bromophenol conjugates, namely, 2,4-dibromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4-dibromophenyl sulfate, and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl sulfate, were synthesized, purified, and characterized. An analytical protocol using solid-phase extraction and ion-paired liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) quantification has been developed for the direct and simultaneous determination of these glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples. The limit of detections for all analytes were below 13 pg mL(-1), with 73-101\\\\% analyte recovery and 7.2-8.6\\\\% repeatability. The method was applied to analyze 20 human urine samples collected randomly from voluntary donors in Hong Kong SAR, China. All the samples were found to contain one or more of the bromophenol conjugates, with concentration ranging from 0.13-2.45 μg g(-1) creatinine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical protocol for the direct and simultaneous monitoring of these potential phase II metabolites of PBDEs in human urine. Our results have also suggested the potential of these bromophenol conjugates in human urine to be convenient molecular markers for the quantification of population exposure to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {22},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Ho, Ka-Lok and Murphy, Margaret B and Wan, Yi and Fong, Bonnie M-W and Tam, Sidney and Giesy, John P and Leung, Kelvin S-Y and Lam, Michael H-W},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23075377},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {9881--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ho, K.\",\"Murphy, M. B\",\"Wan, Y.\",\"Fong, B. M.\",\"Tam, S.\",\"Giesy, J. P\",\"Leung, K. S.\",\"Lam, M. H.\"],\"key\":\"ho_synthesis_2012\",\"id\":\"ho_synthesis_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ho-murphy-wan-fong-tam-giesy-leung-lam-synthesisandcharacterizationofbromophenolglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesfortheirdirectlcmsmsquantificationinhumanurineaspotentialexposuremarkersforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dioxins: an overview and history.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"2, 20th Century, 4, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: history, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: history, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: history, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: history, Flame retardants, History, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: history, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"16–20\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hites_dioxins:_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Dioxins: an overview and history.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {2, 20th Century, 4, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: history, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: history, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: history, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: history, Flame retardants, History, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: history, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {16--20},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"hites_dioxins:_2011\",\"id\":\"hites_dioxins:_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hites-dioxinsanoverviewandhistory-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"2\",\"20th Century\",\"4\",\"4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid\",\"4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry\",\"4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history\",\"4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity\",\"5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid\",\"5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry\",\"5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history\",\"5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"Benzofurans: history\",\"Benzofurans: toxicity\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Dioxins: history\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: history\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: history\",\"Flame retardants\",\"History\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: history\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Application Note AN-007 LCD backlighting technologies and configuration.\",\"url\":\"http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Hitachi, Ltd.\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hitachi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, use\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{hitachi_application_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Application {Note} {AN}-007 {LCD} backlighting technologies and configuration.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Hitachi, Ltd.},\\n\\tauthor = {{Hitachi}},\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hitachi\"],\"key\":\"hitachi_application_2004\",\"id\":\"hitachi_application_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hitachi-applicationnotean007lcdbacklightingtechnologiesandconfiguration-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Survey of small-scale flame spread test results of modern fabrics.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"03080501\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/fam.943\",\"abstract\":\"The flammability of apparel worn on a person has one of the highest ratios of fire fatalities per fire, and there are few statutory requirements. A series of evaluations was conducted on the flammability of 50 fabrics (both cellulosic and thermoplastic) using the (now withdrawn) NFPA 701 small-scale test. The fabrics covered a broad range of areal densities (weights) and many were not intended for apparel. A series of conclusions were reached. In particular, it is apparent that the following primary correlation exists between fabric weight and flammability: the heavier the fabric the better it behaves in a fire. Secondarily, however, the type of fabric also strongly affects this conclusion. This paper presents the results of the testing and offers an analysis.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Fire and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirschler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcelo\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piansay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timothy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"pages\":\"373–386\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hirschler_survey_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Survey of small-scale flame spread test results of modern fabrics.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {03080501},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/fam.943},\\n\\tabstract = {The flammability of apparel worn on a person has one of the highest ratios of fire fatalities per fire, and there are few statutory requirements. A series of evaluations was conducted on the flammability of 50 fabrics (both cellulosic and thermoplastic) using the (now withdrawn) NFPA 701 small-scale test. The fabrics covered a broad range of areal densities (weights) and many were not intended for apparel. A series of conclusions were reached. In particular, it is apparent that the following primary correlation exists between fabric weight and flammability: the heavier the fabric the better it behaves in a fire. Secondarily, however, the type of fabric also strongly affects this conclusion. This paper presents the results of the testing and offers an analysis.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Hirschler, Marcelo M. and Piansay, Timothy},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {373--386},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hirschler, M. M.\",\"Piansay, T.\"],\"key\":\"hirschler_survey_2007\",\"id\":\"hirschler_survey_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hirschler-piansay-surveyofsmallscaleflamespreadtestresultsofmodernfabrics-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Amsterdam, The Netherlands\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in recycled plastic products.\",\"url\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"The demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have decreased in the past few years. For example domestic demand for decabromodiphenylether (DeBDEther) in Japan has decreased from 10,000 ton in 1990 to 2,200 ton in 2003. From the viewpoint of the lifecycle risk management of PBDE products (Sakai et al. 2005), the use and disposal/recycling stage become relatively more important than the production stage. As to the disposal/recycling stage of PBDE products, Miyanaga and Motegi 2004 suggested that waste TV casings were recycled as raw materials for video cassette tape. They performed an elemental analysis on four video cassette tapes and detected bromine in two samples and antimony in one samples. However the types of brominated flame retardants were not determined in their study. In this study, we measured the concentrations of brominated flame retardants in plastic parts from video cassette tapes to examine the possibility of material recycling of PBDE products.\",\"booktitle\":\"4th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S-I\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{hirai_brominated_2007,\\n\\taddress = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in recycled plastic products.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {The demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have decreased in the past few years. For example domestic demand for decabromodiphenylether (DeBDEther) in Japan has decreased from 10,000 ton in 1990 to 2,200 ton in 2003. From the viewpoint of the lifecycle risk management of PBDE products (Sakai et al. 2005), the use and disposal/recycling stage become relatively more important than the production stage. As to the disposal/recycling stage of PBDE products, Miyanaga and Motegi 2004 suggested that waste TV casings were recycled as raw materials for video cassette tape. They performed an elemental analysis on four video cassette tapes and detected bromine in two samples and antimony in one samples. However the types of brominated flame retardants were not determined in their study. In this study, we measured the concentrations of brominated flame retardants in plastic parts from video cassette tapes to examine the possibility of material recycling of PBDE products.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {4th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tauthor = {Hirai, Y and Sakai, S-I},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hirai, Y\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"hirai_brominated_2007\",\"id\":\"hirai_brominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsinrecycledplasticproducts-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese autopsy tissue and body fluid samples.\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-012-0915-z\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants are components of many plastics and are used in products such as cars, textiles, televisions, and personal computers. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially during the last three decades. Our objective was to measure the body burden and distribution of PBDEs and to determine the concentrations of the predominant PBDE congeners in samples of liver, bile, adipose tissue, and blood obtained from Japanese autopsy cases. Tissues and body fluids obtained from 20 autopsy cases were analyzed. The levels of 25 PBDE congeners, ranging from tri- to hexa-BDEs, were assessed. The geometric means of the sum of the concentrations of PBDE congeners having detection frequencies \\\\textgreater50 % (ΣPBDE) in the blood, liver, bile, and adipose tissue were 2.4, 2.6, 1.4, and 4.3 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-153, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99, and BDE-28+33. These concentrations of PBDE congeners were similar to other reports of human exposure in Japan but were notably lower than concentrations than those reported in the USA. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of predominant congeners and ΣPBDE among the samples analyzed. The ΣPBDE concentration was highest in the adipose tissue, but PBDEs were distributed widely among the tissues and body fluids analyzed. The PBDE levels observed in the present study are similar to those reported in previous studies in Japan and significantly lower than those reported in the USA.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science and pollution research international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetsuya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujimine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshinori\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takeshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22544599\",\"keywords\":\"80 and over, Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Aged, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Bile, Bile: chemistry, Body Burden, Cadaver, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Middle Aged\",\"pages\":\"3538–46\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hirai_distribution_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} autopsy tissue and body fluid samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-0915-z},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are components of many plastics and are used in products such as cars, textiles, televisions, and personal computers. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially during the last three decades. Our objective was to measure the body burden and distribution of PBDEs and to determine the concentrations of the predominant PBDE congeners in samples of liver, bile, adipose tissue, and blood obtained from Japanese autopsy cases. Tissues and body fluids obtained from 20 autopsy cases were analyzed. The levels of 25 PBDE congeners, ranging from tri- to hexa-BDEs, were assessed. The geometric means of the sum of the concentrations of PBDE congeners having detection frequencies {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater50 \\\\% (ΣPBDE) in the blood, liver, bile, and adipose tissue were 2.4, 2.6, 1.4, and 4.3 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-153, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99, and BDE-28+33. These concentrations of PBDE congeners were similar to other reports of human exposure in Japan but were notably lower than concentrations than those reported in the USA. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of predominant congeners and ΣPBDE among the samples analyzed. The ΣPBDE concentration was highest in the adipose tissue, but PBDEs were distributed widely among the tissues and body fluids analyzed. The PBDE levels observed in the present study are similar to those reported in previous studies in Japan and significantly lower than those reported in the USA.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\\n\\tauthor = {Hirai, Tetsuya and Fujimine, Yoshinori and Watanabe, Shaw and Nakano, Takeshi},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22544599},\\n\\tkeywords = {80 and over, Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Aged, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Bile, Bile: chemistry, Body Burden, Cadaver, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Middle Aged},\\n\\tpages = {3538--46},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hirai, T.\",\"Fujimine, Y.\",\"Watanabe, S.\",\"Nakano, T.\"],\"key\":\"hirai_distribution_2012\",\"id\":\"hirai_distribution_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hirai-fujimine-watanabe-nakano-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapaneseautopsytissueandbodyfluidsamples-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599\"},\"keyword\":[\"80 and over\",\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Asian Continental Ancestry Group\",\"Bile\",\"Bile: chemistry\",\"Body Burden\",\"Cadaver\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: chemistry\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Scarborough, Ontario\",\"title\":\"Floor Mounting in the Steiner Tunnel\",\"publisher\":\"Underwriters Laboratories of Canada\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Higginson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1979\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{higginson_floor_1979,\\n\\taddress = {Scarborough, Ontario},\\n\\ttitle = {Floor {Mounting} in the {Steiner} {Tunnel}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories of Canada},\\n\\tauthor = {Higginson, P},\\n\\tyear = {1979},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Higginson, P\"],\"key\":\"higginson_floor_1979\",\"id\":\"higginson_floor_1979\",\"bibbaseid\":\"higginson-floormountinginthesteinertunnel-1979\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in eggs may reduce reproductive success of ospreys in Oregon and Washington, USA.\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1573-3017\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10646-009-0323-4\",\"abstract\":\"Spatial and temporal assessments and reports of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in birds remain sparse. In the present study, PBDEs were detected in all 120 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected. The eggs were collected from nests along the Columbia, Willamette and Yakima rivers of Oregon (OR) and Washington (WA) and in Puget Sound (WA) between 2002 and 2007. PBDE congeners: 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154 (possible coelution with brominated biphenyl 153 [BB153]), 183, 190 (detected in one egg), 209 (not detected), and BB101 (only detected in 2006 and 2007) and total-alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (only detected in five eggs) were analyzed for in the egg samples. Eggs from reservoirs in the forested headwaters of the Willamette River (2002) contained the lowest concentrations of SigmaPBDEs (geometric mean [range], 98 [55.2-275] ng/g wet weight [ww]), while those from the middle Willamette River (2006) contained the highest (897 [507-1,880] ng/g ww). Concentrations in eggs from the Columbia River progressively increased downstream from Umatilla, OR (River Mile [RM] 286) to Skamokoa, WA (RM 29), which indicated additive PBDE sources along the river. In general, regardless of the year of egg collection, differences in PBDE concentrations reported in osprey eggs along the three major rivers studied (Columbia, Willamette and Yakima) seem to reflect differences in river flow (dilution effect) and the extent of human population and industry (source inputs) along the rivers. PBDE concentrations increased over time at two locations (Seattle, WA; Columbia River, RM 29-84) where temporal patterns could be evaluated. Only during 2006 (on the middle Willamette River, RM 61-157) and 2007 (on the lower Columbia River, RM 29-84) did SigmaPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs exceed 1,000 ng/g ww with negative relationships indicated at both locations between productivity and SigmaPBDE concentrations in eggs (P = 0.008, P = 0.057). Osprey eggs from Everett, WA contained nearly twice the SigmaPBDE concentration (geometric mean 239 vs. 141 ng/g ww, range 124-384 vs. 22.2-819 ng/g ww, P \\\\textless or = 0.05) as double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected at the same location and time, which is likely due to dietary differences. No significant relationship (all Ps \\\\textgreater 0.147) was indicated between PBDE congeners (including SigmaPBDEs) and eggshell thickness at the concentrations observed in this study.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henny\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaiser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grove\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Branden\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19513829\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: drug effects, Egg Shell: pathology, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Washington, ffr, waa\",\"pages\":\"802–13\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{henny_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in eggs may reduce reproductive success of ospreys in {Oregon} and {Washington}, {USA}.},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3017},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0323-4},\\n\\tabstract = {Spatial and temporal assessments and reports of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in birds remain sparse. In the present study, PBDEs were detected in all 120 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected. The eggs were collected from nests along the Columbia, Willamette and Yakima rivers of Oregon (OR) and Washington (WA) and in Puget Sound (WA) between 2002 and 2007. PBDE congeners: 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154 (possible coelution with brominated biphenyl 153 [BB153]), 183, 190 (detected in one egg), 209 (not detected), and BB101 (only detected in 2006 and 2007) and total-alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (only detected in five eggs) were analyzed for in the egg samples. Eggs from reservoirs in the forested headwaters of the Willamette River (2002) contained the lowest concentrations of SigmaPBDEs (geometric mean [range], 98 [55.2-275] ng/g wet weight [ww]), while those from the middle Willamette River (2006) contained the highest (897 [507-1,880] ng/g ww). Concentrations in eggs from the Columbia River progressively increased downstream from Umatilla, OR (River Mile [RM] 286) to Skamokoa, WA (RM 29), which indicated additive PBDE sources along the river. In general, regardless of the year of egg collection, differences in PBDE concentrations reported in osprey eggs along the three major rivers studied (Columbia, Willamette and Yakima) seem to reflect differences in river flow (dilution effect) and the extent of human population and industry (source inputs) along the rivers. PBDE concentrations increased over time at two locations (Seattle, WA; Columbia River, RM 29-84) where temporal patterns could be evaluated. Only during 2006 (on the middle Willamette River, RM 61-157) and 2007 (on the lower Columbia River, RM 29-84) did SigmaPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs exceed 1,000 ng/g ww with negative relationships indicated at both locations between productivity and SigmaPBDE concentrations in eggs (P = 0.008, P = 0.057). Osprey eggs from Everett, WA contained nearly twice the SigmaPBDE concentration (geometric mean 239 vs. 141 ng/g ww, range 124-384 vs. 22.2-819 ng/g ww, P {\\\\textbackslash}textless or = 0.05) as double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected at the same location and time, which is likely due to dietary differences. No significant relationship (all Ps {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.147) was indicated between PBDE congeners (including SigmaPBDEs) and eggshell thickness at the concentrations observed in this study.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Henny, Charles J and Kaiser, James L and Grove, Robert A and Johnson, Branden L and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19513829},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: drug effects, Egg Shell: pathology, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Washington, ffr, waa},\\n\\tpages = {802--13},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Henny, C. J\",\"Kaiser, J. L\",\"Grove, R. A\",\"Johnson, B. L\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"henny_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"henny_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"henny-kaiser-grove-johnson-letcher-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsineggsmayreducereproductivesuccessofospreysinoregonandwashingtonusa-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Egg Shell\",\"Egg Shell: drug effects\",\"Egg Shell: pathology\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Oregon\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: chemistry\",\"Ovum: drug effects\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Washington\",\"ffr\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations.\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many types of consumer products. Perhaps as a result of their widespread use and their lipophilicity, these compounds have become ubiquitous in the environment and in people. This review summarizes PBDE concentrations measured in several environmental media and analyzes these data in terms of relative concentrations, concentration trends, and congener profiles. In human blood, milk, and tissues, total PBDE levels have increased exponentially by a factor of approximately 100 during the last 30 yr; this is a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. The current PBDE concentrations in people from Europe are approximately 2 ng/g lipid, but the concentrations in people from the United States are much higher at approximately 35 ng/g lipid. Current PBDE concentrations in marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic are very low at approximately 5 ng/g lipid, but they have increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 7 yr. Marine mammals from the rest of the world have current PBDE levels of approximately 1000 ng/g lipid, and these concentrations have also increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. Some birds' eggs from Sweden are also highly contaminated (at approximately 2000 ng/g lipid) and show PBDE doubling times of approximately 6 yr. Herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes region now have PBDE concentrations of approximately 7000 ng/g lipid, and these levels have doubled every approximately 3 yr. Fish from Europe have approximately 10 times lower PBDE concentrations than fish from North America. From these and other data, it is clear that the environment and people from North America are very much more contaminated with PBDEs as compared to Europe and that these PBDE levels have doubled every 4-6 yr. Analyses of the relative distributions of the most abundant PBDE congeners (using category averages and principal component analysis) indicated that these patterns cannot yet be used to assign sources to these pollutants.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"14998004\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Europe, Fishes, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, United States, env, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"945–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hites_polybrominated_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations.},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many types of consumer products. Perhaps as a result of their widespread use and their lipophilicity, these compounds have become ubiquitous in the environment and in people. This review summarizes PBDE concentrations measured in several environmental media and analyzes these data in terms of relative concentrations, concentration trends, and congener profiles. In human blood, milk, and tissues, total PBDE levels have increased exponentially by a factor of approximately 100 during the last 30 yr; this is a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. The current PBDE concentrations in people from Europe are approximately 2 ng/g lipid, but the concentrations in people from the United States are much higher at approximately 35 ng/g lipid. Current PBDE concentrations in marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic are very low at approximately 5 ng/g lipid, but they have increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 7 yr. Marine mammals from the rest of the world have current PBDE levels of approximately 1000 ng/g lipid, and these concentrations have also increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. Some birds' eggs from Sweden are also highly contaminated (at approximately 2000 ng/g lipid) and show PBDE doubling times of approximately 6 yr. Herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes region now have PBDE concentrations of approximately 7000 ng/g lipid, and these levels have doubled every approximately 3 yr. Fish from Europe have approximately 10 times lower PBDE concentrations than fish from North America. From these and other data, it is clear that the environment and people from North America are very much more contaminated with PBDEs as compared to Europe and that these PBDE levels have doubled every 4-6 yr. Analyses of the relative distributions of the most abundant PBDE congeners (using category averages and principal component analysis) indicated that these patterns cannot yet be used to assign sources to these pollutants.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hites, Ronald A},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {14998004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Europe, Fishes, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, United States, env, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {945--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hites, R. A\"],\"key\":\"hites_polybrominated_2004\",\"id\":\"hites_polybrominated_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hites-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheenvironmentandinpeopleametaanalysisofconcentrations-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Ethers\",\"Europe\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Milk\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Public Health\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"United States\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polyurethane foam and fire safety\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/pat\",\"abstract\":\"This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Polymers for Advanced Technologies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirschler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam\",\"pages\":\"521–529\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hirschler_polyurethane_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Polyurethane foam and fire safety},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/pat},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Polymers for Advanced Technologies},\\n\\tauthor = {Hirschler, M M},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam},\\n\\tpages = {521--529},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hirschler, M M\"],\"key\":\"hirschler_polyurethane_2008\",\"id\":\"hirschler_polyurethane_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"fire retardants\",\"fire safety\",\"polyurethane foam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polyurethane foam and fire safety\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/pat\",\"abstract\":\"This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.\",\"number\":\"April\",\"journal\":\"Polymers for Advanced Technologies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirschler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam\",\"pages\":\"521–529\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hirschler_polyurethane_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Polyurethane foam and fire safety},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/pat},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.},\\n\\tnumber = {April},\\n\\tjournal = {Polymers for Advanced Technologies},\\n\\tauthor = {Hirschler, M M},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam},\\n\\tpages = {521--529},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hirschler, M M\"],\"key\":\"hirschler_polyurethane_2008-1\",\"id\":\"hirschler_polyurethane_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"fire retardants\",\"fire safety\",\"polyurethane foam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study.\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issn\":\"1476-069X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-10-1\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used widely and in increasing amounts in the U.S. over the last few decades. PBDEs and their metabolites cross the placenta and studies in rodents demonstrate neurodevelopmental toxicity from prenatal exposures. PBDE exposures occur both via breastfeeding and hand-to-mouth activities in small children.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hertz-Picciotto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Irva\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fängström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Britta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krakowiak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bennett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21205326\",\"keywords\":\"Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: epidemiology, California: epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Preschool, california\",\"pages\":\"1\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hertz-picciotto_polybrominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study.},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tissn = {1476-069X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-10-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used widely and in increasing amounts in the U.S. over the last few decades. PBDEs and their metabolites cross the placenta and studies in rodents demonstrate neurodevelopmental toxicity from prenatal exposures. PBDE exposures occur both via breastfeeding and hand-to-mouth activities in small children.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Hertz-Picciotto, Irva and Bergman, Ake and Fängström, Britta and Rose, Melissa and Krakowiak, Paula and Pessah, Isaac and Hansen, Robin and Bennett, Deborah H},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21205326},\\n\\tkeywords = {Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: epidemiology, California: epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Preschool, california},\\n\\tpages = {1},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hertz-Picciotto, I.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"Fängström, B.\",\"Rose, M.\",\"Krakowiak, P.\",\"Pessah, I.\",\"Hansen, R.\",\"Bennett, D. H\"],\"key\":\"hertz-picciotto_polybrominated_2011\",\"id\":\"hertz-picciotto_polybrominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hertzpicciotto-bergman-fngstrm-rose-krakowiak-pessah-hansen-bennett-polybrominateddiphenylethersinrelationtoautismanddevelopmentaldelayacasecontrolstudy-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Autistic Disorder\",\"Autistic Disorder: chemically induced\",\"Autistic Disorder: epidemiology\",\"California: epidemiology\",\"Case-Control Studies\",\"Child\",\"Developmental Disabilities\",\"Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced\",\"Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Logistic Models\",\"Male\",\"Preschool\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in an ice core from Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard, Norway.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es1016608\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been found in Arctic wildlife, lake sediment, and air. To identify the atmospheric BFR deposition history on Svalbard, Norway, we analyzed 19 BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDE) in the upper 34 m of an ice core (representing 1953-2005) from Holtedahlfonna, the western-most ice sheet on Svalbard. All of the non-PBDE compounds were detected in nearly continuous profiles in the core. Seven PBDEs were not observed above background (28, 47, 66, 100, 99, 154, 153), while 4 were found in 1 or 2 of 6 segments (17, 85, 138, 183). BDEs-49, 71, 190, 209 had nearly continuous profiles but only BDE-209 in large amounts. The greatest inputs were HBCD and BDE-209, 910, and 320 pg cm(-2) yr(-1) from 1995-2005. DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBEB show nearly continuous input growth in recent core segments, but all were \\\\textless6 pg cm(-2) yr(-1). Long-range atmospheric processes may have moved these particle-bound BFRs to the site, probably during the Arctic haze season. Average air mass trajectories over 10 years show \\\\textgreater75% of atmospheric flow to Holtedahlfonna coming from Eurasia during haze periods (March and April).\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hermanson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isaksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elisabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Forsström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sanja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teixeira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Camilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pohjola\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veijo\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roderik\",\"S\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20839863\",\"keywords\":\"Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ice, Ice: analysis, Norway\",\"pages\":\"7405–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hermanson_deposition_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in an ice core from {Holtedahlfonna}, {Svalbard}, {Norway}.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es1016608},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been found in Arctic wildlife, lake sediment, and air. To identify the atmospheric BFR deposition history on Svalbard, Norway, we analyzed 19 BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDE) in the upper 34 m of an ice core (representing 1953-2005) from Holtedahlfonna, the western-most ice sheet on Svalbard. All of the non-PBDE compounds were detected in nearly continuous profiles in the core. Seven PBDEs were not observed above background (28, 47, 66, 100, 99, 154, 153), while 4 were found in 1 or 2 of 6 segments (17, 85, 138, 183). BDEs-49, 71, 190, 209 had nearly continuous profiles but only BDE-209 in large amounts. The greatest inputs were HBCD and BDE-209, 910, and 320 pg cm(-2) yr(-1) from 1995-2005. DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBEB show nearly continuous input growth in recent core segments, but all were {\\\\textbackslash}textless6 pg cm(-2) yr(-1). Long-range atmospheric processes may have moved these particle-bound BFRs to the site, probably during the Arctic haze season. Average air mass trajectories over 10 years show {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater75\\\\% of atmospheric flow to Holtedahlfonna coming from Eurasia during haze periods (March and April).},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hermanson, Mark H and Isaksson, Elisabeth and Forsström, Sanja and Teixeira, Camilla and Muir, Derek C G and Pohjola, Veijo A and van de Wal, Roderik S V},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20839863},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ice, Ice: analysis, Norway},\\n\\tpages = {7405--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hermanson, M. H\",\"Isaksson, E.\",\"Forsström, S.\",\"Teixeira, C.\",\"Muir, D. C G\",\"Pohjola, V. A\",\"van de Wal, R. S V\"],\"key\":\"hermanson_deposition_2010\",\"id\":\"hermanson_deposition_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hermanson-isaksson-forsstrm-teixeira-muir-pohjola-vandewal-depositionhistoryofbrominatedflameretardantcompoundsinanicecorefromholtedahlfonnasvalbardnorway-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Ice\",\"Ice: analysis\",\"Norway\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Behavioral effects of oral subacute exposure to BDE-209 in young adult mice: a preliminary study.\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"1873-6351\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.002\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, we examined the effects of an oral subacute exposure to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on young adult inbred wild type Tg2576 mice. BDE-209 was administered by gavage at doses of 0 and 20 mg/kg/day dissolved in sunflower oil for 15 days. Two behavioral endpoints were examined: anxiety-activity in a light/dark test and a zero maze test, and learning and spatial memory in a water maze test. Young adult mice exposed to BDE-209 showed a reduction in anxiety levels and a delayed learning in a spatial memory task. Although the results indicated that behavioral effects were present in a young adult exposed population of wild type Tg2576 mice, further studies on chronic exposure to BDE-209 are clearly necessary in order to corroborate these effects.\",\"number\":\"3-4\",\"journal\":\"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heredia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Torrente\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margarita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colomina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"María\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domingo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22178224\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Darkness, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Light, Male, Maze Learning, Mice, Oral, Transgenic\",\"pages\":\"707–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heredia_behavioral_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Behavioral effects of oral subacute exposure to {BDE}-209 in young adult mice: a preliminary study.},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6351},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.002},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, we examined the effects of an oral subacute exposure to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on young adult inbred wild type Tg2576 mice. BDE-209 was administered by gavage at doses of 0 and 20 mg/kg/day dissolved in sunflower oil for 15 days. Two behavioral endpoints were examined: anxiety-activity in a light/dark test and a zero maze test, and learning and spatial memory in a water maze test. Young adult mice exposed to BDE-209 showed a reduction in anxiety levels and a delayed learning in a spatial memory task. Although the results indicated that behavioral effects were present in a young adult exposed population of wild type Tg2576 mice, further studies on chronic exposure to BDE-209 are clearly necessary in order to corroborate these effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {3-4},\\n\\tjournal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Heredia, Luis and Torrente, Margarita and Colomina, María T and Domingo, José L},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22178224},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Darkness, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Light, Male, Maze Learning, Mice, Oral, Transgenic},\\n\\tpages = {707--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heredia, L.\",\"Torrente, M.\",\"Colomina, M. T\",\"Domingo, J. L\"],\"key\":\"heredia_behavioral_2012\",\"id\":\"heredia_behavioral_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heredia-torrente-colomina-domingo-behavioraleffectsoforalsubacuteexposuretobde209inyoungadultmiceapreliminarystudy-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Darkness\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology\",\"Light\",\"Male\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Mice\",\"Oral\",\"Transgenic\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herbstman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurzon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lederman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sally\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niedzwiecki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederica\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"712–719\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to {PBDEs} and neurodevelopment.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Herbstman, Julie B and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A and Jones, Richard S and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y and Perera, Frederica},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {712--719},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Herbstman, J. B\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Kurzon, M.\",\"Lederman, S. A\",\"Jones, R. S\",\"Rauh, V.\",\"Needham, L. L\",\"Tang, D.\",\"Niedzwiecki, M.\",\"Wang, R. Y\",\"Perera, F.\"],\"key\":\"herbstman_prenatal_2010\",\"id\":\"herbstman_prenatal_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901340\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects. OBJECTIVE: In a longitudinal cohort initiated after 11 September 2001, including 329 mothers who delivered in one of three hospitals in lower Manhattan, New York, we examined prenatal PBDE exposure and neurodevelopment when their children were 12-48 and 72 months of age. METHODS: We analyzed 210 cord blood specimens for selected PBDE congeners and assessed neurodevelopmental effects in the children at 12-48 and 72 months of age; 118, 117, 114, 104, and 96 children with available cord PBDE measurements were assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months, respectively. We used multivariate regression analyses to evaluate the associations between concentrations of individual PBDE congeners and neurodevelopmental indices. RESULTS: Median cord blood concentrations of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 100 were 11.2, 3.2, and 1.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with higher concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, or 100 scored lower on tests of mental and physical development at 12-48 and 72 months. Associations were significant for 12-month Psychomotor Development Index (BDE-47), 24-month Mental Development Index (MDI) (BDE-47, 99, and 100), 36-month MDI (BDE-100), 48-month full-scale and verbal IQ (BDE-47, 99, and 100) and performance IQ (BDE-100), and 72-month performance IQ (BDE-100). CONCLUSIONS: This epidemiologic study demonstrates neurodevelopmental effects in relation to cord blood PBDE concentrations. Confirmation is needed in other longitudinal studies.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herbstman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurzon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lederman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sally\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niedzwiecki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederica\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20056561\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Child, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Intelligence: drug effects, Longitudinal Studies, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth & development, New York City, Newborn, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Preschool, September 11 Terrorist Attacks, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"712–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to {PBDEs} and neurodevelopment.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901340},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects. OBJECTIVE: In a longitudinal cohort initiated after 11 September 2001, including 329 mothers who delivered in one of three hospitals in lower Manhattan, New York, we examined prenatal PBDE exposure and neurodevelopment when their children were 12-48 and 72 months of age. METHODS: We analyzed 210 cord blood specimens for selected PBDE congeners and assessed neurodevelopmental effects in the children at 12-48 and 72 months of age; 118, 117, 114, 104, and 96 children with available cord PBDE measurements were assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months, respectively. We used multivariate regression analyses to evaluate the associations between concentrations of individual PBDE congeners and neurodevelopmental indices. RESULTS: Median cord blood concentrations of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 100 were 11.2, 3.2, and 1.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with higher concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, or 100 scored lower on tests of mental and physical development at 12-48 and 72 months. Associations were significant for 12-month Psychomotor Development Index (BDE-47), 24-month Mental Development Index (MDI) (BDE-47, 99, and 100), 36-month MDI (BDE-100), 48-month full-scale and verbal IQ (BDE-47, 99, and 100) and performance IQ (BDE-100), and 72-month performance IQ (BDE-100). CONCLUSIONS: This epidemiologic study demonstrates neurodevelopmental effects in relation to cord blood PBDE concentrations. Confirmation is needed in other longitudinal studies.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Herbstman, Julie B and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A and Jones, Richard S and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y and Perera, Frederica},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20056561},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Intelligence: drug effects, Longitudinal Studies, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \\\\& development, New York City, Newborn, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Preschool, September 11 Terrorist Attacks, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {712--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Herbstman, J. B\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Kurzon, M.\",\"Lederman, S. A\",\"Jones, R. S\",\"Rauh, V.\",\"Needham, L. L\",\"Tang, D.\",\"Niedzwiecki, M.\",\"Wang, R. Y\",\"Perera, F.\"],\"key\":\"herbstman_prenatal_2010-1\",\"id\":\"herbstman_prenatal_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Child\",\"Child Development\",\"Child Development: drug effects\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Intelligence\",\"Intelligence: drug effects\",\"Longitudinal Studies\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Nervous System: growth & development\",\"New York City\",\"Newborn\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology\",\"Preschool\",\"September 11 Terrorist Attacks\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells.\",\"volume\":\"439\",\"issn\":\"0027-5107\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study we have examined the effects of brominated flame retardants (BFR) and several other environmental contaminants in two in vitro assays for intragenic recombination at an endogenous locus in mammalian cells. A total ten compounds were investigated, i. e., two technical PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1221 and Aroclor 1254), DDT, PCP, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4,4'-bischlorophenyl sulfone (BCPS), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and the three different polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs): 2-bromodiphenylether (MBDE), 3,4-dibromodiphenylether (DBDE) and 2,4,2', 4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (TBDE). In the SPD8 assay system statistically significant increases in recombination frequency were observed with Aroclor 1221, BCPS, DBDE, DDT, HBCD, MBDE and TBDE. In the Sp5 assay system, only DBDE, HBCD and MBDE caused statistically significant increases in recombination frequency. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the modern additives to plastic, i.e., HBCD and PBDEs, as well as the plastic monomer BCPS may have the same effect to human health as DDT and PCBs, in terms of inducing genetic recombination, which is known to provoke a number of diseases, including cancer.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Mutation research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helleday\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tuominen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"1999\",\"pmid\":\"10023042\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Recombination, cell line, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox, unsure\",\"pages\":\"137–47\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{helleday_brominated_1999,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {439},\\n\\tissn = {0027-5107},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study we have examined the effects of brominated flame retardants (BFR) and several other environmental contaminants in two in vitro assays for intragenic recombination at an endogenous locus in mammalian cells. A total ten compounds were investigated, i. e., two technical PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1221 and Aroclor 1254), DDT, PCP, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4,4'-bischlorophenyl sulfone (BCPS), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and the three different polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs): 2-bromodiphenylether (MBDE), 3,4-dibromodiphenylether (DBDE) and 2,4,2', 4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (TBDE). In the SPD8 assay system statistically significant increases in recombination frequency were observed with Aroclor 1221, BCPS, DBDE, DDT, HBCD, MBDE and TBDE. In the Sp5 assay system, only DBDE, HBCD and MBDE caused statistically significant increases in recombination frequency. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the modern additives to plastic, i.e., HBCD and PBDEs, as well as the plastic monomer BCPS may have the same effect to human health as DDT and PCBs, in terms of inducing genetic recombination, which is known to provoke a number of diseases, including cancer.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Mutation research},\\n\\tauthor = {Helleday, T and Tuominen, K L and Bergman, A and Jenssen, D},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {1999},\\n\\tpmid = {10023042},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Recombination, cell line, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {137--47},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Helleday, T\",\"Tuominen, K L\",\"Bergman, A\",\"Jenssen, D\"],\"key\":\"helleday_brominated_1999\",\"id\":\"helleday_brominated_1999\",\"bibbaseid\":\"helleday-tuominen-bergman-jenssen-brominatedflameretardantsinduceintragenicrecombinationinmammaliancells-1999\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: chemistry\",\"Cricetinae\",\"Cricetulus\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Genetic\",\"Genetic: drug effects\",\"Recombination\",\"cell line\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"tox\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility.\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.013\",\"abstract\":\"Increased levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can occur particularly in dust and soil surrounding facilities that recycle products containing PBDEs. This may be the source of increased exposure for nearby workers and residents. To investigate, we measured PBDE levels in soil, office dust and blood of workers at the closest workplace (i.e. within 100m) to a large automotive shredding and metal recycling facility in Brisbane, Australia. The workplace investigated in this study was independent of the automotive shredding facility and was one of approximately 50 businesses of varying types within a relatively large commercial/industrial area surrounding the recycling facility. Concentrations of PBDEs in soils were at least an order of magnitude greater than background levels in the area. Congener profiles were dominated by larger molecular weight congeners; in particular BDE-209. This reflected the profile in outdoor air samples previously collected at this site. Biomonitoring data from blood serum indicated no differential exposure for workers near the recycling facility compared to a reference group of office workers, also in Brisbane. Unlike air, indoor dust and soil sample profiles, serum samples from both worker groups were dominated by congeners BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-183 and was similar to the profile previously reported in the general Australian population. Estimated exposures for workers near the industrial point source suggested indoor workers had significantly higher exposure than outdoor workers due to their exposure to indoor dust rather than soil. However, no relationship was observed between blood PBDE levels and different roles and activity patterns of workers on-site. These comparisons of PBDE levels in serum provide additional insight into the inter-individual variability within Australia. Results also indicate congener patterns in the workplace environment did not match blood profiles of workers. This was attributed to the relatively high background exposures for the general Australian population via dietary intake and the home environment.\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hearn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hawker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darryl\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hearn_assessing_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Increased levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can occur particularly in dust and soil surrounding facilities that recycle products containing PBDEs. This may be the source of increased exposure for nearby workers and residents. To investigate, we measured PBDE levels in soil, office dust and blood of workers at the closest workplace (i.e. within 100m) to a large automotive shredding and metal recycling facility in Brisbane, Australia. The workplace investigated in this study was independent of the automotive shredding facility and was one of approximately 50 businesses of varying types within a relatively large commercial/industrial area surrounding the recycling facility. Concentrations of PBDEs in soils were at least an order of magnitude greater than background levels in the area. Congener profiles were dominated by larger molecular weight congeners; in particular BDE-209. This reflected the profile in outdoor air samples previously collected at this site. Biomonitoring data from blood serum indicated no differential exposure for workers near the recycling facility compared to a reference group of office workers, also in Brisbane. Unlike air, indoor dust and soil sample profiles, serum samples from both worker groups were dominated by congeners BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-183 and was similar to the profile previously reported in the general Australian population. Estimated exposures for workers near the industrial point source suggested indoor workers had significantly higher exposure than outdoor workers due to their exposure to indoor dust rather than soil. However, no relationship was observed between blood PBDE levels and different roles and activity patterns of workers on-site. These comparisons of PBDE levels in serum provide additional insight into the inter-individual variability within Australia. Results also indicate congener patterns in the workplace environment did not match blood profiles of workers. This was attributed to the relatively high background exposures for the general Australian population via dietary intake and the home environment.},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Hearn, Laurence K and Hawker, Darryl W and Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Mueller, Jochen F},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hearn, L. K\",\"Hawker, D. W\",\"Toms, L. L\",\"Mueller, J. F\"],\"key\":\"hearn_assessing_2013\",\"id\":\"hearn_assessing_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hearn-hawker-toms-mueller-assessingexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforworkersinthevicinityofalargerecyclingfacility-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations and trends of halogenated flame retardants in the pooled serum of residents of Laizhou Bay, China.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2172\",\"abstract\":\"The south coast of Laizhou Bay, in northeastern China, is a production area for halogenated flame retardants (HFR). In 2007, the authors measured serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Laizhou Bay residents. To assess the PBDE concentration trend, and determine the concentrations of the emerging flame retardants Dechlorane Plus (DP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the authors measured the concentrations of 8 PBDE congeners, 2 DP isomers, and TBPH in 10 composite samples, which were pooled from the serum collected from 305 Laizhou Bay residents in October 2011. The average concentration of the total PBDE (∑8 PBDE) concentration in all serum pools was 240 ng/g lipid weight, and the highest serum pool concentration (in the 30- to 39-yr-old male group) was 780 ng/g lipid weight. Brominated diphenyl ether-209 was the dominant congener, accounting for 87% of ∑8 PBDE. Compared with a previous study, ∑8 PBDE serum concentrations in the present study showed no change in order of magnitude, but the relative contribution of BDE-209 to ∑8 PBDE was higher. The average concentration of ∑DP in all serum pools was 3.6 ng/g lipid weight, ranging from 1.4 ng/g lipid weight (in the 50- to 59-yr-old male group) to 11 ng/g lipid weight (in the 20- to 29-yr-old male group). The concentration of DP was lower than in other reported studies. The study also detected TBPH in the 30- to 39-yr-old female group, suggesting that TBPH, as an emerging HFR, requires further monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1242-1247. © 2013 SETAC.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Songjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingyuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anming\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23408421\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1242–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{he_concentrations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations and trends of halogenated flame retardants in the pooled serum of residents of {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2172},\\n\\tabstract = {The south coast of Laizhou Bay, in northeastern China, is a production area for halogenated flame retardants (HFR). In 2007, the authors measured serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Laizhou Bay residents. To assess the PBDE concentration trend, and determine the concentrations of the emerging flame retardants Dechlorane Plus (DP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the authors measured the concentrations of 8 PBDE congeners, 2 DP isomers, and TBPH in 10 composite samples, which were pooled from the serum collected from 305 Laizhou Bay residents in October 2011. The average concentration of the total PBDE (∑8 PBDE) concentration in all serum pools was 240 ng/g lipid weight, and the highest serum pool concentration (in the 30- to 39-yr-old male group) was 780 ng/g lipid weight. Brominated diphenyl ether-209 was the dominant congener, accounting for 87\\\\% of ∑8 PBDE. Compared with a previous study, ∑8 PBDE serum concentrations in the present study showed no change in order of magnitude, but the relative contribution of BDE-209 to ∑8 PBDE was higher. The average concentration of ∑DP in all serum pools was 3.6 ng/g lipid weight, ranging from 1.4 ng/g lipid weight (in the 50- to 59-yr-old male group) to 11 ng/g lipid weight (in the 20- to 29-yr-old male group). The concentration of DP was lower than in other reported studies. The study also detected TBPH in the 30- to 39-yr-old female group, suggesting that TBPH, as an emerging HFR, requires further monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1242-1247. © 2013 SETAC.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Jin, Jun and Wang, Ying and Bu, Yunjie and Xu, Meng and Yang, Xianfeng and Liu, Anming},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23408421},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1242--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"He, S.\",\"Li, M.\",\"Jin, J.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Bu, Y.\",\"Xu, M.\",\"Yang, X.\",\"Liu, A.\"],\"key\":\"he_concentrations_2013\",\"id\":\"he_concentrations_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"he-li-jin-wang-bu-xu-yang-liu-concentrationsandtrendsofhalogenatedflameretardantsinthepooledserumofresidentsoflaizhoubaychina-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxic effect of PBDE-47 on thyroid development, learning, and memory, and the interaction between PBDE-47 and PCB153 that enhances toxicity in rats.\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"1477-0393\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0748233710387002\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. There are potential interactive effects between PBDEs and PCBs, as these compounds share similar structures. The developmental neurotoxicity of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) and the interaction of PBDE-47 with 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'-hexachlorobipheny (PCB153) were investigated herein, as the dominant congener forms of PBDEs and PCBs, respectively. SD rats were exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 (1, 5, and 10 μg/g) and/or PCB153 (5 μg/g) on post-natal day (PND) 10. Concentrations of PBDE-47, triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum; organ-to-body weight ratios; as well as long-term learning and memory were measured in 2-month-old rats. The present study found that some doses of PBDE-47 decreased the organ-to-body weight ratios of the thyroid and uterus, decreased the concentration of T(4) in serum, and increased the organ-to-body weight ratio of the ovaries (p \\\\textless 0.05). PCB153 could increase the action of PBDE-47 during combined exposure, but this interaction was not found between PBDE-47 and PCB153. In a Morris water maze experiment, the latency periods were significantly prolonged and time ratios were obviously depressed in all PBDE-47-treated groups compared to the control (p \\\\textless 0.05); furthermore, significant interactions between PBDE-47 and PCB153 were observed (p \\\\textless 0.05). In conclusion, PBDE-47 may depress thyroid development as well as the long-term learning and memory capabilities in adult rats exposed to PBDE-47 on PND 10. PCB153 can interact with PBDE-47, resulting in an increase in developmental neurotoxicity.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and industrial health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aiguo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lijuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xuemin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20947653\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Combination, Drug Synergism, Drug Therapy, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Memory: physiology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: pathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: growth & development, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Uterus, Uterus: drug effects, Uterus: pathology\",\"pages\":\"279–88\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{he_toxic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxic effect of {PBDE}-47 on thyroid development, learning, and memory, and the interaction between {PBDE}-47 and {PCB153} that enhances toxicity in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {1477-0393},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0748233710387002},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. There are potential interactive effects between PBDEs and PCBs, as these compounds share similar structures. The developmental neurotoxicity of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) and the interaction of PBDE-47 with 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'-hexachlorobipheny (PCB153) were investigated herein, as the dominant congener forms of PBDEs and PCBs, respectively. SD rats were exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 (1, 5, and 10 μg/g) and/or PCB153 (5 μg/g) on post-natal day (PND) 10. Concentrations of PBDE-47, triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum; organ-to-body weight ratios; as well as long-term learning and memory were measured in 2-month-old rats. The present study found that some doses of PBDE-47 decreased the organ-to-body weight ratios of the thyroid and uterus, decreased the concentration of T(4) in serum, and increased the organ-to-body weight ratio of the ovaries (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). PCB153 could increase the action of PBDE-47 during combined exposure, but this interaction was not found between PBDE-47 and PCB153. In a Morris water maze experiment, the latency periods were significantly prolonged and time ratios were obviously depressed in all PBDE-47-treated groups compared to the control (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05); furthermore, significant interactions between PBDE-47 and PCB153 were observed (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In conclusion, PBDE-47 may depress thyroid development as well as the long-term learning and memory capabilities in adult rats exposed to PBDE-47 on PND 10. PCB153 can interact with PBDE-47, resulting in an increase in developmental neurotoxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and industrial health},\\n\\tauthor = {He, Ping and Wang, Aiguo and Niu, Qiang and Guo, Lijuan and Xia, Tao and Chen, Xuemin},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20947653},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Combination, Drug Synergism, Drug Therapy, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Memory: physiology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: pathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: growth \\\\& development, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Uterus, Uterus: drug effects, Uterus: pathology},\\n\\tpages = {279--88},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"He, P.\",\"Wang, A.\",\"Niu, Q.\",\"Guo, L.\",\"Xia, T.\",\"Chen, X.\"],\"key\":\"he_toxic_2011\",\"id\":\"he_toxic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"he-wang-niu-guo-xia-chen-toxiceffectofpbde47onthyroiddevelopmentlearningandmemoryandtheinteractionbetweenpbde47andpcb153thatenhancestoxicityinrats-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Combination\",\"Drug Synergism\",\"Drug Therapy\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Male\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Maze Learning: physiology\",\"Memory\",\"Memory: drug effects\",\"Memory: physiology\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Ovary\",\"Ovary: drug effects\",\"Ovary: pathology\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Suckling\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: growth & development\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Uterus\",\"Uterus: drug effects\",\"Uterus: pathology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Wastewater dilution index partially explains observed polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant concentrations in osprey eggs from Columbia River Basin, 2008-2009.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1573-3017\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10646-011-0608-2\",\"abstract\":\"Several polybrominated biphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were found in all 175 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected from the Columbia River Basin between 2002 and 2009. ΣPBDE concentrations in 2008-2009 were highest in osprey eggs from the two lowest flow rivers studied; however, each river flowed through relatively large and populous metropolitan areas (Boise, Idaho and Spokane, Washington). We used the volume of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) discharge, a known source of PBDEs, as a measure of human activity at a location, and combined with river flow (both converted to millions of gallons/day) created a novel approach (an approximate Dilution Index) to relate waterborne contaminants to levels of these contaminants that reach avian eggs. This approach provided a useful understanding of the spatial osprey egg concentration patterns observed. Individual osprey egg concentrations along the Upper Willamette River co-varied with the Dilution Index, while combined egg data (geometric means) from rivers or segments of rivers showed a strong, significant relationship to the Dilution Index with one exception, the Boise River. There, we believe osprey egg concentrations were lower than expected because Boise River ospreys foraged perhaps 50-75% of the time off the river at ponds and lakes stocked with fish that contained relatively low ΣPBDE concentrations. Our limited temporal data at specific localities (2004-2009) suggests that ΣPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs peaked between 2005 and 2007, and then decreased, perhaps in response to penta- and octa-PBDE technical mixtures no longer being used in the USA after 2004. Empirical estimates of biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to osprey eggs were 3.76-7.52 on a wet weight (ww) basis or 4.37-11.0 lipid weight. Our earlier osprey study suggested that ΣPBDE egg concentrations \\\\textgreater1,000 ng/g ww may reduce osprey reproductive success. Only two of the study areas sampled in 2008-2009 contained individual eggs with ΣPBDE concentrations \\\\textgreater1,000 ng/g, and non-significant (P \\\\textgreater 0.30) negative relationships were found between ΣPBDEs and reproductive success. Additional monitoring is required to confirm not only the apparent decline in PBDE concentrations in osprey eggs that occurred during this study, but also to better understand the relationship between PBDEs in eggs and reproductive success.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology (London, England)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henny\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grove\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaiser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Branden\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chad\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21340556\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Washington, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"682–97\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{henny_wastewater_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Wastewater dilution index partially explains observed polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant concentrations in osprey eggs from {Columbia} {River} {Basin}, 2008-2009.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3017},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-011-0608-2},\\n\\tabstract = {Several polybrominated biphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were found in all 175 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected from the Columbia River Basin between 2002 and 2009. ΣPBDE concentrations in 2008-2009 were highest in osprey eggs from the two lowest flow rivers studied; however, each river flowed through relatively large and populous metropolitan areas (Boise, Idaho and Spokane, Washington). We used the volume of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) discharge, a known source of PBDEs, as a measure of human activity at a location, and combined with river flow (both converted to millions of gallons/day) created a novel approach (an approximate Dilution Index) to relate waterborne contaminants to levels of these contaminants that reach avian eggs. This approach provided a useful understanding of the spatial osprey egg concentration patterns observed. Individual osprey egg concentrations along the Upper Willamette River co-varied with the Dilution Index, while combined egg data (geometric means) from rivers or segments of rivers showed a strong, significant relationship to the Dilution Index with one exception, the Boise River. There, we believe osprey egg concentrations were lower than expected because Boise River ospreys foraged perhaps 50-75\\\\% of the time off the river at ponds and lakes stocked with fish that contained relatively low ΣPBDE concentrations. Our limited temporal data at specific localities (2004-2009) suggests that ΣPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs peaked between 2005 and 2007, and then decreased, perhaps in response to penta- and octa-PBDE technical mixtures no longer being used in the USA after 2004. Empirical estimates of biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to osprey eggs were 3.76-7.52 on a wet weight (ww) basis or 4.37-11.0 lipid weight. Our earlier osprey study suggested that ΣPBDE egg concentrations {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1,000 ng/g ww may reduce osprey reproductive success. Only two of the study areas sampled in 2008-2009 contained individual eggs with ΣPBDE concentrations {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1,000 ng/g, and non-significant (P {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.30) negative relationships were found between ΣPBDEs and reproductive success. Additional monitoring is required to confirm not only the apparent decline in PBDE concentrations in osprey eggs that occurred during this study, but also to better understand the relationship between PBDEs in eggs and reproductive success.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\\n\\tauthor = {Henny, Charles J and Grove, Robert A and Kaiser, James L and Johnson, Branden L and Furl, Chad V and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21340556},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Washington, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {682--97},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Henny, C. J\",\"Grove, R. A\",\"Kaiser, J. L\",\"Johnson, B. L\",\"Furl, C. V\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"henny_wastewater_2011\",\"id\":\"henny_wastewater_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"henny-grove-kaiser-johnson-furl-letcher-wastewaterdilutionindexpartiallyexplainsobservedpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantconcentrationsinospreyeggsfromcolumbiariverbasin20082009-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Eagles\",\"Eagles: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluid\",\"Fluid: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Oregon\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Washington\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Spatial mapping of city-wide PBDE levels using an exponential decay model.\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c2em10656f\",\"abstract\":\"Passive air samplers (PAS) consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed at 6 outdoor air monitoring stations in different land use categories (commercial, industrial, residential and semi-rural) to assess the spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Brisbane airshed. Air monitoring sites covered an area of ∼1143 km(2) and PAS were allowed to accumulate PBDEs in the city's airshed over three consecutive seasons commencing in the winter of 2008. The average sum of five (∑(5)) PBDEs (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100 and 209) levels were highest at the commercial and industrial sites (12.7 ± 5.2 ng PUF(-1)), which were relatively close to the city center and were a factor of 8 times higher than residential and semi-rural sites located in outer Brisbane. To estimate the magnitude of the urban 'plume' an empirical exponential decay model was used to fit PAS data vs. distance from the CBD, with the best correlation observed when the particulate bound BDE-209 was not included (∑(5)-209) (r(2) = 0.99), rather than ∑(5) (r(2) = 0.84). At 95% confidence intervals the model predicts that regardless of site characterization, ∑(5)-209 concentrations in a PAS sample taken between 4-10 km from the city centre would be half that from a sample taken from the city centre and reach a baseline or plateau (0.6 to 1.3 ng PUF(-1)), approximately 30 km from the CBD. The observed exponential decay in ∑(5)-209 levels over distance corresponded with Brisbane's decreasing population density (persons/km(2)) from the city center. The residual error associated with the model increased significantly when including BDE-209 levels, primarily due to the highest level (11.4 ± 1.8 ng PUF(-1)) being consistently detected at the industrial site, indicating a potential primary source at this site. Active air samples collected alongside the PAS at the industrial air monitoring site (B) indicated BDE-209 dominated congener composition and was entirely associated with the particulate phase. This study demonstrates that PAS are effective tools for monitoring citywide regional differences however, interpretation of spatial trends for POPs which are predominantly associated with the particulate phase such as BDE-209, may be restricted to identifying 'hotspots' rather than broad spatial trends.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hearn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kennedy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hawker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darryl\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincent\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22215111\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Chemical, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Models, Queensland\",\"pages\":\"643–50\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hearn_spatial_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Spatial mapping of city-wide {PBDE} levels using an exponential decay model.},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em10656f},\\n\\tabstract = {Passive air samplers (PAS) consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed at 6 outdoor air monitoring stations in different land use categories (commercial, industrial, residential and semi-rural) to assess the spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Brisbane airshed. Air monitoring sites covered an area of ∼1143 km(2) and PAS were allowed to accumulate PBDEs in the city's airshed over three consecutive seasons commencing in the winter of 2008. The average sum of five (∑(5)) PBDEs (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100 and 209) levels were highest at the commercial and industrial sites (12.7 ± 5.2 ng PUF(-1)), which were relatively close to the city center and were a factor of 8 times higher than residential and semi-rural sites located in outer Brisbane. To estimate the magnitude of the urban 'plume' an empirical exponential decay model was used to fit PAS data vs. distance from the CBD, with the best correlation observed when the particulate bound BDE-209 was not included (∑(5)-209) (r(2) = 0.99), rather than ∑(5) (r(2) = 0.84). At 95\\\\% confidence intervals the model predicts that regardless of site characterization, ∑(5)-209 concentrations in a PAS sample taken between 4-10 km from the city centre would be half that from a sample taken from the city centre and reach a baseline or plateau (0.6 to 1.3 ng PUF(-1)), approximately 30 km from the CBD. The observed exponential decay in ∑(5)-209 levels over distance corresponded with Brisbane's decreasing population density (persons/km(2)) from the city center. The residual error associated with the model increased significantly when including BDE-209 levels, primarily due to the highest level (11.4 ± 1.8 ng PUF(-1)) being consistently detected at the industrial site, indicating a potential primary source at this site. Active air samples collected alongside the PAS at the industrial air monitoring site (B) indicated BDE-209 dominated congener composition and was entirely associated with the particulate phase. This study demonstrates that PAS are effective tools for monitoring citywide regional differences however, interpretation of spatial trends for POPs which are predominantly associated with the particulate phase such as BDE-209, may be restricted to identifying 'hotspots' rather than broad spatial trends.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Hearn, Laurence K and Kennedy, Karen and Hawker, Darryl W and Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Alberts, Vincent and Mueller, Jochen F},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22215111},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Chemical, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Models, Queensland},\\n\\tpages = {643--50},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hearn, L. K\",\"Kennedy, K.\",\"Hawker, D. W\",\"Toms, L. L\",\"Alberts, V.\",\"Mueller, J. F\"],\"key\":\"hearn_spatial_2012\",\"id\":\"hearn_spatial_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hearn-kennedy-hawker-toms-alberts-mueller-spatialmappingofcitywidepbdelevelsusinganexponentialdecaymodel-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Models\",\"Queensland\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and the enhanced toxicity associated with its combination with PCB153 in rats.\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1872-9711\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.005\",\"abstract\":\"To explore the mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and its interaction with PCB153, expression levels of mRNA and proteins of the x-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), death associated protein kinase (DAPK), caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C in the hippocampus of 2-month-old rats exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 and/or PCB153 on post natal day (PND) 10 were examined. Four levels of PBDE-47 (0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg) and two levels of PCB153 (0 and 5mg/kg) were added to corn oil in a 4 x 2 factorial completely randomized design study. Meanwhile, the ultrastructures of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region were observed and the learning and memory capacities were measured in these rats. The results suggested that the mRNA and protein expression levels of all examined genes (with the exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) were significantly changed at some doses (P\\\\textless0.05); additionally, the total distance swam by rats to reach an escape platform was significantly increased and the ratio of distance taken in the platform quadrant to total distance was notably decreased in all treated groups in the water maze experiment (P\\\\textless0.05) compared to the control. Numerous alterations were observed in the ultrastructure of neurons in PBDE-47 alone or combination of PBDE-47 and PCB153 groups. Furthermore, an interaction was found between PBDE-47 and PCB153 in lengthening the total distance taken to the platform and decreasing the platform quadrant ratios in the water maze experiment, as well as in the inducing of caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C mRNA and protein expression (with exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) in the hippocampus. We conclude that PBDE-47 may induce developmental neurotoxicity in rats via three classic apoptosis pathways, and it may interact with PCB153 to enhance developmental neurotoxicity.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ai-guo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li-juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xue-min\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19576244\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animals, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: genetics, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: gene, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: meta, Caspases, Caspases: genetics, Caspases: metabolism, Cytochromes c, Cytochromes c: genetics, Cytochromes c: metabolism, Disease Models, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Electron, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: pathology, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microscopy, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: pathology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: physiopathology, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: ultrastructure, RNA, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Transmission, Transmission: methods, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: genetics, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: metabolis, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"1088–95\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{he_mechanisms_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of {PBDE}-47 and the enhanced toxicity associated with its combination with {PCB153} in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1872-9711},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.005},\\n\\tabstract = {To explore the mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and its interaction with PCB153, expression levels of mRNA and proteins of the x-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), death associated protein kinase (DAPK), caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C in the hippocampus of 2-month-old rats exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 and/or PCB153 on post natal day (PND) 10 were examined. Four levels of PBDE-47 (0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg) and two levels of PCB153 (0 and 5mg/kg) were added to corn oil in a 4 x 2 factorial completely randomized design study. Meanwhile, the ultrastructures of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region were observed and the learning and memory capacities were measured in these rats. The results suggested that the mRNA and protein expression levels of all examined genes (with the exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) were significantly changed at some doses (P{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05); additionally, the total distance swam by rats to reach an escape platform was significantly increased and the ratio of distance taken in the platform quadrant to total distance was notably decreased in all treated groups in the water maze experiment (P{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) compared to the control. Numerous alterations were observed in the ultrastructure of neurons in PBDE-47 alone or combination of PBDE-47 and PCB153 groups. Furthermore, an interaction was found between PBDE-47 and PCB153 in lengthening the total distance taken to the platform and decreasing the platform quadrant ratios in the water maze experiment, as well as in the inducing of caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C mRNA and protein expression (with exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) in the hippocampus. We conclude that PBDE-47 may induce developmental neurotoxicity in rats via three classic apoptosis pathways, and it may interact with PCB153 to enhance developmental neurotoxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {He, Ping and Wang, Ai-guo and Xia, Tao and Gao, Ping and Niu, Qiang and Guo, Li-juan and Chen, Xue-min},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19576244},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: genetics, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: gene, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: meta, Caspases, Caspases: genetics, Caspases: metabolism, Cytochromes c, Cytochromes c: genetics, Cytochromes c: metabolism, Disease Models, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Electron, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: pathology, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microscopy, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: pathology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: physiopathology, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: ultrastructure, RNA, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Transmission, Transmission: methods, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: genetics, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: metabolis, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1088--95},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"He, P.\",\"Wang, A.\",\"Xia, T.\",\"Gao, P.\",\"Niu, Q.\",\"Guo, L.\",\"Chen, X.\"],\"key\":\"he_mechanisms_2009\",\"id\":\"he_mechanisms_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"he-wang-xia-gao-niu-guo-chen-mechanismsunderlyingthedevelopmentalneurotoxiceffectofpbde47andtheenhancedtoxicityassociatedwithitscombinationwithpcb153inrats-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animals\",\"Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins\",\"Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: genetics\",\"Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism\",\"Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases\",\"Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: gene\",\"Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: meta\",\"Caspases\",\"Caspases: genetics\",\"Caspases: metabolism\",\"Cytochromes c\",\"Cytochromes c: genetics\",\"Cytochromes c: metabolism\",\"Disease Models\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Drug Combinations\",\"Electron\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hippocampus\",\"Hippocampus: pathology\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: metabolism\",\"Microscopy\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes: pathology\",\"Neurotoxicity Syndromes: physiopathology\",\"Newborn\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pyramidal Cells\",\"Pyramidal Cells: ultrastructure\",\"RNA\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Transmission\",\"Transmission: methods\",\"X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein\",\"X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: genetics\",\"X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: metabolis\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in birds from an e-waste region in South China: influence of diet on diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution and trophodynamics.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es101503r\",\"abstract\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and three diastereomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were examined in the muscles of six bird species and their diet collected from an e-waste recycling region (Qingyuan) in South China. Stable isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed to measure the diet source and trophic levels (TLs) of the birds. The median TBBPA and HBCD concentrations in the birds ranged from 28 to 173 and not detectable to 1995 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The diastereoisomeric pattern shows the predominance of alpha-HBCD in birds feeding in an aquatic environment and that of gamma-HBCD in birds feeding in a terrestrial environment, whereas no clear preference for alpha isomer or gamma isomer was found in birds that inhabited freshwater wetland. A significant positive correlation between delta13C and percentage of alpha-HBCD was observed, indicating the importance of diet exposure pathways in the determination of HBCD diastereoisomer pattern. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) for alpha-HBCD differed substantially between aquatic and terrestrial bird species with a significant enrichment of (+) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for aquatic birds and a preferential enrichment of (-) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for terrestrial birds. The similarity in diastereoisomer profiles of HBCD and the EFs of alpha-HBCD between prey (fish) and predator (Chinese pond heron) also suggested that dietary exposure is an important contributor for the observed diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution of HBCD in birds. Trophic magnification was observed for alpha-HBCD and TBBPA as concentrations increased with the TLs of the birds defined by delta15N, but only alpha-HBCD showed a strong positive relationship (p=0.001). The biomagnification factors for alpha- and gamma-HBCD and TBBPA were calculated based on individual predator/prey feeding relationships for two species.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ming-Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Le-Huan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiu-Lan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20666555\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frbldg, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"5748–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{he_tetrabromobisphenol-and_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol-{A} and hexabromocyclododecane in birds from an e-waste region in {South} {China}: influence of diet on diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution and trophodynamics.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es101503r},\\n\\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and three diastereomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were examined in the muscles of six bird species and their diet collected from an e-waste recycling region (Qingyuan) in South China. Stable isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed to measure the diet source and trophic levels (TLs) of the birds. The median TBBPA and HBCD concentrations in the birds ranged from 28 to 173 and not detectable to 1995 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The diastereoisomeric pattern shows the predominance of alpha-HBCD in birds feeding in an aquatic environment and that of gamma-HBCD in birds feeding in a terrestrial environment, whereas no clear preference for alpha isomer or gamma isomer was found in birds that inhabited freshwater wetland. A significant positive correlation between delta13C and percentage of alpha-HBCD was observed, indicating the importance of diet exposure pathways in the determination of HBCD diastereoisomer pattern. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) for alpha-HBCD differed substantially between aquatic and terrestrial bird species with a significant enrichment of (+) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for aquatic birds and a preferential enrichment of (-) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for terrestrial birds. The similarity in diastereoisomer profiles of HBCD and the EFs of alpha-HBCD between prey (fish) and predator (Chinese pond heron) also suggested that dietary exposure is an important contributor for the observed diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution of HBCD in birds. Trophic magnification was observed for alpha-HBCD and TBBPA as concentrations increased with the TLs of the birds defined by delta15N, but only alpha-HBCD showed a strong positive relationship (p=0.001). The biomagnification factors for alpha- and gamma-HBCD and TBBPA were calculated based on individual predator/prey feeding relationships for two species.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {He, Ming-Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yu, Le-Huan and Liu, Juan and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, She-Jun and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20666555},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {5748--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"He, M.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Yu, L.\",\"Liu, J.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"he_tetrabromobisphenol-and_2010\",\"id\":\"he_tetrabromobisphenol-and_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"he-luo-yu-liu-zhang-chen-chen-mai-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneinbirdsfromanewasteregioninsouthchinainfluenceofdietondiastereoisomerandenantiomerspecificdistributionandtrophodynamics-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in F1 offspring.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1573-3017\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10646-011-0720-3\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants around the world. Because of large production volumes, widespread usage and persistence, PBDEs are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environment media and human samples and therefore pose a significant public health concern. Deca-PBDE (BDE-209) is the only commercial PBDE mixture still allowed for use at present, and has been recently detected at high levels in human samples. However, few studies explore its effect on development, reproduction or neurobehavior with animal models. In particular, studies with long-term chronic exposure at relatively low doses are lacking. In this study, we utilize the zebrafish model to explore the developmental, reproductive, and behavioral toxicities associated with long-term chronic exposure to deca-PBDE (BDE-209). Our findings revealed that long-term chronic exposure to low dose of deca-BDE (ranging from 0.001 to 1 μM) affected overall fitness (measured by condition factor), gonad development, male gamete quantity and quality in F0 parental fish. For F1 offspring without continuous exposure to BDE-209, parental BDE treatment led to delayed hatch and motor neuron development, loose muscle fiber, slow locomotion behavior in normal conditions, and hyperactivity when subjected to light-dark photoperiod stimulation. In conclusion, parental chronic low dose BDE-209 exposure not only affects F0 growth and reproduction, but also elicits neurobehavior alternations in F1 offspring.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology (London, England)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dongren\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Junhua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chenglian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangfei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kuanfei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Changjiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiaoxiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21695510\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Embryo Loss, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Muscle, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: growth & development, Skeletal, Skeletal: growth & development, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: growth & development, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology\",\"pages\":\"1813–22\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{he_chronic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in {F1} offspring.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3017},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-011-0720-3},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants around the world. Because of large production volumes, widespread usage and persistence, PBDEs are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environment media and human samples and therefore pose a significant public health concern. Deca-PBDE (BDE-209) is the only commercial PBDE mixture still allowed for use at present, and has been recently detected at high levels in human samples. However, few studies explore its effect on development, reproduction or neurobehavior with animal models. In particular, studies with long-term chronic exposure at relatively low doses are lacking. In this study, we utilize the zebrafish model to explore the developmental, reproductive, and behavioral toxicities associated with long-term chronic exposure to deca-PBDE (BDE-209). Our findings revealed that long-term chronic exposure to low dose of deca-BDE (ranging from 0.001 to 1 μM) affected overall fitness (measured by condition factor), gonad development, male gamete quantity and quality in F0 parental fish. For F1 offspring without continuous exposure to BDE-209, parental BDE treatment led to delayed hatch and motor neuron development, loose muscle fiber, slow locomotion behavior in normal conditions, and hyperactivity when subjected to light-dark photoperiod stimulation. In conclusion, parental chronic low dose BDE-209 exposure not only affects F0 growth and reproduction, but also elicits neurobehavior alternations in F1 offspring.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\\n\\tauthor = {He, Jianhui and Yang, Dongren and Wang, Chunyan and Liu, Wei and Liao, Junhua and Xu, Tao and Bai, Chenglian and Chen, Jiangfei and Lin, Kuanfei and Huang, Changjiang and Dong, Qiaoxiang},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21695510},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Embryo Loss, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Muscle, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: growth \\\\& development, Skeletal, Skeletal: growth \\\\& development, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: growth \\\\& development, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology},\\n\\tpages = {1813--22},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"He, J.\",\"Yang, D.\",\"Wang, C.\",\"Liu, W.\",\"Liao, J.\",\"Xu, T.\",\"Bai, C.\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Lin, K.\",\"Huang, C.\",\"Dong, Q.\"],\"key\":\"he_chronic_2011\",\"id\":\"he_chronic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"he-yang-wang-liu-liao-xu-bai-chen-etal-chroniczebrafishlowdosedecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209exposureaffectedparentalgonaddevelopmentandlocomotioninf1offspring-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Chronic\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Embryo\",\"Embryo Loss\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Locomotion\",\"Locomotion: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Motor Neurons\",\"Motor Neurons: drug effects\",\"Muscle\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Ovary\",\"Ovary: drug effects\",\"Ovary: growth & development\",\"Skeletal\",\"Skeletal: growth & development\",\"Testis\",\"Testis: drug effects\",\"Testis: growth & development\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: embryology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Stockholm, Sweden\",\"title\":\"Fire and fire protection in homes and public buildings: An analysis of Swedish fire statistics\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"On average there are about 100 fatal fires per year in Sweden. The number of fatal fires fluctuates widely. An example of this was 2004, an exceptional year with only 62 fatal fires recorded by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. It is very rare for a fatal fire to claim more than one victim. Most fatal fires occur in homes, often starting in a bed, sofa, other loose fittings or clothing. Carelessness when smoking is the most commonly identified fire cause. The homes where fatal fires occur are rarely protected by smoke detectors. This is in marked contrast to Swedish homes in general (in 2001 about 65 % of households had functional smoke detectors). In Sweden the death rate from fire has fallen by about 35 % since 1945 – a change which is wholly attributable to the marked fall in the death rate for burns in males aged between 15 and 64. It is impossible to identify what lies behind this dramatic improvement from an analysis of published statistics, but the level of smoking has reduced greatly over the years. Fire death rates are higher for males than females and are also higher for the elderly than for younger people. Those who are out of work, on low income or living alone also run a greater risk of dying in fire. The approximate figures for fire injuries per year in Sweden are 100 deaths, 700 major injuries and 700 minor injuries. This corresponds to rates of 11, 80 and 80 per million population respectively. For accidents in general in Sweden there are about 30 major injuries per death and 200 minor injuries (see Olyckor i siffror, NCO/SRSA). The distribution is quite different for fires where there are only seven major injuries per death, and similar numbers of major injuries as minor injuries. Accidents in general have the ratio 1:30:200 whereas fire has 1:7:7. Most home fires attended by the fire brigade are quite small. In detached houses most turn- outs are caused by chimney fires which do not spread to other parts of the building. In blocks of flats the most common cause is a cooking appliance being left on. Arson is also a common cause in blocks of flats, though arson is most often observed in stairwells and cellars and is rarely directed at living accommodation. Arson is the most common cause of fires in public buildings. In these buildings there are potentially many people at risk and is clear that fire safety cannot be based on technical risks alone, but must also deal with deliberate fire setting.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"publisher\":\"Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Omar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McIntyre\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{harrami_fire_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Stockholm, Sweden},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire and fire protection in homes and public buildings: {An} analysis of {Swedish} fire statistics},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {On average there are about 100 fatal fires per year in Sweden. The number of fatal fires fluctuates widely. An example of this was 2004, an exceptional year with only 62 fatal fires recorded by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. It is very rare for a fatal fire to claim more than one victim. Most fatal fires occur in homes, often starting in a bed, sofa, other loose fittings or clothing. Carelessness when smoking is the most commonly identified fire cause. The homes where fatal fires occur are rarely protected by smoke detectors. This is in marked contrast to Swedish homes in general (in 2001 about 65 \\\\% of households had functional smoke detectors). In Sweden the death rate from fire has fallen by about 35 \\\\% since 1945 – a change which is wholly attributable to the marked fall in the death rate for burns in males aged between 15 and 64. It is impossible to identify what lies behind this dramatic improvement from an analysis of published statistics, but the level of smoking has reduced greatly over the years. Fire death rates are higher for males than females and are also higher for the elderly than for younger people. Those who are out of work, on low income or living alone also run a greater risk of dying in fire. The approximate figures for fire injuries per year in Sweden are 100 deaths, 700 major injuries and 700 minor injuries. This corresponds to rates of 11, 80 and 80 per million population respectively. For accidents in general in Sweden there are about 30 major injuries per death and 200 minor injuries (see Olyckor i siffror, NCO/SRSA). The distribution is quite different for fires where there are only seven major injuries per death, and similar numbers of major injuries as minor injuries. Accidents in general have the ratio 1:30:200 whereas fire has 1:7:7. Most home fires attended by the fire brigade are quite small. In detached houses most turn- outs are caused by chimney fires which do not spread to other parts of the building. In blocks of flats the most common cause is a cooking appliance being left on. Arson is also a common cause in blocks of flats, though arson is most often observed in stairwells and cellars and is rarely directed at living accommodation. Arson is the most common cause of fires in public buildings. In these buildings there are potentially many people at risk and is clear that fire safety cannot be based on technical risks alone, but must also deal with deliberate fire setting.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tpublisher = {Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI)},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrami, Omar and McIntyre, Colin},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrami, O.\",\"McIntyre, C.\"],\"key\":\"harrami_fire_2006\",\"id\":\"harrami_fire_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrami-mcintyre-fireandfireprotectioninhomesandpublicbuildingsananalysisofswedishfirestatistics-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, South China.\",\"volume\":\"419\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.035\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were determined in water, sediment, and three fish species from the Dongjiang River, a highly polluted river by brominated flame retardants in South China due to the intensive industry activities. The stable isotope analysis was used to compare differences between the feeding ecology of the fish species. The bioaccumulations of PBDEs and DBDPE were evaluated by calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Two potential debromination products of DBDPE were detected in sediment. The occurrence of these two compounds probably ascribed to the thermal degradation during instrumental analysis but degradation in the environment cannot be ruled out. Three fish species showed two quite different PBDE congener profiles. Two carp species were dominated by BDE47 while plecostomus were dominated by both BDE47 and BDE99. The contributions of higher brominated congeners were higher in plecostomus than in two carp species. This different PBDE congener profile can be attributed to the difference in metabolism and feeding habits among fish species. The calculated BAFs for PBDE congeners follow a bioaccumulation model. The BSAFs for all PBDE congeners except for BDE47 and BDE100 were less than unit, implying that bioavailability of PBDEs in sediments is low. Contrary to expectation, the BAFs value of DBDPE was one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE209 in fish, which can partly attributed to the absence of debromination of DBDPE in fish. The calculated BAFs for DBDPE indicated that this compound can significantly accumulate in fish.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ming-Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Man-Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu-Xin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22285078\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Catfishes, Catfishes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Cichlids, Cichlids: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"109–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{he_bioaccumulation_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {419},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.035},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were determined in water, sediment, and three fish species from the Dongjiang River, a highly polluted river by brominated flame retardants in South China due to the intensive industry activities. The stable isotope analysis was used to compare differences between the feeding ecology of the fish species. The bioaccumulations of PBDEs and DBDPE were evaluated by calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Two potential debromination products of DBDPE were detected in sediment. The occurrence of these two compounds probably ascribed to the thermal degradation during instrumental analysis but degradation in the environment cannot be ruled out. Three fish species showed two quite different PBDE congener profiles. Two carp species were dominated by BDE47 while plecostomus were dominated by both BDE47 and BDE99. The contributions of higher brominated congeners were higher in plecostomus than in two carp species. This different PBDE congener profile can be attributed to the difference in metabolism and feeding habits among fish species. The calculated BAFs for PBDE congeners follow a bioaccumulation model. The BSAFs for all PBDE congeners except for BDE47 and BDE100 were less than unit, implying that bioavailability of PBDEs in sediments is low. Contrary to expectation, the BAFs value of DBDPE was one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE209 in fish, which can partly attributed to the absence of debromination of DBDPE in fish. The calculated BAFs for DBDPE indicated that this compound can significantly accumulate in fish.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {He, Ming-Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Chen, Man-Ying and Sun, Yu-Xin and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22285078},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Catfishes, Catfishes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Cichlids, Cichlids: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {109--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"He, M.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Chen, M.\",\"Sun, Y.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"he_bioaccumulation_2012\",\"id\":\"he_bioaccumulation_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"he-luo-chen-sun-chen-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersanddecabromodiphenylethaneinfishfromariversysteminahighlyindustrializedareasouthchina-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes: metabolism\",\"Catfishes\",\"Catfishes: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"China\",\"Cichlids\",\"Cichlids: metabolism\",\"Cyprinidae\",\"Cyprinidae: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Species Specificity\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their derivatives on protein disulfide isomerase activity and growth hormone release of GH3 cells.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1520-5010\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/tx200374s\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a variety of consumer products such as flame retardants and recently have been known to be widespread environmental pollutants, which probably affect biological functions of mammalian cells. However, the risk posed by PBDE metabolites has not been clarified. Our previous study suggested that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, binds to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and inhibits its activity. PDI is an isomerase enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates the formation or cleavage of disulfide bonds. PDI consists of a, b, b', and a' domains and the c region, with the a and a' domains having isomerase active sites. In the present study, we tested the effects of 10 kinds of PBDE compounds and their metabolites on PDI. OH-PBDEs specifically inhibited the isomerase activity of PDI, with 4'-OH-PBDE more effective than 2' (or 2)-OH-PBDEs. 4'-OH-PBDE inhibited the isomerase activity of the b'a'c fragment but not that of ab and a'c, suggesting that the b' domain of PDI is essential for the inhibition by 4'-OH-PBDE. We also investigated the effects of these chemicals on the production of growth hormone (GH) in GH3 cells. In GH3 cells, levels of mRNA and protein of GH stimulated by T(3) were reduced by 4'-OH-PBDE and 4'-MeO-PBDE. The reduction in GH expression caused by these compounds was not changed by the overexpression or knockdown of PDI in GH3 cells, while these manipulations of PDI levels significantly suppressed the expression of GH. These results suggest that the biological effects of PBDEs differed depending on their brominated and hydroxylated positions.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Chemical research in toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hashimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoshimura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiromi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazushi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uramaru\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naoto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sugihara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Imaoka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susumu\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22201216\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: genetics, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: antagonists & inhibi, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: genetics, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: metabolism, RNA, Rats, cell line\",\"pages\":\"656–63\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hashimoto_effects_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and their derivatives on protein disulfide isomerase activity and growth hormone release of {GH3} cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5010},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/tx200374s},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a variety of consumer products such as flame retardants and recently have been known to be widespread environmental pollutants, which probably affect biological functions of mammalian cells. However, the risk posed by PBDE metabolites has not been clarified. Our previous study suggested that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, binds to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and inhibits its activity. PDI is an isomerase enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates the formation or cleavage of disulfide bonds. PDI consists of a, b, b', and a' domains and the c region, with the a and a' domains having isomerase active sites. In the present study, we tested the effects of 10 kinds of PBDE compounds and their metabolites on PDI. OH-PBDEs specifically inhibited the isomerase activity of PDI, with 4'-OH-PBDE more effective than 2' (or 2)-OH-PBDEs. 4'-OH-PBDE inhibited the isomerase activity of the b'a'c fragment but not that of ab and a'c, suggesting that the b' domain of PDI is essential for the inhibition by 4'-OH-PBDE. We also investigated the effects of these chemicals on the production of growth hormone (GH) in GH3 cells. In GH3 cells, levels of mRNA and protein of GH stimulated by T(3) were reduced by 4'-OH-PBDE and 4'-MeO-PBDE. The reduction in GH expression caused by these compounds was not changed by the overexpression or knockdown of PDI in GH3 cells, while these manipulations of PDI levels significantly suppressed the expression of GH. These results suggest that the biological effects of PBDEs differed depending on their brominated and hydroxylated positions.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical research in toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hashimoto, Shoko and Yoshimura, Hiromi and Okada, Kazushi and Uramaru, Naoto and Sugihara, Kazumi and Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Imaoka, Susumu},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22201216},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: genetics, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: antagonists \\\\& inhibi, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: genetics, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: metabolism, RNA, Rats, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {656--63},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hashimoto, S.\",\"Yoshimura, H.\",\"Okada, K.\",\"Uramaru, N.\",\"Sugihara, K.\",\"Kitamura, S.\",\"Imaoka, S.\"],\"key\":\"hashimoto_effects_2012\",\"id\":\"hashimoto_effects_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hashimoto-yoshimura-okada-uramaru-sugihara-kitamura-imaoka-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandtheirderivativesonproteindisulfideisomeraseactivityandgrowthhormonereleaseofgh3cells-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Knockdown Techniques\",\"Growth Hormone\",\"Growth Hormone: genetics\",\"Growth Hormone: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: metabolism\",\"Protein Disulfide-Isomerases\",\"Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: antagonists & inhibi\",\"Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: genetics\",\"Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: metabolism\",\"RNA\",\"Rats\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Indoor Air and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: Implications for Human Exposure\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es0609147\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in air (using PUF disk passive samplers) in 31 homes, 33 offices, 25 cars, and 3 public microenvironments. Average concentrations of ΣBDE (273 pg m-3) and ΣPCB (8920 pg m-3) were an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported for outdoor air. Cars were the most contaminated microenvironment for ΣBDE (average = 709 pg m-3), but the least for ΣPCB (average = 1391 pg m-3). Comparison with data from a previous spatially consistent study, revealed no significant decline in concentrations of ΣPCB in indoor air since 1997−98. Concentrations in indoor dust from 8 homes were on average 215.2 ng ΣBDE g-1, slightly higher than other European dust samples, but twenty times lower than Canadian samples. Inhalation makes an important contribution (between 4.2 and 63% for adults) to overall UK exposure to ΣPCB. For ΣBDE, dust ingestion makes a significant butin contrast to Canadaa not overwhelming contribution (up to 37% for adults, and 69% for toddlers). Comparison of UK and Canadian estimates of absolute exposure to ΣBDE suggest that differences in dust contamination are the likely cause of higher PBDE body burdens in North Americans compared to Europeans.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hazrati\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sadegh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibarra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catalina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr\",\"pages\":\"4633–4638\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrad_concentrations_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of {Polychlorinated} {Biphenyls} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {United} {Kingdom}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es0609147},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in air (using PUF disk passive samplers) in 31 homes, 33 offices, 25 cars, and 3 public microenvironments. Average concentrations of ΣBDE (273 pg m-3) and ΣPCB (8920 pg m-3) were an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported for outdoor air. Cars were the most contaminated microenvironment for ΣBDE (average = 709 pg m-3), but the least for ΣPCB (average = 1391 pg m-3). Comparison with data from a previous spatially consistent study, revealed no significant decline in concentrations of ΣPCB in indoor air since 1997−98. Concentrations in indoor dust from 8 homes were on average 215.2 ng ΣBDE g-1, slightly higher than other European dust samples, but twenty times lower than Canadian samples. Inhalation makes an important contribution (between 4.2 and 63\\\\% for adults) to overall UK exposure to ΣPCB. For ΣBDE, dust ingestion makes a significant butin contrast to Canadaa not overwhelming contribution (up to 37\\\\% for adults, and 69\\\\% for toddlers). Comparison of UK and Canadian estimates of absolute exposure to ΣBDE suggest that differences in dust contamination are the likely cause of higher PBDE body burdens in North Americans compared to Europeans.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Hazrati, Sadegh and Ibarra, Catalina},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {4633--4638},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrad, S.\",\"Hazrati, S.\",\"Ibarra, C.\"],\"key\":\"harrad_concentrations_2006\",\"id\":\"harrad_concentrations_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrad-hazrati-ibarra-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinindoorairandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinindoorairanddustinbirminghamunitedkingdomimplicationsforhumanexposure-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dust from U.K. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young U.K. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es100750s\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in floor dust from U.K. child daycare center and primary school classrooms (n = 43, 36 for PCBs). Concentrations of HBCDs exceeded significantly (p \\\\textless 0.05) those reported previously for U.K. houses and offices, while those of TBBP-A exceeded significantly those in U.K. cars and offices. PCB concentrations were statistically indistinguishable from those in U.K. house dust but lower than in U.S. classroom dust, while BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 196, 197, 203, and 209 in classrooms were significantly below concentrations in U.K. cars. Exposure of young U.K. children via classroom dust exceeds that of U.K. adults via office dust for all contaminants monitored. Overall dust exposure of young U.K. children was estimated including car, classroom, and house dust. Exposure to TBBP-A was well below a U.K. health-based limit value (HBLV). Though no HBLVs exist for non-dioxin-like PCBs and HBCDs; dust exposure to PCBs fell well below U.K. dietary and inhalation exposure. Contrastingly, a high-end estimate of HBCD dust exposure exceeded U.K. dietary exposure substantially. Moreover, high-end estimates of dust exposure to BDE-99 and BDE-209 (4.3 and 13000 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) exceeded HBLVs of 0.23-0.30 and 7000 ng/kg bw/day respectively.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goosey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Desborough\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"Abou-Elwafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20441148\",\"keywords\":\"Child, Child Day Care Centers, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Schools\",\"pages\":\"4198–202\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrad_dust_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Dust from {U}.{K}. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young {U}.{K}. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es100750s},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in floor dust from U.K. child daycare center and primary school classrooms (n = 43, 36 for PCBs). Concentrations of HBCDs exceeded significantly (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) those reported previously for U.K. houses and offices, while those of TBBP-A exceeded significantly those in U.K. cars and offices. PCB concentrations were statistically indistinguishable from those in U.K. house dust but lower than in U.S. classroom dust, while BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 196, 197, 203, and 209 in classrooms were significantly below concentrations in U.K. cars. Exposure of young U.K. children via classroom dust exceeds that of U.K. adults via office dust for all contaminants monitored. Overall dust exposure of young U.K. children was estimated including car, classroom, and house dust. Exposure to TBBP-A was well below a U.K. health-based limit value (HBLV). Though no HBLVs exist for non-dioxin-like PCBs and HBCDs; dust exposure to PCBs fell well below U.K. dietary and inhalation exposure. Contrastingly, a high-end estimate of HBCD dust exposure exceeded U.K. dietary exposure substantially. Moreover, high-end estimates of dust exposure to BDE-99 and BDE-209 (4.3 and 13000 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) exceeded HBLVs of 0.23-0.30 and 7000 ng/kg bw/day respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Desborough, Jennifer and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20441148},\\n\\tkeywords = {Child, Child Day Care Centers, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Schools},\\n\\tpages = {4198--202},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrad, S.\",\"Goosey, E.\",\"Desborough, J.\",\"Abdallah, M. A.\",\"Roosens, L.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"harrad_dust_2010\",\"id\":\"harrad_dust_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrad-goosey-desborough-abdallah-roosens-covaci-dustfromukprimaryschoolclassroomsanddaycarecentersthesignificanceofdustasapathwayofexposureofyoungukchildrentobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148\"},\"keyword\":[\"Child\",\"Child Day Care Centers\",\"Dust\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Britain\",\"Humans\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Schools\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"New Directions: Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Current and future scenarios\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Atmospheric Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diamond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1187–1188\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrad_new_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {New {Directions}: {Exposure} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}): {Current} and future scenarios},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Diamond, Miriam},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1187--1188},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrad, S.\",\"Diamond, M.\"],\"key\":\"harrad_new_2006\",\"id\":\"harrad_new_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrad-diamond-newdirectionsexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbscurrentandfuturescenarios-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people?\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es903476t\",\"abstract\":\"This review underlines the importance of indoor contamination as a pathway of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). There is ample evidence of substantial contamination of indoor dust with these chemicals and that their concentrations in indoor air exceed substantially those outdoors. Studies examining the relationship between body burden and exposure via indoor dust are inconsistent; while some indicate a link between body burdens and PBDE and HBCD exposure via dust ingestion, others find no correlation. Likewise, while concentrations in indoor dust and human tissues are both highly skewed, this does not necessarily imply causality. Evidence suggests exposure via dust ingestion is higher for toddlers than adults. Research priorities include identifying means of reducing indoor concentrations and indoor monitoring methods that provide the most \\\"biologically-relevant\\\" measures of exposure as well as monitoring a wider range of microenvironment categories. Other gaps include studies to improve understanding of the following: emission rates and mechanisms via which these contaminants migrate from products into indoor air and dust; relationships between indoor exposures and human body burdens; relevant physicochemical properties; the gastrointestinal uptake by humans of these chemicals from indoor dust; and human dust ingestion rates.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"Abou-Elwafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Björklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justina\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darnerud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\",\"Ola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diamond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mandalakis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manolis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ostman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Conny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Line\",\"Sm\\\\a\",\"astuen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cathrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20387882\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame retardants, Fluorine Compounds, Fluorine Compounds: toxicity, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Inhalation Exposure, ffr, frbldg\",\"pages\":\"3221–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrad_indoor_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people?},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es903476t},\\n\\tabstract = {This review underlines the importance of indoor contamination as a pathway of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). There is ample evidence of substantial contamination of indoor dust with these chemicals and that their concentrations in indoor air exceed substantially those outdoors. Studies examining the relationship between body burden and exposure via indoor dust are inconsistent; while some indicate a link between body burdens and PBDE and HBCD exposure via dust ingestion, others find no correlation. Likewise, while concentrations in indoor dust and human tissues are both highly skewed, this does not necessarily imply causality. Evidence suggests exposure via dust ingestion is higher for toddlers than adults. Research priorities include identifying means of reducing indoor concentrations and indoor monitoring methods that provide the most \\\"biologically-relevant\\\" measures of exposure as well as monitoring a wider range of microenvironment categories. Other gaps include studies to improve understanding of the following: emission rates and mechanisms via which these contaminants migrate from products into indoor air and dust; relationships between indoor exposures and human body burdens; relevant physicochemical properties; the gastrointestinal uptake by humans of these chemicals from indoor dust; and human dust ingestion rates.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and de Wit, Cynthia A and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Bergh, Caroline and Björklund, Justina A and Covaci, Adrian and Darnerud, Per Ola and de Boer, Jacob and Diamond, Miriam and Huber, Sandra and Leonards, Pim and Mandalakis, Manolis and Ostman, Conny and Haug, Line Sm{\\\\textbackslash}a astuen and Thomsen, Cathrine and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20387882},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame retardants, Fluorine Compounds, Fluorine Compounds: toxicity, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Inhalation Exposure, ffr, frbldg},\\n\\tpages = {3221--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrad, S.\",\"de Wit, C. A\",\"Abdallah, M. A.\",\"Bergh, C.\",\"Björklund, J. A\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Darnerud, P. O.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Diamond, M.\",\"Huber, S.\",\"Leonards, P.\",\"Mandalakis, M.\",\"Ostman, C.\",\"Haug, L. S. a.\",\"Thomsen, C.\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"harrad_indoor_2010\",\"id\":\"harrad_indoor_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrad-dewit-abdallah-bergh-bjrklund-covaci-darnerud-deboer-etal-indoorcontaminationwithhexabromocyclododecanespolybrominateddiphenylethersandperfluoroalkylcompoundsanimportantexposurepathwayforpeople-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Body Burden\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: toxicity\",\"Dust\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorine Compounds\",\"Fluorine Compounds: toxicity\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDE concentrations in women's serum and fecundability.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901450\",\"abstract\":\"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20103495\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Odds Ratio, Pregnancy, Time Factors, Young Adult, california, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"699–704\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harley_pbde_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDE} concentrations in women's serum and fecundability.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901450},\\n\\tabstract = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97\\\\% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G and Marks, Amy R and Chevrier, Jonathan and Bradman, Asa and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20103495},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Odds Ratio, Pregnancy, Time Factors, Young Adult, california, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {699--704},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harley, K. G\",\"Marks, A. R\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"harley_pbde_2010\",\"id\":\"harley_pbde_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Fertility\",\"Fertility: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Odds Ratio\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Time Factors\",\"Young Adult\",\"california\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal developmental toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane in the rat and rabbit.\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"1542-9741\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/bdrb.20237\",\"abstract\":\"The potential embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPEthane; CASRN 84852-53-9) were evaluated in prenatal developmental studies using rats and rabbits and performed in accordance with international guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice standards. Preliminary dose-range-finding studies were conducted, which indicated doses up to 1,250 mg/kg-day were well tolerated by both rats and rabbits.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcia\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mercieca\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodwell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dean\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stedeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20437473\",\"keywords\":\"Abnormalities, Administration, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: classification, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Drug-Induced, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oral, Pregnancy, Rabbits, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Teratogens, Teratogens: classification, Teratogens: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"139–46\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hardy_prenatal_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal developmental toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane in the rat and rabbit.},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {1542-9741},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/bdrb.20237},\\n\\tabstract = {The potential embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPEthane; CASRN 84852-53-9) were evaluated in prenatal developmental studies using rats and rabbits and performed in accordance with international guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice standards. Preliminary dose-range-finding studies were conducted, which indicated doses up to 1,250 mg/kg-day were well tolerated by both rats and rabbits.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hardy, Marcia L and Mercieca, Michael D and Rodwell, Dean E and Stedeford, Todd},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20437473},\\n\\tkeywords = {Abnormalities, Administration, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: classification, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Drug-Induced, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oral, Pregnancy, Rabbits, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Teratogens, Teratogens: classification, Teratogens: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {139--46},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hardy, M. L\",\"Mercieca, M. D\",\"Rodwell, D. E\",\"Stedeford, T.\"],\"key\":\"hardy_prenatal_2010\",\"id\":\"hardy_prenatal_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hardy-mercieca-rodwell-stedeford-prenataldevelopmentaltoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneintheratandrabbit-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473\"},\"keyword\":[\"Abnormalities\",\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: classification\",\"Bromobenzenes: toxicity\",\"Drug-Induced\",\"Embryo\",\"Embryonic Development\",\"Embryonic Development: drug effects\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Development\",\"Fetal Development: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: classification\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Mammalian\",\"Mammalian: drug effects\",\"Mammalian: embryology\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level\",\"Oral\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rabbits\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Teratogens\",\"Teratogens: classification\",\"Teratogens: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from English lakes.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es902185u\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations are reported of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) in water (n = 27), sediment (n = 9), and fish samples (n = 30) from nine English lakes. Seasonal variation in concentrations in water is minimal. Concentrations of TBBP-A range from 140 to 3200 pg L(-1) (water), 330 to 3800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and \\\\textless0.29 to 1.7 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Those of SigmaHBCDs range between 80 and 270 pg L(-1) (water), 880 and 4800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and 14 and 290 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Aqueous concentrations of SigmaHBCDs and TBBP-A are significantly positively correlated, indicating a common source. Average +/-sigma(n) \\\"freely-dissolved\\\" phase proportions are 47 +/- 4.7% (SigmaHBCDs) and 61 +/- 2.9% (TBBP-A). Average field-derived bioaccumulation factors are 5900, 1300, 810, and 2100 for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and SigmaHBCDs, respectively. Tetrabromocyclododecadienes are detected in all sediments, with pentabromocyclododecenes present in some. This suggests HBCD degrades via sequential loss of HBr. The delta-HBCD meso form was quantified in 43% of fish samples (1.0-11% SigmaHBCDs). Its absence from temporally and spatially consistent water and sediment samples suggests it is formed via bioisomerization. While HBCD chiral signatures are racemic in water and sediment, our data reveal enantiomeric enrichment of (-)alpha-HBCD and (+)gamma-HBCD in fish.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"Abou-Elwafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davidson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19921842\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chromatography, England, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Liquid, Seasons, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Water Pollutants, env, frbldg, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"9077–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrad_current-use_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from {English} lakes.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es902185u},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations are reported of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) in water (n = 27), sediment (n = 9), and fish samples (n = 30) from nine English lakes. Seasonal variation in concentrations in water is minimal. Concentrations of TBBP-A range from 140 to 3200 pg L(-1) (water), 330 to 3800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.29 to 1.7 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Those of SigmaHBCDs range between 80 and 270 pg L(-1) (water), 880 and 4800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and 14 and 290 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Aqueous concentrations of SigmaHBCDs and TBBP-A are significantly positively correlated, indicating a common source. Average +/-sigma(n) \\\"freely-dissolved\\\" phase proportions are 47 +/- 4.7\\\\% (SigmaHBCDs) and 61 +/- 2.9\\\\% (TBBP-A). Average field-derived bioaccumulation factors are 5900, 1300, 810, and 2100 for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and SigmaHBCDs, respectively. Tetrabromocyclododecadienes are detected in all sediments, with pentabromocyclododecenes present in some. This suggests HBCD degrades via sequential loss of HBr. The delta-HBCD meso form was quantified in 43\\\\% of fish samples (1.0-11\\\\% SigmaHBCDs). Its absence from temporally and spatially consistent water and sediment samples suggests it is formed via bioisomerization. While HBCD chiral signatures are racemic in water and sediment, our data reveal enantiomeric enrichment of (-)alpha-HBCD and (+)gamma-HBCD in fish.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Rose, Neil L and Turner, Simon D and Davidson, Thomas A},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19921842},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chromatography, England, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Liquid, Seasons, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Water Pollutants, env, frbldg, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {9077--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrad, S.\",\"Abdallah, M. A.\",\"Rose, N. L\",\"Turner, S. D\",\"Davidson, T. A\"],\"key\":\"harrad_current-use_2009\",\"id\":\"harrad_current-use_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrad-abdallah-rose-turner-davidson-currentusebrominatedflameretardantsinwatersedimentandfishfromenglishlakes-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chromatography\",\"England\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: analysis\",\"Liquid\",\"Seasons\",\"Stereoisomerism\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"env\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.\",\"volume\":\"174\",\"url\":\"http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/aje/kwr212\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"American journal of epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raul\",\"Aguilar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics & numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california\",\"pages\":\"885–892\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harley_association_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.},\\n\\tvolume = {174},\\n\\turl = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/aje/kwr212},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95\\\\% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95\\\\% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95\\\\% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {American journal of epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Schall, Raul Aguilar and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california},\\n\\tpages = {885--892},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harley, K. G\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Schall, R. A.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"harley_association_2011\",\"id\":\"harley_association_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Linear Models\",\"Longitudinal Studies\",\"Low Birth Weight\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Mexican Americans\",\"Mexican Americans: statistics & numerical data\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Poverty\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Smoking\",\"Smoking: adverse effects\",\"Smoking: blood\",\"Young Adult\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.\",\"volume\":\"174\",\"issn\":\"1476-6256\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/aje/kwr212\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"American journal of epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raul\",\"Aguilar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21878423\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics & numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california\",\"pages\":\"885–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harley_association_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.},\\n\\tvolume = {174},\\n\\tissn = {1476-6256},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/aje/kwr212},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95\\\\% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95\\\\% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95\\\\% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {American journal of epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Schall, Raul Aguilar and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21878423},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california},\\n\\tpages = {885--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harley, K. G\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Schall, R. A.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"harley_association_2011-1\",\"id\":\"harley_association_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Linear Models\",\"Longitudinal Studies\",\"Low Birth Weight\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Mexican Americans\",\"Mexican Americans: statistics & numerical data\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Poverty\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Smoking\",\"Smoking: adverse effects\",\"Smoking: blood\",\"Young Adult\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Current state of knowledge and monitoring requirements: Emerging \\\"new\\\" brominated flame retardants in flame retarded products and the environment (TA-2462/2008).\",\"url\":\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants are a group of chemicals that inhibit combustion. They are extensively used in electrical and electronic equipment, transport equipment, building materials, paint and insulation foams. However, many of the brominated flame retardants have undesirable effects on the environment and on human health. Therefore it is a nationnal target to substantially reduce the release of five prioritized brominated flame retardants before 2010 and completely eliminate the discharge of these five substances before 2020. The overall aim of this study is to perform a review of the current state of the knowledge on emerging “new” brominated flame retardants. This includes the use of the selected substances, environmental levels, data on toxicity and ecotoxicity, potential to bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate in the food web, analytical possibilities, potential for long range transport and their persistence in the environment. Further, this information is used to select compounds that based on the current knowledge can be relevant for further monitoring. The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) has commissioned the environmental research institute NILU (Norway), Swerea IVF (Sweden) and WECC Wania Environmental Chemist Corp. (Canada) to perform this study.\",\"journal\":\"Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harju\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"ES\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandanger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Posner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wania\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, env, ffr, frelec, tox, unsure, use, waa\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harju_current_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Current state of knowledge and monitoring requirements: {Emerging} \\\"new\\\" brominated flame retardants in flame retarded products and the environment ({TA}-2462/2008).},\\n\\turl = {http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are a group of chemicals that inhibit combustion. They are extensively used in electrical and electronic equipment, transport equipment, building materials, paint and insulation foams. However, many of the brominated flame retardants have undesirable effects on the environment and on human health. Therefore it is a nationnal target to substantially reduce the release of five prioritized brominated flame retardants before 2010 and completely eliminate the discharge of these five substances before 2020. The overall aim of this study is to perform a review of the current state of the knowledge on emerging “new” brominated flame retardants. This includes the use of the selected substances, environmental levels, data on toxicity and ecotoxicity, potential to bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate in the food web, analytical possibilities, potential for long range transport and their persistence in the environment. Further, this information is used to select compounds that based on the current knowledge can be relevant for further monitoring. The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) has commissioned the environmental research institute NILU (Norway), Swerea IVF (Sweden) and WECC Wania Environmental Chemist Corp. (Canada) to perform this study.},\\n\\tjournal = {Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)},\\n\\tauthor = {Harju, M and Heimstad, ES and Herzke, D and Sandanger, T and Posner, S and Wania, F},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr, frelec, tox, unsure, use, waa},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harju, M\",\"Heimstad, E.\",\"Herzke, D\",\"Sandanger, T\",\"Posner, S\",\"Wania, F\"],\"key\":\"harju_current_2009\",\"id\":\"harju_current_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harju-heimstad-herzke-sandanger-posner-wania-currentstateofknowledgeandmonitoringrequirementsemergingnewbrominatedflameretardantsinflameretardedproductsandtheenvironmentta24622008-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"tox\",\"unsure\",\"use\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether.\",\"volume\":\"39 Suppl 3\",\"issn\":\"1547-6898\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10408440902837967\",\"abstract\":\"We evaluated the available pharmacokinetic data and human and animal toxicity data for 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (CASRN 1163-19-5) with the objective of deriving a reference dose (RfD) based on the best available science. The available studies for deriving an RfD were first screened using the Klimisch criteria and further evaluated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency's general assessment factors for data quality and relevance (i.e., soundness, applicability and utility, clarity and completeness, uncertainty and variability, and evaluation and review). The chronic 2-year dietary feeding study conducted by the United States National Toxicology Program ( NTP, 1986 , Technical Report Series No. 309) was selected for RfD derivation. Hepatocellular degeneration in male rats was chosen as the critical endpoint in the development of an RfD. For dose-response characterization, we applied benchmark-dose modeling to animal data and determined a point of departure (the 95% lower confidence limit for a 10% increase in hepatocellular degeneration) of 419 mg/kg-day for oral exposures. Based on the similar pharmacokinetic characteristics of BDE-209 across species, this value was converted to a human equivalence dose of 113 mg/kg-day by applying a dosimetric adjustment factor based on body weight scaling to the (3/4) power. An oral RfD of 4 mg/kg-day was calculated by using a composite uncertainty factor of 30, which consisted of 10 for intraspecies uncertainty, 3 for interspecies uncertainty (i.e., 3 for toxicodynamics x 1 for toxicokinetics), and 1 for deficiencies with the database. We consider the RfD to be adequately protective of sensitive subpopulations, including women, their fetuses, children, and people with hepatocellular diseases.\",\"journal\":\"Critical reviews in toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcia\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Banasik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stedeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19874087\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Benchmarking, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: standards, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Status, Humans, Reference Standards, Risk Assessment, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"1–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hardy_toxicology_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether.},\\n\\tvolume = {39 Suppl 3},\\n\\tissn = {1547-6898},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10408440902837967},\\n\\tabstract = {We evaluated the available pharmacokinetic data and human and animal toxicity data for 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (CASRN 1163-19-5) with the objective of deriving a reference dose (RfD) based on the best available science. The available studies for deriving an RfD were first screened using the Klimisch criteria and further evaluated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency's general assessment factors for data quality and relevance (i.e., soundness, applicability and utility, clarity and completeness, uncertainty and variability, and evaluation and review). The chronic 2-year dietary feeding study conducted by the United States National Toxicology Program ( NTP, 1986 , Technical Report Series No. 309) was selected for RfD derivation. Hepatocellular degeneration in male rats was chosen as the critical endpoint in the development of an RfD. For dose-response characterization, we applied benchmark-dose modeling to animal data and determined a point of departure (the 95\\\\% lower confidence limit for a 10\\\\% increase in hepatocellular degeneration) of 419 mg/kg-day for oral exposures. Based on the similar pharmacokinetic characteristics of BDE-209 across species, this value was converted to a human equivalence dose of 113 mg/kg-day by applying a dosimetric adjustment factor based on body weight scaling to the (3/4) power. An oral RfD of 4 mg/kg-day was calculated by using a composite uncertainty factor of 30, which consisted of 10 for intraspecies uncertainty, 3 for interspecies uncertainty (i.e., 3 for toxicodynamics x 1 for toxicokinetics), and 1 for deficiencies with the database. We consider the RfD to be adequately protective of sensitive subpopulations, including women, their fetuses, children, and people with hepatocellular diseases.},\\n\\tjournal = {Critical reviews in toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hardy, Marcia L and Banasik, Marek and Stedeford, Todd},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19874087},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Benchmarking, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: standards, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Status, Humans, Reference Standards, Risk Assessment, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hardy, M. L\",\"Banasik, M.\",\"Stedeford, T.\"],\"key\":\"hardy_toxicology_2009\",\"id\":\"hardy_toxicology_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hardy-banasik-stedeford-toxicologyandhumanhealthassessmentofdecabromodiphenylether-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Benchmarking\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: standards\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: standards\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Health Status\",\"Humans\",\"Reference Standards\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"United States\",\"United States Environmental Protection Agency\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"1042-8194\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490\",\"abstract\":\"A rapid increase in incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been reported from many countries. Exposure to certain pesticides and organochlorines has been shown to be risk factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that has been associated with some subgroups of NHL, such as Burkitt lymphoma and lymphomas related to severe immunosuppression. In this study, we measured lipid adjusted blood concentrations of 36 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four different subgroups of chlordanes (trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane, MC6 and oxychlordane) and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (TBDE) in incident cases of NHL and controls from the general population. Titers of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr early antigen (EA) were correlated to concentrations of organochlorines. We found a significant difference in lipid adjusted blood concentrations of total PCBs and TBDE between cases and controls. Titers of antibodies to EA IgG \\\\textgreater 80 were correlated to an increased risk for NHL with odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.94-3.8. This risk was further increased in those with a level above the median value of \\\"sum of PCBs\\\" (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14), HCB (OR=5.3, CI=1.6-19), sum of chlordanes (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14) and TBDE (OR=21, CI=4.6-124), suggesting an interaction between EBV and a higher concentration of these chemicals. Also for the \\\"sum of immunotoxic PCBs\\\" increased risk was found in that group (OR=6.4, CI=1.9-24). Subdivision of NHL in histological types yielded highest risks for low-grade B-cell NHL.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Leukemia & lymphoma\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carlberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liljegren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pmid\":\"11697490\",\"keywords\":\"Antibodies, Antigens, Case-Control Studies, Chlordan, Chlordan: analogs & derivatives, Chlordan: blood, Chlordan: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: toxicity, Drug Interactions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fungicides, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: blood, Hexachlorobenzene: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial, Industrial: blood, Industrial: toxicity, Insecticides, Insecticides: blood, Insecticides: toxicity, Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin: chemically induced, Non-Hodgkin: etiology, Non-Hodgkin: virology, Odds Ratio, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Viral, Viral: blood, Viral: immunology\",\"pages\":\"619–29\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hardell_case-control_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to {Epstein}-{Barr} virus antigens in the etiology of non-{Hodgkin} lymphoma.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {1042-8194},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490},\\n\\tabstract = {A rapid increase in incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been reported from many countries. Exposure to certain pesticides and organochlorines has been shown to be risk factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that has been associated with some subgroups of NHL, such as Burkitt lymphoma and lymphomas related to severe immunosuppression. In this study, we measured lipid adjusted blood concentrations of 36 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four different subgroups of chlordanes (trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane, MC6 and oxychlordane) and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (TBDE) in incident cases of NHL and controls from the general population. Titers of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr early antigen (EA) were correlated to concentrations of organochlorines. We found a significant difference in lipid adjusted blood concentrations of total PCBs and TBDE between cases and controls. Titers of antibodies to EA IgG {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 80 were correlated to an increased risk for NHL with odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95\\\\% confidence interval (CI) =0.94-3.8. This risk was further increased in those with a level above the median value of \\\"sum of PCBs\\\" (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14), HCB (OR=5.3, CI=1.6-19), sum of chlordanes (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14) and TBDE (OR=21, CI=4.6-124), suggesting an interaction between EBV and a higher concentration of these chemicals. Also for the \\\"sum of immunotoxic PCBs\\\" increased risk was found in that group (OR=6.4, CI=1.9-24). Subdivision of NHL in histological types yielded highest risks for low-grade B-cell NHL.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Leukemia \\\\& lymphoma},\\n\\tauthor = {Hardell, E and Eriksson, M and Lindström, G and Van Bavel, B and Linde, A and Carlberg, M and Liljegren, G},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpmid = {11697490},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antibodies, Antigens, Case-Control Studies, Chlordan, Chlordan: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Chlordan: blood, Chlordan: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: toxicity, Drug Interactions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fungicides, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: blood, Hexachlorobenzene: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial, Industrial: blood, Industrial: toxicity, Insecticides, Insecticides: blood, Insecticides: toxicity, Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin: chemically induced, Non-Hodgkin: etiology, Non-Hodgkin: virology, Odds Ratio, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Viral, Viral: blood, Viral: immunology},\\n\\tpages = {619--29},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hardell, E\",\"Eriksson, M\",\"Lindström, G\",\"Van Bavel, B\",\"Linde, A\",\"Carlberg, M\",\"Liljegren, G\"],\"key\":\"hardell_case-control_2001\",\"id\":\"hardell_case-control_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hardell-eriksson-lindstrm-vanbavel-linde-carlberg-liljegren-casecontrolstudyonconcentrationsoforganohalogencompoundsandtitersofantibodiestoepsteinbarrvirusantigensintheetiologyofnonhodgkinlymphoma-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antibodies\",\"Antigens\",\"Case-Control Studies\",\"Chlordan\",\"Chlordan: analogs & derivatives\",\"Chlordan: blood\",\"Chlordan: toxicity\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: blood\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: toxicity\",\"Drug Interactions\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fungicides\",\"Hexachlorobenzene\",\"Hexachlorobenzene: blood\",\"Hexachlorobenzene: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Industrial\",\"Industrial: blood\",\"Industrial: toxicity\",\"Insecticides\",\"Insecticides: blood\",\"Insecticides: toxicity\",\"Lymphoma\",\"Non-Hodgkin\",\"Non-Hodgkin: chemically induced\",\"Non-Hodgkin: etiology\",\"Non-Hodgkin: virology\",\"Odds Ratio\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Viral\",\"Viral: blood\",\"Viral: immunology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A [79-94-7] Review of toxicological literature\",\"url\":\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf\",\"institution\":\"Integrated Laboratory Systems\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haneke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"KE\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{haneke_tetrabromobisphenol_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} [79-94-7] {Review} of toxicological literature},\\n\\turl = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {Integrated Laboratory Systems},\\n\\tauthor = {Haneke, KE},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Haneke, K.\"],\"key\":\"haneke_tetrabromobisphenol_2002\",\"id\":\"haneke_tetrabromobisphenol_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"haneke-tetrabromobisphenola79947reviewoftoxicologicalliterature-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) decreases progesterone synthesis through cAMP-PKA pathway and P450scc downregulation in mouse Leydig tumor cells.\",\"volume\":\"302\",\"issn\":\"1879-3185\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.010\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics and electronics and represent a group of persistent environmental contaminants. They have been found to accumulate in human and marine mammals. Previous studies have shown that PBDEs have endocrine-disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. However, the mechanisms under the reproductive disruptions are still not well understood. In this study, we explored the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on progesterone biosynthesis and possible mechanisms in mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). Our results showed that BDE-47 could reduce progesterone production and decrease the intracellular cAMP level induced by hCG or forskolin. These suggested that BDE-47 decreasing progesterone production in mLTC-1 cells may be associated with the decline of intracellular cAMP level. Moreover, our data also indicated that the site G protein in cAMP-PKA pathway may be involved in this process. Furthermore, the addition of cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, could not reverse the decrease of progesterone biosynthesis, indicating that a post-cAMP site (or sites) might be involved into the BDE-47-decreased progesterone production. In addition, we found BDE-47 reduced the activity of P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), which was companied with the decline of P450scc mRNA and protein level in mLTC-1 cells. Put all together, these results suggested that progesterone synthesis decrease induced by BDE-47 may be associated with attenuation of cAMP generation and reduction of P450scc activity.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiumei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaojiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yufeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yanhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yankai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinru\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22867812\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Down-Regulation, Down-Regulation: drug effects, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Leydig Cell Tumor, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Mice, Neoplastic, Neoplastic: drug effec, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: biosynthesis, RNA, Tumor, cell line\",\"pages\":\"44–50\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{han_2244-tetrabromodiphenyl_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {2,2',4,4'-{Tetrabromodiphenyl} ether ({BDE}-47) decreases progesterone synthesis through {cAMP}-{PKA} pathway and {P450scc} downregulation in mouse {Leydig} tumor cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {302},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3185},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics and electronics and represent a group of persistent environmental contaminants. They have been found to accumulate in human and marine mammals. Previous studies have shown that PBDEs have endocrine-disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. However, the mechanisms under the reproductive disruptions are still not well understood. In this study, we explored the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on progesterone biosynthesis and possible mechanisms in mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). Our results showed that BDE-47 could reduce progesterone production and decrease the intracellular cAMP level induced by hCG or forskolin. These suggested that BDE-47 decreasing progesterone production in mLTC-1 cells may be associated with the decline of intracellular cAMP level. Moreover, our data also indicated that the site G protein in cAMP-PKA pathway may be involved in this process. Furthermore, the addition of cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, could not reverse the decrease of progesterone biosynthesis, indicating that a post-cAMP site (or sites) might be involved into the BDE-47-decreased progesterone production. In addition, we found BDE-47 reduced the activity of P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), which was companied with the decline of P450scc mRNA and protein level in mLTC-1 cells. Put all together, these results suggested that progesterone synthesis decrease induced by BDE-47 may be associated with attenuation of cAMP generation and reduction of P450scc activity.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Han, Xiumei and Tang, Rong and Chen, Xiaojiao and Xu, Bo and Qin, Yufeng and Wu, Wei and Hu, Yanhui and Xu, Bin and Song, Ling and Xia, Yankai and Wang, Xinru},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22867812},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Down-Regulation, Down-Regulation: drug effects, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Leydig Cell Tumor, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Mice, Neoplastic, Neoplastic: drug effec, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: biosynthesis, RNA, Tumor, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {44--50},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Han, X.\",\"Tang, R.\",\"Chen, X.\",\"Xu, B.\",\"Qin, Y.\",\"Wu, W.\",\"Hu, Y.\",\"Xu, B.\",\"Song, L.\",\"Xia, Y.\",\"Wang, X.\"],\"key\":\"han_2244-tetrabromodiphenyl_2012\",\"id\":\"han_2244-tetrabromodiphenyl_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"han-tang-chen-xu-qin-wu-hu-xu-etal-2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47decreasesprogesteronesynthesisthroughcamppkapathwayandp450sccdownregulationinmouseleydigtumorcells-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism\",\"Chorionic Gonadotropin\",\"Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology\",\"Cyclic AMP\",\"Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases\",\"Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism\",\"Cyclic AMP: metabolism\",\"Down-Regulation\",\"Down-Regulation: drug effects\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Forskolin\",\"Forskolin: pharmacology\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Humans\",\"Leydig Cell Tumor\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: metabolism\",\"Mice\",\"Neoplastic\",\"Neoplastic: drug effec\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Progesterone\",\"Progesterone: biosynthesis\",\"RNA\",\"Tumor\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China.\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"1432-0800\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00128-009-9855-9\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations, congener profiles, gas-particle partitioning and size distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of Taizhou were studied to evaluate the impact of e-waste recycling on the environment. Total concentration of 13 PBDEs near the e-waste dismantling area was 506 pg m(-3) in summer and 1,662 pg m(-3) in winter, about 7 times higher than that of the reference urban site, but much lower than that of Guiyu, another major e-waste dismantling area in China. This should be attributable to the centralized management measures taken in recent years in Taizhou. BDE-209 was the major congener and mainly in coarse particles.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jialiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zeping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duohong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minghong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19760354\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Refuse Disposal\",\"pages\":\"783–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{han_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of {Taizhou}, a major e-waste dismantling area in {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0800},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-009-9855-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations, congener profiles, gas-particle partitioning and size distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of Taizhou were studied to evaluate the impact of e-waste recycling on the environment. Total concentration of 13 PBDEs near the e-waste dismantling area was 506 pg m(-3) in summer and 1,662 pg m(-3) in winter, about 7 times higher than that of the reference urban site, but much lower than that of Guiyu, another major e-waste dismantling area in China. This should be attributable to the centralized management measures taken in recent years in Taizhou. BDE-209 was the major congener and mainly in coarse particles.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Han, Wenliang and Feng, Jialiang and Gu, Zeping and Chen, Duohong and Wu, Minghong and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19760354},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Refuse Disposal},\\n\\tpages = {783--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Han, W.\",\"Feng, J.\",\"Gu, Z.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Wu, M.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"han_polybrominated_2009\",\"id\":\"han_polybrominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"han-feng-gu-chen-wu-fu-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheatmosphereoftaizhouamajorewastedismantlingareainchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"China\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Electronic Waste: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Refuse Disposal\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Terrestrial toxicity evaluation of decabromodiphenyl ethane on organisms from three trophic levels.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1090-2414\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.027\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDP-Ethane) was evaluated for its potential to effect sewage sludge respiration, soil nitrification, survival and reproduction in Eisenia fetida, and seedling emergence and growth in Zea mays, Lolium perenne, Glycine max, Allium cepa, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Cucumis sativa. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were identified at the limit concentration level for sewage sludge respiration (\\\\textgreater10 mg DBDP-Ethane/kg dry soil), \\\\textgreater2500 mg/kg dry soil for soil nitrification, \\\\textgreater3720 mg/kg dry soil for earthworm survival, and \\\\textgreater6250 mg/kg dry soil for seedling emergence and growth in Z. mays, L. perenne, and G. max . Treatment-related effects were identified for E. fetida reproduction, C. sativa survival, and L. esculentum and A. cepa height and dry weight. The most sensitive endpoints were decreased height and dry weight for A. cepa and decreased reproduction for E. fetida with NOECs of 1563(nominal) (1540(measured)) and 2210(nominal) (1907(mean measured)) mg/kg dry soil. The NOEC for soil nitrification and the lowest NOEC identified for soil (i.e., A. cepa) were used to derive predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) values of 2500 mg/kg for sewage sludge and 156 mg/kg for soil. The calculated PNECs indicate DBDP-Ethane presents little risk to organisms in the sewage sludge and soil compartments.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aufderheide\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krueger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mathews\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Porch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schaefer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stenzel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stedeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21111479\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cucumis sativus, Cucumis sativus: drug effects, Cucumis sativus: growth & development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: growth & development, Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon esculentum: drug effects, Lycopersicon esculentum: growth & development, Nitrification, Nitrification: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Oligochaeta: growth & development, Oligochaeta: physiology, Onions, Onions: drug effects, Onions: growth & development, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Seedling, Seedling: drug effects, Seedling: growth & development, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Soil: chemistry, Zea mays, Zea mays: drug effects, Zea mays: growth & development\",\"pages\":\"703–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hardy_terrestrial_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Terrestrial toxicity evaluation of decabromodiphenyl ethane on organisms from three trophic levels.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1090-2414},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.027},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDP-Ethane) was evaluated for its potential to effect sewage sludge respiration, soil nitrification, survival and reproduction in Eisenia fetida, and seedling emergence and growth in Zea mays, Lolium perenne, Glycine max, Allium cepa, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Cucumis sativa. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were identified at the limit concentration level for sewage sludge respiration ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater10 mg DBDP-Ethane/kg dry soil), {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater2500 mg/kg dry soil for soil nitrification, {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater3720 mg/kg dry soil for earthworm survival, and {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater6250 mg/kg dry soil for seedling emergence and growth in Z. mays, L. perenne, and G. max . Treatment-related effects were identified for E. fetida reproduction, C. sativa survival, and L. esculentum and A. cepa height and dry weight. The most sensitive endpoints were decreased height and dry weight for A. cepa and decreased reproduction for E. fetida with NOECs of 1563(nominal) (1540(measured)) and 2210(nominal) (1907(mean measured)) mg/kg dry soil. The NOEC for soil nitrification and the lowest NOEC identified for soil (i.e., A. cepa) were used to derive predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) values of 2500 mg/kg for sewage sludge and 156 mg/kg for soil. The calculated PNECs indicate DBDP-Ethane presents little risk to organisms in the sewage sludge and soil compartments.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Hardy, M L and Aufderheide, J and Krueger, H O and Mathews, M E and Porch, J R and Schaefer, E C and Stenzel, J I and Stedeford, T},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21111479},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cucumis sativus, Cucumis sativus: drug effects, Cucumis sativus: growth \\\\& development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: growth \\\\& development, Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon esculentum: drug effects, Lycopersicon esculentum: growth \\\\& development, Nitrification, Nitrification: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Oligochaeta: growth \\\\& development, Oligochaeta: physiology, Onions, Onions: drug effects, Onions: growth \\\\& development, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Seedling, Seedling: drug effects, Seedling: growth \\\\& development, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Soil: chemistry, Zea mays, Zea mays: drug effects, Zea mays: growth \\\\& development},\\n\\tpages = {703--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hardy, M L\",\"Aufderheide, J\",\"Krueger, H O\",\"Mathews, M E\",\"Porch, J R\",\"Schaefer, E C\",\"Stenzel, J I\",\"Stedeford, T\"],\"key\":\"hardy_terrestrial_2011\",\"id\":\"hardy_terrestrial_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hardy-aufderheide-krueger-mathews-porch-schaefer-stenzel-stedeford-terrestrialtoxicityevaluationofdecabromodiphenylethaneonorganismsfromthreetrophiclevels-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bacteria\",\"Bacteria: drug effects\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: toxicity\",\"Cucumis sativus\",\"Cucumis sativus: drug effects\",\"Cucumis sativus: growth & development\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Lolium\",\"Lolium: drug effects\",\"Lolium: growth & development\",\"Lycopersicon esculentum\",\"Lycopersicon esculentum: drug effects\",\"Lycopersicon esculentum: growth & development\",\"Nitrification\",\"Nitrification: drug effects\",\"No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level\",\"Oligochaeta\",\"Oligochaeta: drug effects\",\"Oligochaeta: growth & development\",\"Oligochaeta: physiology\",\"Onions\",\"Onions: drug effects\",\"Onions: growth & development\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Seedling\",\"Seedling: drug effects\",\"Seedling: growth & development\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"Sewage: microbiology\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Microbiology\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Soil: chemistry\",\"Zea mays\",\"Zea mays: drug effects\",\"Zea mays: growth & development\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polybrominated dibenzofurans as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277\",\"abstract\":\"The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations and compositions of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as contaminants in the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures DE-71, DE-79, and DE-83 and to ascertain the lot-to-lot variations in the proportions of these contaminants. Commercial PBDE mixtures tested in the present study contained both PBBs and PBDFs, as impurities, at concentrations in the range of several tens to several thousands of nanograms per gram. Concentrations of total PBDFs were greater than those of total PBBs in DE-79 and DE-83 mixtures. PBDDs were not detected at levels above the limit of detection. Profiles of PBB and PBDF congeners varied with the degree of bromination of the commercial PBDE mixtures (i.e., more highly brominated mixtures of PBDEs contained heavily brominated homologues of PBBs and PBDFs). On the basis of the production/ usage of commercial PBDE mixtures in 2001, potential global annual emissions of PBBs and PBDFs were calculated to be 40 and 2300 kg, respectively. Results of our study suggestthat PBDFs can also be formed during the production of commercial PBDE mixtures, in addition to their formation during pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nobuyasu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miyake\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okazawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tsuyoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kodavanti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Prasada\",\"Rao\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aldous\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kenneth\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamashita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nobuyoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16903277\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Ethers, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frelec, use\",\"pages\":\"4400–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hanari_occurrence_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polybrominated dibenzofurans as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277},\\n\\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations and compositions of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as contaminants in the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures DE-71, DE-79, and DE-83 and to ascertain the lot-to-lot variations in the proportions of these contaminants. Commercial PBDE mixtures tested in the present study contained both PBBs and PBDFs, as impurities, at concentrations in the range of several tens to several thousands of nanograms per gram. Concentrations of total PBDFs were greater than those of total PBBs in DE-79 and DE-83 mixtures. PBDDs were not detected at levels above the limit of detection. Profiles of PBB and PBDF congeners varied with the degree of bromination of the commercial PBDE mixtures (i.e., more highly brominated mixtures of PBDEs contained heavily brominated homologues of PBBs and PBDFs). On the basis of the production/ usage of commercial PBDE mixtures in 2001, potential global annual emissions of PBBs and PBDFs were calculated to be 40 and 2300 kg, respectively. Results of our study suggestthat PBDFs can also be formed during the production of commercial PBDE mixtures, in addition to their formation during pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hanari, Nobuyasu and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Miyake, Yuichi and Okazawa, Tsuyoshi and Kodavanti, Prasada Rao S and Aldous, Kenneth M and Yamashita, Nobuyoshi},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16903277},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Ethers, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frelec, use},\\n\\tpages = {4400--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hanari, N.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Miyake, Y.\",\"Okazawa, T.\",\"Kodavanti, P. R. S\",\"Aldous, K. M\",\"Yamashita, N.\"],\"key\":\"hanari_occurrence_2006\",\"id\":\"hanari_occurrence_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hanari-kannan-miyake-okazawa-kodavanti-aldous-yamashita-occurrenceofpolybrominatedbiphenylspolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandpolybrominateddibenzofuransasimpuritiesincommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixtures-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Ethers\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Reference Standards\",\"Sensitivity and Specificity\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"NIST Special Publication 1130\",\"title\":\"Reducing the Risk of Fire in Buildings and Communities : A Strategic Roadmap to Guide and Prioritize Research\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Averill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bryner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Butry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rick\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Amon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gilman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maranghides\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexander\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Madrzykowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Manzello\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bundy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{hamins_reducing_2012,\\n\\taddress = {NIST Special Publication 1130},\\n\\ttitle = {Reducing the {Risk} of {Fire} in {Buildings} and {Communities} : {A} {Strategic} {Roadmap} to {Guide} and {Prioritize} {Research}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hamins, Anthony and Averill, Jason and Bryner, Nelson and Gann, Richard G and Butry, David and Davis, Rick and Amon, Francine and Gilman, Jeffrey and Maranghides, Alexander and Mell, William and Madrzykowski, Daniel and Manzello, Samuel and Yang, Jiann and Bundy, Matthew},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hamins, A.\",\"Averill, J.\",\"Bryner, N.\",\"Gann, R. G\",\"Butry, D.\",\"Davis, R.\",\"Amon, F.\",\"Gilman, J.\",\"Maranghides, A.\",\"Mell, W.\",\"Madrzykowski, D.\",\"Manzello, S.\",\"Yang, J.\",\"Bundy, M.\"],\"key\":\"hamins_reducing_2012\",\"id\":\"hamins_reducing_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hamins-averill-bryner-gann-butry-davis-amon-gilman-etal-reducingtheriskoffireinbuildingsandcommunitiesastrategicroadmaptoguideandprioritizeresearch-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"92\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfj187\",\"abstract\":\"Over the last few years, increasing evidence has become available that some brominated flame retardants (BFRs) may have endocrine-disrupting (ED) potencies. The goal of the current study was to perform a systematic in vitro screening of the ED potencies of BFRs (1) to elucidate possible modes of action of BFRs in man and wildlife and (2) to classify BFRs with similar profiles of ED potencies. A test set of 27 individual BFRs were selected, consisting of 19 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, ortho-hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ether 47, and tetrabromobisphenol-A-bis(2,3)dibromopropyl ether. All BFRs were tested for their potency to interact with the arylhydrocarbon receptor, androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen receptor. In addition, all BFRs were tested for their potency to inhibit estradiol (sulfation by estradiol sulfotransferase (E2SULT), to interfere with thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated cell proliferation, and to compete with T3-precursor thyroxine for binding to the plasma transport protein transthyretin (TTR). The results of the in vitro screening indicated that BFRs have ED potencies, some of which had not or only marginally been described before (AR antagonism, PR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and potentiation of T3-mediated effects). For some BFRs, the potency to induce AR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and TTR competition was higher than for natural ligands or clinical drugs used as positive controls. Based on their similarity in ED profiles, BFRs were classified into five different clusters. These findings support further investigation of the potential ED effects of these environmentally relevant BFRs in man and wildlife.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kamstra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jorke\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonneveld\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edwin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albertinka\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kester\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monique\",\"H\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Legler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juliette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brouwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abraham\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16601080\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"157–73\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hamers_vitro_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {92},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj187},\\n\\tabstract = {Over the last few years, increasing evidence has become available that some brominated flame retardants (BFRs) may have endocrine-disrupting (ED) potencies. The goal of the current study was to perform a systematic in vitro screening of the ED potencies of BFRs (1) to elucidate possible modes of action of BFRs in man and wildlife and (2) to classify BFRs with similar profiles of ED potencies. A test set of 27 individual BFRs were selected, consisting of 19 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, ortho-hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ether 47, and tetrabromobisphenol-A-bis(2,3)dibromopropyl ether. All BFRs were tested for their potency to interact with the arylhydrocarbon receptor, androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen receptor. In addition, all BFRs were tested for their potency to inhibit estradiol (sulfation by estradiol sulfotransferase (E2SULT), to interfere with thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated cell proliferation, and to compete with T3-precursor thyroxine for binding to the plasma transport protein transthyretin (TTR). The results of the in vitro screening indicated that BFRs have ED potencies, some of which had not or only marginally been described before (AR antagonism, PR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and potentiation of T3-mediated effects). For some BFRs, the potency to induce AR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and TTR competition was higher than for natural ligands or clinical drugs used as positive controls. Based on their similarity in ED profiles, BFRs were classified into five different clusters. These findings support further investigation of the potential ED effects of these environmentally relevant BFRs in man and wildlife.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Hamers, Timo and Kamstra, Jorke H and Sonneveld, Edwin and Murk, Albertinka J and Kester, Monique H A and Andersson, Patrik L and Legler, Juliette and Brouwer, Abraham},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16601080},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {157--73},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hamers, T.\",\"Kamstra, J. H\",\"Sonneveld, E.\",\"Murk, A. J\",\"Kester, M. H A\",\"Andersson, P. L\",\"Legler, J.\",\"Brouwer, A.\"],\"key\":\"hamers_vitro_2006\",\"id\":\"hamers_vitro_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hamers-kamstra-sonneveld-murk-kester-andersson-legler-brouwer-invitroprofilingoftheendocrinedisruptingpotencyofbrominatedflameretardants-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: chemistry\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Prealbumin\",\"Prealbumin: metabolism\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Seasonality in contaminant accumulation in Arctic marine pelagic food webs using trophic magnification factor as a measure of bioaccumulation.\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.488\",\"abstract\":\"Seasonality in biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs; polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants) in Arctic marine pelagic food webs was investigated in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs; average factor change in concentration between two trophic levels) were used to measure food web biomagnification in biota in May, July, and October 2007. Pelagic zooplankton (seven species), fish (five species), and seabirds (two species) were included in the study. For most POP compounds, highest TMFs were found in July and lowest were in May. Seasonally changing TMFs were a result of seasonally changing POP concentrations and the δ¹⁵N-derived trophic positions of the species included in the food web. These seasonal differences in TMFs were independent of inclusion/exclusion of organisms based on physiology (i.e., warm- versus cold-blooded organisms) in the food web. The higher TMFs in July, when the food web consisted of a higher degree of boreal species, suggest that future warming of the Arctic and increased invasion by boreal species can result in increased food web magnification. Knowledge of the seasonal variation in POP biomagnification is a prerequisite for understanding changes in POP biomagnification caused by climate change.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hallanger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingeborg\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Warner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evenset\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guttorm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Borg\\\\a\",\"a\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21312250\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Aquatic Organisms: physiology, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Climate Change, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: metabolism, Zooplankton: physiology, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1026–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hallanger_seasonality_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Seasonality in contaminant accumulation in {Arctic} marine pelagic food webs using trophic magnification factor as a measure of bioaccumulation.},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.488},\\n\\tabstract = {Seasonality in biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs; polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants) in Arctic marine pelagic food webs was investigated in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs; average factor change in concentration between two trophic levels) were used to measure food web biomagnification in biota in May, July, and October 2007. Pelagic zooplankton (seven species), fish (five species), and seabirds (two species) were included in the study. For most POP compounds, highest TMFs were found in July and lowest were in May. Seasonally changing TMFs were a result of seasonally changing POP concentrations and the δ¹⁵N-derived trophic positions of the species included in the food web. These seasonal differences in TMFs were independent of inclusion/exclusion of organisms based on physiology (i.e., warm- versus cold-blooded organisms) in the food web. The higher TMFs in July, when the food web consisted of a higher degree of boreal species, suggest that future warming of the Arctic and increased invasion by boreal species can result in increased food web magnification. Knowledge of the seasonal variation in POP biomagnification is a prerequisite for understanding changes in POP biomagnification caused by climate change.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Hallanger, Ingeborg G and Warner, Nicholas A and Ruus, Anders and Evenset, Anita and Christensen, Guttorm and Herzke, Dorte and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Borg{\\\\textbackslash}a a, Katrine},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21312250},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Aquatic Organisms: physiology, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Climate Change, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: metabolism, Zooplankton: physiology, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1026--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hallanger, I. G\",\"Warner, N. A\",\"Ruus, A.\",\"Evenset, A.\",\"Christensen, G.\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\",\"Borg\\\\a a , K.\"],\"key\":\"hallanger_seasonality_2011\",\"id\":\"hallanger_seasonality_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hallanger-warner-ruus-evenset-christensen-herzke-gabrielsen-borgaa-seasonalityincontaminantaccumulationinarcticmarinepelagicfoodwebsusingtrophicmagnificationfactorasameasureofbioaccumulation-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aquatic Organisms\",\"Aquatic Organisms: metabolism\",\"Aquatic Organisms: physiology\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Birds: physiology\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Climate Change\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Fishes: physiology\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Male\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: analysis\",\"Organic Chemicals: metabolism\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Pesticides: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Seasons\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\",\"Zooplankton\",\"Zooplankton: metabolism\",\"Zooplankton: physiology\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"The smoking-material fire problem\",\"url\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"In 2008, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 114,800 smoking-material fires in the U.S., down from 140,700 in 2007. These fires resulted in an estimated 680 civilian deaths, 1,520 civilian injuries and $737 million in direct property damage. Upholstered furniture and mattresses and bedding are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-material fires is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. Most deaths from smoking-material fires result from fires that started in living rooms, family rooms, and dens or in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and all U.S. states have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04. When these laws are fully implemented, it is currently projected that smokingmaterial structure fire deaths will be down by 56-77% from 2003, the last year before any state implemented the law.\",\"institution\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"JR\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{hall_smoking-material_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {The smoking-material fire problem},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {In 2008, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 114,800 smoking-material fires in the U.S., down from 140,700 in 2007. These fires resulted in an estimated 680 civilian deaths, 1,520 civilian injuries and \\\\$737 million in direct property damage. Upholstered furniture and mattresses and bedding are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-material fires is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. Most deaths from smoking-material fires result from fires that started in living rooms, family rooms, and dens or in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and all U.S. states have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04. When these laws are fully implemented, it is currently projected that smokingmaterial structure fire deaths will be down by 56-77\\\\% from 2003, the last year before any state implemented the law.},\\n\\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall, JR},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall, J.\"],\"key\":\"hall_smoking-material_2010\",\"id\":\"hall_smoking-material_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"The smoking-material fire problem\",\"url\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"In 2005, there were an estimated 82,400 smoking-material fires in the U.S., up from 69,500 in 2004. These fires resulted in an estimated 800 civilian deaths, 1,660 civilian injuries and $575 million in direct property damage. Mattresses, bedding, and upholstered furniture are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-materials is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. More fatal smoking-material fires start in living rooms, family rooms, and dens than in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and nearly half of U.S. states, including the three most populous – California, Texas, and New York – have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04.\",\"institution\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"JR\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{hall_smoking-material_2007,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {The smoking-material fire problem},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {In 2005, there were an estimated 82,400 smoking-material fires in the U.S., up from 69,500 in 2004. These fires resulted in an estimated 800 civilian deaths, 1,660 civilian injuries and \\\\$575 million in direct property damage. Mattresses, bedding, and upholstered furniture are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-materials is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. More fatal smoking-material fires start in living rooms, family rooms, and dens than in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and nearly half of U.S. states, including the three most populous – California, Texas, and New York – have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04.},\\n\\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall, JR},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall, J.\"],\"key\":\"hall_smoking-material_2007\",\"id\":\"hall_smoking-material_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"U.S. unintentional fire death rates by state.\",\"abstract\":\"The long-term trend in fire death rates per million population has been sloping substantially downward for nearly every state since 1980. In the five most recent years analyzed (2002-2006), Mississippi had the highest average fire death rate, and states of the southeast accounted for 10 of the 14 highest rates, with Rhode Island, South Dakota, and the states of Missouri and Oklahoma (which border the Southern states) as the other four. When these five-year average rates are compared to state differences, several factors show notable correlations, including poverty (38% of statistical variation explained), smoking (38%), race (34%), and education (34%). Alcohol use was negatively correlated; the more people proportionally who had consumed five or more alcoholic beverages on one occasion (the definition of binge drinking), the lower the fire death rate. All but this last finding is consistent with findings in other studies of socioeconomic and demographic factors related to measures of fire loss.\",\"institution\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"JR\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{hall_u.s._2010,\\n\\ttitle = {U.{S}. unintentional fire death rates by state.},\\n\\tabstract = {The long-term trend in fire death rates per million population has been sloping substantially downward for nearly every state since 1980. In the five most recent years analyzed (2002-2006), Mississippi had the highest average fire death rate, and states of the southeast accounted for 10 of the 14 highest rates, with Rhode Island, South Dakota, and the states of Missouri and Oklahoma (which border the Southern states) as the other four. When these five-year average rates are compared to state differences, several factors show notable correlations, including poverty (38\\\\% of statistical variation explained), smoking (38\\\\%), race (34\\\\%), and education (34\\\\%). Alcohol use was negatively correlated; the more people proportionally who had consumed five or more alcoholic beverages on one occasion (the definition of binge drinking), the lower the fire death rate. All but this last finding is consistent with findings in other studies of socioeconomic and demographic factors related to measures of fire loss.},\\n\\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall, JR},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall, J.\"],\"key\":\"hall_u.s._2010\",\"id\":\"hall_u.s._2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hall-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and first-year survival probability in gray seal pups.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738\",\"abstract\":\"Many studies have demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants are transferred from mother to pup during lactation in phocid seals, but none have been able to determine the significance of these findings for survivorship. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between blubber contaminant concentrations and first-year survival in gray seal pups. A mark-recapture framework was used to estimate survival probabilities and animals were \\\"marked\\\" using novel mobile phone tags. Individual and group covariates (sex, condition, and blubber contaminants) were embedded within a live-resighting model. The most significant covariates remained condition at weaning and sex (males in poor condition had the lowest survival probability), as was found previously, but there was also evidence indicating that higher blubber contaminants additionally decreased survivorship. The models' Akaike's Information Criteria (AICs) and their associated weights, point toward the tetrapolybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (dominated by BDE-47) as being the most important group of contaminants affecting survival probability, followed by the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and pentapolychlorinated biphenyl congeners. These compounds were not the most abundant in the blubber, suggesting further studies into their toxicological effects in this species are necessary. The specific mechanisms driving the reduction in survivorship remain unknown.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ailsa\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gareth\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McConnell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernie\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19746738\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Confidence Intervals, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Likelihood Functions, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: poisoning, Probability, Seals, Survival Analysis, Weaning, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"6364–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hall_exposure_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and first-year survival probability in gray seal pups.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738},\\n\\tabstract = {Many studies have demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants are transferred from mother to pup during lactation in phocid seals, but none have been able to determine the significance of these findings for survivorship. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between blubber contaminant concentrations and first-year survival in gray seal pups. A mark-recapture framework was used to estimate survival probabilities and animals were \\\"marked\\\" using novel mobile phone tags. Individual and group covariates (sex, condition, and blubber contaminants) were embedded within a live-resighting model. The most significant covariates remained condition at weaning and sex (males in poor condition had the lowest survival probability), as was found previously, but there was also evidence indicating that higher blubber contaminants additionally decreased survivorship. The models' Akaike's Information Criteria (AICs) and their associated weights, point toward the tetrapolybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (dominated by BDE-47) as being the most important group of contaminants affecting survival probability, followed by the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and pentapolychlorinated biphenyl congeners. These compounds were not the most abundant in the blubber, suggesting further studies into their toxicological effects in this species are necessary. The specific mechanisms driving the reduction in survivorship remain unknown.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall, Ailsa J and Thomas, Gareth O and McConnell, Bernie J},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19746738},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Confidence Intervals, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Likelihood Functions, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: poisoning, Probability, Seals, Survival Analysis, Weaning, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {6364--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall, A. J\",\"Thomas, G. O\",\"McConnell, B. J\"],\"key\":\"hall_exposure_2009\",\"id\":\"hall_exposure_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hall-thomas-mcconnell-exposuretopersistentorganicpollutantsandfirstyearsurvivalprobabilityingraysealpups-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Confidence Intervals\",\"Earless\",\"Earless: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: poisoning\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Likelihood Functions\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: analysis\",\"Organic Chemicals: poisoning\",\"Probability\",\"Seals\",\"Survival Analysis\",\"Weaning\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organic pesticides in United Kingdom harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)–mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129\",\"abstract\":\"Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and selected organochlorine pesticide concentrations were measured in blubber samples from 60 free-living harbor seals in 2003 from five sites around the United Kingdom coast. Significant regional differences among contaminant levels were found, with seals on Islay and Jura (southwest Scotland) having the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and seals in the Wash (eastern England) having the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether levels. Animals from the north and northeast of Scotland (Orkney and the Moray Firth) had the lowest levels of all the contaminant groups studied. Congener-specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers showed relatively higher levels of the lower chlorinated and brominated compounds at the more northerly sites, with the lowest total levels of both chemical groups. Significant positive relationships between blubber contaminants and total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations were found after controlling for the potential effects of confounding because of sex, mass, and season. Increased serum TT3 levels were significantly related to higher blubber contaminant concentrations in the following order: sum of all contaminants \\\\textgreater polybrominated diphenyl ethers \\\\textgreater polychlorinated biphenyls \\\\textgreater DDT. Serum TT3 levels in the harbor seals with the highest exposures might be indicative of a T3 thyrotoxicosis, but without information on free T3 and circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, it is difficult to determine the importance of this observation for the health of the individuals or populations. However, the mixture of contaminants to which United Kingdom harbor seals are exposed has changed over the last few decades, and the toxicological and epidemiological importance of adding the brominated compounds to the classical organochlorine and heavy metal mixture is not known.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ailsa\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gareth\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17521129\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Britain, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seals, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"851–61\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hall_polychlorinated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Polychlorinated biphenyls, {DDT}, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organic pesticides in {United} {Kingdom} harbor seals ({Phoca} vitulina)–mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129},\\n\\tabstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and selected organochlorine pesticide concentrations were measured in blubber samples from 60 free-living harbor seals in 2003 from five sites around the United Kingdom coast. Significant regional differences among contaminant levels were found, with seals on Islay and Jura (southwest Scotland) having the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and seals in the Wash (eastern England) having the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether levels. Animals from the north and northeast of Scotland (Orkney and the Moray Firth) had the lowest levels of all the contaminant groups studied. Congener-specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers showed relatively higher levels of the lower chlorinated and brominated compounds at the more northerly sites, with the lowest total levels of both chemical groups. Significant positive relationships between blubber contaminants and total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations were found after controlling for the potential effects of confounding because of sex, mass, and season. Increased serum TT3 levels were significantly related to higher blubber contaminant concentrations in the following order: sum of all contaminants {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater polybrominated diphenyl ethers {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater polychlorinated biphenyls {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater DDT. Serum TT3 levels in the harbor seals with the highest exposures might be indicative of a T3 thyrotoxicosis, but without information on free T3 and circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, it is difficult to determine the importance of this observation for the health of the individuals or populations. However, the mixture of contaminants to which United Kingdom harbor seals are exposed has changed over the last few decades, and the toxicological and epidemiological importance of adding the brominated compounds to the classical organochlorine and heavy metal mixture is not known.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall, Ailsa J and Thomas, Gareth O},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17521129},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Britain, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seals, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {851--61},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall, A. J\",\"Thomas, G. O\"],\"key\":\"hall_polychlorinated_2007\",\"id\":\"hall_polychlorinated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hall-thomas-polychlorinatedbiphenylsddtpolybrominateddiphenylethersandorganicpesticidesinunitedkingdomharborsealsphocavitulinamixedexposuresandthyroidhomeostasis-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: analysis\",\"Earless\",\"Earless: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Great Britain\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Pesticides: metabolism\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Seals\",\"Triiodothyronine\",\"Triiodothyronine: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"Fatal effects of fire\",\"url\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire\",\"institution\":\"National Fire Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{hall_jr._fatal_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Fatal effects of fire},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire},\\n\\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall Jr., J. R.\"],\"key\":\"hall_jr._fatal_2011\",\"id\":\"hall_jr._fatal_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"The Smoking-Material Fire Problem\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf\",\"number\":\"March\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{hall_jr._smoking-material_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {The {Smoking}-{Material} {Fire} {Problem}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {March},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall Jr., J. R\"],\"key\":\"hall_jr._smoking-material_2012\",\"id\":\"hall_jr._smoking-material_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halljr-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"US Unintentional Fire Death Rates by State\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{hall_jr._us_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {{US} {Unintentional} {Fire} {Death} {Rates} by {State}},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall Jr., J. R\"],\"key\":\"hall_jr._us_2008\",\"id\":\"hall_jr._us_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"Fatal Effects of Fire\",\"url\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&itemID=57921&URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{hall_jr._fatal_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Fatal {Effects} of {Fire}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&itemID=57921&URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall Jr., J. R\"],\"key\":\"hall_jr._fatal_2011-1\",\"id\":\"hall_jr._fatal_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&itemID=57921&URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\",\"abstract\":\"Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from \\\\textless1 to 132μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matt\",\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, bioaccumulation\",\"pages\":\"729–735\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_potential_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the {US} environment},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375},\\n\\tabstract = {Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98\\\\% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless1 to 132μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Matt Mainor, T},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, bioaccumulation},\\n\\tpages = {729--735},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Matt Mainor, T\"],\"key\":\"hale_potential_2002\",\"id\":\"hale_potential_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Frog\",\"Insect\",\"Sediment\",\"Sewage sludge\",\"Soil\",\"bioaccumulation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203149g\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luellen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Drew\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hundal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lakhwinder\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22295899\",\"keywords\":\"Cereals, Cereals: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, United States, Water Pollutants, Zea mays, Zea mays: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"2055–63\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203149g},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M and Luellen, Drew R and Hundal, Lakhwinder S},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22295899},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cereals, Cereals: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, United States, Water Pollutants, Zea mays, Zea mays: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {2055--63},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Mainor, T. M\",\"Luellen, D. R\",\"Hundal, L. S\"],\"key\":\"hale_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"hale_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cereals\",\"Cereals: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fertilizers\",\"Fertilizers: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Plant Roots\",\"Plant Roots: metabolism\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: analysis\",\"United States\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zea mays\",\"Zea mays: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBDE emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es902676w\",\"abstract\":\"This work reports on the first known field study determining emission factors for polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (P[C/B]DDs/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from open burning of domestic waste. Two burning waste dump sites in Mexico were sampled using high-volume samplers mounted to a mobile sampling boom. Concurrent measurements of CO and CO(2) allowed determination of emission factors via the carbon balance method. PCDD/F emission factors averaged 823 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg C(burned) (N = 8, 68% relative standard deviation, RSD), a value at least five times higher than those from previous tests with domestic waste burned in barrels and approximately 2000 times higher than those from stacks of modern municipal waste combustors. These emission factors appear to be related to combustion quality, as conditions conducive to smoldering combustion, rather than flaming combustion, resulted in higher emission factors. Emissions of 40 PBDE congeners, likely originating from brominated flame retardants, averaged 724 mug/kg C(burned) (RSD = 96%) and had congener patterns similar to those of reported atmospheric sampling. Emissions of PBDDs/Fs were similar in magnitude to their chlorinated counterparts, averaging 470 ng TEQ/kg C(burned) (RSD = 105%), and may originate as reaction products of PBDE combustion or as thermally desorbed impurities from the PBDE flame retardant.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gullett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wyrzykowska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grandesso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emanuela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Touati\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abderrahmane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tabor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dennis\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ochoa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gustavo\",\"Solórzano\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19950929\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"394–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gullett_pcdd/f_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{PCDD}/{F}, {PBDD}/{F}, and {PBDE} emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es902676w},\\n\\tabstract = {This work reports on the first known field study determining emission factors for polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (P[C/B]DDs/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from open burning of domestic waste. Two burning waste dump sites in Mexico were sampled using high-volume samplers mounted to a mobile sampling boom. Concurrent measurements of CO and CO(2) allowed determination of emission factors via the carbon balance method. PCDD/F emission factors averaged 823 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg C(burned) (N = 8, 68\\\\% relative standard deviation, RSD), a value at least five times higher than those from previous tests with domestic waste burned in barrels and approximately 2000 times higher than those from stacks of modern municipal waste combustors. These emission factors appear to be related to combustion quality, as conditions conducive to smoldering combustion, rather than flaming combustion, resulted in higher emission factors. Emissions of 40 PBDE congeners, likely originating from brominated flame retardants, averaged 724 mug/kg C(burned) (RSD = 96\\\\%) and had congener patterns similar to those of reported atmospheric sampling. Emissions of PBDDs/Fs were similar in magnitude to their chlorinated counterparts, averaging 470 ng TEQ/kg C(burned) (RSD = 105\\\\%), and may originate as reaction products of PBDE combustion or as thermally desorbed impurities from the PBDE flame retardant.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gullett, Brian K and Wyrzykowska, Barbara and Grandesso, Emanuela and Touati, Abderrahmane and Tabor, Dennis G and Ochoa, Gustavo Solórzano},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19950929},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {394--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gullett, B. K\",\"Wyrzykowska, B.\",\"Grandesso, E.\",\"Touati, A.\",\"Tabor, D. G\",\"Ochoa, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"gullett_pcdd/f_2010\",\"id\":\"gullett_pcdd/f_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gullett-wyrzykowska-grandesso-touati-tabor-ochoa-pcddfpbddfandpbdeemissionsfromopenburningofaresidentialwastedump-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Incineration\",\"Mexico\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"eol\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in grey seals during their first year of life–are they thyroid hormone endocrine disrupters?\",\"volume\":\"126\",\"issn\":\"0269-7491\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100\",\"abstract\":\"Blubber biopsy and blood samples were collected from weaned grey seal pups and juveniles in 1998 and 1999. The relationship between the concentration of total PDBEs in the blubber and the circulating concentrations of serum proteins, minerals and thyroid hormones was investigated. Fifty-four post-weaned pups were sampled and 55 first year juveniles, of which 13 were recaptured post-weaned pups. The median concentration of total PBDEs in the pups' blubber was 170 and 460 ng g(-1) in the first-year animals. Total blubber PBDEs contributed significantly to the prediction of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, after controlling for age and condition. Cholesterol and albumin concentrations were also positively related to blubber PBDEs. The results of this study suggest a link between thyroid hormones and exposure to PBDEs in grey seals during their first year of life. Such an association is not alone sufficient evidence for a cause and effect relationship, however it is in accordance with the hypothesis that these compounds are endocrine disrupters in grey seal pups.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ailsa\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalantzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olga\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gareth\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12860100\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Earless, Earless: physiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Minerals, Minerals: blood, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Seals, Seawater, Serum Albumin, Serum Albumin: analysis, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"29–37\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hall_polybrominated_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in grey seals during their first year of life–are they thyroid hormone endocrine disrupters?},\\n\\tvolume = {126},\\n\\tissn = {0269-7491},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100},\\n\\tabstract = {Blubber biopsy and blood samples were collected from weaned grey seal pups and juveniles in 1998 and 1999. The relationship between the concentration of total PDBEs in the blubber and the circulating concentrations of serum proteins, minerals and thyroid hormones was investigated. Fifty-four post-weaned pups were sampled and 55 first year juveniles, of which 13 were recaptured post-weaned pups. The median concentration of total PBDEs in the pups' blubber was 170 and 460 ng g(-1) in the first-year animals. Total blubber PBDEs contributed significantly to the prediction of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, after controlling for age and condition. Cholesterol and albumin concentrations were also positively related to blubber PBDEs. The results of this study suggest a link between thyroid hormones and exposure to PBDEs in grey seals during their first year of life. Such an association is not alone sufficient evidence for a cause and effect relationship, however it is in accordance with the hypothesis that these compounds are endocrine disrupters in grey seal pups.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall, Ailsa J and Kalantzi, Olga I and Thomas, Gareth O},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12860100},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Earless, Earless: physiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Minerals, Minerals: blood, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Seals, Seawater, Serum Albumin, Serum Albumin: analysis, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {29--37},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall, A. J\",\"Kalantzi, O. I\",\"Thomas, G. O\"],\"key\":\"hall_polybrominated_2003\",\"id\":\"hall_polybrominated_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hall-kalantzi-thomas-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesingreysealsduringtheirfirstyearoflifearetheythyroidhormoneendocrinedisrupters-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Cholesterol\",\"Cholesterol: blood\",\"Earless\",\"Earless: physiology\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Minerals\",\"Minerals: blood\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Seals\",\"Seawater\",\"Serum Albumin\",\"Serum Albumin: analysis\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Thyroid Hormones: physiology\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Smoke or burns- which is deadlier?\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf\",\"journal\":\"NFPA journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harwood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Beatrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"38–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hall_jr._smoke_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {Smoke or burns- which is deadlier?},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf},\\n\\tjournal = {NFPA journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R and Harwood, Beatrice},\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {38--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall Jr., J. R\",\"Harwood, B.\"],\"key\":\"hall_jr._smoke_1995\",\"id\":\"hall_jr._smoke_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halljr-harwood-smokeorburnswhichisdeadlier-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"U.S. unintentional fire death rates by state\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf\",\"number\":\"December\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Risk Factors, fire death rates, fire fatalities, fire statistics, state\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{hall_jr._u.s._2008,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {U.{S}. unintentional fire death rates by state},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {December},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Risk Factors, fire death rates, fire fatalities, fire statistics, state},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall Jr., J. R\"],\"key\":\"hall_jr._u.s._2008\",\"id\":\"hall_jr._u.s._2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Risk Factors\",\"fire death rates\",\"fire fatalities\",\"fire statistics\",\"state\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fires Involving Appliance Housings— Is There a Clear and Present Danger?\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848\",\"doi\":\"10.1023/A:1014463317848\",\"abstract\":\"In the past couple years, worldwide attention has been focused on the fire hazard potentially posed by the housings or casings of several types of equipment. This paper addresses the narrow question of whether there is a clear and present danger in the US with regard to the fire hazard posed by the appliance housings of certain types of equipment, based on the fire loss record relevant to these issues. The best available fire loss statistics indicate that the appliance housing fire problem in the USA may be large enough to justify some attention but would not normally be regarded as large enough to justify urgent or priority attention. The paper also asks whether there are other reasons that would justify urgent action and discusses several candidate reasons.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Fire Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"179–198\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hall_jr._fires_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Fires {Involving} {Appliance} {Housings}— {Is} {There} a {Clear} and {Present} {Danger}?},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1023/A:1014463317848},\\n\\tabstract = {In the past couple years, worldwide attention has been focused on the fire hazard potentially posed by the housings or casings of several types of equipment. This paper addresses the narrow question of whether there is a clear and present danger in the US with regard to the fire hazard posed by the appliance housings of certain types of equipment, based on the fire loss record relevant to these issues. The best available fire loss statistics indicate that the appliance housing fire problem in the USA may be large enough to justify some attention but would not normally be regarded as large enough to justify urgent or priority attention. The paper also asks whether there are other reasons that would justify urgent action and discusses several candidate reasons.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {179--198},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hall Jr., J. R\"],\"key\":\"hall_jr._fires_2002\",\"id\":\"hall_jr._fires_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"halljr-firesinvolvingappliancehousingsisthereaclearandpresentdanger-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media.\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006\",\"abstract\":\"BFR burdens in abiotic media have been less studied than in biota, despite their essential value as an aide to identifying sources, temporal and geographic trends and exposure routes. Many polymer products consist of several percent by weight of BFRs. Global trade in these can result in rapid and wholesale BFR movement. Loss from in-use products of nonreactive BFRs may be important, particularly in respect to indoor exposure. In the case of BDE-209, discharges from publicly owned treatment works may be substantial. BFR burdens in air, water and sewage sludge respond rapidly to changes in environmental BFR inputs. PBDEs have been the most widely studied. In many locales PBDE burdens in these media now surpass those of PCBs. Air and water near sources and urban areas are typically enriched relative to rural locales. The more volatile PBDEs dominate in the vapor phase, while BDE-209 typically predominates on particulates. Evidence exists for long-range transport of the more volatile PBDEs. A greater diversity of BFRs (mostly PBDEs, HBCD and TBBP-A) has been detected in sewage sludges. Land application of these sludges on agricultural fields is one conduit for soil contamination. In general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 appear to be increasing, while penta-BDE burdens in Europe may have peaked. Sediments function as longer-term integrators of environmental burdens. Concentrations of common BFRs therein may be substantial near point sources. Evidence for debromination in the environment has been limited to date. However, some laboratory and field observations suggest it is possible to a limited extent.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Matt\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16434082\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Air: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Solubility, Volatilization, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frelec, water\",\"pages\":\"181–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_brominated_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media.},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006},\\n\\tabstract = {BFR burdens in abiotic media have been less studied than in biota, despite their essential value as an aide to identifying sources, temporal and geographic trends and exposure routes. Many polymer products consist of several percent by weight of BFRs. Global trade in these can result in rapid and wholesale BFR movement. Loss from in-use products of nonreactive BFRs may be important, particularly in respect to indoor exposure. In the case of BDE-209, discharges from publicly owned treatment works may be substantial. BFR burdens in air, water and sewage sludge respond rapidly to changes in environmental BFR inputs. PBDEs have been the most widely studied. In many locales PBDE burdens in these media now surpass those of PCBs. Air and water near sources and urban areas are typically enriched relative to rural locales. The more volatile PBDEs dominate in the vapor phase, while BDE-209 typically predominates on particulates. Evidence exists for long-range transport of the more volatile PBDEs. A greater diversity of BFRs (mostly PBDEs, HBCD and TBBP-A) has been detected in sewage sludges. Land application of these sludges on agricultural fields is one conduit for soil contamination. In general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 appear to be increasing, while penta-BDE burdens in Europe may have peaked. Sediments function as longer-term integrators of environmental burdens. Concentrations of common BFRs therein may be substantial near point sources. Evidence for debromination in the environment has been limited to date. However, some laboratory and field observations suggest it is possible to a limited extent.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Gaylor, Michael O and Mainor, T Matt},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16434082},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Solubility, Volatilization, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frelec, water},\\n\\tpages = {181--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Gaylor, M. O\",\"Mainor, T M.\"],\"key\":\"hale_brominated_2006\",\"id\":\"hale_brominated_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-brominatedflameretardantconcentrationsandtrendsinabioticmedia-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Air: analysis\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Solubility\",\"Volatilization\",\"Water: analysis\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"01604120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00113-2\",\"abstract\":\"North America consumes over half of the world's production of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. About 98% of global demand for the Penta-BDE mixture, the constituents of which are the most bioaccumulative and environmentally widespread, resides here. However, research on the environmental distribution of PBDEs in North America has lagged behind that in Northern Europe. Examination of available governmentally maintained release data suggests that Deca-BDE use in the US substantially exceeds that in Canada. Penta-BDE use probably follows a similar pattern. PBDE demand in Mexico is uncertain, but is assumed to be comparatively modest. Recent research examining air, water, sediment, sewage sludge and aquatic biota suggests that Penta-BDE constituents are present in geographically disparate locations in the US and Canada. The less brominated congeners have been observed in areas distant from their known use or production, e.g. the Arctic. PBDEs have been detected in low concentrations in North American air, water and sediment, but much higher levels in aquatic biota. Increased burdens as a function of position in the food web have been noted. PBDE concentrations in US and Canadian sewage sludges appear to be at least 10-fold greater than European levels and may be a useful barometer of release. In general, PBDE concentrations in environmental media reported in North America are comparable or exceed those observed elsewhere in the world. In contrast to Europe, environmental burdens are increasing over time here, consistent with the greater consumption of the commercial mixtures. However, data remain relatively scarce. Deca-BDE in the North American environment appears largely restricted to points of release, e.g. urban areas and those where PBDE-containing sewage sludges have been applied. This lack of redistribution is likely due to its extremely low volatility and water solubility. Penta-BDE and Deca-BDE products are used in different applications and this may also be a factor controlling their environmental release.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12850095\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Environment, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Marine Biology, North America, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Solubility, Volatilization, env, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"771–779\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_polybrominated_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the {North} {American} environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {01604120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00113-2},\\n\\tabstract = {North America consumes over half of the world's production of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. About 98\\\\% of global demand for the Penta-BDE mixture, the constituents of which are the most bioaccumulative and environmentally widespread, resides here. However, research on the environmental distribution of PBDEs in North America has lagged behind that in Northern Europe. Examination of available governmentally maintained release data suggests that Deca-BDE use in the US substantially exceeds that in Canada. Penta-BDE use probably follows a similar pattern. PBDE demand in Mexico is uncertain, but is assumed to be comparatively modest. Recent research examining air, water, sediment, sewage sludge and aquatic biota suggests that Penta-BDE constituents are present in geographically disparate locations in the US and Canada. The less brominated congeners have been observed in areas distant from their known use or production, e.g. the Arctic. PBDEs have been detected in low concentrations in North American air, water and sediment, but much higher levels in aquatic biota. Increased burdens as a function of position in the food web have been noted. PBDE concentrations in US and Canadian sewage sludges appear to be at least 10-fold greater than European levels and may be a useful barometer of release. In general, PBDE concentrations in environmental media reported in North America are comparable or exceed those observed elsewhere in the world. In contrast to Europe, environmental burdens are increasing over time here, consistent with the greater consumption of the commercial mixtures. However, data remain relatively scarce. Deca-BDE in the North American environment appears largely restricted to points of release, e.g. urban areas and those where PBDE-containing sewage sludges have been applied. This lack of redistribution is likely due to its extremely low volatility and water solubility. Penta-BDE and Deca-BDE products are used in different applications and this may also be a factor controlling their environmental release.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, R},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12850095},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Environment, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Marine Biology, North America, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Solubility, Volatilization, env, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {771--779},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R\"],\"key\":\"hale_polybrominated_2003\",\"id\":\"hale_polybrominated_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinthenorthamericanenvironment-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Environment\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Marine Biology\",\"North America\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Solubility\",\"Volatilization\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in California house cats: house dust a primary source?\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.1700\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that act as endocrine disruptors, affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis. As a follow-up to a recent study showing high PBDE levels in household cats and linking PBDE levels with cat hyperthyroidism, we measured PBDEs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in serum samples from 26 California household cats (16 hyperthyroid, 10 controls) using liquid-liquid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the present pilot study, we found that PBDE levels in California house cats were extremely high (ΣPBDEs median = 2,904 ng/g lipid; range, 631-22,537 ng/g lipid). This is approximately 50 times higher than levels in California residents (ΣPBDEs geomean = 62 ± 8.9 ng/g lipid, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), who have among the highest human levels in the world. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers congener patterns (BDE-99 major congener, BDE-209 significant) differed markedly from patterns found in California residents (BDE-47 major) or wildlife but resembled patterns found in house dust. Polychlorinated biphenyls and OCPs in cats were highly correlated, consistent with a shared dietary source or pathway of exposure, but did not correlate with PBDEs. This suggests a different source or pathway of exposure for PBDEs, which was most likely house dust. The authors found no evidence that linked levels of PBDEs, PCBs, or OCPs with hyperthyroidism. This may be because of the small sample size, competing or confounding risk factors, or complicated causal mechanisms.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weihong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"June-Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunzhu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gardner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steve\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22105974\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Animals, Cats, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Nutrition Surveys, Pilot Projects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, california\",\"pages\":\"301–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{guo_high_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {High polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in {California} house cats: house dust a primary source?},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1700},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that act as endocrine disruptors, affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis. As a follow-up to a recent study showing high PBDE levels in household cats and linking PBDE levels with cat hyperthyroidism, we measured PBDEs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in serum samples from 26 California household cats (16 hyperthyroid, 10 controls) using liquid-liquid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the present pilot study, we found that PBDE levels in California house cats were extremely high (ΣPBDEs median = 2,904 ng/g lipid; range, 631-22,537 ng/g lipid). This is approximately 50 times higher than levels in California residents (ΣPBDEs geomean = 62 ± 8.9 ng/g lipid, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), who have among the highest human levels in the world. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers congener patterns (BDE-99 major congener, BDE-209 significant) differed markedly from patterns found in California residents (BDE-47 major) or wildlife but resembled patterns found in house dust. Polychlorinated biphenyls and OCPs in cats were highly correlated, consistent with a shared dietary source or pathway of exposure, but did not correlate with PBDEs. This suggests a different source or pathway of exposure for PBDEs, which was most likely house dust. The authors found no evidence that linked levels of PBDEs, PCBs, or OCPs with hyperthyroidism. This may be because of the small sample size, competing or confounding risk factors, or complicated causal mechanisms.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Guo, Weihong and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Gardner, Steve and Baek, Christina and Petreas, Myrto and Hooper, Kim},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22105974},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Animals, Cats, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Nutrition Surveys, Pilot Projects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, california},\\n\\tpages = {301--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Guo, W.\",\"Park, J.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Gardner, S.\",\"Baek, C.\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"Hooper, K.\"],\"key\":\"guo_high_2012\",\"id\":\"guo_high_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"guo-park-wang-gardner-baek-petreas-hooper-highpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsincaliforniahousecatshousedustaprimarysource-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Animals\",\"Cats\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Nutrition Surveys\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study\",\"volume\":\"179\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Urology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Greene\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kirsten\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konety\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Badrinath\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stoller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marshall\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"323\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{greene_results_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Results from the {San} {Francisco} firefighters bladder cancer screening study},\\n\\tvolume = {179},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Urology},\\n\\tauthor = {Greene, Kirsten L and Konety, Badrinath R and Stoller, Marshall L},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {323},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Greene, K. L\",\"Konety, B. R\",\"Stoller, M. L\"],\"key\":\"greene_results_2008\",\"id\":\"greene_results_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"greene-konety-stoller-resultsfromthesanfranciscofirefightersbladdercancerscreeningstudy-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An Overview of the Fire Retardant Chemicals Industry, Past - Present - Future\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry in the United States is given starting with an historical review of the chemical producers in about 1970. Marketing concepts for these specialty chemicals is discussed by customer types for each category of fire retardant. The fire retardants discussed are bromine and chlorine compounds, non- halogen and halogenated phosphates and antimony oxide. The paper contains a section in how to select a fire retardant. Markets are discussed by fire retardant type and by polymer type. The current and future trends section discusses toxicity issues with bromine fire retardants, non-halogen fire retardants, smoke, processability and thin walled parts, and market projections.\",\"number\":\"June\",\"journal\":\"Fire and materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Green\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"197–204\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{green_overview_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {An {Overview} of the {Fire} {Retardant} {Chemicals} {Industry}, {Past} - {Present} - {Future}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry in the United States is given starting with an historical review of the chemical producers in about 1970. Marketing concepts for these specialty chemicals is discussed by customer types for each category of fire retardant. The fire retardants discussed are bromine and chlorine compounds, non- halogen and halogenated phosphates and antimony oxide. The paper contains a section in how to select a fire retardant. Markets are discussed by fire retardant type and by polymer type. The current and future trends section discusses toxicity issues with bromine fire retardants, non-halogen fire retardants, smoke, processability and thin walled parts, and market projections.},\\n\\tnumber = {June},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Green, Joseph},\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {197--204},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Green, J.\"],\"key\":\"green_overview_1995\",\"id\":\"green_overview_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"green-anoverviewofthefireretardantchemicalsindustrypastpresentfuture-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.\",\"volume\":\"200\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576\",\"abstract\":\"A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.\",\"number\":\"4343\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ames\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"1978\",\"pmid\":\"347576\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biotransformation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"785–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gold_another_1978,\\n\\ttitle = {Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.},\\n\\tvolume = {200},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576},\\n\\tabstract = {A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.},\\n\\tnumber = {4343},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Gold, M D and Blum, A and Ames, B N},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {1978},\\n\\tpmid = {347576},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {785--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gold, M D\",\"Blum, A\",\"Ames, B N\"],\"key\":\"gold_another_1978\",\"id\":\"gold_another_1978\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Mice\",\"Mutagens\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity\",\"Salmonella typhimurium\",\"Salmonella typhimurium: drug effects\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental neurotoxicity: some old and new issues.\",\"volume\":\"2012\",\"issn\":\"2090-6188\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.5402/2012/814795\",\"abstract\":\"The developing central nervous system is often more vulnerable to injury than the adult one. Of the almost 200 chemicals known to be neurotoxic, many are developmental neurotoxicants. Exposure to these compounds in utero or during childhood can contribute to a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Two established developmental neurotoxicants, methylmercury and lead, and two classes of chemicals, the polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and the organophosphorus insecticides, which are emerging as potential developmental neurotoxicants, are discussed in this paper. Developmental neurotoxicants may also cause silent damage, which would manifest itself only as the individual ages, and may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing have been implemented, but there is still room for their improvement and for searching and validating alternative testing approaches.\",\"journal\":\"ISRN toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giordano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gennaro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Costa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucio\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23724296\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"814795\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{giordano_developmental_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental neurotoxicity: some old and new issues.},\\n\\tvolume = {2012},\\n\\tissn = {2090-6188},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.5402/2012/814795},\\n\\tabstract = {The developing central nervous system is often more vulnerable to injury than the adult one. Of the almost 200 chemicals known to be neurotoxic, many are developmental neurotoxicants. Exposure to these compounds in utero or during childhood can contribute to a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Two established developmental neurotoxicants, methylmercury and lead, and two classes of chemicals, the polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and the organophosphorus insecticides, which are emerging as potential developmental neurotoxicants, are discussed in this paper. Developmental neurotoxicants may also cause silent damage, which would manifest itself only as the individual ages, and may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing have been implemented, but there is still room for their improvement and for searching and validating alternative testing approaches.},\\n\\tjournal = {ISRN toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Giordano, Gennaro and Costa, Lucio G},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23724296},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {814795},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Giordano, G.\",\"Costa, L. G\"],\"key\":\"giordano_developmental_2012\",\"id\":\"giordano_developmental_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"giordano-costa-developmentalneurotoxicitysomeoldandnewissues-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from Canada and Spain.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.014\",\"abstract\":\"Comparisons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) recently collected (2003-2007), are made between Canada (N=12) and Spain (N=13). Overall, concentrations of sum (Σ) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; 16 di-deca-BDE congeners) exceeded Σhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and were an order of magnitude higher than 2,2'4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153)\\\\textgreaterhexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCBDCO)\\\\textgreater1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)\\\\textgreaterdecabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE)\\\\textgreateroctabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND)\\\\textgreaterhexabromobenzene (HBB)\\\\textgreaterbis(2-ethyl-1hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP). This is the first report of detectable HBCDCO and BEHTBP concentrations in biota, and the highest in ovo concentration of ∑HBCD (14,617 ng/glw; Montreal, Canada) to date. There were significantly greater egg concentrations of BB-153, ΣHBCD, and ΣPBDE including BDE-153, -99, -100 and -183, in Canadian than Spanish peregrines with a terrestrial diet. HBB, BTBPE, and OBIND were detected in eggs from both countries, but only Canadian peregrine eggs had detectable levels of HCDBCO (25%) and DBDPE (N=1). The in ovo PBDE congener profile was dominated by BDE-153\\\\textgreaterBDE-99\\\\textgreaterBDE-47\\\\textgreaterBDE-183\\\\textgreaterBDE-100\\\\textgreaterBDE-209, with the isomeric HBCD pattern being α-HBCD\\\\textgreaterγ-HBCD (β-HBCD undetected). The Canadian peregrine eggs had lower enantiomeric HBCD values consistent with their higher fractions of (-) α-HBCD, suggesting selective enantiomeric enrichment or that the (+) α-isomer is more readily metabolized and so deposited in the egg through maternal transfer. Continental differences in egg burdens of peregrines are discussed relative to BFR usage patterns and exposure of peregrines on their breeding grounds.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiménez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Begoña\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pacepavicius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grazina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marvin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacInnis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Champoux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Louise\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"21862134\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Spain\",\"pages\":\"179–86\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{guerra_emerging_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon ({Falco} peregrinus) eggs from {Canada} and {Spain}.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Comparisons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) recently collected (2003-2007), are made between Canada (N=12) and Spain (N=13). Overall, concentrations of sum (Σ) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; 16 di-deca-BDE congeners) exceeded Σhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and were an order of magnitude higher than 2,2'4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153){\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterhexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCBDCO){\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE){\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterdecabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE){\\\\textbackslash}textgreateroctabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND){\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterhexabromobenzene (HBB){\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterbis(2-ethyl-1hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP). This is the first report of detectable HBCDCO and BEHTBP concentrations in biota, and the highest in ovo concentration of ∑HBCD (14,617 ng/glw; Montreal, Canada) to date. There were significantly greater egg concentrations of BB-153, ΣHBCD, and ΣPBDE including BDE-153, -99, -100 and -183, in Canadian than Spanish peregrines with a terrestrial diet. HBB, BTBPE, and OBIND were detected in eggs from both countries, but only Canadian peregrine eggs had detectable levels of HCDBCO (25\\\\%) and DBDPE (N=1). The in ovo PBDE congener profile was dominated by BDE-153{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-99{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-47{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-183{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-100{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-209, with the isomeric HBCD pattern being α-HBCD{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterγ-HBCD (β-HBCD undetected). The Canadian peregrine eggs had lower enantiomeric HBCD values consistent with their higher fractions of (-) α-HBCD, suggesting selective enantiomeric enrichment or that the (+) α-isomer is more readily metabolized and so deposited in the egg through maternal transfer. Continental differences in egg burdens of peregrines are discussed relative to BFR usage patterns and exposure of peregrines on their breeding grounds.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Guerra, Paula and Alaee, Mehran and Jiménez, Begoña and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Marvin, Chris and MacInnis, Gordia and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Champoux, Louise and Fernie, Kim},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {21862134},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Spain},\\n\\tpages = {179--86},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Guerra, P.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Jiménez, B.\",\"Pacepavicius, G.\",\"Marvin, C.\",\"MacInnis, G.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\",\"Champoux, L.\",\"Fernie, K.\"],\"key\":\"guerra_emerging_2012\",\"id\":\"guerra_emerging_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"guerra-alaee-jimnez-pacepavicius-marvin-macinnis-eljarrat-barcel-etal-emergingandhistoricalbrominatedflameretardantsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcanadaandspain-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Canada\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Spain\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Special Report: Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — {Environmental} {Health} {News}\",\"url\":\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liza\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{gross_special_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Special {Report}: {Flame} retardant industry spent \\\\$23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — {Environmental} {Health} {News}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html},\\n\\tauthor = {Gross, Liza},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gross, L.\"],\"key\":\"gross_special_2011\",\"id\":\"gross_special_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gross-specialreportflameretardantindustryspent23milliononlobbyingcampaigndonationsenvironmentalhealthnews-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Water quality in South San Francisco Bay, California: current condition and potential issues for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\",\"volume\":\"206\",\"issn\":\"0179-5953\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-1-4419-6260-7_6\",\"abstract\":\"The SBSPRP is an extensive tidal wetland restoration project that is underway at the margin of South San Francisco Bay, California. The Project, which aims to restore former salt ponds to tidal marsh and manage other ponds for water bird support, is taking place in the context of a highly urbanized watershed and an Estuary already impacted by chemical contaminants. There is an intimate relationship between water quality in the watershed, the Bay, and the transitional wetland areas where the Project is located. The Project seeks to restore habitat for endangered and endemic species and to provide recreational opportunities for people. Therefore, water quality and bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish and wildlife is an important concern for the success of the Project. Mercury, PCBs, and PBDEs are the persistent contaminants of greatest concern in the region. All of these contaminants are present at elevated concentrations both in the abiotic environment and in wildlife. Dioxins, pyrethroids, PAHs, and selenium are also problematic. Organochlorine insecticides have historically impacted the Bay, and they remain above thresholds for concern in a small proportion of samples. Emerging contaminants, such as PFCs and non-PBDE flame retardants, are also an important water quality issue. Beyond chemical pollutants, other concerns for water quality in South San Francisco Bay exist, and include biological constituents, especially invasive species, and chemical attributes, such as dissolved oxygen and salinity. Future changes, both from within the Project and from the Bay and watershed, are likely to influence water quality in the region. Project actions to restore wetlands could worsen, improve, or not affect the already impaired water quality in South Bay. Accelerated erosion of buried sediment as a consequence of Project restoration actions is a potentially serious regional threat to South Bay water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the planned restoration of salt ponds to tidal marsh has raised concerns about possible increased net production of methylmercury and its subsequent accumulation in the food web. This concern applies not only to the restored marshes, but also to the South Bay as a whole, which could be affected on a regional scale. The ponds that are converted to tidal marsh will sequester millions of cubic meters of sediment. Sequestration of sediment in marshes could remove contaminated sediment from the active zone of the Bay but could also create marshes with contaminated food webs. Some of the ponds will not be restored to marsh but will be managed for use by water birds. Therefore, the effect of dense avian populations on eutrophication and the introduction of pathogens should be considered. Water quality in the Project also could be affected by external changes, such as human population growth and climate change. To address these many concerns related to water quality, the SBSPRP managers, and others faced with management of wetland restoration at a regional scale, should practice adaptive management and ongoing monitoring for water quality, particularly monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the food web.\",\"journal\":\"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grenier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"Letitia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jay\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20652671\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Remediation, Flame retardants, San Francisco, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"115–47\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{grenier_water_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Water quality in {South} {San} {Francisco} {Bay}, {California}: current condition and potential issues for the {South} {Bay} {Salt} {Pond} {Restoration} {Project}.},\\n\\tvolume = {206},\\n\\tissn = {0179-5953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-6260-7_6},\\n\\tabstract = {The SBSPRP is an extensive tidal wetland restoration project that is underway at the margin of South San Francisco Bay, California. The Project, which aims to restore former salt ponds to tidal marsh and manage other ponds for water bird support, is taking place in the context of a highly urbanized watershed and an Estuary already impacted by chemical contaminants. There is an intimate relationship between water quality in the watershed, the Bay, and the transitional wetland areas where the Project is located. The Project seeks to restore habitat for endangered and endemic species and to provide recreational opportunities for people. Therefore, water quality and bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish and wildlife is an important concern for the success of the Project. Mercury, PCBs, and PBDEs are the persistent contaminants of greatest concern in the region. All of these contaminants are present at elevated concentrations both in the abiotic environment and in wildlife. Dioxins, pyrethroids, PAHs, and selenium are also problematic. Organochlorine insecticides have historically impacted the Bay, and they remain above thresholds for concern in a small proportion of samples. Emerging contaminants, such as PFCs and non-PBDE flame retardants, are also an important water quality issue. Beyond chemical pollutants, other concerns for water quality in South San Francisco Bay exist, and include biological constituents, especially invasive species, and chemical attributes, such as dissolved oxygen and salinity. Future changes, both from within the Project and from the Bay and watershed, are likely to influence water quality in the region. Project actions to restore wetlands could worsen, improve, or not affect the already impaired water quality in South Bay. Accelerated erosion of buried sediment as a consequence of Project restoration actions is a potentially serious regional threat to South Bay water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the planned restoration of salt ponds to tidal marsh has raised concerns about possible increased net production of methylmercury and its subsequent accumulation in the food web. This concern applies not only to the restored marshes, but also to the South Bay as a whole, which could be affected on a regional scale. The ponds that are converted to tidal marsh will sequester millions of cubic meters of sediment. Sequestration of sediment in marshes could remove contaminated sediment from the active zone of the Bay but could also create marshes with contaminated food webs. Some of the ponds will not be restored to marsh but will be managed for use by water birds. Therefore, the effect of dense avian populations on eutrophication and the introduction of pathogens should be considered. Water quality in the Project also could be affected by external changes, such as human population growth and climate change. To address these many concerns related to water quality, the SBSPRP managers, and others faced with management of wetland restoration at a regional scale, should practice adaptive management and ongoing monitoring for water quality, particularly monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the food web.},\\n\\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Grenier, J Letitia and Davis, Jay A},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20652671},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Remediation, Flame retardants, San Francisco, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {115--47},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Grenier, J L.\",\"Davis, J. A\"],\"key\":\"grenier_water_2010\",\"id\":\"grenier_water_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"grenier-davis-waterqualityinsouthsanfranciscobaycaliforniacurrentconditionandpotentialissuesforthesouthbaysaltpondrestorationproject-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Ecosystem\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Remediation\",\"Flame retardants\",\"San Francisco\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"About Us\",\"url\":\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us\",\"urldate\":\"2013-08-07\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Green Science Policy Institute\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{green_science_policy_institute_about_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {About {Us}},\\n\\turl = {http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us},\\n\\turldate = {2013-08-07},\\n\\tauthor = {{Green Science Policy Institute}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Green Science Policy Institute\"],\"key\":\"green_science_policy_institute_about_2010\",\"id\":\"green_science_policy_institute_about_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"greensciencepolicyinstitute-aboutus-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain).\",\"volume\":\"444\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\",\"abstract\":\"The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ginebreda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23262324\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"51–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gorga_determination_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain}).},\\n\\tvolume = {444},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\\n\\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23262324},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {51--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gorga, M.\",\"Martínez, E.\",\"Ginebreda, A.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"gorga_determination_2013\",\"id\":\"gorga_determination_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"key\":\"goralczyk_\",\"id\":\"goralczyk_\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"moore, a\":\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~awm22/talks.html\",\"powner, m\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=benjaminthoma.github.io%2Fpubs.bib&msg=embed\",\"bergmann, r\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?msg=embed&bib=https://dblp.org/pid/b/RalphBergmann.bib\",\"van harmelen, f\":\"https://www.cs.vu.nl/~frankh/publications.html\",\"figueroa, n\":\"https://nbfigueroa.github.io/\",\"sammak, s\":\"https://shervinsammak.github.io/papers/\",\"patel, n\":\"https://niravatgit.github.io/INSPIRELab/publications.html#publications\",\"kouamé, d\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irit.fr%2F%7EDenis.Kouame%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2023%2F04%2Fpubli_dk_Avril2023.bib&commas=true&msg=embed\",\"grossi, g\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://homes.di.unimi.it/grossi/Grossi_Giuliano.bib\",\"alexiev, v\":\"https://vladimiralexiev.github.io/my/\",\"bethard, s\":\"https://bethard.github.io/publications.html\",\"homburg, t\":\"https://situx.github.io/publications/\",\"banzhaf, w\":\"https://cse.msu.edu/~banzhafw/Publications_new.html\",\"gatica, j\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=www2.uca.es%2Fdept%2Fcmat_qinor%2Fnanomat%2Fpeople%2FGatica.bib&groupby=year\",\"edwards, c\":\"https://people.ucsc.edu/\",\"miyagusuku, r\":\"https://www.real.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp/invmap/\",\"stephens-davidowitz, n\":\"https://noahsd.com/\",\"kouam�, d\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irit.fr%2F%7EDenis.Kouame%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2020%2F08%2Fpubli_dk_pc.bib&msg=embed\",\"lee, u\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://dblp.org/pid/172/3208.bib\",\"sohrabi, s\":\"https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~shirin/\",\"mcintire, e\":\"https://predictiveecology.org/publications.html\",\"mirrazavi salehian, s\":\"https://nbfigueroa.github.io/\",\"monteiro, s\":\"https://sildomar.github.io/publications/\",\"picco, m\":\"https://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~picco/pub.html\",\"maranas, c\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=www.maranasgroup.com/pub/maranasgroup.bib\",\"romoli, j\":\"https://jacoporomoli.github.io/Publications/\",\"maizel, a\":\"https://www.cos.uni-heidelberg.de/\",\"iovino, l\":\"https://www.ludovicoiovino.it/\",\"keller, a\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://www.ccb.uni-saarland.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/references.bib_.txt&folding=1\",\"riviere, b\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://compm.rice.edu/files/2026/02/publicationsRiviereFeb2026.bib\",\"beyer, a\":\"https://www.klassphil.hu-berlin.de/de/personen/andrea-beyer\",\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/tavr.html\",\"sabattini, l\":\"https://468418521-atari-embeds.googleusercontent.com/embeds/16cb204cf3a9d4d223a0a3fd8b0eec5d/inner-frame-minified.html\"}},\"downloads\":9,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Subacute effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A on hepatic cytochrome P450 levels in rats.\",\"volume\":\"218\",\"issn\":\"0300-483X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.019\",\"abstract\":\"The brominated flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are found in the environment, e.g., in sediments and organisms, in food items, human blood samples and mother's milk. In this study, the effects of both compounds on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels and activities were investigated. Juvenile/young male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with various doses via the feed (TBBPA) or by gavage (HBCD). After 28 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed and hepatic mRNA and microsomes were isolated. HBCD treatment led to a significant induction of CYP2B1 mRNA, CYP2B1/2B2 protein and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) activity suggesting a phenobarbital-type of induction. Furthermore, a significant increase in CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA, CYP3A1 protein, and luciferin benzylether debenzylase (LBD) activity was found, being more pronounced in females than in males. The effect on CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA was significant in female rats at a daily dose of 3.0mg/kg body weight and above. HBCD exhibited no effects on CYP1A2 mRNA, CYP1A1/1A2 protein, or microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity suggesting lack of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. No significant effects on any of the parameters measured were obtained with TBBPA. Our findings suggest that oral exposure to HBCD induces drug-metabolising enzymes in rats probably via the CAR/PXR signalling pathway. Induction of CYPs and co-regulated enzymes of phase II of drug metabolism may affect homeostasis of endogenous substrates including steroid and thyroid hormones.\",\"number\":\"2-3\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Germer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piersma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldert\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Der\",\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kamyschnikow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fery\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yvonne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans-Joachim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schrenk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dieter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16325980\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, RNA, Rats, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"229–36\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{germer_subacute_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Subacute effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol {A} on hepatic cytochrome {P450} levels in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {218},\\n\\tissn = {0300-483X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.019},\\n\\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are found in the environment, e.g., in sediments and organisms, in food items, human blood samples and mother's milk. In this study, the effects of both compounds on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels and activities were investigated. Juvenile/young male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with various doses via the feed (TBBPA) or by gavage (HBCD). After 28 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed and hepatic mRNA and microsomes were isolated. HBCD treatment led to a significant induction of CYP2B1 mRNA, CYP2B1/2B2 protein and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) activity suggesting a phenobarbital-type of induction. Furthermore, a significant increase in CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA, CYP3A1 protein, and luciferin benzylether debenzylase (LBD) activity was found, being more pronounced in females than in males. The effect on CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA was significant in female rats at a daily dose of 3.0mg/kg body weight and above. HBCD exhibited no effects on CYP1A2 mRNA, CYP1A1/1A2 protein, or microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity suggesting lack of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. No significant effects on any of the parameters measured were obtained with TBBPA. Our findings suggest that oral exposure to HBCD induces drug-metabolising enzymes in rats probably via the CAR/PXR signalling pathway. Induction of CYPs and co-regulated enzymes of phase II of drug metabolism may affect homeostasis of endogenous substrates including steroid and thyroid hormones.},\\n\\tnumber = {2-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Germer, Silke and Piersma, Aldert H and van Der Ven, Leo and Kamyschnikow, Andreas and Fery, Yvonne and Schmitz, Hans-Joachim and Schrenk, Dieter},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16325980},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, RNA, Rats, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {229--36},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Germer, S.\",\"Piersma, A. H\",\"van Der Ven, L.\",\"Kamyschnikow, A.\",\"Fery, Y.\",\"Schmitz, H.\",\"Schrenk, D.\"],\"key\":\"germer_subacute_2006\",\"id\":\"germer_subacute_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"germer-piersma-vanderven-kamyschnikow-fery-schmitz-schrenk-subacuteeffectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecaneandtetrabromobisphenolaonhepaticcytochromep450levelsinrats-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics\",\"Enzymologic\",\"Enzymologic: drug effe\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Male\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: metabolism\",\"Microsomes\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"RNA\",\"Rats\",\"Wistar\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel flame retardants in urban-feeding ring-billed gulls from the St. Lawrence River, Canada.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es302099f\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigated the occurrence of a comprehensive suite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use flame retardants (FRs) in ring-billed gulls breeding in a highly industrialized section of the St. Lawrence River, downstream from Montreal (QC, Canada). Despite major point-sources and diffuse contamination by FRs, nearly no FR data have been reported in birds from this area. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was detected in 89% of ring-billed gull livers (mean: 2.16 ng/g ww; max: 17.6 ng/g ww). To our knowledge, this is the highest detection frequency and highest concentrations reported thus far in any avian species or populations. Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were also particularly abundant (anti-DP detected in 100% and syn-DP in 93% of livers). Other detected FR compounds (3-14% detection) included 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1.2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (β-TBECH). Mean BDE-209 (57.2 ± 12.2 ng/g ww) in ring-billed gull livers was unexpectedly high for this midtrophic gull species, exceeding levels reported in several apex raptors such as peregrine falcons. BDE-209's relative contribution to ∑PBDEs was on average 25% (exceeding BDE-47 and BDE-99) and contrasted with profiles typically reported for fish-eating gull species. The present study highlighted preoccupying gaps in upcoming FR regulations and stressed the need for further investigation of the sources of FR exposure in highly urbanized areas.\",\"number\":\"17\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gentes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie-Line\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caron-Beaudoin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elyse\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verreault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22845168\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: analysis, Canada, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Rivers\",\"pages\":\"9735–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gentes_novel_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel flame retardants in urban-feeding ring-billed gulls from the {St}. {Lawrence} {River}, {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es302099f},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigated the occurrence of a comprehensive suite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use flame retardants (FRs) in ring-billed gulls breeding in a highly industrialized section of the St. Lawrence River, downstream from Montreal (QC, Canada). Despite major point-sources and diffuse contamination by FRs, nearly no FR data have been reported in birds from this area. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was detected in 89\\\\% of ring-billed gull livers (mean: 2.16 ng/g ww; max: 17.6 ng/g ww). To our knowledge, this is the highest detection frequency and highest concentrations reported thus far in any avian species or populations. Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were also particularly abundant (anti-DP detected in 100\\\\% and syn-DP in 93\\\\% of livers). Other detected FR compounds (3-14\\\\% detection) included 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1.2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (β-TBECH). Mean BDE-209 (57.2 ± 12.2 ng/g ww) in ring-billed gull livers was unexpectedly high for this midtrophic gull species, exceeding levels reported in several apex raptors such as peregrine falcons. BDE-209's relative contribution to ∑PBDEs was on average 25\\\\% (exceeding BDE-47 and BDE-99) and contrasted with profiles typically reported for fish-eating gull species. The present study highlighted preoccupying gaps in upcoming FR regulations and stressed the need for further investigation of the sources of FR exposure in highly urbanized areas.},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gentes, Marie-Line and Letcher, Robert J and Caron-Beaudoin, Elyse and Verreault, Jonathan},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22845168},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: analysis, Canada, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Rivers},\\n\\tpages = {9735--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gentes, M.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Caron-Beaudoin, E.\",\"Verreault, J.\"],\"key\":\"gentes_novel_2012\",\"id\":\"gentes_novel_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gentes-letcher-caronbeaudoin-verreault-novelflameretardantsinurbanfeedingringbilledgullsfromthestlawrencerivercanada-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Benzoates\",\"Benzoates: analysis\",\"Canada\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Charadriiformes: metabolism\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"Rivers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Temporal trends and spatial distribution of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the eggs of colonial populations of Great Lakes herring gulls.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957\",\"abstract\":\"The production and use of nonpolybrominated diphenyl ether (non-PBDE), brominated flame retardant (BFR) alternatives have been on the rise, although their assessment in environmental samples is largely understudied. In the present study, several non-PBDE BFRs were found in the egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from seven colonies in the five Laurentian Great Lakes (collected in 1982 to 2006). Of the 19 BFRs monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophe-noxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-isomers of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoeth-yl)cyclohexane (TBECH) were present in eggs from all the colonies with the highest detection frequencies of 100%, 54%, 9% and 97%, respectively. In 2005 and 2006 eggs, the concentrations of DBDPE were highest at three of the seven colonies (1.3 to 288 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and surpassed decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). HBB (0.10 to 3.92 ng/g ww), BTBPE (1.82 to 0.06 ng/g ww), and Sigma-TBECH (0.04 to 3.44 ng/g ww; mainly the beta-isomer 52 to 100% of Sigma-TBECH) were detected at lower concentrations (and generally \\\\textless\\\\textlessSigmaPBDE concentrations). Spatial trends were observed, although temporal trends were not obvious in most cases. Regardless, over the past 25 years non-PBDE BFRs have accumulated variably in female herring gulls and have been transferred during ovogenesis to their eggs, indicating that there has been continual exposure and bioaccumulation of several BFRs in the Great Lakes.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gauthier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lewis\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Potter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dave\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hebert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19238957\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: analysis, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Isomerism, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Population Dynamics, Time Factors, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"312–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gauthier_temporal_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Temporal trends and spatial distribution of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the eggs of colonial populations of {Great} {Lakes} herring gulls.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957},\\n\\tabstract = {The production and use of nonpolybrominated diphenyl ether (non-PBDE), brominated flame retardant (BFR) alternatives have been on the rise, although their assessment in environmental samples is largely understudied. In the present study, several non-PBDE BFRs were found in the egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from seven colonies in the five Laurentian Great Lakes (collected in 1982 to 2006). Of the 19 BFRs monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophe-noxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-isomers of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoeth-yl)cyclohexane (TBECH) were present in eggs from all the colonies with the highest detection frequencies of 100\\\\%, 54\\\\%, 9\\\\% and 97\\\\%, respectively. In 2005 and 2006 eggs, the concentrations of DBDPE were highest at three of the seven colonies (1.3 to 288 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and surpassed decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). HBB (0.10 to 3.92 ng/g ww), BTBPE (1.82 to 0.06 ng/g ww), and Sigma-TBECH (0.04 to 3.44 ng/g ww; mainly the beta-isomer 52 to 100\\\\% of Sigma-TBECH) were detected at lower concentrations (and generally {\\\\textbackslash}textless{\\\\textbackslash}textlessSigmaPBDE concentrations). Spatial trends were observed, although temporal trends were not obvious in most cases. Regardless, over the past 25 years non-PBDE BFRs have accumulated variably in female herring gulls and have been transferred during ovogenesis to their eggs, indicating that there has been continual exposure and bioaccumulation of several BFRs in the Great Lakes.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gauthier, Lewis T and Potter, Dave and Hebert, Craig E and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19238957},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: analysis, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Isomerism, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Population Dynamics, Time Factors, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {312--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gauthier, L. T\",\"Potter, D.\",\"Hebert, C. E\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"gauthier_temporal_2009\",\"id\":\"gauthier_temporal_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gauthier-potter-hebert-letcher-temporaltrendsandspatialdistributionofnonpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsintheeggsofcolonialpopulationsofgreatlakesherringgulls-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes: chemistry\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Charadriiformes: metabolism\",\"Cyclohexanes\",\"Cyclohexanes: analysis\",\"Cyclohexanes: chemistry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Isomerism\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: chemistry\",\"Population Dynamics\",\"Time Factors\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Laurentian Great Lakes.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897\",\"abstract\":\"Of the 13, current-use, non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FRs) monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and alpha- and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and the syn- and anti-isomers of the chlorinated Dechlorane Plus (DP) were quantified in egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) collected in 2004 from six sites in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. alpha-HBCD concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 20 ng/g (wet weight (ww)). Other \\\"new\\\" FR levels ranged from 0.004 to 1.4 ng/g ww and were much lower than those of the major BDE congeners that are in technical mixtures (namely BDE-47, -99, -100), where sigma3PBDE ranged from 186 to 498 ng/g ww. Nineteen hepta-BDEs (sigma(hepta) = 4.9-11 ng/g ww), octa-BDEs (alpha(octa) = 2.6-9.1 ng/g ww), and nona-BDEs (sigma(nona) = 0.12-5.6 ng/g ww) were detectible at all six colonies, while BDE-209 was low but quantifiable (\\\\textless 0.1-0.21 ng/g ww) at two colonies. sigma-DP (syn- and anti-isomers) concentrations in eggs from all sites ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 ng/g ww. Our findings indicate that mother herring gulls are exposed to several, current-use flame retardants via their diet, and in ovo transfer occurred to their eggs. Given the aquatic diet of herring gull, this suggests that there are non-PBDE BFRs present in the gull-associated aquatic food web of the Great Lakes.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gauthier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lewis\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hebert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weseloh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"V\",\"Chip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17695897\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Birds, Canada, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Liquid, Mass, Spectrometry, ffr, waa\",\"pages\":\"4561–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gauthier_current-use_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls ({Larus} argentatus) from the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes}.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897},\\n\\tabstract = {Of the 13, current-use, non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FRs) monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and alpha- and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and the syn- and anti-isomers of the chlorinated Dechlorane Plus (DP) were quantified in egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) collected in 2004 from six sites in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. alpha-HBCD concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 20 ng/g (wet weight (ww)). Other \\\"new\\\" FR levels ranged from 0.004 to 1.4 ng/g ww and were much lower than those of the major BDE congeners that are in technical mixtures (namely BDE-47, -99, -100), where sigma3PBDE ranged from 186 to 498 ng/g ww. Nineteen hepta-BDEs (sigma(hepta) = 4.9-11 ng/g ww), octa-BDEs (alpha(octa) = 2.6-9.1 ng/g ww), and nona-BDEs (sigma(nona) = 0.12-5.6 ng/g ww) were detectible at all six colonies, while BDE-209 was low but quantifiable ({\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.1-0.21 ng/g ww) at two colonies. sigma-DP (syn- and anti-isomers) concentrations in eggs from all sites ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 ng/g ww. Our findings indicate that mother herring gulls are exposed to several, current-use flame retardants via their diet, and in ovo transfer occurred to their eggs. Given the aquatic diet of herring gull, this suggests that there are non-PBDE BFRs present in the gull-associated aquatic food web of the Great Lakes.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gauthier, Lewis T and Hebert, Craig E and Weseloh, D V Chip and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17695897},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Canada, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Liquid, Mass, Spectrometry, ffr, waa},\\n\\tpages = {4561--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gauthier, L. T\",\"Hebert, C. E\",\"Weseloh, D V C.\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"gauthier_current-use_2007\",\"id\":\"gauthier_current-use_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gauthier-hebert-weseloh-letcher-currentuseflameretardantsintheeggsofherringgullslarusargentatusfromthelaurentiangreatlakes-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Canada\",\"Chromatography\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Liquid\",\"Mass\",\"Spectrometry\",\"ffr\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurochemical changes following a single dose of polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 in mice.\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"1525-6014\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472\",\"doi\":\"10.3109/01480545.2010.536768\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as commercial flame retardants in a variety of products, including plastics and textiles. Previous studies in our laboratory, and in the literature, showed that exposure to a specific PBDE congener (PBDE 47) during a critical period of brain development may lead to developmental delays and hyperactivity in adulthood. To date, the underlying causes of these behavioral alterations are unknown, although in vitro studies linked PBDEs with potential alterations in neurotransmitter levels, particularly acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA). Alterations in DA function have also been noted in cases of hyperactivity in rodents and humans. The current study examined monoamine levels in male mice acutely exposed to corn oil vehicle or PBDE 47 (1, 10, or 30 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 10. Animals were sacrificed on PND 15, PND 20, and in adulthood (131-159 days old). The cortex, striatum, and cerebellum were isolated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentration of monoamines within each brain region. A statistically significant increase in DA levels was seen within the cortex, regardless of age, but only in the 10-mg/kg PBDE treatment group. While these effects did not show a monotonic dose response, we previously reported hyperactivity in littermates in the same dose group, but not at the lower or higher dose. Thus, early developmental exposure to PBDE 47 alters the levels of cortical DA in male mice, which may correlate with behavioral observations in littermates.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Drug and chemical toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jillian\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDanie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21314472\",\"keywords\":\"Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: analysis, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acute, Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: chemistry, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: chemistry, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Chromatography, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: chemistry, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Dopamine, Dopamine: analysis, Dopamine: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Suckling, Toxicity Tests\",\"pages\":\"213–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gee_neurochemical_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurochemical changes following a single dose of polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 in mice.},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {1525-6014},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3109/01480545.2010.536768},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as commercial flame retardants in a variety of products, including plastics and textiles. Previous studies in our laboratory, and in the literature, showed that exposure to a specific PBDE congener (PBDE 47) during a critical period of brain development may lead to developmental delays and hyperactivity in adulthood. To date, the underlying causes of these behavioral alterations are unknown, although in vitro studies linked PBDEs with potential alterations in neurotransmitter levels, particularly acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA). Alterations in DA function have also been noted in cases of hyperactivity in rodents and humans. The current study examined monoamine levels in male mice acutely exposed to corn oil vehicle or PBDE 47 (1, 10, or 30 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 10. Animals were sacrificed on PND 15, PND 20, and in adulthood (131-159 days old). The cortex, striatum, and cerebellum were isolated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentration of monoamines within each brain region. A statistically significant increase in DA levels was seen within the cortex, regardless of age, but only in the 10-mg/kg PBDE treatment group. While these effects did not show a monotonic dose response, we previously reported hyperactivity in littermates in the same dose group, but not at the lower or higher dose. Thus, early developmental exposure to PBDE 47 alters the levels of cortical DA in male mice, which may correlate with behavioral observations in littermates.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug and chemical toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gee, Jillian R and Moser, Virginia C and McDanie, Katherine L and Herr, David W},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21314472},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: analysis, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acute, Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: chemistry, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: chemistry, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Chromatography, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: chemistry, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Dopamine, Dopamine: analysis, Dopamine: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Suckling, Toxicity Tests},\\n\\tpages = {213--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gee, J. R\",\"Moser, V. C\",\"McDanie, K. L\",\"Herr, D. W\"],\"key\":\"gee_neurochemical_2011\",\"id\":\"gee_neurochemical_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gee-moser-mcdanie-herr-neurochemicalchangesfollowingasingledoseofpolybrominateddiphenylether47inmice-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acetylcholine\",\"Acetylcholine: analysis\",\"Acetylcholine: metabolism\",\"Acute\",\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain Chemistry\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Cerebellum\",\"Cerebellum: chemistry\",\"Cerebellum: drug effects\",\"Cerebral Cortex\",\"Cerebral Cortex: chemistry\",\"Cerebral Cortex: drug effects\",\"Chromatography\",\"Corpus Striatum\",\"Corpus Striatum: chemistry\",\"Corpus Striatum: drug effects\",\"Dopamine\",\"Dopamine: analysis\",\"Dopamine: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Suckling\",\"Toxicity Tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products.\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mgkg(-1) burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7%drywt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg(-1) lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg(-1) lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10(-4)-10(-3), suggesting that polymer-PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect's movements and/or predation.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22071374\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gryllidae, Gryllidae: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Manufactured Materials, Molting, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Polyurethanes: metabolism, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"500–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gaylor_house_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products.},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mgkg(-1) burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7\\\\%drywt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg(-1) lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg(-1) lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10(-4)-10(-3), suggesting that polymer-PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect's movements and/or predation.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Gaylor, Michael O and Harvey, Ellen and Hale, Robert C},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22071374},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gryllidae, Gryllidae: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Manufactured Materials, Molting, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Polyurethanes: metabolism, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {500--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gaylor, M. O\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Hale, R. C\"],\"key\":\"gaylor_house_2012\",\"id\":\"gaylor_house_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gryllidae\",\"Gryllidae: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Manufactured Materials\",\"Molting\",\"Polyurethanes\",\"Polyurethanes: chemistry\",\"Polyurethanes: metabolism\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Soil Pollutants: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"No Title\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"number\":\"211\",\"journal\":\"Annales de chimie et de physique\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gay-Lussac\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"Louis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1821\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gay-lussac_no_1821,\\n\\ttitle = {No {Title}},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tnumber = {211},\\n\\tjournal = {Annales de chimie et de physique},\\n\\tauthor = {Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis},\\n\\tyear = {1821},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gay-Lussac, J. L.\"],\"key\":\"gay-lussac_no_1821\",\"id\":\"gay-lussac_no_1821\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gaylussac-notitle-1821\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.005\",\"abstract\":\"There are at present very few studies of the effects of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in consumer products, on neurodevelopment or thyroid hormone levels in humans. The present study aims to examine the association between pre and postnatal PBDE concentrations and neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels in children at age 4years and isolate the effects of PBDEs from those of PCBs, DDT, DDE and HCB. A prospective birth cohort in Menorca (Spain) enrolled 482 pregnant mothers between 1997 and 1998. At 4years, children were assessed for motor and cognitive function (McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities), attention-deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (ADHD-DSM-IV) and social competence (California Preschool Social Competence Scale). PBDE concentrations were measured in cord blood (N=88) and in serum of 4years olds (N=244). Among all congeners analyzed only PBDE 47 was quantified in a reasonable number of samples (LOQ=0.002ng/ml). Exposure to PBDE 47 was analyzed as a dichotomous variable: concentrations above the LOQ (exposed) and concentrations below (referents). Scores for cognitive and motor functions were always lower in children pre and postnatally exposed to PBDE47 than in referents, but none of these associations was statistically significant (β coefficient (95%CI) of the total cognition score: -2.7 (-7.0, 1.6) for postnatal exposure, and -1.4 (-9.2, 6.5) for prenatal exposure). Postnatal exposure to PBDE 47 was statistically significantly related to an increased risk of symptoms on the attention deficit subscale of ADHD symptoms (RR (95%CI)=1.8 (1.0, 3.2)) but not to hyperactivity symptoms. A statistically significant higher risk of poor social competence symptoms was observed as a consequence of postnatal PBDE 47 exposure (RR (95%CI)=2.6 (1.2, 5.9)). Adjustment for other organochlorine compounds did not influence the results. Levels of thyroid hormones were not associated to PBDE exposure. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of PBDE exposure not just prenatally but also during the early years of life. In the light of current evidence a precautionary approach towards PBDE exposure of both mothers and children seems warranted.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gascon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mireia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vrijheid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Forns\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grimalt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joan\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Torrent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maties\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sunyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jordi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21237513\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: epi, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth & development, Nervous System: metabolism, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Preschool, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"605–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gascon_effects_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.005},\\n\\tabstract = {There are at present very few studies of the effects of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in consumer products, on neurodevelopment or thyroid hormone levels in humans. The present study aims to examine the association between pre and postnatal PBDE concentrations and neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels in children at age 4years and isolate the effects of PBDEs from those of PCBs, DDT, DDE and HCB. A prospective birth cohort in Menorca (Spain) enrolled 482 pregnant mothers between 1997 and 1998. At 4years, children were assessed for motor and cognitive function (McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities), attention-deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (ADHD-DSM-IV) and social competence (California Preschool Social Competence Scale). PBDE concentrations were measured in cord blood (N=88) and in serum of 4years olds (N=244). Among all congeners analyzed only PBDE 47 was quantified in a reasonable number of samples (LOQ=0.002ng/ml). Exposure to PBDE 47 was analyzed as a dichotomous variable: concentrations above the LOQ (exposed) and concentrations below (referents). Scores for cognitive and motor functions were always lower in children pre and postnatally exposed to PBDE47 than in referents, but none of these associations was statistically significant (β coefficient (95\\\\%CI) of the total cognition score: -2.7 (-7.0, 1.6) for postnatal exposure, and -1.4 (-9.2, 6.5) for prenatal exposure). Postnatal exposure to PBDE 47 was statistically significantly related to an increased risk of symptoms on the attention deficit subscale of ADHD symptoms (RR (95\\\\%CI)=1.8 (1.0, 3.2)) but not to hyperactivity symptoms. A statistically significant higher risk of poor social competence symptoms was observed as a consequence of postnatal PBDE 47 exposure (RR (95\\\\%CI)=2.6 (1.2, 5.9)). Adjustment for other organochlorine compounds did not influence the results. Levels of thyroid hormones were not associated to PBDE exposure. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of PBDE exposure not just prenatally but also during the early years of life. In the light of current evidence a precautionary approach towards PBDE exposure of both mothers and children seems warranted.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Gascon, Mireia and Vrijheid, Martine and Martínez, David and Forns, Joan and Grimalt, Joan O and Torrent, Maties and Sunyer, Jordi},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21237513},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: epi, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \\\\& development, Nervous System: metabolism, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Preschool, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {605--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gascon, M.\",\"Vrijheid, M.\",\"Martínez, D.\",\"Forns, J.\",\"Grimalt, J. O\",\"Torrent, M.\",\"Sunyer, J.\"],\"key\":\"gascon_effects_2011\",\"id\":\"gascon_effects_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gascon-vrijheid-martnez-forns-grimalt-torrent-sunyer-effectsofpreandpostnatalexposuretolowlevelsofpolybromodiphenylethersonneurodevelopmentandthyroidhormonelevelsat4yearsofage-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity\",\"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: epi\",\"Child\",\"Child Behavior\",\"Child Behavior: drug effects\",\"Child Development\",\"Child Development: drug effects\",\"Cognition\",\"Cognition: drug effects\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Nervous System: growth & development\",\"Nervous System: metabolism\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology\",\"Preschool\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals\",\"isbn\":\"0-309-59232-1\",\"url\":\"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&ots=2b696_RNdx&sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"National Academy Press\",\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gardner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bailus\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{gardner_toxicological_2000,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicological {Risks} of {Selected} {Flame}-{Retardant} {Chemicals}},\\n\\tisbn = {0-309-59232-1},\\n\\turl = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&ots=2b696_RNdx&sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Academy Press},\\n\\teditor = {Gardner, Donald E and Walker Jr., Bailus},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"editor_short\":[\"Gardner, D. E\",\"Walker Jr., B.\"],\"key\":\"gardner_toxicological_2000\",\"id\":\"gardner_toxicological_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gardner-walkerjr-toxicologicalrisksofselectedflameretardantchemicals-2000\",\"role\":\"editor\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&ots=2b696_RNdx&sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines.\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072\",\"abstract\":\"This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC-UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0-300 μg L(-1) BDE-209 was good (R(2)=0.993). The % absolute recovery and the % RSD for n=8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57% and 19%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g(-1). All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103-4117 ng g(-1) with an average concentration of 2172 ng g(-1). The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fulong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cressa\",\"Ria\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Espino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Pythias\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"22921657\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Limit of Detection, Philippines, Universities\",\"pages\":\"42–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the {Philippines}.},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC-UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0-300 μg L(-1) BDE-209 was good (R(2)=0.993). The \\\\% absolute recovery and the \\\\% RSD for n=8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57\\\\% and 19\\\\%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g(-1). All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103-4117 ng g(-1) with an average concentration of 2172 ng g(-1). The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Fulong, Cressa Ria P and Espino, Maria Pythias B},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {22921657},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Limit of Detection, Philippines, Universities},\\n\\tpages = {42--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fulong, C. R. P\",\"Espino, M. P. B\"],\"key\":\"fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013\",\"id\":\"fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Philippines\",\"Universities\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impaired oligodendroglial development by decabromodiphenyl ether in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1873-1708\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.003\",\"abstract\":\"Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given diet containing decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) either at 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm from gestation day (GD) 10 until day 20 after delivery (PND 20). No significant alterations were observed in maternal and offspring reproductive parameters. At PND 20, serum triiodothyronine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (84.2% of the control value), and incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was increased in both sexes with significant difference in males at 1000 ppm. Diffuse liver cell hypertrophy accompanying increased relative liver weight and increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia of the renal proximal tubules were observed in both sexes with significant difference from 10 ppm in males and females, respectively. At postnatal week 11, serum thyroxine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (85.9% of the control value), and the incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was non-significantly increased from 10 ppm in males. There were reductions in the corpus callosum area and density of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the cingulate deep cortex in males from 100 ppm. Conversely, NeuN-immunoreactive neuronal distribution in the hippocampal CA1 was unchanged. This suggests that developmental DBDE-exposure caused irreversible white matter hypoplasia targeting oligodendrocytes from 100 ppm, accompanied with developmental hypothyroidism. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of DBDE was determined to be 10 ppm (0.7-2.4 mg/kg-body weight-d).\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hitoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gye-Hyeong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Inoue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaoru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miwa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nishikawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akiyoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shibutani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Makoto\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20851758\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animal Feed, Animals, Corpus Callosum, Corpus Callosum: drug effects, Corpus Callosum: embryology, Corpus Callosum: growth & development, Diet, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gyrus Cinguli, Gyrus Cinguli: drug effects, Gyrus Cinguli: embryology, Gyrus Cinguli: growth & development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Oligodendroglia, Oligodendroglia: drug effects, Oligodendroglia: physiology, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"pages\":\"86–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fujimoto_impaired_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Impaired oligodendroglial development by decabromodiphenyl ether in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1873-1708},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given diet containing decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) either at 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm from gestation day (GD) 10 until day 20 after delivery (PND 20). No significant alterations were observed in maternal and offspring reproductive parameters. At PND 20, serum triiodothyronine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (84.2\\\\% of the control value), and incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was increased in both sexes with significant difference in males at 1000 ppm. Diffuse liver cell hypertrophy accompanying increased relative liver weight and increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia of the renal proximal tubules were observed in both sexes with significant difference from 10 ppm in males and females, respectively. At postnatal week 11, serum thyroxine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (85.9\\\\% of the control value), and the incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was non-significantly increased from 10 ppm in males. There were reductions in the corpus callosum area and density of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the cingulate deep cortex in males from 100 ppm. Conversely, NeuN-immunoreactive neuronal distribution in the hippocampal CA1 was unchanged. This suggests that developmental DBDE-exposure caused irreversible white matter hypoplasia targeting oligodendrocytes from 100 ppm, accompanied with developmental hypothyroidism. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of DBDE was determined to be 10 ppm (0.7-2.4 mg/kg-body weight-d).},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)},\\n\\tauthor = {Fujimoto, Hitoshi and Woo, Gye-Hyeong and Inoue, Kaoru and Takahashi, Miwa and Hirose, Masao and Nishikawa, Akiyoshi and Shibutani, Makoto},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20851758},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal Feed, Animals, Corpus Callosum, Corpus Callosum: drug effects, Corpus Callosum: embryology, Corpus Callosum: growth \\\\& development, Diet, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gyrus Cinguli, Gyrus Cinguli: drug effects, Gyrus Cinguli: embryology, Gyrus Cinguli: growth \\\\& development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Oligodendroglia, Oligodendroglia: drug effects, Oligodendroglia: physiology, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\\n\\tpages = {86--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fujimoto, H.\",\"Woo, G.\",\"Inoue, K.\",\"Takahashi, M.\",\"Hirose, M.\",\"Nishikawa, A.\",\"Shibutani, M.\"],\"key\":\"fujimoto_impaired_2011\",\"id\":\"fujimoto_impaired_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fujimoto-woo-inoue-takahashi-hirose-nishikawa-shibutani-impairedoligodendroglialdevelopmentbydecabromodiphenyletherinratoffspringaftermaternalexposurefrommidgestationthroughlactation-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animal Feed\",\"Animals\",\"Corpus Callosum\",\"Corpus Callosum: drug effects\",\"Corpus Callosum: embryology\",\"Corpus Callosum: growth & development\",\"Diet\",\"Embryo\",\"Embryonic Development\",\"Embryonic Development: drug effects\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gyrus Cinguli\",\"Gyrus Cinguli: drug effects\",\"Gyrus Cinguli: embryology\",\"Gyrus Cinguli: growth & development\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lactation\",\"Lactation: drug effects\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: pathology\",\"Mammalian\",\"Mammalian: drug effects\",\"Mammalian: embryology\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Oligodendroglia\",\"Oligodendroglia: drug effects\",\"Oligodendroglia: physiology\",\"Oral\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from Japan.\",\"volume\":\"162\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022\",\"abstract\":\"This study focuses on the regional trends and possible sources of brominated organic contaminants accumulated in breast milk from mothers in southeastern (Okinawa) and northwestern (Hokkaido) areas of Japan. For persistent brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; major components, BDE-47 and BDE-153) were distributed at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (mean, 2.1 ng/g lipid), while hexabromobenzene (HeBB) and its metabolite 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene were more abundantly detected in mothers from Hokkaido (0.86 and 2.6 ng/g lipid), suggesting that there are regional differences in their exposure in Japan. We also detected naturally produced brominated compounds, one of which was identified as 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68) at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (0.39 ng/g lipid), while the other was identified as 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-dimethyl-1,1'-bipyrrole in mothers from Hokkaido (0.45 ng/g lipid). The regional variation may be caused by source differences, i.e. southern seafood for MeO-PBDEs and northern biota for halogenated bipyrroles in the Japanese coastal water.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujii\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kouji\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hitomi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshiaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koizumi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haraguchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22243874\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Japan, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"269–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fujii_regional_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {162},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022},\\n\\tabstract = {This study focuses on the regional trends and possible sources of brominated organic contaminants accumulated in breast milk from mothers in southeastern (Okinawa) and northwestern (Hokkaido) areas of Japan. For persistent brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; major components, BDE-47 and BDE-153) were distributed at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (mean, 2.1 ng/g lipid), while hexabromobenzene (HeBB) and its metabolite 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene were more abundantly detected in mothers from Hokkaido (0.86 and 2.6 ng/g lipid), suggesting that there are regional differences in their exposure in Japan. We also detected naturally produced brominated compounds, one of which was identified as 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68) at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (0.39 ng/g lipid), while the other was identified as 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-dimethyl-1,1'-bipyrrole in mothers from Hokkaido (0.45 ng/g lipid). The regional variation may be caused by source differences, i.e. southern seafood for MeO-PBDEs and northern biota for halogenated bipyrroles in the Japanese coastal water.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Fujii, Yukiko and Ito, Yoshiko and Harada, Kouji H and Hitomi, Toshiaki and Koizumi, Akio and Haraguchi, Koichi},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22243874},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Japan, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {269--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fujii, Y.\",\"Ito, Y.\",\"Harada, K. H\",\"Hitomi, T.\",\"Koizumi, A.\",\"Haraguchi, K.\"],\"key\":\"fujii_regional_2012\",\"id\":\"fujii_regional_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fujii-ito-harada-hitomi-koizumi-haraguchi-regionalvariationandpossiblesourcesofbrominatedcontaminantsinbreastmilkfromjapan-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Japan\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Milk\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in bird eggs from the Yellow River Delta, North China.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of several persistent organohalogen compounds such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153) were measured in eggs of six species of wild aquatic birds, one species of wild terrestrial bird, and two species of captive birds from North China. Among the contaminants measured, DDTs were the dominant compounds, HCHs and PCBs were in nearly the same concentration range, and PBDEs exhibited lower concentrations than other compound groups. The median concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, PCBs, and PBDEs in all avian species ranged from 21 to 11034, 5.5 to 623, 1.0 to 613, and 4.6 to 146 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Median concentrations of DBDPE and PBB 153 in all avian species were in the range of not detectable (ND)-1.7 and ND-0.7 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Significant differences among species in contaminant profiles and contaminant levels were found depending on their feeding habits, habitat, and migration. The captive birds had the lowest contaminant levels and entirely different congener profiles in PCBs and PBDEs from those of wild birds, which can be attributed to differences in dietary compositions and reproduction rates. Octa- to deca-BDEs contributed more to the total PBDEs in wild terrestrial and captive birds than in wild aquatic birds, except for one insectivorous species, possibly due to greater exposure to terrestrial food sources. Preliminary risk assessment suggests that there is no risk of a reduction in offspring survival in avian species from North China due to organohalogen compounds, except for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), which would be expected to affect some proportion of the populations of several species of birds studied.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhi-Feng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xin-Ming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19806727\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Lindane, Lindane: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Risk Assessment, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"6956–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gao_brominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in bird eggs from the {Yellow} {River} {Delta}, {North} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of several persistent organohalogen compounds such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153) were measured in eggs of six species of wild aquatic birds, one species of wild terrestrial bird, and two species of captive birds from North China. Among the contaminants measured, DDTs were the dominant compounds, HCHs and PCBs were in nearly the same concentration range, and PBDEs exhibited lower concentrations than other compound groups. The median concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, PCBs, and PBDEs in all avian species ranged from 21 to 11034, 5.5 to 623, 1.0 to 613, and 4.6 to 146 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Median concentrations of DBDPE and PBB 153 in all avian species were in the range of not detectable (ND)-1.7 and ND-0.7 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Significant differences among species in contaminant profiles and contaminant levels were found depending on their feeding habits, habitat, and migration. The captive birds had the lowest contaminant levels and entirely different congener profiles in PCBs and PBDEs from those of wild birds, which can be attributed to differences in dietary compositions and reproduction rates. Octa- to deca-BDEs contributed more to the total PBDEs in wild terrestrial and captive birds than in wild aquatic birds, except for one insectivorous species, possibly due to greater exposure to terrestrial food sources. Preliminary risk assessment suggests that there is no risk of a reduction in offspring survival in avian species from North China due to organohalogen compounds, except for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), which would be expected to affect some proportion of the populations of several species of birds studied.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Gao, Fan and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yang, Zhi-Feng and Wang, Xin-Ming and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19806727},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Lindane, Lindane: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Risk Assessment, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {6956--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gao, F.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Yang, Z.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"gao_brominated_2009\",\"id\":\"gao_brominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gao-luo-yang-wang-mai-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbirdeggsfromtheyellowriverdeltanorthchina-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"China\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: analysis\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Lindane\",\"Lindane: analysis\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Species Specificity\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fire conditions for smoke toxicity measurement\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306\",\"abstract\":\"This paper identifies those fire conditions most often present when smoke toxicity is the cause of death. It begins with a review of the evidence that smoke-inhalation deaths are in the majority in fire fatalities in the United States. Next, there is an analysis of the evidence from the national fire experience showing the connection between post-flashover fires and smoke-inhalation deaths. Third is a presentation of real-scale fire test results demonstrating that post-flashover conditions are necessary to produce enough smoke to cause smoke-inhalation deaths in the cases where they actually occur. The fourth component is a sampling of results from computer simulations of fires, affirming and broadening the results from the fire tests. It is concluded that smoke-inhalation deaths occur predominantly after fires have progressed beyond flashover. This conclusion then provides a focus for smoke toxicity measurement in particular and fire hazard mitigation in general.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Fire and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peacock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"1994\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"193–199\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gann_fire_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire conditions for smoke toxicity measurement},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper identifies those fire conditions most often present when smoke toxicity is the cause of death. It begins with a review of the evidence that smoke-inhalation deaths are in the majority in fire fatalities in the United States. Next, there is an analysis of the evidence from the national fire experience showing the connection between post-flashover fires and smoke-inhalation deaths. Third is a presentation of real-scale fire test results demonstrating that post-flashover conditions are necessary to produce enough smoke to cause smoke-inhalation deaths in the cases where they actually occur. The fourth component is a sampling of results from computer simulations of fires, affirming and broadening the results from the fire tests. It is concluded that smoke-inhalation deaths occur predominantly after fires have progressed beyond flashover. This conclusion then provides a focus for smoke toxicity measurement in particular and fire hazard mitigation in general.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Gann, Richard G and Babrauskas, Vytenis and Peacock, Richard D and Hall Jr., John R},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {193--199},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gann, R. G\",\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Peacock, R. D\",\"Hall Jr., J. R\"],\"key\":\"gann_fire_1994\",\"id\":\"gann_fire_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gann-babrauskas-peacock-halljr-fireconditionsforsmoketoxicitymeasurement-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.1736\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10⁻⁹, 7.47 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 2.33 × 10⁻⁹ Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suuberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Thermodynamics, Vapor Pressure\",\"pages\":\"574–578\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fu_vapor_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the {Knudsen} effusion method.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1736},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10⁻⁹, 7.47 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 2.33 × 10⁻⁹ Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Fu, Jinxia and Suuberg, Eric M},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Thermodynamics, Vapor Pressure},\\n\\tpages = {574--578},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fu, J.\",\"Suuberg, E. M\"],\"key\":\"fu_vapor_2012\",\"id\":\"fu_vapor_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fu-suuberg-vaporpressureofthreebrominatedflameretardantsdeterminedbyusingtheknudseneffusionmethod-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Thermodynamics\",\"Vapor Pressure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in serum and blubber of harbor, grey and harp seal pups from Eastern Canada.\",\"volume\":\"82\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.007\",\"abstract\":\"Serum and blubber of pup harbor (Phoca vitulina), grey (Halichoerus grypus) and harp (Phoca groenlandica) seals from the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of ∑PBDEs (on lipid weight basis) in tissues of harbor seal pups inhabiting the St. Lawrence Estuary were about five times higher than in those from a colony located in the northern Gulf. Harp seal pups have the lowest levels of ∑PBDEs among the seal species born in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lipid normalized concentrations of ∑PBDEs in serum and blubber were strongly correlated, suggesting that the blood collection as a less invasive method could be used to monitor ∑PBDEs in pups. This study shows that fluvial inputs of PBDEs are important to the St. Lawrence marine ecosystem and that inhabiting harbor seal pups have a substantial exposure to PBDEs at a critical developmental stage. In addition, the observed difference in PBDE levels between harp and grey or harbor seal pups from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is explained by the difference in diets of their mothers which is linked with their residency time in the Gulf and their seasonal migration pattern.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frouin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Héloïse\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lebeuf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hammill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Becky\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fournier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21112068\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"663–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{frouin_pbdes_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in serum and blubber of harbor, grey and harp seal pups from {Eastern} {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {82},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.007},\\n\\tabstract = {Serum and blubber of pup harbor (Phoca vitulina), grey (Halichoerus grypus) and harp (Phoca groenlandica) seals from the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of ∑PBDEs (on lipid weight basis) in tissues of harbor seal pups inhabiting the St. Lawrence Estuary were about five times higher than in those from a colony located in the northern Gulf. Harp seal pups have the lowest levels of ∑PBDEs among the seal species born in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lipid normalized concentrations of ∑PBDEs in serum and blubber were strongly correlated, suggesting that the blood collection as a less invasive method could be used to monitor ∑PBDEs in pups. This study shows that fluvial inputs of PBDEs are important to the St. Lawrence marine ecosystem and that inhabiting harbor seal pups have a substantial exposure to PBDEs at a critical developmental stage. In addition, the observed difference in PBDE levels between harp and grey or harbor seal pups from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is explained by the difference in diets of their mothers which is linked with their residency time in the Gulf and their seasonal migration pattern.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Frouin, Héloïse and Lebeuf, Michel and Hammill, Mike and Sjare, Becky and Fournier, Michel},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21112068},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {663--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Frouin, H.\",\"Lebeuf, M.\",\"Hammill, M.\",\"Sjare, B.\",\"Fournier, M.\"],\"key\":\"frouin_pbdes_2011\",\"id\":\"frouin_pbdes_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"frouin-lebeuf-hammill-sjare-fournier-pbdesinserumandblubberofharborgreyandharpsealpupsfromeasterncanada-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs–a review of levels and sources.\",\"volume\":\"212\",\"issn\":\"1618-131X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005\",\"abstract\":\"This paper reviews the existing literature on human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), with particular focus on external exposure routes (e.g. dust, diet, and air) and the resulting internal exposure to PBDEs (e.g. breast milk and blood). Being lipophilic and persistent organic compounds, PBDEs accumulate in lipid-rich tissues. Consequently, food items like fish from high trophic levels or lipid-rich oils have been found to contain relatively high concentrations of PBDEs, thus presenting an important exposure pathway to humans. The presence of PBDEs in various products of everyday use may lead to some additional exposure in the home environment. Dust seem to be an aggregate of the indoor source, and the ingestion of dust conveys the highest intake of BDE-209 of all sources, possibly also of other PBDE congeners. The PBDE exposure through dust is significant for toddlers who ingest more dust than adults. Infants are also exposed to PBDEs via breast milk. Internal human exposure has generally been found to be one order of magnitude larger in North America than in Europe and Asia. These differences cannot solely be explained by the dietary intake as meat products are the only food group where some differences has been observed. However, indoor air and dust concentrations have been found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher in North America than in Europe, possibly a result of different fire safety standards. Within Europe, higher PBDE concentrations in dust were found in the UK than in continental Europe. Recent studies have shown that BDE-209 also accumulates in humans. A shift in congener composition from maternal to umbilical cord blood has been observed in several cases. A shift has also been observed for BDE-209, which is present in larger ratios in umbilical cord blood and in particular in placenta than in maternal blood.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"International journal of hygiene and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frederiksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marianne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knudsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisbeth\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"18554980\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Diet, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, ffr, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"109–34\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{frederiksen_human_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Human internal and external exposure to {PBDEs}–a review of levels and sources.},\\n\\tvolume = {212},\\n\\tissn = {1618-131X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper reviews the existing literature on human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), with particular focus on external exposure routes (e.g. dust, diet, and air) and the resulting internal exposure to PBDEs (e.g. breast milk and blood). Being lipophilic and persistent organic compounds, PBDEs accumulate in lipid-rich tissues. Consequently, food items like fish from high trophic levels or lipid-rich oils have been found to contain relatively high concentrations of PBDEs, thus presenting an important exposure pathway to humans. The presence of PBDEs in various products of everyday use may lead to some additional exposure in the home environment. Dust seem to be an aggregate of the indoor source, and the ingestion of dust conveys the highest intake of BDE-209 of all sources, possibly also of other PBDE congeners. The PBDE exposure through dust is significant for toddlers who ingest more dust than adults. Infants are also exposed to PBDEs via breast milk. Internal human exposure has generally been found to be one order of magnitude larger in North America than in Europe and Asia. These differences cannot solely be explained by the dietary intake as meat products are the only food group where some differences has been observed. However, indoor air and dust concentrations have been found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher in North America than in Europe, possibly a result of different fire safety standards. Within Europe, higher PBDE concentrations in dust were found in the UK than in continental Europe. Recent studies have shown that BDE-209 also accumulates in humans. A shift in congener composition from maternal to umbilical cord blood has been observed in several cases. A shift has also been observed for BDE-209, which is present in larger ratios in umbilical cord blood and in particular in placenta than in maternal blood.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {18554980},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Diet, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, ffr, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {109--34},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Frederiksen, M.\",\"Vorkamp, K.\",\"Thomsen, M.\",\"Knudsen, L. E\"],\"key\":\"frederiksen_human_2009\",\"id\":\"frederiksen_human_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"frederiksen-vorkamp-thomsen-knudsen-humaninternalandexternalexposuretopbdesareviewoflevelsandsources-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Air Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Diet\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Milk\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a Danish cohort.\",\"volume\":\"213\",\"issn\":\"1618-131X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.008\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in particular the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been used in consumer products for many years to increase fire resistance. Recently, developmental neurotoxicity at very low levels has increased the concern about these compounds. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the maternal and fetal exposure to PBDEs on the basis of maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples and to study the extent of placental transfer for different PBDE congeners. The findings were also compared with previously observed PBDE levels and patterns determined in placental tissue from the same individuals, and the relationship with the external exposure from house dust from the participants' homes was explored. Samples of maternal and umbilical cord plasma from a cohort of 51 pregnant women from the Copenhagen area were collected. Paired maternal and umbilical cord plasma were analysed for BDE-28, 37, 47, 85, 99, 100, 119, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209 and the brominated biphenyl BB-153 using automated SPE extraction and GC-HRMS for the tri- to hepta-BDEs and GC-LRMS (ECNI) for BDE-209. PBDEs were detected in all maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples. The sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs (SigmaPBDE) in maternal plasma varied between 640 and 51,946 pg/g lipid weight (lw) with a median level of 1765 pg/g lw. In the umbilical cord samples SigmaPBDE varied between 213 and 54,346 pg/g lw with a median of 958 pg/g lw. The levels observed in fetal and maternal plasma were highly correlated, but the placental transport of PBDE congeners was found to decrease with increasing diphenyl ether bromination. Maternal concentrations were significantly correlated (p\\\\textless0.05) for most congeners with the previously determined concentrations in placental tissue from the same individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations (p\\\\textless0.05) were found for BDE-28, 47, 100, 209 and SigmaPBDE in maternal plasma and house dust as well as for SigmaPBDE in umbilical cord plasma and house dust. The positive correlations for PBDEs for both maternal and umbilical cord plasma with house dust showed that domestic house dust is a significant source of human exposure to PBDEs in Denmark including in utero exposure.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"International journal of hygiene and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frederiksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cathrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frøshaug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"May\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marianne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knudsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisbeth\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20471317\",\"keywords\":\"Cohort Studies, Denmark, Dust, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy\",\"pages\":\"233–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{frederiksen_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a {Danish} cohort.},\\n\\tvolume = {213},\\n\\tissn = {1618-131X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in particular the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been used in consumer products for many years to increase fire resistance. Recently, developmental neurotoxicity at very low levels has increased the concern about these compounds. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the maternal and fetal exposure to PBDEs on the basis of maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples and to study the extent of placental transfer for different PBDE congeners. The findings were also compared with previously observed PBDE levels and patterns determined in placental tissue from the same individuals, and the relationship with the external exposure from house dust from the participants' homes was explored. Samples of maternal and umbilical cord plasma from a cohort of 51 pregnant women from the Copenhagen area were collected. Paired maternal and umbilical cord plasma were analysed for BDE-28, 37, 47, 85, 99, 100, 119, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209 and the brominated biphenyl BB-153 using automated SPE extraction and GC-HRMS for the tri- to hepta-BDEs and GC-LRMS (ECNI) for BDE-209. PBDEs were detected in all maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples. The sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs (SigmaPBDE) in maternal plasma varied between 640 and 51,946 pg/g lipid weight (lw) with a median level of 1765 pg/g lw. In the umbilical cord samples SigmaPBDE varied between 213 and 54,346 pg/g lw with a median of 958 pg/g lw. The levels observed in fetal and maternal plasma were highly correlated, but the placental transport of PBDE congeners was found to decrease with increasing diphenyl ether bromination. Maternal concentrations were significantly correlated (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) for most congeners with the previously determined concentrations in placental tissue from the same individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) were found for BDE-28, 47, 100, 209 and SigmaPBDE in maternal plasma and house dust as well as for SigmaPBDE in umbilical cord plasma and house dust. The positive correlations for PBDEs for both maternal and umbilical cord plasma with house dust showed that domestic house dust is a significant source of human exposure to PBDEs in Denmark including in utero exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Thomsen, Cathrine and Frøshaug, May and Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Becher, Georg and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20471317},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cohort Studies, Denmark, Dust, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy},\\n\\tpages = {233--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Frederiksen, M.\",\"Thomsen, C.\",\"Frøshaug, M.\",\"Vorkamp, K.\",\"Thomsen, M.\",\"Becher, G.\",\"Knudsen, L. E\"],\"key\":\"frederiksen_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"frederiksen_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"frederiksen-thomsen-frshaug-vorkamp-thomsen-becher-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedsamplesofmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodplasmaandassociationswithhousedustinadanishcohort-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cohort Studies\",\"Denmark\",\"Dust\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Pregnancy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pollution of soils with organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c1em10538h\",\"abstract\":\"The detection of the three organophosphate esters TCEP, TCPP and TBEP in soil samples indicates that pollution of soils from diffuse atmospheric sources has to be considered in risk assessments.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fries\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mihajlović\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ivana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21869985\",\"keywords\":\"Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Risk Assessment, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"2692–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fries_pollution_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Pollution of soils with organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10538h},\\n\\tabstract = {The detection of the three organophosphate esters TCEP, TCPP and TBEP in soil samples indicates that pollution of soils from diffuse atmospheric sources has to be considered in risk assessments.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Fries, Elke and Mihajlović, Ivana},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21869985},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Risk Assessment, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {2692--4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fries, E.\",\"Mihajlović, I.\"],\"key\":\"fries_pollution_2011\",\"id\":\"fries_pollution_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fries-mihajlovi-pollutionofsoilswithorganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizers-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985\"},\"keyword\":[\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: analysis\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Placental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study.\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"1476-069X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-9-32\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis, which can result in irreversible damage of cognitive performance, motor skills and altered behaviour. Thus, in utero exposure is of very high concern due to critical windows in fetal development.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frederiksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mathiesen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Line\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knudsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisbeth\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20598165\",\"keywords\":\"Antipyrine, Antipyrine: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Perfusion, Placenta, Placenta: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy\",\"pages\":\"32\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{frederiksen_placental_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Placental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers {BDE}-47, {BDE}-99 and {BDE}-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study.},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {1476-069X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-9-32},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis, which can result in irreversible damage of cognitive performance, motor skills and altered behaviour. Thus, in utero exposure is of very high concern due to critical windows in fetal development.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Vorkamp, Katrin and Mathiesen, Line and Mose, Tina and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20598165},\\n\\tkeywords = {Antipyrine, Antipyrine: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Perfusion, Placenta, Placenta: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy},\\n\\tpages = {32},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Frederiksen, M.\",\"Vorkamp, K.\",\"Mathiesen, L.\",\"Mose, T.\",\"Knudsen, L. E\"],\"key\":\"frederiksen_placental_2010\",\"id\":\"frederiksen_placental_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"frederiksen-vorkamp-mathiesen-mose-knudsen-placentaltransferofthepolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47bde99andbde209inahumanplacentaperfusionsystemanexperimentalstudy-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Antipyrine\",\"Antipyrine: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Perfusion\",\"Placenta\",\"Placenta: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Pregnancy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An investigation of homes with high concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and/or dioxin-like PCBs in house dust.\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"1545-9632\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15459620802694975\",\"abstract\":\"As part of the University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study, the 29 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls that have World Health Organization consensus toxic equivalency factors were measured in house dust from 764 homes using a population-based sampling design over selected regions in five Michigan counties. Twenty homes had a total toxic equivalency in house dust that was more than 2.5 standard deviations above the mean (i.e., defined to be outliers). This follow-up investigation describes the outlier house dust measurements and corresponding soil measurements and explores possible sources of these toxins in house dust. The congener distributions in the house dust outliers varied and were dominated (i.e., \\\\textgreater50% of the total toxic equivalency) by either polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (n = 9), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (n = 1), or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 9). Likely sources of contamination of house dust were identified in only three cases. In two cases, dust contamination appeared to be related to contaminated soil adjacent to the home; in one case, contamination was related to a source within the home (a carpet pad). In most cases, the source(s) of contamination of house dust could not be identified but appeared likely to be related to uncharacterized sources within the homes.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Franzblau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alfred\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zwica\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knutson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qixuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shih-Yuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Biling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adriaems\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Demond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Avery\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garabrant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gillespie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lepkowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luksemburg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Towey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19152164\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood\",\"pages\":\"188–99\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{franzblau_investigation_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {An investigation of homes with high concentrations of {PCDDs}, {PCDFs}, and/or dioxin-like {PCBs} in house dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {1545-9632},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15459620802694975},\\n\\tabstract = {As part of the University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study, the 29 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls that have World Health Organization consensus toxic equivalency factors were measured in house dust from 764 homes using a population-based sampling design over selected regions in five Michigan counties. Twenty homes had a total toxic equivalency in house dust that was more than 2.5 standard deviations above the mean (i.e., defined to be outliers). This follow-up investigation describes the outlier house dust measurements and corresponding soil measurements and explores possible sources of these toxins in house dust. The congener distributions in the house dust outliers varied and were dominated (i.e., {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater50\\\\% of the total toxic equivalency) by either polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (n = 9), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (n = 1), or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 9). Likely sources of contamination of house dust were identified in only three cases. In two cases, dust contamination appeared to be related to contaminated soil adjacent to the home; in one case, contamination was related to a source within the home (a carpet pad). In most cases, the source(s) of contamination of house dust could not be identified but appeared likely to be related to uncharacterized sources within the homes.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene},\\n\\tauthor = {Franzblau, Alfred and Zwica, Lynn and Knutson, Kristine and Chen, Qixuan and Lee, Shih-Yuan and Hong, Biling and Adriaems, Peter and Demond, Avery and Garabrant, David and Gillespie, Brenda and Lepkowski, James and Luksemburg, William and Maier, Martha and Towey, Tim},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19152164},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood},\\n\\tpages = {188--99},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Franzblau, A.\",\"Zwica, L.\",\"Knutson, K.\",\"Chen, Q.\",\"Lee, S.\",\"Hong, B.\",\"Adriaems, P.\",\"Demond, A.\",\"Garabrant, D.\",\"Gillespie, B.\",\"Lepkowski, J.\",\"Luksemburg, W.\",\"Maier, M.\",\"Towey, T.\"],\"key\":\"franzblau_investigation_2009\",\"id\":\"franzblau_investigation_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"franzblau-zwica-knutson-chen-lee-hong-adriaems-demond-etal-aninvestigationofhomeswithhighconcentrationsofpcddspcdfsandordioxinlikepcbsinhousedust-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Benzofurans: blood\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dioxins: blood\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1±0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean=26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM=56.0 ng g(-1) lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p\\\\textless0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β=-49.860, p=0.032, and β=-3.645, p=0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β=-3.951 and p=0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Foster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Warren\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gregorovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Atkinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephanie\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubwabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cariton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stewart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koon\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21663933\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Birth Weight, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Newborn, Ontario, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Complications: epidemiology, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"1301–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{foster_human_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1±0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean=26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM=56.0 ng g(-1) lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β=-49.860, p=0.032, and β=-3.645, p=0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β=-3.951 and p=0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Foster, Warren G and Gregorovich, Sandra and Morrison, Katherine M and Atkinson, Stephanie A and Kubwabo, Cariton and Stewart, Brian and Teo, Koon},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21663933},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Birth Weight, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Newborn, Ontario, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Complications: epidemiology, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {1301--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Foster, W. G\",\"Gregorovich, S.\",\"Morrison, K. M\",\"Atkinson, S. A\",\"Kubwabo, C.\",\"Stewart, B.\",\"Teo, K.\"],\"key\":\"foster_human_2011\",\"id\":\"foster_human_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Birth Weight\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Newborn\",\"Ontario\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Complications\",\"Pregnancy Complications: epidemiology\",\"Pregnancy Outcome\",\"Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Norwood, MA\",\"title\":\"Foamed Polystyrene for Construction (Data Sheet 1-58)\",\"publisher\":\"Factory Mutual\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"FM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1974\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{fm_foamed_1974,\\n\\taddress = {Norwood, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Foamed {Polystyrene} for {Construction} ({Data} {Sheet} 1-58)},\\n\\tpublisher = {Factory Mutual},\\n\\tauthor = {{FM}},\\n\\tyear = {1974},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"FM\"],\"key\":\"fm_foamed_1974\",\"id\":\"fm_foamed_1974\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158-1974\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"U.S. structure fires in non-residential properties\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf\",\"number\":\"October\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Flynn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{flynn_u.s._2009,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {U.{S}. structure fires in non-residential properties},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {October},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Flynn, Jennifer D},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Flynn, J. D\"],\"key\":\"flynn_u.s._2009\",\"id\":\"flynn_u.s._2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"flynn-usstructurefiresinnonresidentialproperties-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Energy recovery in the sustainable recycling of plastics from end-of-life electrical and electronic products.\",\"url\":\"http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fisher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kingsbury\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vehlow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamawaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"83–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fisher_energy_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Energy recovery in the sustainable recycling of plastics from end-of-life electrical and electronic products.},\\n\\turl = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748},\\n\\tauthor = {Fisher, M. M. and Mark, F. E. and Kingsbury, T. and Vehlow, J. and Yamawaki, T.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {83--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fisher, M. M.\",\"Mark, F. E.\",\"Kingsbury, T.\",\"Vehlow, J.\",\"Yamawaki, T.\"],\"key\":\"fisher_energy_2005\",\"id\":\"fisher_energy_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fisher-mark-kingsbury-vehlow-yamawaki-energyrecoveryinthesustainablerecyclingofplasticsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicproducts-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. The epidemiology of tobacco use.\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962\",\"abstract\":\"Cigarette smoking, an uncommon behavior in 1900, increased at an epidemic pace throughout this century, peaking in 1964 when more than 40% of all adult Americans smoked. Since that time, smoking has decreased at a slow but steady rate, falling to about 28% of all adults or 49 million smokers by 1988. Each year, approximately 435,000 Americans, or one of every five deaths, will result from smoking. If current trends continue, 22% of Americans (43 million people) will still be smoking in the year 2000. Women, blacks, and poorly educated Americans will be smoking at a disproportionately high rate.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"The Medical clinics of North America\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1992\",\"keywords\":\"Age Factors, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Humans, Plants, Sex Factors, Smokeless, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Smoking Cessation: statistics & numerical data, Smoking: epidemiology, Smoking: ethnology, Smoking: trends, Tobacco, Toxic, United States\",\"pages\":\"289–303\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fiore_trends_1992,\\n\\ttitle = {Trends in cigarette smoking in the {United} {States}. {The} epidemiology of tobacco use.},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962},\\n\\tabstract = {Cigarette smoking, an uncommon behavior in 1900, increased at an epidemic pace throughout this century, peaking in 1964 when more than 40\\\\% of all adult Americans smoked. Since that time, smoking has decreased at a slow but steady rate, falling to about 28\\\\% of all adults or 49 million smokers by 1988. Each year, approximately 435,000 Americans, or one of every five deaths, will result from smoking. If current trends continue, 22\\\\% of Americans (43 million people) will still be smoking in the year 2000. Women, blacks, and poorly educated Americans will be smoking at a disproportionately high rate.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {The Medical clinics of North America},\\n\\tauthor = {Fiore, M C},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1992},\\n\\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Humans, Plants, Sex Factors, Smokeless, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Smoking Cessation: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Smoking: epidemiology, Smoking: ethnology, Smoking: trends, Tobacco, Toxic, United States},\\n\\tpages = {289--303},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fiore, M C\"],\"key\":\"fiore_trends_1992\",\"id\":\"fiore_trends_1992\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fiore-trendsincigarettesmokingintheunitedstatestheepidemiologyoftobaccouse-1992\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962\"},\"keyword\":[\"Age Factors\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Health Surveys\",\"Humans\",\"Plants\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Smokeless\",\"Smoking\",\"Smoking Cessation\",\"Smoking Cessation: statistics & numerical data\",\"Smoking: epidemiology\",\"Smoking: ethnology\",\"Smoking: trends\",\"Tobacco\",\"Toxic\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): changes in thyroid, vitamin A, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in American kestrels (Falco sparverius).\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfi295\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of additive flame retardants, are temporally increasing in wildlife tissues and capable of disrupting normal endocrine function. We determined whether in ovo and post-hatch exposure of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to environmentally relevant PBDEs alter thyroid, retinol, and oxidative stress measures. Control eggs were injected with safflower oil and subsequent nestlings fed the same vehicle; dosed eggs received PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153), which mainly comprise the Penta-BDE commercial mixture, dissolved in safflower oil at concentrations (1500 ng/g total [Sigma] PBDEs) approximating those in Great Lakes gull eggs. Nestlings hatching from dosed eggs were orally exposed for 29 days to variable SigmaPBDE concentrations that are similar to levels reported in tissues of Great Lakes trout (100 ng/g). Treatment kestrels had lower plasma thyroxine (T(4)), plasma retinol, and hepatic retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations, but unaltered triiodothyronine (T(3)) concentrations and thyroid glandular structure. BDE-47, -100, and -99 were negatively associated with plasma T(4), plasma retinol (BDE-100, -99) and hepatic retinol (BDE-47). Despite an antioxidant-rich diet, PBDE exposure induced hepatic oxidative stress, particularly in females, with an increased hepatic GSSG:GSH ratio, a marginal increase in lipid peroxidation, and increased oxidized glutathione. Positive associations were found between concentrations of BDE-183 and thiols and, in males, between BDE-99 and reduced GSH, but a negative association occurred between BDE-99 and TBARS. Subsequently, concentrations of PBDE congeners in wild birds may alter thyroid hormone and vitamin A concentrations, glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shutt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"Laird\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mayne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drouillard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ken\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ritchie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"16120752\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Male, Newborn, Newborn: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: metabolism, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"375–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernie_exposure_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}): changes in thyroid, vitamin {A}, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius).},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfi295},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of additive flame retardants, are temporally increasing in wildlife tissues and capable of disrupting normal endocrine function. We determined whether in ovo and post-hatch exposure of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to environmentally relevant PBDEs alter thyroid, retinol, and oxidative stress measures. Control eggs were injected with safflower oil and subsequent nestlings fed the same vehicle; dosed eggs received PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153), which mainly comprise the Penta-BDE commercial mixture, dissolved in safflower oil at concentrations (1500 ng/g total [Sigma] PBDEs) approximating those in Great Lakes gull eggs. Nestlings hatching from dosed eggs were orally exposed for 29 days to variable SigmaPBDE concentrations that are similar to levels reported in tissues of Great Lakes trout (100 ng/g). Treatment kestrels had lower plasma thyroxine (T(4)), plasma retinol, and hepatic retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations, but unaltered triiodothyronine (T(3)) concentrations and thyroid glandular structure. BDE-47, -100, and -99 were negatively associated with plasma T(4), plasma retinol (BDE-100, -99) and hepatic retinol (BDE-47). Despite an antioxidant-rich diet, PBDE exposure induced hepatic oxidative stress, particularly in females, with an increased hepatic GSSG:GSH ratio, a marginal increase in lipid peroxidation, and increased oxidized glutathione. Positive associations were found between concentrations of BDE-183 and thiols and, in males, between BDE-99 and reduced GSH, but a negative association occurred between BDE-99 and TBARS. Subsequently, concentrations of PBDE congeners in wild birds may alter thyroid hormone and vitamin A concentrations, glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, J Laird and Mayne, Greg and Hoffman, David and Letcher, Robert J and Drouillard, Ken G and Ritchie, Ian J},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {16120752},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Male, Newborn, Newborn: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: metabolism, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {375--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernie, K. J\",\"Shutt, J L.\",\"Mayne, G.\",\"Hoffman, D.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Drouillard, K. G\",\"Ritchie, I. J\"],\"key\":\"fernie_exposure_2005\",\"id\":\"fernie_exposure_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernie-shutt-mayne-hoffman-letcher-drouillard-ritchie-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeschangesinthyroidvitaminaglutathionehomeostasisandoxidativestressinamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione\",\"Glutathione: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Homeostasis\",\"Homeostasis: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Newborn\",\"Newborn: metabolism\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: drug effects\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"Vitamin A\",\"Vitamin A: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"111\",\"issn\":\"1471-4159\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06427.x\",\"abstract\":\"Many toxic substances have been distributed to the environment, some of which have properties that promote accumulation and biomagnification in living organisms. Approximately 1.2 million metric tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been produced and about 30% have been discharged to the environment. Approximately 200 000 metric tons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are produced annually, of which considerable amounts have been spread globally, even to the Polar Regions. Behavioral testing of animals has shown that these compounds may affect learning, memory and fine motor functions. Animals are most sensitive during early development. Several epidemiological studies have shown that PCBs and BFRs may be responsible for similar effects in humans. Of especially concern are possible effects of PCBs and BFRs in mixtures containing the highly neurotoxic methyl mercury. The compounds affect several targets in the nervous system that seem to be interconnected, and may be responsible for the observed behavioral deficits. It was shown early that PCBs affect dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Later studies showed that transport mechanisms of these neurotransmitters appear to be particularly sensitive to PCBs. Furthermore, PCBs affect intracellular calcium levels and induce formation of reactive oxygen species both in vivo and in vitro, and reduce cell viability in vitro. Neuroendocrine functions, particularly the thyroid hormone system, are also sensitive to disruption by PCBs and BFRs. Their metabolites, such as hydroxy-metabolites, appear to be particularly potent. We conclude that PCBs are particularly toxic during early development and that the toxic effects are a combination of several factors, including disturbance of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and influence on neurotransmitter transport. Monoaminergic cells appear to be particularly vulnerable.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Journal of neurochemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fonnum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frode\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mariussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Espen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19818104\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biological, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: poisoning, Calcium, Calcium: metabolism, Ecotoxicology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Humans, Models, Neuronal Plasticity, Neuronal Plasticity: drug effects, Neuronal Plasticity: physiology, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: pathology, Poisoning: physiopathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning\",\"pages\":\"1327–47\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fonnum_mechanisms_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {111},\\n\\tissn = {1471-4159},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06427.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Many toxic substances have been distributed to the environment, some of which have properties that promote accumulation and biomagnification in living organisms. Approximately 1.2 million metric tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been produced and about 30\\\\% have been discharged to the environment. Approximately 200 000 metric tons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are produced annually, of which considerable amounts have been spread globally, even to the Polar Regions. Behavioral testing of animals has shown that these compounds may affect learning, memory and fine motor functions. Animals are most sensitive during early development. Several epidemiological studies have shown that PCBs and BFRs may be responsible for similar effects in humans. Of especially concern are possible effects of PCBs and BFRs in mixtures containing the highly neurotoxic methyl mercury. The compounds affect several targets in the nervous system that seem to be interconnected, and may be responsible for the observed behavioral deficits. It was shown early that PCBs affect dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Later studies showed that transport mechanisms of these neurotransmitters appear to be particularly sensitive to PCBs. Furthermore, PCBs affect intracellular calcium levels and induce formation of reactive oxygen species both in vivo and in vitro, and reduce cell viability in vitro. Neuroendocrine functions, particularly the thyroid hormone system, are also sensitive to disruption by PCBs and BFRs. Their metabolites, such as hydroxy-metabolites, appear to be particularly potent. We conclude that PCBs are particularly toxic during early development and that the toxic effects are a combination of several factors, including disturbance of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and influence on neurotransmitter transport. Monoaminergic cells appear to be particularly vulnerable.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of neurochemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Fonnum, Frode and Mariussen, Espen},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19818104},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: poisoning, Calcium, Calcium: metabolism, Ecotoxicology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Humans, Models, Neuronal Plasticity, Neuronal Plasticity: drug effects, Neuronal Plasticity: physiology, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: pathology, Poisoning: physiopathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning},\\n\\tpages = {1327--47},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fonnum, F.\",\"Mariussen, E.\"],\"key\":\"fonnum_mechanisms_2009\",\"id\":\"fonnum_mechanisms_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fonnum-mariussen-mechanismsinvolvedintheneurotoxiceffectsofenvironmentaltoxicantssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardants-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biological\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: chemistry\",\"Bromine: poisoning\",\"Calcium\",\"Calcium: metabolism\",\"Ecotoxicology\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: poisoning\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects\",\"Homeostasis\",\"Homeostasis: drug effects\",\"Homeostasis: physiology\",\"Humans\",\"Models\",\"Neuronal Plasticity\",\"Neuronal Plasticity: drug effects\",\"Neuronal Plasticity: physiology\",\"Neurotransmitter Agents\",\"Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Poisoning\",\"Poisoning: etiology\",\"Poisoning: pathology\",\"Poisoning: physiopathology\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Norwood, MA\",\"title\":\"Foamed Polystyrene for Construction (Data Sheet 1-58), revision\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Factory Mutual\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"FM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1978\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{fm_foamed_1978,\\n\\taddress = {Norwood, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Foamed {Polystyrene} for {Construction} ({Data} {Sheet} 1-58), revision},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Factory Mutual},\\n\\tauthor = {{FM}},\\n\\tyear = {1978},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"FM\"],\"key\":\"fm_foamed_1978\",\"id\":\"fm_foamed_1978\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158revision-1978\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four: a case study.\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions 90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with children's levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations of, for example, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from 32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child, and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother, child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12, and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents' summation operatorPBDE concentrations approached U.S. median concentrations, with children's concentrations near the maximum (top 5%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children's higher PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of PBDE-related health effects than adults.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Douglas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanasiadou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"17035146\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Child, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, california, ffr, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"1581–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fischer_children_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a {California} family of four: a case study.},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions 90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with children's levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations of, for example, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from 32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child, and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother, child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12, and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents' summation operatorPBDE concentrations approached U.S. median concentrations, with children's concentrations near the maximum (top 5\\\\%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children's higher PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of PBDE-related health effects than adults.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Fischer, Douglas and Hooper, Kim and Athanasiadou, Maria and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {17035146},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, california, ffr, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1581--4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fischer, D.\",\"Hooper, K.\",\"Athanasiadou, M.\",\"Athanassiadis, I.\",\"Bergman, A.\"],\"key\":\"fischer_children_2006\",\"id\":\"fischer_children_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Child\",\"Ethers\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Preschool\",\"california\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Flame Retardants\",\"url\":\"http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/\",\"urldate\":\"2010-12-29\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hajduk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{fink_flame_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/},\\n\\turldate = {2010-12-29},\\n\\tauthor = {Fink, U and Hajduk, F and Wei, Y and Mori, H},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fink, U\",\"Hajduk, F\",\"Wei, Y\",\"Mori, H\"],\"key\":\"fink_flame_2008\",\"id\":\"fink_flame_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fink-hajduk-wei-mori-flameretardants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71.\",\"volume\":\"102\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfm295\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are increasing in biota. Here, captive adult American kestrels were exposed daily by diet to safflower oil (controls), or one of two levels of a pentaBDE technical formulation, DE-71 (0.3 or 1.6 ppm), for approximately 75 days, commencing 21 days before breeding. This exposure resulted in eggs having PBDE concentrations similar (low exposure) or within the same order of magnitude (high exposure) reported for wild American kestrels and gulls in the Great Lakes. Compared to controls, kestrels in both exposure groups copulated less, spent less time in their nest boxes, and participated in fewer pair-bonding behaviors. Furthermore, the timing of these behaviors, which is important to creating and maintaining the pair-bond, also differed significantly from the controls. The females in the low-exposure group made fewer compatible trilling calls and ate less frequently. These behavioral changes were compounded by increasing exposure to DE-71 during the 9-day courtship period immediately preceding egg laying, a standard measure of the kestrel courtship period. The birds in the high-exposure group made more food transfers, excited \\\"klee\\\" calls, and copulations, the latter only when compared to the low-exposure birds, whereas the low-exposure males performed fewer pair-bonding behaviors. This study demonstrates that the exposure of kestrels to environmentally relevant levels of DE-71 modifies the quality of the pair-bond, affects the reproductive behavior of both sexes, and occurs when birds are exposed for a short period as adults. In addition, these behavioral effects are consistent with the observed reproductive changes in these birds.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shutt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ritchie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sullivan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bird\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18065774\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Copulation, Copulation: drug effects, Courtship, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration & dosage, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Pair Bond, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration & dosage, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Time Factors, Vocalization, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"171–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernie_changes_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71.},\\n\\tvolume = {102},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm295},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are increasing in biota. Here, captive adult American kestrels were exposed daily by diet to safflower oil (controls), or one of two levels of a pentaBDE technical formulation, DE-71 (0.3 or 1.6 ppm), for approximately 75 days, commencing 21 days before breeding. This exposure resulted in eggs having PBDE concentrations similar (low exposure) or within the same order of magnitude (high exposure) reported for wild American kestrels and gulls in the Great Lakes. Compared to controls, kestrels in both exposure groups copulated less, spent less time in their nest boxes, and participated in fewer pair-bonding behaviors. Furthermore, the timing of these behaviors, which is important to creating and maintaining the pair-bond, also differed significantly from the controls. The females in the low-exposure group made fewer compatible trilling calls and ate less frequently. These behavioral changes were compounded by increasing exposure to DE-71 during the 9-day courtship period immediately preceding egg laying, a standard measure of the kestrel courtship period. The birds in the high-exposure group made more food transfers, excited \\\"klee\\\" calls, and copulations, the latter only when compared to the low-exposure birds, whereas the low-exposure males performed fewer pair-bonding behaviors. This study demonstrates that the exposure of kestrels to environmentally relevant levels of DE-71 modifies the quality of the pair-bond, affects the reproductive behavior of both sexes, and occurs when birds are exposed for a short period as adults. In addition, these behavioral effects are consistent with the observed reproductive changes in these birds.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, John L and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, James I and Sullivan, Katrina and Bird, David M},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18065774},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Copulation, Copulation: drug effects, Courtship, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \\\\& dosage, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Pair Bond, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosage, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Time Factors, Vocalization, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {171--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernie, K. J\",\"Shutt, J. L\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Ritchie, J. I\",\"Sullivan, K.\",\"Bird, D. M\"],\"key\":\"fernie_changes_2008\",\"id\":\"fernie_changes_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-sullivan-bird-changesinreproductivecourtshipbehaviorsofadultamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusexposedtoenvironmentallyrelevantlevelsofthepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Copulation\",\"Copulation: drug effects\",\"Courtship\",\"Diet\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Eating\",\"Eating: drug effects\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: administration & dosage\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: physiology\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Male\",\"Pair Bond\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: administration & dosage\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Time Factors\",\"Vocalization\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and HBCD alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of American kestrels.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and total alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are flame-retardant additives that are commonly used in household and commercial applications. PBDE congeners, which are comprised of technical mixtures such as DE-71, are globally persistent and their concentrations are increasing in many species. Captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed by diet to vehicle (safflower oil), or one of two environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and unintentionally to HBCD. This exposure resulted in the birds laying eggs that contain PBDE and HBCD concentrations currently found in wild herring gull (Larus argentatus) and peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) eggs, and compared to control kestrels, resulted in delayed egg laying and smaller eggs being laid, caused thinner eggshells and differential weight loss during embryonic development, and reduced fertility and reproductive success. The thickness of the eggshell declined as the concentrations of all measured PBDE and the total amount of a-HBCD congeners (except BDE-183 and BDE-209) increased; increasing concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-28, BDE-17, delayed egg laying, reduced eggshell mass (plus sigmaPBDEs), and reduced fledging success (BDE-153 and BDE-154 only). BDE-153 is the dominant congener recently found in peregrine eggs. The results of this study are consistent with the PBDE-associated brood reduction in wild European peregrines and may partially explain the decline of kestrels in North America.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shutt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"Laird\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ritchie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bird\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19368224\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: physiology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects\",\"pages\":\"2124–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernie_environmentally_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmentally relevant concentrations of {DE}-71 and {HBCD} alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of {American} kestrels.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and total alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are flame-retardant additives that are commonly used in household and commercial applications. PBDE congeners, which are comprised of technical mixtures such as DE-71, are globally persistent and their concentrations are increasing in many species. Captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed by diet to vehicle (safflower oil), or one of two environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and unintentionally to HBCD. This exposure resulted in the birds laying eggs that contain PBDE and HBCD concentrations currently found in wild herring gull (Larus argentatus) and peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) eggs, and compared to control kestrels, resulted in delayed egg laying and smaller eggs being laid, caused thinner eggshells and differential weight loss during embryonic development, and reduced fertility and reproductive success. The thickness of the eggshell declined as the concentrations of all measured PBDE and the total amount of a-HBCD congeners (except BDE-183 and BDE-209) increased; increasing concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-28, BDE-17, delayed egg laying, reduced eggshell mass (plus sigmaPBDEs), and reduced fledging success (BDE-153 and BDE-154 only). BDE-153 is the dominant congener recently found in peregrine eggs. The results of this study are consistent with the PBDE-associated brood reduction in wild European peregrines and may partially explain the decline of kestrels in North America.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Bird, David M},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19368224},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: physiology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects},\\n\\tpages = {2124--30},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernie, K. J\",\"Shutt, J L.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Ritchie, I. J\",\"Bird, D. M\"],\"key\":\"fernie_environmentally_2009\",\"id\":\"fernie_environmentally_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-bird-environmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofde71andhbcdaltereggshellthicknessandreproductivesuccessofamericankestrels-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: physiology\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: drug effects\",\"Ovum: physiology\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the Guadalquivir River estuary, SW Spain.\",\"volume\":\"185\",\"issn\":\"1573-2959\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9\",\"abstract\":\"In the lower Guadalquivir river basin, a system stressed by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities, eight pesticides (four triazines, two chloroacetanilide herbicides, one organochlorine, and one organophosphorus insecticide); and four emerging pollutants (two personal care products, one organophosphorous flame retardant, and one xanthine alkaloid) were analyzed in river water during a 2-year monitoring program, and after rain episodes. Samples were extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique prior to determination of compounds using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Except for caffeine, recoveries were mostly above 80 %, while limits of detection and quantification were in the low nanograms per liter level (except for dimethoate). Terbuthylazine, simazine (triazine herbicides), and dimethoate (organophosphorus insecticide), present in agrochemicals, were predominant in the river water, although concentrations were below the quality standards established by the EU Water-Framework-Directive. A general trend to increase concentration was observed after rain events, in particular for pesticides, possibly as a consequence of surface runoff.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental monitoring and assessment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernández-Gómez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cristal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"López-López\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Antonio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matamoros\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Victor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Díez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"García-Vargas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moreno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carlos\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23010894\",\"keywords\":\"Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Herbicides, Herbicides: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Models, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Spain, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Water Pollutants, Wind\",\"pages\":\"3209–18\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernandez-gomez_atmospheric_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the {Guadalquivir} {River} estuary, {SW} {Spain}.},\\n\\tvolume = {185},\\n\\tissn = {1573-2959},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9},\\n\\tabstract = {In the lower Guadalquivir river basin, a system stressed by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities, eight pesticides (four triazines, two chloroacetanilide herbicides, one organochlorine, and one organophosphorus insecticide); and four emerging pollutants (two personal care products, one organophosphorous flame retardant, and one xanthine alkaloid) were analyzed in river water during a 2-year monitoring program, and after rain episodes. Samples were extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique prior to determination of compounds using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Except for caffeine, recoveries were mostly above 80 \\\\%, while limits of detection and quantification were in the low nanograms per liter level (except for dimethoate). Terbuthylazine, simazine (triazine herbicides), and dimethoate (organophosphorus insecticide), present in agrochemicals, were predominant in the river water, although concentrations were below the quality standards established by the EU Water-Framework-Directive. A general trend to increase concentration was observed after rain events, in particular for pesticides, possibly as a consequence of surface runoff.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernández-Gómez, Cristal and López-López, José Antonio and Matamoros, Victor and Díez, Sergi and García-Vargas, Manuel and Moreno, Carlos},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23010894},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Herbicides, Herbicides: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Models, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Spain, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Water Pollutants, Wind},\\n\\tpages = {3209--18},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernández-Gómez, C.\",\"López-López, J. A.\",\"Matamoros, V.\",\"Díez, S.\",\"García-Vargas, M.\",\"Moreno, C.\"],\"key\":\"fernandez-gomez_atmospheric_2013\",\"id\":\"fernandez-gomez_atmospheric_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernndezgmez-lpezlpez-matamoros-dez-garcavargas-moreno-atmosphericinfluenceonthedistributionoforganicpollutantsintheguadalquivirriverestuaryswspain-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Herbicides\",\"Herbicides: analysis\",\"Insecticides\",\"Insecticides: analysis\",\"Models\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Spain\",\"Triazines\",\"Triazines: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Wind\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Biotransformation of BDE-47 to potentially toxic metabolites is predominantly mediated by human CYP2B6.\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205446\",\"abstract\":\"Previous studies have indicated that cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are involved in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in humans, resulting in the formation of hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) that are potentially more toxic than the parent PBDEs. However, the specific enzymes responsible for the formation of OH-PBDEs are unknown.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Luisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGarrigle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Diana\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23249762\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"440–6, 446e1–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{feo_biotransformation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Biotransformation of {BDE}-47 to potentially toxic metabolites is predominantly mediated by human {CYP2B6}.},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205446},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous studies have indicated that cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are involved in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in humans, resulting in the formation of hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) that are potentially more toxic than the parent PBDEs. However, the specific enzymes responsible for the formation of OH-PBDEs are unknown.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Feo, Maria Luisa and Gross, Michael S and McGarrigle, Barbara P and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Aga, Diana S and Olson, James R},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23249762},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {440--6, 446e1--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Feo, M. L.\",\"Gross, M. S\",\"McGarrigle, B. P\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\",\"Aga, D. S\",\"Olson, J. R\"],\"key\":\"feo_biotransformation_2013\",\"id\":\"feo_biotransformation_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"feo-gross-mcgarrigle-eljarrat-barcel-aga-olson-biotransformationofbde47topotentiallytoxicmetabolitesispredominantlymediatedbyhumancyp2b6-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether and ethane, or their mixture.\",\"issn\":\"1573-3017\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10646-013-1097-2\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its commercial alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two structurally similar brominated flame retardants, with evidence of their ubiquitous existence in aquatic ecosystems. The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatic oxidative stress inducing potential of BDE-209, DBDPE, and their mixture in Carassius auratus after exposure to different doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7, 14 and 30 days. Results showed that oxidative stress was evoked evidently for the experimental groups with longer exposure duration, as indicated by significant inhibition in the antioxidant enzymes activities and decrease in the reduced glutathione level, as well as simultaneous elevation of lipid peroxidation level measured by malondialdehyde content. In addition, it was found that BDE-209 possessed a higher oxidative stress inducing ability than DBDPE. Considering the more pronounced antioxidant responses in combined exposure, the interaction of BDE-209 and DBDPE was presumed to be additive action.\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology (London, England)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingbao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruijuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liansheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zunyao\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23839511\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{feng_oxidative_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater fish {Carassius} auratus exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether and ethane, or their mixture.},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3017},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-013-1097-2},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its commercial alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two structurally similar brominated flame retardants, with evidence of their ubiquitous existence in aquatic ecosystems. The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatic oxidative stress inducing potential of BDE-209, DBDPE, and their mixture in Carassius auratus after exposure to different doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7, 14 and 30 days. Results showed that oxidative stress was evoked evidently for the experimental groups with longer exposure duration, as indicated by significant inhibition in the antioxidant enzymes activities and decrease in the reduced glutathione level, as well as simultaneous elevation of lipid peroxidation level measured by malondialdehyde content. In addition, it was found that BDE-209 possessed a higher oxidative stress inducing ability than DBDPE. Considering the more pronounced antioxidant responses in combined exposure, the interaction of BDE-209 and DBDPE was presumed to be additive action.},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\\n\\tauthor = {Feng, Mingbao and Li, Ying and Qu, Ruijuan and Wang, Liansheng and Wang, Zunyao},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23839511},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Feng, M.\",\"Li, Y.\",\"Qu, R.\",\"Wang, L.\",\"Wang, Z.\"],\"key\":\"feng_oxidative_2013\",\"id\":\"feng_oxidative_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"feng-li-qu-wang-wang-oxidativestressbiomarkersinfreshwaterfishcarassiusauratusexposedtodecabromodiphenyletherandethaneortheirmixture-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Historical contaminants, flame retardants, and halogenated phenolic compounds in peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) nestlings in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es100400n\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations and spatial patterns of persistent organic (chlorinated) pollutants (POPs), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), other flame retardants, and hydroxylated (OH) PBDE and PCB compounds were determined in nestling peregrine falcons across the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. The highest geometric mean plasma POP concentrations (ng/g ww) were sum (Sigma)PCBs (35.16), SigmaPBDEs (15.38), and SigmaOH-PCB (8.77) with the lowest mean levels in nestlings from urban versus remote nests. PBDE congeners derived from PentaBDE and OctaBDE technical mixtures had the highest concentrations, sometimes exceeding 100 ng/g wet weight (ww); BDE-99, -153, -47, -100, and -183 comprised 92.7% of the Sigma(14)PBDE levels. BDE-209 proportions were minimal (\\\\textless1%). North Shore (Lake Superior) nestlings had the highest Sigma(14)PBDE concentrations, with BDE-99, -153, and -47 dominant. Urban nestlings had higher BDE-99:BDE-153 ratios, higher BDE-183 proportions, and the only detectable HBCD concentrations, suggesting greater and more localized exposure to HBCD and PBDEs derived from OctaBDEs. Spatial patterns reflected differences in diet, local contaminant sources, and/or atmospheric deposition. Metabolism of PCBs and PBDEs likely occurred in these nestlings: OH-PCB metabolites were detected, and 4-OH-CB187 was the most abundant of these metabolites. Low ppb levels of putative OH-PBDE metabolites, dominated by 6'-OH-BDE47, were also detected in the peregrine nestlings.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20384324\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biotransformation, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Pesticide Residues, Pesticide Residues: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"3520–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernie_historical_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Historical contaminants, flame retardants, and halogenated phenolic compounds in peregrine {Falcon} ({Falco} peregrinus) nestlings in the {Canadian} {Great} {Lakes} {Basin}.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es100400n},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations and spatial patterns of persistent organic (chlorinated) pollutants (POPs), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), other flame retardants, and hydroxylated (OH) PBDE and PCB compounds were determined in nestling peregrine falcons across the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. The highest geometric mean plasma POP concentrations (ng/g ww) were sum (Sigma)PCBs (35.16), SigmaPBDEs (15.38), and SigmaOH-PCB (8.77) with the lowest mean levels in nestlings from urban versus remote nests. PBDE congeners derived from PentaBDE and OctaBDE technical mixtures had the highest concentrations, sometimes exceeding 100 ng/g wet weight (ww); BDE-99, -153, -47, -100, and -183 comprised 92.7\\\\% of the Sigma(14)PBDE levels. BDE-209 proportions were minimal ({\\\\textbackslash}textless1\\\\%). North Shore (Lake Superior) nestlings had the highest Sigma(14)PBDE concentrations, with BDE-99, -153, and -47 dominant. Urban nestlings had higher BDE-99:BDE-153 ratios, higher BDE-183 proportions, and the only detectable HBCD concentrations, suggesting greater and more localized exposure to HBCD and PBDEs derived from OctaBDEs. Spatial patterns reflected differences in diet, local contaminant sources, and/or atmospheric deposition. Metabolism of PCBs and PBDEs likely occurred in these nestlings: OH-PCB metabolites were detected, and 4-OH-CB187 was the most abundant of these metabolites. Low ppb levels of putative OH-PBDE metabolites, dominated by 6'-OH-BDE47, were also detected in the peregrine nestlings.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20384324},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Pesticide Residues, Pesticide Residues: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {3520--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernie, K. J\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"fernie_historical_2010\",\"id\":\"fernie_historical_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernie-letcher-historicalcontaminantsflameretardantsandhalogenatedphenoliccompoundsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusnestlingsinthecanadiangreatlakesbasin-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Canada\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Lakes Region\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Pesticide Residues\",\"Pesticide Residues: metabolism\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, PCBs and brominated flame retardants in Scottish shellfish: methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure.\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"issn\":\"1613-4133\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/mnfr.200700135\",\"abstract\":\"The most commonly consumed shellfish species produced in Scotland - mussels, oysters and scallops - were investigated for the occurrence of a range of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in order to establish current levels and estimate human dietary exposure. Flesh from individual sub-samples was representatively pooled and 35 composites were analysed for brominated and chlorinated dioxins (PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs), brominated and chlorinated biphenyls (PBBs, PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The analytical methodology used (13)C(12) labelled surrogates of the target compounds, with GC coupled to (usually) high resolution MS, and LC-MS/MS for HBCD and TBBPA analysis. Positive identifications were made in the majority of samples for most analytes with the exception of TBBPA and most PBDD congeners measured. None of the levels detected for PCDD/F and PCB were above the maximum permitted levels specified in European Union regulations. The levels of brominated furans predominated over brominated dioxins, reflecting the environmental distribution and source emission profiles of these contaminants, and relatively high levels of the tri-brominated congeners were observed. Levels of the flame retardant chemicals reflected current and legacy use, with appreciable concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs (predominantly alpha-HBCD) but far lower levels of PBBs. TBBPA was not detected in any of the species. In general, mussels and oysters displayed relatively higher levels of contamination than scallops, although the gonad tissue of the latter showed significant levels of brominated dioxins. The estimated adult dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs arising from the consumption of a typical portion of these foods in combination with an otherwise average UK diet were in the range 0.5-0.6 pg World Health Organisation (WHO)-toxic equivalent (TEQ)(2005)/kg bodyweight per day. These estimated dietary intakes are well within the Tolerable Daily Intake for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of 2 pg WHO-TEQ(2005)/kg bodyweight/day endorsed by the independent expert Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. The corresponding intakes for sumPBDEs and sumHBCDs were 5.6-6.1 and 5.9-7.9 ng/kg bodyweight/day respectively.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Molecular nutrition & food research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alwyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dicks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mortimer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frankie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Driffield\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Malcolm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"White\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18186102\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration & dosage, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration & dosage, Dioxins: analysis, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Scotland, Shellfish, Shellfish: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"238–49\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernandes_brominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, {PCBs} and brominated flame retardants in {Scottish} shellfish: methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\tissn = {1613-4133},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700135},\\n\\tabstract = {The most commonly consumed shellfish species produced in Scotland - mussels, oysters and scallops - were investigated for the occurrence of a range of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in order to establish current levels and estimate human dietary exposure. Flesh from individual sub-samples was representatively pooled and 35 composites were analysed for brominated and chlorinated dioxins (PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs), brominated and chlorinated biphenyls (PBBs, PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The analytical methodology used (13)C(12) labelled surrogates of the target compounds, with GC coupled to (usually) high resolution MS, and LC-MS/MS for HBCD and TBBPA analysis. Positive identifications were made in the majority of samples for most analytes with the exception of TBBPA and most PBDD congeners measured. None of the levels detected for PCDD/F and PCB were above the maximum permitted levels specified in European Union regulations. The levels of brominated furans predominated over brominated dioxins, reflecting the environmental distribution and source emission profiles of these contaminants, and relatively high levels of the tri-brominated congeners were observed. Levels of the flame retardant chemicals reflected current and legacy use, with appreciable concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs (predominantly alpha-HBCD) but far lower levels of PBBs. TBBPA was not detected in any of the species. In general, mussels and oysters displayed relatively higher levels of contamination than scallops, although the gonad tissue of the latter showed significant levels of brominated dioxins. The estimated adult dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs arising from the consumption of a typical portion of these foods in combination with an otherwise average UK diet were in the range 0.5-0.6 pg World Health Organisation (WHO)-toxic equivalent (TEQ)(2005)/kg bodyweight per day. These estimated dietary intakes are well within the Tolerable Daily Intake for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of 2 pg WHO-TEQ(2005)/kg bodyweight/day endorsed by the independent expert Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. The corresponding intakes for sumPBDEs and sumHBCDs were 5.6-6.1 and 5.9-7.9 ng/kg bodyweight/day respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\\\& food research},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernandes, Alwyn and Dicks, Pamela and Mortimer, David and Gem, Martin and Smith, Frankie and Driffield, Malcolm and White, Shaun and Rose, Martin},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18186102},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration \\\\& dosage, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration \\\\& dosage, Dioxins: analysis, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Scotland, Shellfish, Shellfish: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {238--49},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernandes, A.\",\"Dicks, P.\",\"Mortimer, D.\",\"Gem, M.\",\"Smith, F.\",\"Driffield, M.\",\"White, S.\",\"Rose, M.\"],\"key\":\"fernandes_brominated_2008\",\"id\":\"fernandes_brominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernandes-dicks-mortimer-gem-smith-driffield-white-rose-brominatedandchlorinateddioxinspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantsinscottishshellfishmethodologyoccurrenceandhumandietaryexposure-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: administration & dosage\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Chlorine Compounds\",\"Diet\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: administration & dosage\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Scotland\",\"Shellfish\",\"Shellfish: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollutants: analysis\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Relationship between BDE 209 metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).\",\"volume\":\"122-123\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.008\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), the primary component in a commonly used flame retardants, has recently been shown to be metabolized by organisms. In the present study, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to BDE 209 at five nominal gradient concentrations from 50 to 1000 ng/g wet weight for 21 days via a single intraperitoneal injection. Then the liver, kidney and blood samples were collected to analyze for its debrominated, hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites. The relationships between levels of BDE 209 metabolites in different tissues and thyroid hormone (TH) levels in plasma were evaluated. The results showed that BDE 209 could be metabolized into debrominated BDEs, methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs) and hydroxylated BDEs (OH-BDEs). Levels of these three metabolites were tissue-dependent. The TH levels, including total thyroxine (TT(4)), free thyroxine (FT(4)), total triiodothyronine (TT(3)) and free triiodothyronine (FT(3)) in plasma, were significantly affected by BDE 209 metabolism. However, only FT(4) levels showed a negative correlation with MeO-BDE and OH-BDE metabolites, among which the correlation between FT(4) and OH-BDEs was the most significant.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chenglian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gaofeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinmiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fengchang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zijian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22721785\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: blood, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: chemistry, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss: physiology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"28–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{feng_relationship_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Relationship between {BDE} 209 metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout ({Oncorhynchus} mykiss).},\\n\\tvolume = {122-123},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), the primary component in a commonly used flame retardants, has recently been shown to be metabolized by organisms. In the present study, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to BDE 209 at five nominal gradient concentrations from 50 to 1000 ng/g wet weight for 21 days via a single intraperitoneal injection. Then the liver, kidney and blood samples were collected to analyze for its debrominated, hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites. The relationships between levels of BDE 209 metabolites in different tissues and thyroid hormone (TH) levels in plasma were evaluated. The results showed that BDE 209 could be metabolized into debrominated BDEs, methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs) and hydroxylated BDEs (OH-BDEs). Levels of these three metabolites were tissue-dependent. The TH levels, including total thyroxine (TT(4)), free thyroxine (FT(4)), total triiodothyronine (TT(3)) and free triiodothyronine (FT(3)) in plasma, were significantly affected by BDE 209 metabolism. However, only FT(4) levels showed a negative correlation with MeO-BDE and OH-BDE metabolites, among which the correlation between FT(4) and OH-BDEs was the most significant.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Feng, Chenglian and Xu, Yiping and Zhao, Gaofeng and Zha, Jinmiao and Wu, Fengchang and Wang, Zijian},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22721785},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: blood, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: chemistry, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss: physiology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {28--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Feng, C.\",\"Xu, Y.\",\"Zhao, G.\",\"Zha, J.\",\"Wu, F.\",\"Wang, Z.\"],\"key\":\"feng_relationship_2012\",\"id\":\"feng_relationship_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"feng-xu-zhao-zha-wu-wang-relationshipbetweenbde209metabolitesandthyroidhormonelevelsinrainbowtroutoncorhynchusmykiss-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: blood\",\"Chemical: chemistry\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Kidney\",\"Kidney: chemistry\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: chemistry\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism\",\"Oncorhynchus mykiss: physiology\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Emmitsburg, MD\",\"title\":\"Topical Fire Report Series: Residential Building Electrical Fires\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf\",\"number\":\"2\",\"publisher\":\"Federal Emergency Management Agency\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"FEMA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{fema_topical_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Emmitsburg, MD},\\n\\ttitle = {Topical {Fire} {Report} {Series}: {Residential} {Building} {Electrical} {Fires}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tpublisher = {Federal Emergency Management Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {{FEMA}},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"FEMA\"],\"key\":\"fema_topical_2008\",\"id\":\"fema_topical_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fema-topicalfirereportseriesresidentialbuildingelectricalfires-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sacramento, CA\",\"title\":\"Evidence on the carcinogenicity of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf\",\"number\":\"July\",\"publisher\":\"California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Faust\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"August\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"Meehan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{faust_evidence_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {Evidence on the carcinogenicity of {Tris}(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {July},\\n\\tpublisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},\\n\\tauthor = {Faust, John B and August, Laura Meehan},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Faust, J. B\",\"August, L. M.\"],\"key\":\"faust_evidence_2011\",\"id\":\"faust_evidence_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"faust-august-evidenceonthecarcinogenicityoftris13dichloro2propylphosphate-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In Ovo Effects of Two Organophosphate Flame Retardants–TCPP and TDCPP–on Pipping Success, Development, mRNA Expression, and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Chicken Embryos.\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kft100\",\"abstract\":\"Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are organic flame retardants detected in the environment and biota for which avian toxicological data are limited. In this study, domestic chicken eggs were injected with TCPP or TDCPP (maximum dose = 51,600 and 45,000ng/g egg, respectively) to determine dose-dependent effects on pipping success, development, hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, and TH levels following 20-22 days of incubation. Neither compound reduced pipping success; however, TCPP significantly delayed pipping at 9240 and 51,600ng/g and reduced tarsus length at 51,600ng/g. TDCPP exposure resulted in significant decreases in head plus bill length, embryo mass, and gallbladder size at 45,000ng/g and reduced plasma free T4 levels at 7640ng/g. Type I deiodinase, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A37 mRNA levels were significantly induced by TCPP, whereas TDCPP induced CYP3A37 and CYP2H1. Chemical analysis of egg contents at incubation days 0, 5, 11, 18, and 19 revealed that \\\\textgreater 92% of the injected TCPP or TDCPP concentration was detectable up to day 5; however, \\\\textless 1% was detected by day 19. The observed phenotypic responses to TCPP and TDCPP exposure may be associated with disruption of the TH axis, which is critical for normal growth and development in birds. The effects of TDCPP on the gallbladder indicate that the disturbance of lipid metabolism is a likely mechanism of toxicity.\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farhat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amani\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crump\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Doug\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzanne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gauthier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lewis\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kennedy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23629516\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{farhat_ovo_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {In {Ovo} {Effects} of {Two} {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}–{TCPP} and {TDCPP}–on {Pipping} {Success}, {Development}, {mRNA} {Expression}, and {Thyroid} {Hormone} {Levels} in {Chicken} {Embryos}.},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft100},\\n\\tabstract = {Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are organic flame retardants detected in the environment and biota for which avian toxicological data are limited. In this study, domestic chicken eggs were injected with TCPP or TDCPP (maximum dose = 51,600 and 45,000ng/g egg, respectively) to determine dose-dependent effects on pipping success, development, hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, and TH levels following 20-22 days of incubation. Neither compound reduced pipping success; however, TCPP significantly delayed pipping at 9240 and 51,600ng/g and reduced tarsus length at 51,600ng/g. TDCPP exposure resulted in significant decreases in head plus bill length, embryo mass, and gallbladder size at 45,000ng/g and reduced plasma free T4 levels at 7640ng/g. Type I deiodinase, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A37 mRNA levels were significantly induced by TCPP, whereas TDCPP induced CYP3A37 and CYP2H1. Chemical analysis of egg contents at incubation days 0, 5, 11, 18, and 19 revealed that {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 92\\\\% of the injected TCPP or TDCPP concentration was detectable up to day 5; however, {\\\\textbackslash}textless 1\\\\% was detected by day 19. The observed phenotypic responses to TCPP and TDCPP exposure may be associated with disruption of the TH axis, which is critical for normal growth and development in birds. The effects of TDCPP on the gallbladder indicate that the disturbance of lipid metabolism is a likely mechanism of toxicity.},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Farhat, Amani and Crump, Doug and Chiu, Suzanne and Williams, Kim L and Letcher, Robert J and Gauthier, Lewis T and Kennedy, Sean W},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23629516},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Farhat, A.\",\"Crump, D.\",\"Chiu, S.\",\"Williams, K. L\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Gauthier, L. T\",\"Kennedy, S. W\"],\"key\":\"farhat_ovo_2013\",\"id\":\"farhat_ovo_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"farhat-crump-chiu-williams-letcher-gauthier-kennedy-inovoeffectsoftwoorganophosphateflameretardantstcppandtdcpponpippingsuccessdevelopmentmrnaexpressionandthyroidhormonelevelsinchickenembryos-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Performance Criteria, and Standard Materials for the CPSC Staff Draft Upholstered Furniture Standard\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"This memorandum provides a discussion ofthe work done by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission' s (CPSC) Directorate for Laboratory Sciences (LS) staff to identify standard materials and appropriate performance criteria to include as potential revisions to the staff's draft upholstered furniture standard.\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fansler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{fansler_performance_2005,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Performance {Criteria}, and {Standard} {Materials} for the {CPSC} {Staff} {Draft} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Standard}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {This memorandum provides a discussion ofthe work done by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission' s (CPSC) Directorate for Laboratory Sciences (LS) staff to identify standard materials and appropriate performance criteria to include as potential revisions to the staff's draft upholstered furniture standard.},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Fansler, Linda and Scott, Lisa L},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fansler, L.\",\"Scott, L. L\"],\"key\":\"fansler_performance_2005\",\"id\":\"fansler_performance_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fansler-scott-performancecriteriaandstandardmaterialsforthecpscstaffdraftupholsteredfurniturestandard-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Investigating a novel flame retardant known as v6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es400032v\",\"abstract\":\"With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified (\\\\textgreater98%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24 500 000 to 59 500 000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46 500 000 ± 12 000 000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from \\\\textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and \\\\textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gooden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carignan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Courtney\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Makey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colleen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23565680\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"4449–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fang_investigating_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Investigating a novel flame retardant known as v6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es400032v},\\n\\tabstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater98\\\\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24 500 000 to 59 500 000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46 500 000 ± 12 000 000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\\\\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\\\\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M and McClean, Michael D and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23565680},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {4449--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fang, M.\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Gooden, D.\",\"Cooper, E. M\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Carignan, C.\",\"Makey, C.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"fang_investigating_2013\",\"id\":\"fang_investigating_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebellar granule neurons by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls.\",\"volume\":\"245\",\"issn\":\"1096-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.008\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants and have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue, and breast milk. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the effects of PBDEs are similar to the known human developmental neurotoxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on a molar basis. Previously, we reported that PBDE mixtures and congeners, perturbed calcium homeostasis which is critical for the development and function of the nervous system. In the present study, we tested whether environmentally relevant PBDE/PCB mixtures and congeners affected mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are down-stream events of calcium signaling in cerebellar granule neuronal cultures. In this study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2, a widely studied MAPK cascade and known to be involved in learning and memory, levels were quantitated using western blot technique with phospho-specific antibodies. Glutamate (a positive control) increased pERK1/2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner reaching maximum activation at 5-30min of exposure and at doses \\\\textgreater or =10microM. Both Aroclor 1254 (a commercial penta PCB mixture) and DE-71 (a commercial penta PBDE mixture) elevated phospho-ERK1/2, producing maximum stimulation at 30min and at concentrations \\\\textgreater or =3microg/ml; Aroclor 1254 was more efficacious than DE-71. DE-79 (an octabrominated diphenyl ether mixture) also elevated phospho-ERK1/2, but to a lesser extent than that of DE-71. PBDE congeners 47, 77, 99, and 153 also increased phospo-ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The data indicated that PBDE congeners are more potent than the commercial mixtures. PCB 47 also increased phospho-ERK1/2 like its structural analog PBDE 47, but to a lesser extent, suggesting that these chemicals affect similar pathways. Cytotoxicity, measured as %LDH release, data showed that higher concentrations (\\\\textgreater30microM) and longer exposures (\\\\textgreater30min) are required to see cell death. These results show that PBDE mixtures and congeners activate MAPK pathway at concentrations where no significant cytotoxicity was observed, suggesting that perturbed intracellular signaling including MAPK pathway might be involved in the initiation of adverse effects, including learning and memory, related to these persistent chemicals.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and applied pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chun-Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Besas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kodavanti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Prasada\",\"Rao\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20171977\",\"keywords\":\"Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cultured, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: enzymology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fan_changes_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebellar granule neurons by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls.},\\n\\tvolume = {245},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants and have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue, and breast milk. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the effects of PBDEs are similar to the known human developmental neurotoxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on a molar basis. Previously, we reported that PBDE mixtures and congeners, perturbed calcium homeostasis which is critical for the development and function of the nervous system. In the present study, we tested whether environmentally relevant PBDE/PCB mixtures and congeners affected mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are down-stream events of calcium signaling in cerebellar granule neuronal cultures. In this study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2, a widely studied MAPK cascade and known to be involved in learning and memory, levels were quantitated using western blot technique with phospho-specific antibodies. Glutamate (a positive control) increased pERK1/2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner reaching maximum activation at 5-30min of exposure and at doses {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater or =10microM. Both Aroclor 1254 (a commercial penta PCB mixture) and DE-71 (a commercial penta PBDE mixture) elevated phospho-ERK1/2, producing maximum stimulation at 30min and at concentrations {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater or =3microg/ml; Aroclor 1254 was more efficacious than DE-71. DE-79 (an octabrominated diphenyl ether mixture) also elevated phospho-ERK1/2, but to a lesser extent than that of DE-71. PBDE congeners 47, 77, 99, and 153 also increased phospo-ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The data indicated that PBDE congeners are more potent than the commercial mixtures. PCB 47 also increased phospho-ERK1/2 like its structural analog PBDE 47, but to a lesser extent, suggesting that these chemicals affect similar pathways. Cytotoxicity, measured as \\\\%LDH release, data showed that higher concentrations ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater30microM) and longer exposures ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater30min) are required to see cell death. These results show that PBDE mixtures and congeners activate MAPK pathway at concentrations where no significant cytotoxicity was observed, suggesting that perturbed intracellular signaling including MAPK pathway might be involved in the initiation of adverse effects, including learning and memory, related to these persistent chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fan, Chun-Yang and Besas, Jonathan and Kodavanti, Prasada Rao S},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20171977},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cultured, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: enzymology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fan, C.\",\"Besas, J.\",\"Kodavanti, P. R. S\"],\"key\":\"fan_changes_2010\",\"id\":\"fan_changes_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fan-besas-kodavanti-changesinmitogenactivatedproteinkinaseincerebellargranuleneuronsbypolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cerebellum\",\"Cerebellum: cytology\",\"Cultured\",\"Cytotoxins\",\"Cytotoxins: toxicity\",\"Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases\",\"Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: drug effects\",\"Neurons: enzymology\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Immune function in female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice is modulated by DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture.\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"1547-6901\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215\",\"doi\":\"10.3109/1547691X.2011.643418\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. Toxicity of these compounds has become a concern because detectable levels of PBDEs are present in humans and wildlife and they are structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study examined the effects of the commercial penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in adult female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice on hematology, serum clinical chemistry, thyroid hormones, tissue histology, and several immunotoxicity end-points (lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, splenic immunophenotypes, and SRBC-specific-IgM production). Mice were exposed via oral gavage for 28 days to achieve total administered doses (TAD) of 0, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 mg/kg. No changes in histology, clinical chemistry, body or organ weights were observed. Serum total T3 and T4 levels were not altered by any of the DE-71 treatments. Peripheral blood monocyte numbers were decreased by the 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg treatments, but not by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration. Compared to controls, mitogen-stimulated T- and B-cell proliferation was increased by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 60 mg/kg TAD [2.14 mg/kg/day] and 58 mg/kg TAD [2.57 mg/kg/day], respectively). NK cell activity was decreased compared to controls by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 20 mg/kg TAD [0.7 mg/kg/day]). No alterations were noted in thymic T-cell populations or in SRBC-specific-IgM production. Numbers of CD19(+)CD21(-), CD19(+)CD21(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), CD4(-)CD8(+), CD4(-)CD8(-), and MHC-II(+) cells in the spleen were not affected. However, the numbers of splenic CD4(+)CD8(+) cells were decreased compared to the controls by 0.5, 5, and 100 mg/kg TAD. This study provides an assessment of the systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity of DE-71, and indicates that immune parameters are modulated at exposure concentrations lower than previously reported.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Journal of immunotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fair\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stavros\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hui-Chen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mollenhauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meagan\",\"A\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DeWitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jamie\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natasha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Se\",\"Hun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bossart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Keil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peden-Adams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margie\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22214215\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Erythrocytes, Erythrocytes: immunology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Immune System: immunology, Immunophenotyping, Killer Cells, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Activation: drug effects, Mice, Natural, Natural: drug effects, Natural: immunology, Risk Assessment, Sheep, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: drug effects, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: immunology, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests\",\"pages\":\"96–107\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fair_immune_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Immune function in female {B}(6){C}(3){F}(1) mice is modulated by {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture.},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {1547-6901},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3109/1547691X.2011.643418},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. Toxicity of these compounds has become a concern because detectable levels of PBDEs are present in humans and wildlife and they are structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study examined the effects of the commercial penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in adult female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice on hematology, serum clinical chemistry, thyroid hormones, tissue histology, and several immunotoxicity end-points (lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, splenic immunophenotypes, and SRBC-specific-IgM production). Mice were exposed via oral gavage for 28 days to achieve total administered doses (TAD) of 0, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 mg/kg. No changes in histology, clinical chemistry, body or organ weights were observed. Serum total T3 and T4 levels were not altered by any of the DE-71 treatments. Peripheral blood monocyte numbers were decreased by the 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg treatments, but not by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration. Compared to controls, mitogen-stimulated T- and B-cell proliferation was increased by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 60 mg/kg TAD [2.14 mg/kg/day] and 58 mg/kg TAD [2.57 mg/kg/day], respectively). NK cell activity was decreased compared to controls by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 20 mg/kg TAD [0.7 mg/kg/day]). No alterations were noted in thymic T-cell populations or in SRBC-specific-IgM production. Numbers of CD19(+)CD21(-), CD19(+)CD21(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), CD4(-)CD8(+), CD4(-)CD8(-), and MHC-II(+) cells in the spleen were not affected. However, the numbers of splenic CD4(+)CD8(+) cells were decreased compared to the controls by 0.5, 5, and 100 mg/kg TAD. This study provides an assessment of the systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity of DE-71, and indicates that immune parameters are modulated at exposure concentrations lower than previously reported.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of immunotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fair, Patricia A and Stavros, Hui-Chen and Mollenhauer, Meagan A M and DeWitt, Jamie C and Henry, Natasha and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Yun, Se Hun and Bossart, Gregory D and Keil, Deborah E and Peden-Adams, Margie M},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22214215},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Erythrocytes, Erythrocytes: immunology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Immune System: immunology, Immunophenotyping, Killer Cells, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Activation: drug effects, Mice, Natural, Natural: drug effects, Natural: immunology, Risk Assessment, Sheep, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: drug effects, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: immunology, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests},\\n\\tpages = {96--107},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fair, P. A\",\"Stavros, H.\",\"Mollenhauer, M. A M\",\"DeWitt, J. C\",\"Henry, N.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Yun, S. H.\",\"Bossart, G. D\",\"Keil, D. E\",\"Peden-Adams, M. M\"],\"key\":\"fair_immune_2012\",\"id\":\"fair_immune_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fair-stavros-mollenhauer-dewitt-henry-kannan-yun-bossart-etal-immunefunctioninfemaleb6c3f1miceismodulatedbyde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixture-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Biological Markers: blood\",\"Biological Markers: metabolism\",\"Cell Proliferation\",\"Cell Proliferation: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cultured\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Erythrocytes\",\"Erythrocytes: immunology\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Immune System\",\"Immune System: drug effects\",\"Immune System: immunology\",\"Immunophenotyping\",\"Killer Cells\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Lymphocyte Activation\",\"Lymphocyte Activation: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Natural\",\"Natural: drug effects\",\"Natural: immunology\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Sheep\",\"T-Lymphocyte Subsets\",\"T-Lymphocyte Subsets: drug effects\",\"T-Lymphocyte Subsets: immunology\",\"Time Factors\",\"Toxicity Tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeast Atlantic estuarine areas.\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"0090-4341\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00244-006-0244-7\",\"abstract\":\"Blubber tissue samples from bottlenose dolphins collected during the summers of 2003 and 2004 were screened for 13 (17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 154, 153, 183, 190) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from dolphin populations in the Indian River Lagoon, FL (n = 58) and the Charleston Harbor estuary, SC (n = 53). Within each population, we investigated contaminant levels of PBDEs and the effects of factors including age, sex, the interaction of age and sex, and location. Six PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) were routinely detected in all samples using gas chromatography/mass spectometry methods. Significantly higher (p \\\\textlessor= 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE blubber concentrations were observed for Charleston dolphins (X = 5,860 ng/g lipid; range = 429-22,780 ng/g lipid) when compared to Indian River Lagoon dolphins (X= 1,260 ng/g lipid; range = 195-3,790 ng/g lipid). PBDE 47 was the major congener representing approximately 61% of the SigmaPBDE in both dolphin populations, followed by BDE100, BDE154, BDE99, BDE153, and BDE28, respectively. Significantly higher (p \\\\textless 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE were observed in adult male dolphins compared to pregnant and adult female dolphins at both sites, with gender differences two-fold in the Indian River Lagoon and twelve-fold for Charleston. For Charleston dolphins, the juveniles in addition to the adult males also had significantly higher levels compared to pregnant and adult females. This study establishes baseline levels of PBDEs in bottlenose dolphins for these two areas and is the first assessment of PBDEs in free-ranging dolphins. The levels of PBDEs in Charleston dolphins represent some of the highest measured in marine mammals and warrants further investigation of these emerging, bioaccumulative chemicals and their potential deleterious effects.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fair\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitchum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hulsey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeff\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zolman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McFee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wayne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wirth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bossart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17612784\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Animals, Body Burden, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Sex Characteristics, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"483–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fair_polybrominated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} truncatus) from two southeast {Atlantic} estuarine areas.},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {0090-4341},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-006-0244-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Blubber tissue samples from bottlenose dolphins collected during the summers of 2003 and 2004 were screened for 13 (17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 154, 153, 183, 190) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from dolphin populations in the Indian River Lagoon, FL (n = 58) and the Charleston Harbor estuary, SC (n = 53). Within each population, we investigated contaminant levels of PBDEs and the effects of factors including age, sex, the interaction of age and sex, and location. Six PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) were routinely detected in all samples using gas chromatography/mass spectometry methods. Significantly higher (p {\\\\textbackslash}textlessor= 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE blubber concentrations were observed for Charleston dolphins (X = 5,860 ng/g lipid; range = 429-22,780 ng/g lipid) when compared to Indian River Lagoon dolphins (X= 1,260 ng/g lipid; range = 195-3,790 ng/g lipid). PBDE 47 was the major congener representing approximately 61\\\\% of the SigmaPBDE in both dolphin populations, followed by BDE100, BDE154, BDE99, BDE153, and BDE28, respectively. Significantly higher (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE were observed in adult male dolphins compared to pregnant and adult female dolphins at both sites, with gender differences two-fold in the Indian River Lagoon and twelve-fold for Charleston. For Charleston dolphins, the juveniles in addition to the adult males also had significantly higher levels compared to pregnant and adult females. This study establishes baseline levels of PBDEs in bottlenose dolphins for these two areas and is the first assessment of PBDEs in free-ranging dolphins. The levels of PBDEs in Charleston dolphins represent some of the highest measured in marine mammals and warrants further investigation of these emerging, bioaccumulative chemicals and their potential deleterious effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fair, Patricia A and Mitchum, Gregory and Hulsey, Thomas C and Adams, Jeff and Zolman, Eric and McFee, Wayne and Wirth, Ed and Bossart, Gregory D},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17612784},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Animals, Body Burden, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Sex Characteristics, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {483--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fair, P. A\",\"Mitchum, G.\",\"Hulsey, T. C\",\"Adams, J.\",\"Zolman, E.\",\"McFee, W.\",\"Wirth, E.\",\"Bossart, G. D\"],\"key\":\"fair_polybrominated_2007\",\"id\":\"fair_polybrominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fair-mitchum-hulsey-adams-zolman-mcfee-wirth-bossart-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinblubberoffreerangingbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusfromtwosoutheastatlanticestuarineareas-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Age Factors\",\"Animals\",\"Body Burden\",\"Bottle-Nosed Dolphin\",\"Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Lipids\",\"Lipids: analysis\",\"Male\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Sex Characteristics\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Acute effects of hexabromocyclododecane on Leydig cell cyclic nucleotide signaling and steroidogenesis in vitro.\",\"volume\":\"218\",\"issn\":\"1879-3169\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.009\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), an additive brominated flame retardant routinely added to various consumer products, was reported to have toxic effects upon biota, including endocrine disruption. In this study, the potential toxicity of HBCDD was tested in peripubertal rat Leydig cells in vitro during 6h exposure. HBCDD inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin- and forskolin-supported cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis. It also inhibited basal cAMP production, but elevated basal steroidogenesis. The expression of several cAMP-dependent genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was also inhibited by HBCDD treatment. Nevertheless, this was not accompanied by a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, as documented by western blot analysis, and activity of steroidogenic enzymes, as documented by unaffected steroidogenesis in the presence of permeable 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. However, HBCDD caused significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in untreated and human chorionic gonadotropin-treated cells. This indicates that HBCDD acute toxicity in Leydig cells reflects changes in mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent cAMP production and basal and cAMP-regulated cholesterol transport. This in turn facilitates basal but inhibits cAMP-dependent steroidogenesis. Acute effects of HBCDD treatment on transcription are also indicative of its sustained effects on Leydig cell function.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Svetlana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pogrmic-Majkic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dakic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vanja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaisarevic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sonja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hrubik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jelena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andric\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nebojsa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stojilkovic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stanko\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kovacevic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Radmila\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23347875\",\"keywords\":\"3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: genetics, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: analysis, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Cycle: physiology, Cells, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: antagonists & inhibitors, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Conditioned, Conditioned: chemistry, Culture Media, Cultured, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP: genetics, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Cyclic GMP, Cyclic GMP: genetics, Cyclic GMP: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: antagonists & inhibitors, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: drug effects, Mitochondrial: physiology, Nucleotides, Nucleotides: metabolism, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: genetics, Phosphoproteins: metabolism, Progesterone, Progesterone: analysis, Rats, Signal Transduction, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"81–90\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fa_acute_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Acute effects of hexabromocyclododecane on {Leydig} cell cyclic nucleotide signaling and steroidogenesis in vitro.},\\n\\tvolume = {218},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3169},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), an additive brominated flame retardant routinely added to various consumer products, was reported to have toxic effects upon biota, including endocrine disruption. In this study, the potential toxicity of HBCDD was tested in peripubertal rat Leydig cells in vitro during 6h exposure. HBCDD inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin- and forskolin-supported cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis. It also inhibited basal cAMP production, but elevated basal steroidogenesis. The expression of several cAMP-dependent genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was also inhibited by HBCDD treatment. Nevertheless, this was not accompanied by a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, as documented by western blot analysis, and activity of steroidogenic enzymes, as documented by unaffected steroidogenesis in the presence of permeable 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. However, HBCDD caused significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in untreated and human chorionic gonadotropin-treated cells. This indicates that HBCDD acute toxicity in Leydig cells reflects changes in mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent cAMP production and basal and cAMP-regulated cholesterol transport. This in turn facilitates basal but inhibits cAMP-dependent steroidogenesis. Acute effects of HBCDD treatment on transcription are also indicative of its sustained effects on Leydig cell function.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Fa, Svetlana and Pogrmic-Majkic, Kristina and Dakic, Vanja and Kaisarevic, Sonja and Hrubik, Jelena and Andric, Nebojsa and Stojilkovic, Stanko S and Kovacevic, Radmila},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23347875},\\n\\tkeywords = {3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: genetics, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: analysis, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Cycle: physiology, Cells, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Conditioned, Conditioned: chemistry, Culture Media, Cultured, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP: genetics, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Cyclic GMP, Cyclic GMP: genetics, Cyclic GMP: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: antagonists \\\\& inhibitors, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: drug effects, Mitochondrial: physiology, Nucleotides, Nucleotides: metabolism, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: genetics, Phosphoproteins: metabolism, Progesterone, Progesterone: analysis, Rats, Signal Transduction, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {81--90},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fa, S.\",\"Pogrmic-Majkic, K.\",\"Dakic, V.\",\"Kaisarevic, S.\",\"Hrubik, J.\",\"Andric, N.\",\"Stojilkovic, S. S\",\"Kovacevic, R.\"],\"key\":\"fa_acute_2013\",\"id\":\"fa_acute_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fa-pogrmicmajkic-dakic-kaisarevic-hrubik-andric-stojilkovic-kovacevic-acuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneonleydigcellcyclicnucleotidesignalingandsteroidogenesisinvitro-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875\"},\"keyword\":[\"3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases\",\"3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: genetics\",\"3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: metabolism\",\"Androgens\",\"Androgens: analysis\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cell Cycle\",\"Cell Cycle: drug effects\",\"Cell Cycle: physiology\",\"Cells\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics\",\"Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism\",\"Chorionic Gonadotropin\",\"Chorionic Gonadotropin: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology\",\"Conditioned\",\"Conditioned: chemistry\",\"Culture Media\",\"Cultured\",\"Cyclic AMP\",\"Cyclic AMP: genetics\",\"Cyclic AMP: metabolism\",\"Cyclic GMP\",\"Cyclic GMP: genetics\",\"Cyclic GMP: metabolism\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Forskolin\",\"Forskolin: antagonists & inhibitors\",\"Forskolin: pharmacology\",\"Gene Expression\",\"Gene Expression: drug effects\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Leydig Cells\",\"Leydig Cells: drug effects\",\"Leydig Cells: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Membrane Potential\",\"Mitochondrial\",\"Mitochondrial: drug effects\",\"Mitochondrial: physiology\",\"Nucleotides\",\"Nucleotides: metabolism\",\"Phosphoproteins\",\"Phosphoproteins: genetics\",\"Phosphoproteins: metabolism\",\"Progesterone\",\"Progesterone: analysis\",\"Rats\",\"Signal Transduction\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from Stockholm mothers, 1980-2004.\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"issn\":\"1613-4133\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/mnfr.200700182\",\"abstract\":\"Environmental and human exposures to brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been of emerging concern since some BFR are persistent and bioaccumulative compounds. Among those, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have frequently been reported in low to high ng/g concentrations in human blood around the world while hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) only occasionally has been reported and then in the low ppb concentrations in human blood. The present study concerns PBDE congener and HBCDD concentrations in human milk from Stockholm from 1980 to 2004. HBCDD concentrations has increased four to five times since 1980 until 2002 but seems to have stabilized at this concentration in the last years (2003/04). Similarly, BDE-153 has continued to increase at least to 2001, after which it has stabilized in the mother's milk. Other PBDE congeners with four to five bromine substituents peaked 5 years earlier (1995) and are all decreasing. DecaBDE (BDE-209) is not a suitable biomarker for time trend studies according to the present results, showing no changes over time. This is likely due to its short apparent half-life in humans and poor transfer from blood to milk.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Molecular nutrition & food research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fängström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Britta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odsjö\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tjelvar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koidu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18186105\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Time Factors, ffr, frbldg, hum\",\"pages\":\"187–93\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fangstrom_temporal_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from {Stockholm} mothers, 1980-2004.},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\tissn = {1613-4133},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700182},\\n\\tabstract = {Environmental and human exposures to brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been of emerging concern since some BFR are persistent and bioaccumulative compounds. Among those, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have frequently been reported in low to high ng/g concentrations in human blood around the world while hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) only occasionally has been reported and then in the low ppb concentrations in human blood. The present study concerns PBDE congener and HBCDD concentrations in human milk from Stockholm from 1980 to 2004. HBCDD concentrations has increased four to five times since 1980 until 2002 but seems to have stabilized at this concentration in the last years (2003/04). Similarly, BDE-153 has continued to increase at least to 2001, after which it has stabilized in the mother's milk. Other PBDE congeners with four to five bromine substituents peaked 5 years earlier (1995) and are all decreasing. DecaBDE (BDE-209) is not a suitable biomarker for time trend studies according to the present results, showing no changes over time. This is likely due to its short apparent half-life in humans and poor transfer from blood to milk.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\\\& food research},\\n\\tauthor = {Fängström, Britta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Odsjö, Tjelvar and Norén, Koidu and Bergman, Ake},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18186105},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Time Factors, ffr, frbldg, hum},\\n\\tpages = {187--93},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fängström, B.\",\"Athanassiadis, I.\",\"Odsjö, T.\",\"Norén, K.\",\"Bergman, A.\"],\"key\":\"fangstrom_temporal_2008\",\"id\":\"fangstrom_temporal_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fngstrm-athanassiadis-odsj-norn-bergman-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinmilkfromstockholmmothers19802004-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Milk\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Sweden\",\"Time Factors\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Investigating a novel flame retardant known as V6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es400032v\",\"abstract\":\"With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified (\\\\textgreater98%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24,500,000 to 59,500,000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46,500,000 ± 12,000,000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from \\\\textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and \\\\textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gooden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carignan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Courtney\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Makey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colleen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23565680\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"4449–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fang_investigating_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Investigating a novel flame retardant known as {V6}: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es400032v},\\n\\tabstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater98\\\\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24,500,000 to 59,500,000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46,500,000 ± 12,000,000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\\\\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\\\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\\\\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M and McClean, Michael D and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23565680},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {4449--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fang, M.\",\"Webster, T. F\",\"Gooden, D.\",\"Cooper, E. M\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Carignan, C.\",\"Makey, C.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"fang_investigating_2013-1\",\"id\":\"fang_investigating_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Quincy, MA\",\"title\":\"Firefighter fatalities in the United States-2011\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf\",\"number\":\"June\",\"publisher\":\"National Fire Protection Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rita\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leblanc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{fahy_firefighter_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\\n\\ttitle = {Firefighter fatalities in the {United} {States}-2011},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {June},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Fahy, Rita F and Leblanc, Paul R and Molis, Joseph L},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fahy, R. F\",\"Leblanc, P. R\",\"Molis, J. L\"],\"key\":\"fahy_firefighter_2012\",\"id\":\"fahy_firefighter_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fahy-leblanc-molis-firefighterfatalitiesintheunitedstates2011-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"European Polystyrene Insulation Foams statement on HBCD Risk Management\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf\",\"number\":\"May\",\"publisher\":\"European Polystyrene Insulation Foams Industry\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EUPSIFI\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{eupsifi_european_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {European {Polystyrene} {Insulation} {Foams} statement on {HBCD} {Risk} {Management}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {May},\\n\\tpublisher = {European Polystyrene Insulation Foams Industry},\\n\\tauthor = {{EUPSIFI}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EUPSIFI\"],\"key\":\"eupsifi_european_2010\",\"id\":\"eupsifi_european_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eupsifi-europeanpolystyreneinsulationfoamsstatementonhbcdriskmanagement-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"European Union Risk Assessment Report: Diphenyl Ether, Octabromo Derivative\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EU\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{eu_european_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {European {Union} {Risk} {Assessment} {Report}: {Diphenyl} {Ether}, {Octabromo} {Derivative}},\\n\\tauthor = {{EU}},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EU\"],\"key\":\"eu_european_2003\",\"id\":\"eu_european_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreportdiphenyletheroctabromoderivative-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A comparison of PBDE serum concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American children living in California.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1002874\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), which are used as flame retardants, have been found to be higher in residents of California than of other parts of the United States.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fenster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castorina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosemary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"Goldman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Armando\",\"Garcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lopez-Carillo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lizbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21498147\",\"keywords\":\"Child, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mexican Americans, Pregnancy, Preschool, california\",\"pages\":\"1442–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {A comparison of {PBDE} serum concentrations in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} children living in {California}.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002874},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), which are used as flame retardants, have been found to be higher in residents of California than of other parts of the United States.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21498147},\\n\\tkeywords = {Child, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mexican Americans, Pregnancy, Preschool, california},\\n\\tpages = {1442--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eskenazi, B.\",\"Fenster, L.\",\"Castorina, R.\",\"Marks, A. R\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Rosas, L. G.\",\"Holland, N.\",\"Guerra, A. G.\",\"Lopez-Carillo, L.\",\"Bradman, A.\"],\"key\":\"eskenazi_comparison_2011\",\"id\":\"eskenazi_comparison_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Child\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: blood\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene\",\"Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Mexican Americans\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Preschool\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study.\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205597\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort. METHODS: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323). RESULTS: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination-particularly in the nondominant-at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kogut\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trujillo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Celina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23154064\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"257–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) exposures and neurodevelopment in the {CHAMACOS} study.},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort. METHODS: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323). RESULTS: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination-particularly in the nondominant-at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23154064},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {257--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eskenazi, B.\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Rauch, S. A\",\"Kogut, K.\",\"Harley, K. G\",\"Johnson, C.\",\"Trujillo, C.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Bradman, A.\"],\"key\":\"eskenazi_utero_2013\",\"id\":\"eskenazi_utero_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants on the reproductive and thyroid system in adult male rats.\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfs098\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, are readily released into home and work environments, and are present in house dust. Studies using animal models have revealed that exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may impair adult male reproductive function and thyroid hormone physiology. Such studies have generally characterized the outcome of acute or chronic exposure to a single BFR technical mixture or congener but not the impact of environmentally relevant BFR mixtures. We tested whether exposure to the BFRs found in house dust would have an adverse impact on the adult male rat reproductive system and thyroid function. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a complex BFR mixture composed of three commercial brominated diphenyl ethers (52.1% DE-71, 0.4% DE-79, and 44.2% decaBDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (3.3%), formulated to mimic the relative congener levels in house dust. BFRs were delivered in the diet at target doses of 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg/day for 70 days. Compared with controls, males exposed to the highest dose of BFRs displayed a significant increase in the weights of the kidneys and liver, which was accompanied by induction of CYP1A and CYP2B P450 hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. BFR exposure did not affect reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular function, or sperm DNA integrity. The highest dose caused thyroid toxicity as indicated by decreased serum thyroxine (T4) and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland epithelium. At lower doses, the thickness of the thyroid gland epithelium was reduced, but no changes in hormone levels (T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone) were observed. Thus, exposure to BFRs affected liver and thyroid physiology but not male reproductive parameters.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ernest\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheila\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wade\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lalancette\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yi-Qian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Robaire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hales\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22387749\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chronic, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Hypertrophy, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests\",\"pages\":\"496–507\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ernest_effects_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants on the reproductive and thyroid system in adult male rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs098},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, are readily released into home and work environments, and are present in house dust. Studies using animal models have revealed that exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may impair adult male reproductive function and thyroid hormone physiology. Such studies have generally characterized the outcome of acute or chronic exposure to a single BFR technical mixture or congener but not the impact of environmentally relevant BFR mixtures. We tested whether exposure to the BFRs found in house dust would have an adverse impact on the adult male rat reproductive system and thyroid function. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a complex BFR mixture composed of three commercial brominated diphenyl ethers (52.1\\\\% DE-71, 0.4\\\\% DE-79, and 44.2\\\\% decaBDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (3.3\\\\%), formulated to mimic the relative congener levels in house dust. BFRs were delivered in the diet at target doses of 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg/day for 70 days. Compared with controls, males exposed to the highest dose of BFRs displayed a significant increase in the weights of the kidneys and liver, which was accompanied by induction of CYP1A and CYP2B P450 hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. BFR exposure did not affect reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular function, or sperm DNA integrity. The highest dose caused thyroid toxicity as indicated by decreased serum thyroxine (T4) and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland epithelium. At lower doses, the thickness of the thyroid gland epithelium was reduced, but no changes in hormone levels (T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone) were observed. Thus, exposure to BFRs affected liver and thyroid physiology but not male reproductive parameters.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ernest, Sheila R and Wade, Michael G and Lalancette, Claudia and Ma, Yi-Qian and Berger, Robert G and Robaire, Bernard and Hales, Barbara F},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22387749},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chronic, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Hypertrophy, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests},\\n\\tpages = {496--507},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ernest, S. R\",\"Wade, M. G\",\"Lalancette, C.\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Berger, R. G\",\"Robaire, B.\",\"Hales, B. F\"],\"key\":\"ernest_effects_2012\",\"id\":\"ernest_effects_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ernest-wade-lalancette-ma-berger-robaire-hales-effectsofchronicexposuretoanenvironmentallyrelevantmixtureofbrominatedflameretardantsonthereproductiveandthyroidsysteminadultmalerats-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Chronic\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Enzyme Induction\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Hypertrophy\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Male\",\"Rats\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Spermatozoa\",\"Spermatozoa: drug effects\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Testis\",\"Testis: drug effects\",\"Testis: metabolism\",\"Testosterone\",\"Testosterone: blood\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Gland: pathology\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: blood\",\"Time Factors\",\"Toxicity Tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD).\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.etap.2005.10.001\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) are a diverse group of global environmental pollutants. In the present study, we show that neonatal exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) can cause developmental behavioural defects that are similar to those recently reported for PBDEs and certain PCBs. Furthermore, HBCDD appears to be as potent as PBDEs in inducing developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. In this study, neonatal NMRI mouse pups were given either a single oral dose of 0.9mg HBCDD/kg body weight, 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight, or a 20% fat emulsion vehicle on postnatal day 10. At the age of 3 months, the mice were observed regarding spontaneous behaviour and concerning learning and memory capability. Mice exposed to 0.9mg HBCDD or to 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight showed a significantly altered spontaneous behaviour, manifested as a hyperactive condition and reduced habituation. Learning and memory, as observed in a Morris water maze, was also significantly affected in mice given the higher dose of HBCDD.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Celia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wallin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eva\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"317–322\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eriksson_impaired_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCDD}).},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2005.10.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) are a diverse group of global environmental pollutants. In the present study, we show that neonatal exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) can cause developmental behavioural defects that are similar to those recently reported for PBDEs and certain PCBs. Furthermore, HBCDD appears to be as potent as PBDEs in inducing developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. In this study, neonatal NMRI mouse pups were given either a single oral dose of 0.9mg HBCDD/kg body weight, 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight, or a 20\\\\% fat emulsion vehicle on postnatal day 10. At the age of 3 months, the mice were observed regarding spontaneous behaviour and concerning learning and memory capability. Mice exposed to 0.9mg HBCDD or to 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight showed a significantly altered spontaneous behaviour, manifested as a hyperactive condition and reduced habituation. Learning and memory, as observed in a Morris water maze, was also significantly affected in mice given the higher dose of HBCDD.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Eriksson, Per and Fischer, Celia and Wallin, Maria and Jakobsson, Eva and Fredriksson, Anders},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {317--322},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eriksson, P.\",\"Fischer, C.\",\"Wallin, M.\",\"Jakobsson, E.\",\"Fredriksson, A.\"],\"key\":\"eriksson_impaired_2006\",\"id\":\"eriksson_impaired_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eriksson-fischer-wallin-jakobsson-fredriksson-impairedbehaviourlearningandmemoryinadultmiceneonatallyexposedtohexabromocyclododecanehbcdd-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hormonal activities of new brominated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"87\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.049\",\"abstract\":\"After the phase-out of two commercial mixtures of brominated flame retardants, an increasing number of alternative flame retardants have been introduced in commercial applications. None of them, however, has been thoroughly tested for its hormonal activity. We used two yeast reporter-gene assays to determine the potential of eleven compounds to interfere with estrogenic and androgenic pathways. Our data demonstrate the ability of 2,4,6-tribromophenol to lower the transcriptional activity of human estrogen and androgen receptors. A nominal IC(50) value of 14.1 μM for anti-estrogenic and 3.9 μM for anti-androgenic activity was obtained using the luciferase reporter. An IC(50) value of 9.2 μM was calculated for the anti-estrogenic activity measured by the β-galactosidase assay. Of the tested chemicals, this study highlights the endocrine disrupting effects of 2,4,6-tribromophenol whose occurrence in the environment should be monitored.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezechiáš\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Svobodová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cajthaml\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22236593\",\"keywords\":\"Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: toxicity, Androgen: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Estrogen Antagonists, Estrogen Antagonists: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Receptors\",\"pages\":\"820–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ezechias_hormonal_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Hormonal activities of new brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {87},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.049},\\n\\tabstract = {After the phase-out of two commercial mixtures of brominated flame retardants, an increasing number of alternative flame retardants have been introduced in commercial applications. None of them, however, has been thoroughly tested for its hormonal activity. We used two yeast reporter-gene assays to determine the potential of eleven compounds to interfere with estrogenic and androgenic pathways. Our data demonstrate the ability of 2,4,6-tribromophenol to lower the transcriptional activity of human estrogen and androgen receptors. A nominal IC(50) value of 14.1 μM for anti-estrogenic and 3.9 μM for anti-androgenic activity was obtained using the luciferase reporter. An IC(50) value of 9.2 μM was calculated for the anti-estrogenic activity measured by the β-galactosidase assay. Of the tested chemicals, this study highlights the endocrine disrupting effects of 2,4,6-tribromophenol whose occurrence in the environment should be monitored.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ezechiáš, M and Svobodová, K and Cajthaml, T},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22236593},\\n\\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: toxicity, Androgen: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Estrogen Antagonists, Estrogen Antagonists: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Receptors},\\n\\tpages = {820--4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ezechiáš, M\",\"Svobodová, K\",\"Cajthaml, T\"],\"key\":\"ezechias_hormonal_2012\",\"id\":\"ezechias_hormonal_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ezechi-svobodov-cajthaml-hormonalactivitiesofnewbrominatedflameretardants-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593\"},\"keyword\":[\"Androgen\",\"Androgen Antagonists\",\"Androgen Antagonists: toxicity\",\"Androgen: metabolism\",\"Androgens\",\"Androgens: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Estrogen Antagonists\",\"Estrogen Antagonists: toxicity\",\"Estrogens\",\"Estrogens: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Receptors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Ispra, Italy\",\"title\":\"European Union risk assessment report on 2,20,6,60-tetrabromo-4,40-isopropylene diphenol (tetrabromobisphenol-A) CAS no. 79-94-7. EINECS no. 201-236-9.\",\"url\":\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf\",\"institution\":\"European Chemicals Bureau\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EU\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{eu_european_2005,\\n\\taddress = {Ispra, Italy},\\n\\ttitle = {European {Union} risk assessment report on 2,20,6,60-tetrabromo-4,40-isopropylene diphenol (tetrabromobisphenol-{A}) {CAS} no. 79-94-7. {EINECS} no. 201-236-9.},\\n\\turl = {http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {European Chemicals Bureau},\\n\\tauthor = {{EU}},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EU\"],\"key\":\"eu_european_2005\",\"id\":\"eu_european_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreporton220660tetrabromo440isopropylenediphenoltetrabromobisphenolacasno79947einecsno2012369-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"url\":\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fenster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castorina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosemary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"Goldman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Armando\",\"Garcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lopez-Carillo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lizbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Comparison} of {PBDE} {Serum} {Concentrations} in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} {Children} {Living} in {California}},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eskenazi, B.\",\"Fenster, L.\",\"Castorina, R.\",\"Marks, A. R\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Rosas, L. G.\",\"Holland, N.\",\"Guerra, A. G.\",\"Lopez-Carillo, L.\",\"Bradman, A.\"],\"key\":\"eskenazi_comparison_2011-1\",\"id\":\"eskenazi_comparison_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study.\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205597\",\"abstract\":\"California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kogut\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trujillo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Celina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23154064\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"257–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) exposures and neurodevelopment in the {CHAMACOS} study.},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\\n\\tabstract = {California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23154064},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {257--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eskenazi, B.\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Rauch, S. A\",\"Kogut, K.\",\"Harley, K. G\",\"Johnson, C.\",\"Trujillo, C.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Bradman, A.\"],\"key\":\"eskenazi_utero_2013-1\",\"id\":\"eskenazi_utero_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study\",\"abstract\":\"Objective: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. Here, we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS, a California birth cohort. Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at ages 5 (N=323) and 7 years (N=310). Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at age 5 and maternal report at ages 5 and 7, with poorer fine motor coordination – particularly in the non-dominant hand – at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) at age 7. Child age 7 PBDE concentrations were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birthweight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.\",\"number\":\"November\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kogut\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trujillo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Celina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eskenazi_utero_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},\\n\\tabstract = {Objective: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. Here, we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS, a California birth cohort. Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at ages 5 (N=323) and 7 years (N=310). Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at age 5 and maternal report at ages 5 and 7, with poorer fine motor coordination – particularly in the non-dominant hand – at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) at age 7. Child age 7 PBDE concentrations were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birthweight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},\\n\\tnumber = {November},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjodin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eskenazi, B.\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Rauch, S. A\",\"Kogut, K.\",\"Harley, K. G\",\"Johnson, C.\",\"Trujillo, C.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Bradman, A.\"],\"key\":\"eskenazi_utero_2012\",\"id\":\"eskenazi_utero_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) by Human Liver Microsomes: Identification of Cytochrome P450 2B6 as the Major Enzyme Involved.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1520-5010\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/tx300522u\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used flame retardants that have become persistent environmental pollutants. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major PBDE detected in human tissue and environmental samples. Biotransformation of BDE-47 by pooled and individual human liver microsomes and by human recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes was assessed using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Of the nine hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47 produced by human liver microsomes, seven metabolites were identified using authentic standards. A monohydroxy-tetrabrominated and a dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite remain unidentified. Kinetic analysis of the rates of metabolite formation revealed that the major metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-OH-BDE-47), 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47), and possibly the unidentified monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite. Among the human recombinant P450 enzymes tested, P450 2B6 was the most active enzyme in the formation of the hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47. Moreover, the formation of all metabolites of BDE-47 by pooled human liver microsomes was inhibited by a P450 2B6-specific antibody and was highly correlated with P450 2B6-mediated activity in single donor liver microsomes indicating that P450 2B6 was the major P450 responsible for the biotransformation of BDE-47. Additional experiments involving the incubation of liver microsomes with individual monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites in place of BDE-47 demonstrated that 2,4-dibromophenol was a product of BDE-47 and several primary metabolites, but the dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite was not formed by sequential hydroxylation of any of the monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites tested. The present study provides a comprehensive characterization of the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 by human liver microsomes and P450 2B6.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemical research in toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Erratico\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudio\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szeitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"András\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bandiera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stelvio\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23537005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"721–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{erratico_biotransformation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-{Tetrabromodiphenyl} {Ether} ({BDE}-47) by {Human} {Liver} {Microsomes}: {Identification} of {Cytochrome} {P450} {2B6} as the {Major} {Enzyme} {Involved}.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5010},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/tx300522u},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used flame retardants that have become persistent environmental pollutants. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major PBDE detected in human tissue and environmental samples. Biotransformation of BDE-47 by pooled and individual human liver microsomes and by human recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes was assessed using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Of the nine hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47 produced by human liver microsomes, seven metabolites were identified using authentic standards. A monohydroxy-tetrabrominated and a dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite remain unidentified. Kinetic analysis of the rates of metabolite formation revealed that the major metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-OH-BDE-47), 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47), and possibly the unidentified monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite. Among the human recombinant P450 enzymes tested, P450 2B6 was the most active enzyme in the formation of the hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47. Moreover, the formation of all metabolites of BDE-47 by pooled human liver microsomes was inhibited by a P450 2B6-specific antibody and was highly correlated with P450 2B6-mediated activity in single donor liver microsomes indicating that P450 2B6 was the major P450 responsible for the biotransformation of BDE-47. Additional experiments involving the incubation of liver microsomes with individual monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites in place of BDE-47 demonstrated that 2,4-dibromophenol was a product of BDE-47 and several primary metabolites, but the dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite was not formed by sequential hydroxylation of any of the monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites tested. The present study provides a comprehensive characterization of the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 by human liver microsomes and P450 2B6.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical research in toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Erratico, Claudio A and Szeitz, András and Bandiera, Stelvio M},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23537005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {721--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Erratico, C. A\",\"Szeitz, A.\",\"Bandiera, S. M\"],\"key\":\"erratico_biotransformation_2013\",\"id\":\"erratico_biotransformation_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"erratico-szeitz-bandiera-biotransformationof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47byhumanlivermicrosomesidentificationofcytochromep4502b6asthemajorenzymeinvolved-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparative oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 by rat hepatic microsomes.\",\"volume\":\"123\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfr155\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) are among the most prevalent PBDEs detected in humans, wildlife, and abiotic environmental matrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in rat hepatic microsomes by comparing metabolite formation rates, kinetic parameters associated with metabolite formation, and the effects of prototypical cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers. The CYP enzymes involved were also identified. Incubation of BDE-47 with hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats generated a total of five hydroxylated (OH-BDE) metabolites, among which 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-49) and 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47) were the major metabolites, as identified using authentic standards and quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Incubations of BDE-99 with hepatic microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats produced a total of seven hydroxylated metabolites, among which 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-90) and 6'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (6'-OH-BDE-99) were the major metabolites. Although the overall rate of oxidative metabolism of BDE-99 by hepatic microsomes was greater than that of BDE-47, para-hydroxylation involving a National Institutes of Health shift mechanism represented a major metabolic pathway for both PBDE congeners. Among the rat recombinant CYP enzymes tested, CYP2A2 and CYP3A1 were the most active in BDE-47 and BDE-99 metabolism, respectively. However, CYP1A1 exhibited the highest activity for 4'-OH-BDE-49 and 6'-OH-BDE-99 formation, and CYP3A1 exhibited the highest activity for 3-OH-BDE-47 and 4-OH-BDE-90 formation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 is mediated by distinct but overlapping sets of CYP enzymes and represents a key process that determines the bioaccumulation of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in mammals.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Erratico\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudio\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moffatt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bandiera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stelvio\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21673328\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biotransformation, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Metabolic Detoxication, Microsomes, Phase I, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats\",\"pages\":\"37–47\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{erratico_comparative_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparative oxidative metabolism of {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 by rat hepatic microsomes.},\\n\\tvolume = {123},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr155},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) are among the most prevalent PBDEs detected in humans, wildlife, and abiotic environmental matrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in rat hepatic microsomes by comparing metabolite formation rates, kinetic parameters associated with metabolite formation, and the effects of prototypical cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers. The CYP enzymes involved were also identified. Incubation of BDE-47 with hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats generated a total of five hydroxylated (OH-BDE) metabolites, among which 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-49) and 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47) were the major metabolites, as identified using authentic standards and quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Incubations of BDE-99 with hepatic microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats produced a total of seven hydroxylated metabolites, among which 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-90) and 6'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (6'-OH-BDE-99) were the major metabolites. Although the overall rate of oxidative metabolism of BDE-99 by hepatic microsomes was greater than that of BDE-47, para-hydroxylation involving a National Institutes of Health shift mechanism represented a major metabolic pathway for both PBDE congeners. Among the rat recombinant CYP enzymes tested, CYP2A2 and CYP3A1 were the most active in BDE-47 and BDE-99 metabolism, respectively. However, CYP1A1 exhibited the highest activity for 4'-OH-BDE-49 and 6'-OH-BDE-99 formation, and CYP3A1 exhibited the highest activity for 3-OH-BDE-47 and 4-OH-BDE-90 formation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 is mediated by distinct but overlapping sets of CYP enzymes and represents a key process that determines the bioaccumulation of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in mammals.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Erratico, Claudio A and Moffatt, Sarah C and Bandiera, Stelvio M},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21673328},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Metabolic Detoxication, Microsomes, Phase I, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats},\\n\\tpages = {37--47},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Erratico, C. A\",\"Moffatt, S. C\",\"Bandiera, S. M\"],\"key\":\"erratico_comparative_2011\",\"id\":\"erratico_comparative_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"erratico-moffatt-bandiera-comparativeoxidativemetabolismofbde47andbde99byrathepaticmicrosomes-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Enzyme Induction\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Long-Evans\",\"Male\",\"Metabolic Detoxication\",\"Microsomes\",\"Phase I\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment?\",\"volume\":\"109\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants are a novel group of global environmental contaminants. Within this group the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) constitute one class of many that are found in electrical appliances, building materials, and textiles. PBDEs are persistent compounds that appear to have an environmental dispersion similar to that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Levels of PBDEs are increasing in mother's milk while other organohalogens have decreased in concentration. We studied for developmental neurotoxic effects two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99)–congeners that dominate in environmental and human samples–together with another frequently used brominated flame retardant, tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A (TBBPA). The compounds were given to 10-day-old NMRI male mice, as follows: PBDE 47, 0.7 mg (1.4 micromol), 10.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg body weight (bw); PBDE 99, 0.8 mg (1.4 micromol), 12.0 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw; TBBPA, 0.75 mg (1.4 micromol), 11.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw. Mice serving as controls received 10 mL/kg bw of the 20% fat emulsion vehicle in the same manner. The present study has shown that neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and PBDE 47 can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous behavior, evident in 2- and 4-month-old animals. This effect together with the habituation capability was more pronounced with increasing age, and the changes were dose-response related. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 also affected learning and memory functions in adult animals. These are developmental defects that have been detected previously in connection with PCBs.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pmid\":\"11673118\",\"keywords\":\"Age Factors, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"903–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eriksson_brominated_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment?},\\n\\tvolume = {109},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are a novel group of global environmental contaminants. Within this group the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) constitute one class of many that are found in electrical appliances, building materials, and textiles. PBDEs are persistent compounds that appear to have an environmental dispersion similar to that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Levels of PBDEs are increasing in mother's milk while other organohalogens have decreased in concentration. We studied for developmental neurotoxic effects two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99)–congeners that dominate in environmental and human samples–together with another frequently used brominated flame retardant, tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A (TBBPA). The compounds were given to 10-day-old NMRI male mice, as follows: PBDE 47, 0.7 mg (1.4 micromol), 10.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg body weight (bw); PBDE 99, 0.8 mg (1.4 micromol), 12.0 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw; TBBPA, 0.75 mg (1.4 micromol), 11.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw. Mice serving as controls received 10 mL/kg bw of the 20\\\\% fat emulsion vehicle in the same manner. The present study has shown that neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and PBDE 47 can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous behavior, evident in 2- and 4-month-old animals. This effect together with the habituation capability was more pronounced with increasing age, and the changes were dose-response related. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 also affected learning and memory functions in adult animals. These are developmental defects that have been detected previously in connection with PCBs.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eriksson, P and Jakobsson, E and Fredriksson, A},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpmid = {11673118},\\n\\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {903--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eriksson, P\",\"Jakobsson, E\",\"Fredriksson, A\"],\"key\":\"eriksson_brominated_2001\",\"id\":\"eriksson_brominated_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eriksson-jakobsson-fredriksson-brominatedflameretardantsanovelclassofdevelopmentalneurotoxicantsinourenvironment-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Age Factors\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: adverse effects\",\"Discrimination Learning\",\"Discrimination Learning: drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Memory\",\"Memory: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Newborn\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Efflux transporters: newly appreciated roles in protection against pollutants.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Epel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luckenbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Till\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stevenson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charlotte\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Macmanus-Spencer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"a\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamdoun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smital\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tvrtko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: metabolism, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"3914–3920\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{epel_efflux_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Efflux transporters: newly appreciated roles in protection against pollutants.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Epel, David and Luckenbach, Till and Stevenson, Charlotte N and Macmanus-Spencer, Laura a and Hamdoun, Amro and Smital, Tvrtko},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: metabolism, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {3914--3920},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Epel, D.\",\"Luckenbach, T.\",\"Stevenson, C. N\",\"Macmanus-Spencer, L. a\",\"Hamdoun, A.\",\"Smital, T.\"],\"key\":\"epel_efflux_2008\",\"id\":\"epel_efflux_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epel-luckenbach-stevenson-macmanusspencer-hamdoun-smital-effluxtransportersnewlyappreciatedrolesinprotectionagainstpollutants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters\",\"ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Xenobiotics\",\"Xenobiotics: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"An Exposure Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF\",\"abstract\":\"EPA/600/R-08/086F\",\"number\":\"May\",\"publisher\":\"National Center for Environmental Assessment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_exposure_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {An {Exposure} {Assessment} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF},\\n\\tabstract = {EPA/600/R-08/086F},\\n\\tnumber = {May},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Center for Environmental Assessment},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_exposure_2010\",\"id\":\"epa_exposure_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-anexposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"An alternatives assessment for the flame retardant Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE)\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_alternatives_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {An alternatives assessment for the flame retardant {Decabromodiphenyl} ether ({DecaBDE})},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_alternatives_2012\",\"id\":\"epa_alternatives_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-analternativesassessmentfortheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherdecabde-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Premanufacture Notice (PMN) for P-10-476\",\"url\":\"http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_premanufacture_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Premanufacture {Notice} ({PMN}) for {P}-10-476},\\n\\turl = {http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_premanufacture_2011\",\"id\":\"epa_premanufacture_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-premanufacturenoticepmnforp10476-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Other Chlorinated Paraffins Action Plan\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{epa_short-chain_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Short-{Chain} {Chlorinated} {Paraffins} ({SCCPs}) and {Other} {Chlorinated} {Paraffins} {Action} {Plan}},\\n\\tauthor = {{EPA}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA\"],\"key\":\"epa_short-chain_2009\",\"id\":\"epa_short-chain_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-shortchainchlorinatedparaffinssccpsandotherchlorinatedparaffinsactionplan-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental exposure to a brominated flame retardant: An assessment of effects on physiology, growth, and reproduction in a songbird, the zebra finch.\",\"volume\":\"178\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037\",\"abstract\":\"Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as additive flame retardants, and BDE-99 is one of the most predominant congeners found in the environment. BDE-99 has been reported in avian samples worldwide, yet knowledge of its toxicity to birds is minimal. We assessed the short- and long-term effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 in a model passerine, the zebra finch. Early exposure to BDE-99 did not affect hematocrit, oxidative stress, or thyroid hormones in either the juvenile or adult stages, and there were no effects on chick growth or survival. BDE-99 exposure caused a dose-dependent delay in timing of reproduction, but there were no other effects on reproductive success. In zebra finches, endpoints related to reproductive behavior appear to be the most sensitive to BDE-99. However, passerines overall appear to be less sensitive than birds of prey or mammals to PBDE exposure.\",\"number\":\"null\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elliott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23603472\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Oxidative Stress, Reproduction, Thyroid Hormones, bde-99, laying interval\",\"pages\":\"343–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eng_developmental_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to a brominated flame retardant: {An} assessment of effects on physiology, growth, and reproduction in a songbird, the zebra finch.},\\n\\tvolume = {178},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037},\\n\\tabstract = {Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as additive flame retardants, and BDE-99 is one of the most predominant congeners found in the environment. BDE-99 has been reported in avian samples worldwide, yet knowledge of its toxicity to birds is minimal. We assessed the short- and long-term effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 in a model passerine, the zebra finch. Early exposure to BDE-99 did not affect hematocrit, oxidative stress, or thyroid hormones in either the juvenile or adult stages, and there were no effects on chick growth or survival. BDE-99 exposure caused a dose-dependent delay in timing of reproduction, but there were no other effects on reproductive success. In zebra finches, endpoints related to reproductive behavior appear to be the most sensitive to BDE-99. However, passerines overall appear to be less sensitive than birds of prey or mammals to PBDE exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {null},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Eng, Margaret L and Williams, Tony D and Elliott, John E},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23603472},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Oxidative Stress, Reproduction, Thyroid Hormones, bde-99, laying interval},\\n\\tpages = {343--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eng, M. L\",\"Williams, T. D\",\"Elliott, J. E\"],\"key\":\"eng_developmental_2013\",\"id\":\"eng_developmental_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eng-williams-elliott-developmentalexposuretoabrominatedflameretardantanassessmentofeffectsonphysiologygrowthandreproductioninasongbirdthezebrafinch-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Reproduction\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"bde-99\",\"laying interval\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Guildford, Surrey\",\"title\":\"International Fire Statistics and the Potential Benefits of Fire Counter-Measures\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf\",\"number\":\"May\",\"publisher\":\"University of Surrey for the European Flame Retardant Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emsley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stevens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{emsley_international_2005,\\n\\taddress = {Guildford, Surrey},\\n\\ttitle = {International {Fire} {Statistics} and the {Potential} {Benefits} of {Fire} {Counter}-{Measures}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {May},\\n\\tpublisher = {University of Surrey for the European Flame Retardant Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Emsley, Alan and Lim, Linda and Stevens, Gary and Williams, Peter},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Emsley, A.\",\"Lim, L.\",\"Stevens, G.\",\"Williams, P.\"],\"key\":\"emsley_international_2005\",\"id\":\"emsley_international_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"emsley-lim-stevens-williams-internationalfirestatisticsandthepotentialbenefitsoffirecountermeasures-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects.\",\"volume\":\"94\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfl109\",\"abstract\":\"The present study shows that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can interact and enhance developmental neurobehavioral defects when the exposure occurs during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. PBDEs are used in large quantities as flame-retardant additives in polymers, especially in the manufacture of a great variety of electrical appliances, and textiles. In contrast to the well-known persistent compounds PCBs and DDT, the PBDEs have been found to increase in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have previously shown that low-dose exposure to environmental toxic agents such as PCB can cause developmental neurotoxic effects when present during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. Epidemiological studies indicate the adverse neurobehavioral impact of PCBs. Recently, we reported that neonatal exposure to PBDEs causes developmental neurotoxic effects. In the present study, 10-day-old Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were given one single oral dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol/kg body weight [bw]) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol), PCB 52 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol), or PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol). Controls received a vehicle (20% fat emulsion). Animals exposed to the combined dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol) and the high dose of PCB 52 (14 micromol) or PBDE 99 (14 micromol) showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior and habituation capability at the age of 4 and 6 months. The neurobehavioral defects were also seen to worsen with age in mice neonatally exposed to PCB 52 + PBDE 99.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Celia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16980691\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Combination, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Interactions, Drug Therapy, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth & development, Nervous System: physiopathology, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Suckling, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"302–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eriksson_polybrominated_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects.},\\n\\tvolume = {94},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl109},\\n\\tabstract = {The present study shows that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can interact and enhance developmental neurobehavioral defects when the exposure occurs during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. PBDEs are used in large quantities as flame-retardant additives in polymers, especially in the manufacture of a great variety of electrical appliances, and textiles. In contrast to the well-known persistent compounds PCBs and DDT, the PBDEs have been found to increase in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have previously shown that low-dose exposure to environmental toxic agents such as PCB can cause developmental neurotoxic effects when present during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. Epidemiological studies indicate the adverse neurobehavioral impact of PCBs. Recently, we reported that neonatal exposure to PBDEs causes developmental neurotoxic effects. In the present study, 10-day-old Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were given one single oral dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol/kg body weight [bw]) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol), PCB 52 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol), or PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol). Controls received a vehicle (20\\\\% fat emulsion). Animals exposed to the combined dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol) and the high dose of PCB 52 (14 micromol) or PBDE 99 (14 micromol) showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior and habituation capability at the age of 4 and 6 months. The neurobehavioral defects were also seen to worsen with age in mice neonatally exposed to PCB 52 + PBDE 99.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Eriksson, Per and Fischer, Celia and Fredriksson, Anders},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16980691},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Combination, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Interactions, Drug Therapy, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \\\\& development, Nervous System: physiopathology, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Suckling, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {302--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eriksson, P.\",\"Fischer, C.\",\"Fredriksson, A.\"],\"key\":\"eriksson_polybrominated_2006\",\"id\":\"eriksson_polybrominated_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eriksson-fischer-fredriksson-polybrominateddiphenylethersagroupofbrominatedflameretardantscaninteractwithpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinenhancingdevelopmentalneurobehavioraldefects-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Combination\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Drug Interactions\",\"Drug Therapy\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Habituation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Nervous System: growth & development\",\"Nervous System: physiopathology\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Psychophysiologic\",\"Psychophysiologic: drug effects\",\"Suckling\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A brominated flame retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development.\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"1096-6080\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in large quantities as flame retardant additives. In a recent study, we have seen that neonatal exposure to some brominated flame retardants can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous motor behavior that seem to worsen with age. In view of an increasing amount of PBDEs in mother's milk and in the environment, the present study was undertaken to investigate whether there is a critical and limited phase, during neonatal life, for induction of persistent neurotoxic effects of 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99). Neonatal NMRI male mice were exposed on day 3, 10, or 19 to 8 mg 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE/kg body weight. Uptake and retention of 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE were studied in the mouse brain after exposure to 1.5 M becquerel (Bq) 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE /kg body weight (bw) on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19. Spontaneous motor behavior was observed in 4-month-old mice. Mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE on day 3 or 10 showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior, whereas no effect was seen in mice exposed on day 19. Neonatal mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE 99 on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19 were sacrificed 24 h or 7 days posttreatment. The amount of radioactivity, given as per mille ( per thousand) of total amount administered, was between 3.7 and 5.1 per thousand in the three different age categories at 24 h after administration. Seven days after the administration, 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE or its metabolites could still be detected in the brain. The amount of radioactivity in the brain was not higher in mice exposed on day 3 or 10 when compared to exposure on day 19. Thus, the behavioral disturbances observed in adult mice following neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE are induced during a defined critical period of neonatal brain development.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Orn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredriksson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11961221\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth & development, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Carbon Radioisotopes, Carbon Radioisotopes: diagnostic use, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Inbred Strains, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"98–103\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eriksson_brominated_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {A brominated flame retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development.},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {1096-6080},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in large quantities as flame retardant additives. In a recent study, we have seen that neonatal exposure to some brominated flame retardants can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous motor behavior that seem to worsen with age. In view of an increasing amount of PBDEs in mother's milk and in the environment, the present study was undertaken to investigate whether there is a critical and limited phase, during neonatal life, for induction of persistent neurotoxic effects of 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99). Neonatal NMRI male mice were exposed on day 3, 10, or 19 to 8 mg 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE/kg body weight. Uptake and retention of 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE were studied in the mouse brain after exposure to 1.5 M becquerel (Bq) 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE /kg body weight (bw) on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19. Spontaneous motor behavior was observed in 4-month-old mice. Mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE on day 3 or 10 showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior, whereas no effect was seen in mice exposed on day 19. Neonatal mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE 99 on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19 were sacrificed 24 h or 7 days posttreatment. The amount of radioactivity, given as per mille ( per thousand) of total amount administered, was between 3.7 and 5.1 per thousand in the three different age categories at 24 h after administration. Seven days after the administration, 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE or its metabolites could still be detected in the brain. The amount of radioactivity in the brain was not higher in mice exposed on day 3 or 10 when compared to exposure on day 19. Thus, the behavioral disturbances observed in adult mice following neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE are induced during a defined critical period of neonatal brain development.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Eriksson, P and Viberg, H and Jakobsson, E and Orn, U and Fredriksson, A},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11961221},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \\\\& development, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Carbon Radioisotopes, Carbon Radioisotopes: diagnostic use, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Inbred Strains, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {98--103},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eriksson, P\",\"Viberg, H\",\"Jakobsson, E\",\"Orn, U\",\"Fredriksson, A\"],\"key\":\"eriksson_brominated_2002\",\"id\":\"eriksson_brominated_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eriksson-viberg-jakobsson-orn-fredriksson-abrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletheruptakeretentionandinductionofneurobehavioralalterationsinmiceduringacriticalphaseofneonatalbraindevelopment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: growth & development\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Carbon Radioisotopes\",\"Carbon Radioisotopes: diagnostic use\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Inbred Strains\",\"Male\",\"Mice\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Newborn\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Phenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of POPs in human samples reveal a contribution of brominated dioxin of up to 15% of the total dioxin TEQ.\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.012\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were analyzed in both human adipose tissue and plasma from nine individuals, from the Swedish general population, using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). In addition, several other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined in the same samples, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Polybrominated dibenzofurans were detected in all of the human adipose tissue samples confirming their presence in the Swedish population. The highest concentration was found for 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, ranging from 0.27 to 2.4 pg g(-1) lipid, followed by 1,2,3,7,8-PeBDF, 0.23-0.89pgg(-1) lipid, 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF, 0.44-0.54 pg g(-1) lipid, and 2,7/2,8-DiBDF, 0.19-0.30 pg g(-1) lipid. No PBDDs could be detected above the limit of detection (\\\\textless0.02-\\\\textless0.21 pg g(-1) lipid) in any of the samples. The levels of PCDD/Fs were in the range 1.79-31.5pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)g(-1) lipid, and PBDEs were found in the 1.16-7.46 ng g(-1) lipid range. The measured chlorinated dioxins indicate decreasing human concentrations in Sweden. The toxicity equivalents (TEQ) for PBDD/Fs (0.2-0.8 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) were found to contribute 1-15% of the total dioxin TEQ of the chlorinated dioxins and furans (5-18 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) depending on the individual. Also PBDEs concentrations are decreasing compared to 1997-2000, but most noteworthy a shift in BDE pattern where BDE#47 is surpassed by BDE#153. The levels of PFCs are in the same range as the highest levels of the traditional POPs (sum of 60 PCBs) based on volume. These findings illustrate the importance of continuous monitoring of brominated compounds in both human and the environment.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ericson\",\"Jogsten\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingrid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hagberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bert\",\"Van\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19897226\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Aged, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Benzofurans: toxicity, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dioxins: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: toxicity, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, ffr, hum, unsure\",\"pages\":\"113–20\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ericson_jogsten_analysis_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of {POPs} in human samples reveal a contribution of brominated dioxin of up to 15\\\\% of the total dioxin {TEQ}.},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.012},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were analyzed in both human adipose tissue and plasma from nine individuals, from the Swedish general population, using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). In addition, several other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined in the same samples, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Polybrominated dibenzofurans were detected in all of the human adipose tissue samples confirming their presence in the Swedish population. The highest concentration was found for 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, ranging from 0.27 to 2.4 pg g(-1) lipid, followed by 1,2,3,7,8-PeBDF, 0.23-0.89pgg(-1) lipid, 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF, 0.44-0.54 pg g(-1) lipid, and 2,7/2,8-DiBDF, 0.19-0.30 pg g(-1) lipid. No PBDDs could be detected above the limit of detection ({\\\\textbackslash}textless0.02-{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.21 pg g(-1) lipid) in any of the samples. The levels of PCDD/Fs were in the range 1.79-31.5pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)g(-1) lipid, and PBDEs were found in the 1.16-7.46 ng g(-1) lipid range. The measured chlorinated dioxins indicate decreasing human concentrations in Sweden. The toxicity equivalents (TEQ) for PBDD/Fs (0.2-0.8 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) were found to contribute 1-15\\\\% of the total dioxin TEQ of the chlorinated dioxins and furans (5-18 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) depending on the individual. Also PBDEs concentrations are decreasing compared to 1997-2000, but most noteworthy a shift in BDE pattern where BDE\\\\#47 is surpassed by BDE\\\\#153. The levels of PFCs are in the same range as the highest levels of the traditional POPs (sum of 60 PCBs) based on volume. These findings illustrate the importance of continuous monitoring of brominated compounds in both human and the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ericson Jogsten, Ingrid and Hagberg, Jessika and Lindström, Gunilla and Bavel, Bert Van},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19897226},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Benzofurans: toxicity, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dioxins: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: toxicity, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, ffr, hum, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {113--20},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ericson Jogsten, I.\",\"Hagberg, J.\",\"Lindström, G.\",\"Bavel, B. V.\"],\"key\":\"ericson_jogsten_analysis_2010\",\"id\":\"ericson_jogsten_analysis_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ericsonjogsten-hagberg-lindstrm-bavel-analysisofpopsinhumansamplesrevealacontributionofbrominateddioxinofupto15ofthetotaldioxinteq-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Benzofurans: blood\",\"Benzofurans: toxicity\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: chemistry\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dioxins: blood\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Polymers\",\"Polymers: analysis\",\"Polymers: toxicity\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity\",\"ffr\",\"hum\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Initial Risk-Based Prioritization of High Production Volume Chemicals\",\"volume\":\"C\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"US Environmental Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_initial_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Initial {Risk}-{Based} {Prioritization} of {High} {Production} {Volume} {Chemicals}},\\n\\tvolume = {C},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_initial_2008\",\"id\":\"epa_initial_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-initialriskbasedprioritizationofhighproductionvolumechemicals-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Action Plan\",\"url\":\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"US Environmental Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) action Plan, Risk Assessment, TSCA, Toxic Substances Control Act, chemical hazard, chemical information, chemical risk, chemicals, exposure assessment, exposure characterization, hazard assessment, hazard characterization, hazard communication, risk characterization, risk communication, risk management\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_hexabromocyclododecane_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) {Action} {Plan}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) action Plan, Risk Assessment, TSCA, Toxic Substances Control Act, chemical hazard, chemical information, chemical risk, chemicals, exposure assessment, exposure characterization, hazard assessment, hazard characterization, hazard communication, risk characterization, risk communication, risk management},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_hexabromocyclododecane_2010\",\"id\":\"epa_hexabromocyclododecane_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdactionplan-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) action Plan\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"TSCA\",\"Toxic Substances Control Act\",\"chemical hazard\",\"chemical information\",\"chemical risk\",\"chemicals\",\"exposure assessment\",\"exposure characterization\",\"hazard assessment\",\"hazard characterization\",\"hazard communication\",\"risk characterization\",\"risk communication\",\"risk management\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Partnership on Flame Retardant Alternatives for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)\",\"url\":\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_partnership_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Partnership on {Flame} {Retardant} {Alternatives} for {Hexabromocyclododecane} ({HBCD})},\\n\\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_partnership_2012\",\"id\":\"epa_partnership_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-partnershiponflameretardantalternativesforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity and Response to NAS Comments, Volume 1\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf\",\"number\":\"1746\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_reanalysis_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Reanalysis of {Key} {Issues} {Related} to {Dioxin} {Toxicity} and {Response} to {NAS} {Comments}, {Volume} 1},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {1746},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_reanalysis_2012\",\"id\":\"epa_reanalysis_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-reanalysisofkeyissuesrelatedtodioxintoxicityandresponsetonascommentsvolume1-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Waste Incinerator Dioxin Control and Emission Standards\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"US Environmental Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_waste_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Waste {Incinerator} {Dioxin} {Control} and {Emission} {Standards}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_waste_2003\",\"id\":\"epa_waste_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-wasteincineratordioxincontrolandemissionstandards-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"IUR Data \\\\textbar Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) \\\\textbar US EPA\",\"url\":\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/\",\"abstract\":\"Provides links to past non-confidential company records and production volume data\",\"language\":\"en\",\"publisher\":\"US EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"1998, 2002, 2006, EPA, Flame retardants, IUR, Inventory update Reporting, OPPT, TSCA, company records, data, inventory, non-confidential, past IUR data, production volume data\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{epa_iur_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {{IUR} {Data} {\\\\textbar} {Inventory} {Update} {Reporting} ({IUR}) {\\\\textbar} {US} {EPA}},\\n\\turl = {http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/},\\n\\tabstract = {Provides links to past non-confidential company records and production volume data},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tpublisher = {US EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT)},\\n\\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {1998, 2002, 2006, EPA, Flame retardants, IUR, Inventory update Reporting, OPPT, TSCA, company records, data, inventory, non-confidential, past IUR data, production volume data},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA, U S\"],\"key\":\"epa_iur_2006\",\"id\":\"epa_iur_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-iurdatatextbarinventoryupdatereportingiurtextbarusepa-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/\"},\"keyword\":[\"1998\",\"2002\",\"2006\",\"EPA\",\"Flame retardants\",\"IUR\",\"Inventory update Reporting\",\"OPPT\",\"TSCA\",\"company records\",\"data\",\"inventory\",\"non-confidential\",\"past IUR data\",\"production volume data\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Furniture flame retardancy partnership: Environmental profiles of chemical flame-retardant alternatives for low-density polyurethane foam.\",\"url\":\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm\",\"institution\":\"US Environmental Protection Agency\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, env, ffr, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{epa_furniture_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Furniture flame retardancy partnership: {Environmental} profiles of chemical flame-retardant alternatives for low-density polyurethane foam.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm},\\n\\tinstitution = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {{EPA}},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA\"],\"key\":\"epa_furniture_2005\",\"id\":\"epa_furniture_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-furnitureflameretardancypartnershipenvironmentalprofilesofchemicalflameretardantalternativesforlowdensitypolyurethanefoam-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants in printed circuit boards.\",\"url\":\"http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EPA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, use\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{epa_flame_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants in printed circuit boards.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf},\\n\\tauthor = {{EPA}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EPA\"],\"key\":\"epa_flame_2008\",\"id\":\"epa_flame_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"epa-flameretardantsinprintedcircuitboards-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Early exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) affects mating behavior of zebra finches.\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfs076\",\"abstract\":\"2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) is a brominated flame retardant congener that has pervaded global food chains, being reported in avian egg and tissue samples throughout the world. Its effects on birds are not well known, but there is evidence in exposed mammals that it directly mediates and causes neurotoxicity, alters thyroid hormone homeostasis, and lowers sex steroid hormone concentrations. In birds, those processes could disrupt the song-control system and male mating behavior. In this study, the effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 were assessed in a model songbird species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). A tissue residue study in which zebra finch nestlings were orally exposed to 0, 2.5, 15.8, or 50.7 ng BDE-99/g body weight (bw) per day over the 21-day nesting period validated dosing methods and confirmed dose levels were environmentally relevant (332.7 ± 141.0 to 4450.2 ± 1396.2 ng/g plasma lipid). A full-scale study exposing nestlings to 0, 2.5, 15.8, 50.7, or 173.8 ng BDE-99/g bw/day was carried out to investigate long-term effects of BDE-99 on the adult song-control nuclei volumes, song quality, and male mating behavior. Early exposure to BDE-99 had significant effects on male mating behavior and the response of clean experienced females to exposed males. There was no effect on male song-control nuclei or song quality, and there were nondose-dependent effects on female song-control nuclei. The results demonstrate that early exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 affects the behavior of zebra finches.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elliott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacDougall-Shackleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tony\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22323513\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Computer-Assisted, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finches, Finches: physiology, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Vocal Center, High Vocal Center: drug effects, High Vocal Center: pathology, Image Processing, Male, Nesting Behavior, Nesting Behavior: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Sexual Behavior, Songbirds, Songbirds: physiology, Vocalization\",\"pages\":\"269–76\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eng_early_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Early exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-99) affects mating behavior of zebra finches.},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs076},\\n\\tabstract = {2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) is a brominated flame retardant congener that has pervaded global food chains, being reported in avian egg and tissue samples throughout the world. Its effects on birds are not well known, but there is evidence in exposed mammals that it directly mediates and causes neurotoxicity, alters thyroid hormone homeostasis, and lowers sex steroid hormone concentrations. In birds, those processes could disrupt the song-control system and male mating behavior. In this study, the effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 were assessed in a model songbird species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). A tissue residue study in which zebra finch nestlings were orally exposed to 0, 2.5, 15.8, or 50.7 ng BDE-99/g body weight (bw) per day over the 21-day nesting period validated dosing methods and confirmed dose levels were environmentally relevant (332.7 ± 141.0 to 4450.2 ± 1396.2 ng/g plasma lipid). A full-scale study exposing nestlings to 0, 2.5, 15.8, 50.7, or 173.8 ng BDE-99/g bw/day was carried out to investigate long-term effects of BDE-99 on the adult song-control nuclei volumes, song quality, and male mating behavior. Early exposure to BDE-99 had significant effects on male mating behavior and the response of clean experienced females to exposed males. There was no effect on male song-control nuclei or song quality, and there were nondose-dependent effects on female song-control nuclei. The results demonstrate that early exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 affects the behavior of zebra finches.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Eng, Margaret L and Elliott, John E and MacDougall-Shackleton, Scott A and Letcher, Robert J and Williams, Tony D},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22323513},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Computer-Assisted, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finches, Finches: physiology, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Vocal Center, High Vocal Center: drug effects, High Vocal Center: pathology, Image Processing, Male, Nesting Behavior, Nesting Behavior: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Sexual Behavior, Songbirds, Songbirds: physiology, Vocalization},\\n\\tpages = {269--76},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eng, M. L\",\"Elliott, J. E\",\"MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Williams, T. D\"],\"key\":\"eng_early_2012\",\"id\":\"eng_early_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eng-elliott-macdougallshackleton-letcher-williams-earlyexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherbde99affectsmatingbehaviorofzebrafinches-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animal: physiology\",\"Animals\",\"Computer-Assisted\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Finches\",\"Finches: physiology\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"High Vocal Center\",\"High Vocal Center: drug effects\",\"High Vocal Center: pathology\",\"Image Processing\",\"Male\",\"Nesting Behavior\",\"Nesting Behavior: drug effects\",\"Newborn\",\"Oral\",\"Sexual Behavior\",\"Songbirds\",\"Songbirds: physiology\",\"Vocalization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"0890-6238\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.12.004\",\"abstract\":\"Male and female rats were fed a diet containing flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at 0, 150, 1500 or 15,000 ppm throughout the study beginning at the onset of a 10-week pre-mating period and continuing through the mating, gestation and lactation periods for two generations. The mean daily intakes of HBCD during the whole period of administration were 10.2, 101 and 1008 mg/kg bw in F0 males, 14.0, 141 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F0 females, 11.4, 115 and 1142 mg/kg bw in F1 males, and 14.3, 138 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F1 females for 150, 1500 and 15,000 ppm, respectively. The incidence of rats with decreased thyroid follicles size was increased in F0 and F1 males and females at 1500 ppm and higher. Serum TSH levels were increased in F0 and F1 females at 1500 ppm and higher, and serum T4 levels were decreased in F0 males and females at 15,000 ppm. The number of the primordial follicles in the ovary of F1 females was reduced at 1500 ppm and higher. There were increases in the absolute and relative weights of the liver in male adults and male and female weanlings at 1500 ppm and higher, and in female adults at 15,000 ppm, and of the thyroid in male and female adults at 15,000 ppm. Decreased body weight and body weight gain associated with reduced food consumption were found in F1 males and females at 15,000 ppm. Decreases were found in the viability index of F2 pups and the body weight of male F1 and F2 pups and female F2 pups at 15,000 ppm. In F2 pups, there were low incidences of the completion of eye opening in males at 15,000 ppm and in females at 1500 ppm and higher, and of completed mid-air righting in females at 15,000 ppm. The data indicate that the NOAEL of HBCD in this study was 150 ppm (10.2mg/kg bw/day). The estimated human intake of HBCD is well below the NOAEL in the present study.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Reproductive toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ema\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Makoto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujii\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sakiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirata-Koizumi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mutsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matsumoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mariko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18262388\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"335–51\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ema_two-generation_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {0890-6238},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.12.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Male and female rats were fed a diet containing flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at 0, 150, 1500 or 15,000 ppm throughout the study beginning at the onset of a 10-week pre-mating period and continuing through the mating, gestation and lactation periods for two generations. The mean daily intakes of HBCD during the whole period of administration were 10.2, 101 and 1008 mg/kg bw in F0 males, 14.0, 141 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F0 females, 11.4, 115 and 1142 mg/kg bw in F1 males, and 14.3, 138 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F1 females for 150, 1500 and 15,000 ppm, respectively. The incidence of rats with decreased thyroid follicles size was increased in F0 and F1 males and females at 1500 ppm and higher. Serum TSH levels were increased in F0 and F1 females at 1500 ppm and higher, and serum T4 levels were decreased in F0 males and females at 15,000 ppm. The number of the primordial follicles in the ovary of F1 females was reduced at 1500 ppm and higher. There were increases in the absolute and relative weights of the liver in male adults and male and female weanlings at 1500 ppm and higher, and in female adults at 15,000 ppm, and of the thyroid in male and female adults at 15,000 ppm. Decreased body weight and body weight gain associated with reduced food consumption were found in F1 males and females at 15,000 ppm. Decreases were found in the viability index of F2 pups and the body weight of male F1 and F2 pups and female F2 pups at 15,000 ppm. In F2 pups, there were low incidences of the completion of eye opening in males at 15,000 ppm and in females at 1500 ppm and higher, and of completed mid-air righting in females at 15,000 ppm. The data indicate that the NOAEL of HBCD in this study was 150 ppm (10.2mg/kg bw/day). The estimated human intake of HBCD is well below the NOAEL in the present study.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Reproductive toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ema, Makoto and Fujii, Sakiko and Hirata-Koizumi, Mutsuko and Matsumoto, Mariko},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18262388},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {335--51},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ema, M.\",\"Fujii, S.\",\"Hirata-Koizumi, M.\",\"Matsumoto, M.\"],\"key\":\"ema_two-generation_2008\",\"id\":\"ema_two-generation_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ema-fujii-hiratakoizumi-matsumoto-twogenerationreproductivetoxicitystudyoftheflameretardanthexabromocyclododecaneinrats-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Eating\",\"Eating: drug effects\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: drug effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Rats\",\"Reproduction\",\"Reproduction: drug effects\",\"Spermatozoa\",\"Spermatozoa: drug effects\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from British Columbia, Canada, 1979-2002.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290\",\"abstract\":\"Temporal, spatial, and interspecific trends in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in eggs of marine and freshwater bird species from the province of British Columbia, Canada. Temporal trends in the Fraser River estuary, 1983-2002, were examined by analysis of eggs of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and from the Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem, 1979-2002, in eggs of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Results were compared to those from eggs of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) taken along the lower Fraser River and along the Columbia River near Castlegar, British Columbia, and of a pelagic seabird, the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), collected at a colony on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Mean concentration of sigmaPBDE, 455 microg/kg w.w., were highest in heron eggs collected in 2002 from the Fraser estuary. Concentrations in eggs of cormorants and ospreys taken from sites of varying urban influence tended to be about half that value. Leach's storm petrel eggs had only trace amounts of sigmaPBDE (3.38 microg/kg), despite having similar concentrations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides to the other species. PBDEs increased exponentially with a doubling time of 5.7 years in eggs of both herons and cormorants. Over this period of increasing PBDEs, major chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as PCBs and DDE, were stable or decreased. The PBDE pattern was relatively consistent in most years and sites, with BDEs 47 \\\\textgreater 100 \\\\textgreater 99 \\\\textgreater 153 \\\\textgreater 154 \\\\textgreater 28 \\\\textgreater 183. This was interpreted as evidence of technical pentaBDE formulations as primary sources of the contamination, with the octaBDE formulations as secondary. Higher resolution analysis of a subsample of the eggs revealed the presence of up to nine other congeners, including BDE209 (range: 0.9-1.8 microg/kg), indicating exposure and uptake of decaBDE sourced congeners in North American foodchains. At some locations, concentrations of pentabrominated congeners and mixtures in fish are approaching levels potentially toxic to fish-eating birds, based on rodent studies and calculations of dietary intake from fish data.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elliott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurie\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wakeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bryan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"16124290\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Birds, British Columbia, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, ffr, waa\",\"pages\":\"5584–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{elliott_polybrominated_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}, 1979-2002.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290},\\n\\tabstract = {Temporal, spatial, and interspecific trends in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in eggs of marine and freshwater bird species from the province of British Columbia, Canada. Temporal trends in the Fraser River estuary, 1983-2002, were examined by analysis of eggs of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and from the Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem, 1979-2002, in eggs of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Results were compared to those from eggs of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) taken along the lower Fraser River and along the Columbia River near Castlegar, British Columbia, and of a pelagic seabird, the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), collected at a colony on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Mean concentration of sigmaPBDE, 455 microg/kg w.w., were highest in heron eggs collected in 2002 from the Fraser estuary. Concentrations in eggs of cormorants and ospreys taken from sites of varying urban influence tended to be about half that value. Leach's storm petrel eggs had only trace amounts of sigmaPBDE (3.38 microg/kg), despite having similar concentrations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides to the other species. PBDEs increased exponentially with a doubling time of 5.7 years in eggs of both herons and cormorants. Over this period of increasing PBDEs, major chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as PCBs and DDE, were stable or decreased. The PBDE pattern was relatively consistent in most years and sites, with BDEs 47 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 100 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 99 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 153 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 154 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 28 {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater 183. This was interpreted as evidence of technical pentaBDE formulations as primary sources of the contamination, with the octaBDE formulations as secondary. Higher resolution analysis of a subsample of the eggs revealed the presence of up to nine other congeners, including BDE209 (range: 0.9-1.8 microg/kg), indicating exposure and uptake of decaBDE sourced congeners in North American foodchains. At some locations, concentrations of pentabrominated congeners and mixtures in fish are approaching levels potentially toxic to fish-eating birds, based on rodent studies and calculations of dietary intake from fish data.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Elliott, John E and Wilson, Laurie K and Wakeford, Bryan},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {16124290},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, British Columbia, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, ffr, waa},\\n\\tpages = {5584--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Elliott, J. E\",\"Wilson, L. K\",\"Wakeford, B.\"],\"key\":\"elliott_polybrominated_2005\",\"id\":\"elliott_polybrominated_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"elliott-wilson-wakeford-polybrominateddiphenylethertrendsineggsofmarineandfreshwaterbirdsfrombritishcolumbiacanada19792002-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"British Columbia\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: chemistry\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"ffr\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47 and BDE-99 in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and possible species-specific differences in debromination.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2061\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic class of flame retardants that can potentially impact turtles in natural habitats via exposure through maternal transfer. To simulate maternal transfer in the present study, PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 were topically applied to the eggshell and were allowed to diffuse into the egg contents of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Eggs were topically dosed over 8 d to achieve a target concentration of 40 ng/g in the egg contents. Transfer efficiency was higher for BDE-47 than for BDE-99 in the red-eared sliders (25.8 ± 1.9% vs 9.9 ± 1.1%) and snapping turtles (31.3 ± 1.6% vs 12.5 ± 1.4%), resulting in greater BDE-47 and lower BDE-99 egg content concentrations relative to the 40 ng/g target. However, only 25.8 and 31.3% of the total BDE-47 and 9.9 and 12.5% of the total BDE-99 dose applied could be accounted for in the red-eared slider and snapping turtle egg contents, respectively. Additionally, increased BDE-47 in red-eared slider egg contents dosed with only BDE-99 indicate that BDE-99 might have been debrominated to BDE-47. The efficacy of topical dosing for administering desired embryonic exposures is clearly affected by the chemical properties of the applied compounds and was more successful for BDE-47 in both species.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eisenreich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rowe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23147837\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"393–400\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eisenreich_experimental_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 in red-eared sliders ({Trachemys} scripta elegans) and snapping turtles ({Chelydra} serpentina) and possible species-specific differences in debromination.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2061},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic class of flame retardants that can potentially impact turtles in natural habitats via exposure through maternal transfer. To simulate maternal transfer in the present study, PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 were topically applied to the eggshell and were allowed to diffuse into the egg contents of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Eggs were topically dosed over 8 d to achieve a target concentration of 40 ng/g in the egg contents. Transfer efficiency was higher for BDE-47 than for BDE-99 in the red-eared sliders (25.8 ± 1.9\\\\% vs 9.9 ± 1.1\\\\%) and snapping turtles (31.3 ± 1.6\\\\% vs 12.5 ± 1.4\\\\%), resulting in greater BDE-47 and lower BDE-99 egg content concentrations relative to the 40 ng/g target. However, only 25.8 and 31.3\\\\% of the total BDE-47 and 9.9 and 12.5\\\\% of the total BDE-99 dose applied could be accounted for in the red-eared slider and snapping turtle egg contents, respectively. Additionally, increased BDE-47 in red-eared slider egg contents dosed with only BDE-99 indicate that BDE-99 might have been debrominated to BDE-47. The efficacy of topical dosing for administering desired embryonic exposures is clearly affected by the chemical properties of the applied compounds and was more successful for BDE-47 in both species.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Eisenreich, Karen M and Rowe, Christopher L},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23147837},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {393--400},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eisenreich, K. M\",\"Rowe, C. L\"],\"key\":\"eisenreich_experimental_2013\",\"id\":\"eisenreich_experimental_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eisenreich-rowe-experimentalexposureofeggstopolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47andbde99inredearedsliderstrachemysscriptaelegansandsnappingturtleschelydraserpentinaandpossiblespeciesspecificdifferencesindebromination-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in India.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.003\",\"abstract\":\"We determined the contamination status and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB congeners (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs) in serum from e-waste recycling workers and residents near a coastal area in India. Residue levels of penta- to octa-chlorinated PCBs, penta- to octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs, 6MeO-BDE47, 6OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tri-BPh in serum from residents living near the coastal area were significantly higher than those in serum from e-waste recycling workers. Residue levels of tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, tri- to tetra-chlorinated OH-PCBs, PBDEs, octa-brominated OH-PBDEs, and tetra-BPhs in serum from e-waste recycling workers were higher than those in serum from residents living near the coastal area. Principal component analysis revealed that residents living near the coastal area and e-waste recycling workers had different serum profiles of chlorinated and brominated compounds.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eguchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akifumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nomiyama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devanathan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gnanasekaran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Subramanian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annamalai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bulbule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kesav\",\"a\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parthasarathy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peethambaram\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"E-waste, Fish consumption, Flame retardants, Hydroxylated metabolites, PBDEs, PCBs\",\"pages\":\"8–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eguchi_different_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in {India}.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.003},\\n\\tabstract = {We determined the contamination status and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB congeners (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs) in serum from e-waste recycling workers and residents near a coastal area in India. Residue levels of penta- to octa-chlorinated PCBs, penta- to octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs, 6MeO-BDE47, 6OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tri-BPh in serum from residents living near the coastal area were significantly higher than those in serum from e-waste recycling workers. Residue levels of tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, tri- to tetra-chlorinated OH-PCBs, PBDEs, octa-brominated OH-PBDEs, and tetra-BPhs in serum from e-waste recycling workers were higher than those in serum from residents living near the coastal area. Principal component analysis revealed that residents living near the coastal area and e-waste recycling workers had different serum profiles of chlorinated and brominated compounds.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Eguchi, Akifumi and Nomiyama, Kei and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Subramanian, Annamalai and Bulbule, Kesav a and Parthasarathy, Peethambaram and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {E-waste, Fish consumption, Flame retardants, Hydroxylated metabolites, PBDEs, PCBs},\\n\\tpages = {8--16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eguchi, A.\",\"Nomiyama, K.\",\"Devanathan, G.\",\"Subramanian, A.\",\"Bulbule, K. a\",\"Parthasarathy, P.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"eguchi_different_2012\",\"id\":\"eguchi_different_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eguchi-nomiyama-devanathan-subramanian-bulbule-parthasarathy-takahashi-tanabe-differentprofilesofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogencompoundsinserumfromresidentslivingnearacoastalareaandewasterecyclingworkersinindia-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"E-waste\",\"Fish consumption\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydroxylated metabolites\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Brussels, Belgium\",\"title\":\"Keeping fire in check\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"European Flame Retardants Association\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EFRA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{efra_keeping_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Brussels, Belgium},\\n\\ttitle = {Keeping fire in check},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {European Flame Retardants Association},\\n\\tauthor = {{EFRA}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EFRA\"],\"key\":\"efra_keeping_2012\",\"id\":\"efra_keeping_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"efra-keepingfireincheck-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Luxembourg\",\"title\":\"European Union risk assessment report: Hexabromocyclododecane HBCDD CAS-No.: 25637-99-4\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf\",\"number\":\"25637\",\"publisher\":\"European Commission, Swedish Chemicals Agency\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ec_european_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Luxembourg},\\n\\ttitle = {European {Union} risk assessment report: {Hexabromocyclododecane} {HBCDD} {CAS}-{No}.: 25637-99-4},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {25637},\\n\\tpublisher = {European Commission, Swedish Chemicals Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {{EC}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EC\"],\"key\":\"ec_european_2008\",\"id\":\"ec_european_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporthexabromocyclododecanehbcddcasno25637994-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006\",\"volume\":\"L396\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf\",\"number\":\"49\",\"journal\":\"Official Journal of the European Union\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1–849\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ec_regulation_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Regulation ({EC}) {No} 1907/2006 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 18 {December} 2006},\\n\\tvolume = {L396},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {49},\\n\\tjournal = {Official Journal of the European Union},\\n\\tauthor = {{EC}},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1--849},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EC\"],\"key\":\"ec_regulation_2006\",\"id\":\"ec_regulation_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ec-regulationecno19072006oftheeuropeanparliamentandofthecouncilof18december2006-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Commission Regulation (EU) No 143/2011 of 17 February 2011\",\"volume\":\"L44\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf\",\"number\":\"54\",\"journal\":\"Official Journal of the European Union\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"2–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ec_commission_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Commission {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 143/2011 of 17 {February} 2011},\\n\\tvolume = {L44},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {54},\\n\\tjournal = {Official Journal of the European Union},\\n\\tauthor = {{EC}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {2--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EC\"],\"key\":\"ec_commission_2011\",\"id\":\"ec_commission_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ec-commissionregulationeuno1432011of17february2011-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries.\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.027\",\"abstract\":\"In Asian developing countries, large amounts of municipal wastes are dumped into open dumping sites each day without adequate management. This practice may cause several adverse environmental consequences and increase health risks to local communities. These dumping sites are contaminated with many chemicals including brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). BFRs may be released into the environment through production processes and through the disposal of plastics and electronic wastes that contain them. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the status of BFR pollution in municipal waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Soil samples were collected from six open waste dumping sites and five reference sites in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam from 1999 to 2007. The results suggest that PBDEs are the dominant contaminants in the dumping sites in Asian developing countries, whereas HBCD contamination remains low. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs ranged from ND to 180 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 1.4 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the reference sites and from 0.20 to 430 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 2.5 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the dumping sites. Contamination levels of PBDEs in Asian municipal dumping sites were comparable with those reported from electronic waste dismantling areas in Pearl River delta, China.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eguchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akifimi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nguyen\",\"Minh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devanathan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gnanasekaran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pham\",\"Hung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rouch\",\"Seang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Subramanian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annamalai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23149186\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"2365–71\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eguchi_soil_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in {Asian} developing countries.},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.027},\\n\\tabstract = {In Asian developing countries, large amounts of municipal wastes are dumped into open dumping sites each day without adequate management. This practice may cause several adverse environmental consequences and increase health risks to local communities. These dumping sites are contaminated with many chemicals including brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). BFRs may be released into the environment through production processes and through the disposal of plastics and electronic wastes that contain them. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the status of BFR pollution in municipal waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Soil samples were collected from six open waste dumping sites and five reference sites in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam from 1999 to 2007. The results suggest that PBDEs are the dominant contaminants in the dumping sites in Asian developing countries, whereas HBCD contamination remains low. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs ranged from ND to 180 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 1.4 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the reference sites and from 0.20 to 430 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 2.5 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the dumping sites. Contamination levels of PBDEs in Asian municipal dumping sites were comparable with those reported from electronic waste dismantling areas in Pearl River delta, China.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Eguchi, Akifimi and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ramu, Karri and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Sudaryanto, Agus and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Viet, Pham Hung and Tana, Rouch Seang and Takahashi, Shin and Subramanian, Annamalai and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23149186},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {2365--71},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eguchi, A.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Ramu, K.\",\"Tue, N. M.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Devanathan, G.\",\"Viet, P. H.\",\"Tana, R. S.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Subramanian, A.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"eguchi_soil_2013\",\"id\":\"eguchi_soil_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eguchi-isobe-ramu-tue-sudaryanto-devanathan-viet-tana-etal-soilcontaminationbybrominatedflameretardantsinopenwastedumpingsitesinasiandevelopingcountries-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in neonates.\",\"volume\":\"111\",\"issn\":\"1096-0953\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.004\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been in widespread use in a vast array of consumer products since the 1970s. The metabolites of some BFRs show a structural similarity to thyroid hormones and experimental animal studies have confirmed that they may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. A major concern has been whether intrauterine exposure to BFRs may disturb thyroid homeostasis since the fetal brain is particularly susceptible to alterations in thyroid hormones. However, few reports on newborns have been published to date.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eggesbø\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Merete\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cathrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jørgensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jens\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\",\"Øyvind\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Longnecker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21601188\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Newborn, Norway, Norway: epidemiology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyrotropin: drug effects\",\"pages\":\"737–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eggesbo_associations_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone ({TSH}) in neonates.},\\n\\tvolume = {111},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been in widespread use in a vast array of consumer products since the 1970s. The metabolites of some BFRs show a structural similarity to thyroid hormones and experimental animal studies have confirmed that they may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. A major concern has been whether intrauterine exposure to BFRs may disturb thyroid homeostasis since the fetal brain is particularly susceptible to alterations in thyroid hormones. However, few reports on newborns have been published to date.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental research},\\n\\tauthor = {Eggesbø, Merete and Thomsen, Cathrine and Jørgensen, Jens V and Becher, Georg and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Longnecker, Matthew P},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21601188},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Newborn, Norway, Norway: epidemiology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyrotropin: drug effects},\\n\\tpages = {737--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eggesbø, M.\",\"Thomsen, C.\",\"Jørgensen, J. V\",\"Becher, G.\",\"Odland, J. Ø.\",\"Longnecker, M. P\"],\"key\":\"eggesbo_associations_2011\",\"id\":\"eggesbo_associations_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eggesb-thomsen-jrgensen-becher-odland-longnecker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanmilkandthyroidstimulatinghormonetshinneonates-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Norway\",\"Norway: epidemiology\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: blood\",\"Thyrotropin: drug effects\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Municipal landfill leachates: a significant source for new and emerging pollutants.\",\"volume\":\"408\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466\",\"abstract\":\"Landfills have historically remained the most common methods of organized waste disposal and still remain so in many regions of the world. Thus, they may contain wastes resulting from several decades of disposal and decomposition with subsequent release of organic compounds that may have environmental, wildlife and human health consequences. Products containing different types of additives with unique beneficial improvement properties are in daily use. However, when these products are decomposed, additives are release into the environment, some of which have been shown to have negative environmental impacts, resulting in the ban or at least restricted application of some chemicals. New and emerging compounds are continuously discovered in the environment. Herein, we report qualitative and quantitative data on the occurrence of new and emerging compounds with increasing environmental and public health concern in water- and particle phase of landfill leachates. Under normal environmental conditions, several of these chemicals are persistent high-volume products. Identified chemicals in the leachates at nanogram (ng) or microgram (microg) per liter levels include - chlorinated alkylphosphates such as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), N-butyl benzensulfonamide (NBBS), the insect repellent diethyl toluamide (DEET) and personal care products such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and polycyclic musk compounds. Among new and emerging contaminants, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in the water phase at concentrations up to 6231 ng/L. Compared with the other chemicals, PFCs were primarily distributed in water phase. An effective removal method for PFCs and other polar and persistent compounds from landfill leachates has been a major challenge, since commonly used treatment technologies are based on aeration and sedimentation. Thus, the present study has shown that municipal landfill leachates may represent a significant source of concern for legacy, new and emerging chemicals in groundwater.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eggen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moeder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arukwe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Augustine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Cities, DEET, DEET: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: analysis, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Sulfonamides, Sulfonamides: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"5147–5157\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eggen_municipal_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Municipal landfill leachates: a significant source for new and emerging pollutants.},\\n\\tvolume = {408},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466},\\n\\tabstract = {Landfills have historically remained the most common methods of organized waste disposal and still remain so in many regions of the world. Thus, they may contain wastes resulting from several decades of disposal and decomposition with subsequent release of organic compounds that may have environmental, wildlife and human health consequences. Products containing different types of additives with unique beneficial improvement properties are in daily use. However, when these products are decomposed, additives are release into the environment, some of which have been shown to have negative environmental impacts, resulting in the ban or at least restricted application of some chemicals. New and emerging compounds are continuously discovered in the environment. Herein, we report qualitative and quantitative data on the occurrence of new and emerging compounds with increasing environmental and public health concern in water- and particle phase of landfill leachates. Under normal environmental conditions, several of these chemicals are persistent high-volume products. Identified chemicals in the leachates at nanogram (ng) or microgram (microg) per liter levels include - chlorinated alkylphosphates such as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), N-butyl benzensulfonamide (NBBS), the insect repellent diethyl toluamide (DEET) and personal care products such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and polycyclic musk compounds. Among new and emerging contaminants, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in the water phase at concentrations up to 6231 ng/L. Compared with the other chemicals, PFCs were primarily distributed in water phase. An effective removal method for PFCs and other polar and persistent compounds from landfill leachates has been a major challenge, since commonly used treatment technologies are based on aeration and sedimentation. Thus, the present study has shown that municipal landfill leachates may represent a significant source of concern for legacy, new and emerging chemicals in groundwater.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Eggen, Trine and Moeder, Monika and Arukwe, Augustine},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Cities, DEET, DEET: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: analysis, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Sulfonamides, Sulfonamides: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {5147--5157},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eggen, T.\",\"Moeder, M.\",\"Arukwe, A.\"],\"key\":\"eggen_municipal_2010\",\"id\":\"eggen_municipal_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eggen-moeder-arukwe-municipallandfillleachatesasignificantsourcefornewandemergingpollutants-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Cities\",\"DEET\",\"DEET: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorinated\",\"Fluorinated: analysis\",\"Household Products\",\"Household Products: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"Pharmaceutical Preparations: analysis\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: analysis\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Sulfonamides\",\"Sulfonamides: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops.\",\"issn\":\"1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\",\"abstract\":\"Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K (ow) 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K (ow) 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K (ow) 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K (ow) 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K (ow) 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6-1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10-20 and 1.7-4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015-0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K (ow) in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science and pollution research international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eggen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eldbjørg\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stuanes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arne\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\",\"Ragnar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23250727\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eggen_uptake_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops.},\\n\\tissn = {1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K (ow) 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K (ow) 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K (ow) 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K (ow) 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K (ow) 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6-1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10-20 and 1.7-4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015-0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K (ow) in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\\n\\tauthor = {Eggen, Trine and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S and Stuanes, Arne O and Norli, Hans Ragnar},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23250727},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eggen, T.\",\"Heimstad, E. S\",\"Stuanes, A. O\",\"Norli, H. R.\"],\"key\":\"eggen_uptake_2012\",\"id\":\"eggen_uptake_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Helsinki, Finland\",\"title\":\"Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of HBCDD as well as information on potential alternatives to its use\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"European Chemicals Agency, IOM Consulting\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ECHA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{echa_data_2009,\\n\\taddress = {Helsinki, Finland},\\n\\ttitle = {Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of {HBCDD} as well as information on potential alternatives to its use},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {European Chemicals Agency, IOM Consulting},\\n\\tauthor = {{ECHA}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ECHA\"],\"key\":\"echa_data_2009\",\"id\":\"echa_data_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofhbcddaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of alkanes, C10-13, chloro, SCCPs as well as infor-mation on potential alternatives to its use\",\"url\":\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf\",\"institution\":\"European Chemicals Agency\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ECHA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{echa_data_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of alkanes, {C10}-13, chloro, {SCCPs} as well as infor-mation on potential alternatives to its use},\\n\\turl = {http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {European Chemicals Agency},\\n\\tauthor = {{ECHA}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ECHA\"],\"key\":\"echa_data_2008\",\"id\":\"echa_data_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofalkanesc1013chlorosccpsaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Luxembourg\",\"title\":\"European Union Risk Assessment Report: Tris (2-Chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate TCPP\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"European Commission, Ireland Chemicals Policy and Services\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"EC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ec_european_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Luxembourg},\\n\\ttitle = {European {Union} {Risk} {Assessment} {Report}: {Tris} (2-{Chloro}-1-methylethyl) phosphate {TCPP}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {European Commission, Ireland Chemicals Policy and Services},\\n\\tauthor = {{EC}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"EC\"],\"key\":\"ec_european_2008-1\",\"id\":\"ec_european_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporttris2chloro1methylethylphosphatetcpp-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Elevated PBDE Levels in Pet Cats: Sentinels for Humans?\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es0708159\",\"abstract\":\"Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure. Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janice\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Venier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lingyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ward\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"6350–6356\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dye_elevated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Elevated {PBDE} {Levels} in {Pet} {Cats}: {Sentinels} for {Humans}?},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es0708159},\\n\\tabstract = {Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure. Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dye, Janice A. and Venier, Marta and Zhu, Lingyan and Ward, Cynthia R. and Hites, Ronald A. and Birnbaum, Linda S.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {6350--6356},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dye, J. A.\",\"Venier, M.\",\"Zhu, L.\",\"Ward, C. R.\",\"Hites, R. A.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S.\"],\"key\":\"dye_elevated_2007\",\"id\":\"dye_elevated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-elevatedpbdelevelsinpetcatssentinelsforhumans-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in background surface soils from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China: occurrence, sources, and inventory.\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-010-0295-1\",\"abstract\":\"Very few data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were available in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), one of the most developed and urbanized region in China. In this study, Chongming Island, located at the estuary of the Yangtze River, was selected as background area to investigate the occurrence, sources, and inventory of PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science and pollution research international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiang-Zhou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhao-Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Feng-Ting\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20127420\",\"keywords\":\"China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Water Supply\",\"pages\":\"948–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{duan_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in background surface soils from the {Yangtze} {River} {Delta} ({YRD}), {China}: occurrence, sources, and inventory.},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-010-0295-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Very few data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were available in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), one of the most developed and urbanized region in China. In this study, Chongming Island, located at the estuary of the Yangtze River, was selected as background area to investigate the occurrence, sources, and inventory of PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\\n\\tauthor = {Duan, Yan-Ping and Meng, Xiang-Zhou and Yang, Chao and Pan, Zhao-Yu and Chen, Ling and Yu, Ran and Li, Feng-Ting},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20127420},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Water Supply},\\n\\tpages = {948--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Duan, Y.\",\"Meng, X.\",\"Yang, C.\",\"Pan, Z.\",\"Chen, L.\",\"Yu, R.\",\"Li, F.\"],\"key\":\"duan_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"duan_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"duan-meng-yang-pan-chen-yu-li-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbackgroundsurfacesoilsfromtheyangtzeriverdeltayrdchinaoccurrencesourcesandinventory-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Soil\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: analysis\",\"Soil: analysis\",\"Water Supply\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Acute postnatal exposure to the pentaBDE commercial mixture DE-71 at 5 or 15 mg/kg/day does not produce learning or attention deficits in rats.\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"1872-9738\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.002\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals added to polymer products, have become ubiquitous in the environment, and they are bioaccumulating in humans and wildlife. Therefore, understanding their biological effects is important for public health. We have previously observed learning deficits in rats exposed to DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture consisting primarily of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers, at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 6 to 12. The purpose of the current study was to determine if this effect could be seen with lower doses of DE-71. Long-Evans rats were administered daily oral doses of corn oil alone or DE-71, 5 or 15 mg/kg/day, dissolved in corn oil, from PND 6 to 12. As young adults, the rats were administered a series of five-choice visual learning and attention tasks. No effects of DE-71 were found on learning, attention, or inhibitory control. Given that developmental DE-71 exposure at similar doses and for shorter time periods has been shown in other laboratories to affect locomotion and hyperactivity, the current results suggest that cognitive functions may not be as sensitive as neuromotor functions to the effects of acute DE-71 exposure.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology and teratology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Driscoll\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lori\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaplan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joshua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bucuvalas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eleni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hunter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraut\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joshua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fitzpatrick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jesse\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"22024237\",\"keywords\":\"Acute Disease, Animal, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: che, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: phy, Cognition Disorders, Cognition Disorders: chemically induced, Cognition Disorders: diagnosis, Cognition Disorders: physiopathology, Disease Models, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Learning Disorders, Learning Disorders: chemically induced, Learning Disorders: diagnosis, Learning Disorders: physiopathology, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Rats\",\"pages\":\"20–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{driscoll_acute_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Acute postnatal exposure to the {pentaBDE} commercial mixture {DE}-71 at 5 or 15 mg/kg/day does not produce learning or attention deficits in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {1872-9738},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals added to polymer products, have become ubiquitous in the environment, and they are bioaccumulating in humans and wildlife. Therefore, understanding their biological effects is important for public health. We have previously observed learning deficits in rats exposed to DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture consisting primarily of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers, at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 6 to 12. The purpose of the current study was to determine if this effect could be seen with lower doses of DE-71. Long-Evans rats were administered daily oral doses of corn oil alone or DE-71, 5 or 15 mg/kg/day, dissolved in corn oil, from PND 6 to 12. As young adults, the rats were administered a series of five-choice visual learning and attention tasks. No effects of DE-71 were found on learning, attention, or inhibitory control. Given that developmental DE-71 exposure at similar doses and for shorter time periods has been shown in other laboratories to affect locomotion and hyperactivity, the current results suggest that cognitive functions may not be as sensitive as neuromotor functions to the effects of acute DE-71 exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\\n\\tauthor = {Driscoll, Lori L and Kaplan, Joshua and Bucuvalas, Eleni and Allen, Hunter and Kraut, Joshua and Fitzpatrick, Jesse},\\n\\tpmid = {22024237},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute Disease, Animal, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: che, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: phy, Cognition Disorders, Cognition Disorders: chemically induced, Cognition Disorders: diagnosis, Cognition Disorders: physiopathology, Disease Models, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Learning Disorders, Learning Disorders: chemically induced, Learning Disorders: diagnosis, Learning Disorders: physiopathology, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Rats},\\n\\tpages = {20--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Driscoll, L. L\",\"Kaplan, J.\",\"Bucuvalas, E.\",\"Allen, H.\",\"Kraut, J.\",\"Fitzpatrick, J.\"],\"key\":\"driscoll_acute_nodate\",\"id\":\"driscoll_acute_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"driscoll-kaplan-bucuvalas-allen-kraut-fitzpatrick-acutepostnatalexposuretothepentabdecommercialmixturede71at5or15mgkgdaydoesnotproducelearningorattentiondeficitsinrats\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute Disease\",\"Animal\",\"Animals\",\"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity\",\"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: che\",\"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia\",\"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: phy\",\"Cognition Disorders\",\"Cognition Disorders: chemically induced\",\"Cognition Disorders: diagnosis\",\"Cognition Disorders: physiopathology\",\"Disease Models\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Learning Disorders\",\"Learning Disorders: chemically induced\",\"Learning Disorders: diagnosis\",\"Learning Disorders: physiopathology\",\"Long-Evans\",\"Male\",\"Newborn\",\"Rats\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of chlorinated flame retardants in wastewater, wastewater impacted streams and ground water under the impact of surface water. Several studies point to a very unique and persistent behavior of these compounds in the environment and TCEP, TCPP and TCDPP can essentially be found in any treated wastewater sample of source water under the impact of wastewater discharge. This study examined the occurrence, transport and fate of chlorinated flame retardants in the environment as well as engineered systems (i.e., processes employed during wastewater and drinking water treatment) and addresses their potential adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. This study builds upon experiences gathered through monitoring studies of conventional and advanced wastewater treatment facilities (e.g., activated sludge treatment, membrane bioreactors) and drinking water facilities (e.g., coagulation/flocculation, activated carbon, disinfection, advanced oxidation, high- pressure membranes) as well as natural systems (e.g., soil-aquifer treatment, riverbank filtration).\",\"publisher\":\"National Ground Water Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drewes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jörg\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoppe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christiane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bellona\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{drewes_fate_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Fate of {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants} in the {Environment} and {Water} {Treatment}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of chlorinated flame retardants in wastewater, wastewater impacted streams and ground water under the impact of surface water. Several studies point to a very unique and persistent behavior of these compounds in the environment and TCEP, TCPP and TCDPP can essentially be found in any treated wastewater sample of source water under the impact of wastewater discharge. This study examined the occurrence, transport and fate of chlorinated flame retardants in the environment as well as engineered systems (i.e., processes employed during wastewater and drinking water treatment) and addresses their potential adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. This study builds upon experiences gathered through monitoring studies of conventional and advanced wastewater treatment facilities (e.g., activated sludge treatment, membrane bioreactors) and drinking water facilities (e.g., coagulation/flocculation, activated carbon, disinfection, advanced oxidation, high- pressure membranes) as well as natural systems (e.g., soil-aquifer treatment, riverbank filtration).},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Ground Water Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Drewes, Jörg E and Hoppe, Christiane and Bellona, Christopher L and Wang, Gary},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Drewes, J. E\",\"Hoppe, C.\",\"Bellona, C. L\",\"Wang, G.\"],\"key\":\"drewes_fate_2006\",\"id\":\"drewes_fate_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"drewes-hoppe-bellona-wang-fateofchlorinatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentandwatertreatment-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in marine mammals from Brazil.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.001\",\"abstract\":\"Liver samples from 51 cetaceans, comprising 10 species, stranded between 1994 and 2006 in a highly industrialized and urbanized region in Southeast Brazil, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). A concentration range of PBDEs (3-5960ng/g lw) similar to that observed in Northern Hemisphere dolphins was found. MeO-PBDE concentrations in continental shelf (CS) dolphins from Brazil are among the highest detected to date in cetaceans (up to 250microg/g lw). Higher SigmaMeO-PBDE concentrations were measured in CS and oceanic dolphins than in estuarine dolphins. The SigmaPBDE/SigmaMeO-PBDE ratio varied significantly ranging from a mean value of 7.12 to 0.08 and 0.01 for estuarine, CS and oceanic species, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between SigmaPBDE and year of stranding of male estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis), which suggests temporal variation in the exposure. Placental transfer of organobrominated compounds was also evidenced in S. guianensis.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dorneles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paulo\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lailson-Brito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weijs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liesbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Azevedo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandre\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Torres\"],\"firstnames\":[\"João\",\"P\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blust\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Das\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Krishna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19864024\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"60–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dorneles_anthropogenic_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in marine mammals from {Brazil}.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Liver samples from 51 cetaceans, comprising 10 species, stranded between 1994 and 2006 in a highly industrialized and urbanized region in Southeast Brazil, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). A concentration range of PBDEs (3-5960ng/g lw) similar to that observed in Northern Hemisphere dolphins was found. MeO-PBDE concentrations in continental shelf (CS) dolphins from Brazil are among the highest detected to date in cetaceans (up to 250microg/g lw). Higher SigmaMeO-PBDE concentrations were measured in CS and oceanic dolphins than in estuarine dolphins. The SigmaPBDE/SigmaMeO-PBDE ratio varied significantly ranging from a mean value of 7.12 to 0.08 and 0.01 for estuarine, CS and oceanic species, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between SigmaPBDE and year of stranding of male estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis), which suggests temporal variation in the exposure. Placental transfer of organobrominated compounds was also evidenced in S. guianensis.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Dorneles, Paulo R and Lailson-Brito, José and Dirtu, Alin C and Weijs, Liesbeth and Azevedo, Alexandre F and Torres, João P M and Malm, Olaf and Neels, Hugo and Blust, Ronny and Das, Krishna and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19864024},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {60--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dorneles, P. R\",\"Lailson-Brito, J.\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Weijs, L.\",\"Azevedo, A. F\",\"Torres, J. P M\",\"Malm, O.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Blust, R.\",\"Das, K.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"dorneles_anthropogenic_2010\",\"id\":\"dorneles_anthropogenic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dorneles-lailsonbrito-dirtu-weijs-azevedo-torres-malm-neels-etal-anthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganobrominatedcompoundsinmarinemammalsfrombrazil-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brazil\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Dolphins\",\"Dolphins: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature.\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"1873-6351\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used to protect people from fires by reducing the flammability of combustible materials. In recent years, PBDEs have become widespread environmental pollutants, while body burden in the general population has been increasing. A number of studies have shown that, as for other persistent organic pollutants, dietary intake is one of the main routes of human exposure to PBDEs. The most recent scientific literature concerning the levels of PBDEs in foodstuffs and the human dietary exposure to these BFRs are here reviewed. It has been noted that the available information on human total daily intake through food consumption is basically limited to a number of European countries, USA, China, and Japan. In spite of the considerable methodological differences among studies, the results show notable coincidences such as the important contribution to the sum of total PBDEs of some congeners such as BDEs 47, 49, 99 and 209, the comparatively high contribution of fish and seafood, and dairy products, and the probably limited human health risks derived from dietary exposure to PBDEs. Various issues directly related to human exposure to PBDEs through the diet still need investigation.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domingo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22100397\",\"keywords\":\"Diet, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans\",\"pages\":\"238–49\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{domingo_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature.},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6351},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used to protect people from fires by reducing the flammability of combustible materials. In recent years, PBDEs have become widespread environmental pollutants, while body burden in the general population has been increasing. A number of studies have shown that, as for other persistent organic pollutants, dietary intake is one of the main routes of human exposure to PBDEs. The most recent scientific literature concerning the levels of PBDEs in foodstuffs and the human dietary exposure to these BFRs are here reviewed. It has been noted that the available information on human total daily intake through food consumption is basically limited to a number of European countries, USA, China, and Japan. In spite of the considerable methodological differences among studies, the results show notable coincidences such as the important contribution to the sum of total PBDEs of some congeners such as BDEs 47, 49, 99 and 209, the comparatively high contribution of fish and seafood, and dairy products, and the probably limited human health risks derived from dietary exposure to PBDEs. Various issues directly related to human exposure to PBDEs through the diet still need investigation.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Domingo, José L},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22100397},\\n\\tkeywords = {Diet, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans},\\n\\tpages = {238--49},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Domingo, J. L\"],\"key\":\"domingo_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"domingo_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"domingo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfoodandhumandietaryexposureareviewoftherecentscientificliterature-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397\"},\"keyword\":[\"Diet\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California.\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303879n\",\"abstract\":\"Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated \\\"Tris,\\\" which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ionas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\",\"Green\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruthann\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dodson_after_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}: {A} {Broad} {Suite} of {Flame} {Retardants} in {Repeat} {House} {Dust} {Samples} from {California}.},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303879n},\\n\\tabstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\\\\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\\\\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\\\\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated \\\"Tris,\\\" which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Dirtu, Alin C and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dodson, R. E\",\"Perovich, L. J\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Ionas, A. C\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Brody, J. G.\",\"Rudel, R. A\"],\"key\":\"dodson_after_2012\",\"id\":\"dodson_after_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303879n\",\"abstract\":\"Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated \\\"Tris,\\\" which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ionas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\",\"Green\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruthann\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23185960\",\"keywords\":\"Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Health, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, california\",\"pages\":\"13056–66\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dodson_after_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {After the {PBDE} phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from {California}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303879n},\\n\\tabstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\\\\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\\\\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\\\\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated \\\"Tris,\\\" which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Dirtu, Alin C and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23185960},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Health, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, california},\\n\\tpages = {13056--66},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dodson, R. E\",\"Perovich, L. J\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Ionas, A. C\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Brody, J. G.\",\"Rudel, R. A\"],\"key\":\"dodson_after_2012-1\",\"id\":\"dodson_after_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Health\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Compounds\",\"Polycyclic Compounds: analysis\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Formation of PBDD/F from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"01604120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00117-X\",\"abstract\":\"Thermal treatment of plastics flame retarded with brominated compounds often lead to the formation of PBDD/F, especially if polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used. By the presence of antimony(III) oxide, water and some other metals, the amounts of PBDD/F increase. Even during the production and recycling processes of plastics, PBDD/F can be found in considerable amounts. By the use of flame retardants, which are not direct precursors of PBDD/F, the amounts can significantly be decreased. An incomplete and uncontrolled incineration, occurring in fire accidents in private residences, can form high amounts of PBDD/F, which can endanger the environment and persons in contact with fire residues. Complete and controlled incineration of bromine-containing compounds as usually conducted in municipal waste incinerators, however, show no raised risk. An overview about the formation of PBDD/F primarily during combustion and also during production and recycling processes of flame-retarded plastic materials is given in this paper.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12850090\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Incineration, Models, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec\",\"pages\":\"711–716\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ebert_formation_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Formation of {PBDD}/{F} from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {01604120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00117-X},\\n\\tabstract = {Thermal treatment of plastics flame retarded with brominated compounds often lead to the formation of PBDD/F, especially if polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used. By the presence of antimony(III) oxide, water and some other metals, the amounts of PBDD/F increase. Even during the production and recycling processes of plastics, PBDD/F can be found in considerable amounts. By the use of flame retardants, which are not direct precursors of PBDD/F, the amounts can significantly be decreased. An incomplete and uncontrolled incineration, occurring in fire accidents in private residences, can form high amounts of PBDD/F, which can endanger the environment and persons in contact with fire residues. Complete and controlled incineration of bromine-containing compounds as usually conducted in municipal waste incinerators, however, show no raised risk. An overview about the formation of PBDD/F primarily during combustion and also during production and recycling processes of flame-retarded plastic materials is given in this paper.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Ebert, J},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12850090},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Incineration, Models, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {711--716},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ebert, J\"],\"key\":\"ebert_formation_2003\",\"id\":\"ebert_formation_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ebert-formationofpbddffromflameretardedplasticmaterialsunderthermalstress-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: chemistry\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Chemical\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Incineration\",\"Models\",\"Plastics\",\"Plastics: chemistry\",\"Thermodynamics\",\"com\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Comparison of PBDEs in cat serum to levels in cat food: evidence of Deca debromination?\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Since the introduction of brominated flame retardants (such as the PBDEs), increases in feline hyperthyroidism have been observed. We hypothesized that PBDE exposure was linked to the increased occurrence of hyperthyroidism in cats. Herein, PBDEs in serum of pet cats and levels in cat food were determined. Samples were extracted and analyzed by electron capture negative ionization gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for major PBDE congeners. Data indicated that cats were highly exposed to PBDEs, and that body burden in certain “outliers” was 4 to 7-fold higher than other cats. Using estimates of total serum lipid in cats, lipid adjusted cumulative PBDE serum levels in cats were compared to whole blood levels in U.S. adults. Cats had body burdens that were ≥ 10-fold higher. Data indicated that dry food contained relatively high levels of BDE-209, and that cats consuming dry food had significantly greater serum levels of BDE-209. Furthermore, results suggest that in cats, BDE-207 may represent an important meta-position deca debromination product. Improved understanding of how the purportedly stable BDE-209 compound undergoes metabolism and clearance is an important area of investigation. The debromination pathways suggested for these cats are seemingly in agreement with recent reports in humans and various animal species.\",\"publisher\":\"Dioxin 2007\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Venier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ward\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hites\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{dye_comparison_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparison of {PBDEs} in cat serum to levels in cat food: evidence of {Deca} debromination?},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Since the introduction of brominated flame retardants (such as the PBDEs), increases in feline hyperthyroidism have been observed. We hypothesized that PBDE exposure was linked to the increased occurrence of hyperthyroidism in cats. Herein, PBDEs in serum of pet cats and levels in cat food were determined. Samples were extracted and analyzed by electron capture negative ionization gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for major PBDE congeners. Data indicated that cats were highly exposed to PBDEs, and that body burden in certain “outliers” was 4 to 7-fold higher than other cats. Using estimates of total serum lipid in cats, lipid adjusted cumulative PBDE serum levels in cats were compared to whole blood levels in U.S. adults. Cats had body burdens that were ≥ 10-fold higher. Data indicated that dry food contained relatively high levels of BDE-209, and that cats consuming dry food had significantly greater serum levels of BDE-209. Furthermore, results suggest that in cats, BDE-207 may represent an important meta-position deca debromination product. Improved understanding of how the purportedly stable BDE-209 compound undergoes metabolism and clearance is an important area of investigation. The debromination pathways suggested for these cats are seemingly in agreement with recent reports in humans and various animal species.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Dioxin 2007},\\n\\tauthor = {Dye, J A and Venier, Marta and Zhu, Y and Ward, Cynthia R and Hites, Ronald A and Birnbaum, Linda S},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dye, J A\",\"Venier, M.\",\"Zhu, Y\",\"Ward, C. R\",\"Hites, R. A\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\"],\"key\":\"dye_comparison_nodate\",\"id\":\"dye_comparison_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-comparisonofpbdesincatserumtolevelsincatfoodevidenceofdecadebromination\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental toxicity evaluation of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers on zebrafish embryos.\",\"volume\":\"112-113\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937\",\"abstract\":\"Structural dissimilarities of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers could raise substantial differences in physicochemical, biological and toxicological properties. In order to fully assess the environmental safety and health risk of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the developmental toxicity of individual HBCD diastereoisomers (α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD). Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of HBCD diastereoisomers (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) until 120 hpf. The results showed that exposure to HBCDs can affect the development of zebrafish embryos/larvae in a dose-dependent and diastereoselective manner. The diastereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD at 0.01 mg/l had little effect on the development of zebrafish embryos except that exposure to 0.01 mg/l γ-HBCD significantly delayed hatching (P\\\\textless0.05). At 0.1mg/l, α-HBCD resulted in depressed heart rate of larvae (96 hpf) and delayed hatching, whereas β- and γ-HBCD both caused significant hatching delay and growth inhibition (P\\\\textless0.05). In addition, a remarkable and significant increase in mortality and malformation rate was noted at 0.1 mg/l γ-HBCD exposure groups (P\\\\textless0.05). At 1.0 mg/l, α-, β- and γ-HBCD significantly affected all of the endpoints monitored (P\\\\textless0.05). Additionally, HBCD diastereoisomers could induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that HBCD diastereoisomers could cause developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos through inducing apoptosis by ROS formation. The overall results showed a good agreement confirming that the order of developmental toxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers in zebrafish is γ-HBCD\\\\textgreaterβ-HBCD\\\\textgreaterα-HBCD.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Du\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miaomiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dandan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Changzhou\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heart Rate, Heart Rate: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Survival Analysis, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: physiology\",\"pages\":\"1–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{du_developmental_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental toxicity evaluation of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers on zebrafish embryos.},\\n\\tvolume = {112-113},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937},\\n\\tabstract = {Structural dissimilarities of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers could raise substantial differences in physicochemical, biological and toxicological properties. In order to fully assess the environmental safety and health risk of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the developmental toxicity of individual HBCD diastereoisomers (α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD). Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of HBCD diastereoisomers (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) until 120 hpf. The results showed that exposure to HBCDs can affect the development of zebrafish embryos/larvae in a dose-dependent and diastereoselective manner. The diastereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD at 0.01 mg/l had little effect on the development of zebrafish embryos except that exposure to 0.01 mg/l γ-HBCD significantly delayed hatching (P{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). At 0.1mg/l, α-HBCD resulted in depressed heart rate of larvae (96 hpf) and delayed hatching, whereas β- and γ-HBCD both caused significant hatching delay and growth inhibition (P{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In addition, a remarkable and significant increase in mortality and malformation rate was noted at 0.1 mg/l γ-HBCD exposure groups (P{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). At 1.0 mg/l, α-, β- and γ-HBCD significantly affected all of the endpoints monitored (P{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Additionally, HBCD diastereoisomers could induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that HBCD diastereoisomers could cause developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos through inducing apoptosis by ROS formation. The overall results showed a good agreement confirming that the order of developmental toxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers in zebrafish is γ-HBCD{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterβ-HBCD{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterα-HBCD.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Du, Miaomiao and Zhang, Dandan and Yan, Changzhou and Zhang, Xian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heart Rate, Heart Rate: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Survival Analysis, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: physiology},\\n\\tpages = {1--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Du, M.\",\"Zhang, D.\",\"Yan, C.\",\"Zhang, X.\"],\"key\":\"du_developmental_2012\",\"id\":\"du_developmental_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"du-zhang-yan-zhang-developmentaltoxicityevaluationofthreehexabromocyclododecanediastereoisomersonzebrafishembryos-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Apoptosis\",\"Apoptosis: drug effects\",\"Body Size\",\"Body Size: drug effects\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Embryo\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Heart Rate\",\"Heart Rate: drug effects\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Survival Analysis\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: physiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter striatal dopamine neurochemistry in synaptosomes from developing rats in an additive manner.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfq229\",\"abstract\":\"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread environmental contaminants associated with changes in behavior and neurochemical function in laboratory animals and behavioral deficits in children. PCBs and PBDEs are found in food, especially in seafood and dairy products, and coexposure to these contaminants is likely. We examined the effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs (Fox River Mix [FRM]) and a PBDE mixture (DE-71) alone and in combination on synaptosomal and medium dopamine (DA) levels and the levels of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in striatal synaptosomes derived from postnatal days (PND) 7, PND14, or PND21 rats. FRM elevated medium DA and reduced synaptosomal DA concentrations with greater potency than equimolar concentrations of DE-71. The effects of FRM, but not DE-71, were dependent on the age of the animals from which the synaptosomes were derived, with greater effects observed in synaptosomes from the youngest animals. We used Bliss' model of independence to assess the possible interaction(s) of a 1:1 mixture of FRM and DE-71 on synaptosomal DA function and found that the effects of the FRM/DE-71 mixture were additive. Furthermore, as for FRM alone, the effects of the FRM/DE71 mixture were greater in synaptosomes prepared from PND7 rats than in synaptosomes from PND14 and PND21 rats. Because the effects of these contaminants are additive, it is necessary to take into account the cumulative exposure to organohalogen contaminants such as PCBs and PBDEs during risk assessment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dreiem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okoniewski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brosch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karl\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veronica\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seegal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20671024\",\"keywords\":\"3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: metabolism, Age Factors, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Corpus Striatum: metabolism, Dopamine, Dopamine: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Drug Synergism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Risk Assessment, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"150–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dreiem_polychlorinated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter striatal dopamine neurochemistry in synaptosomes from developing rats in an additive manner.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfq229},\\n\\tabstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread environmental contaminants associated with changes in behavior and neurochemical function in laboratory animals and behavioral deficits in children. PCBs and PBDEs are found in food, especially in seafood and dairy products, and coexposure to these contaminants is likely. We examined the effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs (Fox River Mix [FRM]) and a PBDE mixture (DE-71) alone and in combination on synaptosomal and medium dopamine (DA) levels and the levels of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in striatal synaptosomes derived from postnatal days (PND) 7, PND14, or PND21 rats. FRM elevated medium DA and reduced synaptosomal DA concentrations with greater potency than equimolar concentrations of DE-71. The effects of FRM, but not DE-71, were dependent on the age of the animals from which the synaptosomes were derived, with greater effects observed in synaptosomes from the youngest animals. We used Bliss' model of independence to assess the possible interaction(s) of a 1:1 mixture of FRM and DE-71 on synaptosomal DA function and found that the effects of the FRM/DE-71 mixture were additive. Furthermore, as for FRM alone, the effects of the FRM/DE71 mixture were greater in synaptosomes prepared from PND7 rats than in synaptosomes from PND14 and PND21 rats. Because the effects of these contaminants are additive, it is necessary to take into account the cumulative exposure to organohalogen contaminants such as PCBs and PBDEs during risk assessment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dreiem, Anne and Okoniewski, Richard J and Brosch, Karl O and Miller, Veronica M and Seegal, Richard F},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20671024},\\n\\tkeywords = {3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: metabolism, Age Factors, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Corpus Striatum: metabolism, Dopamine, Dopamine: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Drug Synergism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Risk Assessment, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {150--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dreiem, A.\",\"Okoniewski, R. J\",\"Brosch, K. O\",\"Miller, V. M\",\"Seegal, R. F\"],\"key\":\"dreiem_polychlorinated_2010\",\"id\":\"dreiem_polychlorinated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dreiem-okoniewski-brosch-miller-seegal-polychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersalterstriataldopamineneurochemistryinsynaptosomesfromdevelopingratsinanadditivemanner-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"3\",\"4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid\",\"4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: metabolism\",\"Age Factors\",\"Animals\",\"Corpus Striatum\",\"Corpus Striatum: drug effects\",\"Corpus Striatum: metabolism\",\"Dopamine\",\"Dopamine: metabolism\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Drug Combinations\",\"Drug Synergism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Long-Evans\",\"Male\",\"Newborn\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Rats\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Synaptosomes\",\"Synaptosomes: drug effects\",\"Synaptosomes: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in mussels (Mytilus spp.) along the California coast and the influence of land use, storm water discharge, and treated wastewater effluent.\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.041\",\"abstract\":\"Contaminants of emerging concern were measured in mussels collected along the California coast in 2009-2010. The seven classes were alkylphenols, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), other flame retardants, current use pesticides, perfluorinated compounds (PFC), and single walled carbon nanotubes. At least one contaminant was detected at 67 of the 68 stations (98%), and 67 of the 167 analytes had at least one detect (40%). Alkylphenol, PBDE, and PFC concentrations increased with urbanization and proximity to storm water discharge; pesticides had higher concentrations at agricultural stations. These results suggest that certain compounds; for example, alkylphenols, lomefloxacin and PBDE, are appropriate for inclusion in future coastal bivalve monitoring efforts based on maximum concentrations \\\\textgreater50ng/g dry weight and detection frequencies \\\\textgreater50%. Other compounds, for example PFC and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), may also be suggested for inclusion due to their \\\\textgreater25% detection frequency and potential for biomagnification.\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maruya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keith\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\",\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lauenstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunnar\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramirez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23849955\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dodder_occurrence_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in mussels ({Mytilus} spp.) along the {California} coast and the influence of land use, storm water discharge, and treated wastewater effluent.},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.041},\\n\\tabstract = {Contaminants of emerging concern were measured in mussels collected along the California coast in 2009-2010. The seven classes were alkylphenols, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), other flame retardants, current use pesticides, perfluorinated compounds (PFC), and single walled carbon nanotubes. At least one contaminant was detected at 67 of the 68 stations (98\\\\%), and 67 of the 167 analytes had at least one detect (40\\\\%). Alkylphenol, PBDE, and PFC concentrations increased with urbanization and proximity to storm water discharge; pesticides had higher concentrations at agricultural stations. These results suggest that certain compounds; for example, alkylphenols, lomefloxacin and PBDE, are appropriate for inclusion in future coastal bivalve monitoring efforts based on maximum concentrations {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater50ng/g dry weight and detection frequencies {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater50\\\\%. Other compounds, for example PFC and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), may also be suggested for inclusion due to their {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater25\\\\% detection frequency and potential for biomagnification.},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Dodder, Nathan G and Maruya, Keith A and Lee Ferguson, P and Grace, Richard and Klosterhaus, Susan and La Guardia, Mark J and Lauenstein, Gunnar G and Ramirez, Juan},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23849955},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dodder, N. G\",\"Maruya, K. A\",\"Lee Ferguson, P\",\"Grace, R.\",\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Lauenstein, G. G\",\"Ramirez, J.\"],\"key\":\"dodder_occurrence_2013\",\"id\":\"dodder_occurrence_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dodder-maruya-leeferguson-grace-klosterhaus-laguardia-lauenstein-ramirez-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninmusselsmytilussppalongthecaliforniacoastandtheinfluenceoflandusestormwaterdischargeandtreatedwastewatereffluent-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is the PentaBDE Replacement, Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP), a Developmental Neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 Cells\",\"issn\":\"0041008X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (1,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number, and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dishaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Powers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seidler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederic\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slotkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Theodore\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21255595\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dishaw_is_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Is the {PentaBDE} {Replacement}, {Tris} (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) {Phosphate} ({TDCPP}), a {Developmental} {Neurotoxicant}? {Studies} in {PC12} {Cells}},\\n\\tissn = {0041008X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (1,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number, and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dishaw, Laura V. and Powers, Christina M. and Ryde, Ian T. and Roberts, Simon C. and Seidler, Frederic J. and Slotkin, Theodore A. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21255595},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dishaw, L. V.\",\"Powers, C. M.\",\"Ryde, I. T.\",\"Roberts, S. C.\",\"Seidler, F. J.\",\"Slotkin, T. A.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\"],\"key\":\"dishaw_is_2011\",\"id\":\"dishaw_is_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Calcium-related processes involved in the inhibition of depolarization-evoked calcium increase by hydroxylated PBDEs in PC12 cells.\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfp310\",\"abstract\":\"In vitro studies indicated that hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have an increased toxic potential compared to their parent congeners. An example is the OH-PBDE-induced increase of basal intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria and/or influx of extracellular Ca(2+). ER and mitochondria regulate Ca(2+) homeostasis in close association with voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs). Therefore, effects of (OH-)PBDEs on the depolarization-evoked (100 mM K(+)) net increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i)) were measured in neuroendocrine pheochromocytoma cells using the Ca(2+)-responsive dye Fura-2. OH-PBDEs dose dependently inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). This inhibition was potentiated by a preceding increase in basal [Ca(2+)](i). Especially at higher concentrations of OH-PBDEs (5-20 microM), large increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) strongly inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). The inhibition appeared more sensitive to increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores (by 3-OH-BDE-47 or 6'-OH-BDE-49) compared to those by influx of extracellular Ca(2+) (by 6-OH-BDE-47 or 5-OH-BDE-47). The expected [Ca(2+)](i) difference close to the membrane suggests involvement of Ca(2+)-dependent regulatory processes close to VGCCs. When coapplied with depolarization, some OH-PBDEs induced also moderate direct inhibition of depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxylated BDE-47 affected neither basal nor depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), except for BDE-47, which moderately increased fluctuations in basal [Ca(2+)](i) and depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). These findings demonstrate that OH-PBDEs inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) depending on preceding basal [Ca(2+)](i). Related environmental pollutants that affect Ca(2+) homeostasis (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) may thus also inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), justifying further investigation of possible mixture effects of environmental pollutants on Ca(2+) homeostasis.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dingemans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Milou\",\"M\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westerink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Remco\",\"H\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20044592\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Calcium, Calcium Channels, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: analysis, Calcium: metabolism, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Endoplasmic Reticulum: drug effects, Endoplasmic Reticulum: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fura-2, Fura-2: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Hydroxylation, Hydroxylation: drug effects, L-Type, L-Type: drug effects, L-Type: metabolism, Mitochondria, Mitochondria: drug effects, Mitochondria: metabolism, PC12 Cells, PC12 Cells: drug effects, PC12 Cells: metabolism, Rats\",\"pages\":\"302–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dingemans_calcium-related_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Calcium-related processes involved in the inhibition of depolarization-evoked calcium increase by hydroxylated {PBDEs} in {PC12} cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfp310},\\n\\tabstract = {In vitro studies indicated that hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have an increased toxic potential compared to their parent congeners. An example is the OH-PBDE-induced increase of basal intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria and/or influx of extracellular Ca(2+). ER and mitochondria regulate Ca(2+) homeostasis in close association with voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs). Therefore, effects of (OH-)PBDEs on the depolarization-evoked (100 mM K(+)) net increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i)) were measured in neuroendocrine pheochromocytoma cells using the Ca(2+)-responsive dye Fura-2. OH-PBDEs dose dependently inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). This inhibition was potentiated by a preceding increase in basal [Ca(2+)](i). Especially at higher concentrations of OH-PBDEs (5-20 microM), large increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) strongly inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). The inhibition appeared more sensitive to increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores (by 3-OH-BDE-47 or 6'-OH-BDE-49) compared to those by influx of extracellular Ca(2+) (by 6-OH-BDE-47 or 5-OH-BDE-47). The expected [Ca(2+)](i) difference close to the membrane suggests involvement of Ca(2+)-dependent regulatory processes close to VGCCs. When coapplied with depolarization, some OH-PBDEs induced also moderate direct inhibition of depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxylated BDE-47 affected neither basal nor depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), except for BDE-47, which moderately increased fluctuations in basal [Ca(2+)](i) and depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). These findings demonstrate that OH-PBDEs inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) depending on preceding basal [Ca(2+)](i). Related environmental pollutants that affect Ca(2+) homeostasis (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) may thus also inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), justifying further investigation of possible mixture effects of environmental pollutants on Ca(2+) homeostasis.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dingemans, Milou M L and van den Berg, Martin and Bergman, Ake and Westerink, Remco H S},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20044592},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Calcium, Calcium Channels, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: analysis, Calcium: metabolism, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Endoplasmic Reticulum: drug effects, Endoplasmic Reticulum: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fura-2, Fura-2: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Hydroxylation, Hydroxylation: drug effects, L-Type, L-Type: drug effects, L-Type: metabolism, Mitochondria, Mitochondria: drug effects, Mitochondria: metabolism, PC12 Cells, PC12 Cells: drug effects, PC12 Cells: metabolism, Rats},\\n\\tpages = {302--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dingemans, M. M L\",\"van den Berg, M.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"Westerink, R. H S\"],\"key\":\"dingemans_calcium-related_2010\",\"id\":\"dingemans_calcium-related_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dingemans-vandenberg-bergman-westerink-calciumrelatedprocessesinvolvedintheinhibitionofdepolarizationevokedcalciumincreasebyhydroxylatedpbdesinpc12cells-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Calcium\",\"Calcium Channels\",\"Calcium Signaling\",\"Calcium Signaling: drug effects\",\"Calcium: analysis\",\"Calcium: metabolism\",\"Endoplasmic Reticulum\",\"Endoplasmic Reticulum: drug effects\",\"Endoplasmic Reticulum: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fura-2\",\"Fura-2: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Homeostasis\",\"Homeostasis: drug effects\",\"Homeostasis: physiology\",\"Hydroxylation\",\"Hydroxylation: drug effects\",\"L-Type\",\"L-Type: drug effects\",\"L-Type: metabolism\",\"Mitochondria\",\"Mitochondria: drug effects\",\"Mitochondria: metabolism\",\"PC12 Cells\",\"PC12 Cells: drug effects\",\"PC12 Cells: metabolism\",\"Rats\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane inhibits depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in PC12 cells.\",\"volume\":\"107\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfn249\",\"abstract\":\"Environmental levels of the brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been increasing. HBCD has been shown to cause adverse effects on learning and behavior in mice, as well as on dopamine uptake in rat synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles. For other BFRs, alterations in the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis have been observed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the technical HBCD mixture and individual stereoisomers affect the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a neuroendocrine in vitro model (PC12 cells). [Ca(2+)](i) and vesicular catecholamine release were measured using respectively single-cell Fura-2 imaging and amperometry. Exposure of PC12 cells to the technical HBCD mixture or individual stereoisomers did neither affect basal [Ca(2+)](i), nor the frequency of basal neurotransmitter release. However, exposure to HBCD (0-20 microM) did cause a dose-dependent reduction of a subsequent depolarization-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)](i). This effect was apparent only when HBCD was applied at least 5 min before depolarization (maximum effect after 20 min exposure). The effects of alpha- and beta-HBCD were comparable to that of the technical mixture, whereas the inhibitory effect of gamma-HBCD was larger. Using specific blockers of L-, N- or P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs) it was shown that the inhibitory effect of HBCD is not VGCC-specific. Additionally, the number of cells showing depolarization-evoked neurotransmitter release was markedly reduced following HBCD exposure. Summarizing, HBCD inhibits depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) and neurotransmitter release. As increasing HBCD levels should be anticipated, these findings justify additional efforts to establish an adequate exposure, hazard and risk assessment.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dingemans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Milou\",\"M\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heusinkveld\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Harm\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Groot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Den\",\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westerink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Remco\",\"H\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19056936\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Calcium, Calcium Channel Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers: pharmacology, Calcium: metabolism, Catecholamines, Catecholamines: metabolism, Cell Polarity, Cell Polarity: drug effects, Cell Polarity: physiology, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: drug effects, Cytosol: metabolism, Data Interpretation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophysiology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Dyes, Fura-2, Hydrocarbons, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, PC12 Cells, Rats, Statistical, Stereoisomerism, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"490–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dingemans_hexabromocyclododecane_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane inhibits depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in {PC12} cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {107},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfn249},\\n\\tabstract = {Environmental levels of the brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been increasing. HBCD has been shown to cause adverse effects on learning and behavior in mice, as well as on dopamine uptake in rat synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles. For other BFRs, alterations in the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis have been observed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the technical HBCD mixture and individual stereoisomers affect the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a neuroendocrine in vitro model (PC12 cells). [Ca(2+)](i) and vesicular catecholamine release were measured using respectively single-cell Fura-2 imaging and amperometry. Exposure of PC12 cells to the technical HBCD mixture or individual stereoisomers did neither affect basal [Ca(2+)](i), nor the frequency of basal neurotransmitter release. However, exposure to HBCD (0-20 microM) did cause a dose-dependent reduction of a subsequent depolarization-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)](i). This effect was apparent only when HBCD was applied at least 5 min before depolarization (maximum effect after 20 min exposure). The effects of alpha- and beta-HBCD were comparable to that of the technical mixture, whereas the inhibitory effect of gamma-HBCD was larger. Using specific blockers of L-, N- or P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs) it was shown that the inhibitory effect of HBCD is not VGCC-specific. Additionally, the number of cells showing depolarization-evoked neurotransmitter release was markedly reduced following HBCD exposure. Summarizing, HBCD inhibits depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) and neurotransmitter release. As increasing HBCD levels should be anticipated, these findings justify additional efforts to establish an adequate exposure, hazard and risk assessment.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Dingemans, Milou M L and Heusinkveld, Harm J and de Groot, Aart and Bergman, Ake and van Den Berg, Martin and Westerink, Remco H S},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19056936},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Calcium, Calcium Channel Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers: pharmacology, Calcium: metabolism, Catecholamines, Catecholamines: metabolism, Cell Polarity, Cell Polarity: drug effects, Cell Polarity: physiology, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: drug effects, Cytosol: metabolism, Data Interpretation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophysiology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Dyes, Fura-2, Hydrocarbons, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, PC12 Cells, Rats, Statistical, Stereoisomerism, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {490--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dingemans, M. M L\",\"Heusinkveld, H. J\",\"de Groot, A.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"van Den Berg, M.\",\"Westerink, R. H S\"],\"key\":\"dingemans_hexabromocyclododecane_2009\",\"id\":\"dingemans_hexabromocyclododecane_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dingemans-heusinkveld-degroot-bergman-vandenberg-westerink-hexabromocyclododecaneinhibitsdepolarizationinducedincreaseinintracellularcalciumlevelsandneurotransmitterreleaseinpc12cells-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Calcium\",\"Calcium Channel Blockers\",\"Calcium Channel Blockers: pharmacology\",\"Calcium: metabolism\",\"Catecholamines\",\"Catecholamines: metabolism\",\"Cell Polarity\",\"Cell Polarity: drug effects\",\"Cell Polarity: physiology\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cytoplasmic Vesicles\",\"Cytoplasmic Vesicles: drug effects\",\"Cytoplasmic Vesicles: metabolism\",\"Cytosol\",\"Cytosol: drug effects\",\"Cytosol: metabolism\",\"Data Interpretation\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Electrophysiology\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorescent Dyes\",\"Fura-2\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Neurotransmitter Agents\",\"Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism\",\"PC12 Cells\",\"Rats\",\"Statistical\",\"Stereoisomerism\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Gaithersburg, MD\",\"title\":\"Analysis of the ISO 9705 Room/Corner Test: Simulations, Correlations and Heat Flux Measurements (NIST-GCR-98-756)\",\"publisher\":\"National Institute of Standards and Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dillon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{dillon_analysis_1998,\\n\\taddress = {Gaithersburg, MD},\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of the {ISO} 9705 {Room}/{Corner} {Test}: {Simulations}, {Correlations} and {Heat} {Flux} {Measurements} ({NIST}-{GCR}-98-756)},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dillon, S E},\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dillon, S E\"],\"key\":\"dillon_analysis_1998\",\"id\":\"dillon_analysis_1998\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dillon-analysisoftheiso9705roomcornertestsimulationscorrelationsandheatfluxmeasurementsnistgcr98756-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1003089\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DiGangi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lucas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mortimer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"21123135\",\"keywords\":\"Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention & control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas\",\"pages\":\"A516–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{digangi_san_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003089},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {21123135},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \\\\& control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas},\\n\\tpages = {A516--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"DiGangi, J.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"de Wit, C. A\",\"Lucas, D.\",\"Mortimer, D.\",\"Schecter, A.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"digangi_san_2010\",\"id\":\"digangi_san_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: toxicity\",\"Chlorine Compounds\",\"Chlorine Compounds: toxicity\",\"Consensus\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: prevention & control\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Texas\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. Case study for Eastern Romania, 2010.\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.002\",\"abstract\":\"We have evaluated the levels and specific profiles of several organohalogenated contaminants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and flame retardants (FRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs), in 47 indoor dust samples collected in 2010 from urban locations from Iasi, Eastern Romania. The dominant contaminants found in the samples were OPFRs (median sum OPFRs 7890 ng/g). Surprisingly, OCPs were also measured at high levels (median 1300 ng/g). Except for BDE 209 (median 275 ng/g), PBDEs were present in dust samples at relatively low levels (median sum PBDEs 8 ng/g). PCBs were also measured at low levels (median sum PCBs 35 ng/g), while NBFRs were only occasionally detected, showing a low usage in goods present on the Romanian market. The results of the present study evidence the existence of a multitude of chemical formulations in indoor dust. FRs are usually associated to human exposure via ingestion of dust, but other chemicals, such as OCPs, are not commonly reported in such matrix. Although OCPs were found at comparable levels with OPFRs in Romanian dust, OCPs possess a higher risk to human health due to their considerably lower reference dose (RfD) values. Indeed, the OCP exposure calculated for various intake scenarios was only 2-fold lower than the corresponding RfD. Therefore, the inclusion of OCPs as target chemicals in the indoor environment becomes important for countries where elevated levels in other environmental compartments have been previously shown.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22929296\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Romania\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dirtu_country_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. {Case} study for {Eastern} {Romania}, 2010.},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.002},\\n\\tabstract = {We have evaluated the levels and specific profiles of several organohalogenated contaminants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and flame retardants (FRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs), in 47 indoor dust samples collected in 2010 from urban locations from Iasi, Eastern Romania. The dominant contaminants found in the samples were OPFRs (median sum OPFRs 7890 ng/g). Surprisingly, OCPs were also measured at high levels (median 1300 ng/g). Except for BDE 209 (median 275 ng/g), PBDEs were present in dust samples at relatively low levels (median sum PBDEs 8 ng/g). PCBs were also measured at low levels (median sum PCBs 35 ng/g), while NBFRs were only occasionally detected, showing a low usage in goods present on the Romanian market. The results of the present study evidence the existence of a multitude of chemical formulations in indoor dust. FRs are usually associated to human exposure via ingestion of dust, but other chemicals, such as OCPs, are not commonly reported in such matrix. Although OCPs were found at comparable levels with OPFRs in Romanian dust, OCPs possess a higher risk to human health due to their considerably lower reference dose (RfD) values. Indeed, the OCP exposure calculated for various intake scenarios was only 2-fold lower than the corresponding RfD. Therefore, the inclusion of OCPs as target chemicals in the indoor environment becomes important for countries where elevated levels in other environmental compartments have been previously shown.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Dirtu, Alin C and Ali, Nadeem and Van den Eede, Nele and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22929296},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Romania},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Ali, N.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"dirtu_country_2012\",\"id\":\"dirtu_country_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dirtu-ali-vandeneede-neels-covaci-countryspecificcomparisonforprofileofchlorinatedbrominatedandphosphateorganiccontaminantsinindoordustcasestudyforeasternromania2010-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Romania\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1003035\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (OH-) or methoxylated forms have been detected in humans. Because this raises concern about adverse effects on the developing brain, we reviewed the scientific literature on these mechanisms.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dingemans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Milou\",\"M\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westerink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Remco\",\"H\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21245014\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydroxylation, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment\",\"pages\":\"900–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dingemans_neurotoxicity_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003035},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (OH-) or methoxylated forms have been detected in humans. Because this raises concern about adverse effects on the developing brain, we reviewed the scientific literature on these mechanisms.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Dingemans, Milou M L and van den Berg, Martin and Westerink, Remco H S},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21245014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydroxylation, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment},\\n\\tpages = {900--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dingemans, M. M L\",\"van den Berg, M.\",\"Westerink, R. H S\"],\"key\":\"dingemans_neurotoxicity_2011\",\"id\":\"dingemans_neurotoxicity_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dingemans-vandenberg-westerink-neurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsindirecteffectsofparentandhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: embryology\",\"Embryo\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Hydroxylation\",\"Mammalian\",\"Mammalian: drug effects\",\"Mice\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Nervous System: embryology\",\"Nervous System: metabolism\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Rats\",\"Risk Assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human survivability in motor vehicle fires.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"url\":\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Fire and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Digges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"KH\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"RG\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grayson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"SJ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirschler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"MM\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lyon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"RE\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Purser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"DA\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quintiere\"],\"firstnames\":[\"JG\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stephenson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"RR\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tewarson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"249–258\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{digges_human_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Human survivability in motor vehicle fires.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\turl = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Digges, KH and Gann, RG and Grayson, SJ and Hirschler, MM and Lyon, RE and Purser, DA and Quintiere, JG and Stephenson, RR and Tewarson, A},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {249--258},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Digges, K.\",\"Gann, R.\",\"Grayson, S.\",\"Hirschler, M.\",\"Lyon, R.\",\"Purser, D.\",\"Quintiere, J.\",\"Stephenson, R.\",\"Tewarson, A\"],\"key\":\"digges_human_2008\",\"id\":\"digges_human_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"digges-gann-grayson-hirschler-lyon-purser-quintiere-stephenson-etal-humansurvivabilityinmotorvehiclefires-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DiGangi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lucas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mortimer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention & control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas\",\"pages\":\"A516–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{digangi_san_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \\\\& control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas},\\n\\tpages = {A516--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"DiGangi, J.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"de Wit, C. A\",\"Lucas, D.\",\"Mortimer, D.\",\"Schecter, A.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"digangi_san_2010-1\",\"id\":\"digangi_san_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: toxicity\",\"Chlorine Compounds\",\"Chlorine Compounds: toxicity\",\"Consensus\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: prevention & control\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Texas\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Part 2: Brominated flame retardants.\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.008\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants were determined in adipose tissues from 294 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in East Greenland in 23 of the 28years between 1983 and 2010. Significant linear increases were found for sum polybrominated diphenyl ether (ΣPBDE), BDE100, BDE153, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Average increases of 5.0% per year (range: 2.9-7.6%/year) were found for the subadult polar bears. BDE47 and BDE99 concentrations did not show a significant linear trend over time, but rather a significant non-linear trend peaking between 2000 and 2004. The average ΣPBDE concentrations increased 2.3 fold from 25.0ng/g lw (95% C.I.: 15.3-34.7ng/g lw) in 1983-1986 to 58.5ng/g lw (95% C.I.: 43.6-73.4ng/g lw) in 2006-2010. Similar but fewer statistically significant trends were found for adult females and adult males likely due to smaller sample size and years. Analyses of δ(15)N and δ(13)C stable isotopes in hair revealed no clear linear temporal trends in trophic level or carbon source, respectively, and non-linear trends differed among sex and age groups. These increasing concentrations of organobromine contaminants contribute to complex organohalogen mixture, already causing health effects to the East Greenland polar bears.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rune\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rigét\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sonne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Born\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erik\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bechshøft\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drimmie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"23137556\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dietz_three_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in {East} {Greenland} polar bears ({Ursus} maritimus). {Part} 2: {Brominated} flame retardants.},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants were determined in adipose tissues from 294 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in East Greenland in 23 of the 28years between 1983 and 2010. Significant linear increases were found for sum polybrominated diphenyl ether (ΣPBDE), BDE100, BDE153, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Average increases of 5.0\\\\% per year (range: 2.9-7.6\\\\%/year) were found for the subadult polar bears. BDE47 and BDE99 concentrations did not show a significant linear trend over time, but rather a significant non-linear trend peaking between 2000 and 2004. The average ΣPBDE concentrations increased 2.3 fold from 25.0ng/g lw (95\\\\% C.I.: 15.3-34.7ng/g lw) in 1983-1986 to 58.5ng/g lw (95\\\\% C.I.: 43.6-73.4ng/g lw) in 2006-2010. Similar but fewer statistically significant trends were found for adult females and adult males likely due to smaller sample size and years. Analyses of δ(15)N and δ(13)C stable isotopes in hair revealed no clear linear temporal trends in trophic level or carbon source, respectively, and non-linear trends differed among sex and age groups. These increasing concentrations of organobromine contaminants contribute to complex organohalogen mixture, already causing health effects to the East Greenland polar bears.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Dietz, Rune and Rigét, Frank F and Sonne, Christian and Born, Erik W and Bechshøft, Thea and McKinney, Melissa A and Drimmie, Robert J and Muir, Derek C G and Letcher, Robert J},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {23137556},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dietz, R.\",\"Rigét, F. F\",\"Sonne, C.\",\"Born, E. W\",\"Bechshøft, T.\",\"McKinney, M. A\",\"Drimmie, R. J\",\"Muir, D. C G\",\"Letcher, R. J\"],\"key\":\"dietz_three_2012\",\"id\":\"dietz_three_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dietz-rigt-sonne-born-bechshft-mckinney-drimmie-muir-etal-threedecades19832010ofcontaminanttrendsineastgreenlandpolarbearsursusmaritimuspart2brominatedflameretardants-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ecological level analysis of the relationship between smoking and residential-fire mortality.\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1475-5785\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/ip.2007.017004\",\"abstract\":\"To examine the association between tobacco smoking and residential-fire mortality and to investigate whether this association is explained by the confounding effects of selected socioeconomic factors (ie, educational attainment and median household income).\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diekman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballesteros\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caraballo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kegler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18676780\",\"keywords\":\"Accidents, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Educational Status, Fires, Fires: statistics & numerical data, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Home, Home: mortality, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, United States: epidemiology, Young Adult, com\",\"pages\":\"228–31\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{diekman_ecological_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Ecological level analysis of the relationship between smoking and residential-fire mortality.},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1475-5785},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/ip.2007.017004},\\n\\tabstract = {To examine the association between tobacco smoking and residential-fire mortality and to investigate whether this association is explained by the confounding effects of selected socioeconomic factors (ie, educational attainment and median household income).},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention},\\n\\tauthor = {Diekman, S T and Ballesteros, M F and Berger, L R and Caraballo, R S and Kegler, S R},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18676780},\\n\\tkeywords = {Accidents, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Educational Status, Fires, Fires: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Home, Home: mortality, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, United States: epidemiology, Young Adult, com},\\n\\tpages = {228--31},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Diekman, S T\",\"Ballesteros, M F\",\"Berger, L R\",\"Caraballo, R S\",\"Kegler, S R\"],\"key\":\"diekman_ecological_2008\",\"id\":\"diekman_ecological_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"diekman-ballesteros-berger-caraballo-kegler-ecologicallevelanalysisoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandresidentialfiremortality-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780\"},\"keyword\":[\"Accidents\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Educational Status\",\"Fires\",\"Fires: statistics & numerical data\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Health Surveys\",\"Home\",\"Home: mortality\",\"Humans\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Smoking\",\"Smoking: adverse effects\",\"Smoking: epidemiology\",\"Socioeconomic Factors\",\"United States\",\"United States: epidemiology\",\"Young Adult\",\"com\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in India: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.005\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigated the status of contamination of organohalogen compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardant (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human milk samples from several locations in India. The levels of OCs were significantly higher in the milk of mothers living in and near municipal dumping site than other locations indicating that the open dumping sites for municipal wastes act as potential sources of these contaminants in India. The PCB concentrations observed in this study tended to decrease compared to those in the matched locations reported previously, probably due to the restriction of technical PCB usage in India. PBDE levels in human milk were two to three folds lower than those of PCBs in all the sampling locations investigated. Congener profiles of PCBs and PBDEs were different between samples from the dumping site mothers and general populations in other areas suggesting the presence of region-specific sources and pathways. HBCDs were detected in human milk from only two sites, with much lower concentrations and detection frequencies compared to PCBs and PBDEs. When hazard quotients (HQs) of PCBs and PBDEs were estimated for infant health risk, the HQs in some milk samples from the dumping site exceeded the threshold value (HQ\\\\textgreater1) of PCBs, indicating the potential risk for infants in the specific site.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devanathan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gnanasekaran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Subramanian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annamalai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22208746\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, India, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"87–95\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{devanathan_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in {India}: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.005},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigated the status of contamination of organohalogen compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardant (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human milk samples from several locations in India. The levels of OCs were significantly higher in the milk of mothers living in and near municipal dumping site than other locations indicating that the open dumping sites for municipal wastes act as potential sources of these contaminants in India. The PCB concentrations observed in this study tended to decrease compared to those in the matched locations reported previously, probably due to the restriction of technical PCB usage in India. PBDE levels in human milk were two to three folds lower than those of PCBs in all the sampling locations investigated. Congener profiles of PCBs and PBDEs were different between samples from the dumping site mothers and general populations in other areas suggesting the presence of region-specific sources and pathways. HBCDs were detected in human milk from only two sites, with much lower concentrations and detection frequencies compared to PCBs and PBDEs. When hazard quotients (HQs) of PCBs and PBDEs were estimated for infant health risk, the HQs in some milk samples from the dumping site exceeded the threshold value (HQ{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater1) of PCBs, indicating the potential risk for infants in the specific site.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Subramanian, Annamalai and Sudaryanto, Agus and Takahashi, Shin and Isobe, Tomohiko and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22208746},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, India, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {87--95},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Devanathan, G.\",\"Subramanian, A.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"devanathan_brominated_2012\",\"id\":\"devanathan_brominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"devanathan-subramanian-sudaryanto-takahashi-isobe-tanabe-brominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkfromseverallocationsinindiapotentialcontaminantsourcesinamunicipaldumpingsite-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Human: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"India\",\"Infant\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Transplacental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.750\",\"abstract\":\"This study found that arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) transferred, on average, 11.4% (7.5 mg) and 11.1% (0.1 mg) of their polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) blubber burden to their near-term fetuses. A single physicochemical parameter, log K(OW), largely explained this transplacental transfer for PCBs (r(2) =0.79, p \\\\textless 0.00001) and PBDEs (r(2) = 0.37, p = 0.007), with congeners having a log K(OW) \\\\textless 6.5 preferentially transferred to the fetus. Blubber concentrations of 257 ng/g lipid weight (lw) PCBs and 3.8 ng/g (lw) PBDEs in beluga fetuses highlights the exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds during a critical developmental stage. The implications of detecting these levels of legacy PCBs and the flame retardant PBDEs in unborn arctic beluga are unclear.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Desforges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Pierre\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loseto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22095624\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"296–300\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{desforges_transplacental_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Transplacental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in arctic beluga whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas).},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.750},\\n\\tabstract = {This study found that arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) transferred, on average, 11.4\\\\% (7.5 mg) and 11.1\\\\% (0.1 mg) of their polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) blubber burden to their near-term fetuses. A single physicochemical parameter, log K(OW), largely explained this transplacental transfer for PCBs (r(2) =0.79, p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.00001) and PBDEs (r(2) = 0.37, p = 0.007), with congeners having a log K(OW) {\\\\textbackslash}textless 6.5 preferentially transferred to the fetus. Blubber concentrations of 257 ng/g lipid weight (lw) PCBs and 3.8 ng/g (lw) PBDEs in beluga fetuses highlights the exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds during a critical developmental stage. The implications of detecting these levels of legacy PCBs and the flame retardant PBDEs in unborn arctic beluga are unclear.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Desforges, Jean-Pierre W and Ross, Peter S and Loseto, Lisa L},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22095624},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {296--300},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Desforges, J. W\",\"Ross, P. S\",\"Loseto, L. L\"],\"key\":\"desforges_transplacental_2012\",\"id\":\"desforges_transplacental_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"desforges-ross-loseto-transplacentaltransferofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinarcticbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Beluga Whale\",\"Beluga Whale: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment - trends and new candidates.\",\"volume\":\"408\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19815253\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Invertebrates: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, Time, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec\",\"pages\":\"2885–918\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_wit_brominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Arctic} environment - trends and new candidates.},\\n\\tvolume = {408},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A and Herzke, Dorte and Vorkamp, Katrin},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19815253},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Invertebrates: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, Time, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {2885--918},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"de Wit, C. A\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Vorkamp, K.\"],\"key\":\"de_wit_brominated_2009\",\"id\":\"de_wit_brominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Atmosphere: chemistry\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Invertebrates\",\"Invertebrates: metabolism\",\"Mammals\",\"Mammals: metabolism\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Soil\",\"Soil: analysis\",\"Time\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure.\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.001\",\"abstract\":\"Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and \\\\textless1.6-2 pg/m(3) in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Björklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justina\",\"Awasum\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thuresson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22208754\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Male, Preschool, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"141–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_wit_tri-decabrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and {\\\\textbackslash}textless1.6-2 pg/m(3) in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95\\\\% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A and Björklund, Justina Awasum and Thuresson, Kaj},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22208754},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Male, Preschool, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {141--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"de Wit, C. A\",\"Björklund, J. A.\",\"Thuresson, K.\"],\"key\":\"de_wit_tri-decabrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"de_wit_tri-decabrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dewit-bjrklund-thuresson-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments2indoorsourcesandhumanexposure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Child\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Floors and Floorcoverings\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Infant\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Inhalation Exposure: analysis\",\"Inhalation Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Male\",\"Preschool\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"00456535\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9\",\"abstract\":\"The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol a\",\"pages\":\"583–624\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_wit_overview_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {00456535},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9},\\n\\tabstract = {The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol a},\\n\\tpages = {583--624},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"de Wit, C. A\"],\"key\":\"de_wit_overview_2002\",\"id\":\"de_wit_overview_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Flame retardants\",\"POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS\",\"hexabromocyclododecane\",\"tetrabromobisphenol a\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784\",\"abstract\":\"The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pmid\":\"11999784\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Child, Child Welfare, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Fishes, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Public Health, Risk Assessment, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec\",\"pages\":\"583–624\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_wit_overview_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784},\\n\\tabstract = {The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpmid = {11999784},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Child, Child Welfare, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Fishes, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Public Health, Risk Assessment, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {583--624},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"de Wit, C. A\"],\"key\":\"de_wit_overview_2002-1\",\"id\":\"de_wit_overview_2002-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Child\",\"Child Welfare\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Humans\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects\",\"Public Health\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"env\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environmental fate of three novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic mesocosms.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2165\",\"abstract\":\"Currently, little is known about the environmental fate and persistence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). The recent detection of NBFRs in sediment cores and air samples provides insight into their persistence and potential for transport. Limited numbers of laboratory studies have examined the fate and behavior of these compounds, but field-based fate studies have been especially lacking. The authors conducted an aquatic mesocosm experiment to assess the behavior of three NBFRs: bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether; TBBPA-DBPE), and Firemaster BZ-54, a commercial mixture containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) in a ratio of 1:4. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, operated in the electron capture negative ionization mode, revealed partitioning between the particulate and sediment phases, with BTBPE, TBBPA-DBPE, and BEHTBP identified as being environmentally persistent in both the particulate and the sediment compartments. The median dissipation times (DT50) differed in each compartment, with more rapid disappearance in the particulate (9-30 d) compared with the sediment compartment (\\\\textgreater100 d) for each compound. The degradation products were more concentrated in the particulate compartment and corresponded to known photodegradation products. The ratio of EHTeBB to BEHTBP differed in the mesocosm compartments compared with the technical product used for treatment, indicating increased degradation of EHTeBB relative to BETHBP.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Jourdan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Benjamin\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Solomon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keith\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23400845\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1060–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_jourdan_environmental_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental fate of three novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic mesocosms.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2165},\\n\\tabstract = {Currently, little is known about the environmental fate and persistence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). The recent detection of NBFRs in sediment cores and air samples provides insight into their persistence and potential for transport. Limited numbers of laboratory studies have examined the fate and behavior of these compounds, but field-based fate studies have been especially lacking. The authors conducted an aquatic mesocosm experiment to assess the behavior of three NBFRs: bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether; TBBPA-DBPE), and Firemaster BZ-54, a commercial mixture containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) in a ratio of 1:4. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, operated in the electron capture negative ionization mode, revealed partitioning between the particulate and sediment phases, with BTBPE, TBBPA-DBPE, and BEHTBP identified as being environmentally persistent in both the particulate and the sediment compartments. The median dissipation times (DT50) differed in each compartment, with more rapid disappearance in the particulate (9-30 d) compared with the sediment compartment ({\\\\textbackslash}textgreater100 d) for each compound. The degradation products were more concentrated in the particulate compartment and corresponded to known photodegradation products. The ratio of EHTeBB to BEHTBP differed in the mesocosm compartments compared with the technical product used for treatment, indicating increased degradation of EHTeBB relative to BETHBP.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {de Jourdan, Benjamin P and Hanson, Mark L and Muir, Derek C G and Solomon, Keith R},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23400845},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1060--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"de Jourdan, B. P\",\"Hanson, M. L\",\"Muir, D. C G\",\"Solomon, K. R\"],\"key\":\"de_jourdan_environmental_2013\",\"id\":\"de_jourdan_environmental_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dejourdan-hanson-muir-solomon-environmentalfateofthreenovelbrominatedflameretardantsinaquaticmesocosms-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action.\",\"volume\":\"2012\",\"issn\":\"1687-9813\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/2012/713696\",\"abstract\":\"The incidence and/or prevalence of health problems associated with endocrine-disruption have increased. Many chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties, including bisphenol A, some organochlorines, polybrominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, solvents, and some household products including some cleaning products, air fresheners, hair dyes, cosmetics, and sunscreens. Even some metals were shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties. Many observations suggesting that endocrine disruptors do contribute to cancer, diabetes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility are listed in this paper. An overview is presented of mechanisms contributing to endocrine disruption. Endocrine disruptors can act through classical nuclear receptors, but also through estrogen-related receptors, membrane-bound estrogen-receptors, and interaction with targets in the cytosol resulting in activation of the Src/Ras/Erk pathway or modulation of nitric oxide. In addition, changes in metabolism of endogenous hormones, cross-talk between genomic and nongenomic pathways, cross talk with estrogen receptors after binding on other receptors, interference with feedback regulation and neuroendocrine cells, changes in DNA methylation or histone modifications, and genomic instability by interference with the spindle figure can play a role. Also it was found that effects of receptor activation can differ in function of the ligand.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental and public health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Coster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Larebeke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicolas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22991565\",\"keywords\":\"Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: adverse effects, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Humans, Receptors, estrogen\",\"pages\":\"713696\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_coster_endocrine-disrupting_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action.},\\n\\tvolume = {2012},\\n\\tissn = {1687-9813},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1155/2012/713696},\\n\\tabstract = {The incidence and/or prevalence of health problems associated with endocrine-disruption have increased. Many chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties, including bisphenol A, some organochlorines, polybrominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, solvents, and some household products including some cleaning products, air fresheners, hair dyes, cosmetics, and sunscreens. Even some metals were shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties. Many observations suggesting that endocrine disruptors do contribute to cancer, diabetes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility are listed in this paper. An overview is presented of mechanisms contributing to endocrine disruption. Endocrine disruptors can act through classical nuclear receptors, but also through estrogen-related receptors, membrane-bound estrogen-receptors, and interaction with targets in the cytosol resulting in activation of the Src/Ras/Erk pathway or modulation of nitric oxide. In addition, changes in metabolism of endogenous hormones, cross-talk between genomic and nongenomic pathways, cross talk with estrogen receptors after binding on other receptors, interference with feedback regulation and neuroendocrine cells, changes in DNA methylation or histone modifications, and genomic instability by interference with the spindle figure can play a role. Also it was found that effects of receptor activation can differ in function of the ligand.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental and public health},\\n\\tauthor = {De Coster, Sam and van Larebeke, Nicolas},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22991565},\\n\\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: adverse effects, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Humans, Receptors, estrogen},\\n\\tpages = {713696},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"De Coster, S.\",\"van Larebeke, N.\"],\"key\":\"de_coster_endocrine-disrupting_2012\",\"id\":\"de_coster_endocrine-disrupting_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"decoster-vanlarebeke-endocrinedisruptingchemicalsassociateddisordersandmechanismsofaction-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: adverse effects\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Receptors\",\"estrogen\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Recyclability of flame retardant HIPS, PC/ABS, and PPO/HIS used in electronic equipment.\",\"url\":\"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1436998&userType=inst\",\"abstract\":\"Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) applications utilize various brominated and phosphorus flame retardants for reasons of fire safety. The use of flame retardants in these applications delays the spread of fires or delays the time of flashover, hence saving lives and property. An estimated 190 lives are saved annually through the use of flame retardants in television cabinets in the US. Research aimed at answering questions related to risk in use and end-of-life options for flame retardant plastics used in EEE applications has been performed and more is currently being performed. European Risk Assessment for several flame retardants is now in progress. Research has been ongoing to study various end-of-life options. This paper is a continuation of previous papers that will address issues related to end-of-life, risk in use, and benefits of plastics containing flame retardants. Results of recent research aimed at determining the recyclability of plastics, such as HIPS, PC/ABS, and more recently PPO/HIPS containing brominated or phosphorus flame retardants under a variety of conditions will be included.\",\"booktitle\":\"International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dawson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"RB\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Landry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"SD\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"pages\":\"77–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{dawson_recyclability_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Recyclability of flame retardant {HIPS}, {PC}/{ABS}, and {PPO}/{HIS} used in electronic equipment.},\\n\\turl = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1436998&userType=inst},\\n\\tabstract = {Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) applications utilize various brominated and phosphorus flame retardants for reasons of fire safety. The use of flame retardants in these applications delays the spread of fires or delays the time of flashover, hence saving lives and property. An estimated 190 lives are saved annually through the use of flame retardants in television cabinets in the US. Research aimed at answering questions related to risk in use and end-of-life options for flame retardant plastics used in EEE applications has been performed and more is currently being performed. European Risk Assessment for several flame retardants is now in progress. Research has been ongoing to study various end-of-life options. This paper is a continuation of previous papers that will address issues related to end-of-life, risk in use, and benefits of plastics containing flame retardants. Results of recent research aimed at determining the recyclability of plastics, such as HIPS, PC/ABS, and more recently PPO/HIPS containing brominated or phosphorus flame retardants under a variety of conditions will be included.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {International {Symposium} on {Electronics} and the {Environment}},\\n\\tauthor = {Dawson, RB and Landry, SD},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n\\tpages = {77--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dawson, R.\",\"Landry, S.\"],\"key\":\"dawson_recyclability_2005\",\"id\":\"dawson_recyclability_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dawson-landry-recyclabilityofflameretardanthipspcabsandppohisusedinelectronicequipment-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1436998&userType=inst\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of bromophenols as dioxin precursors in combustion gases of fire retarded extruded polystyrene by sorptive sampling-capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry\",\"volume\":\"1071\",\"url\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.019\",\"number\":\"1-2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Chromatography A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Desmet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schelfaut\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pat\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, bromophenols, dioxin precursors, extruded polystyrene, sorptive sampling\",\"pages\":\"125–129\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{desmet_determination_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of bromophenols as dioxin precursors in combustion gases of fire retarded extruded polystyrene by sorptive sampling-capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry},\\n\\tvolume = {1071},\\n\\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.019},\\n\\tnumber = {1-2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},\\n\\tauthor = {Desmet, Koen and Schelfaut, Marc and Sandra, Pat},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, bromophenols, dioxin precursors, extruded polystyrene, sorptive sampling},\\n\\tpages = {125--129},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Desmet, K.\",\"Schelfaut, M.\",\"Sandra, P.\"],\"key\":\"desmet_determination_2005\",\"id\":\"desmet_determination_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"desmet-schelfaut-sandra-determinationofbromophenolsasdioxinprecursorsincombustiongasesoffireretardedextrudedpolystyrenebysorptivesamplingcapillarygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Flame retardants\",\"bromophenols\",\"dioxin precursors\",\"extruded polystyrene\",\"sorptive sampling\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Metabolic transformation shapes polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether patterns in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2164\",\"abstract\":\"While the accumulation of persistent contaminants in marine mammals can be attributed directly to their prey, the role of metabolism in shaping patterns is often overlooked. In the present study, the authors investigated the role of metabolic transformation in influencing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) patterns in offshore and nearshore groups of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and their prey. Congener profiles and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed similar PCB and PBDE patterns in beluga whales feeding either offshore or nearshore, despite divergent contaminant patterns in the putative prey of these two feeding groups. The clustering of PCBs into metabolically derived structure-activity groups (SAGs) and the separation of metabolizable and recalcitrant groups along principal component 1 of the PCA revealed the important role of metabolic transformation in shaping PCB patterns in beluga. Lack of metabolism for congeners with high ortho-chlorine content was revealed by metabolic slopes equal to or greater than 1.0. Metabolic slopes for all other SAGs were less than 1.0 (p\\\\textless0.001), suggesting metabolism of congeners with ortho-meta and meta-para vicinal hydrogens via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A/2B/3A). Metabolic indices less than 1.0 for PBDEs (p\\\\textless0.001) suggested that beluga metabolized these poorly understood flame retardants. The strikingly similar PCB patterns in a captive beluga and free-ranging beluga from the Beaufort Sea provide additional evidence that metabolic transformation is a dominant driver of contaminant patterns in beluga.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Desforges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Pierre\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loseto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23400821\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1132–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{desforges_metabolic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Metabolic transformation shapes polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether patterns in beluga whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas).},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2164},\\n\\tabstract = {While the accumulation of persistent contaminants in marine mammals can be attributed directly to their prey, the role of metabolism in shaping patterns is often overlooked. In the present study, the authors investigated the role of metabolic transformation in influencing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) patterns in offshore and nearshore groups of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and their prey. Congener profiles and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed similar PCB and PBDE patterns in beluga whales feeding either offshore or nearshore, despite divergent contaminant patterns in the putative prey of these two feeding groups. The clustering of PCBs into metabolically derived structure-activity groups (SAGs) and the separation of metabolizable and recalcitrant groups along principal component 1 of the PCA revealed the important role of metabolic transformation in shaping PCB patterns in beluga. Lack of metabolism for congeners with high ortho-chlorine content was revealed by metabolic slopes equal to or greater than 1.0. Metabolic slopes for all other SAGs were less than 1.0 (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.001), suggesting metabolism of congeners with ortho-meta and meta-para vicinal hydrogens via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A/2B/3A). Metabolic indices less than 1.0 for PBDEs (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.001) suggested that beluga metabolized these poorly understood flame retardants. The strikingly similar PCB patterns in a captive beluga and free-ranging beluga from the Beaufort Sea provide additional evidence that metabolic transformation is a dominant driver of contaminant patterns in beluga.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Desforges, Jean-Pierre W and Ross, Peter S and Loseto, Lisa L},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23400821},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1132--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Desforges, J. W\",\"Ross, P. S\",\"Loseto, L. L\"],\"key\":\"desforges_metabolic_2013\",\"id\":\"desforges_metabolic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"desforges-ross-loseto-metabolictransformationshapespolychlorinatedbiphenylandpolybrominateddiphenyletherpatternsinbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Effect of Ignition Source Exposure and Specimen Configuration on the Fire Growth Characteristics of a Combustible Interior Finish Material\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"The potential fire hazard presented by plastic based combustible interior finish materials is discussed. Compartment fire experimental methods and apparatus based on Uniform Building Code Standard No. 42-2 were used to study the effect of ignition source exposure and specimen configuration on the actual fire growth characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam wall covering. The results obtained are qualitative in nature, clearly demonstrating two important characteristics of the fire behavior of PVC foam: (i) the PVC foam has a 'critical' ignition source strength of 64-75 kW; (ii) preheating the PVC foam greatly increases its peak net rate of heat release.\",\"number\":\"December 1991\",\"journal\":\"Fire safety journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dembsey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williamson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1993\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"313–330\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dembsey_effect_1993,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Effect} of {Ignition} {Source} {Exposure} and {Specimen} {Configuration} on the {Fire} {Growth} {Characteristics} of a {Combustible} {Interior} {Finish} {Material}},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {The potential fire hazard presented by plastic based combustible interior finish materials is discussed. Compartment fire experimental methods and apparatus based on Uniform Building Code Standard No. 42-2 were used to study the effect of ignition source exposure and specimen configuration on the actual fire growth characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam wall covering. The results obtained are qualitative in nature, clearly demonstrating two important characteristics of the fire behavior of PVC foam: (i) the PVC foam has a 'critical' ignition source strength of 64-75 kW; (ii) preheating the PVC foam greatly increases its peak net rate of heat release.},\\n\\tnumber = {December 1991},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire safety journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Dembsey, N A and Williamson, R B},\\n\\tyear = {1993},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {313--330},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dembsey, N A\",\"Williamson, R B\"],\"key\":\"dembsey_effect_1993\",\"id\":\"dembsey_effect_1993\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dembsey-williamson-theeffectofignitionsourceexposureandspecimenconfigurationonthefiregrowthcharacteristicsofacombustibleinteriorfinishmaterial-1993\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The Environmental Fate and Transformation of Flame Retardant Chemicals and Triclosan Following Land Application of Biosolids\",\"url\":\"http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114\",\"abstract\":\"Dissertation\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"Fors\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Analytical chemistry, Environmental science, Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{davis_environmental_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Environmental} {Fate} and {Transformation} of {Flame} {Retardant} {Chemicals} and {Triclosan} {Following} {Land} {Application} of {Biosolids}},\\n\\turl = {http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114},\\n\\tabstract = {Dissertation},\\n\\tauthor = {Davis, Elizabeth Fors},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Analytical chemistry, Environmental science, Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Davis, E. F.\"],\"key\":\"davis_environmental_2013\",\"id\":\"davis_environmental_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"davis-theenvironmentalfateandtransformationofflameretardantchemicalsandtriclosanfollowinglandapplicationofbiosolids-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114\"},\"keyword\":[\"Analytical chemistry\",\"Environmental science\",\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008\",\"abstract\":\"As polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) face increasing restrictions worldwide, several alternate flame retardants are expected to see increased use as replacement compounds in consumer products. Chemical analysis of biosolids collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can help determine whether these flame retardants are migrating from the indoor environment to the outdoor environment, where little is known about their ultimate fate and effects. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of a suite of flame retardants, and the antimicrobial compound triclosan, in opportunistic samples of municipal biosolids and the domestic sludge Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2781. Grab samples of biosolids were collected from two WWTPs in North Carolina and two in California. Biosolids samples were also obtained during three subsequent collection events at one of the North Carolina WWTPs to evaluate fluctuations in contaminant levels within a given facility over a period of three years. The biosolids and SRM 2781 were analyzed for PBDEs, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), and the antimicrobial agent 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan). PBDEs were detected in every sample analyzed, and ΣPBDE concentrations ranged from 1750 to 6358ng/g dry weight. Additionally, the PBDE replacement chemicals TBB and TBPH were detected at concentrations ranging from 120 to 3749 ng/g dry weight and from 206 to 1631 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Triclosan concentrations ranged from 490 to 13,866 ng/g dry weight. The detection of these contaminants of emerging concern in biosolids suggests that these chemicals have the potential to migrate out of consumer products and enter the outdoor environment.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22280921\",\"keywords\":\"Anti-Infective Agents, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Local, Local: analysis, North Carolina, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, california\",\"pages\":\"1–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{davis_measurement_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008},\\n\\tabstract = {As polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) face increasing restrictions worldwide, several alternate flame retardants are expected to see increased use as replacement compounds in consumer products. Chemical analysis of biosolids collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can help determine whether these flame retardants are migrating from the indoor environment to the outdoor environment, where little is known about their ultimate fate and effects. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of a suite of flame retardants, and the antimicrobial compound triclosan, in opportunistic samples of municipal biosolids and the domestic sludge Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2781. Grab samples of biosolids were collected from two WWTPs in North Carolina and two in California. Biosolids samples were also obtained during three subsequent collection events at one of the North Carolina WWTPs to evaluate fluctuations in contaminant levels within a given facility over a period of three years. The biosolids and SRM 2781 were analyzed for PBDEs, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), and the antimicrobial agent 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan). PBDEs were detected in every sample analyzed, and ΣPBDE concentrations ranged from 1750 to 6358ng/g dry weight. Additionally, the PBDE replacement chemicals TBB and TBPH were detected at concentrations ranging from 120 to 3749 ng/g dry weight and from 206 to 1631 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Triclosan concentrations ranged from 490 to 13,866 ng/g dry weight. The detection of these contaminants of emerging concern in biosolids suggests that these chemicals have the potential to migrate out of consumer products and enter the outdoor environment.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Davis, Elizabeth F and Klosterhaus, Susan L and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22280921},\\n\\tkeywords = {Anti-Infective Agents, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Local, Local: analysis, North Carolina, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, california},\\n\\tpages = {1--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Davis, E. F\",\"Klosterhaus, S. L\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"davis_measurement_2012\",\"id\":\"davis_measurement_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"davis-klosterhaus-stapleton-measurementofflameretardantsandtriclosaninmunicipalsewagesludgeandbiosolids-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921\"},\"keyword\":[\"Anti-Infective Agents\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluid\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Local\",\"Local: analysis\",\"North Carolina\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"Triclosan\",\"Triclosan: analysis\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers disrupt molting in neonatal Daphnia magna.\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1573-3017\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10646-012-0891-6\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and are found worldwide despite their banned usage in some countries. In recent years, the possibility that PBDEs may disrupt endocrine functions in vertebrates has been well investigated, but little attention has been paid to the endocrine disrupting potential in aquatic invertebrates. The current study aimed to investigate whether PBDEs affect molting in neonatal Daphnia magna. Prior to molting studies, 48 h LC50 values were tested for several environmentally prevalent PBDEs: PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100 and -209. The 48 h LC50s determined were 110.7, 7.9, 2.6, and 11.1 μg/L for PBDEs-28, -47, -99, and -100, respectively, but the highest concentration of PBDEs-209 tested (2.5 mg/L) did not affect survival at 48 h. Sublethal concentrations of these were used to investigate their potential effects on molting, assessed by the time taken to reach 4 molts. Molting studies found that PBDE-28 at 12 μg/L significantly increased the time it took to complete 4 molts. PBDE-47 at 20 μg/L inhibited daphnid molting initially but such an inhibitory effect disappeared with the prolongation of exposure due to the death of sensitive individuals. No other PBDEs affected molting at the concentrations tested, while still maintaining relatively high survival rates. In conclusion, this study found that PBDEs-28 and -47 can delay molting at μg/L concentrations, which raises concern for disrupted molting in crustaceans exposed to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology (London, England)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davies\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Enmin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22476648\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Daphnia, Daphnia: drug effects, Daphnia: growth & development, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Molting, Molting: drug effects, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1371–80\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{davies_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers disrupt molting in neonatal {Daphnia} magna.},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3017},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-012-0891-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and are found worldwide despite their banned usage in some countries. In recent years, the possibility that PBDEs may disrupt endocrine functions in vertebrates has been well investigated, but little attention has been paid to the endocrine disrupting potential in aquatic invertebrates. The current study aimed to investigate whether PBDEs affect molting in neonatal Daphnia magna. Prior to molting studies, 48 h LC50 values were tested for several environmentally prevalent PBDEs: PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100 and -209. The 48 h LC50s determined were 110.7, 7.9, 2.6, and 11.1 μg/L for PBDEs-28, -47, -99, and -100, respectively, but the highest concentration of PBDEs-209 tested (2.5 mg/L) did not affect survival at 48 h. Sublethal concentrations of these were used to investigate their potential effects on molting, assessed by the time taken to reach 4 molts. Molting studies found that PBDE-28 at 12 μg/L significantly increased the time it took to complete 4 molts. PBDE-47 at 20 μg/L inhibited daphnid molting initially but such an inhibitory effect disappeared with the prolongation of exposure due to the death of sensitive individuals. No other PBDEs affected molting at the concentrations tested, while still maintaining relatively high survival rates. In conclusion, this study found that PBDEs-28 and -47 can delay molting at μg/L concentrations, which raises concern for disrupted molting in crustaceans exposed to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\\n\\tauthor = {Davies, Rebecca and Zou, Enmin},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22476648},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Daphnia, Daphnia: drug effects, Daphnia: growth \\\\& development, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Molting, Molting: drug effects, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1371--80},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Davies, R.\",\"Zou, E.\"],\"key\":\"davies_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"davies_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"davies-zou-polybrominateddiphenylethersdisruptmoltinginneonataldaphniamagna-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Daphnia\",\"Daphnia: drug effects\",\"Daphnia: growth & development\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lethal Dose 50\",\"Molting\",\"Molting: drug effects\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) in sewage sludge and effluent samples of a wastewater-treatment plant in Cape Town, South Africa.\",\"volume\":\"62\",\"issn\":\"1432-0703\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00244-011-9720-9\",\"abstract\":\"The reuse of treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as alternative water source for sport-field or landscape irrigation, agricultural, and other industrial purposes is growing significantly. Similarly, the application of treated sludge (biosolid) to agricultural soils is now being considered globally as the most economic means of sludge disposal. However, the presence of emerging organic contaminants in these matrices, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are potential endocrine disruptors, portends a high health risk to humans and the environment in general. In this study, effluent and sewage sludge samples collected from a WWTP were analysed for some selected PBDE congeners (BDE congeners 28, 47, 99 100 153 154 183, and 209) as well as BB-153 using a high-capillary gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The sum of the eight PBDE congeners ranged from 369 to 4370, 19.2 to 2640, and 90.4 to 15,100 ng/l for raw water, secondary effluent, and final effluent, respectively. A similar result was observed for sewage sludge samples, which ranged between 13.1 and 652 ng/g dry weight (dw). The results obtained for BB-153 were generally lower compared with those found for most PBDE congeners. These ranged from ND to 18.4 ng/l and ND to 9.97 ng/g dw for effluents and sewage sludge, respectively. In both matrices, BDE 47 and 209 congeners were found to contribute significantly to the overall sum of PBDEs. The reuse of the treated effluent, particularly for agricultural purposes, could enhance the possibility of these contaminants entering into the food chain, thus causing undesirable health problems in exposed subjects.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adegbenro\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fatoki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olalekan\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odendaal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olujimi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olanrewaju\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22002787\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, South Africa, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"391–402\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{daso_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl ({BB}-153) in sewage sludge and effluent samples of a wastewater-treatment plant in {Cape} {Town}, {South} {Africa}.},\\n\\tvolume = {62},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0703},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9720-9},\\n\\tabstract = {The reuse of treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as alternative water source for sport-field or landscape irrigation, agricultural, and other industrial purposes is growing significantly. Similarly, the application of treated sludge (biosolid) to agricultural soils is now being considered globally as the most economic means of sludge disposal. However, the presence of emerging organic contaminants in these matrices, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are potential endocrine disruptors, portends a high health risk to humans and the environment in general. In this study, effluent and sewage sludge samples collected from a WWTP were analysed for some selected PBDE congeners (BDE congeners 28, 47, 99 100 153 154 183, and 209) as well as BB-153 using a high-capillary gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The sum of the eight PBDE congeners ranged from 369 to 4370, 19.2 to 2640, and 90.4 to 15,100 ng/l for raw water, secondary effluent, and final effluent, respectively. A similar result was observed for sewage sludge samples, which ranged between 13.1 and 652 ng/g dry weight (dw). The results obtained for BB-153 were generally lower compared with those found for most PBDE congeners. These ranged from ND to 18.4 ng/l and ND to 9.97 ng/g dw for effluents and sewage sludge, respectively. In both matrices, BDE 47 and 209 congeners were found to contribute significantly to the overall sum of PBDEs. The reuse of the treated effluent, particularly for agricultural purposes, could enhance the possibility of these contaminants entering into the food chain, thus causing undesirable health problems in exposed subjects.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Daso, Adegbenro P and Fatoki, Olalekan S and Odendaal, James P and Olujimi, Olanrewaju O},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22002787},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, South Africa, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {391--402},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Daso, A. P\",\"Fatoki, O. S\",\"Odendaal, J. P\",\"Olujimi, O. O\"],\"key\":\"daso_occurrence_2012\",\"id\":\"daso_occurrence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"daso-fatoki-odendaal-olujimi-occurrenceofselectedpolybrominateddiphenylethersand224455hexabromobiphenylbb153insewagesludgeandeffluentsamplesofawastewatertreatmentplantincapetownsouthafrica-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluid\",\"Fluid: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"South Africa\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"01604120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are ubiquitous industrial chemicals, and many of them are produced in large volumes. Due to this fact, several BFRs are found in quantifiable levels in wildlife, as well as in humans. However, we are still lacking information on the effects of BFR in wildlife and, especially, in man. This review summarises the biological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and derivates, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), however excluding other aspects such as environmental levels. These BFR groups were selected because of a large volume production (PBDEs, TBBPA and derivates), and availability of some toxicity data in spite of much lower production volumes (HBCD and PBBs). In addition, the increase in levels of PBDEs in human (breast milk) and wildlife samples during later time made it especially interesting to include this BFR group. PBDES: The commercial PBDE products predominantly consist of so-called penta-, octa- and decabromodiphenyl ether products. Each product consists of a rather narrow range of congeners and is named after the dominating congener as regards the bromination pattern. Generally, the PentaBDEs seem to cause adverse effects at the comparably lowest dose, whereas much higher doses were needed for effects of the DecaBDEs. The critical effects of PentaBDEs are those on neurobehavioural development (from 0.6 mg/kg body weight) and, at somewhat higher dose, thyroid hormone levels in rats and mice, of OctaBDEs on fetal toxicity/teratogenicity in rats and rabbits (from 2 mg/kg body weight), and of DecaBDEs on thyroid, liver and kidney morphology in adult animals (from 80 mg/kg body weight). Carcinogenicity studies, only performed for DecaBDEs, show some effects at very high levels, and IARC (1990) evaluates DecaBDEs not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. TBBPA: The toxicity of TBBPA in the experimental in vivo studies is suggested to be low. In most reported studies, only doses in g/kg body weight were effective, but at least one study suggested renal effects at around 250 mg/kg body weight. Although difficult to include and interpret in a quantitative risk assessment, the in vitro effects on immunological and thyroid hormones, as well as binding to erythrocytes should be noted. Before a solid standpoint could be reached on TBBPA toxicity additional studies must be performed. This statement is even more valid regarding the TBBPA derivates, where there is an almost complete lack of toxicity data. HBCD: Also in the case of HBCD, relevant toxicity studies are lacking. Based on the present animal studies, a critical effect is seen in the liver and on thyroid hormones (LOAEL 100 mg/kg body weight/day). However, in a recent short paper behavioural effects in mice pups were observed already at 0.9 mg/kg body weight, and behavioural effects may be a sensitive endpoint for HBCD, as well as for other BFRs. PBBS: Due to the Michigan accident in 1973-1974, many toxicity studies on PBBs are available. The critical experimental effects are those on reproduction and carcinogenicity, and a NOAEL of 0.15 mg/kg body weight/day could be suggested based on the cancer effects. In man no unequivocal effects have been observed, although in some studies neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms were suggested. Based on the carcinogenic effects in animals, a human TDI of 0.15 microg/kg body weight has been presented. To conclude, the toxicity data are almost entirely based on experimental models. There are differences among the BFR groups, as well as within these groups, both regarding type of toxic effect and at what dose it appears. As BFRs will continue to appear both in industrial applications and, even if the production has ceased, in our environment, there is a continued need for effects studies on BFRs.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darnerud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12850100\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Models, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, Wild, Wild: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum, waa\",\"pages\":\"841–853\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{darnerud_toxic_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {01604120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are ubiquitous industrial chemicals, and many of them are produced in large volumes. Due to this fact, several BFRs are found in quantifiable levels in wildlife, as well as in humans. However, we are still lacking information on the effects of BFR in wildlife and, especially, in man. This review summarises the biological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and derivates, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), however excluding other aspects such as environmental levels. These BFR groups were selected because of a large volume production (PBDEs, TBBPA and derivates), and availability of some toxicity data in spite of much lower production volumes (HBCD and PBBs). In addition, the increase in levels of PBDEs in human (breast milk) and wildlife samples during later time made it especially interesting to include this BFR group. PBDES: The commercial PBDE products predominantly consist of so-called penta-, octa- and decabromodiphenyl ether products. Each product consists of a rather narrow range of congeners and is named after the dominating congener as regards the bromination pattern. Generally, the PentaBDEs seem to cause adverse effects at the comparably lowest dose, whereas much higher doses were needed for effects of the DecaBDEs. The critical effects of PentaBDEs are those on neurobehavioural development (from 0.6 mg/kg body weight) and, at somewhat higher dose, thyroid hormone levels in rats and mice, of OctaBDEs on fetal toxicity/teratogenicity in rats and rabbits (from 2 mg/kg body weight), and of DecaBDEs on thyroid, liver and kidney morphology in adult animals (from 80 mg/kg body weight). Carcinogenicity studies, only performed for DecaBDEs, show some effects at very high levels, and IARC (1990) evaluates DecaBDEs not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. TBBPA: The toxicity of TBBPA in the experimental in vivo studies is suggested to be low. In most reported studies, only doses in g/kg body weight were effective, but at least one study suggested renal effects at around 250 mg/kg body weight. Although difficult to include and interpret in a quantitative risk assessment, the in vitro effects on immunological and thyroid hormones, as well as binding to erythrocytes should be noted. Before a solid standpoint could be reached on TBBPA toxicity additional studies must be performed. This statement is even more valid regarding the TBBPA derivates, where there is an almost complete lack of toxicity data. HBCD: Also in the case of HBCD, relevant toxicity studies are lacking. Based on the present animal studies, a critical effect is seen in the liver and on thyroid hormones (LOAEL 100 mg/kg body weight/day). However, in a recent short paper behavioural effects in mice pups were observed already at 0.9 mg/kg body weight, and behavioural effects may be a sensitive endpoint for HBCD, as well as for other BFRs. PBBS: Due to the Michigan accident in 1973-1974, many toxicity studies on PBBs are available. The critical experimental effects are those on reproduction and carcinogenicity, and a NOAEL of 0.15 mg/kg body weight/day could be suggested based on the cancer effects. In man no unequivocal effects have been observed, although in some studies neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms were suggested. Based on the carcinogenic effects in animals, a human TDI of 0.15 microg/kg body weight has been presented. To conclude, the toxicity data are almost entirely based on experimental models. There are differences among the BFR groups, as well as within these groups, both regarding type of toxic effect and at what dose it appears. As BFRs will continue to appear both in industrial applications and, even if the production has ceased, in our environment, there is a continued need for effects studies on BFRs.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Darnerud, P},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12850100},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Models, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, Wild, Wild: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum, waa},\\n\\tpages = {841--853},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Darnerud, P\"],\"key\":\"darnerud_toxic_2003\",\"id\":\"darnerud_toxic_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"darnerud-toxiceffectsofbrominatedflameretardantsinmanandinwildlife-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Models\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"Wild\",\"Wild: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"frbldg\",\"frelec\",\"hum\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mass balance evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfill leachate and potential for transfer from e-waste.\",\"volume\":\"461-462C\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.080\",\"abstract\":\"Previous research on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has largely focussed on their concentrations in the environment and their adverse effects on human health. This paper explores their transfer from waste streams to water and soil. A comprehensive mass balance model is developed to track polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), originating from e-waste and non-e-waste solids leaching from a landfill. Stepwise debromination is assumed to occur in three sub-systems (e-waste, aqueous leachate phase, and non-e-waste solids). Analysis of landfill samples and laboratory results from a solid-liquid contacting chamber are used to estimate model parameters to simulate an urban landfill system, for past and future scenarios. Sensitivity tests to key model parameters were conducted. Lower BDEs require more time to disappear than high-molecular weight PBDEs, since debromination takes place in a stepwise manner, according to the simplified reaction scheme. Interphase mass transfer causes the decay pattern to be similar in all three sub-systems. The aqueous phase is predicted to be the first sub-system to eliminate PBDEs if their input to the landfill were to be stopped. The non-e-waste solids would be next, followed by the e-waste sub-system. The model shows that mass transfer is not rate-limiting, but the evolution over time depends on the kinetic degradation parameters. Experimental scatter makes model testing difficult. Nevertheless, the model provides qualitative understanding of the influence of key variables.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danon-Schaffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monica\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mahecha-Botero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrés\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grace\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikonomou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23732223\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"290–301\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{danon-schaffer_mass_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Mass balance evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfill leachate and potential for transfer from e-waste.},\\n\\tvolume = {461-462C},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.080},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous research on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has largely focussed on their concentrations in the environment and their adverse effects on human health. This paper explores their transfer from waste streams to water and soil. A comprehensive mass balance model is developed to track polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), originating from e-waste and non-e-waste solids leaching from a landfill. Stepwise debromination is assumed to occur in three sub-systems (e-waste, aqueous leachate phase, and non-e-waste solids). Analysis of landfill samples and laboratory results from a solid-liquid contacting chamber are used to estimate model parameters to simulate an urban landfill system, for past and future scenarios. Sensitivity tests to key model parameters were conducted. Lower BDEs require more time to disappear than high-molecular weight PBDEs, since debromination takes place in a stepwise manner, according to the simplified reaction scheme. Interphase mass transfer causes the decay pattern to be similar in all three sub-systems. The aqueous phase is predicted to be the first sub-system to eliminate PBDEs if their input to the landfill were to be stopped. The non-e-waste solids would be next, followed by the e-waste sub-system. The model shows that mass transfer is not rate-limiting, but the evolution over time depends on the kinetic degradation parameters. Experimental scatter makes model testing difficult. Nevertheless, the model provides qualitative understanding of the influence of key variables.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Danon-Schaffer, Monica N and Mahecha-Botero, Andrés and Grace, John R and Ikonomou, Michael},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23732223},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {290--301},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Danon-Schaffer, M. N\",\"Mahecha-Botero, A.\",\"Grace, J. R\",\"Ikonomou, M.\"],\"key\":\"danon-schaffer_mass_2013\",\"id\":\"danon-schaffer_mass_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"danonschaffer-mahechabotero-grace-ikonomou-massbalanceevaluationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillleachateandpotentialfortransferfromewaste-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Individual characteristics associated with PBDE levels in U.S. human milk samples.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0900759\",\"abstract\":\"Reported polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in human samples in the United States have been higher than in Europe and Asia. Little is known about factors that contribute to individual variability in body burden.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daniels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I-Jen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20056574\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Parity, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"155–60\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{daniels_individual_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Individual characteristics associated with {PBDE} levels in {U}.{S}. human milk samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900759},\\n\\tabstract = {Reported polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in human samples in the United States have been higher than in Europe and Asia. Little is known about factors that contribute to individual variability in body burden.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Daniels, Julie L and Pan, I-Jen and Jones, Richard and Anderson, Sarah and Patterson, Donald G and Needham, Larry L and Sjödin, Andreas},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20056574},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Parity, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {155--60},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Daniels, J. L\",\"Pan, I.\",\"Jones, R.\",\"Anderson, S.\",\"Patterson, D. G\",\"Needham, L. L\",\"Sjödin, A.\"],\"key\":\"daniels_individual_2010\",\"id\":\"daniels_individual_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"daniels-pan-jones-anderson-patterson-needham-sjdin-individualcharacteristicsassociatedwithpbdelevelsinushumanmilksamples-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Age Factors\",\"Body Mass Index\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Milk\",\"Parity\",\"Postpartum Period\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Time Factors\",\"United States\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurobehavioral and physiological effects of low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-99 in male adult rats.\",\"volume\":\"204\",\"issn\":\"1879-3169\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.009\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants. Because of their high lipophilicity and persistence, PBDEs bioaccumulate in all abiotic and biological matrices. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term neurobehavioral and physiological effects of exposure to environmental doses of PBDE-99 in adult rats. Rats received a daily administration of PBDE-99 for 90 days by oral gavage at 0.15, 1.5 and 15μg/kg, doses which are relevant of human exposure. Before and after the 90 days of exposure, behavioral tests including the open-field and the elevated plus-maze tests for locomotor activity and anxiety, and the Morris water maze for spatial learning were conducted. Physiological measures such as body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels and PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue were also evaluated at the end of exposure. There was no effect on body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels despite rising PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue with the doses tested. Moreover, there was no effect on locomotor activity and exploration, and spatial learning. Deleterious effects of PBDE-99 at high doses have often been highlighted in many studies after an acute dose whereas exposure during 90 days at realistic doses would have no significant effect in adult rats.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daubié\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stéphanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bisson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-François\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lalonde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schroeder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rychen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guido\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21524696\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drinking, Drinking: drug effects, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley\",\"pages\":\"57–63\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{daubie_neurobehavioral_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral and physiological effects of low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE})-99 in male adult rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {204},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3169},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants. Because of their high lipophilicity and persistence, PBDEs bioaccumulate in all abiotic and biological matrices. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term neurobehavioral and physiological effects of exposure to environmental doses of PBDE-99 in adult rats. Rats received a daily administration of PBDE-99 for 90 days by oral gavage at 0.15, 1.5 and 15μg/kg, doses which are relevant of human exposure. Before and after the 90 days of exposure, behavioral tests including the open-field and the elevated plus-maze tests for locomotor activity and anxiety, and the Morris water maze for spatial learning were conducted. Physiological measures such as body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels and PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue were also evaluated at the end of exposure. There was no effect on body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels despite rising PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue with the doses tested. Moreover, there was no effect on locomotor activity and exploration, and spatial learning. Deleterious effects of PBDE-99 at high doses have often been highlighted in many studies after an acute dose whereas exposure during 90 days at realistic doses would have no significant effect in adult rats.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Daubié, Stéphanie and Bisson, Jean-François and Lalonde, Robert and Schroeder, Henri and Rychen, Guido},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21524696},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drinking, Drinking: drug effects, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},\\n\\tpages = {57--63},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Daubié, S.\",\"Bisson, J.\",\"Lalonde, R.\",\"Schroeder, H.\",\"Rychen, G.\"],\"key\":\"daubie_neurobehavioral_2011\",\"id\":\"daubie_neurobehavioral_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"daubi-bisson-lalonde-schroeder-rychen-neurobehavioralandphysiologicaleffectsoflowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde99inmaleadultrats-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drinking\",\"Drinking: drug effects\",\"Drug\",\"Eating\",\"Eating: drug effects\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Male\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Maze Learning: drug effects\",\"Motor Activity\",\"Motor Activity: drug effects\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo Province, South Africa.\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054\",\"abstract\":\"The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n=28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n=14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4600 and over 20,000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n=28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darnerud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\",\"Ola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aune\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lotta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lignell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mutshatshi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tshinanne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okonkwo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Botha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ben\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Agyei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21708397\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, South Africa\",\"pages\":\"4048–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{darnerud_levels_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from {Limpopo} {Province}, {South} {Africa}.},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054},\\n\\tabstract = {The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n=28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n=14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4600 and over 20,000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n=28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Darnerud, Per Ola and Aune, Marie and Larsson, Lotta and Lignell, Sanna and Mutshatshi, Tshinanne and Okonkwo, Jonathan and Botha, Ben and Agyei, Nana},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21708397},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, South Africa},\\n\\tpages = {4048--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Darnerud, P. O.\",\"Aune, M.\",\"Larsson, L.\",\"Lignell, S.\",\"Mutshatshi, T.\",\"Okonkwo, J.\",\"Botha, B.\",\"Agyei, N.\"],\"key\":\"darnerud_levels_2011\",\"id\":\"darnerud_levels_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Milk\",\"South Africa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1365-2605\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00869.x\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are endocrine disrupters in experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Although BFR effects on thyroid hormones are well confirmed, studies of effects on oestrogen/androgen systems are fewer but today growing in numbers. The effects of BFR on other hormone systems are still unknown. Hormonal effect levels in animals start from ca 1 mg/kg b.w., but there are exceptions: effects on spermatogenesis, suggesting hormonal causes, have been observed at a low dose (60 microg/kg b.w.) of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener, BDE-99. It could be concluded that hormonal effects are of importance in risk assessment, and in some cases where effects are seen at low levels safety margins may be insufficient. One additional uncertainty is the lack of reliable human data that could be used to support animal BFR observations. In spite of the recent regulation of PBDE production, levels of both PBDE and of other BFR groups are still present in environmental samples. Thus, we have to deal with the possible effects of human BFR exposure for times to come. In order to reduce BFR exposure, the routes of exposure should be carefully examined and ways to reduce levels in major exposure routes considered.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"International journal of andrology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darnerud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18315715\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: metabolism, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"152–60\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{darnerud_brominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1365-2605},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00869.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are endocrine disrupters in experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Although BFR effects on thyroid hormones are well confirmed, studies of effects on oestrogen/androgen systems are fewer but today growing in numbers. The effects of BFR on other hormone systems are still unknown. Hormonal effect levels in animals start from ca 1 mg/kg b.w., but there are exceptions: effects on spermatogenesis, suggesting hormonal causes, have been observed at a low dose (60 microg/kg b.w.) of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener, BDE-99. It could be concluded that hormonal effects are of importance in risk assessment, and in some cases where effects are seen at low levels safety margins may be insufficient. One additional uncertainty is the lack of reliable human data that could be used to support animal BFR observations. In spite of the recent regulation of PBDE production, levels of both PBDE and of other BFR groups are still present in environmental samples. Thus, we have to deal with the possible effects of human BFR exposure for times to come. In order to reduce BFR exposure, the routes of exposure should be carefully examined and ways to reduce levels in major exposure routes considered.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of andrology},\\n\\tauthor = {Darnerud, P O},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18315715},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: metabolism, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {152--60},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Darnerud, P O\"],\"key\":\"darnerud_brominated_2008\",\"id\":\"darnerud_brominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"darnerud-brominatedflameretardantsaspossibleendocrinedisrupters-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Spermatogenesis\",\"Spermatogenesis: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"phdthesis\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfills from electronic waste.\",\"url\":\"http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf\",\"school\":\"University of British Columbia\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danon-Schaffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"MN\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, frelec\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{danon-schaffer_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfills from electronic waste.},\\n\\turl = {http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf},\\n\\tschool = {University of British Columbia},\\n\\tauthor = {Danon-Schaffer, MN},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Danon-Schaffer, M.\"],\"key\":\"danon-schaffer_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"danon-schaffer_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"danonschaffer-polybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillsfromelectronicwaste-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"frelec\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"California's Flammability Standards for Residential Upholstered Furniture- Twenty years later.\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Proc. Intl. Conf. Fire Safety, 19, 1\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Damant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1994\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{damant_californias_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {California's {Flammability} {Standards} for {Residential} {Upholstered} {Furniture}- {Twenty} years later.},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Proc. Intl. Conf. Fire Safety, 19, 1},\\n\\tauthor = {Damant, Gordon H},\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Damant, G. H\"],\"key\":\"damant_californias_1994\",\"id\":\"damant_californias_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"damant-californiasflammabilitystandardsforresidentialupholsteredfurnituretwentyyearslater-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Performance of protective linings for polystyrene insulation in a corner wall test\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/BF02479582\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Fire Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D'Souza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kasem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Galbreath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"1981\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"85–97\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dsouza_performance_1981,\\n\\ttitle = {Performance of protective linings for polystyrene insulation in a corner wall test},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/BF02479582},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {D'Souza, M V and Kasem, M A and Galbreath, M},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {1981},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {85--97},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"D'Souza, M V\",\"Kasem, M A\",\"Galbreath, M\"],\"key\":\"dsouza_performance_1981\",\"id\":\"dsouza_performance_1981\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dsouza-kasem-galbreath-performanceofprotectiveliningsforpolystyreneinsulationinacornerwalltest-1981\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium.\",\"volume\":\"81\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043\",\"abstract\":\"The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4-1214 ng g(-1)dw (median 35) and \\\\textless5-5295 ng g(-1)dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 4,2692 ng g(-1)dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \\\\textless3 and 419 ng g(-1)dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g(-1) (median 3.0 ng g(-1)). Levels in office dust were higher (p\\\\textless0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g(-1) (median 10 ng g(-1)) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g(-1), respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D'Hollander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wendy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cornelis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynders\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Campenhout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\",\"Van\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bervoets\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lieven\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20709355\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics & numerical data, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis\",\"pages\":\"478–87\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}.},\\n\\tvolume = {81},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},\\n\\tabstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4-1214 ng g(-1)dw (median 35) and {\\\\textbackslash}textless5-5295 ng g(-1)dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 4,2692 ng g(-1)dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\\\\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between {\\\\textbackslash}textless3 and 419 ng g(-1)dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g(-1) (median 3.0 ng g(-1)). Levels in office dust were higher (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g(-1) (median 10 ng g(-1)) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g(-1), respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {D'Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and de Voogt, Pim and Bervoets, Lieven},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20709355},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {478--87},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"D'Hollander, W.\",\"Roosens, L.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Cornelis, C.\",\"Reynders, H.\",\"Campenhout, K. V.\",\"de Voogt, P.\",\"Bervoets, L.\"],\"key\":\"dhollander_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"dhollander_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-devoogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Belgium\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Cities\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorocarbons\",\"Fluorocarbons: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Housing\",\"Housing: statistics & numerical data\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"key\":\"czerska_\",\"id\":\"czerska_\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"moore, a\":\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~awm22/talks.html\",\"powner, m\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=benjaminthoma.github.io%2Fpubs.bib&msg=embed\",\"bergmann, r\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?msg=embed&bib=https://dblp.org/pid/b/RalphBergmann.bib\",\"van harmelen, f\":\"https://www.cs.vu.nl/~frankh/publications.html\",\"figueroa, n\":\"https://nbfigueroa.github.io/\",\"sammak, s\":\"https://shervinsammak.github.io/papers/\",\"patel, n\":\"https://niravatgit.github.io/INSPIRELab/publications.html#publications\",\"kouamé, d\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irit.fr%2F%7EDenis.Kouame%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2023%2F04%2Fpubli_dk_Avril2023.bib&commas=true&msg=embed\",\"grossi, g\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://homes.di.unimi.it/grossi/Grossi_Giuliano.bib\",\"alexiev, v\":\"https://vladimiralexiev.github.io/my/\",\"bethard, s\":\"https://bethard.github.io/publications.html\",\"homburg, t\":\"https://situx.github.io/publications/\",\"banzhaf, w\":\"https://cse.msu.edu/~banzhafw/Publications_new.html\",\"gatica, j\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=www2.uca.es%2Fdept%2Fcmat_qinor%2Fnanomat%2Fpeople%2FGatica.bib&groupby=year\",\"edwards, c\":\"https://people.ucsc.edu/\",\"miyagusuku, r\":\"https://www.real.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp/invmap/\",\"stephens-davidowitz, n\":\"https://noahsd.com/\",\"kouam�, d\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irit.fr%2F%7EDenis.Kouame%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2020%2F08%2Fpubli_dk_pc.bib&msg=embed\",\"lee, u\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://dblp.org/pid/172/3208.bib\",\"sohrabi, s\":\"https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~shirin/\",\"mcintire, e\":\"https://predictiveecology.org/publications.html\",\"mirrazavi salehian, s\":\"https://nbfigueroa.github.io/\",\"monteiro, s\":\"https://sildomar.github.io/publications/\",\"picco, m\":\"https://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~picco/pub.html\",\"maranas, c\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=www.maranasgroup.com/pub/maranasgroup.bib\",\"romoli, j\":\"https://jacoporomoli.github.io/Publications/\",\"maizel, a\":\"https://www.cos.uni-heidelberg.de/\",\"iovino, l\":\"https://www.ludovicoiovino.it/\",\"keller, a\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://www.ccb.uni-saarland.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/references.bib_.txt&folding=1\",\"riviere, b\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https://compm.rice.edu/files/2026/02/publicationsRiviereFeb2026.bib\",\"beyer, a\":\"https://www.klassphil.hu-berlin.de/de/personen/andrea-beyer\",\"bluestein, d\":\"https://www.bme.stonybrook.edu/labs/dbluestein/tavr.html\",\"sabattini, l\":\"https://468418521-atari-embeds.googleusercontent.com/embeds/16cb204cf3a9d4d223a0a3fd8b0eec5d/inner-frame-minified.html\"}},\"downloads\":9,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells.\",\"volume\":\"126\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfs015\",\"abstract\":\"Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) belong to a group of chemicals collectively known as triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). OPFRs are used in a wide range of consumer products and have been detected in biota, including free-living avian species; however, data on toxicological and molecular effects of exposure are limited. An in vitro screening approach was used to compare concentration-dependent effects of TDCPP and TCPP on cytotoxicity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in cultured hepatocytes and neuronal cells derived from embryonic chickens. TDCPP was toxic to hepatocytes (LC₅₀ = 60.3 ± 45.8μM) and neuronal cells (LC₅₀ = 28.7 ± 19.1μM), whereas TCPP did not affect viability in either cell type up to the highest concentration administered, 300μM. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed alterations in mRNA abundance of genes associated with phase I and II metabolism, the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, lipid regulation, and growth in hepatocytes. None of the transcripts measured in neuronal cells (D2, D3, RC3, and Oct-1) varied in response to TDCPP or TCPP exposure. Exposure to ≥ 10μM TDCPP and TCPP resulted in significant upregulation of CYP2H1 (4- to 8-fold), CYP3A37 (13- to 127-fold), and UGT1A9 (3.5- to 7-fold) mRNA levels. Transthyretin was significantly downregulated more than twofold by TCPP at 100μM; however, TDCPP did not alter its expression. Liver fatty acid-binding protein, TH-responsive spot 14-α, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were all downregulated (up to 10-fold) in hepatocytes exposed to ≥ 0.01μM TDCPP and TCPP. Taken together, our results indicate that genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, the TH pathway, lipid regulation, and growth are vulnerable to TDCPP and TCPP administration in cultured avian hepatocytes. The mRNA expression data were similar to those from a previous study with hexabromocyclododecane.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crump\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Doug\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzanne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kennedy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22268003\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: embryology, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Chick Embryo, Cultured, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: cytology, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Isoenzymes, Isoenzymes: genetics, Isoenzymes: metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: pharmacology, Organophosphates: toxicity, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: pharmacology, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: genetics, Prealbumin: metabolism, RNA\",\"pages\":\"140–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{crump_effects_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and {mRNA} expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {126},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs015},\\n\\tabstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) belong to a group of chemicals collectively known as triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). OPFRs are used in a wide range of consumer products and have been detected in biota, including free-living avian species; however, data on toxicological and molecular effects of exposure are limited. An in vitro screening approach was used to compare concentration-dependent effects of TDCPP and TCPP on cytotoxicity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in cultured hepatocytes and neuronal cells derived from embryonic chickens. TDCPP was toxic to hepatocytes (LC₅₀ = 60.3 ± 45.8μM) and neuronal cells (LC₅₀ = 28.7 ± 19.1μM), whereas TCPP did not affect viability in either cell type up to the highest concentration administered, 300μM. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed alterations in mRNA abundance of genes associated with phase I and II metabolism, the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, lipid regulation, and growth in hepatocytes. None of the transcripts measured in neuronal cells (D2, D3, RC3, and Oct-1) varied in response to TDCPP or TCPP exposure. Exposure to ≥ 10μM TDCPP and TCPP resulted in significant upregulation of CYP2H1 (4- to 8-fold), CYP3A37 (13- to 127-fold), and UGT1A9 (3.5- to 7-fold) mRNA levels. Transthyretin was significantly downregulated more than twofold by TCPP at 100μM; however, TDCPP did not alter its expression. Liver fatty acid-binding protein, TH-responsive spot 14-α, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were all downregulated (up to 10-fold) in hepatocytes exposed to ≥ 0.01μM TDCPP and TCPP. Taken together, our results indicate that genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, the TH pathway, lipid regulation, and growth are vulnerable to TDCPP and TCPP administration in cultured avian hepatocytes. The mRNA expression data were similar to those from a previous study with hexabromocyclododecane.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Crump, Doug and Chiu, Suzanne and Kennedy, Sean W},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22268003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: embryology, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Chick Embryo, Cultured, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: cytology, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Isoenzymes, Isoenzymes: genetics, Isoenzymes: metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: pharmacology, Organophosphates: toxicity, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: pharmacology, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: genetics, Prealbumin: metabolism, RNA},\\n\\tpages = {140--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Crump, D.\",\"Chiu, S.\",\"Kennedy, S. W\"],\"key\":\"crump_effects_2012\",\"id\":\"crump_effects_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"crump-chiu-kennedy-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtris1chloropropylphosphateoncytotoxicityandmrnaexpressioninprimaryculturesofavianhepatocytesandneuronalcells-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cells\",\"Cerebral Cortex\",\"Cerebral Cortex: cytology\",\"Cerebral Cortex: drug effects\",\"Cerebral Cortex: embryology\",\"Cerebral Cortex: metabolism\",\"Chick Embryo\",\"Cultured\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism\",\"Developmental\",\"Developmental: drug ef\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics\",\"Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism\",\"Hepatocytes\",\"Hepatocytes: cytology\",\"Hepatocytes: drug effects\",\"Hepatocytes: metabolism\",\"Inhibitory Concentration 50\",\"Isoenzymes\",\"Isoenzymes: genetics\",\"Isoenzymes: metabolism\",\"Lipid Metabolism\",\"Lipid Metabolism: drug effects\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: metabolism\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins: genetics\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: cytology\",\"Neurons: drug effects\",\"Neurons: metabolism\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: pharmacology\",\"Organophosphates: toxicity\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: pharmacology\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity\",\"Prealbumin\",\"Prealbumin: genetics\",\"Prealbumin: metabolism\",\"RNA\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Development of Furnishings Flammability Standards for Public Buildings and Private Residences\",\"volume\":\"November\",\"url\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR'94 1994.pdf\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Damant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nurbakhsh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Said\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"417–433\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{damant_development_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {Development of {Furnishings} {Flammability} {Standards} for {Public} {Buildings} and {Private} {Residences}},\\n\\tvolume = {November},\\n\\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR'94 1994.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Damant, G H and Nurbakhsh, Said},\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {417--433},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Damant, G H\",\"Nurbakhsh, S.\"],\"key\":\"damant_development_1995\",\"id\":\"damant_development_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"damant-nurbakhsh-developmentoffurnishingsflammabilitystandardsforpublicbuildingsandprivateresidences-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR'94 1994.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thyroid function and plasma concentrations of polyhalogenated compounds in Inuit adults.\",\"volume\":\"117\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0900633\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Several ubiquitous polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) have been shown to alter thyroid function in animal and in vitro studies. So far, epidemiologic studies have focused on the potential effect of a small number of them, namely, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorines (OCs), without paying attention to other important PHCs. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between exposure to several PHCs and thyroid hormone homeostasis in Inuit adults from Nunavik. METHODS: We measured thyroid parameters [thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT(4)), total triiodothyronine (tT(3)), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)] and concentrations of 41 contaminants, including PCBs and their metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and a measure of dioxin-like compounds, detected in plasma samples from Inuit adults (n = 623). RESULTS: We found negative associations between tT(3) concentrations and levels of 14 PCBs, 7 hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs), all methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO(2)-PCBs), and 2 OCPs. Moreover, we found negative associations between fT(4) levels and hexachlorobenzene concentrations. TBG concentrations were inversely related to 8 PCBs, 5 HO-PCBs, and 3 OCPs. Exposure to BDE-47 was positively related to tT (3), whereas PFOS concentrations were negatively associated with TSH, tT(3,) and TBG and positively with fT(4) concentrations. CONCLUSION: Exposure to several PHCs was associated with modifications of the thyroid parameters in adult Inuit, mainly by reducing tT(3) and TBG circulating concentrations. The effects of PFOS and BDE-47 on thyroid homeostasis require further investigation because other human populations display similar or higher concentrations of these chemicals.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dallaire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Renée\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dewailly\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pereg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dery\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Serge\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ayotte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19750101\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Inuits, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: blood, Quebec, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: physiology, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1380–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dallaire_thyroid_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Thyroid function and plasma concentrations of polyhalogenated compounds in {Inuit} adults.},\\n\\tvolume = {117},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900633},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Several ubiquitous polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) have been shown to alter thyroid function in animal and in vitro studies. So far, epidemiologic studies have focused on the potential effect of a small number of them, namely, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorines (OCs), without paying attention to other important PHCs. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between exposure to several PHCs and thyroid hormone homeostasis in Inuit adults from Nunavik. METHODS: We measured thyroid parameters [thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT(4)), total triiodothyronine (tT(3)), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)] and concentrations of 41 contaminants, including PCBs and their metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and a measure of dioxin-like compounds, detected in plasma samples from Inuit adults (n = 623). RESULTS: We found negative associations between tT(3) concentrations and levels of 14 PCBs, 7 hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs), all methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO(2)-PCBs), and 2 OCPs. Moreover, we found negative associations between fT(4) levels and hexachlorobenzene concentrations. TBG concentrations were inversely related to 8 PCBs, 5 HO-PCBs, and 3 OCPs. Exposure to BDE-47 was positively related to tT (3), whereas PFOS concentrations were negatively associated with TSH, tT(3,) and TBG and positively with fT(4) concentrations. CONCLUSION: Exposure to several PHCs was associated with modifications of the thyroid parameters in adult Inuit, mainly by reducing tT(3) and TBG circulating concentrations. The effects of PFOS and BDE-47 on thyroid homeostasis require further investigation because other human populations display similar or higher concentrations of these chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Dallaire, Renée and Dewailly, Eric and Pereg, Daria and Dery, Serge and Ayotte, Pierre},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19750101},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Inuits, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: blood, Quebec, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: physiology, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1380--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dallaire, R.\",\"Dewailly, E.\",\"Pereg, D.\",\"Dery, S.\",\"Ayotte, P.\"],\"key\":\"dallaire_thyroid_2009\",\"id\":\"dallaire_thyroid_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dallaire-dewailly-pereg-dery-ayotte-thyroidfunctionandplasmaconcentrationsofpolyhalogenatedcompoundsininuitadults-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Inuits\",\"Male\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: blood\",\"Quebec\",\"Thyroid Function Tests\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: physiology\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"It's all about penta: informing decision-makers about the properties of penta-bde and its replacements\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"url\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"An extensive body of scientific research over the last decades has documented the accumulation of halogenated flame retardants in humans, animals, and all media studied; adverse animal and human health effects; as well as the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of many chemicals in this class. There is not data to show whether these chemicals increase or decrease fire safety in various applications. While halogenated flame retardants slow ignition and reduce maximum heat release, they also increase carbon monoxide, soot, and other toxic effluents that are the most frequent cause of fire deaths. In spite of well-documented adverse health effects and unproven fire safety benefits, the use of halogenated flame retardants continues to grow, with brominated fire retardant (BFR) sales increasing 50% between 2005 and 20081. Decision-makers need access to comprehensible research results so they can make better decisions about the flammability standards that lead to the use of these chemicals. For example, many exposure and health research papers on pentabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) begin by saying that they save lives and that there are 209 congeners with a multitude of uses. Such statements leave the public and decision-makers uncertain how to proceed to reduce exposure. However, our review of exposure and health studies shows that most scientific research about PBDEs is actually about one commercial mixture, penta-BDE. Penta-BDE was primarily used in North American to treat polyurethane foam to comply with a California flammability regulation called Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117). As a consequence of TB117 compliance, penta-BDE was used for many years at levels of three to six percent by weight in furniture, baby products and carpet padding foam, all products with high levels of human contact. This high exposure has led to high human body burdens of penta-BDE and an association of exposure with adverse human health effects. However, when reporting results most studies refer to the penta-BDE congeners as “PBDEs” rather than specifying the penta-BDE mixture. If researchers were to explicitly relate their results to penta-BDE, a specific chemical mixture primarily used to meet a specific flammability standard, decision-makers might better understand the problem and try to solve it by modifying the standard to attain fire safety without such chemicals.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, hum, reg\",\"pages\":\"1673–1678\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{daley_its_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {It's all about penta: informing decision-makers about the properties of penta-bde and its replacements},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {An extensive body of scientific research over the last decades has documented the accumulation of halogenated flame retardants in humans, animals, and all media studied; adverse animal and human health effects; as well as the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of many chemicals in this class. There is not data to show whether these chemicals increase or decrease fire safety in various applications. While halogenated flame retardants slow ignition and reduce maximum heat release, they also increase carbon monoxide, soot, and other toxic effluents that are the most frequent cause of fire deaths. In spite of well-documented adverse health effects and unproven fire safety benefits, the use of halogenated flame retardants continues to grow, with brominated fire retardant (BFR) sales increasing 50\\\\% between 2005 and 20081. Decision-makers need access to comprehensible research results so they can make better decisions about the flammability standards that lead to the use of these chemicals. For example, many exposure and health research papers on pentabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) begin by saying that they save lives and that there are 209 congeners with a multitude of uses. Such statements leave the public and decision-makers uncertain how to proceed to reduce exposure. However, our review of exposure and health studies shows that most scientific research about PBDEs is actually about one commercial mixture, penta-BDE. Penta-BDE was primarily used in North American to treat polyurethane foam to comply with a California flammability regulation called Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117). As a consequence of TB117 compliance, penta-BDE was used for many years at levels of three to six percent by weight in furniture, baby products and carpet padding foam, all products with high levels of human contact. This high exposure has led to high human body burdens of penta-BDE and an association of exposure with adverse human health effects. However, when reporting results most studies refer to the penta-BDE congeners as “PBDEs” rather than specifying the penta-BDE mixture. If researchers were to explicitly relate their results to penta-BDE, a specific chemical mixture primarily used to meet a specific flammability standard, decision-makers might better understand the problem and try to solve it by modifying the standard to attain fire safety without such chemicals.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Daley, Rebecca E and Shaw, Susan D and Birnbaum, Linda S and Blum, A},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum, reg},\\n\\tpages = {1673--1678},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Daley, R. E\",\"Shaw, S. D\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\",\"Blum, A\"],\"key\":\"daley_its_2010\",\"id\":\"daley_its_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"daley-shaw-birnbaum-blum-itsallaboutpentainformingdecisionmakersaboutthepropertiesofpentabdeanditsreplacements-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"decomposition of polymer mixtures of PVC, PET and ABS containing brominated flame retardant: Formation of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Analytical and \\\\ldots\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Czégény\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blazsó\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"69–77\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{czegeny_decomposition_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {decomposition of polymer mixtures of {PVC}, {PET} and {ABS} containing brominated flame retardant: {Formation} of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds},\\n\\tvolume = {96},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Analytical and {\\\\textbackslash}ldots},\\n\\tauthor = {Czégény, Zs and Jakab, E and Blazsó, M},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {69--77},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Czégény, Z.\",\"Jakab, E\",\"Blazsó, M\"],\"key\":\"czegeny_decomposition_2012\",\"id\":\"czegeny_decomposition_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"czgny-jakab-blazs-decompositionofpolymermixturesofpvcpetandabscontainingbrominatedflameretardantformationofchlorinatedandbrominatedorganiccompounds-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contents in house and car dust of Portugal by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037\",\"abstract\":\"Dust is the repository of various compounds including flame retardants. In this study an analytical method based on PLE extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was selected for the analysis of 16 PBDEs congeners in house and car dust samples collected in Portugal. The analytical performance of the method was validated using standard reference material (SRM); values from 90% to 109% and from 2% to 11% were obtained for recovery and precision, respectively. The PBDE congeners distribution in whole and sieved fractions of the dust samples, as well as influence of the source on the levels of these contaminants, were obtained. The wide range of PBDEs contents found in the dust samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in these matrices. The clearest feature of the results obtained was that Deca-BDE was the main PBDE in both house and car dust samples. The total PBDEs measured in house dust (ranging from 34 to 1928 ng g(-1)) was lower than those found in car dust (ranging from 193 to 22955 ng g(-1)). However, house dust provides a major contribution to human exposure due to the time spent there, much higher than in cars.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cunha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalachova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pulkrabova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oliveira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"B\",\"P\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alves\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hajslova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20064652\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Automobiles, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: isolation & purificat, Housing, Humans, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Portugal, Preschool\",\"pages\":\"1263–71\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cunha_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) contents in house and car dust of {Portugal} by pressurized liquid extraction ({PLE}) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ({GC}-{MS}).},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037},\\n\\tabstract = {Dust is the repository of various compounds including flame retardants. In this study an analytical method based on PLE extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was selected for the analysis of 16 PBDEs congeners in house and car dust samples collected in Portugal. The analytical performance of the method was validated using standard reference material (SRM); values from 90\\\\% to 109\\\\% and from 2\\\\% to 11\\\\% were obtained for recovery and precision, respectively. The PBDE congeners distribution in whole and sieved fractions of the dust samples, as well as influence of the source on the levels of these contaminants, were obtained. The wide range of PBDEs contents found in the dust samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in these matrices. The clearest feature of the results obtained was that Deca-BDE was the main PBDE in both house and car dust samples. The total PBDEs measured in house dust (ranging from 34 to 1928 ng g(-1)) was lower than those found in car dust (ranging from 193 to 22955 ng g(-1)). However, house dust provides a major contribution to human exposure due to the time spent there, much higher than in cars.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Cunha, S C and Kalachova, K and Pulkrabova, J and Fernandes, J O and Oliveira, M B P P and Alves, A and Hajslova, J},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20064652},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Automobiles, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: isolation \\\\& purificat, Housing, Humans, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Portugal, Preschool},\\n\\tpages = {1263--71},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cunha, S C\",\"Kalachova, K\",\"Pulkrabova, J\",\"Fernandes, J O\",\"Oliveira, M B P P\",\"Alves, A\",\"Hajslova, J\"],\"key\":\"cunha_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"cunha_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cunha-kalachova-pulkrabova-fernandes-oliveira-alves-hajslova-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdescontentsinhouseandcardustofportugalbypressurizedliquidextractionpleandgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcms-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Automobiles\",\"Child\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: isolation & purificat\",\"Housing\",\"Humans\",\"Particulate Matter\",\"Particulate Matter: chemistry\",\"Portugal\",\"Preschool\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium).\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058\",\"abstract\":\"To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009-2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p=0.01 for BDE 47, p=0.02 for BDE 99 and p=0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p=0.03) and oxychlordane (p=0.047) in their human milk samples.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Croes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koppen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Govarts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruckers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Mieroop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mampaey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schoeters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Larebeke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baeyens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22840535\",\"keywords\":\"Belgium, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Rural Population, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"pages\":\"988–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{croes_persistent_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of {Flanders} ({Belgium}).},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058},\\n\\tabstract = {To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009-2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25\\\\% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94\\\\%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153\\\\%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p=0.01 for BDE 47, p=0.02 for BDE 99 and p=0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p=0.03) and oxychlordane (p=0.047) in their human milk samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Croes, K and Colles, A and Koppen, G and Govarts, E and Bruckers, L and Van de Mieroop, E and Nelen, V and Covaci, A and Dirtu, A C and Thomsen, C and Haug, L S and Becher, G and Mampaey, M and Schoeters, G and Van Larebeke, N and Baeyens, W},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22840535},\\n\\tkeywords = {Belgium, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Rural Population, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {988--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Croes, K\",\"Colles, A\",\"Koppen, G\",\"Govarts, E\",\"Bruckers, L\",\"Van de Mieroop, E\",\"Nelen, V\",\"Covaci, A\",\"Dirtu, A C\",\"Thomsen, C\",\"Haug, L S\",\"Becher, G\",\"Mampaey, M\",\"Schoeters, G\",\"Van Larebeke, N\",\"Baeyens, W\"],\"key\":\"croes_persistent_2012\",\"id\":\"croes_persistent_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535\"},\"keyword\":[\"Belgium\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: analysis\",\"DDT: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Milk\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polymers\",\"Polymers: analysis\",\"Rural Population\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the River Aire (UK).\",\"volume\":\"179C\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001\",\"abstract\":\"This study presents the occurrence and risk of PBDEs, new brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants along a river affected by urban and industrial pressures (River Aire, UK). Tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphate (TDCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were detected in all samples, with TCPP present at the highest concentrations, ranging from 113 to 26 050 ng L(-1). BDE-209 was detected in most of the sampled sites, ranging from 17 to 295 ng L(-1), while hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB) were seldom detected. A risk quotients based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and flame retardants water concentration proved significant risk for adverse effects for algae, Daphnia and fish in sites close to industrial and urban sewage discharges. This study provides a protocol for the risk estimation of priority and new generation flame retardants based on river concentrations and toxicological values.\",\"number\":\"null\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cristale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joyce\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Katsoyiannis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Athanasios\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sweetman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lacorte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silvia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23685632\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Risk Assessment, bde-209, water\",\"pages\":\"194–200\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cristale_occurrence_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the {River} {Aire} ({UK}).},\\n\\tvolume = {179C},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001},\\n\\tabstract = {This study presents the occurrence and risk of PBDEs, new brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants along a river affected by urban and industrial pressures (River Aire, UK). Tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphate (TDCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were detected in all samples, with TCPP present at the highest concentrations, ranging from 113 to 26 050 ng L(-1). BDE-209 was detected in most of the sampled sites, ranging from 17 to 295 ng L(-1), while hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB) were seldom detected. A risk quotients based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and flame retardants water concentration proved significant risk for adverse effects for algae, Daphnia and fish in sites close to industrial and urban sewage discharges. This study provides a protocol for the risk estimation of priority and new generation flame retardants based on river concentrations and toxicological values.},\\n\\tnumber = {null},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Cristale, Joyce and Katsoyiannis, Athanasios and Sweetman, Andrew J and Jones, Kevin C and Lacorte, Silvia},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23685632},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Risk Assessment, bde-209, water},\\n\\tpages = {194--200},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cristale, J.\",\"Katsoyiannis, A.\",\"Sweetman, A. J\",\"Jones, K. C\",\"Lacorte, S.\"],\"key\":\"cristale_occurrence_2013\",\"id\":\"cristale_occurrence_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cristale-katsoyiannis-sweetman-jones-lacorte-occurrenceandriskassessmentoforganophosphorusandbrominatedflameretardantsintheriveraireuk-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"bde-209\",\"water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water.\",\"volume\":\"1241\",\"issn\":\"1873-3778\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013\",\"abstract\":\"A multiresidue method based on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to determine organophosphorus flame retardants, polybromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209), new brominated flame retardants, bromophenols, bromoanilines, bromotoluenes and bromoanisoles in water. Two ionization techniques (electron ionization–EI, and electron capture negative ionization–ECNI) and two acquisition modes (selected ion monitoring–SIM, and selected reaction monitoring–SRM) were compared as regards to mass spectral characterization, sensitivity and quantification capabilities. The highest sensitivity, at expenses of identification capacity, was obtained by GC-ECNI-MS/SIM for most of the compounds analyzed, mainly for PBDEs and decabromodiphenyl ethane while GC-EI-MS/MS in SRM was the most selective technique and permitted the identification of target compounds at the pg level, and identification capabilities increased when real samples were analyzed. This method was further used to evaluate the presence and behavior of flame retardants within a drinking water treatment facility. Organophosphorus flame retardants were the only compounds detected in influent waters at levels of 0.32-0.03 μg L⁻¹, and their elimination throughout the different treatment stages was evaluated.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of chromatography. A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cristale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joyce\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quintana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jordi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chaler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roser\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ventura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francesc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lacorte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silvia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22552203\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Electrospray Ionization: metho, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"1–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cristale_gas_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water.},\\n\\tvolume = {1241},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3778},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013},\\n\\tabstract = {A multiresidue method based on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to determine organophosphorus flame retardants, polybromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209), new brominated flame retardants, bromophenols, bromoanilines, bromotoluenes and bromoanisoles in water. Two ionization techniques (electron ionization–EI, and electron capture negative ionization–ECNI) and two acquisition modes (selected ion monitoring–SIM, and selected reaction monitoring–SRM) were compared as regards to mass spectral characterization, sensitivity and quantification capabilities. The highest sensitivity, at expenses of identification capacity, was obtained by GC-ECNI-MS/SIM for most of the compounds analyzed, mainly for PBDEs and decabromodiphenyl ethane while GC-EI-MS/MS in SRM was the most selective technique and permitted the identification of target compounds at the pg level, and identification capabilities increased when real samples were analyzed. This method was further used to evaluate the presence and behavior of flame retardants within a drinking water treatment facility. Organophosphorus flame retardants were the only compounds detected in influent waters at levels of 0.32-0.03 μg L⁻¹, and their elimination throughout the different treatment stages was evaluated.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\\n\\tauthor = {Cristale, Joyce and Quintana, Jordi and Chaler, Roser and Ventura, Francesc and Lacorte, Silvia},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22552203},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Electrospray Ionization: metho, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {1--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cristale, J.\",\"Quintana, J.\",\"Chaler, R.\",\"Ventura, F.\",\"Lacorte, S.\"],\"key\":\"cristale_gas_2012\",\"id\":\"cristale_gas_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cristale-quintana-chaler-ventura-lacorte-gaschromatographymassspectrometrycomprehensiveanalysisoforganophosphorusbrominatedflameretardantsbyproductsandformulationintermediatesinwater-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Drinking Water\",\"Drinking Water: chemistry\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Electrospray Ionization: metho\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: classification\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mass\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry\",\"Sensitivity and Specificity\",\"Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of flame retardants in river water using a ceramic dosimeter passive sampler.\",\"volume\":\"172\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.014\",\"abstract\":\"Novel brominated (BFRs) and organophosphorus (OPFRs) flame retardants were monitored in river water using the ceramic dosimeter passive sampling device with HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) as sorbent. Laboratory calibrations were performed to determine sampling rates for each compound using the Archie's law exponent. The passive sampling device was used to determine the presence of 6 BFRs in the River Aire (United Kingdom), selected according to their ubiquitous presence in the River Aire. Passive sampling integrated river water concentrations ranged from 0.010 to 5.6 μg L(-1) for all OPFRs, while BFRs were not detected with this specific passive sampler configuration. Decreased sampling rates were evidenced after 3 weeks of deployment, probably due to fouling. Good agreement between integrated and snapshot water concentrations was obtained, indicating the efficiency of the passive sampler for the monitoring of OPFRs in river water.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cristale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joyce\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Katsoyiannis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Athanasios\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chang'er\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lacorte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silvia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23063991\",\"keywords\":\"Ceramics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"163–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cristale_assessment_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of flame retardants in river water using a ceramic dosimeter passive sampler.},\\n\\tvolume = {172},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Novel brominated (BFRs) and organophosphorus (OPFRs) flame retardants were monitored in river water using the ceramic dosimeter passive sampling device with HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) as sorbent. Laboratory calibrations were performed to determine sampling rates for each compound using the Archie's law exponent. The passive sampling device was used to determine the presence of 6 BFRs in the River Aire (United Kingdom), selected according to their ubiquitous presence in the River Aire. Passive sampling integrated river water concentrations ranged from 0.010 to 5.6 μg L(-1) for all OPFRs, while BFRs were not detected with this specific passive sampler configuration. Decreased sampling rates were evidenced after 3 weeks of deployment, probably due to fouling. Good agreement between integrated and snapshot water concentrations was obtained, indicating the efficiency of the passive sampler for the monitoring of OPFRs in river water.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Cristale, Joyce and Katsoyiannis, Athanasios and Chen, Chang'er and Jones, Kevin C and Lacorte, Silvia},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23063991},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ceramics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {163--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cristale, J.\",\"Katsoyiannis, A.\",\"Chen, C.\",\"Jones, K. C\",\"Lacorte, S.\"],\"key\":\"cristale_assessment_2013\",\"id\":\"cristale_assessment_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cristale-katsoyiannis-chen-jones-lacorte-assessmentofflameretardantsinriverwaterusingaceramicdosimeterpassivesampler-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ceramics\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Britain\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Upholstered furniture flammability testing: full scale open flame data analysis\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CPSC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1996\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cpsc_upholstered_1996,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Upholstered furniture flammability testing: full scale open flame data analysis},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CPSC\"],\"key\":\"cpsc_upholstered_1996\",\"id\":\"cpsc_upholstered_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cpsc-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilitytestingfullscaleopenflamedataanalysis-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"16 CFR Part 1633. Standard for the flammability (open flame) of mattress sets; Final rule\",\"url\":\"http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CPSC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cpsc_16_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1633. {Standard} for the flammability (open flame) of mattress sets; {Final} rule},\\n\\turl = {http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CPSC\"],\"key\":\"cpsc_16_2006\",\"id\":\"cpsc_16_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cpsc-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Berlin, Heidelberg\",\"series\":\"The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry\",\"title\":\"Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently.\",\"booktitle\":\"The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 20\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Berlin Heidelberg\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tinne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ionas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malarvannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Govindan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"243–305\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{covaci_emerging_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\\n\\tseries = {The {Handbook} of {Environmental} {Chemistry}},\\n\\ttitle = {Emerging {Organic} {Contaminants} and {Human} {Health}},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {The {Handbook} of {Environmental} {Chemistry}, {Vol}. 20},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},\\n\\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Geens, Tinne and Roosens, Laurence and Ali, Nadeem and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Malarvannan, Govindan and Dirtu, Alin C},\\n\\teditor = {Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {243--305},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Covaci, A.\",\"Geens, T.\",\"Roosens, L.\",\"Ali, N.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Ionas, A. C\",\"Malarvannan, G.\",\"Dirtu, A. C\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"covaci_emerging_2012\",\"id\":\"covaci_emerging_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"covaci-geens-roosens-ali-vandeneede-ionas-malarvannan-dirtu-emergingorganiccontaminantsandhumanhealth-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) a developmental neurotoxicant?\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1872-9711\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.010\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The relatively higher body burden in toddlers and children has raised concern for their potential developmental neurotoxicity, which has been suggested by animal studies, in vitro experiments, and recent human epidemiological evidence. While lower brominated PBDEs have been banned in several countries, the fully brominated decaBDE (BDE-209) is still utilized, though manufacturers will discontinue production in the U.S.A. in 2013. The recent decision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to base the reference dose (RfD) for BDE-209 on a developmental neurotoxicity study has generated some controversy. Because of its bulky configuration, BDE-209 is poorly absorbed and does not easily penetrate the cell wall. Its acute and chronic toxicities are relatively low, with the liver and the thyroid as the primary targets, though there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. A few animal studies have indicated that BDE-209 may cause developmental neurotoxicity, affecting motor and cognitive domains, as seen for other PBDEs. Limited in vivo and in vitro studies have also evidenced effects of BDE-209 on thyroid hormone homeostasis and direct effects on nervous cells, again similar to what found with other lower brominated PBDEs. In contrast, a recent developmental neurotoxicity study, carried out according to international guidelines, has provided no evidence of adverse effects on neurodevelopment, and this should be considered in a future re-evaluation of BDE-209. While estimated exposure to BDE-209 in children is believed to be several orders of magnitude below the most conservative RfD proposed by the USEPA, questions remain on the extent and relevance of BDE-209 metabolism to lower brominated PBDEs in the environment and in humans.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Costa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucio\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giordano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gennaro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21182867\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans\",\"pages\":\"9–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{costa_is_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Is decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) a developmental neurotoxicant?},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1872-9711},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The relatively higher body burden in toddlers and children has raised concern for their potential developmental neurotoxicity, which has been suggested by animal studies, in vitro experiments, and recent human epidemiological evidence. While lower brominated PBDEs have been banned in several countries, the fully brominated decaBDE (BDE-209) is still utilized, though manufacturers will discontinue production in the U.S.A. in 2013. The recent decision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to base the reference dose (RfD) for BDE-209 on a developmental neurotoxicity study has generated some controversy. Because of its bulky configuration, BDE-209 is poorly absorbed and does not easily penetrate the cell wall. Its acute and chronic toxicities are relatively low, with the liver and the thyroid as the primary targets, though there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. A few animal studies have indicated that BDE-209 may cause developmental neurotoxicity, affecting motor and cognitive domains, as seen for other PBDEs. Limited in vivo and in vitro studies have also evidenced effects of BDE-209 on thyroid hormone homeostasis and direct effects on nervous cells, again similar to what found with other lower brominated PBDEs. In contrast, a recent developmental neurotoxicity study, carried out according to international guidelines, has provided no evidence of adverse effects on neurodevelopment, and this should be considered in a future re-evaluation of BDE-209. While estimated exposure to BDE-209 in children is believed to be several orders of magnitude below the most conservative RfD proposed by the USEPA, questions remain on the extent and relevance of BDE-209 metabolism to lower brominated PBDEs in the environment and in humans.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Costa, Lucio G and Giordano, Gennaro},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21182867},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans},\\n\\tpages = {9--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Costa, L. G\",\"Giordano, G.\"],\"key\":\"costa_is_2011\",\"id\":\"costa_is_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"costa-giordano-isdecabromodiphenyletherbde209adevelopmentalneurotoxicant-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Developmental Disabilities\",\"Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced\",\"Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis\",\"Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"0161-813X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.neuro.2007.08.007\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. In the past 25 years, PBDEs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been detected in soil, air, sediments, birds, marine species, fish, house dust, and human tissues, blood and breast milk. Diet and house dust appear to be the major sources of PBDE exposure in the general population, though occupational exposure can also occur. Levels of PBDEs in human tissues are particularly high in North America, compared to Asian and European countries, and have been increasing in the past 30 years. Concentrations of PBDEs are particularly high in breast milk, resulting in high exposure of infants. In addition, for toddlers, dust has been estimated to account for a large percentage of exposure. PBDEs can also cross the placenta, as they have been detected in fetal blood and liver. Tetra-, penta- and hexaBDEs are most commonly present in human tissues. The current greatest concern for potential adverse effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. Pre- or postnatal exposure of mice or rats to various PBDEs has been shown to cause long-lasting changes in spontaneous motor activity, mostly characterized as hyperactivity or decreased habituation, and to disrupt performance in learning and memory tests. While a reduction in circulating thyroid hormone (T(4)) may contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, direct effects on the developing brain have also been reported. Among these, PBDEs have been shown to affect signal transduction pathways and to cause oxidative stress. Levels of PBDEs causing developmental neurotoxicity in animals are not much dissimilar from levels found in highly exposed infants and toddlers.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Costa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucio\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giordano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gennaro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17904639\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biomarkers, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Pharmacological, Pharmacological: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Assessment, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"1047–67\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{costa_developmental_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {0161-813X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2007.08.007},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. In the past 25 years, PBDEs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been detected in soil, air, sediments, birds, marine species, fish, house dust, and human tissues, blood and breast milk. Diet and house dust appear to be the major sources of PBDE exposure in the general population, though occupational exposure can also occur. Levels of PBDEs in human tissues are particularly high in North America, compared to Asian and European countries, and have been increasing in the past 30 years. Concentrations of PBDEs are particularly high in breast milk, resulting in high exposure of infants. In addition, for toddlers, dust has been estimated to account for a large percentage of exposure. PBDEs can also cross the placenta, as they have been detected in fetal blood and liver. Tetra-, penta- and hexaBDEs are most commonly present in human tissues. The current greatest concern for potential adverse effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. Pre- or postnatal exposure of mice or rats to various PBDEs has been shown to cause long-lasting changes in spontaneous motor activity, mostly characterized as hyperactivity or decreased habituation, and to disrupt performance in learning and memory tests. While a reduction in circulating thyroid hormone (T(4)) may contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, direct effects on the developing brain have also been reported. Among these, PBDEs have been shown to affect signal transduction pathways and to cause oxidative stress. Levels of PBDEs causing developmental neurotoxicity in animals are not much dissimilar from levels found in highly exposed infants and toddlers.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Costa, Lucio G and Giordano, Gennaro},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17904639},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biomarkers, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Pharmacological, Pharmacological: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Assessment, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {1047--67},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Costa, L. G\",\"Giordano, G.\"],\"key\":\"costa_developmental_2007\",\"id\":\"costa_developmental_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"costa-giordano-developmentalneurotoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Biomarkers\",\"Body Burden\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: embryology\",\"Embryo\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Mammalian\",\"Mammalian: drug effects\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Nervous System: embryology\",\"Nervous System: metabolism\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Pharmacological\",\"Pharmacological: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Signal Transduction\",\"Signal Transduction: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Bethesda, MD\",\"title\":\"Upholstered furniture validation memoranda\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Commission\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Consumer\",\"Product\",\"Safety\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{commission_upholstered_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Bethesda, MD},\\n\\ttitle = {Upholstered furniture validation memoranda},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Commission, C. P. S.\"],\"key\":\"commission_upholstered_2012\",\"id\":\"commission_upholstered_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"commission-upholsteredfurniturevalidationmemoranda-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"16 CFR Part 1634 Upholstered Furniture Fire Safety Technology; Meeting and Request for Comments\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf\",\"number\":\"54\",\"journal\":\"Federal Register\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Commission\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Consumer\",\"Product\",\"Safety\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"17140–17142\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{commission_16_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634 {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Fire} {Safety} {Technology}; {Meeting} and {Request} for {Comments}},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {54},\\n\\tjournal = {Federal Register},\\n\\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {17140--17142},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Commission, C. P. S.\"],\"key\":\"commission_16_2013\",\"id\":\"commission_16_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"commission-16cfrpart1634upholsteredfurniturefiresafetytechnologymeetingandrequestforcomments-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"No Title\",\"url\":\"http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CPSC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1977\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cpsc_no_1977,\\n\\ttitle = {No {Title}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html},\\n\\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\\n\\tyear = {1977},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CPSC\"],\"key\":\"cpsc_no_1977\",\"id\":\"cpsc_no_1977\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cpsc-notitle-1977\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"16 CFR Part 1634. Standard for the flammability of residential upholstered furniture; Proposed rule\",\"url\":\"http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CPSC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cpsc_16_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634. {Standard} for the flammability of residential upholstered furniture; {Proposed} rule},\\n\\turl = {http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CPSC\"],\"key\":\"cpsc_16_2008\",\"id\":\"cpsc_16_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cpsc-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007\",\"abstract\":\"This review summarises current knowledge about production volumes, physico-chemical properties, analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and behaviour and human exposure to the \\\"novel\\\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). We define the term NBFRs as relating to BFRs which are new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. Restrictions and bans on the use of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, in many jurisdictions, have created a market for the use of NBFRs. To date, most data on NBFRs have arisen as additional information generated by research designed principally to study more \\\"traditional\\\" BFRs, such as PBDEs. This has led to a wide variety of analytical approaches for sample extraction, extract purification and instrumental analysis of NBFRs. An overview of environmental occurrence in abiotic matrices, aquatic biota, terrestrial biota and birds is presented. Evidence concerning the metabolism and absorption of different NBFRs is reviewed. Human exposure to NBFRs via different exposure pathways is discussed, and research gaps related to analysis, environmental sources, fate, and behaviour and human exposure are identified.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"A-E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Law\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21168217\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil, Soil: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"532–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{covaci_novel_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007},\\n\\tabstract = {This review summarises current knowledge about production volumes, physico-chemical properties, analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and behaviour and human exposure to the \\\"novel\\\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). We define the term NBFRs as relating to BFRs which are new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. Restrictions and bans on the use of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, in many jurisdictions, have created a market for the use of NBFRs. To date, most data on NBFRs have arisen as additional information generated by research designed principally to study more \\\"traditional\\\" BFRs, such as PBDEs. This has led to a wide variety of analytical approaches for sample extraction, extract purification and instrumental analysis of NBFRs. An overview of environmental occurrence in abiotic matrices, aquatic biota, terrestrial biota and birds is presented. Evidence concerning the metabolism and absorption of different NBFRs is reviewed. Human exposure to NBFRs via different exposure pathways is discussed, and research gaps related to analysis, environmental sources, fate, and behaviour and human exposure are identified.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Harrad, Stuart and Abdallah, Mohamed A-E and Ali, Nadeem and Law, Robin J and Herzke, Dorte and de Wit, Cynthia A},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21168217},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil, Soil: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {532--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Covaci, A.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Abdallah, M. A.\",\"Ali, N.\",\"Law, R. J\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"de Wit, C. A\"],\"key\":\"covaci_novel_2011\",\"id\":\"covaci_novel_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"covaci-harrad-abdallah-ali-law-herzke-dewit-novelbrominatedflameretardantsareviewoftheiranalysisenvironmentalfateandbehaviour-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aquatic Organisms\",\"Aquatic Organisms: drug effects\",\"Aquatic Organisms: metabolism\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Bromine Compounds: chemistry\",\"Bromine Compounds: metabolism\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Fresh Water: chemistry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Kinetics\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"Soil\",\"Soil: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. As a result of their widespread use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCDs are now ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and humans. This review summarizes HBCD concentrations in several environmental compartments and analyzes these data in terms of point sources versus diffuse sources, biomagnification potential, stereoisomer profiles, time trends, and global distribution. Generally, higher concentrations were measured in samples (air, sediment, and fish) collected near point sources (plants producing or processing HBCDs), while lower concentrations were recorded in samples from locations with no obvious sources of HBCDs. High concentrations were measured in top predators, such as marine mammals and birds of prey (up to 9600 and 19 200 ng/g lipid weight, respectively), suggesting a biomagnification potential for HBCDs. Relatively low HBCD concentrations were reported in the few human studies conducted to date (median values varied between 0.35 and 1.1 ng/g lipid weight). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. One important observation is the shiftfrom the high percentage of the gamma-HBCD stereoisomer in the technical products to a dominance of the alpha-HBCD stereoisomer in biological samples. A combination of factors such as variations in solubility, partitioning behavior, uptake, and, possibly, selective metabolism of individual isomers may explain the observed changes in stereoisomer patterns. Recommendations for further work include research on how HBCDs are transferred from products into the environment upon production, use, and disposal. Time trends need to be analyzed more in detail, including HBCD stereoisomers, and more data on terrestrial organisms are needed, especially for humans. Whenever possible, HBCDs should be analyzed as individual stereoisomers in order to address their fate and effects.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gerecke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Law\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voorspoels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kohler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heeb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norbert\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leslie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allchin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Collin\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16830527\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Stereoisomerism, env, frbldg, hum\",\"pages\":\"3679–88\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{covaci_hexabromocyclododecanes_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in the environment and humans: a review.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. As a result of their widespread use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCDs are now ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and humans. This review summarizes HBCD concentrations in several environmental compartments and analyzes these data in terms of point sources versus diffuse sources, biomagnification potential, stereoisomer profiles, time trends, and global distribution. Generally, higher concentrations were measured in samples (air, sediment, and fish) collected near point sources (plants producing or processing HBCDs), while lower concentrations were recorded in samples from locations with no obvious sources of HBCDs. High concentrations were measured in top predators, such as marine mammals and birds of prey (up to 9600 and 19 200 ng/g lipid weight, respectively), suggesting a biomagnification potential for HBCDs. Relatively low HBCD concentrations were reported in the few human studies conducted to date (median values varied between 0.35 and 1.1 ng/g lipid weight). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. One important observation is the shiftfrom the high percentage of the gamma-HBCD stereoisomer in the technical products to a dominance of the alpha-HBCD stereoisomer in biological samples. A combination of factors such as variations in solubility, partitioning behavior, uptake, and, possibly, selective metabolism of individual isomers may explain the observed changes in stereoisomer patterns. Recommendations for further work include research on how HBCDs are transferred from products into the environment upon production, use, and disposal. Time trends need to be analyzed more in detail, including HBCD stereoisomers, and more data on terrestrial organisms are needed, especially for humans. Whenever possible, HBCDs should be analyzed as individual stereoisomers in order to address their fate and effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Gerecke, Andreas C and Law, Robin J and Voorspoels, Stefan and Kohler, Martin and Heeb, Norbert V and Leslie, Heather and Allchin, Collin R and De Boer, Jacob},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16830527},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Stereoisomerism, env, frbldg, hum},\\n\\tpages = {3679--88},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Covaci, A.\",\"Gerecke, A. C\",\"Law, R. J\",\"Voorspoels, S.\",\"Kohler, M.\",\"Heeb, N. V\",\"Leslie, H.\",\"Allchin, C. R\",\"De Boer, J.\"],\"key\":\"covaci_hexabromocyclododecanes_2006\",\"id\":\"covaci_hexabromocyclododecanes_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"covaci-gerecke-law-voorspoels-kohler-heeb-leslie-allchin-etal-hexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintheenvironmentandhumansareview-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: blood\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Stereoisomerism\",\"env\",\"frbldg\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.\",\"volume\":\"401\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate triesters tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate are widely used flame retardants (FRs) present in many products common to human environments, yet understanding of human exposure and health effects of these compounds is limited. Monitoring urinary metabolites as biomarkers of exposure can be a valuable aid for improving this understanding; however, no previously published method exists for the analysis of the primary TDCPP metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), in human urine. Here, we present a method to extract the metabolites BDCPP and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in human urine using mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction and mass-labeled internal standards with analysis by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limit was 8 pg mL(-1) urine for BDCPP and 204 pg mL(-1) for DPP. Recoveries of analytes spiked into urine ranged from 82 ± 10% to 91 ± 4% for BDCPP and from 72 ± 12% to 76 ± 8% for DPP. Analysis of a small number of urine samples (n=9) randomly collected from non-occupationally exposed adults revealed the presence of both BDCPP and DPP in all samples. Non-normalized urinary concentrations ranged from 46-1,662 pg BDCPP mL(-1) to 287-7,443 pg DPP mL(-1), with geometric means of 147 pg BDCPP mL(-1) and 1,074 pg DPP mL(-1). Levels of DPP were higher than those of BDCPP in 89% of samples. The presented method is simple and sufficiently sensitive to detect these FR metabolites in humans and may be applied to future studies to increase our understanding of exposure to and potential health effects from FRs.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Nuijs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"L\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Liquid, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"2123–2132\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_analysis_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({BDCPP}) and diphenyl phosphate ({DPP}) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.},\\n\\tvolume = {401},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate triesters tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate are widely used flame retardants (FRs) present in many products common to human environments, yet understanding of human exposure and health effects of these compounds is limited. Monitoring urinary metabolites as biomarkers of exposure can be a valuable aid for improving this understanding; however, no previously published method exists for the analysis of the primary TDCPP metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), in human urine. Here, we present a method to extract the metabolites BDCPP and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in human urine using mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction and mass-labeled internal standards with analysis by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limit was 8 pg mL(-1) urine for BDCPP and 204 pg mL(-1) for DPP. Recoveries of analytes spiked into urine ranged from 82 ± 10\\\\% to 91 ± 4\\\\% for BDCPP and from 72 ± 12\\\\% to 76 ± 8\\\\% for DPP. Analysis of a small number of urine samples (n=9) randomly collected from non-occupationally exposed adults revealed the presence of both BDCPP and DPP in all samples. Non-normalized urinary concentrations ranged from 46-1,662 pg BDCPP mL(-1) to 287-7,443 pg DPP mL(-1), with geometric means of 147 pg BDCPP mL(-1) and 1,074 pg DPP mL(-1). Levels of DPP were higher than those of BDCPP in 89\\\\% of samples. The presented method is simple and sufficiently sensitive to detect these FR metabolites in humans and may be applied to future studies to increase our understanding of exposure to and potential health effects from FRs.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, E M and Covaci, Adrian and van Nuijs, A L N and Webster, T F and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Liquid, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {2123--2132},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, E M\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"van Nuijs, A L N\",\"Webster, T F\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"cooper_analysis_2011\",\"id\":\"cooper_analysis_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-covaci-vannuijs-webster-stapleton-analysisoftheflameretardantmetabolitesbis13dichloro2propylphosphatebdcppanddiphenylphosphatedppinurineusingliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Chromatography\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Liquid\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: urine\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"16 CFR Part 1634 Standard for the Flammability of Residential Upholstered Furniture; Proposed Rule\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf\",\"number\":\"43\",\"journal\":\"Federal Register\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Commission\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Consumer\",\"Product\",\"Safety\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{commission_16_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634 {Standard} for the {Flammability} of {Residential} {Upholstered} {Furniture}; {Proposed} {Rule}},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {43},\\n\\tjournal = {Federal Register},\\n\\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Commission, C. P. S.\"],\"key\":\"commission_16_2008\",\"id\":\"commission_16_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"commission-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in matched samples of indoor dust and breast milk in New Zealand.\",\"volume\":\"59C\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.020\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are present in many consumer goods. There is evidence that PBDEs are toxic to humans, particular young children. The purpose of this study was to assess indoor dust as an exposure source for PBDEs. Concentrations of 16 PBDEs were determined in dust samples from 33 households in New Zealand, and in breast milk samples from 33 mothers living in these households. Associations between dust and breast milk PBDE concentrations were assessed, and children's PBDE intake from breast milk and dust estimated. Influences of household and demographic factors on PBDE concentrations in dust were investigated. Indoor dust concentrations ranged from 0.1ng/g for BDE17 to 2500ng/g for BDE209. Breast milk concentrations were positively correlated (p\\\\textless0.05) with mattress dust concentrations for BDE47, BDE153, BDE154, and BDE209 and with floor dust for BDE47, BDE183, BDE206, and BDE209. The correlation for BDE209 between dust and breast milk is a novel finding. PBDE concentrations in floor dust were lower from households with new carpets. The estimated children's daily intake of PBDEs from dust and breast milk was below U.S. EPA Reference Dose values. The study shows that dust is an important human exposure source for common PBDE formulations in New Zealand.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coakley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goosey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin-Constantin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Douwes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeroen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mannetje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\",\"'t\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23850586\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"255–261\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{coakley_concentrations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in matched samples of indoor dust and breast milk in {New} {Zealand}.},\\n\\tvolume = {59C},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.020},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are present in many consumer goods. There is evidence that PBDEs are toxic to humans, particular young children. The purpose of this study was to assess indoor dust as an exposure source for PBDEs. Concentrations of 16 PBDEs were determined in dust samples from 33 households in New Zealand, and in breast milk samples from 33 mothers living in these households. Associations between dust and breast milk PBDE concentrations were assessed, and children's PBDE intake from breast milk and dust estimated. Influences of household and demographic factors on PBDE concentrations in dust were investigated. Indoor dust concentrations ranged from 0.1ng/g for BDE17 to 2500ng/g for BDE209. Breast milk concentrations were positively correlated (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) with mattress dust concentrations for BDE47, BDE153, BDE154, and BDE209 and with floor dust for BDE47, BDE183, BDE206, and BDE209. The correlation for BDE209 between dust and breast milk is a novel finding. PBDE concentrations in floor dust were lower from households with new carpets. The estimated children's daily intake of PBDEs from dust and breast milk was below U.S. EPA Reference Dose values. The study shows that dust is an important human exposure source for common PBDE formulations in New Zealand.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Coakley, Jonathan D and Harrad, Stuart J and Goosey, Emma and Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin-Constantin and Van den Eede, Nele and Covaci, Adrian and Douwes, Jeroen and Mannetje, Andrea 't},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23850586},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {255--261},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Coakley, J. D\",\"Harrad, S. J\",\"Goosey, E.\",\"Ali, N.\",\"Dirtu, A.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Douwes, J.\",\"Mannetje, A. '.\"],\"key\":\"coakley_concentrations_2013\",\"id\":\"coakley_concentrations_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"coakley-harrad-goosey-ali-dirtu-vandeneede-covaci-douwes-etal-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmatchedsamplesofindoordustandbreastmilkinnewzealand-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in FLEC and CLIMPAQ.\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"The emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from a PVC flooring was studied for up to 472 days in both the FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell) and the CLIMPAQ (Chamberfor Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution, and Air Quality). The loading of the CLIMPAQs was varied but was constant in the FLECs. The sorption properties of FLEC and CLIMPAQ were investigated using different methods. In addition, the uptake of DEHP by office floor dust on the PVC flooring was studied in CLIMPAQ experiments. The concentration versus time curves in both FLECs and CLIMPAQs increased slowly over about 150 days and reached a quasi-static equilibrium at 1 microg m(-3). The main conclusions were that (i) the emission rate of DEHP was limited by gas-phase mass transport and (ii) the dust layer increased the emission rate by increasing the external concentration gradient above the surface of the PVC. These conclusions were based on the facts that the specific emission rate was inversely proportional to the loading and that the dust had sorbed about four times as much DEHP over a 68-day period as emitted in the gas-phase experiments. About one-half of the emitted DEHP was deposited on the internal surfaces of both the FLEC and the CLIMPAQ.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clausen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\",\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gunnarsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Afshari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alireza\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peder\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Adsorption, Air Pollution, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: analysis, Dust, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyvinyl Chloride: chemistry, Volatilization\",\"pages\":\"2531–2537\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{clausen_emission_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from {PVC} flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in {FLEC} and {CLIMPAQ}.},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {The emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from a PVC flooring was studied for up to 472 days in both the FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell) and the CLIMPAQ (Chamberfor Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution, and Air Quality). The loading of the CLIMPAQs was varied but was constant in the FLECs. The sorption properties of FLEC and CLIMPAQ were investigated using different methods. In addition, the uptake of DEHP by office floor dust on the PVC flooring was studied in CLIMPAQ experiments. The concentration versus time curves in both FLECs and CLIMPAQs increased slowly over about 150 days and reached a quasi-static equilibrium at 1 microg m(-3). The main conclusions were that (i) the emission rate of DEHP was limited by gas-phase mass transport and (ii) the dust layer increased the emission rate by increasing the external concentration gradient above the surface of the PVC. These conclusions were based on the facts that the specific emission rate was inversely proportional to the loading and that the dust had sorbed about four times as much DEHP over a 68-day period as emitted in the gas-phase experiments. About one-half of the emitted DEHP was deposited on the internal surfaces of both the FLEC and the CLIMPAQ.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Clausen, Per Axel and Hansen, Vivi and Gunnarsen, Lars and Afshari, Alireza and Wolkoff, Peder},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adsorption, Air Pollution, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: analysis, Dust, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyvinyl Chloride: chemistry, Volatilization},\\n\\tpages = {2531--2537},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Clausen, P. A.\",\"Hansen, V.\",\"Gunnarsen, L.\",\"Afshari, A.\",\"Wolkoff, P.\"],\"key\":\"clausen_emission_2004\",\"id\":\"clausen_emission_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"clausen-hansen-gunnarsen-afshari-wolkoff-emissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatefrompvcflooringintoairanduptakeindustemissionandsorptionexperimentsinflecandclimpaq-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adsorption\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Diethylhexyl Phthalate\",\"Diethylhexyl Phthalate: analysis\",\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Floors and Floorcoverings\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Polyvinyl Chloride\",\"Polyvinyl Chloride: chemistry\",\"Volatilization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in Italian sewage sludge and environmental risk of using sewage sludge for land application.\",\"volume\":\"161\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.001\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in sewage sludge samples collected from eight Italian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) between June 2009 and March 2010. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 158.3 to 9427 ng g(-1) dw, while deca-BDE (BDE-209) (concentrations ranging from 130.6 to 9411 ng g(-1) dw) dominated the congener profile in all the samples, contributing between 77% and 99.8% of total PBDE. The suitability of using a magnetic particle enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) to analyse PBDEs in sewage sludge was also tested. The ELISA results, expressed as BDE-47 equivalents, were well correlated with those obtained by GC-NCI-MS, with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.899 and 0.959, depending on the extraction procedure adopted. The risk assessment of PBDEs in sewage sludge addressed to land application was calculated. PEC(soil) values compared to the relative PNEC(soil) for penta and deca-BDE suggests that there is a low risk to the soil environment.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cincinelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alessandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martellini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Misuri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lorenza\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lanciotti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eudes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sweetman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laschi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Serena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palchetti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ilaria\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22230090\",\"keywords\":\"Agriculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Italy, Risk Assessment, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"229–34\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cincinelli_pbdes_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in {Italian} sewage sludge and environmental risk of using sewage sludge for land application.},\\n\\tvolume = {161},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in sewage sludge samples collected from eight Italian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) between June 2009 and March 2010. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 158.3 to 9427 ng g(-1) dw, while deca-BDE (BDE-209) (concentrations ranging from 130.6 to 9411 ng g(-1) dw) dominated the congener profile in all the samples, contributing between 77\\\\% and 99.8\\\\% of total PBDE. The suitability of using a magnetic particle enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) to analyse PBDEs in sewage sludge was also tested. The ELISA results, expressed as BDE-47 equivalents, were well correlated with those obtained by GC-NCI-MS, with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.899 and 0.959, depending on the extraction procedure adopted. The risk assessment of PBDEs in sewage sludge addressed to land application was calculated. PEC(soil) values compared to the relative PNEC(soil) for penta and deca-BDE suggests that there is a low risk to the soil environment.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Cincinelli, Alessandra and Martellini, Tania and Misuri, Lorenza and Lanciotti, Eudes and Sweetman, Andy and Laschi, Serena and Palchetti, Ilaria},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22230090},\\n\\tkeywords = {Agriculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Italy, Risk Assessment, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {229--34},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cincinelli, A.\",\"Martellini, T.\",\"Misuri, L.\",\"Lanciotti, E.\",\"Sweetman, A.\",\"Laschi, S.\",\"Palchetti, I.\"],\"key\":\"cincinelli_pbdes_2012\",\"id\":\"cincinelli_pbdes_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cincinelli-martellini-misuri-lanciotti-sweetman-laschi-palchetti-pbdesinitaliansewagesludgeandenvironmentalriskofusingsewagesludgeforlandapplication-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090\"},\"keyword\":[\"Agriculture\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluid\",\"Fluid: methods\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Italy\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Sewage\",\"Sewage: chemistry\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fire behavior of interior finish materials\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/BF02588916\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Fire Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Waterman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"1970\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"165–178\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{christian_fire_1970,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire behavior of interior finish materials},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/BF02588916},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Christian, W J and Waterman, T E},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {1970},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {165--178},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Christian, W J\",\"Waterman, T E\"],\"key\":\"christian_fire_1970\",\"id\":\"christian_fire_1970\",\"bibbaseid\":\"christian-waterman-firebehaviorofinteriorfinishmaterials-1970\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Chronic exposure of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio).\",\"volume\":\"98\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.012\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to address possible effects of chronic exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on locomotion behavior, body size, and gonad development in fish. Zebrafish were fed food dosed with PBDE-47 (control, solvent control, low, medium, and high dose groups) from 21 days post hatch (dph) to 90 dph. Fish locomotion parameters, including maximum swimming speed, total distance moved, and percent time active, were assessed using a video-based animal movement analysis system. At the end of the exposure, all fish were euthanized for length and weight measurement, and then subjected to either whole fish histological analysis or tissue PBDE-47 measurement. Survival, body size, and gonad histology were similar between the five groups. However, both total swimming distance and percent time active were negatively correlated with tissue PBDE-47 concentration and were significantly lower in the high dose group. Tissue levels of PBDE-47 in the exposed fish were comparable to that reported in previous field studies. In summary, this study showed that developmental exposure of PBDE-47 at an ecologically relevant level altered locomotion behavior without affecting body size or gonad development of zebrafish.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chun-Ting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hsiao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu-Chen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fung-Chi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing-O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying-Ming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Te-Hao\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20416957\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gametogenesis, Gametogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases: chemically induced, Swimming, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: growth & development, Zebrafish: metabolism, Zebrafish: physiology, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"388–95\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chou_chronic_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Chronic exposure of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({PBDE}-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish ({Danio} rerio).},\\n\\tvolume = {98},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.012},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to address possible effects of chronic exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on locomotion behavior, body size, and gonad development in fish. Zebrafish were fed food dosed with PBDE-47 (control, solvent control, low, medium, and high dose groups) from 21 days post hatch (dph) to 90 dph. Fish locomotion parameters, including maximum swimming speed, total distance moved, and percent time active, were assessed using a video-based animal movement analysis system. At the end of the exposure, all fish were euthanized for length and weight measurement, and then subjected to either whole fish histological analysis or tissue PBDE-47 measurement. Survival, body size, and gonad histology were similar between the five groups. However, both total swimming distance and percent time active were negatively correlated with tissue PBDE-47 concentration and were significantly lower in the high dose group. Tissue levels of PBDE-47 in the exposed fish were comparable to that reported in previous field studies. In summary, this study showed that developmental exposure of PBDE-47 at an ecologically relevant level altered locomotion behavior without affecting body size or gonad development of zebrafish.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chou, Chun-Ting and Hsiao, Yu-Chen and Ko, Fung-Chi and Cheng, Jing-O and Cheng, Ying-Ming and Chen, Te-Hao},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20416957},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gametogenesis, Gametogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases: chemically induced, Swimming, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: growth \\\\& development, Zebrafish: metabolism, Zebrafish: physiology, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {388--95},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chou, C.\",\"Hsiao, Y.\",\"Ko, F.\",\"Cheng, J.\",\"Cheng, Y.\",\"Chen, T.\"],\"key\":\"chou_chronic_2010\",\"id\":\"chou_chronic_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chou-hsiao-ko-cheng-cheng-chen-chronicexposureof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherpbde47alterslocomotionbehaviorinjuvenilezebrafishdaniorerio-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Body Size\",\"Body Size: drug effects\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gametogenesis\",\"Gametogenesis: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Male\",\"Nervous System Diseases\",\"Nervous System Diseases: chemically induced\",\"Swimming\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: growth & development\",\"Zebrafish: metabolism\",\"Zebrafish: physiology\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"16 CFR Part 1633 Standard for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets; Final Rule\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf\",\"number\":\"50\",\"journal\":\"Federal Register\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Commission\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Consumer\",\"Product\",\"Safety\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{commission_16_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1633 {Standard} for the {Flammability} ({Open} {Flame}) of {Mattress} {Sets}; {Final} {Rule}},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {50},\\n\\tjournal = {Federal Register},\\n\\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Commission, C. P. S.\"],\"key\":\"commission_16_2006\",\"id\":\"commission_16_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"commission-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Bethesda, MD\",\"title\":\"Final Rule for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets Tab H\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Commission\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Consumer\",\"Product\",\"Safety\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{commission_final_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Bethesda, MD},\\n\\ttitle = {Final {Rule} for the {Flammability} ({Open} {Flame}) of {Mattress} {Sets} {Tab} {H}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Commission, C. P. S.\"],\"key\":\"commission_final_2006\",\"id\":\"commission_final_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"commission-finalrulefortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetstabh-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Washington DC\",\"title\":\"Analysis of FR Chemicals Added to Foams, Fabric, Batting, Loose Fill, and Barriers\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Seven foam types were analyzed for flame retardant chemicals (FRC) to determine the identity and concentration consistency of FRC between sample pieces and within each piece. Spatial variation within the foam samples was not significant. FRC content for most foams varied 10-20% relative to the mean, though melamine content for the foam T was more variable. In some instances the measured concentrations did not agree with the manufacturer's stated chemical treatment level. Many loose fill, fabric, batting, and barrier samples were also analyzed for FRC content. Most had no significant FRC content.\",\"publisher\":\"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cobb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shing-bong\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cobb_analysis_2005,\\n\\taddress = {Washington DC},\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of {FR} {Chemicals} {Added} to {Foams}, {Fabric}, {Batting}, {Loose} {Fill}, and {Barriers}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Seven foam types were analyzed for flame retardant chemicals (FRC) to determine the identity and concentration consistency of FRC between sample pieces and within each piece. Spatial variation within the foam samples was not significant. FRC content for most foams varied 10-20\\\\% relative to the mean, though melamine content for the foam T was more variable. In some instances the measured concentrations did not agree with the manufacturer's stated chemical treatment level. Many loose fill, fabric, batting, and barrier samples were also analyzed for FRC content. Most had no significant FRC content.},\\n\\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {Cobb, David and Chen, Shing-bong},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cobb, D.\",\"Chen, S.\"],\"key\":\"cobb_analysis_2005\",\"id\":\"cobb_analysis_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cobb-chen-analysisoffrchemicalsaddedtofoamsfabricbattingloosefillandbarriers-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes fish: a review.\",\"volume\":\"404\",\"issn\":\"1618-2650\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4\",\"abstract\":\"Organohalogen chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) have attracted much attention during the past decade and are of special importance for the Great Lakes of North America, which are together the largest surface freshwater resource on the earth. In this paper we review and summarize detection and levels of legacy contaminants in Great Lakes fish, lessons learned from legacy contaminants in advancing the analytical detection of CECs, progress and challenges in measuring CECs, and levels of CECs in Great Lakes fish reported to date. The CECs considered include chlorinated paraffins, polychlorinated naphthalenes and other chlorinated aromatics, halogenated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clement\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ray\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhavsar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Satyendra\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22926127\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"2639–58\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{clement_organohalogen_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in {Great} {Lakes} fish: a review.},\\n\\tvolume = {404},\\n\\tissn = {1618-2650},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4},\\n\\tabstract = {Organohalogen chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) have attracted much attention during the past decade and are of special importance for the Great Lakes of North America, which are together the largest surface freshwater resource on the earth. In this paper we review and summarize detection and levels of legacy contaminants in Great Lakes fish, lessons learned from legacy contaminants in advancing the analytical detection of CECs, progress and challenges in measuring CECs, and levels of CECs in Great Lakes fish reported to date. The CECs considered include chlorinated paraffins, polychlorinated naphthalenes and other chlorinated aromatics, halogenated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Clement, Ray E and Reiner, Eric J and Bhavsar, Satyendra P},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22926127},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {2639--58},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Clement, R. E\",\"Reiner, E. J\",\"Bhavsar, S. P\"],\"key\":\"clement_organohalogen_2012\",\"id\":\"clement_organohalogen_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"clement-reiner-bhavsar-organohalogencontaminantsofemergingconcerningreatlakesfishareview-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es2035625\",\"abstract\":\"Emissions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from one type of polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring with approximately 13% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer were measured in the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The gas-phase concentrations of DEHP versus time were measured at air flow rate of 450 mL·min(-1) and five different temperatures: 23 °C, 35 °C, 47 °C, 55 °C, and 61 °C. The experiments were terminated two weeks to three months after steady-state was reached and the interior surface of the FLECs was rinsed with methanol to determine the surface concentration of DEHP. The most important findings are (1) DEHP steady-state concentrations increased greatly with increasing temperature (0.9 ± 0.1 μg·m(-3), 10 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 38 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 91 ± 4 μg·m(-3), and 198 ± 5 μg·m(-3), respectively), (2) adsorption to the chamber walls decreased greatly with increasing temperature (measured partition coefficient between FLEC air and interior surface are: 640 ± 146 m, 97 ± 20 m, 21 ± 5 m, 11 ± 2 m, and 2 ± 1 m, respectively), (3) gas-phase DEHP concentration in equilibrium with the vinyl flooring surface is close to the vapor pressure of pure DEHP, and (4) with an increase of temperature in a home from 23 to 35 °C, the amount of DEHP in the gas- and particle-phase combined is predicted to increase almost 10-fold. The amount in the gas-phase increases by a factor of 24 with a corresponding decrease in the amount on the airborne particles.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clausen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\",\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kofoed-Sørensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Little\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peder\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"909–915\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{clausen_influence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ({DEHP}) from {PVC} flooring in the emission cell {FLEC}.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es2035625},\\n\\tabstract = {Emissions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from one type of polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring with approximately 13\\\\% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer were measured in the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The gas-phase concentrations of DEHP versus time were measured at air flow rate of 450 mL·min(-1) and five different temperatures: 23 °C, 35 °C, 47 °C, 55 °C, and 61 °C. The experiments were terminated two weeks to three months after steady-state was reached and the interior surface of the FLECs was rinsed with methanol to determine the surface concentration of DEHP. The most important findings are (1) DEHP steady-state concentrations increased greatly with increasing temperature (0.9 ± 0.1 μg·m(-3), 10 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 38 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 91 ± 4 μg·m(-3), and 198 ± 5 μg·m(-3), respectively), (2) adsorption to the chamber walls decreased greatly with increasing temperature (measured partition coefficient between FLEC air and interior surface are: 640 ± 146 m, 97 ± 20 m, 21 ± 5 m, 11 ± 2 m, and 2 ± 1 m, respectively), (3) gas-phase DEHP concentration in equilibrium with the vinyl flooring surface is close to the vapor pressure of pure DEHP, and (4) with an increase of temperature in a home from 23 to 35 °C, the amount of DEHP in the gas- and particle-phase combined is predicted to increase almost 10-fold. The amount in the gas-phase increases by a factor of 24 with a corresponding decrease in the amount on the airborne particles.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Clausen, Per Axel and Liu, Zhe and Kofoed-Sørensen, Vivi and Little, John and Wolkoff, Peder},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {909--915},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Clausen, P. A.\",\"Liu, Z.\",\"Kofoed-Sørensen, V.\",\"Little, J.\",\"Wolkoff, P.\"],\"key\":\"clausen_influence_2012\",\"id\":\"clausen_influence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"clausen-liu-kofoedsrensen-little-wolkoff-influenceoftemperatureontheemissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatedehpfrompvcflooringintheemissioncellflec-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Some flame retardants and the antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban enhance the androgenic activity in vitro.\",\"volume\":\"81\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.031\",\"abstract\":\"Contaminants including flame retardants, antimicrobial agents and phthalates, occurring as residues in human tissues were associated with altered endocrine function. In our study we analysed the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD), penta-bromodiphenylether (BDE-100) and hexa-BDE (BDE-155), the antimicrobial compounds triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) and eight phthalates for their androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro in the MDA-kb2 cell line. No or only weak androgenic activity was observed for all the tested compounds. TBBPA showed weak antiandrogenic activity, which was demonstrated for the first time. The flame retardants HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155 enhanced the dihydrotestosterone-dependent activation of androgen receptor-responsive gene expression but exhibited little or no agonistic activity. The enhancement reached 150%, which was similar to the antimicrobials (TCS up to 180%, and TCC up to 130%). This enhancement of androgenic activity represents a novel mode of action of the endocrine activity of flame retardants. In contrast, most phthalates showed antiandrogenic activity. Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) showed strong antiandrogenicity, whereas the action of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and the DEHP metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was lower. Our in vitro study demonstrates for the first time a weak antiandrogenic activity of TBBPA, and a significant enhancement of the androgenic activity of HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155, which represents a novel mechanism of hormonal activity of flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Christen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Verena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crettaz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oberli-Schrämmli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aurelia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karl\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20943248\",\"keywords\":\"Androgen, Androgen: drug effects, Androgens, Androgens: toxicity, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Infective Agents: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Triclosan, Triclosan: toxicity, Tumor, cell line\",\"pages\":\"1245–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{christen_flame_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Some flame retardants and the antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban enhance the androgenic activity in vitro.},\\n\\tvolume = {81},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.031},\\n\\tabstract = {Contaminants including flame retardants, antimicrobial agents and phthalates, occurring as residues in human tissues were associated with altered endocrine function. In our study we analysed the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD), penta-bromodiphenylether (BDE-100) and hexa-BDE (BDE-155), the antimicrobial compounds triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) and eight phthalates for their androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro in the MDA-kb2 cell line. No or only weak androgenic activity was observed for all the tested compounds. TBBPA showed weak antiandrogenic activity, which was demonstrated for the first time. The flame retardants HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155 enhanced the dihydrotestosterone-dependent activation of androgen receptor-responsive gene expression but exhibited little or no agonistic activity. The enhancement reached 150\\\\%, which was similar to the antimicrobials (TCS up to 180\\\\%, and TCC up to 130\\\\%). This enhancement of androgenic activity represents a novel mode of action of the endocrine activity of flame retardants. In contrast, most phthalates showed antiandrogenic activity. Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) showed strong antiandrogenicity, whereas the action of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and the DEHP metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was lower. Our in vitro study demonstrates for the first time a weak antiandrogenic activity of TBBPA, and a significant enhancement of the androgenic activity of HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155, which represents a novel mechanism of hormonal activity of flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Christen, Verena and Crettaz, Pierre and Oberli-Schrämmli, Aurelia and Fent, Karl},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20943248},\\n\\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen: drug effects, Androgens, Androgens: toxicity, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Infective Agents: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Triclosan, Triclosan: toxicity, Tumor, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {1245--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Christen, V.\",\"Crettaz, P.\",\"Oberli-Schrämmli, A.\",\"Fent, K.\"],\"key\":\"christen_flame_2010\",\"id\":\"christen_flame_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"christen-crettaz-oberlischrmmli-fent-someflameretardantsandtheantimicrobialstriclosanandtriclocarbanenhancetheandrogenicactivityinvitro-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248\"},\"keyword\":[\"Androgen\",\"Androgen: drug effects\",\"Androgens\",\"Androgens: toxicity\",\"Animals\",\"Anti-Infective Agents\",\"Anti-Infective Agents: toxicity\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Carbanilides\",\"Carbanilides: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mice\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: toxicity\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Receptors\",\"Triclosan\",\"Triclosan: toxicity\",\"Tumor\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Combustibility of Insulation in Cavity Walls\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"url\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Increasing amounts of insulation are used in buildings to conserve energy. In buildings of noncombustible construction, insulation is usually placed in the wall cavity with or without an air space. The use of foamed plastic insulation has been restricted due to its combustibility characteristics when tested by methods adopted for regulatory purposes. A series of tests on foamed plastics and con ventional insulation materials show that these methods do not realistically assess the fire performance of foamed plastic insulation when used in cavity walls.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Taylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1984\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"179–188\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{choi_combustibility_1984,\\n\\ttitle = {Combustibility of {Insulation} in {Cavity} {Walls}},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Increasing amounts of insulation are used in buildings to conserve energy. In buildings of noncombustible construction, insulation is usually placed in the wall cavity with or without an air space. The use of foamed plastic insulation has been restricted due to its combustibility characteristics when tested by methods adopted for regulatory purposes. A series of tests on foamed plastics and con ventional insulation materials show that these methods do not realistically assess the fire performance of foamed plastic insulation when used in cavity walls.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Choi, K K and Taylor, W},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1984},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {179--188},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Choi, K K\",\"Taylor, W\"],\"key\":\"choi_combustibility_1984\",\"id\":\"choi_combustibility_1984\",\"bibbaseid\":\"choi-taylor-combustibilityofinsulationincavitywalls-1984\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907\",\"abstract\":\"Human adipose samples collected in Tokyo, Japan in 1970 and 2000 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the concentrations in the two groups were compared. As far as we know, the concentrations of the PBDD/Fs in adipose tissue from the general Japanese population are reported for the first time. Three PBDD/F congeners were found in the following adipose tissues: 2,3,7,8-TeBDD, 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF. The median concentrations (ranges) of three PBDD/Fs in 1970 and 2000 were 5.1 (3.4-8.3) and 3.4 (1.9-5.3) pg/g lipid wt (l.w.), respectively. For PBDEs, seven PBDE congeners were determined in the following samples: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2',4,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), and 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183). Median concentrations (ranges) of PBDEs showed a significant increase from 29.2 (6.8-78.4) pg/g l.w. in 1970 to 1288 (466-2,753) pg/g l.w. in 2000. BDE-47, the major congener of PBDEs, was 56.2% and 35.6% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively, whereas the BDE-153 was \\\\textless 1% and 29.7% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively. This may indicate that the source of PBDEs had changed during this period. Further analysis of archived human samples from 1970 to 2000 is needed to describe the details of the contamination trends of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the Japanese population. Furthermore, PBDD/F monitoring, particularly 2,3,7,8-TeBDD and 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, may give more toxicological information based on TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs).\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jae-Won\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujimaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Susumu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kimiyoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hashimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shunji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroyasu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noriyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masatoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12666907\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Japan, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Reference Values, Tissue Distribution, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"817–21\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{choi_polybrominated_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} human adipose tissue.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907},\\n\\tabstract = {Human adipose samples collected in Tokyo, Japan in 1970 and 2000 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the concentrations in the two groups were compared. As far as we know, the concentrations of the PBDD/Fs in adipose tissue from the general Japanese population are reported for the first time. Three PBDD/F congeners were found in the following adipose tissues: 2,3,7,8-TeBDD, 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF. The median concentrations (ranges) of three PBDD/Fs in 1970 and 2000 were 5.1 (3.4-8.3) and 3.4 (1.9-5.3) pg/g lipid wt (l.w.), respectively. For PBDEs, seven PBDE congeners were determined in the following samples: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2',4,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), and 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183). Median concentrations (ranges) of PBDEs showed a significant increase from 29.2 (6.8-78.4) pg/g l.w. in 1970 to 1288 (466-2,753) pg/g l.w. in 2000. BDE-47, the major congener of PBDEs, was 56.2\\\\% and 35.6\\\\% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively, whereas the BDE-153 was {\\\\textbackslash}textless 1\\\\% and 29.7\\\\% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively. This may indicate that the source of PBDEs had changed during this period. Further analysis of archived human samples from 1970 to 2000 is needed to describe the details of the contamination trends of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the Japanese population. Furthermore, PBDD/F monitoring, particularly 2,3,7,8-TeBDD and 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, may give more toxicological information based on TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs).},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Choi, Jae-Won and Fujimaki, T Susumu and Kitamura, Kimiyoshi and Hashimoto, Shunji and Ito, Hiroyasu and Suzuki, Noriyuki and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Morita, Masatoshi},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12666907},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Japan, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Reference Values, Tissue Distribution, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {817--21},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Choi, J.\",\"Fujimaki, T S.\",\"Kitamura, K.\",\"Hashimoto, S.\",\"Ito, H.\",\"Suzuki, N.\",\"Sakai, S.\",\"Morita, M.\"],\"key\":\"choi_polybrominated_2003\",\"id\":\"choi_polybrominated_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"choi-fujimaki-kitamura-hashimoto-ito-suzuki-sakai-morita-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransanddiphenylethersinjapanesehumanadiposetissue-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adult\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: pharmacokinetics\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: pharmacokinetics\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Japan\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics\",\"Reference Values\",\"Tissue Distribution\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009\",\"abstract\":\"The originality of this review is to evaluate the risks and benefits induced by the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe, throughout an assessment of the risks over the whole life cycle. This paper examines the currently available literature on the various risks linked to the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in the continental European market: •Risk linked to the exposure of workers to flame retardants during manufacture.•Risk of exposure to flame retardants in dwelling houses under normal living conditions, which mainly results in inhalation of accumulated flame retardants released in the interior air and/or in migration of substances as well as contamination by skin contact.•Risk of emission of toxic gases when manufactured products are recycled.•Risk of aggravated emissions of toxic gases in the case of accidental fires caused by cigarettes or matches on upholstered furniture, whether it is flame retarded or not. The CBUF program, as well as studies from the LNE and a European research program, has studied the emission and level of acute toxicants (CO, CO2, NOx, HCl, HBr, HCN, SO2) released by selected flame-retarded or not upholstered furniture during fire. A methodology has been proposed to estimate the risks and benefits of flame retardants used in upholstered furniture, within the life cycle risk assessment. For common flame retardants, data sheets have been written in order to evaluate the complete risk balance. This concerns the long-term impact on health of exposure to products containing flame retardants, as well as from exposure to their fire effluents.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Fire Safety Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chivas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guillaume\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sainrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barbosa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, fire safety, toxicity of fire effluents, upholstered furniture\",\"pages\":\"801–807\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chivas_assessment_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental {Europe}},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009},\\n\\tabstract = {The originality of this review is to evaluate the risks and benefits induced by the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe, throughout an assessment of the risks over the whole life cycle. This paper examines the currently available literature on the various risks linked to the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in the continental European market: •Risk linked to the exposure of workers to flame retardants during manufacture.•Risk of exposure to flame retardants in dwelling houses under normal living conditions, which mainly results in inhalation of accumulated flame retardants released in the interior air and/or in migration of substances as well as contamination by skin contact.•Risk of emission of toxic gases when manufactured products are recycled.•Risk of aggravated emissions of toxic gases in the case of accidental fires caused by cigarettes or matches on upholstered furniture, whether it is flame retarded or not. The CBUF program, as well as studies from the LNE and a European research program, has studied the emission and level of acute toxicants (CO, CO2, NOx, HCl, HBr, HCN, SO2) released by selected flame-retarded or not upholstered furniture during fire. A methodology has been proposed to estimate the risks and benefits of flame retardants used in upholstered furniture, within the life cycle risk assessment. For common flame retardants, data sheets have been written in order to evaluate the complete risk balance. This concerns the long-term impact on health of exposure to products containing flame retardants, as well as from exposure to their fire effluents.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Safety Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Chivas, C and Guillaume, E and Sainrat, A and Barbosa, V},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, fire safety, toxicity of fire effluents, upholstered furniture},\\n\\tpages = {801--807},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chivas, C\",\"Guillaume, E\",\"Sainrat, A\",\"Barbosa, V\"],\"key\":\"chivas_assessment_2009\",\"id\":\"chivas_assessment_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chivas-guillaume-sainrat-barbosa-assessmentofrisksandbenefitsintheuseofflameretardantsinupholsteredfurnitureincontinentaleurope-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"fire safety\",\"toxicity of fire effluents\",\"upholstered furniture\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxic effects of two brominated flame retardants BDE-47 and BDE-183 on the survival and protein expression of the tubificid Monopylephorus limosus.\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1090-2414\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.022\",\"abstract\":\"The toxic effects of two brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE), BDE-47, and BDE-183, on a benthic oligochaete tubificid, Monopylephorus limosus were studied under laboratory conditions. Investigated responses included survival, growth, and protein expression profiles, at BDE concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 700 ng/g on a dry soil weight basis, with isooctane as the carrier solvent. Body weight losses among treatments were insignificant after 8 weeks of exposure. The 8-wk LC(50) of BDE-47 and -183 were 2311 and 169 ng/g, respectively. By applying multivariate analysis techniques, protein expression patterns were compared and correlated with stressful sources of long-term culture, carrier solvent, BDE-47 and -183. The treatment of 8-wk 100 ng/g BDE-47 was most closely clustered to the 10 ng/g BDE-183 treatment, based on the 40 examined protein spots. This indicated that BDE-183 was more potent to M. limosus, than was BDE-47. The 2-wk and 8-wk controls clustered into different groups indicating the occurrence of physiological changes due to long-term laboratory culture. Additionally, solvent effect was shown by grouping the isooctane carrier to different clusters. With further characterization by principle component analysis, it was found that the separation was mainly contributed by the 2nd principal-component. And, the primarily inhibitory variation was at spots 2 (UMP-CMP kinase) and 40 (plasma retinol-binding protein precursor) in the 8-wk groups. On the contrary, protein spots 16 (cell division control protein 2 homolog) and 24 (mitochondrial DNA mismatch repair protein) showed stimulatory variation. In all, the observed proteomic responses suggest that BDEs disrupted metabolic function in M. limosus and multivariate analysis tool offers significant potential for the assessment of various stress sources at biochemical level.\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C-R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H-W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shiea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22818847\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cluster Analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Survival Analysis\",\"pages\":\"46–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chiu_toxic_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxic effects of two brominated flame retardants {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-183 on the survival and protein expression of the tubificid {Monopylephorus} limosus.},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1090-2414},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.022},\\n\\tabstract = {The toxic effects of two brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE), BDE-47, and BDE-183, on a benthic oligochaete tubificid, Monopylephorus limosus were studied under laboratory conditions. Investigated responses included survival, growth, and protein expression profiles, at BDE concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 700 ng/g on a dry soil weight basis, with isooctane as the carrier solvent. Body weight losses among treatments were insignificant after 8 weeks of exposure. The 8-wk LC(50) of BDE-47 and -183 were 2311 and 169 ng/g, respectively. By applying multivariate analysis techniques, protein expression patterns were compared and correlated with stressful sources of long-term culture, carrier solvent, BDE-47 and -183. The treatment of 8-wk 100 ng/g BDE-47 was most closely clustered to the 10 ng/g BDE-183 treatment, based on the 40 examined protein spots. This indicated that BDE-183 was more potent to M. limosus, than was BDE-47. The 2-wk and 8-wk controls clustered into different groups indicating the occurrence of physiological changes due to long-term laboratory culture. Additionally, solvent effect was shown by grouping the isooctane carrier to different clusters. With further characterization by principle component analysis, it was found that the separation was mainly contributed by the 2nd principal-component. And, the primarily inhibitory variation was at spots 2 (UMP-CMP kinase) and 40 (plasma retinol-binding protein precursor) in the 8-wk groups. On the contrary, protein spots 16 (cell division control protein 2 homolog) and 24 (mitochondrial DNA mismatch repair protein) showed stimulatory variation. In all, the observed proteomic responses suggest that BDEs disrupted metabolic function in M. limosus and multivariate analysis tool offers significant potential for the assessment of various stress sources at biochemical level.},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Chiu, K H and Lin, C-R and Huang, H-W and Shiea, J and Liu, L L},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22818847},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cluster Analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Survival Analysis},\\n\\tpages = {46--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chiu, K H\",\"Lin, C.\",\"Huang, H.\",\"Shiea, J\",\"Liu, L L\"],\"key\":\"chiu_toxic_2012\",\"id\":\"chiu_toxic_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chiu-lin-huang-shiea-liu-toxiceffectsoftwobrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde183onthesurvivalandproteinexpressionofthetubificidmonopylephoruslimosus-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Cluster Analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lethal Dose 50\",\"Oligochaeta\",\"Oligochaeta: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Soil Pollutants\",\"Soil Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Survival Analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the CHAMACOS study.\",\"volume\":\"174\",\"issn\":\"1476-6256\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/aje/kwr223\",\"abstract\":\"Studies published in the last 3 decades have demonstrated global human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. A growing body of literature suggests that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. Although thyroid hormones play an essential role in brain development, few studies have investigated relations between prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neonatal thyroid hormone levels, and none have measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in neonates. The authors measured 10 PBDE congeners in serum collected between October 1999 and October 2000 from 289 pregnant women living in California's Salinas Valley and abstracted TSH levels from their children's medical records. Individual PBDE congeners showed null or weak nonsignificant inverse relations with neonatal TSH. Total serum PBDE was not associated with neonatal TSH (β = 0.00, 95% confidence interval: -0.06, 0.06). Except for brominated diphenyl ether 153, a higher serum PBDE level was related to elevated odds of high TSH (≥80th percentile), but associations were not statistically significant. Associations were not modified by infant sex, age at TSH measurement, maternal serum polychlorinated biphenyl concentration, or mode of delivery. Results were robust to sensitivity analysis. The authors found no conclusive evidence that prenatal exposure to PBDEs at levels similar to those of the general US population is related to neonatal TSH.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"American journal of epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21984658\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Socioeconomic Factors, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Young Adult, california\",\"pages\":\"1166–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chevrier_prenatal_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the {CHAMACOS} study.},\\n\\tvolume = {174},\\n\\tissn = {1476-6256},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/aje/kwr223},\\n\\tabstract = {Studies published in the last 3 decades have demonstrated global human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. A growing body of literature suggests that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. Although thyroid hormones play an essential role in brain development, few studies have investigated relations between prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neonatal thyroid hormone levels, and none have measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in neonates. The authors measured 10 PBDE congeners in serum collected between October 1999 and October 2000 from 289 pregnant women living in California's Salinas Valley and abstracted TSH levels from their children's medical records. Individual PBDE congeners showed null or weak nonsignificant inverse relations with neonatal TSH. Total serum PBDE was not associated with neonatal TSH (β = 0.00, 95\\\\% confidence interval: -0.06, 0.06). Except for brominated diphenyl ether 153, a higher serum PBDE level was related to elevated odds of high TSH (≥80th percentile), but associations were not statistically significant. Associations were not modified by infant sex, age at TSH measurement, maternal serum polychlorinated biphenyl concentration, or mode of delivery. Results were robust to sensitivity analysis. The authors found no conclusive evidence that prenatal exposure to PBDEs at levels similar to those of the general US population is related to neonatal TSH.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {American journal of epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21984658},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Socioeconomic Factors, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Young Adult, california},\\n\\tpages = {1166--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Harley, K. G\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"chevrier_prenatal_2011\",\"id\":\"chevrier_prenatal_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chevrier-harley-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-prenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsandneonatalthyroidstimulatinghormonelevelsinthechamacosstudy-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Birth Weight\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gestational Age\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Health Behavior\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects\",\"Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood\",\"Socioeconomic Factors\",\"Thyrotropin\",\"Thyrotropin: blood\",\"Young Adult\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"BDE-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish.\",\"volume\":\"120-121\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.014\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environmental matrixes and pose a significant public health concern. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners in environmental media, biota and human tissues. However, few studies have explored the BDE-47 developmental neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were waterborne exposed to BDE-47 at 1.25, 5, 20 μM starting from 6h post-fertilization (hpf). Motor behavior development and swimming behavior in response to light-to-dark photoperiod stimulation were studied at various developmental stages. Our data indicate that BDE-47 exposure significantly affected spontaneous movement, decreased touch response and free swimming speed, altered larvae swimming behavior in response to light stimulation in developing zebrafish. Consistent with these motor deficits, BDE-47 significantly inhibited axonal growth of primary and secondary motor neurons during the early developmental stages, suggesting the functional relevance of structural changes. Our findings demonstrate that the altered patterns of neuronal connectivity may contribute to motor behavior deficits, indicating the relevance of zebrafish as a model for studying toxicant developmental neurotoxicity.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaojuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Changjiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xuechun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiangfei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chenglian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuanhong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiangping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qiaoxiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dongren\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22609740\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Axons, Axons: drug effects, Axons: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Immunohistochemistry, Larva, Larva: genetics, Larva: growth & development, Larva: metabolism, Larva: physiology, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Motor Neurons: physiology, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: physiology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Swimming, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth & development, Zebrafish: physiology\",\"pages\":\"35–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_bde-47_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {{BDE}-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish.},\\n\\tvolume = {120-121},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environmental matrixes and pose a significant public health concern. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners in environmental media, biota and human tissues. However, few studies have explored the BDE-47 developmental neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were waterborne exposed to BDE-47 at 1.25, 5, 20 μM starting from 6h post-fertilization (hpf). Motor behavior development and swimming behavior in response to light-to-dark photoperiod stimulation were studied at various developmental stages. Our data indicate that BDE-47 exposure significantly affected spontaneous movement, decreased touch response and free swimming speed, altered larvae swimming behavior in response to light stimulation in developing zebrafish. Consistent with these motor deficits, BDE-47 significantly inhibited axonal growth of primary and secondary motor neurons during the early developmental stages, suggesting the functional relevance of structural changes. Our findings demonstrate that the altered patterns of neuronal connectivity may contribute to motor behavior deficits, indicating the relevance of zebrafish as a model for studying toxicant developmental neurotoxicity.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Xiaojuan and Huang, Changjiang and Wang, Xuechun and Chen, Jiangfei and Bai, Chenglian and Chen, Yuanhong and Chen, Xiangping and Dong, Qiaoxiang and Yang, Dongren},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22609740},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Axons, Axons: drug effects, Axons: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Immunohistochemistry, Larva, Larva: genetics, Larva: growth \\\\& development, Larva: metabolism, Larva: physiology, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Motor Neurons: physiology, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: physiology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Swimming, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth \\\\& development, Zebrafish: physiology},\\n\\tpages = {35--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, X.\",\"Huang, C.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Bai, C.\",\"Chen, Y.\",\"Chen, X.\",\"Dong, Q.\",\"Yang, D.\"],\"key\":\"chen_bde-47_2012\",\"id\":\"chen_bde-47_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-huang-wang-chen-bai-chen-chen-dong-etal-bde47disruptsaxonalgrowthandmotorbehaviorindevelopingzebrafish-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Axons\",\"Axons: drug effects\",\"Axons: physiology\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Embryo\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Immunohistochemistry\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: genetics\",\"Larva: growth & development\",\"Larva: metabolism\",\"Larva: physiology\",\"Motor Neurons\",\"Motor Neurons: drug effects\",\"Motor Neurons: physiology\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Nonmammalian: embryology\",\"Nonmammalian: physiology\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Random Allocation\",\"Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction\",\"Swimming\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: embryology\",\"Zebrafish: genetics\",\"Zebrafish: growth & development\",\"Zebrafish: physiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) alter larval settlement of marine intertidal organisms across three phyla via reducing bacterial abundance on the biofilms.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es300261c\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants over the last three decades, and are now ubiquitous in the marine environment. While the harmful effects of PBDEs on the abnormal development and reproductive impairment in mammals and fish are well documented, the effects on marine invertebrates remain virtually unknown. Using three model intertidal species accross three phyla, including the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Phylum Annelida), the gastropod Crepidula onyx (Phylum Mollusca), and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Phylum Arthopoda), this study demonstrated that (a) chronic exposure to BDE-47 (at spiking concentrations up to 1000 ng L(-1)) throughout the entire larval stage did not affect settlement, development or growth of all three species per se, despite bioaccumulation was clearly evident (measured body burden ranging from approximately 7000 to 13 000 ng BDE-47 g(-1) lipid), and (b) BDE-47, at measured concentrations of 15 and 113 ng g(-1) lipid, reduced the bacterial abundance in biofilms and resulted in a concomitant change in larval settlement pattern of all the model intertidal species across three phyla.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jill\",\"M\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Po\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Beverly\",\"H\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\",\"Y\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"H\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pei-Yuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudolf\",\"S\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22697365\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: growth & development, Aquatic Organisms: radiation effects, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth & development, Biofilms, Biofilms: drug effects, Biofilms: growth & development, Biofilms: radiation effects, Flame retardants, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth & development, Larva: radiation effects, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Microbial Viability: radiation effects, Phylogeny, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Movements\",\"pages\":\"7772–81\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chiu_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) alter larval settlement of marine intertidal organisms across three phyla via reducing bacterial abundance on the biofilms.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es300261c},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants over the last three decades, and are now ubiquitous in the marine environment. While the harmful effects of PBDEs on the abnormal development and reproductive impairment in mammals and fish are well documented, the effects on marine invertebrates remain virtually unknown. Using three model intertidal species accross three phyla, including the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Phylum Annelida), the gastropod Crepidula onyx (Phylum Mollusca), and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Phylum Arthopoda), this study demonstrated that (a) chronic exposure to BDE-47 (at spiking concentrations up to 1000 ng L(-1)) throughout the entire larval stage did not affect settlement, development or growth of all three species per se, despite bioaccumulation was clearly evident (measured body burden ranging from approximately 7000 to 13 000 ng BDE-47 g(-1) lipid), and (b) BDE-47, at measured concentrations of 15 and 113 ng g(-1) lipid, reduced the bacterial abundance in biofilms and resulted in a concomitant change in larval settlement pattern of all the model intertidal species across three phyla.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chiu, Jill M Y and Po, Beverly H K and Chan, Christine Y S and Lam, Michael H W and Qian, Pei-Yuan and Wu, Rudolf S S},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22697365},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: growth \\\\& development, Aquatic Organisms: radiation effects, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth \\\\& development, Biofilms, Biofilms: drug effects, Biofilms: growth \\\\& development, Biofilms: radiation effects, Flame retardants, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth \\\\& development, Larva: radiation effects, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Microbial Viability: radiation effects, Phylogeny, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Movements},\\n\\tpages = {7772--81},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chiu, J. M Y\",\"Po, B. H K\",\"Chan, C. Y S\",\"Lam, M. H W\",\"Qian, P.\",\"Wu, R. S S\"],\"key\":\"chiu_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"chiu_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chiu-po-chan-lam-qian-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesalterlarvalsettlementofmarineintertidalorganismsacrossthreephylaviareducingbacterialabundanceonthebiofilms-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Aquatic Organisms\",\"Aquatic Organisms: drug effects\",\"Aquatic Organisms: growth & development\",\"Aquatic Organisms: radiation effects\",\"Bacteria\",\"Bacteria: drug effects\",\"Bacteria: growth & development\",\"Biofilms\",\"Biofilms: drug effects\",\"Biofilms: growth & development\",\"Biofilms: radiation effects\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: drug effects\",\"Larva: growth & development\",\"Larva: radiation effects\",\"Microbial Viability\",\"Microbial Viability: drug effects\",\"Microbial Viability: radiation effects\",\"Phylogeny\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Polymorphism\",\"Restriction Fragment Length\",\"Ultraviolet Rays\",\"Water Movements\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gharbi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myriam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"pages\":\"1444–1449\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chevrier_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Gharbi, Myriam and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\\n\\tpages = {1444--1449},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Harley, K. G\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Gharbi, M.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"chevrier_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"chevrier_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1001905\",\"abstract\":\"Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gharbi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myriam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20562054\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"pages\":\"1444–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chevrier_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1001905},\\n\\tabstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Gharbi, Myriam and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20562054},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\\n\\tpages = {1444--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Harley, K. G\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Gharbi, M.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"chevrier_polybrominated_2010-1\",\"id\":\"chevrier_polybrominated_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Arlington, VA\",\"title\":\"A 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of HBCD in rats. WIL-186012.\",\"institution\":\"Chemical Manufacturers Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chengelis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"CP\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frbldg, tox\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{chengelis_90-day_2001,\\n\\taddress = {Arlington, VA},\\n\\ttitle = {A 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of {HBCD} in rats. {WIL}-186012.},\\n\\tinstitution = {Chemical Manufacturers Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Chengelis, CP},\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, tox},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chengelis, C.\"],\"key\":\"chengelis_90-day_2001\",\"id\":\"chengelis_90-day_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chengelis-a90dayoralgavagetoxicitystudyofhbcdinratswil186012-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp (Carassius auratus).\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.038\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as a class of flame retardants and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Significant biotransformation of some PBDEs via reductive debromination has been observed. However, little is known about the fate of lower brominated BDEs in fish. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) which were exposed to spiked water solution at different concentrations for 50d, followed by a 14-d depuration period. Bioaccumulation parameters were calculated and the results showed that BDE 15 was mainly concentrated in the gill and liver. In particular, five biotransformation products of BDE 15 in carp were identified using GC-MS/MS. Besides two debrominated metabolites, three of the metabolites were mono-OH-BDE 15, diOH-BDE 15 and bromophenol. Our results unequivocally suggested that BDE 15 oxidation did occur via the formation of hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites in crucian carp exposed in vivo. These findings will be useful for determination of the metabolic pathways of PBDEs in freshwater fish, especially about their oxidation metabolism.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhigang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mengnan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shenghu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qingguo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shixiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22036552\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Goldfish, Goldfish: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"446–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cheng_bioaccumulation_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp ({Carassius} auratus).},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.038},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as a class of flame retardants and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Significant biotransformation of some PBDEs via reductive debromination has been observed. However, little is known about the fate of lower brominated BDEs in fish. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) which were exposed to spiked water solution at different concentrations for 50d, followed by a 14-d depuration period. Bioaccumulation parameters were calculated and the results showed that BDE 15 was mainly concentrated in the gill and liver. In particular, five biotransformation products of BDE 15 in carp were identified using GC-MS/MS. Besides two debrominated metabolites, three of the metabolites were mono-OH-BDE 15, diOH-BDE 15 and bromophenol. Our results unequivocally suggested that BDE 15 oxidation did occur via the formation of hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites in crucian carp exposed in vivo. These findings will be useful for determination of the metabolic pathways of PBDEs in freshwater fish, especially about their oxidation metabolism.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Cheng, Jie and Mao, Liang and Zhao, Zhigang and Shen, Mengnan and Zhang, Shenghu and Huang, Qingguo and Gao, Shixiang},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22036552},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Goldfish, Goldfish: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {446--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cheng, J.\",\"Mao, L.\",\"Zhao, Z.\",\"Shen, M.\",\"Zhang, S.\",\"Huang, Q.\",\"Gao, S.\"],\"key\":\"cheng_bioaccumulation_2012\",\"id\":\"cheng_bioaccumulation_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cheng-mao-zhao-shen-zhang-huang-gao-bioaccumulationdepurationandbiotransformationof44dibromodiphenyletherincruciancarpcarassiusauratus-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Goldfish\",\"Goldfish: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers fate in China: a review with an emphasis on environmental contamination levels, human exposure and regulation.\",\"volume\":\"113\",\"issn\":\"1095-8630\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.003\",\"abstract\":\"Because of their highly effective flame-retardant capability, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer goods. However, compelling evidence shows that many congeners of PBDEs have been accumulating in the environment, in biota and in human populations worldwide. In China, although octabrominated diphenyl ether (octaBDE) has never been produced or used, pentabrominated diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) have been produced and used in large quantities. In the face of increasing evidence about PBDE pollution and the adoption of international conventions, there is a growing push for China to develop more stringent methods of managing PBDE waste. This paper summarizes the information about PBDE production and application, describes the flame-retarding mechanism, and then reviews the toxicity and levels of PBDEs in China's environmental media and human tissues. Based on international regulations on PBDEs, the paper finally puts forward some suggestions for Chinese policy making and for self-regulation within the flame retardant industry.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental management\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lili\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22985711\",\"keywords\":\"China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Environmental Pollution: legislation & jurispruden, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans\",\"pages\":\"22–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers fate in {China}: a review with an emphasis on environmental contamination levels, human exposure and regulation.},\\n\\tvolume = {113},\\n\\tissn = {1095-8630},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Because of their highly effective flame-retardant capability, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer goods. However, compelling evidence shows that many congeners of PBDEs have been accumulating in the environment, in biota and in human populations worldwide. In China, although octabrominated diphenyl ether (octaBDE) has never been produced or used, pentabrominated diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) have been produced and used in large quantities. In the face of increasing evidence about PBDE pollution and the adoption of international conventions, there is a growing push for China to develop more stringent methods of managing PBDE waste. This paper summarizes the information about PBDE production and application, describes the flame-retarding mechanism, and then reviews the toxicity and levels of PBDEs in China's environmental media and human tissues. Based on international regulations on PBDEs, the paper finally puts forward some suggestions for Chinese policy making and for self-regulation within the flame retardant industry.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental management},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Yuan and Li, Jinhui and Liu, Lili and Zhao, Nana},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22985711},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Environmental Pollution: legislation \\\\& jurispruden, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans},\\n\\tpages = {22--30},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, Y.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Liu, L.\",\"Zhao, N.\"],\"key\":\"chen_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"chen_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-li-liu-zhao-polybrominateddiphenylethersfateinchinaareviewwithanemphasisonenvironmentalcontaminationlevelshumanexposureandregulation-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Pollution: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollution: legislation & jurispruden\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Measurement and human exposure assessment of brominated flame retardants in household products from South China.\",\"volume\":\"176\",\"issn\":\"1873-3336\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.138\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were examined in household products in the Pearl River Delta, South China, including electronic appliances, furniture and upholstery, car interiors, and raw materials for electronics. The concentrations of PBDEs derived from penta-BDE mixture were much lower (\\\\textless111 ng/g) than those for octa- and deca-BDE commercially derived PBDEs, with maximum values of 15,107 and 1,603,343 ng/g, respectively, in all the household products. Our findings suggest the recycling of old electronic products and their reuse might be also a potential important source of discontinued PBDEs to the environment. DBDPE was found in 20.0% of all the samples, ranging from 311 to 268,230 ng/g. PBDE congener profiles in both the household products and raw materials suggest that some less brominated BDEs in the environment may be derived from the decomposition of higher brominated PBDEs in PBDE-containing products in process of the manufacturing, use and/or recycling. Human exposure to PBDEs from household products via inhalation ranged from 175 to 612 pg/kg bw day, accounting for a small proportion of the total daily exposure via indoor inhalation. Despite the low deleterious risk associated with household products with regard to PBDEs, they are of special concern because of the relatively higher exposures observed for young children and further work is required.\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of hazardous materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun-Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20034734\",\"keywords\":\"Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, China, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Household Products: toxicity, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, ffr, frelec, use\",\"pages\":\"979–84\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_measurement_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Measurement and human exposure assessment of brominated flame retardants in household products from {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {176},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3336},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.138},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were examined in household products in the Pearl River Delta, South China, including electronic appliances, furniture and upholstery, car interiors, and raw materials for electronics. The concentrations of PBDEs derived from penta-BDE mixture were much lower ({\\\\textbackslash}textless111 ng/g) than those for octa- and deca-BDE commercially derived PBDEs, with maximum values of 15,107 and 1,603,343 ng/g, respectively, in all the household products. Our findings suggest the recycling of old electronic products and their reuse might be also a potential important source of discontinued PBDEs to the environment. DBDPE was found in 20.0\\\\% of all the samples, ranging from 311 to 268,230 ng/g. PBDE congener profiles in both the household products and raw materials suggest that some less brominated BDEs in the environment may be derived from the decomposition of higher brominated PBDEs in PBDE-containing products in process of the manufacturing, use and/or recycling. Human exposure to PBDEs from household products via inhalation ranged from 175 to 612 pg/kg bw day, accounting for a small proportion of the total daily exposure via indoor inhalation. Despite the low deleterious risk associated with household products with regard to PBDEs, they are of special concern because of the relatively higher exposures observed for young children and further work is required.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of hazardous materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, She-Jun and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wang, Jing and Tian, Mi and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20034734},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, China, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Household Products: toxicity, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, ffr, frelec, use},\\n\\tpages = {979--84},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, S.\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Tian, M.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"chen_measurement_2010\",\"id\":\"chen_measurement_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-ma-wang-tian-luo-chen-mai-measurementandhumanexposureassessmentofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdproductsfromsouthchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes: toxicity\",\"China\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Household Products\",\"Household Products: analysis\",\"Household Products: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Inhalation Exposure: analysis\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es302119g\",\"abstract\":\"Parental exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in animals has been found to be transferred to the offspring. The environmental health risk and toxicity to the offspring are still unclear. The objective of the present study was to identify environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs for parental exposure that would cause developmental neurotoxicity in the offspring. Adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 (0.16, 0.8, 4.0 μg/L) via water. The results showed that PBDE exposure did not affect larvae hatching, malformation, or survival. The residue of PBDEs was detected in F1 eggs upon parental exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in F1 larvae. Genes of central nervous system development (e.g., myelin basic protein, synapsin IIa, α1-tubulin) were significantly downregulated in larvae. Protein levels of α1-tubulin and synapsin IIa were also reduced. Decreased locomotion activity was observed in the larvae. This study provides the first evidence that parental exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs could cause adverse effects on neurodevelopment in zebrafish offspring.\",\"number\":\"17\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lianguo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Changjiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liqin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bingqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"K\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"C\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bingsheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22866812\",\"keywords\":\"Acetylcholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase: metabolism, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: growth & development, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: genetics, Larva: physiology, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth & development, Zebrafish: physiology\",\"pages\":\"9727–34\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_prenatal_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es302119g},\\n\\tabstract = {Parental exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in animals has been found to be transferred to the offspring. The environmental health risk and toxicity to the offspring are still unclear. The objective of the present study was to identify environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs for parental exposure that would cause developmental neurotoxicity in the offspring. Adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 (0.16, 0.8, 4.0 μg/L) via water. The results showed that PBDE exposure did not affect larvae hatching, malformation, or survival. The residue of PBDEs was detected in F1 eggs upon parental exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in F1 larvae. Genes of central nervous system development (e.g., myelin basic protein, synapsin IIa, α1-tubulin) were significantly downregulated in larvae. Protein levels of α1-tubulin and synapsin IIa were also reduced. Decreased locomotion activity was observed in the larvae. This study provides the first evidence that parental exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs could cause adverse effects on neurodevelopment in zebrafish offspring.},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Lianguo and Yu, Ke and Huang, Changjiang and Yu, Liqin and Zhu, Bingqing and Lam, Paul K S and Lam, James C W and Zhou, Bingsheng},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22866812},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase: metabolism, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: growth \\\\& development, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: genetics, Larva: physiology, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth \\\\& development, Zebrafish: physiology},\\n\\tpages = {9727--34},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, L.\",\"Yu, K.\",\"Huang, C.\",\"Yu, L.\",\"Zhu, B.\",\"Lam, P. K S\",\"Lam, J. C W\",\"Zhou, B.\"],\"key\":\"chen_prenatal_2012\",\"id\":\"chen_prenatal_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-yu-huang-yu-zhu-lam-lam-zhou-prenataltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesresultsindevelopmentalneurotoxicityinzebrafishlarvae-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acetylcholinesterase\",\"Acetylcholinesterase: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: enzymology\",\"Brain: growth & development\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Developmental\",\"Developmental: drug ef\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Larva\",\"Larva: drug effects\",\"Larva: genetics\",\"Larva: physiology\",\"Locomotion\",\"Locomotion: drug effects\",\"Male\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: genetics\",\"Zebrafish: growth & development\",\"Zebrafish: physiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene congeners and possible sources in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es201325g\",\"abstract\":\"An increasing number of brominated flame retardants and other brominated substances are being reported in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Yet, in extracts from gulls' eggs, numerous bromide anion response peaks in electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mass chromatograms remain unidentified. Using archived herring gull egg homogenates, we characterize the structures of three major and three minor, new and unique brominated substances. After extensive cleanup and separation to isolate these substances from the extracts, high-quality ECNI and electron impact (EI) mass spectra revealed fragmentation patterns consistent with congeners of methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene (MeO-PBDPB), where four congeners contained five bromines and the other two contain four and six bromines, respectively. Optimized, semiquantitative analysis revealed sum concentrations of the MeO-PBDBP congeners ranged from \\\\textless0.2 to 36.8 ng/g ww in pooled egg homogenates (collected in 2009) from fourteen herring gull colony sites across the Great Lakes, with the highest concentration being for Channel-Shelter Island in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron). To our knowledge, there are no published reports on the environmental presence and sources of MeO-PBDPBs. We hypothesize that these MeO-PBDPBs are degradation products of the polybrominated diphenoxybenzenes, for example, tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene (currently marketed as SAYTEX 120) or polybromo 3P2E. MeO-PBDPBs in Great Lakes herring gull eggs indicates their bioaccumulation potential, and raises concerns about their origin, environmental behavior and influences on wildlife and environmental health.\",\"number\":\"22\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gauthier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lewis\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaogang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCrindle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Potter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dave\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21966880\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Lakes, Lakes: analysis, North America, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"9523–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_novel_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene congeners and possible sources in herring gull eggs from the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes} of {North} {America}.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es201325g},\\n\\tabstract = {An increasing number of brominated flame retardants and other brominated substances are being reported in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Yet, in extracts from gulls' eggs, numerous bromide anion response peaks in electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mass chromatograms remain unidentified. Using archived herring gull egg homogenates, we characterize the structures of three major and three minor, new and unique brominated substances. After extensive cleanup and separation to isolate these substances from the extracts, high-quality ECNI and electron impact (EI) mass spectra revealed fragmentation patterns consistent with congeners of methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene (MeO-PBDPB), where four congeners contained five bromines and the other two contain four and six bromines, respectively. Optimized, semiquantitative analysis revealed sum concentrations of the MeO-PBDBP congeners ranged from {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.2 to 36.8 ng/g ww in pooled egg homogenates (collected in 2009) from fourteen herring gull colony sites across the Great Lakes, with the highest concentration being for Channel-Shelter Island in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron). To our knowledge, there are no published reports on the environmental presence and sources of MeO-PBDPBs. We hypothesize that these MeO-PBDPBs are degradation products of the polybrominated diphenoxybenzenes, for example, tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene (currently marketed as SAYTEX 120) or polybromo 3P2E. MeO-PBDPBs in Great Lakes herring gull eggs indicates their bioaccumulation potential, and raises concerns about their origin, environmental behavior and influences on wildlife and environmental health.},\\n\\tnumber = {22},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Gauthier, Lewis T and Chu, Shaogang and McCrindle, Robert and Potter, Dave},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21966880},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Lakes, Lakes: analysis, North America, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {9523--30},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Gauthier, L. T\",\"Chu, S.\",\"McCrindle, R.\",\"Potter, D.\"],\"key\":\"chen_novel_2011\",\"id\":\"chen_novel_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-letcher-gauthier-chu-mccrindle-potter-novelmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenoxybenzenecongenersandpossiblesourcesinherringgulleggsfromthelaurentiangreatlakesofnorthamerica-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Charadriiformes: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Lakes\",\"Lakes: analysis\",\"North America\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in birds of prey from the Chesapeake Bay region, USA.\",\"volume\":\"158\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.042\",\"abstract\":\"Compared to organochlorines, little is known about polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of birds of prey breeding in the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the U.S. This study examined and compared PBDE contamination in eggs of osprey, double-crested cormorant, brown pelican and peregrine falcon from this area. Several legacy persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and DDE were also investigated. The level of urbanization of the landscape appeared to influence the level of PBDE exposure. PBDE congener distribution patterns varied between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds. This suggests individual congeners may be subject to differences in bioaccumulation, biomagnification or metabolism in the aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Biomagnification of PBDEs was studied in the Bay aquatic food chains for the first time. A biomagnification factor of 25.1 was estimated for SigmaPBDEs for the fish - osprey egg food chain. Hazard quotients, applied as a preliminary evaluation, indicated that PBDEs may pose a moderate hazard to ospreys and peregrine falcons through impairment of reproductive performance.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bryan\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mojica\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19948372\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Feeding Behavior, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maryland, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Species Specificity\",\"pages\":\"1883–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_species-specific_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in birds of prey from the {Chesapeake} {Bay} region, {USA}.},\\n\\tvolume = {158},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.042},\\n\\tabstract = {Compared to organochlorines, little is known about polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of birds of prey breeding in the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the U.S. This study examined and compared PBDE contamination in eggs of osprey, double-crested cormorant, brown pelican and peregrine falcon from this area. Several legacy persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and DDE were also investigated. The level of urbanization of the landscape appeared to influence the level of PBDE exposure. PBDE congener distribution patterns varied between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds. This suggests individual congeners may be subject to differences in bioaccumulation, biomagnification or metabolism in the aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Biomagnification of PBDEs was studied in the Bay aquatic food chains for the first time. A biomagnification factor of 25.1 was estimated for SigmaPBDEs for the fish - osprey egg food chain. Hazard quotients, applied as a preliminary evaluation, indicated that PBDEs may pose a moderate hazard to ospreys and peregrine falcons through impairment of reproductive performance.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Hale, Robert C and Watts, Bryan D and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Mojica, Elizabeth K},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19948372},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Feeding Behavior, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maryland, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Species Specificity},\\n\\tpages = {1883--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"Hale, R. C\",\"Watts, B. D\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Mojica, E. K\"],\"key\":\"chen_species-specific_2010\",\"id\":\"chen_species-specific_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-hale-watts-laguardia-harvey-mojica-speciesspecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinbirdsofpreyfromthechesapeakebayregionusa-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Falconiformes: physiology\",\"Feeding Behavior\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Maryland\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: chemistry\",\"Species Specificity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in children's toys: concentration, composition, and children's exposure and risk assessment.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were found in children's toys purchased from South China. The median BFR concentrations in the hard plastic toys were 53,000, 5540 ng/g, 101.1 ng/g, and 27.9 ng/g, fortotal PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBBs, respectively,which were notably higher than values in other toys. The PBDE concentrations were below the threshold limit (1000 ppm) required bythe European Commission's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives in all of the toys, except for one hard plastic toy with a total PBDE concentration of 5,344,000 ng/g. The BFR profiles in the toys were consistent with the patterns of their current production and consumption in China, where PBDEs, specifically decaBDE product, were the dominant BFR, followed by the emerging DBDPE. The relatively high concentrations of octa- and nonaBDEs in the foam toys and the results of principal component analysis (PCA) may suggest the decomposition of highly brominated BDEs during the manufacturing processes of the toys. Daily total PBDE exposures associated with toys via inhalation, mouthing, dermal contact, and oral ingestion ranged from 82.6 to 8992 pg/kg bw-day for children of 3 months to 14 years of age. Higher exposures, predominantly contributed through the mouthing pathway, were observed for infants and toddlers than for the other subgroups. In most cases, children's BFR exposure via the toys likely accounts for a small proportion of their daily BFR exposure, and the hazard quotients for noncancer risk evaluation were far below 1. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to examine the concentrations of BFRs in toys, and the potential exposures to children.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yun-Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pmid\":\"19569352\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Play and Playthings, Preschool, Risk Factors, ffr, frelec, use\",\"pages\":\"4200–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_brominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in children's toys: concentration, composition, and children's exposure and risk assessment.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were found in children's toys purchased from South China. The median BFR concentrations in the hard plastic toys were 53,000, 5540 ng/g, 101.1 ng/g, and 27.9 ng/g, fortotal PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBBs, respectively,which were notably higher than values in other toys. The PBDE concentrations were below the threshold limit (1000 ppm) required bythe European Commission's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives in all of the toys, except for one hard plastic toy with a total PBDE concentration of 5,344,000 ng/g. The BFR profiles in the toys were consistent with the patterns of their current production and consumption in China, where PBDEs, specifically decaBDE product, were the dominant BFR, followed by the emerging DBDPE. The relatively high concentrations of octa- and nonaBDEs in the foam toys and the results of principal component analysis (PCA) may suggest the decomposition of highly brominated BDEs during the manufacturing processes of the toys. Daily total PBDE exposures associated with toys via inhalation, mouthing, dermal contact, and oral ingestion ranged from 82.6 to 8992 pg/kg bw-day for children of 3 months to 14 years of age. Higher exposures, predominantly contributed through the mouthing pathway, were observed for infants and toddlers than for the other subgroups. In most cases, children's BFR exposure via the toys likely accounts for a small proportion of their daily BFR exposure, and the hazard quotients for noncancer risk evaluation were far below 1. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to examine the concentrations of BFRs in toys, and the potential exposures to children.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, She-Jun and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wang, Jing and Chen, Da and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpmid = {19569352},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Play and Playthings, Preschool, Risk Factors, ffr, frelec, use},\\n\\tpages = {4200--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, S.\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"chen_brominated_2009\",\"id\":\"chen_brominated_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessment-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Child\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Play and Playthings\",\"Preschool\",\"Risk Factors\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Current levels and composition profiles of PBDEs and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the Pearl River Delta, southern China: comparison with historical data.\",\"volume\":\"444\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.104\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants were measured in surface sediments collected during 2009-2010 from the Pearl River Delta, southern China (a large manufacturing base for electronics/electrical products), to evaluate the influence of China's RoHS directive (adopted in 2006) on their environmental occurrence. The concentrations in sediments from different water systems ranged from 3.67 to 2,520 ng/g (average of 17.1-588 ng/g) for PBDEs and from 0.22 to 5,270 ng/g (average of 11.3-454 ng/g) for the alternative retardants. Although the PBDE levels have decreased significantly compared with those in sediments collected in 2002 in this region, the levels of alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) have exceeded those of BDE209 (two predominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in China) in the majority of sediments. This finding suggests a different contaminant pattern of HFRs in current sediments due to the replacement of the deca-BDE mixture with DBDPE in this region. In addition, sediment concentrations of discontinued PBDEs in the rural area are clearly elevated due to e-waste dismantling. The congener profiles of PBDEs in the current sediments (with more abundant lower-brominated congeners) differed substantially from those in 2002 and from the technical products, suggesting that biological or photolytic debromination of PBDEs may have occurred in the environment.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"She-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"An-Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ming-Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Man-Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bi-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23277320\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"205–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_current_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Current levels and composition profiles of {PBDEs} and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the {Pearl} {River} {Delta}, southern {China}: comparison with historical data.},\\n\\tvolume = {444},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.104},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants were measured in surface sediments collected during 2009-2010 from the Pearl River Delta, southern China (a large manufacturing base for electronics/electrical products), to evaluate the influence of China's RoHS directive (adopted in 2006) on their environmental occurrence. The concentrations in sediments from different water systems ranged from 3.67 to 2,520 ng/g (average of 17.1-588 ng/g) for PBDEs and from 0.22 to 5,270 ng/g (average of 11.3-454 ng/g) for the alternative retardants. Although the PBDE levels have decreased significantly compared with those in sediments collected in 2002 in this region, the levels of alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) have exceeded those of BDE209 (two predominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in China) in the majority of sediments. This finding suggests a different contaminant pattern of HFRs in current sediments due to the replacement of the deca-BDE mixture with DBDPE in this region. In addition, sediment concentrations of discontinued PBDEs in the rural area are clearly elevated due to e-waste dismantling. The congener profiles of PBDEs in the current sediments (with more abundant lower-brominated congeners) differed substantially from those in 2002 and from the technical products, suggesting that biological or photolytic debromination of PBDEs may have occurred in the environment.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, She-Jun and Feng, An-Hong and He, Ming-Jing and Chen, Man-Ying and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23277320},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {205--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, S.\",\"Feng, A.\",\"He, M.\",\"Chen, M.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"chen_current_2013\",\"id\":\"chen_current_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-feng-he-chen-luo-mai-currentlevelsandcompositionprofilesofpbdesandalternativeflameretardantsinsurfacesedimentsfromthepearlriverdeltasouthernchinacomparisonwithhistoricaldata-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated Flame Retardants in Children's Toys: Concentration, Composition, and Children's Exposure and Risk Assessment Brominated\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science And Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.-J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.-J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.-J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.-X.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"4200–4206\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_brominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} in {Children}'s {Toys}: {Concentration}, {Composition}, and {Children}'s {Exposure} and {Risk} {Assessment} {Brominated}},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science And Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, S.-J. and Ma, Y.-J. and Wang, J. and Chen, D. and Luo, X.-J. and Mai, B.-X.},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {4200--4206},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, S.\",\"Ma, Y.\",\"Wang, J.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Luo, X.\",\"Mai, B.\"],\"key\":\"chen_brominated_2009-1\",\"id\":\"chen_brominated_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessmentbrominated-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phase partitioning, concentration variation and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of an e-waste recycling site.\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.035\",\"abstract\":\"The daytime and nighttime air samples were collected from an e-waste recycling site in Guiyu (GY) and its upwind and downwind direction sites in Chendian (CD) and Gurao (GR), respectively, during September and December 2005 to determine the phase partitioning, seasonal and diurnal variation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The three sites showed similar congener compositions with BDEs-28, -47, -99, -207 and -209 as the dominant congeners. The gas phase contribution ranged from 42.1%±17.1% of the total PBDEs in summer to 9.0%±8.6% in winter. Partitioning of PBDEs between gas and particulate phases was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) for all samples. Both Junge-Pankow adsorption model and K(OA)-based absorption model fitted well the PBDEs data in winter but overestimated the sorption of PBDEs in summer. The mean atmospheric concentrations of BDEs-47 (2748pgm(-3) in summer and 6146pgm(-3) in winter) and -99 (1656pgm(-3) in summer and 4911pgm(-3) in winter) in GY were much higher than those from other places around the world. Additionally, the time series of PBDEs in GY demonstrated a pronounced diurnal variation pattern, but not CD and GR, where PBDEs appeared partly associated with regional accumulation. Source characterization from local emissions may be the major factor controlling the diurnal variation of PBDEs in GY air. The risk assessment showed that the total daily intakes of BDE-99 in GY was 9.0-34.9ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1), which is higher than the maximal allowed intake level (0.26ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1)) with factors of 35-135, indicating possible health risk for GY residents with exposure to PBDEs.\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duohong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21216432\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_phase_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Phase partitioning, concentration variation and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the atmosphere of an e-waste recycling site.},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.035},\\n\\tabstract = {The daytime and nighttime air samples were collected from an e-waste recycling site in Guiyu (GY) and its upwind and downwind direction sites in Chendian (CD) and Gurao (GR), respectively, during September and December 2005 to determine the phase partitioning, seasonal and diurnal variation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The three sites showed similar congener compositions with BDEs-28, -47, -99, -207 and -209 as the dominant congeners. The gas phase contribution ranged from 42.1\\\\%±17.1\\\\% of the total PBDEs in summer to 9.0\\\\%±8.6\\\\% in winter. Partitioning of PBDEs between gas and particulate phases was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) for all samples. Both Junge-Pankow adsorption model and K(OA)-based absorption model fitted well the PBDEs data in winter but overestimated the sorption of PBDEs in summer. The mean atmospheric concentrations of BDEs-47 (2748pgm(-3) in summer and 6146pgm(-3) in winter) and -99 (1656pgm(-3) in summer and 4911pgm(-3) in winter) in GY were much higher than those from other places around the world. Additionally, the time series of PBDEs in GY demonstrated a pronounced diurnal variation pattern, but not CD and GR, where PBDEs appeared partly associated with regional accumulation. Source characterization from local emissions may be the major factor controlling the diurnal variation of PBDEs in GY air. The risk assessment showed that the total daily intakes of BDE-99 in GY was 9.0-34.9ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1), which is higher than the maximal allowed intake level (0.26ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1)) with factors of 35-135, indicating possible health risk for GY residents with exposure to PBDEs.},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Duohong and Bi, Xinhui and Liu, Ming and Huang, Bo and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21216432},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"Bi, X.\",\"Liu, M.\",\"Huang, B.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"chen_phase_2011\",\"id\":\"chen_phase_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-bi-liu-huang-sheng-fu-phasepartitioningconcentrationvariationandriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheatmosphereofanewasterecyclingsite-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants in eggs of American kestrels and European starlings from southern Lake Ontario region (North America).\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c2em30472d\",\"abstract\":\"While a number of studies have extensively investigated flame retardant (FR) contamination in aquatic ecosystems from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, there remains a dearth of information for terrestrial ecosystems. In the current study, American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (AMKE) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (EUST) that are terrestrial ecosystem consumers, and from the southern Lake Ontario regions, were investigated as potential terrestrial bio-monitoring species. Egg homogenates were screened for sixteen PBDE congeners and nineteen non-PBDE FRs of established or emerging environmental importance. PBDE congeners dominated the FR burdens in eggs of AMKE and EUST, with total concentrations ranging from 3.4 to 39.8 (median: 13.5) and 1.5 to 117 (median: 4.9) ng g(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Although the production and application of the Firemaster FF-1 (a commercial hexabromobiphenyl PBB mixture) has been discontinued for over four decades, its major component, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), was still frequently detected in AMKE and EUST eggs. Two isomers of the chlorinated FR Dechlorane plus (DP) were mostly detected in eggs collected from Niagara-on-the-Lake in the western portion of Lake Ontario, approximately 15 km from the only North American DP manufacturing site, clearly reflecting point source influences. FR comparisons in eggs from AMKE, EUST and Great Lakes herring gulls revealed species-specific contamination burdens and PBDE congener profiles, likely due to influences from trophic levels and PBDE congener-specific bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities in terrestrial versus aquatic food chains. Insectivorous birds (e.g. great tit) and relatives of AMKE have also been used as bio-monitoring tools in European and Asian regions, allowing investigation of spatial distribution patterns on a more international scale. AMKE and EUST have also been used as model species for laboratory evaluation of FR toxic effects in birds. Therefore, AMKE and EUST are deemed valuable bio-monitoring species for investigating FR contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22930373\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ontario, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Starlings\",\"pages\":\"2870–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_flame_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants in eggs of {American} kestrels and {European} starlings from southern {Lake} {Ontario} region ({North} {America}).},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em30472d},\\n\\tabstract = {While a number of studies have extensively investigated flame retardant (FR) contamination in aquatic ecosystems from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, there remains a dearth of information for terrestrial ecosystems. In the current study, American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (AMKE) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (EUST) that are terrestrial ecosystem consumers, and from the southern Lake Ontario regions, were investigated as potential terrestrial bio-monitoring species. Egg homogenates were screened for sixteen PBDE congeners and nineteen non-PBDE FRs of established or emerging environmental importance. PBDE congeners dominated the FR burdens in eggs of AMKE and EUST, with total concentrations ranging from 3.4 to 39.8 (median: 13.5) and 1.5 to 117 (median: 4.9) ng g(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Although the production and application of the Firemaster FF-1 (a commercial hexabromobiphenyl PBB mixture) has been discontinued for over four decades, its major component, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), was still frequently detected in AMKE and EUST eggs. Two isomers of the chlorinated FR Dechlorane plus (DP) were mostly detected in eggs collected from Niagara-on-the-Lake in the western portion of Lake Ontario, approximately 15 km from the only North American DP manufacturing site, clearly reflecting point source influences. FR comparisons in eggs from AMKE, EUST and Great Lakes herring gulls revealed species-specific contamination burdens and PBDE congener profiles, likely due to influences from trophic levels and PBDE congener-specific bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities in terrestrial versus aquatic food chains. Insectivorous birds (e.g. great tit) and relatives of AMKE have also been used as bio-monitoring tools in European and Asian regions, allowing investigation of spatial distribution patterns on a more international scale. AMKE and EUST have also been used as model species for laboratory evaluation of FR toxic effects in birds. Therefore, AMKE and EUST are deemed valuable bio-monitoring species for investigating FR contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Martin, Pamela},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22930373},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ontario, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Starlings},\\n\\tpages = {2870--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Martin, P.\"],\"key\":\"chen_flame_2012\",\"id\":\"chen_flame_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-letcher-martin-flameretardantsineggsofamericankestrelsandeuropeanstarlingsfromsouthernlakeontarioregionnorthamerica-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Falconiformes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Ontario\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: chemistry\",\"Starlings\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of non-halogenated, chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.\",\"volume\":\"1220\",\"issn\":\"1873-3778\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.046\",\"abstract\":\"Numerous triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been used for several decades and continue to be used in a variety of commercial products. We developed a sensitive quantitative method for the analysis of, seven non-halogenated, three chlorinated and two brominated OPFRs of known or possible environmental relevance in herring gull eggs. This method is based on a simple two-step sample extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization(+)-tandem mass spectrometry. Instrumental detection limits and method limits of quantification (MLOQs) among the 12 OPFRs ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 ng/mL and 0.06 to 0.20 ng/g, respectively. The mean OPFR recovery efficiencies of replicate analyses (n=6) were very quantitative and ranged from 89% to 104%, with the two brominated OPFRs being somewhat lower but reproducible, i.e., 67% and 72%, respectively. Essentially negligible matrix effects were indicated by a standard addition approach that revealed mean percent signal recoveries (n=5 replicates) of 89-106% for most OPFRs. In the analysis of n=13 herring gull eggs from the Channel-Shelter Island colony (Lake Huron), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (\\\\textlessMLOQ - 4.1 ng/g wet weight, ww), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (\\\\textlessMLOQ - 0.6 ng/g ww) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (\\\\textlessMLOQ - 2.2 ng/g ww) were detected and/or quantified.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of chromatography. A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaogang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22186491\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Charadriiformes, Chemical, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Lakes, Limit of Detection, Liquid, Liquid: methods, Ontario, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"169–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_determination_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of non-halogenated, chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.},\\n\\tvolume = {1220},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3778},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.046},\\n\\tabstract = {Numerous triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been used for several decades and continue to be used in a variety of commercial products. We developed a sensitive quantitative method for the analysis of, seven non-halogenated, three chlorinated and two brominated OPFRs of known or possible environmental relevance in herring gull eggs. This method is based on a simple two-step sample extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization(+)-tandem mass spectrometry. Instrumental detection limits and method limits of quantification (MLOQs) among the 12 OPFRs ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 ng/mL and 0.06 to 0.20 ng/g, respectively. The mean OPFR recovery efficiencies of replicate analyses (n=6) were very quantitative and ranged from 89\\\\% to 104\\\\%, with the two brominated OPFRs being somewhat lower but reproducible, i.e., 67\\\\% and 72\\\\%, respectively. Essentially negligible matrix effects were indicated by a standard addition approach that revealed mean percent signal recoveries (n=5 replicates) of 89-106\\\\% for most OPFRs. In the analysis of n=13 herring gull eggs from the Channel-Shelter Island colony (Lake Huron), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate ({\\\\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 4.1 ng/g wet weight, ww), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate ({\\\\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 0.6 ng/g ww) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate ({\\\\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 2.2 ng/g ww) were detected and/or quantified.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Chu, Shaogang},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22186491},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Chemical, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Lakes, Limit of Detection, Liquid, Liquid: methods, Ontario, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {169--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Chu, S.\"],\"key\":\"chen_determination_2012\",\"id\":\"chen_determination_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-letcher-chu-determinationofnonhalogenatedchlorinatedandbrominatedorganophosphateflameretardantsinherringgulleggsbasedonliquidchromatographytandemquadrupolemassspectrometry-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Chemical\",\"Chromatography\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Lakes\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Liquid\",\"Liquid: methods\",\"Ontario\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Reproducibility of Results\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants in eggs of four gull species (Laridae) from breeding sites spanning Atlantic to Pacific Canada.\",\"volume\":\"168\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.040\",\"abstract\":\"To compare legacy and emerging flame retardant (FR) contamination in Canadian marine and freshwater ecosystems, eggs of four gull species (Laridae) were collected from 26 colonies spanning Pacific to Atlantic Canada, including in the Great Lakes basin. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 20 non-PBDE FRs were analyzed, but BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -209, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) syn- and anti-isomers were common, and where concentrations of ∑PBDEs (37-610 ng/g wet weight, ww) ≫ HBCD (0.5-12 ng/g ww) \\\\textgreater ∑DP (not quantifiable-5.5 ng/g ww). All other FRs were generally not detectable. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes used as dietary tracers provided insights into the diet choice influences on the exposure sources and contamination patterns (e.g., PBDE congener compositions) for individual gulls from the same colony. Eggs from gulls breeding near metropolitan regions of higher human densities showed greater PBDE burdens than from other ecosystems.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burgess\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Champoux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Louise\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elliott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hebert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pamela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wayland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chip\",\"Weseloh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurie\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22579795\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Canada, Charadriiformes, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"1–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_flame_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants in eggs of four gull species ({Laridae}) from breeding sites spanning {Atlantic} to {Pacific} {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {168},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.040},\\n\\tabstract = {To compare legacy and emerging flame retardant (FR) contamination in Canadian marine and freshwater ecosystems, eggs of four gull species (Laridae) were collected from 26 colonies spanning Pacific to Atlantic Canada, including in the Great Lakes basin. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 20 non-PBDE FRs were analyzed, but BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -209, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) syn- and anti-isomers were common, and where concentrations of ∑PBDEs (37-610 ng/g wet weight, ww) ≫ HBCD (0.5-12 ng/g ww) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater ∑DP (not quantifiable-5.5 ng/g ww). All other FRs were generally not detectable. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes used as dietary tracers provided insights into the diet choice influences on the exposure sources and contamination patterns (e.g., PBDE congener compositions) for individual gulls from the same colony. Eggs from gulls breeding near metropolitan regions of higher human densities showed greater PBDE burdens than from other ecosystems.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Burgess, Neil M and Champoux, Louise and Elliott, John E and Hebert, Craig E and Martin, Pamela and Wayland, Mark and Chip Weseloh, D V and Wilson, Laurie},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22579795},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Canada, Charadriiformes, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\\\& numerical da, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {1--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Burgess, N. M\",\"Champoux, L.\",\"Elliott, J. E\",\"Hebert, C. E\",\"Martin, P.\",\"Wayland, M.\",\"Chip Weseloh, D V\",\"Wilson, L.\"],\"key\":\"chen_flame_2012-1\",\"id\":\"chen_flame_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-letcher-burgess-champoux-elliott-hebert-martin-wayland-etal-flameretardantsineggsoffourgullspecieslaridaefrombreedingsitesspanningatlantictopacificcanada-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Canada\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: statistics & numerical da\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Ovum\",\"Ovum: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Do temporal and geographical patterns of HBCD and PBDE flame retardants in U.S. fish reflect evolving industrial usage?\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es201444w\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are common flame retardants in polymers and textiles. Recognition of the persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of PBDEs has prompted reductions in their use. In contrast, HBCD has received less scrutiny. The U.S has historically been a dominant BFR consumer. However, the few publications on HBCD in wildlife here suggest modest levels compared to Asian and European studies. In contrast, the HBCD concentrations we detected in U.S. fish are among the highest reported in the world. The temporal trends observed suggest that HBCD use may have risen, and that of Penta-BDE declined, following the 2004 termination of its U.S. manufacture. For example, Hyco River carp collected in 1999-2002 exhibited a mean ∑HBCD (sum of α-, β- and γ-HBCD) concentration of only 13 ng/g (lipid weight basis), but was 4640 ng/g in fish collected in 2006-2007. In contrast, the mean ∑PBDE level in these same fish decreased from 40,700 ng/g in 1999-2002 to 9140 ng/g in 2006-2007. Concentrations of HBCD and PBDEs in several Hyco River fish species exceeded those from rivers less influenced by manufacturing outfalls. Results support the contention that textile-related production, relative to its BFR market share, may release disproportionately large amounts of HBCD to the environment.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luellen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Drew\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"Matteson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21863854\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Industry, Mid-Atlantic Region, Organ Specificity, Rivers, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution\",\"pages\":\"8254–61\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_temporal_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Do temporal and geographical patterns of {HBCD} and {PBDE} flame retardants in {U}.{S}. fish reflect evolving industrial usage?},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es201444w},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are common flame retardants in polymers and textiles. Recognition of the persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of PBDEs has prompted reductions in their use. In contrast, HBCD has received less scrutiny. The U.S has historically been a dominant BFR consumer. However, the few publications on HBCD in wildlife here suggest modest levels compared to Asian and European studies. In contrast, the HBCD concentrations we detected in U.S. fish are among the highest reported in the world. The temporal trends observed suggest that HBCD use may have risen, and that of Penta-BDE declined, following the 2004 termination of its U.S. manufacture. For example, Hyco River carp collected in 1999-2002 exhibited a mean ∑HBCD (sum of α-, β- and γ-HBCD) concentration of only 13 ng/g (lipid weight basis), but was 4640 ng/g in fish collected in 2006-2007. In contrast, the mean ∑PBDE level in these same fish decreased from 40,700 ng/g in 1999-2002 to 9140 ng/g in 2006-2007. Concentrations of HBCD and PBDEs in several Hyco River fish species exceeded those from rivers less influenced by manufacturing outfalls. Results support the contention that textile-related production, relative to its BFR market share, may release disproportionately large amounts of HBCD to the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Da and La Guardia, Mark J and Luellen, Drew R and Harvey, Ellen and Mainor, T Matteson and Hale, Robert C},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21863854},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Industry, Mid-Atlantic Region, Organ Specificity, Rivers, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution},\\n\\tpages = {8254--61},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Luellen, D. R\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Mainor, T M.\",\"Hale, R. C\"],\"key\":\"chen_temporal_2011\",\"id\":\"chen_temporal_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-laguardia-luellen-harvey-mainor-hale-dotemporalandgeographicalpatternsofhbcdandpbdeflameretardantsinusfishreflectevolvingindustrialusage-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Carps\",\"Carps: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Industry\",\"Mid-Atlantic Region\",\"Organ Specificity\",\"Rivers\",\"Stereoisomerism\",\"Time Factors\",\"Tissue Distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.013\",\"abstract\":\"As a consequence of substantial, long-term usage, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have contaminated humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed PBDE contamination in general, none have focused specifically on birds. Birds have long been recognized as invaluable monitoring species for organohalogen contamination. This review summarizes most available PBDE data in birds and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., inter-regional differences in PBDE contamination, the extent of BDE-209 contamination, differences in congener composition patterns between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds, trophic biomagnification and temporal changes in PBDE contamination. A meta-analysis of PBDE congener profiles reveals distinctly different patterns between birds utilizing terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Terrestrial-feeding birds appear to exhibit heightened Deca-BDE contamination. Inter-regional comparisons reveal elevated PBDE burdens in North American aquatic birds compared to those from the rest of the world, likely related to greater Penta-BDE demand there. Examination of North American and Chinese terrestrial birds also exhibited some of the highest BDE-209 concentrations ever reported in wildlife, and suggested that urban environments in general and some commercial activities (e.g., electronic recycling) may increase exposure of wildlife and humans to Deca-BDE. Summaries of temporal trend studies suggest that varying usage histories and regulations have influenced PBDE contamination patterns at different regions. As a consequence of continued usage of Deca-BDE around the world, significant increases in BDE-209 burdens have been observed in both North American and European birds. Examination of both wild and laboratory-exposed birds also indicated potential degradation of BDE-209 to less brominated, but more bioavailable/toxic congeners. Therefore, it would be wise to reduce releases of Deca-BDE, the only PBDE formulation remaining in production, to the environment.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20557935\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"800–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_global_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.013},\\n\\tabstract = {As a consequence of substantial, long-term usage, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have contaminated humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed PBDE contamination in general, none have focused specifically on birds. Birds have long been recognized as invaluable monitoring species for organohalogen contamination. This review summarizes most available PBDE data in birds and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., inter-regional differences in PBDE contamination, the extent of BDE-209 contamination, differences in congener composition patterns between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds, trophic biomagnification and temporal changes in PBDE contamination. A meta-analysis of PBDE congener profiles reveals distinctly different patterns between birds utilizing terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Terrestrial-feeding birds appear to exhibit heightened Deca-BDE contamination. Inter-regional comparisons reveal elevated PBDE burdens in North American aquatic birds compared to those from the rest of the world, likely related to greater Penta-BDE demand there. Examination of North American and Chinese terrestrial birds also exhibited some of the highest BDE-209 concentrations ever reported in wildlife, and suggested that urban environments in general and some commercial activities (e.g., electronic recycling) may increase exposure of wildlife and humans to Deca-BDE. Summaries of temporal trend studies suggest that varying usage histories and regulations have influenced PBDE contamination patterns at different regions. As a consequence of continued usage of Deca-BDE around the world, significant increases in BDE-209 burdens have been observed in both North American and European birds. Examination of both wild and laboratory-exposed birds also indicated potential degradation of BDE-209 to less brominated, but more bioavailable/toxic congeners. Therefore, it would be wise to reduce releases of Deca-BDE, the only PBDE formulation remaining in production, to the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Hale, Robert C},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20557935},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {800--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, D.\",\"Hale, R. C\"],\"key\":\"chen_global_2010\",\"id\":\"chen_global_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-hale-aglobalreviewofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantcontaminationinbirds-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: metabolism\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Chemtura launches Great Lakes Solutions brand with three new flame retardants\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0306-3747(11)70002-1\",\"abstract\":\"Chemtura Corp used the K 2010 show to launch the Great Lakes Solutions brand for its flame retardants, brominated performance products and fumigants business. In addition, the business introduced its new EmeraldTM series of greener flame-retardant products, presenting three new products for the global electrical & electronics and building & construction industries.\",\"number\":\"January\",\"journal\":\"Additives for Polymers\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chemtura\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"2–3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chemtura_chemtura_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Chemtura launches {Great} {Lakes} {Solutions} brand with three new flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0306-3747(11)70002-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Chemtura Corp used the K 2010 show to launch the Great Lakes Solutions brand for its flame retardants, brominated performance products and fumigants business. In addition, the business introduced its new EmeraldTM series of greener flame-retardant products, presenting three new products for the global electrical \\\\& electronics and building \\\\& construction industries.},\\n\\tnumber = {January},\\n\\tjournal = {Additives for Polymers},\\n\\tauthor = {{Chemtura}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {2--3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chemtura\"],\"key\":\"chemtura_chemtura_2011\",\"id\":\"chemtura_chemtura_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chemtura-chemturalaunchesgreatlakessolutionsbrandwiththreenewflameretardants-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryo-larvae following waterborne exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA.\",\"volume\":\"108\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.013\",\"abstract\":\"We performed waterborne exposures of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or bisphenol A (BPA) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larvae and quantitatively measured the expression of genes belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to assess for adverse thyroid function. For analysis on the effects of BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes, zebrafish embryo-larvae were acutely exposed to lethal concentrations of the chemical agents in order to determine the 96 h-LC50 (96 h lethal median concentration) and 96 h-EC50 (96 h effective median concentration) values. Further exposures at sub-lethal concentrations were then carried out and total RNA samples were extracted to quantify the mRNA expression levels of the genes of interest. In larvae, BDE-47 was found to have significantly induced many genes of interest, namely thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid receptors α and β, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin. TBBPA only significantly induced three genes of interest (thyroid receptor α, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin) while BPA only induced thyroid stimulating hormone. In embryos, BDE-47 significantly induced the sodium iodide symporter and thyroid stimulating hormone. TBBPA significantly induced thyroid receptor α and thyroid stimulating hormone, while BPA did not significantly induce any of the genes. Most genes were only induced at the 75% 96 h-LC50 or 96 h-EC50 value; however, thyroid peroxidase and thyroid stimulating hormone demonstrated upregulation in a level as little as the 10% 96 h-LC50 value. The present study provides a new set of data on zebrafish mRNA induction of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes from exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA, or BPA. This information would serve useful for elucidating the toxicological mechanism of brominated flame retardants, assessing appropriate safety levels in the environment for these compounds, as well as serve as a reference for other man-made contaminants.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Winson\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"King\",\"Ming\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22100034\",\"keywords\":\"Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Hypothalamus, Hypothalamus: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology, unsure\",\"pages\":\"106–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chan_disruption_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryo-larvae following waterborne exposure to {BDE}-47, {TBBPA} and {BPA}.},\\n\\tvolume = {108},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.013},\\n\\tabstract = {We performed waterborne exposures of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or bisphenol A (BPA) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larvae and quantitatively measured the expression of genes belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to assess for adverse thyroid function. For analysis on the effects of BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes, zebrafish embryo-larvae were acutely exposed to lethal concentrations of the chemical agents in order to determine the 96 h-LC50 (96 h lethal median concentration) and 96 h-EC50 (96 h effective median concentration) values. Further exposures at sub-lethal concentrations were then carried out and total RNA samples were extracted to quantify the mRNA expression levels of the genes of interest. In larvae, BDE-47 was found to have significantly induced many genes of interest, namely thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid receptors α and β, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin. TBBPA only significantly induced three genes of interest (thyroid receptor α, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin) while BPA only induced thyroid stimulating hormone. In embryos, BDE-47 significantly induced the sodium iodide symporter and thyroid stimulating hormone. TBBPA significantly induced thyroid receptor α and thyroid stimulating hormone, while BPA did not significantly induce any of the genes. Most genes were only induced at the 75\\\\% 96 h-LC50 or 96 h-EC50 value; however, thyroid peroxidase and thyroid stimulating hormone demonstrated upregulation in a level as little as the 10\\\\% 96 h-LC50 value. The present study provides a new set of data on zebrafish mRNA induction of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes from exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA, or BPA. This information would serve useful for elucidating the toxicological mechanism of brominated flame retardants, assessing appropriate safety levels in the environment for these compounds, as well as serve as a reference for other man-made contaminants.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Chan, Winson K and Chan, King Ming},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22100034},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Hypothalamus, Hypothalamus: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {106--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chan, W. K\",\"Chan, K. M.\"],\"key\":\"chan_disruption_2012\",\"id\":\"chan_disruption_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chan-chan-disruptionofthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisinzebrafishembryolarvaefollowingwaterborneexposuretobde47tbbpaandbpa-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute\",\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Developmental\",\"Developmental: drug ef\",\"Embryo\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Hypothalamus\",\"Hypothalamus: drug effects\",\"Lethal Dose 50\",\"Nonmammalian\",\"Nonmammalian: drug effects\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: toxicity\",\"Pituitary Gland\",\"Pituitary Gland: drug effects\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: metabolism\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Zebrafish\",\"Zebrafish: embryology\",\"Zebrafish: physiology\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, toxaphenes, and other halogenated organic pollutants in great blue heron eggs.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.37\",\"abstract\":\"The great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been used as a bioindicator of the state of the St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) since 1996. At 5-year intervals, selected breeding colonies along the River and its estuary are visited to estimate reproductive success and determine levels of contamination. Brominated flame retardants are found in many ecosystems and are increasing in concentration in the Great Lakes, which is the source of much of the water for the St. Lawrence River. In 2001 and 2002, in addition to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) congeners and non-ortho-substituted PCBs were measured for the first time in pools of great blue heron eggs. The PBDE levels in great blue heron eggs (70-1,377 ng/g wet wt) were comparable to those measured in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from the Great Lakes. Toxaphene was detected in great blue heron eggs at levels comparable to those of other major chlorinated pesticides. Major toxaphene congeners were octachlorobornane P44 and the nonachlorobornane P50. Environ.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Champoux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Louise\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moisey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\",\"C\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20821441\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"243–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{champoux_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, toxaphenes, and other halogenated organic pollutants in great blue heron eggs.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.37},\\n\\tabstract = {The great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been used as a bioindicator of the state of the St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) since 1996. At 5-year intervals, selected breeding colonies along the River and its estuary are visited to estimate reproductive success and determine levels of contamination. Brominated flame retardants are found in many ecosystems and are increasing in concentration in the Great Lakes, which is the source of much of the water for the St. Lawrence River. In 2001 and 2002, in addition to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) congeners and non-ortho-substituted PCBs were measured for the first time in pools of great blue heron eggs. The PBDE levels in great blue heron eggs (70-1,377 ng/g wet wt) were comparable to those measured in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from the Great Lakes. Toxaphene was detected in great blue heron eggs at levels comparable to those of other major chlorinated pesticides. Major toxaphene congeners were octachlorobornane P44 and the nonachlorobornane P50. Environ.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Champoux, Louise and Moisey, John and Muir, Derek C G},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20821441},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {243--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Champoux, L.\",\"Moisey, J.\",\"Muir, D. C G\"],\"key\":\"champoux_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"champoux_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"champoux-moisey-muir-polybrominateddiphenyletherstoxaphenesandotherhalogenatedorganicpollutantsingreatblueheroneggs-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Toxaphene\",\"Toxaphene: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir, Turkey.\",\"volume\":\"185\",\"issn\":\"1873-3336\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations of outdoor and indoor organic films on window glasses were measured at different locations (offices, laboratories, and homes in urban, suburban, rural, and industrial sites) in Izmir, Turkey. ∑(7)PBDE concentrations were dominated by technical penta and deca-BDE mixture components. Average total outdoor PBDE (∑(7)PBDE) concentrations for suburban, urban, and industrial sites were 43.5, 45.5, and 206ngm(-2), respectively. This spatial gradient (industrial\\\\textgreaterurban\\\\textgreatersuburban concentrations) was similar to one observed for ambient air concentrations recently in Izmir, Turkey. The highest concentrations measured in the industrial area were attributed to the significant PBDE emissions from several steel plants located in the area. Air-organic film partitioning modeling results have suggested that organic films can be used in conjunction with the dynamic uptake model to approximate the gas-phase ambient air concentrations. Modeling results have also indicated that congeners in the gas-phase with very large octanol-air partition coefficients (i.e., BDE-154, -153, and -209) will require several months to approach equilibrium with the surface films. This finding may have important implications for gas-particle and gas-film partitioning, transport, and photolytic degradation of atmospheric PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"2-3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of hazardous materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cetin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Banu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odabasi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mustafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20961684\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr\",\"pages\":\"784–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cetin_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in {Izmir}, {Turkey}.},\\n\\tvolume = {185},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3336},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations of outdoor and indoor organic films on window glasses were measured at different locations (offices, laboratories, and homes in urban, suburban, rural, and industrial sites) in Izmir, Turkey. ∑(7)PBDE concentrations were dominated by technical penta and deca-BDE mixture components. Average total outdoor PBDE (∑(7)PBDE) concentrations for suburban, urban, and industrial sites were 43.5, 45.5, and 206ngm(-2), respectively. This spatial gradient (industrial{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterurban{\\\\textbackslash}textgreatersuburban concentrations) was similar to one observed for ambient air concentrations recently in Izmir, Turkey. The highest concentrations measured in the industrial area were attributed to the significant PBDE emissions from several steel plants located in the area. Air-organic film partitioning modeling results have suggested that organic films can be used in conjunction with the dynamic uptake model to approximate the gas-phase ambient air concentrations. Modeling results have also indicated that congeners in the gas-phase with very large octanol-air partition coefficients (i.e., BDE-154, -153, and -209) will require several months to approach equilibrium with the surface films. This finding may have important implications for gas-particle and gas-film partitioning, transport, and photolytic degradation of atmospheric PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {2-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of hazardous materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Cetin, Banu and Odabasi, Mustafa},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20961684},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {784--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cetin, B.\",\"Odabasi, M.\"],\"key\":\"cetin_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"cetin_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cetin-odabasi-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinindoorandoutdoorwindoworganicfilmsinizmirturkey-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"San Diego\",\"title\":\"Plasma display panels\",\"booktitle\":\"Handbook of display technology\",\"publisher\":\"Academic Press\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castellano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1972\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, use\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{castellano_plasma_1972,\\n\\taddress = {San Diego},\\n\\ttitle = {Plasma display panels},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Handbook of display technology},\\n\\tpublisher = {Academic Press},\\n\\tauthor = {Castellano, J},\\n\\tyear = {1972},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Castellano, J\"],\"key\":\"castellano_plasma_1972\",\"id\":\"castellano_plasma_1972\",\"bibbaseid\":\"castellano-plasmadisplaypanels-1972\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environment and women's reproductive health.\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1460-2369\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/humupd/dmq061\",\"abstract\":\"There is significant evidence that continuous and prolonged exposure to several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) is a risk factor for reduced fertility and fecundity in women. There is also evidence that ED exposure has trans-generational effects. In this systematic review, we evaluate the evidence for an association between EDC exposure and women's reproductive health.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Human reproduction update\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caserta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mantovani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ciardo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Rocca\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maranghi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moscarini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21266373\",\"keywords\":\"Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Female: chemically induced, Female: epidemiology, Flame retardants, Humans, Infertility, Maternal Exposure, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors\",\"pages\":\"418–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{caserta_environment_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Environment and women's reproductive health.},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1460-2369},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/humupd/dmq061},\\n\\tabstract = {There is significant evidence that continuous and prolonged exposure to several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) is a risk factor for reduced fertility and fecundity in women. There is also evidence that ED exposure has trans-generational effects. In this systematic review, we evaluate the evidence for an association between EDC exposure and women's reproductive health.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Human reproduction update},\\n\\tauthor = {Caserta, D and Mantovani, A and Marci, R and Fazi, A and Ciardo, F and La Rocca, C and Maranghi, F and Moscarini, M},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21266373},\\n\\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Female: chemically induced, Female: epidemiology, Flame retardants, Humans, Infertility, Maternal Exposure, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors},\\n\\tpages = {418--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Caserta, D\",\"Mantovani, A\",\"Marci, R\",\"Fazi, A\",\"Ciardo, F\",\"La Rocca, C\",\"Maranghi, F\",\"Moscarini, M\"],\"key\":\"caserta_environment_2011\",\"id\":\"caserta_environment_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"caserta-mantovani-marci-fazi-ciardo-larocca-maranghi-moscarini-environmentandwomensreproductivehealth-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373\"},\"keyword\":[\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Epidemiological Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Female: chemically induced\",\"Female: epidemiology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Infertility\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Outcome\",\"Risk Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and phenols in European birth cohorts: ENRIECO evaluation, first human biomonitoring results, and recommendations.\",\"volume\":\"216\",\"issn\":\"1618-131X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.009\",\"abstract\":\"There are emerging concerns about potential effects on child health and development of early-life exposure to substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), phthalates and phenols (including bisphenol A (BPA)); pregnancy and birth cohort studies are ideally designed to study such concerns prospectively. As part of the ENRIECO project, we evaluated existing human biomonitoring data for these substances in European birth cohorts and develop recommendations for more harmonized methods that will enable combination and comparison of cohort data in the future. The ENRIECO inventory shows that 20 European birth cohorts have measured or are measuring BFRs (N=10), PFCs (N=11), phthalates (N=16) or phenols (N=8). Generally, samples were collected prenatally or at birth and measurements involved few subjects in each cohort (a few hundred maximum). Biological matrices, timing, and analytical methods of the measurements varied between cohorts. Few cohorts have measured at multiple time points or in children. In European cohorts, levels of BFRs were very low and at least 10-fold lower than in US; levels of PFCs and phthalates have decreased over the last decade since the phasing out of certain of these compounds; concentrations of phenols are comparable to those in the US. Although there is little published data in the cohorts now, many measurements are ongoing and we recommend that cohorts start working towards combined and comparison studies. Specific recommendations for use of existing data include the development of conversion models for the different media used for measurement of persistent chemicals, and inter-laboratory comparisons and calibrations. Recommendations for further data collection include more evaluation of exposure to these chemicals in children; repeated measurements of non-persistent chemicals; validation and harmonisation of questionnaires; and the development of mechanisms for fast European birth cohort response for the detection and prioritisation of new chemicals of concern.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"International journal of hygiene and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Casas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maribel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cécile\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hond\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elly\",\"Den\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mariana\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pierik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Philippat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rémy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toft\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunnar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vandentorren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stéphanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilhelm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vrijheid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"22795704\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"230–42\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{casas_exposure_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and phenols in {European} birth cohorts: {ENRIECO} evaluation, first human biomonitoring results, and recommendations.},\\n\\tvolume = {216},\\n\\tissn = {1618-131X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.009},\\n\\tabstract = {There are emerging concerns about potential effects on child health and development of early-life exposure to substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), phthalates and phenols (including bisphenol A (BPA)); pregnancy and birth cohort studies are ideally designed to study such concerns prospectively. As part of the ENRIECO project, we evaluated existing human biomonitoring data for these substances in European birth cohorts and develop recommendations for more harmonized methods that will enable combination and comparison of cohort data in the future. The ENRIECO inventory shows that 20 European birth cohorts have measured or are measuring BFRs (N=10), PFCs (N=11), phthalates (N=16) or phenols (N=8). Generally, samples were collected prenatally or at birth and measurements involved few subjects in each cohort (a few hundred maximum). Biological matrices, timing, and analytical methods of the measurements varied between cohorts. Few cohorts have measured at multiple time points or in children. In European cohorts, levels of BFRs were very low and at least 10-fold lower than in US; levels of PFCs and phthalates have decreased over the last decade since the phasing out of certain of these compounds; concentrations of phenols are comparable to those in the US. Although there is little published data in the cohorts now, many measurements are ongoing and we recommend that cohorts start working towards combined and comparison studies. Specific recommendations for use of existing data include the development of conversion models for the different media used for measurement of persistent chemicals, and inter-laboratory comparisons and calibrations. Recommendations for further data collection include more evaluation of exposure to these chemicals in children; repeated measurements of non-persistent chemicals; validation and harmonisation of questionnaires; and the development of mechanisms for fast European birth cohort response for the detection and prioritisation of new chemicals of concern.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Casas, Maribel and Chevrier, Cécile and Hond, Elly Den and Fernandez, Mariana F and Pierik, Frank and Philippat, Claire and Slama, Rémy and Toft, Gunnar and Vandentorren, Stéphanie and Wilhelm, Michael and Vrijheid, Martine},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {22795704},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {230--42},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Casas, M.\",\"Chevrier, C.\",\"Hond, E. D.\",\"Fernandez, M. F\",\"Pierik, F.\",\"Philippat, C.\",\"Slama, R.\",\"Toft, G.\",\"Vandentorren, S.\",\"Wilhelm, M.\",\"Vrijheid, M.\"],\"key\":\"casas_exposure_2013\",\"id\":\"casas_exposure_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"casas-chevrier-hond-fernandez-pierik-philippat-slama-toft-etal-exposuretobrominatedflameretardantsperfluorinatedcompoundsphthalatesandphenolsineuropeanbirthcohortsenriecoevaluationfirsthumanbiomonitoringresultsandrecommendations-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired maternal and cord sera.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es3046839\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used as flame retardants in the past three decades. These compounds are lipophilic and easily cross the placenta from pregnant woman to fetus. It is not clear whether hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), with greater hydrophilicity, have different concentrations in maternal and cord serum samples. We analyzed PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -209) and OH-PBDEs (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-49, 5'-OH-BDE-99) in 20 pairs of maternal and cord serum samples collected in Cincinnati, OH in 2011. The geometric mean concentration of ∑OH-BDEs (the sum of four OH-PBDEs) was 49.76 pg/mL in cord sera, higher than 32.84 pg/mL in maternal sera. Similarly, cord serum total BDEs had a higher geometric mean than maternal serum (45.51 vs 32.07 ng/g lipid). Equal or higher levels of total OH-BDEs and total BDEs in cord serum were observed in 85% and 80% of the mother-neonate pairs, respectively. The study suggests fetuses might receive higher OH-PBDE and PBDE exposure than their mothers.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aimin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"June-Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linderholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rhee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DeFranco\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emily\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietrich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuk-Mei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23506475\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"3902–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_hydroxylated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired maternal and cord sera.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es3046839},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used as flame retardants in the past three decades. These compounds are lipophilic and easily cross the placenta from pregnant woman to fetus. It is not clear whether hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), with greater hydrophilicity, have different concentrations in maternal and cord serum samples. We analyzed PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -209) and OH-PBDEs (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-49, 5'-OH-BDE-99) in 20 pairs of maternal and cord serum samples collected in Cincinnati, OH in 2011. The geometric mean concentration of ∑OH-BDEs (the sum of four OH-PBDEs) was 49.76 pg/mL in cord sera, higher than 32.84 pg/mL in maternal sera. Similarly, cord serum total BDEs had a higher geometric mean than maternal serum (45.51 vs 32.07 ng/g lipid). Equal or higher levels of total OH-BDEs and total BDEs in cord serum were observed in 85\\\\% and 80\\\\% of the mother-neonate pairs, respectively. The study suggests fetuses might receive higher OH-PBDE and PBDE exposure than their mothers.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Aimin and Park, June-Soo and Linderholm, Linda and Rhee, Alexandra and Petreas, Myrto and DeFranco, Emily A and Dietrich, Kim N and Ho, Shuk-Mei},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23506475},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {3902--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, A.\",\"Park, J.\",\"Linderholm, L.\",\"Rhee, A.\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"DeFranco, E. A\",\"Dietrich, K. N\",\"Ho, S.\"],\"key\":\"chen_hydroxylated_2013\",\"id\":\"chen_hydroxylated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-park-linderholm-rhee-petreas-defranco-dietrich-ho-hydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedmaternalandcordsera-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Serum PBDEs and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004.\",\"volume\":\"111\",\"issn\":\"1096-0953\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.016\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants since the 1970s, have exhibited endocrine disruption in experimental studies. Tetra- to hexa-BDE congeners are estrogenic, while hepta-BDE and 6-OH-BDE-47 are antiestrogenic. Most PBDEs also have antiandrogenic activity. It is not clear, however, whether PBDEs affect human reproduction.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aimin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DeFranco\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emily\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietrich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21663902\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Menarche, Menarche: blood, Menarche: drug effects, Nutrition Surveys, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"831–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_serum_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Serum {PBDEs} and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the {National} {Health} and {Nutrition} {Examination} {Survey} 2003-2004.},\\n\\tvolume = {111},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.016},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants since the 1970s, have exhibited endocrine disruption in experimental studies. Tetra- to hexa-BDE congeners are estrogenic, while hepta-BDE and 6-OH-BDE-47 are antiestrogenic. Most PBDEs also have antiandrogenic activity. It is not clear, however, whether PBDEs affect human reproduction.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental research},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Aimin and Chung, Ethan and DeFranco, Emily A and Pinney, Susan M and Dietrich, Kim N},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21663902},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Menarche, Menarche: blood, Menarche: drug effects, Nutrition Surveys, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {831--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, A.\",\"Chung, E.\",\"DeFranco, E. A\",\"Pinney, S. M\",\"Dietrich, K. N\"],\"key\":\"chen_serum_2011\",\"id\":\"chen_serum_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-chung-defranco-pinney-dietrich-serumpbdesandageatmenarcheinadolescentgirlsanalysisofthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20032004-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Child\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Menarche\",\"Menarche: blood\",\"Menarche: drug effects\",\"Nutrition Surveys\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Material Safety Data Sheet #694\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chemtura\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{chemtura_material_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Material {Safety} {Data} {Sheet} \\\\#694},\\n\\tauthor = {{Chemtura}},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chemtura\"],\"key\":\"chemtura_material_2006\",\"id\":\"chemtura_material_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chemtura-materialsafetydatasheet694-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Material Safety Data Sheet Emerald Innovation ™ 3000\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chemtura\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chemtura_material_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Material {Safety} {Data} {Sheet} {Emerald} {Innovation} ™ 3000},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf},\\n\\tauthor = {{Chemtura}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chemtura\"],\"key\":\"chemtura_material_2012\",\"id\":\"chemtura_material_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chemtura-materialsafetydatasheetemeraldinnovation3000-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects.\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013\",\"abstract\":\"In utero exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) reduces the number of ovarian follicles in rat females and causes permanent effects on rat males. Little data have been gathered on the associations between PBDEs exposure and birth outcome and female menstruation characteristics in both epidemiological and animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine how PBDEs in breast milk are associated with infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation characteristics. Study participants were healthy women recruited from central Taiwan between December 2000 and November 2001. Twelve congener levels of PBDEs (BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) in 20 breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean level of PBDEs in breast milk was 3.93+/-1.74 ng/g lipid. The estimated PBDE daily intake for a breastfed infant was 20.6 ng/kg b.w./day after delivery. After maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity were adjusted, increased PBDEs in breast milk was related with decreased birth outcome, particularly for birth weight and length, chest circumference, and Quetelet's index of infants. No significant differences in PBDEs were found between the two groups of menstrual cycle length higher and lower than 30 days after we adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity. In utero exposure to low doses of PBDEs may result in lower birth weight and short or birth length. Our findings are limited based on the low doses of PBDEs and the small sampling size.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"How-Ran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shu-Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wen-Jhy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ya-Fen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17079016\",\"keywords\":\"Cohort Studies, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Menstruation, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"239–45\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chao_levels_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from central {Taiwan} and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects.},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013},\\n\\tabstract = {In utero exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) reduces the number of ovarian follicles in rat females and causes permanent effects on rat males. Little data have been gathered on the associations between PBDEs exposure and birth outcome and female menstruation characteristics in both epidemiological and animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine how PBDEs in breast milk are associated with infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation characteristics. Study participants were healthy women recruited from central Taiwan between December 2000 and November 2001. Twelve congener levels of PBDEs (BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) in 20 breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean level of PBDEs in breast milk was 3.93+/-1.74 ng/g lipid. The estimated PBDE daily intake for a breastfed infant was 20.6 ng/kg b.w./day after delivery. After maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity were adjusted, increased PBDEs in breast milk was related with decreased birth outcome, particularly for birth weight and length, chest circumference, and Quetelet's index of infants. No significant differences in PBDEs were found between the two groups of menstrual cycle length higher and lower than 30 days after we adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity. In utero exposure to low doses of PBDEs may result in lower birth weight and short or birth length. Our findings are limited based on the low doses of PBDEs and the small sampling size.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Chao, How-Ran and Wang, Shu-Li and Lee, Wen-Jhy and Wang, Ya-Fen and Päpke, Olaf},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17079016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cohort Studies, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Menstruation, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {239--45},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chao, H.\",\"Wang, S.\",\"Lee, W.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Päpke, O.\"],\"key\":\"chao_levels_2007\",\"id\":\"chao_levels_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chao-wang-lee-wang-ppke-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfromcentraltaiwanandtheirrelationtoinfantbirthoutcomeandmaternalmenstruationeffects-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cohort Studies\",\"Ethers\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Menstruation\",\"Milk\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Outcome\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and Dechlorane Plus flame retardants: a case study of ring-billed gull breeding in a pollution hotspot in the St. Lawrence River, Canada.\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.008\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) mixture (∼97% of BDE-209) is now facing usage restrictions worldwide, which is leading to increased utilization of a series of alternative, replacement flame retardant (FR) products. Among these, Dechlorane Plus (DP) is receiving growing attention as this FR is increasingly being detected in wildlife samples, including birds from North America, Europe and Asia. Recent survey conducted in a known FR hotspot in the St. Lawrence River basin near Montreal (QC, Canada) revealed unexpectedly high detection frequencies and concentrations of BDE-209 and DP isomers (syn- and anti-DP) in the liver of breeding ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) (RBGUs). Despite the global distribution of these current-use FRs, there is to our knowledge no study that has addressed the in vitro biotransformation of BDE-209 and DP isomers in birds. This study aimed at understanding the in vitro metabolism of BDE-209 and syn- and anti-DP using liver microsomes of Montreal-breeding RBGUs. Although BDE-15 (positive assay control) was consistently and positively depleted over the 90-min time frame of the in vitro assay, no depletion was observed for BDE-209 and DP isomers. These results suggest that CYP isoenzyme-mediated reductive dehalogenation of BDE-209 and DP is not likely to be a substantial metabolic pathway in RBGUs. However, investigations on deiodinases (expression, activity) should be considered in future studies as these enzymes have been suggested to be involved in the sequential debromination of BDE-209 in fish and human studies. High levels of BDE-209 determined in liver of RBGUs that strongly correlated with those of known or suggested BDE-209 debromination products (hepta- through nona-BDEs) may thus be indicative of concomitant dietary (e.g., fish consumption) and environmental exposure in the greater Montreal area, combined with poor or lack of metabolic capability toward these FRs.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chabot-Giguère\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Letcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verreault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23542572\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"101–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chabot-giguere_vitro_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) and {Dechlorane} {Plus} flame retardants: a case study of ring-billed gull breeding in a pollution hotspot in the {St}. {Lawrence} {River}, {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) mixture (∼97\\\\% of BDE-209) is now facing usage restrictions worldwide, which is leading to increased utilization of a series of alternative, replacement flame retardant (FR) products. Among these, Dechlorane Plus (DP) is receiving growing attention as this FR is increasingly being detected in wildlife samples, including birds from North America, Europe and Asia. Recent survey conducted in a known FR hotspot in the St. Lawrence River basin near Montreal (QC, Canada) revealed unexpectedly high detection frequencies and concentrations of BDE-209 and DP isomers (syn- and anti-DP) in the liver of breeding ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) (RBGUs). Despite the global distribution of these current-use FRs, there is to our knowledge no study that has addressed the in vitro biotransformation of BDE-209 and DP isomers in birds. This study aimed at understanding the in vitro metabolism of BDE-209 and syn- and anti-DP using liver microsomes of Montreal-breeding RBGUs. Although BDE-15 (positive assay control) was consistently and positively depleted over the 90-min time frame of the in vitro assay, no depletion was observed for BDE-209 and DP isomers. These results suggest that CYP isoenzyme-mediated reductive dehalogenation of BDE-209 and DP is not likely to be a substantial metabolic pathway in RBGUs. However, investigations on deiodinases (expression, activity) should be considered in future studies as these enzymes have been suggested to be involved in the sequential debromination of BDE-209 in fish and human studies. High levels of BDE-209 determined in liver of RBGUs that strongly correlated with those of known or suggested BDE-209 debromination products (hepta- through nona-BDEs) may thus be indicative of concomitant dietary (e.g., fish consumption) and environmental exposure in the greater Montreal area, combined with poor or lack of metabolic capability toward these FRs.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Chabot-Giguère, Bernice and Letcher, Robert J and Verreault, Jonathan},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23542572},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {101--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chabot-Giguère, B.\",\"Letcher, R. J\",\"Verreault, J.\"],\"key\":\"chabot-giguere_vitro_2013\",\"id\":\"chabot-giguere_vitro_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chabotgigure-letcher-verreault-invitrobiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209anddechloraneplusflameretardantsacasestudyofringbilledgullbreedinginapollutionhotspotinthestlawrencerivercanada-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Technical Bulletin 133. Flammability test procedure for seating furniture for use in public occupancies\",\"url\":\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CDCA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1991\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cdca_technical_1991,\\n\\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 133. {Flammability} test procedure for seating furniture for use in public occupancies},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\\n\\tauthor = {{CDCA}},\\n\\tyear = {1991},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CDCA\"],\"key\":\"cdca_technical_1991\",\"id\":\"cdca_technical_1991\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cdca-technicalbulletin133flammabilitytestprocedureforseatingfurnitureforuseinpublicoccupancies-1991\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Technical Bulletin 117. Requirements, test procedure and apparatus for testing the flame retardance of resilient filling materials used in upholstered furniture\",\"url\":\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf\",\"publisher\":\". State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CDCA\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cdca_technical_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 117. {Requirements}, test procedure and apparatus for testing the flame retardance of resilient filling materials used in upholstered furniture},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {. State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\\n\\tauthor = {{CDCA}},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CDCA\"],\"key\":\"cdca_technical_2000\",\"id\":\"cdca_technical_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cdca-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system.\",\"url\":\"http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CDC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{cdc_web-based_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html},\\n\\tauthor = {{CDC}},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CDC\"],\"key\":\"cdc_web-based_nodate\",\"id\":\"cdc_web-based_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cdc-webbasedinjurystatisticsqueryandreportingsystem\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Northbrook, IL\",\"title\":\"Flammability studies of cellular plastics and other building materials used for interior finishes, subject 723\",\"publisher\":\"Underwriters Laboratories\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beyreis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Metes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1975\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{castino_flammability_1975,\\n\\taddress = {Northbrook, IL},\\n\\ttitle = {Flammability studies of cellular plastics and other building materials used for interior finishes, subject 723},\\n\\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},\\n\\tauthor = {Castino, T G and Beyreis, J R and Metes, W S},\\n\\tyear = {1975},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Castino, T G\",\"Beyreis, J R\",\"Metes, W S\"],\"key\":\"castino_flammability_1975\",\"id\":\"castino_flammability_1975\",\"bibbaseid\":\"castino-beyreis-metes-flammabilitystudiesofcellularplasticsandotherbuildingmaterialsusedforinteriorfinishessubject723-1975\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"1545-1585\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169\",\"doi\":\"10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200\",\"abstract\":\"Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.\",\"journal\":\"Annual review of physiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Casals-Casas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Desvergne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Béatrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21054169\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: drug effects, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Mice, Obesity, Obesity: chemically induced, Rats, Receptors, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Type 2, Type 2: chemically induced\",\"pages\":\"135–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{casals-casas_endocrine_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {1545-1585},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200},\\n\\tabstract = {Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.},\\n\\tjournal = {Annual review of physiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Casals-Casas, Cristina and Desvergne, Béatrice},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21054169},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: drug effects, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Mice, Obesity, Obesity: chemically induced, Rats, Receptors, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Type 2, Type 2: chemically induced},\\n\\tpages = {135--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Casals-Casas, C.\",\"Desvergne, B.\"],\"key\":\"casals-casas_endocrine_2011\",\"id\":\"casals-casas_endocrine_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"casalscasas-desvergne-endocrinedisruptorsfromendocrinetometabolicdisruption-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cytoplasmic and Nuclear\",\"Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: drug effects\",\"Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: metabolism\",\"Diabetes Mellitus\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: analysis\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Metabolic Syndrome X\",\"Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced\",\"Mice\",\"Obesity\",\"Obesity: chemically induced\",\"Rats\",\"Receptors\",\"Signal Transduction\",\"Signal Transduction: drug effects\",\"Type 2\",\"Type 2: chemically induced\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the Pacific Basin and for the world.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"0048-7554\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent organic pollutants include some organo-metals, such as methylmercury; lipophilic halogenated organics, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated flame retardants; and perfluorinated compounds used as repellants. These compounds are resistant to degradation both in the environment and in the human body and tend to bioaccumulate within the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, immune system suppression, decrements in cognitive and neurobehavioral function, disruption of sex steroid and thyroid function, and at least some of them increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Some compounds are byproducts of industry and combustion. Although the manufacture and use of most man-made chemicals has been reduced in recent years, the levels currently present in the population are still associated with an elevated risk of human disease. Others are still manufactured and used. These are dangerous chemicals that have contaminated even areas remote from the industrialized world, such as the polar regions.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Reviews on environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carpenter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21714383\",\"keywords\":\"Chlorinated, Chlorinated: poisoning, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: poisoning\",\"pages\":\"61–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carpenter_health_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the {Pacific} {Basin} and for the world.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {0048-7554},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants include some organo-metals, such as methylmercury; lipophilic halogenated organics, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated flame retardants; and perfluorinated compounds used as repellants. These compounds are resistant to degradation both in the environment and in the human body and tend to bioaccumulate within the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, immune system suppression, decrements in cognitive and neurobehavioral function, disruption of sex steroid and thyroid function, and at least some of them increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Some compounds are byproducts of industry and combustion. Although the manufacture and use of most man-made chemicals has been reduced in recent years, the levels currently present in the population are still associated with an elevated risk of human disease. Others are still manufactured and used. These are dangerous chemicals that have contaminated even areas remote from the industrialized world, such as the polar regions.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Reviews on environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Carpenter, David O},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21714383},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: poisoning, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: poisoning},\\n\\tpages = {61--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carpenter, D. O\"],\"key\":\"carpenter_health_2011\",\"id\":\"carpenter_health_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carpenter-healtheffectsofpersistentorganicpollutantsthechallengeforthepacificbasinandfortheworld-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: poisoning\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: poisoning\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Organometallic Compounds\",\"Organometallic Compounds: poisoning\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from Taihu Lake, China.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.1872\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations and distribution of seven organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) were investigated in 28 sediment samples collected from Taihu Lake. The analytes were ultrasonically extracted, enriched using solid-phase extraction, and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the analytes were all detected in the sediments. The total concentrations of seven OPs ranged from 3.38 to 14.25 µg/kg, and tris (2-chloroiso-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) were the dominant compounds, with concentrations ranging from\\\\textlesslimit of quantification to 2.27 µg/kg, 0.62 to 3.17 µg/kg, and 1.03 to 5.00 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentration of total assessed OPs (14.25 µg/kg) was found at GH-5, with tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) as the main component at the sampling site. This result implied that there is an obvious emission source nearby at Suzhou City; in addition, human activities also play an important role in the concentration of OPs in the sediment.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiangying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Han\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huiru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22553152\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Phosphines, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"1478–84\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cao_levels_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from {Taihu} {Lake}, {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1872},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations and distribution of seven organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) were investigated in 28 sediment samples collected from Taihu Lake. The analytes were ultrasonically extracted, enriched using solid-phase extraction, and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the analytes were all detected in the sediments. The total concentrations of seven OPs ranged from 3.38 to 14.25 µg/kg, and tris (2-chloroiso-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) were the dominant compounds, with concentrations ranging from{\\\\textbackslash}textlesslimit of quantification to 2.27 µg/kg, 0.62 to 3.17 µg/kg, and 1.03 to 5.00 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentration of total assessed OPs (14.25 µg/kg) was found at GH-5, with tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) as the main component at the sampling site. This result implied that there is an obvious emission source nearby at Suzhou City; in addition, human activities also play an important role in the concentration of OPs in the sediment.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Cao, Shuxia and Zeng, Xiangying and Song, Han and Li, Huiru and Yu, Zhiqiang and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22553152},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Phosphines, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {1478--84},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cao, S.\",\"Zeng, X.\",\"Song, H.\",\"Li, H.\",\"Yu, Z.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"cao_levels_2012\",\"id\":\"cao_levels_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cao-zeng-song-li-yu-sheng-fu-levelsanddistributionsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinsedimentfromtaihulakechina-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"China\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Geologic Sediments: chemistry\",\"Lakes\",\"Lakes: chemistry\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Phosphines\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Solid Phase Extraction\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Subacute effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on hepatic gene expression profiles in rats.\",\"volume\":\"231\",\"issn\":\"1096-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.013\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromoyclododecane (HBCD), used as flame retardant (FR) mainly in textile industry and in polystyrene foam manufacture, has been identified as a contaminant at levels comparable to other brominated FRs (BFRs). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. The toxicological database of HBCD is too limited to perform at present a solid risk assessment, combining data from exposure and effect studies. In order to fill in some gaps, a 28-day HBCD repeated dose study (OECD407) was done in Wistar rats. In the present work liver tissues from these animals were used for gene expression profile analysis. Results show clear gender specificity with females having a higher number of regulated genes and therefore being more sensitive to HBCD than males. Several specific pathways were found to be affected by HBCD exposure, like PPAR-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, triacylglycerol metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and phase I and II pathways. These results were corroborated with quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism were especially down-regulated in females. Genes involved in phase I and II metabolism were up-regulated predominantly in males, which could explain the observed lower HBCD hepatic disposition in male rats in this 28-day study. These sex-specific differences in gene expression profiles could also underlie sex-specific differences in toxicity (e.g. decreased thyroid hormone or increased serum cholesterol levels). To our knowledge, this is the fist study that describes the changes in rat hepatic gene profiles caused by this commonly used flame retardant.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and applied pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cantón\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rocío\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peijnenburg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ad\",\"A\",\"C\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoogenboom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ron\",\"L\",\"A\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piersma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldert\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Der\",\"Ven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"T\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Den\",\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heneweer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marjoke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18534652\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration & dosage, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: drug, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: metab, Rats, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Triglycerides: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, tox\",\"pages\":\"267–72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{canton_subacute_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Subacute effects of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) on hepatic gene expression profiles in rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {231},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.013},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromoyclododecane (HBCD), used as flame retardant (FR) mainly in textile industry and in polystyrene foam manufacture, has been identified as a contaminant at levels comparable to other brominated FRs (BFRs). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. The toxicological database of HBCD is too limited to perform at present a solid risk assessment, combining data from exposure and effect studies. In order to fill in some gaps, a 28-day HBCD repeated dose study (OECD407) was done in Wistar rats. In the present work liver tissues from these animals were used for gene expression profile analysis. Results show clear gender specificity with females having a higher number of regulated genes and therefore being more sensitive to HBCD than males. Several specific pathways were found to be affected by HBCD exposure, like PPAR-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, triacylglycerol metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and phase I and II pathways. These results were corroborated with quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism were especially down-regulated in females. Genes involved in phase I and II metabolism were up-regulated predominantly in males, which could explain the observed lower HBCD hepatic disposition in male rats in this 28-day study. These sex-specific differences in gene expression profiles could also underlie sex-specific differences in toxicity (e.g. decreased thyroid hormone or increased serum cholesterol levels). To our knowledge, this is the fist study that describes the changes in rat hepatic gene profiles caused by this commonly used flame retardant.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Cantón, Rocío F and Peijnenburg, Ad A C M and Hoogenboom, Ron L A P and Piersma, Aldert H and van Der Ven, Leo T M and van Den Berg, Martin and Heneweer, Marjoke},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18534652},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration \\\\& dosage, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: drug, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: metab, Rats, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Triglycerides: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, tox},\\n\\tpages = {267--72},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cantón, R. F\",\"Peijnenburg, A. A C M\",\"Hoogenboom, R. L A P\",\"Piersma, A. H\",\"van Der Ven, L. T M\",\"van Den Berg, M.\",\"Heneweer, M.\"],\"key\":\"canton_subacute_2008\",\"id\":\"canton_subacute_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cantn-peijnenburg-hoogenboom-piersma-vanderven-vandenberg-heneweer-subacuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdonhepaticgeneexpressionprofilesinrats-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: administration & dosage\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cholesterol\",\"Cholesterol: biosynthesis\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Gene Expression Profiling: methods\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors\",\"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: drug\",\"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: metab\",\"Rats\",\"Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Triglycerides\",\"Triglycerides: metabolism\",\"Wistar\",\"frbldg\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Gatineau. Quebec\",\"title\":\"Proposed Risk Management Measure for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf\",\"number\":\"October\",\"publisher\":\"Environment Canada, Health Canada, Chemicals Management Division\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Can\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Env\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{can_proposed_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Gatineau. Quebec},\\n\\ttitle = {Proposed {Risk} {Management} {Measure} for {Hexabromocyclododecane} ({HBCD})},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {October},\\n\\tpublisher = {Environment Canada, Health Canada, Chemicals Management Division},\\n\\tauthor = {Can, Env},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Can, E.\"],\"key\":\"can_proposed_2012\",\"id\":\"can_proposed_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"can-proposedriskmanagementmeasureforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Tribune watchdog: Playing with fire – Chicago Tribune\",\"url\":\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Callahan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hawthorne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{callahan_tribune_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Tribune watchdog: {Playing} with fire – {Chicago} {Tribune}},\\n\\turl = {http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html},\\n\\tauthor = {Callahan, Patricia and Roe, Samuel and Hawthorne, Michael},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Callahan, P.\",\"Roe, S.\",\"Hawthorne, M.\"],\"key\":\"callahan_tribune_2012\",\"id\":\"callahan_tribune_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"callahan-roe-hawthorne-tribunewatchdogplayingwithfirechicagotribune-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at near-source sites.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in air samples from near suspected sources, namely an indoors computer laboratory, indoors and outdoors at an electronics recycling facility, and outdoors at an automotive shredding and metal recycling facility. The results showed that (1) PBDE concentrations in the computer laboratorywere higherwith computers on compared with the computers off, (2) indoor concentrations at an electronics recycling facility were as high as 650,000 pg/m3 for decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209), and (3) PBDE 209 concentrations were up to 1900 pg/m3 at the downwind fenceline at an automotive shredding/metal recycling facility. The inhalation exposure estimates for all the sites were typically below 110 pg/kg/day with the exception of the indoor air samples adjacent to the electronics shredding equipment, which gave exposure estimates upward of 40,000 pg/kg/day. Although there were elevated inhalation exposures at the three source sites, the exposure was not expected to cause adverse health effects based on the lowest reference dose (RfD) currently in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), although these RfD values are currently being re-evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. More research is needed on the potential health effects of PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cahill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Groskova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Danka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Charles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"Judith\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sanborn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Denison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynton\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"pages\":\"6370–6377\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cahill_atmospheric_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at near-source sites.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in air samples from near suspected sources, namely an indoors computer laboratory, indoors and outdoors at an electronics recycling facility, and outdoors at an automotive shredding and metal recycling facility. The results showed that (1) PBDE concentrations in the computer laboratorywere higherwith computers on compared with the computers off, (2) indoor concentrations at an electronics recycling facility were as high as 650,000 pg/m3 for decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209), and (3) PBDE 209 concentrations were up to 1900 pg/m3 at the downwind fenceline at an automotive shredding/metal recycling facility. The inhalation exposure estimates for all the sites were typically below 110 pg/kg/day with the exception of the indoor air samples adjacent to the electronics shredding equipment, which gave exposure estimates upward of 40,000 pg/kg/day. Although there were elevated inhalation exposures at the three source sites, the exposure was not expected to cause adverse health effects based on the lowest reference dose (RfD) currently in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), although these RfD values are currently being re-evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. More research is needed on the potential health effects of PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Cahill, Thomas M and Groskova, Danka and Charles, M Judith and Sanborn, James R and Denison, Michael S and Baker, Lynton},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {6370--6377},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cahill, T. M\",\"Groskova, D.\",\"Charles, M J.\",\"Sanborn, J. R\",\"Denison, M. S\",\"Baker, L.\"],\"key\":\"cahill_atmospheric_2007\",\"id\":\"cahill_atmospheric_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cahill-groskova-charles-sanborn-denison-baker-atmosphericconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersatnearsourcesites-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Toronto\",\"title\":\"Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Flooring, Floor Coverings, and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies (CAN/ULC-S102.2-10)\",\"publisher\":\"Underwriters Laboratories of Canada\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"CA\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{ca_standard_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Toronto},\\n\\ttitle = {Standard {Method} of {Test} for {Surface} {Burning} {Characteristics} of {Flooring}, {Floor} {Coverings}, and {Miscellaneous} {Materials} and {Assemblies} ({CAN}/{ULC}-{S102}.2-10)},\\n\\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories of Canada},\\n\\tauthor = {CA, U L},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"CA, U L\"],\"key\":\"ca_standard_2010\",\"id\":\"ca_standard_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ca-standardmethodoftestforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofflooringfloorcoveringsandmiscellaneousmaterialsandassembliescanulcs102210-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers across life stages in the northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens).\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2215\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of flame retardants, are bioaccumulative toxins that can biomagnify in food webs. However, little is known about the toxicokinetics of total and congener-specific BDEs in lower vertebrates. The authors exposed northern leopard frog (Lithobates (Rana) pipiens) tadpoles to diets containing DE-71 (a pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (0 ng/g as control, 71.4 ng/g, and 634 DE-71 ng/g wet mass)) for 50 d, followed by a period of depuration during which they were fed only undosed (control) food. After 28 d, tadpoles eliminated over 94% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues (t½ = 5.9 ± 1.9 d) with no significant differences in elimination rates for the predominant congeners. Elimination of BDE-99 was independent of dose, indicating first-order kinetics. It did not fit a biexponential model significantly better than a monoexponential model, indicating single-compartment elimination. To compare developmental life-stage kinetics following larval exposure, the authors collected individuals at the beginning and end of metamorphosis and at 70 d postmetamorphosis. During metamorphosis, total-body residues per individual did not significantly change, implying little to no elimination. After 70 d, juvenile frogs eliminated 89.7% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues, and BDE-47 was eliminated at a faster rate (t½ = 17.3 d) than BDE-99 and BDE-100 (t½ = 63.0 d and 69.3 d, respectively). Because the kinetics of PBDEs in L. pipiens differed among life stages, developmental life stage-especially for species that undergo metamorphosis-should be considered when determining the toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1631-1640. © 2013 SETAC.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cary\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tawnya\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karasov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23456651\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"1631–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cary_toxicokinetics_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers across life stages in the northern leopard frog ({Lithobates} pipiens).},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2215},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of flame retardants, are bioaccumulative toxins that can biomagnify in food webs. However, little is known about the toxicokinetics of total and congener-specific BDEs in lower vertebrates. The authors exposed northern leopard frog (Lithobates (Rana) pipiens) tadpoles to diets containing DE-71 (a pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (0 ng/g as control, 71.4 ng/g, and 634 DE-71 ng/g wet mass)) for 50 d, followed by a period of depuration during which they were fed only undosed (control) food. After 28 d, tadpoles eliminated over 94\\\\% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues (t½ = 5.9 ± 1.9 d) with no significant differences in elimination rates for the predominant congeners. Elimination of BDE-99 was independent of dose, indicating first-order kinetics. It did not fit a biexponential model significantly better than a monoexponential model, indicating single-compartment elimination. To compare developmental life-stage kinetics following larval exposure, the authors collected individuals at the beginning and end of metamorphosis and at 70 d postmetamorphosis. During metamorphosis, total-body residues per individual did not significantly change, implying little to no elimination. After 70 d, juvenile frogs eliminated 89.7\\\\% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues, and BDE-47 was eliminated at a faster rate (t½ = 17.3 d) than BDE-99 and BDE-100 (t½ = 63.0 d and 69.3 d, respectively). Because the kinetics of PBDEs in L. pipiens differed among life stages, developmental life stage-especially for species that undergo metamorphosis-should be considered when determining the toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1631-1640. © 2013 SETAC.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Cary, Tawnya L and Karasov, William H},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23456651},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {1631--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cary, T. L\",\"Karasov, W. H\"],\"key\":\"cary_toxicokinetics_2013\",\"id\":\"cary_toxicokinetics_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cary-karasov-toxicokineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersacrosslifestagesinthenorthernleopardfroglithobatespipiens-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hypospadias and halogenated organic pollutant levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples.\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.055\",\"abstract\":\"Environmental contaminants that disrupt endocrine function may contribute to hypospadias etiology.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carmichael\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzan\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herring\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ding\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20494400\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hypospadias, Hypospadias: etiology, Infant, Male, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy\",\"pages\":\"641–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carmichael_hypospadias_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Hypospadias and halogenated organic pollutant levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.055},\\n\\tabstract = {Environmental contaminants that disrupt endocrine function may contribute to hypospadias etiology.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Carmichael, Suzan L and Herring, Amy H and Sjödin, Andreas and Jones, Richard and Needham, Larry and Ma, Chen and Ding, Kai and Shaw, Gary M},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20494400},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hypospadias, Hypospadias: etiology, Infant, Male, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy},\\n\\tpages = {641--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carmichael, S. L\",\"Herring, A. H\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Jones, R.\",\"Needham, L.\",\"Ma, C.\",\"Ding, K.\",\"Shaw, G. M\"],\"key\":\"carmichael_hypospadias_2010\",\"id\":\"carmichael_hypospadias_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carmichael-herring-sjdin-jones-needham-ma-ding-shaw-hypospadiasandhalogenatedorganicpollutantlevelsinmaternalmidpregnancyserumsamples-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: blood\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Hypospadias\",\"Hypospadias: etiology\",\"Infant\",\"Male\",\"Newborn\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Pregnancy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environmental pollutants in the Swedish marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE).\",\"volume\":\"82\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.029\",\"abstract\":\"Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) were analysed in whole herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), eggs from common eider (Somateria mollissima) and eggs and livers from herring gull (Larus argentatus) from the Swedish west coast. The contaminant values obtained were compared with published values from the Arctic marine ecosystem. Tetra- and penta-brominated PBDEs were detected at low levels in herring, sprat and common eider (ΣPBDE 0.3-2.0 ng g(-1) ww), while the levels were higher in the herring gull samples (ΣPBDE 1.3-29.9 ng g(-1) ww). Hexa-decaBDEs were also found in samples from herring gulls. Eggs from herring gulls from the sub-Arctic contained four times more PBDE than the Swedish herring gulls eggs. Fish samples from the Arctic had two times higher levels of PBDEs and DDTs than similar samples from Sweden. The higher levels of contaminants in fish and seabirds from the Arctic reflect differences in transport processes, feeding ecology (reflected by trophic levels) and metabolism. PBDEs contributed to \\\\textless10% of the total contaminant load in all investigated samples. The relative contribution of DDTs was higher in fish and bird samples from the Arctic when compared to Swedish samples, e.g. 65% in glaucous gull livers compared to 10% in herring gull livers. This study shows that even though the Swedish west coast is more urban than the Arctic, higher pollutants levels are found in seabird species from the Arctic.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pernilla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wedborg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margareta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"Wing\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21220151\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Anseriformes, Anseriformes: metabolism, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics & numerical, DDT, DDT: analysis, Ecosystem, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1286–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carlsson_environmental_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental pollutants in the {Swedish} marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDE}).},\\n\\tvolume = {82},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.029},\\n\\tabstract = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) were analysed in whole herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), eggs from common eider (Somateria mollissima) and eggs and livers from herring gull (Larus argentatus) from the Swedish west coast. The contaminant values obtained were compared with published values from the Arctic marine ecosystem. Tetra- and penta-brominated PBDEs were detected at low levels in herring, sprat and common eider (ΣPBDE 0.3-2.0 ng g(-1) ww), while the levels were higher in the herring gull samples (ΣPBDE 1.3-29.9 ng g(-1) ww). Hexa-decaBDEs were also found in samples from herring gulls. Eggs from herring gulls from the sub-Arctic contained four times more PBDE than the Swedish herring gulls eggs. Fish samples from the Arctic had two times higher levels of PBDEs and DDTs than similar samples from Sweden. The higher levels of contaminants in fish and seabirds from the Arctic reflect differences in transport processes, feeding ecology (reflected by trophic levels) and metabolism. PBDEs contributed to {\\\\textbackslash}textless10\\\\% of the total contaminant load in all investigated samples. The relative contribution of DDTs was higher in fish and bird samples from the Arctic when compared to Swedish samples, e.g. 65\\\\% in glaucous gull livers compared to 10\\\\% in herring gull livers. This study shows that even though the Swedish west coast is more urban than the Arctic, higher pollutants levels are found in seabird species from the Arctic.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Carlsson, Pernilla and Herzke, Dorte and Wedborg, Margareta and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21220151},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Anseriformes, Anseriformes: metabolism, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, DDT, DDT: analysis, Ecosystem, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1286--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carlsson, P.\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Wedborg, M.\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W.\"],\"key\":\"carlsson_environmental_2011\",\"id\":\"carlsson_environmental_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carlsson-herzke-wedborg-gabrielsen-environmentalpollutantsintheswedishmarineecosystemwithspecialemphasisonpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbde-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Anseriformes\",\"Anseriformes: metabolism\",\"Charadriiformes\",\"Charadriiformes: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: analysis\",\"Ecosystem\",\"Eggs\",\"Eggs: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Fishes\",\"Fishes: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Oceans and Seas\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Sweden\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum.\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084\",\"abstract\":\"A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g(-1) lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g(-1) fresh weight versus 199 pg g(-1) fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cariou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Antignac\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berrebi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alain\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cravedi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maume\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marchand\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Monteau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andre\"],\"firstnames\":[\"François\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Le\",\"Bizec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruno\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18790516\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Breast Feeding, Cesarean Section, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"1036–41\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cariou_exposure_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum.},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084},\\n\\tabstract = {A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44\\\\% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g(-1) lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30\\\\% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g(-1) fresh weight versus 199 pg g(-1) fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Cariou, Ronan and Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Riu, Anne and Andre, François and Le Bizec, Bruno},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18790516},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Breast Feeding, Cesarean Section, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1036--41},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cariou, R.\",\"Antignac, J.\",\"Zalko, D.\",\"Berrebi, A.\",\"Cravedi, J.\",\"Maume, D.\",\"Marchand, P.\",\"Monteau, F.\",\"Riu, A.\",\"Andre, F.\",\"Le Bizec, B.\"],\"key\":\"cariou_exposure_2008\",\"id\":\"cariou_exposure_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Breast Feeding\",\"Cesarean Section\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"France\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Milk\",\"Mothers\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Pregnancy\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Draft Screening Assessment Report: Phenol, 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene) bis[2,6-dibromo- Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 79-94-7\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf\",\"number\":\"79\",\"publisher\":\"Environment Canada, Health Canada\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Can\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Env\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{can_draft_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Draft {Screening} {Assessment} {Report}: {Phenol}, 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene) bis[2,6-dibromo- {Chemical} {Abstracts} {Service} {Registry} {Number} 79-94-7},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {79},\\n\\tpublisher = {Environment Canada, Health Canada},\\n\\tauthor = {Can, Env},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Can, E.\"],\"key\":\"can_draft_2012\",\"id\":\"can_draft_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"can-draftscreeningassessmentreportphenol441methylethylidenebis26dibromochemicalabstractsserviceregistrynumber79947-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Technical Bulletin 117\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"California Bureau of Electronic\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[\"Appliance\",\"Repair\",\"Home\"],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furnishings\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[\"Thermal\"],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Insulation\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{california_bureau_of_electronic_and_appliance_repair_home_furnishings_and_thermal_insulation_technical_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 117},\\n\\tauthor = {{California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation}},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"California Bureau of Electronic\",\"Furnishings, A. R. H.\",\"Insulation, T.\"],\"key\":\"california_bureau_of_electronic_and_appliance_repair_home_furnishings_and_thermal_insulation_technical_2000\",\"id\":\"california_bureau_of_electronic_and_appliance_repair_home_furnishings_and_thermal_insulation_technical_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"californiabureauofelectronic-furnishings-insulation-technicalbulletin117-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterization of maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats.\",\"volume\":\"31\",\"issn\":\"1873-1708\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.005\",\"abstract\":\"To evaluate maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5 μmol/kgb.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil from gestation day (GD) 7 to postpartum day (PD) 4. BDE-209 was increased temporally in maternal blood, placenta, fetuses and neonates. Furthermore, more BDE-209 was found in neonate whole-body samples obtained during lactational period (PD 4) than in that of fetal whole-body samples during pregnancy GD 15 and 21. Overall an increase was observed over time for nona-BDE levels in maternal blood and placenta, but these congeners were decreased in fetuses or neonates. Slight changes were observed for octa-BDEs in both maternal blood and placenta while a significant decrease was observed in the fetuses or neonates for BDE-196 and 198/203. These results demonstrated that BDE-209 and its metabolites can transport to the placenta and milk, and eventually enter the fetuses and/or the neonates.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunmei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenbing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Junjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dunjin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20851178\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Fetus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: drug effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: physiology, Milk, Newborn, Oral, Placenta, Placenta: drug effects, Placenta: metabolism, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley\",\"pages\":\"106–10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cai_characterization_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) administered to pregnant {Sprague}-{Dawley} rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {31},\\n\\tissn = {1873-1708},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.005},\\n\\tabstract = {To evaluate maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5 μmol/kgb.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil from gestation day (GD) 7 to postpartum day (PD) 4. BDE-209 was increased temporally in maternal blood, placenta, fetuses and neonates. Furthermore, more BDE-209 was found in neonate whole-body samples obtained during lactational period (PD 4) than in that of fetal whole-body samples during pregnancy GD 15 and 21. Overall an increase was observed over time for nona-BDE levels in maternal blood and placenta, but these congeners were decreased in fetuses or neonates. Slight changes were observed for octa-BDEs in both maternal blood and placenta while a significant decrease was observed in the fetuses or neonates for BDE-196 and 198/203. These results demonstrated that BDE-209 and its metabolites can transport to the placenta and milk, and eventually enter the fetuses and/or the neonates.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)},\\n\\tauthor = {Cai, Yunmei and Zhang, Wenbing and Hu, Junjie and Sheng, Guoying and Chen, Dunjin and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20851178},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Fetus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: drug effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: physiology, Milk, Newborn, Oral, Placenta, Placenta: drug effects, Placenta: metabolism, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},\\n\\tpages = {106--10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cai, Y.\",\"Zhang, W.\",\"Hu, J.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"cai_characterization_2011\",\"id\":\"cai_characterization_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cai-zhang-hu-sheng-chen-fu-characterizationofmaternaltransferofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209administeredtopregnantspraguedawleyrats-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: drug effects\",\"Fetus: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lactation\",\"Lactation: drug effects\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange: drug effects\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange: physiology\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Oral\",\"Placenta\",\"Placenta: drug effects\",\"Placenta: metabolism\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women.\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issn\":\"1559-064X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/jes.2012.67\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Our objectives were to determine whether diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large-screen TV compared with those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TVs appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buttke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Danielle\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miranda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\",\"Lynn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"22760441\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"176–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{buttke_associations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women.},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tissn = {1559-064X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2012.67},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Our objectives were to determine whether diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50\\\\% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large-screen TV compared with those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TVs appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\\\& environmental epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Buttke, Danielle E and Wolkin, Amy and Stapleton, Heather M and Miranda, Marie Lynn},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {22760441},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {176--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Buttke, D. E\",\"Wolkin, A.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Miranda, M. L.\"],\"key\":\"buttke_associations_2013\",\"id\":\"buttke_associations_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"buttke-wolkin-stapleton-miranda-associationsbetweenserumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandenvironmentalandbehavioralfactorsinpregnantwomen-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Salmon farms as a source of organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish.\",\"volume\":\"44\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es102195d\",\"abstract\":\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), including organochlorines (OCs; PCB, and OC-pesticides), brominated flame retardants (BFRs; polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDE], hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD]) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were measured in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) caught in the vicinity of salmon farms (n = 75) and control sites (n = 80) in three regions (59°-70°N) in Norway. Forty-five percent of the farm-associated (FA) fish (60% of the saithe and 30% of the cod) and none of the control fish had salmon feed (aquaculture food pellets) in their digestive tracts. Concentrations of OCs and BFRs were about 50% higher and dominated more by persistent compounds in Atlantic cod compared to saithe. After controlling for a set of confounding variables (location, sex, size, weight, gonads size, hepatosomatic index, and % lipids in the liver), the concentrations of ∑OC and ∑BDE were 50% higher in FA cod compared to control fish, whereas they were 20% higher in FA saithe than control fish. Hence, salmon farms are a source of lipid-soluble OHCs to wild marine fish, but variation in life-history and habitat use seems to affect the levels of OHCs in the different fish species. In contrast to the lipid-soluble OHCs, control fish had 67% higher PFOS levels than FA fish, which suggests that natural food contains higher loads of this compound than the commercial feed used in salmon farms. Some OHCs are known to act as endocrine disruptors, thus further work is required to determine if OHCs negatively affect reproductive processes of wild fish associated with salmon farms.\",\"number\":\"22\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bustnes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"Ove\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elisabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dempster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bjørn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\\\\a\",\"al\",\"Arne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Nyg\\\\a\",\"ard\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Torgeir\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uglem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingebrigt\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20977203\",\"keywords\":\"Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Animals, Aquaculture, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Salmon, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"8736–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bustnes_salmon_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Salmon farms as a source of organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish.},\\n\\tvolume = {44},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es102195d},\\n\\tabstract = {Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), including organochlorines (OCs; PCB, and OC-pesticides), brominated flame retardants (BFRs; polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDE], hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD]) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were measured in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) caught in the vicinity of salmon farms (n = 75) and control sites (n = 80) in three regions (59°-70°N) in Norway. Forty-five percent of the farm-associated (FA) fish (60\\\\% of the saithe and 30\\\\% of the cod) and none of the control fish had salmon feed (aquaculture food pellets) in their digestive tracts. Concentrations of OCs and BFRs were about 50\\\\% higher and dominated more by persistent compounds in Atlantic cod compared to saithe. After controlling for a set of confounding variables (location, sex, size, weight, gonads size, hepatosomatic index, and \\\\% lipids in the liver), the concentrations of ∑OC and ∑BDE were 50\\\\% higher in FA cod compared to control fish, whereas they were 20\\\\% higher in FA saithe than control fish. Hence, salmon farms are a source of lipid-soluble OHCs to wild marine fish, but variation in life-history and habitat use seems to affect the levels of OHCs in the different fish species. In contrast to the lipid-soluble OHCs, control fish had 67\\\\% higher PFOS levels than FA fish, which suggests that natural food contains higher loads of this compound than the commercial feed used in salmon farms. Some OHCs are known to act as endocrine disruptors, thus further work is required to determine if OHCs negatively affect reproductive processes of wild fish associated with salmon farms.},\\n\\tnumber = {22},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bustnes, Jan Ove and Lie, Elisabeth and Herzke, Dorte and Dempster, Tim and Bjørn, P{\\\\textbackslash}a al Arne and Nyg{\\\\textbackslash}a ard, Torgeir and Uglem, Ingebrigt},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20977203},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Animals, Aquaculture, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Salmon, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {8736--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bustnes, J. O.\",\"Lie, E.\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Dempster, T.\",\"Bjørn, P. a. A.\",\"Nyg\\\\a ard , T.\",\"Uglem, I.\"],\"key\":\"bustnes_salmon_2010\",\"id\":\"bustnes_salmon_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bustnes-lie-herzke-dempster-bjrn-nygaard-uglem-salmonfarmsasasourceoforganohalogenatedcontaminantsinwildfish-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alkanesulfonic Acids\",\"Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Aquaculture\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorocarbons\",\"Fluorocarbons: metabolism\",\"Gadiformes\",\"Gadiformes: metabolism\",\"Halogenated\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: metabolism\",\"Salmon\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: chemistry\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"address\":\"Brussels, Belgium\",\"title\":\"HBCD Fact Sheet.\",\"url\":\"http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf\",\"number\":\"June\",\"institution\":\"BSEF\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BSEF\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frbldg\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{bsef_hbcd_2009,\\n\\taddress = {Brussels, Belgium},\\n\\ttitle = {{HBCD} {Fact} {Sheet}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {June},\\n\\tinstitution = {BSEF},\\n\\tauthor = {{BSEF}},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"BSEF\"],\"key\":\"bsef_hbcd_2009\",\"id\":\"bsef_hbcd_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bsef-hbcdfactsheet-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frbldg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicity of penta- and decabromodiphenyl ethers after repeated administration to rats: a comparative study.\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1432-0738\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00204-009-0495-y\",\"abstract\":\"Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl (PentaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl (DecaBDE) ethers were commonly used as flame retardants in a wide array of products, mostly in the production of plastics utilized in the electric, electronic and textile industries. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of PentaBDE and DecaBDE after their repeated (7-28 days) intragastric administration to rats. The compounds were given at doses of 2, 8, 40 or 200 mg/kg/day (PentaBDE) and 10, 100 or 1,000 mg/kg/day (DecaBDE). The repeated administration of PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status and increased activity of glutathione reductase in serum and higher concentrations of glutathione reduced and malondialdehyde in the liver. The occurrence of these effects was not observed after DecaBDE administration. The results of histopathological examination showed fatty degeneration after administration of the highest dose of PentaBDE. The repeated administration of PentaBDE also caused the increase in relative liver mass, dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP 1A (EROD) and CYP 2B (PROD), 7-12- and 2-8-fold, respectively, as well as enhanced level of CYP 1A1 (5-30-fold) and CYP 4A (2-4.5-fold). The administration of DecaBDE induced much less pronounced changes: a maximum 2.8-fold increase in the activity of CYP 1A, a twofold increase in CYP 2B, and no alterations in other parameters under study. Contrary to DecaBDE, PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, and induced liver microsomal enzymes. Fatty degeneration in liver caused by this compound was also found.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Archives of toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruchajzer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elzbieta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frydrych\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sporny\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stanis\\\\law\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szymańska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jadwiga\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20020105\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: blood, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Liver: pathology, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: metabolism, Rats, Toxicity Tests\",\"pages\":\"287–99\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bruchajzer_toxicity_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicity of penta- and decabromodiphenyl ethers after repeated administration to rats: a comparative study.},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0738},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-009-0495-y},\\n\\tabstract = {Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl (PentaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl (DecaBDE) ethers were commonly used as flame retardants in a wide array of products, mostly in the production of plastics utilized in the electric, electronic and textile industries. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of PentaBDE and DecaBDE after their repeated (7-28 days) intragastric administration to rats. The compounds were given at doses of 2, 8, 40 or 200 mg/kg/day (PentaBDE) and 10, 100 or 1,000 mg/kg/day (DecaBDE). The repeated administration of PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status and increased activity of glutathione reductase in serum and higher concentrations of glutathione reduced and malondialdehyde in the liver. The occurrence of these effects was not observed after DecaBDE administration. The results of histopathological examination showed fatty degeneration after administration of the highest dose of PentaBDE. The repeated administration of PentaBDE also caused the increase in relative liver mass, dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP 1A (EROD) and CYP 2B (PROD), 7-12- and 2-8-fold, respectively, as well as enhanced level of CYP 1A1 (5-30-fold) and CYP 4A (2-4.5-fold). The administration of DecaBDE induced much less pronounced changes: a maximum 2.8-fold increase in the activity of CYP 1A, a twofold increase in CYP 2B, and no alterations in other parameters under study. Contrary to DecaBDE, PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, and induced liver microsomal enzymes. Fatty degeneration in liver caused by this compound was also found.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruchajzer, Elzbieta and Frydrych, Barbara and Sporny, Stanis{\\\\textbackslash}law and Szymańska, Jadwiga A},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20020105},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: blood, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Liver: pathology, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: metabolism, Rats, Toxicity Tests},\\n\\tpages = {287--99},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruchajzer, E.\",\"Frydrych, B.\",\"Sporny, S.\",\"Szymańska, J. A\"],\"key\":\"bruchajzer_toxicity_2010\",\"id\":\"bruchajzer_toxicity_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-toxicityofpentaanddecabromodiphenylethersafterrepeatedadministrationtoratsacomparativestudy-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1\",\"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione\",\"Glutathione Reductase\",\"Glutathione Reductase: blood\",\"Glutathione: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Liver: pathology\",\"Malondialdehyde\",\"Malondialdehyde: metabolism\",\"Rats\",\"Toxicity Tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lessons learned from flame retardant use and regulation could enhance future control of potentially hazardous chemicals.\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1228\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardant chemicals, used in many furniture and electronic products to slow combustion, are an example of science and policy problems related to chemical usage. Drawing on a literature review and interviews with stakeholders, we argue that early warnings of the health hazards some flame retardants pose were not heeded as their use expanded to different products. Continued use of flame retardants coincides with their increased presence in people and adverse human health effects. We recommend policy changes applicable to oversight of chemicals in general: examining classes of chemicals rather than individual ones, assessing alternative methods and materials, product labeling, and stronger regulation.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Health affairs (Project Hope)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cordner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Consumer Product Safety, Consumer Product Safety: legislation & jurispruden, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: legislation & jurisprude, Environmental Policy, Environmental Policy: legislation & jurisprudence, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Government Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: analysis, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Humans, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: analysis, Phosphoric Acid Esters: toxicity\",\"pages\":\"906–914\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brown_lessons_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Lessons learned from flame retardant use and regulation could enhance future control of potentially hazardous chemicals.},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1228},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardant chemicals, used in many furniture and electronic products to slow combustion, are an example of science and policy problems related to chemical usage. Drawing on a literature review and interviews with stakeholders, we argue that early warnings of the health hazards some flame retardants pose were not heeded as their use expanded to different products. Continued use of flame retardants coincides with their increased presence in people and adverse human health effects. We recommend policy changes applicable to oversight of chemicals in general: examining classes of chemicals rather than individual ones, assessing alternative methods and materials, product labeling, and stronger regulation.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Health affairs (Project Hope)},\\n\\tauthor = {Brown, Phil and Cordner, Alissa},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Consumer Product Safety, Consumer Product Safety: legislation \\\\& jurispruden, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: legislation \\\\& jurisprude, Environmental Policy, Environmental Policy: legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Government Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: analysis, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Humans, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: analysis, Phosphoric Acid Esters: toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {906--914},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brown, P.\",\"Cordner, A.\"],\"key\":\"brown_lessons_2011\",\"id\":\"brown_lessons_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brown-cordner-lessonslearnedfromflameretardantuseandregulationcouldenhancefuturecontrolofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Consumer Product Safety\",\"Consumer Product Safety: legislation & jurispruden\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: legislation & jurisprude\",\"Environmental Policy\",\"Environmental Policy: legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Government Regulation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hazardous Substances\",\"Hazardous Substances: analysis\",\"Hazardous Substances: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Phosphoric Acid Esters\",\"Phosphoric Acid Esters: analysis\",\"Phosphoric Acid Esters: toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Halogenated phenolic contaminants inhibit the in vitro activity of the thyroid-regulating deiodinases in human liver.\",\"volume\":\"124\",\"issn\":\"1096-0929\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/toxsci/kfr117\",\"abstract\":\"Halogenated contaminants, particularly brominated flame retardants, disrupt circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs), potentially affecting growth and development. Disruption may be mediated by impacts on deiodinase (DI) activity, which regulate the levels of active hormones available to bind to nuclear receptors. The goal of this study was to develop a mass spectrometry-based method for measuring the activity of DIs in human liver microsomes and to examine the effect of halogenated phenolic contaminants on DI activity. Thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) deiodination kinetics were measured by incubating pooled human liver microsomes with T4 or rT3 and monitoring the production of T3, rT3, 3,3'-diiodothyronine, and 3-monoiodothyronine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we examined the effects of several halogenated contaminants, including 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99), several hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs), tribromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triclosan, on DI activity. The Michaelis constants (K(M)) of rT3 and T4 deiodination were determined to be 3.2 ± 0.7 and 17.3 ± 2.3μM. The V(max) was 160 ± 5.8 and 2.8 ± 0.10 pmol/min.mg protein, respectively. All studied contaminants inhibited DI activity in a dose-response manner, with the exception of BDE 99 and two OH-BDEs. 5'-Hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether was found to be the most potent inhibitor of DI activity, and phenolic structures containing iodine were generally more potent inhibitors of DI activity relative to brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated analogues. This study suggests that some halogenated phenolics, including current use compounds such as plastic monomers, flame retardants, and their metabolites, may disrupt TH homeostasis through the inhibition of DI activity in vivo.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Butt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dongli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21565810\",\"keywords\":\"Chromatography, Diiodothyronines, Diiodothyronines: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liquid, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reverse, Reverse: metabolism, Reverse: pharmacology, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Thyroxine: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine\",\"pages\":\"339–47\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{butt_halogenated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Halogenated phenolic contaminants inhibit the in vitro activity of the thyroid-regulating deiodinases in human liver.},\\n\\tvolume = {124},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0929},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr117},\\n\\tabstract = {Halogenated contaminants, particularly brominated flame retardants, disrupt circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs), potentially affecting growth and development. Disruption may be mediated by impacts on deiodinase (DI) activity, which regulate the levels of active hormones available to bind to nuclear receptors. The goal of this study was to develop a mass spectrometry-based method for measuring the activity of DIs in human liver microsomes and to examine the effect of halogenated phenolic contaminants on DI activity. Thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) deiodination kinetics were measured by incubating pooled human liver microsomes with T4 or rT3 and monitoring the production of T3, rT3, 3,3'-diiodothyronine, and 3-monoiodothyronine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we examined the effects of several halogenated contaminants, including 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99), several hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs), tribromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triclosan, on DI activity. The Michaelis constants (K(M)) of rT3 and T4 deiodination were determined to be 3.2 ± 0.7 and 17.3 ± 2.3μM. The V(max) was 160 ± 5.8 and 2.8 ± 0.10 pmol/min.mg protein, respectively. All studied contaminants inhibited DI activity in a dose-response manner, with the exception of BDE 99 and two OH-BDEs. 5'-Hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether was found to be the most potent inhibitor of DI activity, and phenolic structures containing iodine were generally more potent inhibitors of DI activity relative to brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated analogues. This study suggests that some halogenated phenolics, including current use compounds such as plastic monomers, flame retardants, and their metabolites, may disrupt TH homeostasis through the inhibition of DI activity in vivo.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Butt, Craig M and Wang, Dongli and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21565810},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Diiodothyronines, Diiodothyronines: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liquid, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reverse, Reverse: metabolism, Reverse: pharmacology, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Thyroxine: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine},\\n\\tpages = {339--47},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Butt, C. M\",\"Wang, D.\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"butt_halogenated_2011\",\"id\":\"butt_halogenated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"butt-wang-stapleton-halogenatedphenoliccontaminantsinhibittheinvitroactivityofthethyroidregulatingdeiodinasesinhumanliver-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chromatography\",\"Diiodothyronines\",\"Diiodothyronines: metabolism\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Iodide Peroxidase\",\"Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism\",\"Liquid\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Microsomes\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Reverse\",\"Reverse: metabolism\",\"Reverse: pharmacology\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroxine\",\"Thyroxine: metabolism\",\"Thyroxine: pharmacology\",\"Triiodothyronine\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mechanisms of Leakage through Synthetic Landfill Liner Materials\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"1747-6585\",\"url\":\"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x\",\"abstract\":\"The introduction of synthetic lining materials for leachate containment and the prevention of groundwater contamination was an important development in landfill technology. These materials have a low hydraulic conductivity which results in minimal leachate release by bulk fluid flow (advection) provided that the barrier (and its construction) is free from defects. However, the effectiveness of these materials as barriers cannot be confirmed unless contaminant release by diffusion is also taken into consideration. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which transport through barriers occur. It highlights the role of diffusion as a pathway for organic compounds to migrate through synthetic liners and indicates its importance in terms of environmental impact and landfill design.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Water and Environment Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BUSS\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BUTLER\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"SOLLARS\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"PERRY\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"JOHNSTON\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"1995\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"353–359\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{buss_mechanisms_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {Mechanisms of {Leakage} through {Synthetic} {Landfill} {Liner} {Materials}},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {1747-6585},\\n\\turl = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x},\\n\\tabstract = {The introduction of synthetic lining materials for leachate containment and the prevention of groundwater contamination was an important development in landfill technology. These materials have a low hydraulic conductivity which results in minimal leachate release by bulk fluid flow (advection) provided that the barrier (and its construction) is free from defects. However, the effectiveness of these materials as barriers cannot be confirmed unless contaminant release by diffusion is also taken into consideration. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which transport through barriers occur. It highlights the role of diffusion as a pathway for organic compounds to migrate through synthetic liners and indicates its importance in terms of environmental impact and landfill design.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Water and Environment Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {BUSS, S. E. and BUTLER, A. P and SOLLARS, C. J and PERRY, R. and JOHNSTON, P. M},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {353--359},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"BUSS, S. E.\",\"BUTLER, A. P\",\"SOLLARS, C. J\",\"PERRY, R.\",\"JOHNSTON, P. M\"],\"key\":\"buss_mechanisms_1995\",\"id\":\"buss_mechanisms_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"buss-butler-sollars-perry-johnston-mechanismsofleakagethroughsyntheticlandfilllinermaterials-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"BS EN 15493:2007 Candles. Specification for fire safety.\",\"url\":\"http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&product_id=1533218\",\"publisher\":\"British Standards Institution\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BS\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{bs_bs_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {{BS} {EN} 15493:2007 {Candles}. {Specification} for fire safety.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&product_id=1533218},\\n\\tpublisher = {British Standards Institution},\\n\\tauthor = {{BS}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"BS\"],\"key\":\"bs_bs_2008\",\"id\":\"bs_bs_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bs-bsen154932007candlesspecificationforfiresafety-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&product_id=1533218\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries.\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"0734-242X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323\",\"abstract\":\"This study aimed to determine whether the waste management systems, that are presently applied in affluent countries are appropriate solutions for waste management in less developed regions. For this purpose, three cities (Vienna, Damascus and Dhaka) which differ greatly in their gross domestic product and waste management were compared. The criteria for evaluation were economic parameters, and indicators as to whether the goals of waste management (protection of human health and the environment, the conservation of resources) were reached. Based on case studies, it was found that for regions spending 1-10 Euro capita(-1) year(-1) for waste management, the 'waste hierarchy' of prevention, recycling and disposal is not an appropriate strategy. In such regions, the improvement of disposal systems (complete collection, upgrading to sanitary landfilling) is the most cost-effective method to reach the objectives of solid waste management. Concepts that are widely applied in developed countries such as incineration and mechanical waste treatment are not suitable methods to reach waste management goals in countries where people cannot spend more than 10 Euro per person for the collection, treatment and disposal of their waste. It is recommended that each region first determines its economic capacity for waste management and then designs its waste management system according to this capacity and the goals of waste management.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Waste Management & Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brunner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fellner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johann\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17612323\",\"keywords\":\"Cities, Conservation of Natural Resources, Conservation of Natural Resources: economics, Conservation of Natural Resources: legislation & j, Conservation of Natural Resources: methods, Developing Countries, Europe, Flame retardants, Humans, Incineration, Public Health, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: economics, Refuse Disposal: legislation & jurisprudence, Refuse Disposal: methods, Waste Management, Waste Management: economics, Waste Management: legislation & jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods\",\"pages\":\"234–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brunner_setting_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries.},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {0734-242X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323},\\n\\tabstract = {This study aimed to determine whether the waste management systems, that are presently applied in affluent countries are appropriate solutions for waste management in less developed regions. For this purpose, three cities (Vienna, Damascus and Dhaka) which differ greatly in their gross domestic product and waste management were compared. The criteria for evaluation were economic parameters, and indicators as to whether the goals of waste management (protection of human health and the environment, the conservation of resources) were reached. Based on case studies, it was found that for regions spending 1-10 Euro capita(-1) year(-1) for waste management, the 'waste hierarchy' of prevention, recycling and disposal is not an appropriate strategy. In such regions, the improvement of disposal systems (complete collection, upgrading to sanitary landfilling) is the most cost-effective method to reach the objectives of solid waste management. Concepts that are widely applied in developed countries such as incineration and mechanical waste treatment are not suitable methods to reach waste management goals in countries where people cannot spend more than 10 Euro per person for the collection, treatment and disposal of their waste. It is recommended that each region first determines its economic capacity for waste management and then designs its waste management system according to this capacity and the goals of waste management.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Waste Management \\\\& Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Brunner, Paul H and Fellner, Johann},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17612323},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cities, Conservation of Natural Resources, Conservation of Natural Resources: economics, Conservation of Natural Resources: legislation \\\\& j, Conservation of Natural Resources: methods, Developing Countries, Europe, Flame retardants, Humans, Incineration, Public Health, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: economics, Refuse Disposal: legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Refuse Disposal: methods, Waste Management, Waste Management: economics, Waste Management: legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods},\\n\\tpages = {234--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brunner, P. H\",\"Fellner, J.\"],\"key\":\"brunner_setting_2007\",\"id\":\"brunner_setting_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brunner-fellner-settingprioritiesforwastemanagementstrategiesindevelopingcountries-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cities\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources: economics\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources: legislation & j\",\"Conservation of Natural Resources: methods\",\"Developing Countries\",\"Europe\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Incineration\",\"Public Health\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Refuse Disposal: economics\",\"Refuse Disposal: legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Refuse Disposal: methods\",\"Waste Management\",\"Waste Management: economics\",\"Waste Management: legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Waste Management: methods\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The effect of short-term intoxication of rats with pentabromodiphenyl ether (in mixture mimic commercial products).\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1477-0903\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0960327110371261\",\"abstract\":\"Until quite recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. Due to the considerably long atmospheric half-life of PentaBDE and its contribution to environmental pollution, it is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). As the data on the toxicity of PentaBDE is rather scarce, its potential acute toxicity was the subject of this study. PentaBDE was administered intragastrically to female rats, in a single dose (25, 200 or 2000 mg/kg b.w.). PentaBDE administered to rats disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum and by higher liver glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration. The toxic effect of PentaBDE intensified lipid peroxidation. On histopathological examination, administration of the highest PentaBDE dose (2000 mg/kg b.w.) was seen to induce symptoms of fatty liver. PentaBDE caused an increase in relative liver mass, cytochromes P-450 (after two highest doses), a dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP lA (12-26 fold) and CYP 2B (5-6 fold) as well as the levels of CYP lAl (16-50 fold) and CYP 4A (2-3 fold) in liver.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Human & experimental toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruchajzer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elzbieta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frydrych\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sporny\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stanislaw\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szymańska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jadwiga\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20488850\",\"keywords\":\"Acute, Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fatty Liver, Fatty Liver: chemically induced, Fatty Liver: enzymology, Fatty Liver: pathology, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Oxidation-Reduction, Rats, Toxicity Tests, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"363–78\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bruchajzer_effect_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {The effect of short-term intoxication of rats with pentabromodiphenyl ether (in mixture mimic commercial products).},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1477-0903},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0960327110371261},\\n\\tabstract = {Until quite recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. Due to the considerably long atmospheric half-life of PentaBDE and its contribution to environmental pollution, it is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). As the data on the toxicity of PentaBDE is rather scarce, its potential acute toxicity was the subject of this study. PentaBDE was administered intragastrically to female rats, in a single dose (25, 200 or 2000 mg/kg b.w.). PentaBDE administered to rats disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum and by higher liver glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration. The toxic effect of PentaBDE intensified lipid peroxidation. On histopathological examination, administration of the highest PentaBDE dose (2000 mg/kg b.w.) was seen to induce symptoms of fatty liver. PentaBDE caused an increase in relative liver mass, cytochromes P-450 (after two highest doses), a dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP lA (12-26 fold) and CYP 2B (5-6 fold) as well as the levels of CYP lAl (16-50 fold) and CYP 4A (2-3 fold) in liver.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Human \\\\& experimental toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruchajzer, Elzbieta and Frydrych, Barbara and Sporny, Stanislaw and Szymańska, Jadwiga A},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20488850},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fatty Liver, Fatty Liver: chemically induced, Fatty Liver: enzymology, Fatty Liver: pathology, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Oxidation-Reduction, Rats, Toxicity Tests, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {363--78},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruchajzer, E.\",\"Frydrych, B.\",\"Sporny, S.\",\"Szymańska, J. A\"],\"key\":\"bruchajzer_effect_2011\",\"id\":\"bruchajzer_effect_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-theeffectofshorttermintoxicationofratswithpentabromodiphenyletherinmixturemimiccommercialproducts-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute\",\"Animals\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System\",\"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Fatty Liver\",\"Fatty Liver: chemically induced\",\"Fatty Liver: enzymology\",\"Fatty Liver: pathology\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lipid Peroxidation\",\"Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: enzymology\",\"Liver: pathology\",\"Organ Size\",\"Organ Size: drug effects\",\"Oxidation-Reduction\",\"Rats\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Porphyrogenic effect of pentabromodiphenyl ether after repeated administration to rats.\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"1432-0738\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00204-010-0621-x\",\"abstract\":\"Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. On account of the hazardous effect of PentaBDE on the environment, its use was discontinued some years ago. The toxicity of this compound has been well documented in the literature, especially with regard to the endocrine system, induction of liver microsomal enzymes, and disturbance of redox homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE after its repeated administration to rats at doses of 2, 8, 40, or 200 mg/kg/day. After a 28-day exposure, a dose-dependent increase (maximum 2.5-fold) in ALA-S activity in the liver was observed. The enhanced concentration of total porphyrins in the liver (3- to 19-fold after doses of 8-200 mg/kg/day) was also found. The most pronounced changes in liver concentrations of porphyrins were shown by high carboxylated porphyrins (a 19-fold increase for octacarboxyporphyrins and a 36-fold increase for heptacarboxyporphyrins). They made over 95% of total porphyrins accumulated in the liver. The porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE was also evidenced by the augmented urinary excretion of total porphyrins. After 28 days of exposure, the observed changes (2- to 7-fold increase) were found to be dose-dependent. Tetracarboxyporphyrins predominated in urine; their urinary concentrations were 4-12 times higher, and their daily urinary excretion is 2-9 times higher. A dose of 2 mg/kg/day was the lowest dose that caused changes in the levels of porphyrins (LOAEL). The experiment revealed the effect of PentaBDE on the heme biosynthesis and porphyrin concentrations, which indicates its porphyrogenic effect.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Archives of toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruchajzer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"El\\\\.zbieta\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21113805\",\"keywords\":\"5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: drug effects, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: metabolism, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration & dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heme, Heme: biosynthesis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Porphyrias, Porphyrias: chemically induced, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: metabolism, Porphyrins: urine, Rats, Time Factors, Wistar\",\"pages\":\"965–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bruchajzer_porphyrogenic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Porphyrogenic effect of pentabromodiphenyl ether after repeated administration to rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {1432-0738},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-010-0621-x},\\n\\tabstract = {Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. On account of the hazardous effect of PentaBDE on the environment, its use was discontinued some years ago. The toxicity of this compound has been well documented in the literature, especially with regard to the endocrine system, induction of liver microsomal enzymes, and disturbance of redox homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE after its repeated administration to rats at doses of 2, 8, 40, or 200 mg/kg/day. After a 28-day exposure, a dose-dependent increase (maximum 2.5-fold) in ALA-S activity in the liver was observed. The enhanced concentration of total porphyrins in the liver (3- to 19-fold after doses of 8-200 mg/kg/day) was also found. The most pronounced changes in liver concentrations of porphyrins were shown by high carboxylated porphyrins (a 19-fold increase for octacarboxyporphyrins and a 36-fold increase for heptacarboxyporphyrins). They made over 95\\\\% of total porphyrins accumulated in the liver. The porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE was also evidenced by the augmented urinary excretion of total porphyrins. After 28 days of exposure, the observed changes (2- to 7-fold increase) were found to be dose-dependent. Tetracarboxyporphyrins predominated in urine; their urinary concentrations were 4-12 times higher, and their daily urinary excretion is 2-9 times higher. A dose of 2 mg/kg/day was the lowest dose that caused changes in the levels of porphyrins (LOAEL). The experiment revealed the effect of PentaBDE on the heme biosynthesis and porphyrin concentrations, which indicates its porphyrogenic effect.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruchajzer, El{\\\\textbackslash}.zbieta},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21113805},\\n\\tkeywords = {5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: drug effects, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: metabolism, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\\\& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\\\& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heme, Heme: biosynthesis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Porphyrias, Porphyrias: chemically induced, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: metabolism, Porphyrins: urine, Rats, Time Factors, Wistar},\\n\\tpages = {965--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruchajzer, E.\"],\"key\":\"bruchajzer_porphyrogenic_2011\",\"id\":\"bruchajzer_porphyrogenic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruchajzer-porphyrogeniceffectofpentabromodiphenyletherafterrepeatedadministrationtorats-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805\"},\"keyword\":[\"5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase\",\"5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: drug effects\",\"5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: administration & dosage\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration & dosa\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Heme\",\"Heme: biosynthesis\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Porphyrias\",\"Porphyrias: chemically induced\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: metabolism\",\"Porphyrins: urine\",\"Rats\",\"Time Factors\",\"Wistar\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Screening chemicals for the potential to be persistent organic pollutants: a case study of Arctic contaminants.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370\",\"abstract\":\"A large and ever-increasing number of chemicals are used in commerce, and researchers and regulators have struggled to ascertain that these chemicals do not threaten human health or cause environmental or ecological damage. The presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote environments such as the Arctic is of special concern and has international regulatory implications. Responding to the need for a way to identify chemicals of high concern, a methodology has been developed which compares experimentally measured properties, or values predicted from chemical structure alone, to a set of screening criteria. These criteria include partitioning properties that allow for accumulation in the physical Arctic environment and in the Arctic human food chain, and resistance to atmospheric oxidation. Atthe same time we quantify the extent of structural resemblance to a group of known Arctic contaminants. Comparison of the substances that are identified by a mechanistic description of the processes that lead to Arctic contamination with those substances that are structurally similar to known Arctic contaminants reveals the strengths and limitations of either approach. Within a data set of more than 100,000 distinct industrial chemicals, the methodology identifies 120 high production volume chemicals which are structurally similarto known Arctic contaminants and/or have partitioning properties that suggest they are potential Arctic contaminants.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trevor\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wania\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18754370\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Risk Assessment, unsure\",\"pages\":\"5202–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brown_screening_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Screening chemicals for the potential to be persistent organic pollutants: a case study of {Arctic} contaminants.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370},\\n\\tabstract = {A large and ever-increasing number of chemicals are used in commerce, and researchers and regulators have struggled to ascertain that these chemicals do not threaten human health or cause environmental or ecological damage. The presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote environments such as the Arctic is of special concern and has international regulatory implications. Responding to the need for a way to identify chemicals of high concern, a methodology has been developed which compares experimentally measured properties, or values predicted from chemical structure alone, to a set of screening criteria. These criteria include partitioning properties that allow for accumulation in the physical Arctic environment and in the Arctic human food chain, and resistance to atmospheric oxidation. Atthe same time we quantify the extent of structural resemblance to a group of known Arctic contaminants. Comparison of the substances that are identified by a mechanistic description of the processes that lead to Arctic contamination with those substances that are structurally similar to known Arctic contaminants reveals the strengths and limitations of either approach. Within a data set of more than 100,000 distinct industrial chemicals, the methodology identifies 120 high production volume chemicals which are structurally similarto known Arctic contaminants and/or have partitioning properties that suggest they are potential Arctic contaminants.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Brown, Trevor N and Wania, Frank},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18754370},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Risk Assessment, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {5202--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brown, T. N\",\"Wania, F.\"],\"key\":\"brown_screening_2008\",\"id\":\"brown_screening_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brown-wania-screeningchemicalsforthepotentialtobepersistentorganicpollutantsacasestudyofarcticcontaminants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Humans\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: analysis\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes?\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es202320c\",\"abstract\":\"Recent studies show that PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) air concentrations remain surprisingly high in parts of Africa and Asia. These are regions where PCBs were never extensively used, but which are implicated as recipients of obsolete products and wastes containing PCBs and other industrial organic contaminants, such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). We hypothesize that there may be different trends in emissions across the globe, whereby emissions of some industrial organic contaminants may be decreasing faster in former use regions (due to emission reductions combined with uncontrolled export), at the expense of regions receiving these substances as obsolete products and wastes. We conclude that the potential for detrimental effects on the environment and human health due to long-range transport by air, water, or wastes should be of equal concern when managing and regulating industrial organic contaminants. This calls for a better integration of life-cycle approaches in the management and regulation of industrial organic contaminants in order to protect environmental and human health on a global scale. Yet, little remains known about the amounts of industrial organic contaminants exported outside former use regions as different types of wastes because of the often illicit nature of these operations.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Breivik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Knut\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gioia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosalinda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chakraborty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paromita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21958155\",\"keywords\":\"Africa, Asia, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"pages\":\"9154–60\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{breivik_are_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes?},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es202320c},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent studies show that PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) air concentrations remain surprisingly high in parts of Africa and Asia. These are regions where PCBs were never extensively used, but which are implicated as recipients of obsolete products and wastes containing PCBs and other industrial organic contaminants, such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). We hypothesize that there may be different trends in emissions across the globe, whereby emissions of some industrial organic contaminants may be decreasing faster in former use regions (due to emission reductions combined with uncontrolled export), at the expense of regions receiving these substances as obsolete products and wastes. We conclude that the potential for detrimental effects on the environment and human health due to long-range transport by air, water, or wastes should be of equal concern when managing and regulating industrial organic contaminants. This calls for a better integration of life-cycle approaches in the management and regulation of industrial organic contaminants in order to protect environmental and human health on a global scale. Yet, little remains known about the amounts of industrial organic contaminants exported outside former use regions as different types of wastes because of the often illicit nature of these operations.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Breivik, Knut and Gioia, Rosalinda and Chakraborty, Paromita and Zhang, Gan and Jones, Kevin C},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21958155},\\n\\tkeywords = {Africa, Asia, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {9154--60},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Breivik, K.\",\"Gioia, R.\",\"Chakraborty, P.\",\"Zhang, G.\",\"Jones, K. C\"],\"key\":\"breivik_are_2011\",\"id\":\"breivik_are_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"breivik-gioia-chakraborty-zhang-jones-arereductionsinindustrialorganiccontaminantsemissionsinrichcountriesachievedpartlybyexportoftoxicwastes-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155\"},\"keyword\":[\"Africa\",\"Asia\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental Pollution: analysis\",\"Europe\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Industrial Waste\",\"Industrial Waste: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioaccumulation of dioxin-like substances and selected brominated flame retardant congeners in the fat and livers of black pigs farmed within the Nebrodi Regional Park of Sicily.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1944-9097\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146\",\"doi\":\"10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-176\",\"abstract\":\"An observational study was designed to assess the bioaccumulation of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCB), and 13 selected polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in autochthonous pigs reared in the Nebrodi Park of Sicily (Italy). Perirenal fat and liver samples were drawn from animals representative of three different outdoor farming systems and from wild pigs and then analyzed for the chemicals mentioned previously. The highest concentrations of PCDD + PCDF and DL-PCB were detected in the fat (0.45 and 0.35 pg World Health Organization toxicity equivalents [WHO-TE] per g of fat base [FB], respectively) and livers (12.7 and 3.28 pg WHO-TE per g FB) of the wild group, whereas the free-ranging group showed the lowest levels (0.05 and 0.03 pg WHO-TE per g FB in fat and 0.78 and 0.27 pg WHO-TE per g FB in livers). The sum of PBDE congeners was highest in wild pigs (0.52 ng/g FB in fat and 5.64 ng/g FB in livers) and lowest in the farmed group (0.14 ng/g FB in fat and 0.28 ng/g FB in livers). The contamination levels in fat and livers of outdoor pigs had mean concentration values lower than those levels reported for intensively indoor-farmed animals. In wild pigs, bioaccumulation was associated with their free grazing in areas characterized by bush fires. The results of this study aid to emphasize the quality of the environment as a factor to guarantee food safety in typical processed pig meat products, specifically from outdoor and extensive Nebrodi farming systems.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of food protection\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brambilla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gianfranco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Filippis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefania\",\"Paola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iamiceli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\",\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iacovella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vittorio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aronica\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincenzo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Di\",\"Marco\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincenzo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"di\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Domenico\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alessandro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21333146\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: metabolism, Domestic, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention & control, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Liver: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Sicily, Swine, Wild\",\"pages\":\"261–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brambilla_bioaccumulation_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of dioxin-like substances and selected brominated flame retardant congeners in the fat and livers of black pigs farmed within the {Nebrodi} {Regional} {Park} of {Sicily}.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1944-9097},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146},\\n\\tdoi = {10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-176},\\n\\tabstract = {An observational study was designed to assess the bioaccumulation of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCB), and 13 selected polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in autochthonous pigs reared in the Nebrodi Park of Sicily (Italy). Perirenal fat and liver samples were drawn from animals representative of three different outdoor farming systems and from wild pigs and then analyzed for the chemicals mentioned previously. The highest concentrations of PCDD + PCDF and DL-PCB were detected in the fat (0.45 and 0.35 pg World Health Organization toxicity equivalents [WHO-TE] per g of fat base [FB], respectively) and livers (12.7 and 3.28 pg WHO-TE per g FB) of the wild group, whereas the free-ranging group showed the lowest levels (0.05 and 0.03 pg WHO-TE per g FB in fat and 0.78 and 0.27 pg WHO-TE per g FB in livers). The sum of PBDE congeners was highest in wild pigs (0.52 ng/g FB in fat and 5.64 ng/g FB in livers) and lowest in the farmed group (0.14 ng/g FB in fat and 0.28 ng/g FB in livers). The contamination levels in fat and livers of outdoor pigs had mean concentration values lower than those levels reported for intensively indoor-farmed animals. In wild pigs, bioaccumulation was associated with their free grazing in areas characterized by bush fires. The results of this study aid to emphasize the quality of the environment as a factor to guarantee food safety in typical processed pig meat products, specifically from outdoor and extensive Nebrodi farming systems.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of food protection},\\n\\tauthor = {Brambilla, Gianfranco and De Filippis, Stefania Paola and Iamiceli, Anna Laura and Iacovella, Nicola and Abate, Vittorio and Aronica, Vincenzo and Di Marco, Vincenzo and di Domenico, Alessandro},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21333146},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: metabolism, Domestic, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention \\\\& control, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Liver: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Sicily, Swine, Wild},\\n\\tpages = {261--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brambilla, G.\",\"De Filippis, S. P.\",\"Iamiceli, A. L.\",\"Iacovella, N.\",\"Abate, V.\",\"Aronica, V.\",\"Di Marco, V.\",\"di Domenico, A.\"],\"key\":\"brambilla_bioaccumulation_2011\",\"id\":\"brambilla_bioaccumulation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brambilla-defilippis-iamiceli-iacovella-abate-aronica-dimarco-didomenico-bioaccumulationofdioxinlikesubstancesandselectedbrominatedflameretardantcongenersinthefatandliversofblackpigsfarmedwithinthenebrodiregionalparkofsicily-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Consumer Product Safety\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Dioxins: metabolism\",\"Domestic\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Food Contamination: prevention & control\",\"Humans\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: chemistry\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Sicily\",\"Swine\",\"Wild\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Berkeley, CA\",\"title\":\"Environmental Exposures in Early Childhood Education Environments\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf\",\"number\":\"08\",\"publisher\":\"Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California Berkeley for the California Air Resources Board\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaspar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fraser\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castorina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosemary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tong-Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elodie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, air pollution research, arb, cal epa, carb, day care environment, health exposure, lbnl, randy maddalena, uc berkeley research\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{bradman_environmental_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Berkeley, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental {Exposures} in {Early} {Childhood} {Education} {Environments}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {08},\\n\\tpublisher = {Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California Berkeley for the California Air Resources Board},\\n\\tauthor = {Bradman, Asa and Gaspar, Fraser and Castorina, Rosemary and Tong-Lin, Elodie and McKone, Thomas E},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, air pollution research, arb, cal epa, carb, day care environment, health exposure, lbnl, randy maddalena, uc berkeley research},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bradman, A.\",\"Gaspar, F.\",\"Castorina, R.\",\"Tong-Lin, E.\",\"McKone, T. E\"],\"key\":\"bradman_environmental_2012\",\"id\":\"bradman_environmental_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bradman-gaspar-castorina-tonglin-mckone-environmentalexposuresinearlychildhoodeducationenvironments-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"air pollution research\",\"arb\",\"cal epa\",\"carb\",\"day care environment\",\"health exposure\",\"lbnl\",\"randy maddalena\",\"uc berkeley research\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598\",\"abstract\":\"This comprehensive study focused on the spatial and seasonal variations of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in surface water from the estuary of the River Elbe and the German Bight (North Sea). 100 surface water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with regard to 16 different OPs. The dominating substance was found to be tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (Elbe: 40-250 ng L(-1), German Bight: 3-28 ng L(-1)). Furthermore, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were detected in concentrations up to 180 ng L(-1). Seasonal trends were detected for the longitudinal profile of the Elbe estuary. Besides the dilution of river water with North Sea water toward the mouth, leading to decreasing concentrations at the four sampling cruises (March, May, August, and October, 2010), an additional depletion of non-halogenated OPs was observed in summer which is supposed to be due to biodegradation or photodegradation. In addition, a comparison of all important tributaries of the German Bight (Elbe, Ems, and Weser) as well as the indirect tributaries Meuse, Rhine, and Scheldt was done by multivariate statistical methods. It could be shown that the contribution of non-halogenated alkylated OPs in the Rhine was higher than in all other tributaries. The riverine input of OPs into the North Sea via the investigated tributaries was estimated to be about 50 tyr(-1).\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Water research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bollmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiyong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ebinghaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Einax\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jürgen\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Multivariate Analysis, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"531–538\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bollmann_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598},\\n\\tabstract = {This comprehensive study focused on the spatial and seasonal variations of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in surface water from the estuary of the River Elbe and the German Bight (North Sea). 100 surface water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with regard to 16 different OPs. The dominating substance was found to be tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (Elbe: 40-250 ng L(-1), German Bight: 3-28 ng L(-1)). Furthermore, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were detected in concentrations up to 180 ng L(-1). Seasonal trends were detected for the longitudinal profile of the Elbe estuary. Besides the dilution of river water with North Sea water toward the mouth, leading to decreasing concentrations at the four sampling cruises (March, May, August, and October, 2010), an additional depletion of non-halogenated OPs was observed in summer which is supposed to be due to biodegradation or photodegradation. In addition, a comparison of all important tributaries of the German Bight (Elbe, Ems, and Weser) as well as the indirect tributaries Meuse, Rhine, and Scheldt was done by multivariate statistical methods. It could be shown that the contribution of non-halogenated alkylated OPs in the Rhine was higher than in all other tributaries. The riverine input of OPs into the North Sea via the investigated tributaries was estimated to be about 50 tyr(-1).},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Water research},\\n\\tauthor = {Bollmann, Ulla E and Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Ebinghaus, Ralf and Einax, Jürgen W},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Multivariate Analysis, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {531--538},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bollmann, U. E\",\"Möller, A.\",\"Xie, Z.\",\"Ebinghaus, R.\",\"Einax, J. W\"],\"key\":\"bollmann_occurrence_2012\",\"id\":\"bollmann_occurrence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bollmann-mller-xie-ebinghaus-einax-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersincoastalandmarinesurfacewaters-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Germany\",\"Multivariate Analysis\",\"North Sea\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Rivers\",\"Rivers: chemistry\",\"Seasons\",\"Seawater\",\"Seawater: analysis\",\"Solid Phase Extraction\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples.\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c2em30303e\",\"abstract\":\"While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g(-1) dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g(-1)) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g(-1) dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g(-1) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g(-1) dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brommer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22854617\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Germany, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis\",\"pages\":\"2482–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brommer_concentrations_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in {German} indoor dust samples.},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em30303e},\\n\\tabstract = {While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g(-1) dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g(-1)) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g(-1) dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g(-1) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g(-1) dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Brommer, Sandra and Harrad, Stuart and Van den Eede, Nele and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22854617},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Germany, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {2482--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brommer, S.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"brommer_concentrations_2012\",\"id\":\"brommer_concentrations_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brommer-harrad-vandeneede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Esters\",\"Esters: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Germany\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"0007-1072\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"There is growing concern over the detrimental health effects to firefighters produced by exposure to combustion byproducts of burning materials. To assess the types and levels of exposure encountered by firefighters during their routine occupational duties, members of the Buffalo Fire Department were monitored during firefighting activities with personal, portable, ambient environmental sampling devices. The results indicate that firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials including carbon monoxide, benzene, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, dichlorofluoromethane, and particulates. Furthermore, in many cases of the worst exposure to these materials respiratory protective equipment was not used owing to the visual impression of low smoke intensity, and thus these levels represent actual direct exposure of the firefighters. Many of these materials have been implicated in the production of cardiovascular, respiratory, or neoplastic diseases, which may provide an explanation for the alleged increased risk for these illnesses among firefighters.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"British journal of industrial medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandt-Rauf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fallon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tarantini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Idema\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andrews\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"1988\",\"pmid\":\"3179235\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, New York, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Risk Factors, Smoke, Smoke: analysis\",\"pages\":\"606–12\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brandt-rauf_health_1988,\\n\\ttitle = {Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {0007-1072},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {There is growing concern over the detrimental health effects to firefighters produced by exposure to combustion byproducts of burning materials. To assess the types and levels of exposure encountered by firefighters during their routine occupational duties, members of the Buffalo Fire Department were monitored during firefighting activities with personal, portable, ambient environmental sampling devices. The results indicate that firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials including carbon monoxide, benzene, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, dichlorofluoromethane, and particulates. Furthermore, in many cases of the worst exposure to these materials respiratory protective equipment was not used owing to the visual impression of low smoke intensity, and thus these levels represent actual direct exposure of the firefighters. Many of these materials have been implicated in the production of cardiovascular, respiratory, or neoplastic diseases, which may provide an explanation for the alleged increased risk for these illnesses among firefighters.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {British journal of industrial medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Brandt-Rauf, P W and Fallon, L F and Tarantini, T and Idema, C and Andrews, L},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {1988},\\n\\tpmid = {3179235},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, New York, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Risk Factors, Smoke, Smoke: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {606--12},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brandt-Rauf, P W\",\"Fallon, L F\",\"Tarantini, T\",\"Idema, C\",\"Andrews, L\"],\"key\":\"brandt-rauf_health_1988\",\"id\":\"brandt-rauf_health_1988\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brandtrauf-fallon-tarantini-idema-andrews-healthhazardsoffirefightersexposureassessment-1988\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Fires\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"New York\",\"Occupational\",\"Occupational: analysis\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Smoke\",\"Smoke: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among school-age children in the CHAMACOS cohort.\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es3003487\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants historically used in textiles, furniture, and electronic products. Recent studies have documented widespread PBDE exposure to humans, with higher levels measured in children than adults. We analyzed 10 tri- to hepta-BDE congener levels in blood collected from 7-year old Mexican-American children living in an agriculture community in California (n = 272). The most frequently detected PBDE congeners in child serum were BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153, all of which were measured in \\\\textgreater99% of the children. We used multiple linear regression models to examine associations between child total PBDE levels (ng/g lipid) and determinants of exposure. Factors positively associated with higher PBDE levels in the children were total PBDE levels in maternal serum during pregnancy, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and having no safe places to play in their neighborhood. Child BMI was inversely associated with serum PBDE levels (regression p-values \\\\textless0.05). Our findings confirm that exposure to the penta-BDE mixture is ongoing, and that Mexican-American children living in California may be experiencing higher PBDE exposure from their environment compared to children sampled from the general U.S. population. Additional research is needed to assess the health impacts of these exposures.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castorina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosemary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fenster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nina\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22668079\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Body Mass Index, Breast Feeding, Child, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Models, Molecular, Pregnancy, Preschool, Young Adult, california\",\"pages\":\"7373–81\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bradman_factors_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) levels among school-age children in the {CHAMACOS} cohort.},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es3003487},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants historically used in textiles, furniture, and electronic products. Recent studies have documented widespread PBDE exposure to humans, with higher levels measured in children than adults. We analyzed 10 tri- to hepta-BDE congener levels in blood collected from 7-year old Mexican-American children living in an agriculture community in California (n = 272). The most frequently detected PBDE congeners in child serum were BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153, all of which were measured in {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater99\\\\% of the children. We used multiple linear regression models to examine associations between child total PBDE levels (ng/g lipid) and determinants of exposure. Factors positively associated with higher PBDE levels in the children were total PBDE levels in maternal serum during pregnancy, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and having no safe places to play in their neighborhood. Child BMI was inversely associated with serum PBDE levels (regression p-values {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Our findings confirm that exposure to the penta-BDE mixture is ongoing, and that Mexican-American children living in California may be experiencing higher PBDE exposure from their environment compared to children sampled from the general U.S. population. Additional research is needed to assess the health impacts of these exposures.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bradman, Asa and Castorina, Rosemary and Sjödin, Andreas and Fenster, Laura and Jones, Richard S and Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Holland, Nina T and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22668079},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Body Mass Index, Breast Feeding, Child, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Models, Molecular, Pregnancy, Preschool, Young Adult, california},\\n\\tpages = {7373--81},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bradman, A.\",\"Castorina, R.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Fenster, L.\",\"Jones, R. S\",\"Harley, K. G\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Holland, N. T\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"bradman_factors_2012\",\"id\":\"bradman_factors_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bradman-castorina-sjdin-fenster-jones-harley-chevrier-holland-etal-factorsassociatedwithserumpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsamongschoolagechildreninthechamacoscohort-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Body Mass Index\",\"Breast Feeding\",\"Child\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Linear Models\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Mexican Americans\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Preschool\",\"Young Adult\",\"california\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in Great skuas (Stercorarius skua) breeding at different geographical locations.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1096-0953\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25% higher) and oxidative stress (50% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bourgeon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sophie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eliza\",\"H\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magnusdóttir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fisk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strøm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hallvard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sveinn\",\"Are\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aevar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olafsdóttir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Borg\\\\a\",\"a\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geir\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bustnes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"Ove\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22921737\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Birds, Birds: physiology, Breeding, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Feathers, Feathers: chemistry, Flame retardants, Health Status, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulins: blood, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Oxidative Stress\",\"pages\":\"31–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bourgeon_individual_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in {Great} skuas ({Stercorarius} skua) breeding at different geographical locations.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0953},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25\\\\% higher) and oxidative stress (50\\\\% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15\\\\% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental research},\\n\\tauthor = {Bourgeon, Sophie and Leat, Eliza H K and Magnusdóttir, Ellen and Fisk, Aaron T and Furness, Robert W and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn Are and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdóttir, Kristin and Borg{\\\\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Bustnes, Jan Ove},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22921737},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Birds, Birds: physiology, Breeding, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Feathers, Feathers: chemistry, Flame retardants, Health Status, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulins: blood, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Oxidative Stress},\\n\\tpages = {31--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bourgeon, S.\",\"Leat, E. H K\",\"Magnusdóttir, E.\",\"Fisk, A. T\",\"Furness, R. W\",\"Strøm, H.\",\"Hanssen, S. A.\",\"Petersen, A.\",\"Olafsdóttir, K.\",\"Borg\\\\a a , K.\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W\",\"Bustnes, J. O.\"],\"key\":\"bourgeon_individual_2012\",\"id\":\"bourgeon_individual_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Biological Markers: blood\",\"Birds\",\"Birds: physiology\",\"Breeding\",\"Corticosterone\",\"Corticosterone: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Feathers\",\"Feathers: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Health Status\",\"Immunoglobulins\",\"Immunoglobulins: blood\",\"Organic Chemicals\",\"Organic Chemicals: toxicity\",\"Oxidative Stress\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the DE-71 technical mixture.\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1522-7278\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/tox.20603\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are used as flame retardants in consumer products. Rodent studies indicate that the liver, thyroid, and nervous system of developing animals are targets of BDEs. To explore the relationship between exposure and health in developing animals, BDE accumulation in adult and juvenile rats was examined in conjunction with changes in liver weight and serum thyroxine (T4). Adult (F0) rats received the commercial BDE mixture DE-71 by gavage at doses of 0.5, 5, and 25 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw)/day for 21 weeks. F0 rats were mated and exposure continued throughout breeding, pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning until the pups (F1 generation) reached postnatal day (PND) 42. Milk was collected from lactating dams. Adipose and liver samples were collected from F0 and F1 males and females for BDE congener analysis. Congener prevalence in rat tissues mimicked congener prevalence in wildlife and humans. Tissue concentrations of all congeners except BDE-153 were lower than would be expected based on dose proportionality, confirming that BDE-153 has a high capacity for bioaccumulation. BDEs were transferred from maternal tissues to milk during lactation. Milk congener profiles differed from maternal tissue profiles indicating that degree of bromination and maternal sequestration influenced BDE transfer to milk. Female F1 rats accumulated more BDEs than F1 males, indicating that female rats were less able to metabolize and/or excrete BDEs. Significant effects on liver weight and serum T4 levels were observed in adults and juveniles in the middle and high dose groups, corresponding to BDE levels in the μg g(-1) range. Although it remains to be determined how human liver and thyroid are affected by exposure to much lower BDE levels, the present study confirmed that gender and reproductive status influence BDE accumulation in tissues and BDE transfer to the neonate via milk.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bondy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaertner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cherry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"MacLellan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coady\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doucet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rowsell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20549633\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"677–90\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bondy_brominated_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the {DE}-71 technical mixture.},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1522-7278},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20603},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are used as flame retardants in consumer products. Rodent studies indicate that the liver, thyroid, and nervous system of developing animals are targets of BDEs. To explore the relationship between exposure and health in developing animals, BDE accumulation in adult and juvenile rats was examined in conjunction with changes in liver weight and serum thyroxine (T4). Adult (F0) rats received the commercial BDE mixture DE-71 by gavage at doses of 0.5, 5, and 25 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw)/day for 21 weeks. F0 rats were mated and exposure continued throughout breeding, pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning until the pups (F1 generation) reached postnatal day (PND) 42. Milk was collected from lactating dams. Adipose and liver samples were collected from F0 and F1 males and females for BDE congener analysis. Congener prevalence in rat tissues mimicked congener prevalence in wildlife and humans. Tissue concentrations of all congeners except BDE-153 were lower than would be expected based on dose proportionality, confirming that BDE-153 has a high capacity for bioaccumulation. BDEs were transferred from maternal tissues to milk during lactation. Milk congener profiles differed from maternal tissue profiles indicating that degree of bromination and maternal sequestration influenced BDE transfer to milk. Female F1 rats accumulated more BDEs than F1 males, indicating that female rats were less able to metabolize and/or excrete BDEs. Significant effects on liver weight and serum T4 levels were observed in adults and juveniles in the middle and high dose groups, corresponding to BDE levels in the μg g(-1) range. Although it remains to be determined how human liver and thyroid are affected by exposure to much lower BDE levels, the present study confirmed that gender and reproductive status influence BDE accumulation in tissues and BDE transfer to the neonate via milk.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bondy, G S and Gaertner, D and Cherry, W and MacLellan, E and Coady, L and Arnold, D L and Doucet, J and Rowsell, P R},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20549633},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {677--90},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bondy, G S\",\"Gaertner, D\",\"Cherry, W\",\"MacLellan, E\",\"Coady, L\",\"Arnold, D L\",\"Doucet, J\",\"Rowsell, P R\"],\"key\":\"bondy_brominated_2011\",\"id\":\"bondy_brominated_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bondy-gaertner-cherry-maclellan-coady-arnold-doucet-rowsell-brominateddiphenyletherbdelevelsinliveradiposeandmilkfromadultandjuvenileratsexposedbygavagetothede71technicalmixture-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Milk\",\"Milk: metabolism\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Pregnancy Complications\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.\",\"volume\":\"355\",\"issn\":\"1872-8057\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.005\",\"abstract\":\"In recent years, many studies of thyroid-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals have been published. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing organism may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some animal experiments and in vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mode of action of specific chemical compounds. Long-term human studies on effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid related outcomes such as growth and development are still lacking. The human exposure scenario with life long exposure to a vast mixture of chemicals in low doses and the large physiological variation in thyroid hormone levels between individuals render human studies very difficult. However, there is now reasonably firm evidence that PCBs have thyroid-disrupting effects, and there is emerging evidence that also phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals may have thyroid disrupting properties.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Molecular and cellular endocrinology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Malene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feldt-Rasmussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Main\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katharina\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"21939731\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: pharmacology, Pesticides: toxicity, Pregnancy, Reproductive Health, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology\",\"pages\":\"240–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{boas_thyroid_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.},\\n\\tvolume = {355},\\n\\tissn = {1872-8057},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.005},\\n\\tabstract = {In recent years, many studies of thyroid-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals have been published. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing organism may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some animal experiments and in vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mode of action of specific chemical compounds. Long-term human studies on effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid related outcomes such as growth and development are still lacking. The human exposure scenario with life long exposure to a vast mixture of chemicals in low doses and the large physiological variation in thyroid hormone levels between individuals render human studies very difficult. However, there is now reasonably firm evidence that PCBs have thyroid-disrupting effects, and there is emerging evidence that also phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals may have thyroid disrupting properties.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular and cellular endocrinology},\\n\\tauthor = {Boas, Malene and Feldt-Rasmussen, Ulla and Main, Katharina M},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {21939731},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: pharmacology, Pesticides: toxicity, Pregnancy, Reproductive Health, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology},\\n\\tpages = {240--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Boas, M.\",\"Feldt-Rasmussen, U.\",\"Main, K. M\"],\"key\":\"boas_thyroid_2012\",\"id\":\"boas_thyroid_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"boas-feldtrasmussen-main-thyroideffectsofendocrinedisruptingchemicals-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology\",\"Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: pharmacology\",\"Pesticides: toxicity\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Reproductive Health\",\"Thyroid Gland\",\"Thyroid Gland: drug effects\",\"Thyroid Gland: metabolism\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: physiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The fire retardant dilemma.\",\"volume\":\"318\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1126/science.318.5848.194b\",\"number\":\"5848\",\"journal\":\"Science (New York, N.Y.)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Fires, Fires: legislation & jurisprudence, Fires: prevention & control, Fires: statistics & numerical data, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Legislation as Topic, Safety, United States\",\"pages\":\"194–195\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blum_fire_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {The fire retardant dilemma.},\\n\\tvolume = {318},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1126/science.318.5848.194b},\\n\\tnumber = {5848},\\n\\tjournal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Fires, Fires: legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Fires: prevention \\\\& control, Fires: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Legislation as Topic, Safety, United States},\\n\\tpages = {194--195},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"blum_fire_2007\",\"id\":\"blum_fire_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-thefireretardantdilemma-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Fires\",\"Fires: legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Fires: prevention & control\",\"Fires: statistics & numerical data\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: standards\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Legislation as Topic\",\"Safety\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Berkeley, CA\",\"title\":\"The Case against Candle Resistant Electronics\",\"url\":\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.\",\"publisher\":\"Green Science Policy Institute\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{blum_case_2008,\\n\\taddress = {Berkeley, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {The {Case} against {Candle} {Resistant} {Electronics}},\\n\\turl = {http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Green Science Policy Institute},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"blum_case_2008\",\"id\":\"blum_case_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronics-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards.\",\"volume\":\"195\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254\",\"number\":\"4273\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ames\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1977\",\"pmid\":\"831254\",\"keywords\":\"Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Legislation as Topic, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: adverse effects, Protective Clothing, Protective Clothing: standards, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, United States, ffr, hum, tox\",\"pages\":\"17–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blum_flame-retardant_1977,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards.},\\n\\tvolume = {195},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254},\\n\\tnumber = {4273},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, A and Ames, B N},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1977},\\n\\tpmid = {831254},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Legislation as Topic, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: adverse effects, Protective Clothing, Protective Clothing: standards, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, United States, ffr, hum, tox},\\n\\tpages = {17--23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A\",\"Ames, B N\"],\"key\":\"blum_flame-retardant_1977\",\"id\":\"blum_flame-retardant_1977\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biological Assay\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: adverse effects\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Legislation as Topic\",\"Mutagens\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: adverse effects\",\"Protective Clothing\",\"Protective Clothing: standards\",\"Salmonella\",\"Salmonella: drug effects\",\"Structure-Activity Relationship\",\"United States\",\"ffr\",\"hum\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The Case against Candle Resistant TVs. Master White Paper.\",\"url\":\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"A proposed amendment to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 60065 for candle resistance of television enclosures has an unproven fire safety rationale as well as a large potential to cause harm to human health and the environment.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{blum_case_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Case} against {Candle} {Resistant} {TVs}. {Master} {White} {Paper}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {A proposed amendment to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 60065 for candle resistance of television enclosures has an unproven fire safety rationale as well as a large potential to cause harm to human health and the environment.},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, A},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A\"],\"key\":\"blum_case_2008-1\",\"id\":\"blum_case_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistanttvsmasterwhitepaper-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The case against candle resistant electronics. Master White Paper.\",\"url\":\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.\",\"publisher\":\"Green Science Policy Institute\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, frelec, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{blum_case_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {The case against candle resistant electronics. {Master} {White} {Paper}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Green Science Policy Institute},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, A},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A\"],\"key\":\"blum_case_2008-1-1\",\"id\":\"blum_case_2008-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronicsmasterwhitepaper-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"frelec\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Bor\\\\a as, Sweden\",\"title\":\"Compilation of International Building Regulations (Fire) Relevant for EPS/XPS: SP Technical Note 2010:10, revised 2011-11-30\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"A compilation of international building regulations has been attempted. An undertaking of this kind is, by its very nature, nebulous and difficult to say the least due to the minutiae of differences in interpretation of seemingly similar regulations in their individual application. We have attempted to approach the topic in a systematic manner that has at times posed questions which have defied a single answer. This is particularly true in the EU where the CPD and associated harmonized Euroclass system seems straightforward at first glance, at least for those products where product standards exist (which is true for insulation materials). As the project has proceeded it has become painfully clear that the devil is in the detail, with application of the harmonized European approach differing significantly in the different member states, e.g. from essentially no material requirements in Sweden to stringent material requirements in Germany. Nonetheless, it is clear from the compilation that the use of flame retardants in EPS/XPS is widespread, both in cases where this is a strict regulatory requirement (e.g., Germany) and in those where it is not (e.g., Australia). The report is presented divided into European countries and non-European countries for the simple reason that the European countries have an overriding system (the CPD and Euroclass system) upon which they base their national regulations while those outside of Europe each have national codes. The regulations themselves are summarized in Chapter 3 while their implications for European countries and non-European countries are summarized in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively. Note: SP Technical Note 2010:10 has been revised 2011-11-30 and this version supersedes previous versions of this document .\",\"publisher\":\"SP Technical Insitute\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blomqvist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McNamee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\",\"Simonson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thureson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{blomqvist_compilation_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Bor{\\\\textbackslash}a as, Sweden},\\n\\ttitle = {Compilation of {International} {Building} {Regulations} ({Fire}) {Relevant} for {EPS}/{XPS}: {SP} {Technical} {Note} 2010:10, revised 2011-11-30},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {A compilation of international building regulations has been attempted. An undertaking of this kind is, by its very nature, nebulous and difficult to say the least due to the minutiae of differences in interpretation of seemingly similar regulations in their individual application. We have attempted to approach the topic in a systematic manner that has at times posed questions which have defied a single answer. This is particularly true in the EU where the CPD and associated harmonized Euroclass system seems straightforward at first glance, at least for those products where product standards exist (which is true for insulation materials). As the project has proceeded it has become painfully clear that the devil is in the detail, with application of the harmonized European approach differing significantly in the different member states, e.g. from essentially no material requirements in Sweden to stringent material requirements in Germany. Nonetheless, it is clear from the compilation that the use of flame retardants in EPS/XPS is widespread, both in cases where this is a strict regulatory requirement (e.g., Germany) and in those where it is not (e.g., Australia). The report is presented divided into European countries and non-European countries for the simple reason that the European countries have an overriding system (the CPD and Euroclass system) upon which they base their national regulations while those outside of Europe each have national codes. The regulations themselves are summarized in Chapter 3 while their implications for European countries and non-European countries are summarized in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively. Note: SP Technical Note 2010:10 has been revised 2011-11-30 and this version supersedes previous versions of this document .},\\n\\tpublisher = {SP Technical Insitute},\\n\\tauthor = {Blomqvist, Per and McNamee, Margaret Simonson and Thureson, Per},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blomqvist, P.\",\"McNamee, M. S.\",\"Thureson, P.\"],\"key\":\"blomqvist_compilation_2011\",\"id\":\"blomqvist_compilation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blomqvist-mcnamee-thureson-compilationofinternationalbuildingregulationsfirerelevantforepsxpssptechnicalnote201010revised20111130-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Sample characterization: a priori to evaluating absorption, distribution, and metabolism.\",\"volume\":\"287\",\"issn\":\"1879-3185\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.016\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biesemeier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ariano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Banasik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carr\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Senegal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tristan\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stedeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21669248\",\"keywords\":\"Absorption, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy, Rats, Tissue Distribution\",\"pages\":\"160–1; author reply 162–3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{biesemeier_sample_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Sample characterization: a priori to evaluating absorption, distribution, and metabolism.},\\n\\tvolume = {287},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3185},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.016},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Biesemeier, John A and Ariano, John M and Banasik, Marek and Smith, Carr J and Senegal, Tristan W and Stedeford, Todd},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21669248},\\n\\tkeywords = {Absorption, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy, Rats, Tissue Distribution},\\n\\tpages = {160--1; author reply 162--3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Biesemeier, J. A\",\"Ariano, J. M\",\"Banasik, M.\",\"Smith, C. J\",\"Senegal, T. W\",\"Stedeford, T.\"],\"key\":\"biesemeier_sample_2011\",\"id\":\"biesemeier_sample_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"biesemeier-ariano-banasik-smith-senegal-stedeford-samplecharacterizationaprioritoevaluatingabsorptiondistributionandmetabolism-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248\"},\"keyword\":[\"Absorption\",\"Animals\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Tissue Distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in South China.\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768\",\"abstract\":\"In P.R. China, electronic waste (e-waste) from across the world is dismantled and discarded. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in serum from residents of an e-waste dismantling region (Guiyu, South China), where 80% of families work in e-waste recycling, and compared to a matching cohort from a nearby region where the fishing industry dominates (Haojiang). Serum concentrations of PBDEs and OCPs, but not PCBs, were significantly different in the two regions: the median sigmaPBDE concentration was 3 times higher in Guiyu than Haojiang, whereas the opposite was true for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). PBDEs typically accounted for 46% of the total organohalogen chemicals in samples from Guiyu, but 8.7% in Haojiang. The median BDE-209 concentration in Guiyu was 50-200 times higher than previously reported in occupationally exposed populations. The highest BDE-209 concentration was 3100 ng/g lipid, the highest yet reported in humans. Serum PBDE concentrations did not correlate with PCBs or OCPs, whereas PCBs and OCPs showed positive correlations, suggesting that sources of PBDEs to humans are different from PCBs and OCPs. The levels of PBDEs in individuals from Haojiang are possibly related to the recycling activity at Guiyu, through atmospheric transport.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gareth\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weiyue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francis\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pmid\":\"17874768\",\"keywords\":\"80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Electronics, Electronics: manpower, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration & dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"5647–53\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bi_exposure_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in {South} {China}.},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768},\\n\\tabstract = {In P.R. China, electronic waste (e-waste) from across the world is dismantled and discarded. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in serum from residents of an e-waste dismantling region (Guiyu, South China), where 80\\\\% of families work in e-waste recycling, and compared to a matching cohort from a nearby region where the fishing industry dominates (Haojiang). Serum concentrations of PBDEs and OCPs, but not PCBs, were significantly different in the two regions: the median sigmaPBDE concentration was 3 times higher in Guiyu than Haojiang, whereas the opposite was true for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). PBDEs typically accounted for 46\\\\% of the total organohalogen chemicals in samples from Guiyu, but 8.7\\\\% in Haojiang. The median BDE-209 concentration in Guiyu was 50-200 times higher than previously reported in occupationally exposed populations. The highest BDE-209 concentration was 3100 ng/g lipid, the highest yet reported in humans. Serum PBDE concentrations did not correlate with PCBs or OCPs, whereas PCBs and OCPs showed positive correlations, suggesting that sources of PBDEs to humans are different from PCBs and OCPs. The levels of PBDEs in individuals from Haojiang are possibly related to the recycling activity at Guiyu, through atmospheric transport.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Bi, Xinhui and Thomas, Gareth O and Jones, Kevin C and Qu, Weiyue and Sheng, Guoying and Martin, Francis L and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpmid = {17874768},\\n\\tkeywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Electronics, Electronics: manpower, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration \\\\& dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {5647--53},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bi, X.\",\"Thomas, G. O\",\"Jones, K. C\",\"Qu, W.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Martin, F. L\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"bi_exposure_2007\",\"id\":\"bi_exposure_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bi-thomas-jones-qu-sheng-martin-fu-exposureofelectronicsdismantlingworkerstopolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinsouthchina-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768\"},\"keyword\":[\"80 and over\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"China\",\"Electronics\",\"Electronics: manpower\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Occupational Exposure\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: blood\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration & dosage\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood\",\"Refuse Disposal\",\"Refuse Disposal: methods\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"New thinking on flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Betts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kellyn\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18470294\",\"keywords\":\"Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Policy Making, ffr, frelec, reg, use\",\"pages\":\"A210–3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{betts_new_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {New thinking on flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18470294},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Policy Making, ffr, frelec, reg, use},\\n\\tpages = {A210--3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Betts, K. S\"],\"key\":\"betts_new_2008\",\"id\":\"betts_new_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"betts-newthinkingonflameretardants-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: adverse effects\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Interior Design and Furnishings\",\"Policy Making\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"reg\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Children absorb tris-BP flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol.\",\"volume\":\"201\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422\",\"abstract\":\"The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.\",\"number\":\"4360\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ames\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dougherty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Horning\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dzidic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carroll\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stillwell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thenot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"1978\",\"pmid\":\"684422\",\"keywords\":\"1-Propanol, 1-Propanol: urine, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Child, Chromatography, Clothing, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Mutagens, Mutagens: urine, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Propanols, Skin Absorption, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"1020–3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blum_children_1978,\\n\\ttitle = {Children absorb tris-{BP} flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol.},\\n\\tvolume = {201},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422},\\n\\tabstract = {The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.},\\n\\tnumber = {4360},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, A and Gold, M D and Ames, B N and Jones, F R and Hett, E A and Dougherty, R C and Horning, E C and Dzidic, I and Carroll, D I and Stillwell, R N and Thenot, J P},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {1978},\\n\\tpmid = {684422},\\n\\tkeywords = {1-Propanol, 1-Propanol: urine, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Child, Chromatography, Clothing, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Mutagens, Mutagens: urine, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Propanols, Skin Absorption, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {1020--3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A\",\"Gold, M D\",\"Ames, B N\",\"Jones, F R\",\"Hett, E A\",\"Dougherty, R C\",\"Horning, E C\",\"Dzidic, I\",\"Carroll, D I\",\"Stillwell, R N\",\"Thenot, J P\"],\"key\":\"blum_children_1978\",\"id\":\"blum_children_1978\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-gold-ames-jones-hett-dougherty-horning-dzidic-etal-childrenabsorbtrisbpflameretardantfromsleepwearurinecontainsthemutagenicmetabolite23dibromopropanol-1978\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422\"},\"keyword\":[\"1-Propanol\",\"1-Propanol: urine\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Child\",\"Chromatography\",\"Clothing\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Mass Spectrometry\",\"Mass Spectrometry: methods\",\"Mutagens\",\"Mutagens: urine\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism\",\"Propanols\",\"Skin Absorption\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perinatal exposure to low-dose DE-71 increases serum thyroid hormones and gonadal osteopontin gene expression.\",\"volume\":\"236\",\"issn\":\"1535-3699\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881\",\"doi\":\"10.1258/ebm.2010.010334\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that have been widely used in manufacturing. They are major household and environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate. Humans are exposed primarily through dust inhalation and dietary ingestion of animal products. In animal studies, high doses of penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (penta-BDEs) in the mg/kg body weight (BW) range negatively impact brain development, behavior, memory, circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, the reproductive system and bone development. We investigated the effects of ingestion of a relatively low dose of the penta-BDE mixture DE-71 by pregnant and lactating rats on reproductive and thyroid parameters of the F1 offspring. F0 mothers received 60 μg/kg BW of DE-71 or vehicle daily by gavage from Day 1.5 of pregnancy through lactation (except the day of parturition). F1 pups were sacrificed at 21 d of age or outbred at approximately 80 d of age. Bred F1 females were sacrificed at Day 14.5 of pregnancy or at five months of age. Bred F1 males were sacrificed at five months of age. DE-71 treatment of the mothers affected the F1 females as evidenced by lower body weights at 80 d and five months of age, elevated serum T3 and T4 concentrations at Day 14.5 of pregnancy and increased thyroid gland weight and ovarian osteopontin mRNA at five months of age. Perinatal DE-71 exposure also increased testicular osteopontin mRNA in 21-day-old F1 males. Utilizing a granulosa cell in vitro model, we demonstrated that DE-71 activated the rat osteopontin gene promoter. Our results are the first to demonstrate that PBDEs increase rodent circulating T3 and T4 concentrations and gonadal osteopontin mRNA, and activate the osteopontin gene promoter. These changes may have clinical implications as others have shown associations between human exposure to PBDEs and subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overexpression of ovarian osteopontin has been associated with ovarian cancer.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blake\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charles\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCoy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yvonne\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaVoie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holly\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21367881\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Maternal Exposure, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Osteopontin, Osteopontin: genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood\",\"pages\":\"445–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blake_perinatal_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Perinatal exposure to low-dose {DE}-71 increases serum thyroid hormones and gonadal osteopontin gene expression.},\\n\\tvolume = {236},\\n\\tissn = {1535-3699},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1258/ebm.2010.010334},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that have been widely used in manufacturing. They are major household and environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate. Humans are exposed primarily through dust inhalation and dietary ingestion of animal products. In animal studies, high doses of penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (penta-BDEs) in the mg/kg body weight (BW) range negatively impact brain development, behavior, memory, circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, the reproductive system and bone development. We investigated the effects of ingestion of a relatively low dose of the penta-BDE mixture DE-71 by pregnant and lactating rats on reproductive and thyroid parameters of the F1 offspring. F0 mothers received 60 μg/kg BW of DE-71 or vehicle daily by gavage from Day 1.5 of pregnancy through lactation (except the day of parturition). F1 pups were sacrificed at 21 d of age or outbred at approximately 80 d of age. Bred F1 females were sacrificed at Day 14.5 of pregnancy or at five months of age. Bred F1 males were sacrificed at five months of age. DE-71 treatment of the mothers affected the F1 females as evidenced by lower body weights at 80 d and five months of age, elevated serum T3 and T4 concentrations at Day 14.5 of pregnancy and increased thyroid gland weight and ovarian osteopontin mRNA at five months of age. Perinatal DE-71 exposure also increased testicular osteopontin mRNA in 21-day-old F1 males. Utilizing a granulosa cell in vitro model, we demonstrated that DE-71 activated the rat osteopontin gene promoter. Our results are the first to demonstrate that PBDEs increase rodent circulating T3 and T4 concentrations and gonadal osteopontin mRNA, and activate the osteopontin gene promoter. These changes may have clinical implications as others have shown associations between human exposure to PBDEs and subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overexpression of ovarian osteopontin has been associated with ovarian cancer.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)},\\n\\tauthor = {Blake, Charles A and McCoy, George L and Hui, Yvonne Y and LaVoie, Holly A},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21367881},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Maternal Exposure, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Osteopontin, Osteopontin: genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\\n\\tpages = {445--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blake, C. A\",\"McCoy, G. L\",\"Hui, Y. Y\",\"LaVoie, H. A\"],\"key\":\"blake_perinatal_2011\",\"id\":\"blake_perinatal_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blake-mccoy-hui-lavoie-perinatalexposuretolowdosede71increasesserumthyroidhormonesandgonadalosteopontingeneexpression-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Base Sequence\",\"DNA Primers\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gene Expression\",\"Gene Expression: drug effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology\",\"Immunohistochemistry\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Messenger\",\"Messenger: genetics\",\"Osteopontin\",\"Osteopontin: genetics\",\"Polymerase Chain Reaction\",\"RNA\",\"Radioimmunoassay\",\"Rats\",\"Thyroid Hormones\",\"Thyroid Hormones: blood\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"The Utility of CA TB 117, Does the Regulation Add Value?\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blais\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{blais_utility_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Utility} of {CA} {TB} 117, {Does} the {Regulation} {Add} {Value}?},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf},\\n\\tauthor = {Blais, Matthew S},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blais, M. S\"],\"key\":\"blais_utility_2012\",\"id\":\"blais_utility_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blais-theutilityofcatb117doestheregulationaddvalue-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow.\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"0273-1223\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476\",\"abstract\":\"Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Björklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strömvall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ann-Margret\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malmqvist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per-Arne\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"22053476\",\"keywords\":\"Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cities, Environment, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Seasons, Snow, Snow: chemistry, Sweden, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Quality, Water Quality: standards, unsure\",\"pages\":\"206–13\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bjorklund_screening_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow.},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {0273-1223},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476},\\n\\tabstract = {Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Björklund, Karin and Strömvall, Ann-Margret and Malmqvist, Per-Arne},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {22053476},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cities, Environment, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Seasons, Snow, Snow: chemistry, Sweden, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Quality, Water Quality: standards, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {206--13},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Björklund, K.\",\"Strömvall, A.\",\"Malmqvist, P.\"],\"key\":\"bjorklund_screening_2011\",\"id\":\"bjorklund_screening_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bjrklund-strmvall-malmqvist-screeningoforganiccontaminantsinurbansnow-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aromatic\",\"Aromatic: analysis\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Cities\",\"Environment\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Phenols\",\"Phenols: analysis\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: analysis\",\"Polycyclic Hydrocarbons\",\"Seasons\",\"Snow\",\"Snow: chemistry\",\"Sweden\",\"Volatile Organic Compounds\",\"Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Quality\",\"Water Quality: standards\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?\",\"volume\":\"112\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire-related injury and property damage. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of BFRs in the environment and in human biota. The widespread production and use of BFRs; strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment, wildlife, and people; and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of BFRs. In this article, we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps. Overall, the toxicology database is very limited; the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting. Available data, however, raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Staskal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniele\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pmid\":\"14698924\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Databases, Factual, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Public Health, Risk Assessment, ffr, frelec, tox\",\"pages\":\"9–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{birnbaum_brominated_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?},\\n\\tvolume = {112},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire-related injury and property damage. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of BFRs in the environment and in human biota. The widespread production and use of BFRs; strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment, wildlife, and people; and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of BFRs. In this article, we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps. Overall, the toxicology database is very limited; the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting. Available data, however, raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Birnbaum, Linda S and Staskal, Daniele F},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpmid = {14698924},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Databases, Factual, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Public Health, Risk Assessment, ffr, frelec, tox},\\n\\tpages = {9--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Birnbaum, L. S\",\"Staskal, D. F\"],\"key\":\"birnbaum_brominated_2004\",\"id\":\"birnbaum_brominated_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"birnbaum-staskal-brominatedflameretardantscauseforconcern-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Databases\",\"Factual\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Public Health\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs).\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"01604120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00106-5\",\"abstract\":\"This article reviews the state of the science regarding the health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). While thousands of articles have been published on the health effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), little is know about the brominated and mixed chloro/bromo homologs. Available literature suggests that brominated compounds have similar toxicity profiles to their chlorinated homologs. However, further research investigating health effects will only be useful if exposure scenarios truly exist. Current exposure data is extremely limited, posing a major data gap in assessing potential risk of these chemicals. The rapid increase in the use of brominated flame retardants has raised the level of environmental concern regarding PBDDs/PBDFs as it is likely that human, as well as wildlife, exposure to brominated dioxins and furans will increase with their use.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pmid\":\"12850101\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Public Health\",\"pages\":\"855–860\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{birnbaum_health_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PBDDs}) and dibenzofurans ({PBDFs}).},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {01604120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00106-5},\\n\\tabstract = {This article reviews the state of the science regarding the health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). While thousands of articles have been published on the health effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), little is know about the brominated and mixed chloro/bromo homologs. Available literature suggests that brominated compounds have similar toxicity profiles to their chlorinated homologs. However, further research investigating health effects will only be useful if exposure scenarios truly exist. Current exposure data is extremely limited, posing a major data gap in assessing potential risk of these chemicals. The rapid increase in the use of brominated flame retardants has raised the level of environmental concern regarding PBDDs/PBDFs as it is likely that human, as well as wildlife, exposure to brominated dioxins and furans will increase with their use.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Birnbaum, L},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpmid = {12850101},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Public Health},\\n\\tpages = {855--860},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Birnbaum, L\"],\"key\":\"birnbaum_health_2003\",\"id\":\"birnbaum_health_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"birnbaum-healtheffectsofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinspbddsanddibenzofuranspbdfs-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101\"},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: toxicity\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: chemistry\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: toxicity\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Public Health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effects of dose, administration route, and/or vehicle on decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations in plasma of maternal, fetal, and neonatal rats and in milk of maternal rats.\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"1521-009X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093\",\"doi\":\"10.1124/dmd.110.033431\",\"abstract\":\"The effects of route and vehicle on blood and milk levels of decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE; CASRN 1163-19-5) were investigated in the rat to assist in the design and conduct of a developmental neurotoxicity study. Blood plasma and/or milk concentrations were determined in dams, fetuses, and/or nursing pups after repeated DecaBDE administration by gavage throughout gestation or gestation and lactation using corn oil (CO) or soyaphospholipon/Lutrol F 127-water (SPL) as the vehicle. The impact of vehicle on plasma levels was also investigated in pups derived from naive dams after a single postnatal dose. This study reports for the first time fetal and neonatal plasma concentrations concurrent with those of maternal plasma and/or milk. Higher concentrations of DecaBDE were achieved in plasma and in milk with CO than with SPL. Furthermore, pups derived from dams treated with only SPL were lower in body weight, compared with those from dams treated with either CO, CO and DecaBDE, or SPL and DecaBDE. The study further shows that exposure to DecaBDE is relatively consistent across the dose range of 100 to 1000 mg/(kg · day) when administered in CO.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biesemeier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Silberberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Myers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicole\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ariano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sved\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sylvia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stump\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stedeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20581093\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Animals, Corn Oil, Corn Oil: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Newborn, Oral, Polyethylenes, Polyethylenes: chemistry, Polypropylenes, Polypropylenes: chemistry, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, unsure\",\"pages\":\"1648–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{biesemeier_effects_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Effects of dose, administration route, and/or vehicle on decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations in plasma of maternal, fetal, and neonatal rats and in milk of maternal rats.},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {1521-009X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1124/dmd.110.033431},\\n\\tabstract = {The effects of route and vehicle on blood and milk levels of decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE; CASRN 1163-19-5) were investigated in the rat to assist in the design and conduct of a developmental neurotoxicity study. Blood plasma and/or milk concentrations were determined in dams, fetuses, and/or nursing pups after repeated DecaBDE administration by gavage throughout gestation or gestation and lactation using corn oil (CO) or soyaphospholipon/Lutrol F 127-water (SPL) as the vehicle. The impact of vehicle on plasma levels was also investigated in pups derived from naive dams after a single postnatal dose. This study reports for the first time fetal and neonatal plasma concentrations concurrent with those of maternal plasma and/or milk. Higher concentrations of DecaBDE were achieved in plasma and in milk with CO than with SPL. Furthermore, pups derived from dams treated with only SPL were lower in body weight, compared with those from dams treated with either CO, CO and DecaBDE, or SPL and DecaBDE. The study further shows that exposure to DecaBDE is relatively consistent across the dose range of 100 to 1000 mg/(kg · day) when administered in CO.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals},\\n\\tauthor = {Biesemeier, John A and Beck, Melissa J and Silberberg, Hanna and Myers, Nicole R and Ariano, John M and Bodle, Eric S and Sved, Daniel W and Jacobi, Sylvia and Stump, Donald G and Hardy, Marcia and Stedeford, Todd},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20581093},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Corn Oil, Corn Oil: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Newborn, Oral, Polyethylenes, Polyethylenes: chemistry, Polypropylenes, Polypropylenes: chemistry, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {1648--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Biesemeier, J. A\",\"Beck, M. J\",\"Silberberg, H.\",\"Myers, N. R\",\"Ariano, J. M\",\"Bodle, E. S\",\"Sved, D. W\",\"Jacobi, S.\",\"Stump, D. G\",\"Hardy, M.\",\"Stedeford, T.\"],\"key\":\"biesemeier_effects_2010\",\"id\":\"biesemeier_effects_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"biesemeier-beck-silberberg-myers-ariano-bodle-sved-jacobi-etal-effectsofdoseadministrationrouteandorvehicleondecabromodiphenyletherconcentrationsinplasmaofmaternalfetalandneonatalratsandinmilkofmaternalrats-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Animals\",\"Corn Oil\",\"Corn Oil: chemistry\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gestational Age\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Maternal-Fetal Exchange\",\"Milk\",\"Milk: metabolism\",\"Newborn\",\"Oral\",\"Polyethylenes\",\"Polyethylenes: chemistry\",\"Polypropylenes\",\"Polypropylenes: chemistry\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Toxicity Tests\",\"Toxicity Tests: methods\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Unwelcome guest: PBDEs in indoor dust.\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Betts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kellyn\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18470295\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States\",\"pages\":\"A202–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{betts_unwelcome_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Unwelcome guest: {PBDEs} in indoor dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18470295},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States},\\n\\tpages = {A202--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Betts, K. S\"],\"key\":\"betts_unwelcome_2008\",\"id\":\"betts_unwelcome_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"betts-unwelcomeguestpbdesinindoordust-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Automobiles\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Housing\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"New Details on Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Exposure in Men Appears Stable over Time.\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.121-a168\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Betts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kellyn\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23635875\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, unsure\",\"pages\":\"a168\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{betts_new_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {New {Details} on {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}: {Exposure} in {Men} {Appears} {Stable} over {Time}.},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.121-a168},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23635875},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {a168},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Betts, K. S\"],\"key\":\"betts_new_2013\",\"id\":\"betts_new_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"betts-newdetailsonorganophosphateflameretardantsexposureinmenappearsstableovertime-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine damper? Flame retardants linked to male hormone, sperm count changes.\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.118-a130b\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Betts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kellyn\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20194076\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, ffr, hum\",\"pages\":\"A 130\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{betts_endocrine_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine damper? {Flame} retardants linked to male hormone, sperm count changes.},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.118-a130b},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20194076},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\\n\\tpages = {A 130},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Betts, K. S\"],\"key\":\"betts_endocrine_2010\",\"id\":\"betts_endocrine_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"betts-endocrinedamperflameretardantslinkedtomalehormonespermcountchanges-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals.\",\"volume\":\"49C\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003\",\"abstract\":\"Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rydén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Law\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Veen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ike\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Abbreviations, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chlorinated flame retardants, Flame retardants, Nomenclature, Phosphorus flame retardants, Physico-chemical properties\",\"pages\":\"57–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bergman_novel_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals.},\\n\\tvolume = {49C},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Bergman, Ake and Rydén, Andreas and Law, Robin J and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Alaee, Mehran and Birnbaum, Linda S and Petreas, Myrto and Rose, Martin and Sakai, Shinichi and Van den Eede, Nele and van der Veen, Ike},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Abbreviations, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chlorinated flame retardants, Flame retardants, Nomenclature, Phosphorus flame retardants, Physico-chemical properties},\\n\\tpages = {57--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bergman, A.\",\"Rydén, A.\",\"Law, R. J\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"Rose, M.\",\"Sakai, S.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"van der Veen, I.\"],\"key\":\"bergman_novel_2012\",\"id\":\"bergman_novel_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bergman-rydn-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Abbreviations\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Chlorinated flame retardants\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Nomenclature\",\"Phosphorus flame retardants\",\"Physico-chemical properties\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toxicological evaluation and classification of the genotoxic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic and sensitising potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate.\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"issn\":\"0340-0131\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/\",\"abstract\":\"Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is used as flame-proofing additive in polyurethane foam and paints. The substance was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test in 6 of 7 studies, two of which were performed on behalf of BG Chemie as part of its 'Programme for the Prevention of Health Hazards Caused by Industrial Substances'. No mutagenic potential has been detected in mammalian cells in vitro (mouse lymphoma test, reverse mutation and HPRT test). The substance produces no chromosome aberrations in vitro, but does cause questionable to significant increases in the sister chromatid exchange rate. Two in vivo micronucleus tests performed on behalf of BG Chemie have given no indications of clastogenicity, while a further test was inconclusive. A test involving Drosophila (interchromosomal mitotic recombination) was also negative. Overall, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate appears to have no genotoxic potential. According to the EU (European Union) classification criteria, the substance has not been classified as mutagenic in Germany. Summarising the existing studies on the carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, kidney tumours as well as tumours of the Harderian gland were present at below the maximum tolerable dose, the kidney tumours arising in two different species (rats, mice) and in mice in two studies. These tumours do not spontaneously occur, and their incidence was also increased in comparison with historical control data. However, only at systemic toxic doses was the incidence of carcinomas of the kidney significantly increased. Below systemic toxic doses, only the benign kidney tumours were significantly increased, but this was dose-dependent. In conclusion, the data show a carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, possibly with an epigenetic mechanism. A supporting indication is provided by two of three in vitro cell transformation tests with positive results. Therefore, the carcinogenicity has been classified as EU category C2 in Germany. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is not embryotoxic or teratogenic in rats with oral administration, even at doses that are maternally toxic, and does not impair postnatal development in the offspring. Accordingly, the developmental reproductive toxicity has not been classified in Germany. However, the substance adversely affects sperm and its motility with subchronic oral administration to rats and mice. Toxic effects on reproduction were seen in both generations in a 2-generation study in Swiss CD1 mice. The classification of the reproductive toxicity, endpoint fertility, has been suggested by BG Chemie to be RF2 according to the EU classification criteria, which is still under discussion and will be concluded by the time of the congress (in the meantime, the substance has been classified as RF2 in Germany.) There were no indications of skin-sensitising potential in a Buehler test in guinea pigs. Accordingly, no classification is necessary.\",\"number\":\"0\",\"journal\":\"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beth-Hubner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1999\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Medicine, ffr, tox\",\"pages\":\"M017–M023–M023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{beth-hubner_toxicological_1999,\\n\\ttitle = {Toxicological evaluation and classification of the genotoxic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic and sensitising potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate.},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\tissn = {0340-0131},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/},\\n\\tabstract = {Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is used as flame-proofing additive in polyurethane foam and paints. The substance was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test in 6 of 7 studies, two of which were performed on behalf of BG Chemie as part of its 'Programme for the Prevention of Health Hazards Caused by Industrial Substances'. No mutagenic potential has been detected in mammalian cells in vitro (mouse lymphoma test, reverse mutation and HPRT test). The substance produces no chromosome aberrations in vitro, but does cause questionable to significant increases in the sister chromatid exchange rate. Two in vivo micronucleus tests performed on behalf of BG Chemie have given no indications of clastogenicity, while a further test was inconclusive. A test involving Drosophila (interchromosomal mitotic recombination) was also negative. Overall, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate appears to have no genotoxic potential. According to the EU (European Union) classification criteria, the substance has not been classified as mutagenic in Germany. Summarising the existing studies on the carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, kidney tumours as well as tumours of the Harderian gland were present at below the maximum tolerable dose, the kidney tumours arising in two different species (rats, mice) and in mice in two studies. These tumours do not spontaneously occur, and their incidence was also increased in comparison with historical control data. However, only at systemic toxic doses was the incidence of carcinomas of the kidney significantly increased. Below systemic toxic doses, only the benign kidney tumours were significantly increased, but this was dose-dependent. In conclusion, the data show a carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, possibly with an epigenetic mechanism. A supporting indication is provided by two of three in vitro cell transformation tests with positive results. Therefore, the carcinogenicity has been classified as EU category C2 in Germany. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is not embryotoxic or teratogenic in rats with oral administration, even at doses that are maternally toxic, and does not impair postnatal development in the offspring. Accordingly, the developmental reproductive toxicity has not been classified in Germany. However, the substance adversely affects sperm and its motility with subchronic oral administration to rats and mice. Toxic effects on reproduction were seen in both generations in a 2-generation study in Swiss CD1 mice. The classification of the reproductive toxicity, endpoint fertility, has been suggested by BG Chemie to be RF2 according to the EU classification criteria, which is still under discussion and will be concluded by the time of the congress (in the meantime, the substance has been classified as RF2 in Germany.) There were no indications of skin-sensitising potential in a Buehler test in guinea pigs. Accordingly, no classification is necessary.},\\n\\tnumber = {0},\\n\\tjournal = {International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Beth-Hubner, M},\\n\\tyear = {1999},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Medicine, ffr, tox},\\n\\tpages = {M017--M023--M023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Beth-Hubner, M\"],\"key\":\"beth-hubner_toxicological_1999\",\"id\":\"beth-hubner_toxicological_1999\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bethhubner-toxicologicalevaluationandclassificationofthegenotoxiccarcinogenicreprotoxicandsensitisingpotentialoftris2chloroethylphosphate-1999\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Medicine\",\"ffr\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments–a review on occurrence and human exposure.\",\"volume\":\"169\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Besis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Athanasios\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Samara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Constantini\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22578798\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: adverse effects, Air Pollution: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: adverse effects, Inhalation Exposure: analysis\",\"pages\":\"217–29\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{besis_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor and outdoor environments–a review on occurrence and human exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {169},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Besis, Athanasios and Samara, Constantini},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22578798},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: adverse effects, Air Pollution: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: adverse effects, Inhalation Exposure: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {217--29},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Besis, A.\",\"Samara, C.\"],\"key\":\"besis_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"besis_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: adverse effects\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Air Pollution: adverse effects\",\"Air Pollution: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: adverse effects\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Inhalation Exposure: adverse effects\",\"Inhalation Exposure: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Carry-over of dietary organochlorine pesticides, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets.\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.017\",\"abstract\":\"Information on carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal food products is essential for appropriate human risk assessment of feed contaminants. The carry-over of potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from feed to fillet was assessed in consumption sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Relative carry-over (defined as the fraction of a certain dietary POP retained in the fillet) was assessed in a controlled feeding trial, which provided fillet retention of dietary organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), dioxins (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Highest retention was found for OCPs, BFRs and PCBs (31-58%), and the lowest retentions were observed for PCDD/Fs congeners (10-34%). National monitoring data on commercial fish feed and farmed Atlantic salmon on the Norwegian market were used to provide commercially relevant feed-to-fillet transfer factors (calculated as fillet POP level divided by feed POP level), which ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, which is a factor 5-10 times higher than reported for terrestrial meat products. For the OCP with one of the highest relative carry-over, toxaphene, uptake and elimination kinetics were established. Model simulations that are based on the uptake and elimination kinetics gave predicted levels that were in agreement with the measured values. Application of the model to the current EU upper limit for toxaphene in feed (50 μg kg(-1)) gave maximum fillet levels of 22 μg kg(-1), which exceeds the estimated permissible level (21 μg kg(-1)) for toxaphene in fish food samples in Norway.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berntssen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marc\",\"H\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maage\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Julshamn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oeye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lundebye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A-K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21284993\",\"keywords\":\"Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics & numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: metabolism, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"95–103\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{berntssen_carry-over_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Carry-over of dietary organochlorine pesticides, {PCDD}/{Fs}, {PCBs}, and brominated flame retardants to {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar {L}.) fillets.},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Information on carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal food products is essential for appropriate human risk assessment of feed contaminants. The carry-over of potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from feed to fillet was assessed in consumption sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Relative carry-over (defined as the fraction of a certain dietary POP retained in the fillet) was assessed in a controlled feeding trial, which provided fillet retention of dietary organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), dioxins (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Highest retention was found for OCPs, BFRs and PCBs (31-58\\\\%), and the lowest retentions were observed for PCDD/Fs congeners (10-34\\\\%). National monitoring data on commercial fish feed and farmed Atlantic salmon on the Norwegian market were used to provide commercially relevant feed-to-fillet transfer factors (calculated as fillet POP level divided by feed POP level), which ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, which is a factor 5-10 times higher than reported for terrestrial meat products. For the OCP with one of the highest relative carry-over, toxaphene, uptake and elimination kinetics were established. Model simulations that are based on the uptake and elimination kinetics gave predicted levels that were in agreement with the measured values. Application of the model to the current EU upper limit for toxaphene in feed (50 μg kg(-1)) gave maximum fillet levels of 22 μg kg(-1), which exceeds the estimated permissible level (21 μg kg(-1)) for toxaphene in fish food samples in Norway.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Berntssen, Marc H G and Maage, A and Julshamn, K and Oeye, B E and Lundebye, A-K},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21284993},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: metabolism, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\\\& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {95--103},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Berntssen, M. H G\",\"Maage, A\",\"Julshamn, K\",\"Oeye, B E\",\"Lundebye, A.\"],\"key\":\"berntssen_carry-over_2011\",\"id\":\"berntssen_carry-over_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"berntssen-maage-julshamn-oeye-lundebye-carryoverofdietaryorganochlorinepesticidespcddfspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantstoatlanticsalmonsalmosalarlfillets-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal Feed\",\"Animal Feed: analysis\",\"Animals\",\"Benzofurans\",\"Benzofurans: analysis\",\"Benzofurans: metabolism\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Bromine Compounds: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: metabolism\",\"Diet\",\"Diet: statistics & numerical data\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Pesticides: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Salmo salar\",\"Salmo salar: metabolism\",\"Seafood\",\"Seafood: analysis\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs & derivatives\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis\",\"Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Oakland, CA\",\"title\":\"An Evaluation of the CPSC Staff Preliminary Regulatory Analysis of the Draft Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standard\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"CRA International for AHFA, NHFA, and UFAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berkman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hildebrandt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicole\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tyan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sean\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{berkman_evaluation_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Oakland, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {An {Evaluation} of the {CPSC} {Staff} {Preliminary} {Regulatory} {Analysis} of the {Draft} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standard}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {CRA International for AHFA, NHFA, and UFAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Berkman, Mark and Hildebrandt, Nicole and Tyan, Sean},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Berkman, M.\",\"Hildebrandt, N.\",\"Tyan, S.\"],\"key\":\"berkman_evaluation_2006\",\"id\":\"berkman_evaluation_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"berkman-hildebrandt-tyan-anevaluationofthecpscstaffpreliminaryregulatoryanalysisofthedraftupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"San Francisco, CA\",\"title\":\"Assessing the Need for a Federal Small Open Flame/Cigarette Ignition Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standard\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"National Economic Research Associates for the Upholstered Furniture Action Council\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berkman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"David\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jesse\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Self\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carol\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{berkman_assessing_2001,\\n\\taddress = {San Francisco, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {Assessing the {Need} for a {Federal} {Small} {Open} {Flame}/{Cigarette} {Ignition} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standard}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Economic Research Associates for the Upholstered Furniture Action Council},\\n\\tauthor = {Berkman, Mark and David, Jesse and Liu, Michael and Self, Carol},\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Berkman, M.\",\"David, J.\",\"Liu, M.\",\"Self, C.\"],\"key\":\"berkman_assessing_2001\",\"id\":\"berkman_assessing_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"berkman-david-liu-self-assessingtheneedforafederalsmallopenflamecigaretteignitionupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot (Lota lota) from a polluted lake (Lake Mjøsa, Norway).\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.017\",\"abstract\":\"The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affected a fish population in Lake Mjøsa. Lake Mjøsa is known to be contaminated by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a subgroup of brominated flame retardants from local industrial activities. Fish from Lake Losna, a less contaminated lake located close to Lake Mjøsa, was used as reference (control). The sampling of burbot (Lota lota) was carried out between 2005 and 2008. Hepatic levels of POPs were analysed in burbot from the two lakes, and the fish were examined for bacterial- and parasite infection and histopathological changes. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and PBDEs were about 10, 15 and 300 times higher in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to fish from Lake Losna. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum was present in 7% and 35% of the fish from Lake Losna and Lake Mjøsa respectively. Significantly higher number of external and visceral macroscopic lesions, histopathological diffuse changes and granulomas were seen in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to Lake Losna. Furthermore the parasite infection was higher and the hepatic lipid content was significantly lower in burbot from Lake Mjøsa. The results of the present study suggest that the high level of contamination in Lake Mjøsa could have a negative impact on the health status of wild fish inhabiting the lake.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vidar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zerihun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mulualem\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jørgensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anders\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elisabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ole\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janneche\",\"Utne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lyche\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23149183\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics & numerical, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: epidemiology, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: pathology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: microbiology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Prevalence, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1711–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{berg_high_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot ({Lota} lota) from a polluted lake ({Lake} {Mjøsa}, {Norway}).},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.017},\\n\\tabstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affected a fish population in Lake Mjøsa. Lake Mjøsa is known to be contaminated by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a subgroup of brominated flame retardants from local industrial activities. Fish from Lake Losna, a less contaminated lake located close to Lake Mjøsa, was used as reference (control). The sampling of burbot (Lota lota) was carried out between 2005 and 2008. Hepatic levels of POPs were analysed in burbot from the two lakes, and the fish were examined for bacterial- and parasite infection and histopathological changes. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and PBDEs were about 10, 15 and 300 times higher in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to fish from Lake Losna. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum was present in 7\\\\% and 35\\\\% of the fish from Lake Losna and Lake Mjøsa respectively. Significantly higher number of external and visceral macroscopic lesions, histopathological diffuse changes and granulomas were seen in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to Lake Losna. Furthermore the parasite infection was higher and the hepatic lipid content was significantly lower in burbot from Lake Mjøsa. The results of the present study suggest that the high level of contamination in Lake Mjøsa could have a negative impact on the health status of wild fish inhabiting the lake.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Berg, Vidar and Zerihun, Mulualem A and Jørgensen, Anders and Lie, Elisabeth and Dale, Ole B and Skaare, Janneche Utne and Lyche, Jan L},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23149183},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\\\& numerical, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: epidemiology, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: pathology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: microbiology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Prevalence, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1711--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Berg, V.\",\"Zerihun, M. A\",\"Jørgensen, A.\",\"Lie, E.\",\"Dale, O. B\",\"Skaare, J. U.\",\"Lyche, J. L\"],\"key\":\"berg_high_2013\",\"id\":\"berg_high_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"berg-zerihun-jrgensen-lie-dale-skaare-lyche-highprevalenceofinfectionsandpathologicalchangesinburbotlotalotafromapollutedlakelakemjsanorway-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: statistics & numerical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fish Diseases\",\"Fish Diseases: epidemiology\",\"Fish Diseases: microbiology\",\"Fish Diseases: pathology\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gadiformes\",\"Gadiformes: metabolism\",\"Gadiformes: microbiology\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Lakes\",\"Lakes: chemistry\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Norway\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity\",\"Prevalence\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Water Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Behavioral effects and oxidative status in brain regions of adult rats exposed to BDE-99.\",\"volume\":\"194\",\"issn\":\"1879-3169\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.010\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants. Although developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs has been already investigated, little is still known about their potential neurotoxic effects in adulthood. In this study, we assessed the oxidative damage in brain sections and the possible behavioral effects induced by exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99). Adult male rats (10/group) received BDE-99 by gavage at single doses of 0, 0.6 or 1.2mg/kg/body weight. Forty-five days after exposure, the following behavioral tests were conducted: open-field activity, passive avoidance and Morris water maze. Moreover, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were processed to examine the following oxidative stress (OS) markers: reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In cerebellum, BDE-99 significantly decreased SOD, CAT and GR activities at the highest BDE-99 dose. A decrease in CAT and SOD activities was also observed in cortex and hippocampus, respectively. In the behavioral tests, no BDE-99 effects were observed, while histopathological examination of the brain regions was normal. The current results show that the brain antioxidant capacity is affected by BDE-99 exposure, mainly in cerebellum. Oxidative damage could be a mechanism for BDE-99 neurotoxicity in adult rats.\",\"number\":\"1-2\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bellés\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Montserrat\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alonso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linares\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Victoria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Albina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sirvent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domingo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sánchez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Domènec\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20096757\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: metabolism, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism, Toxicity Tests\",\"pages\":\"1–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{belles_behavioral_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Behavioral effects and oxidative status in brain regions of adult rats exposed to {BDE}-99.},\\n\\tvolume = {194},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3169},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants. Although developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs has been already investigated, little is still known about their potential neurotoxic effects in adulthood. In this study, we assessed the oxidative damage in brain sections and the possible behavioral effects induced by exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99). Adult male rats (10/group) received BDE-99 by gavage at single doses of 0, 0.6 or 1.2mg/kg/body weight. Forty-five days after exposure, the following behavioral tests were conducted: open-field activity, passive avoidance and Morris water maze. Moreover, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were processed to examine the following oxidative stress (OS) markers: reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In cerebellum, BDE-99 significantly decreased SOD, CAT and GR activities at the highest BDE-99 dose. A decrease in CAT and SOD activities was also observed in cortex and hippocampus, respectively. In the behavioral tests, no BDE-99 effects were observed, while histopathological examination of the brain regions was normal. The current results show that the brain antioxidant capacity is affected by BDE-99 exposure, mainly in cerebellum. Oxidative damage could be a mechanism for BDE-99 neurotoxicity in adult rats.},\\n\\tnumber = {1-2},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Bellés, Montserrat and Alonso, Virginia and Linares, Victoria and Albina, Maria L and Sirvent, Juan J and Domingo, José L and Sánchez, Domènec J},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20096757},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: metabolism, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism, Toxicity Tests},\\n\\tpages = {1--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bellés, M.\",\"Alonso, V.\",\"Linares, V.\",\"Albina, M. L\",\"Sirvent, J. J\",\"Domingo, J. L\",\"Sánchez, D. J\"],\"key\":\"belles_behavioral_2010\",\"id\":\"belles_behavioral_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bells-alonso-linares-albina-sirvent-domingo-snchez-behavioraleffectsandoxidativestatusinbrainregionsofadultratsexposedtobde99-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Biological Markers\",\"Biological Markers: metabolism\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: drug effects\",\"Brain: enzymology\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"Catalase\",\"Catalase: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Glutathione\",\"Glutathione Peroxidase\",\"Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism\",\"Glutathione Reductase\",\"Glutathione Reductase: metabolism\",\"Glutathione Transferase\",\"Glutathione Transferase: metabolism\",\"Glutathione: metabolism\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Male\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Oxidative Stress: drug effects\",\"Rats\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Superoxide Dismutase\",\"Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism\",\"Toxicity Tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"A statistical report to investigate the effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings ( Fire ) ( Safety ) Regulations 1988\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greenstreet\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{berman_statistical_2009,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {A statistical report to investigate the effectiveness of the {Furniture} and {Furnishings} ( {Fire} ) ( {Safety} ) {Regulations} 1988},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills},\\n\\tauthor = {Berman, Greenstreet},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Berman, G.\"],\"key\":\"berman_statistical_2009\",\"id\":\"berman_statistical_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"berman-astatisticalreporttoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs and non-PBDEs in aircraft cabin and cockpit air and dust.\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"url\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been an issue related to health and the environment for the last three decades1,2,3. Even though BFRs are made up of around twenty groups of individual compounds and mixtures, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been in focus4. More recently also hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) has become of increasing interest5. An additional few non-PBDE BFRs, i.e. decabromo diphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) have been observed in wildlife. BTBPE was first identified in air from an electronics dismantling facility6 and DBDPE was first reported in sewage sludge7. An observation of increasing PBDE concentrations in Swedish mother's milk8 in the 1990's was followed by many other reports on PBDEs in humans as reviewed by Frederiksen9. Dust has emerged as an obvious source for BFRs in homes and offices10,9. Since there is a particular demand for fire protection in air planes there are reasons to possibly apply BFRs in the planes. A first indicative study showed significant elevations of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of passengers 11. In a study by Schecter and co-workers on cabin personnel, no elevated levels of PBDEs in their blood were observed compared to the normal US population12. In this study, air and dust have been sampled to assess the presence and levels of BFRs in aircraft cockpits and cabins.\",\"journal\":\"Organohalogen Compounds\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindgren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smedje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanasiadou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Flame retardants, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bergman_pbdes_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and non-{PBDEs} in aircraft cabin and cockpit air and dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been an issue related to health and the environment for the last three decades1,2,3. Even though BFRs are made up of around twenty groups of individual compounds and mixtures, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been in focus4. More recently also hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) has become of increasing interest5. An additional few non-PBDE BFRs, i.e. decabromo diphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) have been observed in wildlife. BTBPE was first identified in air from an electronics dismantling facility6 and DBDPE was first reported in sewage sludge7. An observation of increasing PBDE concentrations in Swedish mother's milk8 in the 1990's was followed by many other reports on PBDEs in humans as reviewed by Frederiksen9. Dust has emerged as an obvious source for BFRs in homes and offices10,9. Since there is a particular demand for fire protection in air planes there are reasons to possibly apply BFRs in the planes. A first indicative study showed significant elevations of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of passengers 11. In a study by Schecter and co-workers on cabin personnel, no elevated levels of PBDEs in their blood were observed compared to the normal US population12. In this study, air and dust have been sampled to assess the presence and levels of BFRs in aircraft cockpits and cabins.},\\n\\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\\n\\tauthor = {Bergman, A and Lindgren, T and Smedje, G and Jakobsson, K and Athanassiadis, I and Athanasiadou, M and Meyer, E},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bergman, A\",\"Lindgren, T\",\"Smedje, G\",\"Jakobsson, K\",\"Athanassiadis, I\",\"Athanasiadou, M\",\"Meyer, E\"],\"key\":\"bergman_pbdes_2010\",\"id\":\"bergman_pbdes_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bergman-lindgren-smedje-jakobsson-athanassiadis-athanasiadou-meyer-pbdesandnonpbdesinaircraftcabinandcockpitairanddust-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphate and phthalate esters in indoor air: a comparison between multi-storey buildings with high and low prevalence of sick building symptoms.\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c1em10152h\",\"abstract\":\"An extensive study has been conducted on the prevalence of organophosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers and phthalate ester plasticizers in indoor air. The targeted substances were measured in 45 multi-storey apartment buildings in Stockholm, Sweden. The apartment buildings were classified as high or low risk with regard to the reporting of sick building symptoms (SBS) within the project Healthy Sustainable Houses in Stockholm (3H). Air samples were taken from two to four apartments per building (in total 169 apartments) to facilitate comparison within and between buildings. Association with building characteristics has been examined as well as association with specific sources by combining chemical analysis and exploratory uni- and multivariate data analysis. The study contributes to the overall perspective of levels of organophosphate and phthalate ester in indoor air enabling comparison with other studies. The results indicated little or no difference in the concentrations of the target substances between the two risk classifications of the buildings. The differences between the apartments sampled within (intra) buildings were greater than the differences between (inter) buildings. The concentrations measured in air ranged up to 1200 ng m(-3) for organophosphate esters and up to 11 000 ng m(-3) for phthalate esters. Results in terms of sources were discerned e.g. PVC flooring is a major source of benzylbutyl phthalate in indoor air.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magnus\",\"\\\\AAberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Svartengren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Magnus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emenius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunnel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Östman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Conny\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21614379\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Construction Materials, Construction Materials: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Housing: statistics & numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: epidemiology, Sweden\",\"pages\":\"2001–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bergh_organophosphate_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphate and phthalate esters in indoor air: a comparison between multi-storey buildings with high and low prevalence of sick building symptoms.},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10152h},\\n\\tabstract = {An extensive study has been conducted on the prevalence of organophosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers and phthalate ester plasticizers in indoor air. The targeted substances were measured in 45 multi-storey apartment buildings in Stockholm, Sweden. The apartment buildings were classified as high or low risk with regard to the reporting of sick building symptoms (SBS) within the project Healthy Sustainable Houses in Stockholm (3H). Air samples were taken from two to four apartments per building (in total 169 apartments) to facilitate comparison within and between buildings. Association with building characteristics has been examined as well as association with specific sources by combining chemical analysis and exploratory uni- and multivariate data analysis. The study contributes to the overall perspective of levels of organophosphate and phthalate ester in indoor air enabling comparison with other studies. The results indicated little or no difference in the concentrations of the target substances between the two risk classifications of the buildings. The differences between the apartments sampled within (intra) buildings were greater than the differences between (inter) buildings. The concentrations measured in air ranged up to 1200 ng m(-3) for organophosphate esters and up to 11 000 ng m(-3) for phthalate esters. Results in terms of sources were discerned e.g. PVC flooring is a major source of benzylbutyl phthalate in indoor air.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\\n\\tauthor = {Bergh, Caroline and Magnus {\\\\textbackslash}AAberg, K and Svartengren, Magnus and Emenius, Gunnel and Östman, Conny},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21614379},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Construction Materials, Construction Materials: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Housing: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: epidemiology, Sweden},\\n\\tpages = {2001--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bergh, C.\",\"Magnus \\\\AAberg, K\",\"Svartengren, M.\",\"Emenius, G.\",\"Östman, C.\"],\"key\":\"bergh_organophosphate_2011\",\"id\":\"bergh_organophosphate_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bergh-magnusaaberg-svartengren-emenius-stman-organophosphateandphthalateestersinindoorairacomparisonbetweenmultistoreybuildingswithhighandlowprevalenceofsickbuildingsymptoms-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Construction Materials\",\"Construction Materials: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Epidemiological Monitoring\",\"Esters\",\"Esters: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Housing\",\"Housing: statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: analysis\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Plasticizers: analysis\",\"Sick Building Syndrome\",\"Sick Building Syndrome: epidemiology\",\"Sweden\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Brussels, Belgium\",\"title\":\"Identification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf\",\"number\":\"17\",\"publisher\":\"European Comission DG Health and Consumers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belgium\"],\"firstnames\":[\"ARCADIS\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{belgium_identification_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Brussels, Belgium},\\n\\ttitle = {Identification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tpublisher = {European Comission DG Health and Consumers},\\n\\tauthor = {Belgium, ARCADIS},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Belgium, A.\"],\"key\":\"belgium_identification_2011\",\"id\":\"belgium_identification_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"belgium-identificationandevaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena).\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767\",\"abstract\":\"Harbor porpoises from the German North and Baltic Seas exhibit a higher incidence of bacterial infections compared to whales from less polluted arctic waters. The potential adverse effect of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals on the immune system and the health status of marine mammals is still discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), toxaphene, (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichlorethane (DDT), and (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)dichlorethene (DDE) on the immune system of harbor porpoises. Lymphoid organs are influenced by a variety of factors, and therefore special emphasis was given to separating the confounding effect of age, health status, nutritional state, geographical location, and sex from the effect of contaminant levels upon thymus and spleen. Contaminant analysis and detailed pathological examinations were conducted on 61 by-caught and stranded whales from the North and Baltic Seas and Icelandic and Norwegian waters. Stranded harbor porpoises were more severely diseased than by-caught animals. Thymic atrophy and splenic depletion were significantly correlated to increased PCB and PBDE levels. However, lymphoid depletion was also associated with emaciation and an impaired health status. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced immunosuppression, possibly contributing to disease susceptibility in harbor porpoises. However, further studies are needed to determine if lymphoid depletion is primarily contaminant-induced or secondary to disease and emaciation in this cetacean species.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beineke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siebert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ursula\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLachlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruhn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Regina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Failing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Klaus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gundi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baumgärtner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pmid\":\"15984767\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Germany, Lymphocyte Depletion, North Sea, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Thymus Gland, Thymus Gland: drug effects, Thymus Gland: metabolism, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Toxaphene: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam\",\"pages\":\"3933–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{beineke_investigations_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises ({Phocoena} phocoena).},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767},\\n\\tabstract = {Harbor porpoises from the German North and Baltic Seas exhibit a higher incidence of bacterial infections compared to whales from less polluted arctic waters. The potential adverse effect of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals on the immune system and the health status of marine mammals is still discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), toxaphene, (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichlorethane (DDT), and (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)dichlorethene (DDE) on the immune system of harbor porpoises. Lymphoid organs are influenced by a variety of factors, and therefore special emphasis was given to separating the confounding effect of age, health status, nutritional state, geographical location, and sex from the effect of contaminant levels upon thymus and spleen. Contaminant analysis and detailed pathological examinations were conducted on 61 by-caught and stranded whales from the North and Baltic Seas and Icelandic and Norwegian waters. Stranded harbor porpoises were more severely diseased than by-caught animals. Thymic atrophy and splenic depletion were significantly correlated to increased PCB and PBDE levels. However, lymphoid depletion was also associated with emaciation and an impaired health status. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced immunosuppression, possibly contributing to disease susceptibility in harbor porpoises. However, further studies are needed to determine if lymphoid depletion is primarily contaminant-induced or secondary to disease and emaciation in this cetacean species.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Beineke, Andreas and Siebert, Ursula and McLachlan, Michael and Bruhn, Regina and Thron, Kristina and Failing, Klaus and Müller, Gundi and Baumgärtner, Wolfgang},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpmid = {15984767},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Germany, Lymphocyte Depletion, North Sea, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Thymus Gland, Thymus Gland: drug effects, Thymus Gland: metabolism, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Toxaphene: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\\n\\tpages = {3933--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Beineke, A.\",\"Siebert, U.\",\"McLachlan, M.\",\"Bruhn, R.\",\"Thron, K.\",\"Failing, K.\",\"Müller, G.\",\"Baumgärtner, W.\"],\"key\":\"beineke_investigations_2005\",\"id\":\"beineke_investigations_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"beineke-siebert-mclachlan-bruhn-thron-failing-mller-baumgrtner-investigationsofthepotentialinfluenceofenvironmentalcontaminantsonthethymusandspleenofharborporpoisesphocoenaphocoena-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"DDT\",\"DDT: analysis\",\"DDT: metabolism\",\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane\",\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis\",\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geography\",\"Germany\",\"Lymphocyte Depletion\",\"North Sea\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Porpoises\",\"Porpoises: metabolism\",\"Spleen\",\"Spleen: drug effects\",\"Spleen: metabolism\",\"Thymus Gland\",\"Thymus Gland: drug effects\",\"Thymus Gland: metabolism\",\"Toxaphene\",\"Toxaphene: analysis\",\"Toxaphene: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"mam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Species specific differences in the in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant mixture, Firemaster® BZ-54.\",\"volume\":\"124-125\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.006\",\"abstract\":\"Firemaster(®) BZ-54 is a flame retardant additive and consists of a brominated benzoate (2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate; TBB) and a brominated phthalate (bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate; TBPH). Previous research has shown that fathead minnows exposed in vivo to Firemaster(®) BZ-54 accumulate TBB and TBPH. This study examined the in vitro biotransformation potential of TBB and TBPH in hepatic subcellular fractions (i.e., S9, microsomes and cytosol) in the fathead minnow, common carp, mouse and snapping turtle. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the loss of the parent TBB or TBPH and identifying potential metabolites in the sample extracts. Metabolic loss of TBPH was measured for all species, while TBB loss was observed for all species except for the snapping turtle. Several metabolites were observed in all of the incubations except for snapping turtle. Metabolites observed appeared to be derived from TBB, given their structures and lack of appearance in the snapping turtle incubations. One of these metabolites, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromomethylbenzoate has been identified for the first time in a biological system. When metabolized, TBB and TBPH loss was found in each subcellular fraction suggesting that the enzyme(s) involved are present in both soluble and membrane-bound forms. It can be concluded that a broad range of species are capable of metabolizing TBB and TBPH to various metabolites and further research should be carried out to ascertain the specific products formed from metabolism of TBB and TBPH.\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bearr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitchelmore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carys\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22889877\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Species Specificity, Turtles, Turtles: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"41–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bearr_species_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Species specific differences in the in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant mixture, {Firemaster}® {BZ}-54.},\\n\\tvolume = {124-125},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.006},\\n\\tabstract = {Firemaster(®) BZ-54 is a flame retardant additive and consists of a brominated benzoate (2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate; TBB) and a brominated phthalate (bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate; TBPH). Previous research has shown that fathead minnows exposed in vivo to Firemaster(®) BZ-54 accumulate TBB and TBPH. This study examined the in vitro biotransformation potential of TBB and TBPH in hepatic subcellular fractions (i.e., S9, microsomes and cytosol) in the fathead minnow, common carp, mouse and snapping turtle. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the loss of the parent TBB or TBPH and identifying potential metabolites in the sample extracts. Metabolic loss of TBPH was measured for all species, while TBB loss was observed for all species except for the snapping turtle. Several metabolites were observed in all of the incubations except for snapping turtle. Metabolites observed appeared to be derived from TBB, given their structures and lack of appearance in the snapping turtle incubations. One of these metabolites, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromomethylbenzoate has been identified for the first time in a biological system. When metabolized, TBB and TBPH loss was found in each subcellular fraction suggesting that the enzyme(s) involved are present in both soluble and membrane-bound forms. It can be concluded that a broad range of species are capable of metabolizing TBB and TBPH to various metabolites and further research should be carried out to ascertain the specific products formed from metabolism of TBB and TBPH.},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\\n\\tauthor = {Bearr, Jonathan S and Mitchelmore, Carys L and Roberts, Simon C and Stapleton, Heather M},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22889877},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Species Specificity, Turtles, Turtles: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {41--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bearr, J. S\",\"Mitchelmore, C. L\",\"Roberts, S. C\",\"Stapleton, H. M\"],\"key\":\"bearr_species_2012\",\"id\":\"bearr_species_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bearr-mitchelmore-roberts-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesintheinvitrometabolismoftheflameretardantmixturefiremasterbz54-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Benzoates\",\"Benzoates: metabolism\",\"Carps\",\"Carps: metabolism\",\"Cyprinidae\",\"Cyprinidae: metabolism\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Mice\",\"Phthalic Acids\",\"Phthalic Acids: metabolism\",\"Species Specificity\",\"Turtles\",\"Turtles: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sacramento, CA\",\"title\":\"Technical Bulletin 117: Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstered Furniture\",\"url\":\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{bearhfti_technical_2000,\\n\\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 117: {Requirements}, {Test} {Procedure} and {Apparatus} for {Testing} the {Flame} {Retardance} of {Resilient} {Filling} {Materials} {Used} in {Upholstered} {Furniture}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\\n\\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"key\":\"bearhfti_technical_2000\",\"id\":\"bearhfti_technical_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bearhfti-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sacramento, CA\",\"title\":\"Exemption of juvenile products from requirements of Technical Bulletin 117: Initial Statement of Reasons\",\"volume\":\"19161\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf\",\"number\":\"c\",\"publisher\":\"California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{bearhfti_exemption_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {Exemption of juvenile products from requirements of {Technical} {Bulletin} 117: {Initial} {Statement} of {Reasons}},\\n\\tvolume = {19161},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {c},\\n\\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\\n\\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"key\":\"bearhfti_exemption_2010\",\"id\":\"bearhfti_exemption_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bearhfti-exemptionofjuvenileproductsfromrequirementsoftechnicalbulletin117initialstatementofreasons-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Registry-Based Case – Control Study of Cancer in California Firefighters\",\"volume\":\"344\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ajim.20446.\",\"journal\":\"American Journal of Industrial Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bates\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, california, cancer risk, case, control studies, epidemiology, firefighters\",\"pages\":\"339–344\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bates_registry-based_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Registry-{Based} {Case} – {Control} {Study} of {Cancer} in {California} {Firefighters}},\\n\\tvolume = {344},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/ajim.20446.},\\n\\tjournal = {American Journal of Industrial Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Bates, Michael N},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, california, cancer risk, case, control studies, epidemiology, firefighters},\\n\\tpages = {339--344},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bates, M. N\"],\"key\":\"bates_registry-based_2007\",\"id\":\"bates_registry-based_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bates-registrybasedcasecontrolstudyofcancerincaliforniafirefighters-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"california\",\"cancer risk\",\"case\",\"control studies\",\"epidemiology\",\"firefighters\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products. NBS Special Publication SP 749.\",\"url\":\"http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf\",\"institution\":\"National Bureau of Standards\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babruaskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"RH\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"RG\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"BC\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"BT\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peacock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"RD\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Paabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Twilley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoklavich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"MF\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clark\"],\"firstnames\":[\"HM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1988\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{babruaskas_fire_1988,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products. {NBS} {Special} {Publication} {SP} 749.},\\n\\turl = {http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf},\\n\\tinstitution = {National Bureau of Standards},\\n\\tauthor = {Babruaskas, V and Harris, RH and Gann, RG and Levin, BC and Lee, BT and Peacock, RD and Paabo, M and Twilley, W and Yoklavich, MF and Clark, HM},\\n\\tyear = {1988},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babruaskas, V\",\"Harris, R.\",\"Gann, R.\",\"Levin, B.\",\"Lee, B.\",\"Peacock, R.\",\"Paabo, M\",\"Twilley, W\",\"Yoklavich, M.\",\"Clark, H.\"],\"key\":\"babruaskas_fire_1988\",\"id\":\"babruaskas_fire_1988\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babruaskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-paabo-twilley-etal-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproductsnbsspecialpublicationsp749-1988\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"01604120\",\"url\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=23&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00105-3\",\"abstract\":\"Recently, several countries agreed to adopt the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). One future obligation will be to add other POPs as new evidence becomes available. In vitro cell-based bioassays offer a rapid, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive solution to screen possible POP candidates. In the present study, we investigated the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-receptor activity of several dioxin-like POPs by using the Micro-EROD (Ethoxy-Resorufin-O-Deethylase) and DR-CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive-Chemical Activated Luciferase gene expression) bioassays, which are two state-of-the-art methods. The Micro-EROD system used in our study utilizes a wildtype rat liver cell line (rat liver H4IIEC3/T cells), while the DR-CALUX bioassay consists of a genetically modified rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line that incorporates the firefly luciferase gene coupled to dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) as a reporter gene. In the case of the DR-CALUX bioassay, we used an exposure time of 24 h, whereas we used a 72-h exposure time in the Micro-EROD bioassay. The aim of this study was to compare conventional dioxin-like POPs (such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, PCDD/Fs and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) with several other classes of possible candidates to be added to the current toxicity equivalent factor (TEF) model in the future. Therefore, this study compares in vitro CYP1A1 (Micro-EROD bioassay) and firefly luciferase induction (DR-CALUX bioassay) in several mixed polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PXDD/Fs; X=Br, Cl, or F), alkyl-substituted polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PMCDD/Fs; M = methyl), polyhalogenated biphenyls (PXBs, X = Br, Cl), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenols (PBPs), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). We also evaluate congener-specific relative potencies (REPs) and efficacies (% of TCDDmax) and discuss the dose-response curves of these compounds, as well as the dioxin-like potency of several other Ah-receptor agonists, such as those of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The highest REP values were found for several PXDD/F congeners, followed by some coplanar PXBs, trichlorinated PCDD/Fs, PAHs, PBDE-126, 1-6-HxCN, and some brominated flame retardants (TBBP-A). These in vitro investigations indicate that further research is necessary to evaluate more Ah-receptor agonists for dioxin-like potency. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Behnisch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Ah receptor, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), CALUX, DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS, ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, EROD, ETHOXYRESORUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE, Flame retardants, LIFE STAGE MORTALITY, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, RELATIVE POTENCIES, RISK-ASSESSMENT, TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS, bioassay, ffr, pbde, reporter gene assay, tox\",\"pages\":\"861–877\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{behnisch_brominated_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {01604120},\\n\\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=23&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00105-3},\\n\\tabstract = {Recently, several countries agreed to adopt the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). One future obligation will be to add other POPs as new evidence becomes available. In vitro cell-based bioassays offer a rapid, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive solution to screen possible POP candidates. In the present study, we investigated the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-receptor activity of several dioxin-like POPs by using the Micro-EROD (Ethoxy-Resorufin-O-Deethylase) and DR-CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive-Chemical Activated Luciferase gene expression) bioassays, which are two state-of-the-art methods. The Micro-EROD system used in our study utilizes a wildtype rat liver cell line (rat liver H4IIEC3/T cells), while the DR-CALUX bioassay consists of a genetically modified rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line that incorporates the firefly luciferase gene coupled to dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) as a reporter gene. In the case of the DR-CALUX bioassay, we used an exposure time of 24 h, whereas we used a 72-h exposure time in the Micro-EROD bioassay. The aim of this study was to compare conventional dioxin-like POPs (such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, PCDD/Fs and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) with several other classes of possible candidates to be added to the current toxicity equivalent factor (TEF) model in the future. Therefore, this study compares in vitro CYP1A1 (Micro-EROD bioassay) and firefly luciferase induction (DR-CALUX bioassay) in several mixed polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PXDD/Fs; X=Br, Cl, or F), alkyl-substituted polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PMCDD/Fs; M = methyl), polyhalogenated biphenyls (PXBs, X = Br, Cl), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenols (PBPs), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). We also evaluate congener-specific relative potencies (REPs) and efficacies (\\\\% of TCDDmax) and discuss the dose-response curves of these compounds, as well as the dioxin-like potency of several other Ah-receptor agonists, such as those of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The highest REP values were found for several PXDD/F congeners, followed by some coplanar PXBs, trichlorinated PCDD/Fs, PAHs, PBDE-126, 1-6-HxCN, and some brominated flame retardants (TBBP-A). These in vitro investigations indicate that further research is necessary to evaluate more Ah-receptor agonists for dioxin-like potency. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Behnisch, P},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Ah receptor, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), CALUX, DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS, ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, EROD, ETHOXYRESORUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE, Flame retardants, LIFE STAGE MORTALITY, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, RELATIVE POTENCIES, RISK-ASSESSMENT, TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS, bioassay, ffr, pbde, reporter gene assay, tox},\\n\\tpages = {861--877},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Behnisch, P\"],\"key\":\"behnisch_brominated_2003\",\"id\":\"behnisch_brominated_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"behnisch-brominateddioxinlikecompoundsinvitroassessmentincomparisontoclassicaldioxinlikecompoundsandotherpolyaromaticcompounds-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=23&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2\"},\"keyword\":[\"Ah receptor\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"CALUX\",\"DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS\",\"ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES\",\"EROD\",\"ETHOXYRESORUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE\",\"Flame retardants\",\"LIFE STAGE MORTALITY\",\"PAH\",\"PCB\",\"PCDD/F\",\"POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS\",\"POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS\",\"POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS\",\"RELATIVE POTENCIES\",\"RISK-ASSESSMENT\",\"TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS\",\"bioassay\",\"ffr\",\"pbde\",\"reporter gene assay\",\"tox\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation and DNA damage in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0730-7268\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.94\",\"abstract\":\"Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54 are two brominated formulations that are in use as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Two major components of these mixtures are 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-ethylhexylbenzoate (TBB) and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (TBPH). Both have been measured in environmental matrices; however, scant toxicological information exists. The present study aimed to determine if these brominated flame-retardant formulations are bioavailable and adversely affect DNA integrity in fish. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were orally exposed to either FM 550, FM BZ54, or the nonbrominated form of TBPH, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for 56 d and depurated (e.g., fed clean food) for 22 d. At several time points, liver and blood cells were collected and assessed for DNA damage. Homogenized fish tissues were extracted and analyzed on day 0 and day 56 to determine the residue of TBB and TBPH and the appearance of any metabolites using gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Significant increases (p \\\\textless 0.05) in DNA strand breaks from liver cells (but not blood cells) were observed during the exposure period compared with controls, although during depuration these levels returned to control. Both parent compounds, TBB and TBPH, were detected in tissues at approximately 1% of daily dosage along with brominated metabolites. The present study provides evidence for accumulation, metabolism, and genotoxicity of these new formulation flame retardants in fish and highlights the potential adverse effects of TBB- and TBPH-formulated fire retardants to aquatic species.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bearr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitchelmore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carys\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20821500\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, DNA Damage, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, ffr, waa\",\"pages\":\"722–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bearr_accumulation_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation and {DNA} damage in fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, {Firemaster} 550 and {Firemaster} {BZ}-54.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0730-7268},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.94},\\n\\tabstract = {Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54 are two brominated formulations that are in use as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Two major components of these mixtures are 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-ethylhexylbenzoate (TBB) and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (TBPH). Both have been measured in environmental matrices; however, scant toxicological information exists. The present study aimed to determine if these brominated flame-retardant formulations are bioavailable and adversely affect DNA integrity in fish. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were orally exposed to either FM 550, FM BZ54, or the nonbrominated form of TBPH, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for 56 d and depurated (e.g., fed clean food) for 22 d. At several time points, liver and blood cells were collected and assessed for DNA damage. Homogenized fish tissues were extracted and analyzed on day 0 and day 56 to determine the residue of TBB and TBPH and the appearance of any metabolites using gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Significant increases (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) in DNA strand breaks from liver cells (but not blood cells) were observed during the exposure period compared with controls, although during depuration these levels returned to control. Both parent compounds, TBB and TBPH, were detected in tissues at approximately 1\\\\% of daily dosage along with brominated metabolites. The present study provides evidence for accumulation, metabolism, and genotoxicity of these new formulation flame retardants in fish and highlights the potential adverse effects of TBB- and TBPH-formulated fire retardants to aquatic species.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\\n\\tauthor = {Bearr, Jonathan S and Stapleton, Heather M and Mitchelmore, Carys L},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20821500},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, DNA Damage, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, ffr, waa},\\n\\tpages = {722--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bearr, J. S\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Mitchelmore, C. L\"],\"key\":\"bearr_accumulation_2010\",\"id\":\"bearr_accumulation_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bearr-stapleton-mitchelmore-accumulationanddnadamageinfatheadminnowspimephalespromelasexposedto2brominatedflameretardantmixturesfiremaster550andfiremasterbz54-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: pharmacokinetics\",\"Brominated: toxicity\",\"Cyprinidae\",\"Cyprinidae: metabolism\",\"DNA Damage\",\"Diethylhexyl Phthalate\",\"Diethylhexyl Phthalate: pharmacokinetics\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: drug effects\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"ffr\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sacramento, CA\",\"title\":\"New Flammability Standards for Upholstered Furniture and Articles Exempt from Flammability Standards: Initial Statement of Reasons\",\"volume\":\"117\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf\",\"number\":\"October 1975\",\"publisher\":\"California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Flame retardants, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation - Initial\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{bearhfti_new_2013,\\n\\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {New {Flammability} {Standards} for {Upholstered} {Furniture} and {Articles} {Exempt} from {Flammability} {Standards}: {Initial} {Statement} of {Reasons}},\\n\\tvolume = {117},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {October 1975},\\n\\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\\n\\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Flame retardants, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation - Initial},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"key\":\"bearhfti_new_2013\",\"id\":\"bearhfti_new_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bearhfti-newflammabilitystandardsforupholsteredfurnitureandarticlesexemptfromflammabilitystandardsinitialstatementofreasons-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation - Initial\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Sacramento, CA\",\"title\":\"TECHNICAL BULLETIN 117-2013\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf\",\"number\":\"January\",\"publisher\":\"California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{bearhfti_technical_2013,\\n\\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\\n\\ttitle = {{TECHNICAL} {BULLETIN} 117-2013},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {January},\\n\\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\\n\\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"BEARHFTI\"],\"key\":\"bearhfti_technical_2013\",\"id\":\"bearhfti_technical_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bearhfti-technicalbulletin1172013-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Chlorinated paraffins: a review of analysis and environmental occurrence.\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.009\",\"abstract\":\"Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), as technical mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are ubiquitous in the environment. CPs tend to behave in a similar way to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), leading several countries to impose regulations on the use of CPs. In this article, we review the literature on the properties of CPs, the current analytical tools available to determine CPs in various types of environmental matrices, and concentrations found in the environment. In particular, concentrations of CPs in environmental compartments including air, water, sediments, biota, human food products and human tissues are summarized. Priorities for future research are: improvements in analytical methodologies (reducing the complexity of the analysis, producing reference materials and performing interlaboratory studies); determining background levels of chlorinated paraffins in the environment and human populations (this question should be answered using quality assured analytical tools allowing the intercomparison of data); and investigating the sources of CPs to the environment and to humans.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bayen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stéphane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Obbard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\",\"Philip\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gareth\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"16814386\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Biodiversity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Food, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry, Principal Component Analysis, Principal Component Analysis: methods, Quality Control, Tissue Distribution\",\"pages\":\"915–29\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bayen_chlorinated_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Chlorinated paraffins: a review of analysis and environmental occurrence.},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), as technical mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are ubiquitous in the environment. CPs tend to behave in a similar way to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), leading several countries to impose regulations on the use of CPs. In this article, we review the literature on the properties of CPs, the current analytical tools available to determine CPs in various types of environmental matrices, and concentrations found in the environment. In particular, concentrations of CPs in environmental compartments including air, water, sediments, biota, human food products and human tissues are summarized. Priorities for future research are: improvements in analytical methodologies (reducing the complexity of the analysis, producing reference materials and performing interlaboratory studies); determining background levels of chlorinated paraffins in the environment and human populations (this question should be answered using quality assured analytical tools allowing the intercomparison of data); and investigating the sources of CPs to the environment and to humans.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Bayen, Stéphane and Obbard, Jeffrey Philip and Thomas, Gareth O},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {16814386},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Food, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry, Principal Component Analysis, Principal Component Analysis: methods, Quality Control, Tissue Distribution},\\n\\tpages = {915--29},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bayen, S.\",\"Obbard, J. P.\",\"Thomas, G. O\"],\"key\":\"bayen_chlorinated_2006\",\"id\":\"bayen_chlorinated_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bayen-obbard-thomas-chlorinatedparaffinsareviewofanalysisandenvironmentaloccurrence-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Biodiversity\",\"Chlorinated\",\"Chlorinated: analysis\",\"Chlorinated: chemistry\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Environmental Pollutants: chemistry\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Paraffin\",\"Paraffin: analysis\",\"Paraffin: chemistry\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Principal Component Analysis: methods\",\"Quality Control\",\"Tissue Distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in offices in Michigan, USA.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.008\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are now ubiquitous contaminants with large reservoirs and high concentrations in buildings. Most of the information documenting BFR levels has been obtained in residences, and other environments that can lead to exposure have received relatively little attention, including offices that contain numerous BFR sources and where individuals spend considerable time. The aim of this study is to characterize BFR concentrations, potential emission sources, and migration pathways in office environments. We measure BFR levels in floor dust, indoor air, ventilation filter dust, and carpets in ten commercial and institutional buildings in Michigan, U.S.A. The median concentration of total BDEs in settled dust was 8754 ng g(-1), at the upper range of levels previously reported. Especially elevated levels were found in offices in buildings that contained known or likely BFR sources, e.g., computer servers. A trends analysis in a newly constructed building showed remarkable increases in concentrations of BFRs in settled dust and indoor air, and apparent steady-state levels were reached 5 to 8 months after building completion, a particularly striking finding given that the building was constructed and furnished several years after the voluntary phase-out of the penta- and octa-mixtures. Airborne particulate matter collected in a building's HVAC system filters contained PBDEs, including BDE-209, at levels exceeding the concentration of floor dust. In conjunction with estimates of building air flow rates, filter efficiency and other parameters, mass balance calculations for this building were used to estimate the emission rates and reservoirs of PBDEs. The widespread distribution of BFRs found in offices in both new and old buildings suggests the significance of workplace exposures, the need for controls to minimize human exposure, intra-building migration, and environmental releases of these chemicals, and the need for monitoring in new buildings to confirm the effectiveness of the PBDE phase-out.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Batterman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Godwin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chernyak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunrong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Charles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simone\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20483456\",\"keywords\":\"Air Conditioning, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Michigan, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"pages\":\"548–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{batterman_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in offices in {Michigan}, {USA}.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are now ubiquitous contaminants with large reservoirs and high concentrations in buildings. Most of the information documenting BFR levels has been obtained in residences, and other environments that can lead to exposure have received relatively little attention, including offices that contain numerous BFR sources and where individuals spend considerable time. The aim of this study is to characterize BFR concentrations, potential emission sources, and migration pathways in office environments. We measure BFR levels in floor dust, indoor air, ventilation filter dust, and carpets in ten commercial and institutional buildings in Michigan, U.S.A. The median concentration of total BDEs in settled dust was 8754 ng g(-1), at the upper range of levels previously reported. Especially elevated levels were found in offices in buildings that contained known or likely BFR sources, e.g., computer servers. A trends analysis in a newly constructed building showed remarkable increases in concentrations of BFRs in settled dust and indoor air, and apparent steady-state levels were reached 5 to 8 months after building completion, a particularly striking finding given that the building was constructed and furnished several years after the voluntary phase-out of the penta- and octa-mixtures. Airborne particulate matter collected in a building's HVAC system filters contained PBDEs, including BDE-209, at levels exceeding the concentration of floor dust. In conjunction with estimates of building air flow rates, filter efficiency and other parameters, mass balance calculations for this building were used to estimate the emission rates and reservoirs of PBDEs. The widespread distribution of BFRs found in offices in both new and old buildings suggests the significance of workplace exposures, the need for controls to minimize human exposure, intra-building migration, and environmental releases of these chemicals, and the need for monitoring in new buildings to confirm the effectiveness of the PBDE phase-out.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Batterman, Stuart and Godwin, Christopher and Chernyak, Sergei and Jia, Chunrong and Charles, Simone},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20483456},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Conditioning, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Michigan, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {548--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Batterman, S.\",\"Godwin, C.\",\"Chernyak, S.\",\"Jia, C.\",\"Charles, S.\"],\"key\":\"batterman_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"batterman_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"batterman-godwin-chernyak-jia-charles-brominatedflameretardantsinofficesinmichiganusa-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Conditioning\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Michigan\",\"Occupational\",\"Occupational: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pollutant dehalogenation capability may depend on the trophic evolutionary history of the organism: PBDEs in freshwater food webs.\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"1932-6203\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0041829\",\"abstract\":\"Organohalogen compounds are some of the most notorious persistent pollutants disturbing the Earth biosphere. Although human-made, these chemicals are not completely alien to living systems. A large number of natural organohalogens, part of the secondary metabolism, are involved in chemical trophic interactions. Surprisingly, the relationship between organisms' trophic position and synthetic organohalogen biotransformation capability has not been investigated. We studied the case for polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), a group of flame-retardants of widespread use in the recent years, in aquatic food webs from remote mountain lakes. These relatively simple ecosystems only receive pollution by atmospheric transport. A large predominance of the PBDE congener currently in use in Europe, BDE-209, largely dominated the PBDE composition of the basal resources of the food web. In contrast, primary consumers (herbivores and detritivores) showed a low proportion of BDE-209, and dominance of several less brominated congeners (e.g. BDE-100, BDE47). Secondary consumers (predators) showed large biomagnification of BDE-209 compare to other congeners. Finally, top predator fish characterized by low total PBDE concentrations. Examination of the bromine stable isotopic composition indicates that primary consumers showed higher PBDE biotransformation capability than secondary consumers. We suggest that the evolutionary response of primary consumers to feeding deterrents would have pre-adapted them for PBDE biotransformation. The observed few exceptions, some insect taxa, can be interpreted in the light of the trophic history of the evolutionary lineage of the organisms. Bromine isotopic composition in fish indicates that low PBDE values are due to not only biotransformation but also to some other process likely related to transport. Our finding illustrates that organohalogen compounds may strongly disturb ecosystems even at low concentrations, since the species lacking or having scarce biotransformation capability may be selectively more exposed to these halogenated hydrophobic semi-volatile organic pollutants due to their high bioaccumulation potential.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"PloS one\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bartrons\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mireia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grimalt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joan\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Mendoza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guillermo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Catalan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jordi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22848624\",\"keywords\":\"Adaptation, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Evolution, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Molecular, Physiological, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"e41829\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bartrons_pollutant_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Pollutant dehalogenation capability may depend on the trophic evolutionary history of the organism: {PBDEs} in freshwater food webs.},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {1932-6203},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0041829},\\n\\tabstract = {Organohalogen compounds are some of the most notorious persistent pollutants disturbing the Earth biosphere. Although human-made, these chemicals are not completely alien to living systems. A large number of natural organohalogens, part of the secondary metabolism, are involved in chemical trophic interactions. Surprisingly, the relationship between organisms' trophic position and synthetic organohalogen biotransformation capability has not been investigated. We studied the case for polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), a group of flame-retardants of widespread use in the recent years, in aquatic food webs from remote mountain lakes. These relatively simple ecosystems only receive pollution by atmospheric transport. A large predominance of the PBDE congener currently in use in Europe, BDE-209, largely dominated the PBDE composition of the basal resources of the food web. In contrast, primary consumers (herbivores and detritivores) showed a low proportion of BDE-209, and dominance of several less brominated congeners (e.g. BDE-100, BDE47). Secondary consumers (predators) showed large biomagnification of BDE-209 compare to other congeners. Finally, top predator fish characterized by low total PBDE concentrations. Examination of the bromine stable isotopic composition indicates that primary consumers showed higher PBDE biotransformation capability than secondary consumers. We suggest that the evolutionary response of primary consumers to feeding deterrents would have pre-adapted them for PBDE biotransformation. The observed few exceptions, some insect taxa, can be interpreted in the light of the trophic history of the evolutionary lineage of the organisms. Bromine isotopic composition in fish indicates that low PBDE values are due to not only biotransformation but also to some other process likely related to transport. Our finding illustrates that organohalogen compounds may strongly disturb ecosystems even at low concentrations, since the species lacking or having scarce biotransformation capability may be selectively more exposed to these halogenated hydrophobic semi-volatile organic pollutants due to their high bioaccumulation potential.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {PloS one},\\n\\tauthor = {Bartrons, Mireia and Grimalt, Joan O and de Mendoza, Guillermo and Catalan, Jordi},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22848624},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Evolution, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Molecular, Physiological, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {e41829},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bartrons, M.\",\"Grimalt, J. O\",\"de Mendoza, G.\",\"Catalan, J.\"],\"key\":\"bartrons_pollutant_2012\",\"id\":\"bartrons_pollutant_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bartrons-grimalt-demendoza-catalan-pollutantdehalogenationcapabilitymaydependonthetrophicevolutionaryhistoryoftheorganismpbdesinfreshwaterfoodwebs-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adaptation\",\"Animals\",\"Biotransformation\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Evolution\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Chain\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Halogenation\",\"Molecular\",\"Physiological\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants (BFRs and UV-filters) in sediments from South America.\",\"volume\":\"92\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032\",\"abstract\":\"In the present study the occurrence of emerging hydrophobic organic pollutants in sediment samples from South America (Chile and Colombia) was investigated for the first time. Nineteen Chilean and thirteen Colombian sediment samples were analyzed in order to determine their content of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (including PBDEs and emerging BFRs) as well as UV filters (UV-F). Samples were collected from neighboring aquatic ecosystems highly urbanized and industrialized in Colombia (Magdalena River area) and Chile (Biobio region). Different analytical procedures were applied depending on the selected analytes, based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric methodologies (GC-MS and LC-MS-MS). In general, concentration levels of both BFRs (up to 2.43 and 143ngg(-1) dw of PBDEs in Chile and Colombia, respectively) and UV-F (nd-2.96 and nd-54.4ngg(-1) dw in Chile and Colombia, respectively) were in the low range of published data, and the contribution of BFRs was higher than that of UV-F for almost all the sampled sediments.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barón\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Enrique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gago-Ferrero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pablo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudolph\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ignacio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mendoza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gonzalo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zapata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrés\",\"Mauricio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Díaz-Cruz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sílvia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ricardo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ocampo-Duque\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Páez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darbra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosa\",\"María\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23602656\",\"keywords\":\"BFR, Flame retardants, chile, colombia, sediments, south america, uv filter\",\"pages\":\"309–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baron_occurrence_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants ({BFRs} and {UV}-filters) in sediments from {South} {America}.},\\n\\tvolume = {92},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032},\\n\\tabstract = {In the present study the occurrence of emerging hydrophobic organic pollutants in sediment samples from South America (Chile and Colombia) was investigated for the first time. Nineteen Chilean and thirteen Colombian sediment samples were analyzed in order to determine their content of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (including PBDEs and emerging BFRs) as well as UV filters (UV-F). Samples were collected from neighboring aquatic ecosystems highly urbanized and industrialized in Colombia (Magdalena River area) and Chile (Biobio region). Different analytical procedures were applied depending on the selected analytes, based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric methodologies (GC-MS and LC-MS-MS). In general, concentration levels of both BFRs (up to 2.43 and 143ngg(-1) dw of PBDEs in Chile and Colombia, respectively) and UV-F (nd-2.96 and nd-54.4ngg(-1) dw in Chile and Colombia, respectively) were in the low range of published data, and the contribution of BFRs was higher than that of UV-F for almost all the sampled sediments.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Barón, Enrique and Gago-Ferrero, Pablo and Gorga, Marina and Rudolph, Ignacio and Mendoza, Gonzalo and Zapata, Andrés Mauricio and Díaz-Cruz, Sílvia and Barra, Ricardo and Ocampo-Duque, William and Páez, Martha and Darbra, Rosa María and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23602656},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFR, Flame retardants, chile, colombia, sediments, south america, uv filter},\\n\\tpages = {309--16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Barón, E.\",\"Gago-Ferrero, P.\",\"Gorga, M.\",\"Rudolph, I.\",\"Mendoza, G.\",\"Zapata, A. M.\",\"Díaz-Cruz, S.\",\"Barra, R.\",\"Ocampo-Duque, W.\",\"Páez, M.\",\"Darbra, R. M.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"baron_occurrence_2013\",\"id\":\"baron_occurrence_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"barn-gagoferrero-gorga-rudolph-mendoza-zapata-dazcruz-barra-etal-occurrenceofhydrophobicorganicpollutantsbfrsanduvfiltersinsedimentsfromsouthamerica-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFR\",\"Flame retardants\",\"chile\",\"colombia\",\"sediments\",\"south america\",\"uv filter\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurotoxicity of PBDEs on the developing nervous system.\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"1552-9924\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1103907\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Banasik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suchecka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominika\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21807586\",\"keywords\":\"Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy\",\"pages\":\"A331; author reply A331–2\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{banasik_neurotoxicity_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurotoxicity of {PBDEs} on the developing nervous system.},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {1552-9924},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1103907},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Banasik, Marek and Suchecka, Dominika},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21807586},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy},\\n\\tpages = {A331; author reply A331--2},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Banasik, M.\",\"Suchecka, D.\"],\"key\":\"banasik_neurotoxicity_2011\",\"id\":\"banasik_neurotoxicity_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"banasik-suchecka-neurotoxicityofpbdesonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal\",\"Animal: drug effects\",\"Animals\",\"Behavior\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: toxicity\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Humans\",\"Nervous System\",\"Nervous System: drug effects\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning\",\"Pregnancy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Upholstered furniture heat release rates: Measurements and estimation\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"url\":\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html\",\"abstract\":\"A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babruaskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1983\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"pages\":\"9–32\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babruaskas_upholstered_1983,\\n\\ttitle = {Upholstered furniture heat release rates: {Measurements} and estimation},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\turl = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html},\\n\\tabstract = {A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Babruaskas, V},\\n\\tyear = {1983},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n\\tpages = {9--32},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babruaskas, V\"],\"key\":\"babruaskas_upholstered_1983\",\"id\":\"babruaskas_upholstered_1983\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babruaskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Testing for Surface Spread of Flame: New Tests to Come Into Use\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Building Standards\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"White\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"A\",\"Jr.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Urbas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1997\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"13–18\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babrauskas_testing_1997,\\n\\ttitle = {Testing for {Surface} {Spread} of {Flame}: {New} {Tests} to {Come} {Into} {Use}},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Building Standards},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and White, J A Jr. and Urbas, J},\\n\\tyear = {1997},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {13--18},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"White, J A J.\",\"Urbas, J\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_testing_1997\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_testing_1997\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-white-urbas-testingforsurfacespreadofflamenewteststocomeintouse-1997\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants in building insulation: a case for re-evaluating building codes\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09613218.2012.744533\",\"abstract\":\"US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Building Research & Information\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lucas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eisenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Singla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dedeo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"738–755\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babrauskas_flame_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants in building insulation: a case for re-evaluating building codes},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09613218.2012.744533},\\n\\tabstract = {US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Building Research \\\\& Information},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Lucas, Donald and Eisenberg, David and Singla, Veena and Dedeo, Michel and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {738--755},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Lucas, D.\",\"Eisenberg, D.\",\"Singla, V.\",\"Dedeo, M.\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_flame_2012\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_flame_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-lucas-eisenberg-singla-dedeo-blum-flameretardantsinbuildinginsulationacaseforreevaluatingbuildingcodes-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam: Benefits and Risks\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"doi\":\"10.3801/IAFFS.FSS.10-265\",\"abstract\":\"The extensive use of chemical flame retardants to meet the California Furniture Flammability Standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117)provides an example of the need for consideration of environmental impacts of fire safety interventions before they are widely implemented. Flame retardants are currently being used in products with high levels of human exposure without adequate toxicological testing. For example, flame retardants commercially used to meet TB117 have been found to have negative consequences in the environment. And notably, the TB117 standard has not been shown to have a measurable fire safety benefit. Both the unintended adverse environmental and health impacts and the lack of fire safety benefits of California TB117 are discussed in detail.\",\"journal\":\"Fire Safety Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, flammability, halogens, pbde\",\"pages\":\"265–278\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babrauskas_flame_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam}: {Benefits} and {Risks}},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3801/IAFFS.FSS.10-265},\\n\\tabstract = {The extensive use of chemical flame retardants to meet the California Furniture Flammability Standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117)provides an example of the need for consideration of environmental impacts of fire safety interventions before they are widely implemented. Flame retardants are currently being used in products with high levels of human exposure without adequate toxicological testing. For example, flame retardants commercially used to meet TB117 have been found to have negative consequences in the environment. And notably, the TB117 standard has not been shown to have a measurable fire safety benefit. Both the unintended adverse environmental and health impacts and the lack of fire safety benefits of California TB117 are discussed in detail.},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Safety Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Blum, Arlene and Daley, Rebecca and Birnbaum, Linda S},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, flammability, halogens, pbde},\\n\\tpages = {265--278},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Daley, R.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_flame_2011\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_flame_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-blum-daley-birnbaum-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"flammability\",\"halogens\",\"pbde\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Facade fire tests: Towards an international test standard\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/BF01040215\",\"abstract\":\"Results of large-scale and bench-scale tests are reported on three EIFS (exterior insulation and finish systems) type façade assemblies. The large-scale tests were done according to a modified SP 105 test, while the bench-scale procedures followed CAN/ULC-S135. The tests were motivated by the current ISO deliberations to select an optimal international standard for testing façades against fire propagation hazards. The large-scale test showed distinct differences among the assemblies tested. However, certain difficulties were identified with the test, especially the smokiness of the fuel and the non-ideal dimensioning of the re-entrant corner. The bench-scale tests showed consistent results; such procedures may be useful for screening purposes.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Fire Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1996\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"219–230\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babrauskas_facade_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {Facade fire tests: {Towards} an international test standard},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/BF01040215},\\n\\tabstract = {Results of large-scale and bench-scale tests are reported on three EIFS (exterior insulation and finish systems) type façade assemblies. The large-scale tests were done according to a modified SP 105 test, while the bench-scale procedures followed CAN/ULC-S135. The tests were motivated by the current ISO deliberations to select an optimal international standard for testing façades against fire propagation hazards. The large-scale test showed distinct differences among the assemblies tested. However, certain difficulties were identified with the test, especially the smokiness of the fuel and the non-ideal dimensioning of the re-entrant corner. The bench-scale tests showed consistent results; such procedures may be useful for screening purposes.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {219--230},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_facade_1996\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_facade_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-facadefireteststowardsaninternationalteststandard-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Wall insulation products: Full-scale tests versus evaluation from bench-scale toxic potency data\",\"isbn\":\"09516320 9 4\",\"booktitle\":\"Interflam 1996\",\"publisher\":\"Interscience Communications Ltd\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1996\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"257–274\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{babrauskas_wall_1996,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Wall insulation products: {Full}-scale tests versus evaluation from bench-scale toxic potency data},\\n\\tisbn = {09516320 9 4},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Interflam 1996},\\n\\tpublisher = {Interscience Communications Ltd},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {257--274},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_wall_1996\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_wall_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-wallinsulationproductsfullscaletestsversusevaluationfrombenchscaletoxicpotencydata-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Plastics, part B, The effect of FR agents on polymer performance\",\"booktitle\":\"Heat release in fires\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier Applied Science Publishers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grayson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1992\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"423–446\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{babrauskas_plastics_1992,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Plastics, part {B}, {The} effect of {FR} agents on polymer performance},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Heat release in fires},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier Applied Science Publishers},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\\n\\teditor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Grayson, S J},\\n\\tyear = {1992},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {423--446},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Grayson, S J\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_plastics_1992\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_plastics_1992\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-plasticspartbtheeffectoffragentsonpolymerperformance-1992\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam: Benefits and Risks\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"url\":\"http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/\",\"journal\":\"Fire Safety Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"R.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"L.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"265–278\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babrauskas_flame_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam}: {Benefits} and {Risks}},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\turl = {http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Safety Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, V. and Blum, A. and R., Daley and L., Birnbaum},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {265--278},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"R., D.\",\"L., B.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_flame_2011-1\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_flame_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-blum-r-l-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania\",\"title\":\"Standard Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture E1353-08a\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf\",\"number\":\"C\",\"publisher\":\"ASTM International\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ASTM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{astm_standard_2008,\\n\\taddress = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania},\\n\\ttitle = {Standard {Test} {Methods} for {Cigarette} {Ignition} {Resistance} of {Components} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {E1353}-08a},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {C},\\n\\tpublisher = {ASTM International},\\n\\tauthor = {{ASTM}},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ASTM\"],\"key\":\"astm_standard_2008\",\"id\":\"astm_standard_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"astm-standardtestmethodsforcigaretteignitionresistanceofcomponentsofupholsteredfurnituree135308a-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"ASTM F2417-09 Standard specification for fire safety for candles.\",\"url\":\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm\",\"publisher\":\"American Society for Testing and Materials\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ASTM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, reg\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{astm_astm_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{ASTM} {F2417}-09 {Standard} specification for fire safety for candles.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm},\\n\\tpublisher = {American Society for Testing and Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {{ASTM}},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, reg},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ASTM\"],\"key\":\"astm_astm_nodate\",\"id\":\"astm_astm_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"astm-astmf241709standardspecificationforfiresafetyforcandles\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"reg\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human exposure to PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in Ghana: Temporal variation, sources of exposure and estimation of daily intakes by infants.\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.011\",\"abstract\":\"Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was evaluated in Ghana using breast milk samples collected in 2004 and 2009. Mean levels and ranges of PBDEs (4.5; 0.86-18 ng/g lw) and PCBs (62; 15-160 ng/g lw) observed in the present study were unexpectedly high, in spite of the fact that Ghana is a non-industrialized country when compared with many of the Asian and European countries. Significant increases were found in the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs over the years, while no significant increase was observed for HBCDs. Estimated hazard quotient (HQ) showed that all the mothers had HQ values exceeding the threshold of 1 for PCBs, indicating potential health risk for their children. PCBs in dirty oils and obsolete equipment should be of concern as potential sources in Ghana, and e-waste recycling with little or no experience in safe handling could be a threat to this sub-region noted for unregulated disposal of e-waste. The results may point towards an increase in trends in human milk in Ghana, especially in the larger cities but further analysis would be required to confirm this upward trend in levels. This is the first study to report BFRs in human breast milk from Africa, and undoubtedly from Ghana.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asante\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kwadwo\",\"Ansong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adu-Kumi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakahiro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kenta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devanathan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gnanasekaran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clarke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edith\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ansa-Asare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osmund\",\"Duodu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dapaah-Siakwan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21470682\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ghana, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"921–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{asante_human_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Human exposure to {PCBs}, {PBDEs} and {HBCDs} in {Ghana}: {Temporal} variation, sources of exposure and estimation of daily intakes by infants.},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was evaluated in Ghana using breast milk samples collected in 2004 and 2009. Mean levels and ranges of PBDEs (4.5; 0.86-18 ng/g lw) and PCBs (62; 15-160 ng/g lw) observed in the present study were unexpectedly high, in spite of the fact that Ghana is a non-industrialized country when compared with many of the Asian and European countries. Significant increases were found in the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs over the years, while no significant increase was observed for HBCDs. Estimated hazard quotient (HQ) showed that all the mothers had HQ values exceeding the threshold of 1 for PCBs, indicating potential health risk for their children. PCBs in dirty oils and obsolete equipment should be of concern as potential sources in Ghana, and e-waste recycling with little or no experience in safe handling could be a threat to this sub-region noted for unregulated disposal of e-waste. The results may point towards an increase in trends in human milk in Ghana, especially in the larger cities but further analysis would be required to confirm this upward trend in levels. This is the first study to report BFRs in human breast milk from Africa, and undoubtedly from Ghana.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Asante, Kwadwo Ansong and Adu-Kumi, Sam and Nakahiro, Kenta and Takahashi, Shin and Isobe, Tomohiko and Sudaryanto, Agus and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Clarke, Edith and Ansa-Asare, Osmund Duodu and Dapaah-Siakwan, Stephen and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21470682},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ghana, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {921--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Asante, K. A.\",\"Adu-Kumi, S.\",\"Nakahiro, K.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Devanathan, G.\",\"Clarke, E.\",\"Ansa-Asare, O. D.\",\"Dapaah-Siakwan, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"asante_human_2011\",\"id\":\"asante_human_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"asante-adukumi-nakahiro-takahashi-isobe-sudaryanto-devanathan-clarke-etal-humanexposuretopcbspbdesandhbcdsinghanatemporalvariationsourcesofexposureandestimationofdailyintakesbyinfants-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Cities\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Electronic Waste: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Ghana\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maternal Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).\",\"volume\":\"98\",\"issn\":\"1879-1514\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.013\",\"abstract\":\"The health effects of the flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish are not well understood. To determine the potential effects of this ubiquitous contaminant class on fish health, juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were fed a diet that reflected the PBDE congeners found in the stomach contents of subyearling Chinook salmon collected from the highly urbanized and industrialized lower Willamette River in the Columbia River Basin of North America. The diet, consisting of five PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154), was fed to the salmon at 2% of their body weight in food per day for 40 days. Two concentrations of the diet (1x and 10x PBDE) were fed to the salmon. The 1x PBDE diet reflected the concentration of PBDEs (190 ng PBDEs/g food) found in the stomach contents of juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon; the 10x diet was prepared at 10 times that concentration. The fish were then exposed to the marine bacterial pathogen Listonella anguillarum to assess susceptibility to infectious disease. Juvenile Chinook salmon fed the 1x PBDE diet were more susceptible to L. anguillarum than salmon fed the control diet. This suggests that juvenile salmonids in the lower Willamette River exposed to PBDEs may be at greater risk for disease than nonexposed juvenile salmonids. In contrast, salmon that consumed the 10x PBDE diet were not more susceptible to the pathogen than salmon fed the control diet. The mechanisms for the dichotomous results observed in disease susceptibility between salmon fed the 1x and 10x PBDE diets are currently not known but have also been observed in other species exposed to PBDEs with respect to immune function.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arkoosh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boylen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietrich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anulacion\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernadita\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ginaylitalo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bravo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claudia\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lyndal\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Collier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tracy\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20207027\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Body Constitution, Body Constitution: drug effects, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: mortality, Fish Diseases: transmission, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: mortality, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunity, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Lipids, Lipids: chemistry, Listonella, Listonella: physiology, Salmon, Salmon: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa\",\"pages\":\"51–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{arkoosh_disease_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}).},\\n\\tvolume = {98},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1514},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.013},\\n\\tabstract = {The health effects of the flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish are not well understood. To determine the potential effects of this ubiquitous contaminant class on fish health, juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were fed a diet that reflected the PBDE congeners found in the stomach contents of subyearling Chinook salmon collected from the highly urbanized and industrialized lower Willamette River in the Columbia River Basin of North America. The diet, consisting of five PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154), was fed to the salmon at 2\\\\% of their body weight in food per day for 40 days. Two concentrations of the diet (1x and 10x PBDE) were fed to the salmon. The 1x PBDE diet reflected the concentration of PBDEs (190 ng PBDEs/g food) found in the stomach contents of juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon; the 10x diet was prepared at 10 times that concentration. The fish were then exposed to the marine bacterial pathogen Listonella anguillarum to assess susceptibility to infectious disease. Juvenile Chinook salmon fed the 1x PBDE diet were more susceptible to L. anguillarum than salmon fed the control diet. This suggests that juvenile salmonids in the lower Willamette River exposed to PBDEs may be at greater risk for disease than nonexposed juvenile salmonids. In contrast, salmon that consumed the 10x PBDE diet were not more susceptible to the pathogen than salmon fed the control diet. The mechanisms for the dichotomous results observed in disease susceptibility between salmon fed the 1x and 10x PBDE diets are currently not known but have also been observed in other species exposed to PBDEs with respect to immune function.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Arkoosh, Mary R and Boylen, Deborah and Dietrich, Joseph and Anulacion, Bernadita F and {Ginaylitalo} and Bravo, Claudia F and Johnson, Lyndal L and Loge, Frank J and Collier, Tracy K},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20207027},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Constitution, Body Constitution: drug effects, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: mortality, Fish Diseases: transmission, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: mortality, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunity, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Lipids, Lipids: chemistry, Listonella, Listonella: physiology, Salmon, Salmon: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa},\\n\\tpages = {51--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Arkoosh, M. R\",\"Boylen, D.\",\"Dietrich, J.\",\"Anulacion, B. F\",\"Ginaylitalo\",\"Bravo, C. F\",\"Johnson, L. L\",\"Loge, F. J\",\"Collier, T. K\"],\"key\":\"arkoosh_disease_2010\",\"id\":\"arkoosh_disease_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"arkoosh-boylen-dietrich-anulacion-ginaylitalo-bravo-johnson-loge-etal-diseasesusceptibilityofsalmonexposedtopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Body Constitution\",\"Body Constitution: drug effects\",\"Body Weight\",\"Body Weight: drug effects\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: toxicity\",\"Fish Diseases\",\"Fish Diseases: microbiology\",\"Fish Diseases: mortality\",\"Fish Diseases: transmission\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections\",\"Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: mortality\",\"Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: veterinary\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Immunity\",\"Innate\",\"Innate: drug effects\",\"Lethal Dose 50\",\"Lipids\",\"Lipids: chemistry\",\"Listonella\",\"Listonella: physiology\",\"Salmon\",\"Salmon: physiology\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"ffr\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"NBS Monograph 173\",\"title\":\"Fire Behavior of Upholstered Furniture\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf\",\"publisher\":\"National Bureau of Standards\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krasny\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1985\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{babrauskas_fire_1985,\\n\\taddress = {NBS Monograph 173},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire {Behavior} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Bureau of Standards},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Krasny, John},\\n\\tyear = {1985},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Krasny, J.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_fire_1985\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_fire_1985\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-krasny-firebehaviorofupholsteredfurniture-1985\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"NBS Special Publication SP 749\",\"title\":\"Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products\",\"volume\":\"SP749\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"The Fire Retardant Chemicals Association (FRCA) therefore asked NBS-CFR to investigate the fire hazard of a wide array of fire-retardant (FR) containing products relative to non fire-retarded (NFR), but otherwise substantially identical, products. The two central issues to be explored were: (1) For today's most commonly used FR/polymer systems, is the overall fire hazard reduced, when compared to similar non-fire retarded (NFR) items? (2) Since both the commercially popular FR chemicals and the base polymer formulations can be expected to change in the future, can appropriate bench-scale test methodologies be validated which would allow future testing to be quick and simple?\",\"publisher\":\"National Bureau of Standards\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peacock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1988\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{babrauskas_fire_1988,\\n\\taddress = {NBS Special Publication SP 749},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products},\\n\\tvolume = {SP749},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {The Fire Retardant Chemicals Association (FRCA) therefore asked NBS-CFR to investigate the fire hazard of a wide array of fire-retardant (FR) containing products relative to non fire-retarded (NFR), but otherwise substantially identical, products. The two central issues to be explored were: (1) For today's most commonly used FR/polymer systems, is the overall fire hazard reduced, when compared to similar non-fire retarded (NFR) items? (2) Since both the commercially popular FR chemicals and the base polymer formulations can be expected to change in the future, can appropriate bench-scale test methodologies be validated which would allow future testing to be quick and simple?},\\n\\tpublisher = {National Bureau of Standards},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Harris, R H and Gann, Richard G and Levin, B C and Lee, B T and Peacock, Richard D},\\n\\tyear = {1988},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Harris, R H\",\"Gann, R. G\",\"Levin, B C\",\"Lee, B T\",\"Peacock, R. D\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_fire_1988\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_fire_1988\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproducts-1988\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Issaqah, WA\",\"title\":\"Ignition Handbook\",\"isbn\":\"0-9728111-4-1\",\"url\":\"http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141\",\"publisher\":\"Fire Science Publishers and Society of Fire Protection Engineers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{babrauskas_ignition_2003,\\n\\taddress = {Issaqah, WA},\\n\\ttitle = {Ignition {Handbook}},\\n\\tisbn = {0-9728111-4-1},\\n\\turl = {http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141},\\n\\tpublisher = {Fire Science Publishers and Society of Fire Protection Engineers},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_ignition_2003\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_ignition_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-ignitionhandbook-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"CPSC Staff Preliminary Risk Assessment of Flame Retardant (FR) Chemicals in Upholstered Furniture Foam.\",\"url\":\"http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf\",\"abstract\":\"The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff developed a draft performance . standard to address the hazards associated with fires involving residential upholstered furniture. Manufacturers are likely to treat some products with flame retardant (FR) chemicals if the draft standard is adopted. The CPSC staff previously assessed the potential health risks associated with the use of FR chemicals in upholstered furniture cover fabrics. In this report, the CPSC staff presents a preliminary assessment of the potential health risks associated with the use of selected FR chemicals in upholstered furniture foam. FR-treated foam samples that were available to the CPSC staff for testing included those with three different FR chemicals or mixtures that could be used to meet the draft standard: melamine (108-78-1); tris(l,3-dichloro-2-propy1)phosphate (TDCP) (13674-87-8); and FiremasterTM 550 (FM-550TM).F M-550TMi s a mixture containing triphenyl phosphate (TPP) (1 145-86-6), phenol isopropylated phosphate (PIP) (68937-41-7), and octyl tetrabromobenzoate (OTB). Samples with the highest available TDCP or FM-550TM levels were included in the study. Numerous other FR treatments that could be used in foam have been discussed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA' s) Design for the Environment Program. Q The toxicity of FR chemicals was assessed according to the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), the supplemental definition of \\\"toxic,\\\" and the CPSC chronic hazard guidelines. Although melamine has been studied in chronic bioassays, it does not satisfy the FHSA definition of toxic. Thus, exposure studies with melamine-treated foam were not necessary. Based on the available data, melamine-treated foam would not present a hazard to consumers. TDCP is considered a probable human carcinogen, based on sufficient evidence in animal studies. TDCP also induces non-cancer chronic health effects in animals. Little toxicity information on FM-550TM and its components is available. However, the CPSC staff has previously reviewed the toxicity of two FM-550TM components, TPP and PIP, as well as closely related compounds. No toxicity data were available for OTB. Mock-ups made with the foam samples were tested by the staff to assess the liquid-mediated migration of FR chemicals. These data were used to estimate dermal and oral exposures. The mock-ups were also subjected to an accelerated wear procedure to measure the release of airborne particles containing FR chemical. Two foam samples containing TDCP and one containing FM-550TM were tested. Measurements of migration and particle release from FM-550TM-treatedf oam were based on the OTB component. The other components were not measured. Exposure to vapor phase chemicals that may be emitted from the foam was assessed using a mathematical model. Based on the CPSC staff's analysis, it appears that inhalation of vapor phase FR chemical contributes the greatest portion of the total exposure. However, a mathematical model was used to estimate inhalation exposure due to the lack of empirical data. Thus, the estimated inhalation exposure is highly uncertain. Toxicity studies by the inhalation route are also lacking. Therefore, the following conclusions are based on limited exposure and/or toxicity data, and should be regarded as preliminary.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"MA\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"TA\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hatlelid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"KM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, com, ffr\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{babich_cpsc_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {{CPSC} {Staff} {Preliminary} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Flame} {Retardant} ({FR}) {Chemicals} in {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Foam}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf},\\n\\tabstract = {The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff developed a draft performance . standard to address the hazards associated with fires involving residential upholstered furniture. Manufacturers are likely to treat some products with flame retardant (FR) chemicals if the draft standard is adopted. The CPSC staff previously assessed the potential health risks associated with the use of FR chemicals in upholstered furniture cover fabrics. In this report, the CPSC staff presents a preliminary assessment of the potential health risks associated with the use of selected FR chemicals in upholstered furniture foam. FR-treated foam samples that were available to the CPSC staff for testing included those with three different FR chemicals or mixtures that could be used to meet the draft standard: melamine (108-78-1); tris(l,3-dichloro-2-propy1)phosphate (TDCP) (13674-87-8); and FiremasterTM 550 (FM-550TM).F M-550TMi s a mixture containing triphenyl phosphate (TPP) (1 145-86-6), phenol isopropylated phosphate (PIP) (68937-41-7), and octyl tetrabromobenzoate (OTB). Samples with the highest available TDCP or FM-550TM levels were included in the study. Numerous other FR treatments that could be used in foam have been discussed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA' s) Design for the Environment Program. Q The toxicity of FR chemicals was assessed according to the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), the supplemental definition of \\\"toxic,\\\" and the CPSC chronic hazard guidelines. Although melamine has been studied in chronic bioassays, it does not satisfy the FHSA definition of toxic. Thus, exposure studies with melamine-treated foam were not necessary. Based on the available data, melamine-treated foam would not present a hazard to consumers. TDCP is considered a probable human carcinogen, based on sufficient evidence in animal studies. TDCP also induces non-cancer chronic health effects in animals. Little toxicity information on FM-550TM and its components is available. However, the CPSC staff has previously reviewed the toxicity of two FM-550TM components, TPP and PIP, as well as closely related compounds. No toxicity data were available for OTB. Mock-ups made with the foam samples were tested by the staff to assess the liquid-mediated migration of FR chemicals. These data were used to estimate dermal and oral exposures. The mock-ups were also subjected to an accelerated wear procedure to measure the release of airborne particles containing FR chemical. Two foam samples containing TDCP and one containing FM-550TM were tested. Measurements of migration and particle release from FM-550TM-treatedf oam were based on the OTB component. The other components were not measured. Exposure to vapor phase chemicals that may be emitted from the foam was assessed using a mathematical model. Based on the CPSC staff's analysis, it appears that inhalation of vapor phase FR chemical contributes the greatest portion of the total exposure. However, a mathematical model was used to estimate inhalation exposure due to the lack of empirical data. Thus, the estimated inhalation exposure is highly uncertain. Toxicity studies by the inhalation route are also lacking. Therefore, the following conclusions are based on limited exposure and/or toxicity data, and should be regarded as preliminary.},\\n\\tauthor = {Babich, MA and Thomas, TA and Hatlelid, KM},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babich, M.\",\"Thomas, T.\",\"Hatlelid, K.\"],\"key\":\"babich_cpsc_2006\",\"id\":\"babich_cpsc_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babich-thomas-hatlelid-cpscstaffpreliminaryriskassessmentofflameretardantfrchemicalsinupholsteredfurniturefoam-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"com\",\"ffr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"West Conshohocken, PA\",\"title\":\"Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (ASTM E84 - 12a)\",\"url\":\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm\",\"publisher\":\"ASTM International\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ASTM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"25 ft tunnel, E84, Flame retardants, Steiner tunnel, flame spread, flame spread index, smoke developed, smoke developed index, surface burning characteristics, tunnel test\\\\textlessbrk\\\\textgreater\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{astm_standard_2012,\\n\\taddress = {West Conshohocken, PA},\\n\\ttitle = {Standard {Test} {Method} for {Surface} {Burning} {Characteristics} of {Building} {Materials} ({ASTM} {E84} - 12a)},\\n\\turl = {http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm},\\n\\tpublisher = {ASTM International},\\n\\tauthor = {{ASTM}},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {25 ft tunnel, E84, Flame retardants, Steiner tunnel, flame spread, flame spread index, smoke developed, smoke developed index, surface burning characteristics, tunnel test{\\\\textbackslash}textlessbrk{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ASTM\"],\"key\":\"astm_standard_2012\",\"id\":\"astm_standard_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"astm-standardtestmethodforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofbuildingmaterialsastme8412a-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"25 ft tunnel\",\"E84\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Steiner tunnel\",\"flame spread\",\"flame spread index\",\"smoke developed\",\"smoke developed index\",\"surface burning characteristics\",\"tunnel test\\\\textlessbrk\\\\textgreater\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of Japan.\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"issn\":\"1613-4133\",\"url\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=20&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=4\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/mnfr.200700110\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations of brominated dioxins which are polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) and mono-bromo polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in a total of 45 fish samples collected from three regions in Japan. In the brominated dioxins, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF) was the most abundant congener, and it was found in seven fish samples at 0.10-25.6 pg/g wet weight (ww). The highest concentration of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF was found in the pike eel. Regarding other congeners, 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin was detected in the sea bream at 0.02 pg/g ww, and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran was detected in the conger eel at 0.03 pg/g ww. 3-Bromo-2,7,8-trichlorodibenzofuran was detected in the Sardinella zunasi and the conger eel at 0.01 pg/g ww and 0.02 pg/g ww, respectively. Using toxic equivalency factors of chlorinated dioxins, we calculated the PBDD/DFs concentrations of these fish samples at 0.001-0.256 pg TEQ/g ww. PBDEs were detected in all of the fish samples. The concentrations of total PBDEs were 0.01-2.88 ng/g ww. The seerfish and the yellowtail containd PBDEs in high concentrations. The most dominant congener in most of the fish was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether. TBBPA was detected in 29 fish samples at 0.01-0.11 ng/g ww. The mean level of TBBPA was about one-tenth or less of the total level of PBDEs. A good correlation was obtained between total PBDEs and fat content. On the other hand, no correlation was obtained between TBBPA and fat content. The daily intakes from fish were estimated to be 0.58 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for total PBDEs, 0.03 ng/kg bw/day for TBBPA, and 0.01 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for brominated dioxins in the case assuming that the average bw of a Japanese adult person is 50 kg and that the average fish consumption is 82 g/day. For PBDEs, the provisionally calculated value was much less than the lowest observed adverse effect level value (1 mg/kg bw/day). For brominated dioxins, the daily intake was at a very low level compared with the Japanese daily intake of polychlorinated dioxins from fish. Even if the value of PBDD/DFs is added to the amount of chlorinated dioxin exposure, it was estimated that it is less than the tolerable daily intake (4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) in Japan.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Molecular nutrition & food research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ashizuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakagawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tsuguhide\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yasutake\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daisuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tobiishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sasaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kumiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18246587\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Japan, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, frelec, waa\",\"pages\":\"273–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ashizuka_determination_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\tissn = {1613-4133},\\n\\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=20&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700110},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations of brominated dioxins which are polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) and mono-bromo polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in a total of 45 fish samples collected from three regions in Japan. In the brominated dioxins, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF) was the most abundant congener, and it was found in seven fish samples at 0.10-25.6 pg/g wet weight (ww). The highest concentration of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF was found in the pike eel. Regarding other congeners, 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin was detected in the sea bream at 0.02 pg/g ww, and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran was detected in the conger eel at 0.03 pg/g ww. 3-Bromo-2,7,8-trichlorodibenzofuran was detected in the Sardinella zunasi and the conger eel at 0.01 pg/g ww and 0.02 pg/g ww, respectively. Using toxic equivalency factors of chlorinated dioxins, we calculated the PBDD/DFs concentrations of these fish samples at 0.001-0.256 pg TEQ/g ww. PBDEs were detected in all of the fish samples. The concentrations of total PBDEs were 0.01-2.88 ng/g ww. The seerfish and the yellowtail containd PBDEs in high concentrations. The most dominant congener in most of the fish was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether. TBBPA was detected in 29 fish samples at 0.01-0.11 ng/g ww. The mean level of TBBPA was about one-tenth or less of the total level of PBDEs. A good correlation was obtained between total PBDEs and fat content. On the other hand, no correlation was obtained between TBBPA and fat content. The daily intakes from fish were estimated to be 0.58 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for total PBDEs, 0.03 ng/kg bw/day for TBBPA, and 0.01 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for brominated dioxins in the case assuming that the average bw of a Japanese adult person is 50 kg and that the average fish consumption is 82 g/day. For PBDEs, the provisionally calculated value was much less than the lowest observed adverse effect level value (1 mg/kg bw/day). For brominated dioxins, the daily intake was at a very low level compared with the Japanese daily intake of polychlorinated dioxins from fish. Even if the value of PBDD/DFs is added to the amount of chlorinated dioxin exposure, it was estimated that it is less than the tolerable daily intake (4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) in Japan.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\\\& food research},\\n\\tauthor = {Ashizuka, Yuki and Nakagawa, Reiko and Hori, Tsuguhide and Yasutake, Daisuke and Tobiishi, Kazuhiro and Sasaki, Kumiko},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18246587},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Japan, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, frelec, waa},\\n\\tpages = {273--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ashizuka, Y.\",\"Nakagawa, R.\",\"Hori, T.\",\"Yasutake, D.\",\"Tobiishi, K.\",\"Sasaki, K.\"],\"key\":\"ashizuka_determination_2008\",\"id\":\"ashizuka_determination_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ashizuka-nakagawa-hori-yasutake-tobiishi-sasaki-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsandbrominateddioxinsinfishcollectedfromthreeregionsofjapan-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=20&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=4\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Diet\",\"Dioxins\",\"Dioxins: analysis\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Food Contamination\",\"Food Contamination: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Japan\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"waa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products\",\"url\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf\",\"number\":\"17\",\"publisher\":\"European Commission\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"ARCADIS-EBRC\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{arcadis-ebrc_evaluation_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products},\\n\\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tpublisher = {European Commission},\\n\\tauthor = {{ARCADIS-EBRC}},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ARCADIS-EBRC\"],\"key\":\"arcadis-ebrc_evaluation_2011\",\"id\":\"arcadis-ebrc_evaluation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"arcadisebrc-evaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants.\",\"volume\":\"216\",\"issn\":\"1618-131X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.004\",\"abstract\":\"Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants representing two classes of environmental contaminants of toxicological concern, especially for infants. Canadian biomonitoring data on these chemicals are limited. The objectives of this study were to measure PFAAs and PBDEs in umbilical cord blood from approximately 100 hospital deliveries in Ottawa (Ontario, Canada) and examine associations with characteristics of the mother and infant. Geometric means were 1.469 ng/mL for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) (95% confidence interval of 1.292-1.671 ng/mL), 4.443 ng/mL for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (95% CI of 3.735-5.285 ng/mL), 0.359 ng/mL for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (95% CI of 0.318-0.404 ng/mL), and 0.579 ng/mL for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) (95% CI of 0.473-0.709 ng/mL). The final multiple regression models indicated that lower gravida, term gestational age, smoking during pregnancy and vaginal delivery were significantly associated with higher levels of PFOS. Similarly, a vaginal delivery was significantly associated with higher PFOA, while weak associations were found with lower gravida and birth weight less than 2500 g. Furthermore, higher PFNA concentrations were significantly associated with older mothers, and vaginal delivery, while weakly associated with term gestational age. Elevated PFHxS concentrations were significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy and lower gravida. Similar to reports from other countries, the preponderant PBDE congener measured in the cord blood was PBDE-47. Questions remain on why various studies have reported conflicting results on the association between PFAAs and birth weight.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"International journal of hygiene and environmental health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arbuckle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tye\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubwabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cariton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karelyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lalonde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kosarac\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ivana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shi\",\"Wu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Douglas\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"22494936\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"184–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{arbuckle_umbilical_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants.},\\n\\tvolume = {216},\\n\\tissn = {1618-131X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants representing two classes of environmental contaminants of toxicological concern, especially for infants. Canadian biomonitoring data on these chemicals are limited. The objectives of this study were to measure PFAAs and PBDEs in umbilical cord blood from approximately 100 hospital deliveries in Ottawa (Ontario, Canada) and examine associations with characteristics of the mother and infant. Geometric means were 1.469 ng/mL for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) (95\\\\% confidence interval of 1.292-1.671 ng/mL), 4.443 ng/mL for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (95\\\\% CI of 3.735-5.285 ng/mL), 0.359 ng/mL for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (95\\\\% CI of 0.318-0.404 ng/mL), and 0.579 ng/mL for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) (95\\\\% CI of 0.473-0.709 ng/mL). The final multiple regression models indicated that lower gravida, term gestational age, smoking during pregnancy and vaginal delivery were significantly associated with higher levels of PFOS. Similarly, a vaginal delivery was significantly associated with higher PFOA, while weak associations were found with lower gravida and birth weight less than 2500 g. Furthermore, higher PFNA concentrations were significantly associated with older mothers, and vaginal delivery, while weakly associated with term gestational age. Elevated PFHxS concentrations were significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy and lower gravida. Similar to reports from other countries, the preponderant PBDE congener measured in the cord blood was PBDE-47. Questions remain on why various studies have reported conflicting results on the association between PFAAs and birth weight.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\\n\\tauthor = {Arbuckle, Tye E and Kubwabo, Cariton and Walker, Mark and Davis, Karelyn and Lalonde, Kaela and Kosarac, Ivana and Wen, Shi Wu and Arnold, Douglas L},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {22494936},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {184--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Arbuckle, T. E\",\"Kubwabo, C.\",\"Walker, M.\",\"Davis, K.\",\"Lalonde, K.\",\"Kosarac, I.\",\"Wen, S. W.\",\"Arnold, D. L\"],\"key\":\"arbuckle_umbilical_2013\",\"id\":\"arbuckle_umbilical_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"arbuckle-kubwabo-walker-davis-lalonde-kosarac-wen-arnold-umbilicalcordbloodlevelsofperfluoroalkylacidsandpolybrominatedflameretardants-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants.\",\"issn\":\"1600-0668\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/ina.12054\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate esters are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers, and they are ubiquitous in the indoor environment. Phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are present in residential dust, but few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. We measured the levels of 11 PFRs in indoor floor dust and multi-surface dust in 182 single-family dwellings in Japan. We evaluated their correlations with asthma and allergies of the inhabitants. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was detected in all samples (median value: 580 μg/g in floor dust, 111 μg/g in multi-surface dust). Tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was detected at 8.69 μg/g in floor dust and 25.8 μg/g in multi-surface dust. After adjustment for potential confounders, significant associations were found between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and the presence of TCIPP and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in floor dust (per log10 -unit, odds ratio: 2.43 and 1.84, respectively). Tributyl phosphate was significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma (odds ratio: 2.85 in floor dust, 5.34 in multi-surface dust) and allergic rhinitis (odds ratio: 2.55 in multi-surface dust). PFR levels in Japan were high compared with values reported previously for Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the USA. Higher levels of PFRs in house dust were related to the inhabitants' health status. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.\",\"journal\":\"Indoor air\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Araki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Atsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ikue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kanazawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayako\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kanehisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakayama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kunio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shibata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eiji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanaka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masatoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoshimura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takesumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chikara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hisao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saijo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23724807\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{araki_phosphorus_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants.},\\n\\tissn = {1600-0668},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/ina.12054},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers, and they are ubiquitous in the indoor environment. Phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are present in residential dust, but few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. We measured the levels of 11 PFRs in indoor floor dust and multi-surface dust in 182 single-family dwellings in Japan. We evaluated their correlations with asthma and allergies of the inhabitants. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was detected in all samples (median value: 580 μg/g in floor dust, 111 μg/g in multi-surface dust). Tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was detected at 8.69 μg/g in floor dust and 25.8 μg/g in multi-surface dust. After adjustment for potential confounders, significant associations were found between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and the presence of TCIPP and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in floor dust (per log10 -unit, odds ratio: 2.43 and 1.84, respectively). Tributyl phosphate was significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma (odds ratio: 2.85 in floor dust, 5.34 in multi-surface dust) and allergic rhinitis (odds ratio: 2.55 in multi-surface dust). PFR levels in Japan were high compared with values reported previously for Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the USA. Higher levels of PFRs in house dust were related to the inhabitants' health status. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},\\n\\tjournal = {Indoor air},\\n\\tauthor = {Araki, Atsuko and Saito, Ikue and Kanazawa, Ayako and Morimoto, Kanehisa and Nakayama, Kunio and Shibata, Eiji and Tanaka, Masatoshi and Takigawa, Tomoko and Yoshimura, Takesumi and Chikara, Hisao and Saijo, Yasuaki and Kishi, Reiko},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23724807},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Araki, A.\",\"Saito, I.\",\"Kanazawa, A.\",\"Morimoto, K.\",\"Nakayama, K.\",\"Shibata, E.\",\"Tanaka, M.\",\"Takigawa, T.\",\"Yoshimura, T.\",\"Chikara, H.\",\"Saijo, Y.\",\"Kishi, R.\"],\"key\":\"araki_phosphorus_2013\",\"id\":\"araki_phosphorus_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"araki-saito-kanazawa-morimoto-nakayama-shibata-tanaka-takigawa-etal-phosphorusflameretardantsinindoordustandtheirrelationtoasthmaandallergiesofinhabitants-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Study of the toxic effects of flame retardant PBDE-47 on the clam Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758).\",\"volume\":\"49\",\"issn\":\"1828-1427\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589\",\"abstract\":\"The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (PBDE-47) on the Chamelea gallina clam (according to current commercial regulations: Venus gallina). PBDEs, which are used as flame retardants in various industrial products, are classed as hazardous substances by Directive 2011/65/EU. They are bioaccumulative compounds, considered to be endocrine disruptors, genotoxic, neurotoxic and practically ubiquitous, and their concentration in the environment has considerably increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to establish the effects of PBDE-47 on Chamelea gallina: toxic power and any harmful effects on the gonads, bioaccumulation capacity in the tissues, and possible entry into the food chain. The research used 96-hour and 21-day experimental tests on clams housed in filtered seawater. The tests were preceded by a period of acclimatisation of the molluscs lasting five to seven days. The clams were fed on seaweed (Dunaliella tertiolecta). The choice of the toxic compound PBDE-47 was based on the high concentration, among the congeners of PBDE, found in some aquatic species. The study demonstrated that the concentration of the contaminant used did not alter the vital functions, cause significant levels of mortality or lead to evident alteration in the gonads of Chamelea gallina. However, the research demonstrated the bioaccumulation capacity of the bivalve mollusc, allowing PBDE-47 to enter the food chain.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Veterinaria italiana\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Angioni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Salvatora\",\"Angela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scortichini\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Giampiero\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Diletti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gianfranco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perletta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrizia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ceci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roberta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicola\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pmid\":\"23564589\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"69–77\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{angioni_study_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Study of the toxic effects of flame retardant {PBDE}-47 on the clam {Chamelea} gallina ({Linnaeus}, 1758).},\\n\\tvolume = {49},\\n\\tissn = {1828-1427},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589},\\n\\tabstract = {The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (PBDE-47) on the Chamelea gallina clam (according to current commercial regulations: Venus gallina). PBDEs, which are used as flame retardants in various industrial products, are classed as hazardous substances by Directive 2011/65/EU. They are bioaccumulative compounds, considered to be endocrine disruptors, genotoxic, neurotoxic and practically ubiquitous, and their concentration in the environment has considerably increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to establish the effects of PBDE-47 on Chamelea gallina: toxic power and any harmful effects on the gonads, bioaccumulation capacity in the tissues, and possible entry into the food chain. The research used 96-hour and 21-day experimental tests on clams housed in filtered seawater. The tests were preceded by a period of acclimatisation of the molluscs lasting five to seven days. The clams were fed on seaweed (Dunaliella tertiolecta). The choice of the toxic compound PBDE-47 was based on the high concentration, among the congeners of PBDE, found in some aquatic species. The study demonstrated that the concentration of the contaminant used did not alter the vital functions, cause significant levels of mortality or lead to evident alteration in the gonads of Chamelea gallina. However, the research demonstrated the bioaccumulation capacity of the bivalve mollusc, allowing PBDE-47 to enter the food chain.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Veterinaria italiana},\\n\\tauthor = {Angioni, Salvatora Angela and Scortichini, Giampiero and Diletti, Gianfranco and Perletta, Fabrizia and Ceci, Roberta and Ferri, Nicola},\\n\\tpmid = {23564589},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {69--77},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Angioni, S. A.\",\"Scortichini, G.\",\"Diletti, G.\",\"Perletta, F.\",\"Ceci, R.\",\"Ferri, N.\"],\"key\":\"angioni_study_nodate\",\"id\":\"angioni_study_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"angioni-scortichini-diletti-perletta-ceci-ferri-studyofthetoxiceffectsofflameretardantpbde47ontheclamchameleagallinalinnaeus1758\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern along the California coast (2009-10) using passive sampling devices.\",\"volume\":\"null\",\"issn\":\"1879-3363\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022\",\"abstract\":\"Three passive sampling devices (PSDs), polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), polyethylene devices (PEDs), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) samplers were used to sample a diverse set of chemicals in the coastal waters of San Francisco Bay and the Southern California Bight. Seventy one chemicals (including fragrances, phosphate flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and pesticides) were measured in at least 50% of the sites. The chemical profile from the San Francisco Bay sites was distinct from profiles from the sites in the Southern California Bight. This distinction was not due to a single compound or class, but by the relative abundances/concentrations of the chemicals. Comparing the PSDs to mussel (Mytilus spp.) tissues, a positive correlation exists for the 25 and 26 chemicals in common for the PEDs and SPME, respectively. Diphenhydramine was the only common chemical out of 40 analyzed in both POCIS and tissues detected at a common site.\",\"number\":\"null\",\"journal\":\"Marine pollution bulletin\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alvarez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maruya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keith\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenjian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furlong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smalling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kelly\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23683585\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, emerging contaminants, mussels, ped, pocis, spme\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{alvarez_occurrence_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern along the {California} coast (2009-10) using passive sampling devices.},\\n\\tvolume = {null},\\n\\tissn = {1879-3363},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Three passive sampling devices (PSDs), polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), polyethylene devices (PEDs), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) samplers were used to sample a diverse set of chemicals in the coastal waters of San Francisco Bay and the Southern California Bight. Seventy one chemicals (including fragrances, phosphate flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and pesticides) were measured in at least 50\\\\% of the sites. The chemical profile from the San Francisco Bay sites was distinct from profiles from the sites in the Southern California Bight. This distinction was not due to a single compound or class, but by the relative abundances/concentrations of the chemicals. Comparing the PSDs to mussel (Mytilus spp.) tissues, a positive correlation exists for the 25 and 26 chemicals in common for the PEDs and SPME, respectively. Diphenhydramine was the only common chemical out of 40 analyzed in both POCIS and tissues detected at a common site.},\\n\\tnumber = {null},\\n\\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\\n\\tauthor = {Alvarez, David A and Maruya, Keith A and Dodder, Nathan G and Lao, Wenjian and Furlong, Edward T and Smalling, Kelly L},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23683585},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, emerging contaminants, mussels, ped, pocis, spme},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Alvarez, D. A\",\"Maruya, K. A\",\"Dodder, N. G\",\"Lao, W.\",\"Furlong, E. T\",\"Smalling, K. L\"],\"key\":\"alvarez_occurrence_2013\",\"id\":\"alvarez_occurrence_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alvarez-maruya-dodder-lao-furlong-smalling-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcernalongthecaliforniacoast200910usingpassivesamplingdevices-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"emerging contaminants\",\"mussels\",\"ped\",\"pocis\",\"spme\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Mechanistic and Kinetic Study on the Formation of PBDD/Fs from PBDEs.\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es305081j\",\"abstract\":\"This study presents a detailed mechanistic and kinetic investigation that explains the experimentally observed high yields of formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly deployed in brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Theoretical calculations involved the accurate meta hybrid functional of M05-2X. The previously suggested pathways of debromination and generation of bromophenols/bromophenoxys/bromobenzenes were found to be unimportant corridors for the formation of PBDD/Fs. A loss of an ortho Br or H atom from PBDEs, followed by a ring-closure reaction, is the most accessible pathway for the production of PBDFs via modest reaction barriers. The initially formed peroxy-type adduct (RO2) is found to evolve in a complex, nevertheless very exoergic, mechanism to produce PBDDs. Results indicate that, degree and pattern of bromination, in the vicinity of the ether oxygen bridge, has a minor influence on governing mechanisms and that even fully brominated isomers of BFRs are capable of forming PBDD/Fs. We thoroughly discuss bimolecular reactions of PBDEs with Br and H, as well as the Br-displacement reaction by triplet oxygen. The rate of the Br-displacement reaction significantly exceeds that of the unimolecular inititiation reactions due to loss of ortho Br or H. Results presented herein address conclusively the intriguing question of how PBDEs form PBDD/Fs, a matter that has been in the center of much debate among environmental chemists.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Altarawneh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohammednoor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dlugogorski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bogdan\",\"Z\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23578223\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"5118–27\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{altarawneh_mechanistic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Mechanistic} and {Kinetic} {Study} on the {Formation} of {PBDD}/{Fs} from {PBDEs}.},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es305081j},\\n\\tabstract = {This study presents a detailed mechanistic and kinetic investigation that explains the experimentally observed high yields of formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly deployed in brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Theoretical calculations involved the accurate meta hybrid functional of M05-2X. The previously suggested pathways of debromination and generation of bromophenols/bromophenoxys/bromobenzenes were found to be unimportant corridors for the formation of PBDD/Fs. A loss of an ortho Br or H atom from PBDEs, followed by a ring-closure reaction, is the most accessible pathway for the production of PBDFs via modest reaction barriers. The initially formed peroxy-type adduct (RO2) is found to evolve in a complex, nevertheless very exoergic, mechanism to produce PBDDs. Results indicate that, degree and pattern of bromination, in the vicinity of the ether oxygen bridge, has a minor influence on governing mechanisms and that even fully brominated isomers of BFRs are capable of forming PBDD/Fs. We thoroughly discuss bimolecular reactions of PBDEs with Br and H, as well as the Br-displacement reaction by triplet oxygen. The rate of the Br-displacement reaction significantly exceeds that of the unimolecular inititiation reactions due to loss of ortho Br or H. Results presented herein address conclusively the intriguing question of how PBDEs form PBDD/Fs, a matter that has been in the center of much debate among environmental chemists.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Altarawneh, Mohammednoor and Dlugogorski, Bogdan Z},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23578223},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {5118--27},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Altarawneh, M.\",\"Dlugogorski, B. Z\"],\"key\":\"altarawneh_mechanistic_2013\",\"id\":\"altarawneh_mechanistic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"altarawneh-dlugogorski-amechanisticandkineticstudyontheformationofpbddfsfrompbdes-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In vitro neurotoxicity of PBDE-99: immediate and concentration-dependent effects on protein expression in cerebral cortex cells.\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"1535-3907\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/pr900723c\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used flame retardants in various consumer products. Pre- and postnatal exposure to congeners of PBDEs disrupts normal brain development in rodents. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to analyze concentration-dependent differences in protein expression in cultured cortical cells isolated from rat fetuses (GD 21) after 24 h exposure to PBDE-99 (3, 10, or 30 microM). Changes on a post-translational level were studied using a 1 h exposure to 30 microM PBDE-99. The effects of 24 h exposure to 3 and 30 microM PBDE-99 on mRNA levels were measured using oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 62, 46, and 443 proteins were differentially expressed compared to controls after 24 h of exposure to 3, 10, and 30 microM PDBE-99, respectively. Of these, 48, 43, and 238 proteins were successfully identified, respectively. We propose that the biological effects of low-concentration PBDE-99 exposure are fundamentally different than effects of high-concentration exposure. Low-dose PBDE-99 exposure induced marked effects on cytoskeletal proteins, which was not correlated to cytotoxicity or major morphological effects, suggesting that other more regulatory aspects of cytoskeletal functions may be affected. Interestingly, 0.3 and 3 microM, but not 10 or 30 microM increased the expression of phosphorylated (active) Gap43, perhaps reflecting effects on neurite extension processes.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of proteome research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henrik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scholz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Birger\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kultima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nilsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andrén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savitski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikhail\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stigson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fex-Svenningsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dencker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lennart\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19954255\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Cluster Analysis, Cultured, Developmental, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophoresis, Electrospray Ionization, Female, Fetus, Fetus: cytology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: genetics, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: biosynthesis, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Protein Biosynthesis, Protein Biosynthesis: drug effects, Rats, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, Two-Dimensional\",\"pages\":\"1226–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{alm_vitro_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {In vitro neurotoxicity of {PBDE}-99: immediate and concentration-dependent effects on protein expression in cerebral cortex cells.},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {1535-3907},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/pr900723c},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used flame retardants in various consumer products. Pre- and postnatal exposure to congeners of PBDEs disrupts normal brain development in rodents. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to analyze concentration-dependent differences in protein expression in cultured cortical cells isolated from rat fetuses (GD 21) after 24 h exposure to PBDE-99 (3, 10, or 30 microM). Changes on a post-translational level were studied using a 1 h exposure to 30 microM PBDE-99. The effects of 24 h exposure to 3 and 30 microM PBDE-99 on mRNA levels were measured using oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 62, 46, and 443 proteins were differentially expressed compared to controls after 24 h of exposure to 3, 10, and 30 microM PDBE-99, respectively. Of these, 48, 43, and 238 proteins were successfully identified, respectively. We propose that the biological effects of low-concentration PBDE-99 exposure are fundamentally different than effects of high-concentration exposure. Low-dose PBDE-99 exposure induced marked effects on cytoskeletal proteins, which was not correlated to cytotoxicity or major morphological effects, suggesting that other more regulatory aspects of cytoskeletal functions may be affected. Interestingly, 0.3 and 3 microM, but not 10 or 30 microM increased the expression of phosphorylated (active) Gap43, perhaps reflecting effects on neurite extension processes.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of proteome research},\\n\\tauthor = {Alm, Henrik and Scholz, Birger and Kultima, Kim and Nilsson, Anna and Andrén, Per E and Savitski, Mikhail M and Bergman, Ake and Stigson, Michael and Fex-Svenningsen, Asa and Dencker, Lennart},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19954255},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Cluster Analysis, Cultured, Developmental, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophoresis, Electrospray Ionization, Female, Fetus, Fetus: cytology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: genetics, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: biosynthesis, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Protein Biosynthesis, Protein Biosynthesis: drug effects, Rats, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, Two-Dimensional},\\n\\tpages = {1226--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Alm, H.\",\"Scholz, B.\",\"Kultima, K.\",\"Nilsson, A.\",\"Andrén, P. E\",\"Savitski, M. M\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"Stigson, M.\",\"Fex-Svenningsen, A.\",\"Dencker, L.\"],\"key\":\"alm_vitro_2010\",\"id\":\"alm_vitro_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alm-scholz-kultima-nilsson-andrn-savitski-bergman-stigson-etal-invitroneurotoxicityofpbde99immediateandconcentrationdependenteffectsonproteinexpressionincerebralcortexcells-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Cells\",\"Cerebral Cortex\",\"Cerebral Cortex: cytology\",\"Cerebral Cortex: drug effects\",\"Cerebral Cortex: metabolism\",\"Cluster Analysis\",\"Cultured\",\"Developmental\",\"Dose-Response Relationship\",\"Drug\",\"Electrophoresis\",\"Electrospray Ionization\",\"Female\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: cytology\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"GAP-43 Protein\",\"GAP-43 Protein: genetics\",\"GAP-43 Protein: metabolism\",\"Gel\",\"Gene Expression Profiling\",\"Gene Expression Profiling: methods\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Mass\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins: biosynthesis\",\"Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis\",\"Principal Component Analysis\",\"Protein Biosynthesis\",\"Protein Biosynthesis: drug effects\",\"Rats\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Sprague-Dawley\",\"Two-Dimensional\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in France: preliminary data\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"issn\":\"1613-4133\",\"url\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=18&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2&colname=WOS\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/mnfr.200700077\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are chemicals extensively used in many manufactured products to reduce the risk of fire, but also environmental pollutants. In order to assess the potential risk linked to these compounds in human, a French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn. A previously described multi-residue analytical method was used, for measuring the main classes of BFR (hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers) in various biological matrices. These analyzed samples (maternal and umbilical serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected on volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. Preliminary results obtained on 26 individuals (mother/newborn pairs) mainly demonstrated the presence of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A both in maternal and fetal matrices, and a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding. Contaminations levels were found globally in the ng/g lipid weight range, consistent with other published European data. Exposure results regarding highly brominated PBDE congeners (octa- to deca-BDE) appeared particularly informative and non-commonly reported, these compounds accounting for around 50% of the total PBDE load. Additional data collection and metabolism investigations are now on-going. A more complete statistical analysis related to this BFR exposition study will be provided in a next future.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Molecular nutrition & food research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Antignac\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cariou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maume\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marchand\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Monteau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berrebi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alain\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cravedi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andre\"],\"firstnames\":[\"François\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Le\",\"Bizec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruno\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18186099\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Breast Feeding, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cesarean Section, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetus, Fetus: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum\",\"pages\":\"258–65\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{antignac_exposure_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in {France}: preliminary data},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\tissn = {1613-4133},\\n\\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=18&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2&colname=WOS},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700077},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are chemicals extensively used in many manufactured products to reduce the risk of fire, but also environmental pollutants. In order to assess the potential risk linked to these compounds in human, a French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn. A previously described multi-residue analytical method was used, for measuring the main classes of BFR (hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers) in various biological matrices. These analyzed samples (maternal and umbilical serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected on volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. Preliminary results obtained on 26 individuals (mother/newborn pairs) mainly demonstrated the presence of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A both in maternal and fetal matrices, and a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding. Contaminations levels were found globally in the ng/g lipid weight range, consistent with other published European data. Exposure results regarding highly brominated PBDE congeners (octa- to deca-BDE) appeared particularly informative and non-commonly reported, these compounds accounting for around 50\\\\% of the total PBDE load. Additional data collection and metabolism investigations are now on-going. A more complete statistical analysis related to this BFR exposition study will be provided in a next future.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\\\& food research},\\n\\tauthor = {Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Cariou, Ronan and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Andre, François and Le Bizec, Bruno},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18186099},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Breast Feeding, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cesarean Section, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetus, Fetus: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum},\\n\\tpages = {258--65},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Antignac, J.\",\"Cariou, R.\",\"Maume, D.\",\"Marchand, P.\",\"Monteau, F.\",\"Zalko, D.\",\"Berrebi, A.\",\"Cravedi, J.\",\"Andre, F.\",\"Le Bizec, B.\"],\"key\":\"antignac_exposure_2008\",\"id\":\"antignac_exposure_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"antignac-cariou-maume-marchand-monteau-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-etal-exposureassessmentoffetusandnewborntobrominatedflameretardantsinfrancepreliminarydata-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=18&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2&colname=WOS\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose Tissue\",\"Adipose Tissue: chemistry\",\"Adult\",\"Breast Feeding\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Cesarean Section\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Female\",\"Fetal Blood\",\"Fetal Blood: chemistry\",\"Fetus\",\"Fetus: chemistry\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"France\",\"Human\",\"Human: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Infant\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Milk\",\"Newborn\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Pregnancy\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"hum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"On-site and off-site atmospheric PBDEs in an electronic dismantling workshop in south China: gas-particle partitioning and human exposure assessment.\",\"volume\":\"159\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.014\",\"abstract\":\"Gas samples and total suspended particle during work and off work time were investigated on-site and off-site electronic waste dismantling workshop (I- and O-EWDW), then compared with plastic recycling workshop (PRW) and waste incineration plant (WIP). TSP concentrations and total PBDE were 0.36-2.21 mg/m(3) and 27-2975 ng/m(3) at different workshops, respectively. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were major ∑PBDE congeners at I-EWDW and WIP, while BDE-209 was only dominant congener in PRW and control sites during work time and all sites during off work time. The gas-particle partitioning result was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure for all samples, except for WIP and I-EDWD, at park during work time, and residential area during off work time. The predicted urban curve fitted well with measured ϕ values at O-DEWD during work time, whereas it was slightly overestimated or underestimated for others. Exposure assessment revealed the highest exposure site was I-EDWD.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"An\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Taicheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guiying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bixian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21871700\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Refuse Disposal\",\"pages\":\"3529–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{an_-site_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {On-site and off-site atmospheric {PBDEs} in an electronic dismantling workshop in south {China}: gas-particle partitioning and human exposure assessment.},\\n\\tvolume = {159},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Gas samples and total suspended particle during work and off work time were investigated on-site and off-site electronic waste dismantling workshop (I- and O-EWDW), then compared with plastic recycling workshop (PRW) and waste incineration plant (WIP). TSP concentrations and total PBDE were 0.36-2.21 mg/m(3) and 27-2975 ng/m(3) at different workshops, respectively. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were major ∑PBDE congeners at I-EWDW and WIP, while BDE-209 was only dominant congener in PRW and control sites during work time and all sites during off work time. The gas-particle partitioning result was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure for all samples, except for WIP and I-EDWD, at park during work time, and residential area during off work time. The predicted urban curve fitted well with measured ϕ values at O-DEWD during work time, whereas it was slightly overestimated or underestimated for others. Exposure assessment revealed the highest exposure site was I-EDWD.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {An, Taicheng and Zhang, Delin and Li, Guiying and Mai, Bixian and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21871700},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Refuse Disposal},\\n\\tpages = {3529--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"An, T.\",\"Zhang, D.\",\"Li, G.\",\"Mai, B.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"an_-site_2011\",\"id\":\"an_-site_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"an-zhang-li-mai-fu-onsiteandoffsiteatmosphericpbdesinanelectronicdismantlingworkshopinsouthchinagasparticlepartitioningandhumanexposureassessment-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"China\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Electronic Waste\",\"Electronic Waste: adverse effects\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Environmental Exposure: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Refuse Disposal\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The cytotoxic effects of synthetic 6-hydroxylated and 6-methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE47).\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1522-7278\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/tox.20582\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been widely applied as flame retardants in plastics, polyurethane foam, paints, and synthetic fabrics. The rising PBDE level in human tissues and environment has led to concern about the health impact of exposure to PBDE. The 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), the dominant PBDE congener found in the environment and human tissues, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor. It has also been reported to cause liver and neurodevelopmental toxicity. BDE47 can be metabolized to 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. So far little has been reported on the cytotoxicity of the metabolites. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the two metabolites was investigated by exposing human hepatoma cell line HepG2 to different doses of 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. The cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage, micronucleus levels, and oxidative stress response were studied. The results indicated that both metabolites could markedly inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells with 6-OH-BDE47 showing a stronger effect, and significantly increase the micronucleus level and apoptosis rate in a dose-dependant manner. Moreover, treatment with 6-OH-BDE47 (≥0.5 μM) resulted in a marked cell cycle block. The SCGE experiments revealed that both metabolites could cause DNA damage in a dose-dependant manner. Analysis of the oxidative stress response showed that 6-OH-BDE47 treatment (≥2.0 μM) significantly increased intracellular ROS levels as indicated by GSH depletion and elevation of SOD level, whereas 6-MeO-BDE47 showed a weaker effect, suggesting that oxidative stress might play a role in the cytotoxic effects. We concluded that 6-OH-BDE47 or 6-MeO-BDE47 exposure was able to induce inhibition of cell viability, increase of apoptosis rate, cell cycle block, and DNA damages, which might involve the alterated oxidative stress response due to the elevated free radicals and impaired antioxidative system.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Environmental toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"An\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yufang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yipei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kewen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yangjun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minghong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuecheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"20549613\",\"keywords\":\"Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hep G2 Cells, Humans, Hydroxylation, Oxidative Stress, Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"pages\":\"591–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{an_cytotoxic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {The cytotoxic effects of synthetic 6-hydroxylated and 6-methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 ({BDE47}).},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1522-7278},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20582},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been widely applied as flame retardants in plastics, polyurethane foam, paints, and synthetic fabrics. The rising PBDE level in human tissues and environment has led to concern about the health impact of exposure to PBDE. The 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), the dominant PBDE congener found in the environment and human tissues, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor. It has also been reported to cause liver and neurodevelopmental toxicity. BDE47 can be metabolized to 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. So far little has been reported on the cytotoxicity of the metabolites. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the two metabolites was investigated by exposing human hepatoma cell line HepG2 to different doses of 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. The cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage, micronucleus levels, and oxidative stress response were studied. The results indicated that both metabolites could markedly inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells with 6-OH-BDE47 showing a stronger effect, and significantly increase the micronucleus level and apoptosis rate in a dose-dependant manner. Moreover, treatment with 6-OH-BDE47 (≥0.5 μM) resulted in a marked cell cycle block. The SCGE experiments revealed that both metabolites could cause DNA damage in a dose-dependant manner. Analysis of the oxidative stress response showed that 6-OH-BDE47 treatment (≥2.0 μM) significantly increased intracellular ROS levels as indicated by GSH depletion and elevation of SOD level, whereas 6-MeO-BDE47 showed a weaker effect, suggesting that oxidative stress might play a role in the cytotoxic effects. We concluded that 6-OH-BDE47 or 6-MeO-BDE47 exposure was able to induce inhibition of cell viability, increase of apoptosis rate, cell cycle block, and DNA damages, which might involve the alterated oxidative stress response due to the elevated free radicals and impaired antioxidative system.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {An, Jing and Li, Shuhui and Zhong, Yufang and Wang, Yipei and Zhen, Kewen and Zhang, Xinyu and Wang, Yangjun and Wu, Minghong and Yu, Zhiqiang and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo and Huang, Yuecheng},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {20549613},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hep G2 Cells, Humans, Hydroxylation, Oxidative Stress, Polybrominated Biphenyls},\\n\\tpages = {591--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"An, J.\",\"Li, S.\",\"Zhong, Y.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Zhen, K.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Wu, M.\",\"Yu, Z.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\",\"Huang, Y.\"],\"key\":\"an_cytotoxic_2011\",\"id\":\"an_cytotoxic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"an-li-zhong-wang-zhen-zhang-wang-wu-etal-thecytotoxiceffectsofsynthetic6hydroxylatedand6methoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylether47bde47-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cell Cycle\",\"Cell Cycle: drug effects\",\"Cell Survival\",\"Cell Survival: drug effects\",\"Cytotoxins\",\"Cytotoxins: toxicity\",\"Flame Retardants: toxicity\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity\",\"Hep G2 Cells\",\"Humans\",\"Hydroxylation\",\"Oxidative Stress\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Natural and anthropogenically-produced brominated compounds in endemic dolphins from Western South Atlantic: another risk to a vulnerable species.\",\"volume\":\"170\",\"issn\":\"1873-6424\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.001\",\"abstract\":\"Liver samples from 53 Franciscana dolphins along the Brazilian coast were analyzed for organobrominated compounds. Target substances included the following anthropogenic pollutants: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), as well as the naturally-generated methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). PBDE concentrations ranged from 6 to 1797 ng/g lw (mean 166 ± 298 ng/g lw) and were similar to those observed in cetaceans from Northern Hemisphere. PBBs were found in all sampling locations (\\\\textlessLOQ to 57 ng/g lw). DBDPE was detected in 42% of the dolphins from the most industrialized Brazilian state and the concentrations ranging from \\\\textlessLOQ to 352 ng/g lw. Franciscana dolphins from the tropical Brazilian shore presented the highest MeO-PBDE concentrations ever reported for coastal cetaceans (up to 14 μg/g lw). Eight MeO-PBDE congeners were detected and the present investigation constituted the first record of occurrence of six of them in marine mammal livers.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alonso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mariana\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Secchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eduardo\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bassoi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barbosa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lupércio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bertozzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolina\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marigo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juliana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cremer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Camila\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Azevedo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandre\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dorneles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paulo\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Torres\"],\"firstnames\":[\"João\",\"Paulo\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lailson-Brito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22797349\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"152–60\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{alonso_natural_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Natural and anthropogenically-produced brominated compounds in endemic dolphins from {Western} {South} {Atlantic}: another risk to a vulnerable species.},\\n\\tvolume = {170},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Liver samples from 53 Franciscana dolphins along the Brazilian coast were analyzed for organobrominated compounds. Target substances included the following anthropogenic pollutants: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), as well as the naturally-generated methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). PBDE concentrations ranged from 6 to 1797 ng/g lw (mean 166 ± 298 ng/g lw) and were similar to those observed in cetaceans from Northern Hemisphere. PBBs were found in all sampling locations ({\\\\textbackslash}textlessLOQ to 57 ng/g lw). DBDPE was detected in 42\\\\% of the dolphins from the most industrialized Brazilian state and the concentrations ranging from {\\\\textbackslash}textlessLOQ to 352 ng/g lw. Franciscana dolphins from the tropical Brazilian shore presented the highest MeO-PBDE concentrations ever reported for coastal cetaceans (up to 14 μg/g lw). Eight MeO-PBDE congeners were detected and the present investigation constituted the first record of occurrence of six of them in marine mammal livers.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\\n\\tauthor = {Alonso, Mariana B and Eljarrat, Ethel and Gorga, Marina and Secchi, Eduardo R and Bassoi, Manuela and Barbosa, Lupércio and Bertozzi, Carolina P and Marigo, Juliana and Cremer, Marta and Domit, Camila and Azevedo, Alexandre F and Dorneles, Paulo R and Torres, João Paulo M and Lailson-Brito, José and Malm, Olaf and Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22797349},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {152--60},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Alonso, M. B\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Gorga, M.\",\"Secchi, E. R\",\"Bassoi, M.\",\"Barbosa, L.\",\"Bertozzi, C. P\",\"Marigo, J.\",\"Cremer, M.\",\"Domit, C.\",\"Azevedo, A. F\",\"Dorneles, P. R\",\"Torres, J. P. M\",\"Lailson-Brito, J.\",\"Malm, O.\",\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"alonso_natural_2012\",\"id\":\"alonso_natural_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alonso-eljarrat-gorga-secchi-bassoi-barbosa-bertozzi-marigo-etal-naturalandanthropogenicallyproducedbrominatedcompoundsinendemicdolphinsfromwesternsouthatlanticanotherrisktoavulnerablespecies-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Atlantic Ocean\",\"Brazil\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Brominated: metabolism\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: analysis\",\"Chemical: metabolism\",\"Dolphins\",\"Dolphins: metabolism\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: metabolism\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Liver\",\"Liver: metabolism\",\"Male\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Linking PBDEs in house dust to consumer products using X-ray fluorescence.\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991\",\"abstract\":\"The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-rayfluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p \\\\textless 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p \\\\textless 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental science & technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pmid\":\"18589991\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, X-Rays, ffr, frelec, use\",\"pages\":\"4222–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{allen_linking_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Linking {PBDEs} in house dust to consumer products using {X}-ray fluorescence.},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991},\\n\\tabstract = {The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-rayfluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental science \\\\& technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Allen, Joseph G and McClean, Michael D and Stapleton, Heather M and Webster, Thomas F},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpmid = {18589991},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, X-Rays, ffr, frelec, use},\\n\\tpages = {4222--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Allen, J. G\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Webster, T. F\"],\"key\":\"allen_linking_2008\",\"id\":\"allen_linking_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Bromine\",\"Bromine: analysis\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Electronics\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation\",\"Environmental Monitoring: methods\",\"Environmental Pollutants\",\"Environmental Pollutants: analysis\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Interior Design and Furnishings\",\"Phenyl Ethers\",\"Phenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"X-Rays\",\"ffr\",\"frelec\",\"use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Containment landfills: the myth of sustainability.\",\"volume\":\"60\",\"url\":\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084\",\"abstract\":\"A number of major problems associated with the containment approach to landfill management are highlighted. The fundamental flaw in the strategy is that dry entombment of waste inhibits its degradation, so prolonging the activity of the waste and delaying, possibly for several decades, its stabilisation to an inert state. This, coupled with uncertainties as to the long-term durability of synthetic lining systems, increases the potential, for liner failure at some stage in the future whilst the waste is still active, leading to groundwater pollution by landfill leachate. Clay liners also pose problems as the smectite components of bentonite liners are subject to chemical interaction with landfill leachate, leading to a reduction in their swelling capacity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. Thus, their ability to perform a containment role diminishes with time. More critically, if diffusion rather than advection is the dominant contaminant migration mechanism, then no liner will be completely impermeable to pollutants and the containment strategy becomes untenable.There are other less obvious problems with the containment strategy. One is the tendency to place total reliance on artificial lining systems and pay little attention to local geological/hydrogeological conditions during selection of landfill sites. Based on the attitude that any site can be engineered for landfilling and that complete protection of groundwater can be effected by lining systems, negative geological characteristics of sites are being ignored. Furthermore, excessive costs in construction and operation of containment landfills necessitate that they are large scale operations (superdumps), with associated transfer facilities and transport costs, all of which add to overall waste management costs. Taken together with unpredictable post-closure maintenance and monitoring costs, possibly over several decades, the economics of the containment strategy becomes unsustainable. Such a high-cost, high-technology approach to landfill leachate management is generally beyond the financial and technological resources of the less wealthy nations, and places severe burdens on their economies. For instance, in third world countries with limited water resources, the need to preserve groundwater quality is paramount, so expensive containment strategies are adopted in the belief that they offer greatest protection to groundwater. A final indictment of the containment strategy is that in delaying degradation of waste, the present generations waste problems will be left for future generations to deal with.More cost-effective landfill management strategies take advantage of the natural hydrogeological characteristics and attenuation properties of the subsurface. The 'dilute and disperse' strategy employs the natural sorption and ion exchange properties of clay minerals, and it has been shown that in appropriate situations it is effective in attenuating landfill leachate and preventing pollution of water resources. Operated at sites with thick clay overburden sequences, using a permeable cap to maximise rainfall infiltration and a leachate collection system to control leachate migration, 'dilute and disperse' is a viable leachate management strategy. Hydraulic traps are relatively common hydrogeological situations where groundwater flow is towards the landfill, so effectively suppressing outwards advective flow of leachate. This approach is also best employed with a clay liner, taking advantage of the attenuation properties of clays to combat diffusive flow of contaminants. These strategies are likely to guarantee greater protection of groundwater in the long term.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Engineering Geology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, eol, ffr, unsure\",\"pages\":\"3–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{allen_containment_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Containment landfills: the myth of sustainability.},\\n\\tvolume = {60},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084},\\n\\tabstract = {A number of major problems associated with the containment approach to landfill management are highlighted. The fundamental flaw in the strategy is that dry entombment of waste inhibits its degradation, so prolonging the activity of the waste and delaying, possibly for several decades, its stabilisation to an inert state. This, coupled with uncertainties as to the long-term durability of synthetic lining systems, increases the potential, for liner failure at some stage in the future whilst the waste is still active, leading to groundwater pollution by landfill leachate. Clay liners also pose problems as the smectite components of bentonite liners are subject to chemical interaction with landfill leachate, leading to a reduction in their swelling capacity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. Thus, their ability to perform a containment role diminishes with time. More critically, if diffusion rather than advection is the dominant contaminant migration mechanism, then no liner will be completely impermeable to pollutants and the containment strategy becomes untenable.There are other less obvious problems with the containment strategy. One is the tendency to place total reliance on artificial lining systems and pay little attention to local geological/hydrogeological conditions during selection of landfill sites. Based on the attitude that any site can be engineered for landfilling and that complete protection of groundwater can be effected by lining systems, negative geological characteristics of sites are being ignored. Furthermore, excessive costs in construction and operation of containment landfills necessitate that they are large scale operations (superdumps), with associated transfer facilities and transport costs, all of which add to overall waste management costs. Taken together with unpredictable post-closure maintenance and monitoring costs, possibly over several decades, the economics of the containment strategy becomes unsustainable. Such a high-cost, high-technology approach to landfill leachate management is generally beyond the financial and technological resources of the less wealthy nations, and places severe burdens on their economies. For instance, in third world countries with limited water resources, the need to preserve groundwater quality is paramount, so expensive containment strategies are adopted in the belief that they offer greatest protection to groundwater. A final indictment of the containment strategy is that in delaying degradation of waste, the present generations waste problems will be left for future generations to deal with.More cost-effective landfill management strategies take advantage of the natural hydrogeological characteristics and attenuation properties of the subsurface. The 'dilute and disperse' strategy employs the natural sorption and ion exchange properties of clay minerals, and it has been shown that in appropriate situations it is effective in attenuating landfill leachate and preventing pollution of water resources. Operated at sites with thick clay overburden sequences, using a permeable cap to maximise rainfall infiltration and a leachate collection system to control leachate migration, 'dilute and disperse' is a viable leachate management strategy. Hydraulic traps are relatively common hydrogeological situations where groundwater flow is towards the landfill, so effectively suppressing outwards advective flow of leachate. This approach is also best employed with a clay liner, taking advantage of the attenuation properties of clays to combat diffusive flow of contaminants. These strategies are likely to guarantee greater protection of groundwater in the long term.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Engineering Geology},\\n\\tauthor = {Allen, A},\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr, unsure},\\n\\tpages = {3--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Allen, A\"],\"key\":\"allen_containment_2001\",\"id\":\"allen_containment_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"allen-containmentlandfillsthemythofsustainability-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"eol\",\"ffr\",\"unsure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in the serum and hair of pet cats and dogs: biosentinels of indoor pollution.\",\"volume\":\"449\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.037\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) viz., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), bromophenols (BPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites were determined in cat and dog serum and hair samples from Pakistan. The major DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE, was the major OHC in cat serum (N=20) and ranged between 1 and 2150 ng/g lipid weight (lw). p,p'-DDE was not detected in dog serum (N=16). In contrary to other OHCs, levels of ∑HO-PCBs were significantly higher in dog serum (median=6.0 ng/g lw) than cat serum (median=2.2 ng/g lw). Levels of most OHCs were significantly higher (p\\\\textless0.05) in cat serum than those found in human serum from the same region, in particular for ∑PBDEs (ranged 1-1280 ng/g lw). Significantly lower levels of OCPs (p\\\\textless0.05) were detected in dog serum than in human serum. The concentrations of ∑BPs were seven times higher in cat serum (median 112 ng/g lw) than dog serum (median 16 ng/g lw). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that NBFRs, e.g. 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in cat and dog's hair. BTBPE had the highest detection frequency (30%) in the serum samples. In cat and dog hair samples, the order of importance of OHCs was ∑OCPs\\\\textgreater∑NBFRs\\\\textgreater∑PBDEs\\\\textgreater∑PCB, with the highest concentrations being around 38 ng/g hair. In paired hair-serum cat samples (N=12), ∑DDTs (r=0.65, p=0.001) were significantly correlated, while for all other OHCs no significant correlations (p\\\\textless0.001) were observed in both cats and dogs. Our findings on both hair and serum samples suggested that pet dogs do not bioaccumulate DDTs. Our results are also in agreement with the hypothesis that pets may serve as biosentinels for indoor pollution. This is the first study to document the presence of OHCs in pets from Pakistan and provides baseline information for future monitoring of OHCs in pets.\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the total environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riffat\",\"Naseem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mehdi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toufeer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eqani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Syed\",\"Ali\",\"Musstjab\",\"Akber\",\"Shah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Javeed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aqeel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23403100\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"29–36\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in the serum and hair of pet cats and dogs: biosentinels of indoor pollution.},\\n\\tvolume = {449},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.037},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) viz., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), bromophenols (BPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites were determined in cat and dog serum and hair samples from Pakistan. The major DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE, was the major OHC in cat serum (N=20) and ranged between 1 and 2150 ng/g lipid weight (lw). p,p'-DDE was not detected in dog serum (N=16). In contrary to other OHCs, levels of ∑HO-PCBs were significantly higher in dog serum (median=6.0 ng/g lw) than cat serum (median=2.2 ng/g lw). Levels of most OHCs were significantly higher (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) in cat serum than those found in human serum from the same region, in particular for ∑PBDEs (ranged 1-1280 ng/g lw). Significantly lower levels of OCPs (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) were detected in dog serum than in human serum. The concentrations of ∑BPs were seven times higher in cat serum (median 112 ng/g lw) than dog serum (median 16 ng/g lw). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that NBFRs, e.g. 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in cat and dog's hair. BTBPE had the highest detection frequency (30\\\\%) in the serum samples. In cat and dog hair samples, the order of importance of OHCs was ∑OCPs{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater∑NBFRs{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater∑PBDEs{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater∑PCB, with the highest concentrations being around 38 ng/g hair. In paired hair-serum cat samples (N=12), ∑DDTs (r=0.65, p=0.001) were significantly correlated, while for all other OHCs no significant correlations (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.001) were observed in both cats and dogs. Our findings on both hair and serum samples suggested that pet dogs do not bioaccumulate DDTs. Our results are also in agreement with the hypothesis that pets may serve as biosentinels for indoor pollution. This is the first study to document the presence of OHCs in pets from Pakistan and provides baseline information for future monitoring of OHCs in pets.},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Mehdi, Toufeer and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Javeed, Aqeel and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23403100},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {29--36},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Malik, R. N.\",\"Mehdi, T.\",\"Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.\",\"Javeed, A.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_organohalogenated_2013\",\"id\":\"ali_organohalogenated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-malik-mehdi-eqani-javeed-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsintheserumandhairofpetcatsanddogsbiosentinelsofindoorpollution-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"\\\"Novel\\\" brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: implications for human exposure.\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of several \\\"novel\\\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n=39) and offices (n=6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n=36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \\\\textless20-2470 ng g(-1)), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \\\\textless0.5-1740 ng g(-1)), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \\\\textless20-9960 ng g(-1)), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \\\\textless2-436 ng g(-1)) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \\\\textless2-6175 ng g(-1)). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g(-1) dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH=4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults=20 mg d(-1); for toddlers=50 mg d(-1)) and high dust ingestion (adults=50 mg d(-1); for toddlers=200 mg d(-1)). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goosey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21458020\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Belgium, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child Day Care Centers: statistics & numerical dat, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Housing, Housing: statistics & numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics & numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: statistics & numerical data, Preschool, Workplace, Workplace: statistics & numerical data\",\"pages\":\"1360–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_novel_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {\\\"{Novel}\\\" brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: implications for human exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of several \\\"novel\\\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n=39) and offices (n=6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n=36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range {\\\\textbackslash}textless20-2470 ng g(-1)), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.5-1740 ng g(-1)), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range {\\\\textbackslash}textless20-9960 ng g(-1)), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range {\\\\textbackslash}textless2-436 ng g(-1)) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range {\\\\textbackslash}textless2-6175 ng g(-1)). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g(-1) dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH=4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\\\\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults=20 mg d(-1); for toddlers=50 mg d(-1)) and high dust ingestion (adults=50 mg d(-1); for toddlers=200 mg d(-1)). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21458020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Belgium, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child Day Care Centers: statistics \\\\& numerical dat, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Housing, Housing: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \\\\& numerical data, Preschool, Workplace, Workplace: statistics \\\\& numerical data},\\n\\tpages = {1360--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Goosey, E.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_novel_2011\",\"id\":\"ali_novel_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollutants: analysis\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Belgium\",\"Bromine Compounds\",\"Bromine Compounds: analysis\",\"Child\",\"Child Day Care Centers\",\"Child Day Care Centers: statistics & numerical dat\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Great Britain\",\"Housing\",\"Housing: statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Indoor: statistics & numerical data\",\"Infant\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Inhalation Exposure: statistics & numerical data\",\"Preschool\",\"Workplace\",\"Workplace: statistics & numerical data\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: indoor sources and human exposure assessment.\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100\",\"abstract\":\"Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n=34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n=16). Concentrations (ngg(-1)) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (\\\\textless2-175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (\\\\textless5-1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (\\\\textless2-2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (\\\\textless2-640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ngg(-1)) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (\\\\textless10-235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (\\\\textless20-7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (\\\\textless20-7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20-7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50-27325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20-16560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20-35190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (\\\\textless50-3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range \\\\textless2-4100ngg(-1). BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p\\\\textless0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n=16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goosey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"'t\",\"Mannetje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coakley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Douwes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeroen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22551874\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, New Zealand, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\",\"pages\":\"1276–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}: indoor sources and human exposure assessment.},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100},\\n\\tabstract = {Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n=34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n=16). Concentrations (ngg(-1)) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless2-175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless5-1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless2-2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless2-640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ngg(-1)) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless10-235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless20-7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless20-7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20-7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50-27325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20-16560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20-35190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) ({\\\\textbackslash}textless50-3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range {\\\\textbackslash}textless2-4100ngg(-1). BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n=16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin C and Van den Eede, Nele and Goosey, Emma and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and 't Mannetje, Andrea and Coakley, Jonathan and Douwes, Jeroen and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22551874},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, New Zealand, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis},\\n\\tpages = {1276--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Goosey, E.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"'t Mannetje, A.\",\"Coakley, J.\",\"Douwes, J.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_occurrence_2012\",\"id\":\"ali_occurrence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-dirtu-vandeneede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Brominated\",\"Brominated: analysis\",\"Bromobenzenes\",\"Bromobenzenes: analysis\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"New Zealand\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Organophosphates: analysis\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds\",\"Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and pakistan: implication for human exposure via dust ingestion.\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"issn\":\"1873-6750\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001\",\"abstract\":\"There are only few studies documenting indoor pollution in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In present study, we have evaluated the occurrence of various organochlorines (OCs) and flame retardants (FRs) in dust from cars and houses of Pakistan and Kuwait. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate FRs (PFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in indoor dust from urban houses (N=15 per country) and cars (N=15 per country). PFRs were the major analytes in all four microenvironments, followed by PBDEs\\\\textgreaterNBFRs\\\\textgreaterOCPs\\\\textgreaterPCBs. For all classes of analytes, relatively lower levels were observed in car and house dust from Pakistan than Kuwait. Levels of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs and ∑PFRs were higher in car dust, while ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs were higher in house dust from both countries. ∑PFRs occurred at average concentrations of 16,900, 87,900, 475, and 2500ng/g in Kuwaiti house and car, and Pakistani house and car dust, respectively. For both countries, the profiles of analytes in car dust were different from those in the house dust. Different exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for adult, taxi drivers and toddlers. For Kuwaiti toddlers, assuming high dust intake and mean and 95th percentile concentrations, the values computed for ∑OCPs (1500ng/kg bw/day) were higher than RfD values, while for ∑PCBs (14.5ng/kg bw/day) it was only two-fold lower than the corresponding RfDs.\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lulwa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mehdi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toufeer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Shammari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fatema\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23523855\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"62–70\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_levels_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from {Kuwait} and pakistan: implication for human exposure via dust ingestion.},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6750},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001},\\n\\tabstract = {There are only few studies documenting indoor pollution in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In present study, we have evaluated the occurrence of various organochlorines (OCs) and flame retardants (FRs) in dust from cars and houses of Pakistan and Kuwait. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate FRs (PFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in indoor dust from urban houses (N=15 per country) and cars (N=15 per country). PFRs were the major analytes in all four microenvironments, followed by PBDEs{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterNBFRs{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterOCPs{\\\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCBs. For all classes of analytes, relatively lower levels were observed in car and house dust from Pakistan than Kuwait. Levels of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs and ∑PFRs were higher in car dust, while ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs were higher in house dust from both countries. ∑PFRs occurred at average concentrations of 16,900, 87,900, 475, and 2500ng/g in Kuwaiti house and car, and Pakistani house and car dust, respectively. For both countries, the profiles of analytes in car dust were different from those in the house dust. Different exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for adult, taxi drivers and toddlers. For Kuwaiti toddlers, assuming high dust intake and mean and 95th percentile concentrations, the values computed for ∑OCPs (1500ng/kg bw/day) were higher than RfD values, while for ∑PCBs (14.5ng/kg bw/day) it was only two-fold lower than the corresponding RfDs.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Ali, Lulwa and Mehdi, Toufeer and Dirtu, Alin C and Al-Shammari, Fatema and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23523855},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {62--70},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Ali, L.\",\"Mehdi, T.\",\"Dirtu, A. C\",\"Al-Shammari, F.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_levels_2013\",\"id\":\"ali_levels_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-ali-mehdi-dirtu-alshammari-neels-covaci-levelsandprofilesoforganochlorinesandflameretardantsincarandhousedustfromkuwaitandpakistanimplicationforhumanexposureviadustingestion-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure.\",\"volume\":\"218\",\"issn\":\"1872-6283\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.003\",\"abstract\":\"Cryptorchidism, or undescended/maldescended testis, is the most common birth defect of male genitalia. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades. This may be due to an increase in the prevalence of anti-androgenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochloride pesticides, plasticizers and fungicides. A newer group of chemicals, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are being implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are used worldwide in polymers that are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e.g., textile, computers and televisions, insulating foam, electrical equipment and kitchen appliances). In order to quantify BFRs we introduce the use of hair levels of polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs) as biomarkers of systemic exposure. This approach will allow for the estimation of in utero BFR exposure, in the process of evaluating the potential link between the incidence of cryptorchidism in newborn males and level of exposure of the pregnant mother to environmentally relevant BFRs. For that end we have developed a GC/MS assay in which children's hair is analyzed for the presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs).\",\"number\":\"1-3\",\"journal\":\"Forensic science international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aleksa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katarina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carnevale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amanda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goodyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gideon\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22079498\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Child, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Limit of Detection, Male, Maternal Exposure, Newborn, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Preschool, Solid Phase Microextraction, Solid Phase Microextraction: methods\",\"pages\":\"37–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{aleksa_detection_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure.},\\n\\tvolume = {218},\\n\\tissn = {1872-6283},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Cryptorchidism, or undescended/maldescended testis, is the most common birth defect of male genitalia. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades. This may be due to an increase in the prevalence of anti-androgenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochloride pesticides, plasticizers and fungicides. A newer group of chemicals, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are being implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are used worldwide in polymers that are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e.g., textile, computers and televisions, insulating foam, electrical equipment and kitchen appliances). In order to quantify BFRs we introduce the use of hair levels of polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs) as biomarkers of systemic exposure. This approach will allow for the estimation of in utero BFR exposure, in the process of evaluating the potential link between the incidence of cryptorchidism in newborn males and level of exposure of the pregnant mother to environmentally relevant BFRs. For that end we have developed a GC/MS assay in which children's hair is analyzed for the presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs).},\\n\\tnumber = {1-3},\\n\\tjournal = {Forensic science international},\\n\\tauthor = {Aleksa, Katarina and Carnevale, Amanda and Goodyer, Cynthia and Koren, Gideon},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22079498},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Child, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Limit of Detection, Male, Maternal Exposure, Newborn, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Preschool, Solid Phase Microextraction, Solid Phase Microextraction: methods},\\n\\tpages = {37--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Aleksa, K.\",\"Carnevale, A.\",\"Goodyer, C.\",\"Koren, G.\"],\"key\":\"aleksa_detection_2012\",\"id\":\"aleksa_detection_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"aleksa-carnevale-goodyer-koren-detectionofpolybrominatedbiphenyletherspbdesinpediatrichairasatoolfordetermininginuteroexposure-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Child\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Hair\",\"Hair: chemistry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Newborn\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Pregnancy\",\"Preschool\",\"Solid Phase Microextraction\",\"Solid Phase Microextraction: methods\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDE flame retardants and PCBs in migrating Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada.\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"1879-1298\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.094\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in blubber biopsy samples from 22 live-captured Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) that had just entered the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, for their overwintering feeding season. ∑PBDE ranged from 50μgkg(-1) (lipid weight) in adult females to 3780μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. ∑PCBs ranged from 272μgkg(-1) in adult females to 14280μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. While most PBDE and PCB congeners were transferred through milk to pups, PCBs with logK(OW)\\\\textgreater7.0 (PCBs 206, 207, 208 and 209) appeared constrained, resulting in a lighter mixture in pups compared to adult females. The ratio of individual PCB congeners by metabolic group (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) to PCB-153 regressed against length of males suggested poor biotransformation of these compounds (slopes did not differ from zero, p\\\\textgreater0.05). PBDE congeners 49, 99, 153 and 183 appeared bioaccumulative (slopes of ratio BDE/PCB 153 versus length were higher than zero, p\\\\textless0.05), but the dominance of the single congener, BDE-47 (64% of total PBDEs), likely due in part to debromination pathways, reduced our ability to explore congener-specific dynamics of PBDEs in these pinnipeds. With 80% of our Steller sea lions exceeding a recent toxicity reference value for PCBs, the fasting-associated mobilization of these contaminants raises concerns about a heightened vulnerability to adverse effects during annual migrations.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alava\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\",\"José\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lambourn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dyanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olesiuk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lance\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeffries\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gobas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\",\"A\",\"P\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22560183\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, British Columbia, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacology, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Population Dynamics, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: physiology, Water Pollutants\",\"pages\":\"855–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{alava_pbde_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDE} flame retardants and {PCBs} in migrating {Steller} sea lions ({Eumetopias} jubatus) in the {Strait} of {Georgia}, {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}.},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1298},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.094},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in blubber biopsy samples from 22 live-captured Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) that had just entered the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, for their overwintering feeding season. ∑PBDE ranged from 50μgkg(-1) (lipid weight) in adult females to 3780μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. ∑PCBs ranged from 272μgkg(-1) in adult females to 14280μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. While most PBDE and PCB congeners were transferred through milk to pups, PCBs with logK(OW){\\\\textbackslash}textgreater7.0 (PCBs 206, 207, 208 and 209) appeared constrained, resulting in a lighter mixture in pups compared to adult females. The ratio of individual PCB congeners by metabolic group (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) to PCB-153 regressed against length of males suggested poor biotransformation of these compounds (slopes did not differ from zero, p{\\\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). PBDE congeners 49, 99, 153 and 183 appeared bioaccumulative (slopes of ratio BDE/PCB 153 versus length were higher than zero, p{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05), but the dominance of the single congener, BDE-47 (64\\\\% of total PBDEs), likely due in part to debromination pathways, reduced our ability to explore congener-specific dynamics of PBDEs in these pinnipeds. With 80\\\\% of our Steller sea lions exceeding a recent toxicity reference value for PCBs, the fasting-associated mobilization of these contaminants raises concerns about a heightened vulnerability to adverse effects during annual migrations.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Alava, Juan José and Lambourn, Dyanna and Olesiuk, Peter and Lance, Monique and Jeffries, Steven J and Gobas, Frank A P C and Ross, Peter S},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22560183},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, British Columbia, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacology, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Population Dynamics, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: physiology, Water Pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {855--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Alava, J. J.\",\"Lambourn, D.\",\"Olesiuk, P.\",\"Lance, M.\",\"Jeffries, S. J\",\"Gobas, F. A P C\",\"Ross, P. S\"],\"key\":\"alava_pbde_2012\",\"id\":\"alava_pbde_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alava-lambourn-olesiuk-lance-jeffries-gobas-ross-pbdeflameretardantsandpcbsinmigratingstellersealionseumetopiasjubatusinthestraitofgeorgiabritishcolumbiacanada-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"British Columbia\",\"Canada\",\"Chemical\",\"Chemical: pharmacology\",\"Female\",\"Flame Retardants: pharmacology\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology\",\"Male\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology\",\"Population Dynamics\",\"Sea Lions\",\"Sea Lions: physiology\",\"Water Pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1476-069X\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1476-069X-12-17\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardant chemicals are used in materials on airplanes to slow the propagation of fire. These chemicals migrate from their source products and can be found in the dust of airplanes, creating the potential for exposure.\",\"journal\":\"Environmental health : a global access science source\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vallarino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jose\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McNeely\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eileen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cassandra\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spengler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23413926\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{allen_exposure_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1476-069X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-17},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardant chemicals are used in materials on airplanes to slow the propagation of fire. These chemicals migrate from their source products and can be found in the dust of airplanes, creating the potential for exposure.},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\\n\\tauthor = {Allen, Joseph G and Stapleton, Heather M and Vallarino, Jose and McNeely, Eileen and McClean, Michael D and Harrad, Stuart J and Rauert, Cassandra B and Spengler, John D},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23413926},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Allen, J. G\",\"Stapleton, H. M\",\"Vallarino, J.\",\"McNeely, E.\",\"McClean, M. D\",\"Harrad, S. J\",\"Rauert, C. B\",\"Spengler, J. D\"],\"key\":\"allen_exposure_2013\",\"id\":\"allen_exposure_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"allen-stapleton-vallarino-mcneely-mcclean-harrad-rauert-spengler-exposuretoflameretardantchemicalsoncommercialairplanes-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analytical characteristics and determination of major novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor dust.\",\"volume\":\"400\",\"issn\":\"1618-2650\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00216-011-4966-7\",\"abstract\":\"A new method was developed and optimized for the detection of major \\\"novel\\\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which included decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO). Several solid phase sorbents were tested, and finally, a two-step cleanup procedure was established. The first step on activated silica was used to fractionate the dust extracts, while the second step on acidified silica (silica gel impregnated with sulphuric acid 44% w/w) and on Florisil(®), respectively, was essential for advanced cleanup. High recoveries for NBFRs (range, 75-94%) were achieved. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization using a DB-5ms (15 m × 0.25 mm × 0.1 μm) capillary column. Quantification of DBDPE, BTBPE and TBBPA-DBPE was based on ion m/z 79, while characteristic ions were used for quantification of TBB (m/z 359), HCDBCO (m/z 310) and TBPH (m/z 384). The method provided good repeatability; within- and between-day precision were ≤14% for all NBFRs. Method limits of quantification ranged between 1 and 20 ng g(-1); dust and NBFRs were not detected in blanks. The method was further applied to indoor dust (n = 21) collected from e-waste facilities in Thailand. Except for HCDBCO, all NBFRs were detected in the e-waste dust with concentrations up to 44,000 and 22,600 ng g(-1) DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The dust profile was dominated by DBDPE (50%) \\\\textgreater BTBPE (45%) \\\\textgreater TBBPA-DBPE (3%) \\\\textgreater TBPH (1.9%) \\\\textgreater TBB (0.1%). Significant correlations (p \\\\textless 0.05) were found between the concentrations of BTBPE and BDE 183 or BDE 197 on the one hand, between TBPH and BDE 47 or BDE 99, and between DBDPE and BDE 209, on the other hand. Concentrations of TBB were not positively correlated with TBPH, which suggests different emission sources.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muenhor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dudsadee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21479791\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"3073–83\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_analytical_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Analytical characteristics and determination of major novel brominated flame retardants ({NBFRs}) in indoor dust.},\\n\\tvolume = {400},\\n\\tissn = {1618-2650},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4966-7},\\n\\tabstract = {A new method was developed and optimized for the detection of major \\\"novel\\\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which included decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO). Several solid phase sorbents were tested, and finally, a two-step cleanup procedure was established. The first step on activated silica was used to fractionate the dust extracts, while the second step on acidified silica (silica gel impregnated with sulphuric acid 44\\\\% w/w) and on Florisil(®), respectively, was essential for advanced cleanup. High recoveries for NBFRs (range, 75-94\\\\%) were achieved. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization using a DB-5ms (15 m × 0.25 mm × 0.1 μm) capillary column. Quantification of DBDPE, BTBPE and TBBPA-DBPE was based on ion m/z 79, while characteristic ions were used for quantification of TBB (m/z 359), HCDBCO (m/z 310) and TBPH (m/z 384). The method provided good repeatability; within- and between-day precision were ≤14\\\\% for all NBFRs. Method limits of quantification ranged between 1 and 20 ng g(-1); dust and NBFRs were not detected in blanks. The method was further applied to indoor dust (n = 21) collected from e-waste facilities in Thailand. Except for HCDBCO, all NBFRs were detected in the e-waste dust with concentrations up to 44,000 and 22,600 ng g(-1) DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The dust profile was dominated by DBDPE (50\\\\%) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater BTBPE (45\\\\%) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA-DBPE (3\\\\%) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater TBPH (1.9\\\\%) {\\\\textbackslash}textgreater TBB (0.1\\\\%). Significant correlations (p {\\\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) were found between the concentrations of BTBPE and BDE 183 or BDE 197 on the one hand, between TBPH and BDE 47 or BDE 99, and between DBDPE and BDE 209, on the other hand. Concentrations of TBB were not positively correlated with TBPH, which suggests different emission sources.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Muenhor, Dudsadee and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21479791},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {3073--83},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Muenhor, D.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_analytical_2011\",\"id\":\"ali_analytical_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-harrad-muenhor-neels-covaci-analyticalcharacteristicsanddeterminationofmajornovelbrominatedflameretardantsnbfrsinindoordust-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in Pakistan.\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issn\":\"1600-0668\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x\",\"abstract\":\"Ingestion of indoor dust has been acknowledged as an important route of exposure to organic contaminants (OCs). We investigated the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in indoor floor dust from rural homes (N=31) and mosques (N=12) in Gujrat, Pakistan. Low concentrations were observed for most contaminants. OPFRs were the principle contaminants, with tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) and tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPP) having medians of 66 and 109 ng/g, respectively. PBDEs were only minor constituents in the investigated samples, with BDE 209 (median 40 ng/g) being the most important congener. Levels and profile of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑PCBs revealed no difference (P\\\\textless0.05) between samples of dust from homes and mosques, indicating similar emission sources. Exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for both adult and toddlers. Typical high-end, using median levels and high dust ingestion, exposure for adults were 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, \\\\textless0.01, and 0.65 ng/kg bw/day and for toddlers 0.39, 0.45, 0.69, 0.01, and 15.2 ng/kg bw/day for ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑OCPs, ∑PCBs, and ∑OPFRs, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to document the presence of indoor OCs in Pakistani dust.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Indoor air\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22092870\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Nonparametric, Pakistan, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Preschool, Rural Population, Statistics\",\"pages\":\"200–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_assessment_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in {Pakistan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tissn = {1600-0668},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Ingestion of indoor dust has been acknowledged as an important route of exposure to organic contaminants (OCs). We investigated the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in indoor floor dust from rural homes (N=31) and mosques (N=12) in Gujrat, Pakistan. Low concentrations were observed for most contaminants. OPFRs were the principle contaminants, with tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) and tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPP) having medians of 66 and 109 ng/g, respectively. PBDEs were only minor constituents in the investigated samples, with BDE 209 (median 40 ng/g) being the most important congener. Levels and profile of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑PCBs revealed no difference (P{\\\\textbackslash}textless0.05) between samples of dust from homes and mosques, indicating similar emission sources. Exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for both adult and toddlers. Typical high-end, using median levels and high dust ingestion, exposure for adults were 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, {\\\\textbackslash}textless0.01, and 0.65 ng/kg bw/day and for toddlers 0.39, 0.45, 0.69, 0.01, and 15.2 ng/kg bw/day for ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑OCPs, ∑PCBs, and ∑OPFRs, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to document the presence of indoor OCs in Pakistani dust.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Indoor air},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, N and Van den Eede, N and Dirtu, A C and Neels, H and Covaci, A},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22092870},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Nonparametric, Pakistan, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Preschool, Rural Population, Statistics},\\n\\tpages = {200--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N\",\"Van den Eede, N\",\"Dirtu, A C\",\"Neels, H\",\"Covaci, A\"],\"key\":\"ali_assessment_2012\",\"id\":\"ali_assessment_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretoindoororganiccontaminantsviadustingestioninpakistan-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Child\",\"Dust\",\"Dust: analysis\",\"Environmental Exposure\",\"Flame Retardants: analysis\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis\",\"Humans\",\"Indoor\",\"Indoor: analysis\",\"Nonparametric\",\"Pakistan\",\"Pesticides\",\"Pesticides: analysis\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis\",\"Preschool\",\"Rural Population\",\"Statistics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: current understanding, issues and challenges\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"url\":\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wenning\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants\",\"pages\":\"579–582\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{alaee_significance_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: current understanding, issues and challenges},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\turl = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Alaee, Mehran and Wenning, R J},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\\n\\tpages = {579--582},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Alaee, M.\",\"Wenning, R J\"],\"key\":\"alaee_significance_2002\",\"id\":\"alaee_significance_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alaee-wenning-thesignificanceofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentcurrentunderstandingissuesandchallenges-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis\",\"volume\":\"60\",\"issn\":\"1600-0536\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x\",\"abstract\":\"Background:  Cobalt, nickel, and chromium are important skin sensitizers. However, knowledge about cobalt exposure and causes of cobalt sensitization is limited. Objectives:  To study release of cobalt, nickel, and chromium from some cobalt-containing hard metal alloys and to test reactivity to the materials in cobalt-sensitized patients. Methods:  Discs suitable for patch testing were made of some hard metal alloys. Cobalt, nickel, and chromium release from the materials was determined by immersion in artificial sweat (2 min, 1 hr, 1 day, and 1 week). Patch test reactivity to the discs and to serial dilutions of cobalt and nickel was assessed in previously patch-tested dermatitis patients (19 cobalt positive and 18 cobalt-negative controls). Results:  All discs released cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Some discs released large amounts of cobalt (highest concentration: 290 μg/cm2/week). Seven discs elicited three or more positive test reactions. Conclusions:  The concentration of released cobalt was high enough to elicit allergic contact dermatitis in cobalt-sensitized patients. As the materials in the discs are used in wear parts of hard metal tools, individuals with contact allergy to cobalt may develop hand eczema when handling such materials.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2016-08-09\",\"journal\":\"Contact Dermatitis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Julander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anneli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hindsén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lizbet\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lidén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carola\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Occupational exposure, acid wipe sampling, allergic contact dermatitis, chemical analysis, chromium, cobalt, nickel, patch tests\",\"pages\":\"165–170\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{julander_cobalt-containing_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis},\\n\\tvolume = {60},\\n\\tissn = {1600-0536},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Background:  Cobalt, nickel, and chromium are important skin sensitizers. However, knowledge about cobalt exposure and causes of cobalt sensitization is limited. Objectives:  To study release of cobalt, nickel, and chromium from some cobalt-containing hard metal alloys and to test reactivity to the materials in cobalt-sensitized patients. Methods:  Discs suitable for patch testing were made of some hard metal alloys. Cobalt, nickel, and chromium release from the materials was determined by immersion in artificial sweat (2 min, 1 hr, 1 day, and 1 week). Patch test reactivity to the discs and to serial dilutions of cobalt and nickel was assessed in previously patch-tested dermatitis patients (19 cobalt positive and 18 cobalt-negative controls). Results:  All discs released cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Some discs released large amounts of cobalt (highest concentration: 290 μg/cm2/week). Seven discs elicited three or more positive test reactions. Conclusions:  The concentration of released cobalt was high enough to elicit allergic contact dermatitis in cobalt-sensitized patients. As the materials in the discs are used in wear parts of hard metal tools, individuals with contact allergy to cobalt may develop hand eczema when handling such materials.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2016-08-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Contact Dermatitis},\\n\\tauthor = {Julander, Anneli and Hindsén, Monica and Skare, Lizbet and Lidén, Carola},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Occupational exposure, acid wipe sampling, allergic contact dermatitis, chemical analysis, chromium, cobalt, nickel, patch tests},\\n\\tpages = {165--170},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Julander, A.\",\"Hindsén, M.\",\"Skare, L.\",\"Lidén, C.\"],\"key\":\"julander_cobalt-containing_2009\",\"id\":\"julander_cobalt-containing_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"julander-hindsn-skare-lidn-cobaltcontainingalloysandtheirabilitytoreleasecobaltandcausedermatitis-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Occupational exposure\",\"acid wipe sampling\",\"allergic contact dermatitis\",\"chemical analysis\",\"chromium\",\"cobalt\",\"nickel\",\"patch tests\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0021-8502\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006\",\"abstract\":\"A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process. Details of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail. After the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Aerosol Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorbau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hillemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stintz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating\",\"pages\":\"209–217\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vorbau_method_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0021-8502},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006},\\n\\tabstract = {A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process.\\n\\nDetails of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail.\\n\\nAfter the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Aerosol Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Vorbau, Manuel and Hillemann, Lars and Stintz, Michael},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating},\\n\\tpages = {209--217},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vorbau, M.\",\"Hillemann, L.\",\"Stintz, M.\"],\"key\":\"vorbau_method_2009\",\"id\":\"vorbau_method_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\"},\"keyword\":[\"Abrasion\",\"Nanoparticle\",\"Particle release\",\"Surface coating\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"copyright\":\"2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\",\"issn\":\"1743-8977\",\"url\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1743-8977-9-4\",\"abstract\":\"PMID: 22300483\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Particle and Fibre Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicklas\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mortensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szarek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Józef\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jackson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Petra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Madsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keld\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ismo\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brunborg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunnar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gützkow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristine\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vogel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wallin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Håkan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts\",\"pages\":\"4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{saber_nanotitanium_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tcopyright = {2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\\n\\tissn = {1743-8977},\\n\\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-9-4},\\n\\tabstract = {PMID: 22300483},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Saber, Anne T. and Jacobsen, Nicklas R. and Mortensen, Alicia and Szarek, Józef and Jackson, Petra and Madsen, Anne M. and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Brunborg, Gunnar and Gützkow, Kristine B. and Vogel, Ulla and Wallin, Håkan},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts},\\n\\tpages = {4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Saber, A. T.\",\"Jacobsen, N. R.\",\"Mortensen, A.\",\"Szarek, J.\",\"Jackson, P.\",\"Madsen, A. M.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Brunborg, G.\",\"Gützkow, K. B.\",\"Vogel, U.\",\"Wallin, H.\"],\"key\":\"saber_nanotitanium_2012\",\"id\":\"saber_nanotitanium_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"DNA damage\",\"Nano titanium dioxide\",\"Nanoparticles\",\"UV-Titan L181\",\"inflammation\",\"liver histology\",\"paint matrix\",\"sanding dusts\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"1743-5390\",\"url\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\",\"doi\":\"10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Nanotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mikkelsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lone\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keld\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ismo\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wallin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Håkan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loft\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steffen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vogel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Møller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"117–134\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {1743-5390},\\n\\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Nanotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Mikkelsen, Lone and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Saber, Anne T. and Wallin, Håkan and Loft, Steffen and Vogel, Ulla and Møller, Peter},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {117--134},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mikkelsen, L.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Saber, A. T.\",\"Wallin, H.\",\"Loft, S.\",\"Vogel, U.\",\"Møller, P.\"],\"key\":\"mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012\",\"id\":\"mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation\",\"volume\":\"151\",\"issn\":\"1742-6596\",\"shorttitle\":\"Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints\",\"url\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\",\"doi\":\"10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048\",\"abstract\":\"Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Physics: Conference Series\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"012048\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koponen_sanding_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: {Physical} characterisation},\\n\\tvolume = {151},\\n\\tissn = {1742-6596},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints},\\n\\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\\n\\tabstract = {Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},\\n\\tauthor = {Koponen, I. K. and Jensen, K. A. and Schneider, T.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {012048},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Schneider, T.\"],\"key\":\"koponen_sanding_2009\",\"id\":\"koponen_sanding_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"copyright\":\"2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\",\"issn\":\"1743-8977\",\"url\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1743-8977-11-17\",\"abstract\":\"PMID: 24708765\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Particle and Fibre Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Froggett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephan\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clancy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaun\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boverhof\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darrell\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Canady\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology\",\"pages\":\"17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{froggett_review_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tcopyright = {2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\\n\\tissn = {1743-8977},\\n\\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-11-17},\\n\\tabstract = {PMID: 24708765},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Froggett, Stephan J. and Clancy, Shaun F. and Boverhof, Darrell R. and Canady, Richard A.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology},\\n\\tpages = {17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Froggett, S. J.\",\"Clancy, S. F.\",\"Boverhof, D. R.\",\"Canady, R. A.\"],\"key\":\"froggett_review_2014\",\"id\":\"froggett_review_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Consumer products\",\"Exposure\",\"Nanocomposite\",\"Nanomaterial release\",\"Nanotechnology\",\"Release methodology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"copyright\":\"© 2010 Nature Publishing Group\",\"issn\":\"1559-0631\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/jes.2010.32\",\"abstract\":\"Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ismo\",\"Kalevi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keld\",\"Alstrup\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health\",\"pages\":\"408–418\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koponen_comparison_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2010 Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tissn = {1559-0631},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2010.32},\\n\\tabstract = {Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Koponen, Ismo Kalevi and Jensen, Keld Alstrup and Schneider, Thomas},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health},\\n\\tpages = {408--418},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Schneider, T.\"],\"key\":\"koponen_comparison_2011\",\"id\":\"koponen_comparison_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Nanotechnology\",\"aerosol size distributions\",\"nanomaterial\",\"occupational health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thermal Evolution and Instability of CO-Induced Platinum Clusters on the Pt(557) Surface at Ambient Pressure\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/jacs.5b10628\",\"abstract\":\"Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeongjin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myung\",\"Cheol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Won\",\"Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_thermal_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Thermal {Evolution} and {Instability} of {CO}-{Induced} {Platinum} {Clusters} on the {Pt}(557) {Surface} at {Ambient} {Pressure}},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\\n\\tabstract = {Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Jeongjin and Noh, Myung Cheol and Doh, Won Hui and Park, Jeong Young},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, J.\",\"Noh, M. C.\",\"Doh, W. H.\",\"Park, J. Y.\"],\"key\":\"kim_thermal_2016\",\"id\":\"kim_thermal_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Texas Open-Carry Laws Blurred Lines Between Suspects and Marchers\",\"issn\":\"0362-4331\",\"url\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html\",\"abstract\":\"The mayor of Dallas suggests tightening the state’s gun laws to make it tougher to carry long arms in public.\",\"urldate\":\"2016-07-11\",\"journal\":\"The New York Times\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blinder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[\"Manny\",\"Fernandez\"]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Montgomery\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"keywords\":\"Attacks on Police, Brown, David O, Dallas (Tex), Dallas, Tex Shooting of Police Officers (2016), Demonstrations, Protests and Riots, Firearms, Gun Control, Johnson, Micah X, Open Carry Texas, Police Brutality, Misconduct and Shootings, Police Department (Dallas, Tex), Texas\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blinder_texas_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Texas {Open}-{Carry} {Laws} {Blurred} {Lines} {Between} {Suspects} and {Marchers}},\\n\\tissn = {0362-4331},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html},\\n\\tabstract = {The mayor of Dallas suggests tightening the state’s gun laws to make it tougher to carry long arms in public.},\\n\\turldate = {2016-07-11},\\n\\tjournal = {The New York Times},\\n\\tauthor = {Blinder, Alan, Manny Fernandez and Montgomery, David},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tkeywords = {Attacks on Police, Brown, David O, Dallas (Tex), Dallas, Tex  Shooting of Police Officers (2016), Demonstrations, Protests and Riots, Firearms, Gun Control, Johnson, Micah X, Open Carry Texas, Police Brutality, Misconduct and Shootings, Police Department (Dallas, Tex), Texas},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blinder, A.\",\"Montgomery, D.\"],\"key\":\"blinder_texas_2016\",\"id\":\"blinder_texas_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blinder-montgomery-texasopencarrylawsblurredlinesbetweensuspectsandmarchers-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Attacks on Police\",\"Brown\",\"David O\",\"Dallas (Tex)\",\"Dallas\",\"Tex Shooting of Police Officers (2016)\",\"Demonstrations\",\"Protests and Riots\",\"Firearms\",\"Gun Control\",\"Johnson\",\"Micah X\",\"Open Carry Texas\",\"Police Brutality\",\"Misconduct and Shootings\",\"Police Department (Dallas\",\"Tex)\",\"Texas\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Consent Order (1).pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_consent_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Consent {Order} (1).pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_consent_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_consent_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-consentorder1pdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"CN_PMN_Structure_Sanitized.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_structure_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{CN}\\\\_PMN\\\\_Structure\\\\_Sanitized.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_structure_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_structure_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-cnpmnstructuresanitizedpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"CN_PMN_Reaction_Diagram_Sanitized.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_reaction_diagram_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{CN}\\\\_PMN\\\\_Reaction\\\\_Diagram\\\\_Sanitized.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_reaction_diagram_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_reaction_diagram_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-cnpmnreactiondiagramsanitizedpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"CN_PMN_Process_Flow_Textile_Sanitized.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_textile_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{CN}\\\\_PMN\\\\_Process\\\\_Flow\\\\_Textile\\\\_Sanitized.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_textile_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_textile_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowtextilesanitizedpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"CN_PMN_Process_Flow_Diagram_Manufacture_Sanitized.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_diagram_manufacture_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{CN}\\\\_PMN\\\\_Process\\\\_Flow\\\\_Diagram\\\\_Manufacture\\\\_Sanitized.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_diagram_manufacture_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_diagram_manufacture_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowdiagrammanufacturesanitizedpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"CN_PMN_Process_Flow_Compounding_Sanitized.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_compounding_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{CN}\\\\_PMN\\\\_Process\\\\_Flow\\\\_Compounding\\\\_Sanitized.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_compounding_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_compounding_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowcompoundingsanitizedpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"CN_PMN_IES_Report_Sanitized.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_ies_report_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{CN}\\\\_PMN\\\\_IES\\\\_Report\\\\_Sanitized.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_ies_report_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_cn_pmn_ies_report_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-cnpmniesreportsanitizedpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"CN_3384A_MSDS_Sanitized.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_cn_3384a_msds_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{CN}\\\\_3384A\\\\_MSDS\\\\_Sanitized.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_cn_3384a_msds_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_cn_3384a_msds_sanitized.pdf_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-cn3384amsdssanitizedpdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"B Economic Analysis 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_b_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {B {Economic} {Analysis} 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_b_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_b_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-beconomicanalysis125391310713109pdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"A Economic Anaysis 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_economic_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Economic} {Anaysis} 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_economic_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_economic_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-aeconomicanaysis125391310713109pdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"SNUR P-11-0607.pdf\",\"keywords\":\"SNUR3\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_snur_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{SNUR} {P}-11-0607.pdf},\\n\\tkeywords = {SNUR3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_snur_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_snur_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-snurp110607pdf\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"SNUR3\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic\",\"volume\":\"441\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061\",\"abstract\":\"The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six “alternative” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of “alternative” BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges \\\\textless 20–3567 and \\\\textless 0.3–950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalachova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hradkova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lankova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hajslova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pulkrabova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"BFR, Car, Dust, Household, Human exposure\",\"pages\":\"182–193\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kalachova_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the {Czech} {Republic}},\\n\\tvolume = {441},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six “alternative” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of “alternative” BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges {\\\\textless} 20–3567 and {\\\\textless} 0.3–950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70\\\\% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Kalachova, K. and Hradkova, P. and Lankova, D. and Hajslova, J. and Pulkrabova, J.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFR, Car, Dust, Household, Human exposure},\\n\\tpages = {182--193},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kalachova, K.\",\"Hradkova, P.\",\"Lankova, D.\",\"Hajslova, J.\",\"Pulkrabova, J.\"],\"key\":\"kalachova_occurrence_2012-1\",\"id\":\"kalachova_occurrence_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFR\",\"Car\",\"Dust\",\"Household\",\"Human exposure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and “novel” brominated flame retardants in house dust in Germany\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a wide variety of products such as electronic devices, upholstery and carpets and in insulation boards. The study presented here aimed to quantify the amounts of BFRs in house dust in Germany. For this purpose 20 residences' dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags and analysed with LC–MS/MS and simultaneously with GC/MS. Using GC/MS, the median (95th percentile) concentrations of PBDEs (sum of tetra- to hepta-congeners), BDE 209, Σ-HBCD (sum of three congeners), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were 42 ng/g (230 ng/g), 950 ng/g (3426 ng/g), 335 ng/g (1545 ng/g), and 146 ng/g (1059 ng/g), respectively. Using LC–MS/MS some “novel” flame retardants were found in median concentrations of 343 ng/g (bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate, TBPH), and 28 ng/g (tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA). Whilst 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) could not be detected. Based on these measurements an exposure assessment for the sum of tetra- to heptabrominated congeners, BDE 209, and Σ-HBCD resulted in a “high” daily intake for toddlers (based on 95th percentiles) of 1.2 ng/kg b.w., 0.69 ng/kg b.w., and 8.9 ng/kg b.w., respectively. For TBPH the “high” intake was calculated at 4.1 ng/kg b.w. and for DBDPE at 5.3 ng/kg b.w. A clear tendency was observed to apply “novel” BFRs in Germany. Moreover, the results suggest that the recent exposure to PBDEs and HBCD via house dust in Germany is well below the levels that are associated with health effects. For the “novel” brominated flame retardants such an assessment is not possible due to limited toxicological information.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fromme\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hilger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miserok\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Völkel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"BFR, Dust, Exposure, HBCD, Intake\",\"pages\":\"61–68\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fromme_polybrominated_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}), hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) and “novel” brominated flame retardants in house dust in {Germany}},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a wide variety of products such as electronic devices, upholstery and carpets and in insulation boards. The study presented here aimed to quantify the amounts of BFRs in house dust in Germany. For this purpose 20 residences' dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags and analysed with LC–MS/MS and simultaneously with GC/MS.\\n\\nUsing GC/MS, the median (95th percentile) concentrations of PBDEs (sum of tetra- to hepta-congeners), BDE 209, Σ-HBCD (sum of three congeners), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were 42 ng/g (230 ng/g), 950 ng/g (3426 ng/g), 335 ng/g (1545 ng/g), and 146 ng/g (1059 ng/g), respectively. Using LC–MS/MS some “novel” flame retardants were found in median concentrations of 343 ng/g (bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate, TBPH), and 28 ng/g (tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA). Whilst 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) could not be detected.\\n\\nBased on these measurements an exposure assessment for the sum of tetra- to heptabrominated congeners, BDE 209, and Σ-HBCD resulted in a “high” daily intake for toddlers (based on 95th percentiles) of 1.2 ng/kg b.w., 0.69 ng/kg b.w., and 8.9 ng/kg b.w., respectively. For TBPH the “high” intake was calculated at 4.1 ng/kg b.w. and for DBDPE at 5.3 ng/kg b.w.\\n\\nA clear tendency was observed to apply “novel” BFRs in Germany. Moreover, the results suggest that the recent exposure to PBDEs and HBCD via house dust in Germany is well below the levels that are associated with health effects. For the “novel” brominated flame retardants such an assessment is not possible due to limited toxicological information.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Fromme, H. and Hilger, B. and Kopp, E. and Miserok, M. and Völkel, W.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFR, Dust, Exposure, HBCD, Intake},\\n\\tpages = {61--68},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fromme, H.\",\"Hilger, B.\",\"Kopp, E.\",\"Miserok, M.\",\"Völkel, W.\"],\"key\":\"fromme_polybrominated_2014\",\"id\":\"fromme_polybrominated_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fromme-hilger-kopp-miserok-vlkel-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeshexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustingermany-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFR\",\"Dust\",\"Exposure\",\"HBCD\",\"Intake\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"FOIAd document\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_foiad_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{FOIAd} document},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_foiad_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_foiad_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-foiaddocument\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thermal Evolution and Instability of CO-Induced Platinum Clusters on the Pt(557) Surface at Ambient Pressure\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/jacs.5b10628\",\"abstract\":\"Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.\",\"urldate\":\"2016-01-22\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeongjin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myung\",\"Cheol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Doh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Won\",\"Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_thermal_2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Thermal {Evolution} and {Instability} of {CO}-{Induced} {Platinum} {Clusters} on the {Pt}(557) {Surface} at {Ambient} {Pressure}},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\\n\\tabstract = {Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.},\\n\\turldate = {2016-01-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Jeongjin and Noh, Myung Cheol and Doh, Won Hui and Park, Jeong Young},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, J.\",\"Noh, M. C.\",\"Doh, W. H.\",\"Park, J. Y.\"],\"key\":\"kim_thermal_2016-1\",\"id\":\"kim_thermal_2016-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"HBN Avoidable Hazard Index (AHI) Volatile Ingredients Calculator Tool\",\"url\":\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&usp=embed_facebook\",\"abstract\":\"Wireframe Introduction: This is a wireframe for the user side of a plug-n-chug style calculator tool, which we expect to operate on the Pharos website. The calculator page has at least three sections: a home landing page, a data entry page for two or more products, and an AHI output page. The volat\",\"urldate\":\"2015-09-01\",\"journal\":\"Google Docs\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_hbn_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{HBN} {Avoidable} {Hazard} {Index} ({AHI}) {Volatile} {Ingredients} {Calculator} {Tool}},\\n\\turl = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&usp=embed_facebook},\\n\\tabstract = {Wireframe Introduction: This is a wireframe for the user side of a plug-n-chug style calculator tool, which we expect to operate on the Pharos website. The calculator page has at least three sections: a home landing page, a data entry page for two or more products, and an AHI output page.  The volat},\\n\\turldate = {2015-09-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Google Docs},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_hbn_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_hbn_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-hbnavoidablehazardindexahivolatileingredientscalculatortool\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&usp=embed_facebook\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"AHI notes 8/27/15\",\"url\":\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook\",\"urldate\":\"2015-08-28\",\"journal\":\"Google Docs\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_ahi_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{AHI} notes 8/27/15},\\n\\turl = {https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook},\\n\\turldate = {2015-08-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Google Docs},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_ahi_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_ahi_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-ahinotes82715\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"copyright\":\"© 2010 Nature Publishing Group\",\"issn\":\"1559-0631\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/jes.2010.32\",\"abstract\":\"Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2015-05-06\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ismo\",\"Kalevi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keld\",\"Alstrup\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health\",\"pages\":\"408–418\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koponen_comparison_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2010 Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tissn = {1559-0631},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2010.32},\\n\\tabstract = {Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2015-05-06},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Koponen, Ismo Kalevi and Jensen, Keld Alstrup and Schneider, Thomas},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health},\\n\\tpages = {408--418},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Schneider, T.\"],\"key\":\"koponen_comparison_2011-1\",\"id\":\"koponen_comparison_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Nanotechnology\",\"aerosol size distributions\",\"nanomaterial\",\"occupational health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation\",\"volume\":\"151\",\"issn\":\"1742-6596\",\"shorttitle\":\"Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints\",\"url\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\",\"doi\":\"10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048\",\"abstract\":\"Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2015-05-05\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Physics: Conference Series\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"012048\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koponen_sanding_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: {Physical} characterisation},\\n\\tvolume = {151},\\n\\tissn = {1742-6596},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints},\\n\\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\\n\\tabstract = {Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2015-05-05},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},\\n\\tauthor = {Koponen, I. K. and Jensen, K. A. and Schneider, T.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {012048},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Schneider, T.\"],\"key\":\"koponen_sanding_2009-1\",\"id\":\"koponen_sanding_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"copyright\":\"2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\",\"issn\":\"1743-8977\",\"url\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1743-8977-11-17\",\"abstract\":\"PMID: 24708765\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2015-05-05\",\"journal\":\"Particle and Fibre Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Froggett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephan\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clancy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaun\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boverhof\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Darrell\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Canady\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pmid\":\"24708765\",\"keywords\":\"Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology\",\"pages\":\"17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{froggett_review_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tcopyright = {2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\\n\\tissn = {1743-8977},\\n\\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-11-17},\\n\\tabstract = {PMID: 24708765},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2015-05-05},\\n\\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Froggett, Stephan J. and Clancy, Shaun F. and Boverhof, Darrell R. and Canady, Richard A.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpmid = {24708765},\\n\\tkeywords = {Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology},\\n\\tpages = {17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Froggett, S. J.\",\"Clancy, S. F.\",\"Boverhof, D. R.\",\"Canady, R. A.\"],\"key\":\"froggett_review_2014-1\",\"id\":\"froggett_review_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Consumer products\",\"Exposure\",\"Nanocomposite\",\"Nanomaterial release\",\"Nanotechnology\",\"Release methodology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"1743-5390\",\"url\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\",\"doi\":\"10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2015-05-05\",\"journal\":\"Nanotoxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mikkelsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lone\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keld\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ismo\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wallin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Håkan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loft\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steffen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vogel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Møller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"117–134\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {1743-5390},\\n\\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2015-05-05},\\n\\tjournal = {Nanotoxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Mikkelsen, Lone and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Saber, Anne T. and Wallin, Håkan and Loft, Steffen and Vogel, Ulla and Møller, Peter},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {117--134},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mikkelsen, L.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Saber, A. T.\",\"Wallin, H.\",\"Loft, S.\",\"Vogel, U.\",\"Møller, P.\"],\"key\":\"mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012-1\",\"id\":\"mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"copyright\":\"2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.\",\"issn\":\"1743-8977\",\"url\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1743-8977-9-4\",\"abstract\":\"PMID: 22300483\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2015-05-05\",\"journal\":\"Particle and Fibre Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicklas\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mortensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szarek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Józef\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jackson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Petra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Madsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keld\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koponen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ismo\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brunborg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gunnar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gützkow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristine\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vogel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wallin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Håkan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22300483\",\"keywords\":\"DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts\",\"pages\":\"4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{saber_nanotitanium_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tcopyright = {2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\\n\\tissn = {1743-8977},\\n\\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-9-4},\\n\\tabstract = {PMID: 22300483},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2015-05-05},\\n\\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Saber, Anne T. and Jacobsen, Nicklas R. and Mortensen, Alicia and Szarek, Józef and Jackson, Petra and Madsen, Anne M. and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Brunborg, Gunnar and Gützkow, Kristine B. and Vogel, Ulla and Wallin, Håkan},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22300483},\\n\\tkeywords = {DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts},\\n\\tpages = {4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Saber, A. T.\",\"Jacobsen, N. R.\",\"Mortensen, A.\",\"Szarek, J.\",\"Jackson, P.\",\"Madsen, A. M.\",\"Jensen, K. A.\",\"Koponen, I. K.\",\"Brunborg, G.\",\"Gützkow, K. B.\",\"Vogel, U.\",\"Wallin, H.\"],\"key\":\"saber_nanotitanium_2012-1\",\"id\":\"saber_nanotitanium_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"DNA damage\",\"Nano titanium dioxide\",\"Nanoparticles\",\"UV-Titan L181\",\"inflammation\",\"liver histology\",\"paint matrix\",\"sanding dusts\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0021-8502\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006\",\"abstract\":\"A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process. Details of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail. After the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2015-05-05\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Aerosol Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorbau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hillemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stintz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating\",\"pages\":\"209–217\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vorbau_method_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0021-8502},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006},\\n\\tabstract = {A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process.\\n\\nDetails of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail.\\n\\nAfter the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2015-05-05},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Aerosol Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Vorbau, Manuel and Hillemann, Lars and Stintz, Michael},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating},\\n\\tpages = {209--217},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vorbau, M.\",\"Hillemann, L.\",\"Stintz, M.\"],\"key\":\"vorbau_method_2009-1\",\"id\":\"vorbau_method_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\"},\"keyword\":[\"Abrasion\",\"Nanoparticle\",\"Particle release\",\"Surface coating\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"San Antonio Statement on Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1003089\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DiGangi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lucas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mortimer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"21123135\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3002202\",\"pages\":\"A516–A518\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{digangi_san_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on {Brominated} and {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003089},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A. and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D. and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {21123135},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3002202},\\n\\tpages = {A516--A518},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"DiGangi, J.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Bergman, A.\",\"de Wit, C. A.\",\"Lucas, D.\",\"Mortimer, D.\",\"Schecter, A.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Shaw, S. D.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"digangi_san_2010-1-1\",\"id\":\"digangi_san_2010-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2012\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0149-5992\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/\",\"doi\":\"10.2337/dc12-2625\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S. RESULTS The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, including $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12%), physician office visits (9%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about $13,700 per year, of which about $7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism ($5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work ($20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force ($2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability ($21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality ($18.5 billion). CONCLUSIONS The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, a 41% increase from our previous estimate of $174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Diabetes Care\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petersen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matt\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23468086\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3609540\",\"pages\":\"1033–1046\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{petersen_economic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Economic {Costs} of {Diabetes} in the {U}.{S}. in 2012},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0149-5992},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2337/dc12-2625},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE\\nThis study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012.\\n\\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\\nThe study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S.\\n\\nRESULTS\\nThe total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\\\$245 billion, including \\\\$176 billion in direct medical costs and \\\\$69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43\\\\% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18\\\\%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12\\\\%), physician office visits (9\\\\%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8\\\\%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about \\\\$13,700 per year, of which about \\\\$7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism (\\\\$5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work (\\\\$20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force (\\\\$2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability (\\\\$21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality (\\\\$18.5 billion).\\n\\nCONCLUSIONS\\nThe estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\\\$245 billion, a 41\\\\% increase from our previous estimate of \\\\$174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Diabetes Care},\\n\\tauthor = {Petersen, Matt},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23468086},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3609540},\\n\\tpages = {1033--1046},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Petersen, M.\"],\"key\":\"petersen_economic_2013\",\"id\":\"petersen_economic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"petersen-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1935-5548\",\"doi\":\"10.2337/dc12-2625\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S. RESULTS: The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, including $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12%), physician office visits (9%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about $13,700 per year, of which about $7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism ($5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work ($20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force ($2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability ($21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality ($18.5 billion). CONCLUSIONS: The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, a 41% increase from our previous estimate of $174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Diabetes Care\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"American Diabetes Association\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23468086\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3609540\",\"keywords\":\"Cost of Illness, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, United States\",\"pages\":\"1033–1046\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{american_diabetes_association_economic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Economic costs of diabetes in the {U}.{S}. in 2012},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1935-5548},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2337/dc12-2625},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012.\\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S.\\nRESULTS: The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\\\$245 billion, including \\\\$176 billion in direct medical costs and \\\\$69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43\\\\% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18\\\\%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12\\\\%), physician office visits (9\\\\%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8\\\\%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about \\\\$13,700 per year, of which about \\\\$7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism (\\\\$5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work (\\\\$20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force (\\\\$2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability (\\\\$21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality (\\\\$18.5 billion).\\nCONCLUSIONS: The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\\\$245 billion, a 41\\\\% increase from our previous estimate of \\\\$174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Diabetes Care},\\n\\tauthor = {{American Diabetes Association}},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23468086},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3609540},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cost of Illness, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, United States},\\n\\tpages = {1033--1046},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"American Diabetes Association\"],\"key\":\"american_diabetes_association_economic_2013\",\"id\":\"american_diabetes_association_economic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"americandiabetesassociation-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Cost of Illness\",\"Diabetes Mellitus\",\"Humans\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards\",\"volume\":\"195\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075, 1095-9203\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17\",\"doi\":\"10.1126/science.831254\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4273\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ames\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1977\",\"pmid\":\"831254\",\"pages\":\"17–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{blum_flame-retardant_1977,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards},\\n\\tvolume = {195},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1126/science.831254},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4273},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Blum, A. and Ames, B. N.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1977},\\n\\tpmid = {831254},\\n\\tpages = {17--23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Blum, A.\",\"Ames, B. N.\"],\"key\":\"blum_flame-retardant_1977-1\",\"id\":\"blum_flame-retardant_1977-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205597\",\"abstract\":\"background: California children’s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals., Objective: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort., Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children’s attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323)., Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination—particularly in the nondominant—at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels., Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kogut\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trujillo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Celina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23154064\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3569691\",\"pages\":\"257–262\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\\n\\tabstract = {background: California children’s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals., Objective: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort., Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children’s attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323)., Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination—particularly in the nondominant—at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels., Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A. and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G. and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjodin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23154064},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3569691},\\n\\tpages = {257--262},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eskenazi, B.\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Rauch, S. A.\",\"Kogut, K.\",\"Harley, K. G.\",\"Johnson, C.\",\"Trujillo, C.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Bradman, A.\"],\"key\":\"eskenazi_utero_2013-1-1\",\"id\":\"eskenazi_utero_2013-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Children Show Highest Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a California Family of Four: A Case Study\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"shorttitle\":\"Children Show Highest Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a California Family of Four\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.8554\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions 90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with children’s levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations of, for example, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from 32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child, and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother, child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12, and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents’ ∑PBDE concentrations approached U.S. median concentrations, with children’s concentrations near the maximum (top 5%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children’s higher PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of PBDE-related health effects than adults.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fischer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Douglas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanasiadou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pmid\":\"17035146\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC1626410\",\"pages\":\"1581–1584\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fischer_children_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Children {Show} {Highest} {Levels} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in a {California} {Family} of {Four}: {A} {Case} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Children {Show} {Highest} {Levels} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in a {California} {Family} of {Four}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.8554},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous\\nenvironmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United\\nStates. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood\\ndrawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions\\n90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated\\nPBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with\\nchildren’s levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations\\nof, for example, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from\\n32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child,\\nand toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed\\nsignificantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother,\\nchild, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December\\nconcentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12,\\nand 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents’ ∑PBDE concentrations\\napproached U.S. median concentrations, with children’s concentrations near the\\nmaximum (top 5\\\\%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations\\nof all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are\\nadults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children’s higher\\nPBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second\\nsampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can\\ndecrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that\\nchildren are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of\\nPBDE-related health effects than adults.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Fischer, Douglas and Hooper, Kim and Athanasiadou, Maria and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpmid = {17035146},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC1626410},\\n\\tpages = {1581--1584},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fischer, D.\",\"Hooper, K.\",\"Athanasiadou, M.\",\"Athanassiadis, I.\",\"Bergman, A.\"],\"key\":\"fischer_children_2006-1\",\"id\":\"fischer_children_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"copyright\":\"© 2007 Nature Publishing Group\",\"issn\":\"1559-0631\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/sj.jes.7500572\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1–5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6–11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12–19. The much higher dose for the child age 1–5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82% of the overall estimated intakes.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lorber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDE, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, exposure modeling\",\"pages\":\"2–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lorber_exposure_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure of {Americans} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2007 Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tissn = {1559-0631},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500572},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1–5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6–11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12–19. The much higher dose for the child age 1–5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82\\\\% of the overall estimated intakes.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Lorber, Matthew},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDE, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, exposure modeling},\\n\\tpages = {2--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lorber, M.\"],\"key\":\"lorber_exposure_2007\",\"id\":\"lorber_exposure_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"PBDE\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"exposure modeling\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain)\",\"volume\":\"444\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\",\"abstract\":\"The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ginebreda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23262324\",\"keywords\":\"Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid\",\"pages\":\"51–59\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gorga_determination_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},\\n\\tvolume = {444},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\\n\\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23262324},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},\\n\\tpages = {51--59},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gorga, M.\",\"Martínez, E.\",\"Ginebreda, A.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"gorga_determination_2013-1\",\"id\":\"gorga_determination_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Chromatography\",\"Liquid\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Brominated\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Quality Control\",\"Sewage\",\"Spain\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Fluid\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es00146a015\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\",\"Rudolf.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"1986\",\"pages\":\"404–408\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{buser_polybrominated_1986,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es00146a015},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Buser, Hans Rudolf.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {1986},\\n\\tpages = {404--408},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Buser, H. R.\"],\"key\":\"buser_polybrominated_1986\",\"id\":\"buser_polybrominated_1986\",\"bibbaseid\":\"buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es00146a015\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\",\"Rudolf.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"1986\",\"pages\":\"404–408\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{buser_polybrominated_1986,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es00146a015},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Buser, Hans Rudolf.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {1986},\\n\\tpages = {404--408},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Buser, H. R.\"],\"key\":\"buser_polybrominated_1986-1\",\"id\":\"buser_polybrominated_1986-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish\",\"volume\":\"114–115\",\"issn\":\"0166-445X\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14 d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14 d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Aquatic Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoshan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyunghee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyungho\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Endocrine disruption, H295R, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Sex steroid hormone, Steroidogenesis gene transcription, Zebrafish\",\"pages\":\"173–181\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liu_endocrine_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in {H295R} and {MVLN} cell lines and in zebrafish},\\n\\tvolume = {114–115},\\n\\tissn = {0166-445X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14 d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14 d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Aquatic Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Endocrine disruption, H295R, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Sex steroid hormone, Steroidogenesis gene transcription, Zebrafish},\\n\\tpages = {173--181},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, X.\",\"Ji, K.\",\"Choi, K.\"],\"key\":\"liu_endocrine_2012-1\",\"id\":\"liu_endocrine_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690\"},\"keyword\":[\"Endocrine disruption\",\"H295R\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"Sex steroid hormone\",\"Steroidogenesis gene transcription\",\"Zebrafish\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Environmental Chemicals and Neurotoxicity\",\"title\":\"Is the PentaBDE replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a developmental neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 cells\",\"volume\":\"256\",\"issn\":\"0041-008X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Is the PentaBDE replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a developmental neurotoxicant?\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dishaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Powers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ian\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seidler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederic\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slotkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Theodore\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Neurotoxicity, Organophosphate, PC12 cells, TDCPP\",\"pages\":\"281–289\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dishaw_is_2011,\\n\\tseries = {Environmental {Chemicals} and {Neurotoxicity}},\\n\\ttitle = {Is the {PentaBDE} replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP}), a developmental neurotoxicant? {Studies} in {PC12} cells},\\n\\tvolume = {256},\\n\\tissn = {0041-008X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Is the {PentaBDE} replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP}), a developmental neurotoxicant?},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dishaw, Laura V. and Powers, Christina M. and Ryde, Ian T. and Roberts, Simon C. and Seidler, Frederic J. and Slotkin, Theodore A. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Neurotoxicity, Organophosphate, PC12 cells, TDCPP},\\n\\tpages = {281--289},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dishaw, L. V.\",\"Powers, C. M.\",\"Ryde, I. T.\",\"Roberts, S. C.\",\"Seidler, F. J.\",\"Slotkin, T. A.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\"],\"key\":\"dishaw_is_2011-1\",\"id\":\"dishaw_is_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Neurotoxicity\",\"Organophosphate\",\"PC12 cells\",\"TDCPP\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens\",\"volume\":\"200\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075, 1095-9203\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785\",\"doi\":\"10.1126/science.347576\",\"abstract\":\"A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4343\",\"urldate\":\"2014-10-02\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gold\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ames\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"1978\",\"pmid\":\"347576\",\"pages\":\"785–787\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gold_another_1978,\\n\\ttitle = {Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens},\\n\\tvolume = {200},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1126/science.347576},\\n\\tabstract = {A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4343},\\n\\turldate = {2014-10-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Gold, M. D. and Blum, A. and Ames, B. N.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {1978},\\n\\tpmid = {347576},\\n\\tpages = {785--787},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gold, M. D.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Ames, B. N.\"],\"key\":\"gold_another_1978-1\",\"id\":\"gold_another_1978-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Measurements of Selected Brominated Flame Retardants in Nursing Women: Implications for Human Exposure\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Measurements of Selected Brominated Flame Retardants in Nursing Women\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es5016839\",\"abstract\":\"We have examined several emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-indane (OBIND), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in paired human maternal serum (n = 102) and breast milk (n = 105) collected in 2008?2009 in the Sherbrooke region in Canada. Three legacy BFRs were also included in the study for comparison: decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), and 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-153). TBB, BB-153, and BDE-153 had detection frequencies greater than 55% in both serum and milk samples. Their lipid weight (lw) adjusted median concentrations (ng g?1 lw) in serum and milk were 1.6 and 0.41 for TBB, 0.48 and 0.31 for BB-153, and 1.5 and 4.4 for BDE-153, respectively. The detection frequencies for the other BFRs measured in serum and milk were 16.7% and 32.4% for TBPH, 3.9% and 0.0% for BTBPE, 2.0% and 0.0% for BB-209, 9.8% and 1.0% for OBIND, and 5.9% and 8.6% for DBDPE. The ratio of TBB over the sum of TBB and TBPH (fTBB) in serum (0.23) was lower than that in milk (0.46), indicating TBB has a larger tendency than TBPH to be redistributed from blood to milk. Overall, these data confirm the presence of non-PBDE BFRs in humans, and the need to better understand their sources, routes of exposure, and potential human health effects.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"Ningsun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Angelina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siddique\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shabana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdelouahab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"8873–8880\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhou_measurements_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Measurements of {Selected} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Nursing} {Women}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Measurements of {Selected} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Nursing} {Women}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es5016839},\\n\\tabstract = {We have examined several emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-indane (OBIND), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in paired human maternal serum (n = 102) and breast milk (n = 105) collected in 2008?2009 in the Sherbrooke region in Canada. Three legacy BFRs were also included in the study for comparison: decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), and 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-153). TBB, BB-153, and BDE-153 had detection frequencies greater than 55\\\\% in both serum and milk samples. Their lipid weight (lw) adjusted median concentrations (ng g?1 lw) in serum and milk were 1.6 and 0.41 for TBB, 0.48 and 0.31 for BB-153, and 1.5 and 4.4 for BDE-153, respectively. The detection frequencies for the other BFRs measured in serum and milk were 16.7\\\\% and 32.4\\\\% for TBPH, 3.9\\\\% and 0.0\\\\% for BTBPE, 2.0\\\\% and 0.0\\\\% for BB-209, 9.8\\\\% and 1.0\\\\% for OBIND, and 5.9\\\\% and 8.6\\\\% for DBDPE. The ratio of TBB over the sum of TBB and TBPH (fTBB) in serum (0.23) was lower than that in milk (0.46), indicating TBB has a larger tendency than TBPH to be redistributed from blood to milk. Overall, these data confirm the presence of non-PBDE BFRs in humans, and the need to better understand their sources, routes of exposure, and potential human health effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhou, Simon Ningsun and Buchar, Angelina and Siddique, Shabana and Takser, Larissa and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Zhu, Jiping},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {8873--8880},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhou, S. N.\",\"Buchar, A.\",\"Siddique, S.\",\"Takser, L.\",\"Abdelouahab, N.\",\"Zhu, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhou_measurements_2014\",\"id\":\"zhou_measurements_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhou-buchar-siddique-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-measurementsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinnursingwomenimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant–mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors\",\"volume\":\"184\",\"issn\":\"0269-7491\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.034\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and their correlations with thyroid hormones, were investigated in sera from 26 infants with congenital hypothyroidism, 12 healthy infants, and their mothers. The analyte concentrations were not significantly different in the two infant groups. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (measured in a previous study) were the dominant brominated flame retardants, contributing 42–87% of the total, and HBCDs contributed 5–18%. TBBPA concentrations were 2–5 times higher in the infants than in the mothers. The TBBPA concentrations decreased dramatically with age for 2–3 months after birth, which might be caused by its relatively high maternal transfer rate, short half-life, and fast excretion. Significant correlations were found between mothers and infants in the TBBPA and HBCD concentrations, implying that maternal transfer was important. TBBPA correlated weakly with thyroid hormones, showing a positive relationship with FT4 but a negative relationship with T3.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Un-Jung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong-Eun\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Congenital hypothyroidism, Environmental factors, Human monitoring, Infant, Organohalogen\",\"pages\":\"193–200\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_tetrabromobisphenol_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant–mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors},\\n\\tvolume = {184},\\n\\tissn = {0269-7491},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.034},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and their correlations with thyroid hormones, were investigated in sera from 26 infants with congenital hypothyroidism, 12 healthy infants, and their mothers. The analyte concentrations were not significantly different in the two infant groups. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (measured in a previous study) were the dominant brominated flame retardants, contributing 42–87\\\\% of the total, and HBCDs contributed 5–18\\\\%. TBBPA concentrations were 2–5 times higher in the infants than in the mothers. The TBBPA concentrations decreased dramatically with age for 2–3 months after birth, which might be caused by its relatively high maternal transfer rate, short half-life, and fast excretion. Significant correlations were found between mothers and infants in the TBBPA and HBCD concentrations, implying that maternal transfer was important. TBBPA correlated weakly with thyroid hormones, showing a positive relationship with FT4 but a negative relationship with T3.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Un-Jung and Oh, Jeong-Eun},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Congenital hypothyroidism, Environmental factors, Human monitoring, Infant, Organohalogen},\\n\\tpages = {193--200},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, U.\",\"Oh, J.\"],\"key\":\"kim_tetrabromobisphenol_2014\",\"id\":\"kim_tetrabromobisphenol_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-oh-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneflameretardantsininfantmotherpairedserumsamplesandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesandenvironmentalfactors-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594\"},\"keyword\":[\"Congenital hypothyroidism\",\"Environmental factors\",\"Human monitoring\",\"Infant\",\"Organohalogen\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HBCD, in Canadian human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends\",\"volume\":\"70\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020\",\"abstract\":\"Human milk samples were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada mostly in the years 1992 to 2005. These included five large cities in southern Canada as well as samples from Nunavik in northern Quebec. Comparative samples were also collected from residents of Austin, Texas, USA in 2002 and 2004. More than 300 milk samples were analysed for the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDEs and HBCD, by extraction, purification and quantification using either isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-MS. The Canadian total PBDE values in the years 2002–2005 show median levels of about 20 μg/kg on a lipid basis; a value significantly higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. Milk samples from Inuit donors in the northern region of Nunavik were slightly lower in PBDE concentrations than those from populated regions in the south of Quebec. Milk samples from Ontario contained slightly lower amounts of PBDEs in two time periods than those from Texas. HBCD levels in most milk samples were usually less than 1 ppb milk lipid and dominated by the α-isomer. This large data set of BFRs in Canadian human milk demonstrates an increase in the last few decades in human exposure to BFRs which now appears to have stabilized.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"Jake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rawn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorothea\",\"F.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ryan_brominated_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {The brominated flame retardants, {PBDEs} and {HBCD}, in {Canadian} human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends},\\n\\tvolume = {70},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020},\\n\\tabstract = {Human milk samples were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada mostly in the years 1992 to 2005. These included five large cities in southern Canada as well as samples from Nunavik in northern Quebec. Comparative samples were also collected from residents of Austin, Texas, USA in 2002 and 2004. More than 300 milk samples were analysed for the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDEs and HBCD, by extraction, purification and quantification using either isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-MS. The Canadian total PBDE values in the years 2002–2005 show median levels of about 20 μg/kg on a lipid basis; a value significantly higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. Milk samples from Inuit donors in the northern region of Nunavik were slightly lower in PBDE concentrations than those from populated regions in the south of Quebec. Milk samples from Ontario contained slightly lower amounts of PBDEs in two time periods than those from Texas. HBCD levels in most milk samples were usually less than 1 ppb milk lipid and dominated by the α-isomer. This large data set of BFRs in Canadian human milk demonstrates an increase in the last few decades in human exposure to BFRs which now appears to have stabilized.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Ryan, John Jake and Rawn, Dorothea F. K.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ryan, J. J.\",\"Rawn, D. F. K.\"],\"key\":\"ryan_brominated_2014\",\"id\":\"ryan_brominated_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ryan-rawn-thebrominatedflameretardantspbdesandhbcdincanadianhumanmilksamplescollectedfrom1992to2005concentrationsandtrends-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biomonitoring\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)\",\"Human milk\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues\",\"volume\":\"468–469\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014\",\"abstract\":\"Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (&lt; LOD; &lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and &lt; LOD (&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rawn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorothea\",\"F.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaertner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dean\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorcas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Curran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ivan\",\"H.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gerard\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goodyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"622–629\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in {Canadian} human fetal liver and placental tissues},\\n\\tvolume = {468–469},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (\\\\&lt; LOD; \\\\&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and \\\\&lt; LOD (\\\\&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Rawn, Dorothea F. K. and Gaertner, Dean W. and Weber, Dorcas and Curran, Ivan H. A. and Cooke, Gerard M. and Goodyer, Cynthia G.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {622--629},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rawn, D. F. K.\",\"Gaertner, D. W.\",\"Weber, D.\",\"Curran, I. H. A.\",\"Cooke, G. M.\",\"Goodyer, C. G.\"],\"key\":\"rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014\",\"id\":\"rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"HBCD\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Human tissues\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"copyright\":\"© 2014 American Water Resources Association. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA\",\"issn\":\"1752-1688\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jawr.12163\",\"abstract\":\"In 2007, a 1.5-year field-scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post-application included indole, d-limonene, p-cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180-day-weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta-benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre-application soil were 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta-sitosterol, beta-stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p-cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d-limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, beta-sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p-cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post-application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yager\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tracy\",\"J.B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Furlong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kolpin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dana\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chad\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaugg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burkhardt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"biosolids, crops, field dissipation, organic chemicals, soils, transport and fate\",\"pages\":\"343–357\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yager_dissipation_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Dissipation of {Contaminants} of {Emerging} {Concern} in {Biosolids} {Applied} to {Nonirrigated} {Farmland} in {Eastern} {Colorado}},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2014 American Water Resources Association. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA},\\n\\tissn = {1752-1688},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jawr.12163},\\n\\tabstract = {In 2007, a 1.5-year field-scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post-application included indole, d-limonene, p-cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180-day-weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta-benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre-application soil were 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta-sitosterol, beta-stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p-cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d-limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, beta-sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p-cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post-application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},\\n\\tauthor = {Yager, Tracy J.B. and Furlong, Edward T. and Kolpin, Dana W. and Kinney, Chad A. and Zaugg, Steven D. and Burkhardt, Mark R.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {biosolids, crops, field dissipation, organic chemicals, soils, transport and fate},\\n\\tpages = {343--357},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yager, T. J.\",\"Furlong, E. T.\",\"Kolpin, D. W.\",\"Kinney, C. A.\",\"Zaugg, S. D.\",\"Burkhardt, M. R.\"],\"key\":\"yager_dissipation_2014\",\"id\":\"yager_dissipation_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yager-furlong-kolpin-kinney-zaugg-burkhardt-dissipationofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninbiosolidsappliedtononirrigatedfarmlandineasterncolorado-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"biosolids\",\"crops\",\"field dissipation\",\"organic chemicals\",\"soils\",\"transport and fate\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A web-based tool to engage stakeholders in informing research planning for future decisions on emerging materials\",\"volume\":\"470–471\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016\",\"abstract\":\"Prioritizing and assessing risks associated with chemicals, industrial materials, or emerging technologies is a complex problem that benefits from the involvement of multiple stakeholder groups. For example, in the case of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), scientific uncertainties exist that hamper environmental, health, and safety (EHS) assessments. Therefore, alternative approaches to standard EHS assessment methods have gained increased attention. The objective of this paper is to describe the application of a web-based, interactive decision support tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in a pilot study on ENMs. The piloted tool implements U.S. EPA's comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) approach to prioritize research gaps. When pursued, such research priorities can result in data that subsequently improve the scientific robustness of risk assessments and inform future risk management decisions. Pilot results suggest that the tool was useful in facilitating multi-stakeholder prioritization of research gaps. Results also provide potential improvements for subsequent applications. The outcomes of future CEAWeb applications with larger stakeholder groups may inform the development of funding opportunities for emerging materials across the scientific community (e.g., National Science Foundation Science to Achieve Results [STAR] grants, National Institutes of Health Requests for Proposals).\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Powers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grieger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Khara\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\",\"Ogilvie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meacham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Connie\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gurevich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gerald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lassiter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meredith\",\"Gooding\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Money\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lloyd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beaulieu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Comprehensive environmental assessment, Engineered nanomaterials, Research planning, Risk assessment, Stakeholder engagement\",\"pages\":\"660–668\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{powers_web-based_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {A web-based tool to engage stakeholders in informing research planning for future decisions on emerging materials},\\n\\tvolume = {470–471},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016},\\n\\tabstract = {Prioritizing and assessing risks associated with chemicals, industrial materials, or emerging technologies is a complex problem that benefits from the involvement of multiple stakeholder groups. For example, in the case of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), scientific uncertainties exist that hamper environmental, health, and safety (EHS) assessments. Therefore, alternative approaches to standard EHS assessment methods have gained increased attention. The objective of this paper is to describe the application of a web-based, interactive decision support tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in a pilot study on ENMs. The piloted tool implements U.S. EPA's comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) approach to prioritize research gaps. When pursued, such research priorities can result in data that subsequently improve the scientific robustness of risk assessments and inform future risk management decisions. Pilot results suggest that the tool was useful in facilitating multi-stakeholder prioritization of research gaps. Results also provide potential improvements for subsequent applications. The outcomes of future CEAWeb applications with larger stakeholder groups may inform the development of funding opportunities for emerging materials across the scientific community (e.g., National Science Foundation Science to Achieve Results [STAR] grants, National Institutes of Health Requests for Proposals).},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Powers, Christina M. and Grieger, Khara D. and Hendren, Christine Ogilvie and Meacham, Connie A. and Gurevich, Gerald and Lassiter, Meredith Gooding and Money, Eric S. and Lloyd, Jennifer M. and Beaulieu, Stephen M.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Comprehensive environmental assessment, Engineered nanomaterials, Research planning, Risk assessment, Stakeholder engagement},\\n\\tpages = {660--668},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Powers, C. M.\",\"Grieger, K. D.\",\"Hendren, C. O.\",\"Meacham, C. A.\",\"Gurevich, G.\",\"Lassiter, M. G.\",\"Money, E. S.\",\"Lloyd, J. M.\",\"Beaulieu, S. M.\"],\"key\":\"powers_web-based_2014\",\"id\":\"powers_web-based_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"powers-grieger-hendren-meacham-gurevich-lassiter-money-lloyd-etal-awebbasedtooltoengagestakeholdersininformingresearchplanningforfuturedecisionsonemergingmaterials-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601\"},\"keyword\":[\"Comprehensive environmental assessment\",\"Engineered nanomaterials\",\"Research planning\",\"Risk assessment\",\"Stakeholder engagement\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin2013, Daegu/Korea)\",\"title\":\"Estimation of physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE brominated flame retardants and evaluation of their overall persistence and long-range transport potential\",\"volume\":\"491–492\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.004\",\"abstract\":\"Non-PBDE (polybromodiphenyl ether) brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used as alternatives to PBDEs should be evaluated in terms of their environmental contamination potential. We first used two well-known estimation tools, EPI Suite and SPARC, to estimate the physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE BFRs. We assessed the dependence of the properties on the molecular weight and chemical structure of the compounds. The accuracy of the estimates was evaluated by comparing results with previous experimental data. In the case of EPI Suite, we have recommended an appropriate calculation method for the air–water partition coefficient. Half-lives in each environmental medium were also estimated with EPI Suite. Based on the estimated properties and half-lives, the overall persistence (Pov) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) of the BFRs were calculated using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Pov and LRTP Screening Tool. We selected some POP-like chemicals from among the non-PBDE BFRs on the basis of their Pov and LRTP. From a Monte Carlo analysis of the calculated results for the selected BFRs, we suggest physicochemical properties to be measured in the future.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuramochi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"1-Octanol–water partition coefficient, Air–water partition coefficient, Estimation method, Vapor pressure, Water solubility\",\"pages\":\"108–117\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kuramochi_estimation_2014,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\\n\\ttitle = {Estimation of physicochemical properties of 52 non-{PBDE} brominated flame retardants and evaluation of their overall persistence and long-range transport potential},\\n\\tvolume = {491–492},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.004},\\n\\tabstract = {Non-PBDE (polybromodiphenyl ether) brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used as alternatives to PBDEs should be evaluated in terms of their environmental contamination potential. We first used two well-known estimation tools, EPI Suite and SPARC, to estimate the physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE BFRs. We assessed the dependence of the properties on the molecular weight and chemical structure of the compounds. The accuracy of the estimates was evaluated by comparing results with previous experimental data. In the case of EPI Suite, we have recommended an appropriate calculation method for the air–water partition coefficient. Half-lives in each environmental medium were also estimated with EPI Suite. Based on the estimated properties and half-lives, the overall persistence (Pov) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) of the BFRs were calculated using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Pov and LRTP Screening Tool. We selected some POP-like chemicals from among the non-PBDE BFRs on the basis of their Pov and LRTP. From a Monte Carlo analysis of the calculated results for the selected BFRs, we suggest physicochemical properties to be measured in the future.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Kuramochi, Hidetoshi and Takigami, Hidetaka and Scheringer, Martin and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {1-Octanol–water partition coefficient, Air–water partition coefficient, Estimation method, Vapor pressure, Water solubility},\\n\\tpages = {108--117},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kuramochi, H.\",\"Takigami, H.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"kuramochi_estimation_2014\",\"id\":\"kuramochi_estimation_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kuramochi-takigami-scheringer-sakai-estimationofphysicochemicalpropertiesof52nonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsandevaluationoftheiroverallpersistenceandlongrangetransportpotential-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987\"},\"keyword\":[\"1-Octanol–water partition coefficient\",\"Air–water partition coefficient\",\"Estimation method\",\"Vapor pressure\",\"Water solubility\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: a literature assimilation\",\"issn\":\"0944-1344, 1614-7499\",\"shorttitle\":\"Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8\",\"abstract\":\"Available literature data on five typical groups of emerging contaminants (EMCs), i.e., chlorinated paraffins (CPs), dechlorane plus and related compounds (DPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), phthalate esters, and pyrethroids, accumulated between 2003 and 2013 were assimilated. Research efforts were categorized by environmental compartments and countries, so that global trends of research on EMCs and data gaps can be identified. The number of articles on the target EMCs ranged from 126 to 1,379 between 2003 and 2013. The numbers of articles on CPs, DPs, HBCDs, and pyrethroids largely followed the sequence of biota \\\\textgreater sediment ≥ air \\\\textgreater water ≥ soil \\\\textgreater human tissue, whereas the sequence for phthalate esters was water \\\\textgreater sediment \\\\textgreater soil \\\\textgreater human tissue ≥ biota ≥ air. Comprehensive studies on the target EMCs in biological samples and human tissues have been conducted worldwide. However, investigations into the occurrence of the target EMCs in soil of background areas and water are still scarce. Finally, developed and moderately developed countries, such as the USA, China, Canada, Japan, and Germany, were the main contributors to the global research efforts on EMCs, suggesting that economic prosperity may be one of the main factors propelling scientific research on EMCs.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lian-Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan-Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qin-Qin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eddy\",\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Economic prosperity, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminant, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Environmental compartment, Published article, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution\",\"pages\":\"1–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bao_global_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: a literature assimilation},\\n\\tissn = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8},\\n\\tabstract = {Available literature data on five typical groups of emerging contaminants (EMCs), i.e., chlorinated paraffins (CPs), dechlorane plus and related compounds (DPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), phthalate esters, and pyrethroids, accumulated between 2003 and 2013 were assimilated. Research efforts were categorized by environmental compartments and countries, so that global trends of research on EMCs and data gaps can be identified. The number of articles on the target EMCs ranged from 126 to 1,379 between 2003 and 2013. The numbers of articles on CPs, DPs, HBCDs, and pyrethroids largely followed the sequence of biota {\\\\textgreater} sediment ≥ air {\\\\textgreater} water ≥ soil {\\\\textgreater} human tissue, whereas the sequence for phthalate esters was water {\\\\textgreater} sediment {\\\\textgreater} soil {\\\\textgreater} human tissue ≥ biota ≥ air. Comprehensive studies on the target EMCs in biological samples and human tissues have been conducted worldwide. However, investigations into the occurrence of the target EMCs in soil of background areas and water are still scarce. Finally, developed and moderately developed countries, such as the USA, China, Canada, Japan, and Germany, were the main contributors to the global research efforts on EMCs, suggesting that economic prosperity may be one of the main factors propelling scientific research on EMCs.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Bao, Lian-Jun and Wei, Yan-Li and Yao, Yao and Ruan, Qin-Qin and Zeng, Eddy Y.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Economic prosperity, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminant, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Environmental compartment, Published article, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution},\\n\\tpages = {1--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bao, L.\",\"Wei, Y.\",\"Yao, Y.\",\"Ruan, Q.\",\"Zeng, E. Y.\"],\"key\":\"bao_global_2014\",\"id\":\"bao_global_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bao-wei-yao-ruan-zeng-globaltrendsofresearchonemergingcontaminantsintheenvironmentandhumansaliteratureassimilation-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution\",\"Economic prosperity\",\"Ecotoxicology\",\"Emerging contaminant\",\"Environment\",\"general\",\"Environmental Chemistry\",\"Environmental Health\",\"Environmental compartment\",\"Published article\",\"Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans: Levels in maternal serum and milk\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"shorttitle\":\"Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.010\",\"abstract\":\"Five hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants, Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were measured in human milk and maternal serum. Dec 602, Dec 603 and HCDBCO were detected in both sample matrices with detection frequencies over 60%. Dec 604 was not detected in serum and only detected in 4.8% of milk samples. DP was present in over 77–87% of serum and 40–50% of milk samples. DP levels found in this study were lower than those reported in two Chinese studies. The ratio of the two DP isomers found in human samples (fanti-DP = 0.8) remained similar to the ratio reported in the DP technical mixture. Levels of Dec 602 and Dec 603 in serum were correlated. Levels of Dec 602 and HCBDCO were also correlated in serum samples as well as in milk samples. These biomonitoring results have provided baseline information about the presence of these flame retardants in nursing women in Canada, which can be used for estimating human exposure to these chemicals.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"Ningsun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Siddique\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shabana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lavoie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laetiscia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdelouahab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human data, Milk and serum\",\"pages\":\"11–17\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhou_hexachloronorbornene-based_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans: {Levels} in maternal serum and milk},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Five hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants, Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were measured in human milk and maternal serum. Dec 602, Dec 603 and HCDBCO were detected in both sample matrices with detection frequencies over 60\\\\%. Dec 604 was not detected in serum and only detected in 4.8\\\\% of milk samples. DP was present in over 77–87\\\\% of serum and 40–50\\\\% of milk samples. DP levels found in this study were lower than those reported in two Chinese studies. The ratio of the two DP isomers found in human samples (fanti-DP = 0.8) remained similar to the ratio reported in the DP technical mixture. Levels of Dec 602 and Dec 603 in serum were correlated. Levels of Dec 602 and HCBDCO were also correlated in serum samples as well as in milk samples. These biomonitoring results have provided baseline information about the presence of these flame retardants in nursing women in Canada, which can be used for estimating human exposure to these chemicals.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhou, Simon Ningsun and Siddique, Shabana and Lavoie, Laetiscia and Takser, Larissa and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Zhu, Jiping},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human data, Milk and serum},\\n\\tpages = {11--17},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhou, S. N.\",\"Siddique, S.\",\"Lavoie, L.\",\"Takser, L.\",\"Abdelouahab, N.\",\"Zhu, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhou_hexachloronorbornene-based_2014\",\"id\":\"zhou_hexachloronorbornene-based_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhou-siddique-lavoie-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-hexachloronorbornenebasedflameretardantsinhumanslevelsinmaternalserumandmilk-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"GC/MS\",\"Human data\",\"Milk and serum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Indoor Air Chemistry and Physics: Papers from Indoor Air 2002\",\"title\":\"Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"1352-2310\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.025\",\"abstract\":\"The emissions of selected flame retardants were measured in 1- and 0.02-m3 emission test chambers and 0.001-m3 emission test cells. Four product groups were of interest: insulating materials, assembly foam, upholstery/mattresses, and electronics equipment. The experiments were performed under constant environmental conditions (23°C, 50% RH) using a fixed sample surface area and controlled air flow rates. Tris (2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) was observed to be one of the most commonly emitted organophosphate flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type, area-specific emission rates (SERa) of TCPP varied between 20 ng m−2 h−1 and 140 μg m−2 h−1. The emissions from electronic devices were measured at 60°C to simulate operating conditions. Under these conditions, unit specific emission rates (SERu) of organophosphates were determined to be 10–85 ng unit−1 h−1. Increasing the temperature increased the emission of several flame retardants by up to a factor of 500. The results presented in this paper indicate that emissions of several brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are measurable. Polybrominated diphenylethers exhibited an SERa of between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m−2 h−1 and an SERu of between 0.6 and 14.2 ng unit−1 h−1. Because of sink effects, i.e., sorption to chamber components, the emission test chambers and cells used in this study have limited utility for substances low vapour pressures, especially the highly brominated compounds; hexabromocyclododecane had an SERa of between 0.1 and 29 ng m−2 h−1 and decabromodiphenylether was not detectable at all.\",\"number\":\"39–40\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Atmospheric Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemmlein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oliver\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oliver\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chamber study, Emission rates, Organophosphates, SVOC\",\"pages\":\"5485–5493\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kemmlein_emissions_2003,\\n\\tseries = {Indoor {Air} {Chemistry} and {Physics}: {Papers} from {Indoor} {Air} 2002},\\n\\ttitle = {Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {1352-2310},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.025},\\n\\tabstract = {The emissions of selected flame retardants were measured in 1- and 0.02-m3 emission test chambers and 0.001-m3 emission test cells. Four product groups were of interest: insulating materials, assembly foam, upholstery/mattresses, and electronics equipment. The experiments were performed under constant environmental conditions (23°C, 50\\\\% RH) using a fixed sample surface area and controlled air flow rates. Tris (2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) was observed to be one of the most commonly emitted organophosphate flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type, area-specific emission rates (SERa) of TCPP varied between 20 ng m−2 h−1 and 140 μg m−2 h−1.\\n\\nThe emissions from electronic devices were measured at 60°C to simulate operating conditions. Under these conditions, unit specific emission rates (SERu) of organophosphates were determined to be 10–85 ng unit−1 h−1. Increasing the temperature increased the emission of several flame retardants by up to a factor of 500. The results presented in this paper indicate that emissions of several brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are measurable. Polybrominated diphenylethers exhibited an SERa of between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m−2 h−1 and an SERu of between 0.6 and 14.2 ng unit−1 h−1. Because of sink effects, i.e., sorption to chamber components, the emission test chambers and cells used in this study have limited utility for substances low vapour pressures, especially the highly brominated compounds; hexabromocyclododecane had an SERa of between 0.1 and 29 ng m−2 h−1 and decabromodiphenylether was not detectable at all.},\\n\\tnumber = {39–40},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Kemmlein, Sabine and Hahn, Oliver and Jann, Oliver},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chamber study, Emission rates, Organophosphates, SVOC},\\n\\tpages = {5485--5493},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kemmlein, S.\",\"Hahn, O.\",\"Jann, O.\"],\"key\":\"kemmlein_emissions_2003\",\"id\":\"kemmlein_emissions_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kemmlein-hahn-jann-emissionsoforganophosphateandbrominatedflameretardantsfromselectedconsumerproductsandbuildingmaterials-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Chamber study\",\"Emission rates\",\"Organophosphates\",\"SVOC\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-BDE brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of China\",\"volume\":\"195\",\"issn\":\"0269-7491\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.008\",\"abstract\":\"Indoor environment is an important source of human exposure to several toxicants, such as brominated flame retardants. This study presents the concentrations of 22 Non-BDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in 81 indoor dust samples from 23 provinces across China in the winter of 2010. The concentrations of ΣNBFRs ranged from 6.3 to 20,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 720 ng/g. DBDPE was the dominated compound, followed by HBCD and BEHTBP. Significant differences of concentrations were found between samples from rural and urban areas, and between family and public houses, indicating different applications of NBFRs. The geographical distribution of NBFRs highlighted several hotspots in North China, suggesting the influence of room temperature (heating). The exposure via dust ingestion of NBFRs was 3.8–14 times higher than that of dermal absorption. The toddlers demonstrated the highest exposure dose (9.6 ng/kg-bw/day) of NBFRs through indoor dust among all life stages.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wen-Long\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li-Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zi-Feng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ning-Zheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei-Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wan-Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yi-Fan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"China, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-BDE brominated flame retardants, Spatial distribution\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{qi_levels_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-{BDE} brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {195},\\n\\tissn = {0269-7491},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Indoor environment is an important source of human exposure to several toxicants, such as brominated flame retardants. This study presents the concentrations of 22 Non-BDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in 81 indoor dust samples from 23 provinces across China in the winter of 2010. The concentrations of ΣNBFRs ranged from 6.3 to 20,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 720 ng/g. DBDPE was the dominated compound, followed by HBCD and BEHTBP. Significant differences of concentrations were found between samples from rural and urban areas, and between family and public houses, indicating different applications of NBFRs. The geographical distribution of NBFRs highlighted several hotspots in North China, suggesting the influence of room temperature (heating). The exposure via dust ingestion of NBFRs was 3.8–14 times higher than that of dermal absorption. The toddlers demonstrated the highest exposure dose (9.6 ng/kg-bw/day) of NBFRs through indoor dust among all life stages.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Qi, Hong and Li, Wen-Long and Liu, Li-Yan and Zhang, Zi-Feng and Zhu, Ning-Zheng and Song, Wei-Wei and Ma, Wan-Li and Li, Yi-Fan},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-BDE brominated flame retardants, Spatial distribution},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Qi, H.\",\"Li, W.\",\"Liu, L.\",\"Zhang, Z.\",\"Zhu, N.\",\"Song, W.\",\"Ma, W.\",\"Li, Y.\"],\"key\":\"qi_levels_2014\",\"id\":\"qi_levels_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"qi-li-liu-zhang-zhu-song-ma-li-levelsdistributionandhumanexposureofnewnonbdebrominatedflameretardantsintheindoordustofchina-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Non-BDE brominated flame retardants\",\"Spatial distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dust Measurement of Two Organophosphorus Flame Retardants, Resorcinol Bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and Bisphenol A Bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP), Used as Alternatives for BDE-209\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es404123q\",\"abstract\":\"Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP) are two halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardant (PFRs) that are used as an alternative for the decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) technical mixture in TV/flatscreen housing and other electronic consumer products. In this study, dust samples were collected from various microenvironments in The Netherlands (houses, cars), Greece (houses), and Sweden (apartments, cars, furniture stores, electronics stores) and analyzed for RBDPP and BPA-BDPP. Additionally, the dust samples from The Netherlands were analyzed for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) for comparison and for TPHP, which is a byproduct in the RBDPP and BPA-BDPP technical products. BPA-BDPP was detected in almost all dust samples from The Netherlands, Greece, and Sweden. Highest concentrations were found in dust samples collected on electronic equipment from all three countries with BPA-BDPP levels ranging from \\\\textless0.1 to 1300 ?g/g and RBDPP levels from \\\\textless0.04 to 520 ?g/g. RBDPP and BPA-BDPP levels in dust collected further away from the electronics (source) were usually lower. BDE-209 levels in The Netherlands dust samples collected on and around the electronics were similar and much lower than the BPA-BDPP/RBDPP levels, indicating that the electronics were not the source of BDE-209. Strong positive correlations were found between TPHP concentrations and those of RBDPP (r = 0.805) and BPA-BDPP (r = 0.924), probably due to TPHP being a byproduct in commercial RBDPP and BPA-BDPP mixtures in electronics. To our knowledge, this is the first time that RBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in dust samples from Europe.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-27\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sicco\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sellström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"14434–14441\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brandsma_dust_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Dust {Measurement} of {Two} {Organophosphorus} {Flame} {Retardants}, {Resorcinol} {Bis}(diphenylphosphate) ({RBDPP}) and {Bisphenol} {A} {Bis}(diphenylphosphate) ({BPA}-{BDPP}), {Used} as {Alternatives} for {BDE}-209},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es404123q},\\n\\tabstract = {Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP) are two halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardant (PFRs) that are used as an alternative for the decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) technical mixture in TV/flatscreen housing and other electronic consumer products. In this study, dust samples were collected from various microenvironments in The Netherlands (houses, cars), Greece (houses), and Sweden (apartments, cars, furniture stores, electronics stores) and analyzed for RBDPP and BPA-BDPP. Additionally, the dust samples from The Netherlands were analyzed for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) for comparison and for TPHP, which is a byproduct in the RBDPP and BPA-BDPP technical products. BPA-BDPP was detected in almost all dust samples from The Netherlands, Greece, and Sweden. Highest concentrations were found in dust samples collected on electronic equipment from all three countries with BPA-BDPP levels ranging from {\\\\textless}0.1 to 1300 ?g/g and RBDPP levels from {\\\\textless}0.04 to 520 ?g/g. RBDPP and BPA-BDPP levels in dust collected further away from the electronics (source) were usually lower. BDE-209 levels in The Netherlands dust samples collected on and around the electronics were similar and much lower than the BPA-BDPP/RBDPP levels, indicating that the electronics were not the source of BDE-209. Strong positive correlations were found between TPHP concentrations and those of RBDPP (r = 0.805) and BPA-BDPP (r = 0.924), probably due to TPHP being a byproduct in commercial RBDPP and BPA-BDPP mixtures in electronics. To our knowledge, this is the first time that RBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in dust samples from Europe.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Brandsma, Sicco H. and Sellström, Ulla and de Wit, Cynthia A. and de Boer, Jacob and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {14434--14441},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brandsma, S. H.\",\"Sellström, U.\",\"de Wit, C. A.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Leonards, P. E. G.\"],\"key\":\"brandsma_dust_2013\",\"id\":\"brandsma_dust_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brandsma-sellstrm-dewit-deboer-leonards-dustmeasurementoftwoorganophosphorusflameretardantsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphaterbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdppusedasalternativesforbde209-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecanes and Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, UK: Implications for Human Exposure\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Hexabromocyclododecanes and Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, UK\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es801110a\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecanes (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) were determined in indoor air from homes (n = 33; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 180 pg m?3; TBBP-A = 15 pg m?3), offices (n = 25; 170; 11), public microenvironments (n = 4; 900; 27) and outdoor air (n = 5; 37; 1). HBCDs and TBBP-A were also determined in dust from homes (n = 45; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 1300 ng g?1; TBBP-A = 62 ng g?1), offices (n = 28; 760; 36), cars (n = 20; 13,000; 2), and public microenvironments (n = 4; 2700; 230). While ΣHBCDs in car dust significantly exceeded (p \\\\textless 0.05) those in homes and offices, TBBP-A in car dust was significantly lower (p \\\\textless 0.05) than that in homes and offices. No significant differences were observed between ΣHBCDs and TBBP-A in air or dust from homes and offices. Compared to dietary and inhalation exposures, dust ingestion constitutes an important pathway of exposure to HBCDs and TBBP-A for the UK population. Specifically, using average dust ingestion rates and concentrations in dust, dust ingestion constitutes for adults 34% (TBBP-A) and 24% (HBCDs) of overall exposure, and for toddlers 90% (TBBP-A) and 63% (HBCDs). Inhalation appears a minor exposure pathway to both HBCDs and TBBP-A. On average, dust is 33% α-, 11% ?-, and 56% ?-HBCD, while air is 22% α-, 11% ?-, and 65% ?-HBCD.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"Abou-Elwafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"6855–6861\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{abdallah_hexabromocyclododecanes_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {UK}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {UK}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es801110a},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) were determined in indoor air from homes (n = 33; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 180 pg m?3; TBBP-A = 15 pg m?3), offices (n = 25; 170; 11), public microenvironments (n = 4; 900; 27) and outdoor air (n = 5; 37; 1). HBCDs and TBBP-A were also determined in dust from homes (n = 45; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 1300 ng g?1; TBBP-A = 62 ng g?1), offices (n = 28; 760; 36), cars (n = 20; 13,000; 2), and public microenvironments (n = 4; 2700; 230). While ΣHBCDs in car dust significantly exceeded (p {\\\\textless} 0.05) those in homes and offices, TBBP-A in car dust was significantly lower (p {\\\\textless} 0.05) than that in homes and offices. No significant differences were observed between ΣHBCDs and TBBP-A in air or dust from homes and offices. Compared to dietary and inhalation exposures, dust ingestion constitutes an important pathway of exposure to HBCDs and TBBP-A for the UK population. Specifically, using average dust ingestion rates and concentrations in dust, dust ingestion constitutes for adults 34\\\\% (TBBP-A) and 24\\\\% (HBCDs) of overall exposure, and for toddlers 90\\\\% (TBBP-A) and 63\\\\% (HBCDs). Inhalation appears a minor exposure pathway to both HBCDs and TBBP-A. On average, dust is 33\\\\% α-, 11\\\\% ?-, and 56\\\\% ?-HBCD, while air is 22\\\\% α-, 11\\\\% ?-, and 65\\\\% ?-HBCD.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Harrad, Stuart and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {6855--6861},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Abdallah, M. A.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"abdallah_hexabromocyclododecanes_2008\",\"id\":\"abdallah_hexabromocyclododecanes_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"abdallah-harrad-covaci-hexabromocyclododecanesandtetrabromobisphenolainindoorairanddustinbirminghamukimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: Implications for human exposure\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range &lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range &lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range &lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range &lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range &lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goosey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)\",\"pages\":\"1360–1365\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_novel_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: {Implications} for human exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \\\\&lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \\\\&lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \\\\&lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \\\\&lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \\\\&lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\\\\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)},\\n\\tpages = {1360--1365},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Goosey, E.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_novel_2011-1\",\"id\":\"ali_novel_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"Toddler\",\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Linking PBDEs in House Dust to Consumer Products using X-ray Fluorescence\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es702964a\",\"abstract\":\"The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p \\\\textless 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p \\\\textless 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"4222–4228\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{allen_linking_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Linking {PBDEs} in {House} {Dust} to {Consumer} {Products} using {X}-ray {Fluorescence}},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es702964a},\\n\\tabstract = {The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p {\\\\textless} 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p {\\\\textless} 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Allen, Joseph G. and McClean, Michael D. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {4222--4228},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Allen, J. G.\",\"McClean, M. D.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"allen_linking_2008-1\",\"id\":\"allen_linking_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1464-0333\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/C2EM30303E\",\"abstract\":\"While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g−1 dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g−1) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g−1 dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g−1 and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g−1 dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Environmental Monitoring\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brommer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\",\"Van\",\"den\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"2482–2487\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brommer_concentrations_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in {German} indoor dust samples},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1464-0333},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/C2EM30303E},\\n\\tabstract = {While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g−1 dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g−1) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g−1 dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g−1 and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g−1 dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},\\n\\tauthor = {Brommer, Sandra and Harrad, Stuart and Eede, Nele Van den and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {2482--2487},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brommer, S.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Eede, N. V. d.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"brommer_concentrations_2012-1\",\"id\":\"brommer_concentrations_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brommer-harrad-eede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and 2-Ethylhexyl Tetrabromobenzoate in Urine from Paired Mothers and Toddlers\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es5025299\",\"abstract\":\"As a result of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) ban in the mid-2000s, the chemical flame retardant market has moved toward alterative compounds including chlorinated alkyl and nonchlorinated aryl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) as well as aromatic brominated compounds such as Firemaster 550 (FM550). Recent studies have shown that the OPFRs and Firemaster 550 components are frequently detected in polyurethane foams and in indoor dust. Some OPFRs are considered carcinogenic and/or neurodevelopmental toxicants, and children?s exposure to these compounds is a concern. OPFRs are readily metabolized and excreted in the urine as their dialkyl and diaryl compounds which function as biomarkers for OPFR exposure. Limited research has shown that adults are broadly exposed to OPFRs, but nothing is known about children?s exposure. Similarly, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), a FM550 component, is metabolized to tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA). The current study measured levels of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), 2 alkylated DPHPs, and TBBA in urine collected in 2013 from 21 US mother-toddler pairs. BDCIPP, DPHP, and ip-DPHP were detected in 100%, 98%, and 96% of all individuals, whereas BCIPP and tert-butyl-DPHP (tb-DPHP) were only detected in 8% and 13%. Further, TBBA was detected in 27% of adults but 70% of children. Overall, children had higher urinary levels of BDCIPP, DPHP, ip-DPHP, and TBBA as compared to their mothers, suggesting higher exposure. For example, on average, BDCIPP levels in children were 4.9 times those of mothers. BDCIPP and DPHP levels in mother?s urine were also significantly correlated with levels in children?s urine, suggesting similar exposure routes, likely in the home environment. Various potential predictors of OPFR exposure were assessed using a questionnaire. In children some predictors of hand-mouth exposure were associated with elevated BDCIPP and DPHP levels (e.g., less frequent hand washing for BDCIPP). Overall, these trends are consistent with higher flame retardant levels in children as a result of increased hand-mouth behavior and elevated dust exposure.\",\"number\":\"17\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Butt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Congleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"10432–10438\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{butt_metabolites_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Metabolites of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} and 2-{Ethylhexyl} {Tetrabromobenzoate} in {Urine} from {Paired} {Mothers} and {Toddlers}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es5025299},\\n\\tabstract = {As a result of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) ban in the mid-2000s, the chemical flame retardant market has moved toward alterative compounds including chlorinated alkyl and nonchlorinated aryl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) as well as aromatic brominated compounds such as Firemaster 550 (FM550). Recent studies have shown that the OPFRs and Firemaster 550 components are frequently detected in polyurethane foams and in indoor dust. Some OPFRs are considered carcinogenic and/or neurodevelopmental toxicants, and children?s exposure to these compounds is a concern. OPFRs are readily metabolized and excreted in the urine as their dialkyl and diaryl compounds which function as biomarkers for OPFR exposure. Limited research has shown that adults are broadly exposed to OPFRs, but nothing is known about children?s exposure. Similarly, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), a FM550 component, is metabolized to tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA). The current study measured levels of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), 2 alkylated DPHPs, and TBBA in urine collected in 2013 from 21 US mother-toddler pairs. BDCIPP, DPHP, and ip-DPHP were detected in 100\\\\%, 98\\\\%, and 96\\\\% of all individuals, whereas BCIPP and tert-butyl-DPHP (tb-DPHP) were only detected in 8\\\\% and 13\\\\%. Further, TBBA was detected in 27\\\\% of adults but 70\\\\% of children. Overall, children had higher urinary levels of BDCIPP, DPHP, ip-DPHP, and TBBA as compared to their mothers, suggesting higher exposure. For example, on average, BDCIPP levels in children were 4.9 times those of mothers. BDCIPP and DPHP levels in mother?s urine were also significantly correlated with levels in children?s urine, suggesting similar exposure routes, likely in the home environment. Various potential predictors of OPFR exposure were assessed using a questionnaire. In children some predictors of hand-mouth exposure were associated with elevated BDCIPP and DPHP levels (e.g., less frequent hand washing for BDCIPP). Overall, these trends are consistent with higher flame retardant levels in children as a result of increased hand-mouth behavior and elevated dust exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Butt, Craig M. and Congleton, Johanna and Hoffman, Kate and Fang, Mingliang and Stapleton, Heather M.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {10432--10438},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Butt, C. M.\",\"Congleton, J.\",\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Fang, M.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\"],\"key\":\"butt_metabolites_2014\",\"id\":\"butt_metabolites_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"butt-congleton-hoffman-fang-stapleton-metabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantsand2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateinurinefrompairedmothersandtoddlers-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distribution Patterns of Brominated, Chlorinated, and Phosphorus Flame Retardants with Particle Size in Indoor and Outdoor Dust and Implications for Human Exposure\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es501224b\",\"abstract\":\"Dust samples were collected in Beijing, China, from four different indoor microenvironments (office, hotel, kindergarten, and student dormitory) and one outdoor (road dust) microenvironment. These five composite samples were fractionated into 13 sequential size fractions and an individual fraction of \\\\textless50 ?m for further analysis. In the fractions of \\\\textless50 ?m, nine phosphorus flame retardants (?PFRs), four novel brominated flame retardants (?NBFRs), and two Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) showed the highest concentrations in hotel dust (124?000 ng g?1), dormitory dust (14?200 ng g?1), and kindergarten dust (231 ng g?1), respectively. Nevertheless, nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (?PBDEs) were the dominant flame retardants (FRs) (96% of total FRs) in road dust, with the maximum concentration of 23?700 ng g?1, higher than in any indoor dust. The FR contamination varied strongly among different types of microenvironments, leading to high human exposure to various FRs. Concentrations of FRs did not increase constantly with a particle size decrease. Fractions with a particle size around 900, 100, and 10 ?m could represent peak values, while valley values were commonly detected around fractions with a particle size around 40 ?m. Large differences were found between indoor dust and road dust. In road dust, FRs were mainly enriched in fractions of \\\\textless50 ?m. The organic content of dust, FR application, and consequent abrasion processes of FR-containing materials might be the determinants of the FR concentrations. Volatilization and abrasion were considered to be important migration pathways for FRs. DPs and BDE-209 were sought to be mainly applied in abrasion-proof materials, while most phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were probably added in a large proportion in materials easy to wear.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiguo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fuchao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Min\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haizhu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Deng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shubo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"8839–8846\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cao_distribution_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Distribution {Patterns} of {Brominated}, {Chlorinated}, and {Phosphorus} {Flame} {Retardants} with {Particle} {Size} in {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Dust} and {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es501224b},\\n\\tabstract = {Dust samples were collected in Beijing, China, from four different indoor microenvironments (office, hotel, kindergarten, and student dormitory) and one outdoor (road dust) microenvironment. These five composite samples were fractionated into 13 sequential size fractions and an individual fraction of {\\\\textless}50 ?m for further analysis. In the fractions of {\\\\textless}50 ?m, nine phosphorus flame retardants (?PFRs), four novel brominated flame retardants (?NBFRs), and two Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) showed the highest concentrations in hotel dust (124?000 ng g?1), dormitory dust (14?200 ng g?1), and kindergarten dust (231 ng g?1), respectively. Nevertheless, nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (?PBDEs) were the dominant flame retardants (FRs) (96\\\\% of total FRs) in road dust, with the maximum concentration of 23?700 ng g?1, higher than in any indoor dust. The FR contamination varied strongly among different types of microenvironments, leading to high human exposure to various FRs. Concentrations of FRs did not increase constantly with a particle size decrease. Fractions with a particle size around 900, 100, and 10 ?m could represent peak values, while valley values were commonly detected around fractions with a particle size around 40 ?m. Large differences were found between indoor dust and road dust. In road dust, FRs were mainly enriched in fractions of {\\\\textless}50 ?m. The organic content of dust, FR application, and consequent abrasion processes of FR-containing materials might be the determinants of the FR concentrations. Volatilization and abrasion were considered to be important migration pathways for FRs. DPs and BDE-209 were sought to be mainly applied in abrasion-proof materials, while most phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were probably added in a large proportion in materials easy to wear.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Cao, Zhiguo and Xu, Fuchao and Covaci, Adrian and Wu, Min and Wang, Haizhu and Yu, Gang and Wang, Bin and Deng, Shubo and Huang, Jun and Wang, Xiaoyan},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {8839--8846},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cao, Z.\",\"Xu, F.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Wu, M.\",\"Wang, H.\",\"Yu, G.\",\"Wang, B.\",\"Deng, S.\",\"Huang, J.\",\"Wang, X.\"],\"key\":\"cao_distribution_2014\",\"id\":\"cao_distribution_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cao-xu-covaci-wu-wang-yu-wang-deng-etal-distributionpatternsofbrominatedchlorinatedandphosphorusflameretardantswithparticlesizeinindoorandoutdoordustandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of a Broad Range of Legacy and Emerging Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments in Norway\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es500516u\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigates the occurrence of 37 organohalogen and organophosphate flame retardants (FRs) from Norwegian households (n = 48) and classrooms from two primary schools (n = 6). Around 80% of the targeted FRs were detected in air and dust from the sampling sites. The comparison of settled dust with floor dust revealed no statistical differences between median concentrations of the FRs (n = 12). Decabromodiphenyl ether and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate showed the highest median floor dust concentrations in both environments. In the air samples, the highest concentrations were observed for 2,2?,4,4?-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Remarkably, the emerging FR, 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane, abbreviated as TBECH or DBE-DBCH, showed the highest indoor air concentrations reported in the literature (households, 77.9 pg/m3 and schools, 46.6 pg/m3). Good Spearman correlations between the FR concentrations in dust and air (0.36 \\\\textless R \\\\textless 0.76) showed that is possible to estimate the concentrations in air from analyzed dust, or vice versa. Sources and pathways of exposure to FRs were assessed for the households. The main findings were that frequent vacuum cleaning resulted in lower FR concentrations in dust and that dermal contact with dust, for both children and mothers, was as important for the intake of organophosphate FRs as dust ingestion.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cequier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Enrique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ionas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marcé\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosa\",\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cathrine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"6827–6835\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cequier_occurrence_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of a {Broad} {Range} of {Legacy} and {Emerging} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Indoor} {Environments} in {Norway}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es500516u},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigates the occurrence of 37 organohalogen and organophosphate flame retardants (FRs) from Norwegian households (n = 48) and classrooms from two primary schools (n = 6). Around 80\\\\% of the targeted FRs were detected in air and dust from the sampling sites. The comparison of settled dust with floor dust revealed no statistical differences between median concentrations of the FRs (n = 12). Decabromodiphenyl ether and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate showed the highest median floor dust concentrations in both environments. In the air samples, the highest concentrations were observed for 2,2?,4,4?-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Remarkably, the emerging FR, 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane, abbreviated as TBECH or DBE-DBCH, showed the highest indoor air concentrations reported in the literature (households, 77.9 pg/m3 and schools, 46.6 pg/m3). Good Spearman correlations between the FR concentrations in dust and air (0.36 {\\\\textless} R {\\\\textless} 0.76) showed that is possible to estimate the concentrations in air from analyzed dust, or vice versa. Sources and pathways of exposure to FRs were assessed for the households. The main findings were that frequent vacuum cleaning resulted in lower FR concentrations in dust and that dermal contact with dust, for both children and mothers, was as important for the intake of organophosphate FRs as dust ingestion.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Cequier, Enrique and Ionas, Alin C. and Covaci, Adrian and Marcé, Rosa Maria and Becher, Georg and Thomsen, Cathrine},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {6827--6835},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cequier, E.\",\"Ionas, A. C.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Marcé, R. M.\",\"Becher, G.\",\"Thomsen, C.\"],\"key\":\"cequier_occurrence_2014\",\"id\":\"cequier_occurrence_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cequier-ionas-covaci-marc-becher-thomsen-occurrenceofabroadrangeoflegacyandemergingflameretardantsinindoorenvironmentsinnorway-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium\",\"volume\":\"81\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043\",\"abstract\":\"The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and &lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between &lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p &lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D’Hollander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wendy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cornelis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynders\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Campenhout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\",\"Van\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"de\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bervoets\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lieven\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds\",\"pages\":\"478–487\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}},\\n\\tvolume = {81},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},\\n\\tabstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and \\\\&lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\\\\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \\\\&lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p \\\\&lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {D’Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and Voogt, Pim de and Bervoets, Lieven},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds},\\n\\tpages = {478--487},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"D’Hollander, W.\",\"Roosens, L.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Cornelis, C.\",\"Reynders, H.\",\"Campenhout, K. V.\",\"Voogt, P. d.\",\"Bervoets, L.\"],\"key\":\"dhollander_brominated_2010-1\",\"id\":\"dhollander_brominated_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Perfluorinated compounds\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men\",\"volume\":\"445–446\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mukherjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bhramar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health\",\"pages\":\"177–184\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson_associations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},\\n\\tvolume = {445–446},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health},\\n\\tpages = {177--184},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson, P. I.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Mukherjee, B.\",\"Hauser, R.\",\"Meeker, J. D.\"],\"key\":\"johnson_associations_2013-1\",\"id\":\"johnson_associations_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\"},\"keyword\":[\"Andrology\",\"Endocrine disruption\",\"Fire retardants\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor contamination\",\"Reproductive health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam and U.S. House Dust\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es9014019\",\"abstract\":\"Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1?5% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 ?2.2% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam, we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were \\\\textgreater96% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eagle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fuh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"7490–7495\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_detection_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam} and {U}.{S}. {House} {Dust}},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es9014019},\\n\\tabstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1?5\\\\% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 ?2.2\\\\% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2\\\\% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5\\\\% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam, we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were {\\\\textgreater}96\\\\% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24\\\\% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Klosterhaus, Susan and Eagle, Sarah and Fuh, Jennifer and Meeker, John D. and Blum, Arlene and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {7490--7495},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"Eagle, S.\",\"Fuh, J.\",\"Meeker, J. D.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_detection_2009-1\",\"id\":\"stapleton_detection_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993–2009\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fiona\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hobson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"398–403\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{toms_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993–2009},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period.\\n\\nSamples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A. and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {398--403},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Toms, L. L.\",\"Guerra, P.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\",\"Harden, F. A.\",\"Hobson, P.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Ryan, E.\",\"Mueller, J. F.\"],\"key\":\"toms_brominated_2012-1\",\"id\":\"toms_brominated_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood serum\",\"Breast milk\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"HBCD\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010\",\"abstract\":\"A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was &lt; 14% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02 μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50 μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38 μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94 μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between &lt; 1 and 50 ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor &gt; 5.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Belgium, Dust, Flanders, Human exposure, OPFRs, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"pages\":\"454–461\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_den_eede_analytical_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010},\\n\\tabstract = {A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127\\\\%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was \\\\&lt; 14\\\\% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02 μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50 μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38 μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94 μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between \\\\&lt; 1 and 50 ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor \\\\&gt; 5.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C. and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Belgium, Dust, Flanders, Human exposure, OPFRs, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)},\\n\\tpages = {454--461},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Dirtu, A. C.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"van_den_eede_analytical_2011-1\",\"id\":\"van_den_eede_analytical_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400\"},\"keyword\":[\"Belgium\",\"Dust\",\"Flanders\",\"Human exposure\",\"OPFRs\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust: A Previously Unreported Halogenated Flame Retardant in the Environment\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es702272s\",\"abstract\":\"Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-lai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"386–391\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_identification_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}: {A} {Previously} {Unreported} {Halogenated} {Flame} {Retardant} in the {Environment}},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es702272s},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {386--391},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, J.\",\"Hou, Y.\",\"Feng, Y.\",\"Shoeib, M.\",\"Harner, T.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_identification_2008-1\",\"id\":\"zhu_identification_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photolysis of brominated flame retardants in textiles exposed to natural sunlight\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"2050-7895\",\"abstract\":\"Photolytic transformation profiles of technical hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in flame-retarded textiles exposed to natural sunlight were compared. Textiles that contained approximately 4% HBCDs by weight showed no substantial loss of any of the HBCD diastereomers during the entire exposure period (371 days), indicating that they were resistant to sunlight, that is, that debromination and isomerization of HBCD diastereomers did not occur under the experimental conditions. Exposure of a textile treated with technical DecaBDE resulted in the formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as products of photodecomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers present in the technical DecaBDE. After 329 days of exposure, the total PBDF concentration reached a maximum of 27 000 ng g(-1), which was approximately 10 times the initial concentration. During the experiment, di- to hexa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously. Although the concentrations of PBDFs in the textiles were 4–5 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, it is important to note that PBDFs were formed as a result of sunlight exposure during normal use of products treated with technical DecaBDE.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Desborough\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23738364\",\"keywords\":\"Benzofurans, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenation, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Isomerism, Photolysis, Sunlight, Textiles\",\"pages\":\"653–660\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kajiwara_photolysis_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Photolysis of brominated flame retardants in textiles exposed to natural sunlight},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {2050-7895},\\n\\tabstract = {Photolytic transformation profiles of technical hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in flame-retarded textiles exposed to natural sunlight were compared. Textiles that contained approximately 4\\\\% HBCDs by weight showed no substantial loss of any of the HBCD diastereomers during the entire exposure period (371 days), indicating that they were resistant to sunlight, that is, that debromination and isomerization of HBCD diastereomers did not occur under the experimental conditions. Exposure of a textile treated with technical DecaBDE resulted in the formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as products of photodecomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers present in the technical DecaBDE. After 329 days of exposure, the total PBDF concentration reached a maximum of 27 000 ng g(-1), which was approximately 10 times the initial concentration. During the experiment, di- to hexa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously. Although the concentrations of PBDFs in the textiles were 4–5 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, it is important to note that PBDFs were formed as a result of sunlight exposure during normal use of products treated with technical DecaBDE.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science. Processes \\\\& Impacts},\\n\\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Desborough, Jennifer and Harrad, Stuart and Takigami, Hidetaka},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23738364},\\n\\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenation, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Isomerism, Photolysis, Sunlight, Textiles},\\n\\tpages = {653--660},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kajiwara, N.\",\"Desborough, J.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Takigami, H.\"],\"key\":\"kajiwara_photolysis_2013\",\"id\":\"kajiwara_photolysis_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kajiwara-desborough-harrad-takigami-photolysisofbrominatedflameretardantsintextilesexposedtonaturalsunlight-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Benzofurans\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Halogenation\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Brominated\",\"Isomerism\",\"Photolysis\",\"Sunlight\",\"Textiles\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from flame-retardant-treated textiles\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"2050-7895\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/c3em00359k\",\"abstract\":\"To evaluate the emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products as flame retardants, we used a small stainless steel container (7 cm i.d. × 5.5 cm height, ca. 210 cm(3)) to conduct emission tests on three upholstery textile samples at temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C. The textile samples, which were intended for use in curtain manufacture and had been treated with either technical HBCD or technical DecaBDE, emitted HBCDs and PBDEs, including BDE 209, even at room temperature (20 °C), and the emission rates increased with increasing test temperature. These results indicate that flame-retardant-treated upholstery textiles have the potential to be major sources of brominated flame retardant contamination in indoor air and dust. The HBCD diastereomer emission profiles at the test temperatures of 20 and 40 °C were similar to the profiles of the original textile samples; in contrast, at the higher test temperatures, the proportion of α-HBCD was larger (up to 70% of the total HBCD emission) than in the original samples. At the higher test temperatures, the proportions of di- to hexa-BDEs in the emissions were clearly larger than in the original sample, suggesting that the textile products treated with technical DecaBDE could be a source of environmentally relevant PBDE congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100. The emission rates of HBCDs from the textiles were two orders of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs, suggesting that HBCDs volatilize more easily from textile products to the indoor environment than PBDEs.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"24056914\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Indoor, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Temperature, Textiles\",\"pages\":\"1957–1963\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kajiwara_emission_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from flame-retardant-treated textiles},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {2050-7895},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/c3em00359k},\\n\\tabstract = {To evaluate the emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products as flame retardants, we used a small stainless steel container (7 cm i.d. × 5.5 cm height, ca. 210 cm(3)) to conduct emission tests on three upholstery textile samples at temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C. The textile samples, which were intended for use in curtain manufacture and had been treated with either technical HBCD or technical DecaBDE, emitted HBCDs and PBDEs, including BDE 209, even at room temperature (20 °C), and the emission rates increased with increasing test temperature. These results indicate that flame-retardant-treated upholstery textiles have the potential to be major sources of brominated flame retardant contamination in indoor air and dust. The HBCD diastereomer emission profiles at the test temperatures of 20 and 40 °C were similar to the profiles of the original textile samples; in contrast, at the higher test temperatures, the proportion of α-HBCD was larger (up to 70\\\\% of the total HBCD emission) than in the original samples. At the higher test temperatures, the proportions of di- to hexa-BDEs in the emissions were clearly larger than in the original sample, suggesting that the textile products treated with technical DecaBDE could be a source of environmentally relevant PBDE congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100. The emission rates of HBCDs from the textiles were two orders of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs, suggesting that HBCDs volatilize more easily from textile products to the indoor environment than PBDEs.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science. Processes \\\\& Impacts},\\n\\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Takigami, Hidetaka},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {24056914},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Indoor, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Temperature, Textiles},\\n\\tpages = {1957--1963},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kajiwara, N.\",\"Takigami, H.\"],\"key\":\"kajiwara_emission_2013\",\"id\":\"kajiwara_emission_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kajiwara-takigami-emissionbehaviorofhexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromflameretardanttreatedtextiles-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollutants\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Indoor\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Brominated\",\"Temperature\",\"Textiles\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0300-9440\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014\",\"abstract\":\"This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Progress in Organic Coatings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neisius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\",\"Matthias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabyasachi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel\",\"pages\":\"1642–1665\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liang_recent_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0300-9440},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Progress in Organic Coatings},\\n\\tauthor = {Liang, Shuyu and Neisius, N. Matthias and Gaan, Sabyasachi},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel},\\n\\tpages = {1642--1665},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liang, S.\",\"Neisius, N. M.\",\"Gaan, S.\"],\"key\":\"liang_recent_2013\",\"id\":\"liang_recent_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Condensed phase\",\"Flame retardant coating\",\"Layer-by layer\",\"Non-intumescent\",\"Plasma\",\"Radical species\",\"Sol–gel\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"0734-9041, 1530-8049\",\"url\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0734904108089485\",\"abstract\":\"Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate. The leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development. Polyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber. A number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing. The recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levchik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergei\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"243–281\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weil_flame_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Commercial} {Use} or {Development} for {Textiles}},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},\\n\\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0734904108089485},\\n\\tabstract = {Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate.\\nThe leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development.\\nPolyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber.\\nA number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing.\\nThe recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Weil, Edward D. and Levchik, Sergei V.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {243--281},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weil, E. D.\",\"Levchik, S. V.\"],\"key\":\"weil_flame_2008\",\"id\":\"weil_flame_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potential Estrogenic Effects of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es5007862\",\"abstract\":\"As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP \\\\textgreater TCP \\\\textgreater TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Quan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meiya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunlong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meirong\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"6995–7001\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_potential_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Potential {Estrogenic} {Effects} of {Phosphorus}-{Containing} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es5007862},\\n\\tabstract = {As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP {\\\\textgreater} TCP {\\\\textgreater} TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Quan and Lu, Meiya and Dong, Xiaowu and Wang, Cui and Zhang, Chunlong and Liu, Weiping and Zhao, Meirong},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {6995--7001},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, Q.\",\"Lu, M.\",\"Dong, X.\",\"Wang, C.\",\"Zhang, C.\",\"Liu, W.\",\"Zhao, M.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_potential_2014\",\"id\":\"zhang_potential_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin2013, Daegu/Korea)\",\"title\":\"Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques\",\"volume\":\"491–492\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127\",\"abstract\":\"An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60% to 118%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3% to 23%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinghua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubwabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cariton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rasmussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pat\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585\",\"pages\":\"80–86\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fan_simultaneous_2014,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\\n\\ttitle = {Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques},\\n\\tvolume = {491–492},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127},\\n\\tabstract = {An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60\\\\% to 118\\\\%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3\\\\% to 23\\\\%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat E. and Wu, Fang},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585},\\n\\tpages = {80--86},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fan, X.\",\"Kubwabo, C.\",\"Rasmussen, P. E.\",\"Wu, F.\"],\"key\":\"fan_simultaneous_2014\",\"id\":\"fan_simultaneous_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust sampling\",\"Multiple reaction monitoring\",\"Organophosphate esters\",\"Positive ion chemical ionization\",\"Standard reference material 2585\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1\",\"abstract\":\"The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fishbein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lawrence\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1979\",\"pages\":\"111–161\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fishbein_potential_1979,\\n\\ttitle = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},\\n\\tabstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.\\n\\nThe major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Fishbein, Lawrence},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1979},\\n\\tpages = {111--161},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fishbein, L.\"],\"key\":\"fishbein_potential_1979\",\"id\":\"fishbein_potential_1979\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin2013, Daegu/Korea)\",\"title\":\"Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products\",\"volume\":\"491–492\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (&gt; 75%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gallen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Banks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sicco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baduel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eaglesham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geoff\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heffernan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bainton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE\",\"pages\":\"255–265\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gallen_towards_2014,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\\n\\ttitle = {Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products},\\n\\tvolume = {491–492},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92\\\\% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (\\\\&gt; 75\\\\%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Gallen, Christie and Banks, Andrew and Brandsma, Sicco and Baduel, Christine and Thai, Phong and Eaglesham, Geoff and Heffernan, Amy and Leonards, Pim and Bainton, Paul and Mueller, Jochen F.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE},\\n\\tpages = {255--265},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gallen, C.\",\"Banks, A.\",\"Brandsma, S.\",\"Baduel, C.\",\"Thai, P.\",\"Eaglesham, G.\",\"Heffernan, A.\",\"Leonards, P.\",\"Bainton, P.\",\"Mueller, J. F.\"],\"key\":\"gallen_towards_2014\",\"id\":\"gallen_towards_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFRs\",\"Consumer products\",\"Plastic\",\"Surface wipe\",\"X-ray fluorescence\",\"c-OctaBDE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain)\",\"volume\":\"444\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\",\"abstract\":\"The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ginebreda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23262324\",\"keywords\":\"Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid\",\"pages\":\"51–59\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gorga_determination_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},\\n\\tvolume = {444},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\\n\\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23262324},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},\\n\\tpages = {51--59},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gorga, M.\",\"Martínez, E.\",\"Ginebreda, A.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"gorga_determination_2013-1-1\",\"id\":\"gorga_determination_2013-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Chromatography\",\"Liquid\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Brominated\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Quality Control\",\"Sewage\",\"Spain\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Fluid\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"shorttitle\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203149g\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luellen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Drew\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hundal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lakhwinder\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22295899\",\"keywords\":\"Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays\",\"pages\":\"2055–2063\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203149g},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M. and Luellen, Drew R. and Hundal, Lakhwinder S.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22295899},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays},\\n\\tpages = {2055--2063},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C.\",\"La Guardia, M. J.\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Mainor, T. M.\",\"Luellen, D. R.\",\"Hundal, L. S.\"],\"key\":\"hale_polybrominated_2012-1\",\"id\":\"hale_polybrominated_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Cereals\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fertilizers\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Plant Roots\",\"Sewage\",\"United States\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Chemical\",\"Zea mays\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges\",\"volume\":\"412\",\"copyright\":\"© 2001 Nature Publishing Group\",\"issn\":\"0028-0836\",\"shorttitle\":\"Flame retardants\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/35084130\",\"abstract\":\"Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6843\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Nature\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"Matteson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pages\":\"140–141\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_flame_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants: {Persistent} pollutants in land-applied sludges},\\n\\tvolume = {412},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2001 Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tissn = {0028-0836},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/35084130},\\n\\tabstract = {Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6843},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen P. and Gaylor, Michael O. and Mainor, T. Matteson and Duff, William H.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpages = {140--141},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C.\",\"La Guardia, M. J.\",\"Harvey, E. P.\",\"Gaylor, M. O.\",\"Mainor, T. M.\",\"Duff, W. H.\"],\"key\":\"hale_flame_2001\",\"id\":\"hale_flame_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: An evaluation of the human health risks\",\"volume\":\"407\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019\",\"number\":\"18\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hover\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Banasik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harbison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Price\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Debra\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stedeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"5194–5196\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hover_occurrence_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: {An} evaluation of the human health risks},\\n\\tvolume = {407},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Hover, Carl and Banasik, Marek and Harbison, Raymond D. and Hardy, Marcia and Price, Debra J. and Stedeford, Todd},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {5194--5196},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hover, C.\",\"Banasik, M.\",\"Harbison, R. D.\",\"Hardy, M.\",\"Price, D. J.\",\"Stedeford, T.\"],\"key\":\"hover_occurrence_2009\",\"id\":\"hover_occurrence_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038\",\"abstract\":\"Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lithner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delilah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dave\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Göran\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity\",\"pages\":\"3309–3324\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lithner_environmental_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038},\\n\\tabstract = {Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Lithner, Delilah and Larsson, Åke and Dave, Göran},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {3309--3324},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lithner, D.\",\"Larsson, Å.\",\"Dave, G.\"],\"key\":\"lithner_environmental_2011\",\"id\":\"lithner_environmental_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\"},\"keyword\":[\"Environment\",\"Hazardous substances\",\"Health\",\"Plastic polymers\",\"Plastics\",\"Toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — Missing links in EU chemical management\",\"volume\":\"435–436\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021\",\"abstract\":\"It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments. The primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals. The results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed. Only a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH. In summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Breitholtz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Magnus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rybacka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aleksandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive\",\"pages\":\"280–289\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{molander_are_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — {Missing} links in {EU} chemical management},\\n\\tvolume = {435–436},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021},\\n\\tabstract = {It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments.\\n\\nThe primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals.\\n\\nThe results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed.\\n\\nOnly a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH.\\n\\nIn summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Molander, Linda and Breitholtz, Magnus and Andersson, Patrik L. and Rybacka, Aleksandra and Rudén, Christina},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive},\\n\\tpages = {280--289},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Molander, L.\",\"Breitholtz, M.\",\"Andersson, P. L.\",\"Rybacka, A.\",\"Rudén, C.\"],\"key\":\"molander_are_2012\",\"id\":\"molander_are_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\"},\"keyword\":[\"Consumer articles\",\"EU environmental policy\",\"Priority substances\",\"REACH\",\"The Sewage Sludge Directive\",\"The Water Framework Directive\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden\",\"volume\":\"54\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6\",\"abstract\":\"The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Remberger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sternbeck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lennart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strömberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katarina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brorström-Lundén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eva\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Emission, Environmental concentrations, Flame retardants, Foodstuff, HBCD\",\"pages\":\"9–21\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{remberger_environmental_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in {Sweden}},\\n\\tvolume = {54},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6},\\n\\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Remberger, Mikael and Sternbeck, John and Palm, Anna and Kaj, Lennart and Strömberg, Katarina and Brorström-Lundén, Eva},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Emission, Environmental concentrations, Flame retardants, Foodstuff, HBCD},\\n\\tpages = {9--21},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Remberger, M.\",\"Sternbeck, J.\",\"Palm, A.\",\"Kaj, L.\",\"Strömberg, K.\",\"Brorström-Lundén, E.\"],\"key\":\"remberger_environmental_2004-1\",\"id\":\"remberger_environmental_2004-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Emission\",\"Environmental concentrations\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Foodstuff\",\"HBCD\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"1040-8444\",\"shorttitle\":\"Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides\",\"url\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\",\"doi\":\"10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\",\"abstract\":\"Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Critical Reviews in Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\",\"Mackenzie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McManus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oliver\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"21–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ross_neurobehavioral_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {1040-8444},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides},\\n\\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\\n\\tabstract = {Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Critical Reviews in Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ross, Sarah Mackenzie and McManus, I. C. and Harrison, Virginia and Mason, Oliver},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {21--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ross, S. M.\",\"McManus, I. C.\",\"Harrison, V.\",\"Mason, O.\"],\"key\":\"ross_neurobehavioral_2012\",\"id\":\"ross_neurobehavioral_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin2013, Daegu/Korea)\",\"title\":\"Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in Sapporo, Japan\",\"volume\":\"491–492\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011\",\"abstract\":\"Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takeuchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kojima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ikue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kobayashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Satoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanaka-Kagawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jinno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hideto\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds\",\"pages\":\"28–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takeuchi_detection_2014,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in {Sapporo}, {Japan}},\\n\\tvolume = {491–492},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Takeuchi, Shinji and Kojima, Hiroyuki and Saito, Ikue and Jin, Kazuo and Kobayashi, Satoshi and Tanaka-Kagawa, Toshiko and Jinno, Hideto},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds},\\n\\tpages = {28--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takeuchi, S.\",\"Kojima, H.\",\"Saito, I.\",\"Jin, K.\",\"Kobayashi, S.\",\"Tanaka-Kagawa, T.\",\"Jinno, H.\"],\"key\":\"takeuchi_detection_2014\",\"id\":\"takeuchi_detection_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\"},\"keyword\":[\"Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT)\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas-particle partitioning\",\"Indoor air\",\"Plasticizer\",\"Semi-volatile organic compounds\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) Papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium, BFR2007, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands 24-27 April 2007\",\"title\":\"Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032\",\"abstract\":\"Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 μg/g, 19,000 μg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The ΣPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective ΣPBDE and ΣPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67–500 μg/g (mean 300 μg/g) and 180–650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"BFRs, Dust, PBDD, PBDE, PBDF, Television set\",\"pages\":\"161–169\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takigami_transfer_2008,\\n\\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},\\n\\ttitle = {Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032},\\n\\tabstract = {Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 μg/g, 19,000 μg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The ΣPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective ΣPBDE and ΣPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67–500 μg/g (mean 300 μg/g) and 180–650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFRs, Dust, PBDD, PBDE, PBDF, Television set},\\n\\tpages = {161--169},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takigami, H.\",\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Hirai, Y.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"takigami_transfer_2008-1\",\"id\":\"takigami_transfer_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFRs\",\"Dust\",\"PBDD\",\"PBDE\",\"PBDF\",\"Television set\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1\",\"abstract\":\"The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fishbein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lawrence\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1979\",\"pages\":\"111–161\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fishbein_potential_1979,\\n\\ttitle = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},\\n\\tabstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.\\n\\nThe major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Fishbein, Lawrence},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1979},\\n\\tpages = {111--161},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fishbein, L.\"],\"key\":\"fishbein_potential_1979-1\",\"id\":\"fishbein_potential_1979-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impact of Dust from Multiple Microenvironments and Diet on PentaBDE Body Burden\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203314e\",\"abstract\":\"Our objectives were to determine relative contributions of diet and dust exposure from multiple microenvironments to PentaBDE body burden, and to explore the role of handwipes as a measure of personal exposure to PentaBDE. We administered a food frequency questionnaire and collected serum, dust (office, main living area, bedroom, and vehicle), and handwipe samples from 31 participants. ΣPentaBDEs (sum of BDE 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) in handwipes collected in the office environment were weakly correlated with dust collected from offices (r = 0.35, p = 0.06) and bedrooms (r = 0.39, p = 0.04), but not with dust from main living areas (r = ?0.05, p = 0.77) or vehicles (r = 0.17, p = 0.47). ΣPentaBDEs in serum were correlated with dust from main living areas (r = 0.42, p = 0.02) and bedrooms (r = 0.49, p = 0.008), but not with dust from offices (r = 0.22, p = 0.25) or vehicles (r = 0.20, p = 0.41). Our final regression model included variables for main living area dust and handwipes, and predicted 55% of the variation in serum ΣPentaBDE concentrations (p = 0.0004). Diet variables were not significant predictors of ΣPentaBDEs in serum. Our research suggests that exposure to dust in the home environment may be the most important factor in predicting PentaBDE body burden in North Americans, and potential exposure pathways may involve PBDE residues on hands.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fraser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"1192–1200\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{watkins_impact_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Impact of {Dust} from {Multiple} {Microenvironments} and {Diet} on {PentaBDE} {Body} {Burden}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203314e},\\n\\tabstract = {Our objectives were to determine relative contributions of diet and dust exposure from multiple microenvironments to PentaBDE body burden, and to explore the role of handwipes as a measure of personal exposure to PentaBDE. We administered a food frequency questionnaire and collected serum, dust (office, main living area, bedroom, and vehicle), and handwipe samples from 31 participants. ΣPentaBDEs (sum of BDE 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) in handwipes collected in the office environment were weakly correlated with dust collected from offices (r = 0.35, p = 0.06) and bedrooms (r = 0.39, p = 0.04), but not with dust from main living areas (r = ?0.05, p = 0.77) or vehicles (r = 0.17, p = 0.47). ΣPentaBDEs in serum were correlated with dust from main living areas (r = 0.42, p = 0.02) and bedrooms (r = 0.49, p = 0.008), but not with dust from offices (r = 0.22, p = 0.25) or vehicles (r = 0.20, p = 0.41). Our final regression model included variables for main living area dust and handwipes, and predicted 55\\\\% of the variation in serum ΣPentaBDE concentrations (p = 0.0004). Diet variables were not significant predictors of ΣPentaBDEs in serum. Our research suggests that exposure to dust in the home environment may be the most important factor in predicting PentaBDE body burden in North Americans, and potential exposure pathways may involve PBDE residues on hands.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Fraser, Alicia J. and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M. and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {1192--1200},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Watkins, D. J.\",\"McClean, M. D.\",\"Fraser, A. J.\",\"Weinberg, J.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"watkins_impact_2012\",\"id\":\"watkins_impact_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-impactofdustfrommultiplemicroenvironmentsanddietonpentabdebodyburden-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Indoor Environment\",\"issn\":\"0015-2684, 1572-8099\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are fire retardants used in consumer products such as foam-containing furniture and electronics. This paper reviews human exposure to PBDEs in North America, applying the source to exposure paradigm, and arrives to the following five conclusions. (1) PentaBDE concentrations in residential house dust are associated with the amount of bromine contained in furniture as measured by X-ray fluorescence; similarly, DecaBDE in dust is associated with bromine in electronics. (2) Microscopic analysis of dust suggests that physical breakdown of products may be an important source of DecaBDE in dust. (3) Concentrations of PentaBDE in people were associated with PentaBDE levels in dust from their homes. (4) Inhalation appears to be a minor route of exposure for most of the population. PentaBDEs on handwipes are associated with both dust concentrations and body burdens, suggesting hand-to-mouth activity (or dermal absorption) as important routes of exposure. (5) Diet appears to be another, independent source of exposure. Fire fighters may be exposed via dust, ash or air, particularly in the aftermath of a fire. The existing literature suggests that human health effects may be associated with PentaBDE exposures in the general population. Manufacture of PentaBDE has been banned; replacement fire retardants can be measured in products and dust. The use of PBDEs and related flame retardants poses a potential risk–risk trade-off that requires the joint efforts of environmental scientists and the fire science community.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Fire Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Characterization and Evaluation of Materials, Civil Engineering, Exposure, Fire fighters, Flame retardants, Health, Mechanics, PBDE, Physics, general, TDCPP\",\"pages\":\"1–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{webster_exposure_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in the {Indoor} {Environment}},\\n\\tissn = {0015-2684, 1572-8099},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are fire retardants used in consumer products such as foam-containing furniture and electronics. This paper reviews human exposure to PBDEs in North America, applying the source to exposure paradigm, and arrives to the following five conclusions. (1) PentaBDE concentrations in residential house dust are associated with the amount of bromine contained in furniture as measured by X-ray fluorescence; similarly, DecaBDE in dust is associated with bromine in electronics. (2) Microscopic analysis of dust suggests that physical breakdown of products may be an important source of DecaBDE in dust. (3) Concentrations of PentaBDE in people were associated with PentaBDE levels in dust from their homes. (4) Inhalation appears to be a minor route of exposure for most of the population. PentaBDEs on handwipes are associated with both dust concentrations and body burdens, suggesting hand-to-mouth activity (or dermal absorption) as important routes of exposure. (5) Diet appears to be another, independent source of exposure. Fire fighters may be exposed via dust, ash or air, particularly in the aftermath of a fire. The existing literature suggests that human health effects may be associated with PentaBDE exposures in the general population. Manufacture of PentaBDE has been banned; replacement fire retardants can be measured in products and dust. The use of PBDEs and related flame retardants poses a potential risk–risk trade-off that requires the joint efforts of environmental scientists and the fire science community.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Webster, Thomas F. and Stapleton, Heather M. and McClean, Michael D.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Characterization and Evaluation of Materials, Civil Engineering, Exposure, Fire fighters, Flame retardants, Health, Mechanics, PBDE, Physics, general, TDCPP},\\n\\tpages = {1--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Webster, T. F.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"McClean, M. D.\"],\"key\":\"webster_exposure_2013\",\"id\":\"webster_exposure_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"webster-stapleton-mcclean-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheindoorenvironment-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Characterization and Evaluation of Materials\",\"Civil Engineering\",\"Exposure\",\"Fire fighters\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Health\",\"Mechanics\",\"PBDE\",\"Physics\",\"general\",\"TDCPP\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers\",\"volume\":\"339\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028\",\"abstract\":\"Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving. In this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles. Daily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.\",\"number\":\"1–3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wensing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uhde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salthammer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust\",\"pages\":\"19–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wensing_plastics_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers},\\n\\tvolume = {339},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028},\\n\\tabstract = {Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving.\\n\\nIn this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles.\\n\\nDaily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.},\\n\\tnumber = {1–3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Wensing, M. and Uhde, E. and Salthammer, T.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust},\\n\\tpages = {19--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wensing, M.\",\"Uhde, E.\",\"Salthammer, T.\"],\"key\":\"wensing_plastics_2005\",\"id\":\"wensing_plastics_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\"},\"keyword\":[\"Automobiles\",\"Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Indoor air\",\"Phthalates\",\"Settled dust\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant sludges from the Pearl River Delta, China\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"copyright\":\"© 2014 SETAC\",\"issn\":\"1552-8618\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/etc.2604\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate esters (OPs) are widely used as flame retardants or plasticizers and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of 7 widely used OPs were analyzed in sludge samples collected from 19 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. All analytes were detected in these samples, and the total concentration of OPs ranged from 96.7 µg/kg to 1312.9 µg/kg dry weight, with a mean value of 420.1 µg/kg dry weight. In most sludge samples OPs exhibited a similar distribution pattern, for example, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were identified as the dominant compounds. However, the results also indicated significantly higher levels of OPs in specific sludges, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (804.9 µg/kg), TBEP (783.7 µg/kg), TPhP (656.7 µg/kg), and tritolyl phosphate (265.0 µg/kg), which implied different discharge sources in the studied areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1720–1725. © 2014 SETAC\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiangying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lixiong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shengtao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Organophosphate esters, Plasticizers, Sludge\",\"pages\":\"1720–1725\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zeng_occurrence_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant sludges from the {Pearl} {River} {Delta}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2014 SETAC},\\n\\tissn = {1552-8618},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2604},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPs) are widely used as flame retardants or plasticizers and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of 7 widely used OPs were analyzed in sludge samples collected from 19 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. All analytes were detected in these samples, and the total concentration of OPs ranged from 96.7 µg/kg to 1312.9 µg/kg dry weight, with a mean value of 420.1 µg/kg dry weight. In most sludge samples OPs exhibited a similar distribution pattern, for example, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were identified as the dominant compounds. However, the results also indicated significantly higher levels of OPs in specific sludges, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (804.9 µg/kg), TBEP (783.7 µg/kg), TPhP (656.7 µg/kg), and tritolyl phosphate (265.0 µg/kg), which implied different discharge sources in the studied areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1720–1725. © 2014 SETAC},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Zeng, Xiangying and He, Lixiong and Cao, Shuxia and Ma, Shengtao and Yu, Zhiqiang and Gui, Hongyan and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Organophosphate esters, Plasticizers, Sludge},\\n\\tpages = {1720--1725},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zeng, X.\",\"He, L.\",\"Cao, S.\",\"Ma, S.\",\"Yu, Z.\",\"Gui, H.\",\"Sheng, G.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"zeng_occurrence_2014\",\"id\":\"zeng_occurrence_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zeng-he-cao-ma-yu-gui-sheng-fu-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphateflameretardantsplasticizersinwastewatertreatmentplantsludgesfromthepearlriverdeltachina-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Organophosphate esters\",\"Plasticizers\",\"Sludge\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China\",\"volume\":\"452–453\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038\",\"abstract\":\"Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from &lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from &lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhixiong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinfang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A\",\"pages\":\"10–18\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shi_levels_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {452–453},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},\\n\\tabstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \\\\&lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \\\\&lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A},\\n\\tpages = {10--18},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shi, Z.\",\"Jiao, Y.\",\"Hu, Y.\",\"Sun, Z.\",\"Zhou, X.\",\"Feng, J.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"shi_levels_2013-1\",\"id\":\"shi_levels_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\"},\"keyword\":[\"Estimated daily intake\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Human milk\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Tetrabromobisphenol A\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings\",\"volume\":\"478\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121\",\"abstract\":\"The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P &lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14% of RfD for toddlers and 4% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tajima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Araki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Atsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kawai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsuboi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tazuru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ait\",\"Bamai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoshioka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eiji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kanazawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayako\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust\",\"pages\":\"190–199\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tajima_detection_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in {Japanese} dwellings},\\n\\tvolume = {478},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121},\\n\\tabstract = {The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (\\\\&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (\\\\&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (\\\\&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50\\\\% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (\\\\&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (\\\\&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (\\\\&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (\\\\&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (\\\\&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50\\\\% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P \\\\&lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14\\\\% of RfD for toddlers and 4\\\\% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1\\\\% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Tajima, Shuji and Araki, Atsuko and Kawai, Toshio and Tsuboi, Tazuru and Ait Bamai, Yu and Yoshioka, Eiji and Kanazawa, Ayako and Cong, Shi and Kishi, Reiko},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust},\\n\\tpages = {190--199},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tajima, S.\",\"Araki, A.\",\"Kawai, T.\",\"Tsuboi, T.\",\"Ait Bamai, Y.\",\"Yoshioka, E.\",\"Kanazawa, A.\",\"Cong, S.\",\"Kishi, R.\"],\"key\":\"tajima_detection_2014\",\"id\":\"tajima_detection_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\"},\"keyword\":[\"Elementary school children\",\"Floor dust\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"Reference doses (RfDs)\",\"Upper surface dust\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China\",\"volume\":\"482–483\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Songjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingyuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yiming\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample\",\"pages\":\"276–282\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_concentrations_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {482–483},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Ying and Xu, Meng and Jin, Jun and He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Sun, Yiming},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample},\\n\\tpages = {276--282},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, Y.\",\"Xu, M.\",\"Jin, J.\",\"He, S.\",\"Li, M.\",\"Sun, Y.\"],\"key\":\"wang_concentrations_2014\",\"id\":\"wang_concentrations_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Correlation\",\"Halogenated persistent organic compound\",\"Pooled human serum sample\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women from Spain\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported. A concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gómara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pacepavicius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"González\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs\",\"pages\":\"799–805\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gomara_occurrence_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls ({PXBs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk of women from {Spain}},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported.\\n\\nA concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Gómara, B. and Herrero, L. and Pacepavicius, G. and Ohta, S. and Alaee, M. and González, M. J.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs},\\n\\tpages = {799--805},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gómara, B.\",\"Herrero, L.\",\"Pacepavicius, G.\",\"Ohta, S.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"González, M. J.\"],\"key\":\"gomara_occurrence_2011\",\"id\":\"gomara_occurrence_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human breast milk\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"co-PCBs\",\"co-PXBs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055\",\"abstract\":\"This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5%), BDE 47 (4.5%), and BDE 183 (2%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gevao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bondi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Bahloul\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Majed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Ghadban\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abdul\",\"Nabi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Omair\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lulwa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zafar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jamal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helaleh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Murad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"603–608\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gevao_house_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Kuwait}},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055},\\n\\tabstract = {This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85\\\\% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5\\\\%), BDE 47 (4.5\\\\%), and BDE 183 (2\\\\%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Gevao, Bondi and Al-Bahloul, Majed and Al-Ghadban, Abdul Nabi and Al-Omair, Ali and Ali, Lulwa and Zafar, Jamal and Helaleh, Murad},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {603--608},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gevao, B.\",\"Al-Bahloul, M.\",\"Al-Ghadban, A. N.\",\"Al-Omair, A.\",\"Ali, L.\",\"Zafar, J.\",\"Helaleh, M.\"],\"key\":\"gevao_house_2006\",\"id\":\"gevao_house_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\"},\"keyword\":[\"House dust\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor pollution\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065\",\"abstract\":\"Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Araque\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiviranta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molina-Molina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rantakokko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vartiainen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain\",\"pages\":\"377–383\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernandez_pbdes_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in the adipose tissue of women from {Spain}},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96\\\\% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79\\\\% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernandez, M. F. and Araque, P. and Kiviranta, H. and Molina-Molina, J. M. and Rantakokko, P. and Laine, O. and Vartiainen, T. and Olea, N.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain},\\n\\tpages = {377--383},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernandez, M. F.\",\"Araque, P.\",\"Kiviranta, H.\",\"Molina-Molina, J. M.\",\"Rantakokko, P.\",\"Laine, O.\",\"Vartiainen, T.\",\"Olea, N.\"],\"key\":\"fernandez_pbdes_2007\",\"id\":\"fernandez_pbdes_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose tissue\",\"PBB\",\"PBDE\",\"Spain\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings\",\"volume\":\"461–462\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044\",\"abstract\":\"This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) &gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) &gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) &lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were &lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed ~ 5% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (&gt; 80%) of OCPs ranged from &lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), &lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-26\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eqani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Syed\",\"Ali\",\"Musstjab\",\"Akber\",\"Shah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riffat\",\"Naseem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum\",\"pages\":\"655–662\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in human serum of mothers and children from {Pakistan} with urban and rural residential settings},\\n\\tvolume = {461–462},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044},\\n\\tabstract = {This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) \\\\&gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) \\\\&gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) \\\\&lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (\\\\&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were \\\\&lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed {\\\\textasciitilde} 5\\\\% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (\\\\&gt; 80\\\\%) of OCPs ranged from \\\\&lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), \\\\&lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p \\\\&lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p \\\\&lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum},\\n\\tpages = {655--662},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.\",\"Malik, R. N.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_organohalogenated_2013-1\",\"id\":\"ali_organohalogenated_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\"},\"keyword\":[\"Children\",\"Mothers\",\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs)\",\"Pakistan\",\"Serum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Urinary Tetrabromobenzoic Acid (TBBA) as a Biomarker of Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster® 550\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1308028\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-17\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Horman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patisaul\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garantziotis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stavros\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hoffman_urinary_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Urinary {Tetrabromobenzoic} {Acid} ({TBBA}) as a {Biomarker} of {Exposure} to the {Flame} {Retardant} {Mixture} {Firemaster}® 550},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1308028},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-17},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Hoffman, Kate and Fang, Mingliang and Horman, Brian and Patisaul, Heather B. and Garantziotis, Stavros and Birnbaum, Linda S. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Fang, M.\",\"Horman, B.\",\"Patisaul, H. B.\",\"Garantziotis, S.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\"],\"key\":\"hoffman_urinary_2014\",\"id\":\"hoffman_urinary_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hoffman-fang-horman-patisaul-garantziotis-birnbaum-stapleton-urinarytetrabromobenzoicacidtbbaasabiomarkerofexposuretotheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"0944-1344, 1614-7499\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\",\"abstract\":\"Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K ow 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K ow 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K ow 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K ow 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K ow 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6–1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10–20 and 1.7–4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015–0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K ow in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-17\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science and Pollution Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eggen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Trine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heimstad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eldbjørg\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stuanes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arne\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\",\"Ragnar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Carrot, Cereals, DEET, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminants, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Grass, Meadow fescue, NBBS, Oilseeds, Organophosphates, TBP, TCEP, TCPP, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution, Wastewater\",\"pages\":\"4520–4531\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eggen_uptake_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K ow 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K ow 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K ow 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K ow 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K ow 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6–1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10–20 and 1.7–4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015–0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K ow in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-17},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Eggen, Trine and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S. and Stuanes, Arne O. and Norli, Hans Ragnar},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Carrot, Cereals, DEET, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminants, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Grass, Meadow fescue, NBBS, Oilseeds, Organophosphates, TBP, TCEP, TCPP, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution, Wastewater},\\n\\tpages = {4520--4531},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eggen, T.\",\"Heimstad, E. S.\",\"Stuanes, A. O.\",\"Norli, H. R.\"],\"key\":\"eggen_uptake_2013\",\"id\":\"eggen_uptake_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution\",\"Carrot\",\"Cereals\",\"DEET\",\"Ecotoxicology\",\"Emerging contaminants\",\"Environment\",\"general\",\"Environmental Chemistry\",\"Environmental Health\",\"Grass\",\"Meadow fescue\",\"NBBS\",\"Oilseeds\",\"Organophosphates\",\"TBP\",\"TCEP\",\"TCPP\",\"Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution\",\"Wastewater\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1520-5851\",\"shorttitle\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es203149g\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Da\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luellen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Drew\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hundal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lakhwinder\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22295899\",\"keywords\":\"Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays\",\"pages\":\"2055–2063\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5851},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es203149g},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M. and Luellen, Drew R. and Hundal, Lakhwinder S.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22295899},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays},\\n\\tpages = {2055--2063},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C.\",\"La Guardia, M. J.\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Chen, D.\",\"Mainor, T. M.\",\"Luellen, D. R.\",\"Hundal, L. S.\"],\"key\":\"hale_polybrominated_2012-1-1\",\"id\":\"hale_polybrominated_2012-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Cereals\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Fertilizers\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Plant Roots\",\"Sewage\",\"United States\",\"Water Pollutants\",\"Chemical\",\"Zea mays\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges\",\"volume\":\"412\",\"copyright\":\"© 2001 Nature Publishing Group\",\"issn\":\"0028-0836\",\"shorttitle\":\"Flame retardants\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/35084130\",\"abstract\":\"Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6843\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-17\",\"journal\":\"Nature\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"Matteson\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pages\":\"140–141\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_flame_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants: {Persistent} pollutants in land-applied sludges},\\n\\tvolume = {412},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2001 Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tissn = {0028-0836},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/35084130},\\n\\tabstract = {Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6843},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-17},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen P. and Gaylor, Michael O. and Mainor, T. Matteson and Duff, William H.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpages = {140--141},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C.\",\"La Guardia, M. J.\",\"Harvey, E. P.\",\"Gaylor, M. O.\",\"Mainor, T. M.\",\"Duff, W. H.\"],\"key\":\"hale_flame_2001-1\",\"id\":\"hale_flame_2001-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in US food\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim\",\"issn\":\"1613-4133\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/mnfr.200700166\",\"abstract\":\"We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16–1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-17\",\"journal\":\"Molecular Nutrition & Food Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nirav\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Musumba\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dietary intake, Food, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"266–272\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_brominated_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in {US} food},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \\\\& Co. KGaA, Weinheim},\\n\\tissn = {1613-4133},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700166},\\n\\tabstract = {We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16–1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-17},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular Nutrition \\\\& Food Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Harris, T. Robert and Shah, Nirav and Musumba, Alice and Päpke, Olaf},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dietary intake, Food, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {266--272},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Harris, T. R.\",\"Shah, N.\",\"Musumba, A.\",\"Päpke, O.\"],\"key\":\"schecter_brominated_2008-1\",\"id\":\"schecter_brominated_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Dietary intake\",\"Food\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to PBDEs in the Office Environment: Evaluating the Relationships Between Dust, Handwipes, and Serum\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"shorttitle\":\"Exposure to PBDEs in the Office Environment\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1003271\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment., Objectives: We examined relationships between PBDE concentrations in the office environment and internal exposure using concurrent measurements of PBDEs in serum, handwipes, and office dust., Methods: We collected serum, dust, and handwipe samples from 31 participants who spent at least 20 hr/week in an office. We used a questionnaire to collect information about work and personal habits., Results: We found positive associations between PBDEs in room dust, handwipes (a measure of personal exposure), and serum. PBDE office dust concentrations were weakly correlated with measurements in handwipes: r = 0.35 (p = 0.06) for pentaBDE (sum of BDE congeners 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) and 0.33 (p = 0.07) for BDE-209. Hand washing also predicted pentaBDE levels in handwipes: low hand-washers had 3.3 times the pentaBDE levels in their handwipes than did high hand-washers (p = 0.02). PentaBDE in handwipes predicted pentaBDE levels in serum (p = 0.03): Serum concentrations in the highest handwipe tertile were on average 3.5 times the lowest handwipe tertile. The geometric mean concentration of pentaBDEs in serum was 27 ng/g lipid. We detected BDE-209 in 20% of serum samples, at levels ranging from \\\\textless 4.8 to 9.7 ng/g lipid., Conclusion: Our research suggests that exposure to pentaBDE in the office environment contributes to pentaBDE body burden, with exposure likely linked to PBDE residues on hands. In addition, hand washing may decrease exposure to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-17\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fraser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alicia\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pmid\":\"21715243\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3230398\",\"pages\":\"1247–1252\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{watkins_exposure_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the {Office} {Environment}: {Evaluating} the {Relationships} {Between} {Dust}, {Handwipes}, and {Serum}},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the {Office} {Environment}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003271},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment., Objectives: We examined relationships between PBDE concentrations in the office environment and internal exposure using concurrent measurements of PBDEs in serum, handwipes, and office dust., Methods: We collected serum, dust, and handwipe samples from 31 participants who spent at least 20 hr/week in an office. We used a questionnaire to collect information about work and personal habits., Results: We found positive associations between PBDEs in room dust, handwipes (a measure of personal exposure), and serum. PBDE office dust concentrations were weakly correlated with measurements in handwipes: r = 0.35 (p = 0.06) for pentaBDE (sum of BDE congeners 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) and 0.33 (p = 0.07) for BDE-209. Hand washing also predicted pentaBDE levels in handwipes: low hand-washers had 3.3 times the pentaBDE levels in their handwipes than did high hand-washers (p = 0.02). PentaBDE in handwipes predicted pentaBDE levels in serum (p = 0.03): Serum concentrations in the highest handwipe tertile were on average 3.5 times the lowest handwipe tertile. The geometric mean concentration of pentaBDEs in serum was 27 ng/g lipid. We detected BDE-209 in 20\\\\% of serum samples, at levels ranging from {\\\\textless} 4.8 to 9.7 ng/g lipid., Conclusion: Our research suggests that exposure to pentaBDE in the office environment contributes to pentaBDE body burden, with exposure likely linked to PBDE residues on hands. In addition, hand washing may decrease exposure to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-17},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Fraser, Alicia J. and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M. and Sjodin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpmid = {21715243},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3230398},\\n\\tpages = {1247--1252},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Watkins, D. J.\",\"McClean, M. D.\",\"Fraser, A. J.\",\"Weinberg, J.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"watkins_exposure_2011-1-1\",\"id\":\"watkins_exposure_2011-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjodin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal PBDE exposure and Mecp2308 mutation\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1460-2083\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/hmg/dds046\",\"abstract\":\"The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Human Molecular Genetics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woods\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rima\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vallero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roxanne\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Golub\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mari\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suarez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joanne\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tram\",\"Anh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yasui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dag\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lai-Har\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kostyniak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pessah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaSalle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janine\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22343140\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3349420\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Brain, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, Environmental pollutants, Epigenomics, Female, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mutation, Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"pages\":\"2399–2411\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{woods_long-lived_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal {PBDE} exposure and {Mecp2308} mutation},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1460-2083},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/hmg/dds046},\\n\\tabstract = {The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Human Molecular Genetics},\\n\\tauthor = {Woods, Rima and Vallero, Roxanne O. and Golub, Mari S. and Suarez, Joanne K. and Ta, Tram Anh and Yasui, Dag H. and Chi, Lai-Har and Kostyniak, Paul J. and Pessah, Isaac N. and Berman, Robert F. and LaSalle, Janine M.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22343140},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3349420},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Brain, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, Environmental pollutants, Epigenomics, Female, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mutation, Polybrominated Biphenyls},\\n\\tpages = {2399--2411},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Woods, R.\",\"Vallero, R. O.\",\"Golub, M. S.\",\"Suarez, J. K.\",\"Ta, T. A.\",\"Yasui, D. H.\",\"Chi, L.\",\"Kostyniak, P. J.\",\"Pessah, I. N.\",\"Berman, R. F.\",\"LaSalle, J. M.\"],\"key\":\"woods_long-lived_2012-1\",\"id\":\"woods_long-lived_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Animals\",\"Newborn\",\"Behavior\",\"Animal\",\"Brain\",\"DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase\",\"Environmental pollutants\",\"Epigenomics\",\"Female\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Male\",\"Maternal Exposure\",\"Maze Learning\",\"Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2\",\"Mice\",\"Mice\",\"Inbred C57BL\",\"Mice\",\"Inbred Strains\",\"Mutation\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Special Issue: Environmental Influences and Emerging Mechanisms in the Etiology of Autism\",\"title\":\"Using mouse models of autism spectrum disorders to study the neurotoxicology of gene–environment interactions\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0892-0362\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.007\",\"abstract\":\"To better study the role of genetics in autism, mouse models have been developed which mimic the genetics of specific autism spectrum and related disorders. These models have facilitated research on the role genetic susceptibility factors in the pathogenesis of autism in the absence of environmental factors. Inbred mouse strains have been similarly studied to assess the role of environmental agents on neurodevelopment, typically without the complications of genetic heterogeneity of the human population. What has not been as actively pursued, however, is the methodical study of the interaction between these factors (e.g., gene and environmental interactions in neurodevelopment). This review suggests that a genetic predisposition paired with exposure to environmental toxicants plays an important role in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, and may contribute to the largely unexplained rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism worldwide. Specifically, descriptions of the major mouse models of autism and toxic mechanisms of prevalent environmental chemicals are provided followed by a discussion of current and future research strategies to evaluate the role of gene and environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-11\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology and Teratology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schwartzer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jared\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koenig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Autism, Environmental pollutants, Genetics, Mouse model\",\"pages\":\"17–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schwartzer_using_2013,\\n\\tseries = {Special {Issue}: {Environmental} {Influences} and {Emerging} {Mechanisms} in the {Etiology} of {Autism}},\\n\\ttitle = {Using mouse models of autism spectrum disorders to study the neurotoxicology of gene–environment interactions},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0892-0362},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.007},\\n\\tabstract = {To better study the role of genetics in autism, mouse models have been developed which mimic the genetics of specific autism spectrum and related disorders. These models have facilitated research on the role genetic susceptibility factors in the pathogenesis of autism in the absence of environmental factors. Inbred mouse strains have been similarly studied to assess the role of environmental agents on neurodevelopment, typically without the complications of genetic heterogeneity of the human population. What has not been as actively pursued, however, is the methodical study of the interaction between these factors (e.g., gene and environmental interactions in neurodevelopment). This review suggests that a genetic predisposition paired with exposure to environmental toxicants plays an important role in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, and may contribute to the largely unexplained rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism worldwide. Specifically, descriptions of the major mouse models of autism and toxic mechanisms of prevalent environmental chemicals are provided followed by a discussion of current and future research strategies to evaluate the role of gene and environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},\\n\\tauthor = {Schwartzer, Jared J. and Koenig, Claire M. and Berman, Robert F.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Autism, Environmental pollutants, Genetics, Mouse model},\\n\\tpages = {17--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schwartzer, J. J.\",\"Koenig, C. M.\",\"Berman, R. F.\"],\"key\":\"schwartzer_using_2013\",\"id\":\"schwartzer_using_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schwartzer-koenig-berman-usingmousemodelsofautismspectrumdisorderstostudytheneurotoxicologyofgeneenvironmentinteractions-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481\"},\"keyword\":[\"Autism\",\"Environmental pollutants\",\"Genetics\",\"Mouse model\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205597\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"257–262\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noauthor_utero_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {257--262},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_utero_2012\",\"id\":\"noauthor_utero_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDE Concentrations in Women's Serum and Fecundability\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901450\",\"abstract\":\"Background Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility. Objectives This study was designed to determine whether maternal concentrations of PBDEs in serum collected during pregnancy are associated with time to pregnancy and menstrual cycle characteristics. Methods Pregnant women (n = 223) living in a low-income, predominantly Mexican-immigrant community in California were interviewed to determine how many months they took to become pregnant. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were lipid adjusted and log10 transformed. Analyses were limited to PBDE congeners detected in \\\\textgreater 75% of the population (BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153). Cox proportional hazards models modified for discrete time were used to obtain fecundability odds ratios (fORs) for the association of PBDEs and time to pregnancy. Results We detected all four congeners in \\\\textgreater 97% of women. Increasing levels of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and the sum of these four congeners were all associated with longer time to pregnancy. We observed significantly reduced fORs for BDE-100 [adjusted fOR = 0.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4–0.9], BDE-153 (adjusted fOR = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.8), and the sum of the four congeners (adjusted fOR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5–1.0). PBDEs were not associated with menstrual cycle characteristics. Conclusions We found significant decreases in fecundability associated with PBDE exposure in women. Future studies are needed to replicate and confirm this finding.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chevrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"20103495\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC2866688\",\"pages\":\"699–704\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harley_pbde_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDE} {Concentrations} in {Women}'s {Serum} and {Fecundability}},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901450},\\n\\tabstract = {Background\\nExposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97\\\\% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.\\n\\nObjectives\\nThis study was designed to determine whether maternal concentrations of PBDEs in serum collected during pregnancy are associated with time to pregnancy and menstrual cycle characteristics.\\n\\nMethods\\nPregnant women (n = 223) living in a low-income, predominantly Mexican-immigrant community in California were interviewed to determine how many months they took to become pregnant. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were lipid adjusted and log10 transformed. Analyses were limited to PBDE congeners detected in {\\\\textgreater} 75\\\\% of the population (BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153). Cox proportional hazards models modified for discrete time were used to obtain fecundability odds ratios (fORs) for the association of PBDEs and time to pregnancy.\\n\\nResults\\nWe detected all four congeners in {\\\\textgreater} 97\\\\% of women. Increasing levels of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and the sum of these four congeners were all associated with longer time to pregnancy. We observed significantly reduced fORs for BDE-100 [adjusted fOR = 0.6; 95\\\\% confidence interval (CI), 0.4–0.9], BDE-153 (adjusted fOR = 0.5; 95\\\\% CI, 0.3–0.8), and the sum of the four congeners (adjusted fOR = 0.7; 95\\\\% CI, 0.5–1.0). PBDEs were not associated with menstrual cycle characteristics.\\n\\nConclusions\\nWe found significant decreases in fecundability associated with PBDE exposure in women. Future studies are needed to replicate and confirm this finding.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G. and Marks, Amy R. and Chevrier, Jonathan and Bradman, Asa and Sjodin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {20103495},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC2866688},\\n\\tpages = {699--704},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harley, K. G.\",\"Marks, A. R.\",\"Chevrier, J.\",\"Bradman, A.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Eskenazi, B.\"],\"key\":\"harley_pbde_2010-1\",\"id\":\"harley_pbde_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjodin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) impairs measures of sustained attention and increases age-related morbidity in the Long–Evans rat\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"0892-0362\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.009\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant that is widely-used in foam building materials and to a lesser extent, furniture and electronic equipment. After decades of use, HBCD and its metabolites have become globally-distributed environmental contaminants that can be measured in the atmosphere, water bodies, wildlife, food staples and human breastmilk. Emerging evidence suggests that HBCD can affect early brain development and produce behavioral consequences for exposed organisms. The current study examined some of the developmental and lifelong neurobehavioral effects of prenatal HBCD exposure in a rat model. Pregnant rats were gavaged with 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg HBCD from gestation day 1 to parturition. A functional observation battery was used to assess sensorimotor behaviors in neonates. Locomotor and operant responding under random ratio and Go/no-go schedules of food reinforcement were examined in cohorts of young adult and aged rats. HBCD exposure was associated with increased reactivity to a tailpinch in neonates, decreased forelimb grip strength in juveniles, and impaired sustained attention indicated by Go/no-go responding in aged rats. In addition, HBCD exposure was associated with a significant increase in morbidity in the aged cohort. One health complication, a progressive loss of hindleg function, was observed only in the aged, 3 mg/kg HBCD animals. These effects suggest that HBCD is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral impairments that emerge at different points in the lifespan following prenatal exposure.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-11\",\"journal\":\"Neurotoxicology and Teratology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller-Rhodes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrick\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Popescu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goeke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Calla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tirabassi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lauren\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Markowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vincent\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Attention, behavior, Development, Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane, Prenatal exposure\",\"pages\":\"34–43\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{miller-rhodes_prenatal_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) impairs measures of sustained attention and increases age-related morbidity in the {Long}–{Evans} rat},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {0892-0362},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant that is widely-used in foam building materials and to a lesser extent, furniture and electronic equipment. After decades of use, HBCD and its metabolites have become globally-distributed environmental contaminants that can be measured in the atmosphere, water bodies, wildlife, food staples and human breastmilk. Emerging evidence suggests that HBCD can affect early brain development and produce behavioral consequences for exposed organisms. The current study examined some of the developmental and lifelong neurobehavioral effects of prenatal HBCD exposure in a rat model. Pregnant rats were gavaged with 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg HBCD from gestation day 1 to parturition. A functional observation battery was used to assess sensorimotor behaviors in neonates. Locomotor and operant responding under random ratio and Go/no-go schedules of food reinforcement were examined in cohorts of young adult and aged rats. HBCD exposure was associated with increased reactivity to a tailpinch in neonates, decreased forelimb grip strength in juveniles, and impaired sustained attention indicated by Go/no-go responding in aged rats. In addition, HBCD exposure was associated with a significant increase in morbidity in the aged cohort. One health complication, a progressive loss of hindleg function, was observed only in the aged, 3 mg/kg HBCD animals. These effects suggest that HBCD is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral impairments that emerge at different points in the lifespan following prenatal exposure.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},\\n\\tauthor = {Miller-Rhodes, Patrick and Popescu, Maria and Goeke, Calla and Tirabassi, Toni and Johnson, Lauren and Markowski, Vincent P.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Attention, behavior, Development, Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane, Prenatal exposure},\\n\\tpages = {34--43},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miller-Rhodes, P.\",\"Popescu, M.\",\"Goeke, C.\",\"Tirabassi, T.\",\"Johnson, L.\",\"Markowski, V. P.\"],\"key\":\"miller-rhodes_prenatal_2014\",\"id\":\"miller-rhodes_prenatal_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"millerrhodes-popescu-goeke-tirabassi-johnson-markowski-prenatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdimpairsmeasuresofsustainedattentionandincreasesagerelatedmorbidityinthelongevansrat-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378\"},\"keyword\":[\"Attention\",\"behavior\",\"Development\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Prenatal exposure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impaired Lipid and Glucose Homeostasis in Hexabromocyclododecane-Exposed Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1307421\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-11\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yanagisawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koike\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Win-Shwe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tin-Tin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamamoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hirohisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yanagisawa_impaired_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Impaired {Lipid} and {Glucose} {Homeostasis} in {Hexabromocyclododecane}-{Exposed} {Mice} {Fed} a {High}-{Fat} {Diet}},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1307421},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Yanagisawa, Rie and Koike, Eiko and Win-Shwe, Tin-Tin and Yamamoto, Megumi and Takano, Hirohisa},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yanagisawa, R.\",\"Koike, E.\",\"Win-Shwe, T.\",\"Yamamoto, M.\",\"Takano, H.\"],\"key\":\"yanagisawa_impaired_2014\",\"id\":\"yanagisawa_impaired_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yanagisawa-koike-winshwe-yamamoto-takano-impairedlipidandglucosehomeostasisinhexabromocyclododecaneexposedmicefedahighfatdiet-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in Japan.\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Masahiro\",\"Osako\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Jin\",\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"1571–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{masahiro_osako_leaching_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in {Japan}.},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Masahiro Osako, Yong-Jin Kim},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {1571--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Masahiro Osako, Y. K.\"],\"key\":\"masahiro_osako_leaching_2005\",\"id\":\"masahiro_osako_leaching_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"masahiroosako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"HBCD and TBBPA in particulate phase of indoor air in Shenzhen, China\",\"volume\":\"458-460\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.003\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α, β, and γ-HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in air conditioning filter dust (designated as particulate phase of indoor air, PPIA) collected from an office building in Shenzhen, China in 2009. Concentrations of ΣHBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) ranged from 652 to 122, 973 ng/g in PPIA. Generally, γ-HBCD was the most abundant diastereomer. Concentrations of TBBPA ranged from 30 to 59, 140 ng/g in PPIA. According to our results, approximate 61.9 pg/kg body weight/day (pg/kg/d) PM2.5 bound ΣHBCD can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 31.3 pg/kg/d PM10 bound ΣHBCD tends to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system, and those values of TBBPA were 28.7 pg/kg/d and 14.5 pg/kg/d for the lower and upper respiratory tracts, respectively. The average intakes of ΣHBCD via dust inhalation and ingestion were 37.92 pg/kg/d and 2, 079 pg/kg/d for adults, and those data of TBBPA were 17.62 pg/kg/d and 966.2 pg/kg/d, respectively. Our research found that exposure via indoor dust inhalation and ingestion contributed more than dietary pathway. Sensitivity analysis result suggests that the concentration of HBCD and TBBPA is the most significant parameter governing estimated results, and the other parameters, such as body weight and inhalation rate, do not affect the outcome much.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong-Gang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zeng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23639907\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Air Conditioning, Air Pollution, Indoor, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Inhalation Exposure, Particle size, Particulate Matter, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Sensitivity and Specificity\",\"pages\":\"15–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ni_hbcd_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {{HBCD} and {TBBPA} in particulate phase of indoor air in {Shenzhen}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {458-460},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α, β, and γ-HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in air conditioning filter dust (designated as particulate phase of indoor air, PPIA) collected from an office building in Shenzhen, China in 2009. Concentrations of ΣHBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) ranged from 652 to 122, 973 ng/g in PPIA. Generally, γ-HBCD was the most abundant diastereomer. Concentrations of TBBPA ranged from 30 to 59, 140 ng/g in PPIA. According to our results, approximate 61.9 pg/kg body weight/day (pg/kg/d) PM2.5 bound ΣHBCD can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 31.3 pg/kg/d PM10 bound ΣHBCD tends to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system, and those values of TBBPA were 28.7 pg/kg/d and 14.5 pg/kg/d for the lower and upper respiratory tracts, respectively. The average intakes of ΣHBCD via dust inhalation and ingestion were 37.92 pg/kg/d and 2, 079 pg/kg/d for adults, and those data of TBBPA were 17.62 pg/kg/d and 966.2 pg/kg/d, respectively. Our research found that exposure via indoor dust inhalation and ingestion contributed more than dietary pathway. Sensitivity analysis result suggests that the concentration of HBCD and TBBPA is the most significant parameter governing estimated results, and the other parameters, such as body weight and inhalation rate, do not affect the outcome much.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Ni, Hong-Gang and Zeng, Hui},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23639907},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Conditioning, Air Pollution, Indoor, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Inhalation Exposure, Particle size, Particulate Matter, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Sensitivity and Specificity},\\n\\tpages = {15--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ni, H.\",\"Zeng, H.\"],\"key\":\"ni_hbcd_2013\",\"id\":\"ni_hbcd_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ni-zeng-hbcdandtbbpainparticulatephaseofindoorairinshenzhenchina-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Air Conditioning\",\"Air Pollution\",\"Indoor\",\"China\",\"Cities\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Brominated\",\"Inhalation Exposure\",\"Particle size\",\"Particulate Matter\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Sensitivity and Specificity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"The State-of-Science and Trends of BFRs in the Environment\",\"title\":\"An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a variety of consumer products and several of those are produced in large quantities. These compounds have been detected in environmental samples, which can be attributed to the anthropogenic uses of these compounds. Brominated flame retardants are produced via direct bromination of organic molecules or via addition of bromine to alkenes; hence, an overview of the production and usage of bromine over the past three decades is covered. Production, application, and environmental occurrence of high production brominated flame retardants including Tetrabromobisphenol A, polybrominated biphenyls, Penta-, Octa-, Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (oxide) formulation and hexabromocyclododecane are discussed.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-08\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arias\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pedro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Application, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A, Usage\",\"pages\":\"683–689\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{alaee_overview_2003,\\n\\tseries = {The {State}-of-{Science} and {Trends} of {BFRs} in the {Environment}},\\n\\ttitle = {An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a variety of consumer products and several of those are produced in large quantities. These compounds have been detected in environmental samples, which can be attributed to the anthropogenic uses of these compounds. Brominated flame retardants are produced via direct bromination of organic molecules or via addition of bromine to alkenes; hence, an overview of the production and usage of bromine over the past three decades is covered. Production, application, and environmental occurrence of high production brominated flame retardants including Tetrabromobisphenol A, polybrominated biphenyls, Penta-, Octa-, Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (oxide) formulation and hexabromocyclododecane are discussed.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-08},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Alaee, Mehran and Arias, Pedro and Sjödin, Andreas and Bergman, Åke},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Application, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A, Usage},\\n\\tpages = {683--689},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Alaee, M.\",\"Arias, P.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Bergman, Å.\"],\"key\":\"alaee_overview_2003\",\"id\":\"alaee_overview_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"alaee-arias-sjdin-bergman-anoverviewofcommerciallyusedbrominatedflameretardantstheirapplicationstheirusepatternsindifferentcountriesregionsandpossiblemodesofrelease-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211\"},\"keyword\":[\"Application\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Tetrabromobisphenol A\",\"Usage\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain)\",\"volume\":\"444\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\",\"abstract\":\"The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ginebreda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23262324\",\"keywords\":\"Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid\",\"pages\":\"51–59\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gorga_determination_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},\\n\\tvolume = {444},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\\n\\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23262324},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},\\n\\tpages = {51--59},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gorga, M.\",\"Martínez, E.\",\"Ginebreda, A.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\"],\"key\":\"gorga_determination_2013-1-1-1\",\"id\":\"gorga_determination_2013-1-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Chromatography\",\"Liquid\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Brominated\",\"Polybrominated Biphenyls\",\"Quality Control\",\"Sewage\",\"Spain\",\"Tandem Mass Spectrometry\",\"Waste Disposal\",\"Fluid\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment–trends and new candidates\",\"volume\":\"408\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pmid\":\"19815253\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental pollutants, Fishes, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Invertebrates, Mammals, Seawater, Soil, Time\",\"pages\":\"2885–2918\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_wit_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Arctic} environment--trends and new candidates},\\n\\tvolume = {408},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A. and Herzke, Dorte and Vorkamp, Katrin},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpmid = {19815253},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental pollutants, Fishes, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Invertebrates, Mammals, Seawater, Soil, Time},\\n\\tpages = {2885--2918},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"de Wit, C. A.\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Vorkamp, K.\"],\"key\":\"de_wit_brominated_2010\",\"id\":\"de_wit_brominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Arctic Regions\",\"Atmosphere\",\"Birds\",\"Environmental Monitoring\",\"Environmental Pollution\",\"Environmental pollutants\",\"Fishes\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Fresh Water\",\"Geologic Sediments\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Hydrocarbons\",\"Brominated\",\"Invertebrates\",\"Mammals\",\"Seawater\",\"Soil\",\"Time\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"1040-8444\",\"shorttitle\":\"Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides\",\"url\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\",\"doi\":\"10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\",\"abstract\":\"Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-06\",\"journal\":\"Critical Reviews in Toxicology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\",\"Mackenzie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McManus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mason\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oliver\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"21–44\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ross_neurobehavioral_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {1040-8444},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides},\\n\\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\\n\\tabstract = {Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-06},\\n\\tjournal = {Critical Reviews in Toxicology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ross, Sarah Mackenzie and McManus, I. C. and Harrison, Virginia and Mason, Oliver},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {21--44},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ross, S. M.\",\"McManus, I. C.\",\"Harrison, V.\",\"Mason, O.\"],\"key\":\"ross_neurobehavioral_2012-1\",\"id\":\"ross_neurobehavioral_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Evaluation of the Association between Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Diabetes in Epidemiological Studies: A National Toxicology Program Workshop Review\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"shorttitle\":\"Evaluation of the Association between Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Diabetes in Epidemiological Studies\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205502\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Taylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyla\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Novak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henry\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blystone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"DeVito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Köhrle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Josef\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duk-Hee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rylander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rignell-Hydbom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tornero-Velez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rogelio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boyles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abee\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thayer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lind\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"774–783\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{taylor_evaluation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Evaluation of the {Association} between {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({POPs}) and {Diabetes} in {Epidemiological} {Studies}: {A} {National} {Toxicology} {Program} {Workshop} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Evaluation of the {Association} between {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({POPs}) and {Diabetes} in {Epidemiological} {Studies}},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205502},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Taylor, Kyla W. and Novak, Raymond F. and Anderson, Henry A. and Birnbaum, Linda S. and Blystone, Chad and DeVito, Michael and Jacobs, David and Köhrle, Josef and Lee, Duk-Hee and Rylander, Lars and Rignell-Hydbom, Anna and Tornero-Velez, Rogelio and Turyk, Mary E. and Boyles, Abee L. and Thayer, Kristina A. and Lind, Lars},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {774--783},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Taylor, K. W.\",\"Novak, R. F.\",\"Anderson, H. A.\",\"Birnbaum, L. S.\",\"Blystone, C.\",\"DeVito, M.\",\"Jacobs, D.\",\"Köhrle, J.\",\"Lee, D.\",\"Rylander, L.\",\"Rignell-Hydbom, A.\",\"Tornero-Velez, R.\",\"Turyk, M. E.\",\"Boyles, A. L.\",\"Thayer, K. A.\",\"Lind, L.\"],\"key\":\"taylor_evaluation_2013\",\"id\":\"taylor_evaluation_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"taylor-novak-anderson-birnbaum-blystone-devito-jacobs-khrle-etal-evaluationoftheassociationbetweenpersistentorganicpollutantspopsanddiabetesinepidemiologicalstudiesanationaltoxicologyprogramworkshopreview-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Economic Costs of Diabetes: Is It Time for a New Treatment Paradigm?\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0149-5992, 1935-5548\",\"shorttitle\":\"The Economic Costs of Diabetes\",\"url\":\"http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775\",\"doi\":\"10.2337/dc13-0270\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-09-02\",\"journal\":\"Diabetes Care\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23520368\",\"pages\":\"775–776\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{herman_economic_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Economic} {Costs} of {Diabetes}: {Is} {It} {Time} for a {New} {Treatment} {Paradigm}?},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0149-5992, 1935-5548},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The {Economic} {Costs} of {Diabetes}},\\n\\turl = {http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2337/dc13-0270},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-09-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Diabetes Care},\\n\\tauthor = {Herman, William H.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23520368},\\n\\tpages = {775--776},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Herman, W. H.\"],\"key\":\"herman_economic_2013\",\"id\":\"herman_economic_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"herman-theeconomiccostsofdiabetesisittimeforanewtreatmentparadigm-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Gestational Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reciprocal Social, Repetitive, and Stereotypic Behaviors in 4- and 5-Year-Old Children: The HOME Study\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"shorttitle\":\"Gestational Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reciprocal Social, Repetitive, and Stereotypic Behaviors in 4- and 5-Year-Old Children\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1307261\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Braun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalkbrenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Just\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allan\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yolton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kimberly\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calafat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antonia\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Glenys\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aimin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lanphear\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{braun_gestational_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Gestational {Exposure} to {Endocrine}-{Disrupting} {Chemicals} and {Reciprocal} {Social}, {Repetitive}, and {Stereotypic} {Behaviors} in 4- and 5-{Year}-{Old} {Children}: {The} {HOME} {Study}},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Gestational {Exposure} to {Endocrine}-{Disrupting} {Chemicals} and {Reciprocal} {Social}, {Repetitive}, and {Stereotypic} {Behaviors} in 4- and 5-{Year}-{Old} {Children}},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1307261},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Braun, Joseph M. and Kalkbrenner, Amy E. and Just, Allan C. and Yolton, Kimberly and Calafat, Antonia M. and Sjödin, Andreas and Hauser, Russ and Webster, Glenys M. and Chen, Aimin and Lanphear, Bruce P.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Braun, J. M.\",\"Kalkbrenner, A. E.\",\"Just, A. C.\",\"Yolton, K.\",\"Calafat, A. M.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Hauser, R.\",\"Webster, G. M.\",\"Chen, A.\",\"Lanphear, B. P.\"],\"key\":\"braun_gestational_2014\",\"id\":\"braun_gestational_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"braun-kalkbrenner-just-yolton-calafat-sjdin-hauser-webster-etal-gestationalexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandreciprocalsocialrepetitiveandstereotypicbehaviorsin4and5yearoldchildrenthehomestudy-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to Hexabromocyclododecanes via Dust Ingestion, but not Diet, Correlates with Concentrations in Human Serum - Preliminary Results\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0900869\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{roosens_exposure_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to {Hexabromocyclododecanes} via {Dust} {Ingestion}, but not {Diet}, {Correlates} with {Concentrations} in {Human} {Serum} - {Preliminary} {Results}},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900869},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Roosens, Laurence and Abdallah, Mohamed and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roosens, L.\",\"Abdallah, M.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"roosens_exposure_2009\",\"id\":\"roosens_exposure_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roosens-abdallah-harrad-neels-covaci-exposuretohexabromocyclododecanesviadustingestionbutnotdietcorrelateswithconcentrationsinhumanserumpreliminaryresults-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rodent Thyroid, Liver, and Fetal Testis Toxicity of the Monoester Metabolite of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) Tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), a Novel Brominated Flame Retardant Present in Indoor Dust\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1204932\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Springer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cecilia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dere\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDonnell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roberts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Butt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlezinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boekelheide\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{springer_rodent_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Rodent {Thyroid}, {Liver}, and {Fetal} {Testis} {Toxicity} of the {Monoester} {Metabolite} of {Bis}-(2-ethylhexyl) {Tetrabromophthalate} ({TBPH}), a {Novel} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardant} {Present} in {Indoor} {Dust}},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1204932},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Springer, Cecilia and Dere, Edward and Hall, Susan J. and McDonnell, Elizabeth V. and Roberts, Simon C. and Butt, Craig and Stapleton, Heather M. and Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F. and Schlezinger, Jennifer J. and Boekelheide, Kim},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Springer, C.\",\"Dere, E.\",\"Hall, S. J.\",\"McDonnell, E. V.\",\"Roberts, S. C.\",\"Butt, C.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Watkins, D. J.\",\"McClean, M. D.\",\"Webster, T. F.\",\"Schlezinger, J. J.\",\"Boekelheide, K.\"],\"key\":\"springer_rodent_2012-1\",\"id\":\"springer_rodent_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal Exposure to PBDEs and Neurodevelopment\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901340\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herbstman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurzon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lederman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sally\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Virginia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niedzwiecki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederica\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pages\":\"712–719\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal {Exposure} to {PBDEs} and {Neurodevelopment}},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901340},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Herbstman, Julie B. and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A. and Jones, Richard S. and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L. and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y. and Perera, Frederica},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpages = {712--719},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Herbstman, J. B.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Kurzon, M.\",\"Lederman, S. A.\",\"Jones, R. S.\",\"Rauh, V.\",\"Needham, L. L.\",\"Tang, D.\",\"Niedzwiecki, M.\",\"Wang, R. Y.\",\"Perera, F.\"],\"key\":\"herbstman_prenatal_2010-1-1\",\"id\":\"herbstman_prenatal_2010-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1002874\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eskenazi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brenda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fenster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castorina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosemary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\",\"Goldman\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Armando\",\"Garcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lopez-Carillo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lizbeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"1442–1448\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Comparison} of {PBDE} {Serum} {Concentrations} in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} {Children} {Living} in {California}},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002874},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R. and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {1442--1448},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eskenazi, B.\",\"Fenster, L.\",\"Castorina, R.\",\"Marks, A. R.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Rosas, L. G.\",\"Holland, N.\",\"Guerra, A. G.\",\"Lopez-Carillo, L.\",\"Bradman, A.\"],\"key\":\"eskenazi_comparison_2011-1-1\",\"id\":\"eskenazi_comparison_2011-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal Exposure to Organohalogens, Including Brominated Flame Retardants, Influences Motor, Cognitive, and Behavioral Performance at School Age\",\"volume\":\"117\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901015\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elise\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meijer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisethe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bakker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Attie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Braeckel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koenraad\",\"N.J.A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pieter\",\"J.J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arend\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"1953–1958\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{roze_prenatal_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal {Exposure} to {Organohalogens}, {Including} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}, {Influences} {Motor}, {Cognitive}, and {Behavioral} {Performance} at {School} {Age}},\\n\\tvolume = {117},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901015},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Roze, Elise and Meijer, Lisethe and Bakker, Attie and Van Braeckel, Koenraad N.J.A. and Sauer, Pieter J.J. and Bos, Arend F.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {1953--1958},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Roze, E.\",\"Meijer, L.\",\"Bakker, A.\",\"Van Braeckel, K. N.\",\"Sauer, P. J.\",\"Bos, A. F.\"],\"key\":\"roze_prenatal_2009-1\",\"id\":\"roze_prenatal_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prenatal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Exposures and Neurodevelopment in U.S. Children through 5 Years of Age: The HOME Study\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"shorttitle\":\"Prenatal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Exposures and Neurodevelopment in U.S. Children through 5 Years of Age\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1307562\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-26\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aimin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yolton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kimberly\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Glenys\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hornung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dietrich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lanphear\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_prenatal_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Prenatal {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in {U}.{S}. {Children} through 5 {Years} of {Age}: {The} {HOME} {Study}},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Prenatal {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in {U}.{S}. {Children} through 5 {Years} of {Age}},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1307562},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-26},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Aimin and Yolton, Kimberly and Rauch, Stephen A. and Webster, Glenys M. and Hornung, Richard and Sjödin, Andreas and Dietrich, Kim N. and Lanphear, Bruce P.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, A.\",\"Yolton, K.\",\"Rauch, S. A.\",\"Webster, G. M.\",\"Hornung, R.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Dietrich, K. N.\",\"Lanphear, B. P.\"],\"key\":\"chen_prenatal_2014\",\"id\":\"chen_prenatal_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-yolton-rauch-webster-hornung-sjdin-dietrich-lanphear-prenatalpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposuresandneurodevelopmentinuschildrenthrough5yearsofagethehomestudy-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1\",\"abstract\":\"The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fishbein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lawrence\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1979\",\"pages\":\"111–161\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fishbein_potential_1979,\\n\\ttitle = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},\\n\\tabstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.\\n\\nThe major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Fishbein, Lawrence},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1979},\\n\\tpages = {111--161},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fishbein, L.\"],\"key\":\"fishbein_potential_1979-1-1\",\"id\":\"fishbein_potential_1979-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038\",\"abstract\":\"Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lithner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delilah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dave\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Göran\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity\",\"pages\":\"3309–3324\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lithner_environmental_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038},\\n\\tabstract = {Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Lithner, Delilah and Larsson, Åke and Dave, Göran},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {3309--3324},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lithner, D.\",\"Larsson, Å.\",\"Dave, G.\"],\"key\":\"lithner_environmental_2011-1\",\"id\":\"lithner_environmental_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\"},\"keyword\":[\"Environment\",\"Hazardous substances\",\"Health\",\"Plastic polymers\",\"Plastics\",\"Toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from Korea\",\"volume\":\"336\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.030\",\"abstract\":\"Analysis of blood samples is an effective way of evaluating contamination by persistent pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human population. Concentrations of PBDEs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were measured in the blood of laborers (n=13) working full time in two different municipal waste incinerator (MWI) plants and residents from the general population (n=22) living in areas near MWIs in Korea. The concentrations of PBDEs were found to be slightly higher in the blood of incineration workers (8.61–46.05 ng/g lipid; mean, 19.33 ng/g lipid; median, 15.94 ng/g lipid) in comparison to that of residents from the general population (7.24–28.89 ng/g lipid; mean, 15.06 ng/g lipid; median, 14.34 ng/g lipid). The total average PCDD/Fs and PCB TEQ concentration was 20.11 pg/g lipid, averaged over incineration workers (17.73 pg/g lipid) and the general population (21.52 pg/g lipid). In addition, the average total crude concentration of PCDD/Fs was 7.40 ng/g lipids, which was 4.1 times greater than for PBDEs. Congener specific analysis confirmed that BDE 47 was a predictive indicator for total PBDE concentration (correlation coefficient r=0.912), and that PCB 153 was a predictive indicator for total PCB concentration (r=0.967). The PBDE levels in human blood in Korea are much higher than those reported in other countries. The presence of the BDE 183 congener was characteristic in the blood of workers from an electronic dismantling facility in MWIs.\",\"number\":\"1–3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Byung-Hoon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikonomou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Se-Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hee-Sun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoon-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Human blood, Korea, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs\",\"pages\":\"45–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_concentrations_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from {Korea}},\\n\\tvolume = {336},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.030},\\n\\tabstract = {Analysis of blood samples is an effective way of evaluating contamination by persistent pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human population. Concentrations of PBDEs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were measured in the blood of laborers (n=13) working full time in two different municipal waste incinerator (MWI) plants and residents from the general population (n=22) living in areas near MWIs in Korea. The concentrations of PBDEs were found to be slightly higher in the blood of incineration workers (8.61–46.05 ng/g lipid; mean, 19.33 ng/g lipid; median, 15.94 ng/g lipid) in comparison to that of residents from the general population (7.24–28.89 ng/g lipid; mean, 15.06 ng/g lipid; median, 14.34 ng/g lipid). The total average PCDD/Fs and PCB TEQ concentration was 20.11 pg/g lipid, averaged over incineration workers (17.73 pg/g lipid) and the general population (21.52 pg/g lipid). In addition, the average total crude concentration of PCDD/Fs was 7.40 ng/g lipids, which was 4.1 times greater than for PBDEs. Congener specific analysis confirmed that BDE 47 was a predictive indicator for total PBDE concentration (correlation coefficient r=0.912), and that PCB 153 was a predictive indicator for total PCB concentration (r=0.967). The PBDE levels in human blood in Korea are much higher than those reported in other countries. The presence of the BDE 183 congener was characteristic in the blood of workers from an electronic dismantling facility in MWIs.},\\n\\tnumber = {1–3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Byung-Hoon and Ikonomou, Michael G. and Lee, Se-Jin and Kim, Hee-Sun and Chang, Yoon-Seok},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human blood, Korea, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs},\\n\\tpages = {45--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, B.\",\"Ikonomou, M. G.\",\"Lee, S.\",\"Kim, H.\",\"Chang, Y.\"],\"key\":\"kim_concentrations_2005\",\"id\":\"kim_concentrations_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-ikonomou-lee-kim-chang-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbloodsamplesfromkorea-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human blood\",\"Korea\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"PCDD/Fs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in indoor dust\",\"volume\":\"404\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.031\",\"abstract\":\"Human exposure to indoor dust enriched with endocrine-disrupting chemicals released from numerous indoor sources has been a focus of increasing concern. Longer residence times and elevated contaminant concentrations in the indoor environment may increase chances of exposure to these contaminants by 1000-fold compared to outdoor exposure. To investigate the occurrence of semi-volatile endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), phthalates, pyrethroids, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its metabolites, and chlordanes, indoor dust samples were collected from household vacuum cleaner bags provided by 10 apartments and 1 community hall in Davis, California, USA. Chemical analyses show that all indoor dust samples are highly contaminated by target analytes measured in the present study. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the most abundant (104–7630 µg/g) in all samples and higher than other target analytes by 2 to 6 orders of magnitude. PBDEs were also found at high concentrations (1780–25,200 ng/g). Although the use of PCBs has been banned or restricted for decades, some samples had PCBs at levels that are considered to be concerns for human health, indicating that the potential risk posed by PCBs still remains high in the indoor environment, probably due to a lack of dissipation processes and continuous release from the sources. Although the use of some PBDEs is being phased out in some parts of the U.S., this trend may apply to PBDEs as well. We can anticipate that exposure to PBDEs will continue as long as the general public keeps using existing household items such as sofas, mattresses, and carpets that contain PBDEs. This study provides additional information that indoor dust is highly contaminated by persistent and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hwang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyun-Min\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eun-Kee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hammock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Indoor dust, Insecticides, PBDEs, PCBs, Phthalates\",\"pages\":\"26–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hwang_occurrence_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in indoor dust},\\n\\tvolume = {404},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.031},\\n\\tabstract = {Human exposure to indoor dust enriched with endocrine-disrupting chemicals released from numerous indoor sources has been a focus of increasing concern. Longer residence times and elevated contaminant concentrations in the indoor environment may increase chances of exposure to these contaminants by 1000-fold compared to outdoor exposure. To investigate the occurrence of semi-volatile endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), phthalates, pyrethroids, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its metabolites, and chlordanes, indoor dust samples were collected from household vacuum cleaner bags provided by 10 apartments and 1 community hall in Davis, California, USA. Chemical analyses show that all indoor dust samples are highly contaminated by target analytes measured in the present study. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the most abundant (104–7630 µg/g) in all samples and higher than other target analytes by 2 to 6 orders of magnitude. PBDEs were also found at high concentrations (1780–25,200 ng/g). Although the use of PCBs has been banned or restricted for decades, some samples had PCBs at levels that are considered to be concerns for human health, indicating that the potential risk posed by PCBs still remains high in the indoor environment, probably due to a lack of dissipation processes and continuous release from the sources. Although the use of some PBDEs is being phased out in some parts of the U.S., this trend may apply to PBDEs as well. We can anticipate that exposure to PBDEs will continue as long as the general public keeps using existing household items such as sofas, mattresses, and carpets that contain PBDEs. This study provides additional information that indoor dust is highly contaminated by persistent and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Hwang, Hyun-Min and Park, Eun-Kee and Young, Thomas M. and Hammock, Bruce D.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Indoor dust, Insecticides, PBDEs, PCBs, Phthalates},\\n\\tpages = {26--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hwang, H.\",\"Park, E.\",\"Young, T. M.\",\"Hammock, B. D.\"],\"key\":\"hwang_occurrence_2008\",\"id\":\"hwang_occurrence_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hwang-park-young-hammock-occurrenceofendocrinedisruptingchemicalsinindoordust-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846\"},\"keyword\":[\"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Insecticides\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"Phthalates\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: An evaluation of the human health risks\",\"volume\":\"407\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019\",\"number\":\"18\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hover\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Banasik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harbison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Price\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Debra\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stedeford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"5194–5196\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hover_occurrence_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: {An} evaluation of the human health risks},\\n\\tvolume = {407},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Hover, Carl and Banasik, Marek and Harbison, Raymond D. and Hardy, Marcia and Price, Debra J. and Stedeford, Todd},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {5194--5196},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hover, C.\",\"Banasik, M.\",\"Harbison, R. D.\",\"Hardy, M.\",\"Price, D. J.\",\"Stedeford, T.\"],\"key\":\"hover_occurrence_2009-1\",\"id\":\"hover_occurrence_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — Missing links in EU chemical management\",\"volume\":\"435–436\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021\",\"abstract\":\"It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments. The primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals. The results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed. Only a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH. In summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Breitholtz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Magnus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rybacka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aleksandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive\",\"pages\":\"280–289\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{molander_are_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — {Missing} links in {EU} chemical management},\\n\\tvolume = {435–436},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021},\\n\\tabstract = {It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments.\\n\\nThe primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals.\\n\\nThe results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed.\\n\\nOnly a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH.\\n\\nIn summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Molander, Linda and Breitholtz, Magnus and Andersson, Patrik L. and Rybacka, Aleksandra and Rudén, Christina},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive},\\n\\tpages = {280--289},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Molander, L.\",\"Breitholtz, M.\",\"Andersson, P. L.\",\"Rybacka, A.\",\"Rudén, C.\"],\"key\":\"molander_are_2012-1\",\"id\":\"molander_are_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\"},\"keyword\":[\"Consumer articles\",\"EU environmental policy\",\"Priority substances\",\"REACH\",\"The Sewage Sludge Directive\",\"The Water Framework Directive\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in Shanghai, China: Levels, influencing factors and potential health risk for infants\",\"volume\":\"433\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in Shanghai, China\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.075\",\"abstract\":\"The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is increasing annually in China. Although several studies have reported significant contamination by these compounds in biological samples in China, little is known about the factors that may influence the levels of exposure and the potential health risk for infants. We investigated PBDE exposure levels in breast milk, its influencing factors and the potential health risk for infants in Shanghai, China by enrolling 48 healthy women between September 2006 and April 2007. PBDE exposure was assessed by analyses of seven PBDE congeners in breast milk. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by infants via breastfeeding was determined for evaluating the potential health risk for infants. The median (range) of total PBDE content in breast milk was 8.81 (1.92–41.55) ng/g lipid. 34 (71%) of the 48 samples tested positive for all seven congeners. Maternal education level and household monthly salary were positively associated with PBDE concentration in breast milk (r = 0.337, p = 0.019 and r = 0.436, p = 0.004, respectively). The median of estimated daily intake of BDE-99 (6.67 ng/kg/day) by infants via breastfeeding was below the human no adverse effect level (NAEL) set for BDE-99 for neurodevelopmental toxicity (18.8 ng/kg/day). However, 3 (6%) of the samples exceeded the human NAEL. Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk together with 6% of their EDI higher than NAEL in Shanghai, more studies on the effects of maternal PBDE exposure on fetal growth and child neurodevelopment are warranted.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ding\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wenwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaojin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Estimated daily intake, Influencing factors, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"331–335\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cui_polybrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in {Shanghai}, {China}: {Levels}, influencing factors and potential health risk for infants},\\n\\tvolume = {433},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in {Shanghai}, {China}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.075},\\n\\tabstract = {The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is increasing annually in China. Although several studies have reported significant contamination by these compounds in biological samples in China, little is known about the factors that may influence the levels of exposure and the potential health risk for infants. We investigated PBDE exposure levels in breast milk, its influencing factors and the potential health risk for infants in Shanghai, China by enrolling 48 healthy women between September 2006 and April 2007. PBDE exposure was assessed by analyses of seven PBDE congeners in breast milk. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by infants via breastfeeding was determined for evaluating the potential health risk for infants. The median (range) of total PBDE content in breast milk was 8.81 (1.92–41.55) ng/g lipid. 34 (71\\\\%) of the 48 samples tested positive for all seven congeners. Maternal education level and household monthly salary were positively associated with PBDE concentration in breast milk (r = 0.337, p = 0.019 and r = 0.436, p = 0.004, respectively). The median of estimated daily intake of BDE-99 (6.67 ng/kg/day) by infants via breastfeeding was below the human no adverse effect level (NAEL) set for BDE-99 for neurodevelopmental toxicity (18.8 ng/kg/day). However, 3 (6\\\\%) of the samples exceeded the human NAEL. Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk together with 6\\\\% of their EDI higher than NAEL in Shanghai, more studies on the effects of maternal PBDE exposure on fetal growth and child neurodevelopment are warranted.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Cui, Chang and Tian, Ying and Zhang, Lin and Gao, Yu and Jin, Jun and Wang, Pei and Ding, Wenwei and Wang, Xiaojin and Shi, Rong and Wang, Ying},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Estimated daily intake, Influencing factors, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {331--335},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cui, C.\",\"Tian, Y.\",\"Zhang, L.\",\"Gao, Y.\",\"Jin, J.\",\"Wang, P.\",\"Ding, W.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Shi, R.\",\"Wang, Y.\"],\"key\":\"cui_polybrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"cui_polybrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cui-tian-zhang-gao-jin-wang-ding-wang-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersexposureinbreastmilkinshanghaichinalevelsinfluencingfactorsandpotentialhealthriskforinfants-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Estimated daily intake\",\"Influencing factors\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their relationships with thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China\",\"volume\":\"466–467\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.008\",\"abstract\":\"This study was conducted to determine the human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and then clarify the relationships between that and the disruption of thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China. Between November 2010 and May 2011, 124 serum samples were obtained from volunteers from the provinces of Shanxi and Liaoning. Serum samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed for BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209 by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The median concentration of the total PBDEs was 7.2 ng/g lipid weights (lw); concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 160.3 ng/g lw. The PBDE profiles in this study differed from those of other general populations. BDE-209 was the most abundant congener (median, 5.0 ng/g lw; range, non-detected — 157.1 ng/g lw), accounting for more than 75% of the total PBDEs, followed by BDE-153. The total PBDE concentrations in men were significantly higher as compared to women. The donors' age was correlated with a few PBDE congeners, but was not correlated with the total PBDE concentrations. The overall level of PBDEs in this study was lower than that observed in general populations in Southern China, Europe, and North America. There were apparent correlations between concentrations of several PBDE congeners and thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) was correlated with BDE-99 and 209 and inversely correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, 153, 183, and the summed tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners (∑3–7PBDEs). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, and 183 and inversely correlated with BDE-99. No correlation between free tetraidothyronine (FT4) and PBDEs was observed. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that those with higher levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153 had significantly lower odds of having T3 levels above the normal range compared to those with lower levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153. Association between FT4 and BDE-153 disappeared after controlling for sex and age. However, there was no significant association between TSH and PBDEs. The results of the present study showed that even at a relatively low level, PBDEs might interfere with the thyroid hormone levels in the general population.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Feifei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuxin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Blood, Body burden, Free tetraidothyronine (FT4), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3)\",\"pages\":\"609–615\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huang_human_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {The human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their relationships with thyroid hormones in the general population in {Northern} {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {466–467},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.008},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was conducted to determine the human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and then clarify the relationships between that and the disruption of thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China. Between November 2010 and May 2011, 124 serum samples were obtained from volunteers from the provinces of Shanxi and Liaoning. Serum samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed for BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209 by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The median concentration of the total PBDEs was 7.2 ng/g lipid weights (lw); concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 160.3 ng/g lw. The PBDE profiles in this study differed from those of other general populations. BDE-209 was the most abundant congener (median, 5.0 ng/g lw; range, non-detected — 157.1 ng/g lw), accounting for more than 75\\\\% of the total PBDEs, followed by BDE-153. The total PBDE concentrations in men were significantly higher as compared to women. The donors' age was correlated with a few PBDE congeners, but was not correlated with the total PBDE concentrations. The overall level of PBDEs in this study was lower than that observed in general populations in Southern China, Europe, and North America. There were apparent correlations between concentrations of several PBDE congeners and thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) was correlated with BDE-99 and 209 and inversely correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, 153, 183, and the summed tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners (∑3–7PBDEs). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, and 183 and inversely correlated with BDE-99. No correlation between free tetraidothyronine (FT4) and PBDEs was observed. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that those with higher levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153 had significantly lower odds of having T3 levels above the normal range compared to those with lower levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153. Association between FT4 and BDE-153 disappeared after controlling for sex and age. However, there was no significant association between TSH and PBDEs. The results of the present study showed that even at a relatively low level, PBDEs might interfere with the thyroid hormone levels in the general population.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Huang, Feifei and Wen, Sheng and Li, Jingguang and Zhong, Yuxin and Zhao, Yunfeng and Wu, Yongning},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood, Body burden, Free tetraidothyronine (FT4), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3)},\\n\\tpages = {609--615},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huang, F.\",\"Wen, S.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Zhong, Y.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"huang_human_2014\",\"id\":\"huang_human_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huang-wen-li-zhong-zhao-wu-thehumanbodyburdenofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesinthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood\",\"Body burden\",\"Free tetraidothyronine (FT4)\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)\",\"Triiodothyronine (T3)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood samples from Mexico City, Mexico\",\"volume\":\"472\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059\",\"abstract\":\"Studies in Mexico have demonstrated exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in people living in different sites through the country. However, studies evaluating exposure to POPs in people living in Mexico City (one of most contaminated places in the world) are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood as exposure biomarkers in people living in Mexico City. A total of 123 participants (blood donors aged 20–60 years) were recruited during 2010 in Mexico City. Quantitative analyses of blood samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Levels of the assessed compounds ranged from non-detectable (&lt; LOD) to 350 ng/g lipid; from 8.20 to 91.0 ng/g lipid and from &lt; LOD to 34.0 ng/g lipid for total PBDEs, total PCBs and total DDT, respectively. The current study indicates POP exposure in the people assessed and highlights the need for further biomonitoring studies of these POPs in the region. In this regard, biomonitoring of toxins on a global scale may be the first step towards the prevention of toxin-induced illnesses in the population.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Orta-García\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pérez-Vázquez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francisco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"González-Vega\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carolina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Varela-Silva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Antonio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hernández-González\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lidia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pérez-Maldonado\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iván\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Biomonitoring, Mexico, PBDEs, PCBs, POPs, p,p′-DDE\",\"pages\":\"496–501\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{orta-garcia_concentrations_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human blood samples from {Mexico} {City}, {Mexico}},\\n\\tvolume = {472},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059},\\n\\tabstract = {Studies in Mexico have demonstrated exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in people living in different sites through the country. However, studies evaluating exposure to POPs in people living in Mexico City (one of most contaminated places in the world) are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood as exposure biomarkers in people living in Mexico City. A total of 123 participants (blood donors aged 20–60 years) were recruited during 2010 in Mexico City. Quantitative analyses of blood samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Levels of the assessed compounds ranged from non-detectable (\\\\&lt; LOD) to 350 ng/g lipid; from 8.20 to 91.0 ng/g lipid and from \\\\&lt; LOD to 34.0 ng/g lipid for total PBDEs, total PCBs and total DDT, respectively. The current study indicates POP exposure in the people assessed and highlights the need for further biomonitoring studies of these POPs in the region. In this regard, biomonitoring of toxins on a global scale may be the first step towards the prevention of toxin-induced illnesses in the population.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Orta-García, Sandra and Pérez-Vázquez, Francisco and González-Vega, Carolina and Varela-Silva, José Antonio and Hernández-González, Lidia and Pérez-Maldonado, Iván},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biomonitoring, Mexico, PBDEs, PCBs, POPs, p,p′-DDE},\\n\\tpages = {496--501},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Orta-García, S.\",\"Pérez-Vázquez, F.\",\"González-Vega, C.\",\"Varela-Silva, J. A.\",\"Hernández-González, L.\",\"Pérez-Maldonado, I.\"],\"key\":\"orta-garcia_concentrations_2014\",\"id\":\"orta-garcia_concentrations_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ortagarca-prezvzquez-gonzlezvega-varelasilva-hernndezgonzlez-prezmaldonado-concentrationsofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanbloodsamplesfrommexicocitymexico-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biomonitoring\",\"Mexico\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"POPs\",\"p\",\"p′-DDE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China\",\"volume\":\"482–483\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008\",\"abstract\":\"Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"He\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Songjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingyuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yiming\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample\",\"pages\":\"276–282\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wang_concentrations_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {482–483},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008},\\n\\tabstract = {Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Wang, Ying and Xu, Meng and Jin, Jun and He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Sun, Yiming},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample},\\n\\tpages = {276--282},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wang, Y.\",\"Xu, M.\",\"Jin, J.\",\"He, S.\",\"Li, M.\",\"Sun, Y.\"],\"key\":\"wang_concentrations_2014-1\",\"id\":\"wang_concentrations_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Correlation\",\"Halogenated persistent organic compound\",\"Pooled human serum sample\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China: Temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment\",\"volume\":\"497–498\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034\",\"abstract\":\"To investigate the temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and assess the risks to breast- and formula-fed infants, breast milk and infant formula samples were collected from Shanghai, China. The PBDE concentrations decreased from 14.8 to 4.85 pmol/g lipid weight during 2006–2012, with a rate of decrease by half approximately every four years. Although there were no significant correlations between the total PBDEs in breast milk and age, parity, and pre-pregnant BMI of mothers, there were significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers for tri- to hepta-BDEs. PBDEs in breast milk were much higher than those in infant formula (equivalent to 91.9 vs. 5.25 pg/mL). Among the different brand infant formulas, there were no significant differences in their PBDE concentrations. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast- and formula-fed infants suggested that breast-fed infants are exposed to much more PBDEs than formula-fed ones (12.9 vs. 0.72 ng/kg-bw/day). However, the hazard quotient values were much smaller than one, indicating that the ingested PBDEs did not exert obvious adverse effects on both breast- and formula-fed infants considering non-carcinogenic effect endpoint. This is the first report on temporal trend of PBDEs in breast milk from China.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaolan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaiqiong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bingli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiangming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yingxin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Daily intake, Human milk, Infant formula, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Risk assessment\",\"pages\":\"508–515\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_polybrominated_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from {Shanghai}, {China}: {Temporal} trends, daily intake, and risk assessment},\\n\\tvolume = {497–498},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from {Shanghai}, {China}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034},\\n\\tabstract = {To investigate the temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and assess the risks to breast- and formula-fed infants, breast milk and infant formula samples were collected from Shanghai, China. The PBDE concentrations decreased from 14.8 to 4.85 pmol/g lipid weight during 2006–2012, with a rate of decrease by half approximately every four years. Although there were no significant correlations between the total PBDEs in breast milk and age, parity, and pre-pregnant BMI of mothers, there were significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers for tri- to hepta-BDEs. PBDEs in breast milk were much higher than those in infant formula (equivalent to 91.9 vs. 5.25 pg/mL). Among the different brand infant formulas, there were no significant differences in their PBDE concentrations. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast- and formula-fed infants suggested that breast-fed infants are exposed to much more PBDEs than formula-fed ones (12.9 vs. 0.72 ng/kg-bw/day). However, the hazard quotient values were much smaller than one, indicating that the ingested PBDEs did not exert obvious adverse effects on both breast- and formula-fed infants considering non-carcinogenic effect endpoint. This is the first report on temporal trend of PBDEs in breast milk from China.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Xiaolan and Zhang, Kaiqiong and Yang, Dan and Ma, Li and Lei, Bingli and Zhang, Xinyu and Zhou, Jing and Fang, Xiangming and Yu, Yingxin},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Daily intake, Human milk, Infant formula, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Risk assessment},\\n\\tpages = {508--515},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, X.\",\"Zhang, K.\",\"Yang, D.\",\"Ma, L.\",\"Lei, B.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Zhou, J.\",\"Fang, X.\",\"Yu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_polybrominated_2014\",\"id\":\"zhang_polybrominated_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-zhang-yang-ma-lei-zhang-zhou-fang-etal-polybrominatedbiphenylethersinbreastmilkandinfantformulafromshanghaichinatemporaltrendsdailyintakeandriskassessment-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017\"},\"keyword\":[\"Daily intake\",\"Human milk\",\"Infant formula\",\"Polybrominated biphenyl ethers\",\"Risk assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men\",\"volume\":\"407\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030\",\"abstract\":\"Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Camann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Flame retardants, Human, Male\",\"pages\":\"3425–3429\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meeker_polybrominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men},\\n\\tvolume = {407},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030},\\n\\tabstract = {Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100\\\\% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67\\\\% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Meeker, John D. and Johnson, Paula I. and Camann, David and Hauser, Russ},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Flame retardants, Human, Male},\\n\\tpages = {3425--3429},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meeker, J. D.\",\"Johnson, P. I.\",\"Camann, D.\",\"Hauser, R.\"],\"key\":\"meeker_polybrominated_2009-1\",\"id\":\"meeker_polybrominated_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710\"},\"keyword\":[\"Endocrine disruption\",\"Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human\",\"Male\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin2013, Daegu/Korea)\",\"title\":\"Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques\",\"volume\":\"491–492\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127\",\"abstract\":\"An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60% to 118%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3% to 23%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinghua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubwabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cariton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rasmussen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pat\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585\",\"pages\":\"80–86\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fan_simultaneous_2014,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\\n\\ttitle = {Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques},\\n\\tvolume = {491–492},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127},\\n\\tabstract = {An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60\\\\% to 118\\\\%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3\\\\% to 23\\\\%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat E. and Wu, Fang},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585},\\n\\tpages = {80--86},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fan, X.\",\"Kubwabo, C.\",\"Rasmussen, P. E.\",\"Wu, F.\"],\"key\":\"fan_simultaneous_2014-1\",\"id\":\"fan_simultaneous_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust sampling\",\"Multiple reaction monitoring\",\"Organophosphate esters\",\"Positive ion chemical ionization\",\"Standard reference material 2585\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid\",\"volume\":\"417–418\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337–21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chernyak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergei\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Batterman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loch-Caruso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rita\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Amniotic fluid, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Pregnancy\",\"pages\":\"294–298\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{miller_concentrations_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid},\\n\\tvolume = {417–418},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337–21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6\\\\%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Miller, Mark F. and Chernyak, Sergei M. and Domino, Steven E. and Batterman, Stuart A. and Loch-Caruso, Rita},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amniotic fluid, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Pregnancy},\\n\\tpages = {294--298},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miller, M. F.\",\"Chernyak, S. M.\",\"Domino, S. E.\",\"Batterman, S. A.\",\"Loch-Caruso, R.\"],\"key\":\"miller_concentrations_2012-1\",\"id\":\"miller_concentrations_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amniotic fluid\",\"Human exposure\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"Pregnancy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in Korea\",\"volume\":\"443\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.099\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in commonly consumed seafood and house dust collected from Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs in seafood and house dust samples were in the ranges of 0.06 to 6.25 ng/g wet weight and 80 to 16,000 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Predominant congeners in seafood were BDEs 47, 99 and 100 and those in dust samples were BDE 209. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs through seafood consumption and dust ingestion for adults (&gt; 20 years) and toddlers (&lt; 2 years) were 1.83 and 11.4 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. In comparison with the EDIs reported for PBDEs by general population in several countries, the contribution of seafood consumption to PBDE intake in Korea was the highest. Seafood consumption and dust ingestion contributed equally to the total PBDE intakes in Korean adults, while dust ingestion was the major contributor to toddlers. This study was the first to assess exposure of humans to PBDEs through two major exposure pathways.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sunggyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyo-Bang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Dust ingestion, Estimated daily intake, Exposure pathway, Flame retardants, General population, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"24–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_assessment_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in {Korea}},\\n\\tvolume = {443},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.099},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in commonly consumed seafood and house dust collected from Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs in seafood and house dust samples were in the ranges of 0.06 to 6.25 ng/g wet weight and 80 to 16,000 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Predominant congeners in seafood were BDEs 47, 99 and 100 and those in dust samples were BDE 209. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs through seafood consumption and dust ingestion for adults (\\\\&gt; 20 years) and toddlers (\\\\&lt; 2 years) were 1.83 and 11.4 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. In comparison with the EDIs reported for PBDEs by general population in several countries, the contribution of seafood consumption to PBDE intake in Korea was the highest. Seafood consumption and dust ingestion contributed equally to the total PBDE intakes in Korean adults, while dust ingestion was the major contributor to toddlers. This study was the first to assess exposure of humans to PBDEs through two major exposure pathways.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Sunggyu and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Moon, Hyo-Bang},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust ingestion, Estimated daily intake, Exposure pathway, Flame retardants, General population, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {24--30},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, S.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Moon, H.\"],\"key\":\"lee_assessment_2013\",\"id\":\"lee_assessment_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-kannan-moon-assessmentofexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesviaseafoodconsumptionanddustingestioninkorea-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust ingestion\",\"Estimated daily intake\",\"Exposure pathway\",\"Flame retardants\",\"General population\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Current concentrations, temporal trends and determinants of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk of New Zealand women\",\"volume\":\"458–460\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.055\",\"abstract\":\"Breast milk samples of 39 first time mothers aged 20–30 were collected in 2007–2010 from rural and urban areas of New Zealand, following the fourth World Health Organization coordinated survey protocol. Samples were individually analysed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The lipid adjusted concentrations of PCDD/Fs (mean toxic equivalent (TEQ): 3.54 pg/g) and PCBs (mean TEQ 1.29 pg/g) were low in comparison to those reported for other countries, and concentrations of dieldrin (10 ng/g) and p,p′-DDE (379 ng/g) and PBDEs were in the mid-range. Breast milk concentrations of PCDD/F-TEQ, PCB-TEQ, dieldrin and p,p′-DDE were significantly higher in rural compared to urban areas (+ 23%, 33%, 59%, and 44% respectively), while concentrations of several PBDEs and lindane were higher in urban areas. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and OCPs, but not PBDEs, increased with age, and higher body mass index was associated with lower concentrations of PCBs. Despite New Zealand's low body burdens of many chlorinated POPs in comparison to other countries, breast milk concentrations continued to decrease over time, with a decrease by half over the last 10 years for PCDD/F-TEQ (− 40%), PCB-TEQ (− 54%) and OCPs − 34 to − 90%), indicating that regulatory measures continue to have beneficial effects. Continued monitoring is needed particularly for the brominated POPs for which little New Zealand specific data is available.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mannetje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\",\"'t\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coakley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bridgen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brooks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Collin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Allan\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pearce\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Douwes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeroen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human milk, New Zealand, Organochlorine pesticides, Persistent organic pollutants\",\"pages\":\"399–407\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mannetje_current_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Current concentrations, temporal trends and determinants of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk of {New} {Zealand} women},\\n\\tvolume = {458–460},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.055},\\n\\tabstract = {Breast milk samples of 39 first time mothers aged 20–30 were collected in 2007–2010 from rural and urban areas of New Zealand, following the fourth World Health Organization coordinated survey protocol. Samples were individually analysed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The lipid adjusted concentrations of PCDD/Fs (mean toxic equivalent (TEQ): 3.54 pg/g) and PCBs (mean TEQ 1.29 pg/g) were low in comparison to those reported for other countries, and concentrations of dieldrin (10 ng/g) and p,p′-DDE (379 ng/g) and PBDEs were in the mid-range. Breast milk concentrations of PCDD/F-TEQ, PCB-TEQ, dieldrin and p,p′-DDE were significantly higher in rural compared to urban areas (+ 23\\\\%, 33\\\\%, 59\\\\%, and 44\\\\% respectively), while concentrations of several PBDEs and lindane were higher in urban areas. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and OCPs, but not PBDEs, increased with age, and higher body mass index was associated with lower concentrations of PCBs. Despite New Zealand's low body burdens of many chlorinated POPs in comparison to other countries, breast milk concentrations continued to decrease over time, with a decrease by half over the last 10 years for PCDD/F-TEQ (− 40\\\\%), PCB-TEQ (− 54\\\\%) and OCPs − 34 to − 90\\\\%), indicating that regulatory measures continue to have beneficial effects. Continued monitoring is needed particularly for the brominated POPs for which little New Zealand specific data is available.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Mannetje, Andrea 't and Coakley, Jonathan and Bridgen, Phil and Brooks, Collin and Harrad, Stuart and Smith, Allan H. and Pearce, Neil and Douwes, Jeroen},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human milk, New Zealand, Organochlorine pesticides, Persistent organic pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {399--407},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mannetje, A. '.\",\"Coakley, J.\",\"Bridgen, P.\",\"Brooks, C.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Smith, A. H.\",\"Pearce, N.\",\"Douwes, J.\"],\"key\":\"mannetje_current_2013\",\"id\":\"mannetje_current_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mannetje-coakley-bridgen-brooks-harrad-smith-pearce-douwes-currentconcentrationstemporaltrendsanddeterminantsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilkofnewzealandwomen-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Human milk\",\"New Zealand\",\"Organochlorine pesticides\",\"Persistent organic pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China\",\"volume\":\"452–453\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038\",\"abstract\":\"Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from &lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from &lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhixiong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jiao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhiwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xianqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinfang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A\",\"pages\":\"10–18\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shi_levels_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {452–453},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},\\n\\tabstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \\\\&lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \\\\&lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A},\\n\\tpages = {10--18},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shi, Z.\",\"Jiao, Y.\",\"Hu, Y.\",\"Sun, Z.\",\"Zhou, X.\",\"Feng, J.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"shi_levels_2013-1-1\",\"id\":\"shi_levels_2013-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\"},\"keyword\":[\"Estimated daily intake\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Human milk\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Tetrabromobisphenol A\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings\",\"volume\":\"461–462\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044\",\"abstract\":\"This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) &gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) &gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) &lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were &lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed ~ 5% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (&gt; 80%) of OCPs ranged from &lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), &lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eqani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Syed\",\"Ali\",\"Musstjab\",\"Akber\",\"Shah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Riffat\",\"Naseem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum\",\"pages\":\"655–662\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in human serum of mothers and children from {Pakistan} with urban and rural residential settings},\\n\\tvolume = {461–462},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044},\\n\\tabstract = {This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) \\\\&gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) \\\\&gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) \\\\&lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (\\\\&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were \\\\&lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed {\\\\textasciitilde} 5\\\\% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (\\\\&gt; 80\\\\%) of OCPs ranged from \\\\&lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), \\\\&lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p \\\\&lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p \\\\&lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum},\\n\\tpages = {655--662},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.\",\"Malik, R. N.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_organohalogenated_2013-1-1\",\"id\":\"ali_organohalogenated_2013-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\"},\"keyword\":[\"Children\",\"Mothers\",\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs)\",\"Pakistan\",\"Serum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 1: Levels and profiles\",\"volume\":\"414\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 1\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016\",\"abstract\":\"Indoor air (gas and particle phase) and dust samples were collected from 10 houses, 44 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, 17 new cars and two car dealership halls from Stockholm, Sweden, and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Median ΣPBDE concentrations in air were 330, 58, 4000, 14 000 and 510 pg/m3 in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. Median ΣPBDE concentrations in dust were 510, 1400, 1200, 1200 and 1400 ng/g in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. HBCD was detected in most dust samples (median range, 45–340 ng/g) but only in a few air samples (median range, &lt; 1.6–2.0 pg/m3). For all microenvironments, the brominated flame retardant (BFR) found in highest concentration in air was ΣDecaBDE, primarily BDE-209, followed by ΣPentaBDE, and in dust, ΣDecaBDE, followed by HBCD (offices, day care centers, cars) or ΣPentaBDE (houses, apartments). Positive correlations were found between matched air and dust samples for ΣPentaBDE, but not for ΣDecaBDE.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thuresson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Björklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justina\",\"Awasum\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, House dust, Indoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ether\",\"pages\":\"713–721\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thuresson_tri-decabrominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 1: {Levels} and profiles},\\n\\tvolume = {414},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 1},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016},\\n\\tabstract = {Indoor air (gas and particle phase) and dust samples were collected from 10 houses, 44 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, 17 new cars and two car dealership halls from Stockholm, Sweden, and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Median ΣPBDE concentrations in air were 330, 58, 4000, 14 000 and 510 pg/m3 in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. Median ΣPBDE concentrations in dust were 510, 1400, 1200, 1200 and 1400 ng/g in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. HBCD was detected in most dust samples (median range, 45–340 ng/g) but only in a few air samples (median range, \\\\&lt; 1.6–2.0 pg/m3). For all microenvironments, the brominated flame retardant (BFR) found in highest concentration in air was ΣDecaBDE, primarily BDE-209, followed by ΣPentaBDE, and in dust, ΣDecaBDE, followed by HBCD (offices, day care centers, cars) or ΣPentaBDE (houses, apartments). Positive correlations were found between matched air and dust samples for ΣPentaBDE, but not for ΣDecaBDE.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Thuresson, Kaj and Björklund, Justina Awasum and de Wit, Cynthia A.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, House dust, Indoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ether},\\n\\tpages = {713--721},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thuresson, K.\",\"Björklund, J. A.\",\"de Wit, C. A.\"],\"key\":\"thuresson_tri-decabrominated_2012\",\"id\":\"thuresson_tri-decabrominated_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thuresson-bjrklund-dewit-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments1levelsandprofiles-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"House dust\",\"Indoor air\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues\",\"volume\":\"468–469\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014\",\"abstract\":\"Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (&lt; LOD; &lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and &lt; LOD (&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rawn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorothea\",\"F.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaertner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dean\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorcas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Curran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ivan\",\"H.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gerard\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goodyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"622–629\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in {Canadian} human fetal liver and placental tissues},\\n\\tvolume = {468–469},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (\\\\&lt; LOD; \\\\&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and \\\\&lt; LOD (\\\\&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Rawn, Dorothea F. K. and Gaertner, Dean W. and Weber, Dorcas and Curran, Ivan H. A. and Cooke, Gerard M. and Goodyer, Cynthia G.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {622--629},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rawn, D. F. K.\",\"Gaertner, D. W.\",\"Weber, D.\",\"Curran, I. H. A.\",\"Cooke, G. M.\",\"Goodyer, C. G.\"],\"key\":\"rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014-1\",\"id\":\"rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"HBCD\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Human tissues\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from Western Australia\",\"volume\":\"493\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.001\",\"abstract\":\"PBDEs are a class of brominated flame retardants applied to consumer goods to reduce their flammability. These compounds are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate through the food web. PBDEs have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue and breast milk. There are a small number of studies reporting concentrations of PBDEs in Australian populations. These indicate that concentrations are higher than in studies reporting concentrations from Europe but lower than those from Northern America. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in the plasma of pregnant women participating in the Australian Maternal Exposure to Toxic Substances (AMETS) study in Western Australia. The samples comprised 164 pregnant women, aged 18 years and over, who were non-smokers and not occupationally exposed to persistent substances. Participants provided blood samples at 38 weeks gestation and these were analysed for five PBDE congeners. Maternal health and birth outcomes data were also obtained. The median for sum PBDE concentrations in plasma was 53.9 pg g− 1 (range 13.2 to 1390 pg g− 1 ww). Concentrations were adjusted for the estimated plasma lipid content. The concentrations of Σ5PBDE ranged from 2.44 to 258 ng g− 1 lipid with a median of 9.97 ng g− 1 lipid. BDE-47 was the dominant congener (median 21.4 pg g− 1, range &lt; 4.95 to 1030 pg g− 1) followed by BDE-153 (median 12.2 pg g− 1, range &lt; 2.94 to 353 pg g− 1). There were no significant associations between maternal, housing or dietary factors and concentrations of PBDEs in this study. Maternal PBDE concentrations were not associated with infant birth weight. This study builds upon previous Australian research and shows that concentrations in this sample of Western Australian women were higher than in parts of Europe.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stasinska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heyworth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jane\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alison\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Callan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\",\"Øyvind\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trong\",\"Duong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Ho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Quoc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinwood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Birth weight, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Diet, Dust, Human exposure\",\"pages\":\"554–561\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stasinska_polybrominated_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from {Western} {Australia}},\\n\\tvolume = {493},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.001},\\n\\tabstract = {PBDEs are a class of brominated flame retardants applied to consumer goods to reduce their flammability. These compounds are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate through the food web. PBDEs have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue and breast milk. There are a small number of studies reporting concentrations of PBDEs in Australian populations. These indicate that concentrations are higher than in studies reporting concentrations from Europe but lower than those from Northern America. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in the plasma of pregnant women participating in the Australian Maternal Exposure to Toxic Substances (AMETS) study in Western Australia. The samples comprised 164 pregnant women, aged 18 years and over, who were non-smokers and not occupationally exposed to persistent substances. Participants provided blood samples at 38 weeks gestation and these were analysed for five PBDE congeners. Maternal health and birth outcomes data were also obtained. The median for sum PBDE concentrations in plasma was 53.9 pg g− 1 (range 13.2 to 1390 pg g− 1 ww). Concentrations were adjusted for the estimated plasma lipid content. The concentrations of Σ5PBDE ranged from 2.44 to 258 ng g− 1 lipid with a median of 9.97 ng g− 1 lipid. BDE-47 was the dominant congener (median 21.4 pg g− 1, range \\\\&lt; 4.95 to 1030 pg g− 1) followed by BDE-153 (median 12.2 pg g− 1, range \\\\&lt; 2.94 to 353 pg g− 1). There were no significant associations between maternal, housing or dietary factors and concentrations of PBDEs in this study. Maternal PBDE concentrations were not associated with infant birth weight. This study builds upon previous Australian research and shows that concentrations in this sample of Western Australian women were higher than in parts of Europe.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Stasinska, Ania and Heyworth, Jane and Reid, Alison and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Trong Duong, Phi and Van Ho, Quoc and Hinwood, Andrea},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Birth weight, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Diet, Dust, Human exposure},\\n\\tpages = {554--561},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stasinska, A.\",\"Heyworth, J.\",\"Reid, A.\",\"Callan, A.\",\"Odland, J. Ø.\",\"Trong Duong, P.\",\"Van Ho, Q.\",\"Hinwood, A.\"],\"key\":\"stasinska_polybrominated_2014\",\"id\":\"stasinska_polybrominated_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stasinska-heyworth-reid-callan-odland-trongduong-vanho-hinwood-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinplasmaofpregnantwomenfromwesternaustralia-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419\"},\"keyword\":[\"Birth weight\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Diet\",\"Dust\",\"Human exposure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines: Levels, distribution and profiles\",\"volume\":\"442\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005\",\"abstract\":\"Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n = 30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17–44% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12–35%), CB-118 (4–12%), CB-180 (2–13%), CB-187 (3–13%), and CB-170 (1.5–10%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malarvannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Govindan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prudente\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maricar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"HBCDs, Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, Philippines, Scalp hair\",\"pages\":\"366–379\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{malarvannan_accumulation_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}: {Levels}, distribution and profiles},\\n\\tvolume = {442},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005},\\n\\tabstract = {Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n = 30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17–44\\\\% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12–35\\\\%), CB-118 (4–12\\\\%), CB-180 (2–13\\\\%), CB-187 (3–13\\\\%), and CB-170 (1.5–10\\\\%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Malarvannan, Govindan and Isobe, Tomohiko and Covaci, Adrian and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {HBCDs, Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, Philippines, Scalp hair},\\n\\tpages = {366--379},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Malarvannan, G.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Prudente, M.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"malarvannan_accumulation_2013-1\",\"id\":\"malarvannan_accumulation_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879\"},\"keyword\":[\"HBCDs\",\"Human breast milk\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"Philippines\",\"Scalp hair\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure assessment and health risk of poly-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in the indoor environment of elementary school students in Korea\",\"volume\":\"470–471\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.013\",\"abstract\":\"This study assessed the health risks of elementary school students' exposure to PBDEs via different possible pathways in children's facilities. After PBDE contamination was measured, exposure was demonstrated to occur through multiple routes, including inhalation of indoor dust, dermal contact with products' surfaces and children's hands, and incidental dust ingestion. Samples were collected from various children's facilities (30 elementary schools, 31 private academies, 12 living rooms and bedrooms in houses, 5 public libraries of children's literature, and 3 large hypermalls) in summer (Jul–Sep, 2008) and winter (Jan–Feb, 2009). The hazard index (HI) was estimated for non-carcinogens and PBDEs, such as TeBDE, PeBDE, HxBDE, OcBDE, and DeBDE. PBDEs were detected in all floor dust samples, 99% of indoor air samples, 94% of product-wipe samples, and 86% of hand wipe samples. The average levels of PBDEs ranged from 0.19 to 1.06 ng/m3 in indoor air, 4623 to 6650 ng/g-dust in floor dust, 0.012 to 0.103 ng/cm2 on product surfaces, and 7.89 to 25.38 ng/hand on the surface of children's hands. The HI for school children via multimedia and multipathway exposure to PBDEs did not exceed 1.0. The exposure to PBDEs at home (approximately 80%) was dominant. The contribution rates of PBDE risk were 77% and 15% via dust ingestion at home and at elementary school, respectively; thus, intake of floor dust was determined to be the primary route of exposure.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Young-Wook\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ho-Hyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chung-Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dong-Chun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoon-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ji-Yeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Elementary school student, Multimedia and multipathway exposure, PBDEs, Risk assessment\",\"pages\":\"1376–1389\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lim_exposure_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure assessment and health risk of poly-brominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants in the indoor environment of elementary school students in {Korea}},\\n\\tvolume = {470–471},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.013},\\n\\tabstract = {This study assessed the health risks of elementary school students' exposure to PBDEs via different possible pathways in children's facilities. After PBDE contamination was measured, exposure was demonstrated to occur through multiple routes, including inhalation of indoor dust, dermal contact with products' surfaces and children's hands, and incidental dust ingestion. Samples were collected from various children's facilities (30 elementary schools, 31 private academies, 12 living rooms and bedrooms in houses, 5 public libraries of children's literature, and 3 large hypermalls) in summer (Jul–Sep, 2008) and winter (Jan–Feb, 2009). The hazard index (HI) was estimated for non-carcinogens and PBDEs, such as TeBDE, PeBDE, HxBDE, OcBDE, and DeBDE. PBDEs were detected in all floor dust samples, 99\\\\% of indoor air samples, 94\\\\% of product-wipe samples, and 86\\\\% of hand wipe samples. The average levels of PBDEs ranged from 0.19 to 1.06 ng/m3 in indoor air, 4623 to 6650 ng/g-dust in floor dust, 0.012 to 0.103 ng/cm2 on product surfaces, and 7.89 to 25.38 ng/hand on the surface of children's hands. The HI for school children via multimedia and multipathway exposure to PBDEs did not exceed 1.0. The exposure to PBDEs at home (approximately 80\\\\%) was dominant. The contribution rates of PBDE risk were 77\\\\% and 15\\\\% via dust ingestion at home and at elementary school, respectively; thus, intake of floor dust was determined to be the primary route of exposure.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Lim, Young-Wook and Kim, Ho-Hyun and Lee, Chung-Soo and Shin, Dong-Chun and Chang, Yoon-Seok and Yang, Ji-Yeon},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Elementary school student, Multimedia and multipathway exposure, PBDEs, Risk assessment},\\n\\tpages = {1376--1389},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lim, Y.\",\"Kim, H.\",\"Lee, C.\",\"Shin, D.\",\"Chang, Y.\",\"Yang, J.\"],\"key\":\"lim_exposure_2014\",\"id\":\"lim_exposure_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lim-kim-lee-shin-chang-yang-exposureassessmentandhealthriskofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsintheindoorenvironmentofelementaryschoolstudentsinkorea-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413\"},\"keyword\":[\"Elementary school student\",\"Multimedia and multipathway exposure\",\"PBDEs\",\"Risk assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia\",\"volume\":\"391\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045\",\"abstract\":\"This study presents for the first time temporal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Russian human breast milk samples. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in samples from three locations in the North West of Russia in 2000–2002 (n = 42), were compared to corresponding levels measured in 1993–1996 (n = 58). In addition brominated flame retardants (BFRs), consisting of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) (including BDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analysed in samples from 2000–2002 (n = 37). The present levels of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs were 5 and 10 times higher than corresponding levels in the neighbouring country Norway. Median concentrations of ∑HCHs (196 μg/kg lw), ∑CHBs (19.7 μg/kg lw) and ∑PCBs16 (316 μg/kg lw) were highest in Murmansk. The percentage of p,p′-DDT to ∑DDTs and ratio DDE/DDT suggest possible ongoing use of DDT in Russia. Levels of PBDE were low and dominated by the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-153. The deca brominated BDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median concentration 0.19 μg/kg lipid). Levels of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs decreased 56 and 30% in Murmansk and 36 and 43% in Arkhangelsk during the study period. The decline of ∑OCPs was significant at both locations (p &lt; 0.05–p &lt; 0.0001). For ∑PCBs, the decreasing trend was only significant in Arkhangelsk (p &lt; 0.0001). In addition, a decline of ∑total TEQs (∑TEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho- and mono-ortho PCBs) was observed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk during the study period. The exposure of infants by PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs is still exceeding the daily tolerable intake (TDI) in North West Russia. However, the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs seem to decline very rapidly.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Polder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabrielsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"Ø.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Savinova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tkachev✠\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Løken\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"DDTs, Human breast milk, PCBs, POPs, Russia, Temporal trends\",\"pages\":\"41–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{polder_spatial_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, {PCBs}, dioxins ({PCDDs}/{PCDFs}) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from {Northern} {Russia}},\\n\\tvolume = {391},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045},\\n\\tabstract = {This study presents for the first time temporal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Russian human breast milk samples. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in samples from three locations in the North West of Russia in 2000–2002 (n = 42), were compared to corresponding levels measured in 1993–1996 (n = 58). In addition brominated flame retardants (BFRs), consisting of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) (including BDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analysed in samples from 2000–2002 (n = 37). The present levels of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs were 5 and 10 times higher than corresponding levels in the neighbouring country Norway. Median concentrations of ∑HCHs (196 μg/kg lw), ∑CHBs (19.7 μg/kg lw) and ∑PCBs16 (316 μg/kg lw) were highest in Murmansk. The percentage of p,p′-DDT to ∑DDTs and ratio DDE/DDT suggest possible ongoing use of DDT in Russia. Levels of PBDE were low and dominated by the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-153. The deca brominated BDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median concentration 0.19 μg/kg lipid). Levels of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs decreased 56 and 30\\\\% in Murmansk and 36 and 43\\\\% in Arkhangelsk during the study period. The decline of ∑OCPs was significant at both locations (p \\\\&lt; 0.05–p \\\\&lt; 0.0001). For ∑PCBs, the decreasing trend was only significant in Arkhangelsk (p \\\\&lt; 0.0001). In addition, a decline of ∑total TEQs (∑TEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho- and mono-ortho PCBs) was observed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk during the study period. The exposure of infants by PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs is still exceeding the daily tolerable intake (TDI) in North West Russia. However, the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs seem to decline very rapidly.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Polder, A. and Gabrielsen, G. W. and Odland, J. Ø. and Savinova, T. N. and Tkachev✠, A. and Løken, K. B. and Skaare, J. U.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {DDTs, Human breast milk, PCBs, POPs, Russia, Temporal trends},\\n\\tpages = {41--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Polder, A.\",\"Gabrielsen, G. W.\",\"Odland, J. Ø.\",\"Savinova, T. N.\",\"Tkachev✠, A.\",\"Løken, K. B.\",\"Skaare, J. U.\"],\"key\":\"polder_spatial_2008\",\"id\":\"polder_spatial_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"polder-gabrielsen-odland-savinova-tkachev-lken-skaare-spatialandtemporalchangesofchlorinatedpesticidespcbsdioxinspcddspcdfsandbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanbreastmilkfromnorthernrussia-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114\"},\"keyword\":[\"DDTs\",\"Human breast milk\",\"PCBs\",\"POPs\",\"Russia\",\"Temporal trends\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers\",\"volume\":\"339\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028\",\"abstract\":\"Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving. In this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles. Daily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.\",\"number\":\"1–3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wensing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uhde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salthammer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust\",\"pages\":\"19–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wensing_plastics_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers},\\n\\tvolume = {339},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028},\\n\\tabstract = {Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving.\\n\\nIn this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles.\\n\\nDaily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.},\\n\\tnumber = {1–3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Wensing, M. and Uhde, E. and Salthammer, T.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust},\\n\\tpages = {19--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wensing, M.\",\"Uhde, E.\",\"Salthammer, T.\"],\"key\":\"wensing_plastics_2005-1\",\"id\":\"wensing_plastics_2005-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\"},\"keyword\":[\"Automobiles\",\"Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Indoor air\",\"Phthalates\",\"Settled dust\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo province, South Africa\",\"volume\":\"409\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054\",\"abstract\":\"The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n = 28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n = 14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4 600 and over 20 000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n = 28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Darnerud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Per\",\"Ola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aune\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lotta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lignell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mutshatshi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tshinanne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okonkwo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Botha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ben\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Agyei\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nana\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, DDT, HBCD, PBDEs, PCBs, South Africa\",\"pages\":\"4048–4053\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{darnerud_levels_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from {Limpopo} province, {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tvolume = {409},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054},\\n\\tabstract = {The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n = 28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n = 14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4 600 and over 20 000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n = 28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Darnerud, Per Ola and Aune, Marie and Larsson, Lotta and Lignell, Sanna and Mutshatshi, Tshinanne and Okonkwo, Jonathan and Botha, Ben and Agyei, Nana},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, DDT, HBCD, PBDEs, PCBs, South Africa},\\n\\tpages = {4048--4053},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Darnerud, P. O.\",\"Aune, M.\",\"Larsson, L.\",\"Lignell, S.\",\"Mutshatshi, T.\",\"Okonkwo, J.\",\"Botha, B.\",\"Agyei, N.\"],\"key\":\"darnerud_levels_2011-1\",\"id\":\"darnerud_levels_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"DDT\",\"HBCD\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"South Africa\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin2013, Daegu/Korea)\",\"title\":\"Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products\",\"volume\":\"491–492\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (&gt; 75%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gallen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Banks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sicco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baduel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eaglesham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geoff\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heffernan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bainton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE\",\"pages\":\"255–265\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gallen_towards_2014,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\\n\\ttitle = {Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products},\\n\\tvolume = {491–492},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92\\\\% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (\\\\&gt; 75\\\\%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Gallen, Christie and Banks, Andrew and Brandsma, Sicco and Baduel, Christine and Thai, Phong and Eaglesham, Geoff and Heffernan, Amy and Leonards, Pim and Bainton, Paul and Mueller, Jochen F.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE},\\n\\tpages = {255--265},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gallen, C.\",\"Banks, A.\",\"Brandsma, S.\",\"Baduel, C.\",\"Thai, P.\",\"Eaglesham, G.\",\"Heffernan, A.\",\"Leonards, P.\",\"Bainton, P.\",\"Mueller, J. F.\"],\"key\":\"gallen_towards_2014-1\",\"id\":\"gallen_towards_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFRs\",\"Consumer products\",\"Plastic\",\"Surface wipe\",\"X-ray fluorescence\",\"c-OctaBDE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings\",\"volume\":\"478\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121\",\"abstract\":\"The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P &lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14% of RfD for toddlers and 4% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tajima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Araki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Atsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kawai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsuboi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tazuru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ait\",\"Bamai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoshioka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eiji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kanazawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayako\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust\",\"pages\":\"190–199\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tajima_detection_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in {Japanese} dwellings},\\n\\tvolume = {478},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121},\\n\\tabstract = {The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (\\\\&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (\\\\&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (\\\\&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50\\\\% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (\\\\&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (\\\\&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (\\\\&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (\\\\&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (\\\\&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50\\\\% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P \\\\&lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14\\\\% of RfD for toddlers and 4\\\\% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1\\\\% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Tajima, Shuji and Araki, Atsuko and Kawai, Toshio and Tsuboi, Tazuru and Ait Bamai, Yu and Yoshioka, Eiji and Kanazawa, Ayako and Cong, Shi and Kishi, Reiko},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust},\\n\\tpages = {190--199},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tajima, S.\",\"Araki, A.\",\"Kawai, T.\",\"Tsuboi, T.\",\"Ait Bamai, Y.\",\"Yoshioka, E.\",\"Kanazawa, A.\",\"Cong, S.\",\"Kishi, R.\"],\"key\":\"tajima_detection_2014-1\",\"id\":\"tajima_detection_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\"},\"keyword\":[\"Elementary school children\",\"Floor dust\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"Reference doses (RfDs)\",\"Upper surface dust\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Test chamber and forensic microscopy investigation of the transfer of brominated flame retardants into indoor dust via abrasion of source materials\",\"volume\":\"493\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.029\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in indoor dust in many studies, at concentrations spanning several orders of magnitude. Limited information is available on the pathways via which BFRs migrate from treated products into dust, yet the different mechanisms hypothesized to date may provide an explanation for the range of reported concentrations. In particular, transfer of BFRs to dust via abrasion of particles or fibers from treated products may explain elevated concentrations (up to 210 mg g− 1) of low volatility BFRs like decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). In this study, an indoor dust sample containing a low concentration of hexabromocyclododecane, or HBCD, (110 ng g− 1 ΣHBCDs) was placed on the floor of an in-house test chamber. A fabric curtain treated with HBCDs was placed on a mesh shelf 3 cm above the chamber floor and abrasion induced using a stirrer bar. This induced abrasion generated fibers of the curtain, which contaminated the dust, and ΣHBCD concentrations in the dust increased to between 4020 and 52 500 ng g− 1 for four different abrasion experiment times. The highly contaminated dust (ΣHBCD at 52 500 ng g− 1) together with three archived dust samples from various UK microenvironments, were investigated with forensic microscopy techniques. These techniques included Micro X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, scanning emission microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with further BFR analysis on LC-MS/MS. Using these techniques, fibers or particles abraded from a product treated with BFRs were identified in all dust samples, thereby accounting for the elevated concentrations detected in the original dust (3500 to 88 800 ng g− 1 ΣHBCD and 24 000 to 1 438 000 ng g−1 for BDE-209). This study shows how test chamber experiments alongside forensic microscopy techniques, can provide valuable insights into the pathways via which BFRs contaminate indoor dust.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rauert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uchida\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Forensic microscopy, HBCDs, Migration pathways to dust, PBDEs, Test chambers\",\"pages\":\"639–648\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rauert_test_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Test chamber and forensic microscopy investigation of the transfer of brominated flame retardants into indoor dust via abrasion of source materials},\\n\\tvolume = {493},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.029},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in indoor dust in many studies, at concentrations spanning several orders of magnitude. Limited information is available on the pathways via which BFRs migrate from treated products into dust, yet the different mechanisms hypothesized to date may provide an explanation for the range of reported concentrations. In particular, transfer of BFRs to dust via abrasion of particles or fibers from treated products may explain elevated concentrations (up to 210 mg g− 1) of low volatility BFRs like decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). In this study, an indoor dust sample containing a low concentration of hexabromocyclododecane, or HBCD, (110 ng g− 1 ΣHBCDs) was placed on the floor of an in-house test chamber. A fabric curtain treated with HBCDs was placed on a mesh shelf 3 cm above the chamber floor and abrasion induced using a stirrer bar. This induced abrasion generated fibers of the curtain, which contaminated the dust, and ΣHBCD concentrations in the dust increased to between 4020 and 52 500 ng g− 1 for four different abrasion experiment times. The highly contaminated dust (ΣHBCD at 52 500 ng g− 1) together with three archived dust samples from various UK microenvironments, were investigated with forensic microscopy techniques. These techniques included Micro X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, scanning emission microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with further BFR analysis on LC-MS/MS. Using these techniques, fibers or particles abraded from a product treated with BFRs were identified in all dust samples, thereby accounting for the elevated concentrations detected in the original dust (3500 to 88 800 ng g− 1 ΣHBCD and 24 000 to 1 438 000 ng g−1 for BDE-209). This study shows how test chamber experiments alongside forensic microscopy techniques, can provide valuable insights into the pathways via which BFRs contaminate indoor dust.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Rauert, C. and Harrad, S. and Suzuki, G. and Takigami, H. and Uchida, N. and Takata, K.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Forensic microscopy, HBCDs, Migration pathways to dust, PBDEs, Test chambers},\\n\\tpages = {639--648},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rauert, C.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Takigami, H.\",\"Uchida, N.\",\"Takata, K.\"],\"key\":\"rauert_test_2014\",\"id\":\"rauert_test_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rauert-harrad-suzuki-takigami-uchida-takata-testchamberandforensicmicroscopyinvestigationofthetransferofbrominatedflameretardantsintoindoordustviaabrasionofsourcematerials-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Forensic microscopy\",\"HBCDs\",\"Migration pathways to dust\",\"PBDEs\",\"Test chambers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin2013, Daegu/Korea)\",\"title\":\"Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in Sapporo, Japan\",\"volume\":\"491–492\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011\",\"abstract\":\"Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-25\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takeuchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kojima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ikue\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kobayashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Satoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanaka-Kagawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jinno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hideto\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds\",\"pages\":\"28–33\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takeuchi_detection_2014,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\\n\\ttitle = {Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in {Sapporo}, {Japan}},\\n\\tvolume = {491–492},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Takeuchi, Shinji and Kojima, Hiroyuki and Saito, Ikue and Jin, Kazuo and Kobayashi, Satoshi and Tanaka-Kagawa, Toshiko and Jinno, Hideto},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds},\\n\\tpages = {28--33},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takeuchi, S.\",\"Kojima, H.\",\"Saito, I.\",\"Jin, K.\",\"Kobayashi, S.\",\"Tanaka-Kagawa, T.\",\"Jinno, H.\"],\"key\":\"takeuchi_detection_2014-1\",\"id\":\"takeuchi_detection_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\"},\"keyword\":[\"Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT)\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas-particle partitioning\",\"Indoor air\",\"Plasticizer\",\"Semi-volatile organic compounds\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PCDD, PCDF, PCB and PBDE concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of Slovakia\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.070\",\"abstract\":\"The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in 33 breast milk samples collected in 2006–2007 from primipara mothers close to four industrial areas of Slovak Republic were determined. The total PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs expressed as TEQ based on WHO TEFs 1998 in breast milk samples varied from 5.0 to 51.8 pg g−1 fat (median: 13.1 pg g−1 fat; mean: 18.0 pg g−1 fat). The measurements of seven PBDE congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were performed for the first time in human milk from Slovakia. PBDE levels ranged between 0.22 and 1.62 ng g−1 fat, with median and mean value of 0.43 ng g−1 fat and 0.57 ng g−1 fat respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between studied areas in total PBDE concentrations. Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the daily intake (DI) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like compounds for the most vulnerable breast-fed infant population in Slovakia. The total PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB DI for an infant during the first 2 months of life was estimated in a range from 14.4 to 230 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w., with a median value of 58.9 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w.. The DI values substantially exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) 1–4 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w. recommended by WHO. The dietary infant intake concerning PBDEs was estimated to be between 0.69 and 7.1 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1, with median value of 1.7 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chovancová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Čonka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kamil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kočan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sejáková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zuzana\",\"Stachová\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Polybrominated diphenylethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Slovakia\",\"pages\":\"1383–1390\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chovancova_pcdd_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{PCDD}, {PCDF}, {PCB} and {PBDE} concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of {Slovakia}},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.070},\\n\\tabstract = {The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in 33 breast milk samples collected in 2006–2007 from primipara mothers close to four industrial areas of Slovak Republic were determined. The total PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs expressed as TEQ based on WHO TEFs 1998 in breast milk samples varied from 5.0 to 51.8 pg g−1 fat (median: 13.1 pg g−1 fat; mean: 18.0 pg g−1 fat). The measurements of seven PBDE congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were performed for the first time in human milk from Slovakia. PBDE levels ranged between 0.22 and 1.62 ng g−1 fat, with median and mean value of 0.43 ng g−1 fat and 0.57 ng g−1 fat respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between studied areas in total PBDE concentrations.\\n\\nFurthermore, this study presents first results concerning the daily intake (DI) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like compounds for the most vulnerable breast-fed infant population in Slovakia. The total PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB DI for an infant during the first 2 months of life was estimated in a range from 14.4 to 230 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w., with a median value of 58.9 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w.. The DI values substantially exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) 1–4 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w. recommended by WHO. The dietary infant intake concerning PBDEs was estimated to be between 0.69 and 7.1 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1, with median value of 1.7 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Chovancová, Jana and Čonka, Kamil and Kočan, Anton and Sejáková, Zuzana Stachová},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Polybrominated diphenylethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Slovakia},\\n\\tpages = {1383--1390},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chovancová, J.\",\"Čonka, K.\",\"Kočan, A.\",\"Sejáková, Z. S.\"],\"key\":\"chovancova_pcdd_2011\",\"id\":\"chovancova_pcdd_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chovancov-onka-koan-sejkov-pcddpcdfpcbandpbdeconcentrationsinbreastmilkofmothersresidinginselectedareasofslovakia-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Polybrominated diphenylethers\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins\",\"Polychlorinated dibenzofurans\",\"Slovakia\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in Bangladesh\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083\",\"abstract\":\"In low-income countries, the use of some organochlorine pesticides is still common in order to increase food production. Monitoring the chemical exposure is an important step in risk-reducing strategies. This is the first study to report concentrations of organochlorines in breast milk of women from Bangladesh where farming is the main income source. Organochlorines such as p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (i.e., ∑DDT), HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (CB 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 128, 138, 141, 149, 153, 156, 157, 163, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194) were analyzed in breast milk collected in 2002 from 72 first-time mothers (median age 20 years) living in the rural area Matlab, Bangladesh. While the concentrations of PCBs and many of the pesticides were low, the concentrations of p,p′-DDT and its metabolite p,p′-DDE were high (median 349 and 1645 ng g−1 lipid, respectively) in comparison to other countries. The median value of ∑DDT was 2123 ng g−1 lipid. The estimated daily exposure to p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and ∑DDTs was 10, 30 and 42 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively, in 3 months old infants. The p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT ratio ranged from 1 to 23, where 58% of the mothers had a ratio below 5 indicating recent or ongoing DDT exposure. This study reports infant exposure and maternal body burden of organochlorines through breast milk. Although the findings give no reason to limit breast-feeding, it is essential to identify the main exposure sources and find means to decrease the exposure.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergkvist\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Charlotte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aune\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nilsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingrid\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sandanger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Torkjel\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamadani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jena\",\"Derakhshani\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tofail\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fahmida\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oyvind-Odland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kabir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iqbal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vahter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Bangladesh, Breast milk, DDTs, Infant exposure, Organochlorines, PCBs\",\"pages\":\"784–790\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bergkvist_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in {Bangladesh}},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083},\\n\\tabstract = {In low-income countries, the use of some organochlorine pesticides is still common in order to increase food production. Monitoring the chemical exposure is an important step in risk-reducing strategies. This is the first study to report concentrations of organochlorines in breast milk of women from Bangladesh where farming is the main income source.\\n\\nOrganochlorines such as p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (i.e., ∑DDT), HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (CB 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 128, 138, 141, 149, 153, 156, 157, 163, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194) were analyzed in breast milk collected in 2002 from 72 first-time mothers (median age 20 years) living in the rural area Matlab, Bangladesh.\\n\\nWhile the concentrations of PCBs and many of the pesticides were low, the concentrations of p,p′-DDT and its metabolite p,p′-DDE were high (median 349 and 1645 ng g−1 lipid, respectively) in comparison to other countries. The median value of ∑DDT was 2123 ng g−1 lipid. The estimated daily exposure to p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and ∑DDTs was 10, 30 and 42 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively, in 3 months old infants. The p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT ratio ranged from 1 to 23, where 58\\\\% of the mothers had a ratio below 5 indicating recent or ongoing DDT exposure.\\n\\nThis study reports infant exposure and maternal body burden of organochlorines through breast milk. Although the findings give no reason to limit breast-feeding, it is essential to identify the main exposure sources and find means to decrease the exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Bergkvist, Charlotte and Aune, Marie and Nilsson, Ingrid and Sandanger, Torkjel M. and Hamadani, Jena Derakhshani and Tofail, Fahmida and Oyvind-Odland, Jon and Kabir, Iqbal and Vahter, Marie},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bangladesh, Breast milk, DDTs, Infant exposure, Organochlorines, PCBs},\\n\\tpages = {784--790},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bergkvist, C.\",\"Aune, M.\",\"Nilsson, I.\",\"Sandanger, T. M.\",\"Hamadani, J. D.\",\"Tofail, F.\",\"Oyvind-Odland, J.\",\"Kabir, I.\",\"Vahter, M.\"],\"key\":\"bergkvist_occurrence_2012\",\"id\":\"bergkvist_occurrence_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bergkvist-aune-nilsson-sandanger-hamadani-tofail-oyvindodland-kabir-etal-occurrenceandlevelsoforganochlorinecompoundsinhumanbreastmilkinbangladesh-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bangladesh\",\"Breast milk\",\"DDTs\",\"Infant exposure\",\"Organochlorines\",\"PCBs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: Time-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment\",\"volume\":\"93\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011\",\"abstract\":\"Breast milk is a noninvasive specimen to assess maternal and infant exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In this study, 206 breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during lactation, at &lt;7, 15, 30, or 90 days postpartum in four cities in Korea. The total concentrations of PCBs (ΣPCB) and OCPs (ΣOCP) ranged from &lt;LOQ to 84.0 (median: 12.1) ng g−1 lipid weight and from &lt;LOQ to 559 (median: 144) ng g−1 lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of these contaminants measured in our study were relatively lower than those reported for European, African and Asian populations. Within a month postpartum typically after day seven the levels of ΣPCB and ΣOCP significantly increased. Some OCP compounds were correlated with maternal age, BMI, parity, and delivery mode. Certain types of dietary habits such as seafood and noodle consumption were significantly associated with ΣPCB and ΣOCP. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ΣPCB and ΣOCP were 45.2–127 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and 625–1259 ng kg−1 bw day−1 during lactation, respectively, which are lower than the threshold values proposed by the US EPA and Health Canada. The exposure of Korean infants to chlordanes via breast milk had a potential health risk which deserves further investigation.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sunggyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sunmi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyun-Kyung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"In-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeongim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hai-Joong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong\",\"Jae\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gyuyeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sooran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sungjoo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Su\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyungho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sungkyoon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyo-Bang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Chlordane, Estimated daily intake, Health risk, Lactation, Threshold value\",\"pages\":\"1578–1585\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_contamination_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in {Korea}: {Time}-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment},\\n\\tvolume = {93},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in {Korea}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011},\\n\\tabstract = {Breast milk is a noninvasive specimen to assess maternal and infant exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In this study, 206 breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during lactation, at \\\\&lt;7, 15, 30, or 90 days postpartum in four cities in Korea. The total concentrations of PCBs (ΣPCB) and OCPs (ΣOCP) ranged from \\\\&lt;LOQ to 84.0 (median: 12.1) ng g−1 lipid weight and from \\\\&lt;LOQ to 559 (median: 144) ng g−1 lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of these contaminants measured in our study were relatively lower than those reported for European, African and Asian populations. Within a month postpartum typically after day seven the levels of ΣPCB and ΣOCP significantly increased. Some OCP compounds were correlated with maternal age, BMI, parity, and delivery mode. Certain types of dietary habits such as seafood and noodle consumption were significantly associated with ΣPCB and ΣOCP. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ΣPCB and ΣOCP were 45.2–127 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and 625–1259 ng kg−1 bw day−1 during lactation, respectively, which are lower than the threshold values proposed by the US EPA and Health Canada. The exposure of Korean infants to chlordanes via breast milk had a potential health risk which deserves further investigation.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Sunggyu and Kim, Sunmi and Lee, Hyun-Kyung and Lee, In-Seok and Park, Jeongim and Kim, Hai-Joong and Lee, Jeong Jae and Choi, Gyuyeon and Choi, Sooran and Kim, Sungjoo and Kim, Su Young and Choi, Kyungho and Kim, Sungkyoon and Moon, Hyo-Bang},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chlordane, Estimated daily intake, Health risk, Lactation, Threshold value},\\n\\tpages = {1578--1585},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, S.\",\"Kim, S.\",\"Lee, H.\",\"Lee, I.\",\"Park, J.\",\"Kim, H.\",\"Lee, J. J.\",\"Choi, G.\",\"Choi, S.\",\"Kim, S.\",\"Kim, S. Y.\",\"Choi, K.\",\"Kim, S.\",\"Moon, H.\"],\"key\":\"lee_contamination_2013\",\"id\":\"lee_contamination_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-kim-lee-lee-park-kim-lee-choi-etal-contaminationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbreastmilkinkoreatimecoursevariationinfluencingfactorsandexposureassessment-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chlordane\",\"Estimated daily intake\",\"Health risk\",\"Lactation\",\"Threshold value\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Recovery discrepancies of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum versus herring and long-tailed duck plasma\",\"volume\":\"94\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.020\",\"abstract\":\"Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been identified as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or as natural products. The OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols have come into focus over the last decade due to their abundance in biota and their potential adverse health effects. The present recovery study aims to validate a commonly used method (published by Hovander et al. 2000) for OH-PBDE analysis in human plasma. Further, the authors intended to determine the method’s applicability to serum/plasma matrices from other species than humans. The investigated matrices were human plasma, cat serum, herring- and long-tailed duck plasma. The recovery study included nine OH-PBDEs, four polybromophenols and three methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). Five replicates of each matrix were spiked with these compounds at two dose levels; a low dose (0.5 ng) and a high dose (5 ng) and were cleaned up according to the Hovander method. The recovery of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum were high and reproducible at both dose levels whereas the recovery for herring and long-tailed duck plasma were low and insufficient with great variability amongst OH-PBDE congeners at both dose levels. Our data show that the method can be fully applied to matrices like human plasma and cat serum but not for herring and long-tailed duck plasma without further method development. Hence care needs to be taken when applying the method onto other blood matrices without validation since the present study have demonstrated that the recoveries may differ amongst OH-PBDE congeners and specie.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dahlberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna-Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norrgran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hovander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lotta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asplund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lillemor\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"OH-PBDEs, Plasma, Polybromophenols, Recovery study, Serum\",\"pages\":\"97–103\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dahlberg_recovery_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Recovery discrepancies of {OH}-{PBDEs} and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum versus herring and long-tailed duck plasma},\\n\\tvolume = {94},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.020},\\n\\tabstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been identified as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or as natural products. The OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols have come into focus over the last decade due to their abundance in biota and their potential adverse health effects.\\n\\nThe present recovery study aims to validate a commonly used method (published by Hovander et al. 2000) for OH-PBDE analysis in human plasma. Further, the authors intended to determine the method’s applicability to serum/plasma matrices from other species than humans. The investigated matrices were human plasma, cat serum, herring- and long-tailed duck plasma. The recovery study included nine OH-PBDEs, four polybromophenols and three methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). Five replicates of each matrix were spiked with these compounds at two dose levels; a low dose (0.5 ng) and a high dose (5 ng) and were cleaned up according to the Hovander method.\\n\\nThe recovery of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum were high and reproducible at both dose levels whereas the recovery for herring and long-tailed duck plasma were low and insufficient with great variability amongst OH-PBDE congeners at both dose levels. Our data show that the method can be fully applied to matrices like human plasma and cat serum but not for herring and long-tailed duck plasma without further method development. Hence care needs to be taken when applying the method onto other blood matrices without validation since the present study have demonstrated that the recoveries may differ amongst OH-PBDE congeners and specie.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Dahlberg, Anna-Karin and Norrgran, Jessica and Hovander, Lotta and Bergman, Åke and Asplund, Lillemor},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {OH-PBDEs, Plasma, Polybromophenols, Recovery study, Serum},\\n\\tpages = {97--103},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dahlberg, A.\",\"Norrgran, J.\",\"Hovander, L.\",\"Bergman, Å.\",\"Asplund, L.\"],\"key\":\"dahlberg_recovery_2014\",\"id\":\"dahlberg_recovery_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dahlberg-norrgran-hovander-bergman-asplund-recoverydiscrepanciesofohpbdesandpolybromophenolsinhumanplasmaandcatserumversusherringandlongtailedduckplasma-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X\"},\"keyword\":[\"OH-PBDEs\",\"Plasma\",\"Polybromophenols\",\"Recovery study\",\"Serum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from three regions of northern China and potential dietary risk factors\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.021\",\"abstract\":\"Human milk samples were collected from 50 breast-feeding mothers in Shijiazhuang, 60 in Tianjin and 48 in Yantai from November 2006 to April 2007. The three areas are located in northern China. We selected randomly 20 samples from each area for detection of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/frans (PCDD/Fs), polycholorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Our results show the average concentrations of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were 6.24 TEQ pg g−1fat, 7.54 TEQ pg g−1fat and 6.69 TEQ pg g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. The average concentrations of PBDEs were 3.71 ng g−1 fat, 3.42 ng g−1 fat and 4.16 ng g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Among congeners of PBDEs, the high and low brominated congeners BDE209, BDE207, BDE197, BDE153, BDE15, BDE28 and BDE47 were the predominant PBDE congeners, accounting for 91%, 90% and 84% of total PBDEs in samples from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Based on the results of an in-person interview of mothers using a questionnaire, freshwater fish consumption was found to correlate with total mono-ortho dl-PCBs (mo-PCBs) and sea fish consumption was found to correlate with total non-ortho dl-PCBs (no-PCBs) of human milk in these areas. However, no correlation was found between concentrations of total PBDEs and total TEQ of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs and food consumption. Continuous surveillance on dioxins and dl-PCBs levels in human milk is needed to correctly evaluate both the environmental impact and human health risk in China.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suju\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianhong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Junhong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peiyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fukatsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hideo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dianwu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xuehui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kayama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fujio\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"China, Dietary exposure, Dioxin, Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ether\",\"pages\":\"1151–1159\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sun_levels_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from three regions of northern {China} and potential dietary risk factors},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.021},\\n\\tabstract = {Human milk samples were collected from 50 breast-feeding mothers in Shijiazhuang, 60 in Tianjin and 48 in Yantai from November 2006 to April 2007. The three areas are located in northern China. We selected randomly 20 samples from each area for detection of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/frans (PCDD/Fs), polycholorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Our results show the average concentrations of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were 6.24 TEQ pg g−1fat, 7.54 TEQ pg g−1fat and 6.69 TEQ pg g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. The average concentrations of PBDEs were 3.71 ng g−1 fat, 3.42 ng g−1 fat and 4.16 ng g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Among congeners of PBDEs, the high and low brominated congeners BDE209, BDE207, BDE197, BDE153, BDE15, BDE28 and BDE47 were the predominant PBDE congeners, accounting for 91\\\\%, 90\\\\% and 84\\\\% of total PBDEs in samples from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Based on the results of an in-person interview of mothers using a questionnaire, freshwater fish consumption was found to correlate with total mono-ortho dl-PCBs (mo-PCBs) and sea fish consumption was found to correlate with total non-ortho dl-PCBs (no-PCBs) of human milk in these areas. However, no correlation was found between concentrations of total PBDEs and total TEQ of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs and food consumption. Continuous surveillance on dioxins and dl-PCBs levels in human milk is needed to correctly evaluate both the environmental impact and human health risk in China.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Sun, Suju and Zhao, Jianhong and Leng, Junhong and Wang, Peiyu and Wang, Yan and Fukatsu, Hideo and Liu, Dianwu and Liu, Xuehui and Kayama, Fujio},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Dietary exposure, Dioxin, Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ether},\\n\\tpages = {1151--1159},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sun, S.\",\"Zhao, J.\",\"Leng, J.\",\"Wang, P.\",\"Wang, Y.\",\"Fukatsu, H.\",\"Liu, D.\",\"Liu, X.\",\"Kayama, F.\"],\"key\":\"sun_levels_2010\",\"id\":\"sun_levels_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sun-zhao-leng-wang-wang-fukatsu-liu-liu-etal-levelsofdioxinsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthreeregionsofnorthernchinaandpotentialdietaryriskfactors-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Dietary exposure\",\"Dioxin\",\"Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl\",\"Human milk\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X\",\"abstract\":\"To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average ∑PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low μg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"She\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianwen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Winkler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Visita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopec\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dianne\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Blubber, Human Adipose, PBDEs, Seal, Time trends\",\"pages\":\"697–707\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{she_pbdes_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X},\\n\\tabstract = {To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average ∑PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low μg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {She, Jianwen and Petreas, Myrto and Winkler, Jennifer and Visita, Patria and McKinney, Michael and Kopec, Dianne},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blubber, Human Adipose, PBDEs, Seal, Time trends},\\n\\tpages = {697--707},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"She, J.\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"Winkler, J.\",\"Visita, P.\",\"McKinney, M.\",\"Kopec, D.\"],\"key\":\"she_pbdes_2002-1\",\"id\":\"she_pbdes_2002-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blubber\",\"Human Adipose\",\"PBDEs\",\"Seal\",\"Time trends\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers detected in human adipose tissue from Spain\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00150-2\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in 13 human adipose tissue samples from Spain, 3 women and 10 men. Tetra-, penta- and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were determined at ng/g lipid (ppb) level in all the samples. The average TeBDE level was 1.36 ng/g, the average PeBDE was 0.93 ng/g and the HxBDE 1.83 ng/g. Human adipose tissue levels of PBDE obtained in the current samples from Spain are comparable with the tissue levels reported in recent Swedish investigations.\",\"number\":\"13\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meneses\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wingfors\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schuhmacher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domingo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"v.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"1999\",\"pages\":\"2271–2278\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meneses_polybrominated_1999,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers detected in human adipose tissue from {Spain}},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00150-2},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in 13 human adipose tissue samples from Spain, 3 women and 10 men. Tetra-, penta- and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were determined at ng/g lipid (ppb) level in all the samples. The average TeBDE level was 1.36 ng/g, the average PeBDE was 0.93 ng/g and the HxBDE 1.83 ng/g. Human adipose tissue levels of PBDE obtained in the current samples from Spain are comparable with the tissue levels reported in recent Swedish investigations.},\\n\\tnumber = {13},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Meneses, M. and Wingfors, H. and Schuhmacher, M. and Domingo, J. L. and Lindström, G. and Bavel, B. v.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {1999},\\n\\tpages = {2271--2278},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meneses, M.\",\"Wingfors, H.\",\"Schuhmacher, M.\",\"Domingo, J. L.\",\"Lindström, G.\",\"Bavel, B. v.\"],\"key\":\"meneses_polybrominated_1999\",\"id\":\"meneses_polybrominated_1999\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meneses-wingfors-schuhmacher-domingo-lindstrm-bavel-polybrominateddiphenylethersdetectedinhumanadiposetissuefromspain-1999\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00233-8\",\"abstract\":\"At present, little is known about the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and food products sold in Japan. To investigate whether human exposure to PBDEs through the diet is significant, the concentrations of PBDEs were determined in fish and in meat and vegetables sold in two food markets in the city of Hirakata, Osaka prefecture. The concentrations of PBDEs in the breast milk of 12 primiparae nursing women at one month after delivery also were determined to ascertain the relationship between the levels found in the diet and levels in humans. ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 21 and 1650 pg/g fresh weight in the edible tissues of five species of fish and one shellfish species. The highest concentrations were measured in yellow-fin tuna, followed by short-necked clam, salmon, yellowtail, mackerel and young yellowtail. Interestingly, ∑PBDE concentrations were not statistically significantly different in two cultured mackerel samples from Japan and mackerel collected from northern European waters. ∑PBDE concentrations in beef, pork and chicken meat (ranging between 6.25 and 63.6 pg/g fresh weight) and in three different vegetables (ranging between 38.4 and 134 pg/g fresh weight) were significantly lower than the concentrations in fish. In human milk, ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 668 and 2840 pg/g lipid basis, which is comparable to the levels in populations of nursing women reported in Sweden and elsewhere. There was a strong positive relationship between PBDE concentrations in human milk and dietary intake of fish and shellfish, which was established in the women from responses to a questionaire on food consumption habits. The results of this study of food products commonly consumed in Japan and the levels found in nursing women raise a concern about low level PBDE contamination of fish and other foods intended for human consumption.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Souichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ishizuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daisuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nishimura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hajime\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Teruyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aozasa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osamu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimidzu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ochiai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fumie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kida\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takafumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masatoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miyata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hideaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Levels in fish, Levels in food, Mother's milk, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"689–696\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ohta_comparison_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in {Japan}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00233-8},\\n\\tabstract = {At present, little is known about the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and food products sold in Japan. To investigate whether human exposure to PBDEs through the diet is significant, the concentrations of PBDEs were determined in fish and in meat and vegetables sold in two food markets in the city of Hirakata, Osaka prefecture. The concentrations of PBDEs in the breast milk of 12 primiparae nursing women at one month after delivery also were determined to ascertain the relationship between the levels found in the diet and levels in humans. ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 21 and 1650 pg/g fresh weight in the edible tissues of five species of fish and one shellfish species. The highest concentrations were measured in yellow-fin tuna, followed by short-necked clam, salmon, yellowtail, mackerel and young yellowtail. Interestingly, ∑PBDE concentrations were not statistically significantly different in two cultured mackerel samples from Japan and mackerel collected from northern European waters. ∑PBDE concentrations in beef, pork and chicken meat (ranging between 6.25 and 63.6 pg/g fresh weight) and in three different vegetables (ranging between 38.4 and 134 pg/g fresh weight) were significantly lower than the concentrations in fish. In human milk, ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 668 and 2840 pg/g lipid basis, which is comparable to the levels in populations of nursing women reported in Sweden and elsewhere. There was a strong positive relationship between PBDE concentrations in human milk and dietary intake of fish and shellfish, which was established in the women from responses to a questionaire on food consumption habits. The results of this study of food products commonly consumed in Japan and the levels found in nursing women raise a concern about low level PBDE contamination of fish and other foods intended for human consumption.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ohta, Souichi and Ishizuka, Daisuke and Nishimura, Hajime and Nakao, Teruyuki and Aozasa, Osamu and Shimidzu, Yoshiko and Ochiai, Fumie and Kida, Takafumi and Nishi, Masatoshi and Miyata, Hideaki},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Levels in fish, Levels in food, Mother's milk, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {689--696},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ohta, S.\",\"Ishizuka, D.\",\"Nishimura, H.\",\"Nakao, T.\",\"Aozasa, O.\",\"Shimidzu, Y.\",\"Ochiai, F.\",\"Kida, T.\",\"Nishi, M.\",\"Miyata, H.\"],\"key\":\"ohta_comparison_2002\",\"id\":\"ohta_comparison_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ohta-ishizuka-nishimura-nakao-aozasa-shimidzu-ochiai-kida-etal-comparisonofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinfishvegetablesandmeatsandlevelsinhumanmilkofnursingwomeninjapan-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338\"},\"keyword\":[\"Levels in fish\",\"Levels in food\",\"Mother's milk\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in children’s blood from Zhejiang, China\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.012\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations and congener specific profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues were measured in 22 pooled blood samples representing 66 children from both polluted areas (E-waste recycling region) and case control areas in Zhejiang province, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report on these pollutants in the blood of Chinese children. The mean concentrations of ∑PCDD/Fs, ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, HCB and pp′-DDE in pooled blood samples from polluted areas (Luqiao) were 206 ± 157 pg g−1 lipid, 40.6 ± 7.01 ng g−1 lipid, 32.1 ± 17.5 ng g−1 lipid, 14.6 ± 20.1 ng g−1 lipid and 108 ± 21.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. WHO-TEQ-2005 for PCBs and PCDD/Fs were 11.9 ± 4.62 pg g−1 lipid and 10.3 ± 6.39 pg g−1 lipid, respectively. The results showed that PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in the E-waste recycling area were significantly (P &lt; 0.001) higher than the case control areas. High levels of PCDD/Fs were detected in the case control area (Longyou), where Na-PCP had been widely sprayed to prevent snailborne schistosomiasis. The contamination levels and profiles were compared with those documented in previous publications.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haitao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ding\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gangqiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guangen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaofeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaomin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianlong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaoming\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caiju\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yanhua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Children’s blood, China, Organochlorines, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs\",\"pages\":\"170–175\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shen_distribution_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Distribution of {PCDD}/{Fs}, {PCBs}, {PBDEs} and organochlorine residues in children’s blood from {Zhejiang}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.012},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations and congener specific profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues were measured in 22 pooled blood samples representing 66 children from both polluted areas (E-waste recycling region) and case control areas in Zhejiang province, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report on these pollutants in the blood of Chinese children. The mean concentrations of ∑PCDD/Fs, ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, HCB and pp′-DDE in pooled blood samples from polluted areas (Luqiao) were 206 ± 157 pg g−1 lipid, 40.6 ± 7.01 ng g−1 lipid, 32.1 ± 17.5 ng g−1 lipid, 14.6 ± 20.1 ng g−1 lipid and 108 ± 21.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. WHO-TEQ-2005 for PCBs and PCDD/Fs were 11.9 ± 4.62 pg g−1 lipid and 10.3 ± 6.39 pg g−1 lipid, respectively. The results showed that PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in the E-waste recycling area were significantly (P \\\\&lt; 0.001) higher than the case control areas. High levels of PCDD/Fs were detected in the case control area (Longyou), where Na-PCP had been widely sprayed to prevent snailborne schistosomiasis. The contamination levels and profiles were compared with those documented in previous publications.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Shen, Haitao and Ding, Gangqiang and Han, Guangen and Wang, Xiaofeng and Xu, Xiaomin and Han, Jianlong and Lou, Xiaoming and Xu, Caiju and Cai, Delei and Song, Yanhua and Lu, Wei},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Children’s blood, China, Organochlorines, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs},\\n\\tpages = {170--175},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shen, H.\",\"Ding, G.\",\"Han, G.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Xu, X.\",\"Han, J.\",\"Lou, X.\",\"Xu, C.\",\"Cai, D.\",\"Song, Y.\",\"Lu, W.\"],\"key\":\"shen_distribution_2010\",\"id\":\"shen_distribution_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shen-ding-han-wang-xu-han-lou-xu-etal-distributionofpcddfspcbspbdesandorganochlorineresiduesinchildrensbloodfromzhejiangchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Children’s blood\",\"China\",\"Organochlorines\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"PCDD/Fs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessment of human exposure to Bisphenol-A, Triclosan and Tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.024\",\"abstract\":\"Bisphenol-A (BPA), Triclosan (TCS) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) are phenolic organic contaminants used in a variety of household applications. Through manufacture and usage, these contaminants can leach into the environment and can be detected in indoor dust. In this study, we determined the concentrations of BPA, TCS and TBBPA in indoor dust samples from 18 houses and 2 offices in Flanders, Belgium. The analysis was performed using solid–liquid extraction, clean-up and measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Median concentrations of the 18 domestic dust samples were 1460, 220 and 10 ng g−1 dust for BPA, TCS and TBBPA, respectively. Concentrations in offices were almost 5–10 times higher for BPA and TBBPA, while TCS concentrations were comparable at both locations. An assessment of the daily intake of these contaminants through dust was made and the contribution of dust to the total human exposure was calculated. For all three contaminants, dust seems to be a minor contributor (&lt;10% of total exposure) to the total daily exposure. Food intake appears to be the major source of human exposure to BPA and TBBPA as dermal uptake through personal care products seems to be the major contributor for TCS.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tinne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Belgium, Bisphenol-A, Dust, Human exposure, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Triclosan\",\"pages\":\"755–760\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{geens_assessment_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessment of human exposure to {Bisphenol}-{A}, {Triclosan} and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} through indoor dust intake in {Belgium}},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.024},\\n\\tabstract = {Bisphenol-A (BPA), Triclosan (TCS) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) are phenolic organic contaminants used in a variety of household applications. Through manufacture and usage, these contaminants can leach into the environment and can be detected in indoor dust. In this study, we determined the concentrations of BPA, TCS and TBBPA in indoor dust samples from 18 houses and 2 offices in Flanders, Belgium. The analysis was performed using solid–liquid extraction, clean-up and measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Median concentrations of the 18 domestic dust samples were 1460, 220 and 10 ng g−1 dust for BPA, TCS and TBBPA, respectively. Concentrations in offices were almost 5–10 times higher for BPA and TBBPA, while TCS concentrations were comparable at both locations. An assessment of the daily intake of these contaminants through dust was made and the contribution of dust to the total human exposure was calculated. For all three contaminants, dust seems to be a minor contributor (\\\\&lt;10\\\\% of total exposure) to the total daily exposure. Food intake appears to be the major source of human exposure to BPA and TBBPA as dermal uptake through personal care products seems to be the major contributor for TCS.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Geens, Tinne and Roosens, Laurence and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Belgium, Bisphenol-A, Dust, Human exposure, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Triclosan},\\n\\tpages = {755--760},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Geens, T.\",\"Roosens, L.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"geens_assessment_2009\",\"id\":\"geens_assessment_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"geens-roosens-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretobisphenolatriclosanandtetrabromobisphenolathroughindoordustintakeinbelgium-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Belgium\",\"Bisphenol-A\",\"Dust\",\"Human exposure\",\"Tetrabromobisphenol-A\",\"Triclosan\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants Dioxin 2004 Selected, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs convened at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany, September 2004\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk of women from Catalonia, Spain\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.110\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from women living in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain, were determined. The study was performed after 4 years of regular operations in the facility and the present PCB levels were compared with baseline concentrations obtained in a pre-operational program. PCBs and PBDEs levels were determined by HRGC/HRMS in 15 samples. In the present study planar PCBs ranged from 1.3 to 6.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat with a mean value of 3.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. After adding dioxin-like mono-ortho-PCBs the total PCB-TEQ concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 13.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (mean value: 8.7 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A comparison of the current data with those obtained in the baseline study showed significant decreases for both planar and total WHO-TEQ of PCBs: 47.9% and 44.6%, respectively. PCB concentrations in milk of women living in urban zones were higher than those living near industrial areas (10.1 and 7.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively). Mean PBDE concentrations were 2.2 and 2.5 ng/g fat for women living in urban and industrial zones, respectively. Dietary intake of PCBs and PBDEs for a standard adult woman samples were 898 and 843 ng/day for PCBs, and 72 and 63 ng/day for PBDEs, for residents in urban and industrials areas, respectively. This study suggests that dietary intake is more relevant for human exposure to PCBs and PBDEs than living near the HWI.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schuhmacher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiviranta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vartiainen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Domingo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Catalonia, Spain, Hazardous waste incinerator, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)\",\"pages\":\"S295–S300\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schuhmacher_concentrations_2007,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in milk of women from {Catalonia}, {Spain}},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.110},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from women living in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain, were determined. The study was performed after 4 years of regular operations in the facility and the present PCB levels were compared with baseline concentrations obtained in a pre-operational program. PCBs and PBDEs levels were determined by HRGC/HRMS in 15 samples. In the present study planar PCBs ranged from 1.3 to 6.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat with a mean value of 3.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. After adding dioxin-like mono-ortho-PCBs the total PCB-TEQ concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 13.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (mean value: 8.7 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A comparison of the current data with those obtained in the baseline study showed significant decreases for both planar and total WHO-TEQ of PCBs: 47.9\\\\% and 44.6\\\\%, respectively. PCB concentrations in milk of women living in urban zones were higher than those living near industrial areas (10.1 and 7.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively). Mean PBDE concentrations were 2.2 and 2.5 ng/g fat for women living in urban and industrial zones, respectively. Dietary intake of PCBs and PBDEs for a standard adult woman samples were 898 and 843 ng/day for PCBs, and 72 and 63 ng/day for PBDEs, for residents in urban and industrials areas, respectively. This study suggests that dietary intake is more relevant for human exposure to PCBs and PBDEs than living near the HWI.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Schuhmacher, M. and Kiviranta, H. and Vartiainen, T. and Domingo, J. L.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Catalonia, Spain, Hazardous waste incinerator, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)},\\n\\tpages = {S295--S300},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schuhmacher, M.\",\"Kiviranta, H.\",\"Vartiainen, T.\",\"Domingo, J. L.\"],\"key\":\"schuhmacher_concentrations_2007\",\"id\":\"schuhmacher_concentrations_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schuhmacher-kiviranta-vartiainen-domingo-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkofwomenfromcataloniaspain-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249\"},\"keyword\":[\"Catalonia\",\"Spain\",\"Hazardous waste incinerator\",\"Human milk\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls: Infant birth weight and gestational age\",\"volume\":\"69\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.031\",\"abstract\":\"Understanding the influence of maternal exposures on gestational age and birth weight is essential given that pre-term and/or low birth weight infants are at risk for increased mortality and morbidity. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) through accidental contamination of cattle feed and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) through residual contamination in the geographic region. Our study population consisted of 444 mothers and their 899 infants born between 1975 and 1997. Using restricted maximum likelihood estimation, no significant association was found between estimated maternal serum PBB at conception or enrollment PCB levels and gestational age or infant birth weight in unadjusted models or in models that adjusted for maternal age, smoking, parity, infant gender, and decade of birth. For enrollment maternal serum PBB, no association was observed for gestational age. However, a negative association with high levels of enrollment maternal serum PBB and birth weight was suggested. We also examined the birth weight and gestational age among offspring of women with the highest (10%) PBB or PCB exposure, and observed no significant association. Because brominated compounds are currently used in consumer products and therefore, are increasingly prevalent in the environment, additional research is needed to better understand the potential relationship between in utero exposure to brominated compounds and adverse health outcomes.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Givens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marjory\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Small\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chanley\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Terrell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Metrecia\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cameron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lorraine\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Michels\",\"Blanck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heidi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tolbert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paige\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rubin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Henderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alden\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marcus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michele\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Birth weight, Environmental toxicants, Gestational age, Infant health, Maternal exposures, PBB, PCB\",\"pages\":\"1295–1304\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{givens_maternal_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls: {Infant} birth weight and gestational age},\\n\\tvolume = {69},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.031},\\n\\tabstract = {Understanding the influence of maternal exposures on gestational age and birth weight is essential given that pre-term and/or low birth weight infants are at risk for increased mortality and morbidity. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) through accidental contamination of cattle feed and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) through residual contamination in the geographic region. Our study population consisted of 444 mothers and their 899 infants born between 1975 and 1997. Using restricted maximum likelihood estimation, no significant association was found between estimated maternal serum PBB at conception or enrollment PCB levels and gestational age or infant birth weight in unadjusted models or in models that adjusted for maternal age, smoking, parity, infant gender, and decade of birth. For enrollment maternal serum PBB, no association was observed for gestational age. However, a negative association with high levels of enrollment maternal serum PBB and birth weight was suggested. We also examined the birth weight and gestational age among offspring of women with the highest (10\\\\%) PBB or PCB exposure, and observed no significant association. Because brominated compounds are currently used in consumer products and therefore, are increasingly prevalent in the environment, additional research is needed to better understand the potential relationship between in utero exposure to brominated compounds and adverse health outcomes.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Givens, Marjory L. and Small, Chanley M. and Terrell, Metrecia L. and Cameron, Lorraine L. and Michels Blanck, Heidi and Tolbert, Paige E. and Rubin, Carol and Henderson, Alden K. and Marcus, Michele},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Birth weight, Environmental toxicants, Gestational age, Infant health, Maternal exposures, PBB, PCB},\\n\\tpages = {1295--1304},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Givens, M. L.\",\"Small, C. M.\",\"Terrell, M. L.\",\"Cameron, L. L.\",\"Michels Blanck, H.\",\"Tolbert, P. E.\",\"Rubin, C.\",\"Henderson, A. K.\",\"Marcus, M.\"],\"key\":\"givens_maternal_2007\",\"id\":\"givens_maternal_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"givens-small-terrell-cameron-michelsblanck-tolbert-rubin-henderson-etal-maternalexposuretopolybrominatedandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinfantbirthweightandgestationalage-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431\"},\"keyword\":[\"Birth weight\",\"Environmental toxicants\",\"Gestational age\",\"Infant health\",\"Maternal exposures\",\"PBB\",\"PCB\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022\",\"abstract\":\"Plastic products can contain chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, it was investigated if various plastic products emit hazardous chemical substances to water. Two leaching methods (batch and diffusion tests) were used and the leachates were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Nine out of 32 tested plastic product leachates had Daphnia 48-h EC50s ranging from 5 to 80 g plastic material L−1. For the remaining 23 products no effect on mobility was seen even at the highest test concentrations (70–100 g plastic material L−1). A compact disc (recordable) was the most toxic plastic product, but the toxicity was traced to the silver layer not the polycarbonate plastic material. The other products that displayed toxicity were made of either plasticised PVC (artificial leather, bath tub toy, inflatable bathing ring and table cloth) or polyurethane (artificial leather, floor coating and children’s handbag). While the Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) for compact discs using sodium thiosulfate addition showed that silver was causing the toxicity, the TIE for artificial leathers using C18 cartridges showed that hydrophobic compounds were causing the toxicity. Acute toxicity tests of plastic product leachates were found to be useful for screening purposes for differentiating between toxic and non-toxic products.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lithner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delilah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Damberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeanette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dave\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Göran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Acute toxicity, CD-R, Leaching test, Plasticised PVC, Polyurethane, Toxicity Identification Evaluation\",\"pages\":\"1195–1200\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lithner_leachates_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Leachates from plastic consumer products – {Screening} for toxicity with {Daphnia} magna},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Plastic products can contain chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, it was investigated if various plastic products emit hazardous chemical substances to water. Two leaching methods (batch and diffusion tests) were used and the leachates were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Nine out of 32 tested plastic product leachates had Daphnia 48-h EC50s ranging from 5 to 80 g plastic material L−1. For the remaining 23 products no effect on mobility was seen even at the highest test concentrations (70–100 g plastic material L−1). A compact disc (recordable) was the most toxic plastic product, but the toxicity was traced to the silver layer not the polycarbonate plastic material. The other products that displayed toxicity were made of either plasticised PVC (artificial leather, bath tub toy, inflatable bathing ring and table cloth) or polyurethane (artificial leather, floor coating and children’s handbag). While the Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) for compact discs using sodium thiosulfate addition showed that silver was causing the toxicity, the TIE for artificial leathers using C18 cartridges showed that hydrophobic compounds were causing the toxicity. Acute toxicity tests of plastic product leachates were found to be useful for screening purposes for differentiating between toxic and non-toxic products.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Lithner, Delilah and Damberg, Jeanette and Dave, Göran and Larsson, Åke},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Acute toxicity, CD-R, Leaching test, Plasticised PVC, Polyurethane, Toxicity Identification Evaluation},\\n\\tpages = {1195--1200},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lithner, D.\",\"Damberg, J.\",\"Dave, G.\",\"Larsson, Å.\"],\"key\":\"lithner_leachates_2009\",\"id\":\"lithner_leachates_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lithner-damberg-dave-larsson-leachatesfromplasticconsumerproductsscreeningfortoxicitywithdaphniamagna-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Acute toxicity\",\"CD-R\",\"Leaching test\",\"Plasticised PVC\",\"Polyurethane\",\"Toxicity Identification Evaluation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impact of fermented brown rice with Aspergillus oryzae (FEBRA) intake and concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in blood of humans from Japan\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.016\",\"abstract\":\"The isotope dilution technique was applied for the analysis of new polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) calibration standard (both labeled and non-labeled) using high-resolution gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS). The relative response factor (RRF) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for new calibration standard in Finnigan Thermo Electron (MAT-95XL) and Micromass (Autospec Ultima) were more or less identical with mean RRF (0.9882), RSD (0.0865) and CV% of (8.75). The results also revealed for DeBDE-209 quantification; labeled DeBDE-209 is essential. Furthermore, we recommend on column injection technique with a thin film instead of splitless injection in order to reduce the thermal degradation of DeBDE-209 and formation of octabromodibenzofurans (OBDF). Besides, analysis of human blood (n = 156) of FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake individuals elucidated frequent detection of eighteen PBDE congeners. The average PBDE concentrations in non-FEBRA intake and FEBRA-intake humans were 6000–11 000 (mean: 8400) and 5400–15 000 (mean: 9900) respectively on pg/g fat basis. Although FEBRA-intake individuals showed slightly greater PBDEs, computer-normalized concentrations of TeBDE-47 corroborate FEBRA-intake individual from four family showed reduced concentrations. The contamination profiles of PBDEs varied in between family, gender as well as geography. International comparison with predominant PBDE congener (TeBDE-47) prevailed lower levels in Japan when compared to Korea, Germany and USA nevertheless, congener specific profiles were different which is in accordance with different technical PBDE usage in between countries.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takasuga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Senthilkumar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takemori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Etsumasa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsuji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nagayama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Junya\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Autospec Ultima, Calibration standard, Computer normalization, FEBRA, HRGC–HRMS, Human blood, MAT-95XL, PBDEs, RRF, RSD%\",\"pages\":\"795–811\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takasuga_impact_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Impact of fermented brown rice with {Aspergillus} oryzae ({FEBRA}) intake and concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers ({PBDEs}) in blood of humans from {Japan}},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.016},\\n\\tabstract = {The isotope dilution technique was applied for the analysis of new polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) calibration standard (both labeled and non-labeled) using high-resolution gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS). The relative response factor (RRF) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for new calibration standard in Finnigan Thermo Electron (MAT-95XL) and Micromass (Autospec Ultima) were more or less identical with mean RRF (0.9882), RSD (0.0865) and CV\\\\% of (8.75). The results also revealed for DeBDE-209 quantification; labeled DeBDE-209 is essential. Furthermore, we recommend on column injection technique with a thin film instead of splitless injection in order to reduce the thermal degradation of DeBDE-209 and formation of octabromodibenzofurans (OBDF). Besides, analysis of human blood (n = 156) of FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake individuals elucidated frequent detection of eighteen PBDE congeners. The average PBDE concentrations in non-FEBRA intake and FEBRA-intake humans were 6000–11 000 (mean: 8400) and 5400–15 000 (mean: 9900) respectively on pg/g fat basis. Although FEBRA-intake individuals showed slightly greater PBDEs, computer-normalized concentrations of TeBDE-47 corroborate FEBRA-intake individual from four family showed reduced concentrations. The contamination profiles of PBDEs varied in between family, gender as well as geography. International comparison with predominant PBDE congener (TeBDE-47) prevailed lower levels in Japan when compared to Korea, Germany and USA nevertheless, congener specific profiles were different which is in accordance with different technical PBDE usage in between countries.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Takasuga, Takumi and Senthilkumar, Kurunthachalam and Takemori, Hiroaki and Ohi, Etsumasa and Tsuji, Hiroshi and Nagayama, Junya},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Autospec Ultima, Calibration standard, Computer normalization, FEBRA, HRGC–HRMS, Human blood, MAT-95XL, PBDEs, RRF, RSD\\\\%},\\n\\tpages = {795--811},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takasuga, T.\",\"Senthilkumar, K.\",\"Takemori, H.\",\"Ohi, E.\",\"Tsuji, H.\",\"Nagayama, J.\"],\"key\":\"takasuga_impact_2004\",\"id\":\"takasuga_impact_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takasuga-senthilkumar-takemori-ohi-tsuji-nagayama-impactoffermentedbrownricewithaspergillusoryzaefebraintakeandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbloodofhumansfromjapan-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034\"},\"keyword\":[\"Autospec Ultima\",\"Calibration standard\",\"Computer normalization\",\"FEBRA\",\"HRGC–HRMS\",\"Human blood\",\"MAT-95XL\",\"PBDEs\",\"RRF\",\"RSD%\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants Dioxin 2004 Selected, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs convened at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany, September 2004\",\"title\":\"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from Italian women living in Rome and Venice\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.111\",\"abstract\":\"The levels of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in human milk samples from the areas of Venice and Rome, primarily in order to characterize the current levels of infant exposure to PCBs and PBDEs due to breast feeding in Italy. Sixteen non-dioxin-like PCBs, including the traditional indicator congeners, and 11 PBDEs, comprising the relevant PBDE-47, PBDE-99, and PBDE-153, were determined. Congeners were selected for analysis according to their relative abundance in human tissues, toxicological relevance, and diffusion in the environment. Dietary habits of the milk donors were recorded by questionnaires; mothers of the Venice area were classified into three groups according to their consumption of local fish, molluscs, and other fishery products. Σ16(PCBs) and Σ11(PBDEs) (ng g−1 fat) for the areas of Venice and Rome were respectively, 250–390 and 240, and 1.6–2.8 and 4.1. An increase of fish and fishery product consumption could not be associated with an increase of PCB and PBDE levels in milk.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ingelido\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\",\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dellatte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"di\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Domenico\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alessandro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabiola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fulgenzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\",\"Rita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iacovella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miniero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roberto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Porpora\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Grazia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Felip\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\",\"De\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Fish consumption, Infant exposure, Organohalogenated contaminants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"pages\":\"S301–S306\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ingelido_polychlorinated_2007,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},\\n\\ttitle = {Polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in milk from {Italian} women living in {Rome} and {Venice}},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.111},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in human milk samples from the areas of Venice and Rome, primarily in order to characterize the current levels of infant exposure to PCBs and PBDEs due to breast feeding in Italy. Sixteen non-dioxin-like PCBs, including the traditional indicator congeners, and 11 PBDEs, comprising the relevant PBDE-47, PBDE-99, and PBDE-153, were determined. Congeners were selected for analysis according to their relative abundance in human tissues, toxicological relevance, and diffusion in the environment. Dietary habits of the milk donors were recorded by questionnaires; mothers of the Venice area were classified into three groups according to their consumption of local fish, molluscs, and other fishery products. Σ16(PCBs) and Σ11(PBDEs) (ng g−1 fat) for the areas of Venice and Rome were respectively, 250–390 and 240, and 1.6–2.8 and 4.1. An increase of fish and fishery product consumption could not be associated with an increase of PCB and PBDE levels in milk.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ingelido, Anna Maria and Ballard, Terri and Dellatte, Elena and di Domenico, Alessandro and Ferri, Fabiola and Fulgenzi, Anna Rita and Herrmann, Thomas and Iacovella, Nicola and Miniero, Roberto and Päpke, Olaf and Porpora, Maria Grazia and Felip, Elena De},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Fish consumption, Infant exposure, Organohalogenated contaminants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\\n\\tpages = {S301--S306},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ingelido, A. M.\",\"Ballard, T.\",\"Dellatte, E.\",\"di Domenico, A.\",\"Ferri, F.\",\"Fulgenzi, A. R.\",\"Herrmann, T.\",\"Iacovella, N.\",\"Miniero, R.\",\"Päpke, O.\",\"Porpora, M. G.\",\"Felip, E. D.\"],\"key\":\"ingelido_polychlorinated_2007\",\"id\":\"ingelido_polychlorinated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ingelido-ballard-dellatte-didomenico-ferri-fulgenzi-herrmann-iacovella-etal-polychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkfromitalianwomenlivinginromeandvenice-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Fish consumption\",\"Infant exposure\",\"Organohalogenated contaminants\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China: Implication on exposure sources and pathways\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088\",\"abstract\":\"Fourteen PBDE congeners from mono- to deca-BDE were determined in breast milk of primiparous mothers from two locations in East China, i.e. Nanjing (n = 9), an urban area, and Zhoushan (n = 10), a semi rural coastal area. PBDEs were detected in all the human breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these two locations are widely exposed to these pollutants. Relatively higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the milk of mothers from Nanjing than Zhoushan, suggesting the existence of significant sources of PBDEs in urban areas. PBDE levels in the present study were similar to those in European countries, but one or two orders of magnitude lower than in North America. Except for BDE-3, all congeners from di- to deca-BDE were detected in the samples of the present study. BDE-209, a congener considered to have less bioavailability, was detected in about 50% of the samples at concentrations higher than that of other congeners. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-153, -197 and -207, were also prominent in the present study, which is different from the pattern generally observed in previous studies on human milk as well as biota samples. These results may indicate that the inhabitants of Nanjing and Zhoushan are exposed to location specific sources of PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsydenova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oyuna\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hongxia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"China, Congener profiles, Exposure sources and pathways, Human breast milk, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"1661–1668\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sudaryanto_levels_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and congener specific profiles of {PBDEs} in human breast milk from {China}: {Implication} on exposure sources and pathways},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Levels and congener specific profiles of {PBDEs} in human breast milk from {China}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088},\\n\\tabstract = {Fourteen PBDE congeners from mono- to deca-BDE were determined in breast milk of primiparous mothers from two locations in East China, i.e. Nanjing (n = 9), an urban area, and Zhoushan (n = 10), a semi rural coastal area. PBDEs were detected in all the human breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these two locations are widely exposed to these pollutants. Relatively higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the milk of mothers from Nanjing than Zhoushan, suggesting the existence of significant sources of PBDEs in urban areas. PBDE levels in the present study were similar to those in European countries, but one or two orders of magnitude lower than in North America. Except for BDE-3, all congeners from di- to deca-BDE were detected in the samples of the present study. BDE-209, a congener considered to have less bioavailability, was detected in about 50\\\\% of the samples at concentrations higher than that of other congeners. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-153, -197 and -207, were also prominent in the present study, which is different from the pattern generally observed in previous studies on human milk as well as biota samples. These results may indicate that the inhabitants of Nanjing and Zhoushan are exposed to location specific sources of PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Sudaryanto, Agus and Kajiwara, Natsuko and Tsydenova, Oyuna V. and Isobe, Tomohiko and Yu, Hongxia and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Congener profiles, Exposure sources and pathways, Human breast milk, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {1661--1668},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Kajiwara, N.\",\"Tsydenova, O. V.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Yu, H.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"sudaryanto_levels_2008\",\"id\":\"sudaryanto_levels_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sudaryanto-kajiwara-tsydenova-isobe-yu-takahashi-tanabe-levelsandcongenerspecificprofilesofpbdesinhumanbreastmilkfromchinaimplicationonexposuresourcesandpathways-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Congener profiles\",\"Exposure sources and pathways\",\"Human breast milk\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants Dioxin 2005 Selected Papers from the 25th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs held in Toronto, Canada, August 2005\",\"title\":\"Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075\",\"abstract\":\"Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction (&lt;2 mm) of household dust samples (n = 40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17–550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500–13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520–29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950–54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States (&lt;1–330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany (&lt;1–2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.\",\"number\":\"1, Supplement\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGahee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ernest\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Focant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-François\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pless-Mulloli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tanja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"Leontjew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patterson\",\"Jr.\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donald\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Dust, Human exposure, Indoor environment, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"pages\":\"S131–S136\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sjodin_concentration_2008,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2005 {Selected} {Papers} from the 25th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} held in {Toronto}, {Canada}, {August} 2005},\\n\\ttitle = {Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in household dust from various countries},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075},\\n\\tabstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction (\\\\&lt;2 mm) of household dust samples (n = 40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17–550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500–13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520–29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950–54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States (\\\\&lt;1–330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany (\\\\&lt;1–2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.},\\n\\tnumber = {1, Supplement},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Päpke, Olaf and McGahee, Ernest and Focant, Jean-François and Jones, Richard S. and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja and Toms, Leisa-Maree Leontjew and Herrmann, Thomas and Müller, Jochen and Needham, Larry L. and Patterson Jr., Donald G.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dust, Human exposure, Indoor environment, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\\n\\tpages = {S131--S136},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Päpke, O.\",\"McGahee, E.\",\"Focant, J.\",\"Jones, R. S.\",\"Pless-Mulloli, T.\",\"Toms, L. L.\",\"Herrmann, T.\",\"Müller, J.\",\"Needham, L. L.\",\"Patterson Jr., D. G.\"],\"key\":\"sjodin_concentration_2008-1\",\"id\":\"sjodin_concentration_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dust\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor environment\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature\",\"volume\":\"68\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022\",\"abstract\":\"Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mafumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chisto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kawamoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katsuya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukio\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"ABS, Melamine/urea formaldehydes, Polyamide 6, Polyurethane, SVOCs, Thermal behavior\",\"pages\":\"2063–2072\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{watanabe_characterization_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature},\\n\\tvolume = {68},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Watanabe, Mafumi and Nakata, Chisto and Wu, Wei and Kawamoto, Katsuya and Noma, Yukio},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {ABS, Melamine/urea formaldehydes, Polyamide 6, Polyurethane, SVOCs, Thermal behavior},\\n\\tpages = {2063--2072},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Watanabe, M.\",\"Nakata, C.\",\"Wu, W.\",\"Kawamoto, K.\",\"Noma, Y.\"],\"key\":\"watanabe_characterization_2007\",\"id\":\"watanabe_characterization_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"watanabe-nakata-wu-kawamoto-noma-characterizationofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemittedduringheatingofnitrogencontainingplasticsatlowtemperature-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391\"},\"keyword\":[\"ABS\",\"Melamine/urea formaldehydes\",\"Polyamide 6\",\"Polyurethane\",\"SVOCs\",\"Thermal behavior\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A multivariate chemical map of industrial chemicals – Assessment of various protocols for identification of chemicals of potential concern\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.011\",\"abstract\":\"In present study the Industrial chemical map was created, and investigated. Molecular descriptors were calculated for 56 072 organic substances from the European inventory of existing commercial chemical substances (EINECS). The resulting multivariate dataset was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), giving five principal components, mainly reflecting size, hydrophobicity, flexibility, halogenation and electronical properties. It is these five PCs that form the basis of the map of organic, industrial chemicals, the Industrial chemical map. The similarities and diversity in chemical characteristics of the substances in relation to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and long-range transport potential were then examined, by superimposing five sets of entries obtained from other relevant databases onto the Industrial chemical map. These sets displayed very similar diversity patterns in the map, although with a spread in all five PC vectors. Substances listed by the United Nations Environment Program as persistent organic pollutants (UNEP POPs) were on the other hand clearly grouped with respect to each of the five PCs. Illustrating similarities and differences in chemical properties are one of the strengths of the multivariate data analysis method, and to be able to make predictions of, and investigate new chemicals. Further, the results demonstrate that non-testing methods as read-across, based on molecular similarities, can reduce the requirements to test industrial chemicals, provided that they are applied carefully, in combination with sound chemical knowledge.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linusson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tysklind\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mats\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrik\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Hazard identification, Molecular similarities, Non-testing methods, Persistent organic pollutants, Read-across, Risk assessment\",\"pages\":\"878–884\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stenberg_multivariate_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {A multivariate chemical map of industrial chemicals – {Assessment} of various protocols for identification of chemicals of potential concern},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.011},\\n\\tabstract = {In present study the Industrial chemical map was created, and investigated. Molecular descriptors were calculated for 56 072 organic substances from the European inventory of existing commercial chemical substances (EINECS). The resulting multivariate dataset was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), giving five principal components, mainly reflecting size, hydrophobicity, flexibility, halogenation and electronical properties. It is these five PCs that form the basis of the map of organic, industrial chemicals, the Industrial chemical map. The similarities and diversity in chemical characteristics of the substances in relation to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and long-range transport potential were then examined, by superimposing five sets of entries obtained from other relevant databases onto the Industrial chemical map. These sets displayed very similar diversity patterns in the map, although with a spread in all five PC vectors. Substances listed by the United Nations Environment Program as persistent organic pollutants (UNEP POPs) were on the other hand clearly grouped with respect to each of the five PCs. Illustrating similarities and differences in chemical properties are one of the strengths of the multivariate data analysis method, and to be able to make predictions of, and investigate new chemicals. Further, the results demonstrate that non-testing methods as read-across, based on molecular similarities, can reduce the requirements to test industrial chemicals, provided that they are applied carefully, in combination with sound chemical knowledge.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Stenberg, Mia and Linusson, Anna and Tysklind, Mats and Andersson, Patrik L.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Hazard identification, Molecular similarities, Non-testing methods, Persistent organic pollutants, Read-across, Risk assessment},\\n\\tpages = {878--884},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stenberg, M.\",\"Linusson, A.\",\"Tysklind, M.\",\"Andersson, P. L.\"],\"key\":\"stenberg_multivariate_2009\",\"id\":\"stenberg_multivariate_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stenberg-linusson-tysklind-andersson-amultivariatechemicalmapofindustrialchemicalsassessmentofvariousprotocolsforidentificationofchemicalsofpotentialconcern-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389\"},\"keyword\":[\"Hazard identification\",\"Molecular similarities\",\"Non-testing methods\",\"Persistent organic pollutants\",\"Read-across\",\"Risk assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and congener specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in breast milk from Catalonia\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.050\",\"abstract\":\"The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from mono to hepta brominated and 11 hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) PBDEs was examined in 37 breast milk samples collected from 11 mothers living in Barcelona. An extraction method based on accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was used to inequivocally identify all target compounds at the low pg g−1 lw level. Data obtained were examined for absolute and relative concentrations and specific PBDE, OH- and MeO-PBDE congener patterns. ∑PBDE concentration ranged between 1161 and 1 372 797 pg g−1 lw and BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and 183 accounted for more than 80% of the total PBDEs. All tri and tetra OH- and MeO-PBDEs compounds were detected at levels between 6 and 14 984 pg g−1 lw. The median ratio ∑OH/PBDE and MeO-PBDEs/PBDEs was from 2.9% to 1.6%, respectively, suggesting either that PBDE metabolism to OH- and MeO- derivatives is not an important degradation route in humans or either OH- and MeO-PBDEs are rapidly excreted. No significant correlation was observed between PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDE, although OH- and OMe-PBDEs co-occurred in mothers’ milk (R2 = 0.5349). According to the daily intake of PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDEs, which was between 0.47 and 363 ng d−1 (excluding a smoking donor), potential health risks associated with these compounds are assessed.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lacorte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silvia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikonomou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, GC–HRMS, Hydroxylated PBDEs, Methoxylated PBDEs, PBDE\",\"pages\":\"412–420\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lacorte_occurrence_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and congener specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in breast milk from {Catalonia}},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.050},\\n\\tabstract = {The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from mono to hepta brominated and 11 hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) PBDEs was examined in 37 breast milk samples collected from 11 mothers living in Barcelona. An extraction method based on accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was used to inequivocally identify all target compounds at the low pg g−1 lw level. Data obtained were examined for absolute and relative concentrations and specific PBDE, OH- and MeO-PBDE congener patterns. ∑PBDE concentration ranged between 1161 and 1 372 797 pg g−1 lw and BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and 183 accounted for more than 80\\\\% of the total PBDEs. All tri and tetra OH- and MeO-PBDEs compounds were detected at levels between 6 and 14 984 pg g−1 lw. The median ratio ∑OH/PBDE and MeO-PBDEs/PBDEs was from 2.9\\\\% to 1.6\\\\%, respectively, suggesting either that PBDE metabolism to OH- and MeO- derivatives is not an important degradation route in humans or either OH- and MeO-PBDEs are rapidly excreted. No significant correlation was observed between PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDE, although OH- and OMe-PBDEs co-occurred in mothers’ milk (R2 = 0.5349). According to the daily intake of PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDEs, which was between 0.47 and 363 ng d−1 (excluding a smoking donor), potential health risks associated with these compounds are assessed.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Lacorte, Silvia and Ikonomou, Michael G.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, GC–HRMS, Hydroxylated PBDEs, Methoxylated PBDEs, PBDE},\\n\\tpages = {412--420},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lacorte, S.\",\"Ikonomou, M. G.\"],\"key\":\"lacorte_occurrence_2009\",\"id\":\"lacorte_occurrence_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lacorte-ikonomou-occurrenceandcongenerspecificprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedandmethoxylatedderivativesinbreastmilkfromcatalonia-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"GC–HRMS\",\"Hydroxylated PBDEs\",\"Methoxylated PBDEs\",\"PBDE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The effect of waste combustion on the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk in Italy\",\"volume\":\"82\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.044\",\"abstract\":\"Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in the breast milk of mothers living in Giugliano (Campania, Italy), an area at increased risk of PCDD and PCDF exposure caused by recent and serious open-air waste-combustion accidents. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in milk samples were also studied. Breast milk was also monitored in two cities in northern Italy, Milan and Piacenza, which were selected as controls. Other variables, such as diet and age of the mothers, were also studied. PCDD/F and PCB levels and congener profiles in breast-milk samples were similar in all these cities, though total PCDD/F and DL-PCB TEQs in samples from Giugliano were significantly lower than those in Milan and Piacenza (8.65 pg WHO-TEQ in Giugliano vs. 11.0 and 9.94 pg WHO-TEQ in Milan and Piacenza respectively). Thus no direct correlations were found between PCDD/F and PCB levels in breast milk and the suspected increased exposure through open-air waste combustion in Giugliano. Diet did not seem to affect PCDD/F and PCB levels, whereas a significant correlation was observed between the mother’s age and an increased concentration of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs in milk. Comparison of these findings with those of previous surveys in Italy in 2000–2001 showed a marked reduction of PCDD/F (about 60%) and DL-PCB (about 20%) levels in breast milk occurring over the last 10 years. This might well be a result of well functioning legislation, for example European Directives on of the reduction of the emission limits of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs from waste incineration set by EU Directive 2000/76/EC implemented in 2000, or Commission Regulations such as (EC) No. 466/2001 and 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ulaszewska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zuccato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ettore\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Capri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ettore\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iovine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reginaldo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colombo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rotella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Giuseppe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Generoso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caterina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grassi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paola\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Melis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fanelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roberto\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Accidental exposure, Human biomonitoring, Principal component analysis, Waste combustion\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ulaszewska_effect_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {The effect of waste combustion on the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PCDDs}), polychlorinated dibenzofurans ({PCDFs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk in {Italy}},\\n\\tvolume = {82},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.044},\\n\\tabstract = {Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in the breast milk of mothers living in Giugliano (Campania, Italy), an area at increased risk of PCDD and PCDF exposure caused by recent and serious open-air waste-combustion accidents. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in milk samples were also studied. Breast milk was also monitored in two cities in northern Italy, Milan and Piacenza, which were selected as controls. Other variables, such as diet and age of the mothers, were also studied. PCDD/F and PCB levels and congener profiles in breast-milk samples were similar in all these cities, though total PCDD/F and DL-PCB TEQs in samples from Giugliano were significantly lower than those in Milan and Piacenza (8.65 pg WHO-TEQ in Giugliano vs. 11.0 and 9.94 pg WHO-TEQ in Milan and Piacenza respectively). Thus no direct correlations were found between PCDD/F and PCB levels in breast milk and the suspected increased exposure through open-air waste combustion in Giugliano. Diet did not seem to affect PCDD/F and PCB levels, whereas a significant correlation was observed between the mother’s age and an increased concentration of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs in milk. Comparison of these findings with those of previous surveys in Italy in 2000–2001 showed a marked reduction of PCDD/F (about 60\\\\%) and DL-PCB (about 20\\\\%) levels in breast milk occurring over the last 10 years. This might well be a result of well functioning legislation, for example European Directives on of the reduction of the emission limits of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs from waste incineration set by EU Directive 2000/76/EC implemented in 2000, or Commission Regulations such as (EC) No. 466/2001 and 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ulaszewska, Maria M. and Zuccato, Ettore and Capri, Ettore and Iovine, Reginaldo and Colombo, Andrea and Rotella, Giuseppe and Generoso, Caterina and Grassi, Paola and Melis, Manuela and Fanelli, Roberto},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Accidental exposure, Human biomonitoring, Principal component analysis, Waste combustion},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ulaszewska, M. M.\",\"Zuccato, E.\",\"Capri, E.\",\"Iovine, R.\",\"Colombo, A.\",\"Rotella, G.\",\"Generoso, C.\",\"Grassi, P.\",\"Melis, M.\",\"Fanelli, R.\"],\"key\":\"ulaszewska_effect_2011\",\"id\":\"ulaszewska_effect_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ulaszewska-zuccato-capri-iovine-colombo-rotella-generoso-grassi-etal-theeffectofwastecombustionontheoccurrenceofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddspolychlorinateddibenzofuranspcdfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkinitaly-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872\"},\"keyword\":[\"Accidental exposure\",\"Human biomonitoring\",\"Principal component analysis\",\"Waste combustion\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055\",\"abstract\":\"This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5%), BDE 47 (4.5%), and BDE 183 (2%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gevao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bondi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Bahloul\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Majed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Ghadban\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abdul\",\"Nabi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Al-Omair\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lulwa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zafar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jamal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Helaleh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Murad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"603–608\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gevao_house_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Kuwait}},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055},\\n\\tabstract = {This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85\\\\% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5\\\\%), BDE 47 (4.5\\\\%), and BDE 183 (2\\\\%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Gevao, Bondi and Al-Bahloul, Majed and Al-Ghadban, Abdul Nabi and Al-Omair, Ali and Ali, Lulwa and Zafar, Jamal and Helaleh, Murad},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {603--608},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gevao, B.\",\"Al-Bahloul, M.\",\"Al-Ghadban, A. N.\",\"Al-Omair, A.\",\"Ali, L.\",\"Zafar, J.\",\"Helaleh, M.\"],\"key\":\"gevao_house_2006-1\",\"id\":\"gevao_house_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\"},\"keyword\":[\"House dust\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor pollution\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother’s milk from Germany (Bavaria)\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.053\",\"abstract\":\"The aim of this study was to determine a new spectrum of substances that will be selected for future breast milk monitoring in Bavaria, Germany. Up to now, the analysis of breast milk in Bavaria was limited to selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Information on background levels of toxicologically interesting substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) or on flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are very limited or not available for Bavaria. We present here levels on OCP, some nitro musks, indicator PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dl-PCB concentrations in breast milk collected at 12 weeks post-partum of 43 primiparous mothers living in Bavaria. The average concentrations of PCDD, PCDF and dl-PCB were 4.98, 4.93 and 9.92 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lipid, respectively. The mean contribution of PCDD, PCDF, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB to the total WHO-TEQ is consistently about 25% each. Furthermore the concentration on PBDE in breast milk at two sampling points, 12 weeks and 16 weeks after delivery, were determined. Overall, 19 PBDE congeners were analysed, however the level of 12 PBDE congeners were below the limit of detection. BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the predominant congeners accounting for about 66% of the total PBDE. The means of the total concentrations of PBDE (five congeners) at the first and second sampling point were 1.90 and 2.03 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. Based on our results the overall concentrations of the analysed substances in milk samples from Bavaria are consistent with the levels of breast milk samples of other European countries reflecting the low background body burden of these compounds.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Preiss\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ursula\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Albrecht\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shahin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nabil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parlar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Harun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fromme\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hermann\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Nitro musks, PBDE, PCB, PCDD/F, dl-PCB\",\"pages\":\"87–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{raab_concentrations_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother’s milk from {Germany} ({Bavaria})},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.053},\\n\\tabstract = {The aim of this study was to determine a new spectrum of substances that will be selected for future breast milk monitoring in Bavaria, Germany. Up to now, the analysis of breast milk in Bavaria was limited to selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Information on background levels of toxicologically interesting substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) or on flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are very limited or not available for Bavaria. We present here levels on OCP, some nitro musks, indicator PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dl-PCB concentrations in breast milk collected at 12 weeks post-partum of 43 primiparous mothers living in Bavaria. The average concentrations of PCDD, PCDF and dl-PCB were 4.98, 4.93 and 9.92 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lipid, respectively. The mean contribution of PCDD, PCDF, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB to the total WHO-TEQ is consistently about 25\\\\% each.\\n\\nFurthermore the concentration on PBDE in breast milk at two sampling points, 12 weeks and 16 weeks after delivery, were determined. Overall, 19 PBDE congeners were analysed, however the level of 12 PBDE congeners were below the limit of detection. BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the predominant congeners accounting for about 66\\\\% of the total PBDE. The means of the total concentrations of PBDE (five congeners) at the first and second sampling point were 1.90 and 2.03 ng g−1 lipid, respectively.\\n\\nBased on our results the overall concentrations of the analysed substances in milk samples from Bavaria are consistent with the levels of breast milk samples of other European countries reflecting the low background body burden of these compounds.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Raab, Ulla and Preiss, Ursula and Albrecht, Michael and Shahin, Nabil and Parlar, Harun and Fromme, Hermann},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Nitro musks, PBDE, PCB, PCDD/F, dl-PCB},\\n\\tpages = {87--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Raab, U.\",\"Preiss, U.\",\"Albrecht, M.\",\"Shahin, N.\",\"Parlar, H.\",\"Fromme, H.\"],\"key\":\"raab_concentrations_2008\",\"id\":\"raab_concentrations_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"raab-preiss-albrecht-shahin-parlar-fromme-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersorganochlorinecompoundsandnitromusksinmothersmilkfromgermanybavaria-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Nitro musks\",\"PBDE\",\"PCB\",\"PCDD/F\",\"dl-PCB\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) Papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium, BFR2007, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands 24-27 April 2007\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human liver and adipose tissue samples from Belgium\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.059\",\"abstract\":\"Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in paired human adipose tissue and liver samples (n = 25) from Belgium. Average concentrations and standard deviation of sum PBDEs (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) were 5.3 ± 3.0 (range 1.4–13.2) and 3.6 ± 2.1 (range 1.0–10.0) ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. These concentrations were similar to reported PBDE data from Belgium and were at the lower end of the concentration range reported elsewhere in the world. In both tissues under study, BDE 153 and BDE 47 were the most abundant PBDE congeners, contributing approximately 35% and 25% to the total PBDE content. Average concentrations and range of PCBs (sum of 23 congeners) were 490 (range 70–1130) and 380 (range 90–1140) ng g−1 lw in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. No correlation between age and concentrations of PBDEs could be found (r = 0.04), while PCB concentrations correlated significantly with age (r = 0.62, p &lt; 0.01, for the sum PCBs; r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.01 for PCB 153 alone). Factors, such as exposure pathways (food, dust and air), rates of bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination, influence the concentrations of PBDEs differently than those of PCBs in humans.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voorspoels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Werner\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blust\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronny\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Age and gender dependency, Belgium, Human adipose tissue, Human liver, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"pages\":\"170–175\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{covaci_polybrominated_2008,\\n\\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in human liver and adipose tissue samples from {Belgium}},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.059},\\n\\tabstract = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in paired human adipose tissue and liver samples (n = 25) from Belgium. Average concentrations and standard deviation of sum PBDEs (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) were 5.3 ± 3.0 (range 1.4–13.2) and 3.6 ± 2.1 (range 1.0–10.0) ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. These concentrations were similar to reported PBDE data from Belgium and were at the lower end of the concentration range reported elsewhere in the world. In both tissues under study, BDE 153 and BDE 47 were the most abundant PBDE congeners, contributing approximately 35\\\\% and 25\\\\% to the total PBDE content. Average concentrations and range of PCBs (sum of 23 congeners) were 490 (range 70–1130) and 380 (range 90–1140) ng g−1 lw in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. No correlation between age and concentrations of PBDEs could be found (r = 0.04), while PCB concentrations correlated significantly with age (r = 0.62, p \\\\&lt; 0.01, for the sum PCBs; r = 0.64, p \\\\&lt; 0.01 for PCB 153 alone). Factors, such as exposure pathways (food, dust and air), rates of bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination, influence the concentrations of PBDEs differently than those of PCBs in humans.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Voorspoels, Stefan and Roosens, Laurence and Jacobs, Werner and Blust, Ronny and Neels, Hugo},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Age and gender dependency, Belgium, Human adipose tissue, Human liver, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\\n\\tpages = {170--175},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Covaci, A.\",\"Voorspoels, S.\",\"Roosens, L.\",\"Jacobs, W.\",\"Blust, R.\",\"Neels, H.\"],\"key\":\"covaci_polybrominated_2008\",\"id\":\"covaci_polybrominated_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"covaci-voorspoels-roosens-jacobs-blust-neels-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinhumanliverandadiposetissuesamplesfrombelgium-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238\"},\"keyword\":[\"Age and gender dependency\",\"Belgium\",\"Human adipose tissue\",\"Human liver\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dual body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers among local residents in an e-waste recycling region in Southeast China\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.013\",\"abstract\":\"E-waste recycling resulted in serious pollution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, China. The aims of this study were to assess dual body burdens of the two pollutants and potential health risk for local residents. Blood samples were collected from two e-waste recycling sites, Luqiao (where PCBs-containing e-wastes were recycled) and Wenling (where PBDEs-containing e-wastes were recycled). The mean ∑PCBs (CB-105, 118, 153, 183, and 180) and ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 180, and 209) were 204.20 and 117.58 ng g−1 lipid in the blood from Luqiao, respectively, while they were 83.80 and 357.44 ng g−1 lipid from Wenling, respectively. The PCBs levels among Luqiao residents were comparable to the values reported for US populations, while the PBDEs levels among two study populations were higher than the values from US populations. This is the first report to present dual body burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels. Based on previous epidemiologic data, it is suggested that dual burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels might pose health risk for local residents. In addition, no correlation between PCBs or PBDEs concentrations and the ages of the volunteers was observed in the two populations, which was explained by similar exposure time. No correlation of PBDEs with PCBs concentrations suggested different pathways of human exposures to PCBs and PBDEs. Our findings have raised concern about human health risk of dual exposure to PCBs and PBDEs resulting from e-waste recycling.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xing-Ru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhan-Fen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhong-Zhi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ya-Xian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Fei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Chuan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ruan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xian-Li\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yin-Feng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Bai\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Body burden, E-waste recycling, Health risk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"pages\":\"659–666\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhao_dual_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Dual body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers among local residents in an e-waste recycling region in {Southeast} {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.013},\\n\\tabstract = {E-waste recycling resulted in serious pollution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, China. The aims of this study were to assess dual body burdens of the two pollutants and potential health risk for local residents. Blood samples were collected from two e-waste recycling sites, Luqiao (where PCBs-containing e-wastes were recycled) and Wenling (where PBDEs-containing e-wastes were recycled). The mean ∑PCBs (CB-105, 118, 153, 183, and 180) and ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 180, and 209) were 204.20 and 117.58 ng g−1 lipid in the blood from Luqiao, respectively, while they were 83.80 and 357.44 ng g−1 lipid from Wenling, respectively. The PCBs levels among Luqiao residents were comparable to the values reported for US populations, while the PBDEs levels among two study populations were higher than the values from US populations. This is the first report to present dual body burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels. Based on previous epidemiologic data, it is suggested that dual burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels might pose health risk for local residents. In addition, no correlation between PCBs or PBDEs concentrations and the ages of the volunteers was observed in the two populations, which was explained by similar exposure time. No correlation of PBDEs with PCBs concentrations suggested different pathways of human exposures to PCBs and PBDEs. Our findings have raised concern about human health risk of dual exposure to PCBs and PBDEs resulting from e-waste recycling.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhao, Xing-Ru and Qin, Zhan-Fen and Yang, Zhong-Zhi and Zhao, Qian and Zhao, Ya-Xian and Qin, Xiao-Fei and Zhang, Yong-Chuan and Ruan, Xian-Li and Zhang, Yin-Feng and Xu, Xiao-Bai},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body burden, E-waste recycling, Health risk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\\n\\tpages = {659--666},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhao, X.\",\"Qin, Z.\",\"Yang, Z.\",\"Zhao, Q.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Qin, X.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Ruan, X.\",\"Zhang, Y.\",\"Xu, X.\"],\"key\":\"zhao_dual_2010\",\"id\":\"zhao_dual_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhao-qin-yang-zhao-zhao-qin-zhang-ruan-etal-dualbodyburdensofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersamonglocalresidentsinanewasterecyclingregioninsoutheastchina-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222\"},\"keyword\":[\"Body burden\",\"E-waste recycling\",\"Health risk\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.030\",\"abstract\":\"The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g−1 lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g−1 lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lingyan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Baoling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"China, Congener pattern, Exposure pathway, Human breast milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"pages\":\"1429–1434\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_distribution_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from {North} {China}: {Implication} of exposure pathways},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from {North} {China}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.030},\\n\\tabstract = {The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g−1 lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g−1 lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15\\\\%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Lingyan and Ma, Baoling and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning and Gong, Jin},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {China, Congener pattern, Exposure pathway, Human breast milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\\n\\tpages = {1429--1434},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, L.\",\"Ma, B.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Wu, Y.\",\"Gong, J.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_distribution_2009\",\"id\":\"zhu_distribution_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-ma-li-wu-gong-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbreastmilkfromnorthchinaimplicationofexposurepathways-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282\"},\"keyword\":[\"China\",\"Congener pattern\",\"Exposure pathway\",\"Human breast milk\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair: Estimation of external and internal exposure\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.109\",\"abstract\":\"A novel method was developed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human hair samples. External contaminants of hair were extracted with acetone under sonication, while washed hair was further hydrolyzed in formic acid and acetone (1:4, v/v) with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for internal contaminant measurements. Both internal and external extracts were cleaned up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and then solid phase extraction (SPE), before analyzed by a large volume injection-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LVI–GC–MS/MS) using triple quadruple mass analyzer. Good linearity (R2 ⩾ 0.996) was established within a concentration range between 0.1 and 100 ng mL−1 among all target analytes. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The developed method is intended to be cost effective and robust for the routine human hair analysis of PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs including acid-labile OCPs. The described method has been applied in pilot biomonitoring study and the preliminary data suggested that the contaminant profiles with the use of partial least-squares analysis discriminant analysis (PLA-DA) could be useful in differentiating external and internal exposure.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dasheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuanjie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dongli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ip\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ho\",\"Sai\",\"Simon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qiu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinlei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Guoquan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"She\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jianwen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Hair, Human biomonitoring, Hydrolysis of formic acid, LVI–GC–MS/MS, POPs\",\"pages\":\"327–336\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lu_determination_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair: {Estimation} of external and internal exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.109},\\n\\tabstract = {A novel method was developed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human hair samples. External contaminants of hair were extracted with acetone under sonication, while washed hair was further hydrolyzed in formic acid and acetone (1:4, v/v) with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for internal contaminant measurements. Both internal and external extracts were cleaned up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and then solid phase extraction (SPE), before analyzed by a large volume injection-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LVI–GC–MS/MS) using triple quadruple mass analyzer. Good linearity (R2 ⩾ 0.996) was established within a concentration range between 0.1 and 100 ng mL−1 among all target analytes. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The developed method is intended to be cost effective and robust for the routine human hair analysis of PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs including acid-labile OCPs. The described method has been applied in pilot biomonitoring study and the preliminary data suggested that the contaminant profiles with the use of partial least-squares analysis discriminant analysis (PLA-DA) could be useful in differentiating external and internal exposure.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Lu, Dasheng and Feng, Chao and Lin, Yuanjie and Wang, Dongli and Ip, Ho Sai Simon and Qiu, Xinlei and Wang, Guoquan and She, Jianwen},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Hair, Human biomonitoring, Hydrolysis of formic acid, LVI–GC–MS/MS, POPs},\\n\\tpages = {327--336},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lu, D.\",\"Feng, C.\",\"Lin, Y.\",\"Wang, D.\",\"Ip, H. S. S.\",\"Qiu, X.\",\"Wang, G.\",\"She, J.\"],\"key\":\"lu_determination_2014\",\"id\":\"lu_determination_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lu-feng-lin-wang-ip-qiu-wang-she-determinationoforganochlorinespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanhairestimationofexternalandinternalexposure-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Hair\",\"Human biomonitoring\",\"Hydrolysis of formic acid\",\"LVI–GC–MS/MS\",\"POPs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016\",\"abstract\":\"We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g−1 lipid (range 6.7–501.6 ng g−1 lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g−1 lipid (range 12.9–580.3 ng g−1 lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g−1 lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colacino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Needham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Blood, Milk, PBDE, Partitioning, Serum\",\"pages\":\"1279–1284\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_partitioning_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum and milk from the same mothers},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016},\\n\\tabstract = {We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g−1 lipid (range 6.7–501.6 ng g−1 lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g−1 lipid (range 12.9–580.3 ng g−1 lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g−1 lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Colacino, Justin and Sjödin, Andreas and Needham, Larry and Birnbaum, Linda},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood, Milk, PBDE, Partitioning, Serum},\\n\\tpages = {1279--1284},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Colacino, J.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Needham, L.\",\"Birnbaum, L.\"],\"key\":\"schecter_partitioning_2010-1\",\"id\":\"schecter_partitioning_2010-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood\",\"Milk\",\"PBDE\",\"Partitioning\",\"Serum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women from Spain\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported. A concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gómara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herrero\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pacepavicius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"González\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs\",\"pages\":\"799–805\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gomara_occurrence_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls ({PXBs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk of women from {Spain}},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported.\\n\\nA concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Gómara, B. and Herrero, L. and Pacepavicius, G. and Ohta, S. and Alaee, M. and González, M. J.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs},\\n\\tpages = {799--805},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gómara, B.\",\"Herrero, L.\",\"Pacepavicius, G.\",\"Ohta, S.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"González, M. J.\"],\"key\":\"gomara_occurrence_2011-1\",\"id\":\"gomara_occurrence_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human breast milk\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCBs\",\"co-PCBs\",\"co-PXBs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis and pollutant evolution during the pyrolysis and combustion of mobile phone case\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.013\",\"abstract\":\"The increase in electronic waste, including cellular telephones, worldwide is a worrying reality. For this reason, urgent action on the management of these wastes is necessary within a framework that respects the environment and human health. Mobile phone components can be physically segregated through grinding at the dismantling sites, in order to reuse or reprocess (via chemical or physical recycling) the recovered plastics and valuable metals. A kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case has been carried out under different conditions by thermogravimetry. Several experiments were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere (pyrolysis runs) and also in an oxidative atmosphere with two different oxygen concentrations (10% and 20% oxygen in nitrogen). Dynamic runs and dynamic + isothermal runs have been carried out to obtain much decomposition data under different operating conditions. Moreover some TG–MS runs were performed in order to better understand the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case and identify some compounds emitted during the controlled heating of this material. A scheme of two independent reactions for pseudocomponents has been proposed for the pyrolysis process. For the combustion runs, the scheme proposed includes two pyrolytic reactions competing with other two reactions with formation of an intermediate residue, and finally the reaction of oxidation/burning of the intermediate residue. Furthermore, pyrolysis and combustion runs at 500 °C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out. More than 50 compounds, including carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified and quantified. The main semivolatile compounds detected were phenol and styrene. Furthermore, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs produced were analyzed. In the combustion run, PCDDs were obtained in higher amounts than PCDFs and HxCDD was the most emitted homologue.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Font\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moltó\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Egea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Conesa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Dioxins, Electronic waste, Kinetics, Semivolatile compounds, Thermogravimetry\",\"pages\":\"516–524\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{font_thermogravimetric_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis and pollutant evolution during the pyrolysis and combustion of mobile phone case},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.013},\\n\\tabstract = {The increase in electronic waste, including cellular telephones, worldwide is a worrying reality. For this reason, urgent action on the management of these wastes is necessary within a framework that respects the environment and human health. Mobile phone components can be physically segregated through grinding at the dismantling sites, in order to reuse or reprocess (via chemical or physical recycling) the recovered plastics and valuable metals.\\n\\nA kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case has been carried out under different conditions by thermogravimetry. Several experiments were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere (pyrolysis runs) and also in an oxidative atmosphere with two different oxygen concentrations (10\\\\% and 20\\\\% oxygen in nitrogen). Dynamic runs and dynamic + isothermal runs have been carried out to obtain much decomposition data under different operating conditions. Moreover some TG–MS runs were performed in order to better understand the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case and identify some compounds emitted during the controlled heating of this material. A scheme of two independent reactions for pseudocomponents has been proposed for the pyrolysis process. For the combustion runs, the scheme proposed includes two pyrolytic reactions competing with other two reactions with formation of an intermediate residue, and finally the reaction of oxidation/burning of the intermediate residue.\\n\\nFurthermore, pyrolysis and combustion runs at 500 °C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out. More than 50 compounds, including carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified and quantified. The main semivolatile compounds detected were phenol and styrene. Furthermore, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs produced were analyzed. In the combustion run, PCDDs were obtained in higher amounts than PCDFs and HxCDD was the most emitted homologue.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Font, R. and Moltó, J. and Egea, S. and Conesa, J. A.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dioxins, Electronic waste, Kinetics, Semivolatile compounds, Thermogravimetry},\\n\\tpages = {516--524},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Font, R.\",\"Moltó, J.\",\"Egea, S.\",\"Conesa, J. A.\"],\"key\":\"font_thermogravimetric_2011\",\"id\":\"font_thermogravimetric_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"font-molt-egea-conesa-thermogravimetrickineticanalysisandpollutantevolutionduringthepyrolysisandcombustionofmobilephonecase-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dioxins\",\"Electronic waste\",\"Kinetics\",\"Semivolatile compounds\",\"Thermogravimetry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) Papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium, BFR2007, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands 24-27 April 2007\",\"title\":\"Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.019\",\"abstract\":\"The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China, were studied. The 6 predominant PBDEs congeners (BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, BDE153, BDE154 and BDE183) in 23 pooled breast milk samples from 205 mothers living in Beijing were measured. Mean and median of ΣPBDEs concentrations in all samples were 1.12 ng g−1 lipid and 1.07 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The Statistical difference in Σ PBDEs concentrations was found between urban areas (1.22 ng g−1 lipid, n = 14) and rural areas (0.97 ng g−1 lipid n = 9). The sum of BDE47 and BDE153 accounted for more than 70% of ΣPBDEs in most samples. The significant correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in urban area. However, there was no correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in rural area of Beijing. The current study showed that the level of PBDEs in breast milk from Beijing was lower than that from South China and some developed countries such as USA and Sweden.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Huifang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, China, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"pages\":\"182–186\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_levels_2008,\\n\\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from {Beijing}, {China}},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.019},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China, were studied. The 6 predominant PBDEs congeners (BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, BDE153, BDE154 and BDE183) in 23 pooled breast milk samples from 205 mothers living in Beijing were measured. Mean and median of ΣPBDEs concentrations in all samples were 1.12 ng g−1 lipid and 1.07 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The Statistical difference in Σ PBDEs concentrations was found between urban areas (1.22 ng g−1 lipid, n = 14) and rural areas (0.97 ng g−1 lipid n = 9). The sum of BDE47 and BDE153 accounted for more than 70\\\\% of ΣPBDEs in most samples. The significant correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in urban area. However, there was no correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in rural area of Beijing. The current study showed that the level of PBDEs in breast milk from Beijing was lower than that from South China and some developed countries such as USA and Sweden.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Jingguang and Yu, Huifang and Zhao, Yunfeng and Zhang, Gong and Wu, Yongning},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, China, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\\n\\tpages = {182--186},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, J.\",\"Yu, H.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Zhang, G.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"li_levels_2008\",\"id\":\"li_levels_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-yu-zhao-zhang-wu-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrombeijingchina-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"China\",\"Human exposure\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord Serum, maternal serum, and breast milk from Seoul, South Korea\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.009\",\"abstract\":\"Fetal and maternal exposure levels of two emerging pollutants, polybrominated diephenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musks, were measured in Korean general population to assess prenatal and postnatal exposures in infants. For this purpose, paired samples of breast milk, maternal and cord blood were collected from 20 Korean women in 2007. In comparison to data from other countries and previous data from Korea, relatively higher and gradually increasing concentrations for PBDEs were found in Korean breast milk (&lt;LOQ to 590 ng g−1 lipid wt; median = 90 ng g−1). Differences in PBDEs and musk concentrations were found among age groups and parity levels. PBDEs concentrations in breast milk were lower in the younger mothers and/or the mothers with multiple parities, while these trends were not found for musks. Compared with PBDEs, concentrations of musks were significantly lower in breast milk than in serum and a little correlation in concentrations among the three human biological matrices were observed. The differences in the profiles of musks relative to PBDEs were due to different clearance rates between these two compounds. The average hazard quotients (HQs) for daily intake of PBDEs by infants via lactation were 0.62, 0.42, and 0.19 for BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153, respectively.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chang\",\"Seong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jong-Hyeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Seung-Kyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyu-Tae\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jung\",\"Suk\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pan\",\"Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Se\",\"Hun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yung\",\"Wook\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong\",\"Yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Seung\",\"Wook\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Daily intake, Hazardous quotient, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polycyclic musks, Serum\",\"pages\":\"116–122\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kang_polybrominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord {Serum}, maternal serum, and breast milk from {Seoul}, {South} {Korea}},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Fetal and maternal exposure levels of two emerging pollutants, polybrominated diephenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musks, were measured in Korean general population to assess prenatal and postnatal exposures in infants. For this purpose, paired samples of breast milk, maternal and cord blood were collected from 20 Korean women in 2007. In comparison to data from other countries and previous data from Korea, relatively higher and gradually increasing concentrations for PBDEs were found in Korean breast milk (\\\\&lt;LOQ to 590 ng g−1 lipid wt; median = 90 ng g−1). Differences in PBDEs and musk concentrations were found among age groups and parity levels. PBDEs concentrations in breast milk were lower in the younger mothers and/or the mothers with multiple parities, while these trends were not found for musks. Compared with PBDEs, concentrations of musks were significantly lower in breast milk than in serum and a little correlation in concentrations among the three human biological matrices were observed. The differences in the profiles of musks relative to PBDEs were due to different clearance rates between these two compounds. The average hazard quotients (HQs) for daily intake of PBDEs by infants via lactation were 0.62, 0.42, and 0.19 for BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153, respectively.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kang, Chang Seong and Lee, Jong-Hyeon and Kim, Seung-Kyu and Lee, Kyu-Tae and Lee, Jung Suk and Park, Pan Soo and Yun, Se Hun and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Yoo, Yung Wook and Ha, Jeong Yi and Lee, Seung Wook},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Daily intake, Hazardous quotient, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polycyclic musks, Serum},\\n\\tpages = {116--122},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kang, C. S.\",\"Lee, J.\",\"Kim, S.\",\"Lee, K.\",\"Lee, J. S.\",\"Park, P. S.\",\"Yun, S. H.\",\"Kannan, K.\",\"Yoo, Y. W.\",\"Ha, J. Y.\",\"Lee, S. W.\"],\"key\":\"kang_polybrominated_2010\",\"id\":\"kang_polybrominated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kang-lee-kim-lee-lee-park-yun-kannan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersandsyntheticmusksinumbilicalcordserummaternalserumandbreastmilkfromseoulsouthkorea-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Daily intake\",\"Hazardous quotient\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Polycyclic musks\",\"Serum\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065\",\"abstract\":\"Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Araque\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kiviranta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molina-Molina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rantakokko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vartiainen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain\",\"pages\":\"377–383\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fernandez_pbdes_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in the adipose tissue of women from {Spain}},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96\\\\% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79\\\\% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Fernandez, M. F. and Araque, P. and Kiviranta, H. and Molina-Molina, J. M. and Rantakokko, P. and Laine, O. and Vartiainen, T. and Olea, N.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain},\\n\\tpages = {377--383},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fernandez, M. F.\",\"Araque, P.\",\"Kiviranta, H.\",\"Molina-Molina, J. M.\",\"Rantakokko, P.\",\"Laine, O.\",\"Vartiainen, T.\",\"Olea, N.\"],\"key\":\"fernandez_pbdes_2007-1\",\"id\":\"fernandez_pbdes_2007-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adipose tissue\",\"PBB\",\"PBDE\",\"Spain\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China: Characteristics and implications\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.061\",\"abstract\":\"Dust samples were collected randomly from 76 houses, 12 offices, 43 outdoor sites, two televisions and two computers in South-Central China. The indoor dust samples were analyzed for the concentrations, congener profiles, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and compared to similar data obtained for outdoor dusts. The concentrations of ∑10PBDEs (the sum of BDE28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) were 186.6–9654 ng g−1 (mean = 2662 ng g−1) and 1737–4408 ng g−1 (mean = 3179 ng g−1) for house dust and office dust, respectively. No significant differences were found among the congener profiles of PBDEs in house dust from three different cities. The dominant congener in all dust samples was BDE209, accounting for an average of 96.2%, 99.0% and 97.4% of ∑10PBDEs for house dust, office dust and outdoor dust, respectively. Unlike previous studies, this study found that BDE183 was present in high proportion to ∑9PBDEs (BDE209 excluded) in both indoor and outdoor dusts, in addition to the usually dominant congeners, BDE47 and 99. ∑10PBDEs concentrations in house dust were higher than those in outdoor dust for most comparison samples. Combined with the significantly higher ∑10PBDEs concentrations in television and computer dusts, PBDE-containing products used indoors, including televisions and computers, were important potential emission sources for PBDEs in indoor dusts. Further studies are required to detail the source of the high levels of BDE183 in Chinese indoor dusts.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yumei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laiguo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaochun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhencheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhixiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Congener profile, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Source\",\"pages\":\"169–174\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huang_pbdes_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in indoor dust in {South}-{Central} {China}: {Characteristics} and implications},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{PBDEs} in indoor dust in {South}-{Central} {China}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.061},\\n\\tabstract = {Dust samples were collected randomly from 76 houses, 12 offices, 43 outdoor sites, two televisions and two computers in South-Central China. The indoor dust samples were analyzed for the concentrations, congener profiles, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and compared to similar data obtained for outdoor dusts. The concentrations of ∑10PBDEs (the sum of BDE28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) were 186.6–9654 ng g−1 (mean = 2662 ng g−1) and 1737–4408 ng g−1 (mean = 3179 ng g−1) for house dust and office dust, respectively. No significant differences were found among the congener profiles of PBDEs in house dust from three different cities. The dominant congener in all dust samples was BDE209, accounting for an average of 96.2\\\\%, 99.0\\\\% and 97.4\\\\% of ∑10PBDEs for house dust, office dust and outdoor dust, respectively. Unlike previous studies, this study found that BDE183 was present in high proportion to ∑9PBDEs (BDE209 excluded) in both indoor and outdoor dusts, in addition to the usually dominant congeners, BDE47 and 99. ∑10PBDEs concentrations in house dust were higher than those in outdoor dust for most comparison samples. Combined with the significantly higher ∑10PBDEs concentrations in television and computer dusts, PBDE-containing products used indoors, including televisions and computers, were important potential emission sources for PBDEs in indoor dusts. Further studies are required to detail the source of the high levels of BDE183 in Chinese indoor dusts.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Huang, Yumei and Chen, Laiguo and Peng, Xiaochun and Xu, Zhencheng and Ye, Zhixiang},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Congener profile, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Source},\\n\\tpages = {169--174},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huang, Y.\",\"Chen, L.\",\"Peng, X.\",\"Xu, Z.\",\"Ye, Z.\"],\"key\":\"huang_pbdes_2010\",\"id\":\"huang_pbdes_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huang-chen-peng-xu-ye-pbdesinindoordustinsouthcentralchinacharacteristicsandimplications-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539\"},\"keyword\":[\"Congener profile\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Source\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Monitoring of PBDEs concentration in umbilical cord blood and breast milk from Korean population and estimating the effects of various parameters on accumulation in humans\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.008\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, we investigated concentration, congener distribution pattern, and effects of potential environmental factors that affect PBDE accumulation. We also estimated correlation between PBDE concentration and health status or thyroid function by analyzing 90 cord blood and 21 breast milk samples obtained from Korean population. Seven from tri- to hepta-BDEs were analyzed by solid phase extraction-high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-HRGC/HRMS). The total concentration of 7 PBDEs in cord blood was 2.786–94.64 ng g−1 lipid and that in breast milk was 1.076–8.664 ng g−1 lipid. Tetra-BDE (#47) was the predominant type of PBDE and was present at concentrations of over 40% in both sample types. A weak correlation was observed between the concentration of BDE28 and 153 and thyroid hormone concentration only in the breast milk samples. In children, a weak negative correlation was observed between free thyroxine (FT4) concentration and BDE28 concentration (0.302, p &lt; 0.05), while in mothers, a weak positive correlation was observed between thyroid hormone concentration and BDE153 concentration (0.403, p &lt; 0.05). No significant correlations between PBDE concentration and work and residential environments were found in this study, but a weak correlation between BDE concentration in cord blood and potential PBDE sources was confirmed by investigating the frequency of oil paint usage (0.510, p &lt; 0.001). A weak correlation was also found between PBDE concentration in breast milk during pregnancy and dietary habits such as green tea drinking (0.541, p = 0.025) and Trichiuridae intake (0.565, p = 0.015).\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Un-Jung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"In-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyung\",\"Sik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong-Eun\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Cord blood, Environmental factors, Korea, PBDEs, Thyroid hormone\",\"pages\":\"487–493\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_monitoring_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Monitoring of {PBDEs} concentration in umbilical cord blood and breast milk from {Korean} population and estimating the effects of various parameters on accumulation in humans},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.008},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, we investigated concentration, congener distribution pattern, and effects of potential environmental factors that affect PBDE accumulation. We also estimated correlation between PBDE concentration and health status or thyroid function by analyzing 90 cord blood and 21 breast milk samples obtained from Korean population. Seven from tri- to hepta-BDEs were analyzed by solid phase extraction-high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-HRGC/HRMS). The total concentration of 7 PBDEs in cord blood was 2.786–94.64 ng g−1 lipid and that in breast milk was 1.076–8.664 ng g−1 lipid. Tetra-BDE (\\\\#47) was the predominant type of PBDE and was present at concentrations of over 40\\\\% in both sample types. A weak correlation was observed between the concentration of BDE28 and 153 and thyroid hormone concentration only in the breast milk samples. In children, a weak negative correlation was observed between free thyroxine (FT4) concentration and BDE28 concentration (0.302, p \\\\&lt; 0.05), while in mothers, a weak positive correlation was observed between thyroid hormone concentration and BDE153 concentration (0.403, p \\\\&lt; 0.05). No significant correlations between PBDE concentration and work and residential environments were found in this study, but a weak correlation between BDE concentration in cord blood and potential PBDE sources was confirmed by investigating the frequency of oil paint usage (0.510, p \\\\&lt; 0.001). A weak correlation was also found between PBDE concentration in breast milk during pregnancy and dietary habits such as green tea drinking (0.541, p = 0.025) and Trichiuridae intake (0.565, p = 0.015).},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Un-Jung and Lee, In-Seok and Kim, Hyung Sik and Oh, Jeong-Eun},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Cord blood, Environmental factors, Korea, PBDEs, Thyroid hormone},\\n\\tpages = {487--493},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, U.\",\"Lee, I.\",\"Kim, H. S.\",\"Oh, J.\"],\"key\":\"kim_monitoring_2011\",\"id\":\"kim_monitoring_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-lee-kim-oh-monitoringofpbdesconcentrationinumbilicalcordbloodandbreastmilkfromkoreanpopulationandestimatingtheeffectsofvariousparametersonaccumulationinhumans-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Cord blood\",\"Environmental factors\",\"Korea\",\"PBDEs\",\"Thyroid hormone\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants are related to retrospective assessment of life-time weight change\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.051\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been suggested to be linked to obesity. We have previously shown that less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to fat mass, while highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to obesity. Objective: The aim of the present evaluation is to investigate the relationship between retrospective assessed life-time change in body weight (20–70 years) with circulating POP levels measured at age 70 years. Methods: 1016 subjects aged 70 years were investigated in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUSs) study. 16 PCBs and 3 OC pesticides were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS. Current body weight was measured and participants self-reported their weight at age 20. Results: The average estimated weight change over 50 years was 14.4 kg. Both the sum of OC pesticide concentrations (4.3 kg more weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p &lt; 0.0001) and the sum of the less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to the estimated weight change (3.7 kg more weight gain in quintile 2 vs. quintile 1, non-linear relationship p = 0.0015). In contrast, the sum of concentrations of highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to estimated weight change (8.4 kg less weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: High levels of OC pesticides and the less-chlorinated PCBs at age 70 were associated with a pronounced estimated weight change over the previous 50 years. However, the opposite was seen for highly-chlorinated PCBs. Differences in mode of action, toxicokinetics, non-linear relationships and reverse causation might explain these discrepancies.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lind\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Duk-Hee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacobs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salihovic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samira\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bert\",\"van\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lind\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Elderly, Fat mass, Life time weight change, Obesity, Persistent organic pollutants\",\"pages\":\"998–1004\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lind_circulating_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants are related to retrospective assessment of life-time weight change},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.051},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been suggested to be linked to obesity. We have previously shown that less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to fat mass, while highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to obesity.\\n\\nObjective: The aim of the present evaluation is to investigate the relationship between retrospective assessed life-time change in body weight (20–70 years) with circulating POP levels measured at age 70 years.\\n\\nMethods: 1016 subjects aged 70 years were investigated in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUSs) study. 16 PCBs and 3 OC pesticides were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS. Current body weight was measured and participants self-reported their weight at age 20.\\n\\nResults: The average estimated weight change over 50 years was 14.4 kg. Both the sum of OC pesticide concentrations (4.3 kg more weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p \\\\&lt; 0.0001) and the sum of the less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to the estimated weight change (3.7 kg more weight gain in quintile 2 vs. quintile 1, non-linear relationship p = 0.0015). In contrast, the sum of concentrations of highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to estimated weight change (8.4 kg less weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p \\\\&lt; 0.0001).\\n\\nConclusion: High levels of OC pesticides and the less-chlorinated PCBs at age 70 were associated with a pronounced estimated weight change over the previous 50 years. However, the opposite was seen for highly-chlorinated PCBs. Differences in mode of action, toxicokinetics, non-linear relationships and reverse causation might explain these discrepancies.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Lind, P. M. and Lee, Duk-Hee and Jacobs, David R. and Salihovic, Samira and Bavel, Bert van and Wolff, Mary S. and Lind, Lars},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Elderly, Fat mass, Life time weight change, Obesity, Persistent organic pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {998--1004},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lind, P. M.\",\"Lee, D.\",\"Jacobs, D. R.\",\"Salihovic, S.\",\"Bavel, B. v.\",\"Wolff, M. S.\",\"Lind, L.\"],\"key\":\"lind_circulating_2013\",\"id\":\"lind_circulating_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lind-lee-jacobs-salihovic-bavel-wolff-lind-circulatinglevelsofpersistentorganicpollutantsarerelatedtoretrospectiveassessmentoflifetimeweightchange-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824\"},\"keyword\":[\"Elderly\",\"Fat mass\",\"Life time weight change\",\"Obesity\",\"Persistent organic pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Korean incinerator workers and general population\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.066\",\"abstract\":\"This study was conducted to examine PBDE exposure in Koreans, with a special focus on incinerator workers due to their potential for occupational exposure to PBDEs. A total of 92 blood samples from 30 incinerator workers, 51 nearby residents and 11 controls were analyzed. The mean total PBDE concentration calculated from the 13 most concentrated congeners for all samples was 16.84 ± 7.48 ng/g lipid, which was somewhat higher concentration than in other countries except North America and Canada. The PBDE levels and congener profiles detected in incinerator workers were not distinctly different from those found in the general population. In all groups tested, BDE-47 was dominant (mean contribution = 32.5%) followed by BDE-153 (23.6%) and relatively high portions of BDE-183 (16.5%) were found. No strong trend was observed between PBDE levels and a number of key biological factors examined in this study, however, weak correlations were observed in PBDE levels measured against dietary habits, particularly in fish consumption frequency and gender. Overall, our data suggest that the occupational exposure of incinerator workers to PBDEs can be considered minor, while other lifestyle factors can have a greater contribution to PBDE exposure.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Se-Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikonomou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyokeun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Song-Yee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoon-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Human bloods, Incinerator: Korea, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"489–497\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_polybrominated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from {Korean} incinerator workers and general population},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.066},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was conducted to examine PBDE exposure in Koreans, with a special focus on incinerator workers due to their potential for occupational exposure to PBDEs. A total of 92 blood samples from 30 incinerator workers, 51 nearby residents and 11 controls were analyzed. The mean total PBDE concentration calculated from the 13 most concentrated congeners for all samples was 16.84 ± 7.48 ng/g lipid, which was somewhat higher concentration than in other countries except North America and Canada. The PBDE levels and congener profiles detected in incinerator workers were not distinctly different from those found in the general population. In all groups tested, BDE-47 was dominant (mean contribution = 32.5\\\\%) followed by BDE-153 (23.6\\\\%) and relatively high portions of BDE-183 (16.5\\\\%) were found. No strong trend was observed between PBDE levels and a number of key biological factors examined in this study, however, weak correlations were observed in PBDE levels measured against dietary habits, particularly in fish consumption frequency and gender. Overall, our data suggest that the occupational exposure of incinerator workers to PBDEs can be considered minor, while other lifestyle factors can have a greater contribution to PBDE exposure.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Se-Jin and Ikonomou, Michael G. and Park, Hyokeun and Baek, Song-Yee and Chang, Yoon-Seok},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human bloods, Incinerator: Korea, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {489--497},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, S.\",\"Ikonomou, M. G.\",\"Park, H.\",\"Baek, S.\",\"Chang, Y.\"],\"key\":\"lee_polybrominated_2007\",\"id\":\"lee_polybrominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-ikonomou-park-baek-chang-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodfromkoreanincineratorworkersandgeneralpopulation-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human bloods\",\"Incinerator: Korea\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Chinese mothers’ milk\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.041\",\"abstract\":\"Seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (CB-28, CB-52, CB-101, CB-138, CB-153 and CB-180) were measured in 24 pooled human milk samples comprised of 1237 individual samples from 12 provinces in China. The samples were taken to estimate the background body burden of general population and assess nursing infant exposure via human milk in China. The median concentrations of ∑7PBDEs and ∑6PCBs were 1.49 and 10.50 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively. BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-153 were predominant PBDE congeners accounting for nearly 70% of ∑7PBDEs. As for indicator PCBs, CB-153 was the most abundant congener, followed by CB-138. In our study, there was no significantly statistical relationship between concentrations of PBDEs in milk samples and maternal age as well as dietary habits. ∑7PBDEs did not correlate to ∑6PCBs in Chinese mothers’ milk. The human exposure to indicator PCBs in China was found to be significantly determined by maternal age, dietary habits and geographical factors. It is suggested that Chinese general population is probably exposed to PBDEs with multiple sources and pathways. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-153 for the Chinese nursing infant were much lower than corresponding threshold reference values suggested by USEPA.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jingguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yunfeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zongwei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yongning\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Body burden, Human milk, Indicator polychlorinated biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Risk assessment\",\"pages\":\"625–633\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_national_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in {Chinese} mothers’ milk},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.041},\\n\\tabstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (CB-28, CB-52, CB-101, CB-138, CB-153 and CB-180) were measured in 24 pooled human milk samples comprised of 1237 individual samples from 12 provinces in China. The samples were taken to estimate the background body burden of general population and assess nursing infant exposure via human milk in China. The median concentrations of ∑7PBDEs and ∑6PCBs were 1.49 and 10.50 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively. BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-153 were predominant PBDE congeners accounting for nearly 70\\\\% of ∑7PBDEs. As for indicator PCBs, CB-153 was the most abundant congener, followed by CB-138. In our study, there was no significantly statistical relationship between concentrations of PBDEs in milk samples and maternal age as well as dietary habits. ∑7PBDEs did not correlate to ∑6PCBs in Chinese mothers’ milk. The human exposure to indicator PCBs in China was found to be significantly determined by maternal age, dietary habits and geographical factors. It is suggested that Chinese general population is probably exposed to PBDEs with multiple sources and pathways. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-153 for the Chinese nursing infant were much lower than corresponding threshold reference values suggested by USEPA.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Lei and Li, Jingguang and Zhao, Yunfeng and Li, Xiaowei and Yang, Xin and Wen, Sheng and Cai, Zongwei and Wu, Yongning},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Body burden, Human milk, Indicator polychlorinated biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Risk assessment},\\n\\tpages = {625--633},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, L.\",\"Li, J.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Li, X.\",\"Yang, X.\",\"Wen, S.\",\"Cai, Z.\",\"Wu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_national_2011\",\"id\":\"zhang_national_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-li-zhao-li-yang-wen-cai-wu-anationalsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinchinesemothersmilk-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365\"},\"keyword\":[\"Body burden\",\"Human milk\",\"Indicator polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Risk assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PCDD/PCDF, dl-PCB and PBDE serum levels of Slovak general population\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.060\",\"abstract\":\"Blood serum specimens from 81 non-occupationally exposed adults residing in four areas close to municipal and waste incinerators as well as metallurgical industry plant and 44 adult subjects coming from control area of Slovakia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). The concentration of total WHO98TEQ PCDD/F/dl-PCBs in whole group of donors from areas where known sources causing dioxin contamination are present was significantly higher than in control group of donors (p &lt; 0.001). Correlation between the age of donors and PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels was confirmed (Spearman’s rPCDD/Fs = 0.543, rdl-PCBs = 0.521, p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the PBDE congeners in human serum of Slovak general population. The total concentration (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) in control group was approximately 1.5-times higher in comparison to that of residents coming from areas with supposed environmental pollution. The most abundant congeners in all samples were BDE-47 and BDE-153 with median values of 0.24 ng g−1 lipid and 0.23 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The positive association between PBDE values and age of donors was not found.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chovancová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Čonka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kamil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fabišiková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sejáková\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zuzana\",\"Stachová\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dömötörová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Milena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drobná\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Beáta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wimmerová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Soňa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Blood serum, PBDEs, PCDDs, PCDFs, Slovakia, dl-PCBs\",\"pages\":\"1383–1389\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chovancova_pcdd/pcdf_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {{PCDD}/{PCDF}, dl-{PCB} and {PBDE} serum levels of {Slovak} general population},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.060},\\n\\tabstract = {Blood serum specimens from 81 non-occupationally exposed adults residing in four areas close to municipal and waste incinerators as well as metallurgical industry plant and 44 adult subjects coming from control area of Slovakia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs).\\n\\nThe concentration of total WHO98TEQ PCDD/F/dl-PCBs in whole group of donors from areas where known sources causing dioxin contamination are present was significantly higher than in control group of donors (p \\\\&lt; 0.001). Correlation between the age of donors and PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels was confirmed (Spearman’s rPCDD/Fs = 0.543, rdl-PCBs = 0.521, p \\\\&lt; 0.001).\\n\\nFurthermore, this study presents first results concerning the PBDE congeners in human serum of Slovak general population. The total concentration (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) in control group was approximately 1.5-times higher in comparison to that of residents coming from areas with supposed environmental pollution. The most abundant congeners in all samples were BDE-47 and BDE-153 with median values of 0.24 ng g−1 lipid and 0.23 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The positive association between PBDE values and age of donors was not found.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Chovancová, Jana and Čonka, Kamil and Fabišiková, Anna and Sejáková, Zuzana Stachová and Dömötörová, Milena and Drobná, Beáta and Wimmerová, Soňa},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood serum, PBDEs, PCDDs, PCDFs, Slovakia, dl-PCBs},\\n\\tpages = {1383--1389},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chovancová, J.\",\"Čonka, K.\",\"Fabišiková, A.\",\"Sejáková, Z. S.\",\"Dömötörová, M.\",\"Drobná, B.\",\"Wimmerová, S.\"],\"key\":\"chovancova_pcdd/pcdf_2012\",\"id\":\"chovancova_pcdd/pcdf_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chovancov-onka-fabiikov-sejkov-dmtrov-drobn-wimmerov-pcddpcdfdlpcbandpbdeserumlevelsofslovakgeneralpopulation-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood serum\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCDDs\",\"PCDFs\",\"Slovakia\",\"dl-PCBs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070\",\"abstract\":\"Polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) were measured in serum of twelve firefighters sampled after a fire event in San Francisco, California, along with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), bisphenol-A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TEQPCDD/F concentrations were relatively low (mean 5 pg g−1 (lipid weight), lw, range 1–11 pg g−1 lw), but concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, a congener indicative of exposure during firefighting, were elevated. Tentative WHO2005-TEQs calculated for PBDD/Fs in our samples (mean 104 pg g−1 lw, range 0.2–734 pg g−1 lw) suggested that PBDD/Fs may contribute substantially to dioxin-like toxicity in individual firefighters. PBDE concentrations were elevated in firefighter serum (mean 135 ng g−1 lw, range 48–442 ng g−1 lw). PBDE-209, PBDE-47 and PBDE-153 were prevalent congeners; PBDE-209 contributed &gt;50% of the total PBDE concentration in four individuals, implying continuous occupational exposure to deca-BDE. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC in serum (mean 12 ng ml−1 (wet weight), ww, range 3 ng ml−1 ww to 59 ng ml−1 ww), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (mean 7 ng ml−1 ww, range 2 ng ml−1 ww to 12 ng ml−1 ww). Concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (mean 2 ng ml−1 ww, range 1–4 ng ml−1 ww) were higher than those reported in the high-smoke exposure group of World Trade Center fire responders, suggesting that the California firefighters were exposed to PFNA in smoke during firefighting. Given their elevated rates of cancers, these results illustrate the importance of monitoring halogenated contaminants including PBDD/Fs in firefighters.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Se\",\"Hun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunyang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stefani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Firefighters, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCDD/Fs, PFCs, TEQ\",\"pages\":\"1386–1394\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shaw_persistent_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from {Northern} {California}},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070},\\n\\tabstract = {Polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) were measured in serum of twelve firefighters sampled after a fire event in San Francisco, California, along with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), bisphenol-A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TEQPCDD/F concentrations were relatively low (mean 5 pg g−1 (lipid weight), lw, range 1–11 pg g−1 lw), but concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, a congener indicative of exposure during firefighting, were elevated. Tentative WHO2005-TEQs calculated for PBDD/Fs in our samples (mean 104 pg g−1 lw, range 0.2–734 pg g−1 lw) suggested that PBDD/Fs may contribute substantially to dioxin-like toxicity in individual firefighters. PBDE concentrations were elevated in firefighter serum (mean 135 ng g−1 lw, range 48–442 ng g−1 lw). PBDE-209, PBDE-47 and PBDE-153 were prevalent congeners; PBDE-209 contributed \\\\&gt;50\\\\% of the total PBDE concentration in four individuals, implying continuous occupational exposure to deca-BDE. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC in serum (mean 12 ng ml−1 (wet weight), ww, range 3 ng ml−1 ww to 59 ng ml−1 ww), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (mean 7 ng ml−1 ww, range 2 ng ml−1 ww to 12 ng ml−1 ww). Concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (mean 2 ng ml−1 ww, range 1–4 ng ml−1 ww) were higher than those reported in the high-smoke exposure group of World Trade Center fire responders, suggesting that the California firefighters were exposed to PFNA in smoke during firefighting. Given their elevated rates of cancers, these results illustrate the importance of monitoring halogenated contaminants including PBDD/Fs in firefighters.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D. and Berger, Michelle L. and Harris, Jennifer H. and Yun, Se Hun and Wu, Qian and Liao, Chunyang and Blum, Arlene and Stefani, Anthony and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Firefighters, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCDD/Fs, PFCs, TEQ},\\n\\tpages = {1386--1394},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shaw, S. D.\",\"Berger, M. L.\",\"Harris, J. H.\",\"Yun, S. H.\",\"Wu, Q.\",\"Liao, C.\",\"Blum, A.\",\"Stefani, A.\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"shaw_persistent_2013-1\",\"id\":\"shaw_persistent_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shaw-berger-harris-yun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313\"},\"keyword\":[\"Firefighters\",\"PBDD/Fs\",\"PBDEs\",\"PCDD/Fs\",\"PFCs\",\"TEQ\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205–1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515–1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243–8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants (&lt;1 yr), toddlers (1–5 yr), children (6–11 yr), teenagers (12–19 yr), and adults (⩾20 yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4 ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9 ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56–77% of the total PBDE intake.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Dietary intake, Exposure assessment, House dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs\",\"pages\":\"542–548\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the {United} {States}},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205–1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515–1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243–8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants (\\\\&lt;1 yr), toddlers (1–5 yr), children (6–11 yr), teenagers (12–19 yr), and adults (⩾20 yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4 ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91\\\\%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9 ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56–77\\\\% of the total PBDE intake.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Dietary intake, Exposure assessment, House dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs},\\n\\tpages = {542--548},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo, B.\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009-1\",\"id\":\"johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Dietary intake\",\"Exposure assessment\",\"House dust\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"PBDEs\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"PCBs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs): A new class of polybrominated compounds\",\"volume\":\"78\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs)\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.045\",\"abstract\":\"Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs) represent a new class of polybrominated compounds found in several flame-proofed polystyrene materials and in a technical mixture of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Of the 64 stereoisomers possible, we now have analytical evidence for 16 different stereoisomers. By reversed- and chiral-phase liquid chromatography we distinguished 8 diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, named α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε-, ξ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs in accordance with their chromatographic retention on a C18-RP-column. Crystal structure analysis revealed the stereochemistry of the most prominent θ-iBPBCD stereoisomers, which were determined to be (1R)-1-iso-butoxy-(2R,5R,6S,9S,10R)-2,5,6,9,10-pentabromocyclododecane and its enantiomer. The eight iBPBCD diastereomers were also found in several expanded (EPS) and extruded polystyrene materials (XPS). Stereoisomer pattern varied to a large extent with δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs dominating in EPS- and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-isomers in XPS-materials. The substitution of a bromine atom with an alkoxy group is expected to result in more lipophilic compounds than the parent HBCD compounds. The chromatographic retention on the reversed-phase column supports this assumption. Therefore, we expect that certain iBPBCD stereoisomers may also have the potential to accumulate in biota like e.g. α-HBCDs. The presented spectroscopic and chromatographic data allow the identification of 16 different iBPBCD stereoisomers in plastic materials, environmental samples, and biota. With this, the occurrence, fate, and toxicological relevance of this new class of polybrominated compounds can now be studied in more detail.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heeb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norbert\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Graf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heidi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bernd\",\"Schweizer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lienemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crystal structure, Diastereomers, Enantiomers, iBPBCDs\",\"pages\":\"950–957\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heeb_isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes ({iBPBCDs}): {A} new class of polybrominated compounds},\\n\\tvolume = {78},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes ({iBPBCDs})},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.045},\\n\\tabstract = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs) represent a new class of polybrominated compounds found in several flame-proofed polystyrene materials and in a technical mixture of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Of the 64 stereoisomers possible, we now have analytical evidence for 16 different stereoisomers. By reversed- and chiral-phase liquid chromatography we distinguished 8 diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, named α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε-, ξ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs in accordance with their chromatographic retention on a C18-RP-column. Crystal structure analysis revealed the stereochemistry of the most prominent θ-iBPBCD stereoisomers, which were determined to be (1R)-1-iso-butoxy-(2R,5R,6S,9S,10R)-2,5,6,9,10-pentabromocyclododecane and its enantiomer. The eight iBPBCD diastereomers were also found in several expanded (EPS) and extruded polystyrene materials (XPS). Stereoisomer pattern varied to a large extent with δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs dominating in EPS- and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-isomers in XPS-materials. The substitution of a bromine atom with an alkoxy group is expected to result in more lipophilic compounds than the parent HBCD compounds. The chromatographic retention on the reversed-phase column supports this assumption. Therefore, we expect that certain iBPBCD stereoisomers may also have the potential to accumulate in biota like e.g. α-HBCDs. The presented spectroscopic and chromatographic data allow the identification of 16 different iBPBCD stereoisomers in plastic materials, environmental samples, and biota. With this, the occurrence, fate, and toxicological relevance of this new class of polybrominated compounds can now be studied in more detail.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Heeb, Norbert V. and Graf, Heidi and Bernd Schweizer, W. and Lienemann, P.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crystal structure, Diastereomers, Enantiomers, iBPBCDs},\\n\\tpages = {950--957},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heeb, N. V.\",\"Graf, H.\",\"Bernd Schweizer, W.\",\"Lienemann, P.\"],\"key\":\"heeb_isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes_2010\",\"id\":\"heeb_isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesibpbcdsanewclassofpolybrominatedcompounds-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Crystal structure\",\"Diastereomers\",\"Enantiomers\",\"iBPBCDs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A pilot study for foetal exposure to multiple persistent organic pollutants and the development of infant atopic dermatitis in modern Japanese society\",\"volume\":\"94\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.009\",\"abstract\":\"Increasing evidence supports that harmful chemicals accumulating in the human body may pose a significant threat to infant health through foetal exposure. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are thought to enhance the risk for later development of allergic disease like atopic dermatitis (AD). However, few studies have evaluated the effect of foetal exposure to various POPs on the development of AD in early infancy. Here, we describe the impact of foetal exposure to a number of POPs on the occurrence of AD in 7-month-old infants. The participants were 81 infants with or without AD who participated in a birth cohort study, where the concentrations of 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, mirex, oxychlordane, and 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners were measured in the umbilical cord tissues collected immediately after birth. At 7 months, 27 of the 81 infants (33.8%) were diagnosed with AD. Of all POPs examined, total concentrations of 27 PBDE congeners were associated with a significantly decreased incidence of AD. Notably, the concentration of 27 PBDEs was significantly lower in AD infants than in non-AD infants (P &lt; 0.01), and the risk of AD development decreased with increasing PBDE levels. These results suggest that foetal exposure to PBDEs is a possible contributing factor to reducing AD in early infancy.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ochiai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shingo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimojo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naoki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Igoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masahiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matsuno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshiharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kohno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chisato\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Atopic dermatitis, Foetal exposure, Infants, Persistent organic pollutants\",\"pages\":\"48–52\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ochiai_pilot_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {A pilot study for foetal exposure to multiple persistent organic pollutants and the development of infant atopic dermatitis in modern {Japanese} society},\\n\\tvolume = {94},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.009},\\n\\tabstract = {Increasing evidence supports that harmful chemicals accumulating in the human body may pose a significant threat to infant health through foetal exposure. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are thought to enhance the risk for later development of allergic disease like atopic dermatitis (AD). However, few studies have evaluated the effect of foetal exposure to various POPs on the development of AD in early infancy. Here, we describe the impact of foetal exposure to a number of POPs on the occurrence of AD in 7-month-old infants. The participants were 81 infants with or without AD who participated in a birth cohort study, where the concentrations of 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, mirex, oxychlordane, and 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners were measured in the umbilical cord tissues collected immediately after birth. At 7 months, 27 of the 81 infants (33.8\\\\%) were diagnosed with AD. Of all POPs examined, total concentrations of 27 PBDE congeners were associated with a significantly decreased incidence of AD. Notably, the concentration of 27 PBDEs was significantly lower in AD infants than in non-AD infants (P \\\\&lt; 0.01), and the risk of AD development decreased with increasing PBDE levels. These results suggest that foetal exposure to PBDEs is a possible contributing factor to reducing AD in early infancy.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ochiai, Shingo and Shimojo, Naoki and Yuka, Igoshi and Watanabe, Masahiro and Matsuno, Yoshiharu and Suzuki, Shuichi and Kohno, Yoichi and Mori, Chisato},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Foetal exposure, Infants, Persistent organic pollutants},\\n\\tpages = {48--52},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ochiai, S.\",\"Shimojo, N.\",\"Yuka, I.\",\"Watanabe, M.\",\"Matsuno, Y.\",\"Suzuki, S.\",\"Kohno, Y.\",\"Mori, C.\"],\"key\":\"ochiai_pilot_2014\",\"id\":\"ochiai_pilot_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ochiai-shimojo-yuka-watanabe-matsuno-suzuki-kohno-mori-apilotstudyforfoetalexposuretomultiplepersistentorganicpollutantsandthedevelopmentofinfantatopicdermatitisinmodernjapanesesociety-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atopic dermatitis\",\"Foetal exposure\",\"Infants\",\"Persistent organic pollutants\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of major congeners of polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenyl ethers in office dust using high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry\",\"volume\":\"87\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.014\",\"abstract\":\"The study focused on analysis of polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners in office dust obtained in Pretoria, South Africa. Of the 32 congeners considered for identification, (BB-1, 2, 4, 10, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 49, 80, 103, 153, 155, 209 and BDE-3, 15, 17, 28, 47, 66, 77, 85, 99, 100, 126, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) only BB-2, 4, 30, 153, 209 and BDE-47, 66, 85, 99, 153 and 209 congeners were detected. The sum of PBBs concentration detected in office dust ranged from &lt;dl − 196 ng g−1 dry weight (dw) with a median and mean of 11.4 and 38.2 ng g−1, respectively. On the other hand, the sum of PBDEs concentration detected ranged from 21.6 to 578.6 ng g−1 dw with a median and mean of 162 and 169 ng g−1 dw, respectively. A Spearman rank correlation between ∑5PBBs and ∑6PBDEs (rs = 0.55, p = 0.003), indicated a statistical significant positive correlation for the similarity of pollution sources for both compound classes. However, no correlation was observed between the number of electronic materials and summation of concentrations of PBBs and PBDEs congeners detected. Concentrations of PBDEs detected in this study are substantially lower than reported in office dust in developed countries.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kefeni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kebede\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okonkwo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Concentrations, Office dust, PBBs, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"1070–1075\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kefeni_analysis_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of major congeners of polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenyl ethers in office dust using high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry},\\n\\tvolume = {87},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.014},\\n\\tabstract = {The study focused on analysis of polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners in office dust obtained in Pretoria, South Africa. Of the 32 congeners considered for identification, (BB-1, 2, 4, 10, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 49, 80, 103, 153, 155, 209 and BDE-3, 15, 17, 28, 47, 66, 77, 85, 99, 100, 126, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) only BB-2, 4, 30, 153, 209 and BDE-47, 66, 85, 99, 153 and 209 congeners were detected. The sum of PBBs concentration detected in office dust ranged from \\\\&lt;dl − 196 ng g−1 dry weight (dw) with a median and mean of 11.4 and 38.2 ng g−1, respectively. On the other hand, the sum of PBDEs concentration detected ranged from 21.6 to 578.6 ng g−1 dw with a median and mean of 162 and 169 ng g−1 dw, respectively. A Spearman rank correlation between ∑5PBBs and ∑6PBDEs (rs = 0.55, p = 0.003), indicated a statistical significant positive correlation for the similarity of pollution sources for both compound classes. However, no correlation was observed between the number of electronic materials and summation of concentrations of PBBs and PBDEs congeners detected. Concentrations of PBDEs detected in this study are substantially lower than reported in office dust in developed countries.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kefeni, Kebede K. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Concentrations, Office dust, PBBs, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {1070--1075},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kefeni, K. K.\",\"Okonkwo, J. O.\"],\"key\":\"kefeni_analysis_2012\",\"id\":\"kefeni_analysis_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kefeni-okonkwo-analysisofmajorcongenersofpolybromobiphenylsandpolybromodiphenylethersinofficedustusinghighresolutiongaschromatographymassspectrometry-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044\"},\"keyword\":[\"Concentrations\",\"Office dust\",\"PBBs\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters\",\"volume\":\"93\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.085\",\"abstract\":\"Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3% to 50.8% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1% to 13.9% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yingxin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinxin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ningbao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dongping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiamo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Bioaccessibility, Dust, In vitro test, Particle size, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"2603–2611\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yu_factors_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters},\\n\\tvolume = {93},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.085},\\n\\tabstract = {Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3\\\\% to 50.8\\\\% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1\\\\% to 13.9\\\\% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (\\\\%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM\\\\% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Yu, Yingxin and Yang, Dan and Wang, Xinxin and Huang, Ningbao and Zhang, Xinyu and Zhang, Dongping and Fu, Jiamo},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bioaccessibility, Dust, In vitro test, Particle size, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {2603--2611},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yu, Y.\",\"Yang, D.\",\"Wang, X.\",\"Huang, N.\",\"Zhang, X.\",\"Zhang, D.\",\"Fu, J.\"],\"key\":\"yu_factors_2013\",\"id\":\"yu_factors_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yu-yang-wang-huang-zhang-zhang-fu-factorsinfluencingonthebioaccessibilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsizespecificdustfromairconditionerfilters-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bioaccessibility\",\"Dust\",\"In vitro test\",\"Particle size\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polychlorinated dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their trends in Canadian human milk from 1992 to 2005\",\"volume\":\"102\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.065\",\"abstract\":\"More than 300 samples of human milk were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada in the years 1992 to 2005. The milks were taken from the main populated areas east to west in southern Canada as well as from the region of Nunavik in northern Quebec and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations, expressed in ng kg−1 milk lipid, show an overall decrease of virtually all compounds examined including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), World Health Organization 2005 toxic equivalents (WHO2005-TEQ) PCDD/PCDFs, WHO2005-TEQ dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), and total PCBs. Median values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD changed from about 1.5 ng kg−1 milk lipid in 1992 to 0.8 ng kg−1 in 2005 while the median WHO2005-TEQ PCDD/F fell from about 14–7 ng kg−1 milk lipid in the same period. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in samples from Nunavik, which is in Arctic Quebec, were higher than those observed in milk from southern Quebec although this difference was not large. Over two time periods, milk samples from Hamilton, Ontario showed slightly higher levels of PCBs than Austin, Texas, USA – a North American city of similar size and development but with more than twice the PBDE exposure. When compared with earlier human milk data going back to the early 1980s, this large data set shows a steady decline of human exposure to POPs in Canada by a factor of about four times.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"Jake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rawn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorothea\",\"F.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Human milk, PCBs, PCDD/PCDFs, Trends, WHO2005-TEQ\",\"pages\":\"76–86\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ryan_polychlorinated_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Polychlorinated dioxins, furans ({PCDD}/{Fs}), and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and their trends in {Canadian} human milk from 1992 to 2005},\\n\\tvolume = {102},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.065},\\n\\tabstract = {More than 300 samples of human milk were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada in the years 1992 to 2005. The milks were taken from the main populated areas east to west in southern Canada as well as from the region of Nunavik in northern Quebec and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations, expressed in ng kg−1 milk lipid, show an overall decrease of virtually all compounds examined including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), World Health Organization 2005 toxic equivalents (WHO2005-TEQ) PCDD/PCDFs, WHO2005-TEQ dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), and total PCBs. Median values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD changed from about 1.5 ng kg−1 milk lipid in 1992 to 0.8 ng kg−1 in 2005 while the median WHO2005-TEQ PCDD/F fell from about 14–7 ng kg−1 milk lipid in the same period. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in samples from Nunavik, which is in Arctic Quebec, were higher than those observed in milk from southern Quebec although this difference was not large. Over two time periods, milk samples from Hamilton, Ontario showed slightly higher levels of PCBs than Austin, Texas, USA – a North American city of similar size and development but with more than twice the PBDE exposure. When compared with earlier human milk data going back to the early 1980s, this large data set shows a steady decline of human exposure to POPs in Canada by a factor of about four times.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ryan, John Jake and Rawn, Dorothea F. K.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human milk, PCBs, PCDD/PCDFs, Trends, WHO2005-TEQ},\\n\\tpages = {76--86},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ryan, J. J.\",\"Rawn, D. F. K.\"],\"key\":\"ryan_polychlorinated_2014\",\"id\":\"ryan_polychlorinated_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ryan-rawn-polychlorinateddioxinsfuranspcddfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandtheirtrendsincanadianhumanmilkfrom1992to2005-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human milk\",\"PCBs\",\"PCDD/PCDFs\",\"Trends\",\"WHO2005-TEQ\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in Poland\",\"volume\":\"93\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045\",\"abstract\":\"The purpose of this study was to assess human exposure in the prenatal period to selected PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153) and PCBs (CB-77, CB-101, CB-118, CB-126, CB-138, CB-153, CB-170, CB-180) basing on the analysis of these compounds in cord blood. The experimental material consisted of 89 cord blood samples taken from women resident in Warsaw and its vicinity. In over 90% of all tested samples the presence of congeners CB-153, CB-138, CB-180 and BDE-47 was identified. The least frequently found were CB-126 and BDE-153, which were present at relatively low concentration levels. Among all analysed PCBs, the highest average concentrations were found in the case of congeners CB-138 (11.8 ng/g of fat) and CB-153 (43.4 ng/g of fat), whereas the lowest was in the case of CB-170 (0.4 ng/g of fat) and CB-126 (0.1 ng/g of fat). In the case of PBDEs the greatest share in the total concentration was that of the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99, whereas the smallest share was that of the higher brominated congener BDE-153. These results suggest that human exposure to the examined compounds begins already in the period of intrauterine life. The comparison of our own results with the findings of other authors indicates that the PCBs and PBDEs levels in cord blood of women living in Poland do not differ from the respective concentrations in cord blood of other female inhabitants of Europe.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hernik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agnieszka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Góralczyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katarzyna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Struciński\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paweł\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Czaja\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katarzyna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korcz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wojciech\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Minorczyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ludwicki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\",\"Krzysztof\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Cord blood, Human exposure, Poland, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"pages\":\"526–531\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hernik_polybrominated_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in {Poland}},\\n\\tvolume = {93},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045},\\n\\tabstract = {The purpose of this study was to assess human exposure in the prenatal period to selected PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153) and PCBs (CB-77, CB-101, CB-118, CB-126, CB-138, CB-153, CB-170, CB-180) basing on the analysis of these compounds in cord blood. The experimental material consisted of 89 cord blood samples taken from women resident in Warsaw and its vicinity. In over 90\\\\% of all tested samples the presence of congeners CB-153, CB-138, CB-180 and BDE-47 was identified. The least frequently found were CB-126 and BDE-153, which were present at relatively low concentration levels. Among all analysed PCBs, the highest average concentrations were found in the case of congeners CB-138 (11.8 ng/g of fat) and CB-153 (43.4 ng/g of fat), whereas the lowest was in the case of CB-170 (0.4 ng/g of fat) and CB-126 (0.1 ng/g of fat). In the case of PBDEs the greatest share in the total concentration was that of the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99, whereas the smallest share was that of the higher brominated congener BDE-153. These results suggest that human exposure to the examined compounds begins already in the period of intrauterine life. The comparison of our own results with the findings of other authors indicates that the PCBs and PBDEs levels in cord blood of women living in Poland do not differ from the respective concentrations in cord blood of other female inhabitants of Europe.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hernik, Agnieszka and Góralczyk, Katarzyna and Struciński, Paweł and Czaja, Katarzyna and Korcz, Wojciech and Minorczyk, Maria and Ludwicki, Jan Krzysztof},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cord blood, Human exposure, Poland, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\\n\\tpages = {526--531},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hernik, A.\",\"Góralczyk, K.\",\"Struciński, P.\",\"Czaja, K.\",\"Korcz, W.\",\"Minorczyk, M.\",\"Ludwicki, J. K.\"],\"key\":\"hernik_polybrominated_2013\",\"id\":\"hernik_polybrominated_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hernik-gralczyk-struciski-czaja-korcz-minorczyk-ludwicki-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincordbloodfromwomeninpoland-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cord blood\",\"Human exposure\",\"Poland\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072\",\"abstract\":\"This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC–UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0–300 μg L−1 BDE-209 was good (R2 = 0.993). The % absolute recovery and the % RSD for n = 8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57% and 19%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g−1. All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103–4117 ng g−1 with an average concentration of 2172 ng g−1. The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fulong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cressa\",\"Ria\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Espino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Pythias\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ether, HPLC–UV, Indoor dust, SPE, Ultrasonication\",\"pages\":\"42–48\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the {Philippines}},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC–UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0–300 μg L−1 BDE-209 was good (R2 = 0.993). The \\\\% absolute recovery and the \\\\% RSD for n = 8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57\\\\% and 19\\\\%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g−1. All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103–4117 ng g−1 with an average concentration of 2172 ng g−1. The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Fulong, Cressa Ria P. and Espino, Maria Pythias B.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Decabromodiphenyl ether, HPLC–UV, Indoor dust, SPE, Ultrasonication},\\n\\tpages = {42--48},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fulong, C. R. P.\",\"Espino, M. P. B.\"],\"key\":\"fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013-1\",\"id\":\"fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472\"},\"keyword\":[\"Decabromodiphenyl ether\",\"HPLC–UV\",\"Indoor dust\",\"SPE\",\"Ultrasonication\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Selected persistent organic pollutants in human placental tissue from the United States\",\"volume\":\"106\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.080\",\"abstract\":\"Emerging and legacy environmental pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticide metabolite DDE are found in human placenta, indicating prenatal exposure, but data from the United States are sparse. We sought to determine concentrations of these compounds in human placentae as part of a formative research project conducted by the National Children’s Study Placenta Consortium. A total of 169 tissue specimens were collected at different time points post delivery from 43 human placentae at three U.S. locations, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry following extraction using matrix solid phase dispersion. PBDEs, PCBs, and DDE were detected in all specimens. The concentrations of 10 PBDEs (Σ10PBDEs), 32 PCBs (Σ32PCBs) and p,p′-DDE were 43–1723, 76–856 and 10–1968 pg g−1 wet weight, respectively, in specimens collected shortly after delivery. Significant geographic differences in PBDEs were observed, with higher concentrations in placentae collected in Davis, CA than in those from Rochester, NY or Milwaukee, WI. We combined these with other published data and noted first-order declining trends for placental PCB and DDE concentrations over the past decades, with half-lives of about 5 and 8 years, respectively. The effect of time to tissue collection from refrigerated placentae on measured concentrations of these three classes of persistent organic pollutants was additionally examined, with no significant effect observed up to 120 h. The results of this work indicate that widespread prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the United States continues.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nanes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Xia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yulin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dassanayake\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"M.\",\"A.\",\"Priyanthi\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachael\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"An\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stodgell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cheryl\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leuthner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steve\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Durkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maureen\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jack\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), Human placenta, National Children’s Study (NCS), Persistent organic pollutants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)\",\"pages\":\"20–27\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nanes_selected_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Selected persistent organic pollutants in human placental tissue from the {United} {States}},\\n\\tvolume = {106},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.080},\\n\\tabstract = {Emerging and legacy environmental pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticide metabolite DDE are found in human placenta, indicating prenatal exposure, but data from the United States are sparse. We sought to determine concentrations of these compounds in human placentae as part of a formative research project conducted by the National Children’s Study Placenta Consortium. A total of 169 tissue specimens were collected at different time points post delivery from 43 human placentae at three U.S. locations, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry following extraction using matrix solid phase dispersion. PBDEs, PCBs, and DDE were detected in all specimens. The concentrations of 10 PBDEs (Σ10PBDEs), 32 PCBs (Σ32PCBs) and p,p′-DDE were 43–1723, 76–856 and 10–1968 pg g−1 wet weight, respectively, in specimens collected shortly after delivery. Significant geographic differences in PBDEs were observed, with higher concentrations in placentae collected in Davis, CA than in those from Rochester, NY or Milwaukee, WI. We combined these with other published data and noted first-order declining trends for placental PCB and DDE concentrations over the past decades, with half-lives of about 5 and 8 years, respectively. The effect of time to tissue collection from refrigerated placentae on measured concentrations of these three classes of persistent organic pollutants was additionally examined, with no significant effect observed up to 120 h. The results of this work indicate that widespread prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the United States continues.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Nanes, Jessica A. and Xia, Yulin and Dassanayake, R. M. A. Priyanthi S. and Jones, Rachael M. and Li, An and Stodgell, Christopher J. and Walker, Cheryl K. and Szabo, Sara and Leuthner, Steve and Durkin, Maureen S. and Moye, Jack and Miller, Richard K.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), Human placenta, National Children’s Study (NCS), Persistent organic pollutants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)},\\n\\tpages = {20--27},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nanes, J. A.\",\"Xia, Y.\",\"Dassanayake, R. M. A. P. S.\",\"Jones, R. M.\",\"Li, A.\",\"Stodgell, C. J.\",\"Walker, C. K.\",\"Szabo, S.\",\"Leuthner, S.\",\"Durkin, M. S.\",\"Moye, J.\",\"Miller, R. K.\"],\"key\":\"nanes_selected_2014\",\"id\":\"nanes_selected_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nanes-xia-dassanayake-jones-li-stodgell-walker-szabo-etal-selectedpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanplacentaltissuefromtheunitedstates-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174\"},\"keyword\":[\"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE)\",\"Human placenta\",\"National Children’s Study (NCS)\",\"Persistent organic pollutants\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4\",\"abstract\":\"The investigations of organochlorine compounds in breast milk from women living in the Stockholm region started in 1967. The present study summarises the investigations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and pesticides (DDT, DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin) as well as methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs and DDE in human milk sampled during different periods up to 1997. During the course of 20–30 yr the levels of organochlorine compounds in human milk have decreased to various extent. A decrease to the half of the original concentration was attained in the range of 4–17 yr periods. On the contrary to the organochlorine compounds, the concentrations of PBDEs have increased during the period 1972–1997, indicating a doubling of the levels by 5 yr. The levels reflect the environmental contamination and background levels in the population. The accumulation and ongoing increase in the levels of PBDEs calls for immediate measures to stop the environmental pollution and human exposure to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"9–11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koidu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meironyté\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daiva\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Methylsulfonyl metabolites, PBDE, PCB, PCDD, PCDF, Pesticides\",\"pages\":\"1111–1123\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{noren_certain_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in {Swedish} human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4},\\n\\tabstract = {The investigations of organochlorine compounds in breast milk from women living in the Stockholm region started in 1967. The present study summarises the investigations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and pesticides (DDT, DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin) as well as methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs and DDE in human milk sampled during different periods up to 1997. During the course of 20–30 yr the levels of organochlorine compounds in human milk have decreased to various extent. A decrease to the half of the original concentration was attained in the range of 4–17 yr periods. On the contrary to the organochlorine compounds, the concentrations of PBDEs have increased during the period 1972–1997, indicating a doubling of the levels by 5 yr. The levels reflect the environmental contamination and background levels in the population. The accumulation and ongoing increase in the levels of PBDEs calls for immediate measures to stop the environmental pollution and human exposure to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {9–11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Norén, Koidu and Meironyté, Daiva},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Methylsulfonyl metabolites, PBDE, PCB, PCDD, PCDF, Pesticides},\\n\\tpages = {1111--1123},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Norén, K.\",\"Meironyté, D.\"],\"key\":\"noren_certain_2000\",\"id\":\"noren_certain_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"norn-meironyt-certainorganochlorineandorganobrominecontaminantsinswedishhumanmilkinperspectiveofpast2030years-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Methylsulfonyl metabolites\",\"PBDE\",\"PCB\",\"PCDD\",\"PCDF\",\"Pesticides\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs and PBBs in human serum and breast milk from cohabiting UK couples\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.060\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of PBDEs and PBBs were measured in matched blood and breast milk samples from 10 UK couples collected in 2011–12. These data are the first measurements in human serum from the UK since the 2004 EU ban on all uses of the penta-and octa-BDE formulations and the 2008 ban on the use of the deca-BDE formulation in some applications. Serum ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 16 ng g−1 lipid weight, with median 4.0 ng g−1 lw were measured. Breast milk ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 21 ng g−1 lw, with median 5.7 ng g−1 lw. Couples had similar serum congener concentrations unless one of them frequently stayed away from home for work (different diet and dust exposures) or one had occupational exposure to foams and furnishings or electronics. BB-153 were measured above LOD in 40% of sera and 100% of breast milks samples, with median concentrations of 0.04 and 0.06, and maximums of 0.91 and 0.79 ng g−1 lw respectively. Concentrations in this study indicated a modest decrease from pre-ban levels reported for the UK. BDE-209 was detected above the limit of detection (LOD) in 15% of sera and 83% of breast milks, with ranges &lt;1.2–20 and &lt;0.2–1.0 ng g���1 lw respectively. Average daily infant intakes were estimated at 17, 5, 5 and 3 ng kg−1 bw for BDE-47,-99,-153 and -209 respectively, all well below relevant US-EPA threshold reference dose values (RfDs).\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bramwell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lindsay\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fernandes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alwyn\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pless-Mulloli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tanja\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Human, Milk, PBB, PBDE, Serum, UK\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bramwell_pbdes_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in human serum and breast milk from cohabiting {UK} couples},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.060},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of PBDEs and PBBs were measured in matched blood and breast milk samples from 10 UK couples collected in 2011–12. These data are the first measurements in human serum from the UK since the 2004 EU ban on all uses of the penta-and octa-BDE formulations and the 2008 ban on the use of the deca-BDE formulation in some applications. Serum ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 16 ng g−1 lipid weight, with median 4.0 ng g−1 lw were measured. Breast milk ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 21 ng g−1 lw, with median 5.7 ng g−1 lw. Couples had similar serum congener concentrations unless one of them frequently stayed away from home for work (different diet and dust exposures) or one had occupational exposure to foams and furnishings or electronics. BB-153 were measured above LOD in 40\\\\% of sera and 100\\\\% of breast milks samples, with median concentrations of 0.04 and 0.06, and maximums of 0.91 and 0.79 ng g−1 lw respectively. Concentrations in this study indicated a modest decrease from pre-ban levels reported for the UK. BDE-209 was detected above the limit of detection (LOD) in 15\\\\% of sera and 83\\\\% of breast milks, with ranges \\\\&lt;1.2–20 and \\\\&lt;0.2–1.0 ng g���1 lw respectively. Average daily infant intakes were estimated at 17, 5, 5 and 3 ng kg−1 bw for BDE-47,-99,-153 and -209 respectively, all well below relevant US-EPA threshold reference dose values (RfDs).},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Bramwell, Lindsay and Fernandes, Alwyn and Rose, Martin and Harrad, Stuart and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human, Milk, PBB, PBDE, Serum, UK},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bramwell, L.\",\"Fernandes, A.\",\"Rose, M.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Pless-Mulloli, T.\"],\"key\":\"bramwell_pbdes_nodate\",\"id\":\"bramwell_pbdes_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bramwell-fernandes-rose-harrad-plessmulloli-pbdesandpbbsinhumanserumandbreastmilkfromcohabitingukcouples\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human\",\"Milk\",\"PBB\",\"PBDE\",\"Serum\",\"UK\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan\",\"volume\":\"63\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 2004 in 105 breast milk samples collected from 13 regions of Japan (Hokkaido, Akita, Miyagi, Tokyo, Gifu, Fukui, Kyoto, Hyogo, Wakayama, Shimane, Yamaguchi, Kochi and Okinawa). Six congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154) were determined by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total PBDE levels ranged from 0.01 to 23.0 ng/g lipid (geometric mean (GM), 1.34 ng/g lipid). BDE-47 (GM, 0.66 ng/g lipid, 59% of ∑PBDE) was the most abundant congener present in breast milk and was detected in 99% of the samples. Total PBDE levels were higher in northern Japan than in other regions. We analyzed the effects of occupation, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and number of deliveries on total PBDE levels. None of these factors were significantly associated with the level of PBDEs. The present study revealed that the current level of exposure to PBDEs in Japan is lower than that in the USA or Sweden. GMs (ng/g lipid) (GSD, geometric standard deviation) and medians (ng/g lipid) of PBDE levels in each district are as follows: Hokkaido 2.70 (1.70), 2.74; Akita 4.49 (2.19), 5.44; Miyagi 1.77 (4.37), 1.11; Tokyo 1.39 (2.09), 1.63, Gifu 2.83 (4.79), 2.23; Fukui 1.05 (2.34), 1.18; Kyoto 1.31 (2.95), 1.33; Hyogo 1.02 (2.69), 0.88; Wakayama 1.33 (3.80), 1.70; Shimane 0.83 (2.51), 0.66; Yamaguchi 1.74 (2.82), 1.76; Kochi 0.50 (2.69), 0.74 and Okinawa 1.91 (2.75), 1.22. This is the first large-scale study of current PBDE levels in breast milk in Japan.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eslami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koizumi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Souichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Inoue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kayoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aozasa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osamu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kouji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoshinaga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tekeo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Date\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chigusa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujii\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujimine\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshinori\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hachiya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Noriyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirosawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iwao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shigeki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kusaka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukinori\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Murata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katsuyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakatsuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haruo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Omae\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norimitsu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimbo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinichiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takenaka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katsunobu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takeshita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tatsuya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Todoriki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidemi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikeda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masayuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Flame retardants, Geometric mean, Human, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"554–561\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eslami_large-scale_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from 13 regions of {Japan}},\\n\\tvolume = {63},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 2004 in 105 breast milk samples collected from 13 regions of Japan (Hokkaido, Akita, Miyagi, Tokyo, Gifu, Fukui, Kyoto, Hyogo, Wakayama, Shimane, Yamaguchi, Kochi and Okinawa). Six congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154) were determined by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total PBDE levels ranged from 0.01 to 23.0 ng/g lipid (geometric mean (GM), 1.34 ng/g lipid). BDE-47 (GM, 0.66 ng/g lipid, 59\\\\% of ∑PBDE) was the most abundant congener present in breast milk and was detected in 99\\\\% of the samples. Total PBDE levels were higher in northern Japan than in other regions. We analyzed the effects of occupation, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and number of deliveries on total PBDE levels. None of these factors were significantly associated with the level of PBDEs. The present study revealed that the current level of exposure to PBDEs in Japan is lower than that in the USA or Sweden. GMs (ng/g lipid) (GSD, geometric standard deviation) and medians (ng/g lipid) of PBDE levels in each district are as follows: Hokkaido 2.70 (1.70), 2.74; Akita 4.49 (2.19), 5.44; Miyagi 1.77 (4.37), 1.11; Tokyo 1.39 (2.09), 1.63, Gifu 2.83 (4.79), 2.23; Fukui 1.05 (2.34), 1.18; Kyoto 1.31 (2.95), 1.33; Hyogo 1.02 (2.69), 0.88; Wakayama 1.33 (3.80), 1.70; Shimane 0.83 (2.51), 0.66; Yamaguchi 1.74 (2.82), 1.76; Kochi 0.50 (2.69), 0.74 and Okinawa 1.91 (2.75), 1.22. This is the first large-scale study of current PBDE levels in breast milk in Japan.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Eslami, Bita and Koizumi, Akio and Ohta, Souichi and Inoue, Kayoko and Aozasa, Osamu and Harada, Kouji and Yoshinaga, Tekeo and Date, Chigusa and Fujii, Shigeo and Fujimine, Yoshinori and Hachiya, Noriyuki and Hirosawa, Iwao and Koda, Shigeki and Kusaka, Yukinori and Murata, Katsuyuki and Nakatsuka, Haruo and Omae, Kazuyuki and Saito, Norimitsu and Shimbo, Shinichiro and Takenaka, Katsunobu and Takeshita, Tatsuya and Todoriki, Hidemi and Wada, Yasuhiko and Watanabe, Takao and Ikeda, Masayuki},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Flame retardants, Geometric mean, Human, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {554--561},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eslami, B.\",\"Koizumi, A.\",\"Ohta, S.\",\"Inoue, K.\",\"Aozasa, O.\",\"Harada, K.\",\"Yoshinaga, T.\",\"Date, C.\",\"Fujii, S.\",\"Fujimine, Y.\",\"Hachiya, N.\",\"Hirosawa, I.\",\"Koda, S.\",\"Kusaka, Y.\",\"Murata, K.\",\"Nakatsuka, H.\",\"Omae, K.\",\"Saito, N.\",\"Shimbo, S.\",\"Takenaka, K.\",\"Takeshita, T.\",\"Todoriki, H.\",\"Wada, Y.\",\"Watanabe, T.\",\"Ikeda, M.\"],\"key\":\"eslami_large-scale_2006\",\"id\":\"eslami_large-scale_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eslami-koizumi-ohta-inoue-aozasa-harada-yoshinaga-date-etal-largescaleevaluationofthecurrentlevelofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrom13regionsofjapan-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Geometric mean\",\"Human\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from New Zealand\",\"volume\":\"66\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.042\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of human blood serum taken from 23 donors in Wellington, New Zealand. Concentrations expressed as the sum of congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 (∑PBDE) were – at an average of 7.17 ng ∑PBDE g (lipid)−1 – within the range reported for human tissues in Europe, but lower than in Australia and North America. The most likely source of this contamination is considered to be the release of PBDEs from imported consumer goods. The congener pattern observed is in line with that reported for human tissues outside North America, but shows a lower contribution of PBDE 47 to ∑PBDE than observed in North Americans. No significant (p &gt; 0.1) differences between concentrations in males and females were detected, and no relationship between donor age and ∑PBDE concentration was observed. One donor displayed concentrations that were significantly elevated (i.e. &gt; average +2 standard deviations) above those in others in this study.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Porter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lawrence\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Australasia, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Levels in humans\",\"pages\":\"2019–2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{harrad_concentrations_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from {New} {Zealand}},\\n\\tvolume = {66},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.042},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of human blood serum taken from 23 donors in Wellington, New Zealand. Concentrations expressed as the sum of congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 (∑PBDE) were – at an average of 7.17 ng ∑PBDE g (lipid)−1 – within the range reported for human tissues in Europe, but lower than in Australia and North America. The most likely source of this contamination is considered to be the release of PBDEs from imported consumer goods. The congener pattern observed is in line with that reported for human tissues outside North America, but shows a lower contribution of PBDE 47 to ∑PBDE than observed in North Americans. No significant (p \\\\&gt; 0.1) differences between concentrations in males and females were detected, and no relationship between donor age and ∑PBDE concentration was observed. One donor displayed concentrations that were significantly elevated (i.e. \\\\&gt; average +2 standard deviations) above those in others in this study.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Porter, Lawrence},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Australasia, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Levels in humans},\\n\\tpages = {2019--2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Harrad, S.\",\"Porter, L.\"],\"key\":\"harrad_concentrations_2007\",\"id\":\"harrad_concentrations_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"harrad-porter-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodserumfromnewzealand-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787\"},\"keyword\":[\"Australasia\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Levels in humans\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Time-trend (1973–2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother’s milk\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1\",\"abstract\":\"The time-trend and recent concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Japanese mother’s milk were investigated. The time-trend of 16 PBDEs (BDE-28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 153, 154, 138, 183, and 190) in pooled milk samples from mothers living in Osaka between 1973 and 2000 was analyzed. Additionally, PBDE concentrations in individual milk samples collected from 13 mothers living in Kanagawa and Okayama in 1999 were measured. The total concentration of all PBDE congeners (∑PBDEs) measured in the pooled samples increased during the period between 1973 (&lt;0.01 ng/g lipid) and 1988 (1.64 ng/g lipid), and remained low afterwards while showing remarkable changes in PBDE congener profiles. The ∑PBDEs in the 1999 individual milk samples were also low (0.56–3.97 ng/g lipid), except for a single sample (291 ng/g lipid). The source of this exposure could not be identified.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akutsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitagawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikiya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakazawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Makino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tsunehisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iwazaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katsuhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hajime\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinjiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human milk\",\"pages\":\"645–654\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{akutsu_time-trend_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Time-trend (1973–2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} mother’s milk},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1},\\n\\tabstract = {The time-trend and recent concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Japanese mother’s milk were investigated. The time-trend of 16 PBDEs (BDE-28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 153, 154, 138, 183, and 190) in pooled milk samples from mothers living in Osaka between 1973 and 2000 was analyzed. Additionally, PBDE concentrations in individual milk samples collected from 13 mothers living in Kanagawa and Okayama in 1999 were measured. The total concentration of all PBDE congeners (∑PBDEs) measured in the pooled samples increased during the period between 1973 (\\\\&lt;0.01 ng/g lipid) and 1988 (1.64 ng/g lipid), and remained low afterwards while showing remarkable changes in PBDE congener profiles. The ∑PBDEs in the 1999 individual milk samples were also low (0.56–3.97 ng/g lipid), except for a single sample (291 ng/g lipid). The source of this exposure could not be identified.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Kitagawa, Mikiya and Nakazawa, Hiroyuki and Makino, Tsunehisa and Iwazaki, Katsuhiko and Oda, Hajime and Hori, Shinjiro},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human milk},\\n\\tpages = {645--654},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Akutsu, K.\",\"Kitagawa, M.\",\"Nakazawa, H.\",\"Makino, T.\",\"Iwazaki, K.\",\"Oda, H.\",\"Hori, S.\"],\"key\":\"akutsu_time-trend_2003\",\"id\":\"akutsu_time-trend_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"akutsu-kitagawa-nakazawa-makino-iwazaki-oda-hori-timetrend19732000ofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapanesemothersmilk-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"GC/MS\",\"Human milk\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust and hair samples from Northern Poland; an assessment of human exposure\",\"volume\":\"110\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.014\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among most ubiquitous compounds to be found in indoor environment and ingestion of household dust is considered an important route of exposure to PBDEs, especially in toddlers and young children. The present work reported concentration levels of PBDE congeners (PBDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) in hair and dust samples from selected households from Northern Poland. The concentrations of PBDEs in dust ranged from &lt;MDL to 615 ng g−1 while from &lt;MDL to 25 ng g−1 in human hair. PBDE-209 was reported the dominating congener. Two separated exposure scenarios (mean and 95th percentile) were used to provide a comprehensive overview of possible risks arising from ingestion of household dust. The estimated exposure to ∑PBDEs via ingestion of household dust varied from 21 to 92 ng d−1 in toddlers and from 3.7 to 20 ng d−1 in adults. By comparison of correlation between the concentrations of PBDEs in paired hair and dust samples the present work also investigated the possibility of use of hair for reflecting the actual exposure to PBDEs in humans. Finally the possible uncertainties associated with exposure assessment were investigated in the present study.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Król\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sylwia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Namieśnik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zabiegała\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bożena\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Exposure assessment, House dust, Human hair, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"91–96\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{krol_occurrence_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in house dust and hair samples from {Northern} {Poland}; an assessment of human exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {110},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among most ubiquitous compounds to be found in indoor environment and ingestion of household dust is considered an important route of exposure to PBDEs, especially in toddlers and young children. The present work reported concentration levels of PBDE congeners (PBDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) in hair and dust samples from selected households from Northern Poland. The concentrations of PBDEs in dust ranged from \\\\&lt;MDL to 615 ng g−1 while from \\\\&lt;MDL to 25 ng g−1 in human hair. PBDE-209 was reported the dominating congener. Two separated exposure scenarios (mean and 95th percentile) were used to provide a comprehensive overview of possible risks arising from ingestion of household dust. The estimated exposure to ∑PBDEs via ingestion of household dust varied from 21 to 92 ng d−1 in toddlers and from 3.7 to 20 ng d−1 in adults. By comparison of correlation between the concentrations of PBDEs in paired hair and dust samples the present work also investigated the possibility of use of hair for reflecting the actual exposure to PBDEs in humans. Finally the possible uncertainties associated with exposure assessment were investigated in the present study.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Król, Sylwia and Namieśnik, Jacek and Zabiegała, Bożena},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Exposure assessment, House dust, Human hair, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {91--96},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Król, S.\",\"Namieśnik, J.\",\"Zabiegała, B.\"],\"key\":\"krol_occurrence_2014\",\"id\":\"krol_occurrence_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"krl-namienik-zabiegaa-occurrenceandlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhousedustandhairsamplesfromnorthernpolandanassessmentofhumanexposure-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161\"},\"keyword\":[\"Exposure assessment\",\"House dust\",\"Human hair\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the general Japanese population\",\"volume\":\"79\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.050\",\"abstract\":\"Objective Our objective was to investigate congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Japanese human population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study on 72 participants aged 15–74 years; subjects were not occupationally exposed to PBDEs or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL–PCBs). Participants lived in two urban areas and two fishing villages. Twenty-seven PBDE congeners, PCB-126, PCB-118, PCB-156, and biochemical factors were determined in fasting blood. A questionnaire survey on life-style was also conducted. Results More than half of the PBDE values for 14 congeners were below the levels of detection (LODs). The median concentration of total PBDEs was 3.6 ng g−1 lipid. The most abundant congener was BDE-209 (median concentration, 0.90 ng g−1 lipid), followed by BDE-153, BDE-207, and BDE-47 in the given order. Most PBDE congeners with ⩽ 6 bromine atoms had significant positive associations with the concentrations of the three DL–PCBs (suggesting common routes of exposure) and with plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), biological markers of fish intake. These associations did not change substantially after adjustment for age, sex, and log(body mass index). These positive associations with the concentrations of DL–PCBs or EPA/DHA were not found in analyses of high-brominated PBDE congeners with ⩾8 bromine atoms. Conclusions Fish consumption may be a major contributor to the accumulation of PBDE congeners with ⩽6 bromine atoms among the general Japanese population. In contrast, the main exposure routes to high-brominated PBDEs in humans are probably not associated with fish consumption.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uemura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hirokazu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arisawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kokichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hiyoshi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mineyoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dakeshita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Satoru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitayama\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Atsushi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidenobu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sawachika\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fusakazu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamaguchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miwa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sasai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuhei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Cross-sectional study, Environmental exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"706–712\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{uemura_congener-specific_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the general {Japanese} population},\\n\\tvolume = {79},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.050},\\n\\tabstract = {Objective\\nOur objective was to investigate congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Japanese human population.\\nMethods\\nWe conducted a cross-sectional study on 72 participants aged 15–74 years; subjects were not occupationally exposed to PBDEs or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL–PCBs). Participants lived in two urban areas and two fishing villages. Twenty-seven PBDE congeners, PCB-126, PCB-118, PCB-156, and biochemical factors were determined in fasting blood. A questionnaire survey on life-style was also conducted.\\nResults\\nMore than half of the PBDE values for 14 congeners were below the levels of detection (LODs). The median concentration of total PBDEs was 3.6 ng g−1 lipid. The most abundant congener was BDE-209 (median concentration, 0.90 ng g−1 lipid), followed by BDE-153, BDE-207, and BDE-47 in the given order. Most PBDE congeners with ⩽ 6 bromine atoms had significant positive associations with the concentrations of the three DL–PCBs (suggesting common routes of exposure) and with plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), biological markers of fish intake. These associations did not change substantially after adjustment for age, sex, and log(body mass index). These positive associations with the concentrations of DL–PCBs or EPA/DHA were not found in analyses of high-brominated PBDE congeners with ⩾8 bromine atoms.\\nConclusions\\nFish consumption may be a major contributor to the accumulation of PBDE congeners with ⩽6 bromine atoms among the general Japanese population. In contrast, the main exposure routes to high-brominated PBDEs in humans are probably not associated with fish consumption.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Uemura, Hirokazu and Arisawa, Kokichi and Hiyoshi, Mineyoshi and Dakeshita, Satoru and Kitayama, Atsushi and Takami, Hidenobu and Sawachika, Fusakazu and Yamaguchi, Miwa and Sasai, Shuhei},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Cross-sectional study, Environmental exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {706--712},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Uemura, H.\",\"Arisawa, K.\",\"Hiyoshi, M.\",\"Dakeshita, S.\",\"Kitayama, A.\",\"Takami, H.\",\"Sawachika, F.\",\"Yamaguchi, M.\",\"Sasai, S.\"],\"key\":\"uemura_congener-specific_2010\",\"id\":\"uemura_congener-specific_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uemura-arisawa-hiyoshi-dakeshita-kitayama-takami-sawachika-yamaguchi-etal-congenerspecificbodyburdenlevelsandpossibledeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinthegeneraljapanesepopulation-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Cross-sectional study\",\"Environmental exposure\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PBDEs in US and German clothes dryer lint: A potential source of indoor contamination and exposure\",\"volume\":\"75\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"PBDEs in US and German clothes dryer lint\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.017\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Since the 1970s, PBDEs have been widely used as additive flame retardants in furniture and electronic equipment. Due to their wide use and persistent nature, these chemicals are found in the environment, human blood, breast milk and other tissues in increasing levels in recent decades. PBDEs are similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in structure and toxicity. However, unlike PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs, the route of PBDE exposure is not almost exclusively through food. PBDE levels in US food are not markedly higher than in Europe, although US human blood and milk levels are an order of magnitude higher. For these reasons, other possible routes of PBDE exposure have been investigated to understand PBDE intake into humans. PBDE contaminated clothes dryer lint and household dust are indicators of indoor contamination and may be sources of human exposure through hand-to-mouth contact or dermal absorption. There are very few publications about PBDEs in US or European lint. Household dryer lint from 12 US and seven German homes were analyzed for PBDEs by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found the median US total PBDE levels were more than 10 times higher than median German levels and the mean US levels were two times higher than mean German levels. The US levels ranged from 321 to 3073 ng g−1 (median: 803 ng g−1, mean: 1138 ng g−1) and the German levels were from 330 to 2069 ng g−1 (median: 71 ng g−1, mean: 361 ng g−1). PBDE contamination of lint was found in all samples; the source of the PBDEs may be from dryer electrical components and/or dust deposition onto clothing.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schecter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arnold\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nirav\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colacino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brummitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sharon\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramakrishnan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vijayalakshmi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Robert\",\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Päpke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olaf\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Clothes dryer lint, Dust, Germany, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, US\",\"pages\":\"623–628\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schecter_pbdes_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in {US} and {German} clothes dryer lint: {A} potential source of indoor contamination and exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {75},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{PBDEs} in {US} and {German} clothes dryer lint},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Since the 1970s, PBDEs have been widely used as additive flame retardants in furniture and electronic equipment. Due to their wide use and persistent nature, these chemicals are found in the environment, human blood, breast milk and other tissues in increasing levels in recent decades. PBDEs are similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in structure and toxicity. However, unlike PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs, the route of PBDE exposure is not almost exclusively through food. PBDE levels in US food are not markedly higher than in Europe, although US human blood and milk levels are an order of magnitude higher. For these reasons, other possible routes of PBDE exposure have been investigated to understand PBDE intake into humans. PBDE contaminated clothes dryer lint and household dust are indicators of indoor contamination and may be sources of human exposure through hand-to-mouth contact or dermal absorption. There are very few publications about PBDEs in US or European lint. Household dryer lint from 12 US and seven German homes were analyzed for PBDEs by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found the median US total PBDE levels were more than 10 times higher than median German levels and the mean US levels were two times higher than mean German levels. The US levels ranged from 321 to 3073 ng g−1 (median: 803 ng g−1, mean: 1138 ng g−1) and the German levels were from 330 to 2069 ng g−1 (median: 71 ng g−1, mean: 361 ng g−1). PBDE contamination of lint was found in all samples; the source of the PBDEs may be from dryer electrical components and/or dust deposition onto clothing.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Shah, Nirav and Colacino, Justin A. and Brummitt, Sharon I. and Ramakrishnan, Vijayalakshmi and Robert Harris, T. and Päpke, Olaf},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Clothes dryer lint, Dust, Germany, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, US},\\n\\tpages = {623--628},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schecter, A.\",\"Shah, N.\",\"Colacino, J. A.\",\"Brummitt, S. I.\",\"Ramakrishnan, V.\",\"Robert Harris, T.\",\"Päpke, O.\"],\"key\":\"schecter_pbdes_2009\",\"id\":\"schecter_pbdes_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schecter-shah-colacino-brummitt-ramakrishnan-robertharris-ppke-pbdesinusandgermanclothesdryerlintapotentialsourceofindoorcontaminationandexposure-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435\"},\"keyword\":[\"Clothes dryer lint\",\"Dust\",\"Germany\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"US\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Patterns and concentration levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placental tissue of women in Denmark\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.017\",\"abstract\":\"The levels and congener patterns of PBDEs were investigated in human placental samples in Denmark. The median concentrations of ∑PBDEtri-hepta and BDE-209 in the 50 samples were 1.22 and 1.14 ng g−1 lw, respectively, with the total sum ranging from 0.51 to 17.1 ng g−1 lw, which is similar to previous placental studies. The PBDE content in placental tissue was dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for approximately 50% of the total amount of PBDEs. BDE-47, -99, and -153 were detected in all samples. Approximately equal amounts of BDE-47 and BDE-153 were observed in the placental tissue, which is in agreement with previous European studies of human serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze congener patterns within and between mothers. The loading plot showed groupings of the measured PBDE variables in three groups, representative of Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures. Congeners representing the individual technical mixtures were close to orthogonal or inversely correlated, indicating variation in the congener patterns of internal exposure corresponding to the patterns of technical mixtures used in products. Visualisation of the participant objects according to body mass index (BMI), revealed inherent congener patterns (19% X-variance) showing increased frequency for participants within the highest BMI group to have elevated concentrations of BDE-209 in the placental tissue.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frederiksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marianne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vorkamp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knudsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisbeth\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"BDE-209, BFR, Flame retardants, Human biomonitoring, PCA\",\"pages\":\"1464–1469\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{frederiksen_patterns_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Patterns and concentration levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in placental tissue of women in {Denmark}},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.017},\\n\\tabstract = {The levels and congener patterns of PBDEs were investigated in human placental samples in Denmark. The median concentrations of ∑PBDEtri-hepta and BDE-209 in the 50 samples were 1.22 and 1.14 ng g−1 lw, respectively, with the total sum ranging from 0.51 to 17.1 ng g−1 lw, which is similar to previous placental studies. The PBDE content in placental tissue was dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for approximately 50\\\\% of the total amount of PBDEs. BDE-47, -99, and -153 were detected in all samples. Approximately equal amounts of BDE-47 and BDE-153 were observed in the placental tissue, which is in agreement with previous European studies of human serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze congener patterns within and between mothers. The loading plot showed groupings of the measured PBDE variables in three groups, representative of Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures. Congeners representing the individual technical mixtures were close to orthogonal or inversely correlated, indicating variation in the congener patterns of internal exposure corresponding to the patterns of technical mixtures used in products. Visualisation of the participant objects according to body mass index (BMI), revealed inherent congener patterns (19\\\\% X-variance) showing increased frequency for participants within the highest BMI group to have elevated concentrations of BDE-209 in the placental tissue.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Thomsen, Marianne and Vorkamp, Katrin and Knudsen, Lisbeth E.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {BDE-209, BFR, Flame retardants, Human biomonitoring, PCA},\\n\\tpages = {1464--1469},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Frederiksen, M.\",\"Thomsen, M.\",\"Vorkamp, K.\",\"Knudsen, L. E.\"],\"key\":\"frederiksen_patterns_2009\",\"id\":\"frederiksen_patterns_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"frederiksen-thomsen-vorkamp-knudsen-patternsandconcentrationlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinplacentaltissueofwomenindenmark-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X\"},\"keyword\":[\"BDE-209\",\"BFR\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human biomonitoring\",\"PCA\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in New Hampshire\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017\",\"abstract\":\"Human milk is a valuable biological specimen for biomonitoring lipid-soluble polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of PBDEs in human milk from New Hampshire and to examine potential relationships between PBDE levels in human milk and stage of lactation, maternal characteristics, living environment and dietary intake. Forty women provided up to three human milk samples at the end of their first, second and third month of breastfeeding for evaluation of day-to-day and month-to-month variation in PBDE levels. Participants completed four questionnaires, which provided maternal, living environment, and diet information. The ∑PBDE concentrations in human milk over the 3-month collection period ranged from 6.5 to 166.7 ng g−1 lipid. The median for the 3-month period was 29.7 ng g−1. BDE-47 was the predominant congener, however, BDE-153 predominated in 20% of the participants’ samples. Day-to-day variation in ∑PBDEs was negligible; there was no significant difference in mean PBDE levels from month-to-month. Positive associations were seen between BDE-153 and age, postpartum saturated fat consumption, and the home model. There was a negative association between PBDE levels and fruit consumption during the third trimester. Our results indicate that PBDE levels in human milk from New Hampshire are within the range that has been reported in the US, and levels are stable during the first 3-months of lactation. Our findings revealed a higher predominance pattern with BDE-153 compared to other studies, and indicate that PBDE levels are influenced by diet and the home environment.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dunn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huwe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Janice\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gale\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Depuration, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"1175–1182\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dunn_biomonitoring_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in {New} {Hampshire}},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Human milk is a valuable biological specimen for biomonitoring lipid-soluble polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of PBDEs in human milk from New Hampshire and to examine potential relationships between PBDE levels in human milk and stage of lactation, maternal characteristics, living environment and dietary intake. Forty women provided up to three human milk samples at the end of their first, second and third month of breastfeeding for evaluation of day-to-day and month-to-month variation in PBDE levels. Participants completed four questionnaires, which provided maternal, living environment, and diet information. The ∑PBDE concentrations in human milk over the 3-month collection period ranged from 6.5 to 166.7 ng g−1 lipid. The median for the 3-month period was 29.7 ng g−1. BDE-47 was the predominant congener, however, BDE-153 predominated in 20\\\\% of the participants’ samples. Day-to-day variation in ∑PBDEs was negligible; there was no significant difference in mean PBDE levels from month-to-month. Positive associations were seen between BDE-153 and age, postpartum saturated fat consumption, and the home model. There was a negative association between PBDE levels and fruit consumption during the third trimester. Our results indicate that PBDE levels in human milk from New Hampshire are within the range that has been reported in the US, and levels are stable during the first 3-months of lactation. Our findings revealed a higher predominance pattern with BDE-153 compared to other studies, and indicate that PBDE levels are influenced by diet and the home environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Dunn, Rebecca L. and Huwe, Janice K. and Carey, Gale B.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Depuration, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {1175--1182},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dunn, R. L.\",\"Huwe, J. K.\",\"Carey, G. B.\"],\"key\":\"dunn_biomonitoring_2010\",\"id\":\"dunn_biomonitoring_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dunn-huwe-carey-biomonitoringpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkasafunctionofenvironmentdietaryintakeanddemographicsinnewhampshire-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biomonitoring\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Depuration\",\"Human milk\",\"PBDEs\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1 ± 0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean = 26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM = 56.0 ng g−1 lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p &lt; 0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β = −49.860, p = 0.032, and β = −3.645, p = 0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β = −3.951 and p = 0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Foster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Warren\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gregorovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morrison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Atkinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephanie\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kubwabo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cariton\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stewart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koon\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Birth weight, Exposure, Fetus, Polybrominated diphenyl ether, Pregnancy\",\"pages\":\"1301–1309\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{foster_human_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1 ± 0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean = 26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM = 56.0 ng g−1 lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p \\\\&lt; 0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β = −49.860, p = 0.032, and β = −3.645, p = 0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β = −3.951 and p = 0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Foster, Warren G. and Gregorovich, Sandra and Morrison, Katherine M. and Atkinson, Stephanie A. and Kubwabo, Cariton and Stewart, Brian and Teo, Koon},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Birth weight, Exposure, Fetus, Polybrominated diphenyl ether, Pregnancy},\\n\\tpages = {1301--1309},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Foster, W. G.\",\"Gregorovich, S.\",\"Morrison, K. M.\",\"Atkinson, S. A.\",\"Kubwabo, C.\",\"Stewart, B.\",\"Teo, K.\"],\"key\":\"foster_human_2011-1\",\"id\":\"foster_human_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698\"},\"keyword\":[\"Birth weight\",\"Exposure\",\"Fetus\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether\",\"Pregnancy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples\",\"volume\":\"87\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman’s Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7 ± 5.1 ng g−1 lipid, 7.7 ± 4.2 ng g−1 lipid, and 3.0 ± 1.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28–30.94 ng g−1 lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8–17.66 ng g−1 lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08–8.66 ng g−1 lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45–73% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tae\",\"Hyung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Du\",\"Yeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyun\",\"Jung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jin\",\"Won\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mee\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nabanita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ki\",\"Kyung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kwack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Seung\",\"Jun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kui\",\"Lea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Soon\",\"Young\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wahn\",\"Soo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jung\",\"Yeol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Byung\",\"Mu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong-Eun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeong-Hyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jaewon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyung\",\"Sik\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Cord blood, Maternal blood, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Thyroid hormones\",\"pages\":\"97–104\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_comparisons_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired {South} {Korean} cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples},\\n\\tvolume = {87},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman’s Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7 ± 5.1 ng g−1 lipid, 7.7 ± 4.2 ng g−1 lipid, and 3.0 ± 1.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28–30.94 ng g−1 lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8–17.66 ng g−1 lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08–8.66 ng g−1 lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45–73\\\\% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Tae Hyung and Bang, Du Yeon and Lim, Hyun Jung and Jin Won, A. and Ahn, Mee Young and Patra, Nabanita and Chung, Ki Kyung and Kwack, Seung Jun and Park, Kui Lea and Han, Soon Young and Choi, Wahn Soo and Han, Jung Yeol and Lee, Byung Mu and Oh, Jeong-Eun and Yoon, Jeong-Hyun and Lee, Jaewon and Kim, Hyung Sik},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Cord blood, Maternal blood, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Thyroid hormones},\\n\\tpages = {97--104},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, T. H.\",\"Bang, D. Y.\",\"Lim, H. J.\",\"Jin Won, A.\",\"Ahn, M. Y.\",\"Patra, N.\",\"Chung, K. K.\",\"Kwack, S. J.\",\"Park, K. L.\",\"Han, S. Y.\",\"Choi, W. S.\",\"Han, J. Y.\",\"Lee, B. M.\",\"Oh, J.\",\"Yoon, J.\",\"Lee, J.\",\"Kim, H. S.\"],\"key\":\"kim_comparisons_2012-1\",\"id\":\"kim_comparisons_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-bang-lim-jinwon-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Cord blood\",\"Maternal blood\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Thyroid hormones\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: A biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium)\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058\",\"abstract\":\"To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009–2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p = 0.01 for BDE 47, p = 0.02 for BDE 99 and p = 0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p = 0.03) and oxychlordane (p = 0.047) in their human milk samples.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Croes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colles\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koppen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Govarts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruckers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Mieroop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haug\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Becher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mampaey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schoeters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Larebeke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baeyens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"BMI, Biomonitoring, HBCD, Human milk, PFOS, POPs\",\"pages\":\"988–994\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{croes_persistent_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk: {A} biomonitoring study in rural areas of {Flanders} ({Belgium})},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058},\\n\\tabstract = {To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009–2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25\\\\% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94\\\\%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153\\\\%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p = 0.01 for BDE 47, p = 0.02 for BDE 99 and p = 0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p = 0.03) and oxychlordane (p = 0.047) in their human milk samples.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Croes, K. and Colles, A. and Koppen, G. and Govarts, E. and Bruckers, L. and Van de Mieroop, E. and Nelen, V. and Covaci, A. and Dirtu, A. C. and Thomsen, C. and Haug, L. S. and Becher, G. and Mampaey, M. and Schoeters, G. and Van Larebeke, N. and Baeyens, W.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {BMI, Biomonitoring, HBCD, Human milk, PFOS, POPs},\\n\\tpages = {988--994},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Croes, K.\",\"Colles, A.\",\"Koppen, G.\",\"Govarts, E.\",\"Bruckers, L.\",\"Van de Mieroop, E.\",\"Nelen, V.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Dirtu, A. C.\",\"Thomsen, C.\",\"Haug, L. S.\",\"Becher, G.\",\"Mampaey, M.\",\"Schoeters, G.\",\"Van Larebeke, N.\",\"Baeyens, W.\"],\"key\":\"croes_persistent_2012-1\",\"id\":\"croes_persistent_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673\"},\"keyword\":[\"BMI\",\"Biomonitoring\",\"HBCD\",\"Human milk\",\"PFOS\",\"POPs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia. Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ7 of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82 400 ng g−1 (median 571 ng g−1). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66% of Σ32PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ32PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stasinska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alison\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hinwood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stevenson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gavin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Callan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jon\",\"Øyvind\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heyworth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jane\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Australia, Dust, Exposure, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"187–193\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stasinska_concentrations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in residential dust samples from {Western} {Australia}},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia.\\n\\nThirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas.\\n\\nPBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ7 of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82 400 ng g−1 (median 571 ng g−1). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66\\\\% of Σ32PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ32PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively).\\n\\nPBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Stasinska, Ania and Reid, Alison and Hinwood, Andrea and Stevenson, Gavin and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Heyworth, Jane},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Australia, Dust, Exposure, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {187--193},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stasinska, A.\",\"Reid, A.\",\"Hinwood, A.\",\"Stevenson, G.\",\"Callan, A.\",\"Odland, J. Ø.\",\"Heyworth, J.\"],\"key\":\"stasinska_concentrations_2013-1\",\"id\":\"stasinska_concentrations_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457\"},\"keyword\":[\"Australia\",\"Dust\",\"Exposure\",\"PBDEs\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mg kg−1 burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7% dry wt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg−1 lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg−1 lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10−4–10−3, suggesting that polymer–PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect’s movements and/or predation.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaylor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Bioaccumulation, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crickets, Insects, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polyurethane foam\",\"pages\":\"500–505\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gaylor_house_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mg kg−1 burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7\\\\% dry wt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg−1 lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg−1 lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10−4–10−3, suggesting that polymer–PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect’s movements and/or predation.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Gaylor, Michael O. and Harvey, Ellen and Hale, Robert C.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bioaccumulation, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crickets, Insects, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polyurethane foam},\\n\\tpages = {500--505},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gaylor, M. O.\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Hale, R. C.\"],\"key\":\"gaylor_house_2012-1\",\"id\":\"gaylor_house_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bioaccumulation\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Crickets\",\"Insects\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"Polyurethane foam\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Debromination of duroplastic flame-retarded polymers\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(96)00335-9\",\"abstract\":\"Epoxy resins containing the flame retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A chemically bound to their structures were successfully dehalogenated with Na/NH3 in an autoclave at elevated temperatures. Four loaded printed circuit boards of various origins and one unloaded circuit board were investigated. Debromination efficiencies of solvolysis with ethyl acetate (280°C, 15 MPa) and dehalogenation with Na/NH3 (100°C, 6 MPa) are compared.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mackenzie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katrin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kopinke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank-Dieter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"1996\",\"pages\":\"2423–2430\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mackenzie_debromination_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {Debromination of duroplastic flame-retarded polymers},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(96)00335-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Epoxy resins containing the flame retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A chemically bound to their structures were successfully dehalogenated with Na/NH3 in an autoclave at elevated temperatures. Four loaded printed circuit boards of various origins and one unloaded circuit board were investigated. Debromination efficiencies of solvolysis with ethyl acetate (280°C, 15 MPa) and dehalogenation with Na/NH3 (100°C, 6 MPa) are compared.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Mackenzie, Katrin and Kopinke, Frank-Dieter},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tpages = {2423--2430},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mackenzie, K.\",\"Kopinke, F.\"],\"key\":\"mackenzie_debromination_1996\",\"id\":\"mackenzie_debromination_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mackenzie-kopinke-debrominationofduroplasticflameretardedpolymers-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00235-1\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work. Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others. BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians. On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)–response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thuresson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rylander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjödin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hagmar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Computer work, Occupational exposure, PBDEs, TBBPA, VDU\",\"pages\":\"709–716\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jakobsson_exposure_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} among computer technicians},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00235-1},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work.\\n\\nThirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others.\\n\\nBDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians.\\n\\nOn a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)–response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Jakobsson, Kristina and Thuresson, Kaj and Rylander, Lars and Sjödin, Andreas and Hagmar, Lars and Bergman, Åke},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Computer work, Occupational exposure, PBDEs, TBBPA, VDU},\\n\\tpages = {709--716},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jakobsson, K.\",\"Thuresson, K.\",\"Rylander, L.\",\"Sjödin, A.\",\"Hagmar, L.\",\"Bergman, Å.\"],\"key\":\"jakobsson_exposure_2002-1\",\"id\":\"jakobsson_exposure_2002-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Computer work\",\"Occupational exposure\",\"PBDEs\",\"TBBPA\",\"VDU\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mexican children\",\"volume\":\"75\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083\",\"abstract\":\"Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6–13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE- 153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g−1 lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4–5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pérez-Maldonado\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iván\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ramírez-Jiménez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"María\",\"del\",\"Rocio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martínez-Arévalo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"López-Guzmán\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\",\"Dania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanasiadou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yarto-Ramírez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mario\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gavilán-García\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arturo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yáñez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leticia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Díaz-Barriga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fernando\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"BDE-47, Children, Flame retardants, Mexico, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"1215–1220\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{perez-maldonado_exposure_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Mexican} children},\\n\\tvolume = {75},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083},\\n\\tabstract = {Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6–13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE- 153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g−1 lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4–5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N. and Ramírez-Jiménez, María del Rocio and Martínez-Arévalo, Laura P. and López-Guzmán, O. Dania and Athanasiadou, Maria and Bergman, Åke and Yarto-Ramírez, Mario and Gavilán-García, Arturo and Yáñez, Leticia and Díaz-Barriga, Fernando},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {BDE-47, Children, Flame retardants, Mexico, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {1215--1220},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pérez-Maldonado, I. N.\",\"Ramírez-Jiménez, M. d. R.\",\"Martínez-Arévalo, L. P.\",\"López-Guzmán, O. D.\",\"Athanasiadou, M.\",\"Bergman, Å.\",\"Yarto-Ramírez, M.\",\"Gavilán-García, A.\",\"Yáñez, L.\",\"Díaz-Barriga, F.\"],\"key\":\"perez-maldonado_exposure_2009-1\",\"id\":\"perez-maldonado_exposure_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623\"},\"keyword\":[\"BDE-47\",\"Children\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Mexico\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: Occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084\",\"abstract\":\"A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g−1 lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g−1 fresh weight versus 199 pg g−1 fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cariou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Antignac\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berrebi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alain\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cravedi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean-Pierre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maume\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marchand\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philippe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Monteau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andre\"],\"firstnames\":[\"François\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"bizec\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruno\",\"Le\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental contaminants, Newborn, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Toxicology\",\"pages\":\"1036–1041\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cariou_exposure_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}: {Occurrence} measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084},\\n\\tabstract = {A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44\\\\% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g−1 lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30\\\\% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g−1 fresh weight versus 199 pg g−1 fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Cariou, Ronan and Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Riu, Anne and Andre, François and bizec, Bruno Le},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental contaminants, Newborn, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Toxicology},\\n\\tpages = {1036--1041},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cariou, R.\",\"Antignac, J.\",\"Zalko, D.\",\"Berrebi, A.\",\"Cravedi, J.\",\"Maume, D.\",\"Marchand, P.\",\"Monteau, F.\",\"Riu, A.\",\"Andre, F.\",\"bizec , B. L.\"],\"key\":\"cariou_exposure_2008-1\",\"id\":\"cariou_exposure_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Environmental contaminants\",\"Newborn\",\"Tetrabromobisphenol-A\",\"Toxicology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human milk from Australia\",\"volume\":\"68\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants added to a multitude of products to reduce flammability. PBDEs have been widely detected and quantified in biota and humans in many industrialised countries from the Northern Hemisphere. However data concerning the levels of these compounds in the Australian population and environment remain limited. The objectives of this study were to determine PBDE concentrations and congener profiles in Australian human milk and compare this to concentrations found in other countries. Pooled human milk samples obtained from mothers residing in 12 regions of Australia were analysed by HRGC/HRMS for 18 PBDE congeners. In total, 157 human milk samples collected in 2002 and 2003 were divided into 17 regional pools. PBDEs were detected in all pools of human milk from Australia. The mean ± standard deviation and median ∑PBDE concentrations were 11.1 ± 3.2 and 11.0 ng g−1 lipid, respectively with a range of 6.1–18.7 ng g−1 lipid. The congener profile was dominated by BDE-47 followed by BDE-99, -100, -153, -154 and -183. Regional differences were evaluated, but no trends were observed. The data suggest regional differences are likely to be small if they exist at all. The concentrations of PBDEs found in Australian human milk were lower than those reported from North America but higher than those reported from Europe and Asia. Our results suggest that the exposure pathways which contribute to the PBDE body burden in the Australian population require a better understanding in order to determine future policy regarding their use and disposal.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fiona\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Symons\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burniston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Debbie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fürst\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Australia, Flame retardants, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"pages\":\"797–803\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{toms_polybrominated_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in human milk from {Australia}},\\n\\tvolume = {68},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants added to a multitude of products to reduce flammability. PBDEs have been widely detected and quantified in biota and humans in many industrialised countries from the Northern Hemisphere. However data concerning the levels of these compounds in the Australian population and environment remain limited. The objectives of this study were to determine PBDE concentrations and congener profiles in Australian human milk and compare this to concentrations found in other countries.\\n\\nPooled human milk samples obtained from mothers residing in 12 regions of Australia were analysed by HRGC/HRMS for 18 PBDE congeners. In total, 157 human milk samples collected in 2002 and 2003 were divided into 17 regional pools. PBDEs were detected in all pools of human milk from Australia. The mean ± standard deviation and median ∑PBDE concentrations were 11.1 ± 3.2 and 11.0 ng g−1 lipid, respectively with a range of 6.1–18.7 ng g−1 lipid. The congener profile was dominated by BDE-47 followed by BDE-99, -100, -153, -154 and -183. Regional differences were evaluated, but no trends were observed. The data suggest regional differences are likely to be small if they exist at all. The concentrations of PBDEs found in Australian human milk were lower than those reported from North America but higher than those reported from Europe and Asia.\\n\\nOur results suggest that the exposure pathways which contribute to the PBDE body burden in the Australian population require a better understanding in order to determine future policy regarding their use and disposal.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Harden, Fiona A. and Symons, Robert K. and Burniston, Debbie and Fürst, Peter and Müller, Jochen F.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Australia, Flame retardants, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\\n\\tpages = {797--803},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Toms, L. L.\",\"Harden, F. A.\",\"Symons, R. K.\",\"Burniston, D.\",\"Fürst, P.\",\"Müller, J. F.\"],\"key\":\"toms_polybrominated_2007\",\"id\":\"toms_polybrominated_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"toms-harden-symons-burniston-frst-mller-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhumanmilkfromaustralia-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153\"},\"keyword\":[\"Australia\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human milk\",\"PBDEs\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035\",\"abstract\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (α, β, and γ) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, α-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; γ-HBCD, in 7; and β-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of ∑HBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kakimoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kensaku\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akutsu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konishi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshimasa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanaka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukio\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"1110–1114\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kakimoto_time_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of {Japanese} women},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (α, β, and γ) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, α-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; γ-HBCD, in 7; and β-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of ∑HBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Tanaka, Yukio},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {1110--1114},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kakimoto, K.\",\"Akutsu, K.\",\"Konishi, Y.\",\"Tanaka, Y.\"],\"key\":\"kakimoto_time_2008-1\",\"id\":\"kakimoto_time_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants Dioxin 2004 Selected, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs convened at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany, September 2004\",\"title\":\"Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077\",\"abstract\":\"There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlummer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gruber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ludwig\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mäurer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gerd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eldik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rudi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDD/F, Polymer recycling, Polymer types, Thermal treatment, WEEE\",\"pages\":\"1866–1876\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schlummer_characterisation_2007,\\n\\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},\\n\\ttitle = {Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment ({WEEE}) and implications for waste management},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077},\\n\\tabstract = {There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity.\\n\\nThus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Schlummer, Martin and Gruber, Ludwig and Mäurer, Andreas and Wolz, Gerd and van Eldik, Rudi},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDD/F, Polymer recycling, Polymer types, Thermal treatment, WEEE},\\n\\tpages = {1866--1876},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schlummer, M.\",\"Gruber, L.\",\"Mäurer, A.\",\"Wolz, G.\",\"van Eldik, R.\"],\"key\":\"schlummer_characterisation_2007-1\",\"id\":\"schlummer_characterisation_2007-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"PBDD/F\",\"Polymer recycling\",\"Polymer types\",\"Thermal treatment\",\"WEEE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on controlled pyrolysis of high-impact polystyrene mixed with polyolefins\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.011\",\"abstract\":\"The controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed with brominated high-impact polystyrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether as a brominated flame-retardant with antimony trioxide as a synergist was performed. The effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on the formation of its congeners and their effect on distribution of pyrolysis products were investigated. The controlled pyrolysis significantly affected the decomposition behavior and the formation of products. Analysis with gas chromatograph with electron capture detector confirmed that the bromine content was rich in step 1 (oil 1) liquid products leaving less bromine content in the step 2 (oil 2) liquid products. In the presence of antimony containing samples, the major portion of bromine was observed in the form of antimony bromide and no flame-retardant species were found in oil 1. In the presence of synergist, the step 1 and step 2 oils contain both light and heavy compounds. In the absence of synergist, the heavy compounds in step 1 oil and light compounds in step 2 oils were observed. The presence of antimony bromide was confirmed in the step 1 oils but not in step 2 oils.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nona\",\"Merry\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhaskar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thallada\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akinori\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yusaku\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"DDO, Flame retardants, HIPS-Br, Pyrolysis, WEEE, Waste plastics\",\"pages\":\"1073–1079\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mitan_effect_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on controlled pyrolysis of high-impact polystyrene mixed with polyolefins},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.011},\\n\\tabstract = {The controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed with brominated high-impact polystyrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether as a brominated flame-retardant with antimony trioxide as a synergist was performed. The effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on the formation of its congeners and their effect on distribution of pyrolysis products were investigated. The controlled pyrolysis significantly affected the decomposition behavior and the formation of products. Analysis with gas chromatograph with electron capture detector confirmed that the bromine content was rich in step 1 (oil 1) liquid products leaving less bromine content in the step 2 (oil 2) liquid products. In the presence of antimony containing samples, the major portion of bromine was observed in the form of antimony bromide and no flame-retardant species were found in oil 1. In the presence of synergist, the step 1 and step 2 oils contain both light and heavy compounds. In the absence of synergist, the heavy compounds in step 1 oil and light compounds in step 2 oils were observed. The presence of antimony bromide was confirmed in the step 1 oils but not in step 2 oils.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Mitan, Nona Merry M. and Bhaskar, Thallada and Hall, William J. and Muto, Akinori and Williams, Paul T. and Sakata, Yusaku},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {DDO, Flame retardants, HIPS-Br, Pyrolysis, WEEE, Waste plastics},\\n\\tpages = {1073--1079},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mitan, N. M. M.\",\"Bhaskar, T.\",\"Hall, W. J.\",\"Muto, A.\",\"Williams, P. T.\",\"Sakata, Y.\"],\"key\":\"mitan_effect_2008\",\"id\":\"mitan_effect_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mitan-bhaskar-hall-muto-williams-sakata-effectofdecabromodiphenyletherandantimonytrioxideoncontrolledpyrolysisofhighimpactpolystyrenemixedwithpolyolefins-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670\"},\"keyword\":[\"DDO\",\"Flame retardants\",\"HIPS-Br\",\"Pyrolysis\",\"WEEE\",\"Waste plastics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Synthesis and tentative identification of novel polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in human blood\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.076\",\"abstract\":\"Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PDBEs) are exogenous, bioactive compounds that originate, to a large extent, from anthropogenic activities, although they are also naturally produced in the environment. In the present study nine new authentic OH-PBDE reference standards and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives (MeO-PBDEs) were synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Seven of the authentic reference standards prepared were thereafter tentatively identified in a pooled human blood sample. The tentatively identified OH-PBDEs were 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether and 4-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,5,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether. An additional seven OH-PBDEs were tentatively identified in the pooled human blood sample, of which one OH-PBDE, 4′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,5,5′-pentabromodiphenyl ether, has not been identified in human blood before. The identification was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) recording the bromine ions m/z 79, 81. The tentative identification was supported by the peaks relative retention times (RRTs) compared to authentic references on two GC columns of different polarities for the hexa-, and heptabrominated OH-PBDEs, and three different GC columns for the pentabrominated OH-PBDEs. The OH-PBDE congeners most likely originate from human metabolism of a flame retardant, i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to the relatively high concentrations of PBDEs in the same human blood sample and the fact that these PBDEs could form the tentatively identified OH-PBDEs via metabolic direct hydroxylation or via 1,2-shift.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rydén\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nestor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gustav\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marsh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Göran\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenylethers (OH-PBDEs), Metabolites, Synthesis\",\"pages\":\"1227–1234\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ryden_synthesis_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Synthesis and tentative identification of novel polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in human blood},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.076},\\n\\tabstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PDBEs) are exogenous, bioactive compounds that originate, to a large extent, from anthropogenic activities, although they are also naturally produced in the environment. In the present study nine new authentic OH-PBDE reference standards and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives (MeO-PBDEs) were synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Seven of the authentic reference standards prepared were thereafter tentatively identified in a pooled human blood sample. The tentatively identified OH-PBDEs were 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether and 4-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,5,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether. An additional seven OH-PBDEs were tentatively identified in the pooled human blood sample, of which one OH-PBDE, 4′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,5,5′-pentabromodiphenyl ether, has not been identified in human blood before. The identification was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) recording the bromine ions m/z 79, 81. The tentative identification was supported by the peaks relative retention times (RRTs) compared to authentic references on two GC columns of different polarities for the hexa-, and heptabrominated OH-PBDEs, and three different GC columns for the pentabrominated OH-PBDEs. The OH-PBDE congeners most likely originate from human metabolism of a flame retardant, i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to the relatively high concentrations of PBDEs in the same human blood sample and the fact that these PBDEs could form the tentatively identified OH-PBDEs via metabolic direct hydroxylation or via 1,2-shift.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Rydén, Andreas and Nestor, Gustav and Jakobsson, Kristina and Marsh, Göran},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenylethers (OH-PBDEs), Metabolites, Synthesis},\\n\\tpages = {1227--1234},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rydén, A.\",\"Nestor, G.\",\"Jakobsson, K.\",\"Marsh, G.\"],\"key\":\"ryden_synthesis_2012\",\"id\":\"ryden_synthesis_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rydn-nestor-jakobsson-marsh-synthesisandtentativeidentificationofnovelpolybrominateddiphenylethermetabolitesinhumanblood-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenylethers (OH-PBDEs)\",\"Metabolites\",\"Synthesis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl as the major component of flame retardant fireMaster ®BP-6\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0045-6535(76)90049-7\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sundström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hutzinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Safe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1976\",\"pages\":\"11–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sundstrom_identification_1976,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl as the major component of flame retardant {fireMaster} ®{BP}-6},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(76)90049-7},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Sundström, G. and Hutzinger, O. and Safe, S.},\\n\\tyear = {1976},\\n\\tpages = {11--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sundström, G.\",\"Hutzinger, O.\",\"Safe, S.\"],\"key\":\"sundstrom_identification_1976\",\"id\":\"sundstrom_identification_1976\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sundstrm-hutzinger-safe-identificationof224455hexabromobiphenylasthemajorcomponentofflameretardantfiremasterbp6-1976\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in Swedish background air\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.041\",\"abstract\":\"Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DPDPE) is a flame retardant that has been on the market for more than 20 years and is used as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environmental data on DPDPE are scarce but for BDE-209, studies have shown that long-range transport in the atmosphere leads to contamination of remote regions. Given their similar physical–chemical properties, we hypothesized that this is also true for DPDPE. In this study we explored the European continent as a source for DBDPE by collecting air samples at a back-ground location in southern Sweden. Twelve samples with stable air mass back trajectories over the 24 h sampling period were analysed. BDE-209 and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also included in the study. The concentration ranges of DBDPE and BDE-209 were similar, 0.077–7.9 and 0.093–1.8 pg m−3 air, respectively. The highest concentrations were detected when the air originated from the European continent and the lowest during periods with rather stagnant air over southern Scandinavia. The concentrations of DBDPE and BDE-209 did not co-vary, indicating that there are different major sources of the two compounds. In air, the compounds measured in this study are predominantly associated with particles. PAHs in the atmosphere are known to originate primarily from combustion processes and their concentrations were highly correlated with several measures of atmospheric particle concentration, i.e. PM 10, PM 2.5, soot, and N 450 (number of particles in the size range approximately 420–450 nm). No clear correlations were found between the concentrations of DBDPE or BDE-209 and any of the measures of particle concentrations, indicating that the emissions of these are not related to the major sources of emissions of soot or small particles.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Egebäck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna-Lena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sellström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLachlan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Atmospheric transport, BDE-209, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), DPDPE\",\"pages\":\"264–269\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{egeback_decabromodiphenyl_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in {Swedish} background air},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.041},\\n\\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DPDPE) is a flame retardant that has been on the market for more than 20 years and is used as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environmental data on DPDPE are scarce but for BDE-209, studies have shown that long-range transport in the atmosphere leads to contamination of remote regions. Given their similar physical–chemical properties, we hypothesized that this is also true for DPDPE. In this study we explored the European continent as a source for DBDPE by collecting air samples at a back-ground location in southern Sweden. Twelve samples with stable air mass back trajectories over the 24 h sampling period were analysed. BDE-209 and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also included in the study. The concentration ranges of DBDPE and BDE-209 were similar, 0.077–7.9 and 0.093–1.8 pg m−3 air, respectively. The highest concentrations were detected when the air originated from the European continent and the lowest during periods with rather stagnant air over southern Scandinavia. The concentrations of DBDPE and BDE-209 did not co-vary, indicating that there are different major sources of the two compounds. In air, the compounds measured in this study are predominantly associated with particles. PAHs in the atmosphere are known to originate primarily from combustion processes and their concentrations were highly correlated with several measures of atmospheric particle concentration, i.e. PM 10, PM 2.5, soot, and N 450 (number of particles in the size range approximately 420–450 nm). No clear correlations were found between the concentrations of DBDPE or BDE-209 and any of the measures of particle concentrations, indicating that the emissions of these are not related to the major sources of emissions of soot or small particles.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Egebäck, Anna-Lena and Sellström, Ulla and McLachlan, Michael S.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmospheric transport, BDE-209, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), DPDPE},\\n\\tpages = {264--269},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Egebäck, A.\",\"Sellström, U.\",\"McLachlan, M. S.\"],\"key\":\"egeback_decabromodiphenyl_2012\",\"id\":\"egeback_decabromodiphenyl_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"egebck-sellstrm-mclachlan-decabromodiphenylethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherinswedishbackgroundair-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmospheric transport\",\"BDE-209\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"DPDPE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00336-7\",\"abstract\":\"Recycling activities on polymeric materials are increasing and becoming more and more important in recent years. For polymers containing no flame retardants, suitable recycling strategies already exist. In order to investigate the recyclability of flame retarded polymers that contain brominated flame retardants, a number of samples were analysed as received from a recycling company. Following the identification and sorting of the samples according to type of polymers and flame retardants, material recycling was tested for the flame retarded polymers identified to occur most frequently. The reactivity of the flame retardants during the recycling procedure was studied by analysing for brominated dioxins and furans. The results demonstrate that flame retarded polymers can be recycled under certain experimental conditions.\",\"number\":\"9–11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riess\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ernst\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Popp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Müller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thoma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vierle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eldik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Polybrominated dioxins and furans, Polymers, Recycling\",\"pages\":\"937–941\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{riess_analysis_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00336-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Recycling activities on polymeric materials are increasing and becoming more and more important in recent years. For polymers containing no flame retardants, suitable recycling strategies already exist. In order to investigate the recyclability of flame retarded polymers that contain brominated flame retardants, a number of samples were analysed as received from a recycling company. Following the identification and sorting of the samples according to type of polymers and flame retardants, material recycling was tested for the flame retarded polymers identified to occur most frequently. The reactivity of the flame retardants during the recycling procedure was studied by analysing for brominated dioxins and furans. The results demonstrate that flame retarded polymers can be recycled under certain experimental conditions.},\\n\\tnumber = {9–11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Riess, M and Ernst, T and Popp, R and Müller, B and Thoma, H and Vierle, O and Wolf, M and van Eldik, R},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Polybrominated dioxins and furans, Polymers, Recycling},\\n\\tpages = {937--941},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Riess, M\",\"Ernst, T\",\"Popp, R\",\"Müller, B\",\"Thoma, H\",\"Vierle, O\",\"Wolf, M\",\"van Eldik, R\"],\"key\":\"riess_analysis_2000\",\"id\":\"riess_analysis_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"riess-ernst-popp-mller-thoma-vierle-wolf-vaneldik-analysisofflameretardedpolymersandrecyclingmaterials-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Polybrominated dioxins and furans\",\"Polymers\",\"Recycling\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00237-5\",\"abstract\":\"Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100 μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400 μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from &lt;1 to 132 μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624 μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370 μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470 μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"La\",\"Guardia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harvey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matt\",\"Mainor\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"keywords\":\"Bioaccumulation, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil\",\"pages\":\"729–735\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hale_potential_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the {US} environment},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00237-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98\\\\% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100 μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400 μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from \\\\&lt;1 to 132 μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624 μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370 μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470 μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Matt Mainor, T},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bioaccumulation, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil},\\n\\tpages = {729--735},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hale, R. C\",\"La Guardia, M. J\",\"Harvey, E.\",\"Matt Mainor, T\"],\"key\":\"hale_potential_2002-1\",\"id\":\"hale_potential_2002-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bioaccumulation\",\"Frog\",\"Insect\",\"Sediment\",\"Sewage sludge\",\"Soil\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway\",\"volume\":\"73\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002\",\"abstract\":\"Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Tromsø) (N = 10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N = 19) collected in 2000–2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Tromsø samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs &gt; DDTs &gt; HCB &gt; HCHs ≈ CHLs &gt; CHBs &gt; mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Tromsø (p &lt; 0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g−1 lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g−1 lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs8 was 3.7 (1–9) pg TEQ kg−1 body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1–4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50–60% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Polder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindström\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Løken\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaare\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Breast milk, Norway, Organochlorine pesticides, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Toxaphenes\",\"pages\":\"14–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{polder_levels_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from {Northern} and {Southern} {Norway}},\\n\\tvolume = {73},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Tromsø) (N = 10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N = 19) collected in 2000–2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Tromsø samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs \\\\&gt; DDTs \\\\&gt; HCB \\\\&gt; HCHs ≈ CHLs \\\\&gt; CHBs \\\\&gt; mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Tromsø (p \\\\&lt; 0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g−1 lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g−1 lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs8 was 3.7 (1–9) pg TEQ kg−1 body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1–4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50–60\\\\% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Polder, A. and Thomsen, C. and Lindström, G. and Løken, K. B. and Skaare, J. U.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Norway, Organochlorine pesticides, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Toxaphenes},\\n\\tpages = {14--23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Polder, A.\",\"Thomsen, C.\",\"Lindström, G.\",\"Løken, K. B.\",\"Skaare, J. U.\"],\"key\":\"polder_levels_2008\",\"id\":\"polder_levels_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"polder-thomsen-lindstrm-lken-skaare-levelsandtemporaltrendsofchlorinatedpesticidespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinindividualhumanbreastmilksamplesfromnorthernandsouthernnorway-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breast milk\",\"Norway\",\"Organochlorine pesticides\",\"Polybrominated biphenyl ethers\",\"Polychlorinated biphenyls\",\"Toxaphenes\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products: An evidence of unregulated use\",\"volume\":\"110\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.022\",\"abstract\":\"Polystyrene (PS) is made flame retardant by combining with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD can release from consumer products during their production, use or disposal. As a result, it has become a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment with a high potential for bioaccumulation. Therefore, to evaluate the extent of exposure to HBCD from PS, we determined the concentration of HBCD in a variety of products (n = 34) made from three types of commonly used PS: expanded PS (EPS), extruded PS foam (XPS), and extruded PS. The concentration of HBCD was highest in EPS, with a mean value and range of 475 643 ± 16 710 ng g−1 and 106–960 000 ng g−1, respectively. PS related to building construction and laboratory uses had a significantly higher concentration of HBCD (3300–905 000 ng g−1), except XPS styroboard (191 ± 100 ng g−1). Lower concentrations were measured in most food-related products (24.3–199 ng g−1). However, a relatively high concentration of HBCD was detected in an ice box (960 000 ± 29 000 ng g−1), aquaculture buoy (53 500 ± 2100 ng g−1), and disposable tray (8430 ± 730 ng g−1) used in fish market, raising concern for public health. Our data demonstrate a wide variation in the concentration of HBCD, suggesting a lack of proper controls for the addition of HBCD to PS products. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were also detected in a majority of the XPS products (TBBPA = 3.83–545 ng g−1, BTBPE = 44–216 ng g−1 and DBDPE = 215–4200 ng g−1). Thus, HBCD is being added to PS along with other BFRs that cannot be ignored.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manviri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Won\",\"Joon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gi\",\"Myung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Young\",\"Kyoung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sang\",\"Hee\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, Polystyrene products\",\"pages\":\"111–119\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rani_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products: {An} evidence of unregulated use},\\n\\tvolume = {110},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.022},\\n\\tabstract = {Polystyrene (PS) is made flame retardant by combining with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD can release from consumer products during their production, use or disposal. As a result, it has become a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment with a high potential for bioaccumulation. Therefore, to evaluate the extent of exposure to HBCD from PS, we determined the concentration of HBCD in a variety of products (n = 34) made from three types of commonly used PS: expanded PS (EPS), extruded PS foam (XPS), and extruded PS. The concentration of HBCD was highest in EPS, with a mean value and range of 475 643 ± 16 710 ng g−1 and 106–960 000 ng g−1, respectively. PS related to building construction and laboratory uses had a significantly higher concentration of HBCD (3300–905 000 ng g−1), except XPS styroboard (191 ± 100 ng g−1). Lower concentrations were measured in most food-related products (24.3–199 ng g−1). However, a relatively high concentration of HBCD was detected in an ice box (960 000 ± 29 000 ng g−1), aquaculture buoy (53 500 ± 2100 ng g−1), and disposable tray (8430 ± 730 ng g−1) used in fish market, raising concern for public health. Our data demonstrate a wide variation in the concentration of HBCD, suggesting a lack of proper controls for the addition of HBCD to PS products. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were also detected in a majority of the XPS products (TBBPA = 3.83–545 ng g−1, BTBPE = 44–216 ng g−1 and DBDPE = 215–4200 ng g−1). Thus, HBCD is being added to PS along with other BFRs that cannot be ignored.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Rani, Manviri and Shim, Won Joon and Han, Gi Myung and Jang, Mi and Song, Young Kyoung and Hong, Sang Hee},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, Polystyrene products},\\n\\tpages = {111--119},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rani, M.\",\"Shim, W. J.\",\"Han, G. M.\",\"Jang, M.\",\"Song, Y. K.\",\"Hong, S. H.\"],\"key\":\"rani_hexabromocyclododecane_2014\",\"id\":\"rani_hexabromocyclododecane_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rani-shim-han-jang-song-hong-hexabromocyclododecaneinpolystyrenebasedconsumerproductsanevidenceofunregulateduse-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"HBCD\",\"Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry\",\"Polystyrene products\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes in flame-proofed polystyrene materials\",\"volume\":\"80\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.034\",\"abstract\":\"Polystyrenes (PS) are produced in quantities exceeding 10 Mt y−1. They are used for insulation and packaging materials, often in flame-proofed forms with hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) added as flame retardants. Polystyrenes are also constituents of plastic debris found in the aquatic environment. HBCDs are now considered as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds. Lately, we reported that isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs), a formerly unknown class of polybrominated compounds, are also present in flame-proofed polystyrenes. It is therefore likely that iBPBCDs are released along with HBCDs from these materials. Herein, we report on changes of the HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns when exposing expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrenes at temperatures of 140–160 °C. Substantial transformation reactions were observed in EPS, which was rich in γ-HBCDs and δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs at the beginning, but changed to materials rich in α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs. Patterns of untreated XPS already resembled those of the thermally treated EPS. Upon thermal exposure, some further enrichment of α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs was also noticed for the XPS samples, indicating similar transformation mechanisms. Comparable apparent first-order transformation rate constants (ktrans) of −0.003, −0.008, and −0.020 min−1 and −0.004, −0.009, and −0.019 min−1 are found for γ-HBCD- and δ-iBPBCD-conversion at 140, 150, and 160 °C, respectively. We conclude that a thermal treatment of flame-proofed polystyrenes alters their HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns. Thus depending on the proportions of EPS and XPS materials reaching the environment, more of the lipophilic (late-eluting) or of the more polar (early-eluting) HBCD- and iBPBCD-stereoisomers will be released. Several properties such as partitioning coefficients, degradation rates, and bioaccumulation factors are stereoisomer-specific. Therefore, the environmental fate of individual HBCDs and iBPBCDs is expected to vary, the specific stereoisomer pattern in polystyrenes at a potential source is another important aspect to consider.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heeb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norbert\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Graf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heidi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bernd\",\"Schweizer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lienemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCDs, Persistent organic pollutants, Plastic debris, Transformation, iBPBCDs\",\"pages\":\"701–708\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heeb_thermally-induced_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes in flame-proofed polystyrene materials},\\n\\tvolume = {80},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.034},\\n\\tabstract = {Polystyrenes (PS) are produced in quantities exceeding 10 Mt y−1. They are used for insulation and packaging materials, often in flame-proofed forms with hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) added as flame retardants. Polystyrenes are also constituents of plastic debris found in the aquatic environment. HBCDs are now considered as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds. Lately, we reported that isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs), a formerly unknown class of polybrominated compounds, are also present in flame-proofed polystyrenes. It is therefore likely that iBPBCDs are released along with HBCDs from these materials. Herein, we report on changes of the HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns when exposing expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrenes at temperatures of 140–160 °C. Substantial transformation reactions were observed in EPS, which was rich in γ-HBCDs and δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs at the beginning, but changed to materials rich in α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs. Patterns of untreated XPS already resembled those of the thermally treated EPS. Upon thermal exposure, some further enrichment of α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs was also noticed for the XPS samples, indicating similar transformation mechanisms. Comparable apparent first-order transformation rate constants (ktrans) of −0.003, −0.008, and −0.020 min−1 and −0.004, −0.009, and −0.019 min−1 are found for γ-HBCD- and δ-iBPBCD-conversion at 140, 150, and 160 °C, respectively. We conclude that a thermal treatment of flame-proofed polystyrenes alters their HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns. Thus depending on the proportions of EPS and XPS materials reaching the environment, more of the lipophilic (late-eluting) or of the more polar (early-eluting) HBCD- and iBPBCD-stereoisomers will be released. Several properties such as partitioning coefficients, degradation rates, and bioaccumulation factors are stereoisomer-specific. Therefore, the environmental fate of individual HBCDs and iBPBCDs is expected to vary, the specific stereoisomer pattern in polystyrenes at a potential source is another important aspect to consider.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Heeb, Norbert V. and Graf, Heidi and Bernd Schweizer, W. and Lienemann, P.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCDs, Persistent organic pollutants, Plastic debris, Transformation, iBPBCDs},\\n\\tpages = {701--708},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heeb, N. V.\",\"Graf, H.\",\"Bernd Schweizer, W.\",\"Lienemann, P.\"],\"key\":\"heeb_thermally-induced_2010\",\"id\":\"heeb_thermally-induced_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-thermallyinducedtransformationofhexabromocyclododecanesandisobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesinflameproofedpolystyrenematerials-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"HBCDs\",\"Persistent organic pollutants\",\"Plastic debris\",\"Transformation\",\"iBPBCDs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046\",\"abstract\":\"To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction—Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)—were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of α-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of γ-HBCD decreased, indicating that γ-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 °C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n = 10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22 000 to 43 000 mg kg−1 (i.e. 2.2–4.3%). We found a higher proportion of the α-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that γ-HBCD isomerized to α-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the α-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sueoka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minekazu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ohiwa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Toshio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"BFR, Fabric, HBCDs, LC–MS/MS\",\"pages\":\"1485–1489\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kajiwara_determination_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046},\\n\\tabstract = {To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction—Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)—were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of α-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of γ-HBCD decreased, indicating that γ-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 °C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n = 10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22 000 to 43 000 mg kg−1 (i.e. 2.2–4.3\\\\%). We found a higher proportion of the α-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that γ-HBCD isomerized to α-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the α-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Sueoka, Minekazu and Ohiwa, Toshio and Takigami, Hidetaka},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFR, Fabric, HBCDs, LC–MS/MS},\\n\\tpages = {1485--1489},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kajiwara, N.\",\"Sueoka, M.\",\"Ohiwa, T.\",\"Takigami, H.\"],\"key\":\"kajiwara_determination_2009-1\",\"id\":\"kajiwara_determination_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFR\",\"Fabric\",\"HBCDs\",\"LC–MS/MS\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds 1989\",\"title\":\"Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\",\"abstract\":\"Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.\",\"number\":\"10–12\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McAllister\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mazac\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gorsich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freiberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tondeur\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1990\",\"pages\":\"1537–1541\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcallister_analysis_1990,\\n\\tseries = {Proceedings of the {Ninth} {International} {Symposium} {Chlorinated} {Dioxins} and {Related} {Compounds} 1989},\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},\\n\\tabstract = {Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.},\\n\\tnumber = {10–12},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {McAllister, D. L. and Mazac, C. J. and Gorsich, R. and Freiberg, M. and Tondeur, Y.},\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n\\tpages = {1537--1541},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McAllister, D. L.\",\"Mazac, C. J.\",\"Gorsich, R.\",\"Freiberg, M.\",\"Tondeur, Y.\"],\"key\":\"mcallister_analysis_1990-1\",\"id\":\"mcallister_analysis_1990-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"TLC detection of brominated flame retardants in styrofoam\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0045-6535(94)90338-7\",\"abstract\":\"To detect the title compounds, a sample of styrofoam is dissolved in toluene and polystyrene is precipitated by hexane. Brominated flame retardants remain in the supernatant, are separated by silica TLC with toluene — hexane 25:75, and visualized by silver nitrate. 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was the most frequently detected flame retardant. 1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO) and pentabromochlorocyclohexane (PBCC) were found in two samples. Brominated flame retardants were not detectable in styrofoam used in food packaging and in two recent samples of packaging and ‘cooler’ styrofoam.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zitko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1994\",\"pages\":\"1211–1215\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zitko_tlc_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {{TLC} detection of brominated flame retardants in styrofoam},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(94)90338-7},\\n\\tabstract = {To detect the title compounds, a sample of styrofoam is dissolved in toluene and polystyrene is precipitated by hexane. Brominated flame retardants remain in the supernatant, are separated by silica TLC with toluene — hexane 25:75, and visualized by silver nitrate. 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was the most frequently detected flame retardant. 1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO) and pentabromochlorocyclohexane (PBCC) were found in two samples. Brominated flame retardants were not detectable in styrofoam used in food packaging and in two recent samples of packaging and ‘cooler’ styrofoam.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Zitko, V.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tpages = {1211--1215},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zitko, V.\"],\"key\":\"zitko_tlc_1994\",\"id\":\"zitko_tlc_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zitko-tlcdetectionofbrominatedflameretardantsinstyrofoam-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in Finnish human adipose tissue\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smeds\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saukko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pekka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens\",\"pages\":\"1123–1130\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smeds_brominated_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in {Finnish} human adipose tissue},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Smeds, Annika and Saukko, Pekka},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens},\\n\\tpages = {1123--1130},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smeds, A.\",\"Saukko, P.\"],\"key\":\"smeds_brominated_2003\",\"id\":\"smeds_brominated_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\"},\"keyword\":[\"4\",\"4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl\",\"4-Octylphenol diethoxylate\",\"Alkylphenols\",\"Environmental hormone disrupters\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Xenoestrogens\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Isolation and identification of tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) as flame retardant in polypropylene\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00039-9\",\"abstract\":\"Approximately 4 % tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) and 0.44 % antimony were found in the back wall of a TV cabinet. This is the first time a bromoorganic flame retardant containing a sulfur linkage has been detected. No such compound has been previously mentioned in the analytical or environmental literature. Isolation from PP was performed by extraction and precipitation of coextracted polymer. After chromatographic separation (TLC, CC), the combination of 1H13C-NMR, MS (EI), FT-IR and HPLC (UV/Vis, DAD and MS) indicated the TBBP-S derivative, which was verified by synthesis of reference material.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dettmer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wichmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bahadir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"1999\",\"pages\":\"1523–1532\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dettmer_isolation_1999,\\n\\ttitle = {Isolation and identification of tetrabromobisphenol-{S}-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) as flame retardant in polypropylene},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00039-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Approximately 4 \\\\% tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) and 0.44 \\\\% antimony were found in the back wall of a TV cabinet. This is the first time a bromoorganic flame retardant containing a sulfur linkage has been detected. No such compound has been previously mentioned in the analytical or environmental literature. Isolation from PP was performed by extraction and precipitation of coextracted polymer. After chromatographic separation (TLC, CC), the combination of 1H13C-NMR, MS (EI), FT-IR and HPLC (UV/Vis, DAD and MS) indicated the TBBP-S derivative, which was verified by synthesis of reference material.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Dettmer, F. T. and Wichmann, H. and de Boer, J. and Bahadir, M.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {1999},\\n\\tpages = {1523--1532},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dettmer, F. T.\",\"Wichmann, H.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Bahadir, M.\"],\"key\":\"dettmer_isolation_1999\",\"id\":\"dettmer_isolation_1999\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dettmer-wichmann-deboer-bahadir-isolationandidentificationoftetrabromobisphenolsbis23dibromopropyletherasflameretardantinpolypropylene-1999\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.051\",\"abstract\":\"Analytical methods were developed for a broad range of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air. Screening was performed of various indoor environments at 12 locations in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Method recoveries ranged from 62% for triphenyl phosphate to 100% for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate was found in the highest concentration (260 ng/m3) mainly in cars and furniture stores. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate, both up to 3.4 ng/m3, were also detected in quantifiable concentrations at several sites. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were below the limit of quantification in all samples. The results of the risk assessment indicate that the observed concentrations are below the predicted threshold for human health effects.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bürgi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Walter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Health, Risk assessment, TBEP, TCEP, TCPP\",\"pages\":\"781–787\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hartmann_organophosphate_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.051},\\n\\tabstract = {Analytical methods were developed for a broad range of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air. Screening was performed of various indoor environments at 12 locations in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Method recoveries ranged from 62\\\\% for triphenyl phosphate to 100\\\\% for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate was found in the highest concentration (260 ng/m3) mainly in cars and furniture stores. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate, both up to 3.4 ng/m3, were also detected in quantifiable concentrations at several sites. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were below the limit of quantification in all samples. The results of the risk assessment indicate that the observed concentrations are below the predicted threshold for human health effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Hartmann, Paul C. and Bürgi, Daniel and Giger, Walter},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Health, Risk assessment, TBEP, TCEP, TCPP},\\n\\tpages = {781--787},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hartmann, P. C.\",\"Bürgi, D.\",\"Giger, W.\"],\"key\":\"hartmann_organophosphate_2004\",\"id\":\"hartmann_organophosphate_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hartmann-brgi-giger-organophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinindoorair-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155\"},\"keyword\":[\"Health\",\"Risk assessment\",\"TBEP\",\"TCEP\",\"TCPP\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.022\",\"abstract\":\"The main objective of this study was to create a robust analytical method to analyse the flame retardants decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in house dust in order to estimate the degree of contamination of indoor environment. A liquid chromatography method equipped with a UV-detector and electro spray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to achieve this result. Applying an external calibration for BDE-209, an internal calibration for TBBPA, and a standard addition method for HBCD low limits of quantification were obtained. The analytical procedure was carried out under exclusion of UV-light as the target compounds potentially degrade when being exposed to UV-light. Empirical data were obtained in addition to the dust samples to estimate potential influences of apartment characteristics. A weak correlation between the number of electric devices and TBBPA was found.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Magdalena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stahl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Beate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lorenz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wilhelm\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"BFR, HBCD, Liquid chromatography, PBDE, TBBPA\",\"pages\":\"1657–1663\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{abb_analysis_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.022},\\n\\tabstract = {The main objective of this study was to create a robust analytical method to analyse the flame retardants decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in house dust in order to estimate the degree of contamination of indoor environment. A liquid chromatography method equipped with a UV-detector and electro spray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to achieve this result. Applying an external calibration for BDE-209, an internal calibration for TBBPA, and a standard addition method for HBCD low limits of quantification were obtained. The analytical procedure was carried out under exclusion of UV-light as the target compounds potentially degrade when being exposed to UV-light. Empirical data were obtained in addition to the dust samples to estimate potential influences of apartment characteristics. A weak correlation between the number of electric devices and TBBPA was found.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Abb, Magdalena and Stahl, Beate and Lorenz, Wilhelm},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {BFR, HBCD, Liquid chromatography, PBDE, TBBPA},\\n\\tpages = {1657--1663},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Abb, M.\",\"Stahl, B.\",\"Lorenz, W.\"],\"key\":\"abb_analysis_2011\",\"id\":\"abb_analysis_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"abb-stahl-lorenz-analysisofbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedust-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655\"},\"keyword\":[\"BFR\",\"HBCD\",\"Liquid chromatography\",\"PBDE\",\"TBBPA\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Leaching of brominated flame retardants from TV housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.030\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, we investigated the contents of several brominated compounds in TV molding plastics, as well as their leaching characteristics in the presence of DHM. The PBDE content was about 3% of the sample weight, and deca-BDE was the most abundant homologue, accounting for over 80% of the total amount. TBBPA, PBPs and PBBs content was 8100, 4700 and 250 ng/g, respectively. Despite no detection of most of the lower brominated DEs in distilled water, most homologues could be detected in DHM solution, and their solubility increased according to the contact time; those of highly brominated compounds increased to 10 times their maximum solubility in distilled water. Especially, contrary to the relatively faster equilibrium in distilled water, BFR solubility in DHM solution was maintained even after 20 days. In addition, a modified first-order model adequately reflected rapid desorption for each compound in the initial period, but slow desorption afterwards. From an overall perspective, it is clear that hydrophobic BFRs can leach out to a great extent in the presence of DHM, which is a matter of great concern in E&amp;E waste as the potential contaminant source of BFRs, especially in landfills and open dump sites that provide the perfect conditions for exposure of BFRs to abundant DHM.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ki-In\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suk-Hui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osako\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masahiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Electrical and electronic waste, HOP leaching mechanism, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"460–466\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{choi_leaching_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants from {TV} housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.030},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, we investigated the contents of several brominated compounds in TV molding plastics, as well as their leaching characteristics in the presence of DHM. The PBDE content was about 3\\\\% of the sample weight, and deca-BDE was the most abundant homologue, accounting for over 80\\\\% of the total amount. TBBPA, PBPs and PBBs content was 8100, 4700 and 250 ng/g, respectively. Despite no detection of most of the lower brominated DEs in distilled water, most homologues could be detected in DHM solution, and their solubility increased according to the contact time; those of highly brominated compounds increased to 10 times their maximum solubility in distilled water. Especially, contrary to the relatively faster equilibrium in distilled water, BFR solubility in DHM solution was maintained even after 20 days. In addition, a modified first-order model adequately reflected rapid desorption for each compound in the initial period, but slow desorption afterwards. From an overall perspective, it is clear that hydrophobic BFRs can leach out to a great extent in the presence of DHM, which is a matter of great concern in E\\\\&amp;E waste as the potential contaminant source of BFRs, especially in landfills and open dump sites that provide the perfect conditions for exposure of BFRs to abundant DHM.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Choi, Ki-In and Lee, Suk-Hui and Osako, Masahiro},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Electrical and electronic waste, HOP leaching mechanism, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {460--466},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Choi, K.\",\"Lee, S.\",\"Osako, M.\"],\"key\":\"choi_leaching_2009\",\"id\":\"choi_leaching_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"choi-lee-osako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfromtvhousingplasticsinthepresenceofdissolvedhumicmatter-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Electrical and electronic waste\",\"HOP leaching mechanism\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardant exposure of aircraft personnel\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.073\",\"abstract\":\"The use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aircraft is the result of high fire safety demands. Personnel working in or with aircraft might therefore be exposed to several BFRs. Previous studies have reported PBDE exposure in flight attendants and in passengers. One other group that may be subjected to significant BFR exposure via inhalation, are the aircraft maintenance workers. Personnel exposure both during flights and maintenance of aircraft, are investigated in the present study. Several BFRs were present in air and dust sampled during both the exposure scenarios; PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane. PBDEs were also analyzed in serum from pilots/cabin crew, maintenance workers and from a control group of individuals without any occupational aircraft exposure. Significantly higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in maintenance workers compared to pilots/cabin crew and control subjects with median total PBDE concentrations of 19, 6.8 and 6.6 pmol g−1 lipids, respectively. Pilots and cabin crew had similar concentrations of most PBDEs as the control group, except for BDE-153 and BDE-154 which were significantly higher. Results indicate higher concentrations among some of the pilots compared to the cabin crew. It is however, evident that the cabin personnel have lower BFR exposures compared to maintenance workers that are exposed to such a degree that their blood levels are significantly different from the control group.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smedje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Athanassiadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindgren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Torsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lundgren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Håkan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jakobsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kristina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Åke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Aircraft maintenance workers, BFRs, Cabin crew, Occupational exposure, Pilots\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{strid_brominated_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardant exposure of aircraft personnel},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.073},\\n\\tabstract = {The use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aircraft is the result of high fire safety demands. Personnel working in or with aircraft might therefore be exposed to several BFRs. Previous studies have reported PBDE exposure in flight attendants and in passengers. One other group that may be subjected to significant BFR exposure via inhalation, are the aircraft maintenance workers. Personnel exposure both during flights and maintenance of aircraft, are investigated in the present study. Several BFRs were present in air and dust sampled during both the exposure scenarios; PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane. PBDEs were also analyzed in serum from pilots/cabin crew, maintenance workers and from a control group of individuals without any occupational aircraft exposure. Significantly higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in maintenance workers compared to pilots/cabin crew and control subjects with median total PBDE concentrations of 19, 6.8 and 6.6 pmol g−1 lipids, respectively. Pilots and cabin crew had similar concentrations of most PBDEs as the control group, except for BDE-153 and BDE-154 which were significantly higher. Results indicate higher concentrations among some of the pilots compared to the cabin crew. It is however, evident that the cabin personnel have lower BFR exposures compared to maintenance workers that are exposed to such a degree that their blood levels are significantly different from the control group.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Strid, Anna and Smedje, Greta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Lindgren, Torsten and Lundgren, Håkan and Jakobsson, Kristina and Bergman, Åke},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aircraft maintenance workers, BFRs, Cabin crew, Occupational exposure, Pilots},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Strid, A.\",\"Smedje, G.\",\"Athanassiadis, I.\",\"Lindgren, T.\",\"Lundgren, H.\",\"Jakobsson, K.\",\"Bergman, Å.\"],\"key\":\"strid_brominated_nodate\",\"id\":\"strid_brominated_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"strid-smedje-athanassiadis-lindgren-lundgren-jakobsson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantexposureofaircraftpersonnel\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aircraft maintenance workers\",\"BFRs\",\"Cabin crew\",\"Occupational exposure\",\"Pilots\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) in human breast milk from several Asian countries\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.033\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, the concentrations of 10 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were determined in 89 human breast milk samples collected from Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Among the targeted PFRs, tris(2-chloroexyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the predominant compounds and were detected in more than 60% of samples in all three countries. The concentrations of PFRs in human breast milk were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the Philippines (median 70 ng g−1 lipid wt.) than those in Japan (median 22 ng g−1 lipid wt.) and Vietnam (median 10 ng g−1 lipid wt.). The present results suggest that the usage of products containing PFRs in the Philippines is higher than those of Japan and Vietnam. Comparing with a previous literature survey in Sweden, the levels of PFRs in human breast milk from the Philippines were 1.5–2 times higher, whereas levels in Japan and Vietnam were 4–20 times lower, suggesting that these differences might be due to their variation in the usage of flame-retarded products utilized in each country. When daily intake of PFRs to infants via human breast milk was estimated, some individuals accumulated tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and TCEP were close to reference dose (RfD). This is the first report to identify PFRs in human breast milk samples from Asian countries.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joon-Woo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isobe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomohiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mamoru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nguyen\",\"Minh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Katsura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malarvannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Govindan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudaryanto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kwang-Hyeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prudente\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maricar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pham\",\"Hung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takahashi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tanabe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Asia, Human breast milk, Human exposure, PFRs\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_organophosphorus_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants ({PFRs}) in human breast milk from several {Asian} countries},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.033},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, the concentrations of 10 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were determined in 89 human breast milk samples collected from Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Among the targeted PFRs, tris(2-chloroexyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the predominant compounds and were detected in more than 60\\\\% of samples in all three countries. The concentrations of PFRs in human breast milk were significantly higher (p \\\\&lt; 0.05) in the Philippines (median 70 ng g−1 lipid wt.) than those in Japan (median 22 ng g−1 lipid wt.) and Vietnam (median 10 ng g−1 lipid wt.). The present results suggest that the usage of products containing PFRs in the Philippines is higher than those of Japan and Vietnam. Comparing with a previous literature survey in Sweden, the levels of PFRs in human breast milk from the Philippines were 1.5–2 times higher, whereas levels in Japan and Vietnam were 4–20 times lower, suggesting that these differences might be due to their variation in the usage of flame-retarded products utilized in each country. When daily intake of PFRs to infants via human breast milk was estimated, some individuals accumulated tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and TCEP were close to reference dose (RfD). This is the first report to identify PFRs in human breast milk samples from Asian countries.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Joon-Woo and Isobe, Tomohiko and Muto, Mamoru and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Katsura, Kana and Malarvannan, Govindan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Chang, Kwang-Hyeon and Prudente, Maricar and Viet, Pham Hung and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\\n\\tkeywords = {Asia, Human breast milk, Human exposure, PFRs},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, J.\",\"Isobe, T.\",\"Muto, M.\",\"Tue, N. M.\",\"Katsura, K.\",\"Malarvannan, G.\",\"Sudaryanto, A.\",\"Chang, K.\",\"Prudente, M.\",\"Viet, P. H.\",\"Takahashi, S.\",\"Tanabe, S.\"],\"key\":\"kim_organophosphorus_nodate\",\"id\":\"kim_organophosphorus_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-isobe-muto-tue-katsura-malarvannan-sudaryanto-chang-etal-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsinhumanbreastmilkfromseveralasiancountries\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379\"},\"keyword\":[\"Asia\",\"Human breast milk\",\"Human exposure\",\"PFRs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in the Environment Papers presented at the Third International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants held in Toronto, Canada, 6–9 June 2004\",\"title\":\"Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment\",\"volume\":\"64\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003–04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982–1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on ∑BDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Law\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allchin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colin\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herzke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dorte\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lepom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tronczynski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Wit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cynthia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Atmosphere, Biota, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Europe, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, Tetrabromobisphenol-A\",\"pages\":\"187–208\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{law_levels_2006,\\n\\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) in the {Environment} {Papers} presented at the {Third} {International} {Workshop} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} held in {Toronto}, {Canada}, 6–9 {June} 2004},\\n\\ttitle = {Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the {European} environment},\\n\\tvolume = {64},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003–04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982–1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on ∑BDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Law, Robin J. and Allchin, Colin R. and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Herzke, Dorte and Lepom, Peter and Morris, Steven and Tronczynski, Jacek and de Wit, Cynthia A.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Biota, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Europe, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, Tetrabromobisphenol-A},\\n\\tpages = {187--208},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Law, R. J.\",\"Allchin, C. R.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Herzke, D.\",\"Lepom, P.\",\"Morris, S.\",\"Tronczynski, J.\",\"de Wit, C. A.\"],\"key\":\"law_levels_2006-1\",\"id\":\"law_levels_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmosphere\",\"Biota\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Europe\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Sediment\",\"Sewage sludge\",\"Soil\",\"Tetrabromobisphenol-A\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from flame-retardant plastics\",\"volume\":\"65\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.019\",\"abstract\":\"To investigate the effect of leachant on the leachability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), we determined the leaching concentrations of PBDEs from flame-retardant plastic samples (TV housings and raw materials before molding processing) that are regarded as a source of PBDEs in landfill sites. The leachants used were distilled water, 20% methanol solution, and dissolved humic solution (DHS) of 1000 mg/l based on organic carbon. The leaching test conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 100:1, and a contact period of five days, with twice-daily agitation in a temperature-controlled room of 30 °C without pH or ionic strength control. The leaching concentrations of PBDEs increased with increased content, and were found to be remarkably enhanced when methanol and DHS were used instead of distilled water. The enhancement of leachability in the presence of the latter was attributed to the cosolvency effect, and complex formations between the PBDEs and dissolved humic matter (DHM). PBDE concentrations in the leachate obtained from the leaching test and an actual landfill site revealed a significant presence of congeners below heptabromodiphenyl ethers (H7BDEs), detected in the leachate of the actual landfill, while significant amounts of nonabromodiphenyl ethers (N9BDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (D10BDE) were detected in the leachate of the leaching test.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osako\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masahiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Complex formations, Cosolvency effect, Dissolved humic solution (DHS), Flame retardants, Leaching, Methanol solution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"pages\":\"506–513\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_leaching_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) from flame-retardant plastics},\\n\\tvolume = {65},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.019},\\n\\tabstract = {To investigate the effect of leachant on the leachability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), we determined the leaching concentrations of PBDEs from flame-retardant plastic samples (TV housings and raw materials before molding processing) that are regarded as a source of PBDEs in landfill sites. The leachants used were distilled water, 20\\\\% methanol solution, and dissolved humic solution (DHS) of 1000 mg/l based on organic carbon. The leaching test conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 100:1, and a contact period of five days, with twice-daily agitation in a temperature-controlled room of 30 °C without pH or ionic strength control.\\n\\nThe leaching concentrations of PBDEs increased with increased content, and were found to be remarkably enhanced when methanol and DHS were used instead of distilled water. The enhancement of leachability in the presence of the latter was attributed to the cosolvency effect, and complex formations between the PBDEs and dissolved humic matter (DHM). PBDE concentrations in the leachate obtained from the leaching test and an actual landfill site revealed a significant presence of congeners below heptabromodiphenyl ethers (H7BDEs), detected in the leachate of the actual landfill, while significant amounts of nonabromodiphenyl ethers (N9BDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (D10BDE) were detected in the leachate of the leaching test.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Yong-Jin and Osako, Masahiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Complex formations, Cosolvency effect, Dissolved humic solution (DHS), Flame retardants, Leaching, Methanol solution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\\n\\tpages = {506--513},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, Y.\",\"Osako, M.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"kim_leaching_2006\",\"id\":\"kim_leaching_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-osako-sakai-leachingcharacteristicsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesfromflameretardantplastics-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610\"},\"keyword\":[\"Complex formations\",\"Cosolvency effect\",\"Dissolved humic solution (DHS)\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Leaching\",\"Methanol solution\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in Finnish human adipose tissue\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smeds\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Annika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saukko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pekka\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens\",\"pages\":\"1123–1130\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smeds_brominated_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in {Finnish} human adipose tissue},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Smeds, Annika and Saukko, Pekka},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens},\\n\\tpages = {1123--1130},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smeds, A.\",\"Saukko, P.\"],\"key\":\"smeds_brominated_2003-1\",\"id\":\"smeds_brominated_2003-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\"},\"keyword\":[\"4\",\"4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl\",\"4-Octylphenol diethoxylate\",\"Alkylphenols\",\"Environmental hormone disrupters\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers\",\"Xenoestrogens\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993–2009\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-20\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guerra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eljarrat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ethel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barceló\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damià\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fiona\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hobson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sjodin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs\",\"pages\":\"398–403\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{toms_brominated_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993–2009},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period.\\n\\nSamples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A. and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs},\\n\\tpages = {398--403},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Toms, L. L.\",\"Guerra, P.\",\"Eljarrat, E.\",\"Barceló, D.\",\"Harden, F. A.\",\"Hobson, P.\",\"Sjodin, A.\",\"Ryan, E.\",\"Mueller, J. F.\"],\"key\":\"toms_brominated_2012-1-1\",\"id\":\"toms_brominated_2012-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blood serum\",\"Breast milk\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"HBCD\",\"Hexabromocyclododecane\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: A systematic review\",\"volume\":\"106\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064\",\"abstract\":\"AbstractBackground Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are chemicals widely used in consumer products including electronics, vehicles, plastics and textiles to reduce flammability. Experimental animal studies have confirmed that these compounds may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis and neurodevelopment but to date health effects in humans have not been systematically examined. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of studies on the health impacts of exposure to BFRs in humans, with a particular focus on children. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases up to 1 February 2012. Published cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies exploring the relationship between BFR exposure and various health outcomes were included. Results In total, 36 epidemiological studies meeting the pre-determined inclusion criteria were included. Plausible outcomes associated with BFR exposure include diabetes, neurobehavioral and developmental disorders, cancer, reproductive health effects and alteration in thyroid function. Evidence for a causal relationship between exposure to BFRs and health outcomes was evaluated within the Bradford Hill framework. Conclusion Although there is suggestive evidence that exposure to BFRs is harmful to health, further epidemiological investigations particularly among children, and long-term monitoring and surveillance of chemical impacts on humans are required to confirm these relationships.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-20\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Young\",\"Ran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fiona\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Toms\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leisa-Maree\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosana\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Children, Exposure, Health, Human\",\"pages\":\"1–19\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_health_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: {A} systematic review},\\n\\tvolume = {106},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064},\\n\\tabstract = {AbstractBackground\\nBrominated flame retardants (BFRs), are chemicals widely used in consumer products including electronics, vehicles, plastics and textiles to reduce flammability. Experimental animal studies have confirmed that these compounds may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis and neurodevelopment but to date health effects in humans have not been systematically examined.\\nObjectives\\nTo conduct a systematic review of studies on the health impacts of exposure to BFRs in humans, with a particular focus on children.\\nMethods\\nA systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases up to 1 February 2012. Published cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies exploring the relationship between BFR exposure and various health outcomes were included.\\nResults\\nIn total, 36 epidemiological studies meeting the pre-determined inclusion criteria were included. Plausible outcomes associated with BFR exposure include diabetes, neurobehavioral and developmental disorders, cancer, reproductive health effects and alteration in thyroid function. Evidence for a causal relationship between exposure to BFRs and health outcomes was evaluated within the Bradford Hill framework.\\nConclusion\\nAlthough there is suggestive evidence that exposure to BFRs is harmful to health, further epidemiological investigations particularly among children, and long-term monitoring and surveillance of chemical impacts on humans are required to confirm these relationships.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Young Ran and Harden, Fiona A. and Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Norman, Rosana E.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Children, Exposure, Health, Human},\\n\\tpages = {1--19},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, Y. R.\",\"Harden, F. A.\",\"Toms, L. L.\",\"Norman, R. E.\"],\"key\":\"kim_health_2014\",\"id\":\"kim_health_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-harden-toms-norman-healthconsequencesofexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsasystematicreview-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Children\",\"Exposure\",\"Health\",\"Human\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Potential Estrogenic Effects of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es5007862\",\"abstract\":\"As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP \\\\textgreater TCP \\\\textgreater TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-18\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Quan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meiya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaowu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chunlong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Weiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meirong\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"6995–7001\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_potential_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Potential {Estrogenic} {Effects} of {Phosphorus}-{Containing} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es5007862},\\n\\tabstract = {As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP {\\\\textgreater} TCP {\\\\textgreater} TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-18},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Quan and Lu, Meiya and Dong, Xiaowu and Wang, Cui and Zhang, Chunlong and Liu, Weiping and Zhao, Meirong},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {6995--7001},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, Q.\",\"Lu, M.\",\"Dong, X.\",\"Wang, C.\",\"Zhang, C.\",\"Liu, W.\",\"Zhao, M.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_potential_2014-1\",\"id\":\"zhang_potential_2014-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Multi-residue method for the determination of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"issn\":\"1873-3573\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.031\",\"abstract\":\"A new method was optimized for the simultaneous determination of several flame retardants (FRs) in indoor dust, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs). The method was based on two previously validated analytical methods for NBFRs and OPFRs, which were combined in order to include even a large number of FRs. An ultrasonic extraction method and two-stage clean-up by adsorption chromatography was optimized using an indoor dust standard reference material (SRM 2584). The 1st cleanup step was essential for fractionation of analytes in the dust extracts, while the 2nd step was important for the further removal of interferences. Analysis of cleaned dust extracts was performed with gas chromatography electron impact ionization mass spectrometry for OPFRs, gas chromatography electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry for PBDEs and NBFRs and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for HBCDs. Method validation by matrix spiking demonstrated good accuracy ranging from 81 to 130%. Matrix effects were investigated by spiking sodium sulfate and dust with analyte standards. Typical recoveries ranged between 80 and 110% at both spiking levels, though occasional deviations were observed at low spiking concentrations. Precision between different days was generally below 24% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low concentrations and below 11% RSD at high concentrations. Method limits of quantification for BFRs ranged between 0.04 (BDE 28) and 17 ng/g (BDE 209), 6 ng/g for sum HBCDs, and for OPFRs between 10 (triphenyl phosphate) and 370 ng/g (tri-isobutyl phosphate). The method was applied to SRM 2585 and to a set of indoor dust samples from various countries. The newly developed method will be employed for the monitoring of human exposure via dust ingestion to phased-out and alternate FRs.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"journal\":\"Talanta\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22284495\",\"keywords\":\"Air Pollution, Indoor, Chromatography, Liquid, Dust, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Limit of Detection, Organophosphates, Solid Phase Extraction, Sonication, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization\",\"pages\":\"292–300\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_den_eede_multi-residue_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Multi-residue method for the determination of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tissn = {1873-3573},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.031},\\n\\tabstract = {A new method was optimized for the simultaneous determination of several flame retardants (FRs) in indoor dust, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs). The method was based on two previously validated analytical methods for NBFRs and OPFRs, which were combined in order to include even a large number of FRs. An ultrasonic extraction method and two-stage clean-up by adsorption chromatography was optimized using an indoor dust standard reference material (SRM 2584). The 1st cleanup step was essential for fractionation of analytes in the dust extracts, while the 2nd step was important for the further removal of interferences. Analysis of cleaned dust extracts was performed with gas chromatography electron impact ionization mass spectrometry for OPFRs, gas chromatography electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry for PBDEs and NBFRs and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for HBCDs. Method validation by matrix spiking demonstrated good accuracy ranging from 81 to 130\\\\%. Matrix effects were investigated by spiking sodium sulfate and dust with analyte standards. Typical recoveries ranged between 80 and 110\\\\% at both spiking levels, though occasional deviations were observed at low spiking concentrations. Precision between different days was generally below 24\\\\% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low concentrations and below 11\\\\% RSD at high concentrations. Method limits of quantification for BFRs ranged between 0.04 (BDE 28) and 17 ng/g (BDE 209), 6 ng/g for sum HBCDs, and for OPFRs between 10 (triphenyl phosphate) and 370 ng/g (tri-isobutyl phosphate). The method was applied to SRM 2585 and to a set of indoor dust samples from various countries. The newly developed method will be employed for the monitoring of human exposure via dust ingestion to phased-out and alternate FRs.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tjournal = {Talanta},\\n\\tauthor = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C. and Ali, Nadeem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22284495},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Indoor, Chromatography, Liquid, Dust, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Limit of Detection, Organophosphates, Solid Phase Extraction, Sonication, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization},\\n\\tpages = {292--300},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Dirtu, A. C.\",\"Ali, N.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"van_den_eede_multi-residue_2012\",\"id\":\"van_den_eede_multi-residue_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vandeneede-dirtu-ali-neels-covaci-multiresiduemethodforthedeterminationofbrominatedandorganophosphateflameretardantsinindoordust-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Air Pollution\",\"Indoor\",\"Chromatography\",\"Liquid\",\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Limit of Detection\",\"Organophosphates\",\"Solid Phase Extraction\",\"Sonication\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Mass\",\"Electrospray Ionization\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals\",\"volume\":\"49C\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003\",\"abstract\":\"Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-08-17\",\"journal\":\"Environment international\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ake\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Law\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alaee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birnbaum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Petreas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myrto\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Veen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ike\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pmid\":\"22982223\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3483428\",\"pages\":\"57–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bergman_novel_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals},\\n\\tvolume = {49C},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-08-17},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment international},\\n\\tauthor = {Bergman, Ake and Ryden, Andreas and Law, Robin J. and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Alaee, Mehran and Birnbaum, Linda and Petreas, Myrto and Rose, Martin and Sakai, Shinichi and Van den Eede, Nele and van der Veen, Ike},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpmid = {22982223},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3483428},\\n\\tpages = {57--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bergman, A.\",\"Ryden, A.\",\"Law, R. J.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Alaee, M.\",\"Birnbaum, L.\",\"Petreas, M.\",\"Rose, M.\",\"Sakai, S.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"van der Veen, I.\"],\"key\":\"bergman_novel_2012-1\",\"id\":\"bergman_novel_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bergman-ryden-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303471d\",\"abstract\":\"California?s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-22\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sharma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Smriti\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Getzinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Lee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gabriel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"13432–13439\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel and {High} {Volume} {Use} {Flame} {Retardants} in {US} {Couches} {Reflective} of the 2005 {PentaBDE} {Phase} {Out}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\\n\\tabstract = {California?s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P. Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F. and Blum, Arlene},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {13432--13439},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Sharma, S.\",\"Getzinger, G.\",\"Ferguson, P. L.\",\"Gabriel, M.\",\"Webster, T. F.\",\"Blum, A.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_novel_2012-1-1-1\",\"id\":\"stapleton_novel_2012-1-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Upholstered Furniture Heat Release Rates: Measurements and Estimation\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"issn\":\"0734-9041, 1530-8049\",\"shorttitle\":\"Upholstered Furniture Heat Release Rates\",\"url\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/073490418300100103\",\"abstract\":\"A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features. A quantitative assessment is made of the effect of fabric types, padding types (cotton batting, ordinary polyurethane foam, and California-requirements foam), and frame types. The advantages of furniture calorimeter testing over normal room fire testing are discussed. Based on these measurements, a rule is presented for estimating the heat release rate based on design factors. Finally, implications for achieving both good flame resistance and good cigarette ignition resistance are discussed.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-22\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1983\",\"keywords\":\"burning rate, chairs, flammability tests, furniture, heat release rate, plastics flammability, textile flammability, upholstered furniture.\",\"pages\":\"9–32\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babrauskas_upholstered_1983,\\n\\ttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Heat} {Release} {Rates}: {Measurements} and {Estimation}},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tissn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Heat} {Release} {Rates}},\\n\\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/073490418300100103},\\n\\tabstract = {A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features. A quantitative assessment is made of the effect of fabric types, padding types (cotton batting, ordinary polyurethane foam, and California-requirements foam), and frame types. The advantages of furniture calorimeter testing over normal room fire testing are discussed. Based on these measurements, a rule is presented for estimating the heat release rate based on design factors. Finally, implications for achieving both good flame resistance and good cigarette ignition resistance are discussed.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1983},\\n\\tkeywords = {burning rate, chairs, flammability tests, furniture, heat release rate, plastics flammability, textile flammability, upholstered furniture.},\\n\\tpages = {9--32},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_upholstered_1983\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_upholstered_1983\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9\"},\"keyword\":[\"burning rate\",\"chairs\",\"flammability tests\",\"furniture\",\"heat release rate\",\"plastics flammability\",\"textile flammability\",\"upholstered furniture.\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A simplified characterization of upholstered furniture heat release rates\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"0379-7112\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0379-7112(86)90061-5\",\"abstract\":\"The technology for measuring uphostered furniture heat release rates was established with the development of the furniture calorimeter. Analysis of a large number of tests in the furniture calorimeter has now demonstrated that for most specimens a good approximation to the rate of heat release as a function of time may take the form of a triangle. Methods of generating such curves, suitable for fire protection engineering hazard assessment purposes, have been developed.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-22\",\"journal\":\"Fire Safety Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Babrauskas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vytenis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"Douglas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"1986\",\"keywords\":\"Upholstered furniture, chairs, fire engineering design, fire models, furniture calorimeter, rate of heat release, sofas\",\"pages\":\"181–192\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{babrauskas_simplified_1986,\\n\\ttitle = {A simplified characterization of upholstered furniture heat release rates},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {0379-7112},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0379-7112(86)90061-5},\\n\\tabstract = {The technology for measuring uphostered furniture heat release rates was established with the development of the furniture calorimeter. Analysis of a large number of tests in the furniture calorimeter has now demonstrated that for most specimens a good approximation to the rate of heat release as a function of time may take the form of a triangle. Methods of generating such curves, suitable for fire protection engineering hazard assessment purposes, have been developed.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Safety Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Walton, W. Douglas},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {1986},\\n\\tkeywords = {Upholstered furniture, chairs, fire engineering design, fire models, furniture calorimeter, rate of heat release, sofas},\\n\\tpages = {181--192},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Babrauskas, V.\",\"Walton, W. D.\"],\"key\":\"babrauskas_simplified_1986\",\"id\":\"babrauskas_simplified_1986\",\"bibbaseid\":\"babrauskas-walton-asimplifiedcharacterizationofupholsteredfurnitureheatreleaserates-1986\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615\"},\"keyword\":[\"Upholstered furniture\",\"chairs\",\"fire engineering design\",\"fire models\",\"furniture calorimeter\",\"rate of heat release\",\"sofas\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00666-0\",\"abstract\":\"Twelve organophosphorus compounds (OPs), which are used for diverse purposes (e.g. as plasticizers and flame retardants), were analysed in settled house dust from 15 indoor environments and in wipe test samples from computer screens and covers. Seven of the substances analysed dominated Swedish imports of OPs in 1999, six of these are also listed as EU High Production Volume Chemicals. Eight of the substances were found in all samples. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate was the most abundant in most of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.014 to 5.3 g/kg followed by tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate. In wipe test samples from computers, triphenyl phosphate proved to be the main component of the OPs analysed (4.0 μg/m2). Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, floor polish, polyvinylchloride floor coverings, upholstery and plastic products. The distribution patterns of the OPs differed between the sites and generally reflected the building materials and consumer products used in their vicinity.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-22\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marklund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anneli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andersson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Barbro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haglund\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"keywords\":\"Flame retardants, Indoor, OPs, Organophosphorus, Plasticizer, Settled dust\",\"pages\":\"1137–1146\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marklund_screening_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00666-0},\\n\\tabstract = {Twelve organophosphorus compounds (OPs), which are used for diverse purposes (e.g. as plasticizers and flame retardants), were analysed in settled house dust from 15 indoor environments and in wipe test samples from computer screens and covers. Seven of the substances analysed dominated Swedish imports of OPs in 1999, six of these are also listed as EU High Production Volume Chemicals. Eight of the substances were found in all samples. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate was the most abundant in most of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.014 to 5.3 g/kg followed by tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate. In wipe test samples from computers, triphenyl phosphate proved to be the main component of the OPs analysed (4.0 μg/m2). Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, floor polish, polyvinylchloride floor coverings, upholstery and plastic products. The distribution patterns of the OPs differed between the sites and generally reflected the building materials and consumer products used in their vicinity.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-22},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Marklund, Anneli and Andersson, Barbro and Haglund, Peter},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Indoor, OPs, Organophosphorus, Plasticizer, Settled dust},\\n\\tpages = {1137--1146},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marklund, A.\",\"Andersson, B.\",\"Haglund, P.\"],\"key\":\"marklund_screening_2003\",\"id\":\"marklund_screening_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marklund-andersson-haglund-screeningoforganophosphoruscompoundsandtheirdistributioninvariousindoorenvironments-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660\"},\"keyword\":[\"Flame retardants\",\"Indoor\",\"OPs\",\"Organophosphorus\",\"Plasticizer\",\"Settled dust\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"0165-9936\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-21\",\"journal\":\"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reemtsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thorsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quintana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Benito\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosario\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garcı´a-López\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mónica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodrı´guez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water\",\"pages\":\"727–737\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {0165-9936},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.\\n\\nWe discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.\\n\\nA second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-21},\\n\\tjournal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},\\n\\tpages = {727--737},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Reemtsma, T.\",\"Quintana, J. B.\",\"Rodil, R.\",\"Garcı´a-López, M.\",\"Rodrı´guez, I.\"],\"key\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008-1\",\"id\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Indoor environment\",\"Organophosphate ester\",\"Organophosphorus pollutant\",\"Plasticizer\",\"Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate\",\"Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate\",\"Urban dust\",\"Water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"0165-9936\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-21\",\"journal\":\"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reemtsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thorsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quintana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Benito\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosario\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garcı´a-López\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mónica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodrı´guez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water\",\"pages\":\"727–737\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {0165-9936},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.\\n\\nWe discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.\\n\\nA second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-21},\\n\\tjournal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},\\n\\tpages = {727--737},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Reemtsma, T.\",\"Quintana, J. B.\",\"Rodil, R.\",\"Garcı´a-López, M.\",\"Rodrı´guez, I.\"],\"key\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008-1-1\",\"id\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Indoor environment\",\"Organophosphate ester\",\"Organophosphorus pollutant\",\"Plasticizer\",\"Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate\",\"Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate\",\"Urban dust\",\"Water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"0165-9936\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\",\"abstract\":\"Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-21\",\"journal\":\"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reemtsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thorsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Quintana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Benito\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosario\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garcı´a-López\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mónica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodrı´guez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Isaac\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water\",\"pages\":\"727–737\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {0165-9936},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.\\n\\nWe discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.\\n\\nA second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-21},\\n\\tjournal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},\\n\\tpages = {727--737},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Reemtsma, T.\",\"Quintana, J. B.\",\"Rodil, R.\",\"Garcı´a-López, M.\",\"Rodrı´guez, I.\"],\"key\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008-1-1-1\",\"id\":\"reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008-1-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Indoor environment\",\"Organophosphate ester\",\"Organophosphorus pollutant\",\"Plasticizer\",\"Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate\",\"Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate\",\"Urban dust\",\"Water\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A review of fire blocking technologies for soft furnishings\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"copyright\":\"2012 Nazare and Davis; licensee Springer.\",\"issn\":\"2193-0414\",\"url\":\"http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/2193-0414-1-1\",\"abstract\":\"Fire barrier fabrics are expected to play an increasingly important role in complying with existing and proposed soft furnishing flammability regulations in the US. The number of commercial fire blocking technologies is large in order to accommodate the vast requirements of the consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Generally, highloft, nonwoven fiber battings are used in residential mattress applications, whereas coated or laminated textiles are more common in institutional and upholstered furnishing applications. Successfully achieving the desired level of fire protection requires appropriate matching of the barrier fabric to the desired characteristics of the soft furnishing. Barrier material selection for soft furnishings is generally a process of trial and error due to significant measurement science gaps.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-07-02\",\"journal\":\"Fire Science Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nazaré\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shonali\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Davis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rick\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Barrier fabrics, Mattress, Regulations, Review, Soft furnishings, Upholstered furniture, flammability\",\"pages\":\"1\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nazare_review_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {A review of fire blocking technologies for soft furnishings},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tcopyright = {2012 Nazare and Davis; licensee Springer.},\\n\\tissn = {2193-0414},\\n\\turl = {http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/2193-0414-1-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Fire barrier fabrics are expected to play an increasingly important role in complying with existing and proposed soft furnishing flammability regulations in the US. The number of commercial fire blocking technologies is large in order to accommodate the vast requirements of the consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Generally, highloft, nonwoven fiber battings are used in residential mattress applications, whereas coated or laminated textiles are more common in institutional and upholstered furnishing applications. Successfully achieving the desired level of fire protection requires appropriate matching of the barrier fabric to the desired characteristics of the soft furnishing. Barrier material selection for soft furnishings is generally a process of trial and error due to significant measurement science gaps.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-07-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Fire Science Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Nazaré, Shonali and Davis, Rick D.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Barrier fabrics, Mattress, Regulations, Review, Soft furnishings, Upholstered furniture, flammability},\\n\\tpages = {1},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nazaré, S.\",\"Davis, R. D.\"],\"key\":\"nazare_review_2012\",\"id\":\"nazare_review_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nazar-davis-areviewoffireblockingtechnologiesforsoftfurnishings-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Barrier fabrics\",\"Mattress\",\"Regulations\",\"Review\",\"Soft furnishings\",\"Upholstered furniture\",\"flammability\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: Implications for human exposure\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range &lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range &lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range &lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range &lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range &lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-30\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goosey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)\",\"pages\":\"1360–1365\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_novel_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: {Implications} for human exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \\\\&lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \\\\&lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \\\\&lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \\\\&lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \\\\&lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\\\\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)},\\n\\tpages = {1360--1365},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Goosey, E.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_novel_2011-1-1\",\"id\":\"ali_novel_2011-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)\",\"Toddler\",\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium\",\"volume\":\"81\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043\",\"abstract\":\"The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and &lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between &lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p &lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-30\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"D’Hollander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wendy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roosens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurence\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cornelis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reynders\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hans\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Campenhout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\",\"Van\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Voogt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"de\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bervoets\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lieven\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds\",\"pages\":\"478–487\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}},\\n\\tvolume = {81},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},\\n\\tabstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and \\\\&lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\\\\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \\\\&lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p \\\\&lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {D’Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and Voogt, Pim de and Bervoets, Lieven},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds},\\n\\tpages = {478--487},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"D’Hollander, W.\",\"Roosens, L.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Cornelis, C.\",\"Reynders, H.\",\"Campenhout, K. V.\",\"Voogt, P. d.\",\"Bervoets, L.\"],\"key\":\"dhollander_brominated_2010-1-1\",\"id\":\"dhollander_brominated_2010-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Perfluorinated compounds\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men\",\"volume\":\"445–446\",\"issn\":\"0048-9697\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-30\",\"journal\":\"Science of The Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mukherjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bhramar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health\",\"pages\":\"177–184\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson_associations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},\\n\\tvolume = {445–446},\\n\\tissn = {0048-9697},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health},\\n\\tpages = {177--184},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson, P. I.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Mukherjee, B.\",\"Hauser, R.\",\"Meeker, J. D.\"],\"key\":\"johnson_associations_2013-1-1\",\"id\":\"johnson_associations_2013-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\"},\"keyword\":[\"Andrology\",\"Endocrine disruption\",\"Fire retardants\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor contamination\",\"Reproductive health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men\",\"volume\":\"445-446\",\"issn\":\"1879-1026\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\",\"abstract\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"journal\":\"The Science of the Total Environment\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paula\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mukherjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bhramar\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pmid\":\"23333513\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC3572297\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Dust, Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental pollutants, Estradiol, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Infertility, Male, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone\",\"pages\":\"177–184\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson_associations_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},\\n\\tvolume = {445-446},\\n\\tissn = {1879-1026},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\\n\\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpmid = {23333513},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC3572297},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Dust, Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental pollutants, Estradiol, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Infertility, Male, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone},\\n\\tpages = {177--184},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson, P. I.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Mukherjee, B.\",\"Hauser, R.\",\"Meeker, J. D.\"],\"key\":\"johnson_associations_2013-1-1-1\",\"id\":\"johnson_associations_2013-1-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Dust\",\"Endocrine Disruptors\",\"Environmental pollutants\",\"Estradiol\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Gonadal Steroid Hormones\",\"Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers\",\"Humans\",\"Infertility\",\"Male\",\"Linear Models\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Multivariate Analysis\",\"Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin\",\"Testosterone\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0300-9440\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014\",\"abstract\":\"This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-30\",\"journal\":\"Progress in Organic Coatings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neisius\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\",\"Matthias\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sabyasachi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"keywords\":\"Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel\",\"pages\":\"1642–1665\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{liang_recent_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0300-9440},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Progress in Organic Coatings},\\n\\tauthor = {Liang, Shuyu and Neisius, N. Matthias and Gaan, Sabyasachi},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tkeywords = {Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel},\\n\\tpages = {1642--1665},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liang, S.\",\"Neisius, N. M.\",\"Gaan, S.\"],\"key\":\"liang_recent_2013-1\",\"id\":\"liang_recent_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Condensed phase\",\"Flame retardant coating\",\"Layer-by layer\",\"Non-intumescent\",\"Plasma\",\"Radical species\",\"Sol–gel\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"0734-9041, 1530-8049\",\"url\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0734904108089485\",\"abstract\":\"Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate. The leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development. Polyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber. A number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing. The recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-30\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Fire Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Edward\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levchik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergei\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"243–281\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{weil_flame_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Commercial} {Use} or {Development} for {Textiles}},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},\\n\\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0734904108089485},\\n\\tabstract = {Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate.\\nThe leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development.\\nPolyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber.\\nA number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing.\\nThe recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Weil, Edward D. and Levchik, Sergei V.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {243--281},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Weil, E. D.\",\"Levchik, S. V.\"],\"key\":\"weil_flame_2008-1\",\"id\":\"weil_flame_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flammability of Natural Fiber-reinforced Composites and Strategies for Fire Retardancy: A Review\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issn\":\"0892-7057, 1530-7980\",\"shorttitle\":\"Flammability of Natural Fiber-reinforced Composites and Strategies for Fire Retardancy\",\"url\":\"http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0892705709356338\",\"abstract\":\"Natural fiber-reinforced composites are finding new applications in many sectors. In certain industries, such as building and transport, reduced material flammability is a key requirement. Knowledge of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and the methods used to improve their fire resistance is necessary to ensure their use in these industries. The purpose of this review is to examine important aspects of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and to outline some of the more recent strategies used to improve their fire performance.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-30\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chapple\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Anandjiwala\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"composite, fire retardant., flammability, natural fiber, polymer\",\"pages\":\"871–893\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chapple_flammability_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Flammability of {Natural} {Fiber}-reinforced {Composites} and {Strategies} for {Fire} {Retardancy}: {A} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tissn = {0892-7057, 1530-7980},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Flammability of {Natural} {Fiber}-reinforced {Composites} and {Strategies} for {Fire} {Retardancy}},\\n\\turl = {http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0892705709356338},\\n\\tabstract = {Natural fiber-reinforced composites are finding new applications in many sectors. In certain industries, such as building and transport, reduced material flammability is a key requirement. Knowledge of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and the methods used to improve their fire resistance is necessary to ensure their use in these industries. The purpose of this review is to examine important aspects of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and to outline some of the more recent strategies used to improve their fire performance.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Chapple, S. and Anandjiwala, R.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {composite, fire retardant., flammability, natural fiber, polymer},\\n\\tpages = {871--893},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chapple, S.\",\"Anandjiwala, R.\"],\"key\":\"chapple_flammability_2010\",\"id\":\"chapple_flammability_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chapple-anandjiwala-flammabilityofnaturalfiberreinforcedcompositesandstrategiesforfireretardancyareview-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871\"},\"keyword\":[\"composite\",\"fire retardant.\",\"flammability\",\"natural fiber\",\"polymer\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust: A Previously Unreported Halogenated Flame Retardant in the Environment\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es702272s\",\"abstract\":\"Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuqing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yong-lai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"386–391\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhu_identification_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}: {A} {Previously} {Unreported} {Halogenated} {Flame} {Retardant} in the {Environment}},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es702272s},\\n\\tabstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {386--391},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhu, J.\",\"Hou, Y.\",\"Feng, Y.\",\"Shoeib, M.\",\"Harner, T.\"],\"key\":\"zhu_identification_2008-1-1\",\"id\":\"zhu_identification_2008-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan\",\"volume\":\"76\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006\",\"abstract\":\"This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 102–103 pg m−3 order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13 000 ng g−1) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad ⩽ 0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs – decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants’ exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dust, Home, Indoor air, Polyhalogenated compounds\",\"pages\":\"270–277\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takigami_brominated_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in {Japan}},\\n\\tvolume = {76},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006},\\n\\tabstract = {This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 102–103 pg m−3 order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13 000 ng g−1) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad ⩽ 0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs – decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants’ exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dust, Home, Indoor air, Polyhalogenated compounds},\\n\\tpages = {270--277},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takigami, H.\",\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Hirai, Y.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"takigami_brominated_2009-1\",\"id\":\"takigami_brominated_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Dust\",\"Home\",\"Indoor air\",\"Polyhalogenated compounds\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in Japan\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.007\",\"abstract\":\"Occurrence of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment of highly flame-retarded public facilities is an important concern from the viewpoint of exposure because it is likely that FRs are used to a greater degree in these facilities than in homes. For this study, brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame-retardants and plasticizers (OPs), and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/DFs) were measured in eight floor dust samples taken from a Japanese commercial hotel that was assumed to have many flame-retardant materials. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) varied by about two orders of magnitude, from 9.8–1700 ng/g (median of 1200 ng/g) and from 72–1300 ng/g (median of 740 ng/g), respectively. Concentrations of the two types of BFRs described above were most dominant among the investigated BFRs in the dust samples. It is inferred that BFR and PBDD/DF concentrations are on the same level as those in house and office dust samples reported based on past studies. Regarding concentrations of 11 OPs, 7 OPs were detected on the order of micrograms per gram, which are equivalent to or exceed the BFR concentrations such as PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of the investigated compounds were not uniform among dust samples collected throughout the hotel: concentrations differed among floors, suggesting that localization of source products is associated with FR concentrations in dust. Passive air sampling was also conducted to monitor BFRs in the indoor air of hotel rooms: the performance of an air cleaner placed in the room was evaluated in terms of reducing airborne BFR concentrations. Monitoring results suggest that operation of an appropriate air cleaner can reduce both gaseous and particulate BFRs in indoor air.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Go\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ishikawa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukari\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sunami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masakiyo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sakai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shin-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Air, Dust, Flame retardants, Hotel\",\"pages\":\"688–693\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{takigami_flame_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in {Japan}},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.007},\\n\\tabstract = {Occurrence of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment of highly flame-retarded public facilities is an important concern from the viewpoint of exposure because it is likely that FRs are used to a greater degree in these facilities than in homes. For this study, brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame-retardants and plasticizers (OPs), and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/DFs) were measured in eight floor dust samples taken from a Japanese commercial hotel that was assumed to have many flame-retardant materials. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) varied by about two orders of magnitude, from 9.8–1700 ng/g (median of 1200 ng/g) and from 72–1300 ng/g (median of 740 ng/g), respectively. Concentrations of the two types of BFRs described above were most dominant among the investigated BFRs in the dust samples. It is inferred that BFR and PBDD/DF concentrations are on the same level as those in house and office dust samples reported based on past studies. Regarding concentrations of 11 OPs, 7 OPs were detected on the order of micrograms per gram, which are equivalent to or exceed the BFR concentrations such as PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of the investigated compounds were not uniform among dust samples collected throughout the hotel: concentrations differed among floors, suggesting that localization of source products is associated with FR concentrations in dust. Passive air sampling was also conducted to monitor BFRs in the indoor air of hotel rooms: the performance of an air cleaner placed in the room was evaluated in terms of reducing airborne BFR concentrations. Monitoring results suggest that operation of an appropriate air cleaner can reduce both gaseous and particulate BFRs in indoor air.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Ishikawa, Yukari and Sunami, Masakiyo and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, Dust, Flame retardants, Hotel},\\n\\tpages = {688--693},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Takigami, H.\",\"Suzuki, G.\",\"Hirai, Y.\",\"Ishikawa, Y.\",\"Sunami, M.\",\"Sakai, S.\"],\"key\":\"takigami_flame_2009\",\"id\":\"takigami_flame_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-ishikawa-sunami-sakai-flameretardantsinindoordustandairofahotelinjapan-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Hotel\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"House Dust Concentrations of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Relation to Hormone Levels and Semen Quality Parameters\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"url\":\"http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.0901332\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"318–323\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meeker_house_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {House {Dust} {Concentrations} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Relation} to {Hormone} {Levels} and {Semen} {Quality} {Parameters}},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\turl = {http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901332},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Meeker, John D. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {318--323},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meeker, J. D.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\"],\"key\":\"meeker_house_2009\",\"id\":\"meeker_house_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"After the PBDE Phase-Out\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es303879n\",\"abstract\":\"Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state?s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California?s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated ?Tris,? which was banned in children?s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.\",\"number\":\"24\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dodson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Van\",\"den\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ionas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julia\",\"Green\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruthann\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"13056–13066\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dodson_after_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}: {A} {Broad} {Suite} of {Flame} {Retardants} in {Repeat} {House} {Dust} {Samples} from {California}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es303879n},\\n\\tabstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state?s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\\\\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California?s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\\\\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\\\\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated ?Tris,? which was banned in children?s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},\\n\\tnumber = {24},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Dodson, Robin E. and Perovich, Laura J. and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C. and Dirtu, Alin C. and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {13056--13066},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dodson, R. E.\",\"Perovich, L. J.\",\"Covaci, A.\",\"Van den Eede, N.\",\"Ionas, A. C.\",\"Dirtu, A. C.\",\"Brody, J. G.\",\"Rudel, R. A.\"],\"key\":\"dodson_after_2012-1-1\",\"id\":\"dodson_after_2012-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Novel Brominated Triazine-based Flame Retardant (TTBP-TAZ) in Plastic Consumer Products and Indoor Dust\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es4057032\",\"abstract\":\"The presence of a novel brominated flame retardant named 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) is reported for the first time in plastic parts of consumer products and indoor dust samples. TTBP-TAZ was identified by untargeted screening and can be a replacement of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Analysis techniques based on ambient mass spectrometry and on liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization combined with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed for the screening, detection and quantification of this low volatility and high molecular weight compound. TTBP-TAZ was present in 8 of 13 plastic parts of consumer products (from mainly electric and electronic equipment acquired in 2012) at estimated concentrations of 0.01?1.9% by weight of the product (%, w/w). It was not present in any of the older 13 plastic samples that were collected in a recycling park (manufacture date before 2006), this suggests a recent use of TTBP-TAZ. It was also found in 9 of 17 house dust samples in the range of 160?22150 ng g?1, with the highest levels being found in samples collected on electronic and electrical equipment. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research on TTBP-TAZ and the potential of using alternative analysis methods for the identification of new flame retardants.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballesteros-Gómez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"pages\":\"4468–4474\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ballesteros-gomez_novel_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Novel} {Brominated} {Triazine}-based {Flame} {Retardant} ({TTBP}-{TAZ}) in {Plastic} {Consumer} {Products} and {Indoor} {Dust}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es4057032},\\n\\tabstract = {The presence of a novel brominated flame retardant named 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) is reported for the first time in plastic parts of consumer products and indoor dust samples. TTBP-TAZ was identified by untargeted screening and can be a replacement of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Analysis techniques based on ambient mass spectrometry and on liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization combined with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed for the screening, detection and quantification of this low volatility and high molecular weight compound. TTBP-TAZ was present in 8 of 13 plastic parts of consumer products (from mainly electric and electronic equipment acquired in 2012) at estimated concentrations of 0.01?1.9\\\\% by weight of the product (\\\\%, w/w). It was not present in any of the older 13 plastic samples that were collected in a recycling park (manufacture date before 2006), this suggests a recent use of TTBP-TAZ. It was also found in 9 of 17 house dust samples in the range of 160?22150 ng g?1, with the highest levels being found in samples collected on electronic and electrical equipment. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research on TTBP-TAZ and the potential of using alternative analysis methods for the identification of new flame retardants.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Ballesteros-Gómez, Ana and de Boer, Jacob and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tpages = {4468--4474},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ballesteros-Gómez, A.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Leonards, P. E. G.\"],\"key\":\"ballesteros-gomez_novel_2014\",\"id\":\"ballesteros-gomez_novel_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ballesterosgmez-deboer-leonards-anovelbrominatedtriazinebasedflameretardantttbptazinplasticconsumerproductsandindoordust-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Alternate and New Brominated Flame Retardants Detected in U.S. House Dust\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es801070p\",\"abstract\":\"Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from \\\\textless4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from \\\\textless10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from \\\\textless6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kelly\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shannon\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konstantinov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klosterhaus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Deborah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"6910–6916\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_alternate_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Alternate and {New} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} {Detected} in {U}.{S}. {House} {Dust}},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es801070p},\\n\\tabstract = {Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from {\\\\textless}4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from {\\\\textless}10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from {\\\\textless}6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Allen, Joseph G. and Kelly, Shannon M. and Konstantinov, Alex and Klosterhaus, Susan and Watkins, Deborah and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {6910--6916},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Allen, J. G.\",\"Kelly, S. M.\",\"Konstantinov, A.\",\"Klosterhaus, S.\",\"Watkins, D.\",\"McClean, M. D.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_alternate_2008-1\",\"id\":\"stapleton_alternate_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: Indoor sources and human exposure assessment\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100\",\"abstract\":\"Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n = 34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n = 16). Concentrations (ng g−1) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (&lt;2–175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (&lt;5–1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (&lt;2–2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (&lt;2–640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ng g−1) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (&lt;10–235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (&lt;20–7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (&lt;20–7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20–7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50–27 325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20–16 560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20–35 190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (&lt;50–3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range &lt;2–4100 ng g−1. BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p &lt; 0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n = 16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ali\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadeem\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dirtu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alin\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eede\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nele\",\"Van\",\"den\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goosey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"’t\",\"Mannetje\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coakley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Douwes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeroen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Human exposure, Indoor dust, New Zealand, Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"pages\":\"1276–1282\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ali_occurrence_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}: {Indoor} sources and human exposure assessment},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100},\\n\\tabstract = {Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n = 34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n = 16). Concentrations (ng g−1) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (\\\\&lt;2–175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (\\\\&lt;5–1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (\\\\&lt;2–2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (\\\\&lt;2–640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ng g−1) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (\\\\&lt;10–235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (\\\\&lt;20–7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (\\\\&lt;20–7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20–7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50–27 325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20–16 560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20–35 190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (\\\\&lt;50–3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range \\\\&lt;2–4100 ng g−1. BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p \\\\&lt; 0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n = 16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin C. and Eede, Nele Van den and Goosey, Emma and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and ’t Mannetje, Andrea and Coakley, Jonathan and Douwes, Jeroen and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, New Zealand, Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)},\\n\\tpages = {1276--1282},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ali, N.\",\"Dirtu, A. C.\",\"Eede, N. V. d.\",\"Goosey, E.\",\"Harrad, S.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"’t Mannetje, A.\",\"Coakley, J.\",\"Douwes, J.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"ali_occurrence_2012-1\",\"id\":\"ali_occurrence_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ali-dirtu-eede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833\"},\"keyword\":[\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"New Zealand\",\"Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States\",\"volume\":\"70\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002\",\"abstract\":\"Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and α-, β-, and γ-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators – bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark – collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean ± SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048 ± 0.102 and 0.333 ± 0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2 ± 3 and 7.38 ± 18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5 ± 12 and 77.7 ± 128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872 ± 0.5 and 54.5 ± 88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5–10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1–5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Boris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Douglas\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kannan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kurunthachalam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dolphin, HBCD, PBDE, TBBPA\",\"pages\":\"1935–1944\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the {United} {States}},\\n\\tvolume = {70},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002},\\n\\tabstract = {Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and α-, β-, and γ-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators – bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark – collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean ± SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048 ± 0.102 and 0.333 ± 0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2 ± 3 and 7.38 ± 18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5 ± 12 and 77.7 ± 128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872 ± 0.5 and 54.5 ± 88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5–10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1–5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Adams, Douglas H. and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dolphin, HBCD, PBDE, TBBPA},\\n\\tpages = {1935--1944},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Johnson-Restrepo, B.\",\"Adams, D. H.\",\"Kannan, K.\"],\"key\":\"johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008-1\",\"id\":\"johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Dolphin\",\"HBCD\",\"PBDE\",\"TBBPA\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices: Causes of variability and implications for human exposure\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"shorttitle\":\"Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001\",\"abstract\":\"Average concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust in 30 homes, 18 offices, and 20 cars were 260,000, 31,000, and 340,000 ng ΣPBDEs g- 1 respectively. Concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 154 in cars exceeded significantly (p &lt; 0.05) those in homes and offices. Average concentrations of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in homes, offices, and cars respectively were lower at 120, 7.2, and 7.7 ng g− 1 (TBE) and 270, 170, and 400 ng g− 1 (DBDPE). BDE-209 concentrations in three samples are the highest to date at 2,600,000 (car), 2,200,000 (home), and 1,400,000 ng g− 1 (home). UK toddlers daily consuming 200 mg dust contaminated at the 95th percentile concentration, ingest 180 ng Σtri-hexa-BDEs and 310 μg BDE-209 day− 1. For TBE, exposure was lower than for PBDEs and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), while that for DBDPE was similar in magnitude to Σtri-hexa-BDEs, but less than for BDE-209 and HBCDs. BDE-209 concentrations recorded in ten samples taken at monthly intervals in one room varied 400-fold, implying caution when using single measurements of dust contamination for exposure assessment. Significant negative correlation was observed in one room between concentrations of BDE-47, 99, and 153 and dust loading (g dust m− 2 floor), suggesting “dilution” occurs at higher dust loadings.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Harrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibarra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catalina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mohamed\",\"Abou-Elwafa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neels\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Covaci\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adrian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Decabromodiphenyl ethane, Human exposure, Indoor dust, PDBEs, Spatial variability, Temporal variability\",\"pages\":\"1170–1175\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stuart_concentrations_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from {United} {Kingdom} cars, homes, and offices: {Causes} of variability and implications for human exposure},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from {United} {Kingdom} cars, homes, and offices},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Average concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust in 30 homes, 18 offices, and 20 cars were 260,000, 31,000, and 340,000 ng ΣPBDEs g- 1 respectively. Concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 154 in cars exceeded significantly (p \\\\&lt; 0.05) those in homes and offices. Average concentrations of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in homes, offices, and cars respectively were lower at 120, 7.2, and 7.7 ng g− 1 (TBE) and 270, 170, and 400 ng g− 1 (DBDPE). BDE-209 concentrations in three samples are the highest to date at 2,600,000 (car), 2,200,000 (home), and 1,400,000 ng g− 1 (home). UK toddlers daily consuming 200 mg dust contaminated at the 95th percentile concentration, ingest 180 ng Σtri-hexa-BDEs and 310 μg BDE-209 day− 1. For TBE, exposure was lower than for PBDEs and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), while that for DBDPE was similar in magnitude to Σtri-hexa-BDEs, but less than for BDE-209 and HBCDs. BDE-209 concentrations recorded in ten samples taken at monthly intervals in one room varied 400-fold, implying caution when using single measurements of dust contamination for exposure assessment. Significant negative correlation was observed in one room between concentrations of BDE-47, 99, and 153 and dust loading (g dust m− 2 floor), suggesting “dilution” occurs at higher dust loadings.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Stuart, Harrad and Ibarra, Catalina and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Boon, Rachel and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Decabromodiphenyl ethane, Human exposure, Indoor dust, PDBEs, Spatial variability, Temporal variability},\\n\\tpages = {1170--1175},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stuart, H.\",\"Ibarra, C.\",\"Abdallah, M. A.\",\"Boon, R.\",\"Neels, H.\",\"Covaci, A.\"],\"key\":\"stuart_concentrations_2008\",\"id\":\"stuart_concentrations_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stuart-ibarra-abdallah-boon-neels-covaci-concentrationsofbrominatedflameretardantsindustfromunitedkingdomcarshomesandofficescausesofvariabilityandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822\"},\"keyword\":[\"1\",\"2-bis(2\",\"4\",\"6-tribromophenoxy)ethane\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Decabromodiphenyl ethane\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"PDBEs\",\"Spatial variability\",\"Temporal variability\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust\",\"volume\":\"33\",\"issn\":\"0160-4120\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025\",\"abstract\":\"Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable (&lt; 0.41 ng g− 1 l.w.) to 17 ng g− 1 (l.w.). BDE#28 and #47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m− 3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE#47 concentration was below the limit of detection (&lt; 0.17 ng m− 3). BDE#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m− 3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE#209 level was below LOD (&lt; 0.021 ng m− 3), at a level of 0.023 ng m− 3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g− 1, the highest concentration representing BDE#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE#47, #99 and #209. In the plasma samples BDE#207 and #206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Environment International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Julander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Bavel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, PBDE, Plasma\",\"pages\":\"62–69\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karlsson_levels_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust},\\n\\tvolume = {33},\\n\\tissn = {0160-4120},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025},\\n\\tabstract = {Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable (\\\\&lt; 0.41 ng g− 1 l.w.) to 17 ng g− 1 (l.w.). BDE\\\\#28 and \\\\#47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m− 3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE\\\\#47 concentration was below the limit of detection (\\\\&lt; 0.17 ng m− 3). BDE\\\\#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m− 3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE\\\\#209 level was below LOD (\\\\&lt; 0.021 ng m− 3), at a level of 0.023 ng m− 3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g− 1, the highest concentration representing BDE\\\\#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE\\\\#47, \\\\#99 and \\\\#209. In the plasma samples BDE\\\\#207 and \\\\#206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE\\\\#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Environment International},\\n\\tauthor = {Karlsson, M. and Julander, A. and van Bavel, B. and Hardell, L.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, PBDE, Plasma},\\n\\tpages = {62--69},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karlsson, M.\",\"Julander, A.\",\"van Bavel, B.\",\"Hardell, L.\"],\"key\":\"karlsson_levels_2007-1\",\"id\":\"karlsson_levels_2007-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\"},\"keyword\":[\"Air\",\"BTBPE\",\"DeBDethane\",\"Dust\",\"PBDE\",\"Plasma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Leaching of brominated flame retardants from mixed wastes in lysimeters under conditions simulating landfills in developing countries\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.025\",\"abstract\":\"In developing countries, wastes are usually not separated before being disposed of in solid-waste landfills, most of which are open dumps without adequate measures to prevent environmental pollution. To understand the leaching behavior of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from waste consumer products in landfills, we have been conducting a long-term landfill lysimeter experiment since 2006 under conditions designed to mimic three types of landfill conditions in developing countries: aerobic, semi-aerobic, and anaerobic. Pilot-scale lysimeters (60-cm i.d.) were filled with a 400-cm layer of mixed wastes consisting of 35 wt% food, 20 wt% paper, 20 wt% paper pulp, 13 wt% plastic, 10 wt% wood chips, 1 wt% glass, and 1 wt% metals, proportions that are typical of unsorted municipal solid waste in Asian developing countries. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A, tribromophenols, and hexabromocyclododecanes in leachate samples collected from the lysimeters during the first 3.5 years of the experiment, to evaluate BFR elution behavior in early-stage landfills. Under all three conditions, BFR elution started at the beginning of the experiment. The BFR concentrations in the leachates from the aerobic lysimeter tended to be lower than those from the anaerobic lysimeter, suggesting that the presence of air inside landfills considerably reduces BFR elution to the surrounding environment. During the 3.5-year experiment, BFR outflow from the lysimeters was only 0.001–0.58% of the total BFRs in the loaded waste; that is, most of the BFRs in the waste remained in the lysimeters.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kajiwara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natsuko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osamu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takigami\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hidetaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Noma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yukio\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tachifuji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayako\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matsufuji\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasushi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Aerobic, Anaerobic, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Elution, Landfill, Leachate\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kajiwara_leaching_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants from mixed wastes in lysimeters under conditions simulating landfills in developing countries},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.025},\\n\\tabstract = {In developing countries, wastes are usually not separated before being disposed of in solid-waste landfills, most of which are open dumps without adequate measures to prevent environmental pollution. To understand the leaching behavior of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from waste consumer products in landfills, we have been conducting a long-term landfill lysimeter experiment since 2006 under conditions designed to mimic three types of landfill conditions in developing countries: aerobic, semi-aerobic, and anaerobic. Pilot-scale lysimeters (60-cm i.d.) were filled with a 400-cm layer of mixed wastes consisting of 35 wt\\\\% food, 20 wt\\\\% paper, 20 wt\\\\% paper pulp, 13 wt\\\\% plastic, 10 wt\\\\% wood chips, 1 wt\\\\% glass, and 1 wt\\\\% metals, proportions that are typical of unsorted municipal solid waste in Asian developing countries. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A, tribromophenols, and hexabromocyclododecanes in leachate samples collected from the lysimeters during the first 3.5 years of the experiment, to evaluate BFR elution behavior in early-stage landfills. Under all three conditions, BFR elution started at the beginning of the experiment. The BFR concentrations in the leachates from the aerobic lysimeter tended to be lower than those from the anaerobic lysimeter, suggesting that the presence of air inside landfills considerably reduces BFR elution to the surrounding environment. During the 3.5-year experiment, BFR outflow from the lysimeters was only 0.001–0.58\\\\% of the total BFRs in the loaded waste; that is, most of the BFRs in the waste remained in the lysimeters.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Hirata, Osamu and Takigami, Hidetaka and Noma, Yukio and Tachifuji, Ayako and Matsufuji, Yasushi},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aerobic, Anaerobic, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Elution, Landfill, Leachate},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kajiwara, N.\",\"Hirata, O.\",\"Takigami, H.\",\"Noma, Y.\",\"Tachifuji, A.\",\"Matsufuji, Y.\"],\"key\":\"kajiwara_leaching_nodate\",\"id\":\"kajiwara_leaching_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kajiwara-hirata-takigami-noma-tachifuji-matsufuji-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfrommixedwastesinlysimetersunderconditionssimulatinglandfillsindevelopingcountries\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aerobic\",\"Anaerobic\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Elution\",\"Landfill\",\"Leachate\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.036\",\"abstract\":\"All nine PFRs studied were detected in house and car dust from the Netherlands with the exception of tris(butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) in car dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, median 22 μg g−1) was dominant in house dust collected around and on electronics followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, median 1.3 μg g−1), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, median 1.3 μg g−1) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP, median 0.8 μg g−1). Levels of TPHP and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP, also known as TCP) in house dust on electronics were significantly higher than in house dust collected around electronics, suggesting that electronic equipment has limited contribution to the PFR levels in house dust, with the exception of TPHP and TMPP. Car dust was dominated by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) with the highest levels found in dust collected from the car seats (1100 μg g−1). The mean TDCIPP and TCIPP levels observed in car dust were significantly higher than the levels observed in dust collected around electronics. Significantly higher mean TMPP levels in dust taken from car seats were found compared to dust collected around the equipment (p &lt; 0.05). This is probably influenced by the use of TDCIPP, TCIPP in polyurethane foam (car seats) and the use of TMPP as plasticizer in car interiors. Worldwide four PFR patterns were observed in house dust. The PFR pattern in the Netherlands of TDCIPP, TMPP, TCEP, TCIPP and TPHP in house dust is comparable to the pattern found in six other countries, which may point to identical sources of these PFRs in the indoor environment. However, the PFR levels between the countries and within countries showed high variation.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-28\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sicco\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Velzen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\",\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pim\",\"E.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Car dust, Electronic equipment, House dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Plasticizers\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brandsma_organophosphorus_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants ({PFRs}) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.036},\\n\\tabstract = {All nine PFRs studied were detected in house and car dust from the Netherlands with the exception of tris(butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) in car dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, median 22 μg g−1) was dominant in house dust collected around and on electronics followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, median 1.3 μg g−1), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, median 1.3 μg g−1) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP, median 0.8 μg g−1). Levels of TPHP and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP, also known as TCP) in house dust on electronics were significantly higher than in house dust collected around electronics, suggesting that electronic equipment has limited contribution to the PFR levels in house dust, with the exception of TPHP and TMPP.\\n\\nCar dust was dominated by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) with the highest levels found in dust collected from the car seats (1100 μg g−1). The mean TDCIPP and TCIPP levels observed in car dust were significantly higher than the levels observed in dust collected around electronics. Significantly higher mean TMPP levels in dust taken from car seats were found compared to dust collected around the equipment (p \\\\&lt; 0.05). This is probably influenced by the use of TDCIPP, TCIPP in polyurethane foam (car seats) and the use of TMPP as plasticizer in car interiors.\\n\\nWorldwide four PFR patterns were observed in house dust. The PFR pattern in the Netherlands of TDCIPP, TMPP, TCEP, TCIPP and TPHP in house dust is comparable to the pattern found in six other countries, which may point to identical sources of these PFRs in the indoor environment. However, the PFR levels between the countries and within countries showed high variation.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-28},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Brandsma, Sicco H. and de Boer, Jacob and van Velzen, Martin J. M. and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\\n\\tkeywords = {Car dust, Electronic equipment, House dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Plasticizers},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brandsma, S. H.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"van Velzen, M. J. M.\",\"Leonards, P. E. G.\"],\"key\":\"brandsma_organophosphorus_nodate\",\"id\":\"brandsma_organophosphorus_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brandsma-deboer-vanvelzen-leonards-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsandplasticizersinhouseandcardustandtheinfluenceofelectronicequipment\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409\"},\"keyword\":[\"Car dust\",\"Electronic equipment\",\"House dust\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"Plasticizers\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Temporal Variability and Correlations with House Dust Concentrations\",\"volume\":\"121\",\"issn\":\"0091-6765\",\"shorttitle\":\"Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants\",\"url\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/\",\"doi\":\"10.1289/ehp.1205907\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Health Perspectives\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meeker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hauser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russ\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"580–585\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meeker_urinary_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Urinary {Metabolites} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}: {Temporal} {Variability} and {Correlations} with {House} {Dust} {Concentrations}},\\n\\tvolume = {121},\\n\\tissn = {0091-6765},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Urinary {Metabolites} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}},\\n\\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205907},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\\n\\tauthor = {Meeker, John D. and Cooper, Ellen M. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Hauser, Russ},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {580--585},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meeker, J. D.\",\"Cooper, E. M.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Hauser, R.\"],\"key\":\"meeker_urinary_2013-1\",\"id\":\"meeker_urinary_2013-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Investigating a Novel Flame Retardant Known as V6: Measurements in Baby Products, House Dust, and Car Dust\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"0013-936X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Investigating a Novel Flame Retardant Known as V6\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/es400032v\",\"abstract\":\"With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors? knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified (\\\\textgreater98%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24?500?000 to 59?500?000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46?500?000 ± 12?000?000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from \\\\textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and \\\\textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Science & Technology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mingliang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gooden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ellen\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McClean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carignan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Courtney\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Makey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colleen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"4449–4454\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fang_investigating_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Investigating a {Novel} {Flame} {Retardant} {Known} as {V6}: {Measurements} in {Baby} {Products}, {House} {Dust}, and {Car} {Dust}},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {0013-936X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Investigating a {Novel} {Flame} {Retardant} {Known} as {V6}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/es400032v},\\n\\tabstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors? knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\\\\textgreater}98\\\\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24?500?000 to 59?500?000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46?500?000 ± 12?000?000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\\\\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\\\\textless}5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\\\\textless}5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\\\\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\\\& Technology},\\n\\tauthor = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F. and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M. and McClean, Michael D. and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {4449--4454},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fang, M.\",\"Webster, T. F.\",\"Gooden, D.\",\"Cooper, E. M.\",\"McClean, M. D.\",\"Carignan, C.\",\"Makey, C.\",\"Stapleton, H. M.\"],\"key\":\"fang_investigating_2013-1-1\",\"id\":\"fang_investigating_2013-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants: Data availability and quality for 36 alternative brominated flame retardants\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.083\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) are major brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that are now banned or under restrictions in many countries because of their persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity (PBT properties). However, there is a wide range of alternative BFRs, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane and tribromophenol, that are increasingly used as replacements, but which may possess similar hazardous properties. This necessitates hazard and risk assessments of these compounds. For a set of 36 alternative BFRs, we searched 25 databases for chemical property data that are needed as input for a PBT assessment. These properties are degradation half-life, bioconcentration factor (BCF), octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow), and toxic effect concentrations in aquatic organisms. For 17 of the 36 substances, no data at all were found for these properties. Too few persistence data were available to even assess the quality of these data in a systematic way. The available data for Kow and toxicity show surprisingly high variability, which makes it difficult to identify the most reliable values. We propose methods for systematic evaluations of PBT-related chemical property data that should be performed before data are included in publicly available databases. Using these methods, we evaluated the data for Kow and toxicity in more detail and identified several inaccurate values. For most of the 36 alternative BFRs, the amount and the quality of the PBT-related property data need to be improved before reliable hazard and risk assessments of these substances can be performed.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stieger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greta\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheringer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carla\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hungerbühler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Baseline toxicity, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Octanol–water partition coefficient, PBT assessment\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stieger_assessing_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants: {Data} availability and quality for 36 alternative brominated flame retardants},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.083},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) are major brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that are now banned or under restrictions in many countries because of their persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity (PBT properties). However, there is a wide range of alternative BFRs, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane and tribromophenol, that are increasingly used as replacements, but which may possess similar hazardous properties. This necessitates hazard and risk assessments of these compounds. For a set of 36 alternative BFRs, we searched 25 databases for chemical property data that are needed as input for a PBT assessment. These properties are degradation half-life, bioconcentration factor (BCF), octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow), and toxic effect concentrations in aquatic organisms. For 17 of the 36 substances, no data at all were found for these properties. Too few persistence data were available to even assess the quality of these data in a systematic way. The available data for Kow and toxicity show surprisingly high variability, which makes it difficult to identify the most reliable values. We propose methods for systematic evaluations of PBT-related chemical property data that should be performed before data are included in publicly available databases. Using these methods, we evaluated the data for Kow and toxicity in more detail and identified several inaccurate values. For most of the 36 alternative BFRs, the amount and the quality of the PBT-related property data need to be improved before reliable hazard and risk assessments of these substances can be performed.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Stieger, Greta and Scheringer, Martin and Ng, Carla A. and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\\n\\tkeywords = {Baseline toxicity, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Octanol–water partition coefficient, PBT assessment},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stieger, G.\",\"Scheringer, M.\",\"Ng, C. A.\",\"Hungerbühler, K.\"],\"key\":\"stieger_assessing_nodate\",\"id\":\"stieger_assessing_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stieger-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-assessingthepersistencebioaccumulationpotentialandtoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsdataavailabilityandqualityfor36alternativebrominatedflameretardants\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082\"},\"keyword\":[\"Baseline toxicity\",\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)\",\"Octanol–water partition coefficient\",\"PBT assessment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis\",\"volume\":\"88\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Phosphorus flame retardants\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067\",\"abstract\":\"Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m−3, in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg−1 were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L−1. In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg−1, with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67–105%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (&lt;20%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78–105%) and RSDs (3–8%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC–FPD), GC-nitrogen–phosphorus detection (NPD), GC–atomic emission detection (AED), GC–mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS and GC–Inductively-coupled plasma–MS (ICP–MS) are used. GC–ICP–MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5–10 ng mL−1) compared to GC–NPD and GC–MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC–MS offers a higher selectivity than GC–NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"der\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Veen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacob\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Analysis, Occurrence, PFR, Phosphorus flame retardants, Properties, Toxicity\",\"pages\":\"1119–1153\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants: {Properties}, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis},\\n\\tvolume = {88},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067},\\n\\tabstract = {Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20\\\\% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m−3, in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg−1 were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L−1. In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg−1, with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air.\\n\\nOnly the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs.\\n\\nInformation on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME).\\n\\nFor extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67–105\\\\%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (\\\\&lt;20\\\\%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78–105\\\\%) and RSDs (3–8\\\\%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods.\\n\\nFor the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC–FPD), GC-nitrogen–phosphorus detection (NPD), GC–atomic emission detection (AED), GC–mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS and GC–Inductively-coupled plasma–MS (ICP–MS) are used. GC–ICP–MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5–10 ng mL−1) compared to GC–NPD and GC–MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC–MS offers a higher selectivity than GC–NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {van der Veen, Ike and de Boer, Jacob},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Analysis, Occurrence, PFR, Phosphorus flame retardants, Properties, Toxicity},\\n\\tpages = {1119--1153},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"van der Veen, I.\",\"de Boer, J.\"],\"key\":\"van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012-1\",\"id\":\"van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353\"},\"keyword\":[\"Analysis\",\"Occurrence\",\"PFR\",\"Phosphorus flame retardants\",\"Properties\",\"Toxicity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products: Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP)\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"shorttitle\":\"Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.099\",\"abstract\":\"Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are increasingly used as alternative flame retardants in many products. Data on the presence of two alternative PFRs in consumer products, resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP or RDP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP or BDP) is still scarce or non-existing. In this study we propose a simple extraction method and analysis by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF) for plastic consumer products. Detection limits were low enough for trace quantitation in plastic or electronic samples (0.001% and 0.002% w/w for PBDPP and BPA-BDPP, respectively). The APCI source provided better sensitivity and matrix effects than the commonly used ESI source for the analysis of these PFRs. Both PBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in 7 of the 12 products purchased in 2012 (at 0.002–0.3% w/w for PBDPP and 0.02–0.18% w/w for BPA-BDPP) while only PBDPP was found in 4 of the 13 products purchased before 2006 (0.005–7.8% w/w). In newly purchased products, PBDPP, BPA-BDPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most frequently detected PFRs. These results support the recent findings of our research group about high concentration levels of PBDPP and BPA-BDPP up to 0.5–1 mg g−1 in house dust collected on electronic equipment and highlights the need for further research on these two novel PFRs.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballesteros-Gómez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandsma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"de\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Boer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leonards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"E.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, Bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate), Liquid chromatography, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate)\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ballesteros-gomez_analysis_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products: {Resorcinol} bis-(diphenylphosphate) ({PBDPP}) and bisphenol {A} bis (diphenylphosphate) ({BPA}-{BDPP})},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.099},\\n\\tabstract = {Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are increasingly used as alternative flame retardants in many products. Data on the presence of two alternative PFRs in consumer products, resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP or RDP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP or BDP) is still scarce or non-existing. In this study we propose a simple extraction method and analysis by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF) for plastic consumer products. Detection limits were low enough for trace quantitation in plastic or electronic samples (0.001\\\\% and 0.002\\\\% w/w for PBDPP and BPA-BDPP, respectively). The APCI source provided better sensitivity and matrix effects than the commonly used ESI source for the analysis of these PFRs. Both PBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in 7 of the 12 products purchased in 2012 (at 0.002–0.3\\\\% w/w for PBDPP and 0.02–0.18\\\\% w/w for BPA-BDPP) while only PBDPP was found in 4 of the 13 products purchased before 2006 (0.005–7.8\\\\% w/w). In newly purchased products, PBDPP, BPA-BDPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most frequently detected PFRs. These results support the recent findings of our research group about high concentration levels of PBDPP and BPA-BDPP up to 0.5–1 mg g−1 in house dust collected on electronic equipment and highlights the need for further research on these two novel PFRs.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Ballesteros-Gómez, A. and Brandsma, S. H. and de Boer, J. and Leonards, P. E. G.},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, Bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate), Liquid chromatography, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate)},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ballesteros-Gómez, A.\",\"Brandsma, S. H.\",\"de Boer, J.\",\"Leonards, P. E. G.\"],\"key\":\"ballesteros-gomez_analysis_nodate\",\"id\":\"ballesteros-gomez_analysis_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ballesterosgmez-brandsma-deboer-leonards-analysisoftwoalternativeorganophosphorusflameretardantsinelectronicandplasticconsumerproductsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphatepbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdpp\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization\",\"Bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate)\",\"Liquid chromatography\",\"Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)\",\"Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardant associations between children’s handwipes and house dust\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100\",\"abstract\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), flame retardants (FRs) have been ubiquitously detected at high concentrations in indoor environments; however, with their recent phase-out, more attention is being focused on measurements of exposure to alternative FRs such as organophosphate FRs (OPFRs). In our previous research, we found that PBDE residues measured on children’s handwipes were a strong predictor of serum PBDE levels. Here we build upon this research to examine longitudinal changes in PBDEs in indoor dust and children’s handwipes, and explore the associations between handwipes and dust for alternative FRs. Children from our previous study were re-contacted after approximately two years and new samples of indoor dust and handwipes were collected. PBDE dust-levels were significantly correlated between two different sampling rounds separated by two years; however, PBDE levels in handwipes were not correlated, perhaps suggesting that the sources of PBDEs remained relatively constant in the home, but that behavioral differences in children are changing with age and influencing handwipe levels. OPFRs [i.e. tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)], 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB, also known as TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP, also known as TBPH), and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were also ubiquitously detected in house dust samples and geometric mean levels were similar to PBDE levels, or higher in the case of the OPFRs. Significant associations between handwipes and house dust were observed for these alternative FRs, particularly for EH-TBB (rs = 0.54; p &lt; 0.001). Increasing house dust levels and age were associated with higher levels of FRs in handwipes, and high hand washing frequency (&gt;5 times d−1) was associated with lower FR levels in handwipes. Overall these data suggest that exposure to these alternative FRs will be similar to PBDE exposure, and the influence of hand-to-mouth behavior in children’s exposure needs to be further examined to better estimate exposure potential.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stapleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Misenheimer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Children, Dust, Flame retardants, Handwipes, OPFRs, PBDEs\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stapleton_flame_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardant associations between children’s handwipes and house dust},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100},\\n\\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), flame retardants (FRs) have been ubiquitously detected at high concentrations in indoor environments; however, with their recent phase-out, more attention is being focused on measurements of exposure to alternative FRs such as organophosphate FRs (OPFRs). In our previous research, we found that PBDE residues measured on children’s handwipes were a strong predictor of serum PBDE levels. Here we build upon this research to examine longitudinal changes in PBDEs in indoor dust and children’s handwipes, and explore the associations between handwipes and dust for alternative FRs. Children from our previous study were re-contacted after approximately two years and new samples of indoor dust and handwipes were collected. PBDE dust-levels were significantly correlated between two different sampling rounds separated by two years; however, PBDE levels in handwipes were not correlated, perhaps suggesting that the sources of PBDEs remained relatively constant in the home, but that behavioral differences in children are changing with age and influencing handwipe levels. OPFRs [i.e. tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)], 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB, also known as TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP, also known as TBPH), and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were also ubiquitously detected in house dust samples and geometric mean levels were similar to PBDE levels, or higher in the case of the OPFRs. Significant associations between handwipes and house dust were observed for these alternative FRs, particularly for EH-TBB (rs = 0.54; p \\\\&lt; 0.001). Increasing house dust levels and age were associated with higher levels of FRs in handwipes, and high hand washing frequency (\\\\&gt;5 times d−1) was associated with lower FR levels in handwipes. Overall these data suggest that exposure to these alternative FRs will be similar to PBDE exposure, and the influence of hand-to-mouth behavior in children’s exposure needs to be further examined to better estimate exposure potential.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Misenheimer, John and Hoffman, Kate and Webster, Thomas F.},\\n\\tkeywords = {Children, Dust, Flame retardants, Handwipes, OPFRs, PBDEs},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stapleton, H. M.\",\"Misenheimer, J.\",\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Webster, T. F.\"],\"key\":\"stapleton_flame_nodate\",\"id\":\"stapleton_flame_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stapleton-misenheimer-hoffman-webster-flameretardantassociationsbetweenchildrenshandwipesandhousedust\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393\"},\"keyword\":[\"Children\",\"Dust\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Handwipes\",\"OPFRs\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Flame retardant exposures in California early childhood education environments\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.072\",\"abstract\":\"Infants and young children spend as much as 50 h per week in child care and preschool. Although approximately 13 million children, or 65% of all U.S. children, spend some time each day in early childhood education (ECE) facilities, little information is available about environmental exposures in these environments. We measured flame retardants in air and dust collected from 40 California ECE facilities between May 2010 and May 2011. Low levels of six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and four non-PBDE flame retardants were present in air, including two constituents of Firemaster 550 and two tris phosphate compounds [tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP)]. Tris phosphate, Firemaster 550 and PBDE compounds were detected in 100% of the dust samples. BDE47, BDE99, and BDE209 comprised the majority of the PBDE mass measured in dust. The median concentrations of TCEP (319 ng g−1) and TDCIPP (2265 ng g−1) were similar to or higher than any PBDE congener. Levels of TCEP and TDCIPP in dust were significantly higher in facilities with napping equipment made out of foam (Mann–Whitney p-values &lt; 0.05). Child BDE99 dose estimates exceeded the RfD in one facility for children &lt; 3 years old. In 51% of facilities, TDCIPP dose estimates for children &lt; 6 years old exceeded age-specific “No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs)” based on California Proposition 65 guidelines for carcinogens. Given the overriding interest in providing safe and healthy environments for young children, additional research is needed to identify strategies to reduce indoor sources of flame retardant chemicals.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Castorina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rosemary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaspar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fraser\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nishioka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colón\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maribel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weathers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Walter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Egeghy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maddalena\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Randy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffery\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peggy\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Child care, Children, Exposure, Flame retardants, PBDEs\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bradman_flame_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Flame retardant exposures in {California} early childhood education environments},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.072},\\n\\tabstract = {Infants and young children spend as much as 50 h per week in child care and preschool. Although approximately 13 million children, or 65\\\\% of all U.S. children, spend some time each day in early childhood education (ECE) facilities, little information is available about environmental exposures in these environments. We measured flame retardants in air and dust collected from 40 California ECE facilities between May 2010 and May 2011. Low levels of six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and four non-PBDE flame retardants were present in air, including two constituents of Firemaster 550 and two tris phosphate compounds [tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP)]. Tris phosphate, Firemaster 550 and PBDE compounds were detected in 100\\\\% of the dust samples. BDE47, BDE99, and BDE209 comprised the majority of the PBDE mass measured in dust. The median concentrations of TCEP (319 ng g−1) and TDCIPP (2265 ng g−1) were similar to or higher than any PBDE congener. Levels of TCEP and TDCIPP in dust were significantly higher in facilities with napping equipment made out of foam (Mann–Whitney p-values \\\\&lt; 0.05). Child BDE99 dose estimates exceeded the RfD in one facility for children \\\\&lt; 3 years old. In 51\\\\% of facilities, TDCIPP dose estimates for children \\\\&lt; 6 years old exceeded age-specific “No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs)” based on California Proposition 65 guidelines for carcinogens. Given the overriding interest in providing safe and healthy environments for young children, additional research is needed to identify strategies to reduce indoor sources of flame retardant chemicals.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Bradman, Asa and Castorina, Rosemary and Gaspar, Fraser and Nishioka, Marcia and Colón, Maribel and Weathers, Walter and Egeghy, Peter P. and Maddalena, Randy and Williams, Jeffery and Jenkins, Peggy L. and McKone, Thomas E.},\\n\\tkeywords = {Child care, Children, Exposure, Flame retardants, PBDEs},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bradman, A.\",\"Castorina, R.\",\"Gaspar, F.\",\"Nishioka, M.\",\"Colón, M.\",\"Weathers, W.\",\"Egeghy, P. P.\",\"Maddalena, R.\",\"Williams, J.\",\"Jenkins, P. L.\",\"McKone, T. E.\"],\"key\":\"bradman_flame_nodate\",\"id\":\"bradman_flame_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bradman-castorina-gaspar-nishioka-coln-weathers-egeghy-maddalena-etal-flameretardantexposuresincaliforniaearlychildhoodeducationenvironments\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415\"},\"keyword\":[\"Child care\",\"Children\",\"Exposure\",\"Flame retardants\",\"PBDEs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"series\":\"Interactions Between Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution - Trends and Scientific Challenges Ozone, Climate Change and Forests\",\"title\":\"Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada\",\"volume\":\"169\",\"issn\":\"0269-7491\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043\",\"abstract\":\"Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007–2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81% and 100% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.\",\"urldate\":\"2014-06-27\",\"journal\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shoeib\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mahiba\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tom\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Webster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Glenys\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sverko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ed\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cheng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"Alternative flame retardants, Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-PBDE, PBDE\",\"pages\":\"175–182\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shoeib_legacy_2012,\\n\\tseries = {Interactions {Between} {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Air} {Pollution} - {Trends} and {Scientific} {Challenges} {Ozone}, {Climate} {Change} and {Forests}},\\n\\ttitle = {Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from {Vancouver}, {Canada}},\\n\\tvolume = {169},\\n\\tissn = {0269-7491},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043},\\n\\tabstract = {Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007–2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81\\\\% and 100\\\\% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.},\\n\\turldate = {2014-06-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\\n\\tauthor = {Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Webster, Glenys M. and Sverko, Ed and Cheng, Yu},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alternative flame retardants, Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-PBDE, PBDE},\\n\\tpages = {175--182},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shoeib, M.\",\"Harner, T.\",\"Webster, G. M.\",\"Sverko, E.\",\"Cheng, Y.\"],\"key\":\"shoeib_legacy_2012-1\",\"id\":\"shoeib_legacy_2012-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alternative flame retardants\",\"Flame retardants\",\"Human exposure\",\"Indoor dust\",\"Non-PBDE\",\"PBDE\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Zotero Quick Start Guide\",\"url\":\"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Center for History\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[\"New\"],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Media\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"bibtex\":\"@misc{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},\\n\\turl = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},\\n\\tauthor = {{Center for History and New Media}},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Center for History\",\"Media, N.\"],\"key\":\"center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate\",\"id\":\"center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"fritz, c\":\"https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/\",\"jean, j\":\"https://bibbase.org/show?bib=https%3A%2F%2Fbibbase.org%2Fzotero%2Fjoeljean&msg=embed\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fusing two cytochromes b of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome bc1 using various linkers defines a set of protein templates for asymmetric mutagenesis\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"url\":\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003\",\"doi\":\"<a href=\\\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055\\\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055</a>\",\"abstract\":\"Cytochrome bc1 (mitochondrial complex III), one of the key enzymes of biological energy conversion, is a functional homodimer in which each monomer contains three catalytic subunits: cytochrome c1, the iron-sulfur subunit and cytochrome b. The latter is composed of eight transmembrane ${\\\\}alpha$-helices which, in duplicate, form a hydrophobic core of a dimer. We show that two cytochromes b can be fused into one 16-helical subunit using a number of different peptide linkers that vary in length but all connect the C-terminus of one cytochrome with the N-terminus of the other. The fusion proteins replace two cytochromes b in the dimer defining a set of available protein templates for introducing mutations that allow breaking symmetry of a dimer. A more detailed comparison of the form with the shortest, 3 amino acid, linker to the form with 12 amino acid linker established that both forms display similar level of structural plasticity to accommodate several, but not all, asymmetric patterns of mutations that knock out individual segments of cofactor chains. While the system based on a fused gene does not allow for the assessments of the functionality of electron-transfer paths in vivo, the family of proteins with fused cytochrome b offers attractive model for detailed investigations of molecular mechanism of catalysis at in vitro/reconstitution level.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Protein Engineering, Design and Selection\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Czapla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Borek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Arkadiusz\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sarewicz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marcin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osyczka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Artur\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pages\":\"11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{czapla_fusing_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Fusing two cytochromes b of {Rhodobacter} capsulatus cytochrome bc1 using various linkers defines a set of protein templates for asymmetric mutagenesis},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003},\\n\\tdoi = {<a href=\\\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055\\\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055</a>},\\n\\tabstract = {Cytochrome bc1 (mitochondrial complex III), one of the key enzymes of biological energy conversion, is a functional homodimer in which each monomer contains three catalytic subunits: cytochrome c1, the iron-sulfur subunit and cytochrome b. The latter is composed of eight transmembrane \\\\${\\\\textbackslash}alpha\\\\$-helices which, in duplicate, form a hydrophobic core of a dimer. We show that two cytochromes b can be fused into one 16-helical subunit using a number of different peptide linkers that vary in length but all connect the C-terminus of one cytochrome with the N-terminus of the other. The fusion proteins replace two cytochromes b in the dimer defining a set of available protein templates for introducing mutations that allow breaking symmetry of a dimer. A more detailed comparison of the form with the shortest, 3 amino acid, linker to the form with 12 amino acid linker established that both forms display similar level of structural plasticity to accommodate several, but not all, asymmetric patterns of mutations that knock out individual segments of cofactor chains. While the system based on a fused gene does not allow for the assessments of the functionality of electron-transfer paths in vivo, the family of proteins with fused cytochrome b offers attractive model for detailed investigations of molecular mechanism of catalysis at in vitro/reconstitution level.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Protein Engineering, Design and Selection},\\n\\tauthor = {Czapla, Monika and Borek, Arkadiusz and Sarewicz, Marcin and Osyczka, Artur},\\n\\tpages = {11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Czapla, M.\",\"Borek, A.\",\"Sarewicz, M.\",\"Osyczka, A.\"],\"key\":\"czapla_fusing_nodate\",\"id\":\"czapla_fusing_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"czapla-borek-sarewicz-osyczka-fusingtwocytochromesbofrhodobactercapsulatuscytochromebc1usingvariouslinkersdefinesasetofproteintemplatesforasymmetricmutagenesis\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Receptor-Fc fusion therapeutics, traps, and MIMETIBODY technology.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1879-0429\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010\",\"abstract\":\"Fc fusion proteins are molecules in which the immunoglobulin Fc is fused genetically to a protein of interest, such as an extracellular domain of a receptor, ligand, enzyme, or peptide. Fc fusion proteins have some antibody-like properties such as long serum half-life and easy expression and purification, making them an attractive platform for therapeutic drugs. Five Fc fusion based drugs are on the market presently, and many more are in different stages of clinical trials, demonstrating that Fc fusion proteins have become credible alternatives to monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics. This review summarizes the Fc fusion proteins that have been approved for use in the clinic and those that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the different approaches to design Fc fusion proteins.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Current opinion in biotechnology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Antibodies, Biological, Biopharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics: methods, Chemistry, Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques, Fc, Fc: chemistry, Humans, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: chemistry, Ligands, Models, Monoclonal, Monoclonal: chemistry, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical: methods, Protein Binding, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Receptors, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"692–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{huang_receptor-fc_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Receptor-{Fc} fusion therapeutics, traps, and {MIMETIBODY} technology.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0429},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010},\\n\\tabstract = {Fc fusion proteins are molecules in which the immunoglobulin Fc is fused genetically to a protein of interest, such as an extracellular domain of a receptor, ligand, enzyme, or peptide. Fc fusion proteins have some antibody-like properties such as long serum half-life and easy expression and purification, making them an attractive platform for therapeutic drugs. Five Fc fusion based drugs are on the market presently, and many more are in different stages of clinical trials, demonstrating that Fc fusion proteins have become credible alternatives to monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics. This review summarizes the Fc fusion proteins that have been approved for use in the clinic and those that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the different approaches to design Fc fusion proteins.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Current opinion in biotechnology},\\n\\tauthor = {Huang, Chichi},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Biological, Biopharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics: methods, Chemistry, Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques, Fc, Fc: chemistry, Humans, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: chemistry, Ligands, Models, Monoclonal, Monoclonal: chemistry, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical: methods, Protein Binding, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Receptors, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {692--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Huang, C.\"],\"key\":\"huang_receptor-fc_2009\",\"id\":\"huang_receptor-fc_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"huang-receptorfcfusiontherapeuticstrapsandmimetibodytechnology-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Antibodies\",\"Biological\",\"Biopharmaceutics\",\"Biopharmaceutics: methods\",\"Chemistry\",\"Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques\",\"Fc\",\"Fc: chemistry\",\"Humans\",\"Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments\",\"Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: chemistry\",\"Ligands\",\"Models\",\"Monoclonal\",\"Monoclonal: chemistry\",\"Peptides\",\"Peptides: chemistry\",\"Pharmaceutical\",\"Pharmaceutical: methods\",\"Protein Binding\",\"Protein Engineering\",\"Protein Engineering: methods\",\"Receptors\",\"Recombinant Fusion Proteins\",\"Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"09609822\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with different colors would be very useful for simultaneous comparisons of multiple protein fates, developmental lineages and gene expression levels. The simplest way to shift the emission color of GFP is to substitute histidine or tryptophan for the tyrosine in the chromophore, but such blue-shifted point mutants are only dimly fluorescent. The longest wavelengths previously reported for the excitation and emission peaks of GFP mutants are 488 and 511 nm, respectively. Results Additional substitutions, mainly in residues 145–163, have improved the brightness of the blue-shifted GFP mutants with histidine and tryptophan in place of tyrosine 66. Separate mutations have pushed the excitation and emission peaks of the most red-shifted mutant to 504 and 514 nm, respectively. At least three different colors of GFP mutants can now be cleanly distinguished from each other under the microscope, using appropriate filter sets. A fusion protein consisting of linked blue- and green-fluorescent proteins exhibits fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which is disrupted by proteolytic cleavage of the linker between the two domains. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the production of more and better GFP variants is possible and worthwhile. The production of such variants facilitates multicolor imaging of differential gene expression, protein localization or cell fate. Fusions between mutants of different colors may be useful substrates for the continuous in situ assay of proteases. Demonstration of energy transfer between GFP variants is an important step towards a general method for monitoring the mutual association of fusion proteins.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Current Biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Heim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsien\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\",\"Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"1996\",\"pages\":\"178–182\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{heim_engineering_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {09609822},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with different colors would be very useful for simultaneous comparisons of multiple protein fates, developmental lineages and gene expression levels. The simplest way to shift the emission color of GFP is to substitute histidine or tryptophan for the tyrosine in the chromophore, but such blue-shifted point mutants are only dimly fluorescent. The longest wavelengths previously reported for the excitation and emission peaks of GFP mutants are 488 and 511 nm, respectively. Results Additional substitutions, mainly in residues 145–163, have improved the brightness of the blue-shifted GFP mutants with histidine and tryptophan in place of tyrosine 66. Separate mutations have pushed the excitation and emission peaks of the most red-shifted mutant to 504 and 514 nm, respectively. At least three different colors of GFP mutants can now be cleanly distinguished from each other under the microscope, using appropriate filter sets. A fusion protein consisting of linked blue- and green-fluorescent proteins exhibits fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which is disrupted by proteolytic cleavage of the linker between the two domains. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the production of more and better GFP variants is possible and worthwhile. The production of such variants facilitates multicolor imaging of differential gene expression, protein localization or cell fate. Fusions between mutants of different colors may be useful substrates for the continuous in situ assay of proteases. Demonstration of energy transfer between GFP variants is an important step towards a general method for monitoring the mutual association of fusion proteins.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Current Biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Heim, Roger and Tsien, Roger Y},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tpages = {178--182},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Heim, R.\",\"Tsien, R. Y\"],\"key\":\"heim_engineering_1996\",\"id\":\"heim_engineering_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"heim-tsien-engineeringgreenfluorescentproteinforimprovedbrightnesslongerwavelengthsandfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer.\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3167974\",\"abstract\":\"Extracts containing wild-type or mutant human estrogen receptor (ER) have been used to study the binding of ER to its responsive element (ERE). Estradiol (E2) or the antiestrogen hydroxytamoxifen is required for ER binding as assayed by gel retardation. The DNA binding domain (DBD) encompasses the highly conserved region C. Both intact ER-E2 complexes and ER mutants truncated for the hormone binding domain (HBD) bind as dimers to an ERE. However, an HBD-truncated ER binds less tightly to an ERE than an intact ER-E2 complex. The DBD and HBD contain a constitutive and a stronger ER-induced dimerization function, respectively. Thus, in addition to inducing the activation function associated with the HBD, estrogen plays a crucial role in the formation of stable ER dimers that bind tightly to ERE.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Cell\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kumar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chambon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1988\",\"keywords\":\"*metabolism, Binding Sites, DNA, DNA Probes, Humans, Ligands, Macromolecular Substances, Receptors, analogs & derivatives, cell line, chromosome deletion, estradiol, estrogen, genetics, metabolism, methylation, tamoxifen\",\"pages\":\"145–156\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kumar_estrogen_1988,\\n\\ttitle = {The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer.},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3167974},\\n\\tabstract = {Extracts containing wild-type or mutant human estrogen receptor (ER) have been used to study the binding of ER to its responsive element (ERE). Estradiol (E2) or the antiestrogen hydroxytamoxifen is required for ER binding as assayed by gel retardation. The DNA binding domain (DBD) encompasses the highly conserved region C. Both intact ER-E2 complexes and ER mutants truncated for the hormone binding domain (HBD) bind as dimers to an ERE. However, an HBD-truncated ER binds less tightly to an ERE than an intact ER-E2 complex. The DBD and HBD contain a constitutive and a stronger ER-induced dimerization function, respectively. Thus, in addition to inducing the activation function associated with the HBD, estrogen plays a crucial role in the formation of stable ER dimers that bind tightly to ERE.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Cell},\\n\\tauthor = {Kumar, V and Chambon, P},\\n\\tyear = {1988},\\n\\tkeywords = {*metabolism, Binding Sites, DNA, DNA Probes, Humans, Ligands, Macromolecular Substances, Receptors, analogs \\\\& derivatives, cell line, chromosome deletion, estradiol, estrogen, genetics, metabolism, methylation, tamoxifen},\\n\\tpages = {145--156},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kumar, V\",\"Chambon, P\"],\"key\":\"kumar_estrogen_1988\",\"id\":\"kumar_estrogen_1988\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kumar-chambon-theestrogenreceptorbindstightlytoitsresponsiveelementasaligandinducedhomodimer-1988\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3167974\"},\"keyword\":[\"*metabolism\",\"Binding Sites\",\"DNA\",\"DNA Probes\",\"Humans\",\"Ligands\",\"Macromolecular Substances\",\"Receptors\",\"analogs & derivatives\",\"cell line\",\"chromosome deletion\",\"estradiol\",\"estrogen\",\"genetics\",\"metabolism\",\"methylation\",\"tamoxifen\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Functional importance of covalent homodimer of reelin protein linked via its central region.\",\"volume\":\"286\",\"issn\":\"1083-351X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191\",\"doi\":\"10.1074/jbc.M111.242719\",\"abstract\":\"Reelin is a 3461-residue secreted glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development through its action on target neurons. Although it is known that functional reelin protein exists as multimer formed by interchain disulfide bond(s) as well as through non-covalent interactions, the chemical nature of the multimer assembly has been elusive. In the present study, we identified, among 122 cysteines present in full-length reelin, the single critical cysteine residue (Cys(2101)) responsible for the covalent multimerization. C2101A mutant reelin failed to assemble into disulfide-bonded multimers, whereas it still exhibited non-covalently associated high molecular weight oligomeric states in solution. Detailed analysis of tryptic fragments produced from the purified reelin proteins revealed that the minimum unit of the multimer is a homodimeric reelin linked via Cys(2101) present in the central region and that this cysteine does not connect to the N-terminal region of reelin, which had been postulated as the primary oligomerization domain. A surface plasmon resonance binding assay confirmed that C2101A mutant reelin retained binding capability toward two neuronal receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low density lipoprotein receptor. However, it failed to show signaling activity in the assay using the cultured neurons. These results indicate that an intact higher order architecture of reelin multimer maintained by both Cys(2101)-mediated homodimerization and other non-covalent association present elsewhere in the reelin primary structure are essential for exerting its full biological activity.\",\"number\":\"40\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yasui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norihisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kitago\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beppu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayako\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kohno\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morishita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shunsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gomi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nagae\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masamichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hattori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mitsuharu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takagi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Junichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, CHO Cells, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Dimerization, Disulfides, Disulfides: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: metabolism, Humans, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: chemistry, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neuronal, Neuronal: chemistry, Neuronal: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Phosphorylation, Protein Binding, Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, Serine Endopeptidases, Serine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Serine Endopeptidases: metabolism, Signal Transduction, Tertiary, cell line\",\"pages\":\"35247–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yasui_functional_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Functional importance of covalent homodimer of reelin protein linked via its central region.},\\n\\tvolume = {286},\\n\\tissn = {1083-351X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1074/jbc.M111.242719},\\n\\tabstract = {Reelin is a 3461-residue secreted glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development through its action on target neurons. Although it is known that functional reelin protein exists as multimer formed by interchain disulfide bond(s) as well as through non-covalent interactions, the chemical nature of the multimer assembly has been elusive. In the present study, we identified, among 122 cysteines present in full-length reelin, the single critical cysteine residue (Cys(2101)) responsible for the covalent multimerization. C2101A mutant reelin failed to assemble into disulfide-bonded multimers, whereas it still exhibited non-covalently associated high molecular weight oligomeric states in solution. Detailed analysis of tryptic fragments produced from the purified reelin proteins revealed that the minimum unit of the multimer is a homodimeric reelin linked via Cys(2101) present in the central region and that this cysteine does not connect to the N-terminal region of reelin, which had been postulated as the primary oligomerization domain. A surface plasmon resonance binding assay confirmed that C2101A mutant reelin retained binding capability toward two neuronal receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low density lipoprotein receptor. However, it failed to show signaling activity in the assay using the cultured neurons. These results indicate that an intact higher order architecture of reelin multimer maintained by both Cys(2101)-mediated homodimerization and other non-covalent association present elsewhere in the reelin primary structure are essential for exerting its full biological activity.},\\n\\tnumber = {40},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Yasui, Norihisa and Kitago, Yu and Beppu, Ayako and Kohno, Takao and Morishita, Shunsuke and Gomi, Hiroki and Nagae, Masamichi and Hattori, Mitsuharu and Takagi, Junichi},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, CHO Cells, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Dimerization, Disulfides, Disulfides: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: metabolism, Humans, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: chemistry, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neuronal, Neuronal: chemistry, Neuronal: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Phosphorylation, Protein Binding, Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, Serine Endopeptidases, Serine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Serine Endopeptidases: metabolism, Signal Transduction, Tertiary, cell line},\\n\\tpages = {35247--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yasui, N.\",\"Kitago, Y.\",\"Beppu, A.\",\"Kohno, T.\",\"Morishita, S.\",\"Gomi, H.\",\"Nagae, M.\",\"Hattori, M.\",\"Takagi, J.\"],\"key\":\"yasui_functional_2011\",\"id\":\"yasui_functional_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yasui-kitago-beppu-kohno-morishita-gomi-nagae-hattori-etal-functionalimportanceofcovalenthomodimerofreelinproteinlinkedviaitscentralregion-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid\",\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Animals\",\"Brain\",\"Brain: metabolism\",\"CHO Cells\",\"Cell Adhesion Molecules\",\"Cricetinae\",\"Cricetulus\",\"Dimerization\",\"Disulfides\",\"Disulfides: chemistry\",\"Extracellular Matrix Proteins\",\"Extracellular Matrix Proteins: chemistry\",\"Extracellular Matrix Proteins: metabolism\",\"Humans\",\"Mice\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins: chemistry\",\"Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism\",\"Neuronal\",\"Neuronal: chemistry\",\"Neuronal: metabolism\",\"Neurons\",\"Neurons: metabolism\",\"Phosphorylation\",\"Protein Binding\",\"Protein Structure\",\"Sequence Homology\",\"Serine Endopeptidases\",\"Serine Endopeptidases: chemistry\",\"Serine Endopeptidases: metabolism\",\"Signal Transduction\",\"Tertiary\",\"cell line\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"FRET for studying intracellular signalling\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"09628924\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Trends in Cell Biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsien\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\",\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bacskai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"1993\",\"pages\":\"242–245\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tsien_fret_1993,\\n\\ttitle = {{FRET} for studying intracellular signalling},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {09628924},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Trends in Cell Biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Tsien, Roger Y. and Bacskai, Brian J. and Adams, Stephen R.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {1993},\\n\\tpages = {242--245},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tsien, R. Y.\",\"Bacskai, B. J.\",\"Adams, S. R.\"],\"key\":\"tsien_fret_1993\",\"id\":\"tsien_fret_1993\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tsien-bacskai-adams-fretforstudyingintracellularsignalling-1993\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q${\\\\}beta$ at 3.5 \\\\aa resolution\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"09692126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3\",\"abstract\":\"Background: The capsid protein subunits of small RNA bacteriophages form a T=3 particle upon assembly and RNA encapsidation. Dimers of the capsid protein repress translation of the replicase gene product by binding to the ribosome binding site and this interaction is believed to initiate RNA encapsidation. We have determined the crystal structure of phage Q${\\\\}beta$ with the aim of clarifying which factors are the most important for particle assembly and RNA interaction in the small phages. Results The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q${\\\\}beta$ determined at 3.5 \\\\aa resolution shows that the capsid is stabilized by disulfide bonds on each side of the flexible loops that are situated around the fivefold and quasi-sixfold axes. As in other small RNA phages, the protein capsid is constructed from subunits which associate into dimers. A contiguous ten-stranded antiparallel ${\\\\}beta$ sheet facing the RNA is formed in the dimer. The disulfide bonds lock the constituent dimers of the capsid covalently in the T=3 lattice. Conclusion The unusual stability of the Q${\\\\}beta$ particle is due to the tight dimer interactions and the disulfide bonds linking each dimer covalently to the rest of the capsid. A comparison with the structure of the related phage MS2 shows that although the fold of the Q${\\\\}beta$ coat protein is very similar, the details of the protein–protein interactions are completely different. The most conserved region of the protein is at the surface, which, in MS2, is involved in RNA binding.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Structure\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Golmohammadi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roshan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fridborg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerstin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bundule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maija\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"Valeg\\\\aa\",\"rd\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"Karin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liljas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"1996\",\"keywords\":\"crystal structure, ms2, q${\\\\}beta$\",\"pages\":\"543–554\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{golmohammadi_crystal_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {The crystal structure of bacteriophage {Q}\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$ at 3.5 {\\\\textbackslash}aa resolution},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {09692126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: The capsid protein subunits of small RNA bacteriophages form a T=3 particle upon assembly and RNA encapsidation. Dimers of the capsid protein repress translation of the replicase gene product by binding to the ribosome binding site and this interaction is believed to initiate RNA encapsidation. We have determined the crystal structure of phage Q\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$ with the aim of clarifying which factors are the most important for particle assembly and RNA interaction in the small phages. Results The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$ determined at 3.5 {\\\\textbackslash}aa resolution shows that the capsid is stabilized by disulfide bonds on each side of the flexible loops that are situated around the fivefold and quasi-sixfold axes. As in other small RNA phages, the protein capsid is constructed from subunits which associate into dimers. A contiguous ten-stranded antiparallel \\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$ sheet facing the RNA is formed in the dimer. The disulfide bonds lock the constituent dimers of the capsid covalently in the T=3 lattice. Conclusion The unusual stability of the Q\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$ particle is due to the tight dimer interactions and the disulfide bonds linking each dimer covalently to the rest of the capsid. A comparison with the structure of the related phage MS2 shows that although the fold of the Q\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$ coat protein is very similar, the details of the protein–protein interactions are completely different. The most conserved region of the protein is at the surface, which, in MS2, is involved in RNA binding.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Structure},\\n\\tauthor = {Golmohammadi, Roshan and Fridborg, Kerstin and Bundule, Maija and Valeg{\\\\textbackslash}aa rd, Karin and Liljas, Lars},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tkeywords = {crystal structure, ms2, q\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$},\\n\\tpages = {543--554},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Golmohammadi, R.\",\"Fridborg, K.\",\"Bundule, M.\",\"Valeg\\\\aa rd , K.\",\"Liljas, L.\"],\"key\":\"golmohammadi_crystal_1996\",\"id\":\"golmohammadi_crystal_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"golmohammadi-fridborg-bundule-valegaard-liljas-thecrystalstructureofbacteriophageqbetaat35aaresolution-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3\"},\"keyword\":[\"crystal structure\",\"ms2\",\"q${\\\\}beta$\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Subunit fusion confers tolerance to peptide insertions in a virus coat protein.\",\"volume\":\"347\",\"issn\":\"0003-9861\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312\",\"doi\":\"10.1006/abbi.1997.0312\",\"abstract\":\"An octapeptide sequence called Flag was inserted into the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein at two different locations and its effects on protein folding and virus assembly were determined. Assays of the translational repressor and capsid assembly functions of the recombinants show that when the peptide is inserted at its N-terminus coat protein folds properly into the form that binds RNA (i.e., the dimer), but is defective for capsid assembly. On the other hand, a recombinant protein which is expected to display the Flag insertion as a surface loop does not fold correctly and, as a consequence, is proteolytically degraded. Genetic fusion of the two subunits of the coat dimer results in a protein considerably more tolerant of these structural perturbations and mostly corrects the defects accompanying Flag peptide insertion. Increased resistance of the single-chain coat protein to urea denaturation indicates that the fused dimer is substantially more stable than wild type. Covalent joining of subunits of oligomers probably represents a general strategy for engineering increased protein stability.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peabody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"1997\",\"keywords\":\"Agar Gel, Agarose, Amino Acid Sequence, Blotting, Capsid, Capsid Proteins, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: genetics, Capsid: metabolism, Chromatography, Dimerization, Electrophoresis, Levivirus, Levivirus: physiology, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Peptides: metabolism, Plasmids, Polyacrylamide Gel, Protein Conformation, Protein Denaturation, Protein Folding, RNA-Binding Proteins, RNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, RNA-Binding Proteins: genetics, RNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Urea, Virus Assembly, Western\",\"pages\":\"85–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{peabody_subunit_1997,\\n\\ttitle = {Subunit fusion confers tolerance to peptide insertions in a virus coat protein.},\\n\\tvolume = {347},\\n\\tissn = {0003-9861},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1006/abbi.1997.0312},\\n\\tabstract = {An octapeptide sequence called Flag was inserted into the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein at two different locations and its effects on protein folding and virus assembly were determined. Assays of the translational repressor and capsid assembly functions of the recombinants show that when the peptide is inserted at its N-terminus coat protein folds properly into the form that binds RNA (i.e., the dimer), but is defective for capsid assembly. On the other hand, a recombinant protein which is expected to display the Flag insertion as a surface loop does not fold correctly and, as a consequence, is proteolytically degraded. Genetic fusion of the two subunits of the coat dimer results in a protein considerably more tolerant of these structural perturbations and mostly corrects the defects accompanying Flag peptide insertion. Increased resistance of the single-chain coat protein to urea denaturation indicates that the fused dimer is substantially more stable than wild type. Covalent joining of subunits of oligomers probably represents a general strategy for engineering increased protein stability.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Archives of biochemistry and biophysics},\\n\\tauthor = {Peabody, D S},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {1997},\\n\\tkeywords = {Agar Gel, Agarose, Amino Acid Sequence, Blotting, Capsid, Capsid Proteins, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: genetics, Capsid: metabolism, Chromatography, Dimerization, Electrophoresis, Levivirus, Levivirus: physiology, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Peptides: metabolism, Plasmids, Polyacrylamide Gel, Protein Conformation, Protein Denaturation, Protein Folding, RNA-Binding Proteins, RNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, RNA-Binding Proteins: genetics, RNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Urea, Virus Assembly, Western},\\n\\tpages = {85--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Peabody, D S\"],\"key\":\"peabody_subunit_1997\",\"id\":\"peabody_subunit_1997\",\"bibbaseid\":\"peabody-subunitfusionconferstolerancetopeptideinsertionsinaviruscoatprotein-1997\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312\"},\"keyword\":[\"Agar Gel\",\"Agarose\",\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Blotting\",\"Capsid\",\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid: chemistry\",\"Capsid: genetics\",\"Capsid: metabolism\",\"Chromatography\",\"Dimerization\",\"Electrophoresis\",\"Levivirus\",\"Levivirus: physiology\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Peptides\",\"Peptides: chemistry\",\"Peptides: metabolism\",\"Plasmids\",\"Polyacrylamide Gel\",\"Protein Conformation\",\"Protein Denaturation\",\"Protein Folding\",\"RNA-Binding Proteins\",\"RNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry\",\"RNA-Binding Proteins: genetics\",\"RNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism\",\"Recombinant Fusion Proteins\",\"Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry\",\"Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism\",\"Urea\",\"Virus Assembly\",\"Western\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The power of two: protein dimerization in biology.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0968-0004\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006\",\"abstract\":\"The self-association of proteins to form dimers and higher-order oligomers is a very common phenomenon. Recent structural and biophysical studies show that protein dimerization or oligomerization is a key factor in the regulation of proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, receptors and transcription factors. In addition, self-association can help to minimize genome size, while maintaining the advantages of modular complex formation. Oligomerization, however, can also have deleterious consequences when nonnative oligomers associated with pathogenic states are generated. Specific protein dimerization is integral to biological function, structure and control, and must be under substantial selection pressure to be maintained with such frequency throughout biology.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Trends in biochemical sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marianayagam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neelan\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sunde\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matthews\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacqueline\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Allosteric Regulation, Amyloid, Amyloid: chemistry, Amyloid: metabolism, Animals, Cell Membrane, Cell Membrane: metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, DNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Dimerization, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Molecular, Protein Structure, Protein Transport, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Proteins: metabolism, Quaternary\",\"pages\":\"618–25\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marianayagam_power_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {The power of two: protein dimerization in biology.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0968-0004},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006},\\n\\tabstract = {The self-association of proteins to form dimers and higher-order oligomers is a very common phenomenon. Recent structural and biophysical studies show that protein dimerization or oligomerization is a key factor in the regulation of proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, receptors and transcription factors. In addition, self-association can help to minimize genome size, while maintaining the advantages of modular complex formation. Oligomerization, however, can also have deleterious consequences when nonnative oligomers associated with pathogenic states are generated. Specific protein dimerization is integral to biological function, structure and control, and must be under substantial selection pressure to be maintained with such frequency throughout biology.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Trends in biochemical sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Marianayagam, Neelan J and Sunde, Margaret and Matthews, Jacqueline M},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Allosteric Regulation, Amyloid, Amyloid: chemistry, Amyloid: metabolism, Animals, Cell Membrane, Cell Membrane: metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, DNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Dimerization, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Molecular, Protein Structure, Protein Transport, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Proteins: metabolism, Quaternary},\\n\\tpages = {618--25},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marianayagam, N. J\",\"Sunde, M.\",\"Matthews, J. M\"],\"key\":\"marianayagam_power_2004\",\"id\":\"marianayagam_power_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marianayagam-sunde-matthews-thepoweroftwoproteindimerizationinbiology-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006\"},\"keyword\":[\"Allosteric Regulation\",\"Amyloid\",\"Amyloid: chemistry\",\"Amyloid: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Cell Membrane\",\"Cell Membrane: metabolism\",\"DNA-Binding Proteins\",\"DNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry\",\"DNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism\",\"Dimerization\",\"Enzyme Activation\",\"Gene Expression Regulation\",\"Humans\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Protein Structure\",\"Protein Transport\",\"Proteins\",\"Proteins: chemistry\",\"Proteins: metabolism\",\"Quaternary\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Binding stoichiometry of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4). A disulfide-linked homodimer binds two CD86 molecules.\",\"volume\":\"270\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042\",\"abstract\":\"CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologous T cell receptors of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which bind B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells and transmit important costimulatory signals during T cell activation. Here we have investigated the subunit structure of CTLA-4 and the stoichiometry of its binding to B7 molecules. We demonstrate CTLA-4 is a homodimer interconnected by one disulfide bond in the extracellular domain at cysteine residue 120. Each monomeric polypeptide chain of CTLA-4 contains a high affinity binding site for B7 molecules; soluble CTLA-4 and CD86 form complexes containing equimolar amounts of monomeric CTLA-4 and CD86 (i.e. a 2:2 molecular complex). Thus, CTLA-4 and probably CD28 have a receptor structure consisting of preexisting covalent homodimers with two binding sites. Dimerization of CTLA-4 and CD28 is not required for B7 binding, nor is it sufficient to trigger signaling.\",\"number\":\"25\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Biological Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Linsley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nadler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bajorath\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rogers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bradshaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stebbins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leytze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brady\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1995\",\"pages\":\"15417–15424\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{linsley_binding_1995,\\n\\ttitle = {Binding stoichiometry of the cytotoxic {T} lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 ({CTLA}-4). {A} disulfide-linked homodimer binds two {CD86} molecules.},\\n\\tvolume = {270},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042},\\n\\tabstract = {CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologous T cell receptors of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which bind B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells and transmit important costimulatory signals during T cell activation. Here we have investigated the subunit structure of CTLA-4 and the stoichiometry of its binding to B7 molecules. We demonstrate CTLA-4 is a homodimer interconnected by one disulfide bond in the extracellular domain at cysteine residue 120. Each monomeric polypeptide chain of CTLA-4 contains a high affinity binding site for B7 molecules; soluble CTLA-4 and CD86 form complexes containing equimolar amounts of monomeric CTLA-4 and CD86 (i.e. a 2:2 molecular complex). Thus, CTLA-4 and probably CD28 have a receptor structure consisting of preexisting covalent homodimers with two binding sites. Dimerization of CTLA-4 and CD28 is not required for B7 binding, nor is it sufficient to trigger signaling.},\\n\\tnumber = {25},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Biological Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Linsley, P S and Nadler, S G and Bajorath, J and Peach, R and Leung, H T and Rogers, J and Bradshaw, J and Stebbins, M and Leytze, G and Brady, W},\\n\\tyear = {1995},\\n\\tpages = {15417--15424},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Linsley, P S\",\"Nadler, S G\",\"Bajorath, J\",\"Peach, R\",\"Leung, H T\",\"Rogers, J\",\"Bradshaw, J\",\"Stebbins, M\",\"Leytze, G\",\"Brady, W\"],\"key\":\"linsley_binding_1995\",\"id\":\"linsley_binding_1995\",\"bibbaseid\":\"linsley-nadler-bajorath-peach-leung-rogers-bradshaw-stebbins-etal-bindingstoichiometryofthecytotoxictlymphocyteassociatedmolecule4ctla4adisulfidelinkedhomodimerbindstwocd86molecules-1995\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"From monomeric to homodimeric endonucleases and back: engineering novel specificity of LAGLIDADG enzymes.\",\"volume\":\"361\",\"issn\":\"0022-2836\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063\",\"abstract\":\"Monomeric homing endonucleases of the LAGLIDADG family recognize DNA in a bipartite manner, reflecting the underlying structural assembly of two protein domains (A and B) related by pseudo 2-fold symmetry. This architecture allows for changes in DNA specificity via the distinct combination of these half-site domains. The key to engineering such hybrid proteins lies in the LAGLIDADG two-helix bundle that forms both the domain interface and the endonuclease active site. In this study, we utilize domain A of the monomeric I-DmoI to demonstrate the feasibility of generating functional homodimeric endonucleases that recognize palindromic DNA sequences derived from the original, non-palindromic target. Wild-type I-DmoI domain A is capable of forming a homodimer (H-DmoA) that binds tightly to, but does not cleave efficiently, its anticipated DNA target. Partial restoration of DNA cleavage ability was obtained by re-engineering the LAGLIDADG dimerization interface (H-DmoC). Upon fusing two copies of H-DmoC via a short peptide linker, a novel, site-specific DNA endonuclease was created (H-DmoC2). Like I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 is thermostable and cleaves the new target DNA to generate the predicted 4 nt 3'-OH overhangs but, unlike I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 retains stringent cleavage specificity when substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ as co-factor. This novel endonuclease allows speculation regarding specificity of monomeric LAGLIDADG proteins, while it supports the evolutionary genesis of these proteins by a gene duplication event.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of molecular biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Silva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belfort\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marlene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wende\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wolfgang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pingoud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alfred\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA: chemistry, DNA: metabolism, Deoxyribonucleases, Dimerization, Models, Molecular, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Protein Engineering, Protein Structure, Secondary, Substrate Specificity, Tertiary, Type I Site-Specific, Type I Site-Specific: chemistr\",\"pages\":\"744–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{silva_monomeric_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {From monomeric to homodimeric endonucleases and back: engineering novel specificity of {LAGLIDADG} enzymes.},\\n\\tvolume = {361},\\n\\tissn = {0022-2836},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063},\\n\\tabstract = {Monomeric homing endonucleases of the LAGLIDADG family recognize DNA in a bipartite manner, reflecting the underlying structural assembly of two protein domains (A and B) related by pseudo 2-fold symmetry. This architecture allows for changes in DNA specificity via the distinct combination of these half-site domains. The key to engineering such hybrid proteins lies in the LAGLIDADG two-helix bundle that forms both the domain interface and the endonuclease active site. In this study, we utilize domain A of the monomeric I-DmoI to demonstrate the feasibility of generating functional homodimeric endonucleases that recognize palindromic DNA sequences derived from the original, non-palindromic target. Wild-type I-DmoI domain A is capable of forming a homodimer (H-DmoA) that binds tightly to, but does not cleave efficiently, its anticipated DNA target. Partial restoration of DNA cleavage ability was obtained by re-engineering the LAGLIDADG dimerization interface (H-DmoC). Upon fusing two copies of H-DmoC via a short peptide linker, a novel, site-specific DNA endonuclease was created (H-DmoC2). Like I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 is thermostable and cleaves the new target DNA to generate the predicted 4 nt 3'-OH overhangs but, unlike I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 retains stringent cleavage specificity when substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ as co-factor. This novel endonuclease allows speculation regarding specificity of monomeric LAGLIDADG proteins, while it supports the evolutionary genesis of these proteins by a gene duplication event.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of molecular biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Silva, George H and Belfort, Marlene and Wende, Wolfgang and Pingoud, Alfred},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA: chemistry, DNA: metabolism, Deoxyribonucleases, Dimerization, Models, Molecular, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Protein Engineering, Protein Structure, Secondary, Substrate Specificity, Tertiary, Type I Site-Specific, Type I Site-Specific: chemistr},\\n\\tpages = {744--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Silva, G. H\",\"Belfort, M.\",\"Wende, W.\",\"Pingoud, A.\"],\"key\":\"silva_monomeric_2006\",\"id\":\"silva_monomeric_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"silva-belfort-wende-pingoud-frommonomerictohomodimericendonucleasesandbackengineeringnovelspecificityoflaglidadgenzymes-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Motifs\",\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Base Sequence\",\"DNA\",\"DNA: chemistry\",\"DNA: metabolism\",\"Deoxyribonucleases\",\"Dimerization\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Polymerase Chain Reaction\",\"Protein Engineering\",\"Protein Structure\",\"Secondary\",\"Substrate Specificity\",\"Tertiary\",\"Type I Site-Specific\",\"Type I Site-Specific: chemistr\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bitis arietans nerve growth factor is a disulphide-linked homodimer.\",\"volume\":\"103\",\"abstract\":\"1. Nerve growth factor from Bitis arietans venom was isolated in high yield and purified to homogeneity using a rapid two-step procedure involving gel exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. 2. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS, the NGF migrates as a 25 kDa homodimer and is thus atypical of other Viperid NGFs. 3. Evidence suggests that, unlike mammalian beta NGFs, the subunits of the Bitis arietans homodimer are covalently linked by a disulphide bond(s). 4. Partial sequence analysis shows that only 6 out of the first 21 amino acids are identical with those of cobra NGF including cys-14 and val-21 which are known to be important for NGF activity.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stickells\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Von\",\"Holt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1992\",\"keywords\":\"neurotrophin, ngf\",\"pages\":\"975–980\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{smith_bitis_1992,\\n\\ttitle = {Bitis arietans nerve growth factor is a disulphide-linked homodimer.},\\n\\tvolume = {103},\\n\\tabstract = {1. Nerve growth factor from Bitis arietans venom was isolated in high yield and purified to homogeneity using a rapid two-step procedure involving gel exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. 2. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS, the NGF migrates as a 25 kDa homodimer and is thus atypical of other Viperid NGFs. 3. Evidence suggests that, unlike mammalian beta NGFs, the subunits of the Bitis arietans homodimer are covalently linked by a disulphide bond(s). 4. Partial sequence analysis shows that only 6 out of the first 21 amino acids are identical with those of cobra NGF including cys-14 and val-21 which are known to be important for NGF activity.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Smith, P J and Brandt, W F and Stickells, B J and Von Holt, C},\\n\\tyear = {1992},\\n\\tkeywords = {neurotrophin, ngf},\\n\\tpages = {975--980},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Smith, P J\",\"Brandt, W F\",\"Stickells, B J\",\"Von Holt, C\"],\"key\":\"smith_bitis_1992\",\"id\":\"smith_bitis_1992\",\"bibbaseid\":\"smith-brandt-stickells-vonholt-bitisarietansnervegrowthfactorisadisulphidelinkedhomodimer-1992\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"neurotrophin\",\"ngf\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Protein-protein fusion catalyzed by sortase A.\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"1932-6203\",\"url\":\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0018342\",\"abstract\":\"Chimeric proteins boast widespread use in areas ranging from cell biology to drug delivery. Post-translational protein fusion using the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A provides an attractive alternative when traditional gene fusion fails. We describe use of this enzyme for in vitro protein ligation and report the successful fusion of 10 pairs of protein domains with preserved functionality–demonstrating the robust and facile nature of this reaction.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"PloS one\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levary\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parthasarathy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ranganath\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boder\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ackerman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Margaret\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Najbauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Aminoacyltransferases, Aminoacyltransferases: chemistry, Aminoacyltransferases: metabolism, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: chemistry, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Biocatalysis, Cysteine Endopeptidases, Cysteine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Cysteine Endopeptidases: metabolism, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Structure, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Tertiary\",\"pages\":\"e18342\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{levary_protein-protein_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Protein-protein fusion catalyzed by sortase {A}.},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {1932-6203},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018342},\\n\\tabstract = {Chimeric proteins boast widespread use in areas ranging from cell biology to drug delivery. Post-translational protein fusion using the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A provides an attractive alternative when traditional gene fusion fails. We describe use of this enzyme for in vitro protein ligation and report the successful fusion of 10 pairs of protein domains with preserved functionality–demonstrating the robust and facile nature of this reaction.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {PloS one},\\n\\tauthor = {Levary, David A and Parthasarathy, Ranganath and Boder, Eric T and Ackerman, Margaret E},\\n\\teditor = {Najbauer, Joseph},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Aminoacyltransferases, Aminoacyltransferases: chemistry, Aminoacyltransferases: metabolism, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: chemistry, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Biocatalysis, Cysteine Endopeptidases, Cysteine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Cysteine Endopeptidases: metabolism, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Structure, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Tertiary},\\n\\tpages = {e18342},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Levary, D. A\",\"Parthasarathy, R.\",\"Boder, E. T\",\"Ackerman, M. E\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Najbauer, J.\"],\"key\":\"levary_protein-protein_2011\",\"id\":\"levary_protein-protein_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"levary-parthasarathy-boder-ackerman-proteinproteinfusioncatalyzedbysortasea-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Motifs\",\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Aminoacyltransferases\",\"Aminoacyltransferases: chemistry\",\"Aminoacyltransferases: metabolism\",\"Bacterial Proteins\",\"Bacterial Proteins: chemistry\",\"Bacterial Proteins: metabolism\",\"Biocatalysis\",\"Cysteine Endopeptidases\",\"Cysteine Endopeptidases: chemistry\",\"Cysteine Endopeptidases: metabolism\",\"HEK293 Cells\",\"Humans\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Protein Structure\",\"Recombinant Fusion Proteins\",\"Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism\",\"Tertiary\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Implications of 3D Domain Swapping for Protein Folding, Misfolding and Function\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/\",\"publisher\":\"Landes Bioscience\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rousseau\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederic\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schymkowitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joost\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Itzhaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2000\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{rousseau_implications_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Implications of {3D} {Domain} {Swapping} for {Protein} {Folding}, {Misfolding} and {Function}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/},\\n\\tpublisher = {Landes Bioscience},\\n\\tauthor = {Rousseau, Frederic and Schymkowitz, Joost and Itzhaki, Laura},\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rousseau, F.\",\"Schymkowitz, J.\",\"Itzhaki, L.\"],\"key\":\"rousseau_implications_2000\",\"id\":\"rousseau_implications_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rousseau-schymkowitz-itzhaki-implicationsof3ddomainswappingforproteinfoldingmisfoldingandfunction-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changes in retention behavior of fluorescently labeled proteins during ion-exchange chromatography caused by different protein surface labeling positions\",\"volume\":\"98\",\"issn\":\"00063592\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/bit.21374\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Biotechnology and Bioengineering\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teske\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Simon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niebisch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Axel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hubbuch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jürgen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"193–200\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{teske_changes_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Changes in retention behavior of fluorescently labeled proteins during ion-exchange chromatography caused by different protein surface labeling positions},\\n\\tvolume = {98},\\n\\tissn = {00063592},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/bit.21374},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Biotechnology and Bioengineering},\\n\\tauthor = {Teske, Christopher A. and Simon, Robert and Niebisch, Axel and Hubbuch, Jürgen},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {193--200},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Teske, C. A.\",\"Simon, R.\",\"Niebisch, A.\",\"Hubbuch, J.\"],\"key\":\"teske_changes_2007\",\"id\":\"teske_changes_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"teske-simon-niebisch-hubbuch-changesinretentionbehavioroffluorescentlylabeledproteinsduringionexchangechromatographycausedbydifferentproteinsurfacelabelingpositions-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Stability and assembly in vitro of bacteriophage PP7 virus-like particles\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"abstract\":\"Background: The stability of a virus-like particle (VLP) is an important consideration for its use in nanobiotechnology. The icosahedral capsid of the RNA bacteriophage PP7 is cross-linked by disulfide bonds between coat protein dimers at its 5-fold and quasi-6-fold symmetry axes. This work determined the effects of these disulfides on the VLP's thermal stability. Results: Measurements of the thermal denaturation behavior of PP7 VLPs in the presence and absence of a reducing agent show that disulfide cross-links substantially stabilize them against thermal denaturation. Although dimers in the capsid are linked to one another by disulfides, the two subunits of dimers themselves are held together only by non-covalent interactions. In an effort to confer even greater stability a new cross-link was introduced by genetically fusing two coat protein monomers, thus producing a \\\"single-chain dimer\\\" that assembles normally into a completely cross-linked VLP. However, subunit fusion failed to increase the thermal stability of the particles, even though it stabilized the isolated dimer. As a step toward gaining control of the internal composition of the capsid, conditions that promote the assembly of PP7 coat protein dimers into virus-like particles in vitro were established. Conclusion: The presence of inter-dimer disulfide bonds greatly stabilizes the PP7 virus-like particle against thermal denaturation. Covalently cross-linking the subunits of the dimers themselves by genetically fusing them through a dipeptide linker sequence, offers no further stabilization of the VLP, although it does stabilize the dimer. PP7 capsids readily assemble in vitro in a reaction that requires RNA.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Nanobiotechnology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caldeira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jerri\",\"C\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peabody\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"10\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{caldeira_stability_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Stability and assembly in vitro of bacteriophage {PP7} virus-like particles},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: The stability of a virus-like particle (VLP) is an important consideration for its use in nanobiotechnology. The icosahedral capsid of the RNA bacteriophage PP7 is cross-linked by disulfide bonds between coat protein dimers at its 5-fold and quasi-6-fold symmetry axes. This work determined the effects of these disulfides on the VLP's thermal stability. Results: Measurements of the thermal denaturation behavior of PP7 VLPs in the presence and absence of a reducing agent show that disulfide cross-links substantially stabilize them against thermal denaturation. Although dimers in the capsid are linked to one another by disulfides, the two subunits of dimers themselves are held together only by non-covalent interactions. In an effort to confer even greater stability a new cross-link was introduced by genetically fusing two coat protein monomers, thus producing a \\\"single-chain dimer\\\" that assembles normally into a completely cross-linked VLP. However, subunit fusion failed to increase the thermal stability of the particles, even though it stabilized the isolated dimer. As a step toward gaining control of the internal composition of the capsid, conditions that promote the assembly of PP7 coat protein dimers into virus-like particles in vitro were established. Conclusion: The presence of inter-dimer disulfide bonds greatly stabilizes the PP7 virus-like particle against thermal denaturation. Covalently cross-linking the subunits of the dimers themselves by genetically fusing them through a dipeptide linker sequence, offers no further stabilization of the VLP, although it does stabilize the dimer. PP7 capsids readily assemble in vitro in a reaction that requires RNA.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Nanobiotechnology},\\n\\tauthor = {Caldeira, Jerri C and Peabody, David S},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {10},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Caldeira, J. C\",\"Peabody, D. S\"],\"key\":\"caldeira_stability_2007\",\"id\":\"caldeira_stability_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"caldeira-peabody-stabilityandassemblyinvitroofbacteriophagepp7viruslikeparticles-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Structure and function of type II restriction endonucleases.\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"url\":\"http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short\",\"abstract\":\"More than 3000 type II restriction endonucleases have been discovered. They recognize short, usually palindromic, sequences of 48 bp and, in the presence of Mg2+, cleave the DNA within or in close proximity to the recognition sequence. The orthodox type II enzymes are homodimers which recognize palindromic sites. Depending on particular features subtypes are classified. All structures of restriction enzymes show a common structural core comprising four ${\\\\}beta$-strands and one ${\\\\}alpha$-helix. Furthermore, two families of enzymes can be distinguished which are structurally very similar (EcoRI-like enzymes and EcoRV-like enzymes). Like other DNA binding proteins, restriction enzymes are capable of non-specific DNA binding, which is the prerequisite for efficient target site location by facilitated diffusion. Non-specific binding usually does not involve interactions with the bases but only with the DNA backbone. In contrast, specific binding is characterized by an intimate interplay between direct (interaction with the bases) and indirect (interaction with the backbone) readout. Typically 1520 hydrogen bonds are formed between a dimeric restriction enzyme and the bases of the recognition sequence, in addition to numerous van der Waals contacts to the bases and hydrogen bonds to the backbone, which may also be water mediated. The recognition process triggers large conformational changes of the enzyme and the DNA, which lead to the activation of the catalytic centers. In many restriction enzymes the catalytic centers, one in each subunit, are represented by the PD . . . D/EXK motif, in which the two carboxylates are responsible for Mg2+ binding, the essential cofactor for the great majority of enzymes. The precise mechanism of cleavage has not yet been established for any enzyme, the main uncertainty concerns the number of Mg2+ ions directly involved in cleavage. Cleavage in the two strands usually occurs in a concerted fashion and leads to inversion of configuration at the phosphorus. The products of the reaction are DNA fragments with a 3-OH and a 5-phosphate.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"Nucleic Acids Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pingoud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alfred\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jeltsch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albert\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2001\",\"pages\":\"3705–3727\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pingoud_structure_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Structure and function of type {II} restriction endonucleases.},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\turl = {http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short},\\n\\tabstract = {More than 3000 type II restriction endonucleases have been discovered. They recognize short, usually palindromic, sequences of 48 bp and, in the presence of Mg2+, cleave the DNA within or in close proximity to the recognition sequence. The orthodox type II enzymes are homodimers which recognize palindromic sites. Depending on particular features subtypes are classified. All structures of restriction enzymes show a common structural core comprising four \\\\${\\\\textbackslash}beta\\\\$-strands and one \\\\${\\\\textbackslash}alpha\\\\$-helix. Furthermore, two families of enzymes can be distinguished which are structurally very similar (EcoRI-like enzymes and EcoRV-like enzymes). Like other DNA binding proteins, restriction enzymes are capable of non-specific DNA binding, which is the prerequisite for efficient target site location by facilitated diffusion. Non-specific binding usually does not involve interactions with the bases but only with the DNA backbone. In contrast, specific binding is characterized by an intimate interplay between direct (interaction with the bases) and indirect (interaction with the backbone) readout. Typically 1520 hydrogen bonds are formed between a dimeric restriction enzyme and the bases of the recognition sequence, in addition to numerous van der Waals contacts to the bases and hydrogen bonds to the backbone, which may also be water mediated. The recognition process triggers large conformational changes of the enzyme and the DNA, which lead to the activation of the catalytic centers. In many restriction enzymes the catalytic centers, one in each subunit, are represented by the PD . . . D/EXK motif, in which the two carboxylates are responsible for Mg2+ binding, the essential cofactor for the great majority of enzymes. The precise mechanism of cleavage has not yet been established for any enzyme, the main uncertainty concerns the number of Mg2+ ions directly involved in cleavage. Cleavage in the two strands usually occurs in a concerted fashion and leads to inversion of configuration at the phosphorus. The products of the reaction are DNA fragments with a 3-OH and a 5-phosphate.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {Nucleic Acids Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Pingoud, Alfred and Jeltsch, Albert},\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpages = {3705--3727},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pingoud, A.\",\"Jeltsch, A.\"],\"key\":\"pingoud_structure_2001\",\"id\":\"pingoud_structure_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pingoud-jeltsch-structureandfunctionoftypeiirestrictionendonucleases-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Single-Chain Estrogen Receptors (ERs) Reveal That the ERα/Β Heterodimer Emulates Functions of the ERα Dimer in Genomic Estrogen Signaling Pathways\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"0270-7306, 1098-5549\",\"url\":\"http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681\",\"doi\":\"10.1128/MCB.24.17.7681-7694.2004\",\"abstract\":\"The effects of estrogens, particularly 17β-estradiol (E2), are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ. Upon binding to E2, ERs homo- and heterodimerize when coexpressed. The ER dimer then regulates the transcription of target genes through estrogen responsive element (ERE)-dependent and -independent pathways that constitute genomic estrogen signaling. Although ERα and ERβ have similar ERE and E2 binding properties, they display different transregulatory capacities in both ERE-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. It is therefore likely that the heterodimerization provides novel functions to ERs by combining distinct properties of the contributing partners. The elucidation of the role of the ER heterodimer is critical for the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of E2 signaling. However, differentially determining target gene responses during cosynthesis of ER subtypes is difficult, since dimers formed are a heterogeneous population of homo- and heterodimers. To circumvent the pivotal dimerization step in ER action and hence produce a homogeneous ER heterodimer population, we utilized a genetic fusion strategy. We joined the cDNAs of ERα and/or ERβ to produce single-chain ERs to simulate the ER homo- and heterodimers. The fusion ERs interacted with ERE and E2 in a manner similar to that observed with the ER dimers. The homofusion receptors mimicked the functions of the parent ER dimers in the ERE-dependent and -independent pathways in transfected mammalian cells, whereas heterofusion receptors emulated the transregulatory properties of the ERα dimer. These results suggest that ERα is the functionally dominant partner in the ERα/β heterodimer.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"17\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Molecular and Cellular Biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaodong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bambara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hilf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Russell\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muyan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mesut\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pages\":\"7681–7694\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_single-chain_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Single-{Chain} {Estrogen} {Receptors} ({ERs}) {Reveal} {That} the {ERα}/Β {Heterodimer} {Emulates} {Functions} of the {ERα} {Dimer} in {Genomic} {Estrogen} {Signaling} {Pathways}},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {0270-7306, 1098-5549},\\n\\turl = {http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1128/MCB.24.17.7681-7694.2004},\\n\\tabstract = {The effects of estrogens, particularly 17β-estradiol (E2), are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ. Upon binding to E2, ERs homo- and heterodimerize when coexpressed. The ER dimer then regulates the transcription of target genes through estrogen responsive element (ERE)-dependent and -independent pathways that constitute genomic estrogen signaling. Although ERα and ERβ have similar ERE and E2 binding properties, they display different transregulatory capacities in both ERE-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. It is therefore likely that the heterodimerization provides novel functions to ERs by combining distinct properties of the contributing partners. The elucidation of the role of the ER heterodimer is critical for the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of E2 signaling. However, differentially determining target gene responses during cosynthesis of ER subtypes is difficult, since dimers formed are a heterogeneous population of homo- and heterodimers. To circumvent the pivotal dimerization step in ER action and hence produce a homogeneous ER heterodimer population, we utilized a genetic fusion strategy. We joined the cDNAs of ERα and/or ERβ to produce single-chain ERs to simulate the ER homo- and heterodimers. The fusion ERs interacted with ERE and E2 in a manner similar to that observed with the ER dimers. The homofusion receptors mimicked the functions of the parent ER dimers in the ERE-dependent and -independent pathways in transfected mammalian cells, whereas heterofusion receptors emulated the transregulatory properties of the ERα dimer. These results suggest that ERα is the functionally dominant partner in the ERα/β heterodimer.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular and Cellular Biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Xiaodong and Huang, Jing and Yi, Ping and Bambara, Robert A. and Hilf, Russell and Muyan, Mesut},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpages = {7681--7694},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, X.\",\"Huang, J.\",\"Yi, P.\",\"Bambara, R. A.\",\"Hilf, R.\",\"Muyan, M.\"],\"key\":\"li_single-chain_2004\",\"id\":\"li_single-chain_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-huang-yi-bambara-hilf-muyan-singlechainestrogenreceptorsersrevealthattheerheterodimeremulatesfunctionsoftheerdimeringenomicestrogensignalingpathways-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Hoboken, NJ, USA\",\"title\":\"Expression and Purification of Maltose-Binding Protein Fusions\",\"isbn\":\"0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0\",\"url\":\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"booktitle\":\"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology\",\"publisher\":\"John Wiley & Sons, Inc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Riggs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ausubel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederick\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kingston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seidman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Struhl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{ausubel_expression_2001,\\n\\taddress = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},\\n\\ttitle = {Expression and {Purification} of {Maltose}-{Binding} {Protein} {Fusions}},\\n\\tisbn = {0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0},\\n\\turl = {http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Current {Protocols} in {Molecular} {Biology}},\\n\\tpublisher = {John Wiley \\\\& Sons, Inc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Riggs, Paul},\\n\\teditor = {Ausubel, Frederick M. and Brent, Roger and Kingston, Robert E. and Moore, David D. and Seidman, J.G. and Smith, John A. and Struhl, Kevin},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Riggs, P.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Ausubel, F. M.\",\"Brent, R.\",\"Kingston, R. E.\",\"Moore, D. D.\",\"Seidman, J.\",\"Smith, J. A.\",\"Struhl, K.\"],\"key\":\"ausubel_expression_2001\",\"id\":\"ausubel_expression_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"riggs-expressionandpurificationofmaltosebindingproteinfusions-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Hoboken, NJ, USA\",\"title\":\"Use of the A. Victoria Green Fluorescent Protein to Study Protein Dynamics in Vivo\",\"isbn\":\"0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0\",\"url\":\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"booktitle\":\"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology\",\"publisher\":\"John Wiley & Sons, Inc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kahana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Silver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pam\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ausubel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederick\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kingston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seidman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Struhl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{ausubel_use_2001,\\n\\taddress = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},\\n\\ttitle = {Use of the               {A}. {Victoria}               {Green} {Fluorescent} {Protein} to {Study} {Protein} {Dynamics} in {Vivo}},\\n\\tisbn = {0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0},\\n\\turl = {http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Current {Protocols} in {Molecular} {Biology}},\\n\\tpublisher = {John Wiley \\\\& Sons, Inc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Kahana, Jason A. and Silver, Pam A.},\\n\\teditor = {Ausubel, Frederick M. and Brent, Roger and Kingston, Robert E. and Moore, David D. and Seidman, J.G. and Smith, John A. and Struhl, Kevin},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kahana, J. A.\",\"Silver, P. A.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Ausubel, F. M.\",\"Brent, R.\",\"Kingston, R. E.\",\"Moore, D. D.\",\"Seidman, J.\",\"Smith, J. A.\",\"Struhl, K.\"],\"key\":\"ausubel_use_2001\",\"id\":\"ausubel_use_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kahana-silver-useoftheavictoriagreenfluorescentproteintostudyproteindynamicsinvivo-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) Due to Silver Colloids on a Planar Surface:  Potential Applications of Indocyanine Green to in Vivo Imaging†\",\"volume\":\"107\",\"issn\":\"1089-5639\",\"shorttitle\":\"Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) Due to Silver Colloids on a Planar Surface\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/jp022040q\",\"abstract\":\"We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography. We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.\",\"number\":\"18\",\"journal\":\"J. Phys. Chem. A\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geddes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haishi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gryczynski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ignacy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gryczynski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zygmunt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiyu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lakowicz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2003\",\"pages\":\"3443–3449\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{geddes_metal-enhanced_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Metal-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} ({MEF}) {Due} to {Silver} {Colloids} on a {Planar} {Surface}:  {Potential} {Applications} of {Indocyanine} {Green} to in {Vivo} {Imaging}†},\\n\\tvolume = {107},\\n\\tissn = {1089-5639},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Metal-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} ({MEF}) {Due} to {Silver} {Colloids} on a {Planar} {Surface}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/jp022040q},\\n\\tabstract = {We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.\\nWe examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.},\\n\\tnumber = {18},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. A},\\n\\tauthor = {Geddes, Chris D. and Cao, Haishi and Gryczynski, Ignacy and Gryczynski, Zygmunt and Fang, Jiyu and Lakowicz, Joseph R.},\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpages = {3443--3449},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Geddes, C. D.\",\"Cao, H.\",\"Gryczynski, I.\",\"Gryczynski, Z.\",\"Fang, J.\",\"Lakowicz, J. R.\"],\"key\":\"geddes_metal-enhanced_2003\",\"id\":\"geddes_metal-enhanced_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"geddes-cao-gryczynski-gryczynski-fang-lakowicz-metalenhancedfluorescencemefduetosilvercolloidsonaplanarsurfacepotentialapplicationsofindocyaninegreentoinvivoimaging-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fluorescence Enhancement by Metal‐Core/Silica‐Shell Nanoparticles\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim\",\"issn\":\"1521-4095\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/adma.200500451\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Advanced Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tovmachenko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Graf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\",\"den Heuvel\"],\"lastnames\":[],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Blaaderen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gerritsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Fluorescence, Nanoparticles, Surface plasmon resonance, core‐shell, metal, silica\",\"pages\":\"91–95\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tovmachenko_fluorescence_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Fluorescence {Enhancement} by {Metal}‐{Core}/{Silica}‐{Shell} {Nanoparticles}},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \\\\& Co. KGaA, Weinheim},\\n\\tissn = {1521-4095},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/adma.200500451},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Advanced Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Tovmachenko, O. G. and Graf, C. and van den Heuvel, D. J. and van Blaaderen, A. and Gerritsen, H. C.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Fluorescence, Nanoparticles, Surface plasmon resonance, core‐shell, metal, silica},\\n\\tpages = {91--95},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tovmachenko, O. G.\",\"Graf, C.\",\"van den Heuvel , D. J.\",\"van Blaaderen, A.\",\"Gerritsen, H. C.\"],\"key\":\"tovmachenko_fluorescence_2006\",\"id\":\"tovmachenko_fluorescence_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tovmachenko-graf-vandenheuvel-vanblaaderen-gerritsen-fluorescenceenhancementbymetalcoresilicashellnanoparticles-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Fluorescence\",\"Nanoparticles\",\"Surface plasmon resonance\",\"core‐shell\",\"metal\",\"silica\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Optimized linkage and quenching strategies for quantum dot molecular beacons\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"0890-8508\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.mcp.2006.09.001\",\"abstract\":\"Quantum dot (QD) molecular beacons were explored for sequence-specific DNA detection. The effectiveness of multiple linkage strategies and fluorescence quenchers were compared in hybridization-based assays. To compare linkage strategies, covalent amide linkage and streptavidin–biotin binding were used to link semiconductor QDs to molecular beacon DNA. Amide-linked beacons showed a 57% greater fluorescence increase than streptavidin-linked beacons when hybridized to 200&#xa0;pmol of target DNA. The specificity of the molecular beacons, however, was similar for both linkage methods. Hybridization of both QD molecular beacons with non-complementary target DNA resulted in approximately 50% lower fluorescence intensity than hybridization with complementary DNA. The effectiveness of different quencher moieties was also evaluated. Iowa Black and 1.4&#xa0;nm Nanogold-quenched molecular beacons exhibited approximately 2-fold greater fluorescence increases than dabcyl-quenched beacons when hybridized to complementary target. Specificity for target DNA was also confirmed through hybridization assays with non-complementary DNA. To provide insight into differences between the QD molecular beacons and the linkage strategies used, the hydrodynamic radius of each was measured. These measurements indicated that the larger radius of the streptavidin QDs (13.5&#xa0;nm) than the carboxyl QDs (7&#xa0;nm) could have a negative effect on FRET-based quenching for QD molecular beacons. These data outline the importance of choosing proper linkage methods and quencher moieties for creating high-quality QD molecular beacons.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Molecular and Cellular Probes\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cady\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathaniel\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strickland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Batt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carl\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Biosensor, DNA, Detection, Molecular beacon, Quantum dots\",\"pages\":\"116–124\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cady_optimized_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Optimized linkage and quenching strategies for quantum dot molecular beacons},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {0890-8508},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2006.09.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Quantum dot (QD) molecular beacons were explored for sequence-specific DNA detection. The effectiveness of multiple linkage strategies and fluorescence quenchers were compared in hybridization-based assays. To compare linkage strategies, covalent amide linkage and streptavidin–biotin binding were used to link semiconductor QDs to molecular beacon DNA. Amide-linked beacons showed a 57\\\\% greater fluorescence increase than streptavidin-linked beacons when hybridized to 200\\\\&\\\\#xa0;pmol of target DNA. The specificity of the molecular beacons, however, was similar for both linkage methods. Hybridization of both QD molecular beacons with non-complementary target DNA resulted in approximately 50\\\\% lower fluorescence intensity than hybridization with complementary DNA. The effectiveness of different quencher moieties was also evaluated. Iowa Black and 1.4\\\\&\\\\#xa0;nm Nanogold-quenched molecular beacons exhibited approximately 2-fold greater fluorescence increases than dabcyl-quenched beacons when hybridized to complementary target. Specificity for target DNA was also confirmed through hybridization assays with non-complementary DNA. To provide insight into differences between the QD molecular beacons and the linkage strategies used, the hydrodynamic radius of each was measured. These measurements indicated that the larger radius of the streptavidin QDs (13.5\\\\&\\\\#xa0;nm) than the carboxyl QDs (7\\\\&\\\\#xa0;nm) could have a negative effect on FRET-based quenching for QD molecular beacons. These data outline the importance of choosing proper linkage methods and quencher moieties for creating high-quality QD molecular beacons.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes},\\n\\tauthor = {Cady, Nathaniel C. and Strickland, Aaron D. and Batt, Carl A.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biosensor, DNA, Detection, Molecular beacon, Quantum dots},\\n\\tpages = {116--124},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cady, N. C.\",\"Strickland, A. D.\",\"Batt, C. A.\"],\"key\":\"cady_optimized_2007\",\"id\":\"cady_optimized_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cady-strickland-batt-optimizedlinkageandquenchingstrategiesforquantumdotmolecularbeacons-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biosensor\",\"DNA\",\"Detection\",\"Molecular beacon\",\"Quantum dots\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: Noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"1460-4744\",\"shorttitle\":\"Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/B514191E\",\"abstract\":\"This presents an introduction to the field of noble metal nanoparticles and their current applications. The origin of the surface plasmon resonance and synthesis procedures are described. A number of applications are presented that take advantage of the electromagnetic field enhancement of the radiative properties\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Chemical Society Reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eustis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"El-Sayed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mostafa\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pages\":\"209–217\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{eustis_why_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: {Noble} metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {1460-4744},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/B514191E},\\n\\tabstract = {This presents an introduction to the field of noble metal nanoparticles and their current applications. The origin of the surface plasmon resonance and synthesis procedures are described. A number of applications are presented that take advantage of the electromagnetic field enhancement of the radiative properties},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical Society Reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Eustis, Susie and El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpages = {209--217},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Eustis, S.\",\"El-Sayed, M. A.\"],\"key\":\"eustis_why_2006\",\"id\":\"eustis_why_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"eustis-elsayed-whygoldnanoparticlesaremorepreciousthanprettygoldnoblemetalsurfaceplasmonresonanceanditsenhancementoftheradiativeandnonradiativepropertiesofnanocrystalsofdifferentshapes-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Metal-enhanced fluorescence: an emerging tool in biotechnology\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"0958-1669\",\"shorttitle\":\"Metal-enhanced fluorescence\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.copbio.2005.01.001\",\"abstract\":\"Over the past 15 years, fluorescence has become the dominant detection/sensing technology in medical diagnostics and biotechnology. Although fluorescence is a highly sensitive technique, where single molecules can readily be detected, there is still a drive for reduced detection limits. The detection of a fluorophore is usually limited by its quantum yield, autofluorescence of the samples and/or the photostability of the fluorophores; however, there has been a recent explosion in the use of metallic nanostructures to favorably modify the spectral properties of fluorophores and to alleviate some of these fluorophore photophysical constraints. The use of fluorophore–metal interactions has been termed radiative decay engineering, metal-enhanced fluorescence or surface-enhanced fluorescence.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Current Opinion in Biotechnology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aslan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kadir\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gryczynski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ignacy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malicka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matveeva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evgenia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lakowicz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geddes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"55–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{aslan_metal-enhanced_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence: an emerging tool in biotechnology},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {0958-1669},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2005.01.001},\\n\\tabstract = {Over the past 15 years, fluorescence has become the dominant detection/sensing technology in medical diagnostics and biotechnology. Although fluorescence is a highly sensitive technique, where single molecules can readily be detected, there is still a drive for reduced detection limits. The detection of a fluorophore is usually limited by its quantum yield, autofluorescence of the samples and/or the photostability of the fluorophores; however, there has been a recent explosion in the use of metallic nanostructures to favorably modify the spectral properties of fluorophores and to alleviate some of these fluorophore photophysical constraints. The use of fluorophore–metal interactions has been termed radiative decay engineering, metal-enhanced fluorescence or surface-enhanced fluorescence.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Current Opinion in Biotechnology},\\n\\tauthor = {Aslan, Kadir and Gryczynski, Ignacy and Malicka, Joanna and Matveeva, Evgenia and Lakowicz, Joseph R and Geddes, Chris D},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {55--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Aslan, K.\",\"Gryczynski, I.\",\"Malicka, J.\",\"Matveeva, E.\",\"Lakowicz, J. R\",\"Geddes, C. D\"],\"key\":\"aslan_metal-enhanced_2005\",\"id\":\"aslan_metal-enhanced_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"aslan-gryczynski-malicka-matveeva-lakowicz-geddes-metalenhancedfluorescenceanemergingtoolinbiotechnology-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Radiative Decay Engineering: Biophysical and Biomedical Applications\",\"volume\":\"298\",\"issn\":\"0003-2697\",\"shorttitle\":\"Radiative Decay Engineering\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771\",\"doi\":\"10.1006/abio.2001.5377\",\"abstract\":\"Fluorescence spectroscopy is a widely used research tool in biochemistry and molecular biology. Fluorescence has also become the dominant method enabling the revolution in medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, and genomics. To date all the fluorescence observables, including spectral shifts, anisotropies, quantum yields, and lifetimes, have all been utilized in basic and applied uses of fluorescence. In this forward-looking article we describe a new opportunity in fluorescence, radiative decay engineering (RDE). By RDE we mean modifying the emission of fluorophores or chromophores by increasing or decreasing their radiative decay rates. In most fluorescence experiments the radiative rates are not changed because these rates depend on the extinction coefficient of the fluorophore. This intrinsic rate is not changed by quenching and is only weakly dependent on environmental effects. Spectral changes are usually caused by changes in the nonradiative rates resulting from quenching or resonance energy transfer. These processes affect the emission by providing additional routes for decay of the excited states without emission. In contrast to the relatively constant radiative rates in free solution, it is known that the radiative rates can be modified by placing the fluorophores at suitable distances from metallic surfaces and particles. This Review summarizes results from the physics literature which demonstrate the effects of metallic surfaces, colloids, or islands on increasing or decreasing emissive rates, increasing the quantum yields of low quantum yield chromophores, decreasing the lifetimes, and directing the typically isotropic emission in specific directions. These effects are not due to reflection of the emitted photons, but rather as the result of the fluorophore dipole interacting with free electrons in the metal. These interactions change the intensity and temporal and spatial distribution of the radiation. We describe the unusual effects expected from increases in the radiative rates with reference to intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical fluorophores. For instance, the decreased lifetime can result in an effective increase in photostability. Proximity to nearby metallic surfaces can also increase the local field and modify the rate of excitation. We predict that the appropriate localization of fluorophores near particles can result in usefully high emission from “nonfluorescent” molecules and million-fold increases in the number of photons observable from each fluorophore. We also describe how RDE can be applied to medical testing and biotechnology. As one example we predict that nearby metal surfaces can be used to increase the low intrinsic quantum yields of nucleic acids and make unlabeled DNA detectable using its intrinsic metal-enhanced fluorescence.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Analytical Biochemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lakowicz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pages\":\"1–24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lakowicz_radiative_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Radiative {Decay} {Engineering}: {Biophysical} and {Biomedical} {Applications}},\\n\\tvolume = {298},\\n\\tissn = {0003-2697},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Radiative {Decay} {Engineering}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1006/abio.2001.5377},\\n\\tabstract = {Fluorescence spectroscopy is a widely used research tool in biochemistry and molecular biology. Fluorescence has also become the dominant method enabling the revolution in medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, and genomics. To date all the fluorescence observables, including spectral shifts, anisotropies, quantum yields, and lifetimes, have all been utilized in basic and applied uses of fluorescence. In this forward-looking article we describe a new opportunity in fluorescence, radiative decay engineering (RDE). By RDE we mean modifying the emission of fluorophores or chromophores by increasing or decreasing their radiative decay rates. In most fluorescence experiments the radiative rates are not changed because these rates depend on the extinction coefficient of the fluorophore. This intrinsic rate is not changed by quenching and is only weakly dependent on environmental effects. Spectral changes are usually caused by changes in the nonradiative rates resulting from quenching or resonance energy transfer. These processes affect the emission by providing additional routes for decay of the excited states without emission. In contrast to the relatively constant radiative rates in free solution, it is known that the radiative rates can be modified by placing the fluorophores at suitable distances from metallic surfaces and particles. This Review summarizes results from the physics literature which demonstrate the effects of metallic surfaces, colloids, or islands on increasing or decreasing emissive rates, increasing the quantum yields of low quantum yield chromophores, decreasing the lifetimes, and directing the typically isotropic emission in specific directions. These effects are not due to reflection of the emitted photons, but rather as the result of the fluorophore dipole interacting with free electrons in the metal. These interactions change the intensity and temporal and spatial distribution of the radiation. We describe the unusual effects expected from increases in the radiative rates with reference to intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical fluorophores. For instance, the decreased lifetime can result in an effective increase in photostability. Proximity to nearby metallic surfaces can also increase the local field and modify the rate of excitation. We predict that the appropriate localization of fluorophores near particles can result in usefully high emission from “nonfluorescent” molecules and million-fold increases in the number of photons observable from each fluorophore. We also describe how RDE can be applied to medical testing and biotechnology. As one example we predict that nearby metal surfaces can be used to increase the low intrinsic quantum yields of nucleic acids and make unlabeled DNA detectable using its intrinsic metal-enhanced fluorescence.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Analytical Biochemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Lakowicz, Joseph R.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpages = {1--24},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lakowicz, J. R.\"],\"key\":\"lakowicz_radiative_2001\",\"id\":\"lakowicz_radiative_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lakowicz-radiativedecayengineeringbiophysicalandbiomedicalapplications-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fluorescent Lifetime Quenching near d = 1.5 nm Gold Nanoparticles:  Probing NSET Validity\",\"volume\":\"128\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"shorttitle\":\"Fluorescent Lifetime Quenching near d = 1.5 nm Gold Nanoparticles\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0583665\",\"abstract\":\"The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment. The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jennings\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Singh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strouse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"pages\":\"5462–5467\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jennings_fluorescent_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Fluorescent {Lifetime} {Quenching} near d = 1.5 nm {Gold} {Nanoparticles}:  {Probing} {NSET} {Validity}},\\n\\tvolume = {128},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Fluorescent {Lifetime} {Quenching} near d = 1.5 nm {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0583665},\\n\\tabstract = {The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.\\nThe fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Jennings, T. L. and Singh, M. P. and Strouse, G. F.},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpages = {5462--5467},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jennings, T. L.\",\"Singh, M. P.\",\"Strouse, G. F.\"],\"key\":\"jennings_fluorescent_2006\",\"id\":\"jennings_fluorescent_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jennings-singh-strouse-fluorescentlifetimequenchingneard15nmgoldnanoparticlesprobingnsetvalidity-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Involvement of the LSPR Spectral Overlap for Energy Transfer between a Dye and Au Nanoparticle\",\"volume\":\"132\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja1022128\",\"abstract\":\"Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics. Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.\",\"number\":\"27\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Singh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mani\",\"Prabha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strouse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Geoffrey\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pages\":\"9383–9391\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{singh_involvement_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Involvement of the {LSPR} {Spectral} {Overlap} for {Energy} {Transfer} between a {Dye} and {Au} {Nanoparticle}},\\n\\tvolume = {132},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja1022128},\\n\\tabstract = {Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.\\nNanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.},\\n\\tnumber = {27},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Singh, Mani Prabha and Strouse, Geoffrey F.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpages = {9383--9391},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Singh, M. P.\",\"Strouse, G. F.\"],\"key\":\"singh_involvement_2010\",\"id\":\"singh_involvement_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"singh-strouse-involvementofthelsprspectraloverlapforenergytransferbetweenadyeandaunanoparticle-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence from Single Fluorophores End-Linked to Gold Nanorods\",\"volume\":\"132\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja9096237\",\"abstract\":\"We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications. We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lakowicz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"pages\":\"5540–5541\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fu_plasmon-enhanced_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Plasmon-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} from {Single} {Fluorophores} {End}-{Linked} to {Gold} {Nanorods}},\\n\\tvolume = {132},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja9096237},\\n\\tabstract = {We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.\\nWe reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Fu, Yi and Zhang, Jian and Lakowicz, Joseph R.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpages = {5540--5541},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fu, Y.\",\"Zhang, J.\",\"Lakowicz, J. R.\"],\"key\":\"fu_plasmon-enhanced_2010\",\"id\":\"fu_plasmon-enhanced_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fu-zhang-lakowicz-plasmonenhancedfluorescencefromsinglefluorophoresendlinkedtogoldnanorods-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Surface-Enhanced Emission from Single Semiconductor Nanocrystals\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"url\":\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401\",\"doi\":\"10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401\",\"abstract\":\"The fluorescence behavior of single CdSe(ZnS) core-shell nanocrystal (NC) quantum dots is dramatically affected by electromagnetic interactions with a rough metal film. Observed changes include a fivefold increase in the observed fluorescence intensity of single NCs, a striking reduction in their fluorescence blinking behavior, complete conversion of the emission polarization to linear, and single NC exciton lifetimes that are \\\\textgreater103 times faster. The enhanced excited state decay process for NCs coupled to rough metal substrates effectively competes with the Auger relaxation process, allowing us to observe both charged and neutral exciton emission from these NC quantum dots.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Physical Review Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimizu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fisher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eisler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bawendi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"pages\":\"117401\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shimizu_surface-enhanced_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Surface-{Enhanced} {Emission} from {Single} {Semiconductor} {Nanocrystals}},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\turl = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401},\\n\\tabstract = {The fluorescence behavior of single CdSe(ZnS) core-shell nanocrystal (NC) quantum dots is dramatically affected by electromagnetic interactions with a rough metal film. Observed changes include a fivefold increase in the observed fluorescence intensity of single NCs, a striking reduction in their fluorescence blinking behavior, complete conversion of the emission polarization to linear, and single NC exciton lifetimes that are {\\\\textgreater}103 times faster. The enhanced excited state decay process for NCs coupled to rough metal substrates effectively competes with the Auger relaxation process, allowing us to observe both charged and neutral exciton emission from these NC quantum dots.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Physical Review Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Shimizu, K. T. and Woo, W. K. and Fisher, B. R. and Eisler, H. J. and Bawendi, M. G.},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpages = {117401},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shimizu, K. T.\",\"Woo, W. K.\",\"Fisher, B. R.\",\"Eisler, H. J.\",\"Bawendi, M. G.\"],\"key\":\"shimizu_surface-enhanced_2002\",\"id\":\"shimizu_surface-enhanced_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shimizu-woo-fisher-eisler-bawendi-surfaceenhancedemissionfromsinglesemiconductornanocrystals-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fluorescence Quenching of Dye Molecules near Gold Nanoparticles: Radiative and Nonradiative Effects\",\"volume\":\"89\",\"shorttitle\":\"Fluorescence Quenching of Dye Molecules near Gold Nanoparticles\",\"url\":\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002\",\"doi\":\"10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002\",\"abstract\":\"The radiative and nonradiative decay rates of lissamine dye molecules, chemically attached to differently sized gold nanoparticles, are investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence experiments. A pronounced fluorescence quenching is observed already for the smallest nanoparticles of 1 nm radius. The quenching is caused not only by an increased nonradiative rate but, equally important, by a drastic decrease in the dye’s radiative rate. Assuming resonant energy transfer to be responsible for the nonradiative decay channel, we compare our experimental findings with theoretical results derived from the Gersten-Nitzan model.\",\"number\":\"20\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Physical Review Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dulkeith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morteani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Niedereichholz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feldmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Veggel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"C.\",\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reinhoudt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Möller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gittins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pages\":\"203002\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dulkeith_fluorescence_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Fluorescence {Quenching} of {Dye} {Molecules} near {Gold} {Nanoparticles}: {Radiative} and {Nonradiative} {Effects}},\\n\\tvolume = {89},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Fluorescence {Quenching} of {Dye} {Molecules} near {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},\\n\\turl = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002},\\n\\tabstract = {The radiative and nonradiative decay rates of lissamine dye molecules, chemically attached to differently sized gold nanoparticles, are investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence experiments. A pronounced fluorescence quenching is observed already for the smallest nanoparticles of 1 nm radius. The quenching is caused not only by an increased nonradiative rate but, equally important, by a drastic decrease in the dye’s radiative rate. Assuming resonant energy transfer to be responsible for the nonradiative decay channel, we compare our experimental findings with theoretical results derived from the Gersten-Nitzan model.},\\n\\tnumber = {20},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Physical Review Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Dulkeith, E. and Morteani, A. C. and Niedereichholz, T. and Klar, T. A. and Feldmann, J. and Levi, S. A. and van Veggel, F. C. J. M. and Reinhoudt, D. N. and Möller, M. and Gittins, D. I.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpages = {203002},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dulkeith, E.\",\"Morteani, A. C.\",\"Niedereichholz, T.\",\"Klar, T. A.\",\"Feldmann, J.\",\"Levi, S. A.\",\"van Veggel, F. C. J. M.\",\"Reinhoudt, D. N.\",\"Möller, M.\",\"Gittins, D. I.\"],\"key\":\"dulkeith_fluorescence_2002\",\"id\":\"dulkeith_fluorescence_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dulkeith-morteani-niedereichholz-klar-feldmann-levi-vanveggel-reinhoudt-etal-fluorescencequenchingofdyemoleculesneargoldnanoparticlesradiativeandnonradiativeeffects-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Single-Molecule Measurements of Gold-Quenched Quantum Dots\",\"volume\":\"93\",\"url\":\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108\",\"doi\":\"10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108\",\"abstract\":\"We report the study of the quenching of quantum dots (CdSe) by gold nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. Double-stranded DNA is used as a rigid spacer to tune the distance between the two nanoparticles. The width of the fluorescent intensity distribution, monitored at different interparticle distances, reflects both the nanoparticle heterogeneity and the fluorescence intermittency of the quantum dot. The fluorescence distribution emitted by single CdSe nanocrystals can easily be distinguished from the fluorescence of partially quenched CdSe. Our results show that the distance-dependence quenching is compatible with a Förster-type process.\",\"number\":\"16\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Physical Review Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gueroui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zoher\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Libchaber\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albert\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pages\":\"166108\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gueroui_single-molecule_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Single-{Molecule} {Measurements} of {Gold}-{Quenched} {Quantum} {Dots}},\\n\\tvolume = {93},\\n\\turl = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108},\\n\\tabstract = {We report the study of the quenching of quantum dots (CdSe) by gold nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. Double-stranded DNA is used as a rigid spacer to tune the distance between the two nanoparticles. The width of the fluorescent intensity distribution, monitored at different interparticle distances, reflects both the nanoparticle heterogeneity and the fluorescence intermittency of the quantum dot. The fluorescence distribution emitted by single CdSe nanocrystals can easily be distinguished from the fluorescence of partially quenched CdSe. Our results show that the distance-dependence quenching is compatible with a Förster-type process.},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Physical Review Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Gueroui, Zoher and Libchaber, Albert},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpages = {166108},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gueroui, Z.\",\"Libchaber, A.\"],\"key\":\"gueroui_single-molecule_2004\",\"id\":\"gueroui_single-molecule_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gueroui-libchaber-singlemoleculemeasurementsofgoldquenchedquantumdots-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distance-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching on Gold Nanoparticles Ensheathed with Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolytes\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"1530-6984\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nl052441s\",\"abstract\":\"We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions. We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Nano Lett.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grégory\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Decher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gero\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nerambourg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicolas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Praho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raïssa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Werts\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martinus\",\"H.\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blanchard-Desce\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mireille\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"pages\":\"530–536\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schneider_distance-dependent_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Distance-{Dependent} {Fluorescence} {Quenching} on {Gold} {Nanoparticles} {Ensheathed} with {Layer}-by-{Layer} {Assembled} {Polyelectrolytes}},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {1530-6984},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nl052441s},\\n\\tabstract = {We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.\\nWe report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\\n\\tauthor = {Schneider, Grégory and Decher, Gero and Nerambourg, Nicolas and Praho, Raïssa and Werts, Martinus H. V. and Blanchard-Desce, Mireille},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpages = {530--536},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schneider, G.\",\"Decher, G.\",\"Nerambourg, N.\",\"Praho, R.\",\"Werts, M. H. V.\",\"Blanchard-Desce, M.\"],\"key\":\"schneider_distance-dependent_2006\",\"id\":\"schneider_distance-dependent_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schneider-decher-nerambourg-praho-werts-blancharddesce-distancedependentfluorescencequenchingongoldnanoparticlesensheathedwithlayerbylayerassembledpolyelectrolytes-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Gold Nanoparticles Quench Fluorescence by Phase Induced Radiative Rate Suppression\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"1530-6984\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nl0480969\",\"abstract\":\"The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate. The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Nano Lett.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dulkeith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ringler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feldmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muñoz\",\"Javier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"585–589\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dulkeith_gold_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Gold {Nanoparticles} {Quench} {Fluorescence} by {Phase} {Induced} {Radiative} {Rate} {Suppression}},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {1530-6984},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nl0480969},\\n\\tabstract = {The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.\\nThe fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\\n\\tauthor = {Dulkeith, E. and Ringler, M. and Klar, T. A. and Feldmann, J. and Muñoz Javier, A. and Parak, W. J.},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {585--589},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dulkeith, E.\",\"Ringler, M.\",\"Klar, T. A.\",\"Feldmann, J.\",\"Muñoz Javier, A.\",\"Parak, W. J.\"],\"key\":\"dulkeith_gold_2005\",\"id\":\"dulkeith_gold_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dulkeith-ringler-klar-feldmann-muozjavier-parak-goldnanoparticlesquenchfluorescencebyphaseinducedradiativeratesuppression-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Enhanced Luminescence of CdSe Quantum Dots on Gold Colloids\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"issn\":\"1530-6984\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nl025819k\",\"abstract\":\"We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals. We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Nano Lett.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kulakovich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Olga\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strekal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yaroshevich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandr\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maskevich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaponenko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sergey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nabiev\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Igor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woggon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ulrike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Artemyev\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mikhail\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2002\",\"pages\":\"1449–1452\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kulakovich_enhanced_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Enhanced {Luminescence} of {CdSe} {Quantum} {Dots} on {Gold} {Colloids}},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\tissn = {1530-6984},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nl025819k},\\n\\tabstract = {We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.\\nWe have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\\n\\tauthor = {Kulakovich, Olga and Strekal, Natalya and Yaroshevich, Alexandr and Maskevich, Sergey and Gaponenko, Sergey and Nabiev, Igor and Woggon, Ulrike and Artemyev, Mikhail},\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpages = {1449--1452},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kulakovich, O.\",\"Strekal, N.\",\"Yaroshevich, A.\",\"Maskevich, S.\",\"Gaponenko, S.\",\"Nabiev, I.\",\"Woggon, U.\",\"Artemyev, M.\"],\"key\":\"kulakovich_enhanced_2002\",\"id\":\"kulakovich_enhanced_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kulakovich-strekal-yaroshevich-maskevich-gaponenko-nabiev-woggon-artemyev-enhancedluminescenceofcdsequantumdotsongoldcolloids-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distance-dependent interactions between gold nanoparticles and fluorescent molecules with DNA as tunable spacers\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"0957-4484, 1361-6528\",\"url\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201\",\"doi\":\"10.1088/0957-4484/20/48/485201\",\"number\":\"48\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Nanotechnology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chhabra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rahul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sharma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jaswinder\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haining\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shengli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Su\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindsay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stuart\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"485201\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chhabra_distance-dependent_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Distance-dependent interactions between gold nanoparticles and fluorescent molecules with {DNA} as tunable spacers},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {0957-4484, 1361-6528},\\n\\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1088/0957-4484/20/48/485201},\\n\\tnumber = {48},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Nanotechnology},\\n\\tauthor = {Chhabra, Rahul and Sharma, Jaswinder and Wang, Haining and Zou, Shengli and Lin, Su and Yan, Hao and Lindsay, Stuart and Liu, Yan},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {485201},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chhabra, R.\",\"Sharma, J.\",\"Wang, H.\",\"Zou, S.\",\"Lin, S.\",\"Yan, H.\",\"Lindsay, S.\",\"Liu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"chhabra_distance-dependent_2009\",\"id\":\"chhabra_distance-dependent_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chhabra-sharma-wang-zou-lin-yan-lindsay-liu-distancedependentinteractionsbetweengoldnanoparticlesandfluorescentmoleculeswithdnaastunablespacers-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Surface-plasmon-enhanced fluorescence from periodic quantum dot arrays through distance control using biomolecular linkers\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"0957-4484, 1361-6528\",\"url\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305\",\"doi\":\"10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015305\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2012-05-11\",\"journal\":\"Nanotechnology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melvin\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kirsty\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ngo-Yin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ma\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sarikaya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mehmet\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\",\"K-Y\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"015305\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zin_surface-plasmon-enhanced_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Surface-plasmon-enhanced fluorescence from periodic quantum dot arrays through distance control using biomolecular linkers},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {0957-4484, 1361-6528},\\n\\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015305},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2012-05-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Nanotechnology},\\n\\tauthor = {Zin, Melvin T and Leong, Kirsty and Wong, Ngo-Yin and Ma, Hong and Sarikaya, Mehmet and Jen, Alex K-Y},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {015305},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zin, M. T\",\"Leong, K.\",\"Wong, N.\",\"Ma, H.\",\"Sarikaya, M.\",\"Jen, A. K.\"],\"key\":\"zin_surface-plasmon-enhanced_2009\",\"id\":\"zin_surface-plasmon-enhanced_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zin-leong-wong-ma-sarikaya-jen-surfaceplasmonenhancedfluorescencefromperiodicquantumdotarraysthroughdistancecontrolusingbiomolecularlinkers-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hybrid Nanostructures for Enhanced Light-Harvesting: Plasmon Induced Increase in Fluorescence from Individual Photosynthetic Pigment–Protein Complexes\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"1530-6984\",\"shorttitle\":\"Hybrid Nanostructures for Enhanced Light-Harvesting\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nl202772h\",\"abstract\":\"We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices. We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Nano Lett.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beyer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sebastian\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ullrich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kudera\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gardiner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alastair\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cogdell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Köhler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jürgen\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"4897–4901\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{beyer_hybrid_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Hybrid {Nanostructures} for {Enhanced} {Light}-{Harvesting}: {Plasmon} {Induced} {Increase} in {Fluorescence} from {Individual} {Photosynthetic} {Pigment}–{Protein} {Complexes}},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {1530-6984},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Hybrid {Nanostructures} for {Enhanced} {Light}-{Harvesting}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nl202772h},\\n\\tabstract = {We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.\\nWe studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\\n\\tauthor = {Beyer, Sebastian R. and Ullrich, Simon and Kudera, Stefan and Gardiner, Alastair T. and Cogdell, Richard J. and Köhler, Jürgen},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {4897--4901},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Beyer, S. R.\",\"Ullrich, S.\",\"Kudera, S.\",\"Gardiner, A. T.\",\"Cogdell, R. J.\",\"Köhler, J.\"],\"key\":\"beyer_hybrid_2011\",\"id\":\"beyer_hybrid_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"beyer-ullrich-kudera-gardiner-cogdell-khler-hybridnanostructuresforenhancedlightharvestingplasmoninducedincreaseinfluorescencefromindividualphotosyntheticpigmentproteincomplexes-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nanostructures in biodiagnostics.\",\"volume\":\"105\",\"issn\":\"0009-2665\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/cr030067f\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Chemical reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathaniel\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mirkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chad\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Biosensing Techniques, Models, Molecular, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Surface Properties\",\"pages\":\"1547–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rosi_nanostructures_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Nanostructures in biodiagnostics.},\\n\\tvolume = {105},\\n\\tissn = {0009-2665},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/cr030067f},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Rosi, Nathaniel L and Mirkin, Chad A},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biosensing Techniques, Models, Molecular, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Surface Properties},\\n\\tpages = {1547--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rosi, N. L\",\"Mirkin, C. A\"],\"key\":\"rosi_nanostructures_2005\",\"id\":\"rosi_nanostructures_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rosi-mirkin-nanostructuresinbiodiagnostics-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biosensing Techniques\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Diagnostic Techniques\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Surface Properties\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Metal-enhanced fluorescence of chlorophylls in single light-harvesting complexes.\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"1530-6984\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nl072854o\",\"abstract\":\"Ensemble and single-molecule spectroscopy demonstrates that both emission and absorption of peridinin-chlorophyll-protein photosynthetic antennae can be largely enhanced through plasmonic interactions. We find up to 18-fold increase of the chlorophyll fluorescence for complexes placed near a silver metal layer. This enhancement, which leaves no measurable effects on the protein structure, is observed when exciting either chlorophyll or carotenoid and is attributed predominantly to an increase of the excitation rate in the antenna. The enhancement mechanism comes from plasmon-induced amplification of electromagnetic fields inside the complex. This result is an important step toward applying plasmonic nanostructures for controlling the optical response of complex biomolecules and improving the design and functioning of artificial light-harvesting systems.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Nano letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mackowski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sebastian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wörmke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brotosudarmo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tatas\",\"H\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harutyunyan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hayk\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartschuh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Achim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Govorov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexander\",\"O\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hugo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bräuchle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"keywords\":\"Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Materials Testing, Metals, Metals: chemistry, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Particle Size, Spectrometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance: methods, surface plasmon resonance\",\"pages\":\"558–64\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mackowski_metal-enhanced_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence of chlorophylls in single light-harvesting complexes.},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {1530-6984},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nl072854o},\\n\\tabstract = {Ensemble and single-molecule spectroscopy demonstrates that both emission and absorption of peridinin-chlorophyll-protein photosynthetic antennae can be largely enhanced through plasmonic interactions. We find up to 18-fold increase of the chlorophyll fluorescence for complexes placed near a silver metal layer. This enhancement, which leaves no measurable effects on the protein structure, is observed when exciting either chlorophyll or carotenoid and is attributed predominantly to an increase of the excitation rate in the antenna. The enhancement mechanism comes from plasmon-induced amplification of electromagnetic fields inside the complex. This result is an important step toward applying plasmonic nanostructures for controlling the optical response of complex biomolecules and improving the design and functioning of artificial light-harvesting systems.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Nano letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Mackowski, Sebastian and Wörmke, Stephan and Maier, Andreas J and Brotosudarmo, Tatas H P and Harutyunyan, Hayk and Hartschuh, Achim and Govorov, Alexander O and Scheer, Hugo and Bräuchle, Christoph},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Materials Testing, Metals, Metals: chemistry, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Particle Size, Spectrometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance: methods, surface plasmon resonance},\\n\\tpages = {558--64},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mackowski, S.\",\"Wörmke, S.\",\"Maier, A. J\",\"Brotosudarmo, T. H P\",\"Harutyunyan, H.\",\"Hartschuh, A.\",\"Govorov, A. O\",\"Scheer, H.\",\"Bräuchle, C.\"],\"key\":\"mackowski_metal-enhanced_2008\",\"id\":\"mackowski_metal-enhanced_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mackowski-wrmke-maier-brotosudarmo-harutyunyan-hartschuh-govorov-scheer-etal-metalenhancedfluorescenceofchlorophyllsinsinglelightharvestingcomplexes-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chlorophyll\",\"Chlorophyll: chemistry\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Fluorescence: methods\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry\",\"Materials Testing\",\"Metals\",\"Metals: chemistry\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Nanostructures: ultrastructure\",\"Nanotechnology\",\"Nanotechnology: methods\",\"Particle Size\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Surface Plasmon Resonance: methods\",\"surface plasmon resonance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Small colloidal gold conjugated to fab fragments or to immunoglobulin g as high-resolution labels for electron microscopy: A technical overview\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"0741-0581\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jemt.1060140405\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baschong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wrigley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"1990\",\"pages\":\"313–323\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baschong_small_1990,\\n\\ttitle = {Small colloidal gold conjugated to fab fragments or to immunoglobulin g as high-resolution labels for electron microscopy: {A} technical overview},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {0741-0581},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jemt.1060140405},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique},\\n\\tauthor = {Baschong, W. and Wrigley, N. G.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n\\tpages = {313--323},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Baschong, W.\",\"Wrigley, N. G.\"],\"key\":\"baschong_small_1990\",\"id\":\"baschong_small_1990\",\"bibbaseid\":\"baschong-wrigley-smallcolloidalgoldconjugatedtofabfragmentsortoimmunoglobulingashighresolutionlabelsforelectronmicroscopyatechnicaloverview-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"0947-6539\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/chem.200501309\",\"abstract\":\"The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Endo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masayuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hangxiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujitsuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mamoru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Majima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetsuro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet\",\"pages\":\"3735–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {0947-6539},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},\\n\\tabstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},\\n\\tauthor = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},\\n\\tpages = {3735--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Endo, M.\",\"Wang, H.\",\"Fujitsuka, M.\",\"Majima, T.\"],\"key\":\"endo_pyrene-stacked_2006\",\"id\":\"endo_pyrene-stacked_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atomic Force\",\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid Proteins: chemistry\",\"Capsid Proteins: genetics\",\"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration\",\"Microscopy\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Photochemistry\",\"Photochemistry: methods\",\"Pyrenes\",\"Pyrenes: chemistry\",\"Spectrophotometry\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics\",\"Ultraviolet\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.\",\"volume\":\"104\",\"issn\":\"0009-2665\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&searchHistoryKey=\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/cr030698+\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Chemical reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie-Christine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Astruc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Didier\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Biosensing Techniques, Catalysis, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Microspheres, Molecular Sequence Data, Nanotechnology, Oxidation-Reduction, Particle Size, gold\",\"pages\":\"293–346\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{daniel_gold_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.},\\n\\tvolume = {104},\\n\\tissn = {0009-2665},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&searchHistoryKey=},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/cr030698+},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Daniel, Marie-Christine and Astruc, Didier},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Biosensing Techniques, Catalysis, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Microspheres, Molecular Sequence Data, Nanotechnology, Oxidation-Reduction, Particle Size, gold},\\n\\tpages = {293--346},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Daniel, M.\",\"Astruc, D.\"],\"key\":\"daniel_gold_2004\",\"id\":\"daniel_gold_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"daniel-astruc-goldnanoparticlesassemblysupramolecularchemistryquantumsizerelatedpropertiesandapplicationstowardbiologycatalysisandnanotechnology-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&searchHistoryKey=\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Base Sequence\",\"Binding Sites\",\"Biosensing Techniques\",\"Catalysis\",\"DNA Probes\",\"DNA Probes: chemistry\",\"Gold: chemistry\",\"Microspheres\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Nanotechnology\",\"Oxidation-Reduction\",\"Particle Size\",\"gold\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Caution in the use of 2‐iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) as a cross‐linking agent for peptides. The formation of N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes with bombesin (BN) antagonist (d‐Trp6,Leu13‐${\\\\}psi$[CH2NH]‐Phe14)BN6−14 and d‐Trp‐Gln‐Trp‐NH2\",\"volume\":\"57\",\"issn\":\"1399-3011\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&t=gymlwcxh&s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be\",\"doi\":\"10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract: During a study aimed at generating a bispecific molecule between BN antagonist (d-Trp6,Leu13-${\\\\}psi$[CH2NH]-Phe14)BN6-14 (Antag1) and mAb22 (anti-Fc${\\\\}gamma$RI), we attempted to cross-link the two molecules by introducing a thiol group into Antag1 via 2-iminothiolane (2-IT, Traut's reagent). We found that reaction of Antag1 with 2-IT, when observed using HPLC, affords two products, but that the later eluting peptide is rapidly transformed into the earlier eluting peptide. To understand what was occurring we synthesized a model peptide, d-Trp-Gln-Trp-NH2 (TP1), the N-terminal tripeptide of Antag1. Reaction of TP1 with 2-IT for 5 min gave products 1a and 3a; the concentration of 1a decreased with reaction time, whereas that of 3a increased. Thiol 1a, the expected Traut product, was identified by collecting it in a vial containing N-methylmaleimide and then isolating the resultant Michael addition product 2a, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Thiol 1a is stable at acidic pH, but is unstable at pH 7.8, cyclizes and loses NH3 to give N-TP1-2-iminothiolane (3a), ES-MS (m/z) [602.1 (M+H)+], as well as regenerating TP1. Repeat reaction with Antag1 and 2-IT allowed us to isolate N-Antag1–2-iminothiolane (3b), FAB-MS (m/z) [1212.8 (M+H)+] and trap the normal Traut product 1b as its N-methylmaleimide Michael addition product 2b, ES-MS (m/z) [1340.8 (M+H)+]. Thiol 1b is also stable at acidic pH, but when neutralized is unstable and cyclizes, forming 3b and Antag1.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Peptide Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mokotoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mocarski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gentsch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"‐H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ball\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"keywords\":\"2‐iminothiolane, N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes, Traut's reagent, bispecific molecules, cross‐linking agent, thiol trapping with N‐methylmaleimide\",\"pages\":\"383–389\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mokotoff_caution_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Caution in the use of 2‐iminothiolane ({Traut}'s reagent) as a cross‐linking agent for peptides. {The} formation of {N}‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes with bombesin ({BN}) antagonist (d‐{Trp6},{Leu13}‐\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}psi\\\\$[{CH2NH}]‐{Phe14}){BN6}−14 and d‐{Trp}‐{Gln}‐{Trp}‐{NH2}},\\n\\tvolume = {57},\\n\\tissn = {1399-3011},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&t=gymlwcxh&s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract: During a study aimed at generating a bispecific molecule between BN antagonist (d-Trp6,Leu13-\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}psi\\\\$[CH2NH]-Phe14)BN6-14 (Antag1) and mAb22 (anti-Fc\\\\${\\\\textbackslash}gamma\\\\$RI), we attempted to cross-link the two molecules by introducing a thiol group into Antag1 via 2-iminothiolane (2-IT, Traut's reagent). We found that reaction of Antag1 with 2-IT, when observed using HPLC, affords two products, but that the later eluting peptide is rapidly transformed into the earlier eluting peptide. To understand what was occurring we synthesized a model peptide, d-Trp-Gln-Trp-NH2 (TP1), the N-terminal tripeptide of Antag1. Reaction of TP1 with 2-IT for 5 min gave products 1a and 3a; the concentration of 1a decreased with reaction time, whereas that of 3a increased. Thiol 1a, the expected Traut product, was identified by collecting it in a vial containing N-methylmaleimide and then isolating the resultant Michael addition product 2a, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Thiol 1a is stable at acidic pH, but is unstable at pH 7.8, cyclizes and loses NH3 to give N-TP1-2-iminothiolane (3a), ES-MS (m/z) [602.1 (M+H)+], as well as regenerating TP1. Repeat reaction with Antag1 and 2-IT allowed us to isolate N-Antag1–2-iminothiolane (3b), FAB-MS (m/z) [1212.8 (M+H)+] and trap the normal Traut product 1b as its N-methylmaleimide Michael addition product 2b, ES-MS (m/z) [1340.8 (M+H)+]. Thiol 1b is also stable at acidic pH, but when neutralized is unstable and cyclizes, forming 3b and Antag1.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Peptide Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Mokotoff, M. and Mocarski, Y. M and Gentsch, B. L and Miller, M. and Zhou, J. ‐H and Chen, J. and Ball, E. D},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tkeywords = {2‐iminothiolane, N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes, Traut's reagent, bispecific molecules, cross‐linking agent, thiol trapping with N‐methylmaleimide},\\n\\tpages = {383--389},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mokotoff, M.\",\"Mocarski, Y. M\",\"Gentsch, B. L\",\"Miller, M.\",\"Zhou, J. ‐.\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Ball, E. D\"],\"key\":\"mokotoff_caution_2001\",\"id\":\"mokotoff_caution_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mokotoff-mocarski-gentsch-miller-zhou-chen-ball-cautionintheuseof2iminothiolanetrautsreagentasacrosslinkingagentforpeptidestheformationofnpeptidyl2iminothiolaneswithbombesinbnantagonistdtrp6leu13psich2nhphe14bn614anddtrpglntrpnh2-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&t=gymlwcxh&s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be\"},\"keyword\":[\"2‐iminothiolane\",\"N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes\",\"Traut's reagent\",\"bispecific molecules\",\"cross‐linking agent\",\"thiol trapping with N‐methylmaleimide\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods.\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1936-086X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nn800702n\",\"abstract\":\"Combination therapy, or the use of multiple drugs, has been proven to be effective for complex diseases, but the differences in chemical properties and pharmacokinetics can be challenging in terms of the loading, delivering, and releasing multiple drugs. Here we demonstrate that we can load and selectively release two different DNA oligonucleotides from two different gold nanorods. DNA was loaded on the nanorods via thiol conjugation. Selective releases were induced by selective melting of gold nanorods via ultrafast laser irradiation at the nanorods' longitudinal surface plasmon resonance peaks. Excitation at one wavelength could selectively melt one type of gold nanorods and selectively release one type of DNA strand. Releases were efficient (50-80%) and externally tunable by laser fluence. Released oligonucleotides were still functional. This proof of concept is potentially a powerful method for multiple-drug delivery strategies.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"ACS nano\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wijaya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schaffer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pallares\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ivan\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamad-Schifferli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kimberly\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"DNA, DNA: chemistry, Drug Delivery Systems, Drug Design, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Lasers, Ligands, Metal Nanoparticles, Metal Nanoparticles: chemistry, Nanotubes, Nanotubes: chemistry, Oligonucleotides, Oligonucleotides: chemistry, Spectrometry, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Sulfhydryl Compounds: chemistry, Surface-Active Agents, gold, surface plasmon resonance\",\"pages\":\"80–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wijaya_selective_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Selective release of multiple {DNA} oligonucleotides from gold nanorods.},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1936-086X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nn800702n},\\n\\tabstract = {Combination therapy, or the use of multiple drugs, has been proven to be effective for complex diseases, but the differences in chemical properties and pharmacokinetics can be challenging in terms of the loading, delivering, and releasing multiple drugs. Here we demonstrate that we can load and selectively release two different DNA oligonucleotides from two different gold nanorods. DNA was loaded on the nanorods via thiol conjugation. Selective releases were induced by selective melting of gold nanorods via ultrafast laser irradiation at the nanorods' longitudinal surface plasmon resonance peaks. Excitation at one wavelength could selectively melt one type of gold nanorods and selectively release one type of DNA strand. Releases were efficient (50-80\\\\%) and externally tunable by laser fluence. Released oligonucleotides were still functional. This proof of concept is potentially a powerful method for multiple-drug delivery strategies.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS nano},\\n\\tauthor = {Wijaya, Andy and Schaffer, Stefan B and Pallares, Ivan G and Hamad-Schifferli, Kimberly},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {DNA, DNA: chemistry, Drug Delivery Systems, Drug Design, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Lasers, Ligands, Metal Nanoparticles, Metal Nanoparticles: chemistry, Nanotubes, Nanotubes: chemistry, Oligonucleotides, Oligonucleotides: chemistry, Spectrometry, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Sulfhydryl Compounds: chemistry, Surface-Active Agents, gold, surface plasmon resonance},\\n\\tpages = {80--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wijaya, A.\",\"Schaffer, S. B\",\"Pallares, I. G\",\"Hamad-Schifferli, K.\"],\"key\":\"wijaya_selective_2009\",\"id\":\"wijaya_selective_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wijaya-schaffer-pallares-hamadschifferli-selectivereleaseofmultiplednaoligonucleotidesfromgoldnanorods-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n\"},\"keyword\":[\"DNA\",\"DNA: chemistry\",\"Drug Delivery Systems\",\"Drug Design\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Fluorescence: methods\",\"Fluorescent Dyes\",\"Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry\",\"Gold: chemistry\",\"Lasers\",\"Ligands\",\"Metal Nanoparticles\",\"Metal Nanoparticles: chemistry\",\"Nanotubes\",\"Nanotubes: chemistry\",\"Oligonucleotides\",\"Oligonucleotides: chemistry\",\"Spectrometry\",\"Sulfhydryl Compounds\",\"Sulfhydryl Compounds: chemistry\",\"Surface-Active Agents\",\"gold\",\"surface plasmon resonance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0006-3495\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\",\"abstract\":\"Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Biophysical journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhyravbhatla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watowich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caspar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation & purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray\",\"pages\":\"604–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,\\n\\ttitle = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0006-3495},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Biophysical journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \\\\& purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},\\n\\tpages = {604--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bhyravbhatla, B\",\"Watowich, S J\",\"Caspar, D L\"],\"key\":\"bhyravbhatla_refined_1998\",\"id\":\"bhyravbhatla_refined_1998\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Capsid\",\"Capsid: chemistry\",\"Capsid: isolation & purification\",\"Computer Simulation\",\"Crystallography\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Plants\",\"Protein Structure\",\"Secondary\",\"Tobacco\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry\",\"Tobacco: virology\",\"Toxic\",\"X-Ray\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Plasmonic-enhanced polymer photovoltaic devices incorporating solution-processable metal nanoparticles\",\"volume\":\"95\",\"issn\":\"00036951\",\"url\":\"http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/1.3174914\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Applied Physics Letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fang-Chung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jyh-Lih\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chia-Ling\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kuo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chun-Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"buffer layers, current density, dissociation, excitons, gold, nanoparticles, photovoltaic cells, power conversion, surface plasmon resonance\",\"pages\":\"013305\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_plasmonic-enhanced_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Plasmonic-enhanced polymer photovoltaic devices incorporating solution-processable metal nanoparticles},\\n\\tvolume = {95},\\n\\tissn = {00036951},\\n\\turl = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3174914},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Fang-Chung and Wu, Jyh-Lih and Lee, Chia-Ling and Hong, Yi and Kuo, Chun-Hong and Huang, Michael H.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {buffer layers, current density, dissociation, excitons, gold, nanoparticles, photovoltaic cells, power conversion, surface plasmon resonance},\\n\\tpages = {013305},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, F.\",\"Wu, J.\",\"Lee, C.\",\"Hong, Y.\",\"Kuo, C.\",\"Huang, M. H.\"],\"key\":\"chen_plasmonic-enhanced_2009\",\"id\":\"chen_plasmonic-enhanced_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-wu-lee-hong-kuo-huang-plasmonicenhancedpolymerphotovoltaicdevicesincorporatingsolutionprocessablemetalnanoparticles-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1\"},\"keyword\":[\"buffer layers\",\"current density\",\"dissociation\",\"excitons\",\"gold\",\"nanoparticles\",\"photovoltaic cells\",\"power conversion\",\"surface plasmon resonance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"DNA-Templated Self-Assembly of Protein and Nanoparticle Linear Arrays\",\"volume\":\"126\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0383367\",\"abstract\":\"Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hanying\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sung\",\"Ha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reif\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaBean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hao\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pages\":\"418–419\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{li_dna-templated_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {{DNA}-{Templated} {Self}-{Assembly} of {Protein} and {Nanoparticle} {Linear} {Arrays}},\\n\\tvolume = {126},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0383367},\\n\\tabstract = {Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Li, Hanying and Park, Sung Ha and Reif, John H. and LaBean, Thomas H. and Yan, Hao},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpages = {418--419},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Li, H.\",\"Park, S. H.\",\"Reif, J. H.\",\"LaBean, T. H.\",\"Yan, H.\"],\"key\":\"li_dna-templated_2004\",\"id\":\"li_dna-templated_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"li-park-reif-labean-yan-dnatemplatedselfassemblyofproteinandnanoparticlelineararrays-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"DNA-Based Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C/abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie International Edition\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Loweth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colin\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caldwell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"Brett\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaogang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alivisatos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schultz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1999\",\"pages\":\"1808–1812\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{loweth_dna-based_1999,\\n\\ttitle = {{DNA}-{Based} {Assembly} of {Gold} {Nanocrystals}},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C/abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},\\n\\tauthor = {Loweth, Colin J. and Caldwell, W. Brett and Peng, Xiaogang and Alivisatos, A. Paul and Schultz, Peter G.},\\n\\tyear = {1999},\\n\\tpages = {1808--1812},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Loweth, C. J.\",\"Caldwell, W. B.\",\"Peng, X.\",\"Alivisatos, A. P.\",\"Schultz, P. G.\"],\"key\":\"loweth_dna-based_1999\",\"id\":\"loweth_dna-based_1999\",\"bibbaseid\":\"loweth-caldwell-peng-alivisatos-schultz-dnabasedassemblyofgoldnanocrystals-1999\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C/abstract\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Bioconjugate Techniques (Google eBook)\",\"isbn\":\"0-12-370501-0\",\"url\":\"http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&pgis=1\",\"abstract\":\"Bioconjugate Techniques, 2e provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *A one-stop source for proven methods and protocols for synthesizing bioconjugates in the lab, allowing for fast retrieval of tried and tested techniques for synthesizing bioconjugates. *Step-by-step presentation makes the book an ideal source for researchers who are less familiar with the synthesis of bioconjugates. *Includes more than 600 figures that visually describe the complex reactions associated with the synthesis of bioconjugates, giving researchers a better understanding of how the commercially available reagents facilitate the crosslinking of peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *Includes entirely new chapters on the latest areas in the field of bioconjugation as follows: Microparticles and nanoparticles Silane coupling agents Dendrimers and dendrons Chemoselective ligation Quantum dots Lanthanide chelates Cyanine dyes Discrete PEG compounds Buckyballs, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes Mass tags and isotope tags Bioconjugation in the study of protein interactions\",\"publisher\":\"Academic Press\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hermanson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Greg\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2008\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{hermanson_bioconjugate_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioconjugate {Techniques} ({Google} {eBook})},\\n\\tisbn = {0-12-370501-0},\\n\\turl = {http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&pgis=1},\\n\\tabstract = {Bioconjugate Techniques, 2e provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *A one-stop source for proven methods and protocols for synthesizing bioconjugates in the lab, allowing for fast retrieval of tried and tested techniques for synthesizing bioconjugates. *Step-by-step presentation makes the book an ideal source for researchers who are less familiar with the synthesis of bioconjugates. *Includes more than 600 figures that visually describe the complex reactions associated with the synthesis of bioconjugates, giving researchers a better understanding of how the commercially available reagents facilitate the crosslinking of peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *Includes entirely new chapters on the latest areas in the field of bioconjugation as follows: Microparticles and nanoparticles Silane coupling agents Dendrimers and dendrons Chemoselective ligation Quantum dots Lanthanide chelates Cyanine dyes Discrete PEG compounds Buckyballs, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes Mass tags and isotope tags Bioconjugation in the study of protein interactions},\\n\\tpublisher = {Academic Press},\\n\\tauthor = {Hermanson, Greg T.},\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hermanson, G. T.\"],\"key\":\"hermanson_bioconjugate_2008\",\"id\":\"hermanson_bioconjugate_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hermanson-bioconjugatetechniquesgoogleebook-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&pgis=1\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Real-Time Vital Optical Imaging of Precancer Using Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies Conjugated to Gold Nanoparticles\",\"volume\":\"63\",\"url\":\"http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999\",\"abstract\":\"Recent developments in photonic technology provide the ability to noninvasively image cells in vivo; these new cellular imaging technologies have the potential to dramatically improve the prevention, detection, and therapy of epithelial cancers. Endoscope-compatible microscopies, such as optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy, image reflected light, providing a three-dimensional picture of tissue microanatomy with excellent spatial resolution (1-10 \\\\micro\\\\m). However, their ability to image molecular biomarkers associated with cancer is limited. Here, we describe a new class of molecular specific contrast agents for vital reflectance imaging based on gold nanoparticles attached to probe molecules with high affinity for specific cellular biomarkers. The application of gold bioconjugates for vital imaging of precancers is demonstrated using cancer cell suspensions, three-dimensional cell cultures, and normal and neoplastic fresh cervical biopsies. We show that gold conjugates can be delivered topically for imaging throughout the whole epithelium. These contrast agents have potential to extend the ability of vital reflectance microscopies for in vivo molecular imaging. They can potentially enable combined screening, detection, and therapy of disease using inexpensive imaging systems; such tools could allow mass screening of diseases such as cancer in resource-poor settings.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Cancer Res.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sokolov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konstantin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Follen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aaron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jesse\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pavlova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malpica\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anais\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lotan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reuben\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richards-Kortum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pages\":\"1999–2004\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sokolov_real-time_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Real-{Time} {Vital} {Optical} {Imaging} of {Precancer} {Using} {Anti}-{Epidermal} {Growth} {Factor} {Receptor} {Antibodies} {Conjugated} to {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},\\n\\tvolume = {63},\\n\\turl = {http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent developments in photonic technology provide the ability to noninvasively image cells in vivo; these new cellular imaging technologies have the potential to dramatically improve the prevention, detection, and therapy of epithelial cancers. Endoscope-compatible microscopies, such as optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy, image reflected light, providing a three-dimensional picture of tissue microanatomy with excellent spatial resolution (1-10 \\\\{micro\\\\}m). However, their ability to image molecular biomarkers associated with cancer is limited. Here, we describe a new class of molecular specific contrast agents for vital reflectance imaging based on gold nanoparticles attached to probe molecules with high affinity for specific cellular biomarkers. The application of gold bioconjugates for vital imaging of precancers is demonstrated using cancer cell suspensions, three-dimensional cell cultures, and normal and neoplastic fresh cervical biopsies. We show that gold conjugates can be delivered topically for imaging throughout the whole epithelium. These contrast agents have potential to extend the ability of vital reflectance microscopies for in vivo molecular imaging. They can potentially enable combined screening, detection, and therapy of disease using inexpensive imaging systems; such tools could allow mass screening of diseases such as cancer in resource-poor settings.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Cancer Res.},\\n\\tauthor = {Sokolov, Konstantin and Follen, Michele and Aaron, Jesse and Pavlova, Ina and Malpica, Anais and Lotan, Reuben and Richards-Kortum, Rebecca},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpages = {1999--2004},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sokolov, K.\",\"Follen, M.\",\"Aaron, J.\",\"Pavlova, I.\",\"Malpica, A.\",\"Lotan, R.\",\"Richards-Kortum, R.\"],\"key\":\"sokolov_real-time_2003\",\"id\":\"sokolov_real-time_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sokolov-follen-aaron-pavlova-malpica-lotan-richardskortum-realtimevitalopticalimagingofprecancerusingantiepidermalgrowthfactorreceptorantibodiesconjugatedtogoldnanoparticles-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Small, Water-Soluble, Ligand-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Interfacial Ligand Exchange Reactions\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"0897-4756\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/cm0003875\",\"abstract\":\"A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell. A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Chemistry of Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Warner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marvin\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hutchison\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2000\",\"pages\":\"3316–3320\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{warner_small_2000,\\n\\ttitle = {Small, {Water}-{Soluble}, {Ligand}-{Stabilized} {Gold} {Nanoparticles} {Synthesized} by {Interfacial} {Ligand} {Exchange} {Reactions}},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {0897-4756},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/cm0003875},\\n\\tabstract = {A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell. A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemistry of Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Warner, Marvin G. and Reed, Scott M. and Hutchison, James E.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2000},\\n\\tpages = {3316--3320},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Warner, M. G.\",\"Reed, S. M.\",\"Hutchison, J. E.\"],\"key\":\"warner_small_2000\",\"id\":\"warner_small_2000\",\"bibbaseid\":\"warner-reed-hutchison-smallwatersolubleligandstabilizedgoldnanoparticlessynthesizedbyinterfacialligandexchangereactions-2000\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices.\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"1476-1122\",\"shorttitle\":\"Nat Mater\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/nmat2629\",\"abstract\":\"The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Nature materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Atwater\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Harry\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Polman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Albert\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pages\":\"205–13\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{atwater_plasmonics_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices.},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {1476-1122},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Nat {Mater}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/nmat2629},\\n\\tabstract = {The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Atwater, Harry A and Polman, Albert},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpages = {205--13},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Atwater, H. A\",\"Polman, A.\"],\"key\":\"atwater_plasmonics_2010\",\"id\":\"atwater_plasmonics_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"atwater-polman-plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaicdevices-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors.\",\"volume\":\"111\",\"issn\":\"1520-6890\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/cr100313v\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Chemical reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mayer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathryn\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hafner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jason\",\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"3828–57\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mayer_localized_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors.},\\n\\tvolume = {111},\\n\\tissn = {1520-6890},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/cr100313v},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Mayer, Kathryn M and Hafner, Jason H},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {3828--57},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mayer, K. M\",\"Hafner, J. H\"],\"key\":\"mayer_localized_2011\",\"id\":\"mayer_localized_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mayer-hafner-localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancesensors-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rigid, Specific, and Discrete Gold Nanoparticle/Antibody Conjugates\",\"volume\":\"128\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0555668\",\"abstract\":\"A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ackerson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jadzinsky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pablo\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grant\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kornberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pages\":\"2635–2640\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ackerson_rigid_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Rigid, {Specific}, and {Discrete} {Gold} {Nanoparticle}/{Antibody} {Conjugates}},\\n\\tvolume = {128},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0555668},\\n\\tabstract = {A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Ackerson, Christopher J. and Jadzinsky, Pablo D. and Jensen, Grant J. and Kornberg, Roger D.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpages = {2635--2640},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ackerson, C. J.\",\"Jadzinsky, P. D.\",\"Jensen, G. J.\",\"Kornberg, R. D.\"],\"key\":\"ackerson_rigid_2006\",\"id\":\"ackerson_rigid_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rigid, Specific, and Discrete Gold Nanoparticle/Antibody Conjugates\",\"volume\":\"128\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0555668\",\"abstract\":\"A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ackerson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jadzinsky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pablo\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jensen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Grant\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kornberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Roger\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pages\":\"2635–2640\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ackerson_rigid_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Rigid, {Specific}, and {Discrete} {Gold} {Nanoparticle}/{Antibody} {Conjugates}},\\n\\tvolume = {128},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0555668},\\n\\tabstract = {A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Ackerson, Christopher J. and Jadzinsky, Pablo D. and Jensen, Grant J. and Kornberg, Roger D.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpages = {2635--2640},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ackerson, C. J.\",\"Jadzinsky, P. D.\",\"Jensen, G. J.\",\"Kornberg, R. D.\"],\"key\":\"ackerson_rigid_2006-1\",\"id\":\"ackerson_rigid_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Enhanced harvesting of red photons in nanowire solar cells: evidence of resonance energy transfer.\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1936-086X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nn900090x\",\"abstract\":\"Modern excitonic solar cells efficiently harvest photons in the 350-650 nm spectral range; however, device efficiencies are typically limited by poor quantum yields for red and near-infrared photons. Using Forster-type resonance energy transfer from zinc phthalocyanine donor molecules to ruthenium polypyridine complex acceptors, we demonstrate a four-fold increase in quantum yields for red photons in dye-sensitized nanowire array solar cells. The dissolved donor and surface anchored acceptor molecules are not tethered to each other, through either a direct chemical bond or a covalent linker layer. The spatial confinement of the electrolyte imposed by the wire-to-wire spacing of the close-packed nanowire array architecture ensures that the distances between a significant fraction of donors and acceptors are within a Förster radius. The critical distance for energy transfer from an isolated donor chromophore to a self-assembled monolayer of acceptors on a plane follows the inverse fourth power instead of the inverse sixth power relation. Consequently, we observe near quantitative energy transfer efficiencies in our devices. Our results represent a new design paradigm in excitonic solar cells and show it is possible to more closely match the spectral response of the device to the AM 1.5 solar spectrum through use of electronic energy transfer.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"ACS nano\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shankar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karthik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xinjian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grimes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"788–94\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shankar_enhanced_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Enhanced harvesting of red photons in nanowire solar cells: evidence of resonance energy transfer.},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1936-086X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nn900090x},\\n\\tabstract = {Modern excitonic solar cells efficiently harvest photons in the 350-650 nm spectral range; however, device efficiencies are typically limited by poor quantum yields for red and near-infrared photons. Using Forster-type resonance energy transfer from zinc phthalocyanine donor molecules to ruthenium polypyridine complex acceptors, we demonstrate a four-fold increase in quantum yields for red photons in dye-sensitized nanowire array solar cells. The dissolved donor and surface anchored acceptor molecules are not tethered to each other, through either a direct chemical bond or a covalent linker layer. The spatial confinement of the electrolyte imposed by the wire-to-wire spacing of the close-packed nanowire array architecture ensures that the distances between a significant fraction of donors and acceptors are within a Förster radius. The critical distance for energy transfer from an isolated donor chromophore to a self-assembled monolayer of acceptors on a plane follows the inverse fourth power instead of the inverse sixth power relation. Consequently, we observe near quantitative energy transfer efficiencies in our devices. Our results represent a new design paradigm in excitonic solar cells and show it is possible to more closely match the spectral response of the device to the AM 1.5 solar spectrum through use of electronic energy transfer.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS nano},\\n\\tauthor = {Shankar, Karthik and Feng, Xinjian and Grimes, Craig A},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {788--94},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shankar, K.\",\"Feng, X.\",\"Grimes, C. A\"],\"key\":\"shankar_enhanced_2009\",\"id\":\"shankar_enhanced_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shankar-feng-grimes-enhancedharvestingofredphotonsinnanowiresolarcellsevidenceofresonanceenergytransfer-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impact of assembly state on the defect tolerance of TMV-based light harvesting arrays.\",\"volume\":\"132\",\"issn\":\"1520-5126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja909566z\",\"abstract\":\"Self-assembling, light harvesting arrays of organic chromophores can be templated using the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP). The efficiency of energy transfer within systems containing a high ratio of donors to acceptors shows a strong dependence on the TMVP assembly state. Rod and disk assemblies derived from a single stock of chromophore-labeled protein exhibit drastically different levels of energy transfer, with rods significantly outperforming disks. The origin of the superior transfer efficiency was probed through the controlled introduction of photoinactive conjugates into the assemblies. The efficiency of the rods showed a linear dependence on the proportion of deactivated chromophores, suggesting the availability of redundant energy transfer pathways that can circumvent defect sites. Similar disk-based systems were markedly less efficient at all defect levels. To examine these differences further, the brightness of donor-only systems was measured as a function of defect incorporation. In rod assemblies, the photophysical properties of the donor chromophores showed a significant dependence on the number of defects. These differences can be partly attributed to vertical energy transfer events in rods that occur more rapidly than the horizontal transfers in disks. Using these geometries and the previously measured energy transfer rates, computational models were developed to understand this behavior in more detail and to guide the optimization of future systems. These simulations have revealed that significant differences in excited state dissipation rates likely also contribute to the greater efficiency of the rods and that statistical variations in the assembly process play a more minor role.\",\"number\":\"17\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebekah\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stephanopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McFarland\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jesse\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geissler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photobleaching, Protein Array Analysis, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"6068–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{miller_impact_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Impact of assembly state on the defect tolerance of {TMV}-based light harvesting arrays.},\\n\\tvolume = {132},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja909566z},\\n\\tabstract = {Self-assembling, light harvesting arrays of organic chromophores can be templated using the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP). The efficiency of energy transfer within systems containing a high ratio of donors to acceptors shows a strong dependence on the TMVP assembly state. Rod and disk assemblies derived from a single stock of chromophore-labeled protein exhibit drastically different levels of energy transfer, with rods significantly outperforming disks. The origin of the superior transfer efficiency was probed through the controlled introduction of photoinactive conjugates into the assemblies. The efficiency of the rods showed a linear dependence on the proportion of deactivated chromophores, suggesting the availability of redundant energy transfer pathways that can circumvent defect sites. Similar disk-based systems were markedly less efficient at all defect levels. To examine these differences further, the brightness of donor-only systems was measured as a function of defect incorporation. In rod assemblies, the photophysical properties of the donor chromophores showed a significant dependence on the number of defects. These differences can be partly attributed to vertical energy transfer events in rods that occur more rapidly than the horizontal transfers in disks. Using these geometries and the previously measured energy transfer rates, computational models were developed to understand this behavior in more detail and to guide the optimization of future systems. These simulations have revealed that significant differences in excited state dissipation rates likely also contribute to the greater efficiency of the rods and that statistical variations in the assembly process play a more minor role.},\\n\\tnumber = {17},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Miller, Rebekah A and Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and McFarland, Jesse M and Rosko, Andrew S and Geissler, Phillip L and Francis, Matthew B},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photobleaching, Protein Array Analysis, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {6068--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Miller, R. A\",\"Stephanopoulos, N.\",\"McFarland, J. M\",\"Rosko, A. S\",\"Geissler, P. L\",\"Francis, M. B\"],\"key\":\"miller_impact_2010\",\"id\":\"miller_impact_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"miller-stephanopoulos-mcfarland-rosko-geissler-francis-impactofassemblystateonthedefecttoleranceoftmvbasedlightharvestingarrays-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z\"},\"keyword\":[\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid Proteins: chemistry\",\"Energy Transfer\",\"Light\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry\",\"Photobleaching\",\"Protein Array Analysis\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Molecular Wire Encapsulated into ${\\\\}pi$ Organogels: Efficient Supramolecular Light-Harvesting Antennae with Color-Tunable Emission\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"issn\":\"00448249\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ange.200701925\",\"number\":\"33\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ajayaghosh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayyappanpillai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Praveen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vakayil\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vijayakumar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chakkooth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"George\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Subi\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"6376–6381\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ajayaghosh_molecular_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Molecular {Wire} {Encapsulated} into \\\\${\\\\textbackslash}pi\\\\$ {Organogels}: {Efficient} {Supramolecular} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Antennae} with {Color}-{Tunable} {Emission}},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\tissn = {00448249},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/ange.200701925},\\n\\tnumber = {33},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie},\\n\\tauthor = {Ajayaghosh, Ayyappanpillai and Praveen, Vakayil K. and Vijayakumar, Chakkooth and George, Subi J.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {6376--6381},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ajayaghosh, A.\",\"Praveen, V. K.\",\"Vijayakumar, C.\",\"George, S. J.\"],\"key\":\"ajayaghosh_molecular_2007\",\"id\":\"ajayaghosh_molecular_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ajayaghosh-praveen-vijayakumar-george-molecularwireencapsulatedintopiorganogelsefficientsupramolecularlightharvestingantennaewithcolortunableemission-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage MS2.\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"1521-3773\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200902727\",\"number\":\"50\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stephanopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carrico\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zachary\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"9498–502\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage {MS2}.},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {1521-3773},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200902727},\\n\\tnumber = {50},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and Carrico, Zachary M and Francis, Matthew B},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {9498--502},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stephanopoulos, N.\",\"Carrico, Z. M\",\"Francis, M. B\"],\"key\":\"stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009\",\"id\":\"stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biomimetic Materials\",\"Biomimetic Materials: chemistry\",\"Capsid\",\"Capsid: chemistry\",\"Coloring Agents\",\"Coloring Agents: chemistry\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer\",\"Levivirus\",\"Levivirus: chemistry\",\"Photochemical Processes\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: chemistry\",\"Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"DNA-Directed Artificial Light-Harvesting Antenna\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja1115138\",\"abstract\":\"Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy. Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy.\",\"number\":\"31\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dutta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Palash\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Varghese\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nangreave\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeanette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Su\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"11985–11993\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dutta_dna-directed_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {{DNA}-{Directed} {Artificial} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Antenna}},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja1115138},\\n\\tabstract = {Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy. Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy.},\\n\\tnumber = {31},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Dutta, Palash K. and Varghese, Reji and Nangreave, Jeanette and Lin, Su and Yan, Hao and Liu, Yan},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {11985--11993},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dutta, P. K.\",\"Varghese, R.\",\"Nangreave, J.\",\"Lin, S.\",\"Yan, H.\",\"Liu, Y.\"],\"key\":\"dutta_dna-directed_2011\",\"id\":\"dutta_dna-directed_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dutta-varghese-nangreave-lin-yan-liu-dnadirectedartificiallightharvestingantenna-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Directing Energy Transfer within Conjugated Polymer Thin Films\",\"volume\":\"123\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja016693g\",\"number\":\"46\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinsang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McQuade\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"Tyler\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aimee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhengguo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Swager\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timothy\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pages\":\"11488–11489\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kim_directing_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Directing {Energy} {Transfer} within {Conjugated} {Polymer} {Thin} {Films}},\\n\\tvolume = {123},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja016693g},\\n\\tnumber = {46},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Kim, Jinsang and McQuade, D. Tyler and Rose, Aimee and Zhu, Zhengguo and Swager, Timothy M.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpages = {11488--11489},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kim, J.\",\"McQuade, D. T.\",\"Rose, A.\",\"Zhu, Z.\",\"Swager, T. M.\"],\"key\":\"kim_directing_2001\",\"id\":\"kim_directing_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kim-mcquade-rose-zhu-swager-directingenergytransferwithinconjugatedpolymerthinfilms-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Quantum Coherence in Photosynthetic Light Harvesting\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"url\":\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126\",\"abstract\":\"Recent two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopic experiments revealed that electronic energy transfer in photosynthetic light harvesting involves long-lived quantum coherence among electronic excitations of pigments. These findings have led to the suggestion that quantum coherence might play a role in achieving the remarkable quantum efficiency of photosynthetic light harvesting. Further, this speculation has led to much effort being devoted to elucidation of the quantum mechanisms of the photosynthetic excitation energy transfer (EET). In this review, we provide an overview of recent experimental and theoretical investigations of photosynthetic electronic energy transfer, specifically addressing underlying mechanisms of the observed long-lived coherence and its potential roles in photosynthetic light harvesting. We close with some thoughts on directions for future developments in this area.\",\"journal\":\"Condensed Matter Physics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ishizaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Akihito\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fleming\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Graham\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"keywords\":\"electronic energy transfer, non-Markovian interplay between electronic excitat, pigment-protein complexes, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy\",\"pages\":\"333–361\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ishizaki_quantum_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantum {Coherence} in {Photosynthetic} {Light} {Harvesting}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\turl = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopic experiments revealed that electronic energy transfer in photosynthetic light harvesting involves long-lived quantum coherence among electronic excitations of pigments. These findings have led to the suggestion that quantum coherence might play a role in achieving the remarkable quantum efficiency of photosynthetic light harvesting. Further, this speculation has led to much effort being devoted to elucidation of the quantum mechanisms of the photosynthetic excitation energy transfer (EET). In this review, we provide an overview of recent experimental and theoretical investigations of photosynthetic electronic energy transfer, specifically addressing underlying mechanisms of the observed long-lived coherence and its potential roles in photosynthetic light harvesting. We close with some thoughts on directions for future developments in this area.},\\n\\tjournal = {Condensed Matter Physics},\\n\\tauthor = {Ishizaki, Akihito and Fleming, Graham R.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tkeywords = {electronic energy transfer, non-Markovian interplay between electronic excitat, pigment-protein complexes, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy},\\n\\tpages = {333--361},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ishizaki, A.\",\"Fleming, G. R.\"],\"key\":\"ishizaki_quantum_2012\",\"id\":\"ishizaki_quantum_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ishizaki-fleming-quantumcoherenceinphotosyntheticlightharvesting-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126\"},\"keyword\":[\"electronic energy transfer\",\"non-Markovian interplay between electronic excitat\",\"pigment-protein complexes\",\"two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Viral capsids as self-assembling templates for new materials.\",\"volume\":\"103\",\"issn\":\"1878-0814\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9\",\"abstract\":\"The self-assembling protein shells of viruses have provided convenient scaffolds for the construction of many new materials with well-defined nanoscale architectures. In some cases, the native amino acid functional groups have served as nucleation sites for the deposition of metals and semiconductors, leading to organic-inorganic composites with interesting electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. Other approaches have involved the covalent modification of the protein monomers, typically with the goal of generating targeting delivery vehicles for drug and imaging cargo. Covalently modified capsid proteins have also been used to generate periodic arrays of chromophores for use in light harvesting and photocatalytic applications. All of these research areas have taken advantage of the low polydispersity, high chemical stability, and intrinsically multivalent properties that are uniquely offered by these biological building blocks.\",\"journal\":\"Progress in molecular biology and translational science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dedeo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Finley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Catalysis, Photosynthesis, Proteins, bioconjugation, capsids, drug delivery, light harvesting, medical imaging, nanoparticles, self-assembly, viruses\",\"pages\":\"353–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dedeo_viral_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Viral capsids as self-assembling templates for new materials.},\\n\\tvolume = {103},\\n\\tissn = {1878-0814},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9},\\n\\tabstract = {The self-assembling protein shells of viruses have provided convenient scaffolds for the construction of many new materials with well-defined nanoscale architectures. In some cases, the native amino acid functional groups have served as nucleation sites for the deposition of metals and semiconductors, leading to organic-inorganic composites with interesting electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. Other approaches have involved the covalent modification of the protein monomers, typically with the goal of generating targeting delivery vehicles for drug and imaging cargo. Covalently modified capsid proteins have also been used to generate periodic arrays of chromophores for use in light harvesting and photocatalytic applications. All of these research areas have taken advantage of the low polydispersity, high chemical stability, and intrinsically multivalent properties that are uniquely offered by these biological building blocks.},\\n\\tjournal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},\\n\\tauthor = {Dedeo, Michel T and Finley, Daniel T and Francis, Matthew B},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Catalysis, Photosynthesis, Proteins, bioconjugation, capsids, drug delivery, light harvesting, medical imaging, nanoparticles, self-assembly, viruses},\\n\\tpages = {353--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dedeo, M. T\",\"Finley, D. T\",\"Francis, M. B\"],\"key\":\"dedeo_viral_2011\",\"id\":\"dedeo_viral_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dedeo-finley-francis-viralcapsidsasselfassemblingtemplatesfornewmaterials-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Catalysis\",\"Photosynthesis\",\"Proteins\",\"bioconjugation\",\"capsids\",\"drug delivery\",\"light harvesting\",\"medical imaging\",\"nanoparticles\",\"self-assembly\",\"viruses\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Single-Molecule Four-Color FRET Visualizes Energy-Transfer Paths on DNA Origami\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja1105464\",\"abstract\":\"Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ingo\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steinhauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tinnefeld\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philip\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"4193–4195\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stein_single-molecule_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Single-{Molecule} {Four}-{Color} {FRET} {Visualizes} {Energy}-{Transfer} {Paths} on {DNA} {Origami}},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja1105464},\\n\\tabstract = {Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Stein, Ingo H. and Steinhauer, Christian and Tinnefeld, Philip},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {4193--4195},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stein, I. H.\",\"Steinhauer, C.\",\"Tinnefeld, P.\"],\"key\":\"stein_single-molecule_2011\",\"id\":\"stein_single-molecule_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stein-steinhauer-tinnefeld-singlemoleculefourcolorfretvisualizesenergytransferpathsondnaorigami-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Anisotropic organization and microscopic manipulation of self-assembling synthetic porphyrin microrods that mimic chlorosomes: bacterial light-harvesting systems.\",\"volume\":\"134\",\"issn\":\"1520-5126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja203838p\",\"abstract\":\"Being able to control in time and space the positioning, orientation, movement, and sense of rotation of nano- to microscale objects is currently an active research area in nanoscience, having diverse nanotechnological applications. In this paper, we demonstrate unprecedented control and maneuvering of rod-shaped or tubular nanostructures with high aspect ratios which are formed by self-assembling synthetic porphyrins. The self-assembly algorithm, encoded by appended chemical-recognition groups on the periphery of these porphyrins, is the same as the one operating for chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls (BChl's). Chlorosomes, rod-shaped organelles with relatively long-range molecular order, are the most efficient naturally occurring light-harvesting systems. They are used by green photosynthetic bacteria to trap visible and infrared light of minute intensities even at great depths, e.g., 100 m below water surface or in volcanic vents in the absence of solar radiation. In contrast to most other natural light-harvesting systems, the chlorosomal antennae are devoid of a protein scaffold to orient the BChl's; thus, they are an attractive goal for mimicry by synthetic chemists, who are able to engineer more robust chromophores to self-assemble. Functional devices with environmentally friendly chromophores-which should be able to act as photosensitizers within hybrid solar cells, leading to high photon-to-current conversion efficiencies even under low illumination conditions-have yet to be fabricated. The orderly manner in which the BChl's and their synthetic counterparts self-assemble imparts strong diamagnetic and optical anisotropies and flow/shear characteristics to their nanostructured assemblies, allowing them to be manipulated by electrical, magnetic, or tribomechanical forces.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chappaz-Gillot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cyril\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blaive\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruno\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Canard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gabriel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bürck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jochen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garab\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gyozo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Horst\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jávorfi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tamás\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kelemen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Loránd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krupke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ralph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mössinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dennis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ormos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pál\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Reddy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chilla\",\"Malla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roussel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Steinbach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gábor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Szabó\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Milán\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ulrich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vanthuyne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicolas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vijayaraghavan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aravind\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zupcanova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anita\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balaban\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Teodor\",\"Silviu\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"944–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chappaz-gillot_anisotropic_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Anisotropic organization and microscopic manipulation of self-assembling synthetic porphyrin microrods that mimic chlorosomes: bacterial light-harvesting systems.},\\n\\tvolume = {134},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja203838p},\\n\\tabstract = {Being able to control in time and space the positioning, orientation, movement, and sense of rotation of nano- to microscale objects is currently an active research area in nanoscience, having diverse nanotechnological applications. In this paper, we demonstrate unprecedented control and maneuvering of rod-shaped or tubular nanostructures with high aspect ratios which are formed by self-assembling synthetic porphyrins. The self-assembly algorithm, encoded by appended chemical-recognition groups on the periphery of these porphyrins, is the same as the one operating for chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls (BChl's). Chlorosomes, rod-shaped organelles with relatively long-range molecular order, are the most efficient naturally occurring light-harvesting systems. They are used by green photosynthetic bacteria to trap visible and infrared light of minute intensities even at great depths, e.g., 100 m below water surface or in volcanic vents in the absence of solar radiation. In contrast to most other natural light-harvesting systems, the chlorosomal antennae are devoid of a protein scaffold to orient the BChl's; thus, they are an attractive goal for mimicry by synthetic chemists, who are able to engineer more robust chromophores to self-assemble. Functional devices with environmentally friendly chromophores-which should be able to act as photosensitizers within hybrid solar cells, leading to high photon-to-current conversion efficiencies even under low illumination conditions-have yet to be fabricated. The orderly manner in which the BChl's and their synthetic counterparts self-assemble imparts strong diamagnetic and optical anisotropies and flow/shear characteristics to their nanostructured assemblies, allowing them to be manipulated by electrical, magnetic, or tribomechanical forces.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Chappaz-Gillot, Cyril and Marek, Peter L and Blaive, Bruno J and Canard, Gabriel and Bürck, Jochen and Garab, Gyozo and Hahn, Horst and Jávorfi, Tamás and Kelemen, Loránd and Krupke, Ralph and Mössinger, Dennis and Ormos, Pál and Reddy, Chilla Malla and Roussel, Christian and Steinbach, Gábor and Szabó, Milán and Ulrich, Anne S and Vanthuyne, Nicolas and Vijayaraghavan, Aravind and Zupcanova, Anita and Balaban, Teodor Silviu},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {944--54},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chappaz-Gillot, C.\",\"Marek, P. L\",\"Blaive, B. J\",\"Canard, G.\",\"Bürck, J.\",\"Garab, G.\",\"Hahn, H.\",\"Jávorfi, T.\",\"Kelemen, L.\",\"Krupke, R.\",\"Mössinger, D.\",\"Ormos, P.\",\"Reddy, C. M.\",\"Roussel, C.\",\"Steinbach, G.\",\"Szabó, M.\",\"Ulrich, A. S\",\"Vanthuyne, N.\",\"Vijayaraghavan, A.\",\"Zupcanova, A.\",\"Balaban, T. S.\"],\"key\":\"chappaz-gillot_anisotropic_2012\",\"id\":\"chappaz-gillot_anisotropic_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chappazgillot-marek-blaive-canard-brck-garab-hahn-jvorfi-etal-anisotropicorganizationandmicroscopicmanipulationofselfassemblingsyntheticporphyrinmicrorodsthatmimicchlorosomesbacteriallightharvestingsystems-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"DNA-based supramolecular artificial light harvesting complexes.\",\"volume\":\"131\",\"issn\":\"1520-5126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja904551n\",\"abstract\":\"Solar radiation reaching this planet is distributed over a wide range of wavelengths, and efficient collection and conversion of solar energy requires light harvesting over multiple wavelengths. Yet, the design, synthesis, and testing of novel, efficient, inexpensive light harvesting complexes are lacking. Engineered protein-DNA complexes are used here to self-assemble donor and acceptor molecules into artificial light harvesting units with an association constant of 3.3 +/- 1.2 muM(-1). Excitation of the DNA-bound donors resulted in a 540% increase in emission from the protein-bound acceptors, and the presence of one acceptor for each pair of donors was sufficient to quench approximately 50% of donor emission. Successful self-assembly of DNA-based light harvesting units is expected to facilitate economic/efficient conversion of solar energy, and model systems to achieve this goal are demonstrated here. We anticipate that success along these lines would facilitate more efficient approaches for solar energy capture.\",\"number\":\"44\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kumar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Challa\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"DNA, Energy-Generating Resources, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: genetics, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Solar Energy\",\"pages\":\"16024–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kumar_dna-based_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {{DNA}-based supramolecular artificial light harvesting complexes.},\\n\\tvolume = {131},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja904551n},\\n\\tabstract = {Solar radiation reaching this planet is distributed over a wide range of wavelengths, and efficient collection and conversion of solar energy requires light harvesting over multiple wavelengths. Yet, the design, synthesis, and testing of novel, efficient, inexpensive light harvesting complexes are lacking. Engineered protein-DNA complexes are used here to self-assemble donor and acceptor molecules into artificial light harvesting units with an association constant of 3.3 +/- 1.2 muM(-1). Excitation of the DNA-bound donors resulted in a 540\\\\% increase in emission from the protein-bound acceptors, and the presence of one acceptor for each pair of donors was sufficient to quench approximately 50\\\\% of donor emission. Successful self-assembly of DNA-based light harvesting units is expected to facilitate economic/efficient conversion of solar energy, and model systems to achieve this goal are demonstrated here. We anticipate that success along these lines would facilitate more efficient approaches for solar energy capture.},\\n\\tnumber = {44},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Kumar, Challa V and Duff, Michael R},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {DNA, Energy-Generating Resources, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: genetics, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Solar Energy},\\n\\tpages = {16024--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kumar, C. V\",\"Duff, M. R\"],\"key\":\"kumar_dna-based_2009\",\"id\":\"kumar_dna-based_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kumar-duff-dnabasedsupramolecularartificiallightharvestingcomplexes-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n\"},\"keyword\":[\"DNA\",\"Energy-Generating Resources\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: genetics\",\"Protein Engineering\",\"Protein Engineering: methods\",\"Solar Energy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Bioinspired molecular design of light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200301665\",\"abstract\":\"Recent progress in fundamental studies on multiporphyrin arrays has provided structural parameters for the molecular design of artificial light-harvesting antennae which mimic the wheel-like antenna complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Covalent and noncovalent approaches have been employed for the construction of artificial light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays. Such arrays are categorized into ring-shaped, windmill-shaped, star-shaped, and dendritic architectures. In particular, dendritic multiporphyrin arrays have been proven to be promising candidates for both providing a large absorption cross-section and enabling the vectorial transfer of energy over a long distance to a designated point. Such molecular and supramolecular systems are also expected to be potent components for molecular electronics and photonic devices.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Myung-Seok\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamazaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomoko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamazaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Iwao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aida\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Takuzo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pages\":\"150–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{choi_bioinspired_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Bioinspired molecular design of light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200301665},\\n\\tabstract = {Recent progress in fundamental studies on multiporphyrin arrays has provided structural parameters for the molecular design of artificial light-harvesting antennae which mimic the wheel-like antenna complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Covalent and noncovalent approaches have been employed for the construction of artificial light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays. Such arrays are categorized into ring-shaped, windmill-shaped, star-shaped, and dendritic architectures. In particular, dendritic multiporphyrin arrays have been proven to be promising candidates for both providing a large absorption cross-section and enabling the vectorial transfer of energy over a long distance to a designated point. Such molecular and supramolecular systems are also expected to be potent components for molecular electronics and photonic devices.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Choi, Myung-Seok and Yamazaki, Tomoko and Yamazaki, Iwao and Aida, Takuzo},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpages = {150--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Choi, M.\",\"Yamazaki, T.\",\"Yamazaki, I.\",\"Aida, T.\"],\"key\":\"choi_bioinspired_2004\",\"id\":\"choi_bioinspired_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"choi-yamazaki-yamazaki-aida-bioinspiredmoleculardesignoflightharvestingmultiporphyrinarrays-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting.\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1755-4349\",\"shorttitle\":\"Nat Chem\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/nchem.1145\",\"abstract\":\"Solar fuel production often starts with the energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. For example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centres that then carry out the associated chemistry. In this Review, we describe the principles learned from studies of various natural antenna complexes and suggest how to elucidate strategies for designing light-harvesting systems. We envisage that such systems will be used for solar fuel production, to direct and regulate excitation energy flow using molecular organizations that facilitate feedback and control, or to transfer excitons over long distances. Also described are the notable properties of light-harvesting chromophores, spatial-energetic landscapes, the roles of excitonic states and quantum coherence, as well as how antennas are regulated and photoprotected.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Nature chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scholes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fleming\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Graham\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olaya-Castro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alexandra\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Grondelle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rienk\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photosystem I Protein Complex, Photosystem I Protein Complex: chemistry, Photosystem II Protein Complex, Photosystem II Protein Complex: chemistry, Quantum Theory, Solar Energy, Sunlight\",\"pages\":\"763–74\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{scholes_lessons_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting.},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1755-4349},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Nat {Chem}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/nchem.1145},\\n\\tabstract = {Solar fuel production often starts with the energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. For example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centres that then carry out the associated chemistry. In this Review, we describe the principles learned from studies of various natural antenna complexes and suggest how to elucidate strategies for designing light-harvesting systems. We envisage that such systems will be used for solar fuel production, to direct and regulate excitation energy flow using molecular organizations that facilitate feedback and control, or to transfer excitons over long distances. Also described are the notable properties of light-harvesting chromophores, spatial-energetic landscapes, the roles of excitonic states and quantum coherence, as well as how antennas are regulated and photoprotected.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Scholes, Gregory D and Fleming, Graham R and Olaya-Castro, Alexandra and van Grondelle, Rienk},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photosystem I Protein Complex, Photosystem I Protein Complex: chemistry, Photosystem II Protein Complex, Photosystem II Protein Complex: chemistry, Quantum Theory, Solar Energy, Sunlight},\\n\\tpages = {763--74},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Scholes, G. D\",\"Fleming, G. R\",\"Olaya-Castro, A.\",\"van Grondelle, R.\"],\"key\":\"scholes_lessons_2011\",\"id\":\"scholes_lessons_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"scholes-fleming-olayacastro-vangrondelle-lessonsfromnatureaboutsolarlightharvesting-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145\"},\"keyword\":[\"Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes\",\"Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry\",\"Photosystem I Protein Complex\",\"Photosystem I Protein Complex: chemistry\",\"Photosystem II Protein Complex\",\"Photosystem II Protein Complex: chemistry\",\"Quantum Theory\",\"Solar Energy\",\"Sunlight\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Virus-templated assembly of porphyrins into light-harvesting nanoantennae.\",\"volume\":\"132\",\"issn\":\"1520-5126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja908812b\",\"abstract\":\"Biological molecules can be used as versatile templates for assembling nanoscale materials because of their unique structures and chemical diversities. Supramolecular organization of molecular pigments, as is found in the natural light-harvesting antenna, has drawn attention for its potential applications to sensors, photocatalytic systems, and photonic devices. Here we show the arrangement of molecular pigments into a one-dimensional light-harvesting antenna using M13 viruses as scaffolds. Chemical grafting of zinc porphyrins to M13 viruses induces distinctive spectroscopic changes, including fluorescence quenching, the extensive band broadening and small red shift of their absorption spectrum, and the shortened lifetime of the excited states. Based on these optical signatures we suggest a hypothetical model to explain the energy transfer occurring in the supramolecular porphyrin structures templated with the virus. We expect that further genetic engineering of M13 viruses can allow us to coassemble other functional materials (e.g., catalysts and electron transfer mediators) with pigments, implying potential applications to photochemical devices.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoon\",\"Sung\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Taeho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heechul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magyar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fantner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keith\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Belcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Angela\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"Bacteriophage M13, Bacteriophage M13: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Fluorescence, Metalloporphyrins, Metalloporphyrins: analysis, Metalloporphyrins: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Photochemistry, Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"1462–3\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nam_virus-templated_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Virus-templated assembly of porphyrins into light-harvesting nanoantennae.},\\n\\tvolume = {132},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja908812b},\\n\\tabstract = {Biological molecules can be used as versatile templates for assembling nanoscale materials because of their unique structures and chemical diversities. Supramolecular organization of molecular pigments, as is found in the natural light-harvesting antenna, has drawn attention for its potential applications to sensors, photocatalytic systems, and photonic devices. Here we show the arrangement of molecular pigments into a one-dimensional light-harvesting antenna using M13 viruses as scaffolds. Chemical grafting of zinc porphyrins to M13 viruses induces distinctive spectroscopic changes, including fluorescence quenching, the extensive band broadening and small red shift of their absorption spectrum, and the shortened lifetime of the excited states. Based on these optical signatures we suggest a hypothetical model to explain the energy transfer occurring in the supramolecular porphyrin structures templated with the virus. We expect that further genetic engineering of M13 viruses can allow us to coassemble other functional materials (e.g., catalysts and electron transfer mediators) with pigments, implying potential applications to photochemical devices.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Nam, Yoon Sung and Shin, Taeho and Park, Heechul and Magyar, Andrew P and Choi, Katherine and Fantner, Georg and Nelson, Keith A and Belcher, Angela M},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bacteriophage M13, Bacteriophage M13: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Fluorescence, Metalloporphyrins, Metalloporphyrins: analysis, Metalloporphyrins: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Photochemistry, Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {1462--3},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nam, Y. S.\",\"Shin, T.\",\"Park, H.\",\"Magyar, A. P\",\"Choi, K.\",\"Fantner, G.\",\"Nelson, K. A\",\"Belcher, A. M\"],\"key\":\"nam_virus-templated_2010\",\"id\":\"nam_virus-templated_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nam-shin-park-magyar-choi-fantner-nelson-belcher-virustemplatedassemblyofporphyrinsintolightharvestingnanoantennae-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bacteriophage M13\",\"Bacteriophage M13: chemistry\",\"Energy Transfer\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Metalloporphyrins\",\"Metalloporphyrins: analysis\",\"Metalloporphyrins: chemistry\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Photochemistry\",\"Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dye Molecules for Simple Co-Sensitization Process: Fabrication of Mixed-Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.\",\"issn\":\"1521-3773\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.201108610\",\"abstract\":\"Sensitive kind of dye: Co-sensitization of the TiO(2) electrode using PcS15 and the dye D131 results in a dramatic enhancement of the photocurrent response for the entire visible-light region. This method provides a simple design for accessing dye-sensitized solar cells.\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kimura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mutsumi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nomoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hirotaka\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Masaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naruhiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shogo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kimura_dye_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Dye {Molecules} for {Simple} {Co}-{Sensitization} {Process}: {Fabrication} of {Mixed}-{Dye}-{Sensitized} {Solar} {Cells}.},\\n\\tissn = {1521-3773},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.201108610},\\n\\tabstract = {Sensitive kind of dye: Co-sensitization of the TiO(2) electrode using PcS15 and the dye D131 results in a dramatic enhancement of the photocurrent response for the entire visible-light region. This method provides a simple design for accessing dye-sensitized solar cells.},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Kimura, Mutsumi and Nomoto, Hirotaka and Masaki, Naruhiko and Mori, Shogo},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kimura, M.\",\"Nomoto, H.\",\"Masaki, N.\",\"Mori, S.\"],\"key\":\"kimura_dye_2012\",\"id\":\"kimura_dye_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kimura-nomoto-masaki-mori-dyemoleculesforsimplecosensitizationprocessfabricationofmixeddyesensitizedsolarcells-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based MOFs.\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"1520-5126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja206029a\",\"abstract\":\"A pillared-paddlewheel type metal-organic framework material featuring bodipy- and porphyrin-based struts, and capable of harvesting light across the entire visible spectrum, has been synthesized. Efficient-essentially quantitative-strut-to-strut energy transfer (antenna behavior) was observed for the well-organized donor-acceptor assembly consituting the ordered MOF structure.\",\"number\":\"40\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chang\",\"Yeon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Farha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Omar\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bong\",\"Jin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sarjeant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nguyen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"SonBinh\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hupp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Boron Compounds, Boron Compounds: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Models, Molecular, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"15858–61\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_light-harvesting_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks ({MOFs}): efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based {MOFs}.},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja206029a},\\n\\tabstract = {A pillared-paddlewheel type metal-organic framework material featuring bodipy- and porphyrin-based struts, and capable of harvesting light across the entire visible spectrum, has been synthesized. Efficient-essentially quantitative-strut-to-strut energy transfer (antenna behavior) was observed for the well-organized donor-acceptor assembly consituting the ordered MOF structure.},\\n\\tnumber = {40},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Chang Yeon and Farha, Omar K and Hong, Bong Jin and Sarjeant, Amy A and Nguyen, SonBinh T and Hupp, Joseph T},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Boron Compounds, Boron Compounds: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Models, Molecular, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {15858--61},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, C. Y.\",\"Farha, O. K\",\"Hong, B. J.\",\"Sarjeant, A. A\",\"Nguyen, S. T\",\"Hupp, J. T\"],\"key\":\"lee_light-harvesting_2011\",\"id\":\"lee_light-harvesting_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-farha-hong-sarjeant-nguyen-hupp-lightharvestingmetalorganicframeworksmofsefficientstruttostrutenergytransferinbodipyandporphyrinbasedmofs-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a\"},\"keyword\":[\"Boron Compounds\",\"Boron Compounds: chemistry\",\"Energy Transfer\",\"Light\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Light Harvesting and Energy Transfer in Novel Convergently Constructed Dendrimers\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1422::AID-ANIE1422>3.0.CO;2-V\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1422::AID-ANIE1422>3.0.CO;2-V\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie International Edition\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gilat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sylvain\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adronov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alex\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fréchet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean\",\"M.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"1999\",\"pages\":\"1422–1427\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gilat_light_1999,\\n\\ttitle = {Light {Harvesting} and {Energy} {Transfer} in {Novel} {Convergently} {Constructed} {Dendrimers}},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1422::AID-ANIE1422>3.0.CO;2-V},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1422::AID-ANIE1422>3.0.CO;2-V},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},\\n\\tauthor = {Gilat, Sylvain L. and Adronov, Alex and Fréchet, Jean M. J.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {1999},\\n\\tpages = {1422--1427},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gilat, S. L.\",\"Adronov, A.\",\"Fréchet, J. M. J.\"],\"key\":\"gilat_light_1999\",\"id\":\"gilat_light_1999\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gilat-adronov-frchet-lightharvestingandenergytransferinnovelconvergentlyconstructeddendrimers-1999\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1422::AID-ANIE1422>3.0.CO;2-V\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pigment–pigment interactions and energy transfer in the antenna complex of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas acidophila\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"09692126\",\"url\":\"http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00050-0\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Structure\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prince\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steve\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ken\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Papiz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miroslav\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lawless\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\",\"Hawthornthwaite\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDermott\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gerry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cogdell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Isaacs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neil\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"1996\",\"pages\":\"449–462\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{freer_pigmentpigment_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {Pigment–pigment interactions and energy transfer in the antenna complex of the photosynthetic bacterium {Rhodopseudomonas} acidophila},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {09692126},\\n\\turl = {http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00050-0},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Structure},\\n\\tauthor = {Freer, Andy and Prince, Steve and Sauer, Ken and Papiz, Miroslav and Lawless, Anna Hawthornthwaite and McDermott, Gerry and Cogdell, Richard and Isaacs, Neil W},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tpages = {449--462},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Freer, A.\",\"Prince, S.\",\"Sauer, K.\",\"Papiz, M.\",\"Lawless, A. H.\",\"McDermott, G.\",\"Cogdell, R.\",\"Isaacs, N. W\"],\"key\":\"freer_pigmentpigment_1996\",\"id\":\"freer_pigmentpigment_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freer-prince-sauer-papiz-lawless-mcdermott-cogdell-isaacs-pigmentpigmentinteractionsandenergytransferintheantennacomplexofthephotosyntheticbacteriumrhodopseudomonasacidophila-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1749-4885\",\"shorttitle\":\"Nat Photon\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/nphoton.2009.96\",\"abstract\":\"Conventional dye-sensitized solar cells have excellent charge collection efficiencies, high open-circuit voltages and good fill factors. However, dye-sensitized solar cells do not completely absorb all of the photons from the visible and near-infrared domain and consequently have lower short-circuit photocurrent densities than inorganic photovoltaic devices. Here, we present a new design where high-energy photons are absorbed by highly photoluminescent chromophores unattached to the titania and undergo Förster resonant energy transfer to the sensitizing dye. This novel architecture allows for broader spectral absorption, an increase in dye loading, and relaxes the design requirements for the sensitizing dye. We demonstrate a 26% increase in power conversion efficiency when using an energy relay dye (PTCDI) with an organic sensitizing dye (TT1). We estimate the average excitation transfer efficiency in this system to be at least 47%. This system offers a viable pathway to develop more efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Nature Photonics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Armstrong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jun-Ho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Comte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pascal\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Torres\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tomás\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fréchet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean\",\"M.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nazeeruddin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Md\",\"Khaja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grätzel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGehee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"pages\":\"406–411\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hardin_increased_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1749-4885},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Nat {Photon}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/nphoton.2009.96},\\n\\tabstract = {Conventional dye-sensitized solar cells have excellent charge collection efficiencies, high open-circuit voltages and good fill factors. However, dye-sensitized solar cells do not completely absorb all of the photons from the visible and near-infrared domain and consequently have lower short-circuit photocurrent densities than inorganic photovoltaic devices. Here, we present a new design where high-energy photons are absorbed by highly photoluminescent chromophores unattached to the titania and undergo Förster resonant energy transfer to the sensitizing dye. This novel architecture allows for broader spectral absorption, an increase in dye loading, and relaxes the design requirements for the sensitizing dye. We demonstrate a 26\\\\% increase in power conversion efficiency when using an energy relay dye (PTCDI) with an organic sensitizing dye (TT1). We estimate the average excitation transfer efficiency in this system to be at least 47\\\\%. This system offers a viable pathway to develop more efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature Photonics},\\n\\tauthor = {Hardin, Brian E. and Hoke, Eric T. and Armstrong, Paul B. and Yum, Jun-Ho and Comte, Pascal and Torres, Tomás and Fréchet, Jean M. J. and Nazeeruddin, Md Khaja and Grätzel, Michael and McGehee, Michael D.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tpages = {406--411},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hardin, B. E.\",\"Hoke, E. T.\",\"Armstrong, P. B.\",\"Yum, J.\",\"Comte, P.\",\"Torres, T.\",\"Fréchet, J. M. J.\",\"Nazeeruddin, M. K.\",\"Grätzel, M.\",\"McGehee, M. D.\"],\"key\":\"hardin_increased_2009\",\"id\":\"hardin_increased_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hardin-hoke-armstrong-yum-comte-torres-frchet-nazeeruddin-etal-increasedlightharvestingindyesensitizedsolarcellswithenergyrelaydyes-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria\",\"volume\":\"35\",\"issn\":\"1469-8994\",\"url\":\"http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754\",\"number\":\"01\",\"journal\":\"Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiche\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ritz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thorsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Damjanovic\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ana\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Autenrieth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Felix\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schulten\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Klaus\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pages\":\"1–62\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hu_photosynthetic_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria},\\n\\tvolume = {35},\\n\\tissn = {1469-8994},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754},\\n\\tnumber = {01},\\n\\tjournal = {Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics},\\n\\tauthor = {Hu, Xiche and Ritz, Thorsten and Damjanovic, Ana and Autenrieth, Felix and Schulten, Klaus},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpages = {1--62},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hu, X.\",\"Ritz, T.\",\"Damjanovic, A.\",\"Autenrieth, F.\",\"Schulten, K.\"],\"key\":\"hu_photosynthetic_2002\",\"id\":\"hu_photosynthetic_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hu-ritz-damjanovic-autenrieth-schulten-photosyntheticapparatusofpurplebacteria-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Investigation of Electronic Communication in Multi-Porphyrin Light-Harvesting Arrays\",\"volume\":\"116\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja00102a027\",\"number\":\"23\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jyoti\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Palaniappan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vaithianathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prathapan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sreedharan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lindsey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bocian\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1994\",\"pages\":\"10578–10592\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{seth_investigation_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {Investigation of {Electronic} {Communication} in {Multi}-{Porphyrin} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Arrays}},\\n\\tvolume = {116},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja00102a027},\\n\\tnumber = {23},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Seth, Jyoti and Palaniappan, Vaithianathan and Johnson, Thomas E. and Prathapan, Sreedharan and Lindsey, Jonathan S. and Bocian, David F.},\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tpages = {10578--10592},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Seth, J.\",\"Palaniappan, V.\",\"Johnson, T. E.\",\"Prathapan, S.\",\"Lindsey, J. S.\",\"Bocian, D. F.\"],\"key\":\"seth_investigation_1994\",\"id\":\"seth_investigation_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"seth-palaniappan-johnson-prathapan-lindsey-bocian-investigationofelectroniccommunicationinmultiporphyrinlightharvestingarrays-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis.\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"1471-0072\",\"shorttitle\":\"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/nrm1525\",\"abstract\":\"Oxygenic photosynthesis is the principal producer of both oxygen and organic matter on earth. The primary step in this process - the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy - is driven by four, multisubunit, membrane-protein complexes that are known as photosystem I, photosystem II, cytochrome b(6)f and F-ATPase. Structural insights into these complexes are now providing a framework for the exploration not only of energy and electron transfer, but also of the evolutionary forces that shaped the photosynthetic apparatus.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nelson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ben-Shem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adam\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Algal Proteins, Algal Proteins: chemistry, Algal Proteins: metabolism, Animals, Chloroplasts, Chloroplasts: metabolism, Chloroplasts: ultrastructure, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: physiology, Light, Models, Molecular, Multienzyme Complexes, Oxygen, Oxygen: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plant Proteins, Plant Proteins: chemistry, Plant Proteins: metabolism, Protein Conformation, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: chemistry, Protein Subunits: metabolism, Protozoan Proteins, Protozoan Proteins: chemistry, Protozoan Proteins: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"971–82\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nelson_complex_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis.},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {1471-0072},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Nat {Rev} {Mol} {Cell} {Biol}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/nrm1525},\\n\\tabstract = {Oxygenic photosynthesis is the principal producer of both oxygen and organic matter on earth. The primary step in this process - the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy - is driven by four, multisubunit, membrane-protein complexes that are known as photosystem I, photosystem II, cytochrome b(6)f and F-ATPase. Structural insights into these complexes are now providing a framework for the exploration not only of energy and electron transfer, but also of the evolutionary forces that shaped the photosynthetic apparatus.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Nelson, Nathan and Ben-Shem, Adam},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Algal Proteins, Algal Proteins: chemistry, Algal Proteins: metabolism, Animals, Chloroplasts, Chloroplasts: metabolism, Chloroplasts: ultrastructure, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: physiology, Light, Models, Molecular, Multienzyme Complexes, Oxygen, Oxygen: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plant Proteins, Plant Proteins: chemistry, Plant Proteins: metabolism, Protein Conformation, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: chemistry, Protein Subunits: metabolism, Protozoan Proteins, Protozoan Proteins: chemistry, Protozoan Proteins: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {971--82},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nelson, N.\",\"Ben-Shem, A.\"],\"key\":\"nelson_complex_2004\",\"id\":\"nelson_complex_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nelson-benshem-thecomplexarchitectureofoxygenicphotosynthesis-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525\"},\"keyword\":[\"Algal Proteins\",\"Algal Proteins: chemistry\",\"Algal Proteins: metabolism\",\"Animals\",\"Chloroplasts\",\"Chloroplasts: metabolism\",\"Chloroplasts: ultrastructure\",\"Electron Transport\",\"Electron Transport: physiology\",\"Light\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Multienzyme Complexes\",\"Oxygen\",\"Oxygen: metabolism\",\"Photosynthesis\",\"Photosynthesis: physiology\",\"Plant Physiological Phenomena\",\"Plant Proteins\",\"Plant Proteins: chemistry\",\"Plant Proteins: metabolism\",\"Protein Conformation\",\"Protein Subunits\",\"Protein Subunits: chemistry\",\"Protein Subunits: metabolism\",\"Protozoan Proteins\",\"Protozoan Proteins: chemistry\",\"Protozoan Proteins: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Efficient light-harvesting antenna with a multi-porphyrin cascade.\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"1520-5126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja2050343\",\"abstract\":\"A light-harvesting antenna 1 comprising three varieties of porphyrins, each having a different number of ethynyl groups at its meso positions, was designed and synthesized. Antenna 1 exhibits intense absorption throughout the visible region up to 700 nm. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies showed that singlet-excited-state energy transfer occurs from the peripheral porphyrins to the central porphyrin with \\\\textgreater90% efficiency and rate constants on the order of 10(10) s(-1).\",\"number\":\"34\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uetomo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Atsuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kozaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masatoshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Suzuki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shuichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yamanaka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ken-ichi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ito\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Osamu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keiji\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"13276–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{uetomo_efficient_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Efficient light-harvesting antenna with a multi-porphyrin cascade.},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja2050343},\\n\\tabstract = {A light-harvesting antenna 1 comprising three varieties of porphyrins, each having a different number of ethynyl groups at its meso positions, was designed and synthesized. Antenna 1 exhibits intense absorption throughout the visible region up to 700 nm. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies showed that singlet-excited-state energy transfer occurs from the peripheral porphyrins to the central porphyrin with {\\\\textgreater}90\\\\% efficiency and rate constants on the order of 10(10) s(-1).},\\n\\tnumber = {34},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Uetomo, Atsuhiro and Kozaki, Masatoshi and Suzuki, Shuichi and Yamanaka, Ken-ichi and Ito, Osamu and Okada, Keiji},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {13276--9},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Uetomo, A.\",\"Kozaki, M.\",\"Suzuki, S.\",\"Yamanaka, K.\",\"Ito, O.\",\"Okada, K.\"],\"key\":\"uetomo_efficient_2011\",\"id\":\"uetomo_efficient_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uetomo-kozaki-suzuki-yamanaka-ito-okada-efficientlightharvestingantennawithamultiporphyrincascade-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pi-organogels of self-assembled p-phenylenevinylenes: soft materials with distinct size, shape, and functions.\",\"volume\":\"40\",\"issn\":\"0001-4842\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ar7000364\",\"abstract\":\"This Account is focused on the self-assembly of p-phenylenevinylenes, a linear pi-system, which has been extensively studied over the years due to both fundamental and technological importance. A serendipitous observation of the gelation of an oligo( p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) derivative in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents that led to a new class of functional materials, namely, pi-organogels, is described. Strategies to control the size, shape, and functions of the supramolecular architectures of OPV self-assemblies are highlighted. Formation of nano- to microsized helical architectures, control on chromophore packing, self-assembly induced modulation of optical properties, and application as light-harvesting assemblies are the important features of this novel class of photonically and electronically active soft materials.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Accounts of chemical research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ajayaghosh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ayyappanpillai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Praveen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vakayil\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Gels, Hydrogen Bonding, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Polyvinyls, Polyvinyls: chemical synthesis, Polyvinyls: chemistry, Triazines, Triazines: chemical synthesis, Triazines: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"644–56\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ajayaghosh_pi-organogels_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Pi-organogels of self-assembled p-phenylenevinylenes: soft materials with distinct size, shape, and functions.},\\n\\tvolume = {40},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4842},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ar7000364},\\n\\tabstract = {This Account is focused on the self-assembly of p-phenylenevinylenes, a linear pi-system, which has been extensively studied over the years due to both fundamental and technological importance. A serendipitous observation of the gelation of an oligo( p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) derivative in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents that led to a new class of functional materials, namely, pi-organogels, is described. Strategies to control the size, shape, and functions of the supramolecular architectures of OPV self-assemblies are highlighted. Formation of nano- to microsized helical architectures, control on chromophore packing, self-assembly induced modulation of optical properties, and application as light-harvesting assemblies are the important features of this novel class of photonically and electronically active soft materials.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Accounts of chemical research},\\n\\tauthor = {Ajayaghosh, Ayyappanpillai and Praveen, Vakayil K},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Gels, Hydrogen Bonding, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Polyvinyls, Polyvinyls: chemical synthesis, Polyvinyls: chemistry, Triazines, Triazines: chemical synthesis, Triazines: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {644--56},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ajayaghosh, A.\",\"Praveen, V. K\"],\"key\":\"ajayaghosh_pi-organogels_2007\",\"id\":\"ajayaghosh_pi-organogels_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ajayaghosh-praveen-piorganogelsofselfassembledpphenylenevinylenessoftmaterialswithdistinctsizeshapeandfunctions-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364\"},\"keyword\":[\"Gels\",\"Hydrogen Bonding\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Polyvinyls\",\"Polyvinyls: chemical synthesis\",\"Polyvinyls: chemistry\",\"Triazines\",\"Triazines: chemical synthesis\",\"Triazines: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Artificial light-harvesting system based on multifunctional surface-cross-linked micelles.\",\"volume\":\"51\",\"issn\":\"1521-3773\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.201107723\",\"abstract\":\"A good harvest: Two self-assembling strategies (micellization and electrostatic attraction) and covalent capture were employed to construct a robust, inexpensive, efficient artificial light-harvesting system. The synthesis was achieved by a one-pot reaction. A high density of the antenna chromophores was achieved without self-quenching and excimer formation, thus affording extremely efficient energy transfer.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hui-Qing\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yu-Zhe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qing-Zheng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li-Zhu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chen-Ho\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li-Ping\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Qing-Xiao\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"2088–92\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{peng_artificial_2012,\\n\\ttitle = {Artificial light-harvesting system based on multifunctional surface-cross-linked micelles.},\\n\\tvolume = {51},\\n\\tissn = {1521-3773},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.201107723},\\n\\tabstract = {A good harvest: Two self-assembling strategies (micellization and electrostatic attraction) and covalent capture were employed to construct a robust, inexpensive, efficient artificial light-harvesting system. The synthesis was achieved by a one-pot reaction. A high density of the antenna chromophores was achieved without self-quenching and excimer formation, thus affording extremely efficient energy transfer.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Peng, Hui-Qing and Chen, Yu-Zhe and Zhao, Yan and Yang, Qing-Zheng and Wu, Li-Zhu and Tung, Chen-Ho and Zhang, Li-Ping and Tong, Qing-Xiao},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {2088--92},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Peng, H.\",\"Chen, Y.\",\"Zhao, Y.\",\"Yang, Q.\",\"Wu, L.\",\"Tung, C.\",\"Zhang, L.\",\"Tong, Q.\"],\"key\":\"peng_artificial_2012\",\"id\":\"peng_artificial_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"peng-chen-zhao-yang-wu-tung-zhang-tong-artificiallightharvestingsystembasedonmultifunctionalsurfacecrosslinkedmicelles-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Synthesis of some new tetra-arylporphyrins for studies in solar energy conversion\",\"issn\":\"1364-5463\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/P19830002535\",\"journal\":\"J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Milgrom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lionel\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"pages\":\"2535–2539\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{milgrom_synthesis_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Synthesis of some new tetra-arylporphyrins for studies in solar energy conversion},\\n\\tissn = {1364-5463},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/P19830002535},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1},\\n\\tauthor = {Milgrom, Lionel R.},\\n\\tpages = {2535--2539},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Milgrom, L. R.\"],\"key\":\"milgrom_synthesis_nodate\",\"id\":\"milgrom_synthesis_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"milgrom-synthesisofsomenewtetraarylporphyrinsforstudiesinsolarenergyconversion\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"DNA origami: a history and current perspective.\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1879-0402\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182\",\"abstract\":\"Researchers have been using DNA for the rational design and construction of nanoscale objects for nearly 30 years. Recently, 'scaffolded DNA origami' has emerged as one of the most promising assembly techniques in DNA nanotechnology with a broad range of applications. In the past two years alone, DNA origami has been used to assemble water-soluble probe tiles for label-free RNA hybridization, to study single-molecule chemical reactions, to probe distance-dependent multivalent ligand-protein binding effects, and to organize a variety of relevant molecules including proteins, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles. This review will recount the origin, evolution, and current status of this extremely versatile assembly technique.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Current opinion in chemical biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nangreave\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeanette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Han\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dongran\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hao\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"keywords\":\"DNA, DNA: chemistry, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Nucleic Acid Conformation\",\"pages\":\"608–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nangreave_dna_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {{DNA} origami: a history and current perspective.},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0402},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182},\\n\\tabstract = {Researchers have been using DNA for the rational design and construction of nanoscale objects for nearly 30 years. Recently, 'scaffolded DNA origami' has emerged as one of the most promising assembly techniques in DNA nanotechnology with a broad range of applications. In the past two years alone, DNA origami has been used to assemble water-soluble probe tiles for label-free RNA hybridization, to study single-molecule chemical reactions, to probe distance-dependent multivalent ligand-protein binding effects, and to organize a variety of relevant molecules including proteins, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles. This review will recount the origin, evolution, and current status of this extremely versatile assembly technique.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Current opinion in chemical biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Nangreave, Jeanette and Han, Dongran and Liu, Yan and Yan, Hao},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tkeywords = {DNA, DNA: chemistry, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Nucleic Acid Conformation},\\n\\tpages = {608--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nangreave, J.\",\"Han, D.\",\"Liu, Y.\",\"Yan, H.\"],\"key\":\"nangreave_dna_2010\",\"id\":\"nangreave_dna_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nangreave-han-liu-yan-dnaorigamiahistoryandcurrentperspective-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182\"},\"keyword\":[\"DNA\",\"DNA: chemistry\",\"Nanotechnology\",\"Nanotechnology: methods\",\"Nucleic Acid Conformation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cyclic porphyrin arrays as artificial photosynthetic antenna: synthesis and excitation energy transfer.\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0306-0012\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/b618854k\",\"abstract\":\"Covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays have been explored in recent years as artificial photosynthetic antenna. In this review we present the fundamental aspects of covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays by highlighting recent progress. The major emphasis of this tutorial review lies on the synthetic method, the structure, and the excitation energy transfer (EET) of such arrays. The final cyclization steps were often performed with the aid of templates. Efficient EET along the wheel is observed in these cyclic arrays, but ultrafast EET processes with rates of \\\\textless1 ps, which rival those in the natural LH2, are rare and have been identified only in cyclic arrays 30-32 composed of directly meso-meso linked porphyrins.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Chemical Society reviews\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nakamura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yasuyuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aratani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Naoki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Atsuhiro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"keywords\":\"Cyclization, Energy Transfer, Energy Transfer: physiology, Macrocyclic Compounds, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemical synthesis, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemistry, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodopseudomonas: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"831–45\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nakamura_cyclic_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Cyclic porphyrin arrays as artificial photosynthetic antenna: synthesis and excitation energy transfer.},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0306-0012},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/b618854k},\\n\\tabstract = {Covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays have been explored in recent years as artificial photosynthetic antenna. In this review we present the fundamental aspects of covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays by highlighting recent progress. The major emphasis of this tutorial review lies on the synthetic method, the structure, and the excitation energy transfer (EET) of such arrays. The final cyclization steps were often performed with the aid of templates. Efficient EET along the wheel is observed in these cyclic arrays, but ultrafast EET processes with rates of {\\\\textless}1 ps, which rival those in the natural LH2, are rare and have been identified only in cyclic arrays 30-32 composed of directly meso-meso linked porphyrins.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemical Society reviews},\\n\\tauthor = {Nakamura, Yasuyuki and Aratani, Naoki and Osuka, Atsuhiro},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cyclization, Energy Transfer, Energy Transfer: physiology, Macrocyclic Compounds, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemical synthesis, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemistry, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodopseudomonas: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {831--45},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nakamura, Y.\",\"Aratani, N.\",\"Osuka, A.\"],\"key\":\"nakamura_cyclic_2007\",\"id\":\"nakamura_cyclic_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nakamura-aratani-osuka-cyclicporphyrinarraysasartificialphotosyntheticantennasynthesisandexcitationenergytransfer-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cyclization\",\"Energy Transfer\",\"Energy Transfer: physiology\",\"Macrocyclic Compounds\",\"Macrocyclic Compounds: chemical synthesis\",\"Macrocyclic Compounds: chemistry\",\"Photosynthesis\",\"Photosynthesis: physiology\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: chemistry\",\"Rhodopseudomonas\",\"Rhodopseudomonas: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Efficient excited energy transfer reaction in clay/porphyrin complex toward an artificial light-harvesting system.\",\"volume\":\"133\",\"issn\":\"1520-5126\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja204425u\",\"abstract\":\"The quantitative excited energy transfer reaction between cationic porphyrins on an anionic clay surface was successfully achieved. The efficiency reached up to ca. 100% owing to the \\\"Size-Matching Rule\\\" as described in the text. It was revealed that the important factors for the efficient energy transfer reaction are (i) suppression of the self-quenching between adjacent dyes, and (ii) suppression of the segregated adsorption structure of two kinds of dyes on the clay surface. By examining many different kinds of porphyrins, we found that tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin (m-TMPyP) and tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (p-TMPyP) are the suitable porphyrins to accomplish a quantitative energy transfer reaction. These findings indicate that the clay/porphyrin complexes are promising and prospective candidates to be used for construction of an efficient artificial light-harvesting system.\",\"number\":\"36\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ishida\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yohei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shimada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetsuya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Masui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tachibana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hiroshi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Inoue\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haruo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Takagi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shinsuke\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"14280–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ishida_efficient_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Efficient excited energy transfer reaction in clay/porphyrin complex toward an artificial light-harvesting system.},\\n\\tvolume = {133},\\n\\tissn = {1520-5126},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja204425u},\\n\\tabstract = {The quantitative excited energy transfer reaction between cationic porphyrins on an anionic clay surface was successfully achieved. The efficiency reached up to ca. 100\\\\% owing to the \\\"Size-Matching Rule\\\" as described in the text. It was revealed that the important factors for the efficient energy transfer reaction are (i) suppression of the self-quenching between adjacent dyes, and (ii) suppression of the segregated adsorption structure of two kinds of dyes on the clay surface. By examining many different kinds of porphyrins, we found that tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin (m-TMPyP) and tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (p-TMPyP) are the suitable porphyrins to accomplish a quantitative energy transfer reaction. These findings indicate that the clay/porphyrin complexes are promising and prospective candidates to be used for construction of an efficient artificial light-harvesting system.},\\n\\tnumber = {36},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Ishida, Yohei and Shimada, Tetsuya and Masui, Dai and Tachibana, Hiroshi and Inoue, Haruo and Takagi, Shinsuke},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {14280--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ishida, Y.\",\"Shimada, T.\",\"Masui, D.\",\"Tachibana, H.\",\"Inoue, H.\",\"Takagi, S.\"],\"key\":\"ishida_efficient_2011\",\"id\":\"ishida_efficient_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ishida-shimada-masui-tachibana-inoue-takagi-efficientexcitedenergytransferreactioninclayporphyrincomplextowardanartificiallightharvestingsystem-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Energy and Hole Transfer between Dyes Attached to Titania in Cosensitized Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja2042172\",\"abstract\":\"Cosensitization of broadly absorbing ruthenium metal complex dyes with highly absorptive near-infrared (NIR) organic dyes is a clear pathway to increase near-infrared light harvesting in liquid-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In cosensitized DSCs, dyes are intimately mixed, and intermolecular charge and energy transfer processes play an important role in device performance. Here, we demonstrate that an organic NIR dye incapable of hole regeneration is able to produce photocurrent via intermolecular energy transfer with an average excitation transfer efficiency of over 25% when cosensitized with a metal complex sensitizing dye (SD). We also show that intermolecular hole transfer from the SD to NIR dye is a competitive process with dye regeneration, reducing the internal quantum efficiency and the electron lifetime of the DSC. This work demonstrates the general feasibility of using energy transfer to boost light harvesting from 700 to 800 nm and also highlights a key challenge for developing highly efficient cosensitized dye-sensitized solar cells.\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hardin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sellinger\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moehl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Humphry-Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jacques-E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zakeeruddin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shaik\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grätzel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGehee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"bibtex\":\"@article{hardin_energy_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Energy and {Hole} {Transfer} between {Dyes} {Attached} to {Titania} in {Cosensitized} {Dye}-{Sensitized} {Solar} {Cells}},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja2042172},\\n\\tabstract = {Cosensitization of broadly absorbing ruthenium metal complex dyes with highly absorptive near-infrared (NIR) organic dyes is a clear pathway to increase near-infrared light harvesting in liquid-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In cosensitized DSCs, dyes are intimately mixed, and intermolecular charge and energy transfer processes play an important role in device performance. Here, we demonstrate that an organic NIR dye incapable of hole regeneration is able to produce photocurrent via intermolecular energy transfer with an average excitation transfer efficiency of over 25\\\\% when cosensitized with a metal complex sensitizing dye (SD). We also show that intermolecular hole transfer from the SD to NIR dye is a competitive process with dye regeneration, reducing the internal quantum efficiency and the electron lifetime of the DSC. This work demonstrates the general feasibility of using energy transfer to boost light harvesting from 700 to 800 nm and also highlights a key challenge for developing highly efficient cosensitized dye-sensitized solar cells.},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Hardin, Brian E. and Sellinger, Alan and Moehl, Thomas and Humphry-Baker, Robin and Moser, Jacques-E. and Wang, Peng and Zakeeruddin, Shaik M. and Grätzel, Michael and McGehee, Michael D.},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hardin, B. E.\",\"Sellinger, A.\",\"Moehl, T.\",\"Humphry-Baker, R.\",\"Moser, J.\",\"Wang, P.\",\"Zakeeruddin, S. M.\",\"Grätzel, M.\",\"McGehee, M. D.\"],\"key\":\"hardin_energy_nodate\",\"id\":\"hardin_energy_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hardin-sellinger-moehl-humphrybaker-moser-wang-zakeeruddin-grtzel-etal-energyandholetransferbetweendyesattachedtotitaniaincosensitizeddyesensitizedsolarcells\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Patterned assembly of genetically modified viral nanotemplates via nucleic acid hybridization.\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"1530-6984\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nl051254r\",\"abstract\":\"The patterning of nanoparticles represents a significant obstacle in the assembly of nanoscale materials and devices. In this report, cysteine residues were genetically engineered onto the virion surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), providing attachment sites for fluorescent markers. To pattern these viruses, labeled virions were partially disassembled to expose 5' end RNA sequences and hybridized to virus-specific probe DNA linked to electrodeposited chitosan. Electron microscopy and RNAase treatments confirmed the patterned assembly of the virus templates onto the chitosan surface. These findings demonstrate that TMV nanotemplates can be dimensionally assembled via nucleic acid hybridization.\",\"number\":\"10\",\"journal\":\"Nano letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hyunmin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nisar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Saira\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sang-Yup\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Powers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bentley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Payne\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gregory\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ghodssi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reza\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rubloff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gary\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Culver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"N\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Substitution, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Chitosan, Chitosan: chemistry, Cysteine, Cysteine: genetics, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Electron, Microscopy, Mutation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, RNA, Ribonucleases, Ribonucleases: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: ultrastructure, Viral, Viral: chemistry, Viral: genetics, Virion, Virion: chemistry, Virion: genetics, Virion: ultrastructure\",\"pages\":\"1931–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{yi_patterned_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Patterned assembly of genetically modified viral nanotemplates via nucleic acid hybridization.},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {1530-6984},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nl051254r},\\n\\tabstract = {The patterning of nanoparticles represents a significant obstacle in the assembly of nanoscale materials and devices. In this report, cysteine residues were genetically engineered onto the virion surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), providing attachment sites for fluorescent markers. To pattern these viruses, labeled virions were partially disassembled to expose 5' end RNA sequences and hybridized to virus-specific probe DNA linked to electrodeposited chitosan. Electron microscopy and RNAase treatments confirmed the patterned assembly of the virus templates onto the chitosan surface. These findings demonstrate that TMV nanotemplates can be dimensionally assembled via nucleic acid hybridization.},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\tjournal = {Nano letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Yi, Hyunmin and Nisar, Saira and Lee, Sang-Yup and Powers, Michael A and Bentley, William E and Payne, Gregory F and Ghodssi, Reza and Rubloff, Gary W and Harris, Michael T and Culver, James N},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Substitution, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Chitosan, Chitosan: chemistry, Cysteine, Cysteine: genetics, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Electron, Microscopy, Mutation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, RNA, Ribonucleases, Ribonucleases: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: ultrastructure, Viral, Viral: chemistry, Viral: genetics, Virion, Virion: chemistry, Virion: genetics, Virion: ultrastructure},\\n\\tpages = {1931--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Yi, H.\",\"Nisar, S.\",\"Lee, S.\",\"Powers, M. A\",\"Bentley, W. E\",\"Payne, G. F\",\"Ghodssi, R.\",\"Rubloff, G. W\",\"Harris, M. T\",\"Culver, J. N\"],\"key\":\"yi_patterned_2005\",\"id\":\"yi_patterned_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"yi-nisar-lee-powers-bentley-payne-ghodssi-rubloff-etal-patternedassemblyofgeneticallymodifiedviralnanotemplatesvianucleicacidhybridization-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Substitution\",\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid Proteins: genetics\",\"Chitosan\",\"Chitosan: chemistry\",\"Cysteine\",\"Cysteine: genetics\",\"DNA Probes\",\"DNA Probes: chemistry\",\"Electron\",\"Microscopy\",\"Mutation\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Nanostructures: ultrastructure\",\"Nucleic Acid Hybridization\",\"RNA\",\"Ribonucleases\",\"Ribonucleases: chemistry\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: ultrastructure\",\"Viral\",\"Viral: chemistry\",\"Viral: genetics\",\"Virion\",\"Virion: chemistry\",\"Virion: genetics\",\"Virion: ultrastructure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Extent of N-Terminal Methionine Excision from Escherichia coli Proteins is Governed by the Side-Chain Length of the Penultimate Amino Acid\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"0027-8424\",\"url\":\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\",\"doi\":\"10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247\",\"abstract\":\"In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ph.-H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"1989\",\"pages\":\"8247–8251\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hirel_extent_1989,\\n\\ttitle = {Extent of {N}-{Terminal} {Methionine} {Excision} from {Escherichia} coli {Proteins} is {Governed} by the {Side}-{Chain} {Length} of the {Penultimate} {Amino} {Acid}},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {0027-8424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247},\\n\\tabstract = {In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Hirel, Ph.-H.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {1989},\\n\\tpages = {8247--8251},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hirel, P.\"],\"key\":\"hirel_extent_1989\",\"id\":\"hirel_extent_1989\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0006-3495\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\",\"abstract\":\"Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Biophysical journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhyravbhatla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watowich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caspar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation & purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray\",\"pages\":\"604–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,\\n\\ttitle = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0006-3495},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Biophysical journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \\\\& purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},\\n\\tpages = {604--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bhyravbhatla, B\",\"Watowich, S J\",\"Caspar, D L\"],\"key\":\"bhyravbhatla_refined_1998-1\",\"id\":\"bhyravbhatla_refined_1998-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Capsid\",\"Capsid: chemistry\",\"Capsid: isolation & purification\",\"Computer Simulation\",\"Crystallography\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Plants\",\"Protein Structure\",\"Secondary\",\"Tobacco\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry\",\"Tobacco: virology\",\"Toxic\",\"X-Ray\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Porphyrin dyes for TiO2 sensitization\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"09599428\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/b210674d\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Materials Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odobel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Errol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lagrée\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villieras\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boujtita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hamada\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"El\",\"Murr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nabil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caramori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefano\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alberto\",\"Bignozzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carlo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pages\":\"502–510\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{odobel_porphyrin_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Porphyrin dyes for {TiO2} sensitization},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {09599428},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/b210674d},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Odobel, Fabrice and Blart, Errol and Lagrée, Marie and Villieras, Monique and Boujtita, Hamada and El Murr, Nabil and Caramori, Stefano and Alberto Bignozzi, Carlo},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpages = {502--510},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Odobel, F.\",\"Blart, E.\",\"Lagrée, M.\",\"Villieras, M.\",\"Boujtita, H.\",\"El Murr, N.\",\"Caramori, S.\",\"Alberto Bignozzi, C.\"],\"key\":\"odobel_porphyrin_2003\",\"id\":\"odobel_porphyrin_2003\",\"bibbaseid\":\"odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"1864-564X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/cssc.201100074\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"ChemSusChem\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jae\",\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sang\",\"Hyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sahng\",\"Ha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chan\",\"Beum\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"581–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_biomimetic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {1864-564X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/cssc.201100074},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {ChemSusChem},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Minah and Kim, Jae Hong and Lee, Sang Hyun and Lee, Sahng Ha and Park, Chan Beum},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {581--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, M.\",\"Kim, J. H.\",\"Lee, S. H.\",\"Lee, S. H.\",\"Park, C. B.\"],\"key\":\"lee_biomimetic_2011\",\"id\":\"lee_biomimetic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biomimetic Materials\",\"Biomimetic Materials: metabolism\",\"Cellulose\",\"Cellulose: metabolism\",\"Light\",\"NAD\",\"NAD: metabolism\",\"Photosynthesis\",\"Wood\",\"Wood: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Pennsylvania Green Fluorophore: a hybrid of Oregon Green and Tokyo Green for the construction of hydrophobic and pH-insensitive molecular probes.\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"1523-7060\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ol052655g\",\"abstract\":\"[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Organic letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mottram\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurie\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boonyarattanakalin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Siwarutt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kovel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Blake\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"581–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mottram_pennsylvania_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Pennsylvania} {Green} {Fluorophore}: a hybrid of {Oregon} {Green} and {Tokyo} {Green} for the construction of hydrophobic and {pH}-insensitive molecular probes.},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {1523-7060},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ol052655g},\\n\\tabstract = {[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Organic letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Mottram, Laurie F and Boonyarattanakalin, Siwarutt and Kovel, Rebecca E and Peterson, Blake R},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {581--4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mottram, L. F\",\"Boonyarattanakalin, S.\",\"Kovel, R. E\",\"Peterson, B. R\"],\"key\":\"mottram_pennsylvania_2006\",\"id\":\"mottram_pennsylvania_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Fluoresceins\",\"Fluoresceins: chemistry\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Fluorescent Dyes\",\"Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis\",\"Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry\",\"Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration\",\"Ionophores\",\"Jurkat Cells\",\"Molecular Probes\",\"Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis\",\"Molecular Probes: chemistry\",\"Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage MS2.\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"1521-3773\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200902727\",\"number\":\"50\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stephanopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carrico\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zachary\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"9498–502\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage {MS2}.},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {1521-3773},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200902727},\\n\\tnumber = {50},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and Carrico, Zachary M and Francis, Matthew B},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {9498--502},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stephanopoulos, N.\",\"Carrico, Z. M\",\"Francis, M. B\"],\"key\":\"stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009-1\",\"id\":\"stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biomimetic Materials\",\"Biomimetic Materials: chemistry\",\"Capsid\",\"Capsid: chemistry\",\"Coloring Agents\",\"Coloring Agents: chemistry\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer\",\"Levivirus\",\"Levivirus: chemistry\",\"Photochemical Processes\",\"Porphyrins\",\"Porphyrins: chemistry\",\"Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"N-terminal modification of proteins?a review\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"0277-8033\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/BF01024840\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Protein Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dixon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"B.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"1984\",\"pages\":\"99–108\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dixon_n-terminal_1984,\\n\\ttitle = {N-terminal modification of proteins?a review},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {0277-8033},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/BF01024840},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Protein Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Dixon, H. B. F.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {1984},\\n\\tpages = {99--108},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dixon, H. B. F.\"],\"key\":\"dixon_n-terminal_1984\",\"id\":\"dixon_n-terminal_1984\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation\",\"volume\":\"266\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1126/science.7973629\",\"abstract\":\"A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.\",\"number\":\"5186\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dawson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clark-Lewis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"1994\",\"pages\":\"776–779\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dawson_synthesis_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation},\\n\\tvolume = {266},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1126/science.7973629},\\n\\tabstract = {A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.},\\n\\tnumber = {5186},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Dawson, P. and Muir, T. and Clark-Lewis, I and Kent, S.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tpages = {776--779},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dawson, P.\",\"Muir, T.\",\"Clark-Lewis, I\",\"Kent, S.\"],\"key\":\"dawson_synthesis_1994\",\"id\":\"dawson_synthesis_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Preparation and properties of recombinant DNA derived tobacco mosaic virus coat protein\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0006-2960\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/bi00473a017\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Biochemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrick\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cachianes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"George\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jackson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eugene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raghavendra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Krishnamurthy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Khairallah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lamia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schuster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"1990\",\"pages\":\"5119–5126\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shire_preparation_1990,\\n\\ttitle = {Preparation and properties of recombinant {DNA} derived tobacco mosaic virus coat protein},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0006-2960},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/bi00473a017},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Biochemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Shire, Steven J. and McKay, Patrick and Leung, David W. and Cachianes, George J. and Jackson, Eugene and Wood, William I. and Raghavendra, Krishnamurthy and Khairallah, Lamia and Schuster, Todd M.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n\\tpages = {5119--5126},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shire, S. J.\",\"McKay, P.\",\"Leung, D. W.\",\"Cachianes, G. J.\",\"Jackson, E.\",\"Wood, W. I.\",\"Raghavendra, K.\",\"Khairallah, L.\",\"Schuster, T. M.\"],\"key\":\"shire_preparation_1990\",\"id\":\"shire_preparation_1990\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shire-mckay-leung-cachianes-jackson-wood-raghavendra-khairallah-etal-preparationandpropertiesofrecombinantdnaderivedtobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. Application to modification at N-terminal serine\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1043-1802\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/bc00014a008\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Bioconjugate Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geoghegan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kieran\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stroh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1992\",\"pages\":\"138–146\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{geoghegan_site-directed_1992,\\n\\ttitle = {Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. {Application} to modification at {N}-terminal serine},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1043-1802},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/bc00014a008},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Geoghegan, Kieran F. and Stroh, Justin G.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1992},\\n\\tpages = {138--146},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Geoghegan, K. F.\",\"Stroh, J. G.\"],\"key\":\"geoghegan_site-directed_1992\",\"id\":\"geoghegan_site-directed_1992\",\"bibbaseid\":\"geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200461217\",\"number\":\"41\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guldi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dirk\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rahman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"M\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norbert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tagmatarchis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nikos\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maurizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"5526–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{guldi_integrating_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200461217},\\n\\tnumber = {41},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Guldi, Dirk M and Rahman, G M A and Jux, Norbert and Tagmatarchis, Nikos and Prato, Maurizio},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {5526--30},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Guldi, D. M\",\"Rahman, G M A\",\"Jux, N.\",\"Tagmatarchis, N.\",\"Prato, M.\"],\"key\":\"guldi_integrating_2004\",\"id\":\"guldi_integrating_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\"},\"keyword\":[\"Carbon\",\"Carbon: chemistry\",\"Crystallography\",\"Electrons\",\"Immobilization\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Conformation\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Nanotubes\",\"Organometallic Compounds\",\"Organometallic Compounds: chemistry\",\"Surface Properties\",\"X-Ray\",\"Zinc\",\"Zinc: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Technology Transfer in Biotechnology - Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology\",\"volume\":\"92\",\"isbn\":\"978-3-540-22412-9\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/\",\"abstract\":\"Progress made in lab-scale applications of various coenzyme regeneration systems over the last two decades has mainly focused on the applications of NAD + /NADH- and NADP + /NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase reactions. In situ regeneration systems for these reactions, as well as whole cell, enzymatic, electro-enzymatic, chemical, and photochemical reactions are presented, including details about their efficiency and novelty. The progress of enzyme reaction engineering is also reported.\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Berlin / Heidelberg\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wichmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vasic-Racki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kragl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Udo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Chemistry, Materials, Science, and\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{wichmann_technology_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Technology {Transfer} in {Biotechnology} - {Advances} in {Biochemical} {Engineering}/{Biotechnology}},\\n\\tvolume = {92},\\n\\tisbn = {978-3-540-22412-9},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/},\\n\\tabstract = {Progress made in lab-scale applications of various coenzyme regeneration systems over the last two decades has mainly focused on the applications of NAD + /NADH- and NADP + /NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase reactions. In situ regeneration systems for these reactions, as well as whole cell, enzymatic, electro-enzymatic, chemical, and photochemical reactions are presented, including details about their efficiency and novelty. The progress of enzyme reaction engineering is also reported.},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},\\n\\tauthor = {Wichmann, R. and Vasic-Racki, D. and Kragl, Udo},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Chemistry, Materials, Science, and},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wichmann, R.\",\"Vasic-Racki, D.\",\"Kragl, U.\"],\"key\":\"wichmann_technology_2005\",\"id\":\"wichmann_technology_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wichmann-vasicracki-kragl-technologytransferinbiotechnologyadvancesinbiochemicalengineeringbiotechnology-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Chemistry\",\"Materials\",\"Science\",\"and\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"1936-086X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nn1025719\",\"abstract\":\"A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"ACS nano\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruckman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Soto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carissa\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDowell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinny\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ratna\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Banahalli\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korpany\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katalin\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zahr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Omar\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"Szuchmacher\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties\",\"pages\":\"1606–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bruckman_role_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {1936-086X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nn1025719},\\n\\tabstract = {A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS nano},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruckman, Michael A and Soto, Carissa M and McDowell, Heather and Liu, Jinny L and Ratna, Banahalli R and Korpany, Katalin V and Zahr, Omar K and Blum, Amy Szuchmacher},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties},\\n\\tpages = {1606--16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruckman, M. A\",\"Soto, C. M\",\"McDowell, H.\",\"Liu, J. L\",\"Ratna, B. R\",\"Korpany, K. V\",\"Zahr, O. K\",\"Blum, A. S.\"],\"key\":\"bruckman_role_2011\",\"id\":\"bruckman_role_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"},\"keyword\":[\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid Proteins: chemistry\",\"Capsid Proteins: genetics\",\"Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure\",\"Crystallization\",\"Crystallization: methods\",\"Histidine\",\"Histidine: chemistry\",\"Macromolecular Substances\",\"Macromolecular Substances: chemistry\",\"Materials Testing\",\"Molecular Conformation\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Nanostructures: ultrastructure\",\"Oligopeptides\",\"Oligopeptides: chemistry\",\"Particle Size\",\"Protein Engineering\",\"Protein Engineering: methods\",\"Surface Properties\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Metallothionein-Cross-Linked Hydrogels for the Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Water\",\"volume\":\"130\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja807095r\",\"abstract\":\"The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.\",\"number\":\"47\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Esser-Kahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iavarone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"15820–15822\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Metallothionein-{Cross}-{Linked} {Hydrogels} for the {Selective} {Removal} of {Heavy} {Metals} from {Water}},\\n\\tvolume = {130},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja807095r},\\n\\tabstract = {The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.},\\n\\tnumber = {47},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Esser-Kahn, Aaron P. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {15820--15822},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Esser-Kahn, A. P.\",\"Iavarone, A. T.\",\"Francis, M. B.\"],\"key\":\"esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008\",\"id\":\"esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"0947-6539\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/chem.200501309\",\"abstract\":\"The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Endo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masayuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hangxiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujitsuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mamoru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Majima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetsuro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet\",\"pages\":\"3735–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {0947-6539},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},\\n\\tabstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},\\n\\tauthor = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},\\n\\tpages = {3735--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Endo, M.\",\"Wang, H.\",\"Fujitsuka, M.\",\"Majima, T.\"],\"key\":\"endo_pyrene-stacked_2006-1\",\"id\":\"endo_pyrene-stacked_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atomic Force\",\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid Proteins: chemistry\",\"Capsid Proteins: genetics\",\"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration\",\"Microscopy\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Photochemistry\",\"Photochemistry: methods\",\"Pyrenes\",\"Pyrenes: chemistry\",\"Spectrophotometry\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics\",\"Ultraviolet\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"series\":\"Methods in Enzymology\",\"title\":\"Flourescence Spectroscopy\",\"volume\":\"278\",\"isbn\":\"0-12-182179-X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pengguang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brand\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ludwig\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1997\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{wu_flourescence_1997,\\n\\tseries = {Methods in {Enzymology}},\\n\\ttitle = {Flourescence {Spectroscopy}},\\n\\tvolume = {278},\\n\\tisbn = {0-12-182179-X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Pengguang and Brand, Ludwig},\\n\\tyear = {1997},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, P.\",\"Brand, L.\"],\"key\":\"wu_flourescence_1997\",\"id\":\"wu_flourescence_1997\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-brand-flourescencespectroscopy-1997\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Regioselective Labeling of Antibodies through N-Terminal Transamination\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/cb6003959\",\"abstract\":\"A convenient new method is described for the introduction of ketone groups at the N-termini of antibodies. The reaction occurs in the presence of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate under conditions mild enough to maintain antigen binding function, as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further derivatization of these functional sites was accomplished through oxime formation, yielding well-defined antibody conjugates for a wide range of applications. The ability of the modified antibodies to bind their targets was confirmed via immunodot blot analysis. The generality of this method has been demonstrated on a number of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, all with different binding specificities.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"ACS Chemical Biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"247–251\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{scheck_regioselective_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Regioselective {Labeling} of {Antibodies} through {N}-{Terminal} {Transamination}},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/cb6003959},\\n\\tabstract = {A convenient new method is described for the introduction of ketone groups at the N-termini of antibodies. The reaction occurs in the presence of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate under conditions mild enough to maintain antigen binding function, as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further derivatization of these functional sites was accomplished through oxime formation, yielding well-defined antibody conjugates for a wide range of applications. The ability of the modified antibodies to bind their targets was confirmed via immunodot blot analysis. The generality of this method has been demonstrated on a number of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, all with different binding specificities.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS Chemical Biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Scheck, Rebecca A. and Francis, Matthew B.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {247--251},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Scheck, R. A.\",\"Francis, M. B.\"],\"key\":\"scheck_regioselective_2007\",\"id\":\"scheck_regioselective_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"scheck-francis-regioselectivelabelingofantibodiesthroughnterminaltransamination-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mimicking Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"0001-4842\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ar9801301\",\"abstract\":\"Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Accounts of Chemical Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gust\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Devens\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ana\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pages\":\"40–48\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gust_mimicking_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Mimicking {Photosynthetic} {Solar} {Energy} {Transduction}},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4842},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ar9801301},\\n\\tabstract = {Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Gust, Devens and Moore, Thomas A. and Moore, Ana L.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpages = {40--48},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gust, D.\",\"Moore, T. A.\",\"Moore, A. L.\"],\"key\":\"gust_mimicking_2001\",\"id\":\"gust_mimicking_2001\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dual-surface modification of the tobacco mosaic virus.\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja046239n\",\"abstract\":\"The protein shell of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provides a robust and practical tubelike scaffold for the preparation of nanoscale materials. To expand the range of applications for which the capsid can be used, two synthetic strategies have been developed for the attachment of new functionality to either the exterior or the interior surface of the virus. The first of these is accomplished using a highly efficient diazonium coupling/oxime formation sequence, which installs \\\\textgreater2000 copies of a material component on the capsid exterior. Alternatively, the inner cavity of the tube can be modified by attaching amines to glutamic acid side chains through a carbodiimide coupling reaction. Both of these reactions have been demonstrated for a series of substrates, including biotin, chromophores, and crown ethers. Through the attachment of PEG polymers to the capsid exterior, organic-soluble TMV rods have been prepared. Finally, the orthogonality of these reactions has been demonstrated by installing different functional groups on the exterior and interior surfaces of the same capsid assemblies.\",\"number\":\"11\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schlick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tara\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ding\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zhebo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kovacs\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ernest\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"keywords\":\"Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: growth & development, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: isolation & purification, Tyrosine, Tyrosine: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"3718–23\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schlick_dual-surface_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Dual-surface modification of the tobacco mosaic virus.},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja046239n},\\n\\tabstract = {The protein shell of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provides a robust and practical tubelike scaffold for the preparation of nanoscale materials. To expand the range of applications for which the capsid can be used, two synthetic strategies have been developed for the attachment of new functionality to either the exterior or the interior surface of the virus. The first of these is accomplished using a highly efficient diazonium coupling/oxime formation sequence, which installs {\\\\textgreater}2000 copies of a material component on the capsid exterior. Alternatively, the inner cavity of the tube can be modified by attaching amines to glutamic acid side chains through a carbodiimide coupling reaction. Both of these reactions have been demonstrated for a series of substrates, including biotin, chromophores, and crown ethers. Through the attachment of PEG polymers to the capsid exterior, organic-soluble TMV rods have been prepared. Finally, the orthogonality of these reactions has been demonstrated by installing different functional groups on the exterior and interior surfaces of the same capsid assemblies.},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Schlick, Tara L and Ding, Zhebo and Kovacs, Ernest W and Francis, Matthew B},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tkeywords = {Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: growth \\\\& development, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: isolation \\\\& purification, Tyrosine, Tyrosine: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {3718--23},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schlick, T. L\",\"Ding, Z.\",\"Kovacs, E. W\",\"Francis, M. B\"],\"key\":\"schlick_dual-surface_2005\",\"id\":\"schlick_dual-surface_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schlick-ding-kovacs-francis-dualsurfacemodificationofthetobaccomosaicvirus-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n\"},\"keyword\":[\"Capsid\",\"Capsid: chemistry\",\"Glutamic Acid\",\"Glutamic Acid: chemistry\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: growth & development\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: isolation & purification\",\"Tyrosine\",\"Tyrosine: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Optimization of a Biomimetic Transamination Reaction\",\"volume\":\"130\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja802495w\",\"abstract\":\"For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided. For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided.\",\"number\":\"35\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dedeo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michel\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iavarone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"11762–11770\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{scheck_optimization_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Optimization of a {Biomimetic} {Transamination} {Reaction}},\\n\\tvolume = {130},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja802495w},\\n\\tabstract = {For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70\\\\%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided. For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70\\\\%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided.},\\n\\tnumber = {35},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Scheck, Rebecca A. and Dedeo, Michel T. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {11762--11770},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Scheck, R. A.\",\"Dedeo, M. T.\",\"Iavarone, A. T.\",\"Francis, M. B.\"],\"key\":\"scheck_optimization_2008\",\"id\":\"scheck_optimization_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"scheck-dedeo-iavarone-francis-optimizationofabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Protein C-terminal modification through thioacid/azide amidation.\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1520-4812\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/bc800488n\",\"abstract\":\"The preparation of protein bioconjugates has been largely dependent on the development of selective chemistries that are orthogonal to the diverse functionalities present in a protein. Here, we report a new method for C-terminus-directed modification of recombinant proteins. The method is based on the thioacid/azide amidation reaction. Essentially, hydrothiolytic cleavage of the thioester intermediate in protein splicing yields a recombinant protein with a unique thioacid group at the C-terminus, which is then chemoselectively amidated with an electron-poor organic azide carrying a biofunctional tag. The small ubiquitin protein was used as a model system to demonstrate the utility of this new bioconjugation method. C-terminal PEGylation or biotinylation of ubiquitin was readily achieved through amidation of ubiquitin thioacid with a sulfonazide-functionalized PEG or biotin derivative. Our data validate that thioacid/azide amidation is a mechanistically novel and practically useful method for site-selective protein modification.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Bioconjugate chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiaohong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Li\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fupeng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Xiao-Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chuan-Fa\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2009\",\"keywords\":\"Amides, Amides: chemistry, Azides, Azides: chemistry, Biotinylation, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Polyethylene Glycols, Polyethylene Glycols: chemistry, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Sulfur, Sulfur: chemistry, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"197–200\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zhang_protein_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Protein {C}-terminal modification through thioacid/azide amidation.},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1520-4812},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/bc800488n},\\n\\tabstract = {The preparation of protein bioconjugates has been largely dependent on the development of selective chemistries that are orthogonal to the diverse functionalities present in a protein. Here, we report a new method for C-terminus-directed modification of recombinant proteins. The method is based on the thioacid/azide amidation reaction. Essentially, hydrothiolytic cleavage of the thioester intermediate in protein splicing yields a recombinant protein with a unique thioacid group at the C-terminus, which is then chemoselectively amidated with an electron-poor organic azide carrying a biofunctional tag. The small ubiquitin protein was used as a model system to demonstrate the utility of this new bioconjugation method. C-terminal PEGylation or biotinylation of ubiquitin was readily achieved through amidation of ubiquitin thioacid with a sulfonazide-functionalized PEG or biotin derivative. Our data validate that thioacid/azide amidation is a mechanistically novel and practically useful method for site-selective protein modification.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Bioconjugate chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Zhang, Xiaohong and Li, Fupeng and Lu, Xiao-Wei and Liu, Chuan-Fa},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amides, Amides: chemistry, Azides, Azides: chemistry, Biotinylation, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Polyethylene Glycols, Polyethylene Glycols: chemistry, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Sulfur, Sulfur: chemistry, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {197--200},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zhang, X.\",\"Li, F.\",\"Lu, X.\",\"Liu, C.\"],\"key\":\"zhang_protein_2009\",\"id\":\"zhang_protein_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zhang-li-lu-liu-proteincterminalmodificationthroughthioacidazideamidation-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amides\",\"Amides: chemistry\",\"Azides\",\"Azides: chemistry\",\"Biotinylation\",\"Chromatography\",\"High Pressure Liquid\",\"Polyethylene Glycols\",\"Polyethylene Glycols: chemistry\",\"Proteins\",\"Proteins: chemistry\",\"Sulfur\",\"Sulfur: chemistry\",\"Ubiquitin\",\"Ubiquitin: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"THE ACTION OF PERIODIC ACID ON ${\\\\}alpha$-AMINO ALCOHOLS\",\"volume\":\"61\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja01875a521\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nicolet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ben\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shinn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1939\",\"pages\":\"1615\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nicolet_action_1939,\\n\\ttitle = {{THE} {ACTION} {OF} {PERIODIC} {ACID} {ON} \\\\${\\\\textbackslash}alpha\\\\$-{AMINO} {ALCOHOLS}},\\n\\tvolume = {61},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja01875a521},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Nicolet, Ben H. and Shinn, Leo A.},\\n\\tyear = {1939},\\n\\tpages = {1615},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nicolet, B. H.\",\"Shinn, L. A.\"],\"key\":\"nicolet_action_1939\",\"id\":\"nicolet_action_1939\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"series\":\"Methods in Enzymology\",\"title\":\"Part B: Enzyme Structure\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"isbn\":\"978-0-12-181888-3\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dixon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henry\",\"B.F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fields\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1972\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{dixon_part_1972,\\n\\tseries = {Methods in {Enzymology}},\\n\\ttitle = {Part {B}: {Enzyme} {Structure}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tisbn = {978-0-12-181888-3},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\\n\\tauthor = {Dixon, Henry B.F. and Fields, Robert},\\n\\tyear = {1972},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dixon, H. B.\",\"Fields, R.\"],\"key\":\"dixon_part_1972\",\"id\":\"dixon_part_1972\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photostabilized Chlorophyll a in Mesoporous Silica: Adsorption Properties and Photoreduction Activity of Chlorophyll a\",\"volume\":\"124\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0203059\",\"abstract\":\"Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.\",\"number\":\"45\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Itoh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetsuji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuhisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Inada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fukushima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshiaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pages\":\"13437–13441\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{itoh_photostabilized_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Photostabilized {Chlorophyll} a in {Mesoporous} {Silica}: {Adsorption} {Properties} and {Photoreduction} {Activity} of {Chlorophyll} a},\\n\\tvolume = {124},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0203059},\\n\\tabstract = {Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.},\\n\\tnumber = {45},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Itoh, Tetsuji and Yano, Kazuhisa and Inada, Yuji and Fukushima, Yoshiaki},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpages = {13437--13441},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Itoh, T.\",\"Yano, K.\",\"Inada, Y.\",\"Fukushima, Y.\"],\"key\":\"itoh_photostabilized_2002\",\"id\":\"itoh_photostabilized_2002\",\"bibbaseid\":\"itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200600368\",\"number\":\"32\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gilmore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joshua\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Esser-Kahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Joshi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neel\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"5307–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gilmore_n-terminal_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200600368},\\n\\tnumber = {32},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Gilmore, Joshua M and Scheck, Rebecca A and Esser-Kahn, Aaron P and Joshi, Neel S and Francis, Matthew B},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {5307--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gilmore, J. M\",\"Scheck, R. A\",\"Esser-Kahn, A. P\",\"Joshi, N. S\",\"Francis, M. B\"],\"key\":\"gilmore_n-terminal_2006\",\"id\":\"gilmore_n-terminal_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Angiotensin I\",\"Angiotensin I: chemistry\",\"Biomimetics\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Protein Engineering\",\"Protein Engineering: methods\",\"Pyruvates\",\"Pyruvates: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0508222\",\"abstract\":\"Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baskaran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Durairaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mays\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jimmy\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X\",\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bratcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"6916–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baskaran_carbon_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0508222},\\n\\tabstract = {Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100\\\\% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Baskaran, Durairaj and Mays, Jimmy W and Zhang, X Peter and Bratcher, Matthew S},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {6916--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Baskaran, D.\",\"Mays, J. W\",\"Zhang, X P.\",\"Bratcher, M. S\"],\"key\":\"baskaran_carbon_2005\",\"id\":\"baskaran_carbon_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Building complex glycopeptides: Development of a cysteine-free native chemical ligation protocol.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200600538\",\"number\":\"25\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jiehao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Warren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J\",\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hua\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zihao\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danishefsky\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Catalysis, Cysteine, Cysteine: chemistry, Erythropoietin, Erythropoietin: chemistry, Glycopeptides, Glycopeptides: chemical synthesis, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure\",\"pages\":\"4116–25\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_building_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Building complex glycopeptides: {Development} of a cysteine-free native chemical ligation protocol.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200600538},\\n\\tnumber = {25},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Bin and Chen, Jiehao and Warren, J David and Chen, Gong and Hua, Zihao and Danishefsky, Samuel J},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Catalysis, Cysteine, Cysteine: chemistry, Erythropoietin, Erythropoietin: chemistry, Glycopeptides, Glycopeptides: chemical synthesis, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure},\\n\\tpages = {4116--25},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, B.\",\"Chen, J.\",\"Warren, J D.\",\"Chen, G.\",\"Hua, Z.\",\"Danishefsky, S. J\"],\"key\":\"wu_building_2006\",\"id\":\"wu_building_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-chen-warren-chen-hua-danishefsky-buildingcomplexglycopeptidesdevelopmentofacysteinefreenativechemicalligationprotocol-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874\"},\"keyword\":[\"Catalysis\",\"Cysteine\",\"Cysteine: chemistry\",\"Erythropoietin\",\"Erythropoietin: chemistry\",\"Glycopeptides\",\"Glycopeptides: chemical synthesis\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Structure\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Porphyrin dyes for TiO2 sensitization\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"09599428\",\"url\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/b210674d\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Materials Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odobel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Fabrice\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blart\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Errol\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lagrée\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villieras\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monique\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boujtita\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hamada\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"El\",\"Murr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nabil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caramori\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefano\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alberto\",\"Bignozzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carlo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2003\",\"pages\":\"502–510\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{odobel_porphyrin_2003,\\n\\ttitle = {Porphyrin dyes for {TiO2} sensitization},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {09599428},\\n\\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1039/b210674d},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Odobel, Fabrice and Blart, Errol and Lagrée, Marie and Villieras, Monique and Boujtita, Hamada and El Murr, Nabil and Caramori, Stefano and Alberto Bignozzi, Carlo},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2003},\\n\\tpages = {502--510},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Odobel, F.\",\"Blart, E.\",\"Lagrée, M.\",\"Villieras, M.\",\"Boujtita, H.\",\"El Murr, N.\",\"Caramori, S.\",\"Alberto Bignozzi, C.\"],\"key\":\"odobel_porphyrin_2003-1\",\"id\":\"odobel_porphyrin_2003-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Pennsylvania Green Fluorophore: a hybrid of Oregon Green and Tokyo Green for the construction of hydrophobic and pH-insensitive molecular probes.\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"1523-7060\",\"url\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ol052655g\",\"abstract\":\"[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Organic letters\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mottram\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurie\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Boonyarattanakalin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Siwarutt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kovel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peterson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Blake\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry\",\"pages\":\"581–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mottram_pennsylvania_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Pennsylvania} {Green} {Fluorophore}: a hybrid of {Oregon} {Green} and {Tokyo} {Green} for the construction of hydrophobic and {pH}-insensitive molecular probes.},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {1523-7060},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ol052655g},\\n\\tabstract = {[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Organic letters},\\n\\tauthor = {Mottram, Laurie F and Boonyarattanakalin, Siwarutt and Kovel, Rebecca E and Peterson, Blake R},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry},\\n\\tpages = {581--4},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mottram, L. F\",\"Boonyarattanakalin, S.\",\"Kovel, R. E\",\"Peterson, B. R\"],\"key\":\"mottram_pennsylvania_2006-1\",\"id\":\"mottram_pennsylvania_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract\"},\"keyword\":[\"Fluoresceins\",\"Fluoresceins: chemistry\",\"Fluorescence\",\"Fluorescent Dyes\",\"Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis\",\"Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry\",\"Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics\",\"Humans\",\"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration\",\"Ionophores\",\"Jurkat Cells\",\"Molecular Probes\",\"Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis\",\"Molecular Probes: chemistry\",\"Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Spectrometry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200600368\",\"number\":\"32\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gilmore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joshua\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheck\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Esser-Kahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Joshi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Neel\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"5307–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gilmore_n-terminal_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200600368},\\n\\tnumber = {32},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Gilmore, Joshua M and Scheck, Rebecca A and Esser-Kahn, Aaron P and Joshi, Neel S and Francis, Matthew B},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {5307--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gilmore, J. M\",\"Scheck, R. A\",\"Esser-Kahn, A. P\",\"Joshi, N. S\",\"Francis, M. B\"],\"key\":\"gilmore_n-terminal_2006-1\",\"id\":\"gilmore_n-terminal_2006-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Angiotensin I\",\"Angiotensin I: chemistry\",\"Biomimetics\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Structure\",\"Protein Engineering\",\"Protein Engineering: methods\",\"Pyruvates\",\"Pyruvates: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Extent of N-Terminal Methionine Excision from Escherichia coli Proteins is Governed by the Side-Chain Length of the Penultimate Amino Acid\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"0027-8424\",\"url\":\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\",\"doi\":\"10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247\",\"abstract\":\"In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.\",\"number\":\"21\",\"journal\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hirel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ph.-H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"1989\",\"pages\":\"8247–8251\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hirel_extent_1989,\\n\\ttitle = {Extent of {N}-{Terminal} {Methionine} {Excision} from {Escherichia} coli {Proteins} is {Governed} by the {Side}-{Chain} {Length} of the {Penultimate} {Amino} {Acid}},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {0027-8424},\\n\\turl = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247},\\n\\tabstract = {In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.},\\n\\tnumber = {21},\\n\\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Hirel, Ph.-H.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {1989},\\n\\tpages = {8247--8251},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hirel, P.\"],\"key\":\"hirel_extent_1989-1\",\"id\":\"hirel_extent_1989-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"THE ACTION OF PERIODIC ACID ON ${\\\\}alpha$-AMINO ALCOHOLS\",\"volume\":\"61\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja01875a521\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"J. Am. Chem. Soc.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nicolet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ben\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shinn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leo\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1939\",\"pages\":\"1615\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nicolet_action_1939,\\n\\ttitle = {{THE} {ACTION} {OF} {PERIODIC} {ACID} {ON} \\\\${\\\\textbackslash}alpha\\\\$-{AMINO} {ALCOHOLS}},\\n\\tvolume = {61},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja01875a521},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\\n\\tauthor = {Nicolet, Ben H. and Shinn, Leo A.},\\n\\tyear = {1939},\\n\\tpages = {1615},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nicolet, B. H.\",\"Shinn, L. A.\"],\"key\":\"nicolet_action_1939-1\",\"id\":\"nicolet_action_1939-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"N-terminal modification of proteins?a review\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"0277-8033\",\"url\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/BF01024840\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Protein Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dixon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"B.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"1984\",\"pages\":\"99–108\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dixon_n-terminal_1984,\\n\\ttitle = {N-terminal modification of proteins?a review},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {0277-8033},\\n\\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/BF01024840},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Protein Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Dixon, H. B. F.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {1984},\\n\\tpages = {99--108},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dixon, H. B. F.\"],\"key\":\"dixon_n-terminal_1984-1\",\"id\":\"dixon_n-terminal_1984-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Photostabilized Chlorophyll a in Mesoporous Silica: Adsorption Properties and Photoreduction Activity of Chlorophyll a\",\"volume\":\"124\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0203059\",\"abstract\":\"Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.\",\"number\":\"45\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Itoh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetsuji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yano\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kazuhisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Inada\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuji\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fukushima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yoshiaki\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2002\",\"pages\":\"13437–13441\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{itoh_photostabilized_2002,\\n\\ttitle = {Photostabilized {Chlorophyll} a in {Mesoporous} {Silica}: {Adsorption} {Properties} and {Photoreduction} {Activity} of {Chlorophyll} a},\\n\\tvolume = {124},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0203059},\\n\\tabstract = {Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.},\\n\\tnumber = {45},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Itoh, Tetsuji and Yano, Kazuhisa and Inada, Yuji and Fukushima, Yoshiaki},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2002},\\n\\tpages = {13437--13441},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Itoh, T.\",\"Yano, K.\",\"Inada, Y.\",\"Fukushima, Y.\"],\"key\":\"itoh_photostabilized_2002-1\",\"id\":\"itoh_photostabilized_2002-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"1936-086X\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/nn1025719\",\"abstract\":\"A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"ACS nano\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruckman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Soto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carissa\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDowell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heather\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jinny\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ratna\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Banahalli\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korpany\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katalin\",\"V\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zahr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Omar\",\"K\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blum\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\",\"Szuchmacher\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties\",\"pages\":\"1606–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bruckman_role_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {1936-086X},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/nn1025719},\\n\\tabstract = {A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {ACS nano},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruckman, Michael A and Soto, Carissa M and McDowell, Heather and Liu, Jinny L and Ratna, Banahalli R and Korpany, Katalin V and Zahr, Omar K and Blum, Amy Szuchmacher},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties},\\n\\tpages = {1606--16},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruckman, M. A\",\"Soto, C. M\",\"McDowell, H.\",\"Liu, J. L\",\"Ratna, B. R\",\"Korpany, K. V\",\"Zahr, O. K\",\"Blum, A. S.\"],\"key\":\"bruckman_role_2011-1\",\"id\":\"bruckman_role_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"},\"keyword\":[\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid Proteins: chemistry\",\"Capsid Proteins: genetics\",\"Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure\",\"Crystallization\",\"Crystallization: methods\",\"Histidine\",\"Histidine: chemistry\",\"Macromolecular Substances\",\"Macromolecular Substances: chemistry\",\"Materials Testing\",\"Molecular Conformation\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Nanostructures: ultrastructure\",\"Oligopeptides\",\"Oligopeptides: chemistry\",\"Particle Size\",\"Protein Engineering\",\"Protein Engineering: methods\",\"Surface Properties\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"series\":\"Methods in Enzymology\",\"title\":\"Part B: Enzyme Structure\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"isbn\":\"978-0-12-181888-3\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dixon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Henry\",\"B.F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fields\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1972\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{dixon_part_1972,\\n\\tseries = {Methods in {Enzymology}},\\n\\ttitle = {Part {B}: {Enzyme} {Structure}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tisbn = {978-0-12-181888-3},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\\n\\tauthor = {Dixon, Henry B.F. and Fields, Robert},\\n\\tyear = {1972},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dixon, H. B.\",\"Fields, R.\"],\"key\":\"dixon_part_1972-1\",\"id\":\"dixon_part_1972-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"1433-7851\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/anie.200461217\",\"number\":\"41\",\"journal\":\"Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guldi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dirk\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rahman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G\",\"M\",\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jux\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Norbert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tagmatarchis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nikos\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prato\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maurizio\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"keywords\":\"Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry\",\"pages\":\"5526–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{guldi_integrating_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {1433-7851},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200461217},\\n\\tnumber = {41},\\n\\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\\n\\tauthor = {Guldi, Dirk M and Rahman, G M A and Jux, Norbert and Tagmatarchis, Nikos and Prato, Maurizio},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tkeywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry},\\n\\tpages = {5526--30},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Guldi, D. M\",\"Rahman, G M A\",\"Jux, N.\",\"Tagmatarchis, N.\",\"Prato, M.\"],\"key\":\"guldi_integrating_2004-1\",\"id\":\"guldi_integrating_2004-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\"},\"keyword\":[\"Carbon\",\"Carbon: chemistry\",\"Crystallography\",\"Electrons\",\"Immobilization\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Conformation\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Nanotubes\",\"Organometallic Compounds\",\"Organometallic Compounds: chemistry\",\"Surface Properties\",\"X-Ray\",\"Zinc\",\"Zinc: chemistry\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation\",\"volume\":\"266\",\"issn\":\"0036-8075\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\",\"doi\":\"10.1126/science.7973629\",\"abstract\":\"A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.\",\"number\":\"5186\",\"journal\":\"Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dawson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Clark-Lewis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kent\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"1994\",\"pages\":\"776–779\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dawson_synthesis_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation},\\n\\tvolume = {266},\\n\\tissn = {0036-8075},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1126/science.7973629},\\n\\tabstract = {A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.},\\n\\tnumber = {5186},\\n\\tjournal = {Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Dawson, P. and Muir, T. and Clark-Lewis, I and Kent, S.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tpages = {776--779},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dawson, P.\",\"Muir, T.\",\"Clark-Lewis, I\",\"Kent, S.\"],\"key\":\"dawson_synthesis_1994-1\",\"id\":\"dawson_synthesis_1994-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mimicking Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"0001-4842\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ar9801301\",\"abstract\":\"Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Accounts of Chemical Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gust\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Devens\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ana\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2001\",\"pages\":\"40–48\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gust_mimicking_2001,\\n\\ttitle = {Mimicking {Photosynthetic} {Solar} {Energy} {Transduction}},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {0001-4842},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ar9801301},\\n\\tabstract = {Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Gust, Devens and Moore, Thomas A. and Moore, Ana L.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2001},\\n\\tpages = {40--48},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gust, D.\",\"Moore, T. A.\",\"Moore, A. L.\"],\"key\":\"gust_mimicking_2001-1\",\"id\":\"gust_mimicking_2001-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.\",\"volume\":\"4\",\"issn\":\"1864-564X\",\"url\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/cssc.201100074\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"ChemSusChem\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kim\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jae\",\"Hong\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sang\",\"Hyun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sahng\",\"Ha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Park\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chan\",\"Beum\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism\",\"pages\":\"581–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lee_biomimetic_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.},\\n\\tvolume = {4},\\n\\tissn = {1864-564X},\\n\\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/cssc.201100074},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {ChemSusChem},\\n\\tauthor = {Lee, Minah and Kim, Jae Hong and Lee, Sang Hyun and Lee, Sahng Ha and Park, Chan Beum},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism},\\n\\tpages = {581--6},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lee, M.\",\"Kim, J. H.\",\"Lee, S. H.\",\"Lee, S. H.\",\"Park, C. B.\"],\"key\":\"lee_biomimetic_2011-1\",\"id\":\"lee_biomimetic_2011-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biomimetic Materials\",\"Biomimetic Materials: metabolism\",\"Cellulose\",\"Cellulose: metabolism\",\"Light\",\"NAD\",\"NAD: metabolism\",\"Photosynthesis\",\"Wood\",\"Wood: metabolism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. Application to modification at N-terminal serine\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1043-1802\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/bc00014a008\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Bioconjugate Chemistry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geoghegan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kieran\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stroh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justin\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1992\",\"pages\":\"138–146\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{geoghegan_site-directed_1992,\\n\\ttitle = {Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. {Application} to modification at {N}-terminal serine},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1043-1802},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/bc00014a008},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},\\n\\tauthor = {Geoghegan, Kieran F. and Stroh, Justin G.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1992},\\n\\tpages = {138--146},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Geoghegan, K. F.\",\"Stroh, J. G.\"],\"key\":\"geoghegan_site-directed_1992-1\",\"id\":\"geoghegan_site-directed_1992-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Metallothionein-Cross-Linked Hydrogels for the Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Water\",\"volume\":\"130\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja807095r\",\"abstract\":\"The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.\",\"number\":\"47\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Esser-Kahn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Iavarone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"15820–15822\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Metallothionein-{Cross}-{Linked} {Hydrogels} for the {Selective} {Removal} of {Heavy} {Metals} from {Water}},\\n\\tvolume = {130},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja807095r},\\n\\tabstract = {The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.},\\n\\tnumber = {47},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Esser-Kahn, Aaron P. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {15820--15822},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Esser-Kahn, A. P.\",\"Iavarone, A. T.\",\"Francis, M. B.\"],\"key\":\"esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008-1\",\"id\":\"esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"0947-6539\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/chem.200501309\",\"abstract\":\"The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.\",\"number\":\"14\",\"journal\":\"Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Endo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Masayuki\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hangxiang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fujitsuka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mamoru\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Majima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetsuro\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet\",\"pages\":\"3735–40\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {0947-6539},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},\\n\\tabstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},\\n\\tauthor = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},\\n\\tpages = {3735--40},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Endo, M.\",\"Wang, H.\",\"Fujitsuka, M.\",\"Majima, T.\"],\"key\":\"endo_pyrene-stacked_2006-1-1\",\"id\":\"endo_pyrene-stacked_2006-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\"},\"keyword\":[\"Atomic Force\",\"Capsid Proteins\",\"Capsid Proteins: chemistry\",\"Capsid Proteins: genetics\",\"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration\",\"Microscopy\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Nanostructures\",\"Nanostructures: chemistry\",\"Photochemistry\",\"Photochemistry: methods\",\"Pyrenes\",\"Pyrenes: chemistry\",\"Spectrophotometry\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics\",\"Ultraviolet\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"issn\":\"0002-7863\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/ja0508222\",\"abstract\":\"Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.\",\"number\":\"19\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the American Chemical Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baskaran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Durairaj\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mays\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jimmy\",\"W\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X\",\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bratcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\",\"S\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2005\",\"pages\":\"6916–7\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baskaran_carbon_2005,\\n\\ttitle = {Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tissn = {0002-7863},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0508222},\\n\\tabstract = {Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100\\\\% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.},\\n\\tnumber = {19},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Baskaran, Durairaj and Mays, Jimmy W and Zhang, X Peter and Bratcher, Matthew S},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n\\tpages = {6916--7},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Baskaran, D.\",\"Mays, J. W\",\"Zhang, X P.\",\"Bratcher, M. S\"],\"key\":\"baskaran_carbon_2005-1\",\"id\":\"baskaran_carbon_2005-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution.\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"0006-3495\",\"url\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\",\"abstract\":\"Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Biophysical journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhyravbhatla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Watowich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S\",\"J\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Caspar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D\",\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"1998\",\"keywords\":\"Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation & purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray\",\"pages\":\"604–15\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,\\n\\ttitle = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {0006-3495},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Biophysical journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {1998},\\n\\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \\\\& purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},\\n\\tpages = {604--15},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bhyravbhatla, B\",\"Watowich, S J\",\"Caspar, D L\"],\"key\":\"bhyravbhatla_refined_1998-1-1\",\"id\":\"bhyravbhatla_refined_1998-1-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"},\"keyword\":[\"Amino Acid Sequence\",\"Capsid\",\"Capsid: chemistry\",\"Capsid: isolation & purification\",\"Computer Simulation\",\"Crystallography\",\"Models\",\"Molecular\",\"Molecular Sequence Data\",\"Plants\",\"Protein Structure\",\"Secondary\",\"Tobacco\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus\",\"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry\",\"Tobacco: virology\",\"Toxic\",\"X-Ray\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Zotero Quick Start Guide\",\"url\":\"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide\",\"author\":[{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Center for 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= {Rethinking ovarian cancer: recommendations for improving outcomes},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {1474-175X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Rethinking ovarian cancer},\\n\\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/nrc3144},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2011-12-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Nat Rev Cancer},\\n\\tauthor = {Vaughan, Sebastian and Coward, Jermaine I. and Bast, Robert C. and Berchuck, Andy and Berek, Jonathan S. and Brenton, James D. and Coukos, George and Crum, Christopher C. and Drapkin, Ronny and Etemadmoghadam, Dariush and Friedlander, Michael and Gabra, Hani and Kaye, Stan B. and Lord, Chris J. and Lengyel, Ernst and Levine, Douglas A. and McNeish, Iain A. and Menon, Usha and Mills, Gordon B. and Nephew, Kenneth P. and Oza, Amit M. and Sood, Anil K. and Stronach, Euan A. and Walczak, Henning and Bowtell, David D. and Balkwill, Frances R.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = 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{Genentech}, {Inc}.},\\n\\turl = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html},\\n\\turldate = {2011-12-01},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_antibodies_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_antibodies_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-antibodiesbindingtothetumourassociatedantigentat10772forthediagnosisandtreatmentoftumorgenentechinc\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Compositions and methods for the ... - Google Patents\",\"url\":\"http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT7989595&id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=william+mallet&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false\",\"urldate\":\"2011-12-01\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{noauthor_compositions_nodate,\\n\\ttitle = {Compositions and methods for the ... - {Google} {Patents}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT7989595&id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=william+mallet&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false},\\n\\turldate = {2011-12-01},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"key\":\"noauthor_compositions_nodate\",\"id\":\"noauthor_compositions_nodate\",\"bibbaseid\":\"anonymous-compositionsandmethodsforthegooglepatents\",\"role\":\"\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT7989595&id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=william+mallet&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prolonged Remission of Chronic Reactive Arthritis Treated With Three Infusions of Infliximab\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1076-1608\",\"url\":\"http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=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\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181d06f70\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2011-02-15\",\"journal\":\"JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wechalekar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mihir\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rischmueller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maureen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whittle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burnet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2010\",\"pages\":\"79–80\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wechalekar_prolonged_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Prolonged {Remission} of {Chronic} {Reactive} {Arthritis} {Treated} {With} {Three} {Infusions} of {Infliximab}},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1076-1608},\\n\\turl = {http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=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},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181d06f70},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2011-02-15},\\n\\tjournal = {JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology},\\n\\tauthor = {Wechalekar, Mihir D. and Rischmueller, Maureen and Whittle, Samuel and Burnet, Simon and Hill, Catherine L.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tpages = {79--80},\\n}\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wechalekar, M. 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	title = {Assessment of the acute toxicity of triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater based on the bioluminescence inhibition of {Vibrio} fischeri},
	volume = {390},
	issn = {16182642},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-007-1779-9},
	abstract = {In this work, the contributions of triclosan and its metabolite methyl triclosan to the overall acute toxicity of wastewater were studied using Vibrio fischeri. The protocol used in this paper involved various steps. First, the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and methyl triclosan were determined for standard substances, and the 50\% effective concentrations (EC(50)) were determined for these compounds. Second, the toxic responses to different mixtures of triclosan, methyl triclosan, and surfactants were studied in different water matrices, i.e., Milli-Q water, groundwater and wastewater, in order to evaluate (i) the antagonistic or synergistic effects, and (ii) the influence of the water matrices. Finally, chemical analysis was used in conjunction with the toxicity results in order to assess the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and its derivative in wastewaters. In this study, the toxicities of 45 real samples corresponding to the influents and effluents from eight wastewater treatment works (WWTW) were analyzed. Thirty-one samples were from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipped with two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBR), and the influent and the effluent samples after various treatments were characterized via different chromatographic approaches, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and SPE coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The toxicity was determined by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. In order to complete the study and to extrapolate the results to different WWTPs, the toxicity to V. fischeri of samples from seven more plants was analyzed, as were their triclosan and methyl triclosan concentrations. Good agreement was established between the overall toxicity values and concentrations of the biocides, indicating that triclosan is one of the major toxic organic pollutants currently found in domestic wastewaters.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},
	author = {Farré, Marinella and Asperger, Daniela and Kantiani, Lina and González, Susana and Petrovic, Mira and Barceló, Damià},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18172620},
	keywords = {Bioluminescence, Methyl triclosan, Surfactants, Toxicity, Triclosan, Vibrio fischeri, Wastewater},
	pages = {1999--2007},
}





@article{fang_doseresponse_2015,
	title = {Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in {B6C3F1} mice},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2045-452X},
	url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D},
	doi = {10.1039/C4TX00152D},
	journal = {Toxicology Research},
	author = {Fang, Jia-Long and Vanlandingham, Michelle M. and Juliar, Beth E. and Olson, Greg R. and Patton, Ralph E. and Beland, Frederick A.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, toxicology},
	pages = {867--877},
}





@article{fan_simultaneous_2010,
	title = {Simultaneous quantitation of parabens, triclosan, and methyl triclosan in indoor house dust using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	author = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat and Jones-Otazo, Heather},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Indoor, TCS, mtcs},
	pages = {1891--1897},
}





@article{fair_occurrence_2009,
	title = {Occurrence of triclosan in plasma of wild {Atlantic} bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} truncatus) and in their environment.},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002},
	abstract = {The presence of triclosan, a widely-used antibacterial chemical, is currently unknown in higher trophic-level species such as marine mammals. Blood plasma collected from wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Charleston, SC (CHS) (n = 13) and Indian River Lagoon, FL (IRL) (n = 13) in 2005 was analyzed for triclosan. Plasma concentrations in CHS dolphins ranged from 0.12 to 0.27 ng/g wet weight (mean 0.18 ng/g), with 31\% of the sampled individuals having detectable triclosan. The mean IRL dolphin plasma concentrations were 0.072 ng/g wet weight (range 0.025-0.11 ng/g); 23\% of the samples having detectable triclosan. In the CHS area, triclosan effluent values from two WWTP were both 190 ng/L and primary influents were 2800 ng/L and 3400 ng/L. Triclosan values in CHS estuarine surface water samples averaged 7.5 ng/L (n = 18) ranging from 4.9 to 14 ng/L. This is the first study to report bioaccumulation of anthropogenic triclosan in a marine mammal highlighting the need for further monitoring and assessment.},
	number = {8-9},
	journal = {Environmental pollution},
	author = {Fair, Patricia a and Lee, Hing-Biu and Adams, Jeff and Darling, Colin and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Alaee, Mehran and Bossart, Gregory D and Henry, Natasha and Muir, Derek},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19410343},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, marine},
	pages = {2248--2254},
}





@book{european_chemicals_agency_pact-rmoa_2016,
	title = {{PACT}-{RMOA} and hazard assessment activities},
	url = {https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term},
	urldate = {2016-09-10},
	author = {{European Chemicals Agency}},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC},
}





@article{european_chemicals_agency_biocidal_2015,
	title = {The {Biocidal} {Products} {Committee} adopts 11 opinions},
	volume = {Helsinki},
	url = {http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf},
	journal = {Annex to ECHA/NA/15/22},
	author = {{European Chemicals Agency}},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS},
}





@article{ema_teratological_1992,
	title = {Teratological assessment of glutaraldehyde in rats by gastric intubation},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {03784274},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-4274(92)90006-6},
	abstract = {Pregnant rats were given glutaraldehyde (GA) by gastric intubation at a dose of 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg on days 6-15 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity occurred in the 100 mg kg group as evidenced by a significant increase in maternal death and a significant decrease in maternal body weight gain and food consumption. A significantly lowered fetal weight was also found in the 100 mg kg group. No significant change induced by GA was detected in the incidence of postimplantation loss. Morphologic examinations of fetuses revealed no evidence of teratogenicity of GA. It could be concluded that GA has no teratogenic effects on rat offspring even at a dose which induced severe maternal toxicity. ?? 1992.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicology Letters},
	author = {Ema, Makoto and Itami, Takafumi and Kawasaki, Hironoshin},
	year = {1992},
	pmid = {1455446},
	keywords = {Developmental toxicity, Disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde, Rat, Sterilizer, Teratogenicity},
	pages = {45--52},
}





@article{ellingson_strategies_2014,
	title = {Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0899823X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608},
	doi = {10.1086/677145},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology},
	author = {Ellingson, K and Haas, J P and Aiello, A E and Kusek, L and Maragakis, L L and Olmsted, R N and Perencevich, E and Polgreen, P M and Schweizer, M L and Trexler, P and VanAmringe, M and Yokoe, D S},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {25026608},
	pages = {937--960},
}





@techreport{dye_bronopol_2007,
	address = {Copenhagen},
	title = {Bronopol, {Resorcinol}, m-{Cresol} and {Triclosan} in the {Nordic} {Environment}},
	institution = {Nordic Council of Ministers},
	author = {Dye, C J and Schlabach, M and Green, J and Remberger, M and Kaj, L and Palm-Cousins, A and Brorström-Lundén, E},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS},
	pages = {1--73},
}





@article{duleba_effects_2011,
	title = {Effects of triclocarban on intact immature male rat: augmentation of androgen action},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1933-7205},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1177/1933719110382581},
	abstract = {Triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide) is an antimicrobial agent used widely in various personal hygiene products including soaps. Recently, TCC has been shown to enhance testosterone-induced effects in vitro and to enlarge accessory sex organs in castrated male rats. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of TCC on intact age-matched male rats and on human prostate LNCaP and C4-2B cells. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a normal diet or a diet supplemented with TCC (0.25\% in diet) for 10 days. Triclocarban induced hyperplasia of accessory sex organs in the absence of significant qualitative histological changes. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were not significantly altered by TCC treatment. In prostate cancer-derived LNCaP and C4-2B cells, TCC potentiated androgen actions via androgen receptor-dependent actions. In conclusion, TCC significantly affects intact male reproductive organs and potentiates androgen effects in prostate cancer cells.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Reproductive sciences},
	author = {Duleba, Antoni J and Ahmed, Mohamed I and Sun, Meng and Gao, Allen C and Villanueva, Jesus and Conley, Alan J and Turgeon, Judith L and Benirschke, Kurt and Gee, Nancy A and Chen, Jiangang and Green, Peter G and Lasley, Bill L},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20889956},
	keywords = {Androgen, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Antimicrobial, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Florence, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Humans, Local, Local: toxicity, Luteinizing Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone: blood, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Prostate, Prostate: drug effects, Prostate: pathology, Prostate: physiopathology, Prostatic Neoplasms, Prostatic Neoplasms: pathology, Prostatic Neoplasms: physiopathology, Rats, Receptors, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, TCC, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Transcription, Tumor, Water: metabolism, cell line, water},
	pages = {119--127},
}





@article{drury_triclosan_2013,
	title = {Triclosan exposure increases triclosan resistance and influences taxonomic composition of benthic bacterial communities},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es401919k},
	abstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound that is incorporated into numerous consumer products. TCS has been detected in aquatic ecosystems across the U.S., raising concern about its potential ecological effects. We conducted a field survey and an artificial stream experiment to assess effects of TCS on benthic bacterial communities. Field sampling indicated that TCS concentrations in stream sediments increased with degree of urbanization. There was significant correlation between sediment TCS concentration and the proportion of cultivable benthic bacteria that were resistant to TCS, demonstrating that the levels of TCS present in these streams was affecting the native communities. An artificial stream experiment confirmed that TCS exposure could trigger increases in TCS resistance within cultivable benthic bacteria, and pyrosequencing analysis indicated that TCS resulted in decreased benthic bacterial diversity and shifts in bacterial community composition. One notable change was a 6-fold increase in the relative abundance of cyanobacterial sequences and a dramatic die-off of algae within the artificial streams. Selection of cyanobacteria over algae could have significant implications for higher trophic levels within streams. Finally, there were no observed effects of TCS on bacterial abundance or respiration rates, suggesting that bacterial density and function were highly resilient to TCS exposure.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	author = {Drury, Bradley and Scott, John and Rosi-Marshall, Emma J. and Kelly, John J.},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23865377},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCS, benthos, toxicology},
	pages = {8923--8930},
}





@article{doudrick_assessment_2010,
	title = {Assessment of the contribution of triclosan to dioxin emissions from sludge incineration in the {U}.{S}. {Using} a mathematical model},
	volume = {1048},
	issn = {19475918},
	doi = {10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch023},
	journal = {ACS Symposium Series},
	author = {Doudrick, K. D. and Jones, D. B. and Kalinowski, T. and Hartmann, E. M. and Halden, R. U.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, dioxin, sewage treatment},
	pages = {469--481},
}





@article{dinwiddie_recent_2014,
	title = {Recent evidence regarding triclosan and cancer risk},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {16617827},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph110202209},
	abstract = {Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial commonly used in cosmetics, dentifrices, and other consumer products. The compound's widespread use in consumer products and its detection in breast milk, urine, and serum have raised concerns regarding its potential association with various human health outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that triclosan may play a role in cancer development, perhaps through its estrogenicity or ability to inhibit fatty acid synthesis. Our aims here are to review studies of human exposure levels, to evaluate the results of studies examining the effects of triclosan on cancer development, and to suggest possible directions for future research.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
	author = {Dinwiddie, Michael T. and Terry, Paul D. and Chen, Jiangang},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24566048},
	keywords = {Breast Neoplasms, Cancer, Epidemiologic studies, Fatty acid synthesis, Triclosan, Xenoestrogens},
	pages = {2209--2217},
}





@article{ding_photodegradation_2013,
	title = {Photodegradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban in aqueous systems under ultraviolet radiation},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {09441344},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1239-8},
	abstract = {This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the degradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). We investigated the effects of several operational parameters, including solution pH, initial TCC concentration, photocatalyst TiO₂ loading, presence of natural organic matter, and most common anions in surface waters (e.g., bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate). The results showed that UV radiation was very effective for TCC photodegradation and that the photolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The TCC photolysis rate was pH dependent and favored at high pH. A higher TCC photolysis rate was observed by direct photolysis than TiO₂ photocatalysis. The presence of the inorganic ions bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate hindered TCC photolysis. Negative effects on TCC photolysis were also observed by the addition of humic acid due to competitive UV absorbance. The main degradation products of TCC were tentatively identified by gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer, and a possible degradation pathway of TCC was also proposed.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Ding, Shi Ling and Wang, Xi Kui and Jiang, Wen Qiang and Meng, Xia and Zhao, Ru Song and Wang, Chen and Wang, Xia},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23054798},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, Photodegradation, TCC, Triclocarban, Ultraviolet radiation},
	pages = {3195--3201},
}





@article{dhillon_triclosan:_2015,
	title = {Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1660-4601},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph120505657},
	abstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
	author = {Dhillon, Gurpreet Singh and Kaur, Surinder and Pulicharla, Rama and Brar, Satinder Kaur and Cledón, Maximiliano and Verma, Mausam and Surampalli, Rao Y},
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26006133},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, review},
	pages = {5657--84},
}





@article{den_hond_human_2015,
	title = {Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: {A} case-control study in male subfertility patients},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {18736750},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017},
	abstract = {Background: Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, brominated flame retardants, bisphenol A, triclosan, perfluorinated compounds and phthalates are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate whether higher exposure to EDCs is associated with increased subfertility in men. Methods: We measured biomarkers of exposure in 163 men, recruited through four fertility clinics. According to WHO guidelines, we used a total motility count (TMC) of 20 million as cut-off value. We assigned patients to the case group when two semen samples - collected at least one week apart - had a TMC. {\textbackslash}textless. 20 and to the control group when both samples had a TMC. ≥. 20. To estimate the risk of subfertility and alteration in sex hormone concentrations we used multivariable-adjusted analysis, using logistic and linear regressions, respectively. Results: For an IQR increase in serum oxychlordane, the odds ratio for subfertility was 1.98 (95\% CI: 1.07; 3.69). Furthermore, men with serum levels of BDE209 above the quantification limit had an odds of 7.22 (1.03; 50.6) for subfertility compared with those having values below the LOQ. Urinary levels of phthalates and triclosan were negatively associated with inhibin B and positively with LH. Urinary bisphenol A correlated negatively with testosterone levels. Conclusions: Our study in men showed that internal body concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals are associated with an increased risk of subfertility together with alterations in hormone levels. The results emphasize the importance to reduce chemicals in the environment in order to safeguard male fertility.},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Den Hond, Elly and Tournaye, Herman and De Sutter, Petra and Ombelet, Willem and Baeyens, Willy and Covaci, Adrian and Cox, Bianca and Nawrot, Tim S. and Van Larebeke, Nik and D'Hooghe, Thomas},
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26292060},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Fertility, Florence, TCS, human health, toxicology},
	pages = {154--160},
}





@article{dann_triclosan:_2011,
	title = {Triclosan: {Environmental} exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0260437X},
	doi = {10.1002/jat.1660},
	abstract = {Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS's potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Toxicology},
	author = {Dann, A. B. and Hontela, Alice},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21462230},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic species, Effects, Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Florence, Human, Irgasan, Levels, Mammals, Reproduction, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, review},
	pages = {285--311},
}





@article{dayan_risk_2007,
	title = {Risk assessment of triclosan [{Irgasan}®] in human breast milk},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {02786915},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.009},
	abstract = {Triclosan is an established bacteriostatic compound widely used in topical and dental preparations. Its pharmacokinetics and toxicology have been extensively studied in humans and animals. It is known to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and across the skin. A recent report noted its occurrence in human breast milk and this has now been further investigated. Sixty two unselected samples of human milk from Breast Milk Banks in California and Texas have been analysed for triclosan; the concentration ranged from 0 to 2100 μg/kg lipid. A risk assessment of triclosan in human milk has been made, based on a conservative calculation of exposure of neonates and experimental toxicity test results. The broad set of reproduction toxicity tests of triclosan includes a 2-generation study in the rat, in which there was considerable exposure of dams and pups to triclosan throughout fetal development and up to sexual maturity in the F2 generation, and a further study in which pups of dosed dams were followed to weaning. They established an oral NOAEL for pups of 50 mg/kg/d. The maximum exposure of babies via breast milk calculated using very conservative additive assumptions is ∼7.4 μg/kg/d. The 'Margin of Exposure' between the NOAEL and that calculated in breast fed babies is ∼6760-fold. It is concluded that there is no evidence to indicate that the presence of a miniscule amount of triclosan in breast milk presents a risk to babies. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},
	author = {Dayan, A. D.},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17011099},
	pages = {125--129},
}





@article{connor_mutagenicity_1996,
	title = {Mutagenicity of cosmetic products containing {Kathon}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {08936692},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2<127::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-C},
	abstract = {A variety of shampoos, conditioners, skin-care lotions, and other cosmetic products contain the biocide Kathon CG, which is a mixture of two heterocyclic isothiazolinones: methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. This mixture and the related biocide, Kathon 886, have been shown to be potent sensitizers and bacterial mutagens. Five cosmetic products that list the components of Kathon on their labels and two that do not were screened for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S-9. Five of these products and Kathon 886 were further evaluated in TA100 without and with S-9. Kathon 886, a cosmetic product that contained Kathon, and thin layer chromatography-separated components of Kathon 886 were identified by GC/MS analysis. Three of the five products that listed Kathon were direct acting mutagens with TA100. The remaining two products were considerably more toxic than the other products and could not be evaluated for mutagenicity. The addition of S-9 reduced toxicity but did not eliminate mutagenicity. The mutagenic evaluation of Kathon 886 resulted in a dose response similar to that seen with some cosmetic products but at a 1,000-fold lower concentration, and activity was also reduced by the addition of S-9 mix. S-9 reduced activity both with and without cofactors present. Thin layer chromatography separation of the components and subsequent identification by GC/MS indicated that methylisothiazolinone was nonmutagenic while methylchloroisothiazolinone was mutagenic. Additionally, a dichlorinated compound was identified which was also mutagenic. In light of these findings and the reported skin sensitization by Kathon CG in various cosmetics, we recommend that additional testing be done to assure the safety of products containing Kathon CG.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis},
	author = {Connor, Thomas H. and Tee, Patricia G. and Afshar, Masoud and Connor, Kendall M.},
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8844994},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Biocide, Cosmetics, Kathon??, Mutagenicity, Salmonella},
	pages = {127--132},
}





@article{cole_investigation_2003,
	title = {Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {13645072},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02022.x},
	abstract = {AIM: To describe the relationship between antibiotic and antibacterial resistance in environmental and clinical bacteria from home environments across geographical locations, relative to the use or nonuse of antibacterial products, with a focus on target organisms recognized as potential human pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized study, environmental and clinical samples were collected from the homes of antibacterial product users (n=30) and nonusers (n=30) for the isolation of target bacteria for antibiotic and antibacterial testing in three geographical areas (in USA and UK). Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, with selected antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible isolates tested against four common antibacterial agents (triclosan, para-chloro-meta-xylenol, pine oil and quaternary ammonium compound). Prequalified users and nonusers at each location were randomly selected after meeting exclusionary criteria. Of 1238 isolates, more target bacteria were recovered from nonuser than user homes. Of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=33), none showed resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin; for Enterococcus sp. (n=149), none were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin; and for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=54)and Escherichia coli (n=24), none were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance to one or more of the standard test panel drugs for Gram-positive and Gram-negative target bacteria was comparable between nonuser and user homes for both environmental and clinical isolates [e.g. resistance of environmental coagulase-negative (CN) Staphylococcus sp. was 73.8\% (124/168) from nonuser homes and 73.0\% (111/152) from user homes, and Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli, 75.9\% (186/245) from nonuser homes compared with 78.0\% from user homes]. Of 524 Gram-negatives tested against preferred/alternative drugs, 97.1\% (509/524) were susceptible to all antibiotics, across both groups. Isolates of S. aureus, Enterococcus sp. and CN Staphylococcus sp. susceptible to all preferred treatment drugs showed comparable antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results between nonuser and user home isolates. For Gram-positives resistant to one or more preferred drugs, greatest resistance to antibacterial active ingredients was found in the nonuser group. For Gram-negatives, the antibacterial MIC data were comparable for isolates that were fully susceptible and resistant to one or more preferred/alternative treatment antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a lack of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from the homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers, as well as increased prevalence of potential pathogens in nonuser homes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It refutes widely publicized, yet unsupported, hypotheses that use of antibacterial products facilitates the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from the home environment.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology},
	author = {Cole, E. C. and Addison, R. M. and Rubino, J. R. and Leese, K. E. and Dulaney, P. D. and Newell, M. S. and Wilkins, J. and Gaber, D. J. and Wineinger, T. and Criger, D. A.},
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12969278},
	keywords = {Antibacterial, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Clinical, Environmental, Home, Resistance},
	pages = {664--676},
}





@article{cherednichenko_triclosan_2012,
	title = {Triclosan impairs excitation-contraction coupling and {Ca2}+ dynamics in striated muscle},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1211314109},
	abstract = {Triclosan (TCS), a high-production-volume chemical used as a bactericide in personal care products, is a priority pollutant of growing concern to human and environmental health. TCS is capable of altering the activity of type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), but its potential to influence physiological excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and muscle function has not been investigated. Here, we report that TCS impairs ECC of both cardiac and skeletal muscle in vitro and in vivo. TCS acutely depresses hemodynamics and grip strength in mice at doses ≥12.5 mg/kg i.p., and a concentration ≥0.52 μM in water compromises swimming performance in larval fathead minnow. In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, skeletal myotubes, and adult flexor digitorum brevis fibers TCS depresses electrically evoked ECC within ∼10-20 min. In myotubes, nanomolar to low micromolar TCS initially potentiates electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients followed by complete failure of ECC, independent of Ca(2+) store depletion or block of RyR1 channels. TCS also completely blocks excitation-coupled Ca(2+) entry. Voltage clamp experiments showed that TCS partially inhibits L-type Ca(2+) currents of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and [(3)H]PN200 binding to skeletal membranes is noncompetitively inhibited by TCS in the same concentration range that enhances [(3)H]ryanodine binding. TCS potently impairs orthograde and retrograde signaling between L-type Ca(2+) and RyR channels in skeletal muscle, and L-type Ca(2+) entry in cardiac muscle, revealing a mechanism by which TCS weakens cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility in a manner that may negatively impact muscle health, especially in susceptible populations.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Cherednichenko, G. and Zhang, R. and Bannister, R. a. and Timofeyev, V. and Li, N. and Fritsch, E. B. and Feng, W. and Barrientos, G. C. and Schebb, N. H. and Hammock, B. D. and Beam, K. G. and Chiamvimonvat, N. and Pessah, I. N.},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22891308},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial},
	pages = {14158--14163},
}





@article{chen_triclocarban_2008,
	title = {Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: {A} new type of endocrine disruptor?},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {00137227},
	doi = {10.1210/en.2007-1057},
	abstract = {Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25\% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Endocrinology},
	author = {Chen, Jiangang and Ahn, Ki Chang and Gee, Nancy A. and Ahmed, Mohamed I. and Duleba, Antoni J. and Zhao, Ling and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D. and Lasley, Bill L.},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18048496},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial},
	pages = {1173--1179},
}





@article{chen_triclocarban_2008,
	title = {Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: {A} new type of endocrine disruptor?},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {00137227},
	doi = {10.1210/en.2007-1057},
	abstract = {Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25\% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Endocrinology},
	author = {Chen, Jiangang and Chang, Ahn Ki and Gee, Nancy A. and Mohamed, Mohamed I. and Duleba, Antoni J. and Zhao, Ling and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D. and Lasley, Bill L.},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18048496},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC, Toxicity},
	pages = {1173--1179},
}





@article{coogan_snail_2008,
	title = {Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyltriclosan in a {North} {Texas}, {USA}, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	doi = {10.1897/07-374.1},
	abstract = {Grazing by freshwater snails promotes nutrient turnover in algal communities. Grazed algal compartments may include antimicrobial agents and metabolites, such as triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), and methyltriclosan (MTCS), which are incompletely removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. The present study quantifies snail bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCC, TCS, and MTCS at the outfall of Pecan Creek (TX, USA), the receiving stream for the city of Denton (TX, USA) WWTP. Helisoma trivolvis (Say) is ubiquitous and thrives under standard laboratory conditions, leading to its choice for this bioaccumulation study in conjunction with Cladophora spp. Along with providing substrate for epiphytic growth, Cladophora spp. provide a source of food and shelter for H. trivolvis. After being caged for two weeks, algae and snails were collected from the WWTP outfall, along with water-column samples, and analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCS and MTCS and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCC. Algal and snail samples were analyzed before exposure and found to be below practical quantitation limits for all antimicrobial agents. Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS in water samples were at low-ppt concentrations (40-200 ng/L). Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS were elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-300 ng/g fresh wt) in caged snail samples and elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-400 ng/g fresh wt) in caged algal samples. Resulting snail and algal BAFs were approximately three orders of magnitude, which supports rapid bioaccumulation among algae and adult caged snails at this receiving stream outfall. The results further support TCC, TCS, and MTCS as good candidate marker compounds for evaluation of environmental distribution of trace WWTP contaminants.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
	author = {Coogan, Melinda a and La Point, Thomas W},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18380516},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, mtcs, sewage treatment},
	pages = {1788--1793},
}





@article{clayton_impact_2011,
	title = {The impact of bisphenol {A} and triclosan on immune parameters in the {U}.{S}. population, {NHANES} 2003-2006},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {00916765},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1002883},
	abstract = {Exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with numerous disease outcomes, many of which involve underlying immune and inflammatory dysfunction.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Clayton, Erin M. Rees and Todd, Megan and Dowd, Jennifer Beam and Aiello, Allison E.},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21062687},
	keywords = {Allergies, Antimicrobial, Bisphenol a, Cytomegalovirus, Endocrine-disrupting compounds, Florence, Human exposure, NHANES, TCS, Triclosan},
	pages = {390--396},
}





@techreport{cdc_recommendations_2003,
	title = {Recommendations of {CDC} and the {Healthcare} {Infection} {Control} {Practices} {Advisory} {Committee} ({HICPAC})},
	abstract = {The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except among patients who are immunocompromised. Nonetheless, inadvertent exposures to environmental pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus spp. and Legionella spp.) or airborne pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse patient outcomes and cause illness among health-care workers. Environmental infection-control strategies and engineering controls can effectively prevent these infections. The incidence of health-care–associated infections and pseudo-outbreaks can be minimized by 1) appropriate use of cleaners and disinfectants; 2) appropriate maintenance of medical equipment (e.g., automated endoscope reprocessors or hydrotherapy equipment); 3) adherence to water-quality standards for hemodialysis, and to ventilation standards for specialized care environments (e.g., airborne infection isolation rooms, protective environments, or operating rooms); and 4) prompt management of water intrusion into the facility. Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. This report reviews previous guidelines and strategies for preventing environment-associated infections in health-care facilities and offers recommendations. These include 1) evidence-based recommendations supported by studies; 2) requirements of federal agencies (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice); 3) guidelines and standards from building and equipment professional organizations (e.g., American Institute of Architects, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers); 4) recommendations derived from scientific theory or rationale; and 5) experienced opinions based upon infection-control and engineering practices. The report also suggests a series of performance measurements as a means to evaluate infection-control efforts.},
	number = {RR10},
	author = {{CDC}},
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12836624},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Effectiveness, Florence},
	pages = {1--42},
}





@article{cantwell_temporal_2010,
	title = {Temporal trends of triclosan contamination in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries: {Evidence} of preservation and accumulation},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {00456535},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021},
	abstract = {Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent added to a wide array of consumer goods and personal care products. Through its use, it is introduced into municipal sewer systems where it is only partially removed during wastewater treatment. In this study, triclosan was measured in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries in order to reconstruct temporal and spatial trends of accumulation. Measurable concentrations of triclosan first appeared in each of the sediment cores near 1964, which corresponds with the US patent issuance date of triclosan. The presence of triclosan at each of the study sites at or near the patent date indicates that long-term preservation is occurring in estuarine sediments. Temporal trends of triclosan at each location are unique, reflecting between site variability. Concentrations at one site climbed to as high as 400 ng g-1, due in part, to local commercial production of triclosan. At two locations, levels of triclosan rise towards the surface of each core, suggesting increasing usage in recent years. One location adjacent to a major combined sewer overflow had high sediment concentrations of triclosan, confirming their potential as a source of triclosan to estuaries.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Cantwell, Mark G. and Wilson, Brittan A. and Zhu, Jun and Wallace, Gordon T. and King, John W. and Olsen, Curtis R. and Burgess, Robert M. and Smith, Joseph P.},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20006371},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Emerging contaminant, Florence, Personal care products, Sediment, TCS, Triclosan, marine},
	pages = {347--352},
}





@article{calafat_urinary_2008,
	title = {Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the {U}.{S}. population: 2003-2004},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {00916765},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.10768},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Triclosan is a synthetic chemical with broad antimicrobial activity that has been used extensively in consumer products, including personal care products, textiles, and plastic kitchenware. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess exposure to triclosan in a representative sample {\textbackslash}textgreater or = 6 years of age of the U.S. general population from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We analyzed 2,517 urine samples using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We detected concentrations of total (free plus conjugated) triclosan in 74.6\% of samples at concentrations of 2.4-3,790 microg/L. The geometric mean and 95th percentile concentrations were 13.0 microg/L (12.7 microg/g creatinine) and 459.0 microg/L (363.8 mug/g creatinine), respectively. We observed a curvilinear relation between age and adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of triclosan. LSGM concentrations of triclosan were higher in people in the high household income than in people in low (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01) and medium (p = 0.04) income categories. CONCLUSIONS: In about three-quarters of urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2003-2004, we detected concentrations of triclosan. Concentrations differed by age and socioeconomic status but not by race/ethnicity and sex. Specifically, the concentrations of triclosan appeared to be highest during the third decade of life and among people with the highest household incomes.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Calafat, Antonia M. and Ye, Xiaoyun and Wong, Lee Yang and Reidy, John A. and Needham, Larry L.},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18335095},
	keywords = {2, 4, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, 4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether, 5-chloro-2-(2, Antimicrobial, Exposure, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Irgasan, NHANES 2003-2004, TCS, Urine, biomonitoring},
	pages = {303--307},
}





@article{binelli_vivo_2009,
	title = {In vivo experiments for the evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of {Triclosan} in {Zebra} mussel hemocytes},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0166445X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.008},
	abstract = {In this work, we investigated the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the antibacterial agent Triclosan in hemocytes of the freshwater bivalve Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). For this study, we used several biomarkers for in vivo experiments (96 h of exposure) carried out at three possible environmental Triclosan concentrations (1, 2, 3 nM). We used the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the micronucleus test (MN test) and the measure of the apoptotic frequency (Halo assay) to measure the genotoxic potential of Triclosan, and the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) as a measure of lysosomal membrane stability to identify general cellular stress. We observed significant increases in all of the genotoxic biomarkers examined as early as 24 h after initial exposure, as well as a clear destabilization of lysosomal membranes (after 48 h), indicating that this chemical is potentially dangerous for the entire aquatic biocoenosis. A comparison of these in vivo data with existing data from in vitro experiments allowed us to suggest possible mechanisms of action for Triclosan in this bivalve. Although further studies are needed to confirm the possible modes of action, our study is the first to report on the effects of this widespread antibiotic on freshwater invertebrates. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Aquatic Toxicology},
	author = {Binelli, A. and Cogni, D. and Parolini, M. and Riva, C. and Provini, A.},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19117617},
	keywords = {Antibacterial agent, Antimicrobial, Biomarkers, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, mussels},
	pages = {238--244},
}





@article{borchgrevink_hand_2013,
	title = {Hand washing practices in a college town environment.},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0022-0892},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052},
	abstract = {Many people do not wash their hands when the behavior in which they engage would warrant it. Most research of hand washing practices to date has taken place in high-traffic environments such as airports and public attraction venues. These studies have established a persistent shortcoming and a gender difference in hand washing compliance. Using field observations of 3,749 people in a college town environment, the research described in this article replicates and extends earlier work while identifying potential environmental and demographic predictors of hand washing compliance. Additionally, the authors' research suggests that proper hand washing practices, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are not being practiced. Finally, the authors' research raises a question as to the accuracy of earlier measurements of "proper" hand washing practices, suggesting that compliance rates are inflated. The results can help increase hand washing rates for the general public and thus decrease the risk of transmitting disease.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of environmental health},
	author = {Borchgrevink, Carl P and Cha, JaeMin and Kim, SeungHyun},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23621052},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Antimicrobial, Female, Florence, Hand Hygiene, Hand Hygiene: methods, Hand Hygiene: statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Toilet Facilities, Toilet Facilities: statistics \& numerical data, Universities, Universities: statistics \& numerical data, Young Adult},
	pages = {18--24},
}





@article{bester_triclosan_2003,
	title = {Triclosan in a sewage treatment process - {Balances} and monitoring data},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {00431354},
	doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00335-X},
	abstract = {In a German sewage treatment plant that processes 200,000m3 wastewater per day, the concentrations of 2,4,4???-trichloro, 2???-hydroxy-phenylether (triclosan) in the in-flowing (???1000ngl-1) as well as in the out-flowing water (???50ngl-1) are compared to the concentrations measured in sludge (1200ngg-1). Considering the mass flow of water and sludge in the respective plant, balances including water and sludge are calculated. Thirty percent of the triclosan is sorbed with weak bonds to the sludge, while some amounts are sorbed as bound residues in the sludge. About 5\% is dissolved in the out-flowing water. Thus most of the in-flowing material is not recovered as the parent compound but it is likely that it is transformed to other metabolites or unrecovered bound residues. These data are compared to the monitoring of sewage sludge of 20 different plants in this region, most of which are smaller, though. The concentrations found in these sludges vary from 1000-8000ngg-1. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Water Research},
	author = {Bester, K.},
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12909107},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Balance, Florence, Sewage treatment plant, TCS, Triclosan, Wastewater},
	pages = {3891--3896},
}





@article{buth_removal_2011,
	title = {Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and {UV} disinfection},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {00456535},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.003},
	abstract = {Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98ngL-1, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212ngL-1, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1ngL-1) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22ngL-1 in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Buth, Jeffrey M. and Ross, Michael R. and McNeill, Kristopher and Arnold, William A.},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21652055},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Chlorination, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, UV, Wastewater, sewage treatment},
	pages = {1238--1243},
}





@article{bhargava_triclosan:_1996,
	title = {Triclosan: {Applications} and safety},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {01966553},
	doi = {10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90017-6},
	abstract = {Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a nonionic, broad spectrum, antimicrobial agent that, because of its favorable safety profile, has been incorporated into a variety of many personal care products, including deodorant soaps, underarm deodorants, shower gels, and health care personnel handwashes. Triclosan exhibits a moderate degree of substantivity to the skin, and, in many products, it imparts a remnant antimicrobial effect. Although direct contact with the material under exaggerated exposure conditions causes dermal irritation in laboratory animals, it has only rarely been associated with skin irritation or sensitization in human beings in formulated products. Acute, subacute/subchronic, and chronic toxicity profiles have been established to determine that triclosan is neither an acute oral toxicant nor that it acts as a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. A new application for triclosan is in oral dentifrices for plaque control. Currently under investigation in the United States, it is approved for oral care application in Canada and many European countries.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Journal of Infection Control},
	author = {Bhargava, H. N. and Leonard, Patricia A.},
	year = {1996},
	pmid = {8807001},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS},
	pages = {209--218},
}





@article{bester_fate_2005,
	title = {Fate of triclosan and triclosan-methyl in sewage treatment plants and surface waters},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {00904341},
	doi = {10.1007/s00244-004-0155-4},
	abstract = {The fate of triclosan in diverse stages of two sewage treatment processes has been determined. The elimination process differed considerably depending on the technology applied in the respective sewage treatment plant (STP). The plant operating with a two-stage biologic (activated sludge) process removed triclosan more efficiently than the STP with a combination of physical and activated sludge process. The treatment in the aeration basin was the dominant elimination mechanism, whereas the final biologic filter was not very effective. The elimination rates for triclosan were 87\% and 95\%, respectively. These data were compared with emissions of a multitude of STPs in the river Ruhr catchment area as well as triclosan and its known transformation product, triclosan-methyl, in the river. The concentrations of both compounds were between {\textbackslash}textless3 and 10 ng/L in true surface-water samples for triclosan and between 0.3 and 10 ng/L for triclosan-methyl. The STP effluents held higher concentrations (10 to 600 ng/L triclosan). The ratio of triclosan to triclosan-methyl did not change significantly within the longitudinal profile of the river, but diverse STPs discharging to the river exhibited individual triclosan-to-triclosan-methyl ratios. From the riverine concentration data, in-river elimination rates and half-life were estimated.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology},
	author = {Bester, Kai},
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15959704},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS, mtcs},
	pages = {9--17},
}





@article{bergman_state---science_2012,
	title = {State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012},
	volume = {211},
	issn = {03784274},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020},
	journal = {Toxicology Letters},
	author = {Bergman, {\textbackslash}AAke and Heindel, Jerrold and Jobling, Susan and Kidd, Karen and Zoeller, R. Thomas},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial},
	pages = {S3},
}





@article{axelstad_triclosan_2013,
	title = {Triclosan exposure reduces thyroxine levels in pregnant and lactating rat dams and in directly exposed offspring},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {02786915},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050},
	abstract = {Thyroid disrupting chemicals can potentially disrupt brain development. Two studies investigating the effect of the antibacterial compound triclosan on thyroxine (T4) levels in rats are reported. In the first, Wistar rat dams were gavaged with 75, 150 or 300mg triclosan/kgbw/day throughout gestation and lactation. Total T4 serum levels were measured in dams and offspring, and all doses of triclosan significantly lowered T4 in dams, but no significant effects on T4 levels were seen in the offspring at the end of the lactation period. Since this lack of effect could be due to minimal exposure through maternal milk, a second study using direct per oral pup exposure from postnatal day 3-16 to 50 or 150mg triclosan/kgbw/day was performed. This exposure pointed to significant T4 reductions in 16day old offspring in both dose groups. These results corroborate previous studies showing that in rats lactational transfer of triclosan seems limited. Since an optimal study design for testing potential developmental neurotoxicants in rats, should include exposure during both the pre- and postnatal periods of brain development, we suggest that in the case of triclosan, direct dosing of pups may be the best way to obtain that goal. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
	journal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},
	author = {Axelstad, Marta and Boberg, Julie and Vinggaard, Anne Marie and Christiansen, Sofie and Hass, Ulla},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23831729},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Developmental, Florence, Rat, Thyroid disrupting chemical (TDC), Thyroxine (T4), Triclosan},
	pages = {534--540},
}





@article{bertelsen_triclosan_2013,
	title = {Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in {Norwegian} children},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {01054538},
	doi = {10.1111/all.12058},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Exposure to the synthetic antimicrobial chemical, triclosan, used in personal care products, has been hypothesized to lead to allergic disease. We investigated whether triclosan exposure was associated with allergic sensitization and symptoms in 10-year-old Norwegian children.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMETHODS: Urinary concentrations of triclosan were measured in one first morning void from 623 children, collected during 2001-2004. Logistic regression models, controlling for urine specific gravity, parental allergic disease, maternal education, and household income, were fitted for allergic sensitization (either skin prick test positivity or serum-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/l to at least one of 15 evaluated inhalant and food allergens), current rhinitis, and current asthma (questionnaire and exercise challenge test).\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for allergic sensitization among those in the fourth quartile of triclosan concentration was 2.0 [95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.4] compared with the reference group ({\textbackslash}textlessthe limit of detection), and the aOR per log(10) unit increase in triclosan was 1.2 (95\% CI: 1.0, 1.4). The aOR for current rhinitis was 1.9 (95\% CI: 1.1, 3.4) for the fourth quartile and 1.2 (95\% CI: 0.97, 1.4) per log(10) unit increase in triclosan.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSION: Triclosan concentrations were associated with allergic sensitization, especially inhalant and seasonal allergens, rather than food allergens. Current rhinitis was associated with the highest levels of triclosan, whereas no association was seen for current asthma. These results are consistent with recent findings in other studies and provide additional evidence for an association between triclosan and allergy.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
	author = {Bertelsen, R. J. and Longnecker, M. P. and Løvik, M. and Calafat, A. M. and Carlsen, K. H. and London, S. J. and Lødrup Carlsen, K. C.},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23146048},
	keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Asthma, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, allergy, rhinitis},
	pages = {84--91},
}





@article{bedoux_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {09441344},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z},
	abstract = {Introduction and aims A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things). Occurrence Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, most reports describe TCS as one of the most commonly encountered substances in solid and water environmental compartments. It has been detected in a microgram per liter or microgram per kilogram level in sewage treatment plants (influents, effluents, and sludges), natural waters (rivers, lakes, and estuarine waters), and sediments as well as in drinking water. Toxicity Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS can accumulate in fatty tissues and has been found in fish and human samples (urine, breast milk, and serum). TCS is known to be biodegradable, photo-unstable, and reactive towards chlorine and ozone. Discussion As a consequence, it can be transformed into potentially more toxic and persistent compounds, such as chlorinated phenols and biphenyl ethers after chlorination, methyl triclosan after biological methylation, and chlori- nated dibenzodioxins after photooxidation. The toxicity of TCS toward aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, and algae has been demonstrated with EC50 values near TCS environmental concentrations. It has even been shown to produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects. Conclusion Furthermore, the excessive use of TCS is suspected to increase the risk of emergence of TCS-resistant bacteria and the selection of resistant strains.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Bedoux, Gilles and Roig, Benoit and Thomas, Olivier and Dupont, Virginie and Le Bot, Barbara},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22057832},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Degradation, Florence, Occurrence, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, human health, review},
	pages = {1044--1065},
}





@article{balmer_occurrence_2004,
	title = {Occurrence of {Methyl} {Triclosan}, a {Transformation} {Product} of the {Bactericide} {Triclosan}, in {Fish} from {Various} {Lakes} in {Switzerland}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es030068p},
	abstract = {The bactericide triclosan and methyl triclosan, an environmental transformation product thereof, have been previously detected in lakes and a river in Switzerland. Both compounds are emitted via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with methyl triclosan probably being formed by biological methylation. Passive sampling with semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) showed the presence of methyl triclosan in some lakes, suggesting some potential for bioaccumulation of the compound. In this study, we report the presence of methyl triclosan in fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus) from various lakes in Switzerland receiving inputs from WWTPs. Identification of the compound was based on mass spectral (MS) evidence including MS/MS data. The concentrations of methyl triclosan in the fish were up to 35 ng g(-1) on a wet weight basis and up to 365 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis with concentrations in a relatively narrow range for fish from the same lake (Thunersee, 4-6 ng g(-1); Zürichsee, 32-62 ng g(-1); Pfäffikersee, 43-56 ng g(-1); Greifensee, 165-365 ng g(-1), lipid basis). No methyl triclosan ({\textbackslash}textless1 ng g(-1), lipid basis) was detected in fish (lake trout, Salmo trutta) from a remote lake in Sweden (Häbberstjärnen) and in fish (roach) from a small lake in Switzerland with no input from WWTPs (Hüttnersee, {\textbackslash}textless2-{\textbackslash}textless5 ng g(-1), lipid basis). The concentrations of methyl triclosan in fish correlated (r2 = 0.85) with the ratio of population in the watershed to water throughflow of the lakes (P/Q ratio), which is considered to be a measure for the domestic burden from WWTPs to a lake. Passive sampling with SPMDs confirmed the presence of methyltriclosan in lakes and a river (Zürichsee and Greifensee; Limmat) but not in a remote mountain lake (Jörisee) and in Hüttnersee. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of methyl triclosan estimated from the fish data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was in the order of 1-2.6 x 10(5) (lipid basis) and thus in the range of other persistent organic pollutants. SPMDs were found to be reliable for monitoring low concentrations of methyl triclosan in surface water. Methyl triclosan appears to be a suitable marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the aquatic environment and fish.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	author = {Balmer, Marianne E. and Poiger, Thomas and Droz, Christian and Romanin, Kathrin and Bergqvist, Per-Anders and Müller, Markus D. and Buser, Hans-Rudolf},
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {14750712},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, BCF, Florence, mtcs},
	pages = {390--395},
}





@article{allmyr_human_2009,
	title = {Human exposure to triclosan via toothpaste does not change cyp3a4 activity or plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {17427835},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00455.x},
	abstract = {Triclosan is an antibacterial compound commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for everyday use. As previously shown, triclosan is found in the plasma, urine and milk from large parts of different human populations. Recent studies have revealed that triclosan is able to activate the human pregnane X receptor in vitro and thus possibly affecting metabolism of drugs in humans via the induction of CYP3A4. Besides, triclosan has been shown to affect thyroid hormonal levels in rats in vivo. In the present study, we investigated if an everyday exposure to triclosan via triclosan-containing toothpaste for 14 days in 12 adult humans caused an increase in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol, indicative of CYP3A4 induction, and/or alterations in thyroid hormonal status. The plasma triclosan concentrations increased from 0.009-0.81 ng/g to 26-296 ng/g (ranges) upon exposure. Despite this, there were no significant changes in plasma levels of either plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol or thyroid hormones during the exposure. This indicates that the normal use of triclosan-containing toothpaste is not likely to alter metabolism of drugs via CYP3A4 induction or cause adverse events because of thyroid disturbances in humans.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology},
	author = {Allmyr, Mats and Panagiotidis, Georgios and Sparve, Erik and Diczfalusy, Ulf and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19686543},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial},
	pages = {339--344},
}





@article{arnot_screening_2006,
	title = {Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0013-936X; 0013-936X},
	url = {http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&id=pmid:16646468&id=doi:&issn=0013-936X&isbn=&volume=40&issue=7&spage=2316&pages=2316-23&date=2006&title=Environmental+Science+&+Technology&atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica},
	abstract = {A screening level risk assessment model is developed and described to assess and prioritize chemicals by estimating environmental fate and transport, bioaccumulation, and exposure to humans and wildlife for a unit emission rate. The most sensitive risk endpoint is identified and a critical emission rate is then calculated as a result of that endpoint being reached. Finally, this estimated critical emission rate is compared with the estimated actual emission rate as a risk assessment factor. This "back-tracking" process avoids the use of highly uncertain emission rate data as model input. The application of the model is demonstrated in detail for three diverse chemicals and in less detail for a group of 70 chemicals drawn from the Canadian Domestic Substances List. The simple Level II and the more complex Level III fate calculations are used to "bin" substances into categories of similar probable risk. The essential role of the model is to synthesize information on chemical and environmental properties within a consistent mass balance framework to yield an overall estimate of screening level risk with respect to the defined endpoint. The approach may be useful to identify and prioritize those chemicals of commerce that are of greatest potential concern and require more comprehensive modeling and monitoring evaluations in actual regional environments and food webs.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Arnot, J A and Mackay, D and Webster, E and Southwood, J M},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Animals, Antimicrobial, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, IM, Models, Risk Assessment, Theoretical},
	pages = {2316--2323},
}





@article{arnot_screening_2006,
	title = {Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment - {Supporting} {Information}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1098-6596},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
	abstract = {applicability for this approach.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Arnot, J A and Mackay, D and Webster, E and Southwood, J M},
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {25246403},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, icle},
	pages = {1689--1699},
}





@article{anger_quantification_2013,
	title = {Quantification of triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and their dioxin photoproducts in lacustrine sediment cores},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es3045289},
	abstract = {When discharged into surface waters via wastewater effluents, triclosan, the antimicrobial agent in handsoaps, and chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs, formed during disinfection with chlorine) react photochemically to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To evaluate the historical exposure of waters to these compounds, the levels of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins were determined in sediment cores collected from wastewater-impacted Minnesota lakes. The accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, CTDs, and dioxins in aquatic sediments were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale. Cores collected from large-scale riverine systems with many wastewater sources recorded increasing concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins since the patent of triclosan in 1964. In small-scale lakes with a single wastewater source, the trends were directly attributed to increased triclosan use, local improvements in treatment, and changes in wastewater disinfection since the 1960s. In the lake with no wastewater input, no triclosan or CTDs were detected. Overall, concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their dioxins were higher in small-scale systems, reflecting a greater degree of wastewater impact. In cores collected in northern MN, the four dioxins derived from triclosan are present prior to the patent of triclosan, suggesting a secondary source. It is clear, however, that triclosan and CTDs are the dominant source of these congeners after 1965 in systems impacted by wastewater.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	author = {Anger, Cale T. and Sueper, Charles and Blumentritt, Dylan J. and McNeill, Kristopher and Engstrom, Daniel R. and Arnold, William A.},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23320506},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Aquatic, Florence, Sediment, TCS, dioxin},
	pages = {1833--1843},
}





@article{aranami_photolytic_2007,
	title = {Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {00456535},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010},
	abstract = {A 12-days photolysis experiment of triclosan, a widely used bactericide, was performed in freshwater and seawater under a low intensity artificial white light source. Photodegradation of triclosan was observed in both the freshwater and seawater samples. Assuming a first-order reaction, half-lives of triclosan in the freshwater and seawater were approximately 8 and 4 days, respectively. 2,8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) was detected in both the freshwater and seawater samples after 3 days of irradiation. The photodegradation of triclosan and the production of DCDD suggest that triclosan could be less stable and DCDD might be more stable in seawater than freshwater. As a result, DCDD produced from triclosan survives for a longer time in seawater. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Aranami, Kazushi and Readman, James W.},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {16930676},
	keywords = {2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, Freshwater, Photodegradation, Photolysis, Seawater, TCS, Triclosan, marine},
	pages = {1052--1056},
}





@article{anderson_investigations_2016,
	title = {Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.016.Observing},
	number = {2},
	journal = {J Immunotoxicol.},
	author = {Anderson, Stacey E. and Meade, B.J. and Long, Carrie M. and Lukomska, Ewa and Marshall, Nikki B.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, human health, hypersensitivity, immune suppression, immunotoxicity},
	pages = {165--172},
}





@article{alvarez-rivera_pressurized_2016,
	title = {Pressurized liquid extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for confirming the photo-induced generation of dioxin-like derivatives and other cosmetic preservative photoproducts on artificial skin},
	volume = {1440},
	issn = {18733778},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066},
	abstract = {The stability and photochemical transformations of cosmetic preservatives in topical applications exposed to UV-light is a serious but poorly understood problem. In this study, a high throughput extraction and selective method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was validated and applied to investigate the photochemical transformation of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), as well as the antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and phenyl benzoate (PhBz) in an artificial skin model. Two sets of photodegradation experiments were performed: (i) UV-Irradiation (8 W, 254 nm) of artificial skin directly spiked with the target preservatives, and (ii) UV-irradiation of artificial skin after the application of a cosmetic cream fortified with the target compounds. After irradiation, PLE was used to isolate the target preservatives and their transformation products. The follow-up of the photodegradation kinetics of the parent preservatives, the identification of the arising by-products, and the monitorization of their kinetic profiles was performed by GC-MS. The photochemical transformation of triclosan into 2,8-dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD) and other dioxin-like photoproducts has been confirmed in this work. Furthermore, seven BHT photoproducts, and three benzophenones as PhBz by-products, have been also identified. These findings reveal the first evidences of cosmetic ingredients phototransformation into unwanted photoproducts on an artificial skin model.},
	journal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Alvarez-Rivera, Gerardo and Llompart, Maria and Garcia-Jares, Carmen and Lores, Marta},
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {26948762},
	keywords = {2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, GC-MS, Personal care products, Photodegradation, Preservatives, Pressurized liquid extraction, TCS, dioxin},
	pages = {37--44},
}





@article{allmyr_influence_2008,
	title = {The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in {Australian} human blood serum},
	volume = {393},
	issn = {00489697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.006},
	abstract = {The bactericide triclosan has found wide-spread use in e.g. soaps, deodorants and toothpastes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been shown to be present in human plasma and milk at concentrations that are well correlated to the use of personal care products containing triclosan. In this study we investigated the influence of age, gender, and the region of residence on triclosan concentrations in pooled samples of Australian human blood serum. The results showed no influence of region of residence on the concentrations of triclosan. There was a small but significant influence of age and gender on the serum triclosan concentrations, which were higher in males than in females, and highest in the group of 31-45??year old males and females. However, overall there was a lack of pronounced differences in the triclosan concentrations within the dataset, which suggests that the exposure to triclosan among different groups of the Australian population is relatively homogenous. A selection of the dataset was compared with previous measurements of triclosan concentrations in human plasma from Sweden, where the use of triclosan is expected to be low due to consumer advisories. The triclosan concentrations were a factor of 2 higher in Australian serum than in Swedish plasma. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Allmyr, Mats and Harden, Fiona and Toms, Leisa Maree L and Mueller, Jochen F. and McLachlan, Michael S. and Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18207219},
	keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Irgasan, PCDE, TCS, serum},
	pages = {162--167},
}





@article{aryal_phytoaccumulation_2011,
	title = {Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: {Impacts} on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {00431354},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027},
	abstract = {Triclocarban and triclosan, two antimicrobials widely used in consumer products, can adversely affect ecosystems and potentially impact human health. The application of biosolids to agricultural fields introduces triclocarban and triclosan to soil and water resources. This research examined the phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials, effects of plant growth on migration of antimicrobials to water resources, and relevance of phytoaccumulation in human exposure to antimicrobials. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass were grown in soil columns to which biosolids were applied. Leachate from soil columns was assessed every other week for triclocarban and triclosan. At the end of the trial, concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan were determined for soil, roots, stems, and leaves. Results indicated that plants can reduce leaching of antimicrobials to water resources. Pumpkin and zucchini growth significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclosan to less than 0.001 mg/kg, while zucchini significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclocarban to 0.04 mg/kg. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass accumulated triclocarban and triclosan in mg per kg (dry) concentrations. Potential human exposure to triclocarban from consumption of pumpkin or zucchini was substantially less than exposure from product use, but was greater than exposure from drinking water consumption. Consequently, research indicated that pumpkin and zucchini may beneficially impact the fate of antimicrobials in agricultural fields, while presenting minimal acute risk to human health. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Water Research},
	author = {Aryal, Niroj and Reinhold, Dawn M.},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21903237},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Phytoremediation, Plant uptake, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, Triclosan, terrestrial},
	pages = {5545--5552},
}





@article{aiello_relationship_2004,
	title = {Relationship between triclosan and susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands in the community},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {00664804},
	doi = {10.1128/AAC.48.8.2973-2979.2004},
	abstract = {The possible association between triclosan and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotic was examined among staphylococci and several species of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from the hands of individuals in a community setting. Hand cultures from individuals randomized to using either antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products (including a hand soap containing 0.2\% triclosan) or nonantibacterial cleaning and hygiene products for a 1-year period were taken at baseline and at the end of the year. Although there was no statistically significant association between triclosan MICs and susceptibility to antibiotic, there was an increasing trend in the association the odds ratios (ORs) for all species were compared at baseline (OR = 0.65, 95\% confidence interval [95\%CI] = 0.33 to 1.27) versus at the end of the year (OR = 1.08, 95\%CI = 0.62 to 1.97) and for GNB alone at baseline(OR = 0.66, 95\%CI = 0.29 to 1.51) versus the end of year (OR = 2.69, 95\%CI = 0.78 to 9.23) regardless of the hand-washing product used. Moreover, triclosan MICs were higher in some of the species compared to earlier reports on household, clinical, and industrial isolates, and some of these isolates had triclosan MICs in the range of concentrations used in consumer products. The absence of a statistically significant association between elevated triclosan MICs and reduced antibiotic susceptibility may indicate that such a correlation does not exist or that it is relatively small among the isolates that were studied. Still, a relationship may emerge after longer-term or higher-dose exposure of bacteria to triclosan in the community setting.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy},
	author = {Aiello, Allison E. and Marshall, Bonnie and Levy, Stuart B. and Della-Latta, Phyllis and Larson, Elaine},
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15273108},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Effectiveness, Florence, TCS},
	pages = {2973--2979},
}





@article{al-rajab_impact_2009,
	title = {Impact of biosolids on the persistence and dissipation pathways of triclosan and triclocarban in an agricultural soil},
	volume = {407},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003},
	abstract = {The broad spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in many personal care products. Knowledge concerning the fate of these two compounds in different environmental matrices is scarce. In this study, the fate of TCS and TCC in soil following direct addition, or when residues were applied via either liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) or dewatered municipal biosolids (DMB) was investigated in laboratory dissipation experiments and under outdoor conditions using radioisotope methods. In laboratory incubations, 14C-TCC or 14C-TCS was added to microcosms containing a loam soil and the rate of 14CO2 accumulation and loss of solvent-extractable 14C were determined during incubation at 30 ??C. Compared to when TCC or TCS was added directly to soil, both chemicals were mineralized more rapidly when applied in LMB, and both were mineralized more slowly when applied in DMB. The application matrix had no effect on the rate of removal of extractable residues. In field experiments, parent compounds were incorporated directly in soil, incorporated via LMB, or a single aggregate of amended DMB was applied to the soil surface. During the experiment soil temperatures ranged from 20 ??C to 10 ??C. Dissipation was much slower in the field than in the laboratory experiments. Removal of non-extractable residues was faster in the presence of LMB than the other treatments. Recovery of extractable and non-extractable residues suggested that there was little atmospheric loss of 14C. Triclocarban readily formed non-extractable residues with DMB whereas TCS did not. Overall, this study has identified that both the pathways and the kinetics of TCS and TCC dissipation in soil are different when the chemicals are carried in biosolids compared to when these chemicals are added directly to the soil. Crown Copyright ?? 2009.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Al-Rajab, Abdul Jabbar and Sabourin, Lyne and Scott, Andrew and Lapen, David R. and Topp, Edward},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19733902},
	keywords = {Antimicrobial, Biosolids, Dissipation, Fate, Soil, Triclocarban, Triclosan},
	pages = {5978--5985},
}





@article{allmyr_triclosan_2006,
	title = {Triclosan in plasma and milk from {Swedish} nursing mothers and their exposure via personal care products},
	volume = {372},
	issn = {00489697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.007},
	abstract = {The bactericide triclosan is commonly used in e.g. plastics, textiles and health care products. In vitro studies on rat and human biological systems indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been found in human plasma and milk, but neither the primary source of human exposure nor the efficiency of triclosan transfer to human milk is known. In this study, plasma and milk were sampled from 36 mothers and analyzed for triclosan. Scrutinization of the women's personal care products revealed that nine of the mothers used toothpaste, deodorant or soap containing triclosan. Triclosan and/or its metabolites were omnipresent in the analyzed plasma and milk. The concentrations were higher in both plasma and milk from the mothers who used personal care products containing triclosan than in the mothers who did not. This demonstrated that personal care products containing triclosan were the dominant, but not the only, source of systemic exposure to triclosan. The concentrations were significantly higher in plasma than in milk, indicating that infant exposure to triclosan via breast milk is much less than the dose in the mother. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Allmyr, Mats and Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and McLachlan, Michael S. and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17007908},
	keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Breast milk, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Infant, Irgasan, Plasma, TCS},
	pages = {87--93},
}





@article{ahn_vitro_2008,
	title = {In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: {Receptor}-based bioassay screens},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {00916765},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.11200},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the biological and toxicologic effects of the antimicrobials triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in personal care products. Few studies have evaluated their biological activities in mammalian cells to assess their potential for adverse effects.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nOBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the activity of TCC, its analogs, and TCS in in vitro nuclear-receptor-responsive and calcium signaling bioassays.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the biological activities of the compounds in in vitro, cell-based, and nuclear-receptor-responsive bioassays for receptors for aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and ryanodine (RyR1).\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: Some carbanilide compounds, including TCC (1-10 muM), enhanced estradiol (E(2))-dependent or testosterone-dependent activation of ER- and AR-responsive gene expression up to 2.5-fold but exhibited little or no agonistic activity alone. Some carbanilides and TCS exhibited weak agonistic and/or antagonistic activity in the AhR-responsive bioassay. TCS exhibited antagonistic activity in both ER- and AR-responsive bioassays. TCS (0.1-10 muM) significantly enhanced the binding of [(3)H]ryanodine to RyR1 and caused elevation of resting cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in primary skeletal myotubes, but carbanilides had no effect.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSIONS: Carbanilides, including TCC, enhanced hormone-dependent induction of ER- and AR-dependent gene expression but had little agonist activity, suggesting a new mechanism of action of endocrine-disrupting compounds. TCS, structurally similar to noncoplanar ortho-substituted poly-chlorinated biphenyls, exhibited weak AhR activity but interacted with RyR1 and stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization. These observations have potential implications for human and animal health. Further investigations are needed into the biological and toxicologic effects of TCC, its analogs, and TCS.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Ahn, Ki Chang and Zhao, Bin and Chen, Jiangang and Cherednichenko, Gennady and Sanmarti, Enio and Denison, Michael S. and Lasley, Bill and Pessah, Isaac N. and Kultz, Dietmar and Chang, Daniel P Y and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D.},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18795164},
	keywords = {Androgen receptor, Antimicrobial, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Bioactivity, Carbanilide analog, Estrogen receptor, Florence, Health effects, Ryanodine receptor, Sensitization, Signal amplification, TCC, TCS, Triclocarbon, Triclosan},
	pages = {1203--1210},
}





@article{adolfsson-erici_triclosan_2002,
	title = {Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in {Sweden}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {00456535},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00255-7},
	abstract = {High levels of the commonly used, effective bactericide Triclosan was found in three out of five randomly selected human milk samples. It was also found in the bile of fish exposed to municipal wastewater and in wild living fish from the receiving waters of the three wastewater treatment plants. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {9-10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and Pettersson, Maria and Parkkonen, Jari and Sturve, Joachim},
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12002480},
	keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Bio available, Exposure, Fish bile, Florence, Human exposure, Municipal wastewater, TCS},
	pages = {1485--1489},
}





@article{usepa_emerging_2014,
	title = {Emerging {Contaminants} – {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS}) and {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ({PFOA})},
	abstract = {Fully fluorinated compounds that are human-made substances and not naturally found in the environment. ? Used as a surface-active agent and in variety of products, such as fire fighting foams, coating additives and cleaning products. ? Does not hydrolyze, photolyze or biodegrade under environmental conditions and is extremely persistent in the environment. ? Studies have shown it has the potential to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in wildlife. ? Readily absorbed after oral exposure and accumulates primarily in the serum, kidney, and liver. ? Toxicological studies on animals indicate potential developmental, reproductive and systematic effects. ? Health-based advisories or screening levels for PFOS and PFOA have been developed by both the EPA and the states. ? Standard detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). ? Common water treatment technologies include activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis units.},
	number = {March},
	journal = {USEPA Fact Sheet},
	author = {{USEPA}},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {FFRRO emerging contaminant, FFRRO technical fact s},
}





@techreport{usepa_epa_2016,
	title = {{EPA} {Statement} on {Private} {Wells} in {The} {Town} of {Hoosick} and {Village} of {Hoosick} {Falls}, {NY}},
	author = {{USEPA}},
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {25246403},
	keywords = {icle},
}





@article{usdhhs_systematic_2016,
	title = {Systematic {Review} of {Immunotoxicity} {Associated} with {Exposure} to {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ({PFOA}) or {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS})},
	journal = {National Toxicology Program. Office of Health Assessment and Translation. US Department of Health and Human Services},
	author = {{USDHHS}},
	year = {2016},
}





@techreport{unep_pops_2014,
	title = {{POPs} in {Articles} and {Phasing}-{Out} {Opportunities}; {Part} {III} {POPs}-free/{POPs} alternatives},
	url = {http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html},
	author = {{UNEP}},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Stockholm Convention},
}





@techreport{unep_costs_2013,
	title = {Costs of {Inaction} on the {Sound} {Management} of {Chemicals}},
	abstract = {The Cost of Inaction provides a practical and useful assessment of the current state of knowledge of the economic costs of inaction on the sound management of chemicals. It makes available early research findings and the evidence needed to support the argument for enhanced political actions. This report on the “Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals” shows that these costs – borne by all segments of society, including business, from the production, use, and disposal of harmful chemicals – are too high. To reduce these costs and more effectively achieve national development planning goals, improvements in chemicals management are required. The Costs of Inaction, published in February 2013, includes an extensive literary review in order to identify economic information on the health, environmental, and development planning effects of harmful chemicals. Chemicals reviewed within the scope of study include commodity, high production volume (HPV), industrial, specialty, minerals and metals, agricultural, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.},
	author = {{UNEP}},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Job Number: DTI/1551/GE},
}





@article{trudel_estimating_2008,
	title = {Estimating consumer exposure to {PFOS} and {PFOA}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {02724332},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x},
	abstract = {Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Risk Analysis},
	author = {Trudel, David and Horowitz, Lea and Wormuth, Matthias and Scheringer, Martin and Cousins, Ian T. and Hungerbühler, Konrad},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18419647},
	keywords = {Perfluorinated chemicals, consumer exposure, consumer products, exposure analysis},
	pages = {251--269},
}





@article{trier_polyfluorinated_2011,
	title = {Polyfluorinated surfactants ({PFS}) in paper and board coatings for food packaging},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {09441344},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-010-0439-3},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In this study, we explore the identity of a range of polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) used for food contact materials, primarily to impart oil and water repellency on paper and board. PFS are of interest, as they can be precursors of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), of which several are persistent and are found worldwide in human blood and in the environment.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the elemental composition of PFS, we combined information from patents, chemical suppliers and analyses of industrial blends using ultra performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: At a high pH of 9.7, both non-ionic and anionic PFS were ionised and were recognised by negative mass defects of exact masses, and neutral fragment losses of n × 20 or n × 100 Da. More than 115 molecular structures were found in industrial blends from the EU, US and China, belonging to the groups of polyfluoroalkyl-mono- and di-ester phosphates (monoPAPS, diPAPS and S-diPAPS), -ethoxylates, -acrylates, -amino acids, -sulfonamide phosphates and -thio acids, together with residuals and synthesis byproducts. In addition, a number of starting materials such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide N-alkyl esters were analysed. Di- and trialkylated PAPS and S-diPAPS were found in migrates from European food contact materials.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSION: This study highlights the need to monitor for more types of PFS in order to map the sources of PFAS in humans and the environment.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Trier, Xenia and Granby, Kit and Christensen, Jan H.},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21327544},
	keywords = {Accurate mass spectrometry, Fluorinated surfactants, Food contact materials, Identification, Screening, UPLC-ESI-QTOF, migration},
	pages = {1108--1120},
}





@article{trier_danish_2012,
	title = {Danish {Survey} (2010-2011) of {PFAS} migration from food packaging paper and board to food simulants and food},
	journal = {Danish Veterinary and Food Authority},
	author = {Trier, Xenia},
	year = {2012},
}





@article{tittlemier_dietary_2007,
	title = {Dietary exposure of {Canadians} to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {00218561},
	doi = {10.1021/jf0634045},
	abstract = {Human exposure to perfluorinated compounds is a worldwide phenomenon; however, routes of human exposure to these compounds have not been well-characterized. Fifty-four solid food composite samples collected as part of the Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed for perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) using a methanol extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Foods analyzed included fish and seafood, meat, poultry, frozen entrees, fast food, and microwave popcorn collected from 1992 to 2004 and prepared as for consumption. Nine composites contained detectable levels of perfluorinated compoundsfour meat-containing, three fish and shellfish, one fast food, and one microwave popcorn. PFOS and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were detected the most frequently; concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 ng/g. The average dietary intake of total perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS for Canadians was estimated to be 250 ng/day, using results from the 2004 TDS composites. A comparison with intakes of perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS via other routes (air, water, dust, treated carpeting, and apparel) suggested that diet is an important source of these compounds. There was a substantial margin of exposure between the toxicological points of reference and the magnitude of dietary intake of perfluorinated compounds for Canadians {\textbackslash}textgreater= 12 years old.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
	author = {Tittlemier, Sheryl A. and Pepper, Karen and Seymour, Carol and Moisey, John and Bronson, Roni and Cao, Xu Liang and Dabeka, Robert W.},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17381114},
	keywords = {Diet, Exposure estimate, Food, PFOA, PFOS},
	pages = {3203--3210},
}





@article{timmerman_shorter_2016,
	title = {Shorter duration of breastfeeding at elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances},
	volume = {IN PRESS},
	issn = {18731708},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010},
	doi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010},
	journal = {Reproductive Toxicology},
	author = {Timmerman, Clara Amalie Gade and Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben and Petersen, Maria Skaalum and Weihe, Pal and Steuerwald, Ulrike and Nielsen, Flemming and Jensen, Tina Kold and Grandjean, Philippe},
	year = {2016},
}





@article{swanson_project_2016,
	title = {Project {TENDR} : {Targeting} {Environmental} {Neuro}-{Developmental} {Risks}. {The} {TENDR} {Consensus} {Statement}},
	volume = {124},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Swanson, Maureen and Hertz-Picciotto, Irva},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {118--122},
}





@article{surma_determination_2015,
	title = {Determination of {Selected} {Perfluorinated} {Acids} ({PFCAs}) and {Perfluorinated} {Sulfonates} ({PFASs}) in {Food} {Contact} {Materials} {Using} {LC}-{MS}/{MS}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {10991522},
	doi = {10.1002/pts.2140},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Packaging Technology and Science},
	author = {Surma, M. and Wiczkowski, W. and Zieliński, H. and Cies̈lik, E.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Food contact materials, LC-MS/MS, PFASs, PFCAs, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)},
	pages = {789--799},
}





@article{strempel_screening_2012,
	title = {Screening for {PBT} chemicals among the "existing" and "new" chemicals of the {EU}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es3002713},
	abstract = {Under the European chemicals legislation, REACH, industrial chemicals that are imported or manufactured at more than 10 t/yr need to be evaluated with respect to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation potential (B), and toxicity (T). This assessment has to be conducted for several 10 000 of chemicals but, at the same time, empirical data on degradability, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of industrial chemicals are still scarce. Therefore, the identification of PBT chemicals among all chemicals on the market remains a challenge. We present a PBT screening of approximately 95 000 chemicals based on a comparison of estimated P, B, and T properties of each chemical with the P, B, and T thresholds defined under REACH. We also apply this screening procedure to a set of 2576 high production volume chemicals and a set of 2781 chemicals from the EU's former list of "new chemicals" (ELINCS). In the set of 95 000 chemicals, the fraction of potential PBT chemicals is around 3\%, but in the ELINCS chemicals it reaches 5\%. We identify the most common structural elements among the potential PBT chemicals. Analysis of the P, B, and T data for all chemicals considered here shows that the uncertainty in persistence data contributes most to the uncertainty in the number of potential PBT chemicals. © 2012 American Chemical Society.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Strempel, Sebastian and Scheringer, Martin and Ng, Carla A. and Hungerb??hler, Konrad},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22494215},
	pages = {5680--5687},
}





@article{steenland_ulcerative_2013,
	title = {Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the {Mid}-{Ohio} {Valley}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {00916765},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1206449},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known about environmental determinants of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES: We studied autoimmune diseases in relation to level of exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was introduced in the late 1940s and is now ubiquitous in the serum of residents of industrialized countries. METHODS: In 2008-2011 we interviewed 32,254 U.S. adults with high serum PFOA serum levels (median, 28 ng/mL) associated with drinking contaminated water near a chemical plant. Disease history was assessed retrospectively from 1952 or birth (if later than 1952) until interview. Self-reported history of autoimmune disease was validated via medical records. Cumulative exposure to PFOA was derived from estimates of annual mean serum PFOA levels during follow-up, which were based on plant emissions, residential and work history, and a fate-transport model. Cox regression models were used to estimate associations between quartiles of cumulative PFOA serum levels and the incidence of autoimmune diseases with ≥ 50 validated cases, including ulcerative colitis (n = 151), Crohn's disease (n = 96), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 346), insulin-dependent diabetes (presumed to be type 1) (n = 160), lupus (n = 75), and multiple sclerosis (n = 98). RESULTS: The incidence of ulcerative colitis was significantly increased in association with PFOA exposure, with adjusted rate ratios by quartile of exposure of 1.00 (referent), 1.76 (95\% CI: 1.04, 2.99), 2.63 (95\% CI: 1.56, 4.43), and 2.86 (95\% CI: 1.65, 4.96) (ptrend {\textbackslash}textless 0.0001). A prospective analysis of ulcerative colitis diagnosed after the baseline 2005-2006 survey (n = 29 cases) suggested a positive but non-monotonic trend (ptrend = 0.21). DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study of associations between this common environmental exposure and autoimmune diseases in humans. We found evidence that PFOA is associated with ulcerative colitis.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Steenland, Kyle and Zhao, Liping and Winquist, Andrea and Parks, Christine},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23735465},
	keywords = {Autoimmune, Inflammatory bowel disease, PFOA, Ulcerative colitis},
	pages = {900--905},
}





@article{steenland_epidemiologic_2010,
	title = {Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA})},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {00916765},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901827},
	abstract = {UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE AND SOURCES: We reviewed the epidemiologic literature for PFOA.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nDATA SYNTHESIS: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) does not occur naturally but is present in the serum of most residents of industrialized countries (U.S. median, 4 ng/mL). Drinking water is the primary route of exposure in some populations, but exposure sources are not well understood. PFOA has been used to manufacture such products as Gore-Tex and Teflon. PFOA does not break down in the environment; the human half-life is estimated at about 3 years. PFOA is not metabolized in the body; it is not lipophilic. PFOA is not directly genotoxic; animal data indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. Data on the human health effects of PFOA are sparse. There is relatively consistent evidence of modest positive associations with cholesterol and uric acid, although the magnitude of the cholesterol effect is inconsistent across different exposure levels. There is some but much less consistent evidence of a modest positive correlation with liver enzymes. Most findings come from cross-sectional studies, limiting conclusions. Two occupational cohort studies do not provide consistent evidence for chronic disease; both are limited by sample size and reliance on mortality data. Reproductive data have increased recently but are inconsistent, and any observed adverse effects are modest.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic evidence remains limited, and to date data are insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding the role of PFOA for any of the diseases of concern.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Steenland, Kyle and Fletcher, Tony and Savitz, David A.},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20423814},
	keywords = {Health effects, PFOA, epidemiology},
	pages = {1100--1108},
}





@article{shoeib_poly-_2016,
	title = {Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in {Egypt}: {Trends} in developed and developing countries},
	volume = {144},
	issn = {18791298},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066},
	abstract = {PFASs concentrations in dust samples collected from three microenvironments in Cairo ranged from 1.3 to 69 ng g-1 with FTOHs being dominant. The 8:2 FTOH was detected in all samples. Among the FOSAs and FOSEs the MeFOSE was dominant while among ionic PFASs, PFOS and PFOA were most prominent. The concentrations of PFASs were among the lowest worldwide. Correlations between worldwide concentrations of PFOS + PFOA and country development indexes highlight higher usage and human exposure in more developed countries. Food packaging was analyzed for PFSAs, PFCAs and PAPs. The 6:2 and 8:2 monoPAPs were found to be above the MDL in 18\% of the samples. PFOA was detected in 79\% of the samples with median concentration of 2.40 ng g-1. PFOS was detected in 58\% of the samples with median concentration of 0.29 ng g-1 while PFHxS and PFDS were below detection limit. Different human exposure scenarios were estimated.},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Shoeib, Tamer and Hassan, Yasmeen and Rauert, Cassandra and Harner, Tom},
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {26517384},
	keywords = {Country development indexes, Indoor dust, Ionic PFASs, Neutral PFASs, PFOS and PFOA global trends, food packaging},
	pages = {1573--1581},
}





@article{sepulvado_occurrence_2011,
	title = {Occurrence and fate of perfluorinated compounds in soil following land application of municipal biosolids},
	volume = {45},
	doi = {10.1021/es103903d},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Sepulvado, Jennifer G and Blaine, Andrea C and Hundal, Lakhwinder S and Higgins, Christopher P},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {8106--8112},
}





@article{sedlak_fool_2016,
	title = {Fool {Me} {Once}},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b03367},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Sedlak, David},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {acs.est.6b03367},
}





@article{romano_maternal_2016,
	title = {Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {00139351},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect breast development and decrease duration of breastfeeding, thus interfering with the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the association between maternal PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. METHODS We measured PFAS concentrations in maternal serum collected during pregnancy in 2003–2006. After delivery, women (n=336) completed standardized breastfeeding surveys every 3 months until ending breastfeeding or 36 months postpartum. We estimated relative risks (RRs) for ending any breastfeeding within 3–6 months postpartum by Poisson regression, adjusted for relevant confounding factors. RESULTS Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) serum concentration had 1.77 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 3 months (95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 2.54; p-trend=0.003) and 1.41 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 6 months (95\%CI: 1.06, 1.87; p-trend=0.038), compared with women in the first quartile. Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid serum concentration had a marginally increased risk of discontinuing any breastfeeding by 3 months (RR=1.32; 95\%CI: 0.97, 1.79; p-trend=0.065). CONCLUSIONS Maternal serum PFOA concentrations were inversely related to duration of any breastfeeding in this cohort, even after controlling for prior breastfeeding. These findings suggest that PFOA exposure may adversely affect breastfeeding duration and highlight the need to consider the potential adverse effects of maternal environmental chemical exposure on breastfeeding.},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	author = {Romano, Megan E. and Xu, Yingying and Calafat, Antonia M. and Yolton, Kimberly and Chen, Aimin and Webster, Glenys M. and Eliot, Melissa N. and Howard, Cynthia R. and Lanphear, Bruce P. and Braun, Joseph M.},
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {27179585},
	keywords = {Breastfeeding, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl substances, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, acid, per fl uoroalkyl substances, per fl uorooctane sulfonic, per fl uorooctanoic acid},
	pages = {239--246},
}





@book{rodgers_air_2016,
	address = {Colorado Springs, CO},
	title = {Air {Force} announces multimillion-dollar deal to help with contaminated water in {Security}, {Widefield} and {Fountain}},
	url = {http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667},
	author = {Rodgers, Jakob},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@book{rich_story_2016,
	title = {The {Story} {Behind} the {E}.{P}.{A}'s {Contaminated} {Water} {Revelation}},
	url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html},
	author = {Rich, Nathaniel},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{rahman_behaviour_2014,
	title = {Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in drinking water treatment: {A} review},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {18792448},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045},
	abstract = {This article reviews perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) characteristics, their occurrence in surface water, and their fate in drinking water treatment processes. PFASs have been detected globally in the aquatic environment including drinking water at trace concentrations and due, in part, to their persistence in human tissue some are being investigated for regulation. They are aliphatic compounds containing saturated carbon-fluorine bonds and are resistant to chemical, physical, and biological degradation. Functional groups, carbon chain length, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity are some of the important structural properties of PFASs that affect their fate during drinking water treatment. Full-scale drinking water treatment plant occurrence data indicate that PFASs, if present in raw water, are not substantially removed by most drinking water treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, biofiltration, oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, AOPs), UV irradiation, and low pressure membranes. Early observations suggest that activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and high pressure membrane filtration may be effective in controlling these contaminants. However, branched isomers and the increasingly used shorter chain PFAS replacement products may be problematic as it pertains to the accurate assessment of PFAS behaviour through drinking water treatment processes since only limited information is available for these PFASs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
	journal = {Water Research},
	author = {Rahman, Mohammad Feisal and Peldszus, Sigrid and Anderson, William B.},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24216232},
	keywords = {Activated carbon, Drinking water treatment, Ion exchange, Membrane filtration, PFAS, PFASs, PFOA/PFOS, pfcs},
	pages = {318--340},
}





@article{poothong_determination_2012,
	title = {Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in food packaging using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry},
	volume = {205-206},
	issn = {03043894},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050},
	abstract = {This research aimed to monitor the amounts of PFOS and PFOA in food packaging and study the migration of PFOS and PFOA from food packaging, using a saliva simulant and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to determine residues of PFOS and PFOA by using a gradient reversed-phase method with ammonium acetate/acetonitrile buffer. A good linearity was established for PFOS and PFOA in a range of 0.05-10??gL -1, with R 2???0.9998. Of the samples extracted by methanol, the highest concentration of PFOS was found in fast-food container samples, at a level of 92.48ngdm -2. For PFOA, the highest concentration in samples extracted by methanol was found in ice cream cup samples, at a level of 16.91ngdm -2. The amounts of PFOS and PFOA that migrated from food packaging samples through contact with saliva simulant were 4.80 and 4.55ngdm -2, respectively. Saliva simulant could leach PFOS and PFOA from the group of the thickest paper samples (???1dm 2g -1) at levels of 7.01 and 6.41ngdm -2, respectively, indicating that paper with greater thickness and less area might release larger quantities of coated/added PFOS or PFOA. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.},
	journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
	author = {Poothong, Somrutai and Boontanon, Suwanna Kitpati and Boontanon, Narin},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22265653},
	keywords = {LC-MS/MS, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Saliva simulant, food packaging},
	pages = {139--143},
}





@techreport{oecd/unep_global_pfc_group_synthesis_2013,
	title = {Synthesis paper on per- and polyfluorinated chemicals ({PFCs}),},
	author = {{OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group}},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {1--58},
}





@article{nelson_exposure_2010,
	title = {Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general {U}.{S}. population},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {00916765},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901165},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are used commonly in commercial applications and are detected in humans and the environment worldwide. Concern has been raised that they may disrupt lipid and weight regulation.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between PFC serum concentrations and lipid and weight outcomes in a large publicly available data set.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMETHODS: We analyzed data from the 20032004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for participants 1280 years of age. Using linear regression to control for covariates, we studied the association between serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and measures of cholesterol, body size, and insulin resistance.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: We observed a positive association between concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA and total and non-high-density cholesterol. We found the opposite for PFHxS. Those in the highest quartile of PFOS exposure had total cholesterol levels 13.4 mg/dL [95\% confidence interval (CI), 3.823.0] higher than those in the lowest quartile. For PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, effect estimates were 9.8 (95\% CI, 0.2 to 19.7), 13.9 (95\% CI, 1.925.9), and 7.0 (95\% CI, 13.2 to 0.8), respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We saw little evidence of a consistent association with body size or insulin resistance.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSIONS: This exploratory cross-sectional study is consistent with other epidemiologic studies in finding a positive association between PFOS and PFOA and cholesterol, despite much lower exposures in NHANES. Results for PFNA and PFHxS are novel, emphasizing the need to study PFCs other than PFOS and PFOA.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Nelson, Jessica W. and Hatch, Elizabeth E. and Webster, Thomas F.},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20123614},
	keywords = {Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, Insulin Resistance, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PFAS, Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, Perfluorononanoic acid, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, Waist circumference},
	pages = {197--202},
}





@book{navy_memorandum_nodate,
	title = {Memorandum for {Deputy} {Chief} of {Naval} {Operations} - {Aqueous} {Film} {Forming} {Foam} ({AFFF}) {Control}, {Removal}, and {Disposal}},
	author = {{Navy}},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@book{mil-f-24385f_military_1994,
	title = {Military specification; {Fire} extinguishing agent, aqueous film forming foam ({AFFF}) liquid concentration, for fresh and seawater},
	number = {August},
	author = {{MIL-F-24385F}},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{santen_chemistry_2012,
	title = {Chemistry for any weather; {Greenpeace} tests outdoor clothes for perfluorinated toxins},
	journal = {Greenpeace},
	author = {Santen, Manfred and Kallee, Ulrike},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {1--43},
}





@book{rich_lawyer_2016,
	title = {The {Lawyer} {Who} {Became} {DuPont}'s {Worst} {Nightmare}},
	url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html},
	author = {Rich, Nathaniel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{oecd_preliminary_2006,
	title = {Preliminary {Lists} of {PFOS}, {PFAS}, {PFOA} and {Related} {Compounds} and {Chemicals} that {May} {Degrade} {To} {PFCA}},
	journal = {Inter-organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals},
	author = {{OECD}},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{scheringer_helsingor_2014,
	title = {Helsingør {Statement} on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances ({PFASs})},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {18791298},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044},
	abstract = {In this discussion paper, the transition from long-chain poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) to fluorinated alternatives is addressed. Long-chain PFASs include perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7 or more perfluorinated carbons, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons, and their precursors. Because long-chain PFASs have been found to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, they are being replaced by a wide range of fluorinated alternatives. We summarize key concerns about the potential impacts of fluorinated alternatives on human health and the environment in order to provide concise information for different stakeholders and the public. These concerns include, amongst others, the likelihood of fluorinated alternatives or their transformation products becoming ubiquitously present in the global environment; the need for more information on uses, properties and effects of fluorinated alternatives; the formation of persistent terminal transformation products including PFCAs and PFSAs; increasing environmental and human exposure and potential of adverse effects as a consequence of the high ultimate persistence and increasing usage of fluorinated alternatives; the high societal costs that would be caused if the uses, environmental fate, and adverse effects of fluorinated alternatives had to be investigated by publicly funded research; and the lack of consideration of non-persistent alternatives to long-chain PFASs. ?? 2014 The Authors.},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Scheringer, Martin and Trier, Xenia and Cousins, Ian T. and de Voogt, Pim and Fletcher, Tony and Wang, Zhanyun and Webster, Thomas F.},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24938172},
	pages = {337--339},
}





@article{lopez-espinosa_thyroid_2012,
	title = {Thyroid {Function} and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids} in {Children} {Living} {Near} a {Chemical} {Plant}},
	volume = {120},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Animal studies suggest that some perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) may impair thyroid function. Epidemiological findings, mostly related to adults, are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether concentrations of PFAAs were associated with thyroid func- tion among 10,725 children (1–17 years of age) living near a Teflon manufacturing facility in the Mid-Ohio Valley (USA). METHODS: Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), and PFAAs were measured during 2005–2006, and information on diagnosed thyroid disease was collected by questionnaire. Modeled in utero PFOA concentrations were based on historical information on PFOA releases, environmental distribution, pharmacokinetic modeling, and residential histories. We performed multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Median concentrations of modeled in utero PFOA and measured serum PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA were 12, 29, 20, and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively. The odds ratio for hypothyroidism (n = 39) was 1.54 [95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 2.37] for an interquartile range (IQR) con- trast of 13 to 68 ng/mL in serum PFOA measured in 2005–2006. However, an IQR shift in serum PFOA was not associated with TSH or TT4 levels in all children combined. IQR shifts in serum PFOS (15 to 28 ng/mL) and serum PFNA (1.2 to 2.0 ng/mL) were both associated with a 1.1\% increase in TT4 in children 1–17 years old (95\% CIs: 0.6, 1.5 and 0.7, 1.5 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale report in children suggesting associations of serum PFOS and PFNA with thyroid hormone levels and of serum PFOA and hypothyroidism.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Lopez-Espinosa, Maria Jose and Mondal, Debapriya and Armstrong, Ben and Bloom, Michael S. and Fletcher, Tony},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {PFAA, PFAS, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, T4, TSH, Thyroid Hormones, children, thyroid disease},
	pages = {1036--1041},
}





@article{lang_release_2016,
	title = {Release of {Per}- and polyfluoroalkyl {Substances} ({PFASs}) from {Carpet} and {Clothing} in {Model} {Anaerobic} {Landﬁll} {Reactors}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b06237},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Lang, Johnsie R and Allred, Brent McKay and Peaslee, Graham F. and Field, Jennifer A. and Barlaz, Morton A},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {5024--5032},
}





@article{krafft_per-_2015,
	title = {Per- and polyfluorinated substances ({PFASs}): {Environmental} challenges},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {18790399},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.004},
	abstract = {Long-chain perfluoroalkylated acids are persistent in the environment, leading to ubiquitous exposure of biota. They have been listed as very persistent, very bioaccumulative and toxic by Public Health Authorities. Their production and use have been regulated in most western countries but their production has increased in other geographical area. Animal studies show highly diverse and complex, product-, species- and gender-dependent pharmacodynamics and toxicity profiles. Human epidemiologic studies unveiled liver, developmental and other adverse health effects, while further effects remain inconclusive. Alternative short-chain products are technically much less performing. Alternative long-chain processing aids have not been proven environmentally advantageous. Risk assessment is difficult and highly uncertain. Little breakthrough products or technologies have yet emerged that can match the feats of fluorinated surfactants and fluorinated polymers. Radical, disruptive new solutions are needed. Meanwhile, more reasonable, more selective use of these compounds appears indispensable in order to reduce exposure while preserving their societal benefits and without penalizing developing countries. Progress in the risk management of per- and polyfluorinated substances is, however, impeded by considerable knowledge and information gaps, and will demand sustained multidisciplinary efforts.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science},
	author = {Krafft, Marie Pierre and Riess, Jean G.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Fluorinated surfactants, Human exposure, PFAS, PFBA, PFBS, PFOA, PFOS, Pollutant, Regulation, Responsibility, Toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, sustainability},
	pages = {192--212},
}





@book{kjolholt_short-chain_2015,
	title = {Short-chain {Polyfluoroalkyl} {Substances} ({PFAS})},
	isbn = {978-87-93352-15-5},
	abstract = {This report has been prepared to support part of the Danish EPA's strategy on “other perfluorinated substances” (i.e. other than PFOS and PFOA). In the strategy it is, among others, stated that an overview of uses and applica- tions, exposure and impact on human health and the environment should be established, and a need for more information on short-chain PFAS as possible alternatives to the long-chained was identified. Hence, the objectives of this study have been to review the open literature on these subjects for short-chain PFAS and assess the possible impacts of these substances on human health and the environment in comparison to long- chain PFAS and thereby supporting the Danish EPA's strategy on this substance group by providing background documentation in relation to further activities, including possible regulation.},
	number = {1707},
	publisher = {The Danish Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {Kjolholt, Jesper and Jensen, Allan Astrup and Warming, Marlies},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{lindim_europe-wide_2016,
	title = {Europe-wide estuarine export and surface water concentrations of {PFOS} and {PFOA}.},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {1879-2448},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.024},
	abstract = {The STREAM-EU model was used to predict the water concentrations, estuarine export and retention of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the eleven most populated European river catchments to provide a European-wide perspective on the contamination by these substances. Emissions of PFOS and PFOA to those catchments were calculated based on population, wealth and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) coverage and efficiency using a previously published method and used as model input. Our estimated emissions showed the lowest values for the Thames catchment (PFOS: 0.4 ton/y; PFOA: 0.2 ton/y) and the highest values for the Rhine for PFOS (1.6 ton/y) and for the Dnieper for PFOA (1.7 ton/y). The model predicted concentrations agreed reasonable well with the existing range of measurements, apart from for PFOA in the River Po, where there is a known historical industrial contamination, and PFOS in the Rhone River, where results were much higher than the few measurements available. It was concerning that the model predicted that the surface water EQS for PFOS (0.65 ng/L) was exceeded by a wide margin in all the eleven studied European river catchments. The total calculated riverine export to the seas from the eleven catchments was 4.5 ton/y of PFOS and 3.7 ton/y of PFOA with highest exported quantities from the Rhine (PFOS: 1.0 ton/y; PFOA: 1.0 ton/y) and Danube estuaries (PFOS: 0.9 ton/y; PFOA: 0.7 ton/y). For the seas where the rivers discharge, riverine discharge of PFOS was estimated to be 2.5-30 times more important as an input than atmospheric deposition, whereas for PFOA the opposite was true (atmospheric deposition was 2-10 times more important) except for very small seas.},
	journal = {Water research},
	author = {Lindim, C and van Gils, J and Cousins, I T},
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {27448037},
	keywords = {Emissions, European catchments, Modelling, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, River export},
	pages = {124--132},
}





@article{lau_perfluoroalkyl_2007,
	title = {Perfluoroalkyl acids: {A} review of monitoring and toxicological findings},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {10966080},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm128},
	abstract = {In recent years, human and wildlife monitoring studies have identified perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) worldwide. This has led to efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds, as well as the global distribution of the PFAAs. Much attention has focused on understanding the toxicology of the two most widely known PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfate. More recently, research was extended to other PFAAs. There has been substantial progress in understanding additional aspects of the toxicology of these compounds, particularly related to the developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the potential modes of action. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans. Several avenues of research are proposed that would further our understanding of this class of compounds.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological Sciences},
	author = {Lau, Christopher and Anitole, Katherine and Hodes, Colette and Lai, David and Pfahles-Hutchens, Andrea and Seed, Jennifer},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17519394},
	keywords = {PFAS, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl acids, biomonitoring},
	pages = {366--394},
}





@article{kotthoff_perfluoroalkyl_2015,
	title = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {16147499},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7},
	abstract = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in a wide range of products of all day life. Due to their toxicological potential, an emerging focus is directed towards their exposure to humans. This study investigated the PFAS load of consumer products in a broad perspective. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (C4, C6–C8, C10-PFSA), carboxylic acids (C4–C14-PFCA) and fluorotelomer alcohols (4:2, 6:2; 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH) were analysed in 115 random samples of consumer products including textiles (outdoor materials), carpets, cleaning and impregnating agents, leather samples, baking and sandwich papers, paper baking forms and ski waxes. PFCA and PFSA were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS, whereas FTOH were detected by GC/CI-MS. Consumer products such as cleaning agents or some baking and sandwich papers show low or negligible PFSA and PFCA contents. On the other hand, high PFAS levels were identified in ski waxes (up to about 2000 μg/kg PFOA), leather samples (up to about 200 μg/kg PFBA and 120 μg/kg PFBS), outdoor textiles (up to 19 μg/m2 PFOA) and some other baking papers (up to 15 μg/m2 PFOA). Moreover, some test samples like carpet and leather samples and outdoor materials exceeded the EU regulatory threshold value for PFOS (1 μg/m2). A diverse mixture of PFASs can be found in consumer products for all fields of daily use in varying concentrations. This study proves the importance of screening and monitoring of consumer products for PFAS loads and the necessity for an action to regulate the use of PFASs, especially PFOA, in consumer products. © 2015 The Author(s)},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Kotthoff, Matthias and Müller, Josef and Jürling, Heinrich and Schlummer, Martin and Fiedler, Dominik},
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25854201},
	keywords = {Food contact materials, Outdoor textiles, PFAA, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, consumer products},
	pages = {14546--14559},
}





@article{jogsten_exposure_2009,
	title = {Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in {Catalonia}, {Spain}, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {02786915},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004},
	abstract = {In this study, the role that some food processing and packaging might play as a source of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) through the diet was assessed. The levels of PFCs were determined in composite samples of veal steak (raw, grilled, and fried), pork loin (raw, grilled, and fried), chicken breast (raw, grilled, and fried), black pudding (uncooked), liver lamb (raw), marinated salmon (home-made and packaged), lettuce (fresh and packaged), pate of pork liver, foie gras of duck, frankfurt, sausages, chicken nuggets (fried), and common salt. Among the 11 PFCs analyzed, only PFHxS, PFOS, PFHxA, and PFOA were detected in at least one composite sample, while the levels of the remaining PFCs (PFBuS, PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA) were under their respective detection limits. PFOS was the compound most frequently detected, being found in 8 of the 20 food items analyzed, while PFHxA was detected in samples of raw veal, chicken nuggets, frankfurt, sausages, and packaged lettuce. According to the results of the present study, it is not sufficiently clear if cooking with non-stick cookware, or packaging some foods, could contribute to a higher human exposure to PFCs. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},
	author = {Jogsten, Ingrid Ericson and Perell??, Gemma and Llebaria, Xavier and Bigas, Esther and Mart??-Cid, Roser and K??rrman, Anna and Domingo, Jos?? L.},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19362113},
	keywords = {Cooking, Dietary intake, Food, PFAS, Packaging, Perfluorinated chemicals},
	pages = {1577--1583},
}





@article{hu_detection_2016,
	title = {Detection of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in {U}.{S}. drinking water linked to industrial sites, military fire training areas and wastewater treatment plants},
	volume = {IN PRESS,},
	issn = {2328-8930},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260},
	abstract = {Sceptrin, a natural compound produced by various marine sponges, was tested for its effect on cell motility. We report for the first time that sceptrin inhibits cell motility in several cancer cell lines. The compound shows no toxicity at concentrations that are double the amount of sceptrin required for maximal inhibitory effect. Both random and factor-induced migration were impaired, suggesting that sceptrin targets a central process of cell motility machinery. Activity of de novo synthesized sceptrin was indistinguishable from sceptrin purified from Agelas nakamurai, and the inhibitory activity was found to be, at least partially, due to sceptrin's capability to inhibit cell contractility. Additionally, sceptrin was found to bind to monomeric actin, further suggesting a mechanism involving the actin cytoskeleton. Close analogues of sceptrin were synthesized, tested for their effect on cell motility, and found to be either equimolar or less potent compared to the parental compound. Inadvertent cell motility is a key contributing factor in various human diseases, including cancer and chronic inflammation. Marine compounds isolated from sponges have been proven to be an excellent source of metabolites that show biological activities. Given the recently achieved total synthesis of sceptrin in multigram quantities, sceptrin could prove to be an attractive lead molecule for further preclinical testing and development for therapeutic purposes, as well as a useful research tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in cell motility.},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology Letters},
	author = {Hu, Xindi C. and Andrews, David and Lindstrom, Andrew B. and Bruton, Thomas A. and Schaider, Laurel A. and Grandjean, Philippe and Lohmann, Rainer and Carignan, Courtney C. and Blum, Arlene and Balan, Simona A. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Sunderland, Elsie M.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{houde_monitoring_2011,
	title = {Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: {An} updated review},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es104326w},
	abstract = {The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to our critical review published in 2006. A wider range of geographical locations (e.g., South America, Russia, Antarctica) and habitats (e.g., high-mountain lakes, deep-ocean, and offshore waters) have been investigated in recent years enabling a better understanding of the global distribution of PFCs in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of PFCs continue to be detected in invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals worldwide. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is still the predominant PFC detected (mean concentrations up to 1900 ng/g ww) in addition to important concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; sum PFCAs up to 400 ng/g ww). More studies have evaluated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these compounds in both freshwater and marine food webs. Several reports have indicated a decrease in PFOS levels over time in contrast to PFCA concentrations that have tended to increase in tissues of aquatic organisms at many locations. The detection of precursor metabolites and isomers has become more frequently reported in environmental assessments yielding important information on the sources and distribution of these contaminants. The integration of environmental/ecological characteristics (e.g., latitude/longitude, salinity, and/or trophic status at sampling locations) and biological variables (e.g., age, gender, life cycle, migration, diet composition, growth rate, food chain length, metabolism, and elimination) are essential elements in order to adequately study the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and should be more frequently considered in study design.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Houde, Magali and De Silva, Amila O. and Muir, Derek C G and Letcher, Robert J.},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21542574},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {7962--7973},
}





@book{hazlehurst_water_2016,
	title = {Water tests suggesting more causes},
	url = {http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/},
	author = {Hazlehurst, John},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{kato_trends_2011,
	title = {Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the {U}.{S}. population: 1999-2008},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es1043613},
	abstract = {Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999-2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999-2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95\% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999-2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999-2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003-2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007-2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Kato, Kayoko and Wong, Lee Yang and Jia, Lily T. and Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna and Calafat, Antonia M.},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21469664},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {8037--8045},
}





@article{hurley_preliminary_2016,
	title = {Preliminary {Associations} between the {Detection} of {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids} ({PFAAs}) in {Drinking} {Water} and {Serum} {Concentrations} in a {Sample} of {California} {Women}},
	issn = {2328-8930},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology Letters},
	author = {Hurley, Susan and Houtz, Erika and Goldberg, Debbie and Wang, Miaomiao and Park, June-Soo and Nelson, David O. and Reynolds, Peggy and Bernstein, Leslie and Anton-Culver, Hoda and Horn-Ross, Pamela and Petreas, Myrto},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {acs.estlett.6b00154},
}





@article{houtz_poly-_2016,
	title = {Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: {Significance} of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely {AFFF} impacts},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {18792448},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055},
	abstract = {In late 2014, wastewater effluent samples were collected from eight treatment plants that discharge to San Francisco (SF) Bay in order to assess poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) currently released from municipal and industrial sources. In addition to direct measurement of twenty specific PFAS analytes, the total concentration of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors was also indirectly measured by adapting a previously developed oxidation assay. Effluent from six municipal treatment plants contained similar amounts of total PFASs, with highest median concentrations of PFHxA (24 ng/L), followed by PFOA (23 ng/L), PFBA (19 ng/L), and PFOS (15 ng/L). Compared to SF Bay municipal wastewater samples collected in 2009, the short chain perfluorinated carboxylates PFBA and PFHxA rose significantly in concentration. Effluent samples from two treatment plants contained much higher levels of PFASs: over two samplings, wastewater from one municipal plant contained an average of 420 ng/L PFOS and wastewater from an airport industrial treatment plant contained 560 ng/L PFOS, 390 ng/L 6:2 FtS, 570 ng/L PFPeA, and 500 ng/L PFHxA. The elevated levels observed in effluent samples from these two plants are likely related to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources impacting their influent; PFASs attributable to both current use and discontinued AFFF formulations were observed. Indirectly measured PFAA precursor compounds accounted for 33\%-63\% of the total molar concentration of PFASs across all effluent samples and the PFAA precursors indicated by the oxidation assay were predominately short-chained. PFAS levels in SF Bay effluent samples reflect the manufacturing shifts towards shorter chained PFASs while also demonstrating significant impacts from localized usage of AFFF.},
	journal = {Water Research},
	author = {Houtz, Erika F. and Sutton, Rebecca and Park, June Soo and Sedlak, Margaret},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), PFAS, Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), San Francisco Bay, Total oxidizable precursor method, Wastewater effluent},
	pages = {142--149},
}





@article{halldorsson_prenatal_2012,
	title = {Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate and risk of overweight at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study.},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1104034},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl acids are persistent compounds used in various industrial -applications. Of these compounds, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is currently detected in humans worldwide. A recent study on low-dose developmental exposure to PFOA in mice reported increased weight and elevated biomarkers of adiposity in postpubertal female offspring. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the findings of increased weight in postpubertal female mice could be replicated in humans. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 665 Danish pregnant women was recruited in 1988-1989 with offspring follow-up at 20 years. PFOA was measured in serum from gestational week 30. Offspring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were recorded at follow-up (n = 665), and biomarkers of adiposity were quantified in a subset (n = 422) of participants. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, education, and birth weight, in utero exposure to PFOA was positively associated with anthropometry at 20 years in female but not male offspring. Adjusted relative risks comparing the highest with lowest quartile (median: 5.8 vs. 2.3 ng/mL) of maternal PFOA concentration were 3.1 [95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 6.9] for overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and 3.0 (95\% CI: 1.3, 6.8) for waist circumference {\textbackslash}textgreater 88 cm among female offspring. This corresponded to estimated increases of 1.6 kg/m2 (95\% CI: 0.6, 2.6) and 4.3 cm (95\% CI: 1.4, 7.3) in average BMI and waist circumference, respectively. In addition, maternal PFOA concentrations were positively associated with serum insulin and leptin levels and inversely associated with adiponectin levels in female offspring. Similar associations were observed for males, although point estimates were less precise because of fewer observations. Maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) concentrations were not independently associated with offspring anthropometry at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the effects of low-dose developmental exposures to PFOA are in line with experimental results suggesting obesogenic effects in female offspring at 20 years of age.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Halldorsson, Thorhallur I and Rytter, Dorte and Haug, Line Sm{\textbackslash}a astuen and Bech, Bodil Hammer and Danielsen, Inge and Becher, Georg and Henriksen, Tine Brink and Olsen, Sjurdur F},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22306490},
	keywords = {Adult, Biological Markers, Caprylates, Caprylates: toxicity, Denmark, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Humans, Limit of Detection, Male, Overweight, Overweight: chemically induced, PFAS, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors},
	pages = {668--73},
}





@article{guerranti_pilot_2013,
	title = {Pilot study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ({PFOS}) and perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) in selected foodstuffs and human milk from {Italy}},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {03088146},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066},
	abstract = {Despite the health risks associated with perfluorinated compounds (PFC) exposure and the detection of these compounds in many countries around the world, little is known on their occurrence in Italy. The results of a study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS, in human milk and food samples from the city of Siena and its province (central Italy) are here reported. PFOS was found in 13 out of 49 breast milk samples (0.76 ?? 1.27 ng/g), while PFOA was detected in one sample (8.04 ng/g). Only PFOS was found in food samples. Fish were the most contaminated samples (7.65 ?? 34.2 ng/g); mean concentrations in meat and milk and dairy products were similar (1.43 ?? 7.21 ng/g and 1.35 ?? 3.45 ng/g, respectively). In all cereal-based food, eggs, vegetables, honey and beverages PFOS concentration was {\textbackslash}textlessLOD. These data show that consumption of most breast milk analysed would not result in children exceeding their total daily intakes for perfluorinated compounds. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Food Chemistry},
	author = {Guerranti, Cristiana and Perra, Guido and Corsolini, Simonetta and Focardi, Silvano E.},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23578633},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Food Contamination, Human exposure, Newborn intake, PFAS, Perfluorinated compounds},
	pages = {197--203},
}





@article{grandjean_perfluorinated_2015,
	title = {Perfluorinated {Alkyl} {Substances}: {Emerging} {Insights} {Into} {Health} {Risks}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1048-2911, 1541-3772},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549},
	doi = {10.1177/1048291115590506},
	abstract = {Perfluorinated alkyl substances have been in use for over sixty years. These highly stable substances were at first thought to be virtually inert and of low toxicity. Toxicity information slowly emerged on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. More than thirty years ago, early studies reported immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects. The substances were discovered in blood samples from exposed workers, then in the general population and in community water supplies near U.S. manufacturing plants. Only recently has research publication on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate intensified. While the toxicology database is still far from complete, carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity now appear to be relevant risks at prevalent exposure levels. Existing drinking water limits are based on less complete evidence that was available before 2008 and may be more than 100-fold too high. As risk evaluations assume that untested effects do not require regulatory attention, the greatly underestimated health risks from perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate illustrate the public health implications of assuming the safety of incompletely tested industrial chemicals.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy},
	author = {Grandjean, Philippe and Clapp, Richard},
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26084549},
	keywords = {PFAS, Risk Assessment, carcinogen, exposure limit, immunotoxicant, perfluorinated octanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate},
	pages = {147--163},
}





@article{gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013,
	title = {Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in target food samples and packaging-method development and screening},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {09441344},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-013-1596-y},
	abstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono-, di-, and tri-esters (mono-, di-, and triPAPs) are used to water- and grease-proof food packaging materials, and these chemicals are known precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Existing analytical methods for PAPs lack sample clean-up steps in the sample preparation. In the present study, a method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the analysis of mono-, di-, and triPAPs, including a clean-up step for the raw extracts. The method was applied to food samples and their PAP-containing packaging materials. The optimized UPLC/MS/MS method enabled the separation and identification of a total of 4 monoPAPs, 16 diPAPs, and 7 triPAPs in the technical mixture Zonyl®-RP. For sample clean-up, weak anion exchange solid phase extraction columns were tested. PAPs standard solutions spiked onto the columns were separated into a fraction containing neutral compounds (triPAPs) and a fraction with ionic compounds (mono- and diPAPs) with recoveries between 72-110\%. Method limits of quantification for food samples were in the sub to low picogram per gram range. For quantitative analysis of PAPs, compound-specific labeled internal standards showed to be essential as sorption and matrix effects were observed. Mono-, di-, and/or triPAPs were detected in all food packaging materials obtained from the Swedish market. Up to nine diPAPs were detected in the food samples, with the 6:2/6:2 and 6:2/8:2 diPAPs as the dominant compounds. DiPAP concentrations in the food samples ranged from 0.9 to 36 pg/g, which was comparable to individual PFCA concentrations in the same samples. Consumption of food packed in PAP-containing materials could be an indirect source of human exposure to PFCAs.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Gebbink, Wouter A. and Ullah, Shahid and Sandblom, Oskar and Berger, Urs},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23494682},
	keywords = {Food, Method development, PFAS, Packaging material, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), UPLC/MS/MS, diPAPs},
	pages = {7949--7958},
}





@article{gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013,
	title = {Polyfluoroalkyl {Phosphate} {Esters} and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Carboxylic} {Acids} in {Target} {Food} {Samples} and {Packaging} – {Method} {Development} and {Screening} {Supplementary} {Material}},
	volume = {20},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Gebbink, Wouter A. and Ullah, Shahid and Sandblom, Oskar and Berger, Urs},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{fujii_occurrence_2013,
	title = {Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids ({PFCAs}) in personal care products and compounding agents},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {00456535},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049},
	abstract = {Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9??gg-1 for cosmetics and from not detected to 19??gg-1 for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5??gg-1 for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0??gg-1 for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Fujii, Yukiko and Harada, Kouji H. and Koizumi, Akio},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23932147},
	keywords = {Cosmetics, GC-MS, PFAS, Perfluorocarboxylate, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Personal care products, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester},
	pages = {538--544},
}





@article{fei_perfluorinated_2007,
	title = {Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the {Danish} {National} {Birth} {Cohort}.},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.10506},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are man-made, persistent organic pollutants widely spread throughout the environment and human populations. They have been found to interfere with fetal growth in some animal models, but whether a similar effect is seen in humans is uncertain.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between plasma levels of PFOS and PFOA in pregnant women and their infants' birth weight and length of gestation.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMETHODS: We randomly selected 1,400 women and their infants from the Danish National Birth Cohort among those who completed all four computer-assisted telephone interviews, provided the first blood samples between gestational weeks 4 and 14, and who gave birth to a single live-born child without congenital malformation. PFOS and PFOA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: PFOS and PFOA levels in maternal plasma were on average 35.3 and 5.6 ng/mL, respectively. Only PFOA levels were inversely associated with birth weight (adjusted beta = -10.63 g; 95\% confidence interval, -20.79 to -0.47 g). Neither maternal PFOS nor PFOA levels were consistently associated with the risk for preterm birth or low birth weight. We observed no adverse effects for maternal PFOS or PFOA levels on small for gestational age.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSION: Our nationwide cohort data suggest an inverse association between maternal plasma PFOA levels and birth weight. Because of widespread exposure to these chemicals, our findings may be of potential public health concern.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Fei, Chunyuan and McLaughlin, Joseph K and Tarone, Robert E and Olsen, Jørn},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {18008003},
	keywords = {Adult, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: pharmacology, Birth Weight, Birth Weight: drug effects, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: pharmacology, Cohort Studies, Denmark, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: pharmacology, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Newborn, PFAS, Pregnancy},
	pages = {1677--82},
}





@article{efsa_overview_2016,
	title = {Overview of existing methodologies for the estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals from the use of consumer products and via the environment {European} {Food} {Safety} {Authority} ( {EFSA} )},
	volume = {14},
	doi = {10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4525},
	number = {June},
	journal = {EFSA Journal},
	author = {{EFSA}},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Environment, PFAS, consumer products, consumers, methodologies, non-dietary exposure},
	pages = {4525},
}





@article{grandjean_serum_2012,
	title = {Serum {Vaccine} {Antibody} {Concentrations} in {Children} {Exposed} to {Perfluorinated} {Compounds}},
	volume = {307},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
	author = {Grandjean, Philippe and Andersen, Elisabeth Wreford and Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben and Nielsen, Flemming and Molbak, Kare and Weihe, Pal and Heilmann, Carsten},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {391--397},
}





@article{giesy_perfluorochemical_2002,
	title = {Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es022253t},
	abstract = {These bioaccumulative compounds occur globally, warranting further study.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Giesy, John P and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11999053},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {146A--152A},
}





@article{gallo_serum_2012,
	title = {Serum {Perfluorooctanoate} ({PFOA}) and {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS}) {Concentrations} and {Liver} {Function} {Biomarkers} in a {Population} with {Elevated} {PFOA} {Exposure}},
	volume = {120},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Gallo, Valentina and Leonardi, Giovanni and Genser, Bernd and Lopez-Espinosa, Maria Jose and Frisbee, Stephanie J and Karlsson, Lee and Ducatman, Alan M. and Fletcher, Tony},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {655--661},
}





@techreport{efsa_european_food_safety_authority_annual_2015,
	title = {Annual report of the emerging risks exchange network 2014 - {European} {Food} {Safety} {Authority}},
	number = {July},
	author = {{EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)}},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {PFAS, emerging issues, emerging risks, information exchange, member states},
	pages = {1--14},
}





@article{deon_production_2007,
	title = {Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids ({PFCAs}) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants ({PAPS}): {Exploring} routes of human contamination},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es070126x},
	abstract = {Perfluorinated acids are detected in human blood world-wide, with increased levels observed in industrialized areas. The origin of this contamination is not well understood. A possible route of exposure, which has received little attention experimentally, is indirect exposure to perfluorinated acids through ingestion of chemicals applied to food contact paper packaging. The current investigation quantified the load of perfluorinated acids to Sprague-Dawley rats upon exposure to polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS), nonpolymeric fluorinated surfactants approved for application to food contact paper products. The animals were administered a single dose at 200 mg/kg by oral gavage of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) mono-phosphate (8:2 monoPAPS), or the corresponding di-phosphate (8:2 diPAPS), with blood taken over 15 days post-dosing to monitor uptake, biotransformation, and elimination. Upon completion of the time-course study the animals were redosed using an identical dosing procedure, with sacrifice and necropsy 24 h after the second dosing. Increased levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), along with both 8:2 PAPS congeners, were observed in the blood of the dosed animals. In the 8:2 monoPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA blood concentrations peaked at 7900 +/- 1200 ng/g and 34 +/- 4 ng/g respectively. In the 8:2 diPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 diPAPS peaked in concentration at 32 +/- 6 ng/g, and 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA peaked at 900 +/- 200 ng/g and 3.8 +/- 0.3 ng/g, respectively. Several established polyfluorinated metabolites previously identified in 8:2 FTOH metabolism studies were also observed in the dosed animals. Consistent with other fluorinated contaminants, the tissue distributions showed increased levels of both PFOA and the 8:2 PAPS congeners in the liver relative to the other tissues measured. Previous investigations have found that PAPS can migrate into food from paper packaging. Here we link ingestion of PAPS with in vivo production of perfluorinated acids.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {D'Eon, Jessica C. and Mabury, Scott A.},
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17695932},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {4799--4805},
}





@article{cousins_comment_2015,
	title = {Comment on "{Fluorotechnology} {Is} {Critical} to {Modern} {Life}: {The} {FluoroCouncil} {Counterpoint} to the {Madrid} {Statement}"},
	volume = {123},
	doi = {10.1021/es301168c.Scheringer},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Cousins, Ian T. and Balan, Simona A. and Scheringer, Martin and Weber, Roland and Wang, Zhanyun and Blum, Arlene and Diamond, Miriam L. and Fletcher, Tony and Goldenman, Gretta and Higgins, Christopher P. and Lindeman, Avery E. and Peaslee, Graham and Trier, Xenia and de Voogt, Pim},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {170--172},
}





@article{cobbing_footprints_2000,
	title = {Footprints in the snow; {Hazardous} {PFCs} in remote locations around the globe},
	issn = {03020797},
	abstract = {The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), is the periodic calling to account the performance of university departments. Higher education funding councils inspects `inputs' (grant received, industrial contracts won), and `output' (mainly publications), to establish a sort of league table of academic performance. An evaluation of academic output between the UK and the USA demonstrates the weakness in the RAE. Klaus Hellgardt and Gilbert Shama, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, further discuss this issue.},
	number = {700},
	journal = {Greenpeace},
	author = {Cobbing, Madeleine and Jacobson, Therese and Santen, Manfred},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {43},
}





@incollection{butenhoff_human_2015,
	address = {Switzerland},
	title = {Human {Health} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-15517-3},
	booktitle = {Toxicological {Effects} of {Perfluoroalkyl} and {Polyfluoroalkyl} {Substances} by {DeWitt}, {Jamie} {C}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Butenhoff, John L. and Rodricks, Joseph V.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {PFAS, acids, alternative, electrochemical fl uorination, fluorotelomer, perfl uoroalkyl, perfl uoropolyether, polyfl uoroalkyl, short-chain, toxicology},
	pages = {363--418},
}





@article{bull_extensive_2014,
	title = {Extensive literature search and provision of summaries of studies related to the oral toxicity of perfluoroalkylated substances ( {PFASs} ), their precursors and potential replacements in experimental animals and humans},
	journal = {EFSA External scientific report},
	author = {Bull, Sarah and Burnett, Karin and Vassaux, Kate and Ashdown, Lini and Brown, Terry and Rushton, Lesley},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {PFAS, Toxicity, in vitro, perfluoroalkylated substances},
}





@article{bowman_fluorotechnology_2015,
	title = {Fluorotechnology is critical to modern life: {The} fluorocouncil counterpoint to the madrid statement},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {15529924},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1510207},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Bowman, Jessica S.},
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26132439},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {112--113},
}





@article{blum_madrid_2015,
	title = {The {Madrid} {Statement} on {Poly}- and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Substances} ({PFASs})},
	volume = {123},
	doi = {10.1021/es201662b.Fei},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Blum, Arlene and Balan, Simona A. and Scheringer, Martin and Trier, Xenia and Goldenman, Gretta and Cousins, Ian T. and Diamond, Miriam L. and Fletcher, Tony and Higgins, Christopher P. and Lindeman, Avery E. and Peaslee, Graham and de Voogt, Pim and Wang, Zhanyun and Weber, Roland},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {107--111},
}





@article{bjorklund_perfluoroalkyl_2009,
	title = {Perfluoroalkyl compounds ({PFCs}) in indoor dust: {Concentrations}, human exposure estimates, and sources},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es803201a},
	abstract = {Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are globally distributed, persistent, toxic, and are found in human blood and serum. Exposure pathways are not well characterized. To better understand indoor dust ingestion as a potential pathway for human exposure, we determined the concentrations of these compounds in dust collected from 10 houses, 38 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, and 5 cars. Samples were prepared using a rapid extraction and cleanup method and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. PFOS and PFOA were found in dust samples from all microenvironments and their concentrations were significantly positively correlated to each other. Highest median concentrations were seen in offices (PFOS: 110 ng/g dry weight) and apartments (PFOA: 93 ng/g dw). Adult and toddler dust ingestion exposures were estimated and compared to dietary exposure data from Canada and Spain. Results show that diet is the most important exposure route, but in a worst case scenario, dust ingestion may also be significant.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Bjorklund, Justina Awasum and Thuresson, Kaj and De Wit, Cynthia A.},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19452874},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {2276--2281},
}





@article{donohue_health_2014,
	title = {Health {Effects} {Document} for {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ( {PFOA} )},
	number = {February},
	journal = {USEPA Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria Division},
	author = {Donohue, Joyce Morrissey and Duke, Tina Moore and Rayner, Jennifer and Wood, Carol S.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {PFAS, moss},
}







@incollection{dhollander_perfluorinated_2010,
	title = {Perfluorinated substances in human food and other sources of human exposure},
	volume = {208},
	isbn = {978-1-4419-6879-1},
	abstract = {Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides detailed review articles concerned with aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total environment with toxicological considerations and consequences.},
	booktitle = {Reviews of {Environmental} {Contamination} and {Toxicology}},
	author = {D'Hollander, Wendy and De Voogt, Pim and De Coen, Wim and Bervoets, Lieven},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20811865},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {179--215},
}





@article{cousins_precautionary_2016,
	title = {The precautionary principle and chemicals management : the example of},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Cousins, Ian T and Vestergren, Robin and Wang, Zhanyun and Scheringer, Martin and McLachlan, Michael S.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {1--38},
}





@techreport{cdphe_southeast_2016,
	title = {Southeast {El} {Paso} {County} {Perfluorinated} {Chemicals} {Preliminary} {Assessment} of {Cancer} and {Birth} {Outcomes}},
	author = {CDPHE, Colarado Dept of Public Health \& Environment},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {1--19},
}





@article{calafat_perfluoroalkyl_2007,
	title = {Perfluoroalkyl {Chemicals} in the {U}.{S}. {Population}: {Data} from the {National} {Health} and {Nutrition} {Examination} {Survey} ({NHANES}) 2003-2004 and {Comparisons} with {NHANES} 1999-2000},
	volume = {115},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.l0598},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Calafat, Antonia M. and Wong, Lee-Yang and Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna and Reidy, John A. and Needham, Larry L.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {10, 1289, 1596-1602, 2007, Exposure, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Prevalence, biomonitoring, c8, concern about exposure of, doi, dx, ehp, environ, health perspect 115, l0598 available via http, online 29 august 2007, org, pfcs, serum, the ecosystem},
	pages = {1596--1602},
}





@article{blum_tackling_2016,
	title = {Tackling toxics, {Editorial}},
	volume = {351},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaf5468},
	number = {6278},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Blum, Arlene},
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {26965592},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {1117},
}





@book{blake_welcome_2016,
	title = {Welcome to {Beautiful} {Parkersburg}, {West} {Virginia}},
	author = {Blake, Mariah},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {PFAS},
}





@article{benbrahim-tallaa_carcinogenicity_2014,
	title = {Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {14745488},
	doi = {10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70316-X},
	number = {9},
	journal = {The Lancet Oncology},
	author = {Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia and Lauby-Secretan, Béatrice and Loomis, Dana and Guyton, Kathryn Z. and Grosse, Yann and El Ghissassi, Fatiha and Bouvard, Véronique and Guha, Neela and Mattock, Heidi and Straif, Kurt and Rusyn, I. I. and Bartell, S. M. and Cesta, M. F. and Chiu, W. and Cooper, G. and DeWitt, J. C. and Friesen, M. and Lash, L. H. and Steenland, K. and Fritschi, L. and Sergi, C. M. and Hansen, J. and Curieux, F. Le and Bolt, H. M. and Fukushima, S. and Ichihara, G. and Kamae, K. and Kumagai, S. and Tsuda, H. and Kjaerheim, K.},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {25225686},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {924--925},
}





@article{buck_perfluoroalkyl_2011,
	title = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: {Terminology}, classification, and origins},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {15513793},
	doi = {10.1002/ieam.258},
	abstract = {The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management},
	author = {Buck, Robert C. and Franklin, James and Berger, Urs and Conder, Jason M. and Cousins, Ian T. and Voogt, Pim De and Jensen, Allan Astrup and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Mabury, Scott A. and van Leeuwen, Stefan P J},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21793199},
	keywords = {Acronyms, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl, Polyfluoroalkyl, Terminology},
	pages = {513--541},
}





@article{begley_migration_2008,
	title = {Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1944-0049},
	doi = {10.1080/02652030701513784},
	abstract = {Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Food additives \& contaminants: Part A},
	author = {Begley, T H and Hsu, W and Noonan, G and Diachenko, G},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18311629},
	keywords = {PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration},
	pages = {384--390},
}





@article{beesoon_exceptionally_2012,
	title = {Exceptionally high serum concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate in a canadian family are linked to home carpet treatment applications},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es3034654},
	abstract = {Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are normally the dominant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, but here a Canadian family of seven was identified with particularly high exposure to perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS). Disproportionately high serum PFHxS concentrations (range 27.5-423 ng/mL) and moderately high PFOS (range 15.2-108 ng/mL) and PFOA (range 2.40-9.23 ng/mL) concentrations were detected in the family members, with all three chemicals being highest in the youngest children. We therefore sought to identify the source(s) and pathway(s) of this unusual exposure, and to study the excretion of PFASs for this family. Serum, urine, and stool were sampled from family members, carpet, dust, and air were sampled in the home, and a questionnaire was administered. Over 15 years, the family's household carpets were treated 8 times with Scotchgard formulations. Elevated concentrations of PFHxS were detected in household dust (2780 ng/g dust) and in family room carpet (2880 ng/g carpet), and the primary mode of excretion for the major PFASs was through urine. The high PFHxS and moderately high PFOS concentrations in serum and household samples are consistent with the known PFAS content of certain Scotchgard formulations, and exposure was likely through dust ingestion and/or inhalation.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
	author = {Beesoon, Sanjay and Genuis, Stephen J. and Benskin, Jonathan P. and Martin, Jonathan W.},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23102093},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {12960--12967},
}





@article{appleman_treatment_2014,
	title = {Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in {U}.{S}. full-scale water treatment systems},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {00431354},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067},
	abstract = {The near ubiquitous presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in humans has raised concerns about potential human health effects from these chemicals, some of which are both extremely persistent and bioaccumulative. Because some of these chemicals are highly water soluble, one major pathway for human exposure is the consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study measured concentrations of PFASs in 18 raw drinking water sources and 2 treated wastewater effluents and evaluated 15 full-scale treatment systems for the attenuation of PFASs in water treatment utilities throughout the U.S. A liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method was used to enable measurement of a suite of 23 PFASs, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). Despite the differences in reporting levels, the PFASs that were detected in {\textbackslash}textgreater70\% of the source water samples (n=39) included PFSAs, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (74\%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (79\%), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (84\%), and PFCAs, perfluoropentanoic acid (74\%), perfluorohexanoic acid (79\%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (74\%), and perfluorooctanoic acid (74\%). More importantly, water treatment techniques such as ferric or alum coagulation, granular/micro-/ultra- filtration, aeration, oxidation (i.e., permanganate, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide), and disinfection (i.e., ozonation, chlorine dioxide, chlorination, and chloramination) were mostly ineffective in removing PFASs. However, anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFASs and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs, and reverse osmosis demonstrated significant removal for all the PFASs, including the smallest PFAS, perfluorobutanoic acid. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
	journal = {Water Research},
	author = {Appleman, Timothy D. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Quinones, Oscar and Vanderford, Brett J. and Kolstad, Chad and Zeigler-Holady, Janie C. and Dickenson, Eric R V},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24275109},
	keywords = {Anion exchange, Full-scale, Granular actived carbon, Occurrence, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Reverse osmosis, Treatment},
	pages = {246--255},
}





@article{andrews_poisoned_2015,
	title = {Poisoned {Legacy}; {Ten} {Years} {Later}, {Chemical} {Safety} and {Justice} for {Dupont}'s {Teflon} {Victims} {Remain} {Elusive}},
	url = {http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease},
	abstract = {In 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency fined chemical giant DuPont a record \$16.5 million over its decades-long cover-up of the health hazards of C8, also known as PFOA. One of a family of perfluorinated chemicals, or PFCs, PFOA was a key ingredient in making Teflon, the non-stick, waterproof, stain-resistant “miracle of modern chemistry” used in thousands of household products. DuPont had long known that PFOA caused cancer, had poisoned drinking water in the mid-Ohio River Valley and polluted the blood of people and animals worldwide. But it never told its workers, local officials and residents, state regulators or the EPA. Eventually, research by federal officials, EWG and other public interest groups found that the blood of almost all Americans was contaminated with PFCs. And in 2006 the EPA confirmed that PFOA is a probable human carcinogen.},
	number = {April},
	journal = {Environmental Working Group},
	author = {Andrews, David and Walker, Bill},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {31},
}





@article{ahrens_fate_2014,
	title = {Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: {A} review},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {15528618},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2663},
	abstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8 -based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
	author = {Ahrens, Lutz and Bundschuh, Mirco},
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24924660},
	keywords = {Aquatic environment, Effects, Fate, Multiple stressors, PFAS, Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFA, Species interaction, Toxicity},
	pages = {1921--1929},
}





@article{begley_perfluorochemicals:_2005,
	title = {Perfluorochemicals: potential sources of and migration from food packaging.},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0265-203X},
	doi = {10.1080/02652030500183474},
	abstract = {Perfluorochemicals are widely used in the manufacturing and processing of a vast array of consumer goods, including electrical wiring, clothing, household and automotive products. Furthermore, relatively small quantities of perfluorochemicals are also used in the manufacturing of food-contact substances that represent potential sources of oral exposure to these chemicals. The most recognizable products to consumers are the uses of perfluorochemicals in non-stick coatings (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) for cookware and also their use in paper coatings for oil and moisture resistance. Recent epidemiology studies have demonstrated the presence of two particular perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum at very low part per billion levels. These perfluorochemicals are biopersistent and are the subject of numerous studies investigating the many possible sources of human exposure. Among the various uses of these two chemicals, PFOS is a residual impurity in some paper coatings used for food contact and PFOA is a processing aid in the manufacture of PTFE used for many purposes including non-stick cookware. Little information is available on the types of perfluorochemicals that have the potential to migrate from perfluoro coatings into food. One obstacle to studying migration is the difficulty in measuring perfluorochemicals by routine conventional analytical techniques such as GC/MS or LC-UV. Many perfluorochemicals used in food-contact substances are not detectable by these conventional methods. As liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) develops into a routine analytical technique, potential migrants from perfluoro coatings can be more easily characterized. In this paper, data will be presented on the types of perfluoro chemicals that are used in food packaging and cookware. Additionally, research will be presented on the migration or potential for migration of these chemicals into foods or food simulating liquids. Results from migration tests show mg kg(-1) amounts of perfluoro paper additives/coatings transfer to food oil. Analysis of PTFE cookware shows residual amounts of PFOA in the low microg kg(-1) range. PFOA is present in microwave popcorn bag paper at amounts as high as 300 microg kg(-1).},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},
	author = {Begley, T H and White, K and Honigfort, P and Twaroski, M L and Neches, R and Walker, R a},
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16227186},
	keywords = {PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid, food packaging, migration, perfluoro telomers, perfluorochemicals},
	pages = {1023--1031},
}





@article{begley_migration_2008,
	title = {Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1944-0049},
	doi = {10.1080/02652030701513784},
	abstract = {Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},
	author = {Begley, T H and Hsu, W and Noonan, G and Diachenko, G},
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18311629},
	keywords = {PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration},
	pages = {384--390},
}





@article{bartell_rate_2010,
	title = {Rate of decline in serum {PFOA} concentrations after granular activated carbon filtration at two public water systems in {Ohio} and {West} {Virginia}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {00916765},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901252},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drinking water in multiple water districts in the Mid-Ohio Valley has been contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was released by a nearby DuPont chemical plant. Two highly contaminated water districts began granular activated carbon filtration in 2007.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nOBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of decline in serum PFOA, and its corresponding half-life, during the first year after filtration.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMETHODS: Up to six blood samples were collected from each of 200 participants from May 2007 until August 2008. The primary source of drinking water varied over time for some participants; our analyses were grouped according to water source at baseline in May-June 2007.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: For Lubeck Public Service District customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between May-June 2007 and May-August 2008 was 32 ng/mL (26\%) for those primarily consuming public water at home (n = 130), and 16 ng/mL (28\%) for those primarily consuming bottled water at home (n = 17). For Little Hocking Water Association customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between November-December 2007 and May-June 2008 was 39 ng/mL (11\%) for consumers of public water (n = 39) and 28 ng/mL (20\%) for consumers of bottled water (n = 11). The covariate-adjusted average rate of decrease in serum PFOA concentration after water filtration was 26\% per year (95\% confidence interval, 2528\% per year).\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSIONS: The observed data are consistent with first-order elimination and a median serum PFOA half-life of 2.3 years. Ongoing follow-up will lead to improved half-life estimation.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Bartell, Scott M. and Calafat, Antonia M. and Lyu, Christopher and Kato, Kayoko and Ryan, P. Barry and Steenland, Kyle},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20123620},
	keywords = {Exposure, Half-Life, Intervention, PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid},
	pages = {222--228},
}





@article{barry_v._winquist_a._steenland_perfluorooctanoic_2013,
	title = {Perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) exposurers and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1306615},
	number = {11-12},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Barry, V. Winquist, A. Steenland, K.},
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {24007715},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {1313--1318},
}





@article{ahrens_wastewater_2011,
	title = {Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0013936X},
	doi = {10.1021/es1036173},
	abstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were determined in air around a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and two landfill sites using sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers in summer 2009. The samples were analyzed for five PFC classes (i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)) to investigate their concentration in air, composition and emissions to the atmosphere. summation operatorPFC concentrations in air were 3-15 times higher within the WWTP (2280-24 040 pg/m(3)) and 5-30 times higher at the landfill sites (2780-26 430 pg/m(3)) compared to the reference sites (597-1600 pg/m3). Variations in the PFC pattern were observed between the WWTP and landfill sites and even within the WWTP site. For example, FTOHs were the predominant PFC class in air for all WWTP and landfill sites, with 6:2 FTOH as the dominant compound at the WWTP (895-12 290 pg/m(3)) and 8:2 FTOH dominating at the landfill sites (1290-17 380 pg/m(3)). Furthermore, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was dominant within the WWTP (43-171 pg/m(3)), followed by perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (55-116 pg/m(3)), while PFBA was dominant at the landfill sites (101-102 pg/m(3)). It is also noteworthy that the PFCA concentrations decreased with increasing chain length and that the emissions for the even chain length PFCAs outweighed emissions for the odd chain length compounds. Furthermore, highly elevated PFC concentrations were found near the aeration tanks compared to the other tanks (i.e., primary and secondary clarifier) and likely associated with increased volatilization during aeration that may be further enhanced through aqueous aerosol-mediated transport. summation operatorPFC yearly emissions estimated using a simplified dispersion model were 2560 g/year for the WWTP, 99 g/year for landfill site 1, and 1000 g/year for landfill site 2. These results highlight the important role of WWTPs and landfills as emission sources of PFCs to the atmosphere.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Ahrens, Lutz and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Lee, Sum Chi and Guo, Rui and Reiner, Eric J.},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21466185},
	keywords = {PFAS},
	pages = {8098--8105},
}





@article{ackerman_assessing_2009,
	title = {Assessing direct analysis in real-time-mass spectrometry ({DART}-{MS}) for the rapid identification of additives in food packaging.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1944-0049},
	doi = {10.1080/02652030903232753},
	abstract = {The ambient ionization technique direct analysis in real time (DART) was characterized and evaluated for the screening of food packaging for the presence of packaging additives using a benchtop mass spectrometer (MS). Approximate optimum conditions were determined for 13 common food-packaging additives, including plasticizers, anti-oxidants, colorants, grease-proofers, and ultraviolet light stabilizers. Method sensitivity and linearity were evaluated using solutions and characterized polymer samples. Additionally, the response of a model additive (di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate) was examined across a range of sample positions, DART, and MS conditions (temperature, voltage and helium flow). Under optimal conditions, molecular ion (M+H+) was the major ion for most additives. Additive responses were highly sensitive to sample and DART source orientation, as well as to DART flow rates, temperatures, and MS inlet voltages, respectively. DART-MS response was neither consistently linear nor quantitative in this setting, and sensitivity varied by additive. All additives studied were rapidly identified in multiple food-packaging materials by DART-MS/MS, suggesting this technique can be used to screen food packaging rapidly. However, method sensitivity and quantitation requires further study and improvement.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},
	author = {Ackerman, L K and Noonan, G O and Begley, T H},
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19753496},
	keywords = {PFAS, Plastics, food-contact materials, in-house validation, packaging additives, paper, screening assays},
	pages = {1611--1618},
}





@book{noauthor_chemtura_2011,
	title = {Chemtura {Corp} to invest \$100-150 mn next 5 yrs in {India}},
	url = {http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, news},
}





@book{noauthor_listing_nodate,
	title = {Listing of {POPs} in the {Stockholm} {Convention}},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx},
	urldate = {2013-11-01},
	keywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},
}





@book{noauthor_regional_nodate,
	title = {Regional variation in levels of indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers may reflect differences in fire safety regulations...},
	url = {http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers},
	urldate = {2013-11-01},
	keywords = {AR, DE Camann, Flame retardants, JG Brody, RA Morello-Frosch, RA Rudel, Zota},
}





@techreport{noauthor_fire_2008,
	title = {Fire statistics, {United} {Kingdom} 2006},
	url = {http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf},
	institution = {Department of Communities and Local Government, UK},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{noauthor_tris23-dibromopropyl_2011,
	title = {Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1551-8280},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116},
	journal = {Report on carcinogens : carcinogen profiles / U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21863116},
	keywords = {Animals, Carcinogens, Carcinogens: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: legislation \& jurisprudenc, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, unsure},
	pages = {428--9},
}





@book{noauthor_chemtura_2010,
	title = {Chemtura {Corporation} {Announces} {Price} {Increase} on {Bromine}-{Based} {Products}},
	url = {http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {CHMT, Flame retardants, NYSE:CHMT, investor center, investors, news},
}





@book{noauthor_148125_sindiku_ppolybrominated_nodate,
	title = {148125\_Sindiku\_PPOLYBROMINATED {DIOXINS} {AND} {FURANS} ({PBDD}/{Fs}) {IN} {E}-{WASTE} {POLYMERS} {IN} {NIGERIA} {BDDF}.pdf},
	url = {http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf},
	urldate = {2013-11-01},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{noauthor_firesafecigarettes.org_nodate,
	title = {firesafecigarettes.org},
	url = {http://firesafecigarettes.org},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{noauthor_upholstered_1983,
	title = {{UPHOLSTERED} {FURNITURE} {HEAT} {RELEASE} {RATES} - {MEASUREMENTS} {AND} {ESTIMATION}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {0734-9041},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&page=1&doc=1},
	number = {1},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {9--32},
}





@article{zota_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in {California}.},
	volume = {45},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf},
	doi = {10.1021/es200422b},
	abstract = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zota, Ami R and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Petreas, Myrto and Zoeller, R Thomas and Woodruff, Tracey J},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california},
	pages = {7896--7905},
}





@article{zota_are_2010,
	title = {Are {PBDEs} an environmental equity concern? {Exposure} disparities by socioeconomic status.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734},
	doi = {10.1021/es101723d},
	number = {15},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zota, Ami R and Adamkiewicz, Gary and Morello-Frosch, Rachel A},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20578734},
	keywords = {Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Income, Income: statistics \& numerical data, Male, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors},
	pages = {5691--2},
}





@article{zicherman_finish_1998,
	title = {Finish ratings of gypsum wallboards},
	volume = {34},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/},
	abstract = {The term ldquofinish ratingrdquo is used in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)1 to describe the required performance of finish materials installed as thermal barriers for electrical nonmetallic tubing. Finish rating data is most commonly associated with assemblies containing combustible wood framing, although the definition has also been extended to assemblies with noncombustible metal framing. To date, however, very little finish rating data has been available for common finish materials installed over metal framing. To supplement the available information, finish rating tests were conducted on identical wall sections finished with standard 1/2Prime gypsum wallboard from five different manufacturers, constructed with metal and wood stud framing. All 10 assemblies tested demonstrated finish ratings of 15 minutes or more.},
	journal = {Fire Technology},
	author = {Zicherman, J B and Eliahu, A},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {356--362},
}





@article{zhu_tris23-dibromopropyl_2012,
	title = {Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, hexabromocyclododecanes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mollusks from {Chinese} {Bohai} {Sea}.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562},
	doi = {10.1021/es300776f},
	abstract = {A novel brominated flame retardant (BFR), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), as well as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were analyzed in 11 species of mollusks collected from nine coastal cities around the Chinese Bohai Sea in 2009 and 2010. The detection frequencies were 100\%, 99\%, and 77\% for PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBC, respectively. Concentrations of ∑HBCDs ranged from below detection limit (nd) to 28.8 ng g(-1) on a dry weight (dw) basis, followed by ∑(12)PBDE (0.01-20.4 ng g(-1) dw) and TBC (nd-12.1 ng g(-1) dw). Statistically significant linear correlations were found among the three BFRs. Positive correlations were found between BFRs concentrations and lipid content in mollusks. The concentrations tend to decrease with increasing trophic levels of the mollusks, implying trophic dilution rather than biomagnifications of the BFRs in the aquatic food chains of the sampling area. Among the 11 mollusks species, Mytilus edulis showed higher bioaccumulation capability than others and was therefore considered to be an appropriate bioindicator of contamination by the BFRs in the Chinese Bohai Sea, in agreement with its previous selection for the biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A dramatic decrease in PBDE concentrations in mollusks of the area was found for the time period from 2003 to 2010, with a half-life of only 2.3 ± 1.7 years, reflecting a rapid response of mollusks to the change in pollution of the marine environment.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zhu, Nali and Li, An and Wang, Thanh and Wang, Pu and Qu, Guangbo and Ruan, Ting and Fu, Jianjie and Yuan, Bo and Zeng, Lixi and Wang, Yawei and Jiang, Guibin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22663562},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Mollusca, Mollusca: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Triazines: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {7174--81},
}





@article{zhu_brominated_2009,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in northern {China}.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728},
	abstract = {In 2006, 128 serum samples were collected from three populations in Tianjin, China: office cleaners, university students, and policemen. These samples were all analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and for other brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The median concentration of total PBDEs (sum of 41 congeners) was 7.1 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 1980 ng/g lipid. Among these PBDE congeners, the median sum of the tri- to hepta-PBDE (SigmaPBDE3-7) congener concentrations was 2.9 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 20 ng/g lipid. The most common tri- to heptabrominated congeners were BDE-47 (30\% of total), BDE-99 (24\%), BDE-183 (15\%), BDE-153 (12\%), BDE-28 (9.5\%), and BDE-100 (6.2\%). These levels of SigmaPBDE3-7 were similar to those observed in Europe and Asia but were much lower than those observed in North America. Highly brominated BDE congeners were detected in some serum samples. In particular, BDE-209 was detected in 28 samples; the median BDE-209 concentration in these samples was 42 ng/g lipid, ranging from ND to 1770 ng/g lipid. The total PBDE levels in office cleaners were significantly higher than in university students and policemen. In addition, we also measured several other BFRs. Hexabromobenzene (HBB) was identified in 26 samples with a median concentration of 0.27 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.11 to 1.50 ng/g lipid. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were not detected in any of these samples.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zhu, Lingyan and Ma, Baoling and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19806728},
	keywords = {Adult, China, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum},
	pages = {6963--8},
}





@article{zhu_identification_2008,
	title = {Identification and determination of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane ({HCDBCO}) in residential indoor air and dust: a previously unreported halogenated flame retardant in the environment.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135},
	abstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g(-1) and a median of 2.0 ng g(-1) respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g(-1) which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m(-3) and a median of 92 pg m(-3), were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m(-3). Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-Lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18284135},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Ontario},
	pages = {386--91},
}





@article{zhou_leaching_2013,
	title = {Leaching characteristics of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants from waste printed circuit boards.},
	volume = {246-247},
	issn = {1873-3336},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.065},
	abstract = {Leaching assessment on five heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel and cadmium) and two brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) were conducted using various leaching methods. The mean leaching concentrations of copper were the highest in both toxicity characteristic leaching procedures (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedures (SPLP) tests at 8.6 mg/L and 1.1mg/L, while only lead (6.2mg/L) exceeded the TCLP criteria and Chinese EPA regulatory limit (both 5.0mg/L). However, PBDEs and TBBPA were not detected in TCLP and SPLP tests. Then the BFRs leaching trends and potential leachabilities were further investigated in actual landfill leachates using a modified method. Leaching characteristics that fast-leaching initially followed by slow-desorption over time were generally observed. In landfill leachate tests, the highest leaching concentrations of PBDEs and TBBPA were determined at 30.39 and 12.27 μg/L. Meanwhile, the highest leaching rates were estimated to reach 0.08\% and 1.00\%, respectively, which were significantly influenced by the dissolved organic carbon contents of extracts, the hydrophobicities of target BFRs and the specific surface areas of WPCBs materials. These results proved that leaching from WPCBs was a significant emission source of BFRs in landfill and electronic waste recycling dumpsite.},
	journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
	author = {Zhou, Xiaoyu and Guo, Jie and Lin, Kuangfei and Huang, Kai and Deng, Jingjing},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23291335},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {96--102},
}





@article{zota_elevated_2008,
	title = {Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of {PBDEs} in {California}: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918},
	abstract = {Studies show higher house dust and body burden levels of PBDE flame retardants in North America than Europe; but little is known about exposure variation within North America, where California's furniture flammability standard affects PBDE use. We compared dust samples from 49 homes in two California communities with 120 Massachusetts homes and with other published studies. Dust concentrations [median (range) ng/g] in California homes of BDE-47, -99, and -100 were 2700 (112-107,000), 3800 (102-170,000), and 684 ({\textbackslash}textlessMRL-30,900), respectively, and were 4-10 times higher than previously reported in North America. Maximum concentrations were the highest ever reported in indoor dust. We then investigated whether human serum PBDE levels were also higher in California compared to other North American regions by analyzing the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the only data set available with serum from a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2040). California residence was significantly associated with nearly 2-fold higher sigma PBDE serum levels [least square geometric mean (LSGM) ng/g lipid, 73.0 vs 38.5 (p = 0.002)]. Elevated PBDE exposures in California may result from the state's furniture flammability standards; our results suggest the need for further research in a larger representative sample.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zota, Ami R and Rudel, Ruthann A and Morello-Frosch, Rachel A and Brody, Julia Green},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {19031918},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Interior Design and Furnishings: standards, Male, Middle Aged, california, ffr, hum},
	pages = {8158--64},
}





@article{zota_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in {California}.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/es200422b},
	abstract = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zota, Ami R and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Petreas, Myrto and Zoeller, R Thomas and Woodruff, Tracey J},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21830753},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california},
	pages = {7896--905},
}





@article{zimmer_vitro_2011,
	title = {In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) extracted from burbot ({Lota} lota) caught in two {Norwegian} lakes.},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.055},
	abstract = {This study investigated the effects of two mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. The two mixtures were obtained from the livers of burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes (Mjøsa and Losna) with different contaminant profiles. Steroid hormone levels in the cell culture medium and mRNA levels of 16 genes involved in steroidogenesis were investigated. The crude Lake Mjøsa extract had to be diluted ten times more than the Lake Losna extract in order to prevent cytotoxicity. The ten times diluted Lake Mjøsa mixture had higher levels of DDT and derivates (∑DDTs, 1.7 times) and brominated flame retardants (∑BDEs and HBCD, 15-25 times) than the Lake Losna mixture, which, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of ∑PCBs (1.5 times higher) and also of HCB, ∑HCH isomers and ∑chlordane isomers (5-20 times higher). In the cell culture media, only cortisol levels were increased at the highest exposure concentration to the Lake Mjøsa mixture, while both cortisol and estradiol levels were increased following exposure to the two highest Lake Losna mixture exposure concentrations. Testosterone levels decreased only at the highest exposure concentration of the Lake Losna mixture. Multivariate models suggested that ∑PCBs, and to a lesser extent ∑DDTs, were responsible for the cortisol responses, while estradiol and testosterone alterations were best explained by HCB and ∑PCBs, respectively. Exposure to the mixtures generally increased mRNA levels, with smaller effects exerted by the Lake Mjøsa mixture than the Lake Losna mixture. It was concluded that both mixtures affected steroidogenesis in the H295R cells. Small differences in mixture composition, rather than the high content of brominated flame retardants in the Lake Mjøsa mixture, were suggested to be the most probable reason for the apparent differences in potencies of the two mixtures.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Zimmer, Karin E and Montaño, Mauricio and Olsaker, Ingrid and Dahl, Ellen and Berg, Vidar and Karlsson, Camilla and Murk, Albertinka J and Skaare, Janneche U and Ropstad, Erik and Verhaegen, Steven},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21420147},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: blood, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: physiology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Water Pollutants, cell line},
	pages = {2040--8},
}





@article{zhu_detection_2007,
	title = {Detection of dechlorane plus in residential indoor dust in the city of {Ottawa}, {Canada}.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076},
	abstract = {Dechlorane plus (DP), a flame retardant recently identified in the air and sediment of the Great Lakes region, has been detected in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry under negative chemical ionization mode. DP was detected in all dust samples with a concentration range of 2.3 to 182 ng g(-1), except for one dust sample (5683 ng g(-1)) which was much higher. The levels of DP in indoor dust were several times higher than those in the sediment of the Great Lakes. The presence of DP in indoor environments could have implications for potential human exposure to this chemical. The daily human intake of DP from dust was estimated using dust ingestion data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The large variation of the ratio of syn- and anti-DP isomers in the dust samples also suggests a complex degradation process of DP in the environment.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zhu, Jiping and Feng, Yong-Lai and Shoeib, Mahiba},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {18075076},
	keywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Canada, Chemical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Models, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {7694--8},
}





@article{zheng_levels_2011,
	title = {Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.009},
	abstract = {Human hair and indoor dust from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in south China were collected and analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs concentrations in hair from occupational e-waste recycling workers were higher than those from non-occupational exposed residents in other sampling areas. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two major BFRs in hair samples. The PBDE congener profiles in hair from the e-waste area are different from those from urban and rural areas with relatively higher contribution of lower brominated congeners. DBDPE, instead of BDE209, has become the major BFR in non-e-waste recycling areas. Significant correlations were found between hair level and dust level for DBDPE and BTBPE but not for PBDEs. The different PBDE congener profiles between dust and hair may suggest that exogenous exposure to the PBDE adsorbed on dust is not a major source of hair PBDEs.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Zheng, Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yuan, Jian-Gang and Wang, Jing and Wang, Yu-Tao and Chen, Shen-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian and Yang, Zhong-Yi},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21840093},
	keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Rural Health, Urban Health, Young Adult},
	pages = {3706--13},
}





@article{zhao_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the {Daliao} {River} {Estuary}, {China}: levels, distribution and their influencing factors.},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.032},
	abstract = {The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g(-1)d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Zhao, Xiaofeng and Zhang, Haijun and Ni, Yuwen and Lu, Xianbo and Zhang, Xueping and Su, Fan and Fan, Jingfeng and Guan, Daoming and Chen, Jiping},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21208636},
	keywords = {Carbon, Carbon: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Kinetics, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {1262--7},
}





@article{zhang_polybrominated_2008,
	title = {Do {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) {Increase} the {Risk} of {Thyroid} {Cancer}?},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1876-746X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bihy.2008.06.003},
	abstract = {An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in many parts of the world including the United States during the past several decades. Recently emerging evidence has demonstrated that polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alter thyroid hormone homeostasis and cause thyroid dysfunction. However, few studies have been conducted to test whether exposure to PBDEs and other PHAHs increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Here, we hypothesize that elevated exposure to PHAHs, particularly PBDEs, increases the risk of thyroid cancer and may explain part of the increase in incidence of thyroid cancer during the past several decades. In addition, genetic and epigenetic variations in metabolic pathway genes may alter the expression and function of metabolic enzymes which are involved in the metabolism of endogenous thyroid hormones and the detoxification of PBDEs and other PHAHs. Such variation may result in different individual susceptibilities to PBDEs and other PHAHs and the subsequent development of thyroid cancer. The investigation of this hypothesis will lead to an improved understanding of the role of PBDEs and other PHAHs in thyroid tumorigenesis and may provide a real means to prevent this deadly disease.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Bioscience hypotheses},
	author = {Zhang, Yawei and Guo, Grace L and Han, Xuesong and Zhu, Cairong and Kilfoy, Briseis A and Zhu, Yong and Boyle, Peter and Zheng, Tongzhang},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {19122824},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},
	pages = {195--199},
}





@article{zhang_hexabromocyclododecanes_2013,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments and a sediment core from {Rivers} and {Harbor} in the northern {Chinese} city of {Tianjin}.},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.037},
	abstract = {In the present study, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were investigated in the sediment from Haihe River (HR), Dagu Dainage Canal (DDC) and Tianjin Harbor (TH) at Bohai Bay using a total of 51 samples of surface sediments and a sediment core collected from May to September in 2010, and its diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles were analyzed. The concentration of total HBCDs were generally high, with mean value and ranges of 31.0 and 1.35-634 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. The contamination followed the order of TH{\textbackslash}textgreaterDDC{\textbackslash}textgreaterHR. Higher levels (up to 634 ng g(-1)dw) occurred in the lower reach of HR and DDC located in an industrial area of Tianjin. This is the first time to report so high concentration of HBCDs in sediment in Southeast Asia. The γ-diastereomer dominated in most samples (44 out of 51), and this is in agreement with the diastereomer distribution pattern in industrial products, while α-HBCD was the dominant diastereomer in the other seven samples. However, only few samples exhibited γ-diastereomer ratio similar to that (75-89\%) in technical products, indicating the inter-transformation and variable degradation of the different isomers. The high ratio of γ-diastereomer could be used as an indicator for fresh contamination input. Enantiomeric factors (EFs) of HBCD isomers in most of the samples were statistically different from technical products (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05), showing a trend of more easily enrichment of the (-)-HBCD-enantiomer compared to the (+)-HBCD-enantiomer. The δ- and ϵ-diastereomers were frequently detected but at low level. The HBCDs in the sediment core showed several peaks, and the greatest value occurred in 2005, when a plastic manufacture plant using HBCD was set up nearby.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Zhang, Yanwei and Ruan, Yuefei and Sun, Hongwen and Zhao, Lijie and Gan, Zhiwei},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23062943},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {1610--6},
}





@article{zhang_multimedia_2009,
	title = {Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors.},
	volume = {43},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960},
	abstract = {We adapted an indoor multimedia fugacity model to consider emissions and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and to understand the variability of indoor concentrations. The model was applied to an office in which an 80\% decrease in PBDE air concentration was observed after an old computer was exchanged with a newer one. PBDE-impregnated polyurethane foam (PUF) and carpet were treated as pseudo-steady-state components with specified fugacities derived from measured concentrations of 173 and 2140 ng x g(-1), respectively. Emission rates of 35 and 5.4 ng x h(-1), for the old and new computers, respectively, were calculated using the pseudo-steady-state approach. Particle movement (deposition and resuspension) dominates within-room transport processes, and dust removal (vacuuming) and air advection (ventilation) are the main loss processes. The most sensitive parameters to air concentrations and estimated emission rates are room temperature, particle concentrations and deposition velocity, and air exchange rates. The air exchange rates and bouncing on PUF furniture can alter whether the PUF and carpet are sources or sinks of PBDEs. Model results suggest that exposure via air can be reduced by removing dust, having a high air exchange rate, and low indoor temperatures.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zhang, Xianming and Diamond, Miriam L and Ibarra, Catalina and Harrad, Stuart},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Chemical, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Models},
	pages = {2845--2850},
}





@article{zhang_co-release_2012,
	title = {Co-release of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) and nano- and microparticles from the thermal cutting of polystyrene foams.},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539},
	doi = {10.1021/es302559v},
	abstract = {Polystyrene foam is a very important insulation material, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is frequently used as its flame retardant. HBCD is persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, and therefore workplace exposure and environmental emission should be avoided. In this study, we investigated the co-release of HBCD and aerosol particles during the thermal cutting of expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) and extruded polystyrene foam (XPS). The generated particles were simultaneously measured by a fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS) and collected by a cascade impactor (NanoMoudi). In the breathing zone of a cutting worker, the number concentration of aerosol particles was above 1 ×1012 particles m-3, and the air concentration of HBCD was more than 50 μg m-3. Most of the released HBCD was partitioned into particles with an aerodynamic diameter at the nano-meter scale. The average concentrations of HBCD in these submicron particles generated from the thermal cutting of EPS and XPS were 13 times and 15 times higher than the concentrations in raw foams, respectively. An occupational exposure assessment indicated that more than 60\% of HBCD and 70\% of particles deposited in the lung of cutting worker would be allocated to the alveolar region. The potential subchronic (or chronic) toxicity jointly caused by the particles and HBCD calls for future studies.},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Zhang, Haijun and Kuo, Yu-Ying and Gerecke, Andreas C and Wang, Jing},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{zheng_halogenated_2012,
	title = {Halogenated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling region in {South} {China}: levels, composition profiles, and human dietary exposure assessment.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.006},
	abstract = {Three regulated halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) including Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in the home-produced eggs from three recycling sites and a reference site in an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling region, South China. Mean levels of HFRs in eggs from the recycling sites ranged 2640-14100, 700-1620, 44-350, and 720-3920 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PBDEs, ∑PBBs, ∑HBCDs, and ∑AHFRs, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those examined in the reference site. PBDEs were the predominant HFR in those eggs, with contributions {\textbackslash}textgreater50\% to the total HFRs; followed by PBBs and the AHFRs (contributing 14-22\% in average). The α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomers of HBCDs, with preferential enrichment of the (-)-enantiomer in most of the eggs; but no significant stereoselective enrichment of the DP isomers was observed in these eggs. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDs, and the AHFRs via eggs from the recycling sites ranged 4200-20000, 1120-2440, 80-490, and 970-4530 ng/day, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those reported from other parts of the world. The potential adverse effects of these HFRs to human health in the e-waste sites should be further investigated. This is the first report on the isomer compositions of DP and the chiral signatures of HBCDs in hen eggs.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Zheng, Xiao-Bo and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zeng, Yan-Hong and She, Ya-Zhe and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22609680},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chickens, China, Diet, Diet: statistics \& numerical data, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Eggs: statistics \& numerical data, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism},
	pages = {122--8},
}





@article{zhao_effect_2011,
	title = {Effect of brominated flame retardant {BDE}-47 on androgen production of adult rat {Leydig} cells.},
	volume = {205},
	issn = {1879-3169},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.011},
	abstract = {As one of the most abundant polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) detected in adipose tissue and breast milk of humans, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is considered as a potential endocrine disruptor. The objective of this study is to explore whether environment-related level of BDE-47 could affect the androgen production in rat Leydig cells. Rat adult Leydig cells (ALCs) were treated with 10(-8) to 10(-4)M BDE-47 in vitro, the production of testosterone (T) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein level were determined. BDE-47 significantly increased basal T production and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level of ALCs after treatment with 10(-4)M BED-47. Overall, LH (0.1ng/ml) stimulated T production in ALCs by 6 folds, however it did not increase T production in BDE-47-treated ALCs when compared to untreated ALC. Both 8-Br-cAMP (for cAMP signaling) and 22R-hydroxycholesterol (22-diol, for P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme P450scc activity) significantly increased T production in ALCs treated with BDE-47 from 10(-7) to 10(-5)M. The results of this study indicate that environment-related level of BDE-47 in vitro increased T production in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulated effects of BDE-47 on StAR and P450scc might play key roles in BDE-47-mediated stimulation of T production.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Zhao, Yan and Ao, Hong and Chen, Li and Sottas, Chantal M and Ge, Ren-Shan and Zhang, Yunhui},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21704137},
	keywords = {Aging, Aging: metabolism, Animals, Cell Culture Techniques, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis},
	pages = {209--14},
}





@article{zhang_contaminant_2010,
	title = {Contaminant pattern and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging organhalogen pollutants in the aquatic biota from an e-waste recycling region in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.122},
	abstract = {Legacy pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), and some emerging organhalogen pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and dechlorane plus (DP), were detected in an aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from an e-waste recycling region in South China. Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, PBDEs, and HBB were detected in more than 90\% of the samples, with respective concentrations ranging from not detected (ND)-32,000 ng/g lipid weight, ND-850 ng/g lipid weight, 8 to 1,300 ng/g lipid weight, and 0.28 to 240 ng/g lipid weight. Pentabromotoluene, PBEB, BTBPE, and DP were also quantifiable in collected samples with a concentration range of ND-40 ng/g lipid weight. The elevated levels of PCBs and PBDEs in the organisms, compared with those in non-e-waste regions in South China, suggest that these two kinds of pollutants derived mainly from e-waste recycling practices. Hexabromobenzene was significantly correlated with PBDEs, implying that HBB come from the release of e-waste along with PBDEs and/or the pyrolysis of BDE209. Most of the compounds whose trophic magnification factor (TMF) could be calculated were found to biomagnify (TMF {\textbackslash}textgreater 1). Hexabromobenzene was also found, for the first time, to biomagnify in the present food web, with a TMF of 2.1.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Zhang, Ying and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Liu, Juan and Wang, Jing and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20821514},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, DDT, DDT: pharmacokinetics, Electronics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {852--9},
}





@article{zhang_tissue_2011,
	title = {Tissue distribution of decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) and its metabolites in sucking rat pups after prenatal and/or postnatal exposure.},
	volume = {283},
	issn = {1879-3185},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.003},
	abstract = {Growing evidence has shown that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) can disrupt thyroid hormones and induce neurological and developmental effects, especially for the fetuses and neonates after prenatal or postnatal exposure. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to BDE-209 on the absorption and tissue distribution of BDE-209 and its metabolites in offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5μmol/kg b.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil during gestational and lactational period or during lactational period only. BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners were analyzed in several maternal tissues, offspring carcass and neonatal tissues. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their time profiles in maternal blood, placenta and fetuses/sucking pups indicated that BDE-209 and its debrominated products can be transferred from mother to offspring via in utero or lactational exposure. Nona-BDEs were the predominant congeners in the analyzed pup tissues, and BDE-206 was the most abundant congener while BDE-197/204 was the major congener of octa-BDE. Then the contributions of transplacental and lactational transfer were compared for BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners. The levels of PBDEs in tissues of sucking pups of the in utero and lactational exposure group were much higher than those of only lactationally exposed group. BDE-197/204 was the debrominated congener with the most significant difference between these two groups and the pup brain was the tissue with the most significant difference of the levels of debrominated congeners. The results provide a basis for understanding the possible adverse effects caused by maternal transfer of BDE-209 during the critical periods of development of fetuses and sucking neonates.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Zhang, Wenbing and Cai, Yunmei and Sheng, Guoying and Chen, Dunjin and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21345361},
	keywords = {Animals, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Pregnancy, Random Allocation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Tissue Distribution},
	pages = {49--54},
}





@article{zhang_dietary_2008,
	title = {Dietary accumulation, disposition, and metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether ({DE}-71) in pregnant mink (mustela vision) and their offspring},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099},
	doi = {10.1897/07-487},
	abstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in humans and wildlife suggest significant bioaccumulation potential in mammals, although no quantitative biomagnification data are available from controlled experiments. As part of a larger study examining the effects of PBDEs on mink reproduction and development, we examined congener-specific tissue distribution, maternal transfer, biotransformation, and biomagnification of the technical penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in farmed mink. Adult female mink were fed one of four concentrations of DE-71 (0-2.5 mug/g) in the diet from breeding, through gestation, and until weaning at six weeks post-parturition. Parent PBDEs were measured in tissues and excreta of adult mink, kits, and juveniles, while hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) were measured in juveniles only. Similar lipid normalized concentrations of PBDEs were detected in most tissues of adult mink, with the exception of brain which was significantly lower. However, kits had a higher proportion of PBDEs in the brain than adults, presumably due to incomplete development of the blood-brain barrier. Maternal transfer favored lower brominated BDE congeners, and the bulk of the body burden in kits at weaning resulted from lactational transfer, rather than transplacental transfer. Lipid-normalized whole-body biomagnification factors ranged from 0.5 to 5.2 for the major congeners and were highest for BDE 47 and BDE 153. Metabolism clearly limited the biomagnification of some PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs were detectable in plasma, liver, and feces. On a mass basis, OH-PBDEs accounted for 28 to 32\% of the excreted fraction, indicating metabolism was an important elimination pathway. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of PBDE biotransformation.},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Zhang, Si and Bursian, Steven J and Martin, Pamela and Chan, Hing Man and Martin, Jonathan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18171099},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},
	pages = {1},
}





@article{zhang_levels_2012,
	title = {Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in primipara breast milk from {Shenzhen} and exposure risk for breast-fed infants.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921},
	doi = {10.1039/c2em10739b},
	abstract = {This study aimed at revealing the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from primipara in Shenzhen (China), and estimating daily intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants. Concentrations of 7 PBDEs were measured in 60 breast milk samples by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS (high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry). The intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants was estimated based on the infant's daily milk consumption. The range of total concentration of 7 PBDEs congeners in samples was 2.6-188.6 ng g(-1) lipid (mean: 14.8 ng g(-1) lipid; median: 7.2 ng g(-1) lipid). The mean estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast-fed infants ranged from 9.9 to 335.9 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) per day (mean: 52.5 ng kg(-1) bw per day; median: 28.6 ng kg(-1) bw per day). The levels of PBDEs body burden in the recruited mothers of Shenzhen were higher than those reported previously for the general population from other areas in China. No significant correlations were found between the body burden of PBDEs and the mothers' age, pre-pregnancy BMI, dietary habits, duration of residence in Shenzhen, weight and length of the newborns. BDE-47 and BDE-153 were major PBDE congeners in milk samples, while the congeners of BDE-183 and BDE-28 were also high in Shenzhen. The situation may be attributed to the special economic pattern including electronic production in Shenzhen in the past three decades. Continuous surveillance on PBDEs levels in human milk is needed in order to accurately evaluate the environmental impact of PBDEs to human health in Shenzhen.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Zhang, Jian Gang and Sun, Xiao Wei and Ai, Hua},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22277921},
	keywords = {Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: statistics \& numerical data, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Parity, Pregnancy, Young Adult},
	pages = {893--900},
}





@article{zhang_role_2010,
	title = {Role of brominated diphenly ether-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro.},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1873-474X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.002},
	abstract = {Brominated diphenly ether-209 (BDE-209, decaBDE) is among the most common flame retardants. In a previous study, it was confirmed that exposure to BDE-209 can decrease learning and memory in mice. However, it is still unknown whether BDE-209 has an effect on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). To analyse the role of BDE-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells, NSCs obtained from neonatal rats were cultured as neurospheres in DMEM/F12 medium that contained different concentrations of BDE-209 for 7 days. BDE-209 was found to inhibit neurite outgrowth and the differentiation of NSCs into neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. BDE-209 also enhanced the ratio of differentiation of NSCs into glial cells.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience},
	author = {Zhang, Chunfang and Liu, Xianbao and Chen, Dunjin},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20600791},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Differentiation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: physiology, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: cytology, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: physiology, Neurites: ultrastructure, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: physiology, Newborn, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	pages = {497--502},
}





@article{zennegg_fingerprints_2009,
	title = {Fingerprints of chlorinated,brominated and mixed halogenaed dioxins at two e-waste recycling sites in guiyu/{China}.},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints},
	abstract = {This study describes the fingerprints of chlorinated, brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins at two e-waste open burning/smouldering sites in Guiyu, China. The total concentrations of PXDD/PXDF in the soils were in ppm range. The total furan (PXDF) to dioxin (PXDD) ratios were around 100 revealing that PBDEsA as direct furan precursors were responsible for the formation of most of the dioxin-like compounds at the sites. The high levels of mixed chlorinated-brominated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins present as main contaminants at the open burning site reveal a significant bromine-chlorine exchange in PBDEA/PBDF most probably from PVC and chlorine containing additives (e-g. chlorinated paraffins, tetrachlorobisphenol A, etc.). The comparable concentrations of halogenated PXDF and precursor PBDEs at both sites indicate that a significant share of PBDEs was converted into PBDF/PXDF. When considering that several thousand tons of PBDEA are present in the 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste reaching the waste recycling sector every year, and that developing countries process a significant amount of e-waste utilizing rudimentary thermal processes, the load of halogenated PXDD/PXDF formed and released can be expected on the scale of tons and therefore possibly higher than all current inventoried PCDD/PCDF sources combined.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Zennegg, Markus},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
}





@article{yuan_elevated_2008,
	title = {Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in {Chinese} workers from an {E}-waste dismantling site.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489},
	abstract = {In this study, we recruited 49 subjects from one village close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 50 km away from the e-waste site (control group). We found that serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median PBDEs, 382 ng/g lipid weight; range, 77-8452 ng/g lipid weight) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (median TSH, 1.79 microIU/mL; range, 0.38-9.03 microIU/mL) and frequencies of micro-nucleated binucleated cells (MNed BNC; median, 5\% per hundred; range, 0-96\% per hundred) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (158 ng/g, range of 18-436 ng/g, and p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05; 1.15 microIU/mL, range of 0.48-2.09, and p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01; and 0\% per hundred, range of 0-5\% per hundred, and p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01, respectively). A history of working with e-waste was significantly associated with increased MNed BNC frequencies (odds ratio (OR), 38.85; 95\% confidence interval (CI) = 1-1358.71, p = 0.044), independent of years of local residence, a perceived risk factor. However, there was no association between PBDEs exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, the exposure to PBDEs at the e-waste site may have an effect on the levels of TSH and genetoxic damage among these workers, but this needs to be validated in large studies.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Yuan, Jing and Chen, Lan and Chen, Duohong and Guo, Huan and Bi, Xinhui and Ju, Ying and Jiang, Pu and Shi, Jibin and Yu, Zhiqiang and Yang, Jin and Li, Liping and Jiang, Qi and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo and Wu, Tangchun and Chen, Xuemin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18411489},
	keywords = {Adult, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Chromosome-Defective, Chromosome-Defective: chemically indu, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxyguanosine: analogs \& derivatives, Deoxyguanosine: urine, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: blood, Humans, Lymphocytes, Lymphocytes: drug effects, Male, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: blood, Micronuclei, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: blood, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Waste Products, eol, frelec, hum},
	pages = {2195--200},
}





@article{yu_e-waste_2008,
	title = {E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a {Chinese} city with cholinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins.},
	volume = {70},
	url = {http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0},
	abstract = {About 50-80\% of electronic waste (e-waste) from industrialized countries ends up in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines1, 2 for cheap recycling due to the low labour costs and less stringent environmental regulations in these countries2. Recycling of this material has been undertaken for 10-20 years in these countries. E-waste contains a whole range of toxic compounds including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) as well as a broad range of toxic heavy metals;3. Its low tech recycling has produced contaminated mega-sites with a multitude of contaminants4, 5. An example of such a site is Guiyu city. This city is located in the Chaoyang District in Southeast China, with a total area of 52 km2 and a population of 150,000. It is a rice-growing region and its industry has been dominated by e-waste recycling since the early 1990s. The soil in this area has been found to be highly contaminated with heavy metals, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and other BFRs, PCBs and other toxic compounds4, 5. Similarly, the drinking water of Guiyu city has been identified unfit for consumption and drinking water is partly imported,2,5. In the low tech e-waste treatment, open burning is carried out as a “cleaning step” for removing plastics from cables and other parts of dismantled e-waste. Open burning is also used for final disposal of residues. Since ewaste contains considerable amount of bromine (mainly from BFRs) and chlorine (mainly from PVC, plasticizers like chlorinated paraffins or PCB), a mixture of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated compounds is formed from thermal treatment of this waste6. Hence, unintentionally formed POPs like PCDD/F and PAHs are formed and emitted to air7, soil5,8,9 and water in addition to the release of toxicants incorporated in the e-waste (heavy metals BFRs etc3,4. These releases ultimately provide pathways for human exposure as demonstrated e.g. for PCDD/F10. The present study presents data on PCDD/F, PBDD/F and mixed halogenated PXDD/F in soils impacted from different open burning sites in Guiyu. In addition total dioxin-like toxicity in these samples was screened with the DR CALUX assay. The relevance of these compounds with respect to the necessity of remediation measures is evaluated.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Yu, Xiezhi},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
	pages = {813 -- 816},
}





@article{yu_parental_2011,
	title = {Parental transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834},
	doi = {10.1021/es2026592},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system. The objective of the present study was to characterize the disrupting effects of long-term exposure on the thyroid endocrine system in adult fish and their progeny following parental exposure to PBDEs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 3, and 10 μg/L) of the PBDE mixture DE-71 for 5 months until sexual maturation. In the F0 generation, exposure to DE-71 significantly increased plasma thyroxine (T4) but not 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in females. This increased T4 was accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyrotropin β-subunit (TSHβ) in the brain. The F1 generation was further examined with or without continued DE-71 treatment conditions. Exposure to DE-71 in the F0 fish caused significant increases in T4 and T3 levels in the F1 larvae and modified gene expressions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) under both conditions. Decreased hatching and inhibition of growth in the F1 offspring were observed in the condition without DE-71 treatment. Continued DE-71 treatment in the F1 embryos/larvae resulted in further decreased hatching, and increased malformation rates compared with those without DE-71 exposure. Analysis of F1 eggs indicated that parental exposure to DE-71 could result in a transfer of PBDEs and thyroid hormones (THs) to their offspring. For the first time, we demonstrated that parental exposure to low concentrations of PBDEs could affect THs in the offspring and the transgenerational PBDE-induced toxicity in subsequent nonexposed generations.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Yu, Liqin and Lam, James C W and Guo, Yongyong and Wu, Rudolf S S and Lam, Paul K S and Zhou, Bingsheng},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22039834},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish},
	pages = {10652--9},
}





@article{zhang_endocrine_2011,
	title = {Endocrine disruption effects of 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenylether ({BDE100}) in reporter gene assays.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402},
	doi = {10.1039/c0em00654h},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of flame retardants. 2,2',4,4',6-Pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) is a prominent PBDE congener in some human populations. The potential of BDE100 to modulate responses mediated by the estrogen (ER), thyroid hormone (ThR) or androgen receptors (AR) were investigated by use of transactivation reporter gene assays. The African green monkey kidney CV-1 cell transiently transfected with the constructed reporter gene plasmid ERE-TATA-Luc and pUAS-tk-Luc with luciferase (Luc) under control of the estrogen response (ERE), or thyroid hormone response (ThRE) elements were used to evaluate (anti)estrogen and thyroid effects of BDE100. The (anti)androgenic potency of BDE100 was also evaluated by use of MDA-kb2 cells, which were stably transfected with MMTV-luciferase. The assays displayed appropriate responses to known natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), ThR ligand triiodothyronine (T3), and the AR agonist 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). 10 or 50 μM BDE100 significantly up-regulated expression of Luc under control of the ER. Antiestrogenic potency was observed for BDE100 (IC50 = 6.21 μM). Co-exposure to 50 μM BDE100 significantly enhanced expression of Luc caused by 5 nM T3. BDE100 was antiandrogenic at 10 and 50 μM with an IC50 of 28.60 μM BDE100. These results suggest that BDE100 can modulate the endocrine system in multiple ways by interfering with several hormonal signaling pathways simultaneously.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Zhang, Fengxian and Hu, Wei and Yu, Hongxia and Sun, Hong and Shen, Ouxi and Wang, Xinru and Liu, Hongling and Lam, Michael H W and Giesy, John P and Zhang, Xiaowei},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21390402},
	keywords = {Animals, Cercopithecus aethiops, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genes, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reporter, Tumor, cell line},
	pages = {850--4},
}





@article{yu_levels_2010,
	title = {Levels and isomer profiles of {Dechlorane} {Plus} in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {158},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.003},
	abstract = {Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p{\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). Further intensive studies are needed to investigate the process of DP degradation and its degradation products.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Yu, Zhiqiang and Lu, Shaoyou and Gao, Shutao and Wang, Jingzhi and Li, Huiru and Zeng, Xiangying and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis},
	pages = {2920--2925},
}





@article{yu_particle-bound_2011,
	title = {Particle-bound {Dechlorane} {Plus} and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around {Shanghai}, {China}.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.024},
	abstract = {In present study, atmospheric particles from Shanghai, the biggest city and the most important industrial base in China, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of ∑(20)PBDEs and DP both exhibited the changing trend of industrial area {\textbackslash}textgreater urban areas. Jiading District had the highest levels of particulate PBDEs and DP with values of 744 ± 152 pg/m(3) and 5.48 ± 1.28 pg/m(3), respectively. Compared with similar data in other areas of the world, PBDEs in Shanghai were at medium pollution level, while DP was at lower level, which reflected their different production and use in Shanghai. The results from multiple linear regression analysis suggested that deca-BDE mixture was the most important contributor of particulate PBDEs in Shanghai. The fractions of anti-DP showed no significant differences to those of the technical mixtures (p {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.05), which suggested that no obviously stereoselective process occurred in ambient air around Shanghai.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Yu, Zhiqiang and Liao, Ru'e and Li, Huiru and Mo, Ligui and Zeng, Xiangying and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21561692},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particle Size, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis},
	pages = {2982--8},
}





@article{yu_biomagnification_2011,
	title = {Biomagnification of higher brominated {PBDE} congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north {China} based on field observation of prey deliveries.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266},
	doi = {10.1021/es200030z},
	abstract = {As an important group of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) persist in the wildlife food webs. However, the biomagnification of PBDEs has not been adequately studied in the terrestrial food webs. In this study, a terrestrial food web composed of common kestrels, sparrows, rats, grasshoppers, and dragonflies in the urban environment from northern China was obtained. A field prey delivery study, reinforced by δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, indicates that sparrows are the primary prey items of common kestrels. Concentrations of PBDEs were in the following order: common kestrel {\textbackslash}textgreater sparrow {\textbackslash}textgreater rat {\textbackslash}textgreater grasshopper and dragonfly with BDE-209 as the dominant congener. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated as the ratio between the lipid normalized concentrations in the predator and prey. The highest BMF (6.9) was determined for BDE-153 in sparrow/common kestrel food chain. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-202, -203, -154, -183, -197, and -209, were also biomagnified in this terrestrial food chain with BMF of 1.3-4.7. BDE-47, -99, and -100 were found to be biodiluted from sparrow to common kestrel (BMFs {\textbackslash}textless 1). Measured BMF values for BDE-153, -47, -99, and -100 were consistent with predicted values from a nonsteady-state model in American kestrels from another study. Retention factors and metabolism of BDE congeners may be confounding factors influencing the measured BMFs in this current study.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Yu, Le-Huan and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Liu, Li-Yu and Song, Jie and Sun, Quan-Hui and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21612266},
	keywords = {Animals, Carbon Isotopes, China, Cities, Diet, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geography, Nitrogen Isotopes, Poaceae, Poaceae: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Predatory Behavior, Predatory Behavior: physiology, Rats, Soil, Soil: chemistry, Species Specificity},
	pages = {5125--31},
}





@article{yu_exposure_2010,
	title = {Exposure to {DE}-71 alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae.},
	volume = {97},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.022},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have not yet been clarified. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to a low concentration (0, 1, 3, and 10microg/L) of DE-71 from fertilization to 14 days thereafter. The whole-body content of thyroid hormone and transcription of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. Exposure to up to 10microg/L of DE-71 significantly reduced thyroxine (T4) levels and significantly upregulated the transcription of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHbeta) genes in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of TH proteins, sodium/iodide symporter (Slc5a5), and thyroglobulin (TG) and the transcription of marker genes associated with early thyroid development (Pax8 and Nkx2.1) were significantly upregulated upon DE-71 exposure. The expression of thyronine deiodinase (Deio1 and Deio2) mRNAs was also significantly upregulated, possibly as a compensatory response to the decreased T4 levels. However, DE-71 exposure resulted in the downregulation of transthyretin (TTR) gene transcription and did not affect the transcription of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Exposure to DE-71 significantly induced the transcription of the uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1ab) gene. The results of our study confirmed the reliability of the zebrafish larvae as models for assessment of the developmental toxicity of PBDEs and transcription of genes of the HPT axis can evaluate the potential mechanisms of thyroid disruption.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Yu, Liqin and Deng, Jun and Shi, Xiongjie and Liu, Chunsheng and Yu, Ke and Zhou, Bingsheng},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19945756},
	keywords = {Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: drug effects, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: metabolism, Larva, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Messenger: metabolism, RNA, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Transcription, Zebrafish, Zebrafish Proteins, Zebrafish Proteins: genetics, Zebrafish Proteins: metabolism, Zebrafish: metabolism},
	pages = {226--33},
}





@article{yu_persistent_2011,
	title = {Persistent halogenated compounds in aquaculture environments of {South} {China}: implications for global consumers' health risk via fish consumption.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.012},
	abstract = {This study examined the potential sources of persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), including organochlorine pesticides, mainly DDXs (sum of o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, -DDD, and -DDE and p,p'-DDMU) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, to typical aquaculture environments of South China, determined the relative importance of gill diffusion and fish feeding for exposure of fish to these contaminants and assessed potential health risk for global consumers via consumption of fish from South China. Fish feed is generally a direct and important source of PHCs in both freshwater and seawater aquaculture. In addition, gill diffusion is the predominant uptake route for PHCs (except p,p'-DDMU, o,p'-DDD and -DDT) in farmed freshwater fish, whereas accumulation from the diet is the major route for farmed marine fish. Risks to health of global consumers via consumption of fish from South China are minimal. However, increased risk can be foreseen due to continuous use of brominated fire retardants and electronic waste importation to China.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Yu, Huan-Yun and Zhang, Bao-Zhong and Giesy, John P and Zeng, Eddy Y},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21570724},
	keywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Aquaculture: statistics \& numerical data, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analogs \& deriv, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \& numerical data, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seafood, Seafood: statistics \& numerical data, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {1190--5},
}





@article{yogui_pbdes_2011,
	title = {{PBDEs} in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of {São} {Paulo}, {Brazil}, southwestern {Atlantic}.},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.024},
	abstract = {Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenella frontalis (770 ng g(-1) lipid) followed by Steno bredanensis (475 ng g(-1) lipid), Sotalia guianensis (65.6 ng g(-1) lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g(-1) lipid) and Pontoporia blainvillei (60.3 ng g(-1) lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Yogui, G T and Santos, M C O and Bertozzi, C P and Sericano, J L and Montone, R C},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22014918},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brazil, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dolphins, Ecosystem, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Sex Distribution, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {2666--70},
}





@article{yang_special_2011,
	title = {Special distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in brain tissues of free-range domestic hens and ducks from a village near an electronic waste recycling site in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {1432-0800},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098},
	doi = {10.1007/s00128-011-0209-z},
	abstract = {The rural village, Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, had been exposed to e-waste recycling for years, the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in hens and ducks were high. The concentration of ∑PBDEs in the brain was the lowest among tissues of individual hens and ducks after correction for the respective lipid content. Also, the concentration ratio of BDE-153 versus BDE-154 (153/154) of brain was the highest among tissues of individual hens and ducks. Our results indicate that the hindrance of blood-brain barrier to compounds, such as high molecular weight and non-planar conformation (steric hindrance), contributed to the low concentration of PBDEs in the brain tissue of hens and ducks, especially in cases exposed to high levels of PBDE.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Yang, Zhong-Zhi and Li, Yong-Fang and Fu, Shan and Zhao, Xing-Ru},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21290098},
	keywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Chickens, Chickens: blood, Chickens: metabolism, China, Ducks, Ducks: blood, Ducks: metabolism, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Waste Management},
	pages = {283--8},
}





@article{yang_insights_2011,
	title = {Insights into the structural and conformational requirements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites as potential estrogens based on molecular docking.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.010},
	abstract = {PBDEs and their metabolites are of concern due to their increasing concentrations in the environment and their toxic effects. Knowledge about the toxicological mechanisms of PBDEs and metabolites is urgently needed for further screening. The objective of the present study was to explore the structural and conformational requirements of PBDE compounds as human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα) agonists, and further screened out hERα agonists from PBDE compounds. Molecular docking and postdocking analysis were adopted to attain the aim. The obtained results revealed that PBDEs can be primarily screened for their estrogenicity using score values, hydrogen bonds interaction with amino acid residues Glu353 and/or Arg394 might be important for HO-PBDEs' estrogenicity. For most MeO-PBDEs, hydrophobic interaction might be the key factor affecting their estrogenic activity. The current study suggested that molecular docking and postdocking analysis can serve as an efficient pre-screening technique for identifying potential estrogens.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Yang, Weihua and Wei, Si and Liu, Hongling and Yu, Hongxia},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21601234},
	keywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor alpha: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: chemistry, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Molecular Structure, unsure},
	pages = {328--35},
}





@article{xu_predicting_2006,
	title = {Predicting emissions of {SVOCs} from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles.},
	volume = {40},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf},
	abstract = {A model that predicts the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials is extended and used to predict the emission rate of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from polymeric materials. Reasonable agreement between model predictions and gas-phase di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations is achieved using data collected in a previous experimental study that measured emissions of DEHP from vinyl flooring in two very different chambers. While emissions of highly volatile VOCs are subject to "internal" control (the material-phase diffusion coefficient), emissions of the very low volatility SVOCs are subject to "external" control (partitioning into the gas phase, the convective mass-transfer coefficient, and adsorption onto interior surfaces). The effect of SVOCs partitioning onto airborne particles is also examined. The DEHP emission rate is increased when the gas-phase concentration is high, and especially when partitioning to the airborne particles is strong. Airborne particles may play an important role in inhalation exposure as well as in transporting SVOCs well beyond the source. Although more rigorous validation is needed, the model should help elucidate the mechanisms governing emissions of phthalate plasticizers, brominated flame retardants, biocides, and other SVOCs from a wide range of building materials and consumer products.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Xu, Ying and Little, John C},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Flame retardants, Models, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: chemistry, Theoretical, Volatilization},
	pages = {456--461},
}





@article{xie_brominated_2011,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the {Atlantic} and the {Southern} {Ocean}.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232},
	doi = {10.1021/es103803t},
	abstract = {Seawater and air samples were collected aboard the FS Polarstern during the cruises ANT-XXV/1 + 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean in 2008. The particulate and dissolved phase in water and particulate and gaseous phase in air were analyzed separately for nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and six non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Air concentrations of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) in the gaseous and particulate phase (median = 0.56 pg m(-3) for DPTE and 0.92 pg m(-3) for HBB) were comparable to ∑(9)PBDEs (1.0 pg m(-3)). Pentabromotoluene (PBT) was detectable in ∼30\% of the gaseous phase samples, whereas concentration of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allylether (ATE), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) were below their method detection limits. DPTE, and PBDEs were also found in seawater at low pg per liter levels. Elevated seawater concentrations of PBDEs and DPTE were measured in the English Channel and close to South African coast. Concentrations of DPTE, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in the atmosphere generally decreased from Europe toward the Southern Ocean, whereas no latitudinal trend was observed in seawater. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition dominates for all selected substances. The medians of net deposition fluxes for the air-water gas exchange were 83, 21, 69, 20, and 781 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB, whereas medians of dry deposition fluxes were 2.0, 0.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB. Overall, these results highlight the important role of the long-range atmospheric transport of PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs to remote regions.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Xie, Zhiyong and Möller, Axel and Ahrens, Lutz and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21291232},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \& numerical data, Antarctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {1820--6},
}





@article{xie_trace_2007,
	title = {Trace determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol {A} in the atmosphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.},
	volume = {584},
	issn = {1873-4324},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.062},
	abstract = {A simple and effective method has been developed for analysis of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in environmental samples by using modified soxhlet extraction in combination with silica gel clean-up, derivatization with silylation reagent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Satisfactory recoveries were achieved for the large volume sampling, soxhlet extraction and silica gel clean-up. The overall recovery is 79+/-1\%. The derivatization procedure is simple and fast, and produces stable TBBPA derivative. GC-MS with electronic impact (EI) ionization mode shows better detection power than using negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. EI gives a method detection limit of 0.04 pgm(-3) and enables to determine trace TBBPA in ambient air in remote area. The method was successfully applied to the determination of TBBPA in atmospheric samples collected over land and coastal regions. The concentrations of TBBPA ranged from below the method detection limit (0.04 pgm(-3)) to 0.85 pgm(-3). A declining trend with increasing latitude was present from the Wadden Sea to the Arctic. The atmospheric occurrence of TBBPA in the Arctic is significant and might imply that TBBPA has long-range transport potential.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Analytica chimica acta},
	author = {Xie, Zhiyong and Ebinghaus, Ralf and Lohmann, Rainer and Heemken, Olaf and Caba, Armando and Püttmann, Wilhelm},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17386623},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},
	pages = {333--42},
}





@article{xiao_atmospheric_2012,
	title = {Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: the {Canadian} {High} {Arctic} and the {Tibetan} {Plateau}.},
	volume = {161},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.041},
	abstract = {Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (FRs) were monitored for approximately one year at two remote stations, namely Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau and Alert in the Canadian High Arctic. BDE-47 and 99 were the dominant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners at both sites. Atmospheric PBDE concentrations in Nam Co were generally lower than those at Alert. While significant seasonal variations were observed for PBDEs at Alert, the FR concentrations at Nam Co showed no significant seasonality, even though air masses originated from distinctly different regions during different seasons. This suggests that FRs in Tibet do not have regional sources, but are reflective of truly global background contamination. Three new FRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) and bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) were detected at relatively high concentrations at both sites. This is the first report of these FRs in the remote global atmosphere and suggests significant potential for long-range atmospheric transport.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Xiao, Hang and Shen, Li and Su, Yushan and Barresi, Enzo and Dejong, Maryl and Hung, Hayley and Lei, Ying-Duan and Wania, Frank and Reiner, Eric J and Sverko, Ed and Kang, Shi-Chang},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22230080},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \& numerical data, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Tibet},
	pages = {154--61},
}





@article{yan_spatial_2012,
	title = {Spatial learning and memory deficit of low level polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 in male adult rat is modulated by intracellular glutamate receptors.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1880-3989},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of widely used flame retardants, are extensively diffused in the environment. Of particular concern are the reported highly sensitivity of PBDEs in children or developmental animals, however, almost no information is available on their potential effects on adults and the mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the neurotoxic effects of sub-chronic PBDE-47 exposure on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, PBDE-47, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg per day was administered to rats by gavage for 30 days. The learning and memory function was tested by Morris water maze. Further, in order to explore the potential mechanism, the expression of NMDA-receptors was evaluated by using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR. Our results showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 produced learning and memory deficits in male adult rats. Also, significant decrease in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus areas of hippocampus affected by all three doses of PBDE-47 on the expression of NR(1), NR(2)B and Glu were found by IHC. In addition, the evaluation of expression of the NR(1), NR(2)B and NR(2)C showed statistically significant decrease in mRNA expression in rats exposed to PBDE-47. These findings showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 could also induce behavioral alterations and the neurotoxic effects might due to the down-regulation expression of NMDA receptors. Our data indicated that the possibility of exposure of adults to PBDE-47 warranted further studies to characterize their potential neurotoxicity.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The Journal of toxicological sciences},
	author = {Yan, Tang and Xiang, Li and Xuejun, Jiang and Chengzhi, Chen and Youbin, Qi and Xuelan, Yu and Yang, Liu and Changyan, Peng and Hui, Chen},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22467012},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutamate, Glutamate: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: metabolism, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory Disorders, Memory Disorders: chemically induced, Memory Disorders: metabolism, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: genetics, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: metabolism, RNA, Rats, Receptors, Sprague-Dawley},
	pages = {223--33},
}





@article{yamada-okabe_modulation_2005,
	title = {Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}), 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl ({DIB}), and nitrofen ({NIP}).},
	volume = {155},
	issn = {0378-4274},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.005},
	abstract = {Previously, we demonstrated that some endocrine disrupting chemicals affected thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated gene expression in HeLaTR cells that stably expressed the human TRalpha1. To examine whether widely used brominated flame retardants and pesticides affect TR-mediated gene expression, those with organohalogen, which is also present in T3, were screened. To monitor the TR-mediated gene expression, HeLaTR cells were transfected with a luciferase gene that was linked to the thyroid hormone responsive element. Thus, transcription of the luciferase gene in HeLaTR cells is driven by TR. By screening 38 chemical agents, it was found that 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), markedly, and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nitrofen (NIP), to a much lesser extent but significantly, enhanced the expression of the luciferase gene at concentrations that did not affect the growth of HeLaTR cells. DIB also augmented the E2-induced expression of the luciferase gene that was linked to the estrogen responsive element in MCF7 cells, whereas HBCD and NIP did not. These results indicate that DIB augments TR- and ER-mediated gene expression, but HBCD and NIP affect only TR-mediated gene expression. Thus, there is a potential risk that HBCD, DIB, and NIP act as endocrine disrupters in animals and human beings.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Yamada-Okabe, Toshiko and Sakai, Haruya and Kashima, Yuji and Yamada-Okabe, Hisafumi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15585367},
	keywords = {Biphenyl Compounds, Biphenyl Compounds: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Estrogen: biosynthesis, Estrogen: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Genes, Hela Cells, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Luciferases, Luciferases: genetics, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, estrogen, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {127--33},
}





@article{xu_atmospheric_2011,
	title = {Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and {Pb} isotopes at a remote site in {Southwestern} {China}: implications for monsoon-associated transport.},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.035},
	abstract = {A 13-month sampling campaign was conducted at a remote site in southwestern China from October, 2005 to December, 2006. An integrated approach with lead isotopes and air back trajectory analysis was used to investigate the monsoon-associated atmospheric transport of PBDEs in tropical/subtropical Asia regions. The air concentration of PBDEs ranged from 1.6 to 57.5 pgm(-3) (15.9±12.0 pgm(-3)), comparable to reported levels at other remote sites in the world. BDE-209, followed by BDE-47 and -99 dominated the PBDE compositions, indicating a mixed deca- and penta-BDE source. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed that the major potential source regions of BDE-47 and -99 could be southern China and Thailand, while those of BDE-209 are widely distributed in industrialized and urbanized areas in tropical Asia. The different lead isotope compositions of aerosols between trajectory clusters further substantiated the observation that the South Asian monsoon from spring to summer could penetrate deep into southwestern China, and facilitate long-range transport of airborne pollutants from South Asia.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Xu, Yue and Zhang, Gan and Li, Jun and Liu, Xiang and Li, Xiangdong},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21855958},
	keywords = {Aerosols, Aerosols: analysis, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, China, Cyclonic Storms, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Isotopes, Isotopes: analysis, Lead, Lead: analysis, Seasons},
	pages = {4564--71},
}





@article{wu_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from {Guiyu}, {China}.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818},
	doi = {10.1021/es9024518},
	abstract = {We aimed to evaluate the exposure of neonates to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from a primitive e-waste (obsolete electrical and electronic devices) recycling area, in Guiyu, China, and a control area, Chaonan, China, through umbilical cord blood (UCB), the health effects, and relevant factors. Questionnaires were addressed, and UCB was collected shortly after birth from 153 pregnant women between May and July 2007. Blood samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extracting methods. PBDE concentration was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ionization mode. The total PBDE concentration was higher in UCB samples from Guiyu than in Chaonan samples (median 13.84, range 1.14-504.97 ng g(-1) lipid, vs 5.23, range 0.29-363.70 ng g(-1) lipid) (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). BDE-209 was the dominant PBDE congener, followed by BDE-47, -153, and -99. Residence in Guiyu, which is a site for e-waste recycling, involvement in e-waste recycling, and the residence also being used as a family workshop were significant factors contributing to PBDE exposure. PBDE levels significantly differed in neonates by normal birth and adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature delivery (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). The neonates from Guiyu are exposed to high levels of PBDEs. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs may affect neonates' health in Guiyu, which still needs to be evaluated in larger epidemiological studies.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Wu, Kusheng and Xu, Xijin and Liu, Junxiao and Guo, Yongyong and Li, Yan and Huo, Xia},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20000818},
	keywords = {China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum},
	pages = {813--9},
}





@techreport{world_health_organization_environmental_1998,
	title = {Environmental {Health} {Criteria} 209: {Flame} retardants : tris ( chloropropyl ) phosphate and tris ( 2- chloroethyl ) phosphate.},
	author = {{World Health Organization}},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},
}





@article{wong_export_2007,
	title = {Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling.},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.044},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants such as flame retardants (PBDEs), dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals/metalloid concentrations of different environmental media at Guiyu, a traditional rice-growing village located in southeastern Guangdong Province (PR China), which has turned into an intensive electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site. Incomplete combustion of e-waste in open air and dumping of processed materials are the major sources of various toxic chemicals. By comparing with existing data available in other areas and also guidelines adopted in different countries, it is obvious that the environment is highly contaminated by these toxic chemicals derived from the recycling processes. For example, the monthly concentration of the sum of 22 PBDE congeners contained in PM(2.5) (16.8ngm(-3)) of air samples at Guiyu was 100 times higher than published data. In order to safeguard the environment and human health, detailed investigations are urgently needed, especially on tracking the exposure pathways of different toxic chemicals which may affect the workers and local residents especially mothers, infants and children.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental pollution},
	author = {Wong, M H and Wu, S C and Deng, W J and Yu, X Z and Luo, Q and Leung, A O W and Wong, C S C and Luksemburg, W J and Wong, A S},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17412468},
	keywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Aromatic: toxicity, China, Developing Countries, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: toxicity, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Manufactured Materials, Metals, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, eol, frelec},
	pages = {131--40},
}





@article{wong_fate_2012,
	title = {Fate of brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides in urban soil: volatility and degradation.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402},
	doi = {10.1021/es203287x},
	abstract = {As the uses of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are being phased out in many countries, soils could become a secondary emission source to the atmosphere. It is also anticipated that the demand for alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) will grow, but little is known about their environmental fate in soils. In this study, the volatility and degradation of BFRs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil was investigated. A low organic carbon (5.6\%) urban soil was spiked with a suite of BFRs and OCPs, followed by incubation under laboratory condition for 360 days. These included BDE- 17, -28, -47, -99; α- and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), β-1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), OCPs: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) and (13)C(6)-α-HCH, trans-chlordane (TC), and (13)C(10)-TC. The volatility of spiked chemicals was investigated using a fugacity meter to measure the soil-air partition coefficient (K(SA)). K(SA) of some spiked BFRs and OCPs increased from Day 10 to 60 or 90 and leveled off afterward. This suggests that the volatility of BFRs and OCPs decreases over time as the chemicals become more strongly bound to the soil. Degradation of alternative BFRs (α- and β-TBECH, β-TBCO, DPTE), BDE-17, and α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was evident in soils over 360 days, but no degradation was observed for the BDE-28, -47, -99, and TC ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled). A method to separate the enantiomers of α-TBECH and β-TBCO was developed and their degradation, along with α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was enantioselective. This is the first study which reports the enantioselective degradation of chiral BFRs in soils. Discrepancies between the enantiomer fraction (EF) of chemicals extracted from the soil by dichloromethane (DCM) and air were found. It is suggested that DCM removes both the sequestered and loosely bound fractions of chemicals in soil, whereas air accesses only the loosely bound fraction, and these two pools are subject to different degrees of enantioselective degradation. This calls for caution when interpreting EFs obtained from DCM extraction of soil with EFs in ambient air.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Wong, Fiona and Kurt-Karakus, Perihan and Bidleman, Terry F},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22243402},
	keywords = {Air, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Cities, Environmental Remediation, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Volatilization},
	pages = {2668--74},
}





@article{wu_human_2007,
	title = {Human exposure to {PBDEs}: associations of {PBDE} body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645},
	abstract = {This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2-8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Wu, Nerissa and Herrmann, Thomas and Paepke, Olaf and Tickner, Joel and Hale, Robert and Harvey, L Ellen and La Guardia, Mark and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17396645},
	keywords = {Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Food, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Questionnaires, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1584--9},
}





@article{wu_human_2007,
	title = {Human {Exposure} to {PBDEs}: {Associations} of {PBDE} {Body} {Burdens} with {Food} {Consumption} and {House} {Dust} {Concentrations}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282},
	doi = {10.1021/es0620282},
	abstract = {This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs. This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Wu, Nerissa and Herrmann, Thomas and Paepke, Olaf and Tickner, Joel and Hale, Robert and Harvey, Ellen and La Guardia, Mark and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1584--1589},
}





@article{wu_review_2012,
	title = {A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from {China}: levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics.},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1001-0742},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375},
	abstract = {Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},
	author = {Wu, Jiangping and Zhang, Ying and Luo, Xiaojun and She, Yazhe and Yu, Lehuan and Chen, Shejun and Mai, Bixian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22655375},
	keywords = {Animals, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Time Factors, Wild},
	pages = {183--94},
}





@article{woods_long-lived_2012,
	title = {Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal {PBDE} exposure and {Mecp2308} mutation.},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1460-2083},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/hmg/dds046},
	abstract = {The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Human molecular genetics},
	author = {Woods, Rima and Vallero, Roxanne O and Golub, Mari S and Suarez, Joanne K and Ta, Tram Anh and Yasui, Dag H and Chi, Lai-Har and Kostyniak, Paul J and Pessah, Isaac N and Berman, Robert F and LaSalle, Janine M},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22343140},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: genetics, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Epigenomics, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Inbred Strains, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: genetics, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: metabolism, Mice, Mutation, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity},
	pages = {2399--411},
}





@article{windham_body_2010,
	title = {Body burdens of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organo-halogenated compounds and their descriptors in {US} girls.},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {1096-0953},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.004},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Levels of brominated flame retardants are increasing in US populations, yet little data are available on body burdens of these and other persistent hormonally active agents (HAAs) in school-aged children. Exposures to such chemicals may affect a number of health outcomes related to development and reproductive function. OBJECTIVE: Determine the distribution of biomarkers of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organo-chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT/DDE, in children, and their variation by key descriptor variables. METHODS: Ethnically diverse cohorts of girls 6-8 y old at baseline are being followed for growth and pubertal development in a multi-site, longitudinal study. Nearly 600 serum samples from the California and Ohio sites were analyzed for lipids, 35 PCB congeners, 11 PBDE congeners, and 9 OCPs. The biomarker distributions were examined and geometric means compared for selected analytes across categories of age, race, site, body mass index (BMI), parental education, maternal age at delivery, and breast feeding in adjusted models. RESULTS: Six PBDE congeners were detected among greater than 70\% of samples, with BDE-47 having the highest concentration (median 42.2, range 4.9-855 ng/g lipid). Girls in California had adjusted geometric mean (GM) PBDE levels significantly higher than girls in Ohio. Furthermore, Blacks had significantly higher adjusted GMs of all six PBDE congeners than Whites, and Hispanics had intermediate values. GMs tended to be lower among more obese girls, while other variables were not strongly associated. In contrast, GMs of the six PCB congeners most frequently detected were significantly lower among Blacks and Hispanics than Whites. PCBs and the three pesticides most frequently detected were also consistently lower among girls with high BMI, who were not breast-fed, whose mothers were younger, or whose care-givers (usually parents) were less educated. Girls in California had higher GMs than in Ohio for the pesticides and most PCB congeners, but the opposite for CB-99 and -118. CONCLUSIONS: Several of these potential HAAs were detected in nearly all of these young girls, some at relatively high levels, with variation by geographic location and other demographic factors that may reflect exposure pathways. The higher PBDE levels in California likely reflect differences in fire regulation and safety codes, with potential policy implications.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental research},
	author = {Windham, Gayle C and Pinney, Susan M and Sjodin, Andreas and Lum, Raymond and Jones, Richard S and Needham, Larry L and Biro, Frank M and Hiatt, Robert A and Kushi, Lawrence H},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20129604},
	keywords = {Body Burden, Child, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Ohio, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, United States, california, ffr, frelec, hum},
	pages = {251--7},
}





@article{wilson_polystyrene_2009,
	title = {Polystyrene insulation: {Does} it belong in a green building?},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental Building News},
	author = {Wilson, A},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg},
}





@article{williams_potential_2010,
	title = {The potential of selected brominated flame retardants to affect neurological development.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1521-6950},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854},
	doi = {10.1080/10937401003751630},
	abstract = {Various brominated flame retardants (BFR), including polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are commonly used in household items and electronics and have been detected in the environment and/or the bodily fluids of people, including children. Some studies in animals suggest that exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA during the perinatal period may affect locomotor activity and/or memory and learning. Epidemiological studies showing similar effects in humans, however, are lacking. To assess whether an association exists between perinatal exposure and development of consistent neurobehavioral alterations, published animal studies investigating perinatal exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA with specific neurobehavioral evaluations-particularly, assessments of motor activity-were reviewed for consistency of results. Our analysis shows that although the majority of studies suggest that perinatal exposure affects motor activity, the effects observed were not consistent. This lack of consistency includes the type of motor activity (locomotion, rearing, or total activity) affected, the direction (increase or decrease) and pattern of change associated with exposure, the existence of a dose response, the permanency of findings, and the possibility of gender differences in response. Interestingly, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)-compliant studies that followed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing found no adverse effects associated with exposure to PBDE209, HBCD, or TBBPA at doses that were orders of magnitude higher and administered over longer durations than those used in the other studies examined herein. The lack of consistency across studies precludes establishment of a causal relationship between perinatal exposure to these substances and alterations in motor activity.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews},
	author = {Williams, Amy Lavin and DeSesso, John M},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20582854},
	keywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Risk Assessment},
	pages = {411--48},
}





@article{wilford_passive_2004,
	title = {Passive {Sampling} {Survey} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Air} in {Ottawa}, {Canada}: {Implications} for {Sources} and {Exposure}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x},
	doi = {10.1021/es049260x},
	abstract = {The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations ({\textbackslash}textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1\% (f) and 4.4\% (m) of overall daily intake. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations ({\textbackslash}textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1\% (f) and 4.4\% (m) of overall daily intake.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Wilford, Bryony H. and Harner, Tom and Zhu, Jiping and Shoeib, Mahiba and Jones, Kevin C.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {5312--5318},
}





@article{wiseman_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs: environmental sources, metabolic relationships, and relative toxicities.},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.008},
	abstract = {Brominated compounds are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are anthropogenic compounds of concern. Studies suggest that PBDEs can be biotransformed to hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDE). However, the rate of OH-BDE formation observed has been extremely small. OH-BDEs have also been identified as natural compounds produced by some marine invertebrates. Another class of compounds, the methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs), has also been identified as natural compounds in the marine environment. Both the OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs bioaccumulate in higher marine organisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that MeO-BDEs can be biotransformed to OH-BDEs and this generates greater amounts of OH-BDEs than could be generated from PBDEs. Consequently, MeO-BDEs likely represent the primary source of metabolically derived OH-BDEs. Given that for some endpoints OH-BDEs often exhibit greater toxicity compared to PBDEs, it is prudent to consider OH-BDEs as chemicals of concern, despite their seemingly "natural" origins.},
	number = {5-12},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Wiseman, Steve B and Wan, Yi and Chang, Hong and Zhang, Xiaowei and Hecker, Markus and Jones, Paul D and Giesy, John P},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21439595},
	keywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation},
	pages = {179--88},
}





@article{williamson_role_2004,
	title = {The role of interior finish in fire development},
	volume = {Fall},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Fire Protection Engineering},
	author = {Williamson, R B and Mowrer, F W},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {26--29,32--34,36,38--40},
}





@article{williamson_corner_1973,
	title = {A corner fire test to simulate residential fires},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Fire and Flammability},
	author = {Williamson, R B and Baron, F M},
	year = {1973},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {99--105},
}





@article{wichmann_thermal_2002,
	title = {Thermal formation of {PBDD}/{F} from tetrabromobisphenol {A}–a comparison of polymer linked {TBBP} {A} with its additive incorporation in thermoplastics.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610},
	abstract = {For a long period, polybrominated flame retardants are under discussion because of the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD)/dibenzofurans (PBDF) (PBDD/F) in case of thermal stress. Concerning polymer linked tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), formation of PBDD/F was commonly presumed to be sterically hindered because of the covalent fixation into the polymer backbone. Combustion experiments with additively incorporated TBBP A compared with its polymer linkage revealed, that this assumption is incorrect and has to be revised. Under same conditions, similar PBDD/F concentrations in the range of 17.5-19.6 mg PBBD/F per kg TBBP A applied were analyzed. PBDD/F homologue distribution patterns were almost identical predominated by low brominated PBDF. These findings for PBDD/F formation have to be considered in future discussions regarding thermal stress caused by combustion or recycling processes, including other flame retardants bound in polymer matrix, e.g. polybrominated polystyrene (PS), or those with molecular structures showing less analogy to PBDD/F, like hexabromocyclododecane. The second aspect introduced, is the influence of different plastics on the formation rates of PBDD/F. In this context, combustion experiments were performed in an atmosphere consisting of synthetic air and HBr. PBDD/F concentrations were 8.47 mg/kg polyethylene, 1.67 mg/kg PS, 3.92 mg/kg phenolic resin and 18.1 mg/kg epoxy resin. Distribution patterns of PBDD/F homologues could partly be correlated with the occurrence of the precursors polybrominated benzenes and phenols.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Wichmann, H and Dettmer, F T and Bahadir, M},
	month = apr,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11999610},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Temperature, com, frelec},
	pages = {349--55},
}





@techreport{who_polybrominated_1998,
	address = {Geneva},
	title = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. {Environmental} {Health} {Criteria} 205.},
	url = {http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm},
	author = {{WHO}},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{whitehead_estimating_nodate,
	title = {Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust.},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1559-064X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188},
	doi = {10.1038/jes.2011.11},
	abstract = {Residential dust has been used as a medium for assessing human exposures to a constellation of indoor contaminants including radionuclides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, allergens, and tobacco smoke. Here, we review and comment on investigations of household dust levels of particular analytes of health significance, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In doing so, we not only describe methods for collecting and analyzing residential dust, but also describe global patterns in dust levels. Aside from geographic location, we discuss several potential determinants for dust levels of these contaminants. We also review previous estimates of the contribution of dust to overall intake of these three chemical classes and show how residential-dust measurements could be useful in either augmenting or replacing questionnaire-based assessment of human exposures in epidemiological studies. We conclude our review with a discussion of the current gaps in knowledge of worldwide dust levels and suggestions for how residential-dust measurements could be used to describe human exposures to chemicals in developing countries.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of exposure science \& environmental epidemiology},
	author = {Whitehead, Todd and Metayer, Catherine and Buffler, Patricia and Rappaport, Stephen M},
	pmid = {21522188},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Developing Countries, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods},
	pages = {549--64},
}





@article{weschler_svoc_2010,
	title = {{SVOC} partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors},
	volume = {44},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029},
	number = {30},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	author = {Weschler, Charles J and Nazaroff, William W},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {3609--3620},
}





@article{weschler_semivolatile_2008,
	title = {Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {13522310},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052},
	doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052},
	abstract = {Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments, redistributing from their original sources to all indoor surfaces. Exposures resulting from their indoor presence contribute to detectable body burdens of diverse SVOCs, including pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants. This paper critically examines equilibrium partitioning of SVOCs among indoor compartments. It proceeds to evaluate kinetic constraints on sorptive partitioning to organic matter on fixed surfaces and airborne particles. Analyses indicate that equilibrium partitioning is achieved faster for particles than for typical indoor surfaces; indeed, for a strongly sorbing SVOC and a thick sorptive reservoir, equilibrium partitioning is never achieved. Mass-balance considerations are used to develop physical-science-based models that connect source- and sink-rates to airborne concentrations for commonly encountered situations, such as the application of a pesticide or the emission of a plasticizer or flame retardant from its host material. Calculations suggest that many SVOCs have long indoor persistence, even after the primary source is removed. If the only removal mechanism is ventilation, moderately sorbing compounds (Koa {\textbackslash}textgreater 1010) may persist indoors for hundreds to thousands of hours, while strongly sorbing compounds (Koa {\textbackslash}textgreater 1012) may persist for years. The paper concludes by applying the newly developed framework to explore exposure pathways of building occupants to indoor SVOCs. Accumulation of SVOCs as a consequence of direct air-to-human transport is shown to be potentially large, with a maximum indoor-air processing rate of 10–20 m3/h for SVOC uptake by human skin, hair and clothing. Levels on human skin calculated with a simple model of direct air-to-skin transfer agree remarkably well with levels measured in dermal hand wipes for SVOCs possessing a wide range of octanol–air partition coefficients.},
	number = {40},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	author = {WESCHLER, C and NAZAROFF, W},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Exposure, Flame retardants, Pesticides, Plasticizers, dynamic behavior, partitioning},
	pages = {9018--9040},
}





@article{weschler_svoc_2012,
	title = {{SVOC} exposure indoors: fresh look at dermal pathways.},
	volume = {22},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00772.x},
	abstract = {Abstract This paper critically examines indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) via dermal pathways. First, it demonstrates that - in central tendency - an SVOC's abundance on indoor surfaces and in handwipes can be predicted reasonably well from gas-phase concentrations, assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium prevails. Then, equations are developed, based upon idealized mass-transport considerations, to estimate transdermal penetration of an SVOC either from its concentration in skin-surface lipids or its concentration in air. Kinetic constraints limit air-to-skin transport in the case of SVOCs that strongly sorb to skin-surface lipids. Air-to-skin transdermal uptake is estimated to be comparable to or larger than inhalation intake for many SVOCs of current or potential interest indoors, including butylated hydroxytoluene, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diethyl phthalate, Galaxolide, geranyl acetone, nicotine (in free-base form), PCB28, PCB52, Phantolide, Texanol and Tonalide. Although air-to-skin transdermal uptake is anticipated to be slow for bisphenol A, we find that transdermal permeation may nevertheless be substantial following its transfer to skin via contact with contaminated surfaces. The paper concludes with explorations of the influence of particles and dust on dermal exposure, the role of clothing and bedding as transport vectors, and the potential significance of hair follicles as transport shunts through the epidermis. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Human exposure to indoor pollutants can occur through dietary and nondietary ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Many factors influence the relative importance of these pathways, including physical and chemical properties of the pollutants. This paper argues that exposure to indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through the dermal pathway has often been underestimated. Transdermal permeation of SVOCs can be substantially greater than is commonly assumed. Transport of SVOCs from the air to and through the skin is typically not taken into account in exposure assessments. Yet, for certain SVOCs, intake through skin is estimated to be substantially larger than intake through inhalation. Exposure scientists, risk assessors, and public health officials should be mindful of the dermal pathway when estimating exposures to indoor SVOCs. Also, they should recognize that health consequences vary with exposure pathway. For example, an SVOC that enters the blood through the skin does not encounter the same detoxifying enzymes that an ingested SVOC would experience in the stomach, intestines, and liver before it enters the blood.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Indoor air},
	author = {Weschler, C J and Nazaroff, W W},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Lipids, air-to-skin transport, handwipes, partitioning, permeability coefficient, skin-surface, transdermal permeation},
	pages = {356--377},
}





@article{wen_particle-bound_2011,
	title = {Particle-bound {PCDD}/{Fs} in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in {China}.},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0895-3988},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680},
	doi = {10.3967/0895-3988.2011.02.003},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). METHODS: Particulate samples including total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter {\textbackslash}textless2.5 μm diameter (PM(2.5)) were collected on selected non-rainy days in summer (Jul 10-12, 2006) and winter (Jan 11-13, 2007) from Fengjiang (FJ), an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao (LQ). The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution - high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). RESULTS: In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations (mean TEQ values) were 280.6 pg Nm(-3) (3.432 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm(-3) (3.180 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the PM(2.5) samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM(2.5) samples were about 66.8\%-108.0\% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for adults and 110.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO (1998) tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg of WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1). CONCLUSION: The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e-waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES},
	author = {Wen, Sheng and Gong, Yan and Li, Jingguang and Shi, Tingming and Zhao, Yunfeng and Wu, Yongning},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21565680},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Occupational Exposure, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Seasons, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry},
	pages = {102--11},
}





@article{weijs_occurrence_2010,
	title = {Occurrence of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organohalogenated compounds in tissues of {Black} {Sea} harbour porpoises.},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.022},
	abstract = {Harbour porpoises are one of the three cetacean species inhabiting the Black Sea. This is the first study to report on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced compounds, methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs), in tissues (kidney, brain, blubber, liver, muscle) of male harbour porpoises (11 adults, 9 juveniles) from the Black Sea. Lipid-normalized concentrations decreased from muscle{\textbackslash}textgreaterblubber{\textbackslash}textgreaterliver{\textbackslash}textgreaterkidney{\textbackslash}textgreaterbrain for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and for the sum of PBDEs. Among the naturally-produced compounds, levels of PBHDs were higher than of MeO-PBDEs, with tri-BHD and 6-MeO-BDE 47 being the dominant compounds for both groups, respectively. Concentrations of naturally-produced compounds decreased from blubber to brain, similarly to the sum of DDT and metabolites (DDXs). Concentrations of DDXs were highest, followed by PCBs, HCB, PBHDs, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. Levels of PCBs and PBDEs in blubber were lower than concentrations reported for harbour porpoises from the North Sea, while concentrations of DDXs were higher.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Weijs, Liesbeth and Das, Krishna and Neels, Hugo and Blust, Ronny and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20031175},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Eastern, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Oceans and Seas, Phocoena, Phocoena: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Xanthenes, Xanthenes: analysis, Xanthenes: pharmacokinetics},
	pages = {725--31},
}





@inproceedings{webster_pentabde_2010,
	address = {Kyoto, Japan},
	title = {{PentaBDE} alternatives in homes, offices and cars.},
	url = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf},
	abstract = {PentaBDE was phased out of production in the USA in 2004 and was recently added to the Stockholm Convention. Nevertheless, large quantities remain in use in polyurethane foam furniture in North America. At least two major replacements for pentaBDE are used in the USA. Firemaster 550 (FM550) consists of approximately 50\% triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and isopropylated triaryl phosphate and 50\% brominated flame retardants. We previously identified the two brominated components as bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5- tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (Stapleton et al 2008b). TBPH has also been used separately as a product called DP-45, e.g., in wires and cables containing polyvinylchloride. A second major pentaBDE replacement is tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). TDCPP and TPP have been used for decades as flame retardants or plasticizers (TPP only) in a wide variety of applications (Stapleton et al 2009a). As discussed elsewhere at this meeting, TDCPP is fairly well metabolized in humans; TDCPP or its metabolites may be developmentally neurotoxic (Stapleton et al 2010). We recently reported on the presence of pentaBDE replacements in house dust as well as foam samples (Stapleton et al 2008b, 2009a). However, no data are available on the concentrations of these compounds in dust from offices or cars. As fire codes can be stricter for office furniture than for residential furniture, dust concentrations of pentaBDE and its replacements may be higher in offices than homes. Furthermore, no data are available on time trends of these compounds in dust. We therefore collected dust from homes, offices and cars in the Boston, MA area and compared our results with our earlier work. In these offices we also collected air samples and handwipes. Materials},
	booktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Webster, TF and Watkins, DJ and Walker, C and Fraser, AJ and Heiger-Bernays, W and Stapleton, HM and McClean, MD},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},
}





@inproceedings{weber_new_2010,
	address = {Kyoto, Japan},
	title = {New {POPs}- {The} unique challenge of controlling {PBDEs} under the {Stockholm} {Convention}.},
	url = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf},
	abstract = {In May 2009 certain congeners contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether 1 (‘PentaBDE') and octabromodiphenyl ethers2 (‘OctaBDE') were added to Annex A of the Stockholm Convention3 by the fourth Conference of the Parties in Geneva. As a consequence of this these chemicals are officially recognised as persistent organic pollutants (‘POPs') and may no longer be produced. Furthermore Article 6 of the Convention requires that wastes containing POPs be managed in a manner protective of human health and the environment (Stockholm Convention 2001). The new listing therefore requires each party of the Stockholm Convention to take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate releases of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from stockpiles and wastes.4 The listing of these PBDEs5, unlike the original Stockholm POPs, includes specific exemptions allowing for recycling and the use in articles of recycled materials containing these chemicals (Textbox 1) (Stockholm Convention 2009a,b). This exemption generated significant discussion about whether it could be considered to be consistent with the principal objective6 of the Stockholm Convention which is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. Recycling of POPs inevitably increases the possibilities of generating new environmental and health risks. The possibility to include POPs in recycled products lead to exposure in the recycling stage (and future recycling cycles) and even generates the possibility that the ‘second life' exposure may be greater than in previous uses. The long-term implications of allowing POPs to be released in what is likely to be an uncontrolled fashion also raises serious questions about whether the exemptions compromise the objectives of the Convention. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee was therefore requested to make recommendations to the Conference of the Parties to address the above concerns. These recommendations will be based on information gathered from Parties and observers, and informed by a technical report provided by external consultants.},
	booktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Weber, R and Watson, A and Webster, T},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@article{wichman_material_2003,
	title = {Material flammability, combustion, toxicity and fire hazard in transportation.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {03601285},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3},
	doi = {10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3},
	abstract = {Many materials used in transportation vehicles are combustible, often dramatically so. These materials may include gases, liquids and solids. They are sometimes employed in order to increase fuel efficiency, reduce manufacturing cost or meet other market demands such as durability or appearance. Extensive research has been conducted on such materials both with and without the expressed intent of applying the results directly to transportation. Combustion and fire research, considered generally, are much broader than (and in fact encompass), the specific applications to transportation issues discussed here. Much if not most of fire and combustion research, therefore, has a direct bearing on transportation. This review ties together disparate subjects of fundamental fire and combustion research that have relevance to transportation fire. The goal is to provide a technical overview of the combustion literature related to, but not exclusively concerned with or focused on, transportation fire safety. Although they are not a large percentage of transportation-related fatalities, fires can be costly in human and economic terms. In the United States, post-collision fires occur in 1–5\% of fatal motor vehicle accidents, while approximately 20\% of air traffic fatalities are attributed to fire. This review addresses scientific and technical engineering issues in the fields of fire initiation; fire spread; products of combustion and their toxicity; and practical fire prevention in vehicles and other modes of transportation.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science},
	author = {Wichman, I},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {247--299},
}





@book{who_polybrominated_1998,
	address = {Geneva},
	title = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({EHC} 205)},
	url = {http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm},
	publisher = {World Health Organization},
	author = {{WHO}},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{webster_identifying_2009,
	title = {Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE} 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy.},
	volume = {43},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf},
	abstract = {Although the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust has been linked to consumer products, the mechanism of transfer remains poorly understood. We conjecture that volatilized PBDEs will be associated with dust particles containing organic matter and will be homogeneously distributed in house dust. In contrast, PBDEs arising from weathering or abrasion of polymers should remain bound to particles of the original polymer matrix and will be heterogeneously distributed within the dust. We used scanning electron microscopy and othertools of environmental forensic microscopy to investigate PBDEs in dust, examining U.S. and U.K. dust samples with extremely high levels of BDE 209 (260-2600 microg/g), a nonvolatile compound at room temperature. We found that the bromine in these samples was concentrated in widely scattered, highly contaminated particles. In the house dust samples from Boston (U.S.), bromine was associated with a polymer/organic matrix. These results suggest that the BDE 209 was transferred to dust via physical processes such as abrasion or weathering. In conjunction with more traditional tools of environmental chemistry, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), environmental forensic microscopy provides novel insights into the origins of BDE 209 in dust and their mechanisms of transfer from products.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Webster, Thomas F and Harrad, Stuart and Millette, James R and Holbrook, R David and Davis, Jeffrey M and Stapleton, Heather M and Allen, Joseph G and McClean, Michael D and Ibarra, Catalina and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electron, Environment, Flame retardants, Forensic Sciences, Forensic Sciences: instrumentation, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infrared, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Scanning, Spectrophotometry},
	pages = {3067--3072},
}





@article{weber_relevance_2003,
	title = {Relevance of {BFRs} and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01604120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089},
	doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00118-1},
	abstract = {The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition. Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions. In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Weber, R},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12850089},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {699--710},
}





@article{watkins_exposure_2011,
	title = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.},
	volume = {119},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Fraser, Alicia J and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Handwashing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires},
	pages = {1247--1252},
}





@article{wang_development_2011,
	title = {Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water.},
	volume = {1218},
	issn = {1873-3778},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067},
	abstract = {Widely used as flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are now broadly present in the indoor and outdoor environments. Currently available liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods share some drawbacks with gas chromatography (GC) methods, including time consuming, limited target OPEs, incomplete separation capability for some OPEs and low throughput. In this study, a fast and high throughput LC-MS/MS method was developed. For the first time, all the twelve OPEs that have been studied in literature, ranging from the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate to the very hydrophobic and non-volatile tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, were separated within 11 min. Different from previous studies, we found that the blank contamination was mainly from organic mobile phase rather than the enrichment process, and it can be efficiently eliminated by using acetonitrile rather than methanol as the organic phase of the mobile phase. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) was significantly improved by using 0.1\% formic acid as an organic modifier. The method exhibited high throughput and sensitivity and can baseline separate 11 of the 12 OPEs studied within 11 min with LOQs ranging from 2 to 6 ng/L. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 2-10\%. For both reagent water and river water, the spiked recoveries of OPEs ranged from 70 to 110\%, except for the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate that has recovery below 10\%. The developed procedure was successfully applied to study the OPE contamination of the Songhua River, and it was found that all the target OPEs were detected with total concentrations of around 1 μg/L in the river waters.},
	number = {38},
	journal = {Journal of chromatography. A},
	author = {Wang, Xiao-wei and Liu, Jing-fu and Yin, Yong-guang},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21835412},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {6705--11},
}





@article{wang_improved_2011,
	title = {Improved measurements of partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679},
	doi = {10.1021/es103087a},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants with strong hydrophobicity. Due to their strong affinity for organic matter, accurate measurement of adsorption coefficients for PBDEs using conventional batch methods can be confounded by biases caused by their sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this study, sorption isotherms were constructed for BDE-47 and BDE-99 in sediments by using different methods to measure the aqueous phase concentration Cw. Upon centrifugation, Cw measured by automated solid-phase microextraction (Cw-SPME) was consistently smaller than by liquid-liquid extraction (Cw-LLE), suggesting substantial association of PBDEs with DOC. Significant underestimations (1.2-106-fold) of sediment-water partition coefficient Kd occurred when Cw was measured by LLE. The log KDOC values derived from the SPME measurements ranged from 5.10 to 8.02 for eight congeners from BDE-28 to BDE-183, suggesting a strong tendency for PBDEs to complex with DOC. This study showed that PBDE congeners have larger sorption coefficients than would be measured by the conventional method. The high affinity to DOC also means a potential for DOC-facilitated transport, thus enhancing the environmental mobility of PBDEs.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Wang, Wei and Delgado-Moreno, Laura and Ye, Qingfu and Gan, Jay},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21210679},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {1521--7},
}





@article{wang_hormesis_2012,
	title = {The hormesis effect of {BDE}-47 in {HepG2} cells and the potential molecular mechanism.},
	volume = {209},
	issn = {1879-3169},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.014},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) had been used extensively in electrical and electronic products as brominated flame retardants. PBDEs are widely distributed in environment media and wildlife since they are lipophilic and persistent, resulting in bioaccumulation and bioamplification through food chains. Accumulation of PBDEs in the environment and human tissues will consequently cause potential negative effects on the ecological environment and human health. To date, some in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PBDEs possess neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproduction toxicity, endocrine disrupting activity and carcinogenicity. BDE-47 is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners detected in human tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate whether low concentration of BDE-47 could cause hormesis effect in the human hepatoma HepG(2) cells, and to explore the possible molecular mechanism. The results showed that low concentration of BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) could promote cell proliferation and cause no obvious change in DNA damage or cell apoptosis, while the high concentration significantly inhibit cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in low concentration BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) treated groups significantly elevated compared with the control group. After low concentration BDE-47 treatment, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) in the HepG(2) cells was markedly up-regulated. However, in DNA-PKcs inhibited cells, the promotion effect on cell proliferation was significantly suppressed. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant decrease in G1 phase after exposure to low concentration of BDE-47. Moreover, pre-exposure to low concentration BDE-47 seemed alleviate the negative effects of high concentration (50 μM) exposure to cause DNA damage and apoptosis. These results suggested that BDE-47 has a hormesis effect in HepG(2) cells and DNA-PKcs/Akt pathway may be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Wang, Liulin and Zou, Wen and Zhong, Yufang and An, Jing and Zhang, Xinyu and Wu, Minghong and Yu, Zhiqiang},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22233939},
	keywords = {Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Blotting, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: physiology, Comet Assay, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D1: metabolism, DNA Damage, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hep G2 Cells, Hormesis, Hormesis: drug effects, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: metabolism, Western},
	pages = {193--201},
}





@article{weber_toxicity_1997,
	title = {The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview.},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0098-4108},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873},
	abstract = {Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans can be formed under laboratory conditions by pyrolysis of flame retardants based on polybrominated biphenyls and biphenyl ethers. Their occurrence in the environment, however, is due to combustion processes such as municipal waste incineration and internal combustion engines. As these processes generally take place in the presence of an excess of chlorine, predominantly mixed brominated and chlorinated compounds have been identified so far in environmental samples. Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins or dibenzofurans bind to the cytosolic Ah receptor about as avidly as their chlorinated congeners and induce hepatic microsomal enzymes with comparable potency. The same holds true for mixed brominated-chlorinated compounds. Gross pathologic symptoms-hypothyroidism, thymic atrophy, wasting of body mass, lethality-also occur at doses that, on a molar concentration basis, are virtually identical to those seen with the chlorinated compounds. Their potency to induce malformations in mice following prenatal exposure is equivalent to that of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Possible activities as (co)carcinogens and endocrine disrupters have not been evaluated, but are likely to exist. Considering the overall similarity in action of chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, environmental and health assessments should be based on molar body burdens without discrimination for the nature of the halogen.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health},
	author = {Weber, L W and Greim, H},
	month = feb,
	year = {1997},
	pmid = {9055873},
	keywords = {Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Structure-Activity Relationship},
	pages = {195--215},
}





@article{watkins_exposure_2011,
	title = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1003271},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Fraser, Alicia J and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21715243},
	keywords = {Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires},
	pages = {1247--52},
}





@article{watanabe_functional_2010,
	title = {Functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally.},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {1096-9071},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825},
	doi = {10.1002/jmv.21770},
	abstract = {Perinatal exposure to a representative flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), was shown previously to increase viral titers in the lungs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected offspring on day 5 post-infection, resulting in exacerbation of pneumonia. In this study, the significant increase of pulmonary viral titers was confirmed even on day 1 post-infection and the effect on the primary immune response to RSV infection were examined to assess a mode of DBDE action on developmental immunotoxicity. On day 1 after infection, the secretion of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased significantly in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid prepared from RSV-infected offspring exposed to DBDE perinatally, but IL-1beta increased. However, in ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation test, the productivity of TNF-alpha in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells, which are mainly primary immune cells responding to RSV infection, prepared from offspring mice exposed to DBDE perinatally was not lower than that in the control. The primary immune cells retained normally the ability of cytokine production after the DBDE exposure. Gene expressions of innate pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptor 3 and 4, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I) in lung tissues were not affected by DBDE exposure. Because the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta are known to be elevated in the lungs of RSV-infected mice, these irregular productions due to perinatal DBDE exposure indicate a disorder of the primary immune response to RSV infection. Thus, perinatal exposure to DBDE was suggested to cause a functional disorder of primary immunity responding to RSV infection.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of medical virology},
	author = {Watanabe, Wataru and Shimizu, Tomomi and Sawamura, Rie and Hino, Akane and Konno, Katsuhiko and Kurokawa, Masahiko},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20419825},
	keywords = {Animals, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: chemistry, Cytokines, Cytokines: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Immunity, Immunologic Factors, Immunologic Factors: toxicity, Inbred BALB C, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lung, Lung: immunology, Lung: pathology, Lung: virology, Male, Mice, Organ Culture Techniques, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: immunology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: pathology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: virology, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses: immunology, frelec, tox},
	pages = {1075--82},
}





@article{watanabe_effects_2008,
	title = {Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether ({DBDE}) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1382-6689},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381},
	doi = {10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.004},
	abstract = {Decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), a representative brominated flame retardant ubiquitous in the environment, is suspected of being hazardous to humans. We evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of DBDE by an assay system using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in offspring mice. Pregnant mice were continuously exposed to DBDE (10, 100, 1000, or 10,000ppm) in the diet from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. Offspring mice born to these dams were intranasally infected with RSV. Virus titers in the lungs of RSV-infected offspring exposed perinatally to DBDE increased dose-dependently compared with the control. The level of interferon-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and gene expression of the chemokine RANTES in the lungs were also significantly elevated in offspring mice exposed to DBDE. Histopathological analysis revealed that pneumonia in the lungs of offspring mice exposed to 10,000ppm of DBDE was exacerbated compared with the control. These results indicate that DBDE is a developmental immunotoxic agent.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},
	author = {Watanabe, Wataru and Shimizu, Tomomi and Hino, Akane and Kurokawa, Masahiko},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {21791381},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {315--9},
}





@article{wang_behavior_2011,
	title = {Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.035},
	abstract = {A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass and the influence of root colonization with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. BDE-209 dissipation in soil varied with its proximity to the roots and was enhanced by AM inoculation. A negative correlation (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.66) was found between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and soil microbial biomass estimated as the total phospholipid fatty acids, suggesting a contribution of microbial degradation to BDE-209 dissipation. Twelve and twenty-four lower brominated PBDEs were detected in soil and plant samples, respectively, with a higher proportion of di- through hepta-BDE congeners in the plant tissues than in the soils, indicating the occurrence of BDE-209 debromination in the soil-plant system. AM inoculation increased the levels of lower brominated PBDEs in ryegrass. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Wang, Sen and Zhang, Shuzhen and Huang, Honglin and Christie, Peter},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21183262},
	keywords = {Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fungi, Fungi: drug effects, Fungi: metabolism, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycota: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: metabolism, Lolium: microbiology, Mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizae: drug effects, Mycorrhizae: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Plant Shoots, Plant Shoots: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rhizosphere, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism},
	pages = {749--53},
}





@article{wang_characterizing_2010,
	title = {Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) from metallurgical processes.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211},
	doi = {10.1021/es903128e},
	abstract = {This study investigated the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the stack flue gases of the metallurgical processes. An examination of the PBDEs existing in the stack flue gases of sinter plants revealed that PBDEs can form during the combustion processes through the similar formation conditions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PBDD/F and PBDE emission rates of the metallurgical facilities were 0.446-3.19 microg TEQ/h and 4470-27000 microg/h, correspondingly. Both emission rates could reach several orders higher than those of the reported sources, revealing that the metallurgical facilities are not only important PCDD/F but also significant PBDD/F and PBDE emission sources to the environment. BDE-209 is the most abundant PBDE congener in the emissions of metallurgical facilities and is found to be dominant in the atmosphere and soils. However, few studies have considered metallurgical facilities as potential PBDE contributors to the environment. Because PBDEs could form or not be completely destroyed in the feeding materials in the combustion system, PBDE contributions from combustion emission sources to the atmosphere should not be ignored and need further investigation.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Wang, Lin-Chi and Wang, Ya-Fen and Hsi, Hsing-Cheng and Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20102211},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy},
	pages = {1240--6},
}





@article{wang_distribution_2010,
	title = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in municipal solid waste incinerators.},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.016},
	abstract = {The stack flue gases and the ashes in different units of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are sampled to investigate the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Bottom ashes (BA) exhibited much higher PBDD/F (8.11-52.2 pg TEQ/g) and PBDE contents (20.4-186 ng/g) than those of fly ashes (0.0932-2.02 pg TEQ/g and 0.332-25.5 ng/g), revealing that the PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the feeding waste may not be completely destroyed. The PBDE concentrations/contents in the stack flue gases (26.1-109 ng/Nm(3)) and in the BA (20.4-186 ng/g) of the MSWIs could reach three orders higher than those in the atmosphere and reference soils. PBDE contributions to the environment from the stack flue gases or the reutilization of BA of MSWIs should not be ignored from the developing PBDE inventory.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental pollution},
	author = {Wang, Lin-Chi and Hsi, Hsing-Cheng and Wang, Ya-Fen and Lin, Sheng-Lun and Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20047781},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {1595--602},
}





@article{wang_effects_2011,
	title = {Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on steroidogenesis in rat {Leydig} cells.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1460-2350},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635},
	doi = {10.1093/humrep/der165},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that have been defined as major environmental pollutants. While previous studies have found that PBDEs may enhance the levels of sex-steroid hormones, their effects on testosterone secretion from rat Leydig cells are unclear. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of PBDE-710, a mixture of tetra- and penta-PBDEs, on testosterone biosynthesis in rat Leydig cells.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Human reproduction (Oxford, England)},
	author = {Wang, Kai-Lee and Hsia, Shih-Min and Mao, I-Fang and Chen, Mei-Lien and Wang, Shyi-Wu and Wang, Paulus S},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21642635},
	keywords = {8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: pharmacolo, Adenine, Adenine: analogs \& derivatives, Adenine: pharmacology, Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: drug effec, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: biosynthesis, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis},
	pages = {2209--17},
}





@article{wang_residues_2010,
	title = {Residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in honeys from different geographic regions.},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {1520-5118},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322},
	doi = {10.1021/jf904490g},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame-retardants. Fifty honey samples labeled as being from different countries and regions were analyzed for 27 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of the 26 PBDEs, excluding BDE-209, ranged from 300 to 10,550 pg/g while the concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from nondetected to 9,260 pg/g. The honey samples labeled as originating in developed countries generally displayed higher concentrations of the total 27 PBDEs than those labeled as being from developing countries. Concentrations of 26 PBDEs ranged from 2,720 to 10,550 pg/g in honeys originating in developed countries and ranged from 1,030 to 3,470 pg/g in those from developing countries. BDE-209 was a dominant PBDE congener in all honey samples, on average accounting for 16\% and 65\% of the total 27 PBDEs in honeys from developed and developing countries, respectively. Honeys originating in developing countries, however, showed much higher BDE-209 levels and higher ratios of BDE-209 relative to the other PBDE congeners. In addition, some highly brominated PBDE congeners such as BDE-196, -197, -206, and -207 showed elevated concentrations in honeys from developing countries. The findings were in agreement with the long, heavy historical uses of PBDE products in developed countries and the current, heavy uses of BDE-209 in developing countries. When BDE-209 was fortified in honey and incubated in the dark for four weeks at 25 or 60 degrees C, BDE-153, -183, -206, and -207 were detected as debromination products of BDE-209. Less brominated congeners in honeys may primarily come from the environment. Debromination of BDE-209 is also a source of less brominated congeners in honeys. The detection of PBDEs in honeys suggests that human exposure to PBDEs occurs as a result of honey consumption.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
	author = {Wang, Jun and Kliks, Michael M and Jun, Soojin and Li, Qing X},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20184322},
	keywords = {Developing Countries, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Honey, Honey: analysis},
	pages = {3495--501},
}





@article{wang_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in {South} {China}: implications on human exposure.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.005},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000 ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000 ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000 ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304 ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6 ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Wang, Jing and Ma, Yun-Juan and Chen, She-Jun and Tian, Mi and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20452672},
	keywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Preschool, Waste Management},
	pages = {535--41},
}





@article{wang_examining_2010,
	title = {Examining the relationship between brominated flame retardants ({BFR}) exposure and changes of thyroid hormone levels around e-waste dismantling sites.},
	volume = {213},
	issn = {1618-131X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.004},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) released from e-waste related activities may affect the health of local people. Assessing the impact of e-waste exposure during recycling and dismantling activities on local people's thyroid hormone levels is an area of ongoing research. During November and December 2008, the process of e-waste recycling and dismantling was investigated, and 236 occupation-exposed people and 89 non-occupation-exposed people approximate to the e-waste recycling sites were surveyed; their thyroid hormone levels (THs), thyrotropins (TSH) and BFRs levels in serum were assayed. Multiple regression models were constructed to analyze the changes of serum THs and TSH in the people living in the exposure area (exposure group) and the people in the control group. Covariates known to be or likely to be associated with THs, TSH and BFRs levels were analyzed. Lower level of Triiodothyronine (T(3)) in both occupation-exposed and non-occupation-exposed group were observed (p{\textbackslash}textless0.01), when compared with the control group, and the same trend was obtained for free triiodothyronine (fT(3)) and free thyroxine (fT4) (p{\textbackslash}textless0.01). However, no significant difference in thyroxine (T(4)) was found between the two groups. The level of TSH in the e-waste recycling occupational-exposed group ranged from 0.00 to 5.00microIU/ml with a mean of 1.26microIU/ml, whereas the level of TSH in the control group was from 0.03 to 5.54microIU/ml with a mean of 1.57microIU/ml. This study revealed that people having worked on e-waste recycling and dismantling had significantly lower TSH compared with the control group (p{\textbackslash}textless0.01). Moreover, the level of BDE-205 is positively associated with the level of T4, as confirmed by the linear regression model (unstandardized regression coefficient, beta=0.25, rho=0.001) and a weaker positive relation was also found between the levels of BDE-126 and T4. Meanwhile, a weak negative relation was found between the levels of PBB 103 and T3, and between the levels of fT3 and fT4. These results suggest that exposure to BFRs released from primitive e-waste handling may contribute to the changes of THs and TSH levels.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
	author = {Wang, Hongmei and Zhang, Yuan and Liu, Qian and Wang, Feifei and Nie, Jing and Qian, Yan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20598942},
	keywords = {Adult, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \& numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Waste Management, Young Adult},
	pages = {369--80},
}





@article{wang_analysis_2011,
	title = {Analysis and occurrence of emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in surficial sediment of the {Dalian} coastal area in {China}.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524},
	doi = {10.1039/c1em10241a},
	abstract = {The concentrations and distributions of some typical chlorinated flame retardants (Dechlorane or Mirex, Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) and brominated FRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)) were analyzed in surficial sediment collected from the Dalian coastal area in northeast China. Dec 603, Dec 604, and BTBPE were below their respective limits of detection (LOD) in all sediment samples, while Dechlorane, Dec 602, DP, Σ13BDE (tri- to hepta-BDEs), BDE 209, and PBEB were identified in the ranges {\textbackslash}textless0.015-39.9 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), {\textbackslash}textless0.011-0.156 ng g(-1) dw, 0.69-7.00 ng g(-1) dw, 0.017-1.33 ng g(-1) dw, 3.94-103 ng g(-1) dw, and {\textbackslash}textless0.073-1.9 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Relationships between these chlorinated and brominated FRs were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). DP, Dechlorane, Σ13BDE, and BDE 209 showed significantly positive correlation (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05), and these relationships showed excellent agreement with PCA results. The spatial trends for Dechlorane, DP, BDE 209, and Σ13BDE showed that high concentrations were found in the industrial zone and lower concentrations in residential and garden zones. The results imply that these FRs are originating from a common source, and support the view that direct input from the effluent of sewage outlets is a major source of these compounds in Dalian sediment.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Wang, De-Gao and Alaee, Mehran and Sverko, Ed and Li, Yi-Fan and Reiner, Eric J and Shen, Li},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21956524},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Limit of Detection, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Quality Control, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {3104--10},
}





@article{wagner_morphology_2013,
	title = {Morphology, spatial distribution, and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and {Raman} micro-spectroscopy.},
	volume = {59C},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.003},
	abstract = {We characterized flame retardant (FR) morphologies and spatial distributions in 7 consumer products and 7 environmental dusts to determine their implications for transfer mechanisms, human exposure, and the reproducibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) dust measurements. We characterized individual particles using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS). Samples were screened for the presence of 3 FR constituents (bromine, phosphorous, non-salt chlorine) and 2 metal synergists (antimony and bismuth). Subsequent analyses of select samples by RMS enabled molecular identification of the FR compounds and matrix materials. The consumer products and dust samples possessed FR elemental weight percents of up to 36\% and 31\%, respectively. We identified 24 FR-containing particles in the dust samples and classified them into 9 types based on morphology and composition. We observed a broad range of morphologies for these FR-containing particles, suggesting FR transfer to dust via multiple mechanisms. We developed an equation to describe the heterogeneity of FR-containing particles in environmental dust samples. The number of individual FR-containing particles expected in a 1-mg dust sample with a FR concentration of 100ppm ranged from {\textbackslash}textless1 to {\textbackslash}textgreater1000 particles. The presence of rare, high-concentration bromine particles was correlated with decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations obtained via GC-MS. When FRs are distributed heterogeneously in highly concentrated dust particles, human exposure to FRs may be characterized by high transient exposures interspersed by periods of low exposure, and GC-MS FR concentrations may exhibit large variability in replicate subsamples. Current limitations of this SEM/EDS technique include potential false negatives for volatile and chlorinated FRs and greater quantitation uncertainty for brominated FR in aluminum-rich matrices.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Wagner, Jeff and Ghosal, Sutapa and Whitehead, Todd and Metayer, Catherine},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23739093},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {16--26},
}





@article{wang_summer_2012,
	title = {Summer atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban and rural areas of northern {China}.},
	volume = {171},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.041},
	abstract = {High levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reported in urban areas and at e-waste recycling sites in coastal China. However, data are scarce in northern China and are not available in rural areas at all. In addition, it is often believed that air concentrations in rural areas are lower than those in urban areas without distinguishing rural residential areas and open fields. In this study, air samples were collected at 17 sites covering urban and rural (residential and open field) areas in northern China using active samplers. With BDE-209 dominated in all congeners, the average concentrations of BDE-209 (41 ± 72 pg/m(3)) and other 13 PBDEs (16 ± 12 pg/m(3)) were significantly lower than those found in south China, such as in Guangzhou or Hong Kong. On average, the total PBDE concentrations at the urban sites were 2.2 and 2.9 times of those at the rural residential and field sites, respectively.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Wang, Chen and Li, Wei and Chen, Jiwei and Wang, Hongqijie and Li, Tongchao and Shen, Guofeng and Shen, Huizhong and Huang, Ye and Wang, Rong and Wang, Bin and Zhang, Yanyan and Tang, Jianhui and Liu, Wenxin and Wang, Xilong and Tao, Shu},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22955250},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons},
	pages = {234--40},
}





@article{waaijers_persistence_2013,
	title = {Persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of halogen-free flame retardants.},
	volume = {222},
	issn = {0179-5953},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_1},
	abstract = {Polymers are synthetic organic materials having a high carbon and hydrogen content, which make them readily combustible. Polymers have many indoor uses and their flammability makes them a fire hazard. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) are incorporated into these materials as a safety measure. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which accounted for about 21\% of the total world market of FRs, have several unintended negative effects on the environment and human health. Hence, there is growing interest in finding appropriate alternative halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Many of these HFFRs are marketed already, although their environ- mental behavior and toxicological properties are often only known to a limited extent, and their potential impact on the environment cannot yet be properly assessed. Therefore, we undertook this review to make an inventory of the available data that exists (up to September 2011) on the physical-chemical properties, pro- duction volumes, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) of a selection of HFFRs that are potential replacements for BFRs in polymers. Large data gaps were identified for the physical-chemical and the PBT properties of the reviewed HFFRs. Because these HFFRs are currently on the market, there is an urgent need to fill these data gaps. Enhanced transparency of methodology and data are needed to reevaluate certain test results that appear contradictory, and, if this does not provide new insights, further research should be performed. TPP has been studied quite extensively and it is clearly persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. So far, RDP and BDP have demonstrated low to high ecotoxicity and persistence. The compounds ATH and ZB exerted high toxicity to some species and ALPI appeared to be persistent and has low to moderate reported ecotoxicity. DOPO and MPP may be persistent, but this view is based merely on one or two studies, clearly indicating a lack of information. Many degradation studies have been performed on PER and show low persistence, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there is too l ittle information on the bioaccumulation potential of PER. APP mostly has low PBT properties; however, moderate ecotoxicity was reported in two studies. Mg(OH)₂, ZHS, and ZS do not show such remarkably high bioaccumulation or toxicity, but large data gaps exist for these compounds also. Nevertheless, we consider the latter compounds to be the most promising among alternative HFFRs. To assess whether the presently reviewed HFFRs are truly suitable alternatives, each compound should be examined individually by comparing its PBT values with those of the relevant halogenated flame retardant. Until more data are available, it remains impossible to accurately evaluate the risk of each of these compounds, including the ones that are already extensively marketed.},
	journal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Waaijers, Susanne L and Kong, Deguo and Hendriks, Hester S and de Wit, Cynthia A and Cousins, Ian T and Westerink, Remco H S and Leonards, Pim E G and Kraak, Michiel H S and Admiraal, Wim and de Voogt, Pim and Parsons, John R},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22990944},
	keywords = {Animals, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {1--71},
}





@article{vrkoslavova_absorption_2010,
	title = {Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge.},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.010},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants. PBDEs are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic compounds. They are often detected in sewage sludge which is applied on agricultural soils as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to find out whether plants are able to accumulate and translocate PBDEs. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and nightshade (Solanum nigrum) were planted in pots containing contaminated sewage sludge and uncontaminated substrate. After 6 months of plant cultivation in sewage sludge up to 15.4 ng g(-1) dw and 76.6 ng g(-1) dw of PBDE congeners–BDE 47, BDE 99 and BDE 100—were accumulated in the nightshade and tobacco tissue, respectively. Corresponding values in plants vegetated in the control garden substrate were 10 times lower. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of accumulated congeners were calculated. Tobacco exhibited higher BCFs values and for both plants BCFs values of BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100 and BDE 209 negatively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (logK(ow)). The exception was decaBDE (BDE 209) which was accumulated only in tobacco tissue in the concentration of 116.8 ng g(-1) dw. The majority of PBDEs was detected in above-ground plant biomass indicating that both plants have the ability to translocate PBDEs. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies reporting the accumulation of both lower PBDEs and BDE 209 in plants. Our results suggest that absorption, accumulation and translocation of PBDEs by plants and their transfer to the food chain could represent another possible risk for human exposure.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Vrkoslavová, Jana and Demnerová, Katerina and Macková, Martina and Zemanová, Tereza and Macek, Tomás and Hajslová, Jana and Pulkrabová, Jana and Hrádková, Petra and Stiborová, Hana},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20684973},
	keywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Development, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Solanum, Solanum: growth \& development, Solanum: metabolism, Tobacco, Tobacco: growth \& development, Tobacco: metabolism},
	pages = {381--6},
}





@article{vorkamp_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001},
	abstract = {As part of a larger exposure study, samples of dust and indoor air were collected in the homes of 43 pregnant women living in the Copenhagen area (Denmark) and analysed for 12 polybrominated diphenyl ethers using GC-MS. A second dust sample collected after delivery was analysed for BDE-183 and BDE-209, which were highly correlated with the pre-delivery samples, but did not reproduce the actual values. Concentrations as high as 80 μg/g were measured for the dominant BDE congener BDE-209, with median concentrations of 332 and 432 ng/g, respectively, in pre- and post-delivery dust samples. In 12\% of the dust samples, the concentration of BDE-209 was lower than that of the summed concentration of PentaBDE congeners. The median concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in dust were 16.9 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively. The dust concentrations were in line with other European studies and confirmed previously established geographical differences between continental Europe and North America. Additional octa- and nonaBDE congeners (BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-206, BDE-207, and BDE-208) were analysed in dust and analytical issues were discussed as these congeners also can be a product of thermal degradation of BDE-209 in gas chromatographic analysis. BDE-206 was the dominating nonaBDE, with median and maximum concentrations of 12.8 and 2217 ng/g, respectively, but the ratio of nonaBDEs to the sum of nona- and decaBDEs was relatively constant, despite a large range in absolute dust concentrations. While the congeners of the PentaBDE mixture were highly inter-correlated for both dust and air, no correlation was found with BDE-209 in either matrix. Air concentrations were relatively high in an international context, with median concentrations of 134, 63.7 and 119 pg/m³ for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209, respectively, and not correlated with dust concentrations. Additional placenta data were available for the study group and found to correlate significantly with dust concentrations for some PentaBDE congeners, but not BDE-209, indicating that dust may be an important exposure pathway for PentaBDE congeners. While BDE-209 also was present in placenta, it did not exceed the other congeners by the same factors as in dust. This might be caused by a combination of the compound's physical-chemical properties affecting bioavailability, uptake, partitioning and metabolisation, and other sources of exposure, but was not investigated further in this study. For all matrices, the PBDE profile resembled that of the technical product Bromkal 70-5DE, but air contained higher percentages of the lower brominated congeners and placenta tissue was dominated by BDE-153. The predominance of BDE-153 has been described in other studies on human samples and related to the highest retention in the body, but further research into toxicokinetics will be required to clarify mechanisms.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Frederiksen, Marie and Pedersen, Marie and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20609475},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},
	pages = {1--10},
}





@article{vonderheide_polybrominated_2008,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity.},
	volume = {400},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221},
	abstract = {This manuscript critically considers several areas of study of the polybrominated diphenyl ether compounds. Specifically, a brief review of PBDE toxicity is followed by an in depth discussion of PBDE occurrence in abiotic and biotic environmental matrices. Temporal and geographic trends are examined in conjunction with risk assessment factors. Rather than summarize or tabulate the growing body of literature on PBDEs in the environment, the overall goal of this review paper is to highlight broad patterns that may contribute to a more holistic understanding of PBDE behavior in the environment, as well as to identify critical areas of research that warrant further attention.},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Vonderheide, Anne P and Mueller, Kevin E and Meija, Juris and Welsh, Gwendolyn L},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Availability, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment},
	pages = {425--436},
}





@article{vizcaino_polybromodiphenyl_2011,
	title = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population ({Valencia}, {Spain}).},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.011},
	abstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blood serum of pregnant women and in cord blood serum of their newborns from a general population cohort (n = 174; Valencia, Spain). The most abundant PBDE congeners identified were BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 209. Their cord blood serum concentrations were about 45\% of those in maternal serum but after lipid normalization about the same concentrations were observed in both types of samples. Thus, median of total PBDEs was 9.6 ng/g lipid in cord serum (range between not detected and 140 ng/g lipid) and 9.6 ng/g lipid in maternal serum (range between not detected and 120 ng/g lipid). The distributions of these compounds were dominated by BDE 47 in both cases. In cord blood serum the decreasing order of abundance was BDE 47{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 99{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 209{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 153{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 154. The congener composition in maternal serum followed a similar trend: BDE 47{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 153{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 154{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 209{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 99. The congener concentrations exhibited a higher degree of correlation in cord blood than in maternal serum. Use of the maternal determinants for categorization of the observed maternal and fetal PBDE concentrations only showed significant associations for the levels in umbilical cord. Neonates from rural areas exhibited statistically significantly lower concentrations than those from urban, semi-urban or metropolitan sites. Maternal serum also showed this difference but the higher dispersion of the concentrations in maternal serum did not afford its recognition with statistical significance. The lower qualitative and quantitative variability in the PBDE concentrations of cord blood serum than maternal serum suggest that the latter is reflecting PBDE contributions from a wider diversity of sources than the former whereas cord blood sera seem to represent the long term standing stock of these compounds accumulated in the maternal tissues.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Vizcaino, Esther and Grimalt, Joan O and Lopez-Espinosa, Maria-José and Llop, Sabrina and Rebagliato, Marisa and Ballester, Ferran},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20864175},
	keywords = {Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Newborn: blood, Pregnancy, Spain},
	pages = {152--7},
}





@article{viberg_neonatal_2006,
	title = {Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice.},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj196},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, have been shown to be increasing in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have earlier reported that lower brominated PBDEs, such as tetra-, penta-, and hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. Recently, this was also observed with the full-brominated PBDE, deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209), although it was suggested that the effects were caused by a (possibly debrominated) metabolite thereof. The present study revealed that 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 206), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 203), and to a minor extent also 2,2',3,4,4',5',6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 183) can induce developmental neurotoxic effects. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were exposed on postnatal day 3 or 10 to PBDE 206, PBDE 203, or PBDE 183, given as a single oral dose of 21 mumol/kg body weight. At the adult age of 2-3 months, the mice were observed for performance in a spontaneous behavior test and the Morris water maze test. PBDE 203 and PBDE 206, when administered on neonatal day 10, caused disturbances in spontaneous behavior, leading to disrupted habituation and a hyperactive condition in adults at the age of 2 months. These behavioral changes were also seen in 2-month-old mice exposed to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 3. Furthermore, exposure to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 10 affected learning and memory functions in adult mice. The developmental neurotoxic effects were most pronounced in mice exposed to PBDE 203. These developmental neurobehavioral defects were in agreement with those we observed previously with lower brominated PBDEs and with PBDE 209. It is important to consider the fact that different PBDE congeners can have differing degrees of potency, when comparing levels of PBDEs in the environment and in mother's milk.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Viberg, Henrik and Johansson, Niclas and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Johan and Marsh, Göran and Eriksson, Per},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16611620},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Ethers, Flame retardants, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Male, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, frelec, tox},
	pages = {211--8},
}





@article{villanger_disruptive_2011,
	title = {Disruptive effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants on thyroid function in white whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas) from {Svalbard}.},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.014},
	abstract = {We analysed levels of 56 organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) including brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides in the blubber of white (beluga) whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway (N=12; 6 adults [5 males and 1 female] and 6 subadults [4 males and 2 females]) collected in 1996-2001. We also measured circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the whales. The results confirm that OHC levels in these white whales are among the highest levels recorded in wildlife from Svalbard, and at the high end of the range when compared to white whales from the North American Arctic. A projection to latent structure (PLS) model (subadults and adult males grouped together) revealed that known or suspected thyroid disruptive contaminants (polybrominated diphenylether [PBDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154, hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and PCB-105) were negatively correlated with circulating levels of total thyroxin (TT4), free T4 (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Most of these negative relationships were also confirmed using partial correlations controlling for length (and thus age) of the whales. The positive correlations of TT4, FT4 and FT3 with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), chlorinated bornanes CHB-40 and CHB-62 revealed by the PLS model were not confirmed by partial correlations. TH levels in the present study appeared to be somewhat lower than levels measured in beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic. However, we were not able to determine if this was caused by different levels of OHCs, or differences in biological factors (e.g. age, sex, moulting status, and season) and analytical methods between the studies. Although the sample sizes were low and statistical models cannot depict the biological cause-effect relationships, this study suggests negative influences of specific OHCs, particularly PBDEs, on thyroid hormone levels in white whales. The impact this might have on individual and population health is unknown.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Villanger, G D and Lydersen, C and Kovacs, K M and Lie, E and Skaare, J U and Jenssen, B M},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21497377},
	keywords = {Animals, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: metabolism, Halogenated: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Svalbard, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {2511--24},
}





@article{vigano_decabromodiphenyl_2011,
	title = {Decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) enters the food web of the {River} {Po} and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes.},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the primary constituent of a widely used flame retardant formulation, is present at relatively high levels in sediments and macroinvertebrates of the River Po. Since it was demonstrated that BDE-209 can be biotransformed to smaller and more toxic polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), the main objective of this study was to assess whether the large quantities of BDE-209 present in the River Po are bioavailable to the higher levels of the food web and are biotransformed in feral fishes. To this aim, 23 cyprinids, mainly common carp, were analysed for the hepatic contents of PBDEs. Contrary to sediments and invertebrates of the same area, no fish sample contained detectable levels of BDE-209. All fishes contained typical PBDE representatives, e.g. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154, but more importantly they contained three congeners, i.e. BDE-179, BDE-188 and BDE-202, which are not present in any technical formulations and are known products of BDE-209 debromination in fish. The age of carps had no effects on the bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Conversely, the contents of PCBs, which also were determined in the same fish samples, showed a positive correlation with age. Both groups of chemicals displayed a tendency to a higher contamination in male fish. This study shows that BDE-209 enters the food web of the River Po contributing to the load of lower brominated PBDEs and thus to the load of chemical stressors threatening the aquatic life of the major Italian watercourse.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Viganò, Luigi and Roscioli, Claudio and Guzzella, Licia},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21925710},
	keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \& numerical d, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenation, Italy, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Rivers, Sex Factors, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {4966--72},
}





@article{viberg_differences_2011,
	title = {Differences in neonatal neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, {PBDE} 99 and {TBBPA}, in mice.},
	volume = {289},
	issn = {1879-3185},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.010},
	abstract = {Flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A are used as flame retardants and detected in the environmental, wildlife species and human tissues. Exposure to PBDEs during the neonatal development of the brain has been shown to affect behavior and learning and memory in adult mice, while neonatal exposure to TBBPA (another brominated flame retardant) did not affect behavioral variables in the adult. In this study, we hypothesized that the effects of these compounds could be reflected by changes in biochemical substrates and cholinergic receptors and have examined the levels of four proteins involved in maturation of the brain, neuronal growth and synaptogenesis and the densities of both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. We measured the levels of radioactivity in the brain after administration of (14)C-labelled TBBPA at different time points and saw that levels of TBBA peaked earlier and decreased faster than the earlier reported levels of PBDE 99. The protein analysis in the neonatal brain showed changes in the levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin following neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 (21 μmol/kg body weight), but not following exposure TBBPA. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and TBBPA caused a decrease in binding sites of the nicotinic ligand cytisine in frontal cortex. These results confirm earlier reported data that PBDE 99 can act as a developmental neurotoxicant, possibly due to its different uptake and retention in the brain compared to TBBPA. In addition, the changes in protein levels are interesting leads in the search for mechanisms behind the developmental neonatal neurotoxicity of PBDEs in general and PBDE 99 in particular, since also other compounds inducing similar adult behavioral disturbances as PBDE 99, affect these proteins during the period of rapid brain development.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Viberg, Henrik and Eriksson, Per},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21820030},
	keywords = {Alkaloids, Alkaloids: metabolism, Animals, Azocines, Azocines: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunoblotting, Male, Mice, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: metabolism, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Quinolizines, Quinolizines: metabolism, Synaptophysin, Synaptophysin: metabolism, unsure},
	pages = {59--65},
}





@article{viberg_neonatal_2004,
	title = {Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {13826689},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004},
	doi = {10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame-retardants and have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk. We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99) can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour and also affect learning and memory functions in the adult animal. The present study indicates that the cholinergic system, in its developing stage, can be a target for PBDEs. Neonatal oral exposure of male NMRI mice, on postnatal day 10, to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (12 mg/kg body weight) was shown to decrease the density of cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, at an adult age. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexaBDE, PCBs and nicotine, compounds shown to affect cholinergic nicotinic receptors. The animals of the present study also showed disrupted spontaneous behaviour, and the highest dose that did not cause any significant behavioural disruption was 0.4 mg 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE/kg b.w.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology},
	author = {Viberg, H and Fredriksson, A and Eriksson, P},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},
	pages = {61--65},
}





@article{verner_vitro_2011,
	title = {In vitro neurotoxicity data in human risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}): overview and perspectives.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1879-3177},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.007},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants routinely detected in samples of cord blood and breast milk. Concerns have been raised with regard to the toxicity of both pre- and postnatal exposures towards the developing nervous system. Although there is an increasing body of literature on the disruption of brain cell functions by certain PBDE congeners in vitro, some challenges have yet to be tackled to enable the translation of in vitro findings into their in vivo counterparts. In this paper, we review findings on the PBDE neurotoxicity in human cells and discuss the research gaps to be addressed. Moreover, we propose a scheme for the incorporation of in vitro data in human risk assessment, namely through (i) the determination of in vitro cell benchmark levels; (ii) the consideration of uncertainties in establishing equivalency between the in vitro and the in vivo tissue benchmark levels (e.g., chronic vs. acute exposure, interactions with other chemicals); and (iii) relating tissue benchmark levels to surrogate levels of internal exposure. Alongside the assessment of brain dosimetry following exposure to PBDEs, in vitro neurotoxicity data provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the risks of prenatal and early life exposures on children neurodevelopment.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},
	author = {Verner, Marc-André and Bouchard, Michèle and Fritsche, Ellen and Charbonneau, Michel and Haddad, Sami},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21704695},
	keywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: physiology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Risk Assessment, cell line},
	pages = {1509--15},
}





@article{verboven_adrenocortical_2010,
	title = {Adrenocortical function of {Arctic}-breeding glaucous gulls in relation to persistent organic pollutants.},
	volume = {166},
	issn = {1095-6840},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.013},
	abstract = {Unpredictable changes in the environment stimulate the avian hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce corticosterone, which induces behavioural and metabolic changes that enhance survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions. In addition to profound environmental perturbations, such as severe weather conditions and unpredictable food shortages, many Arctic-breeding birds are also confronted with chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), some of which are known to disrupt endocrine processes. This study investigated the adrenocortical function of a top predator in the Arctic marine environment, the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus). High concentrations of organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and metabolically-derived products in blood plasma of incubating glaucous gulls were associated with high baseline corticosterone concentrations in both sexes and a reduced stress response in males. Contaminant-related changes in corticosterone concentration occurred over and above differences in body condition and seasonal variation. Chronically high corticosterone concentrations and/or a compromised adrenocortical response to stress can have negative effects on the health of an individual. The results of the present study suggest that exposure to POPs may increase the vulnerability of glaucous gulls to environmental stressors and thus could potentially compromise their ability to adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions associated with climate change that are currently seen in the Arctic.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {General and comparative endocrinology},
	author = {Verboven, Nanette and Verreault, Jonathan and Letcher, Robert J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Evans, Neil P},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19932109},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Breeding, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: adverse effects, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oceans and Seas, Physiological, Stress, Water Pollution},
	pages = {25--32},
}





@article{venier_flame_2010,
	title = {Flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in bald eagle plasma from the {Great} {Lakes} region.},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.043},
	abstract = {We report measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and of emerging flame retardants in the plasma of nestling bald eagles sampled from early May to late June of 2005. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 0.35 ng g(-1) ww to 29.3 ng g(-1) ww (average=5.7+/-1.9 ng g(-1) ww). The most abundant congeners were BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100. The fully brominated congener, BDE-209, was detected in approximately one third of the samples at an average concentration of 1.2+/-0.72 ng g(-1) ww. Several emerging flame retardants, such as pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DP), were detected in these samples. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides were also detected at levels close to those previously published. A statistically significant relationship was found between total PBDE concentrations and total PCB and p,p'-DDE concentrations, suggesting that these compounds share a common source, which is most likely the eagle's food.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Venier, Marta and Wierda, Michael and Bowerman, William W and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20579684},
	keywords = {Animals, Eagles, Eagles: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood},
	pages = {1234--40},
}





@article{venier_bromobenzene_2012,
	title = {Bromobenzene {Flame} {Retardants} in the {Great} {Lakes} {Atmosphere}.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919},
	abstract = {Seven bromobenzene flame retardants were measured in vapor-phase samples collected at five sites, all near the shores of the North American Great Lakes during 2008-2009, inclusive. The target compounds were hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzylacrylate (PBBA), pentabromobenzyl bromide (PBBB), tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX), and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB). Detection frequencies were, on average, higher than 50\% for all of the compounds, with the exception of PBBA, which was detected only in 22\% of all the samples. Considering all the sampling sites together, HBB showed the highest average concentration (4.6 ± 1.0 pg/m(3)), followed by PBBB (3.3 ± 0.5 pg/m(3)) and PBEB (1.0 ± 0.1 pg/m(3)). The concentrations of these compounds were generally significantly correlated with one another, with the exception of PBBA, which was correlated only to PBBB. The atmospheric concentrations of PBT, pTBX, PBBB, and PBBA tracked local human population density, suggesting that these compounds are or were used in a variety of commercial products. Unexpectedly, the concentration of PBEB was highest at the remote site of Eagle Harbor in northern Michigan, whereas that of HBB was highest at Sturgeon Point, ∼25 km southwest of Buffalo, New York. The lack of dependence of these two compounds' concentrations on human population suggests local point sources.},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Venier, Marta and Ma, Yuning and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{venier_flame_2011,
	title = {Flame retardants in the serum of pet dogs and in their food.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827},
	doi = {10.1021/es1043529},
	abstract = {A previous study from our laboratory showed that pet cats had much higher serum levels of flame retardants compared to humans, despite sharing the same household environment. Dogs, on the other hand, are expected to have lower serum levels of flame retardants because they are metabolically better equipped to degrade these compounds. Thus, we hypothesized that dogs might be more similar to humans in their response to these environmental stressors and be better indicators of human exposures to these contaminants. Serum samples and their food were collected from 18 dogs and analyzed for PBDEs and other emerging flame retardants. The concentrations of PBDEs in dog serum and dog food averaged 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 1.1 ± 0.2 ng/g ww, respectively. While the dog serum samples were dominated by the tetra to hepta BDE congeners, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in the dog food. This difference in congener pattern was analyzed in terms of half-lives. Assuming food as the main exposure source, the average half-life in dog serum was 450 ± 170 days for the less brominated congeners and 2.3 ± 0.5 days for BDE-209. Dust was also considered as an additional exposure source, giving unreasonable residence times. In addition to PBDEs, other flame retardants, including Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenylethane, and hexabromocyclododecane, were identified in these samples.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21500827},
	keywords = {Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Dogs, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Pets, Pets: blood},
	pages = {4602--8},
}





@article{viberg_neurobehavioral_2003,
	title = {Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development.},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfg210},
	abstract = {Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), has been found to be increasing in the environment and in human milk. Previous studies have shown that lower brominated PBDEs, tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects. The present study shows that the highly brominated PBDE 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209) can be absorbed during neonatal life and induce developmental neurotoxic effects in adult mice, effects that also worsen with age. These effects seem to be inducible only during a defined critical period of neonatal life. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice were exposed on day 3 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, on day 10 to 1.34, 13.4, or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or on day 19 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or to [U-14C]-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE. The oral neonatal administration of [U-14C]PBDE 209 on day 3, 10, or 19 showed that the compound distributes throughout the body and increases in the brain, from 24 h after administration to 7 days after administration, in 3-day-old and 10-day-old mice. The spontaneous behavior tests, observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, showed that the effect only occurred in mice exposed on day 3 and that this effect worsened with age. We conclude that more attention should be focused on the highly brominated PBDEs as possible developmental neurotoxic agents.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Jakobsson, Eva and Orn, Ulrika and Eriksson, Per},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12915714},
	keywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \& development, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Time Factors, frelec, tox},
	pages = {112--20},
}





@article{viberg_changes_2007,
	title = {Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209).},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0161-813X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants, have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk, which is also true for the decabrominated congener, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209). We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to PBDE 209 can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, in mice, effects that get worse with age. Other PBDE congeners affect learning and memory functions and the cholinergic system in adult mice and rats. The present study indicates that spontaneous behaviour, along with the cholinergic system during its developing stage, can be targets for PBDE 209 in the rat. Neonatal oral exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats, on postnatal day 3, to 6.7, and 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, was shown to disrupt normal spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age. Also, rats exposed to the high dose of PBDE 209 showed a different response to adult nicotine treatment, compared to control rats. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure of rats or mice to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153) and certain PCBs, compounds shown to affect both spontaneous behaviour and the cholinergic system. It is also clear from the present study and from recent studies from our research group that both lower and higher brominated diphenyl ethers can cause similar developmental neurotoxic effects in both mice and rats.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology},
	author = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Per},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17030062},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Grooming, Grooming: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Movement, Movement: drug effects, Newborn, Newborn: physiology, Nicotine, Nicotine: toxicity, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: toxicity, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tremor, Tremor: chemically induced, frelec, tox},
	pages = {136--42},
}





@article{viberg_neonatal_2003,
	title = {Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice.},
	volume = {192},
	issn = {0041-008X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744},
	abstract = {Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are present and increasing in the environment and in human milk. The present study shows that neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153), a PBDE persistent both in environment and in human milk, can induce developmental neurotoxic effects, such as changes in spontaneous behaviour (hyperactivity), impairments in learning and memory, and reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors, effects that get worse with age. Neonatal NMRI male mice were orally exposed on day 10 to 0.45, 0.9, or 9.0 mg of PBDE 153/kg of body weight. Spontaneous behaviour (locomotion, rearing, and total activity) was observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, Morris water maze at an age of 6 months. The behaviour tests showed that the effects were dose-response and time-response related. Animals showing defects in learning and memory also showed significantly reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, using alpha-bungarotoxin binding assay. The observed developmental neurotoxic effects seen for PBDE 153 are similar to those seen for PBDE 99 and for certain PCBs. Furthermore, PBDEs appear to as potent as the PCBs.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},
	author = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Per},
	month = oct,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {14550744},
	keywords = {Administration, Age Factors, Animals, Binding Sites, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: growth \& development, Hippocampus: metabolism, Inbred Strains, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Nicotinic, Nicotinic: biosynthesis, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Swimming, ffr, tox},
	pages = {95--106},
}





@article{verreault_brominated_2007,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the {Norwegian} {Arctic}: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204},
	abstract = {Several, unregulated, current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and hexabromocyclododecane (as total-(alpha)-HBCD), were examined in egg yolk and plasma of male and female glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Also examined were BDE209 and 38 tri- to nona-BDE congeners and brominated biphenyl (BB) 101. The HBB, BTBPE, PBEB, and PBT had high detection frequencies and variability in male and female plasma and egg yolk samples, and their concentrations ranged from nondetectable ({\textbackslash}textless 0.02-0.27 ng/g wet wt) to 2.64 ng/g wet wt. The detection frequencies and range of concentrations of non-BDE BFRs were generally highest in plasma of males relative to females. Total-(alpha)-HBCD concentrations were highest among the non-PBDE BFRs (up to 6.12 and 63.9 ng/g wet wt in plasma and egg yolk, respectively). Next highest was HBB with concentrations within a range comparable to the minor PBDEs monitored (e.g., BDE28, 116 and 155). Sum (sigma)38PBDE concentrations ranged from 2.49 to 54.5 ng/g wet wt in plasma and 81.2 to 321 ng/g wet wt in egg yolk. The BDE209 was virtually nondetectable, whereas six octa-BDEs (i.e., BDE196, 197, 201, 202, 203, and 205), as well as three nona-BDEs (i.e., BDE206, 207, and 208, and potential BDE209 debromination products) were found sporadically in plasma and egg yolk. The results from this study suggestthat in addition to PBDEs, several current-use, non-BDE BFRs undergo long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulate at low levels in and are maternally transferred (to eggs) in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Verreault, Jonathan and Gebbink, Wouter A and Gauthier, Lewis T and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = jul,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17711204},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Reference Standards, frelec, waa},
	pages = {4925--31},
}





@article{vehlow_thermal_2000,
	title = {Thermal treatment of electrical and electronic waste plastics.},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0734-242X},
	url = {http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131},
	doi = {10.1177/0734242X0001800205},
	abstract = {During cocombustion tests up to 12 wt \% of different types of electrical and electronic (E + E) waste plastics were added to pretreated municipal solid waste (MSW) in a test incinerator. The increased heating value improved the burnout of the bottom ashes. The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the raw gas was not altered significantly by the co-combustion. Even high bromine (Br) load caused only limited concentrations of bromine containing dioxins and furans in the raw gas, which did not deteriorate the emission quality. Hence MSW combustion is a beneficial disposal route for limited amounts of certain E + E waste. Metallic components should carefully be separated prior to combustion.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Waste Management \& Research},
	author = {Vehlow, J. and Bergfeldt, B. and Jay, K. and Seifert, H. and Wanke, T. and Mark, F.E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
	pages = {131--140},
}





@article{van_der_ven_28-day_2006,
	title = {A 28-day oral dose toxicity study enhanced to detect endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane in {Wistar} rats.},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl113},
	abstract = {A 28-day repeated dose study in rats (OECD407) enhanced for endocrine and immune parameters was performed with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Rats were exposed by daily gavage to HBCD dissolved in corn oil in 8 dose groups with doses ranging between 0 and 200 mg/kg bw per day (mkd). Evaluation consisted of dose-response analysis with calculation of a benchmark dose at the lower 95\% one-sided confidence bound (BMDL) at predefined critical effect sizes (CESs) of 10-20\%. The most remarkable findings were dose-related effects on the thyroid hormone axis, that is, decreased total thyroxin (TT4, BMDL 55.5 mkd at CES–10\%), increased pituitary weight (29 mkd at 10\%) and increased immunostaining of TSH in the pituitary, increased thyroid weight (1.6 mkd at 10\%), and thyroid follicle cell activation. These effects were restricted to females. Female rats also showed increased absolute liver weights (22.9 mkd at 20\%) and induction of T4-glucuronyl transferase (4.1 mkd at 10\%), suggesting that aberrant metabolization of T4 triggers feedback activation of the thyroid hormone system. These effects were accompanied by possibly secondary effects, including increased cholesterol (7.4 mkd at 10\%), increased tibial bone mineral density ({\textbackslash}textgreater 49 mkd at 10\%), both in females, and decreased splenocyte counts (0.3-6.3 mkd at 20\%; only evaluated in males). Overall, female rats appeared to be more sensitive to HBCD than male rats, and an overall BMDL is proposed at 1.6 mkd, based on a 10\% increase of the thyroid weight, which was the most sensitive parameter in the sequence of events.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {van der Ven, Leo T M and Verhoef, Aart and van De Kuil, Ton and Slob, Wout and Leonards, Pim E G and Visser, Theo J and Hamers, Timo and Herlin, Maria and H{\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Olausson, Hanna and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16984958},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Bone Density, Bone Density: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: classification, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: classification, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: biosynthesis, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Pituitary Gland: pathology, Rats, Risk Assessment, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: metabolism, Tibia, Tibia: drug effects, Tibia: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Wistar, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {281--92},
}





@article{vane_increasing_2010,
	title = {Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) contamination in sediment cores from the inner {Clyde} {Estuary}, {UK}.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1573-2983},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590},
	doi = {10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6},
	abstract = {The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 mug/kg and the average concentration was 287 mug/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 mug/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental geochemistry and health},
	author = {Vane, Christopher H and Ma, Yun-Juan and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19347590},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {13--21},
}





@article{van_schmidt_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of chronic polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure on gonadal development in the northern leopard frog, {Rana} pipiens.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.1702},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulative, persistent organic pollutants used as flame retardants in consumer goods. Concentrations of PBDEs in North American wildlife have been increasing for decades and been shown to have estrogenic effects on sexual development. No studies, however, have examined the effects of PBDEs on the sexual development of North American frogs at ecologically relevant concentrations. This study examined the effects of five dietary concentrations of DE-71 (0, 1.1, 6.1, 71.4, and 634 ng ΣPBDEs/g diet), a technical PBDE mixture, on the gonadal development of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Tadpoles were exposed chronically from the time they became free-swimming until metamorphosis. Frogs were killed either at metamorphic climax or 10 weeks after completing metamorphosis, processed for histology, and examined for alterations in sexual development. The experimental group exposed to PBDEs at 1.1 ng/g had a significantly larger proportion of females compared with the expected 50:50 sex ratio. At 10 weeks post-metamorphosis, male frogs exposed to 6.1 and 71.4 ng/g had significantly smaller testes, but all other measure of gonadal development tested showed no effects. No intersex or increased incidence of gonadal abnormality were detected. These findings indicate that PBDEs may disrupt sexual differentiation in frogs at low, environmentally relevant concentrations.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Van Schmidt, Nathan D and Cary, Tawnya L and Ortiz-Santaliestra, Manuel E and Karasov, William H},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22105220},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological, Biological: drug effects, Estrogens, Estrogens: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonads, Gonads: drug effects, Gonads: growth \& development, Gonads: pathology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth \& development, Male, Metamorphosis, Rana pipiens, Rana pipiens: growth \& development, Rana pipiens: physiology, Sex Differentiation, Sex Differentiation: drug effects, Sex Ratio, Swimming},
	pages = {347--54},
}





@article{van_leeuwen_dioxins:_nodate,
	title = {Dioxins: {WHO}'s tolerable daily intake ({TDI}) revisited.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051},
	abstract = {In December 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 10 pg/kg b.w. (body weight) for TCDD, based on liver toxicity, reproductive effects and immunotoxicity in experimental animals, and making use of kinetic data in humans and experimental animals. Since then new epidemiological and toxicological data have emerged, in particular with respect to neurodevelopmental and endocrine effects of dioxin. Therefore, the European Centre for Environment and Health of the World Health Organization (WHO-ECEH) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) jointly organized a consultation on the "Assessment of the health risk of dioxins: re-evaluation of the TDI", May 1998, Geneva, Switzerland. The participants discussed the health risks for infants, cancer and non-cancer endpoints in humans and animals, mechanistic aspects, kinetic behaviour, modelling, exposure, and the applicability of the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concept. For the health risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds, the WHO Consultation focused on the most sensitive effects that are considered adverse (hormonal, reproductive and developmental effects) seen at low doses in animal studies (rats and monkeys). Human daily intakes corresponding with body burdens similar to those associated with adverse effects in animals could be estimated to be in the range of 14-37 pg/kg b.w./day. To arrive at a TDI expressed as TEQ, a composite uncertainty factor of 10 was recommended. By applying this uncertainty factor a TDI range of 1-4 pg TEQs/kg body weight was established. An extensive executive summary of the results of this WHO Consultation with all the underlying background documents will be published in Food Additives and Contaminants (in press).},
	number = {9-11},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {van Leeuwen, F X and Feeley, M and Schrenk, D and Larsen, J C and Farland, W and Younes, M},
	pmid = {10739051},
	keywords = {Animals, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration \& dosage, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins: toxicity, Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \& dosage, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Immunity, Immunity: drug effects, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: administration \& dosage, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: pharmacokinetics, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, World Health Organization},
	pages = {1095--101},
}





@article{van_der_ven_endocrine_2008,
	title = {Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol-{A} ({TBBPA}) in {Wistar} rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study.},
	volume = {245},
	issn = {0300-483X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.009},
	abstract = {Endocrine effects of the brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) were studied in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats via repeated dietary exposure, applying eight dose groups at 0-3-10-30-100-300-1,000-3,000 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd). This design enables dose-response analysis and calculation of benchmark doses (BMDL). This reproduction study was preceded by a 28-day repeat dose subacute toxicity study, at 0-30-100-300 mkd. Major effects in the reproduction study included decreased circulating thyroxine (T4) with BMDLs of 31 (m) and 16 (f) mkd, and increased weight of testis and male pituitary (BMDLs of 0.5 and 0.6 mkd). The hypothyroxinemia correlated to a cluster of developmental parameters including delayed sexual development in females, decreased pup mortality, and effects on brainstem auditory evoked potentials [Lilienthal, H., Verwer, C.M., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G., 2008. Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Toxicology]. A second cluster of parameters in F1 animals was correlated to increased testis weight, and included female gonad weight, endometrium height, CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary, and plasma testosterone levels in males. These two correlation clusters suggest a dual action of TBBPA. The only effects in the subacute study were decreased circulating T4 and increased T3 levels in males (BMDLs 48 and 124mkd), and non-significant trends for these parameters in females, suggesting that the other effects in the reproduction study were induced during development. Combined with data of human exposure to environmental TBBPA, the margin of exposure for highly exposed populations can be calculated at 2.6, and current use of TBBPA may therefore be a matter of concern for human health.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Van der Ven, Leo T M and Van De Kuil, Ton and Verhoef, Aart and Verwer, Cynthia M and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Leonards, Pim E G and Schauer, Ute M D and Cantón, Rocío F and Litens, Sabina and De Jong, Frank H and Visser, Theo J and Dekant, Wolfgang and Stern, Natalia and H{\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Slob, Wout and Van Den Berg, Martin and Vos, Josephus G and Piersma, Aldert H},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18255212},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Bone and Bones, Bone and Bones: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Tissue Distribution, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Wistar, frelec, tox},
	pages = {76--89},
}





@article{van_der_ven_endocrine_2009,
	title = {Endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) in a one-generation reproduction study in {Wistar} rats.},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {0378-4274},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.003},
	abstract = {The brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane was tested in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats, enhanced for endocrine parameters. A solution of the compound in corn oil was mixed in the feed, targeting at dietary exposure of 0-0.1-0.3-1-3-10-30-100 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd) in parental rats during 10 (males) or 2 (females) weeks premating, during gestation and lactation, and in their F1 offspring from weaning until final necropsy. Effects were assessed in F1 animals. Livers of these animals showed increased HBCD concentrations, in a dose-dependent way. The trabecular bone mineral density of the tibia was dose-dependently decreased in females (BenchMark Dose Lower confidence bound, BMDL=0.056 mkd). The IgG response after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased in males (BMDL=0.46 mkd). Further sensitive effects were decreased weight of the testis (BMDL=1.5 mkd), increased fraction of neutrophilic granulocytes (BMDL=7.7 mkd), decreased concentration of apolar retinoids in female livers (BMDL=1.3 mkd), and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase in females (BMDL=8.6 mkd). CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary was correlated to the concentration of gamma-HBCD in the liver. A developmental origin of these effects is considered, and this is also true for sensitive effects observed in neurobehavioural testing in littermates from the same experiment, i.e. in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials and in a catalepsy test [Lilienthal, H., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G. Neurobehavioral effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure, in press]. The low BMDLs of these effects may raise concern for human health, particularly when based on body burdens of HBCD, which leads to critical margins of exposure particularly for the occupational setting.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {van der Ven, Leo T M and van De Kuil, Ton and Leonards, Pim E G and Slob, Wout and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Litens, Sabina and Herlin, Maria and H{\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Cantón, Rocío F and van Den Berg, Martin and Visser, Theo J and van Loveren, Henk and Vos, Josephus G and Piersma, Aldert H},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19118610},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Burden, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: physiology, Hydrocarbons, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Retinoids, Retinoids: metabolism, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {51--62},
}





@article{van_den_eede_analytical_2011,
	title = {Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010},
	abstract = {A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127\%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was {\textbackslash}textless14\% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between {\textbackslash}textless1 and 50ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor {\textbackslash}textgreater5.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21176966},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},
	pages = {454--61},
}





@article{valls-cantenys_application_2013,
	title = {Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples.},
	volume = {770},
	issn = {1873-4324},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059},
	abstract = {An extraction and preconcentration procedure for the determination in water samples of several halogenated flame retardants (FRs), nine brominated diphenyls ethers (BDEs) and seven non-BDE FRs, was developed and validated. The optimised procedure is based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods as sorptive extraction material, followed by liquid desorption and gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) determination, rendering an efficient and inexpensive method. The final optimised protocol consists of overnight extraction of 100mL of sample solutions containing 40\% MeOH and 4\% NaCl, followed by a 15-min sonication-assisted desorption with 300 μL of ethyl acetate, solvent evaporation and GC-NCI-MS analysis. Under these conditions, extraction efficiencies in the 9 to 70\% range were obtained, leading to enrichment factors between 108 and 840, detection limits in the range from 0.4 to 10 ng L(-1)and RSD values in the 2-23\% range. After method validation, different real water samples, including river, ria, sea, landfill leachate, influent and effluent wastewater from an urban sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluent wastewater from a textile industry, were analysed. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-197 were detected in wastewater and landfill leachate samples at concentration levels up to 2887 ng L(-1). Among the non-BDE FRs, bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (DEHTBP) was detected in surface water samples (sea, river and ria) between 1.3 and 2.2 ng L(-1) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the landfill leachate (64 ng L(-1)).},
	journal = {Analytica chimica acta},
	author = {Valls-Cantenys, Carme and Villaverde-de-Sáa, Eugenia and Rodil, Rosario and Quintana, José Benito and Iglesias, Mònica and Salvadó, Victòria and Cela, Rafael},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23498690},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {85--93},
}





@article{van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012,
	title = {Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067},
	abstract = {Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20\% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m(-3), in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg(-1) were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L(-1). In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg(-1), with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67-105\%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) ({\textbackslash}textless20\%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78-105\%) and RSDs (3-8\%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), GC-atomic emission detection (AED), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS and GC-Inductively-coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) are used. GC-ICP-MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5-10 ng mL(-1)) compared to GC-NPD and GC-MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC-MS offers a higher selectivity than GC-NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {van der Veen, Ike and de Boer, Jacob},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22537891},
	keywords = {Animals, Environment, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenation, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity},
	pages = {1119--53},
}





@article{van_den_steen_exposure_2009,
	title = {An exposure study with polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in female {European} starlings ({Sturnus} vulgaris): toxicokinetics and reproductive effects.},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.031},
	abstract = {We exposed female European starlings to a pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE) mixture through subcutaneous implants, and examined levels and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) together with reproductive effects. Sum PBDE levels increased significantly in the serum of the exposed females from 218+/-43 to 23,400+/-2035 pg/ml. Sum PBDE concentrations in the eggs of the exposed group ranged from 130+/-12 to 220+/-37 ng/g wet weight (ww). The profile in serum after egg laying was very similar to that in eggs. There were no detectable levels of HO-PBDEs in both serum and eggs. Fewer females of the exposed group initiated egg laying compared to the control group, although the difference was not significant. In addition, egg weight and volume were significantly higher in the exposed group. These results suggest that, at the investigated exposure levels (150 microg sum PBDEs/bird), PBDEs may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental pollution},
	author = {Van den Steen, Evi and Eens, Marcel and Covaci, Adrian and Dirtu, Alin C and Jaspers, Veerle L B and Neels, Hugo and Pinxten, Rianne},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {18977567},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Ovum: pathology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Starlings, Starlings: metabolism, Starlings: physiology, ffr, tox},
	pages = {430--6},
}





@article{van_den_berg_2005_2006,
	title = {The 2005 {World} {Health} {Organization} reevaluation of human and {Mammalian} toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.},
	volume = {93},
	url = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl055},
	abstract = {In June 2005, a World Health Organization (WHO)-International Programme on Chemical Safety expert meeting was held in Geneva during which the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds, including some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were reevaluated. For this reevaluation process, the refined TEF database recently published by Haws et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 89, 4-30) was used as a starting point. Decisions about a TEF value were made based on a combination of unweighted relative effect potency (REP) distributions from this database, expert judgment, and point estimates. Previous TEFs were assigned in increments of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, etc., but for this reevaluation, it was decided to use half order of magnitude increments on a logarithmic scale of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, etc. Changes were decided by the expert panel for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.3), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.03), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzofuran (TEFs = 0.0003), 3,4,4',5-tetrachlorbiphenyl (PCB 81) (TEF = 0.0003), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) (TEF = 0.03), and a single TEF value (0.00003) for all relevant mono-ortho-substituted PCBs. Additivity, an important prerequisite of the TEF concept was again confirmed by results from recent in vivo mixture studies. Some experimental evidence shows that non-dioxin-like aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists are able to impact the overall toxic potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, and this needs to be investigated further. Certain individual and groups of compounds were identified for possible future inclusion in the TEF concept, including 3,4,4'-TCB (PCB 37), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, mixed polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polyhalogenated naphthalenes, and polybrominated biphenyls. Concern was expressed about direct application of the TEF/total toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach to abiotic matrices, such as soil, sediment, etc., for direct application in human risk assessment. This is problematic as the present TEF scheme and TEQ methodology are primarily intended for estimating exposure and risks via oral ingestion (e.g., by dietary intake). A number of future approaches to determine alternative or additional TEFs were also identified. These included the use of a probabilistic methodology to determine TEFs that better describe the associated levels of uncertainty and "systemic" TEFs for blood and adipose tissue and TEQ for body burden.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Van den Berg, Martin and Birnbaum, Linda S and Denison, Michael and De Vito, Mike and Farland, William and Feeley, Mark and Fiedler, Heidelore and Hakansson, Helen and Hanberg, Annika and Haws, Laurie and Rose, Martin and Safe, Stephen and Schrenk, Dieter and Tohyama, Chiharu and Tritscher, Angelika and Tuomisto, Jouko and Tysklind, Mats and Walker, Nigel and Peterson, Richard E},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Endpoint Determination, Flame retardants, Humans, Mice, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Probability, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization},
	pages = {223--241},
}





@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_proposal_2009,
	address = {Copenhagen},
	title = {Proposal to list hexabromocyclododecane in {Annex} {A} of the {Stockholm} {Convention} on persistent organic pollutants.},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png},
	institution = {Nordic Council of Ministers},
	author = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, reg},
}





@book{unep_experts_2012,
	title = {{UN} experts target toxic flame retardant {HBCD} for control under global chemicals treaty},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx},
	abstract = {A UN expert body has recommended that the industrial flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) be eliminated from the global marketplace to protect human health and the environment. HBCD is used mainly in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene. It is also used in textile coatings and in high impact polystyrene for electrical and electronic equipment. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, a subsidiary body of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), adopted a recommendation to include HBCD in the Convention's Annex A for elimination, with specific exemptions for expanded and extruded polystyrene needed to give countries time to phase-in safer substitutes. The recommendation will now be sent to the Parties to the Stockholm Convention for consideration at the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, scheduled to be held from 28 April to 10 May 2013, in Geneva.},
	author = {{UNEP}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},
}





@techreport{unep_stockholm_2009,
	title = {Stockholm {Convention} text and annexes as amended in 2009.},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext},
	institution = {United Nations Environment Programme},
	author = {{UNEP}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@book{unep_pops_2009,
	title = {The {POPs}},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx},
	urldate = {2010-12-30},
	author = {{UNEP}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{uk_fire_2011,
	address = {London},
	title = {Fire {Statistics} {Great} {Britain}, 2010 - 2011},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf},
	publisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},
	author = {UK, DCLG},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{turyk_hormone_2008,
	title = {Hormone disruption by {PBDEs} in adult male sport fish consumers.},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.11707},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), affect endocrine function. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are similar in structure to PCBs, has increased recently, but health effects have not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: Our goal in this study was to determine whether PBDE body burdens are related to thyroid and steroid hormone levels, thyroid antibodies, and thyroid disease in a cohort of frequent and infrequent adult male sport fish consumers. METHODS: We tested serum from 405 adult males for PBDE congeners, PCB congeners, testosterone, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), SHBG-bound testosterone, thyroglobulin antibodies, and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and T(4)-binding globulin (TBG). We collected data on demographics, fish consumption, medical diseases, and medication use. RESULTS: The median sum of PBDEs was 38 ng/g lipid. In 308 men without thyroid disease or diabetes, PBDEs were positively related to measures of T(4) and reverse T(3) and inversely related to total T(3) and TSH. PBDEs were positively related to the percentage of T(4) bound to albumin, and inversely related to the percentage of T(4) bound to TBG. Associations of BDE congeners with hormones varied. BDE-47 was positively associated with testosterone levels. Participants with PBDEs over the 95th percentile were more likely to have thyroglobulin antibodies, although high PBDE exposure was not associated with thyroid disease. PBDE effects were independent of PCB exposure and sport fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure, at levels comparable with those of the general U.S. population, was associated with increased thyroglobulin antibodies and increased T(4) in adult males.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Turyk, Mary E and Persky, Victoria W and Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Chatterton, Robert and Anderson, Henry A},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {19079713},
	keywords = {Adult, Animals, Cohort Studies, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Hormones, Hormones: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Recreation, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1635--41},
}





@article{turgeon_obrien_exposure_2012,
	title = {Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in {Inuit} children attending childcare centers in {Nunavik}, {Canada}.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632},
	doi = {10.1021/es203622v},
	abstract = {Arctic populations are exposed to substantial levels of environmental contaminants that can negatively affect children's health and development. Moreover, emerging contaminants have never been assessed in Inuit children. In this study, we document the biological exposure to toxic metals and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of 155 Inuit children (mean age 25.2 months) attending childcare centers in Nunavik. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, brominated flame retardants [e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances [PFASs; e.g. perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane (PFOA)]. Lead [geometric mean (GM) 0.08 μmol/L], PCB-153 (GM 22.2 ng/g of lipid), BDE-47 (GM 184 ng/g of lipid), PFOS (GM 3369 ng/L), and PFOA (GM 1617 ng/L) were detected in all samples. Mercury (GM 9.8 nmol/L) was detected in nearly all blood samples (97\%). Levels of metals and legacy POPs are consistent with the decreasing trend observed in Nunavik and in the Arctic. PBDE levels were higher than those observed in many children and adolescents around the world but lower than those reported in some U.S. cities. PFOS were present in lower concentrations than in Nunavimmiut adults. There is a clear need for continued biomonitoring of blood contaminant levels in this population, particularly for PBDEs and PFASs.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Turgeon O'Brien, Huguette and Blanchet, Rosanne and Gagné, Doris and Lauzière, Julie and Vézina, Carole and Vaissière, Emilie and Ayotte, Pierre and Déry, Serge},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22420632},
	keywords = {Child, Child Day Care Centers, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Inuits, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Mercury, Mercury: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Preschool, Quebec},
	pages = {4614--23},
}





@article{tue_contamination_2013,
	title = {Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in {Vietnamese} informal e-waste recycling sites.},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.006},
	abstract = {This study investigated the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor dust and air from two Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs) and an urban site in order to assess the relevance of these media for human exposure. The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in settled house dust from the EWRSs (130-12,000, 5.4-400, 5.2-620 and 31-1400 ng g(-1), respectively) were significantly higher than in urban house dust but the levels of PCBs (4.8-320 ng g(-1)) were not higher. The levels of PCBs and PBDEs in air at e-waste recycling houses (1000-1800 and 620-720 pg m(-3), respectively), determined using passive sampling, were also higher compared with non-e-waste houses. The composition of BFRs in EWRS samples suggests the influence from high-temperature processes and occurrence of waste materials containing older BFR formulations. Results of daily intake estimation for e-waste recycling workers are in good agreement with the accumulation patterns previously observed in human milk and indicate that dust ingestion contributes a large portion of the PBDE intake (60\%-88\%), and air inhalation to the low-chlorinated PCB intake ({\textbackslash}textgreater80\% for triCBs) due to their high levels in dust and air, respectively. Further investigation of both indoor dust and air as the exposure media for other e-waste recycling-related contaminants and assessment of health risk associated with exposure to these contaminant mixtures is necessary.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Tue, Nguyen Minh and Takahashi, Shin and Suzuki, Go and Isobe, Tomohiko and Viet, Pham Hung and Kobara, Yuso and Seike, Nobuyasu and Zhang, Gan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23228866},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {160--7},
}





@article{vagula_effects_2011,
	title = {Effects of {BDE}-85 on the oxidative status and nerve conduction in rodents.},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1092-874X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022},
	doi = {10.1177/1091581811411109},
	abstract = {BDE-85 is a congener of a class of flame-retardant compounds called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although there are some studies on other congeners of PBDEs, there are none on the toxicity potential of this penta-BDE member. This study, therefore, reports the oxidative status and sciatic nerve conduction properties following BDE-85 treatment in rodents. The oxidative stress markers, lipid hydroperoxides, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase, in the exposed mice liver and brain tissues showed tissue-specific alterations following intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mg/kg body weight of BDE-85 for 4 days. The results indicate a significant disruption in the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and setting in of oxidative stress. Isolated sciatic nerves of rats exposed to 5 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL of BDE-85 showed a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity and compound action potential amplitudes, indicating physiological damage to the sciatic nerves.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {International journal of toxicology},
	author = {Vagula, Mary C and Kubeldis, Nathan and Nelatury, Charles F},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21772022},
	keywords = {Animals, Antioxidants, Antioxidants: metabolism, Biological Markers, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxides, Lipid Peroxides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Male, Mice, Neural Conduction, Neural Conduction: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism},
	pages = {428--34},
}





@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_technical_2010,
	title = {Technical review of the implications of recycling commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether and commercial octabromodiphenyl ether.},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx},
	institution = {Stockholm Convention POPs Review Committee},
	author = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},
}





@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_general_2009,
	title = {General guidance on considerations related to alternatives and substitutes for listed persistent organic pollutants and candidate chemicals.},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx},
	author = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@techreport{unep_final_2001,
	title = {Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the {Stockholm} {Convention} on persistent organic pollutants.},
	url = {http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF},
	institution = {United Nations Environment Programme},
	author = {{UNEP}},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@book{ul_ul_1997,
	title = {{UL} 1410 {Television} receivers and high-voltage video products.},
	publisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},
	author = {{UL}},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},
}





@book{uk_fire_2006,
	address = {London},
	title = {Fire {Statistics}, {United} {Kingdom}, 2006},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf},
	publisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},
	author = {UK, DCLG},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{uk_fire_2010,
	address = {London},
	title = {Fire {Statistics}, {United} {Kingdom}, 2008},
	isbn = {978-1-4098-2660-6},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf},
	publisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},
	author = {UK, DCLG},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{ueno_spatial_2010,
	title = {Spatial distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and organochlorines in bivalves from {Japanese} coastal waters.},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.058},
	abstract = {In order to elucidate the spatial distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the Japanese coastal environment, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines (OCs: PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB) were determined in bivalves (oysters and mussels) collected from Japanese coastal waters. HBCDs and PBDEs were detected in all samples analyzed. Concentration ranges of HBCDs were 12-5200 ng g(-1) lipid wt., followed by PCBs (20-3100 ng g(-1)){\textbackslash}textgreaterPBDEs (3.1-86 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). The highest concentration of HBCDs was found in the Osaka region. This result indicates that HBCDs are ubiquitous and predominant compounds in bivalves from the Japanese coastal waters. Since no species differences between oysters and mussels were observed for the bioaccumulation properties of HBCDs and PBDEs, oysters could be utilized for BFR contamination monitoring worldwide as an alternative to mussels. Global comparisons between oysters and mussels showed that HBCD concentrations in Japan are among the highest levels reported from Asia and Europe. Estimated dietary exposures of HBCDs and PBDEs through seafood were 0.45-34 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), and 0.054-6.8 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), respectively. These exposure levels were more than 1000 times lower than the lowest observable effects or no observable adverse effects levels for HBCDs and PBDEs, respectively.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ueno, D and Isobe, T and Ramu, K and Tanabe, S and Alaee, M and Marvin, C and Inoue, K and Someya, T and Miyajima, T and Kodama, H and Nakata, H},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20096439},
	keywords = {Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1213--9},
}





@article{tue_accumulation_2010,
	title = {Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in breast milk from women living in {Vietnamese} e-waste recycling sites.},
	volume = {408},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.012},
	abstract = {This study investigated the contamination status of PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in human and possible exposure pathways in three Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites: Trang Minh (suburb of Hai Phong city), Dong Mai and Bui Dau (Hung Yen province), and one reference site (capital city Hanoi) by analysing human breast milk samples and examining the relationships between contaminant levels and lifestyle factors. Levels of PBDEs, but not PCBs and HBCDs, were significantly higher in Trang Minh and Bui Dau than in the reference site. The recyclers from Bui Dau had the highest levels of PBDEs (20-250 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), higher than in the reference group by two orders of magnitude and more abundant than PCBs (28-59 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), and were also the only group with significant exposure to HBCDs (1.4-7.6 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). A specific accumulation, unrelated to diet, of low-chlorinated PCBs and high-brominated PBDEs was observed in e-waste recyclers, suggesting extensive exposure to these compounds during e-waste recycling activities, possibly through inhalation and ingestion of dust. The estimated infant intake dose of PBDEs from breast milk of some mothers occupationally involved in e-waste recycling were close to or higher than the reference doses issued by the U.S. EPA.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Tue, Nguyen Minh and Sudaryanto, Agus and Minh, Tu Binh and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin and Viet, Pham Hung and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20116831},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: adverse effects, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: drug effects, Human: metabolism, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Infant, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Lactation: metabolism, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Vietnam, Young Adult},
	pages = {2155--62},
}





@article{trudel_pbde_nodate,
	title = {{PBDE} exposure from food in {Ireland}: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling.},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1559-064X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651},
	doi = {10.1038/jes.2010.41},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants added to plastics, polyurethane foam, electronics, textiles, and other products. These products release PBDEs into the indoor and outdoor environment, thus causing human exposure through food and dust. This study models PBDE dose distributions from ingestion of food for Irish adults on congener basis by using two probabilistic and one semi-deterministic method. One of the probabilistic methods was newly developed and is based on summary statistics of food consumption combined with a model generating realistic daily energy supply from food. Median (intermediate) doses of total PBDEs are in the range of 0.4-0.6 ng/kg(bw)/day for Irish adults. The 97.5th percentiles of total PBDE doses lie in a range of 1.7-2.2 ng/kg(bw)/day, which is comparable to doses derived for Belgian and Dutch adults. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified as the congeners contributing most to estimated intakes, accounting for more than half of the total doses. The most influential food groups contributing to this intake are lean fish and salmon which together account for about 22-25\% of the total doses.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of exposure science \& environmental epidemiology},
	author = {Trudel, David and Tlustos, Christina and Von Goetz, Natalie and Scheringer, Martin and Hungerbühler, Konrad},
	pmid = {20664651},
	keywords = {Adult, Biological, Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Ireland, Male, Models, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Risk Assessment: statistics \& numerical data, Statistical, Time Factors},
	pages = {565--75},
}





@article{torres_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of dietary exposure to brominated flame retardant {BDE}-47 on thyroid condition, gonadal development and growth of zebrafish.},
	issn = {1573-5168},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565},
	doi = {10.1007/s10695-012-9768-0},
	abstract = {Little is known about the effects of brominated flame retardants in teleosts and some of the information currently available is inconsistent. This study examined effects of dietary exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on thyroid condition, body mass and size, and gonadal development of zebrafish. Pubertal, 49-day-old (posthatch) fish were fed diets without BDE-47 (control) or with 1, 5 or 25 μg/g BDE-47/diet. Treatments were conducted in triplicate 30-L tanks each containing 50 zebrafish, and 15 fish per treatment (5 per tank) were sampled at days 40, 80 and 120 of exposure. Measurements were taken of body mass, standard length, head depth and head length. Sex (at 40-120 days of exposure), germ cell stage (at 40 days) and thyroid condition (at 120 days; follicular cell height, colloid depletion, angiogenesis) were histologically determined. Whole-body BDE-47 levels at study completion were within the high end of levels reported in environmentally exposed (wild) fishes. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences among treatments at each sampling time. No effects were observed on thyroid condition or germ cell stage in either sex. Reduced head length was observed in females exposed to BDE-47 at 80 days but not at 40 or 120 days. In males, no apparent effects of BDE-47 were observed at 40 and 80 days, but fish exposed to 25 μg/g had lower body mass at 120 days compared to control fish. These observations suggest that BDE-47 at environmentally relevant whole-body concentrations does not affect thyroid condition or pubertal development of zebrafish but does affect growth during the juvenile-to-adult transition, especially in males.},
	journal = {Fish physiology and biochemistry},
	author = {Torres, Leticia and Orazio, Carl E and Peterman, Paul H and Patiño, Reynaldo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23334565},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{tseng_developmental_2011,
	title = {Developmental exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209): {Effects} on sperm oxidative stress and chromatin dna damage in mouse offspring.},
	issn = {1522-7278},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651},
	doi = {10.1002/tox.20729},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as brominated flame retardants and have been found in human milk in recent years. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) induces sperm dysfunction in male offspring. Pregnant CD-1 mice were gavaged once daily with corn oil (control), 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) body weight of BDE-209 from day 0 of gestation to day 17. The outcomes of male reproductive parameters were assessed on postnatal day 71. Anogenital distance, sperm-head abnormalities, and testicular histopathology were significantly affected in male offspring prenatally exposed to 1500 mg kg(-1) . Significant increases in the tendency for sperm DNA denaturation (αT) induction and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were found in those exposed to 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). We observed a significant increase of sperm hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) generation in the 10 and 1500 mg/kg/day groups compared to the control group (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). Although our findings suggested that the mechanisms underlying BDE-209-induced sperm DNA damage and H(2) O(2) generation might not be represented as a dose-response relationship, we found that the greater the excess production of sperm H(2) O(2) , the greater the sperm αT (r = 0.65, P = 0.0155) and DFI (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). In conclusion, developmental exposure to BDE-209 induced sperm-head abnormality, oxidative stress, chromatin DNA damage, and testicular histopathological changes. These findings suggest that BDE-209-induced male reproductive effects might involve the formation of sperm H(2) O(2) which attacks nucleic acids via H(2) O(2) generation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology},
	author = {Tseng, Li-Ho and Hsu, Ping-Chi and Lee, Chia-Wei and Tsai, Shinn-Shyong and Pan, Min-Hsiung and Li, Mei-Hui},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21626651},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{trudel_exposure_2011,
	title = {Exposure of the {Irish} population to {PBDEs} in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment.},
	issn = {1944-0057},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413},
	doi = {10.1080/19440049.2011.572082},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants used to retard the ignition and/or spread of fire. PBDEs are used in various consumer products, such as textiles, mattresses and TV screens. This study presents a chemical risk assessment for the Irish population based on exposure to PBDEs from food. Special regard is given to the influence of parameter uncertainty and variability on the margins of safety. To quantitatively model uncertainty and variability in concentration data and variability in consumer behavior, a hierarchical probabilistic model was constructed. This model was evaluated using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D-MCS) approach. By considering uncertainty and variability in concentration data, margins of safety (MOS) were derived that are lower by a factor of ∼2 compared to MOS based on dose estimates that only consider variability. The lowest MOS is 7.5 × 10(4) for BDE-99, with impaired spermatogenesis as toxic endpoint. Assuming an MOS of 10(4) as acceptable, we conclude that there is no significant risk for human health through intake of contaminated food. To investigate whether additional measurements could improve the quality of dose estimates, the statistic "uncertainty-to-variability (UVR)" was developed. By applying the UVR to our dose estimates, we show that, in our case, the datasets contain little uncertainty and additional measurements would not significantly improve the quality of dose estimates.},
	journal = {Food additives \& contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure \& risk assessment},
	author = {Trudel, David and Tlustos, Christina and von Goetz, Natalie and Scheringer, Martin and Reichert, Peter and Hungerbuhler, Konrad},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21656413},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1--13},
}





@article{trudel_total_2011,
	title = {Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {North} {America} and {Europe}.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481},
	doi = {10.1021/es1035046},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, polyurethane foams, and plastics. PBDEs exert toxic effects in various organisms, including humans, and are ubiquitous in the outdoor and indoor environment. Here we estimate total daily PBDE doses received by consumers in North America and Europe, along with the most important pathways and congeners, and derive PBDE elimination half-lives for chronic exposure. We estimate distributions for all parameters (PBDE concentrations in exposure media, food consumption rates, etc.) and conduct a probabilistic exposure assessment. We find that Americans are exposed the most, likely due to stricter fire regulations, followed by consumers from the UK and Continental Europe. In the central quantiles of the exposure distributions derived, food is the dominant pathway; in the upper quantiles either food or oral and dermal exposure to dust. This reflects the lipophilic and persistent nature of PBDEs and their use in products for indoor-use. Median elimination half-lives are in a range of 1-3 years except for BDE-153 with about seven years and BDE-209 with 4-7 days.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Trudel, David and Scheringer, Martin and von Goetz, Natalie and Hungerbühler, Konrad},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21348481},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diet, Diet: statistics \& numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \& dosage, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Half-Life, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, North America, Preschool, Young Adult},
	pages = {2391--7},
}





@article{tittlemier_vapor_2002,
	title = {Vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, and {Henry}'s law constants of some brominated flame retardants.},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419},
	abstract = {The subcooled liquid vapor pressures (P0(L),25S) and aqueous solubilities (Sw,25s) were determined and Henry's law constants (H25s) were estimated for a number of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) at 25 degrees C. The established methods of the gas chromatography-retention time and generator column techniques were used to experimentally determine P0(L),25 and Sw,25 for hexabromobenzene and a series of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners. The H25 was estimated as the ratio of P0(L)25 to the subcooled liquid aqueous solubility. Values of PL0(L),25 obtained ranged from 0.000000282 Pa (BDE-190) to 0.259 Pa (BDE-3); Sw,25 ranged from 0.00000087 g/L (BDE-153 and BDE-154) to 0.00013 g/L (BDE-15); and H25 ranged from 0.0074 Pa m3/mol (BDE-183) to 21 Pa m3/mol (BDE-15). An increase in the bromine content of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners resulted in significant decreases Of P0(L),25, Sw25, and H25. A simple four-compartment equilibrium distribution model suggested that the majority of BFRs being released into the environment would reside in soil and sediment and have localized distributions. The model also suggested that lower brominated congeners tend to be somewhat more mobile. Degradative debromination reactions that yield these congeners would mobilize them environmentally, and ultimately affect the fate and distribution of BFRs.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Tittlemier, Sheryl A and Halldorson, Thor and Stern, Gary A and Tomy, Gregg T},
	month = sep,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12206419},
	keywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Solubility, Volatilization},
	pages = {1804--10},
}





@article{tilson_acute_1990,
	title = {Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats.},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0041-008X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115},
	abstract = {Adult female, Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 275 mg/kg of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP) by gavage. TRCP produced consistent signs of convulsive activity within 60-90 min after dosing and extensive loss of CAT hippocampal pyramidal cells when examined 7 days after dosing. At the light microscopic level, toxic effects of TRCP on pyramidal cells in the CA3 and CA4 regions and on granule cells in the dentate gyrus were less severe than those on the CA1 cells. The seizure-related and neurohistological effects of TRCP were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with atropine or chlordizepoxide, suggesting that the hippocampal damage was related to the seizures produced by TRCP. In a second experiment designed to assess the potential health risk associated with TRCP, exposed rats were mildly impaired in the acquisition of a reference memory task in a water maze. However, TRCP-exposed rats were consistently impaired in performing a repeated acquisition task in the water maze. These data underscore the potential health risk associated with exposure to TRCP and support the conclusion that the hippocampus is intimately involved in spatial memory in rats.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},
	author = {Tilson, H A and Veronesi, B and McLamb, R L and Matthews, H B},
	month = nov,
	year = {1990},
	pmid = {2256115},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Atropine, Atropine: pharmacology, Behavior, Chlordiazepoxide, Chlordiazepoxide: pharmacology, Female, Flame retardants, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: anatomy \& histology, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Inbred F344, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: administration \& dosage, Organophosphates: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors},
	pages = {254--69},
}





@article{tian_brominated_2011,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of {E}-waste and rural sites in southern {China}: seasonal variation, temperature dependence, and gas-particle partitioning.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255},
	doi = {10.1021/es202284p},
	abstract = {The recycling of electrical and electronic waste(e-waste) in developing countries has attracted much attention as a significant source of brominated flame retardants (BFRs).Gaseous and particle-bound BFRs were measured in the atmosphere at e-waste and rural sites in southern China during 2007-2008. The annual average concentrations in the air were 3260 ± 3370 and 219 ± 192 pg/m³ for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and were 546 ± 547 and 165 ± 144 pg/m³ for non-PBDE BFRs at the e-waste and rural sites,respectively. PBDEs had unusually high relative concentrations of di- and tribrominated congeners at the e-waste site. The Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots showed that the gaseous concentrations of less brominated BFRs (di- through hexa-BFRs) were strongly controlled by temperature-driven evaporation from contaminated surfaces (e.g., e-waste, soils, and recycled e-waste remains) except for winter. However, weak temperature dependence at the rural site suggests that regional or long-range atmospheric transport was largely responsible for the air concentrations. Gas-particle partitioning (KP) of PBDEs correlated well with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (PL(o)) for most sampling events. The varied slopes of log KP versus log PL(o) plots for the e-waste site (-0.59 to -1.29) indicated an influence of ambient temperature and atmospheric particle properties on the partitioning behavior of BFRs. The flat slopes (-0.23 to -0.80) for the rural site implied an absorption-dominant partitioning. This paper suggests that e-waste recycling in Asian low-latitude regions is a significant source of less brominated BFRs and has important implications for their global transport from warm to colder climate},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Zheng, Xiao-Bo and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21902255},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons, Temperature},
	pages = {8819--25},
}





@article{tian_air-plant_2013,
	title = {Air-plant exchange of brominated flame retardants at a rural site: {Influencing} factor, interspecies difference, and forest scavenging.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2195},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles from a rural site in southern China were measured to investigate the air-plant exchange. Mean concentrations of BFRs were higher in pine needles (79.8 ng/g dry wt) than in eucalyptus leaves (74.5 ng/g), whereas an inverse result was found for the leaf surface particles, with mean concentrations of 3490 ng/g and 5718 ng/g, respectively. For most of the BFRs, the correlations between their concentrations in plants and those in the vapor phase, atmospheric particles, leaf surface particles, and the environmental variables (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) at this site were in contrast to the results the authors observed at an electronic waste site previously, indicating that ambient air level plays a vital role in the relationships. The interspecies difference in the BFR profiles and the correlations above implied that pine needles likely have more advantages for uptake of BFRs from gaseous deposition than eucalyptus leaves, for which particle-bound deposition is more important. Like the electronic waste site, the leaf scavenging ratios of BFRs were also controlled by their octanol-air partition coefficient. It was estimated that approximately 154 kg of BFRs in the atmosphere are scavenged annually by forest in this region, which was 1.7 times larger than that via atmospheric deposition to nonforest ground. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1248-1253. © 2013 SETAC.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Luo, Yong and Wang, Jing and Zhu, Zhi-Cheng and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23424087},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {1248--53},
}





@article{thuresson_occupational_2005,
	title = {Occupational exposure to commercial decabromodiphenyl ether in workers manufacturing or handling flame-retarded rubber.},
	volume = {39},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf},
	abstract = {Commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is commonly used as a flame retardant in different electrical and textile applications. It is also used in the production of flame-retarded rubber compound. DecaBDE is the major technical polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in use today and consists mainly of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). PBDEs, including BDE-209, are well-known environmental pollutants, ubiquitous both in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The aim of the present study was to assess the exposure to PBDEs in workers manufacturing or handling rubber which was flame retarded with DecaBDE. A referent group, abattoir workers (slaughterhouse workers), with no occupational exposure to PBDEs, was also investigated. Moreover, the methodology for analysis of PBDEs in serum was refined, with special emphasis on congeners with a high number of bromine substituents, i.e., octa- to decaBDEs. The highest BDE-209 concentration observed among the rubber workers was 280 pmol/g lipid weight (I.w.) (270 ng/g I.w.). The median concentration of BDE-209 among rubber workers was 37 pmol/g I.w. (35 ng/g I.w.). Among referents, the median was 2.5 (range 0.92-9.7) pmol/g I.w. (median 2.4 ng/g I.w.). In rubber workers the BDE-209 concentrations were up to 32\% (median 4\%) of the 2,2',4,4',5,5'-chlorobiphenyl (CB-153) concentrations, on a molar basis, whereas the referents had BDE-209 concentrations which were similar to that of 2,2',4,4'-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), below 1.4\% (median 0.3\%) of the CB-153 concentration. Concentrations of all nonabromodiphenyl ethers (nonaBDEs) and several octabrmodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) congeners, including BDE-203, were also elevated among the rubber workers, with 2.5- to 11-fold higher median concentrations, compared to the referents. The results confirm a significant uptake of BDE-209 in the workers exposed to DecaBDE and indicate a potential for in vivo formation of lower BDEs in these persons.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Thuresson, Kaj and Bergman, Ake and Jakobsson, Kristina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Adult, Chemical Industry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \& numerical d, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Rubber, Sweden},
	pages = {1980--1986},
}





@article{tomy_isomers_2007,
	title = {Isomers of dechlorane plus in {Lake} {Winnipeg} and {Lake} {Ontario} food webs.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771},
	abstract = {The extent of bioaccumulation of the syn- and anti-isomers of Dechlorane Plus (DP) is assessed in archived food web samples from Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario. Concentrations of the isomers were determined using purified analytical solutions of individual isomers as opposed to the technical mixture. The syn-isomer was consistently detected in all samples from both lakes; the anti-isomer was detected in all Lake Ontario samples, but only 45\% of the samples from Lake Winnipeg. The pattern of bioaccumulation was different for the isomers in Lake Winnipeg. The anti-isomer was dominant in higher trophic level (TL) organisms like walleye [arithmetic mean +/- 1 x standard error: 730 +/- 120 pg/g, lipid weight (1w)] and goldeye (760 +/- 170 pg/g, Iw) while the syn-isomer dominated the lower TL organisms like zooplankton (550 +/- 40 pg/g, Iw) and mussels (430 +/- 140 pg/g, Iw). In Lake Ontario, the extent of bioaccumulation of the isomers and concentrations was greatest in the lower TL benthic organism, Diporeia (syn, 1307 +/- 554; and anti, 3108 +/- 898 pg/g Iw) and also high in zooplankton (syn, 719; and anti, 1332 pg/g Iw). This suggests that the isomers are bioavailable in sediment and that, despite their molecular size, diffusion from the water column into zooplankton can occur. Differences in the mean fractional abundance of the anti-isomer (mean fanti = mean concentration of the anti-isomer divided by sum of mean syn- and anti-concentrations) were pronounced in sediments between lakes (Lake Winnipeg mean fanti = 0.610, Lake Ontario mean fanti = 0.860) and the extent of enrichment (anti-) and depletion (syn-) of the isomers were more marked in Lake Winnipeg biota. There were also differences in the biomagnification potentials, as measured bythe trophic magnification factor (TMF), between the isomers in the Lake Winnipeg food web; no statistically significant TMFs for either isomer were found for the},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Tomy, Gregg T and Pleskach, Kerri and Ismail, Nargis and Whittle, D Michael and Helm, Paul A and Sverko, Ed and Zaruk, Donna and Marvin, Chris H},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17438771},
	keywords = {Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Bivalvia: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \& numerical d, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Manitoba, Ontario, Water Pollutants, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: chemistry, Zooplankton: metabolism},
	pages = {2249--54},
}





@article{tomy_bioaccumulation_2004,
	title = {Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout ({Salvelinus} namaycush).},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352},
	abstract = {Juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to three dietary concentrations (0, approximately 2.5, and approximately 25 ng/g per BDE congener) of 13 BDE congeners (3-10 Br atoms) in the laboratory for 56 days, followed by 112 days of clean food, to examine bioaccumulation parameters and potential biochemical effects. The bioaccumulation of BDEs by the trout was highly influenced by biotransformation, via debromination, which resulted in bioaccumulation parameters that were much different than would be expected based on studies of chlorinated organic compounds (e.g., PCBs). Half-lives (t1/2's) for some BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-85 and -190) were much lower than expected based on their Kow, which was likely due to biotransformation, whereas t1/2's of other BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-66, -77, -153, and -154) were much longer than anticipated based on Kow. This was likely because the metabolites of BDE formed via debromination had the same chemical structure of these BDE congeners, which supplemented measured concentrations. The detection of three BDE congeners (an unknown penta, BDE-140, and an unknown hexa) in the fish that were not present in the food or in the control fish provide further evidence forthe debromination of BDEs. Half-lives of BDEs ranged from 38 +/- 9 to 346 +/- 173 days and biomagnification factors ranged from 1.6 (BDE-190) to 45.9 (BDE-100), but these bioaccumulation parameters need to be viewed with caution because they were highly influenced by debromination and relative abundance of individual BDEs that the fish were exposed to. CYP1A enzyme activity, measured as EROD, and free tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma of lake trout varied significantly throughout the experiment but were not related to BDE exposure. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroxine levels (T4) were lower in both groups of PBDE-exposed fish compared with control fish after 56 days of exposure, and after 168 days in the high dose, suggesting that PBDEs may influence thyroid homeostasis at levels that are higher than what is normally found in the environment.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Tomy, Gregg T and Palace, Vince P and Halldorson, Thor and Braekevelt, Eric and Danell, Robert and Wautier, Kerry and Evans, Bob and Brinkworth, Lyndon and Fisk, Aaron T},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15046352},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: pharmacology, Diet, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Homeostasis, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Tissue Distribution, Trout, Trout: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa},
	pages = {1496--504},
}





@article{tomy_environmental_1998,
	title = {Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes.},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {0179-5953},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033},
	abstract = {Polychlorinated-n-alkanes (PCAs) or chlorinated paraffins consist of C10 to C30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30\% to 70\% by mass. PCAs are used as high-temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This review presents the existing data on the environmental chemistry and toxicology of PCAs and a preliminary exposure and risk assessment. There is limited information on the levels, fate, or biological effects of PCAs in the environment. This results both from the difficulty associated with quantifying PCAs, because of the complexity inherent to commercial formulations, and from the limited knowledge of their physicochemical properties and biodegradation rates. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/L levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet wt) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited in the U.S. and Canada, and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Assuming that reported water concentrations are mainly caused by the short chain (C10-C13) compounds, aquatic organisms may be at risk from exposure to PCAs. Fugacity level II modeling for two representative PCAs, using the best available physicochemical property data and estimated degradation rates, suggested that C16C24Cl10 would achieve higher concentrations in biota, sediment, and soil than C12H20Cl6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Environmental residence time of C16H24Cl10 is estimated to be 520 d compared to 210 d for C12H20Cl6. Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data are needed to evaluate exposure of biota to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe.},
	journal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Tomy, G T and Fisk, A T and Westmore, J B and Muir, D C},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	pmid = {9751033},
	keywords = {Alkanes, Alkanes: analysis, Alkanes: chemistry, Alkanes: toxicity, Animals, Biodegradation, Biological Availability, Birds, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Mammals, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {53--128},
}





@article{toms_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993-2009.},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g(-1)lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g(-1)lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g(-1)lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g(-1)lipid while ∑(4)PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g(-1)lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑(4)PBDEs=9.6 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g(-1)lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g(-1)lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p=0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22748388},
	keywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Child, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Remediation, Environmental Remediation: legislation \& jurisprud, Environmental Remediation: trends, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Liquid, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Milk, Preschool, Seasons},
	pages = {398--403},
}





@article{timme-laragy_developmental_2006,
	title = {Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture {DE}-71 in the killifish ({Fundulus} heteroclitus).},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.037},
	abstract = {Exposures to penta polybrominated diphenylether (PeBDE) cause neurobehavioral toxicity in developing mice and rats. As levels of these ubiquitous contaminants are increasing in the environment, this raises concern that wildlife may also suffer such effects, with consequences for their ability to catch prey and avoid predators. PeBDE levels in wild-caught fish have been steadily escalating over the past fifteen years. To our knowledge, behavioral consequences of piscine embryonic exposure to PeBDE has not yet been studied. The objectives of this investigation were to characterize effects on development in an environmentally relevant fish model, and test for latent behavioral effects following cessation of exposure. Embryos from the estuarine minnow, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed from day 0-7 post fertilization to the industrial PeBDE mixture, DE-71 (0.001 to 100 microg l(-1)). Embryos were assayed for hatching success, development, and microsomal enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, which was determined by analysis of in ovo ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activation in embryos. Larval fish were assayed for predation ability, activity level, and fright response to a simulated predator. Juvenile fish were assayed for learning ability in a three-chambered fish maze. No induction of embryonic EROD activity was observed, nor was a high dose of DE-71 able to inhibit EROD activity induced by beta-naphthoflavone. No deformities were detected, but a subtle developmental asymmetry with respect to tail curvature direction was observed, and a hatching delay of up to 4.5 days was noted. Behavioral test results suggest that embryonic exposure to DE-71 may alter activity level, fright response, predation rates, and learning ability in subsequent life stages.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Timme-Laragy, Alicia R and Levin, Edward D and Di Giulio, Richard T},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16045967},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame retardants, Fundulidae, Fundulidae: embryology, Fundulidae: growth \& development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Swimming, Water Pollutants, ffr, tox},
	pages = {1097--104},
}





@article{tian_atmospheric_2011,
	title = {Atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants at urban, e-waste, and rural locations in southern {China}.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623},
	doi = {10.1021/es200112m},
	abstract = {Measurements of atmospheric deposition fluxes and temporal variation of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) from 2007 to 2008 at urban, electronic waste (e-waste), and rural sites in southern China are presented. The deposition fluxes of total HFRs at the urban (99.3-1327 ng m(-2) day(-1)) and e-waste (79.1-1200 ng m(-2) day(-1)) sites were much higher than at the rural site (9.27-79.5 ng m(-2) day(-1)), demonstrating that e-waste recycling and industrial activities in southern China are two important sources of HFRs in the environment. The urban deposition profile was dominated by current-use HFRs (decabrominated diphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane), whereas the profile at the e-waste site reflects the past when significant amounts of PBDEs and Dechlorane Plus were used. Source apportionment estimated by principal component analyses with multiple linear regression analysis showed that deposition HFRs at the rural site were primarily contributed by the urban and e-waste sources (45\% and 38\%, respectively) compared to the contribution from local emission (17\%). Our results suggest that the HFRs that are readily present in gas or sorbed onto fine particle phases have enhanced potential for long-range atmospheric transport.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Shi, Tian and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21542623},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis},
	pages = {4696--701},
}





@article{tian_plant_2012,
	title = {Plant uptake of atmospheric brominated flame retardants at an {E}-waste site in southern {China}.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972},
	doi = {10.1021/es203669n},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles as well as the leaf surface particles (LSPs) of the two species at an e-waste site in southern China in 2007-2008. The monthly concentrations of total BFRs in the eucalyptus leaves and pine needles were in range of 30.6-154 and 15.1-236 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and relatively higher concentrations were observed in winter and spring. Correlation analysis of BFR concentrations and comparison of PBDE compositions between the plants and LSPs, air (gaseous and particle-bound phases), and ambient variables were conducted. The results revealed that BFRs in the plants, especially for less brominated BFRs, showed positive relationships with BFRs in the LSPs and negative relationships with the gaseous BFRs and ambient temperature. The PBDE profiles in the plants were similar to the gaseous profile for low brominated BDEs (di- through hexa-BDEs) and to the LSP profiles for highly brominated BDEs (hepta- through deca-BDEs). Applying McLachlan's framework to our data suggests that the uptake of BFRs was controlled primarily by gaseous partitioning equilibrium for compounds with log octanol-air partition coefficients (K(OA)) {\textbackslash}textless 12 and by particle-bound deposition for compounds with log K(OA) {\textbackslash}textgreater 13. Different relationships between the plant/air partition coefficient (K(PA)) and K(OA), which depend on the uptake mechanisms, were observed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This paper adds to the current knowledge of the factors and mechanisms governing plant uptake of semivolatile organic compounds with relatively high K(OA) in the environment.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Luo, Yong and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22308972},
	keywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pinus, Pinus: metabolism, Plant Leaves, Plant Leaves: metabolism},
	pages = {2708--14},
}





@article{thomas_short_2006,
	title = {Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in {UK} human milk fat.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006},
	abstract = {Chlorinated paraffins (also called polychlorinated n-alkanes – PCAs) are a class of industrial chemicals comprising chlorinated straight chain hydrocarbons. They have a wide range of applications and are now found in a range of environmental compartments. We analysed a total of 25 human milk-fat samples, donated by 18 individuals from the urban London and more rural Lancaster areas in the UK, for short chain PCAs (C(10)-C(13) sPCAs) and medium chain PCAs (C(14)-C(17) mPCAs), using gas chromatography-ECNI high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our study confirms that trace quantities of PCAs can reach human milk-fat. sPCAs were detected in all but four samples, while mPCAs were detected in all samples. The median sPCA concentration was 180 ng/g fat (range of 49 to 820 ng/g fat – detected values only) and the median mPCA concentration was 21 ng/g fat (range of 6.2 to 320 ng/g fat). No differences were noted in ranges of observed values for either sPCAs or mPCAs between samples from London and Lancaster. Most samples also exhibited similar patterns of sPCAs and mPCAs. One sample exhibited a different pattern for sPCAs and mPCAs, an observation that may be related to differences in exposure or biological factors for this individual.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Thomas, Gareth O and Farrar, David and Braekevelt, Eric and Stern, Gary and Kalantzi, Olga I and Martin, Francis L and Jones, Kevin C},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {15979717},
	keywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Fats, Fats: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry},
	pages = {34--40},
}





@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2010,
	address = {London},
	title = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com},
	abstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},
	publisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},
	author = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},
}





@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,
	address = {London},
	title = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com},
	abstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},
	publisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},
	author = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},
}





@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,
	address = {London},
	title = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com},
	abstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},
	publisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},
	author = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},
}





@book{team_getting_2011,
	address = {London},
	title = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com},
	abstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},
	publisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},
	author = {Team, The Mendeley Support},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},
}





@article{taylor_fire_1983,
	title = {Fire spread in concealed foamed plastic insulation},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf},
	journal = {Fire Technology},
	author = {Taylor, W},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {192--203},
}





@article{tapie_pbde_2011,
	title = {{PBDE} and {PCB} contamination of eels from the {Gironde} estuary: from glass eels to silver eels.},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.044},
	abstract = {Since the 1980s, the eel population has been decreasing dangerously. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the suspected causes of this decline. A preliminary study of PCB contamination carried out on different fish from the Gironde estuary (southwest of France, Europe) has shown a relatively high level of contamination of eel muscles. In order to characterize the contamination level of PCBs and PBDEs (PolyBrominated Diphenyl-Ethers) in eels from this estuary more than 240 eels were collected during the years 2004-2005 in the Gironde estuarine system, from glass eels to silver eels. Individual European eels were grouped according to length and localization sites. The results have shown a low contamination level of glass eels: respectively 28±11 ng g(-1)dw for PCBs and 5±3 ng g(-1)dw for PBDEs. The contamination level in eels (expressed in ng g(-1)dw) increases from glass eels to silver eels up to 3399 ng g(-1)dw of PCBs for the most contaminated silver eel. Such levels of PCBs similar to those observed in Northern Europe, could raise sanitary problems connected with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. These results are worrying for the local people who regularly eat eels caught in the Gironde estuary.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Tapie, Nathalie and Le Menach, Karyn and Pasquaud, Stéphanie and Elie, Pierre and Devier, Marie Hélène and Budzinski, Hélène},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21256534},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, France, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {175--85},
}





@book{tao_evaluation_2005,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Evaluation of {Test} {Method} and {Performance} {Criteria} for {Cigarette} {Ignition} ({Smoldering}) {Resistance} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Materials}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Tao, Weiying},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{talsness_utero_2008,
	title = {In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring.},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.10536},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are capable of disrupting thyroid hormone homeostasis. PBDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) is one of the most abundant congeners found in human breast adipose tissue and maternal milk samples. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of developmental exposure to low doses of PBDE-47 on the female reproductive system. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were administered vehicle (peanut oil) or PBDE-47 [140 or 700 microg/kg body weight (bw)] on gestation day (GD) 6, or 5 mg 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)/L in the drinking water from GD7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. RESULTS: In female offspring sacrificed on PND38, there was a significant decrease in ovarian weight after exposure to PTU or 140 microg/kg PBDE-47. Alterations in folliculogenesis were apparent: we observed a decrease in tertiary follicles and serum estradiol concentrations in the offspring exposed to either PTU or 700 microg/kg PBDE-47. PTU exposure also resulted in a decrease in primordial follicles. On PND100, persistent effects on the thyroid glands included histologic and morphometric changes after exposure to either PTU or PBDE-47. No relevant changes in reproductive indices were observed after mating the exposed F1 females with nontreated males. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of PBDE-47 at doses relevant to human exposure led to changes in the rat female reproductive system and thyroid gland.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Talsness, Chris E and Kuriyama, Sergio N and Sterner-Kock, Anja and Schnitker, Petra and Grande, Simone Wichert and Shakibaei, Mehdi and Andrade, Anderson and Grote, Konstanze and Chahoud, Ibrahim},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18335096},
	keywords = {Animals, Aromatase, Aromatase: metabolism, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Estradiol: blood, Female, Female: drug effects, Female: enzymology, Female: pathology, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: enzymology, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Wistar, estradiol, ffr, tox},
	pages = {308--14},
}





@article{thomsen_determinants_2010,
	title = {Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale {Norwegian} study.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.002},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are widely present in human populations. In order to investigate human exposure pathways and associations with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, 393 breast milk samples from mothers living in various regions throughout Norway were analyzed. Up to ten PBDE congeners were measured in all the samples, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 in subsets of 310 and 46, respectively. The median concentrations of the sum of the seven most prominent PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183), BDE-209 and HBCD were 2.1, 0.32 and 0.86ng/g lipids, respectively. These concentrations are comparable to the levels generally observed in human populations in Europe. The frequency distributions were quite skewed with long tails towards higher concentrations. Maternal age, parity, education, having a cohabitant employed as electrician, and ventilation were factors significantly associated with some of the BFRs, although these factors only explained a small amount of the variability (R(2) 0.04-0.16). The mothers' diet was not found to influence the breast milk PBDE and HBCD levels. Our results show that sources other than the diet are important for the variability seen in breast milk BFR concentrations and that exposure from the indoor atmosphere should be emphasized in future studies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Thomsen, Cathrine and Stigum, Hein and Frøshaug, May and Broadwell, Sharon L and Becher, Georg and Eggesbø, Merete},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19889457},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Demography, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Norway, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum},
	pages = {68--74},
}





@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,
	address = {London},
	title = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com},
	abstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},
	publisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},
	author = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},
}





@article{tanabe_brominated_2008,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in the environment of {Asia}-{Pacific}: an overview of spatial and temporal trends.},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212},
	doi = {10.1039/b709928b},
	abstract = {In this paper, we summarize spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in coastal and marine biota, and further assess human exposure to these brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia-Pacific. The review is based mainly on the studies that were conducted in our laboratory and utilized samples archived in the environmental specimen bank (es-BANK) of Ehime University, Japan. The studies suggest that the target BFRs are ubiquitous in the environment of Asia-Pacific. Examination of spatial trends reveals that concentrations of these contaminants are relatively high in samples from Korea, South China and Japan. In general, the magnitude of environmental contamination by PBDEs in Asia-Pacific, as well as human exposure to these contaminants, seem to be comparable to or slightly higher than in Europe, but lower than in North America. Evaluation of temporal trends in concentrations of BFRs in marine mammals from the coastal waters of Japan and China showed drastic increase during the last 30 years. These changes in BFR levels in samples from Japan were in line with trends in production/use of the commercial formulations. Since the withdrawal of some PBDE products from the Japanese market in the 1990s, concentrations of HBCDs appear to exceed those of PBDEs, reflecting increasing usage of HBCDs over PBDEs. The increasing environmental contamination by BFRs in Chinese coastal waters indicates that contamination by BFRs has already become evident, even in developing countries. In view of the rising environmental levels and the high consumption volume of BFRs in Asia, further efforts should be made to monitor environmental contamination by these chemicals in order to identify sources and reduce emissions.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Tanabe, Shinsuke and Ramu, Karri and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18246212},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},
	pages = {188--97},
}





@article{talsness_components_2009,
	title = {Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health.},
	volume = {364},
	issn = {1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0281},
	abstract = {Components used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are detected in humans. In addition to their utility in plastics, an inadvertent characteristic of these chemicals is the ability to alter the endocrine system. Phthalates function as anti-androgens while the main action attributed to BPA is oestrogen-like activity. PBDE and TBBPA have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis while PBDEs also exhibit anti-androgen action. Experimental investigations in animals indicate a wide variety of effects associated with exposure to these compounds, causing concern regarding potential risk to human health. For example, the spectrum of effects following perinatal exposure of male rats to phthalates has remarkable similarities to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome in humans. Concentrations of BPA in the foetal mouse within the range of unconjugated BPA levels observed in human foetal blood have produced effects in animal experiments. Finally, thyroid hormones are essential for normal neurological development and reproductive function. Human body burdens of these chemicals are detected with high prevalence, and concentrations in young children, a group particularly sensitive to exogenous insults, are typically higher, indicating the need to decrease exposure to these compounds.},
	number = {1526},
	journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
	author = {Talsness, Chris E and Andrade, Anderson J M and Kuriyama, Sergio N and Taylor, Julia A and vom Saal, Frederick S},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19528057},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Burden, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, frelec, tox},
	pages = {2079--96},
}





@inproceedings{talley_phases_1995,
	title = {Phases 1\&2, {UFAC} {Small} {Open} {Flame} {Tests} and {Cigarette} {Ignition} {Tests}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf},
	booktitle = {Annual {AFMA} {Flammability} {Conf}},
	author = {Talley, T H},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@inproceedings{talley_phase_1995,
	title = {Phase 1, {UFAC} {Open} {Flame} {Tests}.},
	url = {http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html},
	abstract = {A test protocol involving 15 different fabrics was developed to determine if there was adequate technical justification to add TB-117 foam to the UFAC voluntary program. The fabrics represented a cross section of those currently being used in residential furniture. Cushions were made using TB-117 type polyurethane foam, conventional polyurethane foam, and polyester fiber wrap between the fabric cover and the foam cores. The ignition and flame spread characteristics of each sample was determined and visual comparisons of the burning characteristics of the flame retarded vs. non flame retarded conventional foam were made. Small open flame testing and cigarette ignition testing were performed separately on each type cushion construction. The tests were designed to simulate a carelessly dropped match on the top of a cushion, or the careless dropping of four cigarettes on the top of a cushion. A methenamine pill was used as the small open flame source, and a Pall Mall cigarette was used for the standard UFAC testing. The conclusion drawn from the cigarette ignition testing was that the TB-117 foam made no difference or improvement in cigarette ignition propensity. The conclusions drawn from the small open flame testing were: 1.The TB-117 foam made no significant, consistent difference in either ignition or flame spread. 2.These tests demonstrated that changes in construction to improve small open flame performance can negatively affect performance in cigarette ignition. 3.The use of polyester fiber wrap topper pads had no significant qualitative effect on small open flame ignition or flame spread},
	booktitle = {Polyurethane {Foam} {Association}},
	author = {Talley, H},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
}





@article{takahashi_organohalogen_2010,
	title = {Organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes from the western {North} {Pacific}, off-{Tohoku}, {Japan}: {Contamination} status and bioaccumulation profiles.},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.027},
	abstract = {Twelve species of deep-sea fishes collected in 2005 from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan were analyzed for organohalogen compounds. Among the compounds analyzed, concentrations of DDTs and PCBs (up to 23,000 and 12,400 ng/g lipid wt, respectively) were the highest. The present study is the foremost to report the occurrence of brominated flame retardants such as PBDEs and HBCDs in deep-sea organisms from the North Pacific region. Significant positive correlations found between delta(15)N ( per thousand) and PCBs, DDTs and PBDEs suggest the high biomagnification potential of these contaminants in food web. The large variation in delta(13)C (per thousand) values observed between the species indicate multiple sources of carbon in the food web and specific accumulation of hydrophobic organohalogen compounds in benthic dwelling carnivore species like snubnosed eel. The results obtained in this study highlight the usefulness of deep-sea fishes as sentinel species to monitor the deep-sea environment.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Takahashi, Shin and Oshihoi, Tomoko and Ramu, Karri and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ohmori, Koji and Kubodera, Tsunemi and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19837437},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogens: analysis, Halogens: metabolism, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants, halogens},
	pages = {187--96},
}





@article{tagliaferri_low_2010,
	title = {Low concentrations of the brominated flame retardants {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 induce synergistic oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells.},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1879-3177},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.020},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become widespread environmental contaminants. The highest body burden has been found in toddlers and infants, due to their exposure through breast milk and house dust, and the current concern for potential adverse health effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of PBDEs are largely not understood, though there is evidence that PBDEs may elicit oxidative stress. In this study, two different mathematical models were used to evaluate the interaction between BDE-47 and BDE-99 on viability of neuronal cells. The combined exposure to these compounds induced synergistic effects at concentrations of BDE-47 below its threshold doses, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations below its IC(50). In contrast, at concentrations of BDE-47 near its IC(50) value, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations, antagonistic effects were observed. The interactions observed on cell viability were confirmed by an assessment of induction of oxidative stress. The finding that co-exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-99 could induce synergistic neurotoxic effects, in particular at low doses of BDE-47, is of much toxicological interest, as humans are exposed to mixtures of PBDEs, most notably tetra- and penta-BDE congeners.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},
	author = {Tagliaferri, Sara and Caglieri, Andrea and Goldoni, Matteo and Pinelli, Silvana and Alinovi, Rossella and Poli, Diana and Pellacani, Claudia and Giordano, Gennaro and Mutti, Antonio and Costa, Lucio G},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19720130},
	keywords = {Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Synergism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Models, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: metabolism, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Neurons: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Statistical, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances: metabolis, Trypan Blue, Tumor, cell line},
	pages = {116--22},
}





@article{takigami_brominated_2009,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in {Japan}.},
	volume = {76},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006},
	abstract = {This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 10(2)-10(3)pgm(-3) order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13000 ng g(-1)) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad {\textbackslash}textlessor=0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs - decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants' exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {270--277},
}





@article{takigami_transfer_2008,
	title = {Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032},
	abstract = {Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 microg/g, 19,000 microg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The SigmaPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective SigmaPBDE and SigmaPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67-500 microg/g (mean 300 microg/g) and 180-650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18657291},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Television, frelec},
	pages = {161--9},
}





@article{ta_bioaccumulation_nodate,
	title = {Bioaccumulation and behavioral effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-47) in perinatally exposed mice.},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1872-9738},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.003},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that have become pervasive environmental contaminants and may contribute to adverse health outcomes. We evaluated in mice the developmental neurotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant PBDE congeners detected in animal and human tissues. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to daily doses of 0, 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg beginning 4 weeks prior to conception, continuing through gestation and lactation, and ending at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21. Levels of BDE-47 in blood, brain, liver and adipose tissues of dams were markedly increased after 4 weeks of exposure, around the time of mating, and continued to increase through the time of parturition. Blood levels of BDE-47 in the dosed dams were within the range reported in humans. BDE-47 tissue levels in the dams decreased between parturition and weaning, possibly reflecting mobilization during lactation. Brain BDE-47 levels in the offspring at PND 1 approached those of the dams at parturition. Perinatal exposure to BDE-47 resulted in significant dose dependent growth retardation, slower motor performance in several behavioral tests, and mice exposed to 1mg/kg/day BDE-47 showed altered performance in the Morris water maze. There were no differences between groups in the numbers of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1. These results document accumulation of BDE-47 in several organ systems following exposure to low-levels of BDE-47, and provide evidence that such exposure is associated with early behavioral deficits in exposed neonates.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},
	author = {Ta, Tram Anh and Koenig, Claire M and Golub, Mari S and Pessah, Isaac N and Qi, Lihong and Aronov, Pavel A and Berman, Robert F},
	pmid = {21334437},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, CA1 Region, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gestational Age, Hippocampal, Hippocampal: drug effects, Hippocampal: embryology, Hippocampal: growth \& development, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: drug effects, Pyramidal Cells: metabolism, Pyramidal Cells: pathology, Tissue Distribution, Weaning},
	pages = {393--404},
}





@article{szabo_effects_2009,
	title = {Effects of perinatal {PBDE} exposure on hepatic phase {I}, phase {II}, phase {III}, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups.},
	volume = {107},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfn230},
	abstract = {Previous studies demonstrated that perinatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of brominated flame retardants, may affect thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations by inducing hepatic uridinediphosphate-glucoronosyltransferases (UGTs). This study further examines effects of the commercial penta mixture, DE-71, on genes related to TH metabolism at different developmental time points in male rats. DE-71 is predominately composed of PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 with low levels of brominated dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were orally administered 1.7 (low), 10.2 (mid), or 30.6 (high) mg/kg/day of DE-71 in corn oil from gestational day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Serum and liver were collected from male pups at PND 4, 21, and 60. Total serum thyroxine (T(4)) decreased to 57\% (mid) and 51\% (high) on PND 4, and 46\% (mid) dose and 25\% (high) on PND 21. Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1/2, and Cyp3a1 enzyme and mRNA expression, regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane xenobiotic receptor, respectively, increased in a dose-dependent manner. UGT-T(4) enzymatic activity significantly increased, whereas age and dose-dependent effects were observed for Ugt1a6, 1a7, and 2b mRNA. Sult1b1 mRNA expression increased, whereas that of transthyretin (Ttr) decreased as did both the deiodinase I (D1) enzyme activity and mRNA expression. Hepatic efflux transporters Mdr1 (multidrug resistance), Mrp2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein), and Mrp3 and influx transporter Oatp1a4 mRNA expression increased. In this study the most sensitive responses to PBDEs following DE-71 exposure were CYP2B and D1 activities and Cyb2b1/2, d1, Mdr1, Mrp2, and Mrp3 gene expression. All responses were reversible by PND 60. In conclusion, deiodination, active transport, and sulfation, in addition to glucuronidation, may be involved in disruption of TH homeostasis due to perinatal exposure to DE-71 in male rat offspring.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Szabo, David T and Richardson, Vicki M and Ross, David G and Diliberto, Janet J and Kodavanti, Prasada R S and Birnbaum, Linda S},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {18978342},
	keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: genetics, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Long-Evans, Male, Microsomes, Newborn, Pregnancy, Rats, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: genetics, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: analysis, Thyroxine: blood, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: analysis, Triiodothyronine: blood, ffr, tox},
	pages = {27--39},
}





@article{suzuki_identification_2008,
	title = {Identification of brominated and chlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837},
	abstract = {Our previous study demonstrated that compounds in indoor dusts strongly inhibit thyroxine (T4) binding to the human thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin (TTR) in vitro. Exposure assessment indicated that house dust is an important medium of exposure of children to TTR-binding compounds when binding potency and dust ingestion rates are high. Here, we used chemical fractionation with in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay and GC-MS to analyze the TTR-binding compounds in a sulfuric-acid-treated dust extract. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TriBPh) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol (PeCPh) were potent TTR-binding compounds in all dust samples. 2,4,6-TriBPh- and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh-derived theoretical T4 equivalents (T4EQs), calculated arithmetically from the concentrations and relative potencies, accounted for about 40-70\% of experimental T4EQs detected in indoor dusts, indicating that these compounds contributed strongly to the TTR-binding potency of indoor dust. Indoor sources of 2,4,6-TriBPh might be brominated flame retardants currently used in household materials such as electrical appliances. In contrast, the 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh might be trace evidence of past use in agricultural chemicals and preservatives in indoor or outdoor environments, because its use has been banned since 1990 in Japan. 2,4,6-TriBPh and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh are ubiquitous potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in the home and work environments of Japan and other countries.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Suzuki, Go and Takigami, Hidetaka and Watanabe, Mafumi and Takahashi, Shin and Nose, Kazutoshi and Asari, Misuzu and Sakai, Shin-Ichi},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18441837},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Chromatography, Dust, Electrospray Ionization, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects},
	pages = {1794--800},
}





@inproceedings{suzuki_dioxin-like_2010,
	address = {Kyoto, Japan},
	title = {Dioxin-like compounds in {Japanese} indoor dusts: {Brominated} dibenzo-furans strongly contribute to dioxin-like activity evaluated by {In} {Vitro} bioassay.},
	url = {http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Suzuki, G and Someya, M and Takahashi, S and Takigami, H and Sakai, S},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@techreport{swedish_chemicals_agency_risk_2008,
	address = {Luxembourg},
	title = {Risk assessment, hexabromocyclododecane. {Final} report.},
	url = {http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf},
	institution = {European Commission},
	author = {{Swedish Chemicals Agency}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, tox},
}





@article{sverko_compounds_2010,
	title = {Compounds structurally related to {Dechlorane} {Plus} in sediment and biota from {Lake} {Ontario} ({Canada}).},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285},
	doi = {10.1021/es9025535},
	abstract = {The historical occurrence of Dechlorane Plus (DP) and detection of novel compounds structurally related to DP is described in a dated Lake Ontario sediment core. Our core was collected near the mouth of the Niagara River, which is known to be a major source of DP to the lake. Maximum DP concentrations (920 ng g(-1), dry weight) were observed between 1976 and 1980, the highest reported to date. Following that time, we observed a dramatic decrease in DP concentration which coincided with the enactment of United States federal and state laws to mitigate free release of chemicals into the Niagara River and installation of an industrial wastewater treatment facility. During the course of our research, four new substances structurally related to DP were also identified. These compounds were thought to arise from the Diels-Alder reactions resulting from impurities present in 1,5-cyclooctadiene, a feedstock used in production of DP. To confirm our hypothesis, Diels-Alder reactions were performed on the individual impurities. Using different stationary-phase capillary gas chromatography columns and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we were able to positively identify some of these novel compounds in the core. Interestingly, we also were able to identify a monoadduct compound, formed by addition of 1 mol of hexachlorocyclopentadiene to 2 mol of 1,3-cyclooctadiene, in lake trout. The concentration of this monoadduct was approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of DP, suggesting that it is more bioaccumulative.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Sverko, Ed and Reiner, Eric J and Tomy, Gregg T and McCrindle, Robert and Shen, Li and Arsenault, Gilles and Zaruk, Donna and MacPherson, Karen A and Marvin, Chris H and Helm, Paul A and McCarry, Brian E},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20025285},
	keywords = {Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Trout, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {574--9},
}





@article{suzuki_similarities_2013,
	title = {Similarities in the endocrine-disrupting potencies of indoor dust and flame retardants by using human osteosarcoma ({U2OS}) cell-based reporter gene assays.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518},
	doi = {10.1021/es304691a},
	abstract = {Indoor dust is a sink for many kinds of pollutants, including flame retardants (FRs), plasticizers, and their contaminants and degradation products. These pollutants can be migrated to indoor dust from household items such as televisions and computers. To reveal high-priority end points of and contaminant candidates in indoor dust, using CALUX reporter gene assays based on human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell lines, we evaluated and characterized the endocrine-disrupting potencies of crude extracts of indoor dust collected from Japan (n = 8), the United States (n = 21), Vietnam (n = 10), the Philippines (n = 17), and Indonesia (n = 10) and for 23 selected FRs. The CALUX reporter gene assays used were specific for compounds interacting with the human androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2). Indoor dust extracts were agonistic to ERα, GR, and PPARγ2 and antagonistic against AR, PR, GR, and PPARγ2. In comparison, a majority of FRs was agonistic to ERα and PPARγ2 only, and some FRs demonstrated receptor-specific antagonism against all tested nuclear receptors. Hierarchical clustering clearly indicated that agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR were common, frequently detected end points for indoor dust and tested FRs. Given our previous results regarding the concentrations of FRs in indoor dust and in light of our current results, candidate contributors to these effects include not only internationally controlled brominated FRs but also alternatives such as some phosphorus-containing FRs. In the context of indoor pollution, high-frequency effects of FRs such as agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR are candidate high-priority end points for further investigation.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Suzuki, Go and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Malarvannan, Govindan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Brouwer, Abraham and Uramaru, Naoto and Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Takigami, Hidetaka},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23398518},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {2898--908},
}





@article{suzuki_dioxin-like_2007,
	title = {Dioxin-{Like} and {Transthyretin}-{Binding} {Compounds} in {Indoor} {Dusts} {Collected} from {Japan}: {Average} {Daily} {Dose} and {Possible} {Implications} for {Children}},
	volume = {41},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf},
	doi = {10.1021/es061907l},
	abstract = {Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted. Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Suzuki, Go and Takigami, Hidetaka and Nose, Kazutoshi and Takahashi, Shin and Asari, Misuzu and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1487--1493},
}





@article{suzuki_dioxin-like_2010,
	title = {Dioxin-like activity in {Japanese} indoor dusts evaluated by means of in vitro bioassay and instrumental analysis: brominated dibenzofurans are an important contributor.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407},
	doi = {10.1021/es102021c},
	abstract = {In our previous study, we demonstrated that dioxin-like activity in sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of Japanese indoor dust was higher than the activity in contaminated sediments. In the current study, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation in combination with the dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (DR-CALUX) assay and gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) to quantitatively evaluate dioxin-like compounds in indoor dusts. Selected four sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of indoor dusts were fractionated into seven fractions by means of HPLC with a nitrophenylpropylsilica column, and the activity in the first fraction of each extract was much higher than the activities in the other fractions. Therefore, each of the first fractions was further fractionated into 90 fractions by HPLC with an octadecylsilica column, and all the fractions were analyzed by means of the DR-CALUX assay. On the basis of elution characteristics, the active compounds in the fractions showing high activity were determined to be polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), or supposed to be polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). These compounds in the 33 dusts extracts were quantified by means of GC-HRMS, and their median-based contributions of the theoretical CALUX-TEQs [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetraCDD) equivalent] chemically calculated for PBDFs, PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho Co-PCBs, PCNs, and mono-ortho Co-PCBs to the experimental values (38-1400 pg/g, median 160 pg/g) were 17\%, 14\%, 8.8\%, 0.98\%, 0.10\%, and 0.019\%, respectively. Our results indicate that PBDFs, which are not internationally regulated dioxins, were important contributors to dioxin-like activity in Japanese dust and that further analysis of PBDFs in indoor dust is required so that the risk of exposure to these compounds via dust can be assessed.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Suzuki, Go and Someya, Masayuki and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Takigami, Hidetaka},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20860407},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {8330--6},
}





@article{suzuki_pbdes_2006,
	title = {{PBDEs} and {PBDD}/{Fs} in house and office dust from {Japan}.},
	volume = {68},
	url = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf},
	abstract = {In order to reduce the accidental fire, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as PBDEs are added to plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for household materials. The rapid decrease in PBDE consumption after 1990 could be due to the industry's voluntary phasing out of PBDEs in Japan because of global concern regarding their potential adverse environmental and health effects and their thermal-breakdown products.1 However, lots of products such as TV and computer have contained PBDEs used in the past, which may be sources of them in the indoor air.2 Previous studies have indicated that PBDEs accumulate through food chain and are potential toxic compounds for human, suggesting that the control strategy for them contained in products is very important. Recently, the analysis of PBDEs in house dust has been conducted all over the world, indicating that PBDE concentrations of house dust are relatively higher than other media such as sediment. 3-6 Many researchers also demonstrated the importance of house dust as the routes of human exposure to PBDEs. On the other hand, there is no systematic monitoring investigation for grasping PBDEs level of dust in Japan. In this study, we investigated the PBDE concentrations in dust derived from household and office in Japan. PBDD/Fs, the thermal-breakdown products of PBDEs, were also investigated. First, in order to evaluate the PBDE and PBDD/F level of collected dust in Japan, we compared the obtained data with those reported in previous studies. Then we tried to identify an indoor source of them in dust by evaluating the relevance of the concentration in dusts and the investigated indoor information.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Suzuki, G and Nose, K and Takigami, H and Takahashi, S and Sakai, SI},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {1843--1846},
}





@article{suvorov_delayed_2011,
	title = {Delayed response in the rat frontal lobe transcriptome to perinatal exposure to the flame retardant {BDE}-47.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1099-1263},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737},
	doi = {10.1002/jat.1667},
	abstract = {BDE-47 is the most prevalent congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which are widely used flame retardants, and is known for endocrine and behavioral disrupting properties in animals. Transient effect on spontaneous motor activity in rats following perinatal exposure to BDE-47 at low doses, relevant to human exposure, was reported in our previous study. The objective of this study was to screen for the long-term effects on gene expression in the brain of rats perinatally exposed to BDE-47. Wistar dams were exposed to BDE-47 (0.002 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) body weight) from gestation day 15 to postnatal day (PND) 20. Total RNA was extracted from the whole brain at PND10 and the brain frontal lobes at PND41 and hybridized to whole-genome RNA expression microarrays. The genes, differentially expressed 1.5-fold, were analyzed with the DAVID bioinformatics resources for cluster and gene-term enrichment. At PND41, clusters of genes involved in nerve impulse transmission, nervous system development and functioning, and core biosynthetic process were altered, including several downregulated genes of cation channels. Representation of LINE1 RNA was decreased significantly. Altered expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment occured at least 3 weeks after the last exposure and the behavioral manifestation of low dose BDE-47 toxicity.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of applied toxicology : JAT},
	author = {Suvorov, Alexander and Takser, Larissa},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21394737},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Behavior, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Frontal Lobe, Frontal Lobe: drug effects, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Maternal Exposure, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Neurogenesis: genetics, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar},
	pages = {477--83},
}





@article{suutari_polychlorinated_2011,
	title = {Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PCDDs}), dibenzofurans ({PCDFs}), polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Finnish} semi-domesticated reindeer ({Rangifer} tarandus tarandus {L}.).},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.003},
	abstract = {To explore the concentrations and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) the reindeer milk and tissue samples were collected from the sub-arctic northern Finland. Reindeer milk's PCB sum (1.20ng g(-1) wet weight) and PCDD/F sum (0.70pg g(-1) ww) in autumn were higher than in summer (PCBs 0.50ng g(-1) ww and PCDD/Fs 0.20pg g(-1) ww). The mean fat content in autumn milk (26\%) was significantly higher than in summer (10\%). Concentrations in reindeer milk were generally far below 50\% of that in adult reindeer body burden. However, the bioaccumulation factors were multiple in milk/reindeer calf ratio and that aroused the question of other important exposure routes than lactation. The muscle and liver of reindeer calves had higher PCDD/F and PCB concentrations than adult animals that possibly indicate the significance of transfer of these compounds from dam to calf through lactation and placenta. However, PBDE concentrations were higher in adult reindeer, especially in liver. In addition, reindeer liver seems to have a special feature to collect highly toxic PCDD/Fs, although the PCB sum concentrations (range from 0.33 to 1.69ng g(-1) wet weight) were clearly higher than the sums of PCDD/Fs (range from 3.78 to 39.2pg g(-1) ww). Stillborn reindeer calves represented individuals who had got their PCDD/F, PCB and PBDE load only via the placenta. Concentrations in muscle and brown adipose tissue samples did not indicate dependency on fat content. Obviously effective placental transfer of PCBs and PBDEs from reindeer dam to foetus was seen in this study.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Suutari, Anniina and Ruokojärvi, Päivi and Kiviranta, Hannu and Verta, Matti and Korhonen, Markku and Nieminen, Mauri and Laaksonen, Sauli},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21040976},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, waa},
	pages = {335--41},
}





@article{sundkvist_organophosphorus_2010,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376},
	doi = {10.1039/b921910b},
	abstract = {The levels and relative proportions of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs), some of which are reportedly toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in human breast milk and samples of fish and mussels from Swedish lakes and coastal areas in order to assess spatial differences in environmental exposure and spatial and temporal differences in human exposure. Some of the biota samples were collected at locations with known potential sources of OPs, but most were collected in background locations. Tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) dominated in the biota with levels ranging from 170 to 770 ng g(-1) for TCPP in perch and between 21 and 180 ng g(-1) for TPP. In milk samples, TCPP (median 45 ng g(-1)) and tributyl phosphate (median 12 ng g(-1)) were the most frequently occurring OPs. Among samples of fish from background locations, the concentrations and profiles of most OPs were quite similar, indicating that their sources were diffuse. However, in fish from sample locations near known sources, there were marked differences in OP concentrations and profiles. Fish from a stream receiving surface water from Arlanda airport displayed high levels of OPs (10 200 ng g(-1)) that are commonly used in aircraft hydraulic fluids. Fish collected at points 1 or 2 km downstream of sewage treatment plants showed significantly higher levels of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), one of the most typically abundant OP in effluents from such plants. In the milk samples obtained from women in different towns no distinct differences were detected in OP concentrations or profiles. However, the levels of TBEP tended to be higher in milk collected 10 years ago than in milk collected more recently. However, human exposure to OPs through eating fish or to breastfeeding babies seems to be of minor importance in relation to other potential sources, such as indoor dust inhalation and ingestion.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Sundkvist, Anneli Marklund and Olofsson, Ulrika and Haglund, Peter},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20383376},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Mytilus, Mytilus: chemistry, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sweden},
	pages = {943--51},
}





@book{of_surrey_effectiveness_2000,
	address = {London},
	title = {Effectiveness of the {Furniture} and {Furnishings} ({Fire}) ({Safety}) {Regulations} 1988},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf},
	publisher = {UK Department of Trade and Industry},
	author = {of Surrey, University},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{sun_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in three terrestrial passerine birds from {South} {China}: geographical pattern and implication for potential sources.},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.013},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were investigated in light-vented bulbul (LVB), long-tailed shrike (LTS) and oriental magpie-robin (OMR) collected from seven sampling sites in South China. ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, PBB 153, and PBT levels ranged from 35 to 15,000, no detected (nd)-130, nd-6800, and nd-6.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Positive correlations were found between δ(15)N values and brominated flame retardant (BFR) concentrations. The BFR geographic pattern indicated that PBDEs were linked to e-waste recycling and local industry activities as well as urbanization; PBB 153 was derived from e-waste; DBDPE was mainly come from local industry activities; and no specific source was observed for PBT. PBDE congener profiles were found to be depended on bird species and sampling sites with relatively high abundances of lower brominated congeners in e-waste site and significantly higher abundance of BDE153 in LTS and OMR than in LVB.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Sun, Yu-xin and Luo, Xiao-jun and Mo, Ling and Zhang, Qiang and Wu, Jiang-ping and Chen, She-jun and Zou, Fa-sheng and Mai, Bi-xian},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22243889},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism},
	pages = {381--8},
}





@article{sullivan_changes_2010,
	title = {Changes in plasma retinol of {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) in response to dietary or in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a penta-brominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {1528-7394},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677},
	doi = {10.1080/15287394.2010.501720},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are ubiquitous, lipophilic, and bioaccumulative brominated flame retardants. Plasma retinol concentrations of captive adult American kestrels were assessed at the beginning of the breeding season following 3 wk of daily dietary exposure to vehicle (control), low (0.3 ng/g wet weight [ww]), or high (1.6 ng/g ww) concentrations of DE-71 and in their 25-d-old nestlings following embryonic exposure by maternal deposition to environmentally relevant low (291 ± 48 ng/g ww) or high (1111 ± 160 ng/g ww) sum (Σ) PBDE concentrations. Unexpectedly, low in ovo concentrations of total-α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were detected. Plasma retinol concentrations of adult males exposed to higher DE-71 concentrations were negatively correlated with in ovo ΣPBDE, BDE-100, and HBCD levels. Maternal (13\%) and nestling (11\%) retinol levels were lower in the low-exposure group compared to respective controls, and biologically significant since their retinol levels were correlated with hatching success and growth, respectively. Maternal retinol levels were also correlated with BDE-153. The underlying mechanisms may involve (1) PBDE exposure, hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites, and subsequent changes in retinol mobilization; (2) decreased maternal food consumption; and (3) reduced maternal retinol yolk deposits. The apparent lack of retinol changes in the high-exposure kestrel may reflect compensation occurring, either by increased mobilization and transportation of retinol, and/or higher food consumption in these birds. When highly mobile as evidenced during reproduction or development, retinol concentrations of adult and nestling kestrels are sensitive to environmentally relevant PBDE and HBCD levels.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},
	author = {Sullivan, Katrina M and Bird, David M and Ritchie, J Ian and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Fernie, Kim J},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20967677},
	keywords = {Animals, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: blood, Vitamin A: metabolism},
	pages = {1645--54},
}





@article{strid_brominated_2013,
	title = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in liver of {Greenland} shark ({Somniosus} microcephalus).},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.059},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known brominated flame retardants that have now been banned or phased out in many parts of the world. As a consequence, interest in the environmental occurrence of non-PBDE flame retardants has increased. In the present study several potential PBDE replacement products together with short chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were assessed in Greenland sharks accidentally caught in waters around Iceland between 2001 and 2003. Non-PBDE flame retardants detected were pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene (TBX). The concentrations were lower than levels of BDE-47 but similar to other PBDE congeners previously reported in Greenland shark. The median concentrations of SCCPs was 430 ng g(-1) fat, similar to individual PCB congeners previously reported. This is the first report of SCCPs, BTBPE, PBEB and TBX in any shark species globally and confirms the usefulness of the Greenland shark as a screening species for environmental contamination in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environment.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Strid, Anna and Bruhn, Christoffer and Sverko, Ed and Svavarsson, Jörundur and Tomy, Gregg and Bergman, {\textbackslash}AAke},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23360749},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {222--8},
}





@article{stoker_assessment_2004,
	title = {Assessment of {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) mixture, in the {EDSP} male and female pubertal protocols.},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfh029},
	abstract = {DE-71, a commercial mixture, was used to test the sensitivity of the female and male pubertal protocol to detect thyroid active chemicals. These protocols are being evaluated for the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program as part of a Tier I Screening Battery. To examine the ability of these protocols to screen for chemicals that induce the clearance of thyroid hormone, we examined male and female Wistar rats following DE-71 exposure. Rats were gavaged daily with 0, 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg DE in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 23-53 in the male or PND 22-41 in the female. The temporal effects of DE-71 on liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were measured in another group of males and females following only 5 days of dosing (PND 21 to 26 in females and PND 23 to 28 in males). Serum T4 was significantly decreased at 30 and 60 mg/kg following the 5-day exposures and in the 21-day exposed females. Doses of 3, 30, and 60 mg/kg decreased T4 in 31-day exposed males. Serum T3 was decreased and TSH elevated by 30 and 60 mg/kg in the 31-day exposed males only. Decreased colloid area and increased follicular cell heights (indicative of the hypothyroid state) were observed in thyroids of the 60 mg/kg groups of 20- and 31-day exposed female and males. Increased liver-to-body weight ratios coincided with a significant induction of uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDGPT; two to four-fold), and ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD) at the two highest doses in all exposures. Of the androgen dependent tissues in the 31-day exposed males, seminal vesicle (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights were reduced at 60 mg/kg, while testes and epididymal weights were not affected. Preputial separation (PPS) was also significantly delayed by doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. In the female, the 60 mg/kg dose also caused a significant delay in the age of vaginal opening. Based upon the thyroid hormone response data, this study provides evidence that the 31-day alternative Tier 1 male protocol is a more sensitive test protocol than the 5-day or female pubertal protocol for thyrotoxic agents that act via up-regulation of hepatic metabolism. This apparent greater sensitivity may be due a greater body burden attained following the longer dosing regimen as compared with that of the female protocol, or to gender specific differences in thyroid hormone metabolism. Also, the delay in PPS and reduction in SV and VP weights may indicate a modification or inhibition of endogenous androgenic stimulation directly by DE-71 or a secondary effect that occurs in response to a DE-induced change in thyroid hormones.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Stoker, Tammy E and Laws, Susan C and Crofton, Kevin M and Hedge, Joan M and Ferrell, Janet M and Cooper, Ralph L},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {14999130},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Complex Mixtures, Complex Mixtures: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Evaluation, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: chemically induced, Endpoint Determination, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Microsomes, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Penis, Penis: drug effects, Penis: growth \& development, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preclinical, Pregnancy, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Toxicity Tests, Vagina, Vagina: drug effects, Vagina: growth \& development, Wistar, ffr, tox},
	pages = {144--55},
}





@article{stec_assessment_2011,
	title = {Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials},
	volume = {43},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.015},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Energy and Buildings},
	author = {Stec, Anna A and Hull, T Richard},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {498--506},
}





@article{stasinska_concentrations_2013,
	title = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in residential dust samples from {Western} {Australia}.},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia. Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ(7) of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82400 ng g(-1) (median 571 ng g(-1)). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66\% of Σ(32)PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ(32)PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Stasinska, Ania and Reid, Alison and Hinwood, Andrea and Stevenson, Gavin and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Heyworth, Jane},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23357863},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {187--93},
}





@article{stapleton_identification_2010,
	title = {{IDENTIFICATION} {OF} {FLAME} {RETARDANTS} {IN} {POLYURETHANE} {FOAM} {COLLECTED} {FROM} {BABY} {PRODUCTS}.},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf},
	abstract = {Prior to 2004, PentaBDE was a flame retardant mixture frequently added to the polyurethane foam in consumer products (e.g. furniture). Due to concerns over the persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) present in this commercial mixture, chemical companies voluntarily phased out the use of PentaBDE in the United States. Today, alternative types of chemical flame retardants are added to polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards for furniture. The flammability standard which primarily drives this use is California's Department of Consumer Affairs Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117). Despite the fact that TB117 is only required for residential upholstered furniture sold in the state of California, a large number of products sold elsewhere in the U.S. also comply with TB117 and therefore contain additive flame retardants. In addition to furniture, these products include baby products such as strollers, car seats, mattresses, and nursing pillows. There are currently no data available regarding the types of chemicals commonly added to foam found in baby products. This study was undertaken to determine how frequently flame retardant additives are found in specific types of baby products, identify the most common chemicals used, and determine whether the presence of a TB117 label on the product could be used as an indicator for the presence of these flame retardant chemicals in the foam.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Stapleton, HM and Klosterhaus, S and Blum, A and Webster, TF},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, use},
}





@article{stapleton_serum_2008,
	title = {Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in foam recyclers and carpet installers working in the {United} {States}.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133},
	abstract = {Increased exposure to the flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may be expected to occur during the recycling of polyurethane foam containing these chemicals. To date, no studies in the United States have investigated occupational exposure to these flame retardants during recycling processes. The objective of the present study was to determine if individuals working in foam recycling facilities, and/or carpet installers who may install carpet padding manufactured from recycled foam, possess significantly higher PBDE serum levels relative to that of the general U.S. population. As a control group, serum was collected from four spouses and one clerical worker. In addition, levels in workers were also compared to the recently published national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) data set on PBDEs in the general U.S. population. Serum samples were collected in duplicate and analyzed by two different laboratories as quality control. Total PBDE levels were found to be significantly higher (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) in the individuals recycling foam and installing carpet (n = 15) relative to the control group (n = 5). Median sigmaPBDE levels in the foam recyclers, carpet layers, and control group were 160, 178, and 19 ng/g lipid, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of a polybrominated biphenyl (BB-153) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (CB-153) were equivalent among all groups tested. The PBDE congeners BDE-47, 99, 100, and 153 contributed 90\% of the sigmaPBDE concentration in serum and no differences in congener patterns were apparent among the different groups. Relative to concentrations measured in the NHANES, foam recyclers and carpet layers have body burdens that are an order of magnitude higher. These data suggest individuals recycling foam-containing products, and/ or using products manufactured from recycled foam (i.e., carpet padding), have higher body burdens of PBDEs, and thus may be at higher risk from adverse health effects associated with brominated flame retardant exposure.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Jones, Richard S and Niehüser, Sara and Zhang, Yalin and Patterson, Donald G},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18522133},
	keywords = {Adult, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Quality Control, United States, ffr, hum},
	pages = {3453--8},
}





@article{suhring_brominated_2013,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and dechloranes in eels from {German} {Rivers}.},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.016},
	abstract = {The levels of PBDEs, alternate BFRs and dechloranes in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) samples (elvers, yellow and silver eels) were investigated to compare the contamination of eels from the rivers Elbe and Rhine and to estimate the BFR contamination throughout the eel's life cycle. PBDEs were the dominating flame retardants (FRs) in muscle tissues of yellow and silver eels, while the alternate BFR 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and the Dechlorane 602 were the dominating FRs in elvers (juvenile eels). Concentrations of FRs in silver eels from river Rhine were generally higher than concentrations in other eels analysed with up to 46 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) ∑PBDEs. The concentrations in yellow and silver eels from river Elbe were similar with an average of 9.0±5.1 ng g(-1)ww and 8.1±3.7 ng g(-1)ww respectively. PBDE concentrations in elvers were comparably low (0.02 (BDE-100) to 0.1 (BDE-183) ng g(-1)ww), which lead to the conclusion that these contaminants were mostly ingested within the rivers. Among the alternate BFRs and dechloranes, DPTE as well as the Dechlorane 602 and Dechlorane Plus (DP) were found in all life cycle stages and rivers with concentrations between 0.01 ng g(-1)ww and 0.7 ng g(-1)ww. Dechlorane 603 could only be detected in silver eels from river Rhine. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was only found in yellow and silver eels and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) could only be detected in elvers. These are the first reports of Dec-602 and 603 in aquatic organisms from Europe. The results of this study show the lasting relevance of PBDEs as contaminants in rivers and river-dwelling species but also the growing relevance of emerging contaminants such as alternate BFRs and dechloranes.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Sühring, Roxana and Möller, Axel and Freese, Marko and Pohlmann, Jan-Dag and Wolschke, Hendrik and Sturm, Renate and Xie, Zhiyong and Hanel, Reinhold and Ebinghaus, Ralf},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22985592},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {118--24},
}





@article{su_toxicogenomic_2012,
	title = {Toxicogenomic mechanisms of 6-{HO}-{BDE}-47, 6-{MeO}-{BDE}-47, and {BDE}-47 in {E}. coli.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525},
	doi = {10.1021/es203212w},
	abstract = {Cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 and its two analogues, BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47, and the associated molecular mechanisms were assessed by use of a live cell reporter assay system which contains a library of 1820 modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing promoter reporter vectors constructed from E. coli K12 strains. 6-HO-BDE-47 inhibited growth of E. coli with a 4 h median effect concentration (EC50) of 22.52 ± 2.20 mg/L, but neither BDE-47 nor 6-MeO-BDE-47 were cytotoxic. Thus, 6-HO-BDE-47 might serve as an antibiotic in some living organisms. Exposure to 6-HO-BDE-47 resulted in 65 (fold change {\textbackslash}textgreater2) or 129 (fold change {\textbackslash}textgreater1.5) genes being differentially expressed. The no observed transcriptional effect concentration (NOTEC) and median transcriptional effect concentration (TEC50) based on transcriptional end points, of 6-HO-BDE-47 were 0.0438 and 0.580 mg/L, respectively. The transcriptional responses were 514- and 39-fold more sensitive than the acute EC50 to inhibit cell growth. Most of the genes that were differentially expressed in response to 6-HO-BDE-47 were not modulated by BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 to E. coli was via a mechanism that was different from that of either BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. Gene expression associated with metabolic pathways was more responsive to 6-HO-BDE-47, which suggests that this pathway might be the primary target of this compound.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Su, Guanyong and Zhang, Xiaowei and Liu, Hongling and Giesy, John P and Lam, Michael H W and Lam, Paul K S and Siddiqui, Maqsood A and Musarrat, Javed and Al-Khedhairy, Abdulaziz and Yu, Hongxia},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22111525},
	keywords = {Anisoles, Anisoles: toxicity, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effect, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: genetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Molecular Structure, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, unsure},
	pages = {1185--91},
}





@article{strack_cytotoxicity_2007,
	title = {Cytotoxicity of {TBBPA} and effects on proliferation, cell cycle and {MAPK} pathways in mammalian cells.},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.136},
	abstract = {Poly-brominated flame retardants are ecotoxicologically relevant chemicals that can show high persistency in environmental samples and bioaccumulation in marine and fresh water animals. One of the most widely used compound is tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Until today, the toxicological data are rather fragmentary. Our studies on acute and sub-acute toxic effects with established cell lines demonstrate that TBBPA interferes with cellular signaling pathways. Cell viability is significantly reduced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The observed EC50 for rat kidney cells (NRK) was 52 microM (27 mg/l), 168 microM (90 mg/l) for A549 human lung cells, and 200 microM (108 mg/l) for Cal-62 human thyroid cells, respectively. The comparison of TBBPA with the non-brominated substance bisphenol A (BPA) clearly demonstrates that only the brominated compound exerts these effects on proliferation and cell viability. Cell cycle regulation was influenced considerably in Cal-62 cells, showing an explicit G2/M arrest in the cell cycle at TBBPA concentrations higher than 75 microM. Cellular signaling pathways directly connected to these affected parameters, e.g. the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, are partly influenced in a cell specific and dose dependent manner. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) is deactivated in NRK and A549 cells and activated in Cal-62 cells with increasing TBBPA concentrations.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Strack, Siegfried and Detzel, Tanja and Wahl, Markus and Kuch, Bertram and Krug, Harald F},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17254629},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors, cell line, frelec, tox},
	pages = {S405--11},
}





@article{stoker_vivo_2005,
	title = {In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) mixture.},
	volume = {207},
	issn = {0041-008X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038},
	doi = {10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010},
	abstract = {PBDEs have been synthesized in large quantities as flame retardants for commercial products, such as electronic equipment and textiles. The rising in levels of PBDEs in tissues in wildlife species and in human milk and plasma samples over the past several years have raised concerns about possible health effects. Recently, we showed that the PBDE mixture, DE-71, delayed puberty and suppressed the growth of androgen-dependent tissues in male Wistar rat following a peri-pubertal exposure. These effects suggested that DE-71 may be either inducing steroid hormone metabolism or acting as an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. To elucidate the potential anti-androgenic effects of this mixture, we evaluated DE-71 in several in vivo assays, which are responsive to alterations in androgen activity. In a pubertal exposure study designed to further evaluate the delay in preputial separation (PPS), we observed a dose-dependent delay in PPS with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day of DE-71 (4 and 5 days) and a corresponding suppression of ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicle growth at both doses. Adult males exposed to 60 mg/kg DE-71 for 3 days resulted in a significant increase in luteinizing hormone and a non-significant increase in testosterone, androstenedione and estrone. DE-71 also tested positive for anti-androgenic activity in an immature rat Hershberger assay, with decreases in mean VP and seminal vesicle weight following doses of 30-240 mg/kg. DE-71 and the individual BDE congeners which comprise the mixture (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154) were also evaluated in vitro. First, AR binding was evaluated in a competitive binding assay using rat VP cytosol. In addition, we evaluated gene activation in a transcriptional activation assay using the MDA-kb2 cell line which contains an endogenous human AR and a transfected luciferase reporter. DE-71 and BDE-100 (2, 4, 6-pentaBDE) both inhibited AR binding, with IC50s of approximately 5 microM. In addition, DE-71 and two of the congeners (BDE-100 and BDE-47) inhibited DHT-induced transcriptional activation. The pattern of inhibition shown in the double-reciprocal plot for BDE-100 and the linear slope replot confirmed that the in vitro mechanism is pure competitive inhibition, with a inhibition constant (Ki) of 1 microM. The delay in puberty in the male rat and decreased growth of androgen-dependent tissues observed previously following exposure to DE-71 were likely due to this inhibition of AR binding by several of the congeners which make up this mixture.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},
	author = {Stoker, T E and Cooper, R L and Lambright, C S and Wilson, V S and Furr, J and Gray, L E},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16005038},
	keywords = {Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: pharmacology, Androgen Receptor Antagonists, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Rats, Receptors, Transcriptional Activation, Transcriptional Activation: drug effects, Wistar, cell line, ffr, tox},
	pages = {78--88},
}





@book{stec_fire_2010,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Fire toxicity.},
	publisher = {Woodhead Publishing Ltd.},
	author = {Stec, A and Hull, R},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{stapleton_novel_2012,
	title = {Novel and high volume use flame retardants in {US} couches reflective of the 2005 {PentaBDE} phase out.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d},
	doi = {10.1021/es303471d},
	abstract = {California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23186002},
	keywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california, unsure},
	pages = {13432--9},
}





@article{stapleton_novel_2012,
	title = {Novel and high volume use flame retardants in {US} couches reflective of the 2005 {PentaBDE} phase out.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/es303471d},
	abstract = {California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23186002},
	keywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california},
	pages = {13432--9},
}





@article{stapleton_identification_2011,
	title = {Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.},
	volume = {45},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf},
	abstract = {With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36\%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17\%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15\%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Keller, Alex and Ferguson, P Lee and van Bergen, Saskia and Cooper, Ellen and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission},
	pages = {5323--5331},
}





@article{stapleton_identification_2011,
	title = {Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/es2007462},
	abstract = {With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36\%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17\%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15\%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Keller, Alex and Ferguson, P Lee and van Bergen, Saskia and Cooper, Ellen and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21591615},
	keywords = {Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission},
	pages = {5323--31},
}





@article{stapleton_novel_2012,
	title = {Novel and {High} {Volume} {Use} {Flame} {Retardants} in {US} {Couches} {Reflective} of the 2005 {PentaBDE} {Phase} {Out}.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1021/es303471d},
	abstract = {California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{stapleton_detection_2009,
	title = {Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and {U}.{S}. house dust.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardanttris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1-5\% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 -22\% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2\% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5\% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam,we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were {\textbackslash}textgreater 96\% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24\% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Eagle, Sarah and Fuh, Jennifer and Meeker, John D and Blum, A and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19848166},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Molecular Structure, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: chemistry, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, United States, ffr, use},
	pages = {7490--5},
}





@article{stapleton_serum_2012,
	title = {Serum {PBDEs} in a {North} {Carolina} {Toddler} {Cohort}: {Associations} with {Handwipes}, {House} {Dust}, and {Socioeconomic} {Variables}},
	volume = {120},
	url = {http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf},
	abstract = {Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Objectives: We used handwipes to estimate exposure to PBDEs in house dust among toddlers and examined sex, age, breast-feeding, race, and parents' education as predictors of serum PBDEs. Methods: Eighty-three children from 12 to 36 months of age were enrolled in North Carolina between May 2009 and November 2010. Blood, handwipe, and house dust samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. A questionnaire was administered to collect demographic data. Results: PBDEs were detected in all serum samples (geometric mean for ΣpentaBDE in serum was 43.3 ng/g lipid), 98\% of the handwipe samples, and 100\% of the dust samples. Serum ΣpentaBDEs were significantly correlated with both handwipe and house dust ΣpentaBDE levels, but were more strongly associated with handwipe levels (r = 0.57; p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001 vs. r = 0.35; p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Multivariate model estimates revealed that handwipe levels, child's sex, child's age, and father's education accounted for 39\% of the variation in serum ΣBDE3 levels (sum of BDEs 47, 99, and 100). In contrast, age, handwipe levels, and breast-feeding duration explained 39\% of the variation in serum BDE 153. Conclusions: Our study suggests that hand-to-mouth activity may be a significant source of exposure to PBDEs. Furthermore, age, socioeconomic status, and breast-feeding were significant predictors of exposure, but associations varied by congener. Specifically, serum ΣBDE3 was inversely associated with socioeconomic status, whereas serum BDE-153 was positively associated with duration of breast-feeding and mother's education.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{stapleton_serum_2012,
	title = {Serum {PBDEs} in a {North} {Carolina} toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables.},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1104802},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22763040},
	keywords = {Age Factors, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Male, Multivariate Analysis, North Carolina, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, Sex Factors, unsure},
	pages = {1049--54},
}





@article{stapleton_photodegradation_2008,
	title = {Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight.},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638},
	doi = {10.1897/07-301R.1},
	abstract = {Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) has been observed in several matrices such as solvent/ water mixtures, sediments, and soil; however, no studies have investigated the degradation potential of BDE 209 in house dust. In the present study, both a natural and a BDE 209-spiked dust material were exposed to sunlight for 200 cumulative h. Degradation of BDE 209 was observed in both matrices but was 35\% greater in the spiked dust relative to the natural dust material. The pseudo- first-order degradation rates were 2.3 x 10(-3) and 1.7 x 10(-3) per hour for the spiked and natural dust, respectively. During the 200-h exposure, as much as 38\% of the original BDE 209 mass was degraded in the spiked dust, 25\% of which could not be accounted for and was lost to unknown pathways and/or products. The remaining 13\% was accounted for by the formation of lower brominated congeners. Debrominated products detected in the spiked dust included all three nonabrominated congeners (BDE 206, BDE 207, and BDE 208) and several octabrominated congeners (BDE 196, BDE 197, BDE 201, BDE 202, and BDE 203/200). In technical commercial octa-BDE mixtures, BDE 201 is a very small component (below detection limit to 0.8\%), and BDE 202 is not detected. Therefore, the presence of these congeners in house dust may provide a marker of environmental debromination of BDE 209. The ratio of BDE 197 to BDE 201 may also be indicative of BDE 209 degradation. as the ratio of these two congeners appeared to reach a steady-state value (∼1) in both exposure scenarios in the present study.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Dodder, Nathan G},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18348638},
	keywords = {Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, frelec},
	pages = {306--12},
}





@article{stapleton_determination_2006,
	title = {Determination of {HBCD}, {PBDEs} and {MeO}-{BDEs} in {California} sea lions ({Zalophus} californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003.},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045},
	abstract = {Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from {\textbackslash}textless 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from {\textbackslash}textless 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2), previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.7; p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Stapleton, H M and Dodder, N G and Kucklick, J R and Reddy, C M and Schantz, M M and Becker, P R and Gulland, F and Porter, B J and Wise, S A},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16293266},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: metabolism, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam},
	pages = {522--31},
}





@article{souza_bde-99_2013,
	title = {{BDE}-99 congener induces cell death by apoptosis of human hepatoblastoma cell line - {HepG2}.},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1879-3177},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.022},
	abstract = {Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame retardants with a wide range of toxic effects on biotic and abiotic systems. The toxic mechanisms of PBDEs are still not completely understood because there are several different congeners with different chemical and biological characteristics. BDE-99 is one of these, widely found in the environment and biological samples, showing evidence of neurotoxic and endocrine disruption activities, but with little information about its action mechanism described in the current literature. This work investigated the effects of BDE-99 on the HepG2 cell line in order to clarify its toxic mechanism, using concentrations of 0.5-25 μM (24 and 48 h). Our results showed that BDE-99 could cause cell death in the higher concentrations, its activity being related to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an accumulation of ROS. It was also shown that BDE-99 induced the exposure of phosphatidylserine, caspases 3 and 9 activation and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, without causing the release of LDH. Thus it was shown that BDE-99 could cause HepG2 cell death by apoptosis, suggesting its toxicity to the human liver.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},
	author = {Souza, A O and Pereira, L C and Oliveira, D P and Dorta, D J},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23124135},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {580--7},
}





@article{sormo_trophic_2011,
	title = {Trophic level determines levels of brominated flame-retardants in coastal herring gulls.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1090-2414},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.012},
	abstract = {Liver concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs: sum of brominated diphenyl ethers [BDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) ranged from 135 to 985 ngg(-1) lipid weight (lw) in coastal herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the marine Hvaler Archipelago (The Glomma River Estuary), Norway. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations ranged from 10 to 698 ngg(-1)lw. High range in δ(13)C indicates that gulls were subject to a diversity of carbon sources, likely reflecting their mixed feeding on terrestrial and marine organisms, or diversity of autochthonous and allochthonous (watershed) energy sources at the bases of their marine/estuarial food chains. Inverse relationships of HBCD, and to somewhat lesser extent of BDE-209, with δ(13)C values suggest higher abundance of these compounds in the land-derived energy-sources of the gulls. Inverse relationships of BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-209 with δ(15)N suggest that trophic relationships affect bioaccumulation of these compounds in the herring gulls, with greater bioaccumulation from lower trophic level prey species. This may be because these PBDE congeners are subject of debromination in higher trophic levels prey species of the gulls (e.g., teleost fish). Levels of BDE-209 (up to 95 ng/g lipid) of these herring gulls from 1998 were in the higher range reported in European birds, and not matched by other reports in North Sea seabirds. The present study suggests that the currently used brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), BDE-209 and HBCD relate to changing nutrient allocation in the herring gulls, and represent a risk to seabirds exploiting near-shore and estuary ecosystems.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
	author = {Sørmo, E G and Lie, E and Ruus, A and Gaustad, H and Skaare, J U and Jenssen, B M},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21762987},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Charadriiformes, Female, Fishes, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, North Sea, Norway},
	pages = {2091--8},
}





@article{stapleton_associations_2011,
	title = {Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants, phenolic metabolites, and thyroid hormones during pregnancy.},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1003235},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are chemical additives used as flame retardants in commercial products. PBDEs are bioaccumulative and persistent and have been linked to several adverse health outcomes.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Anthopolos, Rebecca and Wolkin, Amy and Miranda, Marie Lynn},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21715241},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult},
	pages = {1454--9},
}





@article{stapleton_polybrominated_2005,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint.},
	volume = {39},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463},
	abstract = {Few studies have measured the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment. Here, we report measurements of PBDEs in house dust samples collected from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in the United States. Dust samples were analyzed for 22 individual PBDE congeners and our results found PBDEs present in every sample. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 780 ng/g dry mass to 30 100 ng/g dry mass. The dominant congeners observed in the dust samples were congeners associated with the pentaBDE and decaBDE commercial mixtures. Ancillary data were collected on the homes and examined for any correlations with total PBDE concentrations. No correlations were observed with year of house construction, type of flooring (i.e., hardwood vs carpet) or the number of television sets or personal computers in the home. However, a significant inverse correlation (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) was observed between the area of the home and the contribution of BDE 209 to the total PBDE concentration in dust. Using estimates of inadvertent dust ingestion (0.02-0.2 g/day) by young children (ages 1-4), we estimate ingestion of total PBDEs to range from 120 to 6000 ng/day. Clothes dryer lint was also sampled and analyzed for PBDEs from five of the homes and were present in all five samples ranging from 480 to 3080 ng/g dry mass. This study demonstrates that PBDEs are prevalent at relatively high concentrations within homes where people, and particularly young children, may be susceptible to exposure.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Dodder, Nathan G and Offenberg, John H and Schantz, Michele M and Wise, Stephen A},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Age Factors, Clothing, District of Columbia, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Europe, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States},
	pages = {925--931},
}





@article{stapleton_alternate_2008,
	title = {Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in {U}.{S}. house dust.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808},
	abstract = {Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (sigma HBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from {\textbackslash}textless4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from {\textbackslash}textless10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from {\textbackslash}textless6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Allen, Joseph G and Kelly, Shannon M and Konstantinov, Alex and Klosterhaus, Susan and Watkins, Deborah and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18853808},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Reference Standards, United States, ffr, frbldg, frelec},
	pages = {6910--6},
}





@article{stapleton_debromination_2004,
	title = {Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp ({Cyprinus} carpio) following dietary exposure.},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725},
	abstract = {The congener 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant known as decaBDE. This flame retardant constitutes approximately 80\% of the world market demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Because this compound is very hydrophobic (log K(ow) approximately 10), it has been suggested that BDE 209 has very low bioavailability, although debromination to more bioavailable metabolites has also been suggested to occur in fish tissues. In the present study, juvenile carp were exposed to BDE 209 amended food on a daily basis for 60 days, followed by a 40-day depuration period in which the fate of BDE 209 was monitored in whole fish and liver tissues separately. No net accumulation of BDE 209 was observed throughout the experiment despite an exposure concentration of 940 ng/day/fish. However, seven apparent debrominated products of BDE 209 accumulated in whole fish and liver tissues over the exposure period. These debrominated metabolites of BDE 209 were identified as penta- to octaBDEs using both GC/ECNI-MS and GC/HRMS. Using estimation methods for relative retention times of phenyl substitution patterns, we have identified possible structures for the hexa- and heptabromodiphenyl ethers identified in the carp tissues. Although exposure of carp to BDE 209 did not result in the accumulation of BDE 209 in carp tissues, our results indicate evidence of limited BDE 209 bioavailability from food in the form of lower brominated metabolites.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M and Alaee, Mehran and Letcher, Robert J and Baker, Joel E},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {14740725},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Biological Availability, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Bromobenzenes: pharmacokinetics, Carps, Carps: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, frelec, waa},
	pages = {112--9},
}





@article{springer_rodent_2012,
	title = {Rodent thyroid, liver, and fetal testis toxicity of the monoester metabolite of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (tbph), a novel brominated flame retardant present in indoor dust.},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1204932},
	abstract = {Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is widely used as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in commercial flame retardant mixtures such as Firemaster 550. It is also used in a commercial mixture called DP 45. Mono-(2-ethyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP) is a potentially toxic metabolite.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Springer, Cecilia and Dere, Edward and Hall, Susan J and McDonnell, Elizabeth V and Roberts, Simon C and Butt, Craig M and Stapleton, Heather M and Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F and Schlezinger, Jennifer J and Boekelheide, Kim},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23014847},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Animals, Automobiles, Boston, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: blood, Bromobenzoates: metabolism, Bromobenzoates: toxicity, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Esterases, Esterases: metabolism, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Housing, Inbred F344, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Swine, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Workplace},
	pages = {1711--9},
}





@article{sonne_organohalogen_2013,
	title = {Organohalogen contaminants and {Blood} plasma clinical-chemical parameters in three colonies of {North} {Atlantic} {Great} skua ({Stercorarius} skua).},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {1090-2414},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.012},
	abstract = {The present study compares blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) in birds from three geographically distinct North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua) colonies. Birds from these sites bioaccumulate different POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentrations and that enabled us to compare Great skua BCCPs in different exposure scenarios. Persistent organic pollutants (organochlorines: PCB, DDT, chlordanes, HCB, HCH, mirex and brominated flame retardants: PBDEs) and nineteen BCCPs were analysed in 114 adult Great skuas sampled during summer 2009 in North Atlantic colonies at Bjørnøya (n=42), Iceland (n=57) and Shetland (n=15). Specimens from Bjørnøya had the highest blood plasma concentrations of all contaminant groups followed by Iceland and Shetland birds, respectively (ANOVA: p{\textbackslash}textless0.05). Most of the 19 BCCP parameters followed the pattern of colony differences found for contaminants, with Bjørnøya having the highest concentrations. However seven BCCPs, the three liver enzymes ALKP, ALAT and GGT as well as bile acids, cholesterol, sodium and potassium, did not differ between colonies (ANOVA: p{\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). Therefore correlation analyses of these seven BCCPs vs. POPs were done on the combined colony data while the analyses of the remaining 12 BCCPs were carried out for each colony separately. The analyses of combined colony data showed that the blood plasma concentration of liver enzymes ALAT and GGT increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPBDE and ΣHCH, HCB and ΣCHL, respectively (all Pearson's p{\textbackslash}textless0.05). In Great skuas from Shetland, the important osmotic transport protein albumin increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT, while total blood plasma protein increased with ΣPCB, ΣDDT, ΣHCH and HCB concentrations (all Pearson's p{\textbackslash}textless0.05). In both Bjørnøya and Iceland skuas, blood plasma pancreatic enzyme amylase decreased with increasing ΣHCH concentrations while the erythrocyte waste product total bilirubin in blood plasma increased with increasing ΣHCH and ΣPBDE concentrations in Iceland Great skuas (all Pearson's p{\textbackslash}textless0.05). In Bjørnøya birds, blood plasma urea from protein metabolism (reflects kidney function) increased with increasing ΣPBDE concentrations (Pearson's p{\textbackslash}textless0.05). Furthermore, a redundancy analysis showed that 10.6\% of the variations in BCCPs could be explained by the variations in POP concentrations. Based on these results we suggest that liver and renal functions could be negatively affected by different POP compounds. It is, however, uncertain if the colony BCCP differences and their relationship to POP concentrations reflect health effects that could have an overall impact on the populations via reduced survival and reproduction parameters.},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
	author = {Sonne, Christian and Rigét, Frank F and Leat, Eliza H K and Bourgeon, Sophie and Borg{\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn A and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdottir, Kristin and Magnusdottir, Ellen and Bustnes, Jan O and Furness, Robert W and Kjelgaard-Hansen, Mads},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23537726},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {245--51},
}





@article{small_reproductive_2011,
	title = {Reproductive outcomes among women exposed to a brominated flame retardant in utero.},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1933-8244},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192},
	doi = {10.1080/19338244.2010.539640},
	abstract = {The authors studied 194 women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in utero when their mothers consumed products accidentally contaminated in Michigan in 1973. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effect of in utero PBB exposure on adult pregnancy-related outcomes. Compared to those with the lowest exposure (≤1 ppb), those with mid-range ({\textbackslash}textgreater1-3.16 ppb) and high (≥3.17 ppb) PBB exposure had increased odds of spontaneous abortion with wide confidence intervals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.75, 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-11.79, OR = 4.08, 95\% CI = 0.94-17.70; respectively; p for trend = .05). Exposure during infancy to PBB-contaminated breast milk further increased this risk. Time to pregnancy and infertility were not associated with in utero exposure to PBB. Future studies should examine the suggested relationship between spontaneous abortion and other brominated flame retardants.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Archives of environmental \& occupational health},
	author = {Small, Chanley M and Murray, Deanna and Terrell, Metrecia L and Marcus, Michele},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22014192},
	keywords = {Abortion, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infertility, Infertility: chemically induced, Infertility: epidemiology, Limit of Detection, Michigan, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Spontaneous, Spontaneous: chemically induced, Spontaneous: epidemiology, Young Adult},
	pages = {201--8},
}





@article{sonne_relationships_2010,
	title = {Relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from {Northern} {Norway}.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {1090-2414},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.017},
	abstract = {Organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. We therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and OHCs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from Northern Norway. Correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various OHCs (all: p{\textbackslash}textless0.05; r: -0.43 to -0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), total protein, cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, ratios protein:creatinine and uric acid:creatinine were significantly positively correlated to various OHCs (all: p{\textbackslash}textless0.05; r: 0.43-0.96). Based on these relationships, we suggest that the OHC concentrations found in certain raptor chicks of Northern Scandinavia may impact blood plasma biochemistry in a way that indicates impacts on liver, kidney, bone, endocrinology and metabolism. In order to elaborate further on these relationships and mechanisms, we recommend that a larger study should take place in the near future.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
	author = {Sonne, Christian and Bustnes, Jan Ove and Herzke, Dorte and Jaspers, Veerle L B and Covaci, Adrian and Halley, Duncan J and Moum, Truls and Eulaers, Igor and Eens, Marcel and Ims, Rolf A and Hanssen, Sveinn A and Einar Erikstad, Kjell and Johnsen, Trond and Schnug, Lisbeth and Rigét, Frank F and Jensen, Asger L},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19800686},
	keywords = {Alkaline Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase: blood, Animals, Bilirubin, Bilirubin: blood, Blood Chemical Analysis, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose: analysis, Blood Proteins, Blood Proteins: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Creatinine, Creatinine: blood, Eagles, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Hawks, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Uric Acid, Uric Acid: blood},
	pages = {7--17},
}





@article{softeland_hepatic_2011,
	title = {Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of {PBDE} congeners {BDE47}, {BDE153} and {BDE154} in {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar {L}.).},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.012},
	abstract = {The brominated flame retardant congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 are among the congeners accumulating to the highest degree in fish. In order to gain knowledge about the toxicological effects of PBDEs in fish, microarray-based transcriptomic and 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomic approaches were used to screen for effects in primary Atlantic salmon hepatocytes exposed to these congeners alone or in combination (PBDE-MIX). A small set of stress related transcripts and proteins were differentially expressed in the PBDE exposed hepatocytes. The PBDE-MIX, and BDE153 to a lesser degree, seems to have induced metabolic disturbances by affecting several pathways related to glucose homeostasis. Further, effects on cell cycle control and proliferation signal pathways in PBDE-MIX-exposed hepatocytes clearly suggest that the PBDE exposure affected cell proliferation processes. CYP1A was 7.41- and 7.37-fold up-regulated in hepatocytes exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX, respectively, and was the only biotransformation pathway affected by the PBDE exposure. The factorial design and PLS regression analyses of the effect of the PBDE-MIX indicated that BDE47 contributed the most to the observed CYP1A response, suggesting that this congener should be incorporated in the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concept in future risk assessment of dioxin-like chemicals. Additionally, a significant up-regulation of the ER-responsive genes VTG and ZP3 was observed in cells exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX. Further analyses suggested that BDE47 and BDE154 have an estrogenic effect in male fish. The data also suggested an antagonistic interaction between BDE153 and BDE154. In conclusion, this study shows that PBDEs can affect several biological systems in Atlantic salmon cells, and demonstrates the need for more studies on the simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures to identify combined effects of chemicals.},
	number = {3-4},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Søfteland, Liv and Petersen, Kjell and Stavrum, Anne-Kristin and Wu, Terence and Olsvik, P{\textbackslash}a al A},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21767471},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Electrophoresis, Fish Proteins, Fish Proteins: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Male, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorpti, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein Array Analysis, Proteome, Proteome: drug effects, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Regression Analysis, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: genetics, Salmo salar: metabolism, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests, Transcriptome, Transcriptome: drug effects, Two-Dimensional, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {246--63},
}





@article{soderstrom_pbcdd_2002,
	title = {{PBCDD} and {PBCDF} from incineration of waste-containing brominated flame retardants.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978},
	abstract = {Brominated organic flame retardants comprise a large, heterogeneous group of compounds that are useful but also potentially damaging to the environment. In this investigation, three common brominated flame retardants were co-combusted with an artificial municipal solid waste in a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator. Combustion conditions ensured degradation of the flame retardants, but stable brominated organic compounds such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans were formed in the cooling flue gases. The incineration of fuels that contain both chlorine and bromine leads to the formation of a complex mixture of polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. More bromination than chlorination was observed in these experiments, and the chlorination levels increased when bromine was added to the fuel. The most favored reactions led to the formation of dibromodichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dibromodichlorodibenzofuran. Theoretical calculations show that there is more Br2 than Cl2 in the flue gas when the two halogens are present at equimolar levels, because chlorine is mainly found in the form of HCl. This may explain the higher bromination level. BrCl is also present, which drives the chlorination observed when bromine is added.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Söderström, Gunilla and Marklund, Stellan},
	month = may,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12026978},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, eol, ffr, frelec, halogens, unsure},
	pages = {1959--64},
}





@article{sjodin_serum_2008,
	title = {Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated biphenyl ({PBB}) in the {United} {States} population: 2003-2004.},
	volume = {42},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) are chemicals known as brominated flame retardants. We have assessed the exposure status of the United States population to PBDEs and BB-153 and explored associations with demographic information, including participants' age, sex, and race/ethnicity. A total of 2,062 serum samples, from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 aged 12 years and older, were analyzed for PBDEs and BB-153; stratified and regression analyses were used to examine levels among demographic groups. The congener with the highest serum concentration was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) [geometric mean 20.5 ng/g lipid]; followed by 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE-153) [5.7 ng/g lipid]; 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (BDE-99) [5.0 ng/g lipid; a value equal to the highest limit of detection for an individual sample]; 2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE (BDE-100) [3.9 ng/g lipid]; BB-153 [2.3 ng/g lipid]; and 2,4,4'-triBDE (BDE-28) [1.2 ng/g lipid]. For BDE-47, we observed no significant difference in the least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) by sex, but with age we found both a linear decrease (p = 0.01) and a positive quadratic trend (p = 0.01). Its LSGM, 27.9 ng/lipid, in the 12-19 year olds decreased to 17.2 ng/g lipid in the 40-49 year group, and then curved upward to 20.4 ng/g lipid in the {\textbackslash}textgreater or =60 years olds. Mexican Americans had the highest LSGM of BDE-47 (24.5 ng/g lipid), which was significantly higher than that of non-Hispanic whites (19.7 ng/g lipid, p = 0.01). Adults 60 years and older were twice as likely as adults 20-59 years old to have a serum BDE-47 concentration above the 95th percentile (p = 0.02). These data provide needed exposure assessment data for public health decisions.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Sjödin, Andreas and Wong, Lee-Yang and Jones, Richard S and Park, Annie and Zhang, Yalin and Hodge, Carolyn and Dipietro, Emily and McClure, Cheryl and Turner, Wayman and Needham, Larry L and Patterson, Donald G},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Environmental Exposure, Ethers, Flame retardants, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Population Surveillance, Sensitivity and Specificity, United States},
	pages = {1377--1384},
}





@article{sjodin_review_2003,
	title = {A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	volume = {29},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been and are still heavily used as additive or reactive chemicals in polymers and textiles. Only a few of the BFRs have been assessed in human subjects with a major data set on internal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mothers' milk from Sweden as well as in blood from Germany and Norway. The levels are in general lower than PCB levels. However, the PBDE concentrations found in the North Americans are considerably higher compared to European subjects. The PBDEs are dominated by 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is reported both in the general population and in occupationally exposed persons showing the bioavailability of this high molecular weight compound. While the lower and medium brominated diphenyl ethers are persistent, BDE-209 has a fairly short half-life of approximately 2 weeks. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is readily eliminated in humans showing a half-life of about 2 days. Still, TBBPA is accumulated in humans but a continuous exposure to this BFR is required to maintain a certain level in the human subject. TBBPA has not been detected in the general population but in people exposed at work. The current review addresses human exposure routes and levels of BFRs.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Sjödin, Andreas and Patterson, Donald G. and Bergman, {\textbackslash}AAke},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Human, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS},
	pages = {829--839},
}





@article{sjodin_concentration_2008,
	title = {Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in household dust from various countries.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075},
	abstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction ({\textbackslash}textless2mm) of household dust samples (n=40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17-550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500-13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520-29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950-54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States ({\textbackslash}textless1-330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany ({\textbackslash}textless1-2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.},
	number = {1 Suppl},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Sjödin, Andreas and Päpke, Olaf and McGahee, Ernest and Focant, Jean-François and Jones, Richard S and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja and Toms, Leisa-Maree Leontjew and Herrmann, Thomas and Müller, Jochen and Needham, Larry L and Patterson, Donald G},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18501952},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Europe, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, United States, ffr},
	pages = {S131--6},
}





@article{sjodin_flame_2001,
	title = {Flame {Retardants} in {Indoor} {Air} at an {Electronics} {Recycling} {Plant} and at {Other} {Work} {Environments}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n},
	doi = {10.1021/es000077n},
	abstract = {Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers. Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Sjödin, Andreas and Carlsson, H˚akan and Thuresson, Kaj and Sjölin, Sverker and Bergman, {\textbackslash}AAke and Östman, Conny},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {448--454},
}





@article{simonson_fire-lca_2002,
	title = {Fire-{LCA} study of {TV} sets with {V0} and {HB} enclosure material.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797},
	abstract = {A novel Life-Cycle Assessment model (Fire-LCA) has been defined for the determination of the environmental impact of measures taken to attain a high level of fire safety. This study, which represents the first application of this LCA model, concentrates on a comparison between a TV with an enclosure manufactured with a flame retardant (FR) plastic (V0-rated high impact polystyrene, HIPS, typical for the US market) and one manufactured with a non-flame retardant (HB-rated HIPS, typical for the European market). A fire model has been defined based on international statistics, which indicate that use of V0 rated enclosure material essentially removes the risk of TV fires while approximately 165 TV fires occur per million TVs in Europe each year where the enclosure material is breached. The application of the model indicates that emissions of some key species (such as dibenzodioxins and PAH) are actually lower for the TV with the FR enclosure than for the TV with the NFR enclosure. This has direct reprercussions for the assessment of the environmental impact of the FR TV relative to that of the NFR TV. Finally, when considering the risk associated with the use of flame retardants, it is also important to consider the risk associated with fires. Based on the in-depth analysis of available fire statistics, conducted as a part of this study, it has been estimated that as many as 160 people may die each year in Europe as a direct result of TV fires and as many as 2000 may be injured in the same period.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Simonson, Margaret and Tullin, Claes and Stripple, H{\textbackslash}a akan},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11999797},
	keywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: adverse effects, Dioxins, Dioxins: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Equipment Design, Fires, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Manufactured Materials, Models, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Risk Assessment, Television, Theoretical, com, frelec},
	pages = {737--44},
}





@article{siddique_levels_2012,
	title = {Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two {Canadian} cities.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.010},
	abstract = {Flame retardant dechlorane plus (DP) and several polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners have been measured in 87 human milk samples collected in two Canadian cities: Kingston and Sherbrooke. The levels of PBDEs in human milk (mean (median), ng g(-1) lipid weight=10 (5.9), 4.1 (2.8), 3.0 (1.6), 5.12 (1.6), and 15 (ND) for BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209, respectively) were comparable to those reported in Europe, U.S.A. and China. The levels of DP, with a mean value of 0.98 ng g(-1) and a median value of 0.60 ng g(-1) (lipid weight), were two to ten times lower than those of concurrently measured major PBDEs including BDE-209. While there is little difference in the levels of measured contaminants in milk samples collected from the two cities, the contaminants levels in human milk show, indicated by Principal Components Analysis, that DP, deca-BDE, and penta-BDE come from three distinct sources. The mean and median isomer ratio values of DP in milk were 0.67 and 0.69, respectively, very similar to that of DP commercial products.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Siddique, Shabana and Xian, Qiming and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Takser, Larissa and Phillips, Susan P and Feng, Yong-Lai and Wang, Bing and Zhu, Jiping},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22208742},
	keywords = {Canada, Cities, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},
	pages = {50--5},
}





@article{shoeib_legacy_2012,
	title = {Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from {Vancouver}, {Canada}.},
	volume = {169},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043},
	abstract = {Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007-2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81\% and 100\% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Webster, Glenys M and Sverko, Ed and Cheng, Yu},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22402458},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Canada, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Male, Preschool, Young Adult},
	pages = {175--82},
}





@article{shen_identification_2010,
	title = {Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes}: {Dechloranes} 602, 603, and 604.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816},
	doi = {10.1021/es902482b},
	abstract = {Dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dechlorane (Dec) 603, Dechlorane (Dec) 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP) are flame retardant substitutes for mirex. Dec 602, 603, and 604 were detected in sediment and fish from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lake Ontario surface sediments had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 6.0 and 4.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Temporal analysis of a Lake Ontario sediment core indicates that Dec 602 and 604 trends are similar to DP peaking in the early 1980s. Lake trout and whitefish from Lake Ontario also had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 34 and 1.2 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of Dec 602 were higher than those of DP in all fish samples, indicating that Dec 602 is likely more bioavailable and/or more readily bioaccumulates than DP. Spatial trends for Dec 602 and 604 in sediment and fish indicate that manufacturing plants along the Niagara River upstream of Lake Ontario were important sources of Dec 602 and 604 to the Great Lakes, while Dec 603 in the Great Lakes is likely from atmospheric deposition. The findings of this first report of Dec 602, 603, and 604 in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin suggests further investigation of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the environment is merited.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Shen, Li and Reiner, Eric J and MacPherson, Karen A and Kolic, Terry M and Sverko, Ed and Helm, Paul A and Bhavsar, Satyendra P and Brindle, Ian D and Marvin, Chris H},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20000816},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {760--6},
}





@article{she_bioaccumulation_2013,
	title = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several alternative halogenated flame retardants in a small herbivorous food chain.},
	volume = {174},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.024},
	abstract = {Little is known about the bioaccumulation behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in plants and in herbivores. In the present study, PBDEs and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) were examined in a small herbivorous food chain (paddy soils-rice plant-apple snails) from an electronic waste recycling site in South China. Mean concentrations of total PBDEs were 40.5, 1.81, and 5.54 ng/g dry weight in the soils, rice plant, and apple snails, respectively. Levels of total AHFRs in the samples were comparable to or even higher than those of PBDEs. The calculated plant to soil concentration ratios for most AHFRs (0.05-3.40) were higher than those for PBDEs (0.02-0.23), indicating the greater bioavailability of the AHFRs in the rice plant. All PBDE congeners and Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were biomagnified from the rice plant to apple snails, with mean biomagnification factors (BMFs) of 1.1-5.0.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {She, Ya-Zhe and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Zhang, Ying and Peng, Ying and Mo, Ling and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23262072},
	keywords = {Animals, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Herbivory, Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa: chemistry, Snails, Snails: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry},
	pages = {164--70},
}





@article{sjodin_brominated_2001,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in serum from {U}.{S}. blood donors.},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440},
	abstract = {Serum samples collected in 1988 from U.S. blood donors were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs and PBBs). The levels of the PBDEs are reported for the first time in serum from the U.S. population. The median concentrations and range of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47); 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153); 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183); and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were 1.3 ({\textbackslash}textless0.8-49); 0.54 (0.13-3.1); 0.24 (0.12-1.8); and {\textbackslash}textless1 ({\textbackslash}textless1-35) pmol/g lipid weight (l.w.), respectively. In addition we also measured detectable levels of nine additional PBDE congeners in many of the serum samples. The median concentrations and ranges of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachloro- and hexabromobiphenyl (CB-153 and BB-153) were 190 (21-2600) and 19 (4.2-84) pmol/g l.w. The levels of PBDEs and CB-153 found in the U.S. samples were similar to background levels reported in the serum of Swedish hospital cleaners collected 10 years later, i.e., 1997. The BB-153 congener measured in the U.S. samples was not found in the Swedish samples. The difference in exposure to this congener could not be assessed in this study, although might be related to the 1973 BB-153 (FireMaster BP-6) animal and human contamination incident in the State of Michigan.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Sjödin, A and Patterson, D G and Bergman, A},
	month = oct,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11642440},
	keywords = {Blood Donors, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: blood, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Reference Values, United States, ffr, hum},
	pages = {3830--3},
}





@techreport{simonson_cost_2006,
	title = {Cost benefit analysis model for fire safety: {Methodology} and {TV} ({DecaBDE}) case study.},
	url = {http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf},
	abstract = {A fire cost-benefit model (Fire-CBA) has been developed to evaluate the financial impact of regulations and voluntary industry initiatives, aimed at the removal of flame retardants. This model has been constructed to include such costs as: incremental increases in cost to flame retard a product relative to a non-flame retarded product; additional costs for disposal of the product at the end of the product life cycle. Similarly, the model includes provisions for benefits such as: lives saved, injuries avoided, capital costs avoided through fires averted. In all, a total of 8 scenarios were tested for the TV set application of the Fire-CBA model developed in this report. In all cases the benefits of a high level of fire performance in a TV set far outweigh the costs associated with obtaining that high level of fire safety. The net benefit is a function of the choices made in the various scenarios but ranges between 657 to 1 380 million US\$ (or approximately 520 – 1100 million €) per year. The various scenarios were chosen to illustrate the significance of the various parameters included in the study as the specific value chosen for each parameter can vary depending on the assumptions made in the model.},
	institution = {SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute},
	author = {Simonson, M and Andersson, P and van Den Berg, M},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},
}





@article{shi_levels_2013,
	title = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}.},
	volume = {452-453},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},
	abstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from {\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 12.46 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g(-1) lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from {\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 78.28 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g(-1) lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g(-1) lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23500394},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {10--8},
}





@article{shi_occurrence_2009,
	title = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental and biota samples from southern {China}.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.047},
	abstract = {The concentrations of three currently used non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-DBPE), were examined in environmental and biota samples collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and an electronic waste (e-waste) area in southern China. We also examined deca-BDE (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners for comparison. The results indicate that these non-PBDE BFRs occur widely in the environment of the two study areas. We found a noticeable increase in the levels of TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in recent sediments, the concentrations of which even exceed those of BDE209 (deca-BDE) in some samples from the PRD. The BFR profiles of the two study areas are distinct. Relatively high proportions of DBDPE and TBBPA-DBPE were found in the PRD environment, whereas the levels of discontinued BFRs (penta-BDEs and BDE183) and BTBPE were higher in the e-waste area. Our results suggest that the industrial activities in the PRD and the recycling of e-waste have introduced distinct types of BFR contamination to the ambient environment and deca-BDE product has been partly replaced by the TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in the PRD. Furthermore, BTBPE and DBDPE were detected in bird tissues and BTBPE in the fish tissues collected from the e-waste area. This is the first report of the occurrence of TBBPA-DBPE in environmental samples worldwide. More studies are needed for reaching a better understanding of the behavior, bioaccumulation, and toxicology of these increasingly used BFRs in the environment.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Shi, Tian and Chen, She-Jun and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Tang, Cai-Ming and Luo, Yong and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Peng, Xian-Zhi and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19059630},
	keywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Birds, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, env, frelec, waa},
	pages = {910--6},
}





@article{shaw_bioaccumulation_2008,
	title = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest {Atlantic}.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.016},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. summation operatorPBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n=42) ranged from 80 to 25720 ng g(-1)lw, (overall mean 2403+/-5406 ng g(-1)lw). By age, mean summation operatorPBDE concentrations were: 3645+/-7388, 2945+/-5995, 1385+/-1265, and 326+/-193 ng g(-1)lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22\%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14\%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n=12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g(-1)lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Shaw, Susan D and Brenner, Diane and Berger, Michelle L and Fang, Fu and Hong, Chia-Swee and Addink, Rudolf and Hilker, David},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18950831},
	keywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Time Factors, ffr, mam},
	pages = {1773--80},
}





@article{shaw_halogenated_2010,
	title = {Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks?},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0048-7554},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442},
	abstract = {Since the 1970s, an increasing number of regulations have expanded the use of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. Many of these chemicals are now recognized as global contaminants and are associated with adverse health effects in animals and humans, including endocrine and thyroid disruption, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cancer, and adverse effects on fetal and child development and neurologic function. Some flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned or voluntarily phased out by manufacturers because of their environmental persistence and toxicity, only to be replaced by other organohalogens of unknown toxicity. Despite restrictions on further production in some countries, consumer products previously treated with banned retardants are still in use and continue to release toxic chemicals into the environment, and the worldwide use of organohalogen retardants continues to increase. This paper examines major uses and known toxic effects of commonly-used organohalogen flame retardants, replacements for those that have been phased out, their combustion by-products, and their effectiveness at reducing fire hazard. Policy and other solutions to maintain fire safety while reducing toxicity are suggested. The major conclusions are: (1) Flammability regulations can cause greater adverse environmental and health impacts than fire safety benefits. (2) The current options for end-of-life disposal of products treated with organohalogens retardants are problematic. (3) Life-cycle analyses evaluating benefits and risks should consider the health and environmental effects of the chemicals, as well as their fire safety impacts. (4) Most fire deaths and most fire injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide, irritant gases, and soot. The incorporation of organohalogens can increase the yield of these toxic by-products during combustion. (5) Fire-safe cigarettes, fire-safe candles, child-resistant lighters, sprinklers, and smoke detectors can prevent fires without the potential adverse effects of flame retardant chemicals. (6) Alternatives to organohalogen flame retardant chemicals include using less flammable materials, design changes, and safer chemicals. To date, before evaluating their health and environmental impacts, many flame retardant chemicals have been produced and used, resulting in high levels of human exposure. As a growing literature continues to find adverse impacts from such chemicals, a more systematic approach to their regulation is needed. Before implementing new flammability standards, decision-makers should evaluate the potential fire safety benefit versus the health and environmental impacts of the chemicals, materials, or technologies likely to be used to meet the standard. Reducing the use of toxic or untested flame retardant chemicals in consumer products can protect human and animal health and the global environment without compromising fire safety.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Reviews on environmental health},
	author = {Shaw, Susan D and Blum, Arlene and Weber, Roland and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Rich, David and Lucas, Donald and Koshland, Catherine P and Dobraca, Dina and Hanson, Sarah and Birnbaum, Linda S},
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21268442},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: legislation \& jurispruden, Fires, Fires: prevention \& control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy, Refuse Disposal},
	pages = {261--305},
}





@article{shaw_tissue-specific_2012,
	title = {Tissue-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) including {Deca}-{BDE} and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in harbor seals from the northwest {Atlantic}.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.001},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used flame retardants that enter coastal waters from multiple sources and biomagnify in marine food webs. PBDEs have been detected at relatively high concentrations in harbor seals, apex predators in the northwest Atlantic. Whereas tri- to hexa-BDEs readily biomagnified from prey fishes to seal blubber, Deca-BDE (BDE-209) did not biomagnify in blubber. To explore tissue-specific differences in the accumulation/biomagnification of BFRs, we analyzed tri- to Deca-BDES in liver of 56 harbor seals (6 adult males, 50 pups), and compared hepatic concentrations and biomagnification potential with those in blubber. HBCDs were analyzed in seal liver and blubber to enable similar comparisons. Hepatic ΣPBDE (tri- to Octa-BDE) concentrations (range 35-19,547ng/glipid weight, lw) were similar to blubber concentrations, while α-HBCD levels in seal liver (range 2-279ng/glw) were significantly higher than levels in blubber. Tissue distribution of PBDEs and α-HBCD varied significantly by age and, surprisingly, by gender among the pups. Biomagnification of α-HBCD from fish to seal liver and blubber was negligible to low, implying that harbor seals can metabolize this persistent isomer. Similar to the patterns in blubber, tri- through hexa-BDEs were highly biomagnified from fish to seal liver. In contrast, BDE-209 concentrations in liver were up to five times higher than those in blubber, which is consistent with observations that BDE-209 migrates to perfused tissues such as the liver in biota. Although detection frequency was low, BDE-209 levels in seal liver were up to ten times higher than those in their prey fish, suggesting that the accumulation/biomagnification of Deca-BDE in marine food webs is tissue-specific. As BDE-209 is the dominant PBDE found in marine sediments, its biomagnification in marine ecosystems is of concern.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Weijs, Liesbeth and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22321537},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1--6},
}





@article{schuhmann_flaming_1989,
	title = {Flaming {Combustion} {Characteristics} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}.},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {0734-9041},
	url = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386},
	doi = {10.1177/073490418900700602},
	abstract = {A designed set of upholstered chairs, differing variously with respect to foam, fabric and the use of an interliner, was subjected to rate of heat release studies using a specially constructed room calorimeter. Although the ease of ignition was found to be influenced by the covering fabric, major prog ress toward reducing fire risk was demonstrated through the use of improved materials such as combustion modified high resiliency foam and melamine modified foam. The presence of an interliner in the chair construction was addi tionally effective and, when used together with the modified foams, resulted in optimum fire performance.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Schuhmann, J. G. and Hartzell, G. E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
	pages = {386--402},
}





@article{she_pbdes_2002,
	title = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793},
	abstract = {To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average sigma PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low microg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {She, Jianwen and Petreas, Myrto and Winkler, Jennifer and Visita, Patria and McKinney, Michael and Kopec, Dianne},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11999793},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Earless, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Humans, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Seals, california, ffr, hum, mam},
	pages = {697--707},
}





@article{shaw_polybrominated_nodate,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the {American} continents: foresight from current knowledge.},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0048-7554},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated organic compounds used in commercial and household products, such as textiles, furniture, and electronics, to increase their flame ignition resistance and to meet fire safety standards. The demonstrated persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential of these compounds in animals and in humans are of increasing concern. The oceans are considered global sinks for PBDEs, as higher levels are found in marine organisms than in terrestrial biota. For the past three decades, North America has dominated the world market demand for PBDEs, consuming 95\% of the penta-BDE formulation. Accordingly, the PBDE concentrations in marine biota and people from North America are the highest in the world and are increasing. Despite recent restrictions on penta- and octa-BDE commercial formulations, penta-BDE containing products will remain a reservoir for PBDE release for years to come, and the deca-BDE formulation is still in high-volume use. In this paper, we review all available data on the occurrence and trends of PBDEs in the marine ecosystems (air, water, sediments, invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals) of North and South America. We outline here our concerns about the potential future impacts of large existing stores of banned PBDEs in consumer products, and the vast and growing reservoirs of deca-BDE as well as new and naturally occurring brominated compounds on marine ecosystems.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Reviews on environmental health},
	author = {Shaw, Susan D and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	pmid = {19891120},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Ecosystem, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Marine Biology, North America, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam, south america, waa},
	pages = {157--229},
}





@article{shaw_persistent_2013,
	title = {Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from {Northern} {California}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Harris, Jennifer H and Hun, Se and Wu, Qian and Liao, Chunyang and Blum, Arlene and Stefani, Anthony and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1--9},
}





@article{shaw_bioaccumulation_2009,
	title = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest {Atlantic} marine food web.},
	volume = {407},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.018},
	abstract = {Seven species of teleost fishes comprising major prey of northwest Atlantic harbor seals were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDE concentrations in whole fish samples (n=87) were compared with those measured previously in harbor seal blubber to evaluate the transfer of PBDEs from prey to predator. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations were measured in three fish species to provide an initial estimation of HBCD contamination in this ecosystem. HBCD was detected in 87\% of the fish samples at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 38.1 ng/g, lw (overall mean 17.2+/-10.2 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 17.9 to 94 ng/g, lw (overall mean 62+/-34 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in the harbor seals were two orders of magnitude higher than levels in the fish. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to seals averaged from 17 to 76, indicating that tetra- to hexa-BDEs are highly biomagnified in this marine food web. BDE-47 was the dominant congener in all samples, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE mixture. The presence of higher brominated congeners including BDE-209 at measurable levels in fish and seal tissue, along with the very high biomagnification of BDE-153, as well as -155, and -154, suggests recent exposure to the octa- and deca-BDE formulations in this US coastal marine food web, as well as the additional contribution of BDE-209 debromination in fish to the loading of persistent PBDEs in the seals. This is the first study to report the occurrence of BDE-209 and other higher BDEs in commercially important marine fishes from the northwest Atlantic.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Brenner, Diane and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Lohmann, Nina and Päpke, Olaf},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19269019},
	keywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Phoca, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, frelec, mam, waa},
	pages = {3323--9},
}





@article{seyer_time--flight_2010,
	title = {Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats.},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1879-1123},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.019},
	abstract = {Deca-bromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) is one of the most efficient brominated flame retardant (BFR) available on the market. We recently demonstrated that when administered to female rat by oral route, DBDE is efficiently absorbed, with the highest residual concentrations found in two endocrine glands, namely the adrenal glands and the ovaries. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging, a technique usually used for the study of endogenous compounds, was applied for the first time to a persistent organic pollutant, allowing to detect and to precisely localize DBDE residues in these two target tissues. The detection of the bromide ion ((81)Br isotope) by TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to demonstrate a marked cortical tropism of DBDE residues for the adrenal glands in female rats dosed per os 2 mg·kg(-1) DBDE, daily, over 96 h. In ovaries, DBDE residues were found to be concentrated in spots corresponding to part of the corpora lutea. Hepatic residues of DBDE were found to be homogeneously distributed. Due to the intrinsic toxicity of DBDE, its accumulation in the adrenal glands and the ovaries may be connected to the mechanisms of actions by which DBDE could trigger endocrine disruption in mammals.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry},
	author = {Seyer, Alexandre and Riu, Anne and Debrauwer, Laurent and Bourgès-Abella, Nathalie and Brunelle, Alain and Laprévote, Olivier and Zalko, Daniel},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20675151},
	keywords = {Adrenal Glands, Adrenal Glands: chemistry, Adrenal Glands: metabolism, Animals, Bromides, Bromides: chemistry, Computer-Assisted, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Histocytochemistry, Image Processing, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Ovary, Ovary: chemistry, Ovary: metabolism, Rats, Tissue Distribution, Wistar},
	pages = {1836--45},
}





@article{schriks_t-screen_2006,
	title = {T-screen to quantify functional potentiating, antagonistic and thyroid hormone-like activities of poly halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ({PHAHs}).},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0887-2333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.001},
	abstract = {The present study investigates chemical thyroid hormone disruption at the level of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) functioning. To this end the (ant)agonistic action of a series of xenobiotics was tested in the newly developed T-screen. This assay makes use of a GH3 rat pituitary cell line, that specifically proliferates when exposed to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). The growth stimulatory effect is mediated via T3-receptors. (Ant)agonistic and potentiating action of compounds was studied in absence and presence of T3 at its EC50 level (0.25 nM). The compounds tested included the specific TR-antagonist amiodarone, as well as a series of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), including specifically synthesized BDEs with a structural resemblance to 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), T3 and T4 (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine). The results obtained reveal that only BDE206 and amiodarone are specific antagonists. Interestingly some compounds which did not respond in the T-screen in absence of T3, potentiated effects when tested in combination with T3. This points at possibilities for disruption at the TR in vivo, where exposure generally occurs in presence of T3. Altogether the results of the present study show that the newly developed T-screen can be used as a valuable tool for identification and quantification of compounds active in disturbing thyroid hormone homeostasis at the level of TR-functioning.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Toxicology in vitro},
	author = {Schriks, Merijn and Vrabie, Cozmina M and Gutleb, Arno C and Faassen, Elisabeth J and Rietjens, Ivonne M C M and Murk, Albertinka J},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16219445},
	keywords = {Amiodarone, Amiodarone: toxicity, Animals, Aromatic, Aromatic: toxicity, Biological Assay, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cultured, Drug Synergism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Pituitary Neoplasms, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: agonists, Thyroid Hormone: antagonists \& inhibito, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, Tumor Cells, unsure},
	pages = {490--8},
}





@article{schindler_quantification_2009,
	title = {Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.},
	volume = {395},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/},
	abstract = {Trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid are widely used as flame retardants. The corresponding dialkylphosphates are formed as the main metabolites in animal experiments. We extended a previously published method for the determination of four organophosphorus flame retardant metabolites [bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, di-m-cresyl phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate] to be able to determine di-n-butyl phosphate (DBP) and bis(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (BCPP) in human urine samples additionally in one run. After solid-phase extraction, derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and further solid-phase cleanup, the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection were 0.25 microg/l for both analytes. Interday imprecisions were 2-6\%. To show the applicability of the method, the internal burden of 25 persons of the population was determined. Twelve percent of the urine samples analysed tested positive for BCPP at concentrations from below the limit of detection to 0.85 microg/l; one sample contained 0.26 microg/l DBP.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},
	author = {Schindler, Birgit Karin and Förster, Katrin and Angerer, Jürgen},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Solid Phase Extraction, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},
	pages = {1167--1171},
}





@article{schreiber_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers induce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitro model: evidence for endocrine disruption.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901435},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants, which are found in rising concentrations in human tissues. They are of concern for human health because animal studies have shown that they possess the potential to be developmentally neurotoxic.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Schreiber, Timm and Gassmann, Kathrin and Götz, Christine and Hübenthal, Ulrike and Moors, Michaela and Krause, Guido and Merk, Hans F and Nguyen, Ngoc-Ha and Scanlan, Thomas S and Abel, Josef and Rose, Christine R and Fritsche, Ellen},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20368126},
	keywords = {Brain, Brain: cytology, Brain: drug effects, Cell Movement, Cell Movement: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, ffr, tox},
	pages = {572--8},
}





@article{schnipper_reduced_1995,
	title = {Reduced combustion efficiency of chlorinated compounds, resulting in higher yields of carbon monoxide.},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0308-0501},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203},
	doi = {10.1002/fam.810190203},
	abstract = {A series of experiments involving the combustion of inherently fire-retarded compounds has been performed using the DIN 53 436 furnace. Six chlorinated compounds comprising four pesticides, an organic solvent, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been investigated with the focus on the combustion efficiency expressed as the CO2/CO ratio in the fire effluent. It was found that increased chloride content in a compound resulted in decreased CO2/CO ratio. The correlation was found to be . The results indicate higher concentrations of CO in the fire effluent from chlorinated compounds than from wood. Together with a release of HCI this could result in an increased toxic potency. The overall toxic hazard may or may not be increased, since (inherently) fire-retarded materials tend to have an improved fire performance.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Fire and Materials},
	author = {Schnipper, Anette and Smith-hansen, Lene and Thomsen, Erling Sonnich},
	month = mar,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
	pages = {61--64},
}





@article{schlummer_characterisation_2007,
	title = {Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment ({WEEE}) and implications for waste management.},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077},
	abstract = {There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Schlummer, Martin and Gruber, Ludwig and Mäurer, Andreas and Wolz, Gerd and van Eldik, Rudi},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17207844},
	keywords = {Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: chemistry, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Metals, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Plastics, Plastics: analysis, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management, Waste Management: instrumentation, Waste Management: legislation \& jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods, eol, frelec},
	pages = {1866--76},
}





@article{schecter_hexabromocyclododecane_2012,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) {Stereoisomers} in {U}.{S}. {Food} from {Dallas}, {Texas}.},
	volume = {120},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1204993},
	abstract = {Background: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used in polystyrene foams in thermal insulation and electrical equipment. The HBCD commercial mixture consists mainly of α, β, and γ stereoisomers. Health concerns of HBCD exposure include alterations in immune and reproductive systems, neurotoxic effects, and endocrine disruption. Stereoisomer-specific levels of HBCD have not been measured previously in U.S. food.Objectives: We measured HBCD stereoisomer levels in U.S. foods from Dallas, Texas, supermarkets.Methods: Convenience samples of commonly consumed foods were purchased from supermarkets in Dallas in 2009-2010. Food samples included a wide variety of lipid-rich foods: fish, peanut butter, poultry, pork, and beef. Thirty-six individual food samples were collected in 2010 and analyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten pooled food samples previously collected in 2009 for a study of total HBCD levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were reanalyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using LC-MS/MS.Results: Of the 36 measured individual foods, 15 (42\%) had detectable levels of HBCD. Median (ranges) of α- and γ-HBCD concentrations were 0.003 ({\textbackslash}textless 0.005-1.307) and 0.005 ({\textbackslash}textless 0.010-0.143) ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively; β-HBCD was present in three samples with a median (range) of 0.003 ({\textbackslash}textless 0.005-0.019) ng/g ww. Median levels (range) for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in pooled samples were 0.077 (0.010-0.310), 0.008 ({\textbackslash}textless 0.002-0.070), and 0.024 (0.012-0.170) ng/g ww, respectively.Conclusions: α-HBCD was detected most frequently and at highest concentrations, followed by γ-, and then β-HBCD, in food samples from Dallas, Texas. Food may be a substantial contributor to the elevated α-HBCD levels observed in humans. These data suggest that larger and more representative sampling should be conducted.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Szabo, David T and Miller, James and Gent, Tyra L and Malik-Bass, Noor and Petersen, Malte and Paepke, Olaf and Colacino, Justin A and Hynan, Linda S and Harris, T Robert and Malla, Sunitha and Birnbaum, Linda S},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1260--1264},
}





@article{schecter_brominated_2008,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in {US} food.},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1613-4133},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989},
	doi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700166},
	abstract = {We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16-1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular nutrition \& food research},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Harris, T Robert and Shah, Nirav and Musumba, Alice and Päpke, Olaf},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18040989},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Hot Temperature, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Meat, Meat: analysis, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {266--72},
}





@article{schecter_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hexabromocyclodecane ({HBCD}) in composite {U}.{S}. food samples.},
	volume = {118},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf},
	abstract = {This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Haffner, Darrah and Colacino, Justin and Patel, Keyur and Päpke, Olaf and Opel, Matthias and Birnbaum, Linda S},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States},
	pages = {357--362},
}





@article{schecter_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hexabromocyclodecane ({HBCD}) in composite {U}.{S}. food samples.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901345},
	abstract = {This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Haffner, Darrah and Colacino, Justin and Patel, Keyur and Päpke, Olaf and Opel, Matthias and Birnbaum, Linda},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20064778},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States},
	pages = {357--62},
}





@article{salamova_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated and {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Tree} {Bark} from {Around} the {Globe}.},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1021/es303393z},
	abstract = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{salamova_discontinued_2011,
	title = {Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the great lakes basin.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402},
	doi = {10.1021/es2020378},
	abstract = {Air (vapor and particle) and precipitation samples were collected at five sites (two urban, one rural, and two remote) around the Great Lakes during 2005-2009 as a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were measured in these samples. The highest concentrations of these compounds were generally observed at the two urban sites-Chicago and Cleveland-with a few exceptions: The remote site at Eagle Harbor had particularly high levels of PBEB in all three phases, and the rural Sturgeon Point site had the highest HBB concentrations in the vapor phase. The sources of HBB and PBEB to these sites are unknown. A multiple linear regression model was applied to the concentrations of these compounds in the vapor phase, particle phase, precipitation, and the three phases combined. This regression resulted in overall (three phases combined) halving times for total PBDE concentrations of 6.3 ± 1.1 years. The overall halving times for HBB and BTBPE were 9.5 ± 4.6 years and 9.8 ± 2.8 years, respectively. For PBEB and DBDPE, the regression was not statistically significant for the combined phases, indicating that the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds have not changed between 2005 and 2009.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21942402},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chicago, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Ohio},
	pages = {8698--706},
}





@article{salamova_brominated_2013,
	title = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623},
	doi = {10.1021/es303393z},
	abstract = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23231623},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {349--54},
}





@article{sakai_combustion_nodate,
	title = {Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676},
	abstract = {The substance flow rate of PBDDs/DFs into flue gas and incineration residues from incineration of three types of waste samples containing brominated flame retardants were examined. The samples used consisted of PBDEs (a typical retardant), used TV casing materials (actual waste materials), and waste printed circuit boards. PBDDs/DFs concentrations in the experimental samples of PBDEs/PE, waste TV casing materials and printed circuit boards ranged between 3000 and 130,000 ng/g. These values are very high when compared to other investigations. The increase of chlorine concentration in input sample reduced the ratio of PBDDs/DFs in flue gas and raised the ratio of PCDDs/DFs. With adequate combustion control and flue gas treatment, the amount of PBDDs/DFs released from the incineration of resin containing brominated flame retardants was lower than the input amount. The presence of PBDDs/DFs in incineration residues dominated the total amount of dioxins released. When PBDDs/DFs, PCDDs/DFs and PXDDs/DFs were considered as a total, the total amount released was lower than the total amount input.},
	number = {5-7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Sakai, S and Watanabe, J and Honda, Y and Takatsuki, H and Aoki, I and Futamatsu, M and Shiozaki, K},
	pmid = {11219676},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},
	pages = {519--31},
}





@techreport{saicm_report_2009,
	title = {Report of the international conference on chemicals management on the work of its second session},
	url = {http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf},
	institution = {Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management},
	author = {{SAICM}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{schecter_partitioning_2010,
	title = {Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum and milk from the same mothers.},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016},
	abstract = {We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g(-1) lipid (range 6.7-501.6 ng g(-1) lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g(-1) lipid (range 12.9-580.3 ng g(-1) lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g(-1) lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Colacino, Justin and Sjödin, Andreas and Needham, Larry and Birnbaum, Linda},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20079522},
	keywords = {Adult, Chemical Fractionation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Milk, Texas},
	pages = {1279--84},
}





@article{schauer_toxicokinetics_2006,
	title = {Toxicokinetics of tetrabromobisphenol a in humans and rats after oral administration.},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj132},
	abstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. This study reports the characterization of the toxicokinetics of TBBPA in human subjects and in rats. A single oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg TBBPA was administered to five human subjects. Rats were administered a single oral dose of 300 mg TBBPA/kg body weight. Urine and blood concentrations of TBBPA and its metabolites were determined by LC/MS-MS. TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were identified as metabolites of TBBPA in blood and urine of the human subjects and rats. In blood, TBBPA-glucuronide was detected in all human subjects, whereas TBBPA-sulfate was only present in blood from two individuals. Maximum plasma concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (16 nmol/l) were obtained within 4 h after administration. In two individuals where TBBPA-sulfate was present in blood, maximum concentrations were obtained at the 4-h sampling point; the concentrations rapidly declined to reach the limit of detection (LOD) after 8 h. Parent TBBPA was not present in detectable concentrations in any of the human plasma samples. TBBPA-glucuronide was slowly eliminated in urine to reach the LOD 124 h after administration. In rats, TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were also the major metabolites of TBBPA present in blood; in addition, a diglucuronide of TBBPA, a mixed glucuronide-sulfate conjugate of TBBPA, tribromobisphenol A, and the glucuronide of tribromobisphenol A were also present in low concentrations. TBBPA plasma concentrations peaked at 103 micromol/l 3 h after administration and thereafter declined with a half-life of 13 h; maximal concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (25 micromol/l) were also observed 3 h after administration. Peak plasma concentrations of TBBPA-sulfate (694 micromol/l) were reached within 6 h after administration. The obtained results suggest absorption of TBBPA from the gastrointestinal tract and rapid metabolism of the absorbed TBBPA by conjugation resulting in a low systemic bioavailability of TBBPA.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Schauer, Ute M D and Völkel, Wolfgang and Dekant, Wolfgang},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16481339},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Male, Mass, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, frelec, tox},
	pages = {49--58},
}





@book{schaefer_testimony_2012,
	address = {Washington DC, July 17},
	title = {Testimony of {UL}: {Hearing} on the {Effectiveness} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standards} and {Flame} {Retardant} {Chemicals}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf},
	publisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},
	author = {Schaefer, August},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@techreport{sca_chl_2009,
	title = {{CHL} report for hexabromocyclododecane. {Proposal} for harmonised classification and labelling.},
	url = {http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf},
	institution = {Swedish Chemicals Agency},
	author = {{SCA}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{samara_determination_2009,
	title = {Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay ({EIA}) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay ({CALUX}).},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.003},
	abstract = {Determination of toxic activity requires knowledge of both the concentration and toxicity to evaluate the risk for adverse human health and environmental effects. A chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay system (CALUX) and an antibody-based method enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used to detect the dioxin-like response of several polybrominated, polychlorinated, and polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDDs/Fs, PCDDs/Fs, and PBCDDs/Fs, respectively). It has been suggested that the biological activity of the brominated and mixed bromo/chloro compounds is similar to their chlorinated analogues (measured by binding to the Ah receptor). PBDD/F, PCDD/F, and PBCDD/F laboratory standards exhibited biological activity ranging over three orders of magnitude. The highest relative potency (REP) values from CALUX analysis, when compared to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, were 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 0.99 (+/-0.07), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD at 0.69, and 2-Br-3,7,8-TriCDD at 0.72 (+/-0.02). Cross-reactivities were calculated using EIA for several PBDDs/Fs and PBCDDs. The highest percent cross-reactivity was found for 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 138 (+/-34\%), and 2,3,7-TriBDD at 84 (+/-36\%).},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Samara, Fatin and Gullett, Brian K and Harrison, Robert O and Chu, Andrew and Clark, George C},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19121869},
	keywords = {Biological Assay, Biological Assay: methods, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cross Reactions, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: analysis, Furans: toxicity, Gene Expression, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Immunoenzyme Techniques: methods, Luciferases, Luciferases: metabolism},
	pages = {588--93},
}





@article{salamova_evaluation_2010,
	title = {Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, {PCBs}, and organochlorine pesticides.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217},
	doi = {10.1021/es101599h},
	abstract = {To investigate the relationship between the levels of persistent organic pollutants in tree bark (a passive sampler) and those in air and precipitation, tree bark and air and precipitation samples were collected during the same time period at the five U.S. Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites located in Great Lakes basin. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenyl ethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, and chlordanes were measured in these samples. Overall, the pollutant concentrations in tree bark are significantly related to the concentrations of these compounds in the air and precipitation collected where the tree was growing. Generally, the highest tree bark and air pollutant concentrations were observed at urban sites, and the lowest concentrations were observed at remote sites. The overall correlation between bark and atmospheric and precipitation concentrations for all the compounds measured in this study was highly significant (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.0001) over 3-4 orders of magnitude. In addition, bark-air partition coefficients, measured for all the chemical categories in this study, were about 10(6), which was in good agreement with previously estimated bark-air partition coefficients for corresponding pollutant groups.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20704217},
	keywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical Precipitation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, Volatilization},
	pages = {6196--201},
}





@article{saegusa_transient_2012,
	title = {Transient aberration of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants in rats.},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764},
	abstract = {We immunohistochemically investigated the impact and reversibility of three brominated flame retardants (BFRs) known to be weak thyroid hormone disruptors on neuronal development in the hippocampal formation and apoptosis in the dentate subgranular zone. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10, 100, or 1,000 ppm decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE); 100, 1,000 or 10,000 ppm tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the diet from gestational day 10 through to day 20 after delivery (weaning). On postnatal day (PND) 20, interneurons in the dentate hilus-expressing reelin increased with all chemicals, suggestive of aberration of neuronal migration. However, this increase had disappeared by PND 77. NeuN-positive mature neurons increased in the hilus on PND 77 with all chemicals. In the subgranular zone on PND 20, an increase in apoptotic bodies suggestive of impaired neurogenesis was observed after exposure to TBBPA or HBCD. The effects on neuronal development were detected at doses of ≥100 ppm DBDE; ≥1,000 ppm TBBPA; and at least at 10,000 ppm HBCD. On PND 20, the highest dose of DBDE and HBCD revealed mild fluctuations in the serum concentrations of thyroid-related hormones suggestive of weak developmental hypothyroidism, while TBBPA did not. Thus, DBDE and TBBPA may exert direct effect on neuronal development in the brain, but hypothyroidism may be operated for DBDE and HBCD at high doses. An excess of mature neurons in the hilus at later stages may be the signature of the developmental effects of BFRs. However, the effect itself was reversible.},
	journal = {Archives of toxicology},
	author = {Saegusa, Yukie and Fujimoto, Hitoshi and Woo, Gye-Hyeong and Ohishi, Takumi and Wang, Liyun and Mitsumori, Kunitoshi and Nishikawa, Akiyoshi and Shibutani, Makoto},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{ross_perspective_2006,
	title = {{PERSPECTIVE} / {PERSPECTIVE} {Fireproof} killer whales ( {Orcinus} orca ): flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation},
	volume = {63},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf},
	doi = {10.1139/F05-244},
	number = {January 2005},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Ross, Peter S},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {224--234},
}





@article{ross_fireproof_2006,
	title = {Fireproof killer whales ( {Orcinus} orca ): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244},
	doi = {10.1139/f05-244},
	abstract = {Long-lived and high trophic level marine mammals are vulnerable to accumulating often very high concentrations of persistent chemicals, including pesticides, industrial by-products, and flame retardants. In the case of killer whales (Orcinus orca), some of the older individuals currently frequenting the coastal waters of British Columbia (BC) were born during the First World War, well before the advent of widespread chemical manufacture and use. BC's killer whales are now among the most polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated marine mammals in the world. While the "legacy" PCBs have largely been banned, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently emerged as a major concern. The endocrine-disrupting nature of these two persistent fire retardants in biota spells trouble at the top of the food chain, with increasing evidence of effects on reproductive health, the immune system, and development in exposed mammals. The heavy contamination of BC's killer whales, coupled with their long life span an...},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Ross, Peter S},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {224--234},
}





@article{sagerup_new_2010,
	title = {New brominated flame retardants in {Arctic} biota ({TA}-2630-2010)},
	url = {http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf},
	abstract = {As part of the work related to international conventions, harmful chemicals should be removed from the market if they fulfill the following criteria; persistency, volatility (potential for long-range transport), bimagnification (accumulate in the food chain) and toxicity (show toxic effects). The main goal of the present study was to screen for ”new” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in seven animal species from Svalbard. Detection of these BFRs in Arctic biota implies long-range transport, because local sources are not present. Contaminants that are detected in the Arctic environment, that accumulate in the food web and have toxic effects will be high on the priority list of chemicals that need to be phased out and substituted by less harmful compounds. The study includes one fish species; capelin (Mallotus villosus), three seabird species; common eider (Somateria mollissima), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and three mammalian species; ringed seal (Phoca hispida), arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The samples from these species were collected in collaboration with other research projects to optimize use of time and resources. Two of the 14 compounds were not analyzed due to analytical problems. Seven BFRs were not detected in the biota samples. The compound 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) was detected in all the seven species and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was found in five of the seven species. Due to a lack of data points above detection limits no statistical analysis could be performed. The lipid normalized concentrations of TBB indicate that this compound may biomagnify in the marine food chain. BEHTBP do not show the same ability. The results from the present study indicate that two of the 12 analyzed BFRs undergo long-range transport to the Arctic and that one compound (TBB) may undergo biomagnification in the Arctic marine food chain. Three other BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP)) are found at very low levels (mean 0.05-0.7 ng/g wet weight) and should be included in future analyses of BFRs in Arctic biota. It is recommended that TBB and BEHTBP are monitored in these and other Arctic species, or in similar species at lower latitudes to clarify their distribution and bio-accumulation capacity.},
	journal = {Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (Klif)},
	author = {Sagerup, K and Herzke, D and Harju, M and Evenset, A and Christensen, GN and Routti, H and Fuglei, E and Aars, J and Strom, H and Gabrielsen, GW},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, unsure, waa},
}





@article{rudel_semivolatile_2010,
	title = {Semivolatile endocrine-disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two northern {California} communities.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/es100159c},
	abstract = {Interest in the health effects of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are high production volume chemicals used in consumer products has made exposure assessment and source identification a priority. We collected paired indoor and outdoor air samples in 40 nonsmoking homes in urban, industrial Richmond, CA, and 10 in rural Bolinas, CA. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS for 104 analytes, including phthalates (11), alkylphenols (3), parabens (3), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (3), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (24), pesticides (38), and phenolic compounds (19). We detected 39 analytes in outdoor air and 63 in indoor air. For many of the phenolic compounds, alkylphenols, phthalates, and PBDEs, these represent some of the first outdoor measures and the first analysis of the relative importance of indoor and outdoor sources in paired samples. Data demonstrate higher indoor concentrations for 32 analytes, suggesting primarily indoor sources, as compared with only 2 that were higher outdoors. Outdoor air concentrations were higher in Richmond than Bolinas for 3 phthalates, 10 PAHs, and o-phenylphenol, while indoor air levels were more similar between communities, except that differences observed outdoors were also seen indoors. Indoor concentrations of the most ubiquitous chemicals were generally correlated with each other (4-t-butylphenol, o-phenylphenol, nonylphenol, several phthalates, and methyl phenanthrenes; Kendall correlation coefficients 0.2-0.6, p{\textbackslash}textless0.05), indicating possible shared sources and highlighting the importance of considering mixtures in health studies.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Rudel, Ruthann A and Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Morello-Frosch, Rachel and Camann, David E and Zuniga, Michelle M and Yau, Alice Y and Just, Allan C and Brody, Julia Green},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20681565},
	keywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air: analysis, Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Residence Characteristics, Volatilization, california},
	pages = {6583--90},
}





@article{rudel_phthalates_2003,
	title = {Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359},
	abstract = {Chemicals identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. We sampled indoor air and dust in 120 homes, analyzing for 89 organic chemicals identified as EDCs. Fifty-two compounds were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measures in residential environments for over 30 of the compounds, including several detected at the highest concentrations. The number of compounds detected per home ranged from 13 to 28 in air and from 6 to 42 in dust. The most abundant compounds in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive) with typical concentrations in the range of 50-1500 ng/m3. The penta- and tetrabrominated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. Twenty-three pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust, the most abundant being permethrins and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. The banned pesticides heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, and DDT were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degradation. Detected concentrations exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compounds, but no guidelines are available for 28 compounds, and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure research for individual EDCs and mixtures and provides new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Rudel, Ruthann A and Camann, David E and Spengler, John D and Korn, Leo R and Brody, Julia G},
	month = oct,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {14594359},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Guidelines as Topic, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Public Health, Reference Values, Risk Assessment},
	pages = {4543--53},
}





@article{roze_prenatal_2009,
	title = {Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age.},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901015},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Organohalogen compounds (OHCs) are known to have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of prenatal exposure to OHCs, including brominated flame retardants, on motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcome in healthy children of school age. METHODS: This study was part of the prospective Groningen infant COMPARE (Comparison of Exposure-Effect Pathways to Improve the Assessment of Human Health Risks of Complex Environmental Mixtures of Organohalogens) study. It included 62 children in whose mothers the following compounds had been determined in the 35th week of pregnancy: 2,2'-bis-(4 chlorophenyl)-1,1'-dichloroethene, pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB-153), 4-hydroxy-2,3,3',4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4OH-CB-107), 4OH-CB-146, 4OH-CB-187, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and hexabromocyclododecane. Thyroid hormones were determined in umbilical cord blood. When the children were 5-6 years of age, we assessed their neuropsychological functioning: motor performance (coordination, fine motor skills), cognition (intelligence, visual perception, visuomotor integration, inhibitory control, verbal memory, and attention), and behavior. RESULTS: Brominated flame retardants correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, worse attention, better coordination, better visual perception, and better behavior. Chlorinated OHCs correlated with less choreiform dyskinesia. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, better attention, and better visual perception. The wood protective agent (PCP) correlated with worse coordination, less sensory integrity, worse attention, and worse visuomotor integration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate for the first time that transplacental transfer of polybrominated flame retardants is associated with the development of children at school age. Because of the widespread use of these compounds, especially in the United States, where concentrations in the environment are four times higher than in Europe, these results cause serious concern.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Roze, Elise and Meijer, Lisethe and Bakker, Attie and Van Braeckel, Koenraad N J A and Sauer, Pieter J J and Bos, Arend F},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {20049217},
	keywords = {Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, ffr, frbldg, hum},
	pages = {1953--8},
}





@article{routti_effect_2013,
	title = {Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull ({Larus} argentatus) chicks.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2026},
	abstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate how contaminant exposure and reduced food intake affect tissue distribution and biotransformation of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in Arctic seabirds using herring gull (Larus argentatus) as a model species. Herring gull chicks were exposed for 44 d to cod liver oil containing a typical mixture of contaminants. Following exposure, food intake was reduced for a one-week period in a subgroup of the chicks. Polyclorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and brominated flame retardants, as well as a wide range of hydroxy, methyl sulfone, and methoxy compounds were measured in liver, brain, and plasma samples. Additionally, phase I biotransformation enzyme activities and phase I and II messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were investigated in the liver, brain, or both. Both contaminant exposure and reduced food intake had an increasing effect on the concentrations of HOCs and their metabolites. The HOC exposure and reduced food intake also led to increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) activity, whereas mRNA expression of the biotransformation enzymes increased only following the reduced food intake. Tissue distribution of HOCs and their metabolites was not affected by either contaminant exposure or reduced food intake. In conclusion, the results indicate that biotransformation capacity and formation of HOC metabolites increase during reduced food intake. This finding supports the hypothesis that reduced food intake increases the susceptibility of Arctic animals to the effects of lipophilic HOCs.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Routti, Heli and Helgason, Lisa Bjørnsdatter and Arukwe, Augustine and Wolkers, Hans and Heimstad, Eldbjørg Sofie and Harju, Mikael and Berg, Vidar and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23060285},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {156--64},
}





@article{ross_large_2009,
	title = {Large and growing environmental reservoirs of {Deca}-{BDE} present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals.},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.002},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been the subject of intense scientific and regulatory scrutiny during recent years. Of the three commercial forms (Penta, Octa and Deca) of PBDEs that have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture upholstery, plastics, and electronics, only Deca-BDE remains on the general market in North America, while a recent ruling of the European Court spells an impending end to its use in Europe. We review here highlights of aquatic research documenting the rapid emergence of PBDEs as a high priority environmental concern in Canada. PBDEs are being introduced in large quantities to the aquatic environment through sewage discharge and atmospheric deposition. In certain environmental compartments, the single congener BDE-209, the main ingredient in the Deca-BDE formulation, has surpassed the legacy PCBs and DDT as the top contaminant by concentration. Limited biomagnification of BDE-209 in aquatic food webs reflects its high log K(ow) and preferential partitioning into the particle phase. As a result, large environmental reservoirs of BDE-209 are being created in sediments, and these may present a long-term threat to biota: BDE-209 breaks down into more persistent, more bioaccumulative, more toxic, and more mobile PBDE congeners in the environment.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Ross, Peter S and Couillard, Catherine M and Ikonomou, Michael G and Johannessen, Sophia C and Lebeuf, Michel and Macdonald, Robie W and Tomy, Gregg T},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {18929373},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mammals, Mammals: physiology, Marine Biology, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, frelec, mam, waa},
	pages = {7--10},
}





@article{rose_pbdes_2010,
	title = {{PBDEs} in 2-5 year-old children from {California} and associations with diet and indoor environment.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589},
	doi = {10.1021/es903240g},
	abstract = {This study determined the body burden of PBDEs in 100 California children, and evaluated associations with sociodemographic, household, and dietary factors. In national and international comparisons, California dust, breast milk, and human serum samples contain higher concentrations of PBDEs. Higher levels in children suggest exposure pathways depend upon age. Plasma samples were analyzed for PBDEs using GC/MS. Circulating levels of PBDEs were 10-to 1000-fold higher than similar aged populations in Mexico and Europe, 5-times higher than similar aged children across the U.S., and 2- to 10-fold higher than U.S. adults. Increased levels of higher-brominated congeners were associated with the recent purchase of new upholstered furniture or mattresses and consumption of pork. Concentrations of lower-brominated congeners increased with frequency of poultry consumption. Lower maternal education was independently and significantly associated with higher levels of most congeners in the children.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Rose, Melissa and Bennett, Deborah H and Bergman, Ake and Fängström, Britta and Pessah, Isaac N and Hertz-Picciotto, Irva},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20196589},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Child, Demography, Diet, Dust, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Male, Motor Vehicles, california, ffr, hum},
	pages = {2648--53},
}





@article{rose_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in foods- a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Rose, M and Fernandes, A},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
}





@book{rose_fire_1975,
	address = {Ottawa},
	title = {Fire testing of rigid cellular plastics ({IR}-422)},
	publisher = {National Research Council of Canada},
	author = {Rose, A},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{rose_flammability_1971,
	address = {Ottawa},
	title = {Flammability of {Lining} and {Insulating} {Materials} ({Canadian} {Building} {Digest} {DBD}-141)},
	publisher = {National Research Council of Canada},
	author = {Rose, A},
	year = {1971},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{roe_doubts_2012,
	title = {Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby},
	url = {http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html},
	abstract = {On the defensive over toxic flame retardants, the chemical industry turns to the questionable conclusions of a scientist who advises its chief trade group},
	author = {Roe, Samuel},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, news},
}





@inproceedings{rose_are_2010,
	address = {Kyoto, Japan},
	title = {Are {BFRs} responsible for brominated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in food?},
	url = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf},
	abstract = {Relatively little is known about the environmental and toxicological significance of polybromodibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), polybromodibenzofurans (PBDFs) and mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBrClDD/Fs). Chlorinated analogues have been studied intensively whereas brominated and mixed bromochloro analogues have been studied to a much smaller extent. Theoretically, there are a total of 5020 brominated, chlorinated or mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxin or furan congeners (Table 1). All of these compounds resist chemical transformations, have a low biological degradation rate, are lipophilic, stable and persistent (D'Silva et al, 2004).},
	booktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Rose, M and Fernandes, A},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{roosens_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in {Belgian} human blood and milk.},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.022},
	abstract = {We assessed the exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) by analysis of pooled cord blood, adolescent and adult serum, and human milk. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blood (range 1.6-6.5 ng/g lipid weight, lw) and milk (range 2.0-6.4 ng/g lw) agreed with European data. Hexabromocyclododecane ranged between {\textbackslash}textless2.1-5.7 ng/g lw in milk. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated in blood and ranged between 1 and 171 ng/mL and {\textbackslash}textless0.9-9.5 ng/mL, respectively. Total PFC levels in milk ranged between {\textbackslash}textless0.5-29 ng/mL. A significant increase in PBDE concentrations was detected from newborns (median 2.1) to the adolescents and adults (medians 3.8 and 4.6 ng/g lw, respectively). An identical trend was observed for PFOS, but not for PFOA. We estimated that newborn exposure to BFRs and PFCs occurs predominantly post-natally, whereas placental transfer has a minor impact on the body burden.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Roosens, Laurence and D'Hollander, Wendy and Bervoets, Lieven and Reynders, Hans and Van Campenhout, Karen and Cornelis, Christa and Van Den Heuvel, Rosette and Koppen, Gudrun and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20573431},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Brominated: metabolism, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: blood, Fluorinated: metabolism, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Young Adult},
	pages = {2546--52},
}





@article{roosens_exposure_2010,
	title = {Exposure of the {Flemish} population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.005},
	abstract = {Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) varies widely throughout the world as it depends on country-related usage, production and legislation of these chemicals. US and UK exposure assessments show very diverse levels and patterns which in turn, are likely to differ from those in background exposed countries such as Belgium, where levels tend to be about an order of magnitude lower. The current study assessed human exposure to BFRs through the indoor and outdoor environment (e.g. dust, soil, and air) and food for all age groups in Flanders, Belgium. Most relevant food groups were identified based on a national food consumption survey and food items with Flemish origin were collected. Dust samples were collected using a standardized protocol in 43 homes and 10 offices throughout Flanders. Food, human milk and dust samples were analysed for their polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) content using GC/MS and LC/MS-MS. An exposure model was developed including all analysed data, complemented with literature data. The model covered human exposure of infants, children and adults through human milk, food, dust/soil ingestion and air inhalation. Total human exposure was compared to the existing toxicological criteria and previous exposure estimates. In general, the exposure levels through human milk are consistent with those of a background exposed European population, whereas dust and food intake are at the low end of what has been reported in previous European intake assessments. Total average intake of SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5) at 50th percentile (P50) levels by newborns equals 3.1 and 12.0ng/kg body weight (bw) day, respectively. This intake increases to 15.2 and 20.9ng/kgbwday for SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5), for higher exposed newborns (95th percentile=P95 levels). Due to the limited database on health-based limit values for PBDEs and HBCD, it is difficult to assess the immediate health concern for any of the age groups, although the higher intake of newborns indicates the need for ongoing monitoring. For median exposed individuals, the average SigmaHBCD intake peaked at the age 3 to 6years with an intake of 6.59ng/kgbwday and declines to approximately 1ng/kgbwday at later age. SigmaBDE(5) intake exhibited a different profile compared to SigmaHBCD with maximal levels for newborns and a decline to approximately 0.7ng/kgbwday at adulthood.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Roosens, Laurence and Cornelis, Christa and D'Hollander, Wendy and Bervoets, Lieven and Reynders, Hans and Van Campenhout, Karen and Van Den Heuvel, Rosette and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20226530},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Models, Newborn, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Statistical, Young Adult},
	pages = {368--76},
}





@article{ronisz_effects_2004,
	title = {Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCDD}), and tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout.},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0166-445X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.007},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) leak out in the environment, including the aquatic one. Despite this, sublethal effects of these chemicals are poorly investigated in fish. In this study, a screening of selected biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and feral eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) was performed after exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Rainbow trout was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with HBCDD or TBBPA. Two out of four short-term experiments with HBCDD showed an increase in the activity of catalase. A 40\% increase in liver somatic index (LSI) could be observed after 28 days. HBCDD did also seem to have an inhibitory effect on CYP1A's activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)). A putative peroxisome proliferating activity of the compound was investigated without giving a definite answer. HBCDD did not seem to be estrogenic or genotoxic. TBBPA increased the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) after 4, 14 and 28 days in rainbow trout suggesting a possible role of this compound in inducing oxidative stress. The compound did not seem to be estrogenic. TBBPA seemed to compete with the artificial substrate ethoxyresorufin in vitro, during the EROD assay. In eelpout, only one 5 days in vivo experiment was performed. Neither of the compounds gave rise to any effect in this fish. This was the first screening of sublethal effects of the two chemicals in fish, using high doses. Our results indicate that there is a need for further studies of long-term, low-dose effects of these two widely used flame retardants.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology},
	author = {Ronisz, D and Finne, E Farmen and Karlsson, H and Förlin, L},
	month = aug,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15276329},
	keywords = {Animals, Blotting, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: enzymology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Organ Size, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrophotometry, Time Factors, Ultraviolet, Western, frbldg, frelec, tox},
	pages = {229--45},
}





@article{ronen_anaerobic-aerobic_2000,
	title = {Anaerobic-aerobic process for microbial degradation of tetrabromobisphenol {A}.},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a flame retardant that is used as an additive during manufacturing of plastic polymers and electronic circuit boards. Little is known about the fate of this compound in the environment. In the current study we investigated biodegradation of TBBPA, as well as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), in slurry of anaerobic sediment from a wet ephemeral desert stream bed contaminated with chemical industry waste. Anaerobic incubation of the sediment with TBBPA and peptone-tryptone-glucose-yeast extract medium resulted in a 80\% decrease in the TBBPA concentration and accumulation of a single metabolite. This metabolite was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as nonbrominated bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, TBP was reductively dehalogenated to phenol, which was further metabolized under anaerobic conditions. BPA persisted in the anaerobic slurry but was degraded aerobically. A gram-negative bacterium (strain WH1) was isolated from the contaminated soil, and under aerobic conditions this organism could use BPA as a sole carbon and energy source. During degradation of BPA two metabolites were detected in the culture medium, and these metabolites were identified by GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Both of those compounds were utilized by WH1 as carbon and energy sources. Our findings demonstrate that it may be possible to use a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process to completely degrade TBBPA in contaminated soils.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
	author = {Ronen, Z and Abeliovich, A},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10831413},
	keywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobic, Anaerobic: growth \& development, Anaerobic: metabolism, Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Culture Media, Environmental, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: growth \& developme, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: metabolism, Industrial Waste, Phenols, Phenols: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: metabolism, eol, frelec},
	pages = {2372--7},
}





@article{roberts_vitro_2012,
	title = {In vitro metabolism of the brominated flame retardants 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate ({TBB}) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate ({TBPH}) in human and rat tissues.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1520-5010},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079},
	doi = {10.1021/tx300086x},
	abstract = {Due to the phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, new chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), have been used as replacements in some commercial flame retardant mixtures. Both chemicals have been detected in indoor dust at concentrations approaching the concentrations of PBDEs; however, little is known about their fate, metabolism, or toxicity. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential metabolism of these two brominated flame retardants in human and rat tissues by conducting in vitro experiments with liver and intestinal subcellular fractions. In all the experiments, TBB was consistently metabolized to 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) via cleavage of the 2-ethylhexyl chain without requiring any added cofactors. TBBA was also formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase but at a much faster rate of 6.29 ± 0.58 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). The estimated K(m) and V(max) values for TBB metabolism in human microsomes were 11.1 ± 3.9 μM and 0.644 ± 0.144 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively. A similar K(m) of 9.3 ± 2.2 μM was calculated for porcine carboxylesterase, indicating similar enzyme specificity. While the rapid formation of TBBA may reduce the bioaccumulation potential of TBB in mammals and may be useful as a biomarker of TBB exposure, the toxicity of this brominated benzoic acid is unknown and may be a concern based on its structural similarity to other toxic pollutants. In contrast to TBB, no metabolites of TBPH were detected in human or rat subcellular fractions. However, a metabolic product of TBPH, mono(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP), was formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase at an approximate rate of 1.08 pmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). No phase II metabolites of TBBA or TBMEHP were observed. More research is needed to understand the in vivo toxicokinetics and health effects of these compounds given their current ubiquitous presence in most US households and the resulting probability of chronic exposure, particularly to young children.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemical research in toxicology},
	author = {Roberts, Simon C and Macaulay, Laura J and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22575079},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Air Pollution: analysis, Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: chemistry, Benzoates: metabolism, Carboxylesterase, Carboxylesterase: metabolism, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Kinetics, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Mass, Microsomes, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: chemistry, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Rats, Spectrometry},
	pages = {1435--41},
}





@book{roach_revised_2007,
	address = {Medford, MA},
	title = {Revised {Estimates} of the {Costs} and {Benefits} of the {CPSC} 2005 {Revised} {Draft} {Flammability} {Standard}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf},
	number = {617},
	publisher = {Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University},
	author = {Roach, Brian},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{ricklund_levels_2010,
	title = {Levels and potential sources of decabromodiphenyl ethane ({DBDPE}) and decabromodiphenyl ether ({DecaBDE}) in lake and marine sediments in {Sweden}.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463},
	doi = {10.1021/es903701q},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) used as a replacement for the structurally similar decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), which is a regulated environmental contaminant of concern. DBDPE has been found in indoor dust, sewage sludge, sediment, and biota, but little is known about its occurrence and distribution in the environment In this paper, sediment was analyzed from 11 isolated Swedish lakes and along a transect running from central Stockholm through the Stockholm archipelago to the Baltic Sea. DBDPE was present in all samples. In lake sediment, the levels ranged from 0.23 to 11 ng/g d.wt. and were very similar to the levels of decaBDE (0.48-11 ng/g d.wt.). Since the lakes have no known point sources of BFRs, their presence in the sediments provides evidence for long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. In the marine sediment, the DBDPE and decaBDE levels decreased by a factor of 20-50 over 40 km from the inner harbor to the outer archipelago. There the DBDPE and decaBDE levels were similar to the levels in nearby isolated lakes. The results indicate that contamination of the Swedish environment with DBDPE has already approached that of decaBDE, and that this contamination is primarily occurring via the atmosphere.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ricklund, Niklas and Kierkegaard, Amelie and McLachlan, Michael S},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20146463},
	keywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sweden, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1987--91},
}





@article{ricklund_international_2008,
	title = {An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane ({deBDethane}) and decabromodiphenyl ether ({decaBDE}) in sewage sludge samples.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.047},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is an additive flame retardant marketed as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). The structures of the two chemicals are similar, and hence deBDethane may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. Environmental data on deBDethane are scarce. Since sewage sludge is an early indicator of leakage of these chemicals into the environment, an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in sludge was conducted. Samples were collected from 42 WWTPs in 12 different countries and analyzed with GC/LRMS. DeBDethane was present in sludge from all countries and may therefore be a worldwide concern. The levels of deBDethane in sludge samples from the Ruhr area of Germany were the highest so far reported in the literature (216 ng g(-1)d.wt.). The [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] quotient for the whole data set ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High ratios were found in and around Germany where deBDethane imports are known to have been high and substitution of decaBDE with deBDethane is likely to have occurred. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, countries that have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. An estimate of the flux of deBDEthane from the technosphere via WWTPs to the environment within the European Union gave 1.7+/-0.34 mg annually per person. The corresponding value for decaBDE was 41+/-22 mg annually per person.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ricklund, Niklas and Kierkegaard, Amelie and McLachlan, Michael S},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18922559},
	keywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Data Collection, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Internationality, Quality Control, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, eol, frelec},
	pages = {1799--804},
}





@article{rice_developmental_nodate,
	title = {Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the {C57BL6}/{J} mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated {PBDE}, decabromodiphenyl ether.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0892-0362},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061},
	abstract = {After several decades of commercial use, the flame retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites have become pervasive environmental contaminants with a global distribution. PBDEs have entered the food chain and increasing levels can be detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the most widely used of the PBDEs in the United States. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the health effects of decaBDE. The current study examined the effects of neonatal exposure to decaBDE in the inbred C57BL6/J mouse. Neonatal male and female mice were exposed to a daily oral dose of 0, 6, or 20 mg/kg decaBDE from postnatal day 2 to 15. Three groups of endpoints were examined: the ontogeny of sensorimotor responses and serum thyroxine levels in immature animals, and locomotor activity in adult animals. In immature animals, 20 mg/kg/day produced developmental delays in the acquisition of the palpebral reflex. At this age, exposed males also showed a dose-related reduction of serum thyroxine levels. As adults, decaBDE exposure altered the normal sex- and age-specific characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity. The most striking effect was an increase of activity during the first 1.5 h of the 2 h assessment in males exposed to 20 mg/kg/day decaBDE. These effects suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},
	author = {Rice, Deborah C and Reeve, Elizabeth A and Herlihy, Aleece and Zoeller, R Thomas and Thompson, W Douglas and Markowski, Vincent P},
	pmid = {17482428},
	keywords = {Administration, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Pregnancy, Psychomotor Disorders, Psychomotor Disorders: chemically induced, Sex Factors, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, frelec, tox},
	pages = {511--20},
}





@article{rodil_emerging_2012,
	title = {Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in {Galicia} ({NW} {Spain}).},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053},
	abstract = {A monitoring programme was carried out on wastewater, surface and drinking water on the NW area of Spain during the four seasons of a year period (November 2007-September 2008). This study covered a series of emerging pollutants of different classes, including pharmaceuticals, neutral and acidic organophosphorus flame retardant/plasticizers (OPs), triclosan, phenoxy-herbicides, insect repellents and UV filters. From the total set of 53 compounds, 19 were found in raw wastewater with median concentrations higher than 0.1 μg L(-1). Among them, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and the UV filter benzophenone-4 (BP-4) were the most concentrated, exceeding the 1 μg L(-1) median value. Subsequently, 11 of these contaminants are not efficiently enough removed in the small WWTPs tested and their median concentrations in effluents still surpassed the 0.1 μg L(-1), so that they can spread through surface water. These chemicals are the pharmaceuticals naproxen, diclofenac and atenolol; the OPs tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP); and the sulphonate UV filters BP-4 and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (PBSA). These OPs were then the dominant emerging pollutants occurring in surface and drinking water, where they are detected in the 20-200 ng L(-1) range. Pharmaceuticals and UV filters are typically below the 10 ng L(-1) level. Finally, herbicides were only detected in the last sampling campaign under the 100 ng L(-1) drinking water European Union limit.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Rodil, Rosario and Quintana, José Benito and Concha-Graña, Estefanía and López-Mahía, Purificación and Muniategui-Lorenzo, Soledad and Prada-Rodríguez, Darío},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22189380},
	keywords = {Atenolol, Atenolol: analysis, Benzophenones, Benzophenones: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Diclofenac, Diclofenac: analysis, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Ibuprofen, Ibuprofen: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Naproxen, Naproxen: analysis, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Salicylic Acid, Salicylic Acid: analysis, Seasons, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Spain, Sunscreening Agents, Sunscreening Agents: analysis, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {1040--9},
}





@article{roberts_species-specific_2011,
	title = {Species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of {PBDE} congeners in three fish species.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/es103934x},
	abstract = {Previous studies have suggested that there may be species-specific differences in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among different fish species. In this study, we investigated the in vitro hepatic metabolism of eleven individual PBDE congeners (tri- through decaBDEs) in three different fish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Chinook salmon (O. tschwatcha). In addition, we evaluated the influence of PBDE structural characteristics (i.e., bromine substitution patterns) on metabolism. Six of the eleven congeners we evaluated, BDEs 99, 153, 183, 203, 208, and 209, were metabolically debrominated to lower brominated congeners. All of the congeners that were metabolized contained at least one meta-substituted bromine. Metabolites were not detected for congeners without one meta-substituted bromine (e.g., BDEs 28, 47, and 100). Metabolite formation rates were generally 10 to 100 times faster in carp than in trout and salmon. BDEs 47, 49, 101, 154, and 183 were the major metabolites observed in all three species with the exception of BDE 47, which was only detected in carp. Carp demonstrated a preference toward meta-debromination, while trout and salmon debrominated meta- and para-bromine atoms to an equal extent. We compared glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and deiodinase (DI) activity among all three species as these enzyme systems have been hypothesized to play a role in PBDE debromination in teleosts. Carp exhibited a preference for meta-deiodination of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which was consistent with the preference for meta-debromination of PBDEs observed in carp.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Roberts, Simon C and Noyes, Pamela D and Gallagher, Evan P and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21291240},
	keywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1999--2005},
}





@book{roach_public_2007,
	address = {Medford, MA},
	title = {Public comment on {CPSC} 2005 draft flammability standard},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf},
	number = {617},
	publisher = {Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University},
	author = {Roach, Brian},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{rice_behavioral_2009,
	title = {Behavioral changes in aging but not young mice after neonatal exposure to the polybrominated flame retardant {decaBDE}.},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.11814},
	abstract = {After several decades of commercial use, the flame-retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are pervasive environmental contaminants and are detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the only PBDE in production in the United States.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Rice, Deborah C and Thompson, W Douglas and Reeve, Elizabeth A and Onos, Kristen D and Assadollahzadeh, Mina and Markowski, Vincent P},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {20049210},
	keywords = {Aging, Aging: psychology, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Conditioning, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Newborn, Operant, Operant: drug effects, Reinforcement Schedule, Sex Characteristics, frelec, tox},
	pages = {1903--11},
}





@article{ren_proapoptotic_2012,
	title = {Proapoptotic effect of a micropollutant (tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate) at environmental level in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells.},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1477-8920},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709},
	doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.180},
	abstract = {Being a typical micropollutant, tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) is often found in aquatic environments. However, the potential effects of TCEP at environmental concentrations on apoptotic mechanisms are mostly unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the apoptotic regulatory protein expression of TCEP at environmental concentration in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs). The results show that TCEP at 0.01 and 1 mg L(-1) significantly increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) (135.5 and 138.0\% of the control, respectively), and significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and cIAP-2 at all tested concentrations, except for a slight decrease of Bcl-2 at 0.01 mg L(-1). In addition, TCEP significantly increased the expression of caspase-3 at all three concentrations (132.6, 172.6 and 167.9\% of the control, respectively) and caspase-9 at 1 and 10 mg L(-1) (128.3 and 144.5\% of the control, respectively). Furthermore, TCEP increased the apoptotic cell population in a flow cytometry analysis. In conclusion, environmental TCEP might have a dose-dependent proapoptotic effect with a decrease of DNA synthesis and cell number in primary cultured renal PTCs.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of water and health},
	author = {Ren, Xianghao and Han, Ho Jae and Lee, Yu Jin and Lee, Sang Hun and Ng, How Yong and Chae, Kyu-Jung and Kim, In S},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23165709},
	keywords = {Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Apoptosis: drug effects, Cell Cycle, Cells, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Kidney Tubules, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Phosphorylation, Proximal, Proximal: drug effects, Proximal: metabolism, Rabbits, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {522--30},
}





@article{ren_atmospheric_2011,
	title = {Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in {Guangzhou}, {China}: seasonal variations and sources.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013},
	doi = {10.1039/c1em10195a},
	abstract = {The atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) was investigated at four locations in different suburban and urban functional districts of Guangzhou City. The annual deposition fluxes of total PBDD/Fs (eight 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to hexa-BDD/Fs) were in the range of 36-51 (mean 46) pg m(-2) day(-1), and the corresponding TEQ fluxes were estimated to range between 7.9 and 11.3 (mean 10.3) pg I-TEQ m(-2) day(-1), indicating a noticeable pollution level. The deposition fluxes of PBDD/Fs during the wet season were 2-4 times as high as those during the dry season. Both rainfall and temperature positively correlated with PBDD/F deposition fluxes. Ambient gas/particle partition coefficients (K(p)) were predicted with SPARC. It appears seasonal variations of PBDD/F deposition fluxes were influenced by meteorological parameters and the local usage of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The congener profiles of PBDD/Fs at four locations were similar either spatially or temporally, indicating that the main PBDD/F emission sources were similar to one another. Seasonal variations and congener patterns of PBDD/Fs indicated the possible sources included electronic waste recycling, industrial waste incinerators and products containing BFRs.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Ren, Man and Zhou, Lin and Peng, Ping'an and Chen, De Yi and Cai, Ying},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21870013},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, China, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Seasons},
	pages = {2880--5},
}





@article{regnery_occurrence_2010,
	title = {Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in urban and remote surface waters in {Germany}.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1879-2448},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.024},
	abstract = {Within this study, concentration levels and distribution of the organophosphates tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were investigated at nine lentic surface waters under different anthropogenic impact between June 2007 and October 2009. Furthermore, the possibility of in-lake photochemical degradation of the analytes was studied in laboratory experiments using spiked ultrapure water and lake water samples incubated in Teflon bottles (which transmit sunlight). TBEP, TiBP, and TnBP were photochemically degraded in spiked lake water samples upon exposure to sunlight. Organophosphate concentrations in the more remote lakes were often below or close to the limits of quantification (LOQ). TCPP was the substance with the highest median concentration in rural volcanic lakes (7-18ngL(-1)) indicating an atmospheric transport of the compound. At urban lakes their median concentrations were in the range of 23-61ngL(-1) (TCEP), 85-126ngL(-1) (TCPP), {\textbackslash}textlessLOQ-53ngL(-1) (TBEP), 8-10ngL(-1) (TiBP), and 17-32ngL(-1) (TnBP). High variability but no significant seasonal trends were observed for all five organophosphates in urban lake water samples.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Water research},
	author = {Regnery, Julia and Püttmann, Wilhelm},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20599098},
	keywords = {Cities, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis},
	pages = {4097--104},
}





@article{regnery_seasonal_2010,
	title = {Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff.},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.027},
	abstract = {To investigate seasonal fluctuations and trends of organophosphate (flame retardants, plasticizers) concentrations in rain and snow, precipitation samples were collected in 2007-2009 period at a densely populated urban sampling site and two sparsely populated rural sampling sites in middle Germany. In addition, storm water runoff was sampled from May 2008 to April 2009 at an urban storm water holding tank (SWHT). Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Among the six analyzed organophosphates (OPs), TCPP dominated in all precipitation and SWHT water samples with maximum concentrations exceeding 1000ngL(-1). For all analytes, no seasonal trends were observed at the urban precipitation sampling site, although atmospheric photooxidation was expected to reduce particularly concentrations of non-chlorinated OPs during transport from urban to remote areas in summer months with higher global irradiation. In the SWHT a seasonal trend with decreasing concentrations in summer/autumn is evident for the non-chlorinated OPs due to in-lake degradation but not for the chlorinated OPs. Furthermore, an accumulation of OPs deposited in SWHTs was observed with concentrations often exceeding those observed in wet precipitation. Median concentrations of TCPP (880ngL(-1)), TDCP (13ngL(-1)) and TBEP (77ngL(-1)) at the SWHT were more than twice as high as median concentrations measured at the urban precipitation sampling site (403ngL(-1), 5ngL(-1), and 21ngL(-1) respectively).},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Regnery, Julia and Püttmann, Wilhelm},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20074776},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rain, Rain: chemistry, Seasons},
	pages = {958--64},
}





@article{ren_determination_2009,
	title = {Determination of {Dechlorane} {Plus} in serum from electronics dismantling workers in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {43},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543},
	doi = {10.1021/es901672m},
	abstract = {Previous studies have reported high serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residents of an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling site in Guiyu town, South China. In this study, serum levels of Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant of growing concern, were measured in residents of this region, and compared to those of a matched cohort from a nearby region in Haojiang, where fishing is the dominant industry. DP was detected in all the serum samples, with concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 465 ng/g lipid (median: 42.6 ng/g) and 0.93 to 50.5 ng/g lipid (median: 13.7 ng/g) in Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between DP and decabromodiphenyl ether showed a positive relationship in Guiyu (r = 0.931, p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01), but no correlation in Haojiang (r = 0.321, p = 0.34). The average anti-DP fractional abundances (f(anti) ratio) were 0.58 +/- 0.11 and 0.64 +/- 0.05 for Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Tentatively identified dechlorination product ([-Cl + H]) was found in 19/40 serum samples (11/20 for Guiyu, 8/20 for Haojiang). These results suggest that the Guiyu and Haojiang cohorts experienced different dominant exposure routes. It is also possible that DP could bioaccumulate in a stereoselective manner, and undergo dechlorination metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report DP levels in human serum. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ren, Guofa and Yu, Zhiqiang and Ma, Shengtao and Li, Huiru and Peng, Pingan and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Animals, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: chemistry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: blood, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Young Adult},
	pages = {9453--9457},
}





@article{remberger_environmental_2004,
	title = {The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in {Sweden}.},
	volume = {54},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6},
	abstract = {The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Remberger, Mikael and Sternbeck, John and Palm, Anna and Kaj, Lennart and Strömberg, Katarina and Brorström-Lundén, Eva},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Geography, Hydrocarbons, Sweden},
	pages = {9--21},
}





@article{reistad_vitro_2007,
	title = {In vitro toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol-{A} on cerebellar granule cells: cell death, free radical formation, calcium influx and extracellular glutamate.},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl198},
	abstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is one of the worlds most widely used brominated flame retardant. The present study reports effects of TBBPA on primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we show that TBBPA induces death of CGC at low micro molar concentrations. Cell death was reduced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 microM), the antioxidant vitamin E (50 microM), and in calcium-free buffer. We further demonstrate that TBBPA's toxicity was accompanied by apoptosis-like nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Other hallmarks of apoptosis such as caspase activity were, however, absent, indicating an atypical form of apoptosis. TBBPA increased intracellular free calcium in a concentration-dependent manner. TBBPA also induced an increase in extracellular glutamate in a time-dependent manner. TBBPA gave a concentration-dependent increase information reactive oxygen species (ROS) of measured with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The ROS formation was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin-A (25 microM), eliminating calcium from the buffer and by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid (DDC, 100 microM). Further analysis with Western blot confirmed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after exposure to TBBPA. We found that TBBPA induces ROS formation, increases intracellular calcium, extracellular glutamate, and death of CGC in vitro at concentrations comparable to those of polychlorinated biphenyl. These findings implicate TBBPA as a predicted environmental toxin and bring out the importance of awareness of its hazardous effects.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Reistad, Trine and Mariussen, Espen and Ring, Avi and Fonnum, Frode},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17205976},
	keywords = {Animals, Aspartic Acid, Aspartic Acid: chemistry, Aspartic Acid: metabolism, Calcium, Calcium: chemistry, Calcium: metabolism, Caspases, Caspases: antagonists \& inhibitors, Caspases: metabolism, Cell Death, Cell Death: drug effects, Cell Nucleus, Cell Nucleus: drug effects, Cell Nucleus: ultrastructure, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cell Survival: physiology, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Cytoplasmic Granules, Cytoplasmic Granules: drug effects, DNA Fragmentation, DNA Fragmentation: drug effects, Dizocilpine Maleate, Dizocilpine Maleate: pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Activation, Enzyme Activation: drug effects, Extracellular Space, Extracellular Space: chemistry, Extracellular Space: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutamates, Glutamates: chemistry, Glutamates: metabolism, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Intracellular Fluid, Intracellular Fluid: chemistry, Intracellular Fluid: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Nucleosomes, Nucleosomes: drug effects, Okadaic Acid, Okadaic Acid: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: antagonists \& inhibitors, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: antagonists \& inhibitors, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: antagonists \& inhibitors, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: administration \& dosage, frelec, tox},
	pages = {268--78},
}





@article{reistad_neurotoxicity_2006,
	title = {Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71, and hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro.},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0340-5761},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824},
	doi = {10.1007/s00204-006-0099-8},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are compounds used as additive flame retardants in plastics, electronic equipment, and textiles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and HBCD on cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Both DE-71 and HBCD induced death of CGC in low micromolar concentrations. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 (3 microM), and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (50 microM) significantly reduced the cell death. Incubation of the compounds together with the rat liver post-mitochondrial (S9) fraction reduced cell death by 58 and 64\% for DE-71 and HBCD, respectively. No ROS formation and no elevation in intracellular calcium were observed. We further demonstrated apoptotic morphology (Hoechst straining) after exposure to low levels of the two brominated flame retardants and signs of DNA laddering were found after DE-71 exposure. However, other hallmarks of apoptosis, like caspase activity, were absent indicating an atypical form of apoptosis induced by DE-71. After intraperitoneal injection of the two compounds both DE-71 and HBCD were found in significant amounts in brain (559 +/- 194 and 49 +/- 13 microg/kg, respectively) and liver (4,010 +/- 2,437 and 1,248 +/- 505 microg/kg, respectively) 72 h after injection. Our results indicate that the lower brominated PBDEs have a higher potency of bioaccumulation than HBCD, and that both compounds have a neurotoxic potential in vitro.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Archives of toxicology},
	author = {Reistad, Trine and Fonnum, Frode and Mariussen, Espen},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16614824},
	keywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: physiology, Cultured, DNA Fragmentation, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {785--96},
}





@article{regnery_occurrence_2011,
	title = {Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162},
	doi = {10.1039/c0em00419g},
	abstract = {Occurrence and distribution of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates in 72 groundwater samples from Germany under different recharge/infiltration conditions were investigated. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most frequently detected organophosphates in groundwater samples. Highest individual organophosphate concentrations ({\textbackslash}textgreater0.1 µg L(-1)) were determined in groundwater polluted by infiltrating leachate and groundwater recharged via riverbank filtration of organophosphate-loaded recipients. In samples from springs and deep groundwater monitoring wells that are not affected by surface waters, organophosphate concentrations were mostly below the limit of detection. The occurrence (3-9 ng L(-1)) of TCPP and TCEP in samples from aquifers with groundwater ages between 20 and 45 years indicates the persistence of both compounds within the aquifer. At urban sites organophosphate-loaded precipitation, surface runoff, and leakage of wastewater influenced groundwater quality. For rural sites, where groundwater recharge is only influenced by precipitation, organophosphates were very rarely detectable in groundwater.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Regnery, J and Püttmann, W and Merz, C and Berthold, G},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21132162},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water: analysis, water},
	pages = {347--54},
}





@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate.},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {01659936},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},
	abstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {REEMTSMA, T and QUINTANA, JB and RODIL, R and GARCIALOPEZ, M and RODRIGUEZ, I},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Air, Flame retardants, env, ffr, indoor environment, organophosphate ester, organophosphorus pollutant, plasticizer, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, urban dust, water},
	pages = {727--737},
}





@book{ray_peer_2006,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Peer {Reviewed} {CPSC} {Staff} {Research} {Reports} on {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf},
	number = {December},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Ray, Dale R},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{ravnum_policy_2012,
	title = {Policy relevant results from an expert elicitation on the human health risks of decabromodiphenyl ether ({decaBDE}) and hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}).},
	volume = {11 Suppl 1},
	issn = {1476-069X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S7},
	abstract = {Apply a recently developed expert elicitation procedure to evaluate the state of the current knowledge of the two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) most commonly used today; decabromo-diphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and their potential impact on human health in order to support policy considerations. This expert elicitation was organized by the HENVINET (Health and Environment Network) Consortium.},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Ravnum, Solveig and Zimmer, Karin E and Keune, Hans and Gutleb, Arno C and Murk, Albertinka J and Koppe, Janna G and Magnanti, Brooke and Lyche, Jan L and Eriksen, Gunnar S and Ropstad, Erik and Skaare, Janneche U and Kobernus, Michael and Yang, Aileen and Bartonova, Alena and Krayer von Krauss, Martin},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22759507},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Health, Expert Testimony, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Policy, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy Making, Questionnaires, Risk Assessment},
	pages = {S7},
}





@article{quiros-alcala_concentrations_2011,
	title = {Concentrations and loadings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from low-income households in {California}.},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.003},
	abstract = {California residents may experience the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant exposures in the United States, the nation with the highest body burdens worldwide. It is hypothesized that Californians' high exposures are due to the state's strict furniture flammability standards. Ingestion of PBDE-contaminated dust, to which children may be particularly susceptible, is a dominant exposure pathway. Low-income populations may also face disparately high exposures due to the presence of older, deteriorated or poorly manufactured furniture treated with PBDEs. We collected up to two dust samples per home (54 samples total), several days apart, from low-income California households in the urban community of Oakland (n=13 homes) and the agricultural community of Salinas (n=15 homes). We measured BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, the major constituents of the penta-PBDE flame retardant formulation commonly used in furniture. All three PBDE congeners were detected in every sample with concentrations (loadings) ranging from 185 to 126,000ng/g (621-264,000ng/m(2)), 367-220,000ng/g (1550-457,000ng/m(2)), and 84-41,100ng/g (257-85,700ng/m(2)) for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. Median concentrations (loadings) observed in Salinas homes for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 were 3100ng/g (10,800ng/m(2)), 5480ng/g (19,500ng/m(2)), and 1060ng/g (3810ng/m(2)), respectively, and in Oakland homes 2780ng/g (10,700ng/m(2)), 4450ng/g (19,100ng/m(2)), and 1050ng/g (4000ng/m(2)), respectively. Maximum concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-99 are the highest reported to date. Indoor concentrations and loadings did not significantly differ between communities; concentrations and loadings were strongly correlated between collections for all three congeners (Spearman rho=0.79-0.97, p{\textbackslash}textless0.002). We estimated non-dietary ingestion of each congener for one child in each home (n=28 children) and found that estimated intake for BDE-47 and BDE-99 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended chronic reference dose for three and five children, respectively. Children's estimated intake via dust ranged from 1.0 to 599ng/kg/day, 2.0-1065ng/kg/day and 0.5-196ng/kg/day for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. In order to mitigate these exposures, future research must address the factors that contribute to PBDE exposures in low-income homes.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Quirós-Alcalá, Lesliam and Bradman, Asa and Nishioka, Marcia and Harnly, Martha E and Hubbard, Alan and McKone, Thomas E and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21239062},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},
}





@article{rayne_pbdes_2004,
	title = {{PBDEs}, {PBBs}, and {PCNs} in three communities of free-ranging killer whales ({Orcinus} orca) from the northeastern {Pacific} {Ocean}.},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were quantified in blubber biopsy samples collected from free-ranging male and female killer whales (Orcinus orca) belonging to three distinct communities (southern residents, northern residents, and transients) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. High concentrations of sigmaPBDE were observed in male southern residents (942+/-582 ng/g Iw), male and female transients (1015+/-605 and 885+/-706 ng/g Iw, respectively), and male and female northern residents (203+/-116 and 415+/-676 ng/g Iw, respectively). Because of large variation within sample groups, sigmaPBDE levels generally did not differ statistically with the exception of male northern residents, which had lower sigmaPBDE concentrations than male southern residents, male transients, and female transients, perhaps reflecting the consumption of less contaminated prey items. Male transient killer whales, which consume high trophic level prey including other cetaceans and occasionally spend time near populated areas, had sigmaPBDE concentrations approximately equal to southern residents. No significant age-related relationships were observed for sigmaPBDE concentrations. sigmaPBDE concentrations were approximately 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of sigmaPBB (3.0-31 ng/g Iw) and sigmaPCN (20-167 ng/g Iw) measured in a subset of samples, suggesting that PBDEs may represent a contaminant class of concern in these marine mammals.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Rayne, Sierra and Ikonomou, Michael G and Ross, Peter S and Ellis, Graeme M and Barrett-Lennard, Lance G},
	month = aug,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15382855},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Movement, Naphthalenes, Naphthalenes: analysis, Naphthalenes: pharmacokinetics, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Whales, ffr, mam},
	pages = {4293--9},
}





@book{ray_briefing_2001,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Briefing package on upholstered furniture flammability: regulatory options},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Ray, Dale R},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{ray_upholstered_1997,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Flammability}: {Regulatory} {Options} for {Small} {Open} {Flame} and {Smoking} {Material} {Ignited} {Fires}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Ray, Dale R},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{rawn_brominated_2011,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in {Canadian} chicken egg yolks.},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1944-0057},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1080/19440049.2010.545443},
	abstract = {Chicken eggs categorised as conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range and organic were collected at grading stations in three regions of Canada between 2005 and 2006. Free run eggs, which were only available for collection from two regions, were also sampled during this time frame. Egg yolks from each of these egg types (n = 162) were analysed to determine brominated flame retardant levels, specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). PBDEs were detected in 100\% of the 162 samples tested, while HBCD was observed in 85\% of the egg yolks. Total PBDE concentrations in egg yolks ranged from 0.018 to 20.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 3.03 ng g(-1) lipid), with PBDE 209 identified as being the major contributor to ΣPBDE concentrations. In addition to PBDE 209, PBDE 99, 47, 100, 183 and 153 were important contributors to ΣPBDE concentrations. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to a maximum concentration of 71.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 0.053 ng g(-1) lipid). The α-isomer was the dominant contributor to ΣHBCD levels in Canadian egg yolks and was the most frequently detected HBCD isomer. ΣPBDE levels exhibited large differences in variability between combinations of region and type. ΣHBCD concentrations were not significantly different among regions, although differences were observed between the different types of egg yolks analysed in the present study.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Food additives \& contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure \& risk assessment},
	author = {Rawn, D F K and Sadler, A and Quade, S C and Sun, W-F and Lau, B P-Y and Kosarac, I and Hayward, S and Ryan, J J},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21623506},
	keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animal Husbandry: methods, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Chickens, Diet, Egg Yolk, Egg Yolk: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fatty Acids, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: statistics \& numerical data, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Isomerism, Limit of Detection, Mass, Omega-3, Omega-3: administration \& dosage, Organic, Organic: analysis, Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},
	pages = {807--15},
}





@article{rahman_polybrominated_2001,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants.},
	volume = {275},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether, PBDE, flame retardants are now a world-wide pollution problem reaching even remote areas. They have been found to bioaccumulate and there are concerns over the health effects of exposure to PBDEs, they also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. They are lipophilic compounds so are easily removed from the aqueous environment and are predicted to sorb onto sediments and particulate matter or to fatty tissue, aiding their distribution throughout the environment. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and DDT and, therefore, their chemical properties, persistence and distribution in the environment follow similar patterns. Concentrations of PBDEs found in environmental samples are now higher than those of PCBs. Evidence to date demonstrates that PBDEs are a growing problem in the environment and concern over their fate and effects is warranted. The manufacture of reactive and additive flame retardants is briefly discussed and their fate and behaviour in the environment is assessed. PBDE toxicology is reviewed and methods of analysis are evaluated.},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Rahman, F and Langford, K H and Scrimshaw, M D and Lester, J N},
	month = jul,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11482396},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phthalic Anhydrides, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Structure-Activity Relationship, env, ffr},
	pages = {1--17},
}





@article{raach_pbdes_2011,
	title = {{PBDEs} and {PCBs} in the liver of the {St} {Lawrence} {Estuary} beluga ({Delphinapterus} leucas): a comparison of levels and temporal trends with the blubber.},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998},
	doi = {10.1039/c0em00310g},
	abstract = {Due to their lipophilic properties, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are commonly assessed using the blubber of marine mammals. However, these chemicals are also accumulating in other tissues including the liver. Some pollutants, namely perfluorinated alkyl acids, are found predominately in the liver and blood of marine mammals, and thus monitored in those tissues. This raises the question whether any tissue would represent an identical trend of POPs in the SLE beluga. The current study reports the first temporal trends of PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of 65 SLE belugas. Neither ∑(7)PBDEs nor major individual PBDE-homolog group concentrations showed significant trends between 1993 and 2007. Also, ∑(32)PCBs did not change over years, although, tetra-, penta- and hepta-PCB decreased by 7.1, 6.8 and 8.5\%, respectively, in males, whereas tetra-, penta- and octa-PCBs declined by 11, 12 and 12.9\%, respectively, in females. In order to compare the distribution of POPs between liver and blubber, a lipid normalised concentration ratio R (blubber/liver) for PBDEs and PCBs was calculated for each individual beluga. For all PBDE and several PCB homolog groups, mean R values were not statistically different from unity indicating that the partitioning of these POPs is governed by the tissue lipid-content. Temporal trends of R ratios of PBDEs and PCBs were also examined. There were generally no significant temporal trends except for PBDEs in males where R increased in average by 12.7 ± 2.9\% yearly. The stratification of the blubber into a metabolically active (inner) and less active layers (outer blubber) may result in a slower response time of the blubber (full depth) than the liver to the recent change of contamination in the environment and explain the time trend differences between both tissues. This study suggests that the liver is more representative of recent exposure to lipophilic contaminants.},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Raach, Meriem and Lebeuf, Michel and Pelletier, Emilien},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21270998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},
}





@article{qiu_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from {Taihu} {Lake}, {East} {China}.},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.013},
	abstract = {Air and water samples were collected from Taihu Lake, East China through 2004 and analyzed for 33 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and other seven brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. The annual concentration of total atmospheric PBDEs was 220 pg m(-3); BDE-209 was most abundant (average 41\% of total PBDEs), followed by BDE-47 (17\%) and BDE-28 (15\%). The relative abundance of tetra- and tri-BDE congeners (including BDE-47, -28, -49, -66, and -17) instead of BDE-99 indicated that a specific penta-BDE formulation might be produced and/or consumed in this region. The source was confirmed by the analysis of air-water gas exchange, which was nearly at equilibrium in spring and summer but displayed strong volatilization flux in autumn and winter, especially for BDE-28, indicating the potential wastewater discharge of PBDEs into the lake. In addition to PBDEs, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, decabromodiphenylethane, and Dechlorane Plus were detected in air samples, with an annual mean concentration of 23 pg m(-3) for decabromodiphenylethane, and {\textbackslash}textless4 pg m(-3) for the others.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Qiu, Xinghua and Zhu, Tong and Hu, Jianxin},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20594579},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1207--12},
}





@incollection{purser_performance_2000,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The performance of fire retardants in relation to toxicity, toxic hazard, and risk in fires.},
	booktitle = {Fire retardancy of polymeric materials},
	publisher = {Marcel Dekker Inc.},
	author = {Purser, DA},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
	pages = {449--499},
}





@article{pujolar_detecting_2013,
	title = {Detecting genome-wide gene transcription profiles associated with high pollution burden in the critically endangered {European} eel.},
	volume = {132-133},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.012},
	abstract = {The European eel illustrates an example of a critically endangered fish species strongly affected by human stressors throughout its life cycle, in which pollution is considered to be one of the factors responsible for the decline of the stock. The objective of our study was to better understand the transcriptional response of European eels chronically exposed to pollutants in their natural environment. A total of 42 pre-migrating (silver) female eels from lowly, highly and extremely polluted environments in Belgium and, for comparative purposes, a lowly polluted habitat in Italy were measured for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Multipollutant level of bioaccumulation was linked to their genome-wide gene transcription using an eel-specific array of 14,913 annotated cDNAs. Shared responses to pollutant exposure were observed when comparing the highly polluted site in Belgium with the relatively clean sites in Belgium and Italy. First, an altered pattern of transcription of genes was associated with detoxification, with a novel European eel CYP3A gene and gluthatione S-transferase transcriptionally up-regulated. Second, an altered pattern of transcription of genes associated with the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, with the following genes involved in the generation of ATP being transcriptionally down-regulated in individuals from the highly polluted site: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase. Although we did not measure metabolism directly, seeing that the transcription level of many genes encoding enzymes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated in the highly polluted site suggests that pollutants may have a significant effect on energy metabolism in these fish.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Pujolar, J M and Milan, M and Marino, I A M and Capoccioni, F and Ciccotti, E and Belpaire, C and Covaci, A and Malarvannan, G and Patarnello, T and Bargelloni, L and Zane, L and Maes, G E},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23518471},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {157--64},
}





@book{posner_exploration_2010,
	address = {Molndal, Sweden},
	title = {Exploration of {Management} options for {HBCD}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf},
	publisher = {Swerea IVF},
	author = {Posner, Stefan and Roos, Sandra and Olsson, Elizabeth},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/inf/25_2010,
	address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
	title = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.6/{INF}/25 {Supporting} document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf},
	abstract = {The annex to the present note contains a supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane prepared by the intersessional working group established at the fifth meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee. The draft risk profile is set out in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The annex is presented as prepared by the working group and has not been formally edited by the Secretariat.},
	number = {October},
	publisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},
	author = {{POPRC}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/13/add.2_2010,
	address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
	title = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.6/13/{Add}.2 {Addendum}: {Risk} profile on hexabromocyclododecane},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf},
	abstract = {At its sixth meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane, on the basis of the draft risk profile contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The text of the risk profile, as amended, is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.},
	publisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},
	author = {{POPRC}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{petreas_high_2003,
	title = {High body burdens of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-47) in {California} women.},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Following our first report on elevated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in California women, we expanded our investigation to include diverse groups of local women. We analyzed additional adipose and serum samples collected in the late 1990s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a breast cancer study and in a reproductive study, respectively. Adipose samples (n = 32) were analyzed by low-resolution mass spectrometry in negative-ion chemical ionization mode, whereas serum samples (n = 50) were analyzed by dual-column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The results confirmed our earlier findings. Concentrations of 2,2,4,4 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in contemporary California women ranged between 5 and 510 ng/g lipid, with a median (16.5 ng/g lipid) 3-10 times higher than those reported from Europe. In contrast, PBDEs were not measurable in any of 420 archived serum samples collected in the 1960s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a study of child development. BDE-47 concentrations did not increase with age or with concentrations of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB-153), suggesting other routes of exposure in addition to diet. Rising body burdens of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as PBDEs may pose a potential public health threat.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Petreas, Myrto and She, Jianwen and Brown, F Reber and Winkler, Jennifer and Windham, Gayle and Rogers, Evan and Zhao, Guomao and Bhatia, Rajiv and Charles, M Judith},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12842770},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Diet, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, california, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1175--9},
}





@article{petreas_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {California} wastestreams.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.093},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in consumer products, including electronics, fabrics, and polyurethane foam. Exposures may occur during the products' useful lifetime and also after the products' disposal. A survey of California wastestreams (e-wastes, autoshredder waste and wastewater sewage sludge) attempted to assess the relative importance of these wastestreams as repositories of PBDEs. Based on measurements of PBDEs in samples of such wastestreams and on assumptions regarding use patterns, e-wastes appeared to be by far the predominant wastestream with 1200 metric tons (MT) of PBDEs year(-1), followed by autoshredder waste (31 MT of PBDEs year(-1)) and sewage sludge (2.3 MT of PBDEs year(-1)). When these estimates were compared with the reported use of PBDEs in California, about half of the PBDEs could not be accounted for in the wastestreams examined. This suggests that additional wastestreams, such as household wastes should be evaluated for their PBDE content. Information on the presence and fate of PBDEs in all wastestreams needs to be included in decision making practices for waste management to avoid public health and ecologic catastrophes.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Petreas, Myrto and Oros, Daniel},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19027926},
	keywords = {Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Management, california, eol, ffr},
	pages = {996--1001},
}





@article{pullen_flame_2003,
	title = {The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol {A} and tetrabromobisphenol {A}-bisallylether suppress the induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain ({CD25}) in murine splenocytes.},
	volume = {184},
	issn = {0300-483X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372},
	abstract = {Polybrominated flame retardants (PBF) are frequently used additives in electronical equipment. They are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which bioaccumulate with several health effects for humans and the environment. This study investigated immunotoxic effects of the PBF tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether (TBBP A-AE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl-ether) (TBBP A-PE), decabromodiphenylether (DBDE), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) in vitro. The structurally related polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and dioxins mediate their immunotoxicity via the Ah-receptor gene complex. A highly relevant function of the Ah receptor, the induction of CYP 1A1 in hepatocytes of C57BL/6 mice by the established inducers 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and PCB77 was compared to the effect of PBF by measurement of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity. The PBF did not show any induction of CYP 1A1, while EROD activity of hepatocytes exposed to MC and PCB77 was induced 10.8- and 8.7-fold, respectively. To investigate immunotoxic effects of the flame retardants, splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice were incubated with subtoxic doses of the flame retardants and PCB77 and activated by concanavalin A (Con A). The flame retardants TBBP A and TBBP A-AE significantly inhibited the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in contrast to TBBP A-PE, DBDE, TBP, and PCB77 as shown by immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis by laser scanning cytometry. None of the substances had any effect on the Con A-induced production of cytokines. Hence, TBBP A and TBBP A-AE may act as immunotoxic compounds by specifically inhibiting the expression of CD25.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Pullen, Sabine and Boecker, Ronald and Tiegs, Gisa},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12505372},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Separation, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Confocal, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Cytokines, Cytokines: metabolism, Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Induction: drug effects, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Immunohistochemistry, Inbred C57BL, Indicators and Reagents, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-2: biosynthesis, Mice, Microscopy, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Solutions, Spleen, Spleen: cytology, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, frelec, tox},
	pages = {11--22},
}





@article{pujolar_surviving_2012,
	title = {Surviving in a toxic world: transcriptomics and gene expression profiling in response to environmental pollution in the critically endangered {European} eel.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1471-2164},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2164-13-507},
	abstract = {Genomic and transcriptomic approaches have the potential for unveiling the genome-wide response to environmental perturbations. The abundance of the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock has been declining since the 1980s probably due to a combination of anthropogenic and climatic factors. In this paper, we explore the transcriptomic dynamics between individuals from high (river Tiber, Italy) and low pollution (lake Bolsena, Italy) environments, which were measured for 36 PCBs, several organochlorine pesticides and brominated flame retardants and nine metals.},
	journal = {BMC genomics},
	author = {Pujolar, Jose Martin and Marino, Ilaria A M and Milan, Massimo and Coppe, Alessandro and Maes, Gregory E and Capoccioni, Fabrizio and Ciccotti, Eleonora and Bervoets, Lieven and Covaci, Adrian and Belpaire, Claude and Cramb, Gordon and Patarnello, Tomaso and Bargelloni, Luca and Bortoluzzi, Stefania and Zane, Lorenzo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23009661},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: metabolism, Eels, Eels: genetics, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: genetics, Endangered Species, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: genetics, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: genetics, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Italy, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxidative Phosphorylation: drug effects, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Transcriptome, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics},
	pages = {507},
}





@techreport{puckett_exporting_2002,
	title = {Exporting harm- {The} high-tech trashing of {Asia}.},
	url = {http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf},
	institution = {Basel Action Network, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition},
	author = {Puckett, J and Byster, L and Westervelt, S and Gutierrez, R and Davis, S and Hussain, A and Dutta, M},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
}





@article{price_burning_2002,
	title = {Burning behaviour of foam/cotton fabric combinations in the cone calorimeter.},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {01413910},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8},
	doi = {10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8},
	abstract = {The burning behaviours of polyurethane foam/cotton fabric combinations were investigated using cone calorimetry. One non-flame retarded and two flame retarded polyurethane foams containing melamine and melamine plus a chlorinated phosphate respectively, were combined with four cotton fabrics, i.e. two types of commercial cotton, one without flame retardant (CN) and another flame retarded with Proban (CPR); and another two flame retardant cottons which were treated with Pyrovatex (CPY) and (NH4)2HPO4 (CDA) respectively in the laboratory.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability},
	author = {Price, D},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
	pages = {213--220},
}





@book{poprc_chemicals_nodate,
	title = {Chemicals proposed for listing under the {Convention}},
	url = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx},
	author = {{POPRC}},
	keywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},
}





@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.7/19/add.1_2011,
	address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
	title = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.7/19/{Add}.1 {Addendum}: {Risk} management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf},
	abstract = {At its seventh meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane on the basis of the draft contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/5, as amended. The text of the risk management evaluation is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.},
	publisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},
	author = {{POPRC}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.8/4_2012,
	address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
	title = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.8/4 {Intersessional} work on hexabromocyclododecane},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf},
	publisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},
	author = {{POPRC}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{petreas_high_2011,
	title = {High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers ({PBDEs}) in breast adipose tissue of {California} women.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.001},
	abstract = {We measured major PBDEs and PCBs in breast adipose tissues of California women participating in a breast cancer study in the late 1990s. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact ionization and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The congener profile observed was: BDE47{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE99{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE153{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE100{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE154 and PCB153{\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB180{\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB138{\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB118. Whereas high correlations were observed within each chemical class, very weak correlations appeared between classes, pointing to different exposure pathways. Weak negative associations were observed for PBDE congeners and age. Our PBDE data are among the highest reported, exceeding data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and consistent with the high use of PBDEs in California. These data may be helpful in establishing a baseline for PBDE body burdens to gauge changes over time as a result of restrictions in the use of PBDE formulations.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Petreas, Myrto and Nelson, David and Brown, F Reber and Goldberg, Debbie and Hurley, Susan and Reynolds, Peggy},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20951435},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},
	pages = {190--7},
}





@article{pereira_polybrominated_2013,
	title = {Polybrominated {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Congener} ({BDE}-100) {Induces} {Mitochondrial} {Impairment}.},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {1742-7843},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053},
	doi = {10.1111/bcpt.12046},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants are used in various consumer products to increase their resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are representatives of this class and among the most widely used congeners, and BDE-100 is produced on a large scale. There is a lack of toxicological data about these compounds, which has recently become a matter of concern to the scientific community. The mitochondria are recognized as the main energy-producing organelles, as well as playing a vital role in the maintenance of many cell functions. Therefore, mitochondria were used in the present work as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the BDE-100 congeners at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 50 μM. The results showed that high concentrations of BDE-100 were able to induce mitochondrial alterations. It was observed that the substance had an affinity for the hydrophilic portion of the mitochondrial membrane, as monitored by ANS, inhibiting the glutamate + malate-stimulated mitochondrial respiration and also inducing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, deregulation of calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial swelling, the latter being insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA) but partially inhibited by Ruthenium Red and N-ethyl maleimide. In addition, a significant reduction in mitochondrial ATP content was found, but on the other hand, no oxidative stress was observed after exposure of the mitochondria to BDE-100. These results show the key role of mitochondria in the cytotoxicity induced by BDE-100.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Basic \& clinical pharmacology \& toxicology},
	author = {Pereira, Lílian Cristina and de Souza, Alecsandra Oliveira and Dorta, Daniel Junqueira},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23302053},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {418--24},
}





@article{patrick_thyroid_2009,
	title = {Thyroid disruption: mechanism and clinical implications in human health.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1089-5159},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460},
	abstract = {Exposure to specific environmental toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines, has been shown to interfere with the production, transportation, and metabolism of thyroid hormones by a variety of mechanisms. A broad range of chemicals, with structural similarity to thyroid hormone, have been shown to bind to thyroid receptors with both agonist and antagonist effects on thyroid hormone signaling. The incidence of thyroid disease in the United States, particularly for thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease, is increasing substantially. The evidence for the significant effects of background levels of thyroid-disrupting chemicals, the known pathways for thyroid disruptors, and the evidence and implications for neurodevelopmental damage due to thyroid-disrupting chemicals is reviewed.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic},
	author = {Patrick, Lyn},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {20030460},
	keywords = {Attitudes, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Knowledge, Humans, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Practice, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Diseases: chemically induced, Thyroid Diseases: epidemiology, Thyroid Diseases: prevention \& control, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Neoplasms, Thyroid Neoplasms: chemically induced, Thyroid Neoplasms: epidemiology, United States, United States: epidemiology},
	pages = {326--46},
}





@article{perez-maldonado_exposure_2009,
	title = {Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Mexican} children.},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083},
	abstract = {Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6-13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g(-1) lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4-5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N and Ramírez-Jiménez, María Del Rocio and Martínez-Arévalo, Laura P and López-Guzmán, O Dania and Athanasiadou, Maria and Bergman, Ake and Yarto-Ramírez, Mario and Gavilán-García, Arturo and Yáñez, Leticia and Díaz-Barriga, Fernando},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19269001},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: blood, Child, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1215--20},
}





@article{pena-abaurrea_comprehensive_2011,
	title = {Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna.},
	volume = {1218},
	issn = {1873-3778},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.031},
	abstract = {This study evaluates comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToF MS) for the simultaneous analysis of several classes of organobromines (OBs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), several halogenated naturally produced compounds (HNPs) and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole and a mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1), in bluefin tuna muscles. The proposed methodology maximised separation of both within and among OB families, and among these and other halogenated micropollutants detected in these samples and co-extracted matrix components. Special attention has been paid to solve co-elution problems observed during the analysis of OBs with one-dimensional GC-based techniques. Satisfactory separation among several relevant PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs has been obtained allowing their unambiguous determination in a single run. Additional studies were conducted to identify selected NBFRs and HNPs. 2,4-Dibromoanisole, a dibromophenol isomer and hexabromobenzene were identified in the investigated samples. Several new tri- and tetra-BHD derivates were also identified, indicating that these compounds could apparently exist as structured families in nature. In addition, a tetrabrominated diMeO-biphenyl and two tetrabrominated diMeO-BDEs were also tentatively identified.},
	number = {39},
	journal = {Journal of chromatography. A},
	author = {Pena-Abaurrea, Miren and Covaci, Adrian and Ramos, Lourdes},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21872866},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Male, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Tuna, unsure},
	pages = {6995--7002},
}





@article{pellacani_evaluation_nodate,
	title = {Evaluation of {DNA} damage induced by 2 polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants ({BDE}-47 and {BDE}-209) in {SK}-{N}-{MC} cells.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1092-874X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639},
	doi = {10.1177/1091581812449663},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants whose levels have increased in the environment and in human tissues in the past decades. Exposure to PBDEs has been associated with developmental neurotoxicity, endocrine dysfunction, and reproductive disorders. In spite of their widespread distribution and potential adverse health effects, only few studies have addressed the potential neurotoxicity of PBDEs. In the present study, we evaluated the cyto- and genotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-MC). The DNA damage was measured using the alkaline version of the Comet assay, while specific oxidative-generated DNA damage was evaluated by a modified version of the Comet assay with the repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG). The results show that BDE-47 and BDE-209 (5-20 μmol/L) are able to induce DNA damage in human SK-N-MC cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant melatonin significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by both congeners. The Comet assay carried out in the presence of FPG suggests that both congeners increase purine oxidation. In all cases, BDE-47 was more potent than BDE-209. The results indicate that 2 environmentally relevant PBDEs cause DNA damage which is primarily mediated by the induction of oxidative stress and may contribute to adverse health effects.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {International journal of toxicology},
	author = {Pellacani, Claudia and Buschini, Annamaria and Galati, Serena and Mussi, Francesca and Franzoni, Susanna and Costa, Lucio G},
	pmid = {22710639},
	keywords = {Comet Assay, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: chemically induced, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Tumor, cell line},
	pages = {372--9},
}





@article{patisaul_accumulation_2012,
	title = {Accumulation and {Endocrine} {Disrupting} {Effects} of the {Flame} {Retardant} {Mixture} {Firemaster}(®) 550 in {Rats}: {An} {Exploratory} {Assessment}.},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/jbt.21439},
	abstract = {Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.},
	journal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},
	author = {Patisaul, Heather B and Roberts, Simon C and Mabrey, Natalie and McCaffrey, Katherine A and Gear, Robin B and Braun, Joe and Belcher, Scott M and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{patisaul_accumulation_2013,
	title = {Accumulation and endocrine disrupting effects of the flame retardant mixture {Firemaster}® 550 in rats: an exploratory assessment.},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1099-0461},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171},
	doi = {10.1002/jbt.21439},
	abstract = {Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},
	author = {Patisaul, Heather B and Roberts, Simon C and Mabrey, Natalie and McCaffrey, Katherine A and Gear, Robin B and Braun, Joe and Belcher, Scott M and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23139171},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {124--36},
}





@article{parolini_cyto-genotoxic_2012,
	title = {Cyto-genotoxic effects induced by three brominated diphenyl ether congeners on the freshwater mussel {Dreissena} polymorpha.},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {1090-2414},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.008},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of highly hydrophobic and persistent chemicals that has been used as flame retardants in several industrial applications. They have been detected in various environmental matrices worldwide and an increasing number of studies have recently been carried out to investigate their potential toxicity on ecosystem communities. Although a variety of biological damage has been documented in vertebrates, the effects on invertebrates are largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the cyto-genotoxic effects induced by single exposure to three concentrations of 2,4,2',4'-tetra BDE (BDE 47), 2,2',4,4',6-penta BDE (BDE-100) and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexa BDE (BDE-154) on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha by a multi-biomarker approach. We performed on bivalve hemocytes the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA Diffusion assay and the Micronucleus test (MN test) to assess genotoxicity, while the Neutral Red Retention Assay (NRRA) was used to evaluate cytotoxic effects. Results showed that BDE-47 did not produce any genetic damage at the tested concentrations (0.1 μg/L, 0.5 μg/L and 1 μg/L), while BDE-100 and BDE-154 can be considered moderately genotoxic, since both primary and fixed DNA injuries were induced. The NRRA indicated a moderate increase in cellular stress in BDEs-treated bivalves. Thus, our data seems to suggest that investigated BDEs may pose a low risk to freshwater mussels at environmental concentrations.},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
	author = {Parolini, Marco and Binelli, Andrea},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22280972},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Characidae, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Comet Assay, DNA Damage, Dreissena, Dreissena: drug effects, Dreissena: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hemocytes, Hemocytes: drug effects, Hemocytes: metabolism, Micronucleus Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {247--55},
}





@article{pan_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the riverine and marine sediments of the {Laizhou} {Bay} area, {North} {China}.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921},
	doi = {10.1039/c1em10169b},
	abstract = {62 riverine and marine sediments were collected from the Laizhou Bay area, where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia is located. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed to investigate the impact of rapidly-developed bromine industries on the regional aquatic system. PBDE concentrations varied largely in riverine sediments. Σ(7)PBDEs (including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) and BDE 209 ranged from 0.01 to 53 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.74 to 285 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 4.5 ng g(-1) dw and 54 ng g(-1) dw, respectively, indicating a strong influence of direct pollution discharges from local factories. In marine sediments, Σ(7)PBDEs and BDE 209 ranged from not detected (nd) to 0.66 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.66 to 12 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 0.32 ng g(-1) dw and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. PBDE concentrations were mostly {\textbackslash}textless10 ng g(-1) dw for Σ(7)PBDEs and {\textbackslash}textless50 ng g(-1) dw for BDE 209, which are at a relatively low level for monitored riverine and coastal sediments around the world. Even at the most contaminated sites in Laizhou Bay area, PBDE concentrations were not among the highest concentrations reported in the literature. Congener compositions were dominated by BDE 209 (57.2-99.9\% of the sum of BDE congeners), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDE products. Tri- to octa-BDE congeners were well correlated among each other (r {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.75) and thus sources from similar mixing of penta- and octa-BDE products were suggested in this area. Compared with riverine sediments, a much better correlation between PBDE concentrations with TOC was observed in marine environment. The congener pattern changed and their correlation coefficients among each other were remarkably reduced. Contributions of BDE 28, 47 and 99 to Σ(7)PBDEs were generally the same in almost all the marine sites, while it was distinctively higher for BDE 153. These are probably attributable to several reasons, such as contributions by atmospheric deposition and/or redistribution between particles of various sizes during and/or after fluvial transportation combined with the difference of physiochemical properties of BDE congeners.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Pan, Xiaohui and Tang, Jianhui and Li, Jun and Zhong, Guangcai and Chen, Yingjun and Zhang, Gan},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21423921},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Quality Control, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {886--93},
}





@article{pacyniak_mechanism_2010,
	title = {Mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ether uptake into the liver: {PBDE} congeners are substrates of human hepatic {OATP} transporters.},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfq059},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants that upon chronic exposure enter the liver where they are biotransformed to potentially toxic metabolites. The mechanism by which PBDEs enter the liver is not known. However, due to their large molecular weights (MWs approximately 485 to 1000 Da), they cannot enter hepatocytes by simple diffusion. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are responsible for hepatic uptake of a variety of amphipathic compounds of MWs larger than 350 Da. Therefore, in the present study, Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 were used to test the hypothesis that OATPs expressed in human hepatocytes would be responsible for the uptake of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 153. The results demonstrated that PBDE congeners inhibited OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated uptake of estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide as well as OATP2B1-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate in a concentration-dependent manner. Direct uptake studies confirmed that all three PBDE congeners are substrates for the three tested hepatic OATPs. Detailed kinetic analysis revealed that OATP1B1 transported 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) with the highest affinity (K(m) = 0.31 microM) followed by 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) (K(m) = 0.91 microM) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153) (K(m) = 1.91 microM). For OATP1B3, the order was the same (BDE47: K(m) = 0.41 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.70 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 1.66 microM), while OATP2B1 transported all three congeners with similar affinities (BDE47: K(m) = 0.81 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.87 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 0.65 microM). These results clearly suggest that uptake of PBDEs via these OATPs is a mechanism responsible for liver-specific accumulation of PBDEs.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Pacyniak, Erik and Roth, Megan and Hagenbuch, Bruno and Guo, Grace L},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20176623},
	keywords = {Animals, CHO Cells, CHO Cells: metabolism, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Estradiol: analogs \& derivatives, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrone, Estrone: analogs \& derivatives, Estrone: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Humans, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Organic Anion Transporters, Organic Anion Transporters: metabolism, estradiol},
	pages = {344--53},
}





@article{ota_current_2009,
	title = {Current status of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{DFs}) emission in {Japan}.},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Ota, S and Aitawa, H and Kondo, Y and Takigami, H and Hirai, Y and Sakai, S},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1340--1345},
}





@article{orta-garcia_assessment_2012,
	title = {Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from {Guadalajara}, {Jalisco}, {Mexico}.},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {1432-0800},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182},
	doi = {10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to measure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blood of children (50 individuals) living in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. We analyzed six PBDE congeners by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total PBDE levels ranged from not detectable (nd) to 15.2 μg/L on a whole-weight basis and from nd to 6,435 ng/g lipid on a lipid-weight basis. The dominant congener in our study was BDE-153, followed by BDE-154, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-47. Levels of BDE-209 were below the detection limit. Our data indicate that children living in the areas studied in this work are exposed to high levels of PBDEs.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Orta-Garcia, Sandra Teresa and León-Moreno, Lilia Carolina and González-Vega, Carolina and Dominguez-Cortinas, Gabriela and Espinosa-Reyes, Guillermo and Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22847182},
	keywords = {Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood},
	pages = {925--9},
}





@book{ohlemiller_nistir_1995,
	address = {Gaithersburg, MD},
	title = {{NISTIR} 5653 {Behavior} of {Mock}-{Ups} in the {California} {Technical} {Bulletin} 133 {Test} {Protocol}: {Fabric} and {Barrier} {Effects}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf},
	abstract = {llventy-seven material combinations (seven fabrics, four barriers and two polyurethane foams) were tested in four cushion mock-up form in accord with California Technical Bulletin 133 using a furniture calorimeter. These same material combinations were also tested in triplicate, mainly at 35 kW/m2, in the Cone Calorimeter. Both mock-up and Cone sample behavior were recorded on video to facilitate behavioral comparisons of the samples; distinct differences were noted for thermoplastic fabrics. Heat fluxes were also measured on both scales; the effective “external” flux in full-scale can exceed 50 kW/m2. The mock-up behavior always comprised at least a heat release peak during the 80 second gas burner exposure; it often included a later and larger peak as well. The first peak could not be adequately predicted by averaged heat release data from the Cone. A dimensional analysis suggested a possible dependence on four additional parameters, three of which can be obtained from the Cone. A statistical fit of the available data to these more complex types of correlations appears to work best for charring fabrics; it helps improve the correlation for all types of fabrics but two material combinations were outliers. The second heat release peak in the mock-up tests is attributable to a “basal melt fire” mechanism; efforts to correlate this behavior with Cone results have been limited thus far and show little success.},
	publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	author = {Ohlemiller, T J and Shields, J R},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{osako_leaching_2004,
	title = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in {Japan}.},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},
	abstract = {Leachate samples were taken from seven different landfills and concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were quantified. Leaching characteristics of BFRs, especially factors affecting leachability, were clarified to obtain basic information regarding the release of BFRs into the environment. The results obtained for observed levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.–4000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d. for the treated one, respectively, and those of TBBPA were n.d.–620,000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d.–11,000 pg/l for the treated one, respectively. Three sites that not only had crushed material from bulk wastes such as waste electric and electronic equipment, but also were under operation or within a year since closure, indicated a higher concentration of BFRs than the other sites. In particular extremely high concentration of PBDEs was observed at a site with a large amount of organics. Considering the leaching characteristics of BFRs, there exists the possibility that leachability of PBDEs is influenced by the presence of dissolved humic matter (DHM) in the leachate. The high removal efficiency for BFRs in the leachate treatment process was also confirmed.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Osako, Masahiro and Kim, Yong-Jin and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15519402},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Refuse Disposal, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {1571--9},
}





@article{olukunle_determination_2012,
	title = {Determination of brominated flame retardants in {Jukskei} {River} catchment area in {Gauteng}, {South} {Africa}.},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0273-1223},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235},
	doi = {10.2166/wst.2012.894},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are considered to be environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity in the environment. Little information is known about the presence of brominated flame retardants in South Africa's water systems. Therefore, this study examined and compared different extraction methods (liquid-liquid (LL) vs. solid phase (SP) for water, Soxhlet extraction (SE) vs. ultrasonic for sediment) for extraction efficiencies in the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in water and sediment from Jukskei River. Clean-up of sample extracts was performed using disposable Pasteur pipettes containing neutral, acidified and basic silica gel. Final extracts, after concentration and dilution to 200 μL were analyzed by injecting 1 μL in the GC-ECD and GC-MS. Results obtained showed good recoveries for most of the tested analytes in water; for LLE, values ranged between 80.5 ± 10.22\% and 126.6 ± 1.94\%; SPE, 70.41 ± 2.01\%-124.78 ± 3.78\% (n = 3) and for sediment (73-114\%, with an RSD {\textbackslash}textless17\%) using SE. The ultrasonic extraction method gave less than 50\% recovery for most of the congeners. The concentrations of the BFRs in water samples were less than the detection limit while the concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.95 to 36.61 ng g(-1) dry weight for Σ(11) BFRs. Dichloromethane and n-hexane : acetone (2 : 1, v/v) gave optimum value of recovery for water and sediment respectively.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},
	author = {Olukunle, O I and Okonkwo, O J and Kefeni, K K and Lupankwa, M},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22277235},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, South Africa},
	pages = {743--9},
}





@article{olsman_relative_2007,
	title = {Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736},
	doi = {10.1897/07-004R.1},
	abstract = {As a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/ F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were {\textbackslash}textgreater or =1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Olsman, Helena and Engwall, Magnus and Kammann, Ulrike and Klempt, Martin and Otte, Jens and van Bavel, Bert and Hollert, Henner},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17941736},
	keywords = {Adenoma, Adenoma: pathology, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: toxicity, Guinea Pigs, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Rats, Receptors, Risk Assessment, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, cell line, unsure},
	pages = {2448--54},
}





@article{olshansky_sorption-desorption_2011,
	title = {Sorption-desorption behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.003},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that are commonly found in commercial and household products. These compounds are considered persistent organic pollutants. In this study, we used 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15) as a model compound to elucidate the sorption and desorption behavior of PBDEs in soils. The organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (K(OC)) of BDE-15 was more than three times higher for humin than for bulk soils. However, pronounced desorption hysteresis was obtained mainly for bulk soils. For humin, increasing concentration of sorbed BDE-15 resulted in decreased desorption. Our data illustrate that BDE-15 and probably other PBDEs exhibit high sorption affinity to soils. Moreover, sorption is irreversible and thus PBDEs can potentially accumulate in the topsoil layer. We also suggest that although humin is probably a major sorbent for PBDEs in soils, other humic materials are also responsible for their sequestration.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Olshansky, Yaniv and Polubesova, Tamara and Vetter, Walter and Chefetz, Benny},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21783286},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Models, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: chemistry},
	pages = {2375--9},
}





@article{oliaei_occurence_2002,
	title = {Occurence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Minnesota} environment},
	volume = {58},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf},
	abstract = {In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.},
	journal = {Organohalogen compounds},
	author = {Oliaei, Fardin and King, Patricia and Phillips, Laurie},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {185--188},
}





@article{oliaei_occurrence_2002,
	title = {Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Minnesota} environment.},
	volume = {58},
	url = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf},
	abstract = {In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Oliaei, F and King, P and Phillips, L},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},
	pages = {185--188},
}





@book{oehha_oehha_2011,
	title = {{OEHHA} {Proposition} 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP})},
	url = {http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html},
	author = {{OEHHA}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Health, Pesticides, Public Health, Safe Drinking Water and Toxics Enforcement Act, chemical exposures, children's health, proposition 65, toxics, water},
}





@techreport{oehha_brominated_2008,
	title = {Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants: {Additional} information on four flame retardants.},
	url = {http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf},
	institution = {Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment},
	author = {{OEHHA}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, frelec, use},
}





@book{oehha_proposition_1986,
	title = {Proposition 65: {The} {Safe} {Drinking} {Water} and {Toxic} {Enforcement} {Act}},
	url = {http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html},
	urldate = {2010-12-30},
	author = {{OEHHA}},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{odabasi_electric_2009,
	title = {Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: hot spots for persistent organic pollutants.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342},
	abstract = {Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n = 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n = 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 +/- 311, 165,000 +/- 285,000, and 33 +/- 3 ng m(-3), average +/- SD for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m(-3) for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n = 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 +/- 35, 320 +/- 134 ng m(-3), 1451 +/- 954 pg m(-3), for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are "hot spots" for POPs.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Odabasi, Mustafa and Bayram, Abdurrahman and Elbir, Tolga and Seyfioglu, Remzi and Dumanoglu, Yetkin and Bozlaker, Ayse and Demircioglu, Hulusi and Altiok, Hasan and Yatkin, Sinan and Cetin, Banu},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19708342},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy, Metallurgy: instrumentation, Metallurgy: methods, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Steel, Steel: chemistry, Turkey, Volatilization, Wind, frelec, use},
	pages = {5205--11},
}





@book{ohlemiller_nist_2008,
	address = {Gaithersburg, MD},
	title = {{NIST} {Technical} {Note} 1493: {Aspects} of the {Fire} {Behavior} of {Thermoplastic} {Materials}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf},
	abstract = {Thermoplastic polymers pose unique new challenges (resulting from the movement of burning melt material) for the understanding and control of fire growth on objects that incorporate them. Both full density thermoplastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene, as well as low density polyurethane foams are examined in this study, which has two overall goals: (1) assessment of potential test methods for quantitatively judging the flammability hazard of a thermoplastic (focused most specifically on polyurethane foams) and (2) fostering the development and validation of a model of fire growth over generic configurations of thermoplastic materials suggested by their end product use (particularly upholstered furniture). One such configuration is that used in the flammability test method, but early model development steps emphasize simpler configurations and materials. A critical aspect of modeling these materials is an adequate description of the viscosity of the polymer melt as a function of temperature; the viscosity can vary by several orders of magnitude. A procedure for deriving an empirical description of viscosity for full density thermoplastics, dependent only on temperature, is given but it requires extrapolation of melt viscosity out to burning temperatures. The procedure may be stymied by the complex behavior of polyurethane foam melts, indicating a need for further work. Gasification kinetics of the material, also needed in the fire growth model, are derived here from thermogravimetry for four full density thermoplastics. The more complex degradation behavior of polyurethane foam requires further work to derive these kinetics. The modeling process has been proceeding in stages of increasing complexity in conjunction with an outside contractor. The current stage focuses on two-dimensional, non-flaming melting plus gasification at heat fluxes comparable to those seen in fire growth. The present study has produced data on four full density thermoplastics and several polyurethane foams in this configuration which serves to test the developing model. Among the experimental results is the flux-dependent fraction of mass lost as melt flow from the heated sample surface. For polyurethane foams of varied composition, these results were found to vary over a wide range. This helped in understanding the relative fire growth behavior of these same foams when tested as roughly 30 cm by 60 cm slabs under the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Furniture Calorimeter. Similar scale tests were also done with thin sheets of polypropylene (the fire growth configuration which the model will attempt to predict first); these tests revealed complex flow dynamics in the melt pool fire and provided clues about the role of a pool fire in the overall fire growth process. As a result of the large scale foam tests we have proposed a tentative test configuration for polyurethane foams that are intended for use in upholstered chairs and a validation test series is being planned. The question of whether this test can be scaled down to use smaller amounts of foam is addressed; the scaling is difficult because of a mis-match in transient behaviors.},
	publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	author = {Ohlemiller, T J and Shields, J R},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{oehha_brominated_2008,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants},
	url = {http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf},
	publisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},
	author = {{OEHHA}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring},
}





@book{oehha_brominated_2009,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants: additional information on four flame retardants},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf},
	publisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},
	author = {{OEHHA}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring},
}





@article{odusanya_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in leachates from selected landfill sites in {South} {Africa}.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0956-053X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124},
	doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.011},
	abstract = {The last few decades have seen dramatic growth in the scale of production and the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants. Consequently, PBDEs such as BDE -28, -47, -66, -71, -75, -77, -85, -99, -100, -119, -138, -153, -154, and -183 have been detected in various environmental matrices. Generally, in South Africa, once the products containing these chemicals have outlived their usefulness, they are discarded into landfill sites. Consequently, the levels of PBDEs in leachates from landfill sites may give an indication of the general exposure and use of these compounds. The present study was aimed at determining the occurrence and concentrations of most common PBDEs in leachates from selected landfill sites. The extraction capacities of the solvents were also tested. Spiked landfill leachate samples were used for the recovery tests. Separation and determination of the PBDE congeners were carried out with a gas chromatograph equipped with Ni63 electron capture detector. The mean percentage recoveries ranged from 63\% to 108\% (n=3) for landfill leachate samples with petroleum ether giving the highest percentage extraction. The mean concentrations of PBDEs obtained ranged from ND to 2670pgl(-1), ND to 6638pgl(-1), ND to 7230pgl(-1), 41 to 4009pgl(-1), 90 to 9793pgl(-1) for the Garankuwa, Hatherly, Kwaggarsrand, Soshanguve and Temba landfill sites, respectively. Also BDE -28, -47, -71 and BDE-77 were detected in the leachate samples from all the landfill sites; and all the congeners were detected in two of the oldest landfill sites. The peak concentrations were recorded for BDE-47 at three sites and BDE-71 and BDE-75 at two sites. The highest concentration, 9793+/-1.5pgl(-1), was obtained for the Temba landfill site with the highest BOD value. This may suggest some influence of organics on the level of PBDEs. Considering the leaching characteristics of brominated flame retardants, there is a high possibility that with time these compounds may infiltrate into the groundwater around the sites since most of the sites are not adequately lined.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Waste management},
	author = {Odusanya, David O and Okonkwo, Jonathan O and Botha, Ben},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {18406124},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chromatography, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, South Africa, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr},
	pages = {96--102},
}





@article{oberg_toxicity_2010,
	title = {Toxicity of {Bromkal} 70-{5DE}, a technical mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, following 28 d of oral exposure in rats and impact of analysed impurities},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {00456535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.006},
	abstract = {The subacute toxicity of a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) preparation, Bromkal 70-5DE, was investigated. In addition to a vehicle control, the mixture was given orally to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 d at three dose levels; 2.5, 25 and 250 mg kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). The observed effects include increased hepatic EROD activity (from 2.5 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); increased liver weight (males), increased PROD activity and depletion of hepatic retinoids (from 25 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); and increased liver weight (females), marked histological changes in the liver and lungs, as well as increased serum parameters such as total protein, cholesterol and albumin (from 250 mg kg(-1)d(-1)). Chemical analysis of the PBDE mixture with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) showed impurities of polybrominated dibenzofurans and to a lesser extent dibenzodioxins, in total levels of about 7.0 microg g(-1) of Bromkal technical mixture. The animals were thereby exposed to an estimated dose of dioxin-like equivalents corresponding to 1.3-131 ng TEQ kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). It cannot be ruled out that this level of impurities can explain the hepatic EROD induction and hepatic retinoid depletion, which are considered typical markers of toxicity mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Öberg, Mattias and Westerholm, Emma and Fattore, Elena and Stern, Natalia and Hanberg, Annika and Haglund, Peter and Wiberg, Karin and Bergendorff, Anders and H{\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20447676},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Lung, Lung: drug effects, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Spleen, Spleen: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, unsure},
	pages = {137--143},
}





@article{nyman_predicting_2008,
	title = {Predicting {Fire} {Resistance} {Performance} of {Drywall} {Construction} {Exposed} to {Parametric} {Design} {Fires} – {A} {Review}},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf},
	doi = {10.1177/1042391507080811},
	abstract = {This paper describes validation of a cumulative radiant energy method for predicting the time to failure of non load-bearing drywall construction exposed to realistic parametric fires. The validation uses full-scale compartment fire tests and analytical calculations. Three compartment fire tests are carried out in a room 3.6 m by 2.4 m with different arrangements of fuel load and ventilation, with walls and ceilings constructed from assemblies which have been previously tested in standard fire resistance tests. The analytical calculations use a finite difference heat transfer model developed for predicting the fire performance of cavity construction, in combination with a number of Eurocode parametric fires. We conclude that the cumulative radiant energy method can be used as a valid tool for prediction of insulation failure times of drywall assemblies, during the period of fire exposure where heat transfer is predominantly by radiation. This includes the growth period to flashover, the period of sustained ventilation-controlled burning, and the early part of the decay period.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Protection Engineering},
	author = {Nyman, J F and Gerlich, H J T and Wade, C and Buchanan, a. H},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {117--139},
}





@article{nyholm_biodegradation_2010,
	title = {Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil.},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.010},
	abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biodegradation kinetics in aerobic and anaerobic soil of the following brominated flame retardants: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246BrPh), and hexabromobenzene (HxBrBz). For comparison, the biodegradation of the chlorinated compounds 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether (CDE 28), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246ClPh), hexachlorobenzene (HxClBz), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was also assessed. In aerobic soil, BDE 209 showed no significant degradation during the test period, but concentrations of the other BFRs declined, with half-lives decreasing in the following order: BDE 28 {\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA {\textbackslash}textgreater TBECH {\textbackslash}textgreater HxBrBz {\textbackslash}textgreater 246BrPh. Declines in almost the same order were observed in anaerobic soil: BDE 28, BDE 209 {\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA {\textbackslash}textgreater HxBrBz {\textbackslash}textgreater TBECH {\textbackslash}textgreater 246BrPh.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Lundberg, Charlott and Andersson, Patrik L},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20227803},
	keywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Sweden},
	pages = {2235--40},
}





@article{nyholm_environmental_2013,
	title = {Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in {Norway}.},
	volume = {443},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081},
	abstract = {The environmental occurrence of potentially emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was investigated near suspected source zones in Norway, within seepage water, sewage waste water, sewage sludges, and sediments. Analyzed emerging BFRs included 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (EBTPI), tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA AE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dipropyl ether) (TBBPA DBPE). In addition selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, so that findings could be compared to legacy BFRs. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of EBTPI, TBBPA AE, and TBBPA DBPE. The legacy BFRs were in general found in higher levels and abundances than the studied emerging BFRs. However, BTBPE was detected in most of the studied matrices (sewage sludge, seepage water and sediment). DBDPE was detected in sewage sludge, waste water, seepage water and in sediment taken close to a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site. TBECH was found in seepage water, waste water and sewage sludge. EBTPI was identified in one seepage water sample; TBBPA AE was detected both in seepage water and sediment, and TBPPA DBPE in waste water and seepage water. Of the emerging BFRs, the highest levels in water samples were quantified for TBBPA DBPE (81 ng/L, seepage water from a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site) and in sediment for BTBPE (6.5 ng/g, taken close to landfill). The findings of current-use BFRs in seepage water, sediment and in sewage suggest that further investigations are needed of the environmental fate and effects of these flame retardants.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Grabic, Roman and Arp, Hans Peter H and Moskeland, Thomas and Andersson, Patrik L},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23201697},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {307--14},
}





@techreport{ntp_toxicology_1986,
	address = {Research Triangle Park, NC},
	title = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide ({CAS} {No}. 1163-19-5) in {F344}/{N} rats and {B6C3F1} mice (feed studies). {TR}-309.},
	url = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf},
	institution = {National Toxicology Program},
	author = {{NTP}},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},
}





@article{noyes_characterizing_2010,
	title = {Characterizing the in vitro hepatic biotransformation of the flame retardant {BDE} 99 by common carp.},
	volume = {97},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.013},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardant chemicals known to biomagnify in aquatic foodwebs. However, significant biotransformation of some congeners via reductive dehalogenation has been observed during in vivo and in vitro laboratory exposures, particularly in fish models. Little information is available on the enzyme systems responsible for catalyzing this metabolic pathway in fish. This study was undertaken to characterize the biotransformation of one primary BDE congener, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), using in vitro techniques. Hepatic sub-cellular fractions were first prepared from individual adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to examine metabolism in both microsomal and cytosolic sub-cellular fractions. Debromination rates (i.e. BDE-99 biotransformation to BDE-47) were generally higher in the microsomal fraction than in the cytosolic fraction, and some intra-species variability was observed. Further experiments were conducted to determine the biotransformation kinetics and the influence of specific co-factors, inhibitors and competitive substrates on metabolism using pooled carp liver microsomes. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values were 19.4microM and 1120pmolesh(-1)mgprotein(-1), respectively. Iodoacetate (IaC) and the two thyroid hormones, reverse triodothyronine (rT3) and thyroxine (T4), significantly inhibited the debromination of BDE-99 in microsomal sub-cellular fractions with IC(50) values of 2.2microM, 0.83microM, and {\textbackslash}textgreater1.0microM, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that deiodinase enzymes may be catalyzing the metabolism of PBDEs in fish liver tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate metabolic activity in other species and tissues that contain these enzymes.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Noyes, Pamela D and Kelly, Shannon M and Mitchelmore, Carys L and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20080306},
	keywords = {Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodoacetates, Iodoacetates: pharmacology, Kinetics, Linear Models, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Propylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil: pharmacology, Reverse, Reverse: antagonists \& inhibitor, Reverse: metabolism, Subcellular Fractions, Subcellular Fractions: enzymology, Subcellular Fractions: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: antagonists \& inhibitors, Thyroxine: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {142--50},
}





@article{noyes_accumulation_2011,
	title = {Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in juvenile fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations.},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr105},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are known to affect thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. The TH-regulating deiodinases have been implicated in these impacts; however, PBDE effects on the fish thyroid system are largely unknown. Moreover, the liver as a potential target of PBDE toxicity has not been explored in young fish. This study measured decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) effects on TH regulation by measuring deiodinase activity in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Dietary accumulations and debromination of BDE-209 were also measured, and the morphology of thyroid and liver tissues was examined. Juvenile fathead minnows (28 days old) received a 28-day dietary treatment of BDE-209 at 9.8 ± 0.16 μg/g of food at 5\% of their body weight per day followed by a 14-day depuration period in which they were fed clean food. Chemical analysis revealed that BDE-209 accumulated in tissues and was metabolized to reductive products ranging from penta- to octaBDEs with 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154) being the most accumulative metabolite. By day 28 of the exposure, rates of outer and inner ring deiodination (ORD and IRD, respectively) of thyroxine (T4) were each reduced by ∼74\% among treatments. Effects on T4-ORD and T4-IRD remained significant even after the 14-day depuration period. Histological examination of treated fish showed significantly increased thyroid follicular epithelial cell heights and vacuolated hepatocyte nuclei. Enlarged biliary passageways may be the cause of the distinctive liver phenotype observed, although further testing is needed. Altogether, these results suggest that juvenile fish may be uniquely susceptible to thyroid disruptors like PBDEs.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Noyes, Pamela D and Hinton, David E and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21546348},
	keywords = {Animals, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: analysis, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: analysis, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism},
	pages = {265--74},
}





@article{norrgran_decabromobiphenyl_2012,
	title = {Decabromobiphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and brominated phenolic compounds in serum of cats diagnosed with the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism.},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1432-0703},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549},
	doi = {10.1007/s00244-012-9750-y},
	abstract = {The incidence of cats being diagnosed with feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased greatly since it was first described in 1979. The cause of FH has not been established. Hypothetically, there is a link between increasing FH and exposure to brominated flame retardants. Much greater polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) concentrations have been reported in cat serum compared with human serum, likely due to cat licking behaviour. This study aimed to extend the present identification of brominated compounds in cat serum, with a focus on hydroxylated metabolites of PBDE, to improve the understanding of feline metabolism of PBDEs. A pooled serum sample from 30 Swedish pet cats with FH was analysed, and brominated species were identified. The results showed exposure to the discontinued flame retardant decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) and technical penta- and octa-BDEs. Altogether 12 PBDE congeners were identified along with 2'-MeO-BDE68. Furthermore, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4,6-, 2,4,5- and 2,3,4-tribromophenol plus 2'-OH-BDE68, 6-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47, 4'-OH-BDE49 were identified. 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 6-OH-BDE47 were the most prominent species in cat serum. Considering that these are natural products, it can be concluded that metabolism of PBDEs to OH-PBDEs is not a major route of PBDE elimination in cats. It is notable that BB-209, 6-OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol all suggested that endocrine-disrupting chemicals were present in high concentrations in cat serum.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Norrgran, Jessica and Jones, Bernt and Lindquist, Nils-Gunnar and Bergman, Ake},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22311549},
	keywords = {Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: physiopathology, Cats, Cats: blood, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenation, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: physiopathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics},
	pages = {161--8},
}





@article{nyholm_accumulation_2010,
	title = {Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm ({Eisenia} fetida). {Effects} of soil type and aging.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802},
	doi = {10.1021/es1023288},
	abstract = {In the present study the accumulation potentials in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated. The tested BFRs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), were found to be bioavailable to Eisenia fetida, and they accumulated in the earthworms. To our knowledge, this is the first published study to address the bioaccumulation potential of TBECH in terrestrial biota. Aging the soil resulted in decreased accumulation of TBECH, HBB, and PBDEs with six or less bromine atoms. However, no effect of soil aging was seen for BDEs 183 or 209, possibly due to their low mobility in soil. The use of different soils (artificial OECD soil and two natural Swedish soils) also affected the degree of accumulation in the worms. The results indicate that use of the generally accepted standard OECD soil may overestimate accumulation of organic contaminants by earthworms, due to high bioavailability of the contaminants and/or weight loss of the worms in it. Further, the accumulation of selected PBDEs and HBB was compared to the accumulation of their chlorinated analogues. Brominated compounds accumulated to the same or a lesser extent than their chlorinated counterparts.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Asamoah, Robert Kumah and van der Wal, Leon and Danielsson, Conny and Andersson, Patrik L},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21028802},
	keywords = {Animals, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry},
	pages = {9189--94},
}





@techreport{ntp_substance_2005,
	title = {Substance profiles: {Chlorinated} paraffins ({C12}, 60\% {Chlorine}) {CAS} {No}. 108171-26-2. {Report} on carcinogens, 11th ed.},
	url = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf},
	institution = {National Toxicology Program},
	author = {{NTP}},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{nost_halogenated_2012,
	title = {Halogenated organic contaminants and their correlations with circulating thyroid hormones in developing {Arctic} seabirds.},
	volume = {414},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.051},
	abstract = {Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development and disruption of thyroid homeostasis can be critical to young developing individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess plasma concentrations of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in chicks of two seabird species and to investigate possible correlations of HOCs with circulating thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations. Plasma from black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) chicks were sampled in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in 2006. The samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones and a wide range of HOCs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated (OH-) and methylsulphoned (MeSO-) PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)). Concentrations of HOCs were generally low in kittiwake and fulmar chicks compared to previous reports. HOC concentrations were five times higher in fulmar chicks compared to in kittiwake chicks. PFCs dominated the summed HOCs concentrations in both species (77\% in kittiwakes and 69\% in fulmars). Positive associations between total thyroxin (TT4) and PFCs (PFHpS, PFOS, PFNA) were found in both species. Although correlations do not implicate causal relationships per se, the correlations are of concern as disruption of TH homeostasis may cause developmental effects in young birds.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Nøst, Therese Haugdahl and Helgason, Lisa Bjørnsdatter and Harju, Mikael and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing and Jenssen, Bjørn Munro},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22154184},
	keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: blood, Body Weights and Measures, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Principal Component Analysis, Radioimmunoassay, Species Specificity, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},
	pages = {248--56},
}





@article{nordlof_levels_2010,
	title = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles breeding in different regions of {Sweden}.},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.042},
	abstract = {Forty-four unhatched eggs from white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), collected in four regions in Sweden in 1992-2005, were analysed for contents of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and naturally occurring methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs). Two freshwater areas-Lapland in the arctic zone (LAP) and inland lakes in central and southern Sweden (INL), and two brackish marine areas in the Baltic Sea-the south Bothnian Sea (SB) and the Baltic Proper (BP)-were chosen for comparison of the concentrations and congener distributions in white-tailed sea eagles with different diet and migratory patterns. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations (ng/g lipid weight (l.w.)) of ∑(5)PBDE (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) were 720 (LAP), 1500 (INL), 4 100 (SB) and 4 300 (BP), whereas BDE-209 was not detectable in any of the samples. The GM concentrations for HBCD content in LAP, INL, SB and BP were 60, 90, 150 and 140ng/g l.w., respectively, whereas the corresponding values for BB-153 were 20, 30, 100 and 120ng/g l.w. In general, the eggs from all four regions demonstrated similar patterns of PBDE congeners, with concentrations in descending order of BDE-47, -100, -99, -153 and -154. The ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs (6-MeO-BDE47, 2'-MeO-BDE68, 5-Cl-6-MeO-BDE47) for these same regions (as above) were 80, 40, 340 and 240ng/g l.w., respectively. ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs for LAP and INL (freshwaters) were significantly different, whereas those for SB and BP were not. The presence of MeO-PBDEs in all of the inland samples indicates that there is an as-yet-unidentified source of these compounds in the freshwater ecosystem. Between the two more contaminated subpopulations from the Baltic Sea coast, SB showed significantly lower productivity than BP, but no correlation was found between productivity and PBDE, PBB and HBCD at the concentrations found in this study.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Nordlöf, Ulrika and Helander, Björn and Bignert, Anders and Asplund, Lillemor},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20971499},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sweden},
	pages = {238--46},
}





@book{nfpa_demographic_2010,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {Demographic and other characteristics related to fire deaths or injuries},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf},
	abstract = {The risk of fire death and injury varies by age group, race, region, and community size. Children under five and adults 65 or older face the highest risk of fire death, although they do not account for the majority of fire fatalities. The risk of non-fatal fire injury is highest for those between 20 and 49. Higher fire death rates are seen in states with larger percentages of people who possess one or more of the following characteristics: are black, poor, smoke, have less formal education, or who live in rural areas. In more affluent areas, race played less of a role. The South and Midwest had the highest fire death rates per million population in 2004-2008. The rate in the rural South was the highest by far.},
	number = {March},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {{NFPA}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{newsome_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) levels in peregrine falcon ({Falco} peregrinus) eggs from {California} correlate with diet and human population density.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532},
	doi = {10.1021/es100658e},
	abstract = {Peregrine falcons are now considered a conservation success story due in part to the phasing out of harmful contaminants that adversely affected reproduction. Recent studies have shown that peregrine eggs collected from California cities, however, have high levels of the higher-brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (SigmaPBDE(183-209)), a class of industrial flame retardants, in comparison to published data for other wildlife. Sources of these high PBDE levels and unusual PBDE profiles are unknown. Here we analyzed the stable carbon (delta(13)C), hydrogen (deltaD), and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotope composition of peregrine eggs collected from urban and nonurban habitats. We found that delta(13)C values were significantly higher in urban versus nonurban eggs, suggesting that urban peregrines indirectly receive anthropogenic subsidies via their consumption of prey reliant on corn-based anthropogenic foods. delta(15)N and deltaD values were significantly lower in urban versus nonurban eggs, reflecting differences in dietary diversity and food/water sources available to peregrines in each habitat. These patterns suggest a link between an anthropogenic diet and high levels of SigmaPBDE(183-209) in California peregrines, and identify anthropogenic food as a potentially important PBDE exposure pathway for urban wildlife. If diet is an important PBDE exposure pathway for peregrines, continued high body burdens of SigmaPBDE(183-209) may be a potential risk to ongoing peregrine conservation efforts in California.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Newsome, Seth D and Park, June-Soo and Henry, Bill W and Holden, Arthur and Fogel, Marilyn L and Linthicum, Janet and Chu, Vivian and Hooper, Kim},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20540532},
	keywords = {Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: chemistry, Deuterium, Deuterium: chemistry, Diet, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: chemistry, Population Density, california},
	pages = {5248--55},
}





@techreport{national_toxicology_program_ntp_substance_2005,
	title = {Substance {Profiles}: {Tris}(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate {CAS} {No} . 126-72-7. {Report} on {Carcinogens} 11th {Edition}.},
	number = {126},
	author = {{National Toxicology Program (NTP)}},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox, unsure},
}





@article{nash_polybrominated_2013,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme kinetics in male {Wistar} rats: implications for lipid and glucose metabolism.},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {1528-7394},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302},
	doi = {10.1080/15287394.2012.738457},
	abstract = {Xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and Aroclor 1254 significantly suppress the activity of a key gluconeogenic and glyceroneogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), suggesting that xenobiotics disrupt hepatic glucose and fat metabolism. The effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), a family of synthetic flame-retardant chemicals, on PEPCK activity is unknown. This study investigated the effect of DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture, on PEPCK enzyme kinetics. Forty-eight 1-mo-old male Wistar rats were gavaged daily with either corn oil or corn oil containing 14 mg/kg DE-71 for 3, 14, or 28 d (n = 8/group). At each time point, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured and hepatic PEPCK activity, lipid content, and three cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP1A, -2B, and -3A) were assayed. PBDE treatment for 28 d significantly decreased PEPCK Vmax ( μ mol/min/g liver weight) by 43\% and increased liver lipid by 20\%, compared to control. CYP1A, -2B, and -3A Vmax values were enhanced by 5-, 6-, and 39-fold, respectively, at both 14 and 28 d in treated rats compared to control. There was a significant inverse and temporal correlation between CYP3A and PEPCK Vmax for the treatment group. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were not markedly affected by treatment, but the glucose:insulin ratio was significantly higher in treated compared to control rats. Data suggest that in vivo PBDE treatment compromises liver glucose and lipid metabolism, and may influence whole-body insulin sensitivity.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},
	author = {Nash, Jessica T and Szabo, David T and Carey, Gale B},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23294302},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gluconeogenesis, Gluconeogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Insulin Resistance, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP): metabolis, Random Allocation, Rats, Wistar},
	pages = {142--56},
}





@article{nakari_vivo_2010,
	title = {In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1522-7278},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387},
	doi = {10.1002/tox.20499},
	abstract = {Toxicity of a relative new flame retardant, namely decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), marketed as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was assessed both in vivo and in vitro using the freshly separated fish hepatocyte assay and standardized water flea and zebrafish egg-larvae tests. The fish hepatocyte assay, based on the synthesis and secretion of vitellogenin from isolated male liver cells produced a clear dose-response curve in the presence of DBDPE. DBDPE induced the induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity at low test concentrations, but started to inhibit the activity at higher concentrations. Also, the induction of the hepatocyte conjugation activity, uridinediphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), was induced with no signs of inhibition even at the highest test concentration. The reduced EROD activity resulted in a drop in the production of vitellogenin by the cells. In vivo tests showed that DBDPE was acutely toxic to water fleas, the 48 h EC-50 value being 19 microg/L. Moreover, DBDPE reduced the hatching rates of exposed zebra-fish eggs and raised significantly the mortality of hatched larvae. Because there is hardly any information available on the effects of DBDPE on the aquatic environments, it is crucial to obtain more data on the effects and effective concentrations of DBDPE along with its occurrence in the environment. Such data would enable reliable assessments of the risks posed by this flame retardant.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology},
	author = {Nakari, Tarja and Huhtala, Sami},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19449387},
	keywords = {Acute, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cladocera, Cladocera: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: physiology, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Male, Toxicity Tests, Vitellogenins, Vitellogenins: metabolism, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: metabolism},
	pages = {333--8},
}





@book{nicnas_priority_2012,
	address = {Sydney, Australia},
	title = {Priority existing chemical report {No}. 34: {Hexabromocyclododecane}},
	isbn = {978-1-74241-715-8},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf},
	number = {34},
	publisher = {National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme},
	author = {{NICNAS}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{nfpa_standard_2009,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {Standard method of fire tests for the evaluation of thermal barriers ({NFPA} 275)},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {{NFPA}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{napoli_toxicity_2013,
	title = {Toxicity of the flame-retardant {BDE}-49 on brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells enhanced by a {PTEN}-deficient background.},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs339},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) represent an important group of flame retardants extensively used, tonnage of which in the environment has been steadily increasing over the past 25 years. PBDEs or metabolites can induce neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, PBDEs with {\textbackslash}textless 5 Br substitutions (i.e., 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-47] and 2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-49]) have gained interest because of their high bioaccumulation. In particular, congeners such as BDE-49 arise as one of the most biologically active, with concentrations typically lower than those observed for BDE-47 in biological tissues; however, its potential to cause MD at biologically relevant concentrations is unknown. To this end, the effect of BDE-49 was studied in brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells (NPC). BDE-49 uncoupled mitochondria at concentrations {\textbackslash}textless 0.1 nM, whereas at {\textbackslash}textgreater 1 nM, it inhibited the electron transport at Complex V (mixed type inhibition; IC(50) = 6 nM) and Complex IV (noncompetitive inhibition; IC(50) = 40 nM). These concentrations are easily achieved in plasma concentrations considering that BDE-49 (this study, 400-fold) and other PBDEs accumulate 1-3 orders of magnitude in the cells, particularly in mitochondria and microsomes. Similar effects were observed in NPC and exacerbated with PTEN (negative modulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway) deficiency, background associated with autism-like behavior, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. PBDE-mediated MD per se or enhanced by a background that confers susceptibility to this exposure may have profound implications in the energy balance of brain.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Napoli, Eleonora and Hung, Connie and Wong, Sarah and Giulivi, Cecilia},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23288049},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {196--210},
}





@article{nakajima_neurobehavioral_2009,
	title = {Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, a brominated flame retardant, in mice.},
	volume = {189},
	issn = {1879-3169},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.003},
	abstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral effects of TBBPA and measured the levels of TBBPA in the brain after oral administration in mice. Acute treatment with TBBPA (5mg/kg body weight) 3h before the open-field test induced an increase in the horizontal movement activities. In contextual fear conditioning paradigm, mice treated with TBBPA (0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight) showed more freezing behavior than vehicle-treated mice. In addition, TBBPA (0.1mg/kg body weight) significantly increased the spontaneous alternation behavior in the Y-maze test. The levels of TBBPA in the brain following TBBPA treatment were determined by using LC/ESI-MS/MS system. In the brain regions examined, high amounts of TBBPA were detected in the striatum after treatment with 0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight TBBPA, whereas non-specific accumulation of TBBPA in the brain was found after treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight TBBPA. These results suggest that TBBPA accumulates in brain regions including the striatum and induces the behavioral alterations. Together, the possibility of widespread human exposure to TBBPA warrants further studies to characterize its neurotoxicity.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Nakajima, Akira and Saigusa, Daisuke and Tetsu, Naomi and Yamakuni, Tohru and Tomioka, Yoshihisa and Hishinuma, Takanori},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19463927},
	keywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Chromatography, Conditioning (Psychology), Conditioning (Psychology): drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Inbred Strains, Liquid, Male, Mass, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrometry, frelec, tox},
	pages = {78--83},
}





@article{munoz-arnanz_predominance_2011,
	title = {Predominance of {BDE}-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork ({Ciconia} ciconia) colonies from {Spain}.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants for which there is still a lack of knowledge about the environmental behavior and fate of the higher brominated congeners (octa- to deca-BDEs). In this study, the PBDE content and congener profiles in failed eggs from two colonies of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain were studied. The average total PBDE concentration was 1.64ng/g (wet weight, w.w.) for the rural colony and 9.08ng/g (w.w.) for the urban colony. Higher brominated BDEs dominated the congener profiles of both colonies. Of particular interest was the determination of BDE-209 as the dominant congener accounting for 44.1\% and 38.6\% of the total PBDE content in the rural and urban colonies, respectively. BDE-202, considered an indicator of BDE 209 debromination, was detected in 83\% and all of the samples from rural and urban colonies, respectively. The observed congener profile in which BDE-207{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-208{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-206 does not correspond to any known technical PBDE mixture and is evidence for possible BDE-209 degradation.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Muñoz-Arnanz, Juan and Sáez, Mónica and Aguirre, José I and Hiraldo, Fernando and Baos, Raquel and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Alaee, Mehran and Jiménez, Begoña},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21193230},
	keywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Spain},
	pages = {572--6},
}





@article{munschy_classic_2011,
	title = {Classic and novel brominated flame retardants ({BFRs}) in common sole ({Solea} solea {L}.) from main nursery zones along the {French} coasts.},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.021},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in juvenile common sole from nursery zones situated along the French coast in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Extensive identification was performed with regard to PBDEs, novel BFRs 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and other non-PBDE BFRs, namely, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (Σ 14 congeners) ranged from 0.01 ng/g to 0.16 ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle, and 0.07 ng/g to 2.8 ng/g ww in liver. Concentrations were in the lower range of those reported in the literature in other European locations. Lower PBDE concentrations, condition indices and lipid contents were observed in the Seine estuary in 2009, possibly in relation to a lower water flow. The PBDE patterns and ratios we observed suggested that juvenile sole have a relative high metabolic degradation capacity. Non-PBDE BFRs were detected at lower levels than PBDEs, i.e., within the {\textbackslash}textless method detection limit - 0.005 ng/g ww range in muscle, and {\textbackslash}textless method detection limit - 0.2 ng/g ww range in liver. The data obtained is of particular interest for the future monitoring of these compounds in the environment.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Munschy, C and Héas-Moisan, K and Tixier, C and Boulesteix, L and Morin, J},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21855959},
	keywords = {Animals, Benzene Derivatives, Benzene Derivatives: analysis, Benzene Derivatives: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: metabolism, France, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Seasons, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {4618--27},
}





@article{mukherjee_polybrominated_2013,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not affect metamorphosis but alter the proteome of the invasive slipper limpet {Crepidula} onyx.},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.009},
	abstract = {Man-made polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used as flame retardants in various consumer products may be harmful to marine organisms. Larvae of some marine invertebrates, especially invasive species, can develop resistance to PBDEs through altered protein expression patterns or proteome plasticity. This is the first report of a proteomics approach to study BDE-47 induced molecular changes in the invasive limpet Crepidula onyx. Larvae of C. onyx were cultured for 5days (hatching to metamorphosis) in the presence of BDE-47 (1μgL(-1)). Using a 2-DE proteomics approach with triple quadrupole and high-resolution TOF-MS, we showed that BDE-47 altered the proteome structure but not the growth or metamorphosis of C. onyx larvae. We found eight significant differentially expressed proteins in response to BDE-47, deemed the protein expression signature, consisting of cytoskeletal, stress tolerance, metabolism and energy production related proteins. Our data suggest C. onyx larvae have adequate proteome plasticity to tolerate BDE-47 toxicity.},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Mukherjee, Joy and Po, Beverly H K and Chiu, Jill M Y and Wu, Rudolf S S and Qian, Pei-Yuan and Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23743271},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{muirhead_oral_2006,
	title = {Oral exposure of {PBDE}-47 in fish: toxicokinetics and reproductive effects in {Japanese} {Medaka} ({Oryzias} latipes) and fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas).},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398},
	abstract = {The toxicokinetics of 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) was studied in the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) after a single oral exposure followed by termination at specific time points. The effects of repeated oral exposure to PBDE-47 on reproductive performance was assessed using a pair breeding experimental design with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) given daily PBDE-47 exposures for 25 days, during which fecundity was measured as an indicator of reproductive performance. Medaka and fathead minnows were orally exposed to PBDE-47 by bioencapsulation in brine shrimp, Artemia sp. In the medaka studies, measurable levels of PBDE-47 were detected in the carcass within 0.25 h with peak levels occurring at 8 h. The body levels of PBDE-47 slowly declined and were still 25\% of peak levels at 624 h after dosing. Assimilation of the bioencapsulated dose was at least 80\% and may well approach 100\%. The PBDE-47 concentration-time profile was fitted to a one-compartment clearance-volume toxicokinetic model and the model-predicted value for elimination half-life was determined to be 281 h and the first-order absorption rate constant was Ka = 0.26 hr(-1). In the fathead minnow study, egg laying in the PBDE-treated breeding pairs stopped after 10 days. The condition factor of PBDE-treated males was significantly reduced (P {\textbackslash}textless0.011) compared with control males, whereas no significant difference was observed in females. Histological examination revealed a greater than 50\% reduction in mature sperm in PBDE-47 exposed minnows compared to controls. Collectively, these results suggest PBDE-47 is selectively toxic to sexually mature male fathead minnows.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Muirhead, Elisabeth K and Skillman, Ann D and Hook, Sharon E and Schultz, Irvin R},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16468398},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oral, Oryzias, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, tox},
	pages = {523--8},
}





@article{morgan_overview_2012,
	title = {An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application, technology, and future directions},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/fam},
	abstract = {Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. This paper is a general overview of commercial flame retardant technology. It covers the drivers behind why flame retardants are used today, the current technologies in use, how they are applied, and where the field of flame retardant research is headed. The paper is not a full review of the technology, but rather a general overview of this entire field of applied science and is designed to get the reader started on the fundamentals behind this technology. This paper is based upon presentations given by the authors in late 2009 at the Flame Retardants and Fire Fighters meeting held at NIST.},
	journal = {Fire and Materials},
	author = {Morgan, A B and Gilman, J W},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {1, Flame retardants, History, and flame retardancy, fire as a hazard, fire hazard, fire risk, fire safety, for all of recorded, in the modern, sustainability, that has been around, to society is something},
}





@article{moller_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the {European} {Arctic}.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.054},
	abstract = {The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to -492 and -1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21421283},
	keywords = {Air Movements, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Toluene, Toluene: analogs \& derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1577--83},
}





@article{moller_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers vs alternate brominated flame retardants and {Dechloranes} from {East} {Asia} to the {Arctic}.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774},
	doi = {10.1021/es201850n},
	abstract = {Marine boundary layer air and seawater samples taken during a polar expedition cruise from East China Sea to the Arctic were analyzed in order to compare the occurrence, distribution, and fate of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with their brominated alternatives as well as the chlorinated Dechloranes. The sum of PBDEs (∑(10)PBDEs) in the atmosphere ranged from 0.07 to 8.1 pg m(-3) with BDE-209 being the dominating congener and from not detected (n.d.) to 0.6 pg L(-1) in seawater. Alternate brominated flame retardants (BFRs), especially hexabromobenzene (HBB), (2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in higher concentrations than PBDEs, even in the high Arctic (0.6 to 15.4 pg m(-3) for sum of alternate BFRs), indicating the change of PBDEs toward alternate BFRs in the environmental predominance. In addition, Dechlorane Plus (DP) as well as Dechlorane 602, 603, and 604 were detected both in the atmosphere and in seawater. The highest concentrations as well as the highest compound variability were observed in East Asian samples suggesting the Asian continent as source of these compounds in the marine environment. The air-seawater exchange indicates strong deposition, especially of alternate BFRs, as well as dry particle-bound deposition of BDE-209 into the ocean.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and Zhong, Guangcai and Huang, Peng and Cai, Minggang and Sturm, Renate and He, Jianfeng and Ebinghaus, Ralf},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21751774},
	keywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Arctic Regions, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Gases: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Ships},
	pages = {6793--9},
}





@article{moller_organophosphorus_2011,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the atmosphere of the {North} {Sea}.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.022},
	abstract = {Air samples collected in the German part of the North Sea from March to July 2010 were investigated for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers. The ∑(8)OPs concentration ranged from 110 to 1400 pg m(-3) while tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated all samples with individual concentrations up to 1200 pg m(-3). The highest concentrations were observed in continental air masses showing the high influence of industrialized regions including production sites on atmospheric emissions and concentrations. The occurrence of OPs even in oceanic/Arctic air masses shows that OPs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. Dry particle-bound deposition fluxes from 9 to 240 ng m(-2) d(-1) for ∑(8)OPs were estimated leading to a minimum annual flux of 710 ± 580 kg y(-1) OPs into the German North Sea. This study presents the first occurrence of OPs in the marine atmosphere together with important information on their long-range transport potential.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Caba, Armando and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21840096},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis},
	pages = {3660--5},
}





@article{muir_attempt_2007,
	title = {An attempt to replicate the risk management analysis of cost, benefits, and risks in the {Deca}-{BDE} and {TV} case study.},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf},
	abstract = {At the Dioxin 2006 meeting, an attempt to monetize the risks, costs and benefits of DecaBDE in TVs was made. No alternatives were examined, and it was asserted there are no environmental or health risk. An attempt to replicate found overstated benefits and understated costs. The case study used a small sample of TV fires, and other studies, to proportionally extrapolate fire, fatality and injury numbers to the EU. The Poisson 95\% CI, for the 8 TV electrical fires observed, of 3.5 to 15.8, was used here. The benefits of reduced fatalities and injuries from TV fires, taking account evidence presented here, ranges from \$321 million a year for the mean case study, to \$96 million for the Poisson mean primary data. These benefits are mostly less than TV end of life costs (\$110 to \$393 million/yr). The evidence does not support the zero cost asserted for health effects of DecaBDE related exposures. In some jurisdictions, it appears there is no margin of safety remaining for further exposure to POPs, such as DecaBDE, for a significant population. In examples provided here, the possible adverse effects and monetary cost far outweigh the estimated benefits – billions compared to millions.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Muir, T},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},
	pages = {2611--2614},
}





@article{muenhor_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants ({BFRs}) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in {Thailand}.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.002},
	abstract = {This study reports concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust samples (n=25) and in indoor (n=5) and outdoor air (n=10) (using PUF disk passive air samplers) from 5 electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) storage facilities in Thailand. Concentrations of Sigma(10)PBDEs (BDEs 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153 and 154) in outdoor air in the vicinity of e-waste storage facilities ranged from 8 to 150 pg m(-3). Indoor air concentrations ranged from 46 to 350 pg m(-3), with highest concentrations found in a personal computer and printer waste storage room at an e-waste storage facility. These are lower than reported previously for electronic waste treatment facilities in China, Sweden, and the US. Concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs (Sigma(10)PBDEs+BDEs 181, 183, 184, 191, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) in dust were 320-290,000, 43-8700 and {\textbackslash}textless20-2300 ng g(-1) respectively, with the highest concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs, BDE-209 and DBDPE in a room used to house discarded TVs, stereos and radios. PBDE concentrations in dust were slightly higher but within the range of those detected in workshop floor dust from an e-waste recycling centre in China. The highest concentration of BB-209 was detected in a room storing discarded personal computers and printers. Consistent with recent reports of elevated ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 and BDE-183:BDE-209 in household electronics from South China, percentage ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 (0.64-2.9\%) and of BDE-208:BDE-183 (2.8-933\%) in dust samples exceeded substantially those present in commercial deca-BDE and octa-BDE formulations. This suggests direct migration of BDE-208 and other nonabrominated BDEs from e-waste to the environment. Under realistic high-end scenarios of occupational exposure to BDE-99, workers in the facilities were exposed above a recently-published Health Based Limit Value for this congener. Reassuringly, estimated exposures to BDE-209 were below the USEPA's reference dose for this congener.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Muenhor, Dudsadee and Harrad, Stuart and Ali, Nadeem and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20605636},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \& numerical data, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Thailand},
	pages = {690--8},
}





@article{morrissey_american_2012,
	title = {American dippers indicate contaminant biotransport by {Pacific} salmon.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949},
	doi = {10.1021/es2028058},
	abstract = {Migrating salmon can increase productivity in Pacific Northwestern streams and lakes through the deposition of nutrients from their decomposing carcasses after spawning. Several studies also report simultaneous biotransport of persistent organic pollutants that have contaminated lake food webs, although no similar effect has been shown conclusively in rivers. We tested the prediction that salmon enhance contaminants in river food webs using the American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), an aquatic songbird and a recognized indicator of stream quality. Over 3 years, we analyzed 29 dipper eggs and aquatic invertebrate samples from 14 different rivers in 10 catchments in southern British Columbia, Canada to assess whether variations in autumn spawning density of Pacific salmon were reflected in dipper egg contamination or stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. δ(13)C isotope signatures, but not δ(15)N, in aquatic invertebrates and dipper eggs increased among catchments in proportion to the average density of spawning salmon. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDTs), and chlordane compounds were related in part to the δ(13)C measure of salmon density, but mercury, chlorobenzenes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were explained better by dipper trophic level. We conclude that spawning Pacific salmon result in the increased availability of salmon fry as dipper prey and salmon are a significant source of PBDEs, DDTs, and chlordanes to river ecosystems. However, contrary to lake studies, postspawn concentrations of legacy PCBs in river birds, even in salmon-rich rivers, were not significantly higher than would be expected from atmospheric deposition alone. We recommend using δ(13)C isotopes to trace salmon-derived lipids which may persist over winter particularly in rivers, and are potentially a better reflection of lipophilic contaminant transfer.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Morrissey, Christy A and Pollet, Ingrid L and Ormerod, Steve J and Elliott, John E},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22145949},
	keywords = {Animal Migration, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Ovum, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism, Population Density, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1153--62},
}





@article{morris_distribution_2004,
	title = {Distribution and {Fate} of {HBCD} and {TBBPA} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {North} {Sea} {Estuaries} and {Aquatic} {Food} {Webs}},
	volume = {38},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i},
	abstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Morris, Steven and Allchin, Colin R and Zegers, Bart N and Haftka, Joris J H and Boon, Jan P and Belpaire, Claude and Leonards, Pim E G and van Leeuwen, Stefan P J and de Boer, Jacob},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {5497--5504},
}





@article{montory_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in wild and farmed {Chilean} salmon and preliminary flow data for commercial transport.},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1001-0742},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380},
	abstract = {This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile. Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms, rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region, Chile. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Contaminants were observed in all the samples, and the congeners BDE 17, 28, 47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples. The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon, presenting significant differences with wild salmon. The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight (ww) vs. 120 ww. In the case of the rainbow trout, the concentrations were lower, although the congener profile was quite similar. The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish, and no significant difference was observed between the species. In both species, the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47. Based on this information, the BDE flow was estimated for commerce, which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies. A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg, and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},
	author = {Montory, Monica and Habit, Evelyn and Fernandez, Pilar and Grimalt, Joan O and Barra, Ricardo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22655380},
	keywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Pilot Projects, Salmon, chile},
	pages = {221--7},
}





@article{montie_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine contaminants in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and {North} {Atlantic} right whales from the {Northwest} {Atlantic} {Ocean}.},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.002},
	abstract = {Various brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, as well as organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were measured in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Eastern United States and Canada. The concentrations of PBDEs in winter flounder and right whales were similar in magnitude to the levels of PCBs, which was unlike the pattern observed in seals. In these marine mammals, the levels of PBDEs were orders of magnitude lower than the levels of OCs and PCBs detected. Evidence existed for the accumulation of methoxylated (MeO)-PBDEs of natural origin in seals and right whales. Current-use, non-PBDE BFRs (including hexabromocyclododecane, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, and pentabromotoluene) were detected in winter flounder and marine mammals. Future research should focus on monitoring PBDEs, current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, and MeO-BDEs of natural origin in marine organisms from Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Montie, Eric W and Letcher, Robert J and Reddy, Christopher M and Moore, Michael J and Rubinstein, Belinda and Hahn, Mark E},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20434733},
	keywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flounder, Flounder: metabolism, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seals, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Whales, Whales: metabolism},
	pages = {1160--9},
}





@article{moller_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from {Southeast} {Asia} toward {Antarctica}.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139},
	doi = {10.1021/es300138q},
	abstract = {The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m(-3) which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m(-3), respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m(-3) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m(-3), respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m(-3) (Σ(10)PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22376139},
	keywords = {Antarctic Regions, Asia, Australia, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Oceans and Seas, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Southeastern, Toluene, Toluene: analogs \& derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {3141--8},
}





@article{mo_bioaccumulation_2012,
	title = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane flame retardants in kingfishers ({Alcedo} atthis) from an electronic waste-recycling site in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.1929},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) and their prey fish from an electronic waste-recycling site in south China. Elevated BFR residues were detected in the kingfishers, with median concentrations of 8,760, 12, and 7.7 ng/g lipid weight for total PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. The calculated predator/prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) were greater than unity for most of the investigated PBDE congeners, with relatively higher values for some hexa-, hepta-, and octa-BDEs (e.g., BDEs 153, 183, 196, 197, 202, and 203). The average BMFs ranged 0.10 to 0.77 and 1.90 to 3.60 for DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The BMFs for BTBPE were comparable to or even greater than those for some tri- to penta-BDEs in certain predator/prey pairs, indicating potentially high environmental risks of this compound. Significantly higher concentration ratios of BDEs 202 and 207 to BDE 209 were observed in the kingfishers compared with their prey fish, and these ratios were negatively correlated with the logarithm of BDE 209 concentrations in the kingfishers. This may indicate biotransformation of BDE 209 to BDEs 202 and 207 in these birds. This is the first assessment of the biomagnification potentials of DBDPE and BTBPE in a wild piscivorous bird.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Mo, Ling and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zou, Fa-Sheng and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22752998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {2153--8},
}





@article{miller_concentrations_2012,
	title = {Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid.},
	volume = {417-418},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337-21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6\%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Miller, Mark F and Chernyak, Sergei M and Domino, Steven E and Batterman, Stuart A and Loch-Caruso, Rita},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22236635},
	keywords = {Amniotic Fluid, Amniotic Fluid: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Michigan, Nonparametric, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Statistics},
	pages = {294--8},
}





@article{moller_organophosphorus_2012,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the {Northern} {Pacific} and {Indian} {Ocean} toward the {Polar} {Regions}: evidence for global occurrence.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897},
	doi = {10.1021/es204272v},
	abstract = {Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers were investigated in airborne particles over the Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean. Samples taken during two polar expeditions in 2010/11, one from East Asia to the high Arctic (CHINARE 4) and another from East Asia toward the Indian Ocean to the Antarctic (CHINARE 27), were analyzed for three halogenated OPs (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCP)), four alkylated OPs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The sum of the eight investigated OPs ranged from 230 to 2900 pg m(-3) and from 120 to 1700 pg m(-3) during CHINARE 4 and CHINARE 27, respectively. TCEP and TCPP were the predominating compounds, both over the Asian seas as well as in the polar regions, with concentrations from 19 to 2000 pg m(-3) and 22 to 620 pg m(-3), respectively. Elevated concentrations were observed in proximity to the Asian continent enhanced by continental air masses. They decreased sharply toward the open oceans where they remained relatively stable. This paper shows the first occurrence of OPs over the global oceans proving that they undergo long-range atmospheric transport over the global oceans toward the Arctic and Antarctica.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Möller, Axel and Sturm, Renate and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and He, Jianfeng and Ebinghaus, Ralf},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22332897},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Cold Climate, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Oceans and Seas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis},
	pages = {3127--34},
}





@article{moeckel_estimation_2010,
	title = {Estimation of the source strength of polybrominated diphenyl ethers based on their diel variability in air in {Zurich}, {Switzerland}.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149},
	doi = {10.1021/es1001049},
	abstract = {Diel (24-h) concentration variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in air were measured in the center of Zurich, Switzerland, and on Uetliberg, a hill about 5 km from the city center. Air samples were collected simultaneously at both sites over 4 h time periods for 3 consecutive days during a stable high pressure system in August 2007. Higher PBDE concentrations in the city compared to the Uetliberg site indicate that Zurich is a likely source of PBDEs to the atmosphere. A multimedia mass balance model was used to (i) explain the diel cycling pattern of PBDE concentrations observed at both sites in terms of dominant processes and (ii) estimate emission rates of PBDEs from the city to the atmosphere. We estimate that Zurich emits 0.4, 6.2, 1.6, and 0.4 kg year(-1) of the PBDE congeners 28, 47, 99, and 100, respectively. On a per-capita basis, these estimates are within the range or somewhat above those obtained in other studies using approaches based on emission factors (EF) and PBDE production, usage, and disposal data, or concentration measurements. The present approach complements emission estimates based on the EF approach and can also be applied to source areas where EFs and PBDE material flows are poorly characterized or unknown, such as electronic waste processing plants.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Moeckel, Claudia and Gasic, Bojan and MacLeod, Matthew and Scheringer, Martin and Jones, Kevin C and Hungerbühler, Konrad},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20441149},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Quality Control, Switzerland, Uncertainty, env, ffr},
	pages = {4225--31},
}





@article{mo_using_2013,
	title = {Using the kingfisher ({Alcedo} atthis) as a bioindicator of {PCBs} and {PBDEs} in the dinghushan biosphere reserve, {China}.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2227},
	abstract = {The Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve and a site for the study of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems. Rapid industrialization and intensive electronic waste-recycling activities around the biosphere reserve have resulted in elevated levels of industrial organic contaminants in the local environment that may cause adverse effects on wildlife that inhabits this area. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 2 alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs)-decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)-were investigated in the biosphere reserve and a reference site by using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator. Residue concentrations in kingfishers from the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve ranged from 490 ng/g to 3000 ng/g, 51 ng/g to 420 ng/g, 0.44 ng/g to 90 ng/g, and 0.04 ng/g to 0.87 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. With the exception of the BTBPE, these levels were 2 to 5 times higher than those detected in kingfishers from the reference site. The contaminant patterns from the biosphere reserve were also different, with larger PCB contributions in comparison with the reference site. The estimated predator-prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) showed that most of the PCB and PBDE congeners and BTBPE were biomagnified in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve. The calculated toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) concentrations of major coplanar PCB congeners in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve ranged from 18 pg/g to 66 pg/g wet weight, with some of these TEQ concentrations reaching or exceeding the levels known to impair bird reproduction and survival. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1655-1662. © 2013 SETAC.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Mo, Ling and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Li, Ke-Lin and Peng, Ying and Feng, An-Hong and Zhang, Qiang and Zou, Fa-Sheng and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23554012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1655--62},
}





@article{miyaso_postnatal_2012,
	title = {Postnatal exposure to low-dose decabromodiphenyl ether adversely affects mouse testes by increasing thyrosine phosphorylation level of cortactin.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1880-3989},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant used in many commercial products such as televisions, computers, and textiles. Recent reports indicate that decaBDE adversely affects male reproductive organs in mice, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that decaBDE affects mouse testes by altering the expression and phosphorylation level of cortactin (CTTN), an F-actin-binding protein that is similar to flutamide, and we performed western blot analyses on testicular samples from mice subcutaneously injected with decaBDE (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) on postnatal days 1 to 5. Mice treated with low-dose decaBDE (0.025 mg/kg) showed reduced testicular weight, sperm count, elongated spermatid and Sertoli cell numbers, as well as induced Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN and reduced the expression level of p60 Src tyrosine kinase (SRC). Further, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg decaBDE-exposed groups produced an decrease the expression level of CTTN. High-dose decaBDE (2.5 mg/kg) showed increased abnormal germ cells, as well as induced Ser phosphorylation of CTTN and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2); however, high-dose decaBDE did not affect testicular weight and sperm count. These findings suggest that postnatal exposure to low-dose decaBDE inhibits mouse testicular development by increasing Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN, although different mechanisms may be involved depending on the dose of decaBDE.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {The Journal of toxicological sciences},
	author = {Miyaso, Hidenobu and Nakamura, Noriko and Matsuno, Yoshiharu and Kawashiro, Yukiko and Komiyama, Masatoshi and Mori, Chisato},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23038006},
	keywords = {Animals, Cortactin, Cortactin: metabolism, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred ICR, Male, Mice, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Newborn, Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testis: pathology, src-Family Kinases, src-Family Kinases: metabolism},
	pages = {987--99},
}





@article{miljeteig_eggshell_2012,
	title = {Eggshell thinning and decreased concentrations of vitamin {E} are associated with contaminants in eggs of ivory gulls.},
	volume = {431},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.018},
	abstract = {The ivory gull is a high Arctic seabird species threatened by climate change and contaminant exposure. High levels of contaminants have been reported in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from Svalbard and the Russian Arctic. The present study investigated associations between high levels of contaminants (organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg)) and three response variables: eggshell thickness, retinol (vitamin A) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Negative associations were found between levels of OCPs, PCBs and BFRs and eggshell thickness (p{\textbackslash}textless0.021) and α-tocopherol (p{\textbackslash}textless0.023), but not with retinol (p{\textbackslash}textgreater0.1). There were no associations between PFASs and mercury and the three response variables. Furthermore, the eggshell thickness was 7-17\% thinner in the present study than in archived ivory gull eggs (≤1930). In general, a thinning above 16 to 20\% has been associated with a decline in bird populations, suggesting that contaminant-induced eggshell thinning may constitute a serious threat to ivory gull populations globally.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Miljeteig, Cecilie and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing and Strøm, Hallvard and Gavrilo, Maria V and Lie, Elisabeth and Jenssen, Bjørn Munro},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22673175},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: anatomy \& histology, Egg Shell: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mercury, Mercury: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Russia, Svalbard, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: analysis, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: analysis},
	pages = {92--9},
}





@article{mhadhbi_acute_2012,
	title = {Acute toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) for turbot ({Psetta} maxima) early life stages ({ELS}).},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-011-0602-5},
	abstract = {The environmental presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among which BDE-47 and BDE-99 are particularly abundant, makes toxicity data necessary to assess the hazard risk posed by PBDE to aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 on embryo-larval stages of the marine flatfish turbot.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	author = {Mhadhbi, Lazhar and Fumega, José and Boumaiza, Moncef and Beiras, Ricardo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {21912957},
	keywords = {Acute, Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: administration \& dosag, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: embryology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Teratogens, Teratogens: analysis, Teratogens: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {708--17},
}





@article{meyer_deposition_2012,
	title = {Deposition of brominated flame retardants to the {Devon} {Ice} {Cap}, {Nunavut}, {Canada}.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267},
	doi = {10.1021/es202900u},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) can be transported to Arctic regions via atmospheric long-range transport, however, relatively little is known about their deposition to terrestrial environments. Snow cores from the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, Canada served to determine the recent depositional trends of BFRs. Snow pits were dug in 2005, 2006, and 2008. Dating using annual snow accumulation data, ion chemistry, and density measurements established that the pits covered the period from approximately 1993 to spring 2008. Samples were extracted under clean room conditions, and analyzed using GC-negative ion MS for 26 tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs), as well as other BFRs, nonbrominated flame retardants, and industrial chemicals. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the major congener present in all samples followed by nona-BDEs (BDE-207, BDE-206, and BDE-208), both accounting for 89\% and 7\% of total BDE, respectively. BDE-209 concentrations were in most cases significantly correlated (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) to tri- to nona-BDE homologues, and the strength of the correlations increased with increasing degree of bromination. Prior to or after deposition BDE-209 may be subject to debromination to lighter congeners. Deposition fluxes of BDE-209 show no clear temporal trend and range between 90 and 2000 pg·cm(-2)·year(-1). Back trajectory origin in densely populated areas of northeastern North America is significantly correlated (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.005) with the BDE-209 deposition flux. Several other high production volume and/or alternative BFRs such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromo ethyl benzene (PBEBz), and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), as well as the industrial chemical 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (135-TBBz) were found consistently in the snow pits.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Meyer, Torsten and Muir, Derek C G and Teixeira, Camilla and Wang, Xiaowa and Young, Teresa and Wania, Frank},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22148267},
	keywords = {Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Ice, Ice: analysis, Time Factors},
	pages = {826--33},
}





@article{meng_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern {California} coast.},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.029},
	abstract = {Little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern California (USA) coast. Fourteen PBDE congeners were determined by GC-ECNI-MS in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. Total PBDE concentrations (SigmaPBDE) in California sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). To our knowledge, these are the highest reported PBDE levels in marine mammals to date. By comparison, mean SigmaPBDE in Pacific harbor seals (n = 9) and northern elephant seals (n = 16) were 0.96 and 0.09 microg/g, respectively. PBDEs in adult males were higher than for adult females, however, no age class differences or temporal trends were observed. As the first PBDE data reported for marine mammals in this region, the elevated levels underscore the need for additional studies on the sources, temporal trends, and potential effects of PBDEs in highly urbanized coastal zones.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental pollution},
	author = {Meng, Xiang-Zhou and Blasius, Mary Ellen and Gossett, Richard W and Maruya, Keith A},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19487060},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},
	pages = {2731--6},
}





@article{meeker_house_2010,
	title = {House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901332},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of materials. Although widespread human exposure to OP flame retardants is likely, there is a lack of human and animal data on potential health effects. OBJECTIVE: We explored relationships of TDCPP and TPP concentrations in house dust with hormone levels and semen quality parameters. METHODS: We analyzed house dust from 50 men recruited through a U.S. infertility clinic for TDCPP and TPP. Relationships with reproductive and thyroid hormone levels, as well as semen quality parameters, were assessed using crude and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: TDCPP and TPP were detected in 96\% and 98\% of samples, respectively, with widely varying concentrations up to 1.8 mg/g. In models adjusted for age and body mass index, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in TDCPP was associated with a 3\% [95\% confidence interval (CI), 5\% to 1\%) decline in free thyroxine and a 17\% (95\% CI, 432\%) increase in prolactin. There was a suggestive inverse association between TDCPP and free androgen index that became less evident in adjusted models. In the adjusted models, an IQR increase in TPP was associated with a 10\% (95\% CI, 219\%) increase in prolactin and a 19\% (95\% CI, 30\% to 5\%) decrease in sperm concentration. CONCLUSION: OP flame retardants may be associated with altered hormone levels and decreased semen quality in men. More research on sources and levels of human exposure to OP flame retardants and associated health outcomes are needed.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Meeker, John D and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20194068},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, hum},
	pages = {318--23},
}





@article{meeker_urinary_2013,
	title = {Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations.},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205907},
	abstract = {Background: A reduction in the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) because of human health concerns may result in an increased use of and human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Human exposure and health studies of OPFRs are lacking.Objectives: We sought to define the degree of temporal variability in urinary OPFR metabolites in order to inform epidemiologic study design, and to explore a potential primary source of exposure by examining the relationship between OPFRs in house dust and their metabolites in urine.Methods: Nine repeated urine samples were collected from 7 men over the course of 3 months and analyzed for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP), metabolites of the OPFRs tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to characterize temporal reliability. Paired house dust and urine samples were collected from 45 men.Results: BDCPP was detected in 91\% of urine samples, and DPP in 96\%. Urinary BDCPP showed moderate-to-strong temporal reliability (ICC range, 0.55-0.72). ICCs for DPP were lower, but moderately reliable (range, 0.35-0.51). There was a weak [Spearman r (rS) = 0.31] but significant (p = 0.03) correlation between urinary BDCPP and TDCPP concentrations in house dust that strengthened when nondetects (rS = 0.47) were excluded. There was no correlation between uncorrected DPP and TPP measured in house dust (rS {\textbackslash}textless 0.1).Conclusions: Household dust may be an important source of exposure to TDCPP but not TPP. Urinary concentrations of BDCPP and DPP were moderately to highly reliable within individuals over 3 months.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Meeker, John D and Cooper, Ellen M and Stapleton, Heather M and Hauser, Russ},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23461877},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {580--5},
}





@article{messer_mini-review:_2010,
	title = {Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors.},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {1873-507X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501},
	doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used at increasing levels in home furnishings and electronics over the past 25 years. They have also become widespread environmental pollutants. High PBDE levels have been detected in food, household dust, and indoor air, with subsequent appearance in animal and human tissues. This minireview summarizes studies on the extent to which these compounds can act as potent thyroid hormone mimetics, and emerging studies on long-term neurological effects of acute administration of PBDEs during development. When these data are considered in combination with the extensive literature on stage-dependent effects of thyroid hormone on aspects of brain development that are also implicated in autistic brains, a hypothesis that PBDEs might also serve as autism risk factors emerges. Studies designed to explicitly test this hypothesis will require chronic exposure paradigms, and specific body burden and behavioral monitoring in animal models. Such testing may help to prioritize extensive human epidemiological studies, as well as offer protocols for evaluation of future compounds.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Physiology \& behavior},
	author = {Messer, Anne},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20100501},
	keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: metabolism, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, hum},
	pages = {245--9},
}





@article{mensching_feline_2012,
	title = {The feline thyroid gland: a model for endocrine disruption by polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs})?},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {1528-7394},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329},
	doi = {10.1080/15287394.2012.652054},
	abstract = {The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) was investigated in the occurrence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH) by evaluating 15 PBDE congeners in serum from 62 client-owned (21 euthyroid, 41 hyperthyroid) and 10 feral cats. Total serum PBDE concentrations in euthyroid cats were not significantly different from those of hyperthyroid cats. Total serum PBDE in feral cats were significantly lower than in either of the groups of client-owned cats. Total serum PBDE did not correlate with serum total T4 concentration. Ten samples of commercial canned cat food and 19 dust samples from homes of client-owned cats were analyzed. Total PBDE in canned cat food ranged from 0.42 to 3.1 ng/g, and total PBDE in dust from 510 to 95,000 ng/g. Total PBDE in dust from homes of euthyroid cats ranged from 510 to 4900 ng/g. In dust from homes of hyperthyroid cats, total PBDE concentrations were significantly higher, ranging from 1100 to 95,000 ng/g. Dust PBDE and serum total T4 concentration were also significantly correlated. Estimates of PBDE exposures calculated from canned cat food and dust data suggest that domestic cats are primarily exposed through ingestion of household dust. These findings indicate further study of the role of PBDE is needed in the development of FH, which might identify the cat as a model and sentinel for humans with toxic nodular goiter (TNG).},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},
	author = {Mensching, Donna A and Slater, Margaret and Scott, John W and Ferguson, Duncan C and Beasley, Val R},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22352329},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: blood, Cat Diseases: chemically induced, Cats, Disease Models, Dust, Dust: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: blood, Hyperthyroidism: chemically induced, Hyperthyroidism: veterinary, Pilot Projects, Questionnaires, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Function Tests: veterinary, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood},
	pages = {201--12},
}





@book{mehta_upholstered_2012,
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	title = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Full} {Scale} {Chair} {Tests} – {Open} {Flame} {Ignition} {Results} and {Analysis}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Mehta, Shivani},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{mehaffey_model_1994,
	title = {A model for predicting heat transfer through gypsum-board/wood-stud walls exposed to fire},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505},
	doi = {10.1002/fam.810180505},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Fire and Materials},
	author = {Mehaffey, J R and Cuerrier, P and Carisse, G},
	month = sep,
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {297--305},
}





@article{meerts_potent_2000,
	title = {Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro.},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenol (PBP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are produced in large quantities for use in electronic equipment, plastics, and building materials. Because these compounds have some structural resemblance to the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)), it was suggested that they may interfere with thyroid hormone metabolism and transport, e.g., by competition with T(4) on transthyretin (TTR). In the present study, we investigated the possible interaction of several brominated flame retardants with T(4) binding to TTR in an in vitro competitive binding assay, using human TTR and 125 I-T(4) as the displaceable radioligand. Compounds were tested in at least eight different concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 500 nM. In addition, we investigated the structural requirements of these and related ligands for competitive binding to TTR. We were able to show very potent competition binding for TBBPA and PBP (10.6- and 7.1-fold stronger than the natural ligand T(4), respectively). PBDEs were able to compete with T(4)-TTR binding only after metabolic conversion by induced rat liver microsomes, suggesting an important role for hydroxylation. Brominated bisphenols with a high degree of bromination appeared to be more efficient competitors, whereas chlorinated bisphenols were less potent compared to their brominated analogues. These results indicate that brominated flame retardants, especially the brominated phenols and tetrabromobisphenol A, are very potent competitors for T(4) binding to human transthyretin in vitro and may have effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis in vivo comparable to the thyroid-disrupting effects of PCBs.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Meerts, I A and van Zanden, J J and Luijks, E A and van Leeuwen-Bol, I and Marsh, G and Jakobsson, E and Bergman, A and Brouwer, A},
	month = jul,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {10869457},
	keywords = {Animals, Binding, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Competitive, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Molecular Structure, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Rats, Structure-Activity Relationship, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frelec, tox},
	pages = {95--104},
}





@article{meeker_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men.},
	volume = {407},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030},
	abstract = {Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100\% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67\% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Meeker, John D and Johnson, Paula I and Camann, David and Hauser, Russ},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19211133},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Androgens, Androgens: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male: blood, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum},
	pages = {3425--9},
}





@article{mckinney_role_2010,
	title = {The role of diet on long-term concentration and pattern trends of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in western {Hudson} {Bay} polar bears, 1991-2007.},
	volume = {408},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.033},
	abstract = {Adipose tissue was sampled from the western Hudson Bay (WHB) subpopulation of polar bears at intervals from 1991 to 2007 to examine temporal trends of PCB and OCP levels both on an individual and sum-(∑-)contaminant basis. We also determined levels and temporal trends of emerging polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants. Over the 17-year period, ∑DDT (and p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT) decreased (-8.4\%/year); α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) decreased (-11\%/year); β-HCH increased (+8.3\%/year); and ∑PCB and ∑chlordane (CHL), both contaminants at highest concentrations in all years ({\textbackslash}textgreater1ppm), showed no distinct trends even when compared to previous data for this subpopulation dating back to 1968. Some of the less persistent PCB congeners decreased significantly (-1.6\%/year to -6.3\%/year), whereas CB153 levels tended to increase (+3.3\%/year). Parent CHLs (c-nonachlor, t-nonachlor) declined, whereas non-monotonic trends were detected for metabolites (heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane). ∑chlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene, ∑mirex, ∑MeSO(2)-PCB and dieldrin did not significantly change. Increasing ∑PBDE levels (+13\%/year) matched increases in the four consistently detected congeners, BDE47, BDE99, BDE100 and BDE153. Although no trend was observed, total-(α)-HBCD was only detected post-2000. Levels of the highest concentration brominated contaminant, BB153, showed no temporal change. As long-term ecosystem changes affecting contaminant levels may also affect contaminant patterns, we examined the influence of year (i.e., aging or "weathering" of the contaminant pattern), dietary tracers (carbon stable isotope ratios, fatty acid patterns) and biological (age/sex) group on congener/metabolite profiles. Patterns of PCBs, CHLs and PBDEs were correlated with dietary tracers and biological group, but only PCB and CHL patterns were correlated with year. DDT patterns were not associated with any explanatory variables, possibly related to local DDT sources. Contaminant pattern trends may be useful in distinguishing the possible role of ecological/diet changes on contaminant burdens from expected dynamics due to atmospheric sources and weathering.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {McKinney, Melissa A and Stirling, Ian and Lunn, Nick J and Peacock, Elizabeth and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20870269},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},
	pages = {6210--22},
}





@article{mckinney_flame_2011,
	title = {Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from {Alaska}, {Canada}, {East} {Greenland} and {Svalbard}, 2005-2008.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.008},
	abstract = {Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(α)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(α-)HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean ΣPBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(α)-HBCD levels ({\textbackslash}textless0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than ΣPBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. ΣPCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). ΣCHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). ΣDDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p'-DDT to ΣDDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, ΣPBDE, total-(α)-HBCD, p,p'-DDE and ΣCHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of "new" chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {McKinney, Melissa A and Letcher, Robert J and Aars, Jon and Born, Erik W and Branigan, Marsha and Dietz, Rune and Evans, Thomas J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Peacock, Elizabeth and Sonne, Christian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21131049},
	keywords = {Alaska, Animals, Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Canada, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},
	pages = {365--74},
}





@article{mckinney_regional_2011,
	title = {Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451},
	doi = {10.1021/es102781b},
	abstract = {The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted δ(15)N and δ(13)C, lower proportions of C(20) and C(22) monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C(18) and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan and Canadian Arctic signatures were intermediate. Between-subpopulation dietary differences predominated over interannual, seasonal, sex, or age variation. Among various brominated and chlorinated contaminants, diet signatures significantly explained variation in adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (14-15\%) and legacy PCBs (18-21\%). However, dietary influence was contaminant class-specific, since only low or nonsignificant proportions of variation in organochlorine pesticide (e.g., chlordane) levels were explained by diet. Hudson Bay diet signatures were associated with lower PCB and PBDE levels, whereas East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were associated with higher levels. Understanding diet/food web factors is important to accurately interpret contaminant trends, particularly in a changing Arctic.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {McKinney, Melissa A and Letcher, Robert J and Aars, Jon and Born, Erik W and Branigan, Marsha and Dietz, Rune and Evans, Thomas J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Muir, Derek C G and Peacock, Elizabeth and Sonne, Christian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21166451},
	keywords = {Alaska, Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Canada, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \& numerical data, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},
	pages = {896--902},
}





@article{mckinney_comparative_2011,
	title = {Comparative hepatic microsomal biotransformation of selected {PBDEs}, including decabromodiphenyl ether, and decabromodiphenyl ethane flame retardants in {Arctic} marine-feeding mammals.},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.535},
	abstract = {The present study assessed and compared the oxidative and reductive biotransformation of brominated flame retardants, including established polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using an in vitro system based on liver microsomes from various arctic marine-feeding mammals: polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat as a mammalian model species. Greater depletion of fully brominated BDE209 (14-25\% of 30 pmol) and DBDPE (44-74\% of 90 pmol) occurred in individuals from all species relative to depletion of lower brominated PBDEs (BDEs 99, 100, and 154; 0-3\% of 30 pmol). No evidence of simply debrominated metabolites was observed. Investigation of phenolic metabolites in rat and polar bear revealed formation of two phenolic, likely multiply debrominated, DBDPE metabolites in polar bear and one phenolic BDE154 metabolite in polar bear and rat microsomes. For BDE209 and DBDPE, observed metabolite concentrations were low to nondetectable, despite substantial parent depletion. These findings suggested possible underestimation of the ecosystem burden of total-BDE209, as well as its transformation products, and a need for research to identify and characterize the persistence and toxicity of major BDE209 metabolites. Similar cause for concern may exist regarding DBDPE, given similarities of physicochemical and environmental behavior to BDE209, current evidence of biotransformation, and increasing use of DBDPE as a replacement for BDE209.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {McKinney, Melissa A and Dietz, Rune and Sonne, Christian and De Guise, Sylvain and Skirnisson, Karl and Karlsson, Karl and Steingrímsson, Egill and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21437940},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Biotransformation, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Rats, Seals, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Wistar},
	pages = {1506--14},
}





@article{mckernan_toxicity_2009,
	title = {Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({DE}-71) in chicken ({Gallus} gallus), mallard ({Anas} platyrhynchos), and {American} kestrel ({Falco} sparverius) embryos and hatchlings.},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936},
	doi = {10.1897/08-318.1},
	abstract = {Embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01-20 microg/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 microg/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 microg/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 microg/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29\% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18\% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 microg total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {McKernan, Moira A and Rattner, Barnett A and Hale, Robert C and Ottinger, Mary Ann},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19045936},
	keywords = {Animals, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Chick Embryo, Chick Embryo: drug effects, Chickens, Ducks, Ducks: embryology, Ducks: growth \& development, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: growth \& development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Lymphoid Tissue, Lymphoid Tissue: drug effects, Lymphoid Tissue: growth \& development, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, ffr, tox},
	pages = {1007--17},
}





@article{mcgregor_responses_1991,
	title = {Responses of the {L5178Y} mouse {Lymphoma} cell forward mutation assay. {V}: 27 coded chemicals.},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0893-6692},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415},
	abstract = {Twenty-seven chemicals were tested for their mutagenic potential in the L5178Y tk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay using procedures based upon those described by McGregor et al. (McGregor DB, Martin R, Cattanach P, Edwards I, McBride D, Caspary WJ (1987): Environ Mol Mutagen 9:143-160). Cultures were exposed to the chemicals for 4 hr, then cultured for 2 days before plating in soft agar with or without trifluorothymidine (TFT), 3 micrograms/ml. The chemicals were tested at least twice. Statistically significant responses were obtained with acid orange 10, aniline, benzaldehyde, o-chloroaniline, chlorodibromomethane, cytembena, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromomethyl) cyclohexane, dieldrin, lithocholic acid, oxytetracycline, phenazopyridine HCl, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, solvent yellow 14, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Apart from phenazopyridine HCl, acid orange 10, and solvent yellow 14, rat liver S9 mix was not a requirement for the mutagenic activity of these compounds. Chemical not identified as mutagens were N-4-acetylaminofluorene, chlorpheniramine maleate, chloropropamide, 1,4-dioxane, endrin, ethylene glycol, iron dextran, methapyrilene, sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental and molecular mutagenesis},
	author = {McGregor, D B and Brown, A G and Howgate, S and McBride, D and Riach, C and Caspary, W J},
	month = jan,
	year = {1991},
	pmid = {1902415},
	keywords = {Animals, Cultured, Data Interpretation, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Flame retardants, Inbred F344, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Quality Control, Rats, Statistical, Thymidine Kinase, Thymidine Kinase: genetics, Trifluridine, Tumor Cells},
	pages = {196--219},
}





@article{mcgee_aryl_2013,
	title = {Aryl phosphate esters within a major {PentaBDE} replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft020},
	abstract = {Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50\% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {McGee, Sean P and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23377616},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {144--56},
}





@inproceedings{matsuda_estimation_2010,
	address = {Kyoto, Japan},
	title = {Estimation of {PBDD}/{DF} toxicity equivalency factors from {Ah} receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.},
	url = {http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf},
	abstract = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) are unintentionally produced during various combustion processes of plastics, textiles and other materials containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) or present as contaminants in technical mixtures of BFRs1. Additionally, human adipose tissue concentration levels of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD of the general Japanese were reported to be a median value of 1.7 pg/g with a range of 0.8-4.2 pg/g in 1970 and a median value of 0.5 pg/g with a range of 0.1-2.0 pg/g in 20082. The toxic properties of individual PBDD/DFs congeners strongly depend on the substitution numbers and position of bromine similarly to those of chlorinated analogues. Recently, a few data on the general toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD for experimental animals have been published as well as the results of studies on reproductive toxicity. Single oral and interperitoneal administrations of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD were reported to induce teratogenic effects in mice and thymic atrophy, body weight loss and induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in immature male rats3,4. However, PBDD/DFs are much less studied than the chlorinated congeners partly due to the lack of available standards and the difficulties in sensitive detection. Still it seems important to know the toxic effects of those chemicals as they are persistent and toxic. This study focused on Toxicity Equivalency Factor of PBDD/DFs estimated from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.},
	booktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Matsuda, M and Okimoto, M and Yousuke, T and Nakamura, M and Handa, H and Kawano, M and Nose, K},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
}





@article{marvin_hexabromocyclododecane:_2011,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management.},
	volume = {45},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Marvin, Christopher H and Tomy, Gregg T and Armitage, James M and Arnot, Jon A and McCarty, Lynn and Covaci, Adrian and Palace, Vince},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons},
	pages = {8613--8623},
}





@article{martinez-moral_focused_2012,
	title = {Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust.},
	volume = {404},
	issn = {1618-2650},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-012-5967-x},
	abstract = {This study presents a focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), from mono- to hexa-congeners, in indoor dust. This approach provided a simple, fast, and economical method. After the solvent extraction selection, the FUSLE conditions were studied using a central composite design. Finally, the number of extraction cycles was studied. The selected conditions were 8 mL of 3:1 n-hexane-acetone mixture as extraction solvent, at a power of 65\% for 20 s. The proposed method allowed accurate determination of BDEs, with recovery values around 100\% and detection limits between 0.05 and 0.8 ng g(-1). It also has advantages over other existing methods in terms of simplicity, analysis time, and solvent consumption. The analysis of several indoor dust samples showed high concentration values of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 in some of the samples, moreover, BDEs 47 and 99 were found in all samples.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},
	author = {Martínez-Moral, María Pilar and Tena, María Teresa},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22526646},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {289--95},
}





@article{martin_immunotoxicity_2007,
	title = {Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture {DE}-71 in ranch mink ({Mustela} vison).},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, organohalogen compounds that are increasing exponentially in the Great Lakes (Canada/USA) biota. The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of a commercial PBDE mixture in ranch mink (Mustela vison). Twenty-week-old mink (n = 10 mink/group) were exposed to 0, 1, 5, or 10 ppm of DE-71 through their diet for eight weeks. The phytohemagglutinin-induced cutaneous reaction, and antibodies specific to keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugated to dinitrophenol were measured. Liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity also was measured. Organs were weighed and spleens were examined histologically. No differences were found in the PHA-induced skin response in exposed mink; mink in the two highest treatments exhibited significant increases in antibody production over control mink. Systemic toxicity was apparent; significant body weight reductions were found in mink exposed to 5 and 10 ppm of DE-71. Exposed mink had significantly larger relative spleen, adrenal, and liver masses than control mink. Spleens of mink exposed to 10 ppm of DE-71 had significantly increased germinal center development and incidence of B-cell hyperplasia. The activity of EROD was induced in all treated mink relative to controls and was positively associated with the liver somatic index. Hematocrit in mink from the two highest exposure groups was significantly lower than control mink. Percentage neutrophils increased and percentage lymphocytes decreased significantly in mink from the higher two dosage groups. Our findings have direct relevance to wild mink in the Great Lakes ecosystem, because mink are top predators of the aquatic food web, providing evidence for the vulnerability of this species to the effects of environmental PBDE mixtures.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Martin, Pamela A and Mayne, Greg J and Bursian, F Steven J and Tomy, Gregg and Palace, Vince and Pekarik, Cynthia and Smits, Judit},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17521147},
	keywords = {Animals, B-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes: drug effects, B-Lymphocytes: immunology, B-Lymphocytes: metabolism, Canada, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: immunology, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Germinal Center, Germinal Center: drug effects, Germinal Center: immunology, Germinal Center: metabolism, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Mink, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: immunology, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: immunology, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: immunology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, United States, ffr, tox},
	pages = {988--97},
}





@article{martin_rosealwyn_fernandesdavid_mortimer_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{FS}) in foods – a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {{Martin Rose,Alwyn Fernandes,David Mortimer}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {1396 -- 1401},
}





@article{mcgee_aryl_2013,
	title = {Aryl phosphate esters within a major {PentaBDE} replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft020},
	abstract = {Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50\% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {McGee, Sean P and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23377616},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {144--56},
}





@article{mcgee_early_2012,
	title = {Early zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to developmental {TDCPP} exposure.},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205316},
	abstract = {Chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) are widely used as additive flame retardants for low-density polyurethane foams and have frequently been detected at elevated concentrations within indoor environmental media.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {McGee, Sean P and Cooper, Ellen M and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23017583},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1585--91},
}





@article{mcdonald_polybrominated_2005,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenylether levels among {United} {States} residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs.},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1551-3777},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901},
	abstract = {Data on Polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations in individual U.S. women were compiled. PBDE levels in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk from individual U.S. women were found to follow similar lognormal distributions, which exhibited a high degree of variability. The distribution of lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations for all media combined had a median of 47.9 ng/g and a 95th percentile estimate of 302 ng/g. Estimates of congener-specific kinetic parameters were used to calculate the total daily intake of the PBDEs (sum of 5 PBDE prominent congeners, PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) that would be required to achieve the measured body burdens. PBDE intake estimates from all routes of exposure were 8.5 ng/kg/d (median) and 54 ng/kg/d (95th percentile). The potential health risks posed by the PBDEs were examined by comparing 95th percentile tissue concentrations in humans (C(human)) to modeled and measured tissue concentrations in rodents that caused no developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive effects (C(rodent)). The ratio of rodent-to-human PBDE concentrations (C(rodent):C(human)) was {\textbackslash}textless1 for alterations of male and female reproductive organs in rats, {\textbackslash}textless10 for neurodevelopmental effects in mice, and {\textbackslash}textless100 for neurodevelopmental effects in rats. If humans are as sensitive as animals to PBDE-induced developmental toxicity, the current margin of safety appears low for a fraction of the population.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management},
	author = {McDonald, Thomas A},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16639901},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \& development, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth \& development, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rodentia, Tissue Distribution, United States, ffr, hum},
	pages = {343--54},
}





@article{mcclain_bde_2012,
	title = {{BDE} 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.},
	volume = {155},
	issn = {1532-0456},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.004},
	abstract = {The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardants. Human health concerns of these agents have largely centered upon their potential to elicit reproductive and developmental effects. Of the various congeners, BDE 49 (2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) has been poorly studied, despite the fact that it is often detected in the tissues of fish and wildlife species. Furthermore, we have previously shown that BDE 49 is a metabolic debromination product of BDE 99 hepatic metabolism in salmon, carp and trout, underscoring the need for a better understanding of biological effects. In the current study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of BDE 49 using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo larval model. Embryo and larval zebrafish were exposed to BDE 49 at either 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) or 24 hpf and monitored for developmental and neurotoxicity. Exposure to BDE 49 at concentrations of 4iμ-32 μM caused a dose-dependent loss in survivorship at 6 days post fertilization (dpf). Morphological impairments were observed prior to the onset of mortality, the most striking of which included severe dorsal curvatures of the tail. The incidence of dorsal tail curvatures was dose and time dependent. Exposure to BDE 49 caused cardiac toxicity as evidenced by a significant reduction in zebrafish heart rates at 6 dpf but not earlier, suggesting that cardiac toxicity was non-specific and associated with physiological stress. Neurobehavioral injury from BDE 49 was evidenced by an impairment of touch-escape responses observed at 5 dpf. Our results indicate that BDE 49 is a developmental toxicant in larval zebrafish that can cause morphological abnormalities and adversely affect neurobehavior. The observed toxicities from BDE 49 were similar in scope to those previously reported for the more common tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, and also for other lower brominated PBDEs, suggest that these compounds may share similarities in risk to aquatic species.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology \& pharmacology : CBP},
	author = {McClain, Valerie and Stapleton, Heather M and Tilton, Fred and Gallagher, Evan P},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {21951712},
	keywords = {Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Escape Reaction, Escape Reaction: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: embryology, Heart: physiopathology, Humans, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: physiology, Male, Molecular Structure, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Tail, Tail: drug effects, Tail: embryology, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Zebrafish},
	pages = {253--8},
}





@article{mcallister_analysis_1990,
	title = {Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {00456535},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},
	doi = {10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},
	abstract = {Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.},
	number = {10-12},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {MCALLISTER, D and MAZAC, C and GORSICH, R and FREIBERG, M and TONDEUR, Y},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1537--1541},
}





@article{marteinson_multi-generational_2010,
	title = {Multi-generational effects of polybrominated diphenylethers exposure: embryonic exposure of male {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) to {DE}-71 alters reproductive success and behaviors.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.200},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are additive flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative compounds of particular concern to species at high trophic levels, including predatory birds. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to male birds at environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on reproductive success and behaviors using captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 and unintentionally to low concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at three mean +/- standard error DE-71 concentrations of 288.60 +/- 33.35 ng/g wet weight (low-exposure), 1130.59 +/- 95.34 ng/g wet weight (high-exposure), or background levels of 3.01 +/- 0.46 ng/g wet weight (control). One year following exposure, males were paired with unexposed females. Reproductive success was lower in the high exposure pairs: 43\% failed to lay eggs while all other pairs laid complete clutches; they also laid smaller clutches and produced smaller eggs with reduced fertility, parameters that were negatively correlated with paternal in ovo concentrations of all PBDEs, as well as individual congeners and HBCD. Throughout courtship, there were fewer copulations by all in ovo exposed males, fewer mate-calls made by high-exposure males, and decreasing trends in pair-bonding and nest-box behaviors across treatments that continued during brood rearing. The reductions in clutch size and fertility were associated with the reduced frequencies of male courtship behaviors, and were associated with increasing concentrations of the PBDE congeners BDE-47, -99, -100, -53, -138, and HBCD. The results of the present study confirm effects noted in the F(0) generation and demonstrate that exposure to DE-71 affects multiple generations of this predatory avian species at environmentally relevant levels of exposure.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Marteinson, Sarah C and Bird, David M and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Fernie, Kim J},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20821627},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: metabolism, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism},
	pages = {1740--7},
}





@techreport{mark_characteristics_2006,
	title = {The characteristics of plastics-rich waste streams from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment.},
	institution = {Plastics Europe},
	author = {Mark, F},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
}





@article{mariussen_effect_2003,
	title = {The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {01970186},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5},
	doi = {10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5},
	abstract = {The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC50 value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 μM, and the IC50 values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 μM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50\% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP+). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC50 value of 3, 3 and 8 μM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.},
	number = {4-5},
	journal = {Neurochemistry International},
	author = {Mariussen, Espen and Fonnum, Frode},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dopamine, Flame retardants, neurotransmitters},
	pages = {533--542},
}





@article{mariussen_effect_2003,
	title = {The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0197-0186},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101},
	abstract = {The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC(50) value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 microM, and the IC(50) values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 microM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50\% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP(+)). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC(50) value of 3, 3 and 8 microM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.},
	number = {4-5},
	journal = {Neurochemistry international},
	author = {Mariussen, Espen and Fonnum, Frode},
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12742101},
	keywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Rats, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox},
	pages = {533--42},
}





@article{manzello_influence_2007,
	title = {Influence of gypsum board type ({X} or {C}) on real fire performance of partition assemblies},
	volume = {31},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/fam},
	abstract = {This paper compares the responses of wall-size partition assemblies, composed of either type X or type C gypsum wallboard panels over steel studs, when each was exposed to an intense room ﬁre. The exposures lasted from the time of ignition to beyond ﬂashover. Heat ﬂux gauges provided time histories of the energy incident on the partitions, while thermocouples provided data on the propagation of heat through the partitions and on the progress toward perforation. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image partition behaviour during the ﬁre exposure. Contraction of the seams of the two types of assemblies occurred under similar thermal conditions on the unexposed surface. However, there were noticeable diﬀerences in cracking behaviour. Reduced scale experiments were performed in conjunction with the real- scale ﬁre tests to provide insight into the contraction and cracking behaviour of the diﬀerent gypsum board types. Results obtained from these experiments are discussed.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Fire and Materials},
	author = {Manzello, Samuel L and Gann, Richard G and Kukuck, Scott R and Lenhert, David B},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, compartmentation, fire resistance, heat flux, partitions, wall},
	pages = {425--442},
}





@article{malarvannan_accumulation_2013,
	title = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}: levels, distribution and profiles.},
	volume = {442},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005},
	abstract = {Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n=30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17-44\% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12-35\%), CB-118 (4-12\%), CB-180 (2-13\%), CB-187 (3-13\%), and CB-170 (1.5-10\%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Malarvannan, Govindan and Isobe, Tomohiko and Covaci, Adrian and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23178840},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {366--79},
}





@article{marteinson_embryonic_2011,
	title = {Embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71, affects testes and circulating testosterone concentrations in adult {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius).},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr027},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are additive flame retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on male reproductive physiology in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) was determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 at three mean concentrations of 289 ng/g ww (low exposure), 1131 ng/g ww (high-exposure), or background levels of 3 ng/g ww (control). As adults, males were paired with unexposed females for breeding and, 1 year later, sacrificed for testes evaluation. While breeding, high-exposure males demonstrated a trend of reduced circulating testosterone levels when their female mate commenced egg laying when compared with controls (p = 0.056). No differences in circulating free T₄ or T₃ were detected. Sperm numbers were elevated on the perivitelline layer of the first egg of both high- and low-exposure males when compared with controls (p = 0.021). High-exposure males had a higher gonadosomatic index (p = 0.046) and heavier right testis than controls (p = 0.034) with a similar trend for their left testis (p = 0.055). High-exposure males had more seminiferous tubules containing lumen than controls (p = 0.030), and in proportion to the total number of tubules, low-exposure males had more tubules containing lumen than did controls (p = 0.016). Only high-exposure males had fewer than half of tubules containing final spermatids (43\%). The results of the present study demonstrate that embryonic exposure to technical DE-71 affects the reproductive tract of adult male kestrels.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Marteinson, Sarah C and Kimmins, Sarah and Bird, David M and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Fernie, Kim J},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21282710},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: blood, Falconiformes: embryology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood},
	pages = {168--76},
}





@article{makris_screening_2010,
	title = {Screening of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in water supplies of {Cyprus}.},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0273-1223},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061},
	doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.549},
	abstract = {Cyprus is currently the leading country in antibiotic consumption among all European Union member countries and is likely to have a high consumption of pharmaceuticals overall. This reconnaissance type of project sought to investigate the occurrence of 16 pharmaceuticals, six known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), two flame retardants, one insect repellant, and one fragrance for the first time in water supplies of Cyprus. Groundwater samples from sites that were located beneath farms scattered around Cyprus, wastewater influent and tertiary-treated effluent, raw and finished surface water, and household potable water samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the tested compounds were {\textbackslash}textless minimum reporting limit, except for ibuprofen (mean of 1.4 ng L⁻¹) and bisphenol A (mean of 50 ng L⁻¹), which were detected in more than one out of the five groundwater sampling sites. Certain compounds were found in large concentrations in the wastewater influent (caffeine 82,000 ng L⁻¹, sulfamethoxazole 240 ng L⁻¹, ibuprofen 4,300 ng L⁻¹, and triclosan 480 ng L⁻¹. However, several pharmaceuticals and EDCs were detected in the tertiary-treated effluent (recycled water). For the raw and finished surface water, and potable water samples, ibuprofen was detected, whereas, bisphenol-A was measured in only potable water. Overall, with a few notable exceptions, source, finished and potable water had rare detection or low concentration of target compounds, but further research is needed to elucidate the temporal and spatial distribution of the detected emerging contaminants along with the characterization of the related public health risk.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},
	author = {Makris, Konstantinos C and Snyder, Shane A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21099061},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Cyprus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Flame retardants, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, unsure},
	pages = {2720--8},
}





@article{main_flame_2007,
	title = {Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys.},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.9924},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries. OBJECTIVES: Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent. METHODS: In a prospective Danish-Finnish study, 1997-2001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism. We analyzed whole placentas (for 95 cryptorchid/185 healthy boys) and individual breast milk samples (62/68) for 14 PBDEs and infant serum samples for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B. RESULTS: In 86 placenta-milk pairs, placenta PBDE concentrations in fat were lower than in breast milk, and a larger number of congeners were nondetectable. There was no significant difference between boys with and without cryptorchidism for individual congeners, the sum of 5 most prevalent, or all 14 congeners. The concentration of PBDEs in breast milk was significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism than in controls (sum of BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, and 154: median, 4.16 vs. 3.16 ng/g fat; p {\textbackslash}textless 0.007). There was a positive correlation between the sum of PBDEs and serum luteinizing hormone (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.033). The sum of PBDEs in breast milk did not differ between Denmark and Finland (median, 3.52 vs. 3.44 ng/g fat), but significant differences in some individual congeners were found. CONCLUSIONS: Two different proxies were used for prenatal PBDE exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. Other environmental factors may contribute to cryptorchidism. Our observations are of concern because human exposure to PBDEs is high in some geographic areas.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Main, Katharina Maria and Kiviranta, Hannu and Virtanen, Helena Eeva and Sundqvist, Erno and Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio and Tuomisto, Jouko and Vartiainen, Terttu and Skakkebaek, Niels Erik and Toppari, Jorma},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17938745},
	keywords = {Adult, Case-Control Studies, Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism: chemically induced, Cryptorchidism: epidemiology, Denmark, Denmark: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Female, Finland, Finland: epidemiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Milk, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Placenta, Placenta: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Statistics as Topic, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1519--26},
}





@article{ma_2-ethylhexyl_2012,
	title = {2-{Ethylhexyl} tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the {Great} {Lakes} atmosphere.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844},
	doi = {10.1021/es203251f},
	abstract = {Two relatively new flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were identified and quantitated in gas and particle-phase air samples collected from six sites near the shores of the Great Lakes. TBB and TBPH were detected in more than half of the samples collected from 2008 to 2010. Urban areas, such as Chicago and Cleveland, showed the highest concentrations (0.36-290 pg/m(3)), while remote areas, such as Eagle Harbor and Sleeping Bear Dunes, exhibited the lowest levels (0.050-32 pg/m(3)). The atmospheric concentrations of TBB and TBPH increased rapidly and significantly over this time period, perhaps indicating that these compounds are replacing the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have been removed or soon will be removed from the marketplace.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ma, Yuning and Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22128844},
	keywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors},
	pages = {204--8},
}





@article{ma_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, vegetation, workshop-floor dust, and electronic shredder residue from an electronic waste recycling facility and in soils from a chemical industrial complex in eas},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145},
	abstract = {The formation and release of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the incineration of electronic wastes (e-waste) that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a concern. However, studies on the determination of PBDD/Fs in environmental samples collected from e-waste recycling facilities are scarce. In this study, 11 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs and 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were determined in electronic shredder waste, workshop-floor dust soil, and leaves (of plants on the grounds of the facility) from a large-scale e-waste recycling facility and in surface soil from a chemical-industrial complex (comprising a coke-oven plant, a coal-fired power plant, and a chlor-alkali plant) as well as agricultural areas in eastern China. Total PBDD/F concentrations in environmental samples were in the range of 113-818 pg/g dry wt (dw) for leaves, 392-18500 pg/g dw for electronic shredder residues, 716-800000 pg/g dw for soil samples, and 89600-pg/g dw for workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility and in a range from nondetect (ND) to 427 pg/g dw in soil from the chemical-industrial complex. The highest mean concentrations of total PBDD/Fs were found in soil samples and workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility. The dioxin-like toxic equivalent (measured as TEQ) concentrations of PBDD/Fs were greater than the TEQs of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) reported in our previous study for the same set of samples. The concentrations of PBDFs were several orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of PBDDs in samples from the e-waste facility or from soil from the chemical-industrial complex. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of sigmaPBDD/Fs and sigmaPBDEs (r = 0.769, p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01) and between sigmaPBDD/Fs and the previously reported sigmaPCDD/F concentrations (r = 0.805, p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01). The estimated daily human intakes of TEQs contributed by PBDD/Fs via soil/dust ingestion and dermal exposures in e-waste recycling facilities were higher than the intakes of TEQs contributed by PCDD/ Fs, calculated in our previous study.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ma, Jing and Addink, Rudolf and Yun, Sehun and Cheng, Jinping and Wang, Wenhua and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19848145},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dust, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Plants, Plants: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, env, eol, frelec, unsure},
	pages = {7350--6},
}





@article{ma_state_2012,
	title = {State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {China}: an overview.},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.093},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ma, Jin and Qiu, Xinghua and Zhang, Jinliang and Duan, Xiaoli and Zhu, Tong},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22546636},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {769--78},
}





@article{luo_persistent_2009,
	title = {Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {43},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956},
	abstract = {Persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153), were quantified in muscles of five waterbird species collected from an extensive e-waste recycling region in the Pearl River Delta, South China. PCBs, at concentrations up to 1,400,000 ng/g lipid, were the dominant contaminants contributing to 80\%-90\% of PHCs. PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides (sum of DDTs and HCHs) contributed approximately equally to total PHCs with median concentrations ranging from 37-2200 and 530-4300 ng/g lipid, respectively. This contaminant distribution pattern was different from those acquired by most studies conducted in other regions. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in Chinese-pond heron from the present study were higher than those from most other previous studies with birds having similar trophic levels. The extensive e-waste recycling activities were probably the cause of the elevated PCB and PBDE levels in the bird samples. The median concentrations of PBB 153 and DBDPE ranged from 3-140 and 10-176 ng/g lipid, respectively. The frequent detection and high concentrations of DBDPE in piscivorous birds implicate a potential environmental concern for this "new" brominated flame retardant. Additionally, the interspecies differences in the levels of contaminants and species-specific PBDE congener patterns were also elucidated in the present study.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Luo, Xiao-jun and Zhang, Xiu-lan and Liu, Juan and Wu, Jiang-ping and Luo, Yong and Chen, She-jun and Mai, Bi-xian and Yang, Zhong-yi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity},
	pages = {306--311},
}





@article{luo_free_2010,
	title = {Free and bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} in freshwater sediments.},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.023},
	abstract = {Both free and bound fractions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in sediment were examined. The free fraction was operationally defined as the fraction of each target compound extracted with a solvent mixture of hexane/acetone by Soxhlet extraction, while the bound fraction was the portion released from the sediments by alkaline hydrolysis following the solvent extractions. Tri- to hepta-BDEs and TBBPA were detected in the bound fraction. Bound PBDEs accounted for 0.2-2.8\% of the total PBDEs and bound TBBPA accounted for 6.5-48\% of the total TBBPA, in surface sediments. In sediment cores, these percentages ranged from 1.8\% to 42\% for bound PBDEs and 22-92\% for bound TBBPA. The percentages of bound materials showed an increasing trend with the sediment depth. Sequestration of PBDEs and TBBPA within sediments might be an important geochemical fate of these brominated flame retardants.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20042203},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geography, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrolysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Solvents, Solvents: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {718--24},
}





@article{luo_polybrominated_2007,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste.},
	volume = {383},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.009},
	abstract = {The present study investigated contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish samples collected from rivers in Guiyu, China where electronic waste (e-waste) is recycled and disposed. PBDE congeners with mono-to hepta-brominated and deca-brominated substitutions were detected using (13)C(12) isotope dilution GC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods, respectively. The total PBDE concentrations ranged from 4434 to 16088 ng/g (dry weight) in Nanyang River bank sediment, from 55 to 445 ng/g in Nanyang River bottom sediment and 51.3followed by abdomen muscle (1088 ng/g ww) of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) collected from Nanyang River. A significant correlation of concentration of each PBDE congener between sediment and muscle from Guiyu was observed. The present results of total PBDEs in sediment and fish were 10 and 1000 times higher than other studies. Open burning and dumping of e-waste are the major causes of PBDE contamination.; to 365 ng/g in Lianjiang River bottom sediment in Guiyu compared with those from 16.1 to 21.4 ng/g in wastewater discharged from a vehicle repairing workshop in Lo Uk Tsuen in Hong Kong. No PBDE congeners were detected in bottom sediment and fish from Mai Po Marshes in Hong Kong. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs in mixed muscles of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) from Lianjiang River were 115 ng/g wet weight (ww) and from wastewater in Hong Kong were 4.1 ng/g ww. Highest mean PBDE concentration was obtained in liver (2687 ng/g ww)},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Luo, Qian and Cai, Zong Wei and Wong, Ming Hung},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17560632},
	keywords = {Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Industrial Waste, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Tilapia, Tilapia: metabolism, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec, waa},
	pages = {115--27},
}





@article{ma_tribromophenoxy_2012,
	title = {Tribromophenoxy flame retardants in the {Great} {Lakes} atmosphere.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569},
	doi = {10.1021/es3033814},
	abstract = {The 2,4,6-tribromophenoxy moiety is a common structural feature of several brominated flame retardants, and we have previously reported on the environmental concentrations of one such compound, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (TBE). Here we report the atmospheric concentrations of TBE and three other tribromophenoxy compounds: allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), 2-bromoallyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (BATE), and 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE). The samples were collected at five sites near the shores of the Great Lakes during the period 2008-2009, inclusive. Of these four compounds, TBE and ATE are currently used as flame retardants, and DPTE was formerly used as a flame retardant until its production ceased in the mid-1980s. The total concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE were ∼2 pg/m³ in the cities of Chicago and Cleveland and 0.1-0.4 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. The concentrations of TBE were ∼1 pg/m³ in these cities and 0.2-0.8 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. In both cases, this was a very significant urban effect. The concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE did not change significantly over the two-year study, but the concentrations of TBE decreased by about a factor of 2 during this time. This temporal change was statistically significant but not strong compared to the urban effect.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ma, Yuning and Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23181569},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Regression Analysis, Time Factors},
	pages = {13112--7},
}





@article{ma_temporal_2013,
	title = {Temporal {Trends} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) in the {Blood} of {Newborns} from {New} {York} {State} during 1997 through 2011: {Analysis} of {Dried} {Blood} {Spots} from the {Newborn} {Screening} {Program}},
	volume = {47},
	url = {http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, and on a global basis, North American populations are exposed to the highest doses of PBDEs. In response to the exponential increase in human exposure to PBDEs during the late 1990s, some PBDE formulations were phased out from production in the early 2000s. The effectiveness of the phase-out of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures in 2004 in the U.S. on human exposure levels is not known. Dried blood spots (DBSs), collected for the newborn screening program (NSP) in the U.S., are a valuable resource for the elucidation of trends in exposure to environmental pollutants in newborns. In this study, seven PBDE congeners were determined by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in archived DBS samples (in total, 51 blood spot composites from 1224 newborns) collected from newborns in New York State (NYS) from 1997 to 2011. The most frequently detected PBDE congener was BDE-47, with a detection rate (DR) of 86\%, followed by BDE-99 (DR: 45\%) and BDE-100 (DR: 43\%). The mean concentrations determined during 1997 through 2011 in the whole blood of newborns were 0.128, 0.040, and 0.012 ng/mL for BDE-47, -99, and -100, respectively. A significant correlation was found among the concentrations of three major congeners (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). PBDE concentrations were similar during 1997 through 2002 and, thereafter, decreased significantly, which was similar to the trends observed for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in DBS samples. Occurrence of PBDEs in the whole blood of newborns confirms that these compounds do cross the placental barrier.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ma, Wan-Li and Yun, Sehun and Bell, Erin M and Druschel, Charlotte M and Caggana, Michele and Aldous, Kenneth M and Buck Louis, Germaine M and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {8015--8021},
}





@book{lundqvist_swedish_2008,
	address = {Karlstad, Sweden},
	title = {The {Swedish} {Rescue} {Services} in {Figures}},
	isbn = {978-91-7383-076-8},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf},
	abstract = {This yearbook is a report with descriptive statistics on the organisation and emergency responses of the Swedish rescue services. The statistics are based on material that the Swedish Rescue Services Agency collated from 1996 to 2008 from the municipal fire (and rescue) brigades and national authorities. The production of rescue service statistics now takes place in the section for Lessons Learned at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). For fires and most sorts of accidents it is the municipality that is responsible for the rescue service response. National authorities are responsible for mountain, air and sea search and rescue, searching for missing people, maritime environmental protection and emissions of radioactive substances from a nuclear energy establishment. In total the municipal fire brigades carried out approximately 92 400 emergency responses in 2008. This was an increase of about 4\% from 2007. More than four out of ten emerg— ency responses proved to be unnecessary. False calls from automatic fire alarms stood for 80\% of these unnecessary responses. Most of the remainder were false calls with good intent, less than 2\% being judged as malicious false calls. The total number of unneces- sary calls was about the same as in 2007. In 2008 fire brigades attended close to 10 900 building fires. This is reduction of about 2\% from 2007. Fires in homes accounted for 55\% of all building fires, while 21\% were in public buildings and 11\% in industrial buildings. The most common cause of fires in public buildings was arson, which was the cause of nearly 2950 building fires in 2008. School buildings are especially targeted and last year arson was assessed to have caused 270 fires, which represents more then half of all fires in school buildings. The trend of fires in school buildings caused by arson is increasing, and last year's figure is the highest since the incident report system was introduced in 1996. There was a substantial increase in the number of emergency responses to non-building fires attended in 2008 when compared with 2007. In 2008 the fire brigades attended 17 800 non-building fires, which is an increase of nearly 11\%. Nearly one third of all non-building fires are either forest or grass fires, which are very dependent on weather conditions. The weather varies considerably from year to year, making it difficult to observe underlying changes in the fire risk over the years. At traffic accidents firefighers play an important role when freeing victims from the wreckage and making the scene of the accident safe. They often also provide first-aid. The number of traffic accidents attended has nearly doubled over thirteen years, increasing from 7 500 in 1996 to 14 400 in 2008. A substantial part of this increase is due to changed routines in the municipal fire brigades for responding to emergency calls from road accidents. In 2008 the number of emergency responses rose by 3.5\% compared with the previous year. The fire brigades were called out to nearly 2 500 incidents with dangerous substances in 2008. Only 4\% of these incidents involve dangerous goods (dangerous substances being transported). The most common type of hazardous material incident is cleaning up after a limited quantity of petrol, diesel or motor oil has leaked from a vehicle. The fire brigades were called to 369 drowning incidents in 2008. This was a reduction of 4\% when compared with 2007. However the number of fatalities in connection with these incidents increased from 89 to 93. In addition to emergency responses in accordance with the Civil Protection Act, Swedish fire brigades provide assistance in various circumstances. In 2008 the fire brigades were involved in over 18600 assistance tasks, more than half being medical assistance while waiting for ambulance. In 2008 police authorities carried out 227 mountain rescue operations and 240 searches for missing persons in other locations. There were 798 alarms for air search and rescue, including 57 incidents/accidents. The Swedish Maritime Administration reported 1037 maritime search and rescue operations and the Swedish Coast Guard confirmed 315 emissions of oil or other harmful substances in 2008},
	publisher = {Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB)},
	author = {Lundqvist, Marie and McIntyre, Colin and Hedman, Ulrika},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{lunder_significantly_2010,
	title = {Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young {U}.{S}. children than in their mothers.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357},
	doi = {10.1021/es1009357},
	abstract = {While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Lunder, Sonya and Hovander, Lotta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20540541},
	keywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States},
	pages = {5256--62},
}





@article{lunder_significantly_2010,
	title = {Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young {U}.{S}. children than in their mothers.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541},
	doi = {10.1021/es1009357},
	abstract = {While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Lunder, Sonya and Hovander, Lotta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20540541},
	keywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States},
	pages = {5256--62},
}





@article{lorber_exposure_2008,
	title = {Exposure of {Americans} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1559-064X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733},
	doi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500572},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1-5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6-11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12-19. The much higher dose for the child age 1-5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82\% of the overall estimated intakes.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of exposure science \& environmental epidemiology},
	author = {Lorber, Matthew},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {17426733},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Animals, Body Burden, Dust, Eating, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, ffr, hum},
	pages = {2--19},
}





@article{liu_determination_2009,
	title = {Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with {GC}-{MS}.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1615-9314},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727},
	doi = {10.1002/jssc.200900480},
	abstract = {A method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic animal tissue was developed, and it is based on cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the pretreatment of samples with fat content. Aquatic animal tissue homogenate was extracted with acetone, and then frozen in a freezer at -80 degrees C. Fat in aquatic animal tissue was isolated from the analytes, i.e. PBDE congeners dissolved in acetone and fat formed floccules at low temperature. The supernatant was extracted using the DLLME technique. Under the optimum DLLME conditions, 0.75 mL supernatant with 33 microL chlorobenzene was added into 5.0 mL pure water, and subsequently cloudy solution was formed. After centrifuging, 1.0 microL lower phase was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Recovery test was performed at fortified concentrations of 5.0-2500 microg/kg. The detection results showed that the recoveries for each target analyte ranged from 75.3 to 127.8\%. The repeatability of the proposed method by spiking aquatic animal samples at 10 microg/kg for PBDEs, expressed as RSD, n=5, varied between 4.3 and 10.3\% (n=5). LOD of the proposed method for aquatic animal tissue samples were between 2.4 and 4.9 microg/kg for all the analytes.},
	number = {23-24},
	journal = {Journal of separation science},
	author = {Liu, Xiujuan and Hu, Jia and Huang, Changjiang and Wang, Huili and Wang, Xuedong},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19924727},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Freezing, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Ranidae, Snails, Solvents},
	pages = {4213--9},
}





@article{liu_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of {TDCPP} or {TPP} on gene transcriptions and hormones of {HPG} axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish ({Danio} rerio).},
	volume = {134-135},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.013},
	abstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) belong to the group of triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which have been used in a wide range of consumer products. These chemicals have been frequently detected in effluents, surface water, and fish, and hence their potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystem are of concern. The present study was conducted to investigate the reproduction-related effects and possible molecular mechanisms of TDCPP and TPP using a 21 day reproduction test employing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 21 d of exposure to TDCPP or TPP, significant decrease in fecundity along with significant increases of plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations, vitellogenin (VTG) levels, and E2/testosterone (T) and E2/11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) ratios were observed. The transcriptional profiles of several genes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis changed as well after the exposure, but the trend was sex-dependent. In male fish, gonadotropin-releasing hormone2 (GnRH2), GnRHR3, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19B, estrogen receptor α (ERα), ER2 β1, and follicle stimulating hormone β (FSHβ) were upregulated in the brain, while luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) and androgen receptor (AR) were downregulated. Corresponding to the upregulation of FSHβ and downregulation of LHβ in the brain, FSHR was upregulated and LHR was downregulated in the testis. Among the genes that regulate the steroidogenesis pathway, transcription of hydroxyl methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGRA), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) decreased, while transcription of CYP11A, CYP17, and CYP19A increased. In female fish, transcription ofGnRH2 and GnRHR3 decreased, but FSHβ, LHβ, CYP19B, ERα, ER2β1, and AR transcription increased in the brain. In the ovary, FSHR and LHR were significantly upregulated, and most steroidogenic genes were significantly upregulated. The observed disruption of GnRH and GtHs could be further related to subsequent disruption in both sex steroid hormone balance and plasma VTG levels, as well as reproductive performance. Overall, our observation indicates that both TDCPP and TPP could disturb the sex hormone balance by altering regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis, eventually leading to disruption of reproductive performance in fish.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Jo, Areum and Moon, Hyo-Bang and Choi, Kyungho},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23603146},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {104--11},
}





@article{lundgren_viral_2007,
	title = {Viral infection and {PBDE} exposure interact on {CYP} gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver.},
	volume = {242},
	issn = {0300-483X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.014},
	abstract = {In the present study coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) adapted to Balb/c mice was used to examine whether infection affects xenobiotic-metabolising CYP1A1 and CYP2B gene expression (measured by RT-PCR) and the corresponding enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD), as observed on day 3 of infection. To study the simultaneous effects of xenobiotic exposure, mice were administered the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) compounds BDE-99 (single congener) and Bromkal 70-5 DE (commercial mixture). Serum thyroxine levels were also measured. High numbers of CVB3 were found in the livers of infected mice but no significant effects of PBDE on virus replication were observed. In infected mice gene expression and CYP activities were decreased in comparison with non-infected mice, especially for CYP2B. PBDE exposure in the non-infected mice was characterised by an increase in both CYP2B and PROD levels/activities, whereas CYP1A levels increased and EROD activity decreased. In general, PBDE exposure in the infected mice did not increase EROD and PROD activities to the same extent as in the non-infected exposed mice. Infected mice exposed to BDE-99 showed significantly higher CYP2B and PROD levels than both the infected non-exposed and Bromkal-exposed groups. T(4) levels were greatly decreased by infection and a tendency of reduced T(4) levels after PBDE exposure could be observed in non-infected mice. In conclusion, infection reduced the detoxifying capacity of the liver and the serum T(4) levels. PBDE exposure can modify these effects. Notably, in the infected mice differences between BDE-99 and Bromkal were observed on CYP2B gene expression and PROD activity.},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Lundgren, Magnus and Darnerud, Per Ola and Molin, Ylva and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Blomberg, Jonas and Ilbäck, Nils-Gunnar},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17964055},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Coxsackievirus Infections, Coxsackievirus Infections: enzymology, Coxsackievirus Infections: genetics, Coxsackievirus Infections: virology, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Disease Models, Enterovirus B, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: drug effects, Human: pathogenicity, Hydrocarbons, Inbred BALB C, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: virology, Mice, Oxazines, Oxazines: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Virus Replication, Virus Replication: drug effects, ffr, tox},
	pages = {100--8},
}





@article{lotufo_benthic_2010,
	title = {Benthic bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from surficial {Lake} {Ontario} sediments near {Rochester}, {New} {York}, {USA}.},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {1432-0800},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224},
	doi = {10.1007/s00128-010-0088-8},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Lake Ontario watershed sediments were assessed for benthic bioavailability through the use of biota-sediment accumulation factors. Sediments from lake and Rochester Harbor (lower Genesee River) areas were investigated. Congeners 47, 66, 85, 99 and 100 were detected in tissues of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Biota-sediment accumulation factors ranged from 3.95 (congener 154) to 19.5 (congener 28) and were higher at the Lake Ontario area. The lower biota-sediment accumulation factors for the Rochester Harbor sediment may result from a higher fraction of black carbon generally expected in highly urbanized rivers. Degree of bromination may reduce bioavailability.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Lotufo, G R and Pickard, S W},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20658224},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, New York, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {348--51},
}





@article{lopez_optimization_2011,
	title = {Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter.},
	volume = {400},
	issn = {1618-2650},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4807-8},
	abstract = {With more stringent legislation on brominated flame retardants, it is expected that increasing amounts of substitutes would replace polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Therefore, the development and optimization of analytical methodologies that allow their identification and quantification are of paramount relevance. This work describes the optimization of an analytical procedure to determine pentabromochlorocyclohexane, tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, decabromodiphenylethane and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane together with PBDEs in sediments and in suspended particulate matter. This method comprises a pressurized liquid extraction followed by three cleanup steps (gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction on Oasis™ HLB and on silica cartridges). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using electron capture negative chemical ionization, is used for the final analysis. The proposed method provides recoveries {\textbackslash}textgreater85\%. The method was applied to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from different locations in the Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the occurrence of the additive flame retardants 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromochlorocyclohexane is reported in the literature. The concentrations of these new flame retardants ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 μg/kg dry weight.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},
	author = {López, P and Brandsma, S A and Leonards, P E G and de Boer, J},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21369755},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {871--83},
}





@article{liu_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in marine fish from four areas of {China}.},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.045},
	abstract = {The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in marine fish from four areas of China (South China Sea, Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea) using GC/NCI-MS and GC/ITMS, respectively. Total concentrations of eight PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) in all samples ranged from 0.3ngg(-1)ww (wet weight) to 700 ng g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 85 ng g(-1)ww and 200 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the major congeners in all samples, contributing 54\% and 19\% to the total concentration, respectively. The sum of seven indicator PCB levels (CB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) ranged from 0.3 ng g(-1)ww to 3.1 μg g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 6.4 ng g(-1)ww and 398 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. High contributions of CB-138 (32\%) and CB-153 (25\%) were found in all samples. In general, pollutants measured in this study were at high levels when compared with previous studies from other regions in the world. The relative abundance of BDE-209 may suggest that deca-BDE sources existed in studied area. And principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there were other PBDE sources in Yellow Sea. The pattern and PCA showed that PCB pollutions came from similar sources in the studied areas. In addition, concentrations of ∑(7)PBDEs (u/209) were strongly correlated with those of ∑(7)PCBs in all fish (r=0.907, n=44).},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Liu, Yin-ping and Li, Jing-guang and Zhao, Yun-feng and Wen, Sheng and Huang, Fei-fei and Wu, Yong-ning},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21220147},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {168--74},
}





@article{liu_endocrine_2012,
	title = {Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in {H295R} and {MVLN} cell lines and in zebrafish.},
	volume = {114-115},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019},
	abstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22446829},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Humans, Male, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, cell line},
	pages = {173--81},
}





@article{liu_bioaccumulation_2011,
	title = {Bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wild frogs.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.042},
	abstract = {To investigate bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in amphibians, we collected adult frogs (Rana limnocharis) from a rice field in an e-waste recycling site in China. We found that ∑PBDEs in the whole frogs and various tissues (brain, liver, testis and egg) ranged from 17.10 to 141.11 ng g(-1) wet weight. Various tissues exhibited a similar PBDE congener profile, which was characterized by intermediate brominated congeners (BDE-99 and BDE-153) as the largest contributors, with less lower brominated congeners (BDE-28 and BDE-47) and higher brominated congeners (BDE-209). The maternal transfer capacity of PBDEs declined with the increase in bromine numbers of PBDE congeners. We suggest that the bromine atom number (the molecular size, to some degree) might be a determining factor for the maternal transport of a PBDE congener rather than K(ow) (Octanol-Water partition coefficient), which expresses a compound's lipophilicity. ∑PBDEs concentrations in frogs decreased over time during a depuration period of 54 days when these wild frogs were brought to the lab from the e-waste recycling site. The half-life of ∑PBDEs was 35 days, with about 14 days for BDE-47, and 36 and 81 days for BDE-99 and BDE-153, respectively. The data shows that the elimination of PBDEs has no essential difference from aquatic and terrestrial species.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Liu, Peng-Yan and Du, Guo-Dong and Zhao, Ya-Xian and Mu, Yun-Song and Zhang, Ai-Qian and Qin, Zhan-Fen and Zhang, Xiao-You and Yan, Shi-Shuai and Li, Yan and Wei, Rong-Guo and Qin, Xiao-Fei and Yang, Yong-Jian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21676430},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Ranidae, Ranidae: metabolism, Tissue Distribution},
	pages = {972--8},
}





@article{liu_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated {mRNA} expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae.},
	volume = {128-129},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.010},
	abstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) are frequently detected in biota, including fish. However, knowledge of the toxicological and molecular effects of these currently used flame retardants is limited. In the present study, an in vivo screening approach was developed to evaluate effects of TDCPP and TPP on developmental endpoints and receptor-associated expression of mRNA in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Exposure to TDCPP or TPP resulted in significantly smaller rates of hatching and survival, in dose- and time-dependent manners. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) was 7.0 mg/L for TDCPP and 29.6 mg/L for TPP at 120 hour post-fertilization (hpf). Real-time PCR revealed alterations in expression of mRNAs involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs)-, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-, estrogenic receptors (ERs)-, thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-centered gene networks. Exposure to positive control chemicals significantly altered abundances of mRNA in corresponding receptor-centered gene networks, a result that suggests that it is feasible to use zebrafish embryos/larvae to evaluate effects of chemicals on mRNA expression in these gene networks. Exposure to TDCPP altered transcriptional profiles in all six receptor-centered gene networks, thus exerting multiple toxic effects. TPP was easily metabolized and its potency to change expression of mRNA involved in receptor-centered gene networks was weaker than that of TDCPP. The PPARα- and TRα-centered gene networks might be the primary pathways affected by TPP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TDCPP and TPP could alter mRNA expression of genes involved in the six receptor-centered gene networks in zebrafish embryos/larvae, and TDCPP seemed to have higher potency in changing the mRNA expression of these genes.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Liu, Chunsheng and Wang, Qiangwei and Liang, Kang and Liu, Jingfu and Zhou, Bingsheng and Zhang, Xiaowei and Liu, Hongling and Giesy, John P and Yu, Hongxia},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23306105},
	keywords = {Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \& development, Zebrafish: physiology},
	pages = {147--57},
}





@article{link_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDE}) in blood of children in {Baden}-{Württemberg} between 2002/03 and 2008/09.},
	volume = {215},
	issn = {1618-131X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used in high amounts as flame retardants in plastic materials and textiles. Due to their persistence, their accumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties they have been integrated in the human biomonitoring program of the Baden-Württemberg State Health Office since 2002. In repeated cross-sectional studies in winter 2002/03 (n=162), 2004/05 (n=194), 2005/06 (n=411) and 2008/09 (n=770) blood samples of 9-11-year-old pupils were taken, pooled and analysed for PBDE after extraction and purification by silica gel using HRGC/HRMS. Samples were pooled according to region, gender, and breast feeding. PBDE in the pooled samples ranged from 1.9 to 12.5 ng/g blood fat (sum of all PBDE). Mean concentrations of PBDE, calculated for the four investigation periods, were 6.2 ng/g (2002/03), 5.4 ng/g (2004/05), 7.8 ng/g (2005/06) and 6.7 ng/g (2008/09). While the concentration of the decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) increased, the concentration of other congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) decreased slightly or remained at the same level. Consistent differences with respect to gender and breast-feeding were not recognizable. Concentrations of PBDE in children range on the same level as in adults and do not seem to be critical from the toxicological point of view. Because of the slight increase of BDE 209, the internal concentrations of BDE should be monitored in the future. The strong variations in PBDE concentration between the different pooled samples indicate that, apart from ingestion, other routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation) and additional sources (textiles, building materials) must be taken into consideration.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
	author = {Link, Bernhard and Gabrio, T and Mann, V and Schilling, B and Maisner, V and König, M and Flicker-Klein, A and Zöllner, I and Fischer, G},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22192581},
	keywords = {Body Burden, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Germany, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Schools},
	pages = {224--8},
}





@article{lin_joint_2008,
	title = {Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to {Daphnia} magna},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1610-3653},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/},
	doi = {10.1007/s10311-008-0170-1},
	abstract = {In this study, the joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was investigated using Daphnia magna as the test organism. The median lethal concentrations for TBP and TPP at 24 and 48 h were 5.48 and 0.51 mg/L, 1.17 and 0.089 mg/L, respectively. When mixed at either equal concentration or various toxic unit ratios, TBP and TPP mixtures displayed an additive toxicity after both 24- and 48-h exposure. This work suggests that the joint acute toxicity of TBP and TPP towards D. magna can be predicted by calculating the toxic units of mixtures.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental Chemistry Letters},
	author = {Lin, Kunde},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Chemistry and Materials Science, Flame retardants, ffr, tox},
	pages = {309--312},
}





@article{liu_modeling_2001,
	title = {Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes},
	volume = {35},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&WWN_2001.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00218-7},
	abstract = {As air inﬁltrates through unintentional openings in building envelopes, pollutants may interact with adjacent surfaces. Such interactions can alter human exposure to air pollutants of outdoor origin. We present modeling explorations of the proportion of particles and reactive gases (e.g., ozone) that penetrate building envelopes as air enters through cracks and wall cavities. Calculations were performed for idealized rectangular cracks, assuming regular geometry, smooth inner crack surface and steady airﬂow. Particles of 0.1–1.0 mm diameter are predicted to have the highest penetration eﬃciency, nearly unity for crack heights of 0.25 mm or larger, assuming a pressure diﬀerence of 4 Pa or greater and a ﬂow path length of 3 cm or less. Supermicron and ultraﬁne particles are signiﬁcantly removed by means of gravitational settling and Brownian diﬀusion, respectively. In addition to crack geometry, ozone penetration depends on its reactivity with crack surfaces, as parameterized by the reaction probability. For reaction probabilities less than B10@5, penetration is complete for cracks heights greater than B1 mm. However, penetration through mm scale cracks is small if the reaction probability is B10@4 or greater. For wall cavities, ﬁberglass insulation is an eﬃcient particle ﬁlter, but particles would penetrate eﬃciently through uninsulated wall cavities or through insulated cavities with signiﬁcant airﬂow bypass. The ozone reaction probability on ﬁberglass ﬁbers was measured to be 10@7 for ﬁbers previously exposed to high ozone levels and 6 10@6 for unexposed ﬁbers. Over this range, ozone penetration through ﬁberglass insulation would vary from {\textbackslash}textgreater90\% to B10–40\%. Thus, under many conditions penetration is high; however, there are realistic circumstances in which building envelopes can provide substantial pollutant removal. Not enough is yet known about the detailed nature of pollutant penetration leakage paths to reliably predict inﬁltration into real buildings.},
	number = {26},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	author = {Liu, De-Ling and Nazaroff, William W},
	month = sep,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Exposure, Flame retardants, infiltration, ozone, particles, penetration factor, reaction probability},
	pages = {4451--4462},
}





@article{little_rapid_2012,
	title = {Rapid {Methods} to {Estimate} {Potential} {Exposure} to {Semivolatile} {Organic} {Compounds} in the {Indoor} {Environment}},
	volume = {46},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf},
	abstract = {A systematic and efficient strategy is needed to assess and manage potential risks to human health that arise from the manufacture and use of thousands of chemicals. Among available tools for rapid assessment of large numbers of chemicals, significant gaps are associated with the capability to evaluate exposures that occur indoors. For semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), exposure is strongly influenced by the types of products in which these SVOCs occur. We propose methods for obtaining screening-level estimates for two primary SVOC source classes: additives in products used indoors and ingredients in products sprayed or applied to interior surfaces. Accounting for product use, emission characteristics, and the properties of the SVOCs, we estimate exposure via inhalation of SVOCs in the gas-phase, inhalation of SVOCs sorbed to airborne particles, ingestion of SVOCs sorbed to dust, and dermal sorption of SVOCs from the air into the blood. We also evaluate how exposure to the general public will change if chemical substitutions are made. Further development of a comprehensive set of models including the other SVOC-containing products and the other SVOC exposure pathways, together with appropriate methods for estimating or measuring the key parameters (in particular, the gas-phase concentration in equilibrium with the material-phase concentration of the SVOC in the product, or y(0)), is needed. When combined with rapid toxicity estimates, screening-level exposure estimates can contribute to health-risk-based prioritization of a wide range of chemicals of concern.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Little, J C and Weschler, C J and Nazaroff, W},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {11171--11178},
}





@article{lioy_employing_2006,
	title = {Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: the implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention.},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf},
	doi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500456},
	abstract = {There are many physical and chemical processes that affect the accumulation of outdoor pollutants. In recent years some of the information and concepts previously ascribed to outdoor pollution has been found to be useful in examining indoor dynamic and chemical processes. Further, becau se of the confining nature of the indoor environment, processes such as the "grasshopper effect" can lead to sustained higher levels of semivolatile chemicals indoors and affect multiroute (inhalation, dermal, incidental dietary, and nondietary ingestion) exposures. Such processes can also lead to a complex mixture of both semivolatile and volatile compounds in indoor air and on surfaces or within objects. This article specifically examines the above in combination with another indoor issue, indoor chemistry, and places the results into a context that can be used to evaluate (1) multipollutant cumulative or aggregate exposures and risks indoors, (2) exposure reduction strategies that can create healthy indoor environments. It is not a review of the entire field of the indoor environment or indoor air or the indoor environment, which has been covered in numerous volumes and reports. The complexities of the scientific issues are discussed by also placing them into our traditional approaches outdoor and indoor to pollution management, to indicate the difficulty in establishing the exposures that require mitigation or prevention. Further, some emerging issues are discussed as well as how to specifically address long-term single or multiroute exposures to semivolatile compounds within the "Total Indoor Environment."},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of exposure science \& environmental epidemiology},
	author = {Lioy, Paul J},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention \& control, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor},
	pages = {207--224},
}





@article{lim_association_2008,
	title = {Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the {U}.{S}. population, 2003-2004.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1935-5548},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.2337/dc08-0850},
	abstract = {Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disruptors accumulated in adipose tissue, were associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), are another class of POPs for which body burden is increasing. Cross-sectional associations of serum concentrations of BFRs with diabetes and metabolic syndrome were studied.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Diabetes care},
	author = {Lim, Ji-Sun and Lee, Duk-Hee and Jacobs, David R},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18559655},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus: chemically induced, Diabetes Mellitus: epidemiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Metabolic Syndrome X: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States, United States: epidemiology, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1802--7},
}





@article{lilienthal_effects_2009,
	title = {Effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) on dopamine-dependent behavior and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a one-generation reproduction study in {Wistar} rats.},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {0378-4274},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.002},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely used brominated flame retardant which has been recently detected in many environmental matrices. Data from a subacute toxicity study indicated dose-related effects particularly on the pituitary thyroid-axis and retinoids in female rats. Brominated and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are also reported to exert effects on the nervous system. Several investigations revealed a pronounced sensitivity of the dopaminergic system and auditory functions to polychlorinated biphenyls. Therefore, the present experiment should examine, whether or not HBCD affects these targets. Rats were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg HBCD/kg body weight via the diet. Exposure started before mating and was continued during mating, gestation, lactation, and after weaning in offspring. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were used to assess dopamine-dependent behavior and hearing function in adult male and female offspring. On the catalepsy test, reduced latencies to movement onset were observed mainly in female offspring, indicating influences on dopamine-dependent behavior. The overall pattern of BAEP alterations, with increased thresholds and prolonged latencies of early waves, suggested a predominant cochlear effect. Effects were dose-dependent with lower bounds of benchmark doses (BMDL) between {\textbackslash}textless or =1 and 10 mg/kg body weight for both catalepsy and BAEP thresholds. Tissue concentrations at the BMDL values obtained in this study were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than current exposure levels in humans.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and van Der Ven, Leo T M and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19111915},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Behavior, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effe, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Catalepsy, Catalepsy: chemically induced, Dopamine, Dopamine: physiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Reaction Time, Reaction Time: drug effects, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Wistar, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {63--72},
}





@article{lilienthal_effects_2006,
	title = {Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether ({PBDE}-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats.},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Increasing concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in breast milk cause concern about possible developmental effects in nursed babies. Because previous studies in rats have indicated effects on sex steroids and sexually dimorphic behavior after maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), our goal in the present study was to determine if developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) induces similar endocrine-mediated effects. Pregnant rats were exposed to vehicle or PBDE-99 (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight, daily during gestational days 10-18). For comparison, we also included a group exposed to the technical PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (30 mg/kg body weight, daily). PBDE exposure resulted in pronounced decreases in circulating sex steroids in male offspring at weaning and in adulthood. Female offspring were less affected. Anogenital distance was reduced in male offspring. Puberty onset was delayed in female offspring at the higher dose level, whereas a slight acceleration was detected in low-dose males. The number of primordial/primary ovarian follicles was reduced in females at the lower dose, whereas decline of secondary follicles was more pronounced at the higher dose. Sweet preference was dose-dependently increased in PBDE-exposed adult males, indicating a feminization of this sexually dimorphic behavior. Aroclor 1254 did not alter sweet preference and numbers of primordial/primary and secondary follicles but it did affect steroid concentrations in males and sexual development in both sexes. PBDE concentrations in tissues of dams and offspring were highest on gestational day 19. These results support the hypothesis that PBDEs are endocrine-active compounds and interfere with sexual development and sexually dimorphic behavior.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Hack, Alfons and Roth-Härer, Astrid and Grande, Simone Wichert and Talsness, Chris E},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16451854},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth \& development, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Long-Evans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, ffr, tox},
	pages = {194--201},
}





@article{liang_effects_2010,
	title = {Effects of repeated exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) on mice nervous system and its self repair.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1872-7077},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616},
	doi = {10.1016/j.etap.2010.02.005},
	abstract = {Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is widely used as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In order to investigate its direct neurotoxic effects on mice and its self repair, mice were repeatedly exposured to BDE-209. Different concentrations of BDE-209 (0, 0.1, 40, 80 and 160mg/kgbw/d) were administered daily to CD-1 Swiss mice by gavage for 15, 30 and 60 days. Body and brain weights were recorded after the exposure. And the self repair was studied. Levels of acetylcholinesterase (TchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) in brain were analyzed. Experimental results suggested that the nervous system was permanently damaged by BDE-209 through the cholinergic system enzyme.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},
	author = {Liang, Shu-Xuan and Gao, Hong-Xia and Zhao, Yan-Yan and Ma, Xiao-Mei and Sun, Han-Wen},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21787616},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {297--301},
}





@article{li_effects_2011,
	title = {Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) on {mRNA} transcription of thyroid hormone pathway and spermatogenesis associated genes in {Chinese} rare minnow ({Gobiocypris} rarus).},
	issn = {1522-7278},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812},
	doi = {10.1002/tox.20767},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants, which are ubiquitous environmental contaminant found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) is the principal component, which is currently used worldwide. In this study, the effect of BDE-209 on the mRNA levels of thyroid hormone (TH) related genes and spermatogenesis associated genes were determined from larvae and adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to concentrations 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L for 21 days. The results showed that the type II deiodinase (dio2) and sodium iodide symporter (nis) mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the larvae at 10 μg/L treatment. In adult, histopathological observations showed that liver of female fish were degenerated at 10 μg/L treatment, and inhibition of spermatogenesis were observed in testis of male fish. In addition, the thyroid hormone receptor α (trα), dio2, and nis mRNA levels in the liver of male and female fish were significantly up-regulated, whereas dio2 and nis mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated in the brain. These results indicate that exposure to BDE-209 could result in tissue-specific alternations of TH-related genes expression in adults. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the testis-specific apoptosis genes, the spermatogenesis-associated 4 (spata4) and spermatogenesis-associated 17 (spata17), were down-regulated at 10 μg/L treatment in testis of male fish. Our results suggest that BDE-209 may pose threat to normal thyroid and reproductive function in fish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology},
	author = {Li, Wei and Zhu, Lifei and Zha, Jinmiao and Wang, Zijian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21901812},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{lilienthal_exposure_2008,
	title = {Exposure to tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) in {Wistar} rats: neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study.},
	volume = {246},
	issn = {0300-483X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.007},
	abstract = {Within the framework of an EU project on risk assessment of brominated flame retardants, TBBPA was studied for neurobehavioral effects in rats. To permit benchmark dose analysis, eight dose levels were chosen ranging from 0 to 3000mg/kg body weight. Exposure of parental rats started 10 and 2 weeks before mating in males and females, respectively, and was continued throughout mating, gestation and lactation. After weaning, exposure was continued in the offspring throughout life. Previous studies had indicated TBBPA-induced effects on thyroid hormones. Because of the known implication of thyroid hormones in neurodevelopment, the present experiments tested if TBBPA exposure affects thyroid-dependent neurobehavioral functions in offspring, such as auditory responses and conditioned fear. Sweet preference was included because of sex-specific effects in littermates. No statistically significant effects were found on context or cue conditioned fear or sweet preference. Auditory responses were examined with brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) at approximately 50-110 days of age. BAEP thresholds and wave IV latency were increased in exposed female rats in the low frequency range. In male rats, thresholds were unaffected, but absolute latency of wave IV and interpeak latencies II-IV showed exposure-related increases at low frequencies. The outcome pattern suggests a predominant cochlear effect of TBBPA in females while in males neural effects are more apparent. According to benchmark analysis, the critical effect doses (CED) for prolongations of wave IV latency at 0.5kHz were in the range of 35-70mg/kg body weight with lower bounds (BMDL) of approximately 8mg/kg in males and females. The BMDL values for elevation of hearing thresholds in females were in the range of 1-40mg/kg body weight, depending on frequency. The benchmark doses for effects on the BAEP were similar to values for decreases in circulating thyroid hormones. The comparison of the exposure level at which the most sensitive effect was found with current human exposure levels yielded a margin of exposure of about 5, according to a recent risk assessment. Further investigations are needed to examine exposure pathways, fate in the body and effects of TBBPA.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Verwer, Cynthia M and van Der Ven, Leo T M and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18295390},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Auditory: drug effects, Behavior, Benchmarking, Benchmarking: methods, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effects, Classical, Classical: drug effects, Conditioning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Paternal Exposure, Paternal Exposure: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar, frelec, tox},
	pages = {45--54},
}





@article{liberda_dietary_2011,
	title = {Dietary exposure of {PBDEs} resulting from a subsistence diet in three {First} {Nation} communities in the {James} {Bay} {Region} of {Canada}.},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.008},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse health effects of polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently come to light. PBDEs may potentially be of concern to indigenous (First Nations) people of Canada who subsist on traditional foods, but there is a paucity of information on this topic. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To investigate whether the traditional diet is a major source of PBDEs in sub-Arctic First Nations populations of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (James and Hudson Bay),Ontario, Canada, a variety of tissues from wild game and fish were analyzed for PBDE content (n=147) and dietary exposure assessed and compared to the US EPA reference doses (RfDs). In addition, to examine the effect of isolation/industrialization on PBDE body burdens, the blood plasma from three First Nations (Cree Nation of Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec; Fort Albany First Nation, Ontario; and Weenusk First Nation [Peawanuck], Ontario, Canada) were collected (n=54) and analyzed using a log-linear contingency model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean values of PBDEs in wild meats and fish adjusted for standard consumption values and body weight, did not exceed the US EPA RfD. Log linear modeling of the human PBDE body burden showed that PBDE body burden increases as access to manufactured goods increases. Thus, household dust from material goods containing PBDEs is likely responsible for the human exposure; the traditional First Nations diet appears to be a minor source of PBDEs.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Liberda, Eric N and Wainman, Bruce C and Leblanc, Alain and Dumas, Pierre and Martin, Ian and Tsuji, Leonard J S},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21255843},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Food, ffr},
}





@article{li_analysis_2013,
	title = {Analysis of {Ah} receptor binding affinities of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via in silico molecular docking and {3D}-{QSAR}.},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1029-046X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134},
	doi = {10.1080/1062936X.2012.729225},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become ubiquitous contaminations due to their use as flame retardants. The structural similarity of PBDE to some dioxin-like compounds suggested that they may share similar toxicological effects: they might activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction pathway and thus might have adverse effects on wildlife and humans. In this study, in silico computational workflow combining molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was performed to investigate the binding interactions between PBDEs and AhR and the structural features affecting the AhR binding affinity of PBDE. The molecular docking showed that hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions were the major driving forces for the binding of ligands to AhR, and several key amino acid residues were also identified. The CoMSIA model was developed from the conformations obtained from molecular docking and exhibited satisfactory results as q (2) of 0.605 and r (2) of 0.996. Furthermore, the derived model had good robustness and statistical significance in both internal and external validations. The 3D contour maps generated from CoMSIA provided important structural features influence the binding affinity. The obtained results were beneficial to better understand the toxicological mechanism of PBDEs.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {SAR and QSAR in environmental research},
	author = {Li, X and Wang, X and Shi, W and Liu, H and Yu, H},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23121134},
	keywords = {Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: chemistry, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Computational Biology, Computational Biology: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Ligands, Molecular Docking Simulation, Molecular Structure, Protein Binding, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Receptors},
	pages = {75--87},
}





@article{li_hydroxylated_2013,
	title = {A {Hydroxylated} {Metabolite} of {Flame}-{Retardant} {PBDE}-47 {Decreases} the {Survival}, {Proliferation}, and {Neuronal} {Differentiation} of {Primary} {Cultured} {Adult} {Neural} {Stem} {Cells} and {Interferes} with {Signaling} of {ERK5} {MAP} {Kinase} and {Neurotrophin} 3.},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft083},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of organobromine compounds widely used as flame retardants. PBDE-47 is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners found in human tissues, and it can be transformed into several metabolites, including 6-OH-PBDE-47. Recent studies have shown that PBDE-47 is neurotoxic to animals and possibly humans. However, the basis for the neurotoxicity of PBDEs and their metabolites is unclear. For example, it is not known whether PBDEs affect adult neurogenesis, a process implicated in learning and memory and in olfactory behavior. In this study, we examined the toxicity of PBDEs for primary adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mice. We discovered that 6-OH-PBDE-47, but not its parent compound PBDE-47, is cytotoxic for aNCSs using MTS metabolism and cell number as a measure of cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 6-OH-PBDE-47 induced apoptosis at concentrations above 7.5μM inhibited proliferation at 2.5-5μM while suppressing neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation at submicromolar concentrations (≤ 1μM). The effect on proliferation was reversed upon removal of 6-OH-PBDE-47 and correlated with selective but reversible inhibition of ERK5 activation by mitogenic growth factors EGF and bFGF. 6-OH-PBDE-47 also inhibited the proneuronal differentiation effect of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and NT3 activation of ERK5. Together, these data show that 6-OH-PBDE-47 is more toxic than its parent compound for SVZ-derived aNSCs and that it inhibits multiple aspects of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK5 signaling may underlie the adverse effect of 6-OH-PBDE-47 on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that exposure to PBDE-based flame retardants could cause neurotoxicity in the adult brain by interfering with adult neurogenesis.},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Li, Tan and Wang, Wenbin and Pan, Yung-Wei and Xu, Lihong and Xia, Zhengui},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23564643},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {kft083--},
}





@article{li_hormone_2010,
	title = {Hormone activity of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on human thyroid receptor-beta: in vitro and in silico investigations.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901457},
	abstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid hormone status because of their structural similarity to thyroid hormone. However, the molecular mechanisms of interactions with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are not fully understood.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Li, Fei and Xie, Qing and Li, Xuehua and Li, Na and Chi, Ping and Chen, Jingwen and Wang, Zijian and Hao, Ce},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20439171},
	keywords = {Binding, Binding Sites, Competitive, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydroxylation, Models, Molecular, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Recombinant Proteins, Recombinant Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Proteins: drug effects, Recombinant Proteins: metabolism, Static Electricity, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: chemistry, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Two-Hybrid System Techniques},
	pages = {602--6},
}





@article{leung_spatial_2007,
	title = {Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at {Guiyu}, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast {China}.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831},
	abstract = {Surface soils and combusted residue from a village located in southeast China, which has been intensely involved in the dismantling and "recycling" of computer parts (e-waste) for the past decade, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total PBDE concentrations were highest in combusted residue of plastic chips and cables collected from a residential area (33,000-97,400 ng/g, dry wt), in soils from an acid leaching site (2720-4250 ng/g, dry wt), and a printer roller dump site (593-2890 ng/g, dry wt). BDE-209 was the most dominant congener (35-82\%) among the study sites indicating the prevalence of commercial Deca-BDE, however signature congeners from commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE were also found. PCDD/F concentrations were also highest in soil from the acid leaching site (12,500-89,800 pg/g, 203-1100 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and in combusted residue (13,500-25,300 pg/g, 84.3-174 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and were comparable to PCDD/F levels of some open dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Of the e-waste activities, acid leaching and open burning emitted the highest concentrations of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs. This study is among the very few studies dealing with the important issue of pollution generated from crude e-waste recycling. Our results showthatthe crude processing of e-waste has become one of the major contributors of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs to the terrestrial environment.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Leung, Anna O W and Luksemburg, William J and Wong, Anthony S and Wong, Ming H},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17533831},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \& control, Flame retardants, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {2730--7},
}





@article{li_dry_2010,
	title = {Dry and wet particle deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Guangzhou} and {Hong} {Kong}, {South} {China}.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236},
	doi = {10.1039/c001526a},
	abstract = {PBDEs were measured in wet and dry particle deposition samples collected at the urban sites of Guangzhou and Hong Kong from December 2003 to December 2004. The depositional fluxes of BDE-209 ranged from 273 to 6000 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from 29.1 to 1100 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. The depositional fluxes for Sigma(9)PBDEs (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, 154, -153, -138 and -183) ranged from 0.96 to 604 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from {\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 10.6 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, showing that deca-BDE accounts for most of the total PBDE emitted in the environment. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed in the PBDE depositional fluxes in Hong Kong, with higher depositional fluxes during the winter monsoon period and lower fluxes during the summer. The air mass back trajectory analysis showed that the high concentrations of PBDEs in deposition samples in Hong Kong originated from the inland of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. With the exception of the highest depositional flux of BDE-209 observed during the periods of haze, the seasonal variation in the BDE-209 depositional fluxes in Guangzhou was less strong, suggesting the importance of local sources. The average dry deposition velocities of BDE-47, -99, and -209 were 0.32 +/- 0.12 cm s(-1), 0.24 +/- 0.16 cm s(-1), and 0.28 +/- 0.01 cm s(-1), respectively. The particle washout ratios (W(p)) of PBDEs decreased with increasing rainfall frequency and reached a consistent level afterwards. The median washout ratios of BDE-47, -99 and -209 were 1.1 x 10(5), 3.1 x 10(5), and 5.1 x 10(5), respectively.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Li, Jun and Zhang, Gan and Xu, Yue and Liu, Xiang and Li, Xiang-Dong},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20617236},
	keywords = {Chemical, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hong Kong, Models, Seasons, unsure},
	pages = {1730--6},
}





@article{li_impaired_2011,
	title = {Impaired gas bladder inflation in zebrafish exposed to a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643},
	doi = {10.1021/es202420g},
	abstract = {The teleost gas bladder is a gas-filled internal organ that processes gas exchange and controls buoyancy. Here we report that an emerging heterocyclic brominated flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), causes defects in the inflation of the gas bladder of zebrafish larvae. This could cause impaired motility, which can ultimately lead to their death. Exposure to zebrafish embryos revealed that TBC had the most significant influence on the larvae at 72-96 h postfertilization, which coincided with the time that the gas bladder first inflates. Critical factors involved in early zebrafish gas bladder development remained at normal levels, which indicated that TBC caused defects in the inflation of the gas bladder without disrupting early organogenesis. However, the ultrastructure of the gas bladder was altered in the TBC-treated groups: the electron density of cytoplasmic vesicles was changed and the mitochondria were damaged. We deduce that TBC causes damage to mitochondria that influences the secretion of mucus-like material, resulting in defects in gas bladder inflation. For the first time, we report that the gas bladder could be a primary target organ for TBC, and assessment of the gas bladder should be included in toxicity testing protocols of zebrafish embryos.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Li, Juan and Liang, Yong and Zhang, Xu and Lu, Jingyi and Zhang, Jie and Ruan, Ting and Zhou, Qunfang and Jiang, Guibin},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21961643},
	keywords = {Animals, Developmental, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Larva, Larva: anatomy \& histology, Larva: physiology, Triazines, Triazines: toxicity, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: anatomy \& histology, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology},
	pages = {9750--7},
}





@book{levenson_comparison_2000,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Comparison of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Fire} {Deaths} in {California} and the {U}.{S}.},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Levenson, Mark S},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{letcher_bioaccumulation_2009,
	title = {Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of brominated and chlorinated contaminants and their metabolites in ringed seals ({Pusa} hispida) and polar bears ({Ursus} maritimus) from {East} {Greenland}.},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.006},
	abstract = {We report on the comparative bioaccumulation, biotransformation and/or biomagnification from East Greenland ringed seal (Pusa hispida) blubber to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) tissues (adipose, liver and brain) of various classes and congeners of persistent chlorinated and brominated contaminants and metabolic by-products: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hydroxyl (OH-) and methylsulfonyl (MeSO(2)-) PCBs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), OH-PBBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants and OH- and methoxyl (MeO-) PBDEs, 2,2-dichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (p,p'-DDE), 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 4-OH-heptachlorostyrene (4-OH-HpCS). We detected all of the investigated contaminants in ringed seal blubber with high frequency, the main diet of East Greenland bears, with the exception of OH-PCBs and 4-OH-HpCS, which indicated that these phenolic contaminants were likely of metabolic origin and formed in the bears from accumulated PCBs and octachlorostyrene (OCS), respectively, rather than being bioaccumulated from a seal blubber diet. For all of the detectable sum of classes or individual organohalogens, in general, the ringed seal to polar bear mean BMFs for SigmaPCBs, p,p'-DDE, SigmaCHLs, SigmaMeSO(2)-PCBs, 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, PCP, SigmaPBDEs, total-(alpha)-HBCD, SigmaOH-PBDEs, SigmaMeO-PBDEs and SigmaOH-PBBs indicated that these organohalogens bioaccumulate, and in some cases there was tissue-specific biomagnification, e.g., BMFs for bear adipose and liver ranged from 2 to 570. The blood-brain barrier appeared to be effective in minimizing brain accumulation as BMFs were {\textbackslash}textlessor=1 in the brain, with the exception of SigmaOH-PBBs (mean BMF=93+/-54). Unlike OH-PCB metabolites, OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues appeared to be mainly accumulated from the seal blubber rather than being metabolic formed from PBDEs in the bears. In vitro PBDE depletion assays using polar bear hepatic microsomes, wherein the rate of oxidative metabolism of PBDE congeners was very slow, supported the probability that accumulation from seals is the main source of OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues. Our findings demonstrated from ringed seal to polar bears that organohalogen biotransformation, bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification varied widely and depended on the contaminant in question. Our results show the increasing complexity of bioaccumulated and in some cases biomagnified, chlorinated and brominated contaminants and/or metabolites from the diet may be a contributing stress factor in the health of East Greenland polar bears.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Letcher, Robert J and Gebbink, Wouter A and Sonne, Christian and Born, Erik W and McKinney, Melissa A and Dietz, Rune},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19683343},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Biotransformation, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Insecticides, Insecticides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pentachlorophenol, Pentachlorophenol: metabolism, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, mam},
	pages = {1118--24},
}





@article{lema_neural_2007,
	title = {Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47.},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0166-445X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, and textiles as a flame retardant. While PBDEs play a key role in reducing loss of human life and property from fires, these flame retardants have become pervasive organic contaminants in the environment and in the tissues of fish, birds, marine mammals, and humans. Levels of PBDEs in wildlife and humans continue to rise, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. Nevertheless, there is little currently known about the toxicological effects of PBDE exposure. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity of the PBDE congener 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an ontogenetic model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed continuously to dissolved phase PBDE 47 (100-5000 microg/l) beginning 3-5 h post-fertilization (hpf). Fish treated with the highest concentrations of PBDE 47 delayed hatching, had reduced growth post-hatching, and displayed an abnormal dorsal curvature of the body with flexion at the hindbrain. By 96h post-fertilization larvae exposed to PBDE 47 had significant tachycardia, which progressed into atrioventricular block arrhythmias. Microinjection of fluorescent dye into the hindbrain ventricle revealed that cerebrospinal fluid in the neural tube and brain ventricles flowed more slowly in fish larvae exposed to PBDE 47, a likely etiology for the dorsal curvature. Similar, though much less pronounced, developmental toxicity also occurred in larvae exposed to PBDE 47 only for a 20h period during early embryogenesis (3-23 hpf), suggesting that PBDEs incorporated in lipid of the egg are bioavailable and cause toxicity later in life. Taken together, this work indicates that exposure to PBDE 47 can cause morphological abnormalities, impair cardiovascular function and cerebrospinal fluid flow, and provides a tractable starting point for using the zebrafish model to explore molecular mechanisms of PBDE toxicity.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology},
	author = {Lema, Sean C and Schultz, Irvin R and Scholz, Nathaniel L and Incardona, John P and Swanson, Penny},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17412433},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System: drug effects, Central Nervous System: growth \& development, Central Nervous System: physiopathology, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid: drug effects, Cerebrospinal Fluid: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: growth \& development, Heart: physiopathology, Hydrocarbons, Larva, Larva: chemistry, Larva: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Survival Analysis, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \& development, ffr, tox},
	pages = {296--307},
}





@article{legler_new_2008,
	title = {New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.081},
	abstract = {The objective of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies demonstrating the endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), while highlighting interesting data presented at the recent international BFR workshop in Amsterdam in April, 2007. A review written in 2002 was used as a starting point and about 60 publications published since 2003 were reviewed. New insights into the in vivo effects of BFRs on thyroid hormone, estrogen and androgen pathways in both mammalian and non-mammalian models are provided, and novel (in vitro) findings on the mechanisms underlying ED effects are highlighted. Special attention is also given to reports on neurotoxicological effects at relatively low doses of BFRs, although an endocrine-related mechanism is disputable. Convincing evidence has been published showing that BFRs and importantly, BFR metabolites, have the potential to disrupt endocrine systems at multiple target sites. While some studies suggest a wide margin of safety between effect concentrations in rodent models and levels encountered in humans and the environment, other studies demonstrate that exposure to low doses relevant for humans and wildlife at critical time points in development can result in profound effects on both endocrine pathways and (neuro)development.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Legler, Juliette},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18667224},
	keywords = {Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, ffr, tox},
	pages = {216--22},
}





@article{letcher_exposure_2010,
	title = {Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish.},
	volume = {408},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038},
	abstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Letcher, Robert J and Bustnes, Jan Ove and Dietz, Rune and Jenssen, Bjørn M and Jørgensen, Even H and Sonne, Christian and Verreault, Jonathan and Vijayan, Mathilakath M and Gabrielsen, Geir W},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19910021},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Kidney, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Risk Assessment},
	pages = {2995--3043},
}





@article{lemasters_cancer_2006,
	title = {Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies.},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1076-2752},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456},
	doi = {10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to review 32 studies on firefighters and to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the cancer risk using a meta-analysis.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine},
	author = {LeMasters, Grace K and Genaidy, Ash M and Succop, Paul and Deddens, James and Sobeih, Tarek and Barriera-Viruet, Heriberto and Dunning, Kari and Lockey, James},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17099456},
	keywords = {Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Fires, Flame retardants, Models, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Risk, Statistical},
	pages = {1189--202},
}





@article{leijs_thyroid_2012,
	title = {Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure.},
	volume = {11 Suppl 1},
	issn = {1476-069X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S10},
	abstract = {Polychlorinated dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental toxicants that have been proven to influence thyroid metabolism both in animal studies and in human beings. In recent years polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) also have been found to have a negative influence on thyroid hormone metabolism. The lower brominated flame retardants are now banned in the EU, however higher brominated decabromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are not yet banned. They too can negatively influence thyroid hormone metabolism. An additional brominated flame retardant that is still in use is tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which has also been shown to influence thyroid hormone metabolism.Influences of brominated flame retardants, PCDD/F's and dioxin like-PCBs (dl-PCB's) on thyroid hormone metabolism in adolescence in the Netherlands will be presented in this study and determined if there are reasons for concern to human health for these toxins. In the period 1987-1991, a cohort of mother-baby pairs was formed in order to detect abnormalities in relation to dioxin levels in the perinatal period. The study demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were found around the time of birth, suggesting a modulation of the setpoint of thyroid hormone metabolism with a higher 3,3', 5,5'tetrathyroxine (T4) levels and an increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). While the same serum thyroid hormone tests (- TSH and T4) were again normal by 2 years of age and were still normal at 8-12 years, adolescence is a period with extra stress on thyroid hormone metabolism. Therefore we measured serum levels of TSH, T4, 3,3',5- triiodothyronine (T3), free T4 (FT4), antibodies and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in our adolescent cohort.},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Leijs, Marike M and ten Tusscher, Gavin W and Olie, Kees and van Teunenbroek, Tom and van Aalderen, Wim M C and de Voogt, Pim and Vulsma, Tom and Bartonova, Alena and Krayer von Krauss, Martin and Mosoiu, Claudia and Riojas-Rodriguez, Horacio and Calamandrei, Gemma and Koppe, Janna G},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22759492},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin: analysis, Thyroxine: blood},
	pages = {S10},
}





@article{lehner_organophosphate_2010,
	title = {Organophosphate ester flame retardant-induced acute intoxications in dogs.},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1937-6995},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764},
	doi = {10.1007/s13181-010-0105-7},
	abstract = {Flame retardants have wide industrial applications and are incorporated into articles found in automobiles and home environments, including seat cushions. These compounds differ widely chemically and in their toxic potential. We report here two cases involving dogs following ingestion of car seat cushions impregnated with organophosphate ester fire retardants.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology},
	author = {Lehner, Andreas F and Samsing, Francisca and Rumbeiha, Wilson K},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20717764},
	keywords = {Acute Disease, Administration, Animals, Dog Diseases, Dog Diseases: chemically induced, Dogs, Esters, Fatal Outcome, Female, Flame Retardants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: veterinary, Oral, Phosphines, Phosphines: poisoning, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: veterinary, Seizures, Seizures: etiology, Seizures: veterinary},
	pages = {448--58},
}





@article{legler_obelix_2011,
	title = {The {OBELIX} project: early life exposure to endocrine disruptors and obesity.},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {1938-3207},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539},
	doi = {10.3945/ajcn.110.001669},
	abstract = {The hypothesis of whether early life exposure (both pre- and early postnatal) to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be a risk factor for obesity and related metabolic diseases later in life will be tested in the European research project OBELIX (OBesogenic Endocrine disrupting chemicals: LInking prenatal eXposure to the development of obesity later in life). OBELIX is a 4-y project that started in May 2009 and which has the following 5 main objectives: 1) to assess early life exposure in humans to major classes of EDCs identified as potential inducers of obesity (ie, dioxin-like compounds, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, and perfluorinated compounds) by using mother-child cohorts from 4 European regions with different food-contaminant exposure patterns; 2) to relate early life exposure to EDCs with clinical markers, novel biomarkers, and health-effect data related to obesity; 3) to perform hazard characterization of early life exposure to EDCs for the development of obesity later in life by using a mouse model; 4) to determine mechanisms of action of obesogenic EDCs on developmental programming with in vivo and in vitro genomics and epigenetic analyses; and 5) to perform risk assessments of prenatal exposure to obesogenic EDCs in food by integrating maternal exposure through food-contaminant exposure and health-effect data in children and hazard data in animal studies.},
	number = {6 Suppl},
	journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
	author = {Legler, Juliette and Hamers, Timo and van Eck van der Sluijs-van de Bor, Margot and Schoeters, Greet and van der Ven, Leo and Eggesbo, Merete and Koppe, Janna and Feinberg, Max and Trnovec, Tomas},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21543539},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Biological Markers, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cohort Studies, Disease Models, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Follow-Up Studies, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Mice, Milk, Obesity, Obesity: epidemiology, Obesity: etiology, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors},
	pages = {1933S--1938S},
}





@article{lee_genotoxicity_2012,
	title = {Genotoxicity and development effects of brominated flame retardant {PBDEs} and {UV}-exposed {PBDEs} on grass shrimp ({Palaemonetes} pugio) embryo.},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.010},
	abstract = {To understand how polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect the hatching sensitivity of grass shrimp embryos in different developmental stages, the hatching rates of embryos were measured after PBDE exposure on the early- and late-stage embryo of grass shrimp. PBDEs had no clear influence on the hatching rate. Also, to investigate on the reproductive and genetic toxicities of UV-exposed PBDEs, the hatching rate and DNA damage of stage 7 embryos were also measured. PBDEs had no significant impact on the hatching rate and DNA damage of grass shrimp in most experimental conditions regardless of embryo developmental stage or UV exposure, but in the case of UV-exposed BDE-47, the hatching rate was decreased, suggesting a potential reproductive toxicity. This research is meaningful because it is the first study to propose that PBDEs can cause reproductive toxicity in marine organism, after flowing into the ocean and undergoing photochemical reactions stimulated by UV.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Lee, Hyo Jin and Kim, Gi Beum and Lee, Richard F},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22964426},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, DNA Damage, Embryo, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Palaemonidae, Palaemonidae: embryology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {2892--5},
}





@incollection{lee_standard_1985,
	address = {Philadelphia},
	title = {Standard room fire test development at the {National} {Bureau} of {Standards}},
	booktitle = {Fire {Safety}: {Science} and {Engineering} ({ASTM} {STP} 882)},
	publisher = {ASTM},
	author = {Lee, B T},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {29--44},
}





@techreport{lassen_deca-bde_2006,
	title = {Deca-{BDE} and alternatives in electrical and electronic equipment.},
	url = {http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf},
	abstract = {Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) specifies that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) put on the market are not to contain polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated di phenyl ethers (PBDE), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) or hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) for specified equipment categories. Article 5(1)(b) of the RoHS-directive makes it possible to exempt materials and components of electrical and electronic equipment from the ban in the directive if their elimination or substitution via design changes or materials and components which are not banned by the directive is technically or scientifically impracticable. Furthermore the provision also makes i possible to grant an exemption where the negative environmental, health and/or consumer safety impacts caused by substitution are likely to outweigh the environmental, health and/or consumer safety benefits thereof. In accordance with a procedure referred to in Article 7(2) of the Directive, during 2005 the Commission evaluated the applications of one of the PBDEs, Deca-BDE. With the Commission Decision 2004/717/EC of 13 October 2005, Deca-BDE in polymeric applications was added to the list of exemptions. Denmark has instituted legal proceedings against the Commission's decision to exempt Deca-BDE from the ban decreed by the RoHS Directive. This report forms part of the scientific documentation that is needed to support the case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe suitable alternatives to the brominated flame retardant Deca-BDE, and to determine whether substitution of the alternative substances is possible from a scientific or technical point of view. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has concurrently initiated an environmental and health assessment of selected alternatives in order to compare any negative environmental or health impacts caused by substitution with the environmental and health benefits of the substitution. The study has been guided by a Steering Group consisting of Torben Nørlem and Frank Jensen, Danish Environmental Agency, and Carsten Lassen, COWI. The report has been prepared by Carsten Lassen and Sven Havelund, COWI A/S (Denmark), André Leisewitz, Öko-Recherche GmbH (Germany), and Peter Maxson, Concorde East/West Sprl (Belgium). The information presented here reflects the combined view of the authors. The publication of the report does not necessarily imply that the contents reflect the views of the Danish EPA.},
	institution = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {Lassen, C and Havelund, S and Leisewitz, A and Maxson, P},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg, use},
}





@article{larsson_identification_2006,
	title = {Identification of the brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as an androgen agonist.},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0022-2623},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866},
	doi = {10.1021/jm060713d},
	abstract = {To investigate androgen receptor (AR) activation by exogenous compounds, we used a combination of experimental analysis and theoretical modeling to compare a set of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with regard to ligand docking, AR binding, and AR activation in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells, as well as interacting energy analysis. Modeling of receptor docking was found to be a useful first step in predicting the potential to translocate to the ligand pocket of the receptor, and the computed interaction energy was found to correlate with the observed binding affinity. Flexible alignment studies of the BFR compounds demonstrated that 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (BCH) closely overlap DHT. Combining the theoretical modeling with in vitro ligand-binding and receptor-activation assays, we show that BCH binds to and activates the human AR. The remaining BFRs did not successfully interact with the ligand pocket, were not able to replace a synthetic androgen from the receptor, and failed to activate the receptor.},
	number = {25},
	journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry},
	author = {Larsson, Anders and Eriksson, Leif A and Andersson, Patrik L and Ivarson, Per and Olsson, Per-Erik},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17149866},
	keywords = {Androgen, Androgen: chemistry, Androgens, Binding, Competitive, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Cyclohexanes: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Ligands, Models, Molecular, Receptors, Tumor, cell line},
	pages = {7366--72},
}





@article{lai_new_2011,
	title = {New evidence for toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: {DNA} adduct formation from quinone metabolites.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977},
	doi = {10.1021/es203068f},
	abstract = {This study investigated the formation of DNA adducts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the possible mechanisms. DNA adduction was conducted by in vitro reaction of deoxyguanosine (dG) and DNA with PBDE-quinone (PBDE-Q) metabolites, and DNA adducts were characterized by using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The results suggested DNA adduction involved Michael Addition between the exocyclic NH(2) group at the N-2 position of dG and the electron-deficient carbon of quinone, followed by reductive cyclization with loss of (bromo-)1-hydroperoxy-benzene or water to form a type I or type II adduct. PBDE-Q with substituted bromine on the quinone ring was proven to be a favorable structure to form a type I adduct, while the absence of bromine on the quinone ring resulted in a type II adduct. Lower reactivity of adduction was also observed with increasing the number of bromine atoms on the phenoxyl ring. Our data clearly demonstrated PBDEs could covalently bind to DNA mediated by quinone metabolites, depending on the degree of bromine substitution. This study opened a new view on the mechanism of toxicity of PBDEs and reported the structure of PBDE-DNA adducts, which might be valuable for the evaluation on potential in vivo formation of PBDE-DNA adducts.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Lai, Yongquan and Lu, Minghua and Gao, Xiang and Wu, Hanzhi and Cai, Zongwei},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22049977},
	keywords = {Benzoquinones, Benzoquinones: metabolism, Benzoquinones: toxicity, DNA Adducts, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Risk Assessment, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests},
	pages = {10720--7},
}





@article{law_levels_2006,
	title = {Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the {European} environment.},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007},
	abstract = {In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003-04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982-1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on summation operatorBDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Law, Robin J and Allchin, Colin R and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Herzke, Dorte and Lepom, Peter and Morris, Steven and Tronczynski, Jacek and de Wit, Cynthia A},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16434081},
	keywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Animals, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Europe, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Mammals, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Soil, Soil: analysis, Tissue Distribution, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa, water},
	pages = {187--208},
}





@article{law_bioaccumulation_2006,
	title = {Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a {Lake} {Winnipeg} ({Canada}) food web.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037},
	abstract = {The extent of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers (alpha, beta, and gamma), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was examined in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Six species of fish, zooplankton, mussels, sediment, and water from the south basin of the lake were selected for study. Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of total (sigma) polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs; p {\textbackslash}textless 0.005), sigmaHBCDs (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.0001), BTBPE (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.0001), and lipid content in fish. Strong positive linear relationships also were observed from individual plots of BDE 47, BDE 209, and DBDPE concentrations (lipid wt) and trophic level (based on delta15N), suggesting that these compounds biomagnify in the Lake Winnipeg food web. Biomagnification factors varied for the chemicals studied. Plots of log bioaccumulation factors for mussel and zooplankton versus log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) were similar and suggest that neither mussels nor zooplankton are in equilibrium with the water. Fifteen BDE congeners were consistently detected in water (dissolved phase, n = 3), with BDE 47 having the greatest concentration (17 pg/L). The rank order of compounds in water (arithmetic mean +/- standard error) were sigmaPBDEs (49 +/- 12 pg/ L) {\textbackslash}textgreater alpha-HBCD (11 +/- 2 pg/L) {\textbackslash}textgreater BTBPE (1.9 +/- 0.6 pg/L). Concentrations of DPDPE, BDE 209, and beta- and -gamma-HBCD isomers were below their respective method detection limits (MDLs) in water. Total PBDE concentrations in sediment (n = 4) were greater than any other brominated flame retardant examined in the present study and ranged from 1,160 to 1,610 ng/g (dry wt), with BDE 209 contributing roughly 50\% of the total. The gamma-HBCD isomer was detected at concentrations of 50 +/- 20 pg/g (dry wt) in sediment, whereas BTBPE and DBDPE were consistently below their respective MDLs in sediment.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Law, Kerri and Halldorson, Thor and Danell, Robert and Stern, Gary and Gewurtz, Sarah and Alaee, Mehran and Marvin, Chris and Whittle, Mike and Tomy, Gregg},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16916037},
	keywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: metabolism, Canada, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Quality Control, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},
	pages = {2177--86},
}





@article{lavoie_organochlorines_2010,
	title = {Organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and mercury levels in six seabird species from the {Gulf} of {St}. {Lawrence} ({Canada}): relationships with feeding ecology, migration and molt.},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.016},
	abstract = {Concentrations of organochlorines (OCs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and mercury (Hg) were measured in eggs of six seabird species breeding in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Stable nitrogen (delta15N) and carbon (delta13C) isotopes were used as ecological tracers to measure trophic level and connectivity with benthos, respectively. Concentrations, patterns as well as ecological tracers varied significantly between species. The sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (SigmaPCBs) was the most important group measured in all seabird species based on concentration followed generally by the sum of chlorinated pesticides (SigmaCPs), the sum of brominated flame retardants (SigmaBFRs) and finally total Hg (THg). SigmaPCBs, SigmaCPs and SigmaBFRs increased with trophic level, whereas THg did not. Only SigmaBFRs increased with a higher connectivity with the benthos. Seabird species resident to the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence ecosystem showed higher Hg and BFR levels than migratory species. Molt patterns were used to explain variations of contaminant levels.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Lavoie, Raphael A and Champoux, Louise and Rail, Jean-François and Lean, David R S},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20363539},
	keywords = {Animal Migration, Animal Migration: physiology, Animals, Birds, Birds: growth \& development, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Data Interpretation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Feeding Behavior, Feeding Behavior: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Methylmercury Compounds, Methylmercury Compounds: analysis, Molting, Molting: physiology, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Species Specificity, Statistical},
	pages = {2189--99},
}





@book{lassen_alternatives_2011,
	address = {Oslo, Norway},
	title = {Alternatives to the use of flame retarded {EPS} in buildings},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf},
	publisher = {Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (KLIF) and COWI A/S},
	author = {Lassen, Carsten and Maag, Jakob and Høibye, Linda and Vesterlykke, Michael and Lundegaard, Tommy},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{laniewski_identification_1998,
	title = {Identification of {Volatile} and {Extractable} {Chloroorganics} in {Rain} and {Snow}.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i},
	doi = {10.1021/es980480i},
	abstract = {Organics enriched from samples of rain, snow, and glacier ice were analyzed to determine the chemical structure of the chloroorganic compounds that were most abundant in such media. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was used to provide an overview of the presence of volatile and extractable chloroorganics at four sites in Europe and one site in Antarctica. Real samples and isomer-specific standards were then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) to identify and confirm the structure of the chloroorganics that had been detected in the GC-AED analysis. The results revealed that of the volatile chloroorganics found in the samples, dichloronitromethane, a compound not previously reported to occur in the ambient environment, was often present in the highest concentration (up to 130 ng L-1). Chlorobenzenes were detected mainly as 1,4-dichlorobenzene and minor amounts of 1,3- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and one isomer of tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5- or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene). Chlorinated alkyl phosphates, which were normally responsible for the largest peaks in the chlorine-specific chromatograms of hexane- or ether-extractable compounds, were present as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, and one of the isomers bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(3-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate or bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(2-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate. All of the chloroorganic compounds mentioned, i.e., dichloronitromethane, chlorobenzenes, and chlorinated alkyl phosphates, were detected at relatively remote sites in the northern hemisphere, whereas only chlorobenzenes were found in a reference sample of snow from Antarctica.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Laniewski, Krzysztof and BorÉn, Hans and Grimvall, Anders},
	month = dec,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},
	pages = {3935--3940},
}





@article{lam_temporal_2009,
	title = {Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and detection of two novel flame retardants in marine mammals from {Hong} {Kong}, {South} {China}.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725},
	abstract = {Concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and three novel flame retardants, namely2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were determined in blubber samples of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides). The levels of HBCDs and PBDEs in cetacean samples ranged from 4.1 to 519 and 103 to 51,100 ng/g lw, respectively. A significant increasing trend of SigmaHBCDs was observed in dolphin samples from 1997 to 2007 with an estimated annual rate of 5\%, whereas no significant temporal trends of SigmaPBDEs appeared over the sampling period. This pattern may be attributed to the increasing usage of HBCDs following the restriction/voluntary withdrawal of the production and use of PBDE commercial mixtures in several countries. HCDBCO was not found in the blubber samples. This is the first report of the presence of TBB and TBPH, two new flame retardants that have previously been identified in house dust from the U.S., in marine mammals; concentrations of these compounds in dolphins and porpoises ranged from the instrumental detection limit (IDL) ({\textbackslash}textless0.04) to 70 and IDL ({\textbackslash}textless0.04) to 3859 ng/g lw, respectively. Levels of TBPH were comparable to SigmaHBCDs in porpoise samples. The presence of these novel flame retardants in top-trophic-level marine organisms raises concern about their release into the environment and indicates the need for further monitoring of these compounds in other environmental matrices.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Lam, James C W and Lau, Ridge K F and Murphy, Margaret B and Lam, Paul K S},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19806725},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cycloparaffins, Cycloparaffins: analysis, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hong Kong, Mammals, Mammals: anatomy \& histology, Mammals: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Reproducibility of Results, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam},
	pages = {6944--9},
}





@article{la_guardia_situ_2012,
	title = {In situ accumulation of {HBCD}, {PBDEs}, and several alternative flame-retardants in the bivalve ({Corbicula} fluminea) and gastropod ({Elimia} proxima).},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713},
	doi = {10.1021/es3004238},
	abstract = {Alternative brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), are now being detected in the environment. However, contaminant bioavailability is influenced by the organisms' ecology (i.e., route of uptake) and in situ environmental factors. We observed that the filter-feeding bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and grazing gastropod (Elimia proxima), collected downstream from a textile manufacturing outfall, exhibited TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE concentrations from 152 to 2230 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw). These species also contained additional BFRs. Maximum levels of total hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (∑HBCDs) in these species were 363,000 and 151,000 ng g(-1) lw, and those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) were 64,900 and 47,200 ng g(-1) lw, respectively. These concentrations are among the highest reported to date worldwide. While BDE-209 was once thought to be nonbioavailable and resistant to degradation, it was the dominant BFR present and likely debromination products were detected. Contributions of α- and β-HBCD were higher in tissues than sediments, consistent with γ-HBCD bioisomerization. Mollusk bioaccumulation factors were similar between HBCD and PBDEs with 4 to 6 bromines, but factors for TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE were lower. Despite different feeding strategies, the bivalves and gastropods exhibited similar BFR water and sediment accumulation factors.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen and Mainor, T Matteson and Ciparis, Serena},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22571713},
	keywords = {Animals, Biota, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Corbicula, Corbicula: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gastropoda, Gastropoda: metabolism, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, North Carolina},
	pages = {5798--805},
}





@article{la_guardia_evidence_2007,
	title = {Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a high production volume flame retardant. To date, regulation and control of its environmental release have been minimal. Once in the environment, BDE-209 may encounter conditions favoring debromination, potentially forming congeners with greater toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and persistence. However, (photolytic and in vivo) debromination has only been demonstrated under laboratory scenarios. To examine whether debromination was likely in the field, PBDE congener profiles were tracked from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota. BDE-209 and 23 additional PBDEs were detected. Sludge congener profiles resembled the commercial penta- and deca- formulations, suggesting minimal -209 debromination during wastewater treatment. Similar profiles were observed in surficial sediments at the outfall and downstream. However, sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and crayfish (Cambarus puncticambarus sp. c) collected near the outfall contained tri- through deca-PBDEs, including congeners not detected in the commercial deca-mixture, sludges or sediments (BDE-179, -184, -188, -201, and -202). A previous in vivo laboratory study identified these as -209 debromination products. This supports the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions. Hence assessments that assume no BDE-209 debromination may underestimate associated bioaccumulation and toxicity attributable to the less brominated congeners produced.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17969678},
	keywords = {Animals, Astacoidea, Astacoidea: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec},
	pages = {6663--70},
}





@article{kwan_pbdes_2013,
	title = {{PBDEs} in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites in tropical {Asian} countries: phase distribution and debromination.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1365-3},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as flame retardants in many consumer products, and leachates from landfills have been identified as one of the possible sources of PBDEs in the environment. Meanwhile, the unprecedented economic and population growths of some Asian countries over the last decade have led to significant increases in the amount of waste containing PBDEs in that region. This study investigates the status of PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites (MSWDS) in tropical Asian countries. A total of 46 PBDE congeners were measured, both in the adsorbed (n = 24) and dissolved (n = 16) phases, in leachate samples collected, from 2002 to 2010, from ten MSWDS distributed among the eight countries of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia. PBDEs were predominantly found in the adsorbed phase. Partitioning of PBDEs in the dissolved phase was associated with the presence of dissolved organic matter; the apparent organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K'oc) of the BDE congeners were lower by two to four orders of magnitude than the K oc predicted from the octanol-water partition coefficients (K ow). The total PBDE concentrations from mono- to deca-BDEs ranged from 3.7 to 133,000 ng/L, and showed a trend toward higher concentrations in the more populous and industrialized Asian countries. The congener profiles in the leachates basically reflected the composition of PBDE technical mixtures. The occurrence of congeners not contained, or in trace concentrations, in technical products (e.g., BDEs 208, 207, 206, 202, 188, 179, 49, 17/25, 8, 1) was observed in most of the leachate samples, suggesting the debromination of technical mixtures, including BDE-209, in the MSWDS of tropical Asian countries. Moreover, the temporal trend indicated the reduction of BDE-209 over time, with a corresponding increase in and/or emergence of lower brominated PBDE congeners. The results indicated that MSWDS of tropical Asian countries are potential sources of environmental PBDEs, which may be transported to the aquatic environment via dissolution with dissolved organic matter. MSWDS could be amplifiers of PBDE toxicity in the environment, possibly through debromination.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	author = {Kwan, Charita S and Takada, Hideshige and Mizukawa, Kaoruko and Torii, Maiko and Koike, Tatsuya and Yamashita, Rei and {Rinawati} and Saha, Mahua and Santiago, Evangeline C},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23247521},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {4188--204},
}





@article{la_guardia_flame-retardants_2010,
	title = {Flame-retardants and other organohalogens detected in sewage sludge by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701},
	doi = {10.1021/es9039264},
	abstract = {Numerous halogenated organic compounds have been identified as pollutants of concern. Those with high persistence and hydrophobicity may concentrate in biota, sediments, and wastewater sludge. Nonetheless, the release to the environment of many remains largely unrecognized. Stabilized sewage sludge (biosolids) is increasingly being land-applied as a soil amendment. However, understanding the risks of land application has been hampered by the compositional complexity of biosolids. Compound specific analytical approaches may also underestimate environmental impact of land application by overlooking additional contaminants. However, utilizing an alternative analytical approach based on compound functional group (i.e., alkyl halides) enhanced the information content of the analysis. To illustrate, 49 organohalogens were observed by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry in sewage sludge; 23 identified as flame-retardants: that is, PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate, decabromodiphenyl ethane, 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and Dechlorane Plus. Concentrations ranged from 25 to 1,600,000 ng g(-1) total organic carbon. An additional 16 compounds were tentatively identified as triclosan, chlorinated-methoxy triclosan, chlorinated pesticides, hexachlorobiphenyl, TBB degradation products, brominated furans and nonabromochlorodiphenyl ethers. Such an analytical approach may enhance evaluations of the risks associated with biosolids land-application and assist in prioritizing specific chemicals for future environmental fate and toxicology studies.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20486701},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Isotopes, Mass Spectrometry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, unsure},
	pages = {4658--64},
}





@article{kuriyama_developmental_2007,
	title = {Developmental exposure to low-dose {PBDE}-99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels.},
	volume = {242},
	issn = {0300-483X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011},
	abstract = {Thyroid hormone concentrations, hepatic enzyme activities and tissue concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) were evaluated in Wistar rats (dams and offspring) after treatment by gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 with a single low dose of either 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw), respectively. Tissue concentration analysis confirmed that PBDE-99 is persistent in rodents as significant amounts of the parent compound were detected in adipose tissue 37 days after exposure. The dose of 300 microg PBDE-99/kg bw reduced thyroxin (T4) concentration in dams at the beginning of lactation (post-gestational day [PGD] 1), and caused a slight reduction in T4 on PGD 22, although not statistically significant. In offspring, reduced T4 was observed only at PND 22, probably due to cumulative effects of PBDE-99 during lactation. PBDEs have been shown to reduce T4 concentrations in several studies, but this is the first study demonstrating endocrine disruption at low doses. The adipose tissue concentration of PBDE-99 measured in this study was close to those reported for PBDE-99 in non-occupationally exposed humans. In addition, we have previously reported permanent changes in the reproductive systems and locomotor activity of male and female offspring using these same dosages.},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Kuriyama, Sergio Noboru and Wanner, Antonia and Fidalgo-Neto, Antonio Augusto and Talsness, Chris E and Koerner, Wolfgang and Chahoud, Ibrahim},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17964054},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Body Burden, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: administration \& dosage, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \& dosage, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Tissue Distribution, Wistar, ffr, tox},
	pages = {80--90},
}





@article{kuriyama_developmental_2005,
	title = {Developmental exposure to low dose {PBDE} 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.},
	volume = {113},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf},
	abstract = {In utero exposure to a single low dose of 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) disrupts neurobehavioral development and causes permanent effects on the rat male reproductive system apparent in adulthood. PBDEs, a class of flame retardants, are widely used in every sector of modern life to prevent fire. They are persistent in the environment, and increasing levels of PBDEs have been found in biota and human breast milk. In the present study we assessed the effects of developmental exposure to one of the most persistent PBDE congeners (PBDE-99) on juvenile basal motor activity levels and adult male reproductive health. Wistar rat dams were treated by gavage on gestation day 6 with a single low dose of 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw). In offspring, basal locomotor activity was evaluated on postnatal days 36 and 71, and reproductive performance was assessed in males at adulthood. The exposure to low-dose PBDE-99 during development caused hyperactivity in the offspring at both time points and permanently impaired spermatogenesis by the means of reduced sperm and spermatid counts. The doses used in this study (60 and 300 microg/kg bw) are relevant to human exposure levels, being approximately 6 and 29 times, respectively, higher than the highest level reported in human breast adipose tissue. This is the lowest dose of PBDE reported to date to have an in vivo toxic effect in rodents and supports the premise that low-dose studies should be encouraged for hazard identification of persistent environmental pollutants.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Kuriyama, Sergio N and Talsness, Chris E and Grote, Konstanze and Chahoud, Ibrahim},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Infertility, Male, Male: chemically induced, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reflex, Reflex: drug effects, Sexual Behavior, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: pathology, Wistar},
	pages = {149--154},
}





@techreport{kuper_poisoning_2008,
	title = {Poisoning the poor - {Electronic} waste in {Ghana}.},
	url = {http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf},
	institution = {Greenpeace},
	author = {Kuper, J and Hojsik, M},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
}





@article{kuo_bioaccumulation_2010,
	title = {Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether and effects on daily growth in juvenile lake whitefish ({Coregonus} clupeaformis).},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1573-3017},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0451-x},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the main congener in the commonly used commercial flame retardant mixture, "deca-BDE". There is evidence showing that fish can debrominate BDE 209 into potentially more toxic congeners. The objective of this study was to evaluate BDE 209 uptake and its potential effects on juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Lake whitefish were fed BDE 209 at four nominal concentrations (control, 0.1, 1, and 2 microg/g-diet) for 30 days. Livers and carcasses were analyzed for 11 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, and 209) and daily otolith increment width was measured as an estimate of growth before and after exposure. Four congeners (BDE 206, 207, 208, and 209) were detected in livers and carcasses. Hepatic BDE 209 concentrations in the 1 and 2 microg/g treatments were significantly higher than in the control group (1.25 and 5.80 nmol/g-lipid compared to 0.183 nmol/g-lipid). The concentration of BDE 209 detected in the tissues of the control group resulted from BDE 209 in the base diets. Concentrations of all congeners from the 1 and 2 microg/g groups were higher in livers than carcasses, indicating the liver was the primary organ of BDE 209 accumulation. Compared to the fraction in diets, the molar fraction of BDE 209 was lower in livers and carcasses, whereas the fractions of BDE 206, 207, and 208 were higher. These different distributions of PBDE congeners resulted from differential adsorption and metabolism. One congener, BDE 206, could be a major metabolite from BDE 209 debromination. Otolith increment widths were narrower in fish from the highest diet concentration administered, suggesting BDE 209 may have affected growth rates. In conclusion, this in vivo study with lake whitefish showed that BDE 209 was debrominated into lower PBDE congeners and that exposure to 2 microg/g may have affected fish growth.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},
	author = {Kuo, Yin-Ming and Sepúlveda, Maria S and Sutton, Trent M and Ochoa-Acuña, Hugo G and Muir, Andrew M and Miller, Benjamin and Hua, Inez},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20033485},
	keywords = {Animal Feed, Animals, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Otolithic Membrane, Otolithic Membrane: drug effects, Otolithic Membrane: growth \& development, Salmonidae, Salmonidae: growth \& development, Salmonidae: metabolism, Time Factors, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {751--60},
}





@article{kuo_bioaccumulation_2010,
	title = {Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of {Lake} {Michigan}.},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1573-3017},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0431-1},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are hydrophobic chemicals and can biomagnify in food chains. Little is known about the biomagnification of PBDEs in the Lake Michigan food web. Plankton, Diporeia, lake whitefish, lake trout, and Chinook salmon were collected from Lake Michigan in 2006 between April and August. Fish liver and muscle and whole invertebrates were analyzed for six PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were also quantified in order to establish the trophic structure of the food web. Geometric means of Sigma PBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 0.562 to 1.61 microg/g-lipid. BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.184 to 1.23 microg/g-lipid in all three fish species. Sigma BDE-47, 99, and 209 comprised 80-94\% of Sigma PBDE molar concentration. Within each fish species, there were no significant differences in PBDE concentrations between liver and muscle. The highest concentration of BDE-209 (144 microg/g-lipid) was detected in Diporeia. Based on analysis of delta(15)N and PBDE concentrations, BDE-47 and 100 were found to biomagnify, whereas BDE-209 did not. A significant negative correlation between BDE-209 and trophic level was found in this food web. Biomagnification factors were also calculated and again BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified between food web members whereas BDE-209 did not. Diporeia could be one of the main dietary sources of BDE-209 for fish in Lake Michigan; BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified within this food chain; the concentration of BDE-209 decreased at higher trophic levels, suggesting partial uptake and/or biotransformation of BDE-209 in the Lake Michigan food web.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},
	author = {Kuo, Yin-Ming and Sepúlveda, Maria S and Hua, Inez and Ochoa-Acuña, Hugo G and Sutton, Trent M},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19882349},
	keywords = {Amphipoda, Amphipoda: metabolism, Animals, Biodiversity, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Body Weight, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: growth \& development, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Michigan, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: metabolism, Plankton, Plankton: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {623--34},
}





@article{kuiper_toxicity_2007,
	title = {Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio) in a partial life-cycle test.},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0340-5761},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895},
	doi = {10.1007/s00204-006-0117-x},
	abstract = {Toxicological effects of the widely used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were assessed in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of adult fish during 30 days to water-borne TBBPA in nominal concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1.5 microM was followed by exposure of the offspring in early life stages up to 47 days posthatching (dph) to the same concentrations. Adults exposed to 3 and 6 microM showed severe disorientation and lethargy shortly after beginning of exposure and were euthanized. Because semistatic exposure resulted in fluctuating water concentrations, pooled fish samples were chemically analyzed for internal dose assessment. Egg production was decreased in fish exposed to TBBPA concentrations of 0.047 microM and higher, and a critical effect level of 7.2 microg/g lipid with a lower 5\% confidence limit of 3.9 microg/g lipid for 50\% decreased egg production was calculated. Histology of adult ovaries indicated a relative increase of premature oocytes in two surviving females exposed to 1.5 microM. Hatching of TBBPA-exposed larvae was decreased except in animals exposed to 0.375 microM. In the highest exposure concentration, early posthatching mortality was high (81\%) in larvae and the surviving juveniles showed a significant predominance of the female phenotype. Exposure of eggs from control parents up to 6 microM TBBPA resulted in increasing malformation and pericardial fluid accumulation from 1.5 microM; at higher concentrations, all embryos failed to hatch. The presented results indicate decreased reproductive success in zebrafish at environmentally relevant TBBPA concentrations.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Archives of toxicology},
	author = {Kuiper, R V and van Den Brandhof, E J and Leonards, P E G and van Der Ven, L T M and Wester, P W and Vos, J G},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {16738895},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Life Cycle Stages, Life Cycle Stages: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: metabolism, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Respiration, Respiration: drug effects, Swimming, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Time Factors, Vitellogenesis, Vitellogenesis: drug effects, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \& development, Zebrafish: metabolism, frelec, tox},
	pages = {1--9},
}





@article{kuester_effects_2007,
	title = {The effects of dose, route, and repeated dosing on the disposition and kinetics of tetrabromobisphenol {A} in male {F}-344 rats.},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm006},
	abstract = {Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolic and dispositional fate of (14)C-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)-a commonly used brominated flame retardant, in male Fischer-344 rats. The percent of dose eliminated as total radioactivity in feces at 72 h following three different single oral doses (2, 20, or 200 mg/kg) of (14)C-TBBPA was 90\% or greater for all doses. Most of the dose was eliminated in the first 24 h. At 72 h after administration of the highest dose, the amounts of (14)C found in the tissues were minimal (0.2-0.9\%). With repeated daily oral doses (20 mg/kg) for 5 or 10 days, the cumulative percent dose eliminated in the feces was 85.1+/-2.8 and 97.9+/-1.1, respectively. In all studies radioactivity recovered in urine was minimal, {\textbackslash}textless2\%. Repeated dosing did not lead to retention in tissues. Following iv administration, feces was also the major route of elimination. Following iv administration of TBBPA, the radiolabel found in the blood decreased rapidly and could be described by a biexponential equation, consistent with a two-compartment model. The key calculated kinetic parameters are terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta)=82 min; area under the blood concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC)=1440 mug x min/ml; and apparent clearance (CL)=2.44 ml/min. Although readily absorbed from the gut, systemic bioavailability of TBBPA is low ({\textbackslash}textless2\%). It is extensively extracted and metabolized by the liver and the metabolites (glucuronides) exported into the bile. About 50\% of an oral dose (20 mg/kg) was found in the bile within 2 h. This extensive extraction and metabolism by the liver greatly limits exposure of internal tissues to TBBPA following oral exposures.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Kuester, Robert K and Sólyom, Aniko M and Rodriguez, Veronica P and Sipes, I Glenn},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17234645},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Bile, Bile: metabolism, Biological Availability, Carbon Radioisotopes, Chromatography, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Feces, Feces: chemistry, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gastrointestinal, Half-Life, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Inbred F344, Injections, Intestinal Absorption, Intravenous, Intubation, Kinetics, Male, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Rats, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution, frelec, tox},
	pages = {237--45},
}





@article{kucklick_bottlenose_2011,
	title = {Bottlenose dolphins as indicators of persistent organic pollutants in the western {North} {Atlantic} {Ocean} and northern {Gulf} of {Mexico}.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819},
	doi = {10.1021/es1042244},
	abstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including legacy POPs (PCBs, chlordanes, mirex, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in 300 blubber biopsy samples from coastal and near shore/estuarine male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled along the U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico coasts and Bermuda. Samples were from 14 locations including urban and rural estuaries and near a Superfund site (Brunswick, Georgia) contaminated with the PCB formulation Aroclor 1268. All classes of legacy POPs in estuarine stocks varied significantly (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) among sampling locations. POP profiles in blubber varied by location with the most characteristic profile observed in bottlenose dolphins sampled near the Brunswick and Sapelo estuaries along the Georgia coast which differed significantly (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001) from other sites. Here and in Sapelo, PCB congeners from Aroclor 1268 dominated indicating widespread food web contamination by this PCB mixture. PCB 153, which is associated with non-Aroclor 1268 PCB formulations, correlated significantly to human population indicating contamination from a general urban PCB source. Factors influencing regional differences of other POPs were less clear and warrant further study. This work puts into geographical context POP contamination in dolphins to help prioritize efforts examining health effects from POP exposure in bottlenose dolphins.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Kucklick, John and Schwacke, Lori and Wells, Randy and Hohn, Aleta and Guichard, Aurore and Yordy, Jennifer and Hansen, Larry and Zolman, Eric and Wilson, Rachel and Litz, Jenny and Nowacek, Doug and Rowles, Teri and Pugh, Rebecca and Balmer, Brian and Sinclair, Carrie and Rosel, Patricia},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21526819},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Chlordan, Chlordan: metabolism, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: metabolism, Mirex, Mirex: metabolism, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {4270--7},
}





@article{krysiak-baltyn_country-specific_2010,
	title = {Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk.},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1365-2605},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00996.x},
	abstract = {Recent reports have confirmed a worldwide increasing trend of testicular cancer incidence, and a conspicuously high prevalence of this disease and other male reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias, in Denmark. In contrast, Finland, a similarly industrialized Nordic country, exhibits much lower incidences of these disorders. The reasons behind the observed trends are unexplained, but environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that affect foetal testis development are probably involved. Levels of persistent chemicals in breast milk can be considered a proxy for exposure of the foetus to such agents. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive ecological study of 121 EDCs, including the persistent compounds dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and flame retardants, and non-persistent phthalates, in 68 breast milk samples from Denmark and Finland to compare exposure of mothers to this environmental mixture of EDCs. Using sophisticated, bioinformatic tools in our analysis, we reveal, for the first time, distinct country-specific chemical signatures of EDCs with Danes having generally higher exposure than Finns to persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, whereas there was no country-specific pattern with regard to the non-persistent phthalates. Importantly, EDC levels, including some dioxins, PCBs and some pesticides (hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin) were significantly higher in Denmark than in Finland. As these classes of EDCs have been implicated in testicular cancer or in adversely affecting development of the foetal testis in humans and animals, our findings reinforce the view that environmental exposure to EDCs may explain some of the temporal and between-country differences in incidence of male reproductive disorders.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International journal of andrology},
	author = {Krysiak-Baltyn, K and Toppari, J and Skakkebaek, N E and Jensen, T S and Virtanen, H E and Schramm, K-W and Shen, H and Vartiainen, T and Kiviranta, H and Taboureau, O and Brunak, S and Main, K M},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19780864},
	keywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Denmark, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finland, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Testicular Neoplasms, Testicular Neoplasms: chemically induced, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: embryology},
	pages = {270--8},
}





@book{kristof_are_2012,
	title = {Are {You} {Safe} on {That} {Sofa}? - {NYTimes}.com},
	url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&ref=opinion},
	author = {Kristof, Nicholas},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Albemarle Corp, Chemtura Corporation, Chicago Tribune, Citizens for Fire Safety, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Gland, Flame retardants, Hazardous and Toxic Substances, Heimbach David M, Israel Chemicals Ltd, Lobbying and Lobbyists, National Assn of State Fire Marshals, PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls), Regulation and Deregulation of Industry},
}





@article{krahn_persistent_2007,
	title = {Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from {Southern} {Resident} killer whales.},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0025-326X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.015},
	abstract = {"Southern Resident" killer whales include three "pods" (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as "endangered" in the US and Canada following a 20\% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential factors (i.e., levels of pollutants or changes in diet) that could adversely affect Southern Residents. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicated J- and L-pod consumed prey from similar trophic levels in 2004/2006 and also showed no evidence for a large shift in the trophic level of prey consumed by L-pod between 1996 and 2004/2006. Sigma PCBs decreased for Southern Residents biopsied in 2004/2006 compared to 1993-1995. Surprisingly, however, a three-year-old male whale (J39) had the highest concentrations of Sigma PBDEs, Sigma HCHs and HCB. POP ratio differences between J- and L-pod suggested that they occupy different ranges in winter.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Krahn, Margaret M and Hanson, M Bradley and Baird, Robin W and Boyer, Richard H and Burrows, Douglas G and Emmons, Candice K and Ford, John K B and Jones, Linda L and Noren, Dawn P and Ross, Peter S and Schorr, Gregory S and Collier, Tracy K},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17931664},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Biopsy, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame retardants, Killer, Killer: physiology, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Needle, Needle: veterinary, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants, Whale, ffr, mam},
	pages = {1903--11},
}





@article{koike_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants stimulate mouse immune cells in vitro.},
	issn = {1099-1263},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382},
	doi = {10.1002/jat.2809},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used in consumer products. Their toxicological effects as endocrine disruptors have been partly examined. However, their immunological effects have not been elucidated. To evaluate the effects of BFRs on immune responses, we investigated whether BFRs affect phenotypes and the function of immune cells in vitro. Here we examined the commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71), octabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-79), decabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-83R), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Splenocytes and bone marrow (BM) cells were prepared from atopic prone NC/Nga mice. Splenocytes were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. BM cells were cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 8 days and BM-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. In another experiment, BM cells were cultured with GM-CSF in the presence of each BFR for 6 days during BMDC differentiation. After exposure, cell surface molecule expression and cytokine production were investigated. Each BFR increased MHC class II and CD86 expression and interleukin (IL)-4 production in splenocytes. DE-71, HBCD and TBBPA increased T cell receptor (TCR) expression in splenocytes. In both experiments, all BFRs except TBBPA increased DEC205 expression in BMDCs. BMDCs that differentiated in the presence of HBCD showed enhanced MHC class II, CD80, CD86 and CD11c expression. The results demonstrate that some BFRs may stimulate immune cells. BFRs can induce or enhance immune/allergic responses by increasing antigen presentation-related molecule expression and IL-4 production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	journal = {Journal of applied toxicology : JAT},
	author = {Koike, Eiko and Yanagisawa, Rie and Takigami, Hidetaka and Takano, Hirohisa},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22972382},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{koh_breast-milk_2010,
	title = {Breast-milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in relation to women's age and pre-pregnant body mass index.},
	volume = {213},
	issn = {1618-131X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.004},
	abstract = {The aim of the present study was to determine associations between the occurrence of PBDEs in breast milk of women and their demographic parameters. Participants were randomly recruited from the general population in southern Taiwan. Thirty two breast milk samples were collected and subsequently 30 congeners of PBDEs were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean and median of SigmaPBDEs were 3.54 and 3.31 ng/g lipid, respectively. SigmaPBDE levels in breast milk were not significantly correlated with age and pre-pregnant BMI of Taiwanese mothers. We did find, however, that the higher hexaBDE level was significantly related to older age ({\textbackslash}textgreater29 years). Higher levels of SigmaPBDEs and higher brominated PBDEs, such as nonaBDEs and decaBDE, had slightly but not significantly negative correlations with lower pre-pregnant BMI ({\textbackslash}textless or =21 kg/m(2)). There were no significant differences in PBDE levels among parity and ethnic groups. SigmaPBDE levels in Taiwanese breast milk were lower than those reported from the United States or Canada. SigmaPBDE levels of the present study (2007-2008) are significantly lower than those found in our previous report (2000-2001). Although our results were limited by the sampling size, preliminary results suggest the exploratory relations to show positive associations of PBDE homologues (e.g. triBDEs and hexaBDEs) with maternal age. PBDEs pattern of breast milk may have changed after pentaBDEs were stopped to use in Taiwan.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
	author = {Koh, Teck-Wai and Chih-Cheng Chen, Solomon and Chang-Chien, Gou-Ping and Lin, Ding-Yan and Chen, Fu-An and Chao, How-Ran},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19781992},
	keywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Canada, Chromatography, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pregnancy, Taiwan, United States, Young Adult},
	pages = {59--65},
}





@article{krol_monitoring_2011,
	title = {Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds ({SVOCs}) in indoor air.},
	volume = {400},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4910-x},
	abstract = {This paper reviews literature information on the behaviour of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment, as well as the most likely emission sources. The consecutive stages of analytical procedures used for monitoring SVOCs in indoor environments are described. The most common approaches used for collecting samples from the gas and particulate phases are mentioned. The paper discusses and compares various types of sorbents and filters applied in dynamic, passive and denudational techniques, as well as the techniques used to liberate the SVOCs, including Soxhlet, sonication and microwave extraction. The main advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, together with possible future trends. The approaches commonly used during the final determination step, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are presented together with their possible drawbacks, and ways of eliminating them are suggested. The review makes brief reference to the effects of human exposure to SVOCs in house dust and discusses the main aspects of the analytical procedures used to monitor the presence of SVOCs in this medium.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},
	author = {Król, Sylwia and Zabiega{\textbackslash}la, Bo{\textbackslash}.zena and Namieśnik, Jacek},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Air, Air Pollution, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis},
	pages = {1751--1769},
}





@article{kotz_pbde_2005,
	title = {{PBDE}, {PBDD}/{F} and mixed chlorinated-brominated {PXDD}/{F} in pooled human milk samples from different countries.},
	volume = {67},
	url = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in a wide range of materials including electronic products or textiles. Mainly three different mixtures of PBDEs, designated PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE, are used as technical products1. Thermal stress (waste combustion or accidental fires) of PBDEs may result in brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) or mixed brominated-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs)2. These products and there precursors are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate. PBDD/F and PXDD/F congeners show similar toxicity as their chlorinated homologues. The increasing use of brominated flame retardants has raised concern regarding environmental releases of PBDD/Fs3,4. At present, there are only few studies about levels of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs in human milk samples5,6. PBDE concentrations from different countries have been published5,7,8 which indicate that levels in the United States are 10 to 100 times higher than those from Europe. The CVUA analyzed human milk samples from 24 countries for PCDD/Fs and PCBs as reference laboratory of the 3rd round of the WHO-coordinated exposure studies9. As a follow-up, PBDEs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs were quantified in selected samples. The aim was to compare levels of PBDE in human milk from countries worldwide, to investigate a possible correlation between PBDD/F, PXDD/F and PBDE levels and to determine their relative contribution to total TEQs.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Kotz, A and Malisch, R and Kypke, K and Oehme, M},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1540--1544},
}





@article{kong_induction_2011,
	title = {Induction of {DNA} damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: role of oxidative stress.},
	volume = {290},
	issn = {1879-3185},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.006},
	abstract = {2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (BMP) is an extensively used brominated flame retardant found in urethane foams and polyester resins. In a 2-year dietary study conducted by the National Toxicology Program, BMP caused neoplastic lesions at multiple sites including the urinary bladder in both rats and mice. The mechanism of its carcinogenic effect is unknown. In the present study, using SV-40 immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa), endpoints associated with BMP induced DNA damage and oxidative stress were investigated. The effects of time (1-24h) and concentration (5-100 μM) on BMP induced DNA strand breaks were assessed via the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed evidence of DNA strand breaks at 1 and 3h following incubation of cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of BMP. Strand breaks were not present after 6h of incubation. Evidences for BMP associated oxidative stress include: an elevation of intracellular ROS formation as well as induction of Nrf2 and HSP70 protein levels. In addition, DNA strand breaks were attenuated when cells were pre-treated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and oxidative base modifications were revealed when a lesion specific endonuclease, human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) was introduced into the comet assay. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BMP induces DNA strand breaks and oxidative base damage in UROtsa cells. Oxidative stress is a significant, determinant factor in mediating these DNA lesions. These early genotoxic events may, in part, contribute to BMP-induced carcinogenesis observed in rodents.},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Kong, Weixi and Kuester, Robert K and Gallegos, Alfred and Sipes, I Glenn},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22019925},
	keywords = {Cells, Comet Assay, Cultured, DNA Breaks, DNA Breaks: drug effects, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Propylene Glycols, Propylene Glycols: administration \& dosage, Propylene Glycols: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Time Factors, Urothelium, Urothelium: cytology, Urothelium: drug effects, Urothelium: pathology},
	pages = {271--7},
}





@article{koenig_maternal_nodate,
	title = {Maternal transfer of {BDE}-47 to offspring and neurobehavioral development in {C57BL}/{6J} mice.},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1872-9738},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.005},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used worldwide in a variety of commercial goods, and are now widely found in both environmental and biological samples. BDE-47 is one of the most pervasive of these PBDE congeners and therefore is of particular concern. In this study C57BL/6J mice were exposed perinatally to 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg/day of BDE-47, a dose range chosen to encompass human exposure levels. Tissue levels of BDE-47 were measured in the blood, brain, fat and milk of dams and in whole fetal homogenate and blood and brain of pups on gestational day (GD) 15, and postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 10 and 21. From GD 15 to PND 1 levels of BDE-47 increased within dam tissues and then decreased from PNDs 1 to 21. Over the period of lactation levels in dam milk were comparatively high when compared to both brain and blood for all dose groups. Measurable levels of BDE-47 were found in the fetus on GD 15 confirming gestational exposure. From PNDs 1 to 21, levels of BDE-47 in pup tissue increased over the period of lactation due to the transfer of BDE-47 through milk. Behavioral tests of fine motor function and learning and memory were carried out between postnatal weeks 5-17 in order to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity of BDE-47. Behavioral deficits were only seen in the Barnes spatial maze where mice in the three exposure groups had longer latencies and traveled longer distances to find the escape hole when compared to vehicle control mice. These results support the conclusions that perinatal exposure to BDE-47 can have neurodevelopmental consequences, and that lactational exposure represents a significant exposure risk during development.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},
	author = {Koenig, Claire M and Lango, Jozsef and Pessah, Isaac N and Berman, Robert F},
	pmid = {23022914},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Mice, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: growth \& development, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Tissue Distribution},
	pages = {571--80},
}





@inproceedings{klosterhaus_characterization_2008,
	title = {Characterization of the {Brominated} {Chemicals} in a {PentaBDE} {Replacement} {Mixture} and their {Detection} in {Biosolids} {Collected} from {Two} {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area} {Wastewater} {Treatment} {Plants}.},
	volume = {25},
	booktitle = {Symposium on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Klosterhaus, Susan and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},
}





@article{klosterhaus_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in {San} {Francisco} {Bay} sediments and wildlife.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005},
	abstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly in the United States. In this study, a survey of flame retardants in San Francisco Bay was conducted to evaluate whether PBDE replacement chemicals and other current use flame retardants were accumulating in the Bay food web. In addition to PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) were detected in Bay sediments and wildlife. Median concentrations of PBDEs, HBCD, and DP, respectively, were 4.3, 0.3, and 0.2 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) in sediments; 1670, {\textbackslash}textless6.0, and 0.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); 1860, 6.5, and 1.3 ng g⁻¹ lw in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata); 5500, 37.4, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in eggs of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 770, 7.1, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) adults; and 330, 3.5, and {\textbackslash}textless0.1 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (P. vitulina) pups. Two additional flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in sediments but with less frequency and at lower concentrations (median concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively) compared to the other flame retardants. PBEB was also detected in each of the adult harbor seals and in 83\% of the pups (median concentrations 0.2 and 0.07 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively). The flame retardants hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), were not detected in sediments and BTBPE, HBB and TBB were not detected in wildlife samples. Elevated concentrations of some flame retardants were likely associated with urbanization and Bay hydrodynamics. Compared to other locations, concentrations of PBDEs in Bay wildlife were comparable or higher, while concentrations of the alternatives were generally lower. This study is the first to determine concentrations of PBDE replacement products and other flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, providing some of the first data on the food web occurrence of these flame retardants in a North American urbanized estuary.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Stapleton, Heather M and La Guardia, Mark J and Greig, Denise J},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22766500},
	keywords = {Animals, Bays, Bays: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, San Francisco},
	pages = {56--65},
}





@article{klosterhaus_bioaccumulation_2011,
	title = {Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from estuarine sediments to the marine polychaete, {Nereis} virens.},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.497},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Polybrominated diphenyl ether no-uptake rates from estuarine or marine sediments to deposit-feeding organisms have not yet been reported. In the present study, the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to field-contaminated and spiked sediments containing the penta- and deca-BDE commercial mixtures in a 28-d experiment to characterize the relative bioavailability of PBDE congeners from estuarine sediments. A time series sampling regimen was conducted to estimate uptake rate constants. In both field-collected and laboratory-spiked sediment exposures, worms selectively accumulated congeners in the penta-BDE mixture over BDE 209 and other components of the deca-BDE mixture, supporting the prevalence of these congeners in higher trophic level species. Brominated diphenyl ether 209 was not bioavailable to N. virens from field sediment and was only minimally detected in worms exposed to spiked sediments in which bioavailability was maximized. Chemical hydrophobicity was not a good predictor of bioavailability for congeners in the penta-BDE mixture. Direct comparison of bioavailability from the spiked and field sediments for the predominant congeners in the penta-BDE mixture was confounded by the considerable difference in exposure concentration between treatments. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for N. virens after 28 d of exposure to the field sediment were lower than the BSAFs for Nereis succinea collected from the field site, indicating that 28-d bioaccumulation tests using N. virens may underestimate the in situ concentration of PBDEs in deposit-feeding species. The bioavailability of PBDEs to N. virens indicates that these chemicals can be remobilized from estuarine sediments and transferred to aquatic food webs.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Dreis, Erin and Baker, Joel E},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21337608},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: drug effects, Polychaeta: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1204--12},
}





@article{klosterhaus_bioavailability_2010,
	title = {Bioavailability of decabromodiphenyl ether to the marine polychaete {Nereis} virens.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.103},
	abstract = {The flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) accumulates in humans and terrestrial food webs, but few studies have reported the accumulation of BDE 209 in aquatic biota. To investigate the mechanisms controlling the bioavailability of BDE 209, a 28-d bioaccumulation experiment was conducted in which the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to a decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) commercial mixture ({\textbackslash}textgreater85\% BDE 209) in spiked sediments, in spiked food, or in field sediments. Bioaccumulation from spiked substrate with maximum bioavailability demonstrated that BDE 209 accumulates in this species. Bioavailability depends on the exposure conditions, however, because BDE 209 in field sediments did not accumulate ({\textbackslash}textless0.3 ng/g wet weight; 28-d biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs] {\textbackslash}textless0.001). When exposed to deca-BDE in spiked sediments also containing lower brominated congeners (a penta-BDE mixture), bioaccumulation of BDE 209 was 30 times lower than when exposed to deca-BDE alone. Selective accumulation of the lower brominated congeners supports their prevalence in higher trophic level species. The mechanisms responsible for limited accumulation of BDE 209 may involve characteristics of the sediment matrix and low transfer efficiency in the digestive fluid.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Baker, Joel E},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20821515},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {860--8},
}





@article{klepeis_national_2001,
	title = {The {National} {Human} {Activity} {Pattern} {Survey} ({NHAPS}): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants.},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1053-4245},
	shorttitle = {J {Expo} {Anal} {Environ} {Epidemiol}},
	doi = {10.1038/sj.jea.7500165},
	abstract = {Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63\% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87\% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6\% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology},
	author = {Klepeis, N E and Nelson, W C and Ott, W R and Robinson, J P and Tsang, A M and Switzer, P and Behar, J V and Hern, S C and Engelmann, W H},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11477521},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {231--52},
}





@article{kitamura_comparative_2005,
	title = {Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol {A} and 19 related compounds.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfi074},
	abstract = {The endocrine-disrupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and 19 related compounds were comparatively examined by means of different in vitro and in vivo reporter assays. BPA and some related compounds exhibited estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, but there were remarkable differences in activity. Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) showed the highest activity, followed by bisphenol B, BPA, and tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA); 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 2,2-diphenylpropane showed little or no activity. Anti-estrogenic activity against 17beta-estradiol was observed with TMBPA and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). TCBPA, TBBPA, and BPA gave positive responses in the in vivo uterotrophic assay using ovariectomized mice. In contrast, BPA and some related compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the androgenic activity of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3. TMBPA showed the highest antagonistic activity, followed by bisphenol AF, bisphenol AD, bisphenol B, and BPA. However, TBBPA, TCBPA, and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA, and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A exhibited significant thyroid hormonal activity towards rat pituitary cell line GH3, which releases growth hormone in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. However, BPA and other derivatives did not show such activity. The results suggest that the 4-hydroxyl group of the A-phenyl ring and the B-phenyl ring of BPA derivatives are required for these hormonal activities, and substituents at the 3,5-positions of the phenyl rings and the bridging alkyl moiety markedly influence the activities.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Suzuki, Tomoharu and Sanoh, Seigo and Kohta, Ryuki and Jinno, Norimasa and Sugihara, Kazumi and Yoshihara, Shin'ichi and Fujimoto, Nariaki and Watanabe, Hiromitsu and Ohta, Shigeru},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15635150},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms: drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estrogens, Female, Flame retardants, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: chemistry, Hormone Antagonists: classification, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Humans, Mice, NIH 3T3 Cells, NIH 3T3 Cells: drug effects, NIH 3T3 Cells: metabolism, Non-Steroidal, Non-Steroidal: chemistry, Non-Steroidal: classification, Non-Steroidal: toxicity, Occupational, Occupational: toxicity, Phenols, Phenols: chemistry, Phenols: classification, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Tumor, cell line, frelec, tox},
	pages = {249--59},
}





@article{klecka_chemicals_2010,
	title = {Chemicals of emerging concern in the {Great} {Lakes} {Basin}: an analysis of environmental exposures.},
	volume = {207},
	issn = {0179-5953},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9_1},
	abstract = {This review and statistical analysis was conducted to better understand the nature and significance of environmental exposures in the Great Lakes Basin and watershed to a variety of environmental contaminants. These contaminants of interest included current-use pesticides, pharmaceuticals, organic wastewater contaminants, alkylphenol ethoxylates, perfluorinated surfactants, flame retardants, and chlorinated paraffins. The available literature was critically reviewed and used to develop a database containing 19,611 residue values for 326 substances. In many papers, sampling locations were characterized as being downstream from municipal wastewater discharges, receiving waters for industrial facilities, areas susceptible to agricultural or urban contamination, or harbors and ports. To develop an initial assessment of their potential ecological significance, the contamination levels found were compared with currently available regulatory standards, guidelines, or criteria. This review was prepared for the IJC multi-board work group, and served as background material for an expert consultation, held in March, 2009, in which the significance of the contaminants found was discussed. Moreover, the consultation attempted to identify and assess opportunities for strengthening future actions that will protect the Great Lakes. Based on the findings and conclusions of the expert consultation, it is apparent that a wide variety of chemicals of emerging concern have been detected in environmental media (air, water, sediment, biota) from the Great Lakes Basin, although many are present at only trace levels. Although the presence of these contaminants raises concerns in the public and among the scientific community, the findings must be placed in context. Significant scientific interpretation is required to understand the extent to which these chemicals may pose a threat to the ecosystem and to human health. The ability to detect chemicals in environmental media greatly surpasses our ability to understand the implications of such findings. As advances in analytical technologies occur, it is probable that substances previously found to be non-detectable will be detected. However, their presence in environmental media should not be construed to mean that they are necessarily toxic or hazardous. Current-use pesticides are tightly regulated and extensive efforts have been made to analyze for their presence in surface waters from the Great Lakes Basin. The concentrations found in surface waters for many of the pesticides are below current regulatory criteria. However, the concentrations of certain pesticides exceeded current criteria in 6-32\% of the samples analyzed. Detectable concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds were present in 34\% of the surface water samples. Various prescription and non-prescription drugs were detected, most frequently at locations that were proximate to the point of discharge from wastewater treatment plants or agricultural operations. At present, there are no standards, guidelines, or criteria with which to compare these contaminant concentrations. Concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites have been well studied. All surface water nonylphenol concentrations were below US ambient water quality criteria. However, the concentrations reported for some locations exceeded Canadian guidelines for water or sediment. Only limited data were available for a wide variety of organic wastewater contaminants. Measured concentrations in Great Lakes waters were generally low. Where criteria exist for comparison, the concentrations found were generally below the associated regulatory standards. However, exceedences were noted for some classes of compounds, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The highest environmental concentrations were reported in biota for a number of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated surfactants). Various stewardship as well as government risk assessment and risk management programs have been implemented over the past years for many of these compounds. Because risk management strategies for some of these contaminants have been implemented only recently, their impact on environmental concentrations, to date, remains unclear. Current evidence suggests that the concentrations of some brominated flame retardants are trending downward, while the concentrations of others appear to be increasing. Regulatory criteria are not available for many of the chemicals of emerging concern that were detected in the Great Lakes Basin. When criteria do exist, it is important to recognize that they were developed based on the best available science at the time. As the science evolves, regulatory criteria must be reassessed in light of new findings (e.g., consideration of new endpoints and mechanisms of action). Further, there are significant scientific gaps in our ability to interpret environmental monitoring data, including the need for: (a) improving the understanding of the effects of mixtures, (b) information on use of, and the commercial life cycle of chemicals and products that contain them, (c) information on source contributions and exposure pathways, and (d) the need for thoughtful additional regulatory,environmental, and health criteria. Discharges from wastewater treatment plants were identified as an important source of contaminants to surface waters in the Great Lakes Basin. Combined sewer overflows and agricultural operations were also found to be important contributors to concentrations in surface waters. Concentrations of many of the chemicals were generally the highest in the vicinity of these sources, decline with increasing distance from sources, and were generally low or non-detectable in the open waters of the Great Lakes.},
	journal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Klecka, Gary and Persoon, Carolyn and Currie, Rebecca},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20652664},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention \& control, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1--93},
}





@article{kim_comparisons_2012,
	title = {Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired {South} {Korean} cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples.},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman's Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7±5.1 ng g(-1) lipid, 7.7±4.2 ng g(-1) lipid, and 3.0±1.8 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28-30.94 ng g(-1) lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8-17.66 ng g(-1) lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08-8.66 ng g(-1) lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45-73\% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kim, Tae Hyung and Bang, Du Yeon and Lim, Hyun Jung and Won, A Jin and Ahn, Mee Young and Patra, Nabanita and Chung, Ki Kyung and Kwack, Seung Jun and Park, Kui Lea and Han, Soon Young and Choi, Wahn Soo and Han, Jung Yeol and Lee, Byung Mu and Oh, Jeong-Eun and Yoon, Jeong-Hyun and Lee, Jaewon and Kim, Hyung Sik},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22236587},
	keywords = {Adult, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Pregnancy, Republic of Korea},
	pages = {97--104},
}





@article{kim_organophosphorus_2013,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the {Philippines}: occurrence and assessment of human exposure.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1237-x},
	abstract = {The use of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased due to the ban on common polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures. However, only limited information on PFR contamination is available so far from Southeast Asia. In the present study, residual levels of PFRs in house dust and exposure through dust ingestion were investigated in the Philippines. House dust samples (n = 37) were collected from Malate (residential area) and Payatas (municipal dumping area) in the Philippines and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the targeted seven PFRs, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was the predominant compound. Median levels of ΣPFRs in Malate (530 ng/g) were two times higher (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) than in Payatas (240 ng/g). The estimated daily intake of PFRs in the Philippines (of areas studied) via house dust ingestion was below the guideline values. House dust may be an important contributor in the overall exposure of humans to TPP even when considering dietary sources. To our knowledge, this is a first report on PFR contamination in house dust from developing country. PFRs were ubiquitously detected in the home environments in the Philippines. Although estimated exposure levels through dust ingestion were below the guideline, it was suggested that toddlers are at higher risk. Therefore, further investigations to understand the behavior of PFRs in house and other microenvironments and overall exposure pathways for the country's populace to PFRs are necessary.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	author = {Kim, Joon-Woo and Isobe, Tomohiko and Sudaryanto, Agus and Malarvannan, Govindan and Chang, Kwang-Hyeon and Muto, Mamoru and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23054797},
	keywords = {Adult, Child, Chromatography, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Housing, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Philippines, Preschool, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},
	pages = {812--22},
}





@article{kitamura_anti-thyroid_2005,
	title = {Anti-thyroid hormonal activity of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, a flame retardant, and related compounds: {Affinity} to the mammalian thyroid hormone receptor, and effect on tadpole metamorphosis.},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0024-3205},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.030},
	abstract = {The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, and related compounds was examined. TBBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA) and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A (DMBPA) markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T3; 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA did not exhibit thyroid hormonal activity in a thyroid hormone-responsive reporter assay using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-K1) transfected with thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 or beta1, but TBBPA and TCBPA showed significant anti-thyroid hormone effects on the activity of T3 (1 x 10(-8) M) in the concentration range of 3 x 10(-6) - 5 x 10(-5) M. The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of TBBPA was also examined in terms of the effect on amphibian metamorphosis stimulated by thyroid hormone. TBBPA in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-6) M showed suppressive action on T3 (5 x 10(-8) M)-enhancement of Rana rugosa tadpole tail shortening. These facts suggest that TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA can act as thyroid hormone-disrupting agents.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Life sciences},
	author = {Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Kato, Teruhisa and Iida, Mitsuru and Jinno, Norimasa and Suzuki, Tomoharu and Ohta, Shigeru and Fujimoto, Nariaki and Hanada, Hideki and Kashiwagi, Keiko and Kashiwagi, Akihiko},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15680168},
	keywords = {Animals, Antithyroid Agents, Antithyroid Agents: pharmacology, Biological, Biological: drug effects, CHO Cells, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Cricetinae, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genes, Larva, Metamorphosis, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Ranidae, Rats, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: genetics, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, frelec, tox},
	pages = {1589--601},
}





@article{kitamura_thyroid_2002,
	title = {Thyroid hormonal activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol {A} and tetrachlorobisphenol {A}.},
	volume = {293},
	issn = {0006291X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637},
	doi = {10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00262-0},
	abstract = {The thyroid hormonal-disrupting activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) was examined and compared with that of bisphenol A, a typical estrogenic xenobiotic. TBBPA and TCBPA, halogenated derivatives of bisphenol A, markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T(3); 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, but bisphenol A did not. The thyroid hormonal activity of TBBPA and TCBPA was also examined using rat pituitary cell line GH3 cells, which grow and release growth hormone (GH) depending on thyroid hormone. TBBPA and TCBPA enhanced the proliferation of GH3 cells and stimulated their production of GH in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A was inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, and bisphenol A did not show antagonistic action, i.e., these compounds did not inhibit the hormonal activity of T(3) to induce growth and GH production of GH3 cells. TBBPA and TCBPA, as well as bisphenol A, enhanced the proliferation of MtT/E-2 cells, whose growth is estrogen-dependent. These results suggest that TBBPA and TCBPA act as thyroid hormone agonists, as well as estrogens.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications},
	author = {Kitamura, S},
	month = apr,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12054637},
	keywords = {Animals, Binding, Cell Division, Cell Division: drug effects, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Competitive, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Kinetics, Pituitary Gland, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, cell line, frelec, tox},
	pages = {554--559},
}





@article{kirschner_when_2009,
	title = {When {Product} {Safety} and the {Environment} {Appear} to {Collide}: {The} {Defeat} of the {Candle} {Flame} {Ignition} {Requirement}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf},
	journal = {Conformity},
	author = {Kirschner, Michael and Blum, Arlene},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {12--16},
}





@article{kim_para-_2011,
	title = {Para- and ortho-substitutions are key determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ether activity toward ryanodine receptors and neurotoxicity.},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1002728},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that bioaccumulate in human tissues. Their neurotoxicity involves dysregulation of calcium ion (Ca(2+))signaling; however, specific mechanisms have yet to be defined.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Kim, Kyung Ho and Bose, Diptiman D and Ghogha, Atefeh and Riehl, Joyce and Zhang, Rui and Barnhart, Christopher D and Lein, Pamela J and Pessah, Isaac N},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21106467},
	keywords = {Animals, Calcium, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: metabolism, Rats, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel: metabo, Sprague-Dawley, Structure-Activity Relationship, cell line},
	pages = {519--26},
}





@article{kim_assessment_2012,
	title = {Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum from the {Korean} general population.},
	volume = {164},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.016},
	abstract = {In 2009 and 2010, 720 serum samples were collected from non-occupationally exposed study participants at four Korean locations and monitored for the presence of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The median concentrations of Σ(27)PBDEs (the sum of 27 congeners) and Σ(3-7)PBDEs (the sum of tri- to hepta-BDE congeners) were 6.04 and 4.97 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congener detected in serum samples was BDE-153, followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. The median value of Σ(3-7)PBDEs was similar to the median values observed in Asia and Europe, but much lower than that observed in North America. Some significant differences, based on geographic region and sex, were observed. We also observed a positive increase of BDE-153 with regard to age. In addition, we estimated the daily exposure to PBDEs from previously published reports of PBDE concentrations in food and dust, and determined the individual contributions of a variety of sources.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Kim, Jongchul and Kang, Jung-Ho and Park, Hyokeun and Baek, Song-Yee and Kim, Yang-Ho and Chang, Yoon-Seok},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22327115},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Republic of Korea, Young Adult},
	pages = {46--52},
}





@article{karlsson_levels_2006,
	title = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in {Northern} {Fulmar} ({Fulmarus} glacialis) eggs from the {Faroe} {Islands}.},
	volume = {367},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.050},
	abstract = {Eggs from Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were sampled in the Faroe Islands. The content of the brominated flame retardants tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were determined in nine samples in concentrations ranging from non-detectable to 7 ng g-1(l.w.). The BDE levels were similar as in an earlier study of BDE levels in the fulmar eggs from the Faroe Islands but 10-1000 times lower compared to studies of eggs from seabirds and birds of prey from Europe. The two hexaBDEs \#153 and \#154 were the most abundant congeners, which represented around 50\% of the total mean BDE concentration. The levels of BDE \#209 were below the limit of detection (1.24 ng g-1 l.w.) except for one sample, which showed a concentration of 7.18 ng g-1 l.w. BTBPE was detected in eight samples and the mean level was 0.11 ng g-1 l.w. This concentration was 150 times lower than the average total BDE concentration (including BDEs \#28, \#47, \#100, \#99, \#154, \#153, \#183, \#209). BTBPE has only been detected once before in biota. Also other bromo-containing compounds were detected in the fulmar eggs. One group identified was the polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), but because of the absence of reference standards in the lab, these could not be quantified.},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Karlsson, M and Ericson, I and van Bavel, B and Jensen, J-K and Dam, M},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16753200},
	keywords = {Animals, Atlantic Islands, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \& numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, ffr, frelec, waa},
	pages = {840--6},
}





@article{kannan_comparative_2007,
	title = {A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in {Southern} sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes.},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0090-4341},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145},
	doi = {10.1007/s00244-006-0251-8},
	abstract = {Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the California coast continue to exhibit a slower population regrowth rate than the population in Alaska. Infectious diseases have been identified as a frequent cause of death. Infectious diseases caused by varied pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites were suggestive of compromised immunological health of mature animals in this population. To test the hypothesis that elevated exposure to immunotoxic contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to disease susceptibility via immunosuppression, we determined concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in livers of 80 adult female sea otters that died of infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, or emaciation. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in sea otter livers varied widely (10-26,800 ng/g and 81-210,000 ng/g, lipid weight, respectively). Concentrations of PBDEs in sea otters were some of the highest values reported for marine mammals so far. Although PCB concentrations in sea otters have declined during 1992-2002, the mean concentration was at the threshold at which adverse health effects are elicited. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were significantly correlated, suggesting co-exposure of these contaminants in sea otters. No significant association was found between the concentrations of PBDEs and the health status of sea otters. Concentrations of PCBs were significantly higher in otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category, suggesting an association between elevated PCB concentrations and infectious diseases in Southern sea otters.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Perrotta, Emily and Thomas, Nancy J and Aldous, Kenneth M},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17587145},
	keywords = {Animals, Cause of Death, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases: metabolism, Communicable Diseases: mortality, Communicable Diseases: veterinary, Emaciation, Emaciation: metabolism, Emaciation: mortality, Emaciation: veterinary, Female, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Otters, Otters: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},
	pages = {293--302},
}





@article{kicinski_neurobehavioral_2012,
	title = {Neurobehavioral function and low-level exposure to brominated flame retardants in adolescents: a cross-sectional study.},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1476-069X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-86},
	abstract = {Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated a neurotoxic potential of brominated flame retardants, a group of chemicals used in many household and commercial products to prevent fire. Although the first reports of detrimental neurobehavioral effects in rodents appeared more than ten years ago, human data are sparse.},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Kiciński, Micha{\textbackslash}l and Viaene, Mineke K and Den Hond, Elly and Schoeters, Greet and Covaci, Adrian and Dirtu, Alin C and Nelen, Vera and Bruckers, Liesbeth and Croes, Kim and Sioen, Isabelle and Baeyens, Willy and Van Larebeke, Nicolas and Nawrot, Tim S},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23151181},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},
	pages = {86},
}





@article{kester_potent_2002,
	title = {Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters.},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0021-972X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178},
	abstract = {Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenylethers, and bisphenol A derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants, which are capable of interfering with reproductive and endocrine function in birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals. PHAHs exert estrogenic effects that may be mediated in part by their hydroxylated metabolites (PHAH-OHs), the mechanisms of which remain to be identified. PHAH-OHs show low affinity for the ER. Alternatively, they may exert their estrogenic effects by inhibiting E2 metabolism. As sulfation of E2 by estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is an important pathway for E2 inactivation, inhibition of SULT1E1 may lead to an increased bioavailability of estrogens in tissues expressing this enzyme. Therefore, we studied the possible inhibition of human SULT1E1 by hydroxylated PHAH metabolites and the sulfation of the different compounds by SULT1E1. We found marked inhibition of SULT1E1 by various PHAH-OHs, in particular by compounds with two adjacent halogen substituents around the hydroxyl group that were effective at (sub)nanomolar concentrations. Depending on the structure, the inhibition is primarily competitive or noncompetitive. Most PHAH-OHs are also sulfated by SULT1E1. We also investigated the inhibitory effects of the various PHAH-OHs on E2 sulfation by human liver cytosol and found that the effects were strongly correlated with their inhibitions of recombinant SULT1E1 (r = 0.922). Based on these results, we hypothesize that hydroxylated PHAHs exert their estrogenic effects at least in part by inhibiting SULT1E1-catalyzed E2 sulfation.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism},
	author = {Kester, Monique H A and Bulduk, Sema and van Toor, Hans and Tibboel, Dick and Meinl, Walter and Glatt, Hansruedi and Falany, Charles N and Coughtrie, Michael W H and Schuur, A Gerlienke and Brouwer, Abraham and Visser, Theo J},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11889178},
	keywords = {Cytosol, Cytosol: metabolism, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: etiology, Estradiol: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hydroxylation, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Sulfates, Sulfates: metabolism, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: antagonists \& inhibitors, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, estradiol, unsure},
	pages = {1142--50},
}





@article{kawashiro_perinatal_2008,
	title = {Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in {Japan}.},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1348-4540},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used to prevent combustion in consumer products. Examples of BFRs are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and tribromophenol (TBP). These compounds are reported to have adverse effects on human health and endocrine disrupting effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the Japanese perinatal exposure to PBDEs, hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs), TBBPA, and TBP compared with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs). We investigated the concentrations of these compounds in maternal blood, maternal milk, cord blood, and umbilical cords from 16 Japanese mother-infant pairs by HRGC/HRMS. PBDEs were detected in all samples of maternal blood (mean+/-SD; median=25+/-23 pg/g; 18 pg/g wet weight), maternal milk (140+/-220 pg/g; 59 pg/g wet weight), cord blood (4.8+/-6.5 pg/g; 1.6 pg/g wet weight), and umbilical cords (3.1+/-3.1 pg/g; 2.1 pg/g wet weight). The mothers were divided into two groups, a high-concentration group and a low-concentration group. The percentage of BDE-47 showed the greatest difference between the two groups. 6-OH-BDE-47, TBBPA, and TBP were detected in all umbilical cord samples (mean+/-SD; median=8.4+/-8.1 pg/g; 8.0 pg/g, 16+/-5.5 pg/g; 15 pg/g, and 33+/-8.2 pg/g; 32 pg/g wet weight respectively), but not in all maternal blood or cord blood samples. These results indicate that OH-PBDEs, TBBPA, and TBP, in addition to PBDEs, PCBs, and OH-PCBs, pass through the blood-placenta barrier and are retained in the umbilical cord.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Endocrine journal},
	author = {Kawashiro, Yukiko and Fukata, Hideki and Omori-Inoue, Mariko and Kubonoya, Kiyoshi and Jotaki, Tomomi and Takigami, Hidetaka and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Mori, Chisato},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18719292},
	keywords = {Blood Chemical Analysis, Diseases, Diseases: blood, Diseases: chemically induced, Diseases: epidemiology, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Japan, Japan: epidemiology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Umbilical Cord, Umbilical Cord: chemistry, ffr, frelec, hum},
	pages = {1071--84},
}





@article{katsoyiannis_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor and outdoor environments – {A} review on occurrence and human exposure},
	volume = {169},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Katsoyiannis, Athanasios A. and Bogdal, Christian and Paoletti, Elena and Cudlin, Pavel and Besis, Athanasios and Samara, Constantini},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor air, Indoor dust, Outdoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},
	pages = {217--229},
}





@article{karpeta_mixture_2010,
	title = {Mixture of dominant {PBDE} congeners ({BDE}-47, -99, -100 and -209) at levels noted in human blood dramatically enhances progesterone secretion by ovarian follicles.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1210-0668},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. They show an accumulation pattern similar to that of well-known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and others. So far, most of information showing adverse effects of various POPs was based on the exposure to single chemicals. However, in this study we intended to evaluate in vitro effect of the mixture of four most abundant PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) as usually found in wildlife and humans on the secretion of gonad hormones by ovarian follicles.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Endocrine regulations},
	author = {Karpeta, A and Gregoraszczuk, E},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20429633},
	keywords = {Animals, Cells, Coculture Techniques, Complex Mixtures, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Estradiol: secretion, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Granulosa Cells, Granulosa Cells: drug effects, Granulosa Cells: secretion, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: secretion, Swine, Testosterone, Testosterone: secretion, Theca Cells, Theca Cells: drug effects, Theca Cells: secretion, Time Factors, estradiol},
	pages = {49--55},
}





@article{karlsson_levels_2007,
	title = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust},
	volume = {33},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103},
	abstract = {Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable ({\textbackslash}textless0.41 ng g−1 l.w.) to 17 ng g−1 (l.w.). BDE\#28 and \#47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m−3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE\#47 concentration was below the limit of detection ({\textbackslash}textless0.17 ng m−3). BDE\#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m−3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE\#209 level was below LOD ({\textbackslash}textless0.021 ng m−3), at a level of 0.023 ng m−3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g−1, the highest concentration representing BDE\#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE\#47, \#99 and \#209. In the plasma samples BDE\#207 and \#206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE\#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Karlsson, M. and Julander, A. and van Bavel, B. and Hardell, L.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, Flame retardants, Plasma, pbde},
	pages = {62--69},
}





@article{kang_cancer_2008,
	title = {Cancer incidence among male {Massachusetts} firefighters, 1987-2003.},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1097-0274},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327},
	doi = {10.1002/ajim.20549},
	abstract = {Firefighters are known to be exposed to recognized or probable carcinogens. Previous studies have found elevated risks of several types of cancers in firefighters.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American journal of industrial medicine},
	author = {Kang, Dongmug and Davis, Letitia K and Hunt, Phillip and Kriebel, David},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18306327},
	keywords = {Aged, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Incidence, Male, Massachusetts, Massachusetts: epidemiology, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Neoplasms: etiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Odds Ratio, Police, Population Surveillance, Registries, Rescue Work, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors},
	pages = {329--35},
}





@article{kakimoto_detection_2012,
	title = {Detection of {Dechlorane} {Plus} and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in {Japan}.},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.072},
	abstract = {Fish samples purchased from Japanese markets were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP)(syn-, anti-), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)(α, γ). Twenty fish were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for DP and PBDE, and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HBCD. DP was detected in 18 samples and ∑DP concentrations were {\textbackslash}textless0.2-14.2 pg g(-1)wet wt. Among the DP isomers, anti-DP was the dominant residue observed in this study. PBDE was detected in all samples. Concentrations of ∑PBDE ranged from 2.2 to 878 pg g(-1) wet wt. HBCD was detected in 18 samples, and ∑HBCD concentrations were {\textbackslash}textless0.02-21.9 ng g(-1)wet wt. In fish landed near the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, we detected relatively high concentrations of DP, PBDE, and HBCD. These results indicate that the seawaters around East Asia are contaminated with flame retardants. This study demonstrates the presence of DP in fish marketed in Japan for the first time.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Nagayoshi, Haruna and Yoshida, Jin and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Toriba, Akira and Hayakawa, Kazuichi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22698370},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},
	pages = {416--9},
}





@article{kakimoto_time_2008,
	title = {Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of {Japanese} women.},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (alpha, beta, and gamma) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, alpha-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; gamma-HBCD, in 7; and beta-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of summation operatorHBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Tanaka, Yukio},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18076970},
	keywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Milk, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors, frbldg, hum},
	pages = {1110--4},
}





@article{kannan_toxicity_2000,
	title = {Toxicity {Reference} {Values} for the {Toxic} {Effects} of {Polychlorinated} {Biphenyls} to {Aquatic} {Mammals}.},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1080-7039},
	url = {http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491},
	doi = {10.1080/10807030091124491},
	abstract = {Threshold tissue residue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) were derived from the published results of semi-field (i.e., field collected food items were used as a medium of exposure to PCBs in laboratory reared animals) or field toxicity studies conducted with seals, European otters and mink. Based on biomagnification factors (BMFs) and concentrations of PCBs or TEQs measured in fish fed in the diet of experimental aquatic mammals, dietary threshold concentrations were estimated. Hepatic vitamin A, thyroid hormone concentration, suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity and proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogens were the toxicity endpoints measured in aquatic mammals. Threshold concentrations for PCBs or TEQs in livers of aquatic mammals to elicit the physiological effects ranged from 6.6 to 11 µg PCBs/g (geometric mean: 8.7 µ/g) and 160 to 1400 pg TEQs/g (geometric mean: 520 pg/g), lipid weight, respectively. The BMFs for PCBs and TEQs varied depending on the marine mammal species, and therefore the dietary threshold concentrations could be referred only by a range of values (rather than a mean value), which were 10 to 150 ng PCBs/g and 1.4 to 1.9 pg TEQs/g, wet weight, for PCBs and TEQs, respectively.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal},
	author = {Kannan, K. and Blankenship, A. L. and Jones, P. D. and Giesy, J. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, PCBs, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Risk Assessment, TEQs, aquatic mammels, dioxin, marine mammals, reference doses},
	pages = {181--201},
}





@article{kanazawa_association_2010,
	title = {Association between indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds and building-related symptoms among the occupants of residential dwellings.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1600-0668},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00629.x},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of semi-volatile compounds (SVOCs) in residential detached houses in Sapporo, Japan, and whether exposure to these SVOCs was associated with the development of building-related symptoms named 'sick house syndrome' (SHS). The definition of SHS is fundamentally the same as that of the sick building syndrome (SBS). The presence of symptoms of SHS was evaluated using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Surveys and samplings of air and house dust in 41 dwellings were performed from October 2006 to January 2007, and 134 occupants responded to questionnaires. Samples were analyzed to quantify the concentrations of eight plasticizers, eleven phosphate triester flame retardants, two alkyl phenols used as anti-oxidants, and one organochlorine synergist called s-421, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame photometry. The compounds frequently detected were di-n-butylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and dibutylhydroxytoluene in air, and DEHP and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) in dust. Tributylphosphate was strongly and directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS; s-421 was also directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS. On the contrary, some chemicals such as diethylphthalate and TBEP were inversely associated with SHS. In future studies, we plan to assess these associations in a larger population.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Indoor air},
	author = {Kanazawa, A and Saito, I and Araki, A and Takeda, M and Ma, M and Saijo, Y and Kishi, R},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20028434},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: physiopathology, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: adverse effects, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Young Adult},
	pages = {72--84},
}





@article{kalantzi_distribution_2011,
	title = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from {Greece}.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.005},
	abstract = {Human serum samples (n=61) were collected in Attika, Greece between June and October 2007 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Thirty samples were collected from computer clerks of a large computer company in Athens working full-time with computers, and thirty-one from a control population in the Attika region with no computer use. Σ(5)PBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 0.68 to 13.3ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 1.07ngg(-1) lipid. These concentrations are on the lower end of those reported from other countries, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. Individual and ∑(5)PBDE concentrations did not statistically differ between the two groups of computer clerks and non-computer users (p{\textbackslash}textgreater0.05), with the exception of BDE 153 (p=0.033). The predominant congener was BDE 153, followed by BDEs 47, 100, 99, 183, 154 and 28. HBCD was also detected in 70\% of the samples. BDE 209 was detected in 8 out 61 samples (13\%), with concentrations ranging from 1.18 to 19.1ngg(-1) lipid, and a median of 2.94ngg(-1) lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs. Σ(11)PCB (sum of PCBs 74, 99, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183 and 187,) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 36 to 402ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 110ngg(-1) lipid. pp'-DDE concentrations ranged from 53.8 to 1649ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 268ngg(-1) lipid. This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in a possibly occupationally exposed subset of the Greek population.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Kalantzi, Olga I and Geens, Tinne and Covaci, Adrian and Siskos, Panayiotis A},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21059472},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},
	pages = {349--53},
}





@article{kalantzi_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose samples from {Brazil}.},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.008},
	abstract = {Twenty five human breast adipose tissue samples were collected in Porto Alegre, Brazil during 2004-2005 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). SigmaPBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs) ranged from 0.19 to 132 ng/g lipid with a median of 1.51 ng/g lipid. These concentrations are 3- to 100-times lower than those reported from other countries, with the exception of Japan, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. The predominant congener was BDE-47, followed by BDEs 99, 183, 153 and 100. One individual in the dataset had about 70-times higher PBDE concentrations than the rest of the participants. SigmaPCB (sum of PCBs 118, 138, 153, 180) ranged from 30 to 339 ng/g lipid, with a median of 51 ng/g lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs (r=-0.800-0.374, p{\textbackslash}textgreater0.05) or PCB 180 (r=0.278, p{\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). On the other hand, PCBs 118, 138 and 153 did show age dependency (r=0.410-0.458, p{\textbackslash}textless0.05). This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in human breast adipose from Brazil.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Kalantzi, O I and Brown, F R and Caleffi, M and Goth-Goldstein, R and Petreas, M},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {18952285},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Brazil, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, hum},
	pages = {113--7},
}





@article{kalachova_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the {Czech} {Republic}.},
	volume = {441},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061},
	abstract = {The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six "alternative" brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of "alternative" BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges {\textbackslash}textless20-3567 and {\textbackslash}textless0.3-950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70\% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Kalachova, K and Hradkova, P and Lankova, D and Hajslova, J and Pulkrabova, J},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23137984},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Automobiles, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Czech Republic, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis},
	pages = {182--93},
}





@article{kajiwara_determination_2009,
	title = {Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles.},
	volume = {74},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046},
	abstract = {To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction-Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)-were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of alpha-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of gamma-HBCD decreased, indicating that gamma-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 degrees C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n=10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22000 to 43000 mg kg(-1) (i.e. 2.2-4.3\%). We found a higher proportion of the alpha-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that gamma-HBCD isomerized to alpha-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the alpha-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Sueoka, Minekazu and Ohiwa, Toshio and Takigami, Hidetaka},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hot Temperature, Hydrocarbons, Methylene Chloride, Stereoisomerism, Textiles, Textiles: analysis, Ultrasonics},
	pages = {1485--1489},
}





@article{kajiwara_photolysis_2008,
	title = {Photolysis studies of technical decabromodiphenyl ether ({DecaBDE}) and ethane ({DeBDethane}) in plastics under natural sunlight.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562},
	abstract = {Photodebromination of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) incorporated into high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and TV casings was compared under natural sunlight conditions with that of technical decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane). BDE 209 in pulverized HIPS+DecaBDE samples degraded with a half-life of 51 days. In contrast, no marked loss of DeBDethane occurred throughout the experimental period of 224 days. During BDE 209 photolysis in HIPS+DecaBDE samples, partly debromination to nona- and octa-BDE was observed, however, environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100 were not formed. Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) was clearly apparent in the flame-retarded plastics that we investigated. In the HIPS+DecaBDE samples, the PBDF concentration increased by about 40 times after 1 week of exposure, with a concomitant decrease in BDE 209. In the TV casing, tetra- to octa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously during the experiment Although the concentrations of PBDFs found in the plastic matrices tested were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than those of PBDEs, more attention should be paid to the fact that PBDFs are formed by sunlight exposure during normal use as well as disposal/recycling processes of flame-retarded consumer products.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Noma, Yukio and Takigami, Hidetaka},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18605562},
	keywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Dust, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Photochemistry, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, eol, frelec},
	pages = {4404--9},
}





@article{jugan_endocrine_2010,
	title = {Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology.},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {1873-2968},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.006},
	abstract = {Endocrine disruptors are man-made chemicals that can disrupt the synthesis, circulating levels, and peripheral action of hormones. The disruption of sex hormones was subject of intensive research, but thyroid hormone synthesis and signaling are now also recognized as important targets of endocrine disruptors. The neurological development of mammals is largely dependent on normal thyroid hormone homeostasis, and it is likely to be particularly sensitive to disruption of the thyroid axis. Here, we survey the main thyroid-disrupting chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, perchlorates, and brominated flame-retardants, that are characteristic disruptors of thyroid hormone homeostasis, and look at their suspected relationships to impaired development of the human central nervous system. The review then focuses on disrupting mechanisms known to be directly or indirectly related to the transcriptional activity of the thyroid hormone receptors.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Biochemical pharmacology},
	author = {Jugan, Mary-Line and Levi, Yves and Blondeau, Jean-Paul},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19913515},
	keywords = {Animals, Binding Sites, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Perchloric Acid, Perchloric Acid: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: physiology, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Transcription},
	pages = {939--47},
}





@book{jr._governor_2012,
	title = {Governor {Brown} {Directs} {State} {Agencies} to {Revise} {Flammability} {Standards}},
	url = {http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598},
	abstract = {6-18-2012 SACRAMENTO – In an effort to protect public safety by reducing the use of toxic flame retardants, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. today directed state agencies to revise flammability standards for upholstered furniture sold in the state. Governor Brown has asked the Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation to review the state's four-decade-old flammability standards and recommend changes to reduce toxic flame retardants while continuing to ensure fire safety.},
	author = {Jr., Office of Governer Edmund G Brown},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, california, government, state},
}





@inproceedings{kajiwara_behavior_2010,
	address = {Kyoto, Japan},
	title = {Behavior of additive brominated flame retardants in textile products.},
	url = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf},
	abstract = {We are exposed to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in daily life through multiple media including food products, air, and dusts; direct exposure to BFRs from treated goods is also of considerable importance. However, very little is known about behavior of BFRs in the consumer products. Since textile products such as curtains, carpet, and seat covers have high specific surface areas among household articles, BFRs added to textiles may be emitted to the indoor environment and thus contribute as sources of indoor air and dust pollution. As curtains are normally used under sunlight-exposed condition, photodegradation and isomerization potentials of BFRs in the products are of interest as well. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the most frequently added BFR for textiles in Japan, followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane. Recently, wide ranges of HBCD concentrations were found in house dust samples (Stapleton et al., 2004; Abdallah et al., 2008a; Takigami et al., 2009), and apparently higher HBCD levels were observed in indoor air than in outdoor air (Abdallah et al., 2008b), indicating that significant sources of HBCDs very possibly are present indoors. We demonstrated recently an increase of HBCD concentration of indoor air when flame-retarded curtain was hanged over the wall of a room (Kose et al., 2008). However, detail behaviors of BFR emission from textile products remain poorly understood because diastereomer-specific analysis of HBCDs was not conducted in the previous study. This study was designed to examine the behavior of BFRs including HBCDs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products, and to expand the existing knowledge base related to the contribution of these products/materials to contamination of the indoor environment. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the emission rates of HBCD diastereomers from flame-retarded curtains; and (b) to elucidate the potential of HBCD photolysis when exposed the curtains to natural sunlight, in comparison to PBDEs.},
	booktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Kajiwara, N and Takigami, H},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, frbldg},
}





@article{jurgella_effects_2006,
	title = {Effects of xenobiotics and steroids on renal and hepatic estrogen metabolism in lake trout.},
	volume = {148},
	issn = {0016-6480},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.011},
	abstract = {Experiments were conducted to (1) elucidate the biochemical pathways of E2 metabolism in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) kidney and liver, and (2) test the hypothesis that specific xenobiotics and endogenous steroids inhibit E2 metabolism by these tissues. Kidney and liver tissue fragments from immature lake trout were incubated in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled E2 plus various xenobiotics or steroids. E2 metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and quantified by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. A major metabolite produced by both tissues was an unidentified hydroxylated estrogen metabolite (E2-OH) with a molecular mass of 288 that was not estriol (16-OH-E2), but possibly 7alpha-OH-E2 or 2-OH-E2 (catecholestrogen). Both tissues also produced estradiol-17-glucuronide (E2-17-G), estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17-S), and estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3-G). Compared to the kidney, the liver produced half the amount of conjugated metabolites, but twofold more E2-OH. The following xenobiotics (at a concentration of 100 microM) inhibited the production of water-soluble (i.e., conjugated) E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver: 4,4'-(OH)2-3,3',5,5'- tetrachlorobiphenyl (4,4'-OH-TCB), bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TB-BPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TC-BPA), tribromophenol (TBP), trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The alkylphenols, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and 4-octylphenol (OP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (TBDE) had no significant effect on E2 metabolism by either tissue. Testosterone and 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one inhibited the production of conjugated E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver. Cortisol and 11-ketotestosterone inhibited E2 metabolism by the liver only. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for 4,4'-OH-TCB ranged from 7-32 microM in the kidney and 0.6-1.6 microM in the liver. For BPA, IC50's ranged from 40-108 microM in the kidney and 11-18 microM in the liver. Low doses (0.1 microM) of 4,4'-OH-TCB and BPA significantly increased estrogen metabolism in the kidney. The results suggest that certain estrogenic xenobiotics and endogenous steroids may inhibit the phase II conjugation of E2 by the kidney and liver of lake trout, and some of the known biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated, at least partially, by this mechanism of action.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {General and comparative endocrinology},
	author = {Jurgella, Gail F and Marwah, Ashok and Malison, Jeffrey A and Peterson, Richard and Barry, Terence P},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16677648},
	keywords = {Animals, Chromatography, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Phenols, Phenols: pharmacology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Steroids, Steroids: pharmacology, Trout, Trout: metabolism, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: pharmacology, estradiol},
	pages = {273--81},
}





@article{jurewicz_exposure_2013,
	title = {Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children's cognitive development and behavioral problems.},
	issn = {1896-494X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930},
	doi = {10.2478/s13382-013-0099-x},
	abstract = {Nowadays a special attention is focused on prenatal and childhood exposures to a variety of contaminants in the environment, especially toxicants widely present in the environment and their impact on children's health and neurodevelopment. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to several widespread toxicants including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and gas cooking on children's cognitive development and behavioral problems by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to widespread toxicants and children's development for the last eleven years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco and Toxnet literature bases. The combination of following key words was used: 1) referring to the exposure: pregnancy, prenatal exposure, postnatal exposure, gas cooking, exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs and 2) referring to outcome: neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, psychomotor development, behavioral problems, cognitive development, mental health, school achievements, learning abilities. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to insult from low levels of exposure to widespread environmental contaminants such as: phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas cooking. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.},
	journal = {International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health},
	author = {Jurewicz, Joanna and Polańska, Kinga and Hanke, Wojciech},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23715930},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{jonsson_development_2001,
	title = {Development of a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extractor for organophosphate esters in human blood plasma: identification of triphenyl phosphate and octyl diphenyl phosphate in donor plasma.},
	volume = {755},
	issn = {1387-2273},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700},
	abstract = {An extractor has been developed for microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) of lipophilic xenobiotics at trace levels in biological fluids. This new construction allows the sample phase to be stirred, while the organic phase is pumped. The extractor was evaluated using human blood plasma with added organophosphate esters. The size exclusion properties of the membrane reduced lipid co-extraction by approximately 94\% compared to ordinary liquid-liquid extraction. In combination with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) step, the method was shown to remove plasma lipids efficiently and thus allow gas chromatographic separation of the compounds. The clean-up method described, including the SPE step, showed a high level of reproducibility, and recoveries of between 72 and 83\% were obtained for five of the organophosphate esters after a 200-min extraction period. Using this technique, triphenyl phosphate and an isomer of octyl diphenyl phosphate were detected in human plasma obtained from blood donors. The concentration of triphenyl phosphate ranged between 0.13 and 0.15 microg/g plasma.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications},
	author = {Jonsson, O B and Dyremark, E and Nilsson, U L},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11393700},
	keywords = {Blood Donors, Chromatography, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: isolation \& purification, Liquid, Liquid: instrumentation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: blood, Organophosphates: isolation \& purification, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: blood, Organophosphorus Compounds: isolation \& purificati, Plasticizers},
	pages = {157--64},
}





@article{jones-otazo_is_2005,
	title = {Is {House} {Dust} the {Missing} {Exposure} {Pathway} for {PBDEs}? {An} {Analysis} of the {Urban} {Fate} and {Human} {Exposure} to {PBDEs}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b},
	doi = {10.1021/es048267b},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85\% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85\% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Jones-Otazo, Heather A. and Clarke, John P. and Diamond, Miriam L. and Archbold, Josephine A. and Ferguson, Glenn and Harner, Tom and Richardson, G. Mark and Ryan, John Jake and Wilford, Bryony},
	month = jul,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {5121--5130},
}





@article{johnson_associations_2013,
	title = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.},
	volume = {445-446},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Johnson, Paula I and Stapleton, Heather M and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23333513},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {177--84},
}





@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from {New} {York}.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945},
	abstract = {Human adipose tissue samples (n=52) collected in New York City during 2003-2004 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations of PBDEs in adipose tissues ranged from 17 to 9630 ng/g, lipid wt (median: 77; mean: 399 ng/g, lipid wt; sum all di- through hexaBDE congeners). Average PBDE concentrations in human adipose tissues from New York City were 10- to 100-times greater than those reported for European countries. A concentration of 9630 ng/g, lipid wt, found in a sample of adipose tissue, is one of the highest concentrations reported to date. PBDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE) was the major congener detected in human tissues, followed by PBDE congeners \#99 (2,2',4,4',5-penta BDE), 100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE), and 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE). A few individuals contained PBDE 153 as the predominant congener in total PBDE concentrations, suggesting alternative exposure sources, possibly occupational. Principal component analysis of PBDE congener composition in human adipose tissues revealed the presence of five clusters, each characterized by varying composition. No significant difference was found in the concentrations of PBDEs between gender. Concentrations of PBDEs were, on average, similar to those for PCBs in human adipose tissues, and substantially higher when PBDE outliers were retained. PBDE and PCB concentrations were not correlated. PBDE concentrations did not increase with increasing age of the subjects, whereas concentrations of PCBs increased with increasing age in males but not in females in this study. These results suggest differences between PBDEs and PCBs in their sources or time course of exposure and disposition. The presence of comparable or greater concentrations of PBDEs, relative to PCBs, highlights the importance of recentvoluntary and regulatory effortsto cease production of commercial penta- and octa-BDE in North America, although these efforts do not address continuing emissions from existing sources, such as polyurethane foams.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Rapaport, David P and Rodan, Bruce D},
	month = jul,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16082945},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Principal Component Analysis, Sex Factors, ffr, hum},
	pages = {5177--82},
}





@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal {Florida}.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860},
	abstract = {Nine species of marine fish, including teleost fishes, sharks, and stingrays, and two species of marine mammals (dolphins) collected from Florida coastal waters were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to evaluate biomagnification factors (BMF) of these contaminants in a coastal foodweb. In addition, bottlenose dolphins and bull sharks collected from the Florida coast during the 1990s and the 2000s were analyzed for evaluation of temporal trends in PBDE and PCB levels in coastal ecosystems. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle tissues of teleost fishes ranged from 8.0 ng/g, lipid wt (in silver perch), to 88 ng/g, lipid wt (in hardhead catfish), with an overall mean concentration of 43 +/- 30 ng/g, lipid wt. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle of sharks ranged from 37.8 ng/g, lipid wt, in spiny dogfish to 1630 ng/g, lipid wt, in bull sharks. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins and striped dolphins were 1190 +/- 1580 and 660 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Tetra-BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-) was the major congener detected in teleost fishes and dolphin samples, followed by BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-100, and BDE-154. In contrast, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in sharks. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in dolphins and sharks were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those in lower trophic-level fish species, indicating biomagnification of both of these contaminants in the marine foodweb. Based on the analysis of sharks and dolphins collected over a 10-year period, an exponential increase in the concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs has occurred in these marine predators. The doubling time of PBDE and PCB concentrations was estimated to be 2-3 years for bull sharks and 3-4 years for bottlenose dolphin.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Addink, Rudolf and Adams, Douglas H},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16294860},
	keywords = {Animals, Dolphins, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Florida, Food Chain, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, mam, waa},
	pages = {8243--50},
}





@article{johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009,
	title = {An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the {United} {States}.},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205-1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515-1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243-8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants ({\textbackslash}textless1yr), toddlers (1-5yr), children (6-11yr), teenagers (12-19yr), and adults (20yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91\%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56-77\% of the total PBDE intake.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19349061},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Milk, Preschool, United States, ffr},
	pages = {542--8},
}





@article{johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008,
	title = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the {United} {States}.},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002},
	abstract = {Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators–bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark–collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean+/-SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048+/-0.102 and 0.333+/-0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2+/-3 and 7.38+/-18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5+/-12 and 77.7+/-128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872+/-0.5 and 54.5+/-88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5-10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1-5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Adams, Douglas H and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18037156},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Adult, Animals, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Florida, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, New York City, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sharks, Sharks: metabolism, frbldg, frelec, hum, mam, waa},
	pages = {1935--44},
}





@article{johansson_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons ({Falco} peregrinus) breeding in {Sweden}.},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624},
	doi = {10.1897/08-142.1},
	abstract = {Previous analyses of 52 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs collected from two wild and one captive population in Sweden 1987 through 1999 were complemented by including additional polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE-35, -183, -184, -185, -196, -197, -203, and -207). In addition, 31 eggs not previously analyzed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 were analyzed for these. Geometric mean concentrations of BPBDEs, HBCD, and the hexabrominated biphenyl (BB-153) were 3,100, 140, and 81 ng/g of lipid weight for the southern population; 2,500, 110, and 84 ng/g of lipid weight for the northern population; and 47, not detected, and 8 ng/g of lipid weight for the captive population. The BDE congener pattern was dominated by BDE-153, -99, and -100. The results were used to investigate whether a difference in PBDE congener pattern could be distinguished between the two wild populations of peregrine falcons due to different diets, as the southern population preys mainly on birds belonging to the terrestrial food chain while the northern population preys more on aquatic birds. A multivariate t-test showed a subtle but significant (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001) difference in PBDE congener pattern between the two populations. However, our hypothesis that higher-brominated congeners of PBDEs would be present to a greater extent in the terrestrial food chain was not supported by principal component analysis. The average brood size for individual females from the southern population decreased with increasing concentrations of IPBDE in the eggs (log-linear regression p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01).},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Johansson, Anna-Karin and Sellström, Ulla and Lindberg, Peter and Bignert, Anders and De Witt, Cynthia A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {18717624},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Raptors, Raptors: physiology, Sweden, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},
	pages = {9--17},
}





@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2007,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from {Massachusetts}, {USA}.},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1464-0325},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447},
	doi = {10.1039/b711409p},
	abstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB) were measured in human breast milk samples collected across Massachusetts, USA, in 2004. Seventeen PBDE congeners were found in the samples, ranging in concentration from 0.06 to 1910 ng g(-1) lipid wt. BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE), BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE), and BDE-100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE) were the major congeners detected in breast milk samples. Overall mean (+/-SD) concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB were 64.5 +/- 75, 18.9 +/- 19, 32.4 +/- 36, and 2.3 +/- 2.2 ng g(-1) lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of PBDEs were strongly correlated with concentrations of OCPs in the samples. Based on the concentrations of organohalogens and the intake rates of breast milk by infants in the United States, daily ingestion rates of contaminants were calculated. The median ingestion rates for PBDEs, HCHs, DDTs, CHLs, and HCB were 4.0, 212, 141, 44, and 5.79 ng kg(-1) body wt day(-1), respectively. The estimated daily intake of organohalogens by infants was compared with threshold reference values suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), for calculation of hazard quotients (HQs). HQs for individual organohalogens and the sum of HQ for all organohalogens were calculated as HQ indices (HQI). The results suggest that one or more of the contaminants analyzed in this study exceeded the threshold reference values in at least 26\% of the breast milk samples.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Addink, Rudolf and Wong, Chung and Arcaro, Kathleen and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17968447},
	keywords = {Adult, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1205--12},
}





@article{johansson_neonatal_2008,
	title = {Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0161-813X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.008},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as additive flame-retardants, are increasing in the environment and are present in human mother's milk, newborns and toddlers. We reported earlier that several PBDEs, highly brominated PBDEs, caused developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, manifested as persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, habituation capability, learning and memory, and changes in the cholinergic system. The present study was undertaken to explore the dose-response effects of PBDE 209 on spontaneous behaviour, habituation and its effects on the murine cholinergic system. Neonatal male NMRI mice were given 1.4, 2.3, 14 or 21micromol PBDE 209/kg body weight, when 3 days old. The agent was administered as a single oral dose via a metal gastric tube. Spontaneous behaviour and response to the cholinergic agonist nicotine were observed in adult mice at 2 and 4 months of age. Mice were also observed for anxiety-like behaviour in an elevated plus-maze. Adult mice, 2 and 4 months old, showed a dose-response related change in spontaneous behaviour, viz. were hyperactive and showed reduced or lack of habituation, effects that worsen with age. At the adult age of 4 months the susceptibility of the cholinergic system was also affected in a dose-response related manner, viz. reduced and/or hypoactive response to nicotine. This shows that PBDE 209 can be as potent as the lower brominated PBDEs in causing developmental neurotoxic defects.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology},
	author = {Johansson, N and Viberg, H and Fredriksson, A and Eriksson, P},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18930763},
	keywords = {Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acetylcholine: pharmacology, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Exploratory Behavior, Exploratory Behavior: drug effects, Female, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Nicotine, Nicotine: pharmacology, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: pharmacology, Pregnancy, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, frelec, tox},
	pages = {911--9},
}





@article{johansson_temporal_2011,
	title = {Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in {Swedish} {Peregrine} {Falcon} ({Falco} peregrinus peregrinus) eggs.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.010},
	abstract = {A temporal trend study of brominated flame retardants in eggs from peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus), a terrestrial bird of prey, is presented. Eggs collected between 1974 and 2007 were analyzed for the major constituents of the Penta-, Octa- and Decabromodiphenyl ether technical products (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -183 and -209), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Concentrations of BDE-99, -100, -153, -183, -209 and HBCD increased from 1974 to 2000. After the early 2000s, BDE-99, -100, -153 and -183 concentrations decreased, whereas BDE-209 and HBCD concentrations continued to increase. No temporal trend was detected for BDE-47. Rates of increase also differed, with BDE-99 and -100 increasing 3-fold between the 1980s and mid-1990s, and BDE-153 and -183 increasing approximately 10-fold during the same period. The average yearly increase was 15\% and 11\% for BDE-209 and HBCD, respectively, based on log-linear regression trends. There is a change in BDE congener patterns over time, with a shift from the predominance of BDE-99 and -47 until the late 1980s, to BDE-153 becoming the predominant congener later on. BFR temporal trends in Swedish peregrine falcon eggs reflect European BFR usage patterns.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Johansson, Anna-Karin and Sellström, Ulla and Lindberg, Peter and Bignert, Anders and de Wit, Cynthia A},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21396716},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Sweden},
	pages = {678--86},
}





@article{jin_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, {China}.},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.006},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been produced in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province in China, but little is known about the PBDE exposure level of residents to these compounds. We set out to assess potential health risks of PBDEs in the south coast area of the Laizhou Bay by determining the concentrations of PBDEs in serum and breast milk. We measured concentrations of eight PBDE congeners in serum and breast milk. The arithmetic means of Sigma(8)PBDE in pooled serum and breast milk were 613 ng/g lipid and 81.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The highest concentration for Sigma(8)PBDE in all serum pools was 1830 ng/g lipid from the 41-50 year old female group. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, with the mean concentrations of 403 ng/g lipid in serum and 45.6 ng/g lipid in breast milk, respectively. BDE-209 averagely accounted for 65.8\% and 54.2\% of the total PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that high exposures to PBDEs have led to very high PBDE concentrations in serum and breast milk from the residents living in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay. High PBDE concentrations in human serum, particularly in women, pose a potential public health threat to local residents.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Jin, Jun and Wang, Ying and Yang, Congqiao and Hu, Jicheng and Liu, Weizhi and Cui, Jian and Tang, Xiaoyan},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19540593},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Milk, Risk Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frelec, hum},
	pages = {1048--52},
}





@article{ji_genotoxicity_2011,
	title = {Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hydroxylated {PBDEs}, and their mechanisms of toxicity.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137},
	doi = {10.1021/es104344e},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively utilized as flame retardants, and recently there has been concern about potential adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Their hydroxylated analogs (OH-BDEs) have received increasing attention due to their potential for endocrine and neurological toxicities. However, the potentials and mechanisms of genotoxicity of these brominated compounds have scarcely been investigated. In the present study, genotoxicity of tetra-BDEs, penta BDE, octa-BDE, deca-BDE, and tetra-OH-BDEs were investigated by use of chicken DT40 cell lines including wild-type cells and a panel of mutant cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways. Tetra-BDEs have greater genotoxic potential than do the other BDEs tested. OH-tetra-BDEs were more genotoxic than tetra-BDEs. DT40 cells, deficient in base excision repair (Polβ(-/-)) and translesion DNA synthesis (REV3(-/-)) pathways, were hypersensitive to the genotoxic effects of tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs. The observation of chromosomal aberrations and gamma-H2AX assay confirmed that the studied brominated compounds caused double strand breaks. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly rescued the Polβ(-/-) and REV3(-/-) mutants, which is consistent with the hypothesis that PBDEs and OH-BDEs cause DNA damage mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs caused base damage through ROS leading to replication blockage and subsequent chromosomal breaks.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho and Giesy, John P and Musarrat, Javed and Takeda, Shunichi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21545137},
	keywords = {Animals, Chickens, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation, Mutagenicity Tests, cell line},
	pages = {5003--8},
}





@article{jakobsson_exposure_2002,
	title = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} among computer technicians.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794},
	abstract = {This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work. Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others. BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians. On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)-response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Jakobsson, Kristina and Thuresson, Kaj and Rylander, Lars and Sjödin, Andreas and Hagmar, Lars and Bergman, Ake},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11999794},
	keywords = {Adult, Chromatography, Computers, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Job Description, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, frelec, hum},
	pages = {709--16},
}





@book{iso_iso_1993,
	address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
	title = {{ISO} 9705:1993 {Full}-scale room test for surface products},
	url = {http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561},
	publisher = {International Organization for Standardization},
	author = {{ISO}},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{insulation_proposed_2012,
	title = {Proposed {TB}-117-2012 {Language} {Draft}},
	url = {http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf},
	author = {Insulation, California Bureau of Electronic and Furnishings, Appliance Repair Home and {Thermal}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{imm_household_2009,
	title = {Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in a {Wisconsin} {Cohort}.},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0900839},
	abstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Buelow, Carol and Anderson, Henry A},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {20049208},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Cohort Studies, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Male, Middle Aged, Spectrometry, Time Factors, X-Ray Emission},
	pages = {1890--5},
}





@article{jayakody_fire-retardant_2000,
	title = {Fire-{Retardant} {Characteristics} of {Water}-{Blown} {Molded} {Flexible} {Polyurethane} {Foam} {Materials}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {07349041},
	url = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430},
	doi = {10.1106/4EGW-LH1C-XFBJ-AFWL},
	abstract = {Polyurethane flexible foam materials have a wide range of industrial applications. These applications include flexible foams for packaging, polyurethane-based foam materials for seat cushions in buses, railways, the airline industry, prisons, and domestic bedding. There is a substantial need for the development of flexible molded foam materials with low heat release rates and smoke release rates. In this study, an extensive series of flexible, molded polyurethane seat cushion materials based on polymeric MDI and polyether polyols were prepared and further modified with commercially available flame retardant additives. The flame retardant behavior of these foam materials was evaluated using Cone Calorimeter (ASTM-E 1354), vertical Bunsen burner test for cabin and cargo component materials [FAR 25.853 (a), Appendix F, Part I, (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii)], and oil burner test for seat cushions [FAR 25.853 (c), Appendix F, Part II]. Several formulations that passed the 12-second vertical Bunsen burner test were identified. These include the formulations modified with Firemaster(R) HP-36, Decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony oxide/Firemaster(R)HP-36, Fyrol(R) FR-2, and Fyrol(R) FR-2/graphite powder. A formulation modified with Antiblaze(R)-230 and a cross-linking agent passed both 12-second and 60-second vertical Bunsen burner tests. But, all of these materials did not pass the oil burner tests for seat cushions. Using the cone calorimeter, materials with a reduction in peak heat release rate of up to 57\% were prepared and with up to a fourfold increase in char residue in the cone. However, most FR formulations showed an increase in carbon monoxide and smoke generation. Lowest peak HRR data were obtained with Firemaster(R) HP-36/Sb2O3 and Dow Silicones(R)1-9641 at 25kW/m2 and with Fyrol(R) FR2/cross-linker at 35 kW/m2 exposure. It appears that there is no correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical Bunsen burner test results.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Jayakody, C and Myers, D and Sorathia, U and Nelson, GL},
	month = nov,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
	pages = {430--455},
}





@book{janssens_reducing_2012,
	title = {Reducing {Uncertainty} of {Quantifying} the {Burning} {Rate} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf},
	publisher = {Southwest Research Institute},
	author = {Janssens, Marc L},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, NIJ Final Grant Report},
}





@article{isobe_contamination_2011,
	title = {Contamination status of {POPs} and {BFRs} and relationship with parasitic infection in finless porpoises ({Neophocaena} phocaenoides) from {Seto} {Inland} {Sea} and {Omura} {Bay}, {Japan}.},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.014},
	abstract = {Contamination status of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blubber of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) stranded along the coasts of Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay in Japan were investigated. Levels of PCBs, DDTs and CHLs were significantly higher than those of HCHs, HCB, PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs, as well as organochlorine compounds in males increased with body length (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05). Among 14 PBDE congeners analyzed, BDE-47 was the predominant, which is similar to those generally reported in biota. PBDEs, HBCDs and PCBs showed no obvious temporal trend in concentrations during the study period, suggesting continuous environmental release of these chemicals. On the other hand, levels of DDT, CHLs and HCHs have decreased. Concentrations of PCBs in liver trematode infected individuals were significantly higher than those in not infected individuals, implying there could be a relationship between contaminant levels and parasitic infection.},
	number = {5-12},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Isobe, Tomohiko and Oshihoi, Tomoko and Hamada, Hiroki and Nakayama, Kei and Yamada, Tadasu K and Tajima, Yuko and Amano, Masao and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21334693},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animal, Animal: epidemiology, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Male, Oceans and Seas, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Parasitic Diseases, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Porpoises: parasitology, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {564--71},
}





@article{isobe_geographical_2012,
	title = {Geographical distribution of non-{PBDE}-brominated flame retardants in mussels from {Asian} coastal waters.},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-012-0945-6},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) used as alternatives for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are also persistent in the environment as PBDEs. Limited information on these non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is available; in particular, there are only few publications on environmental pollution by these contaminants in the coastal waters of Asia. In this regard, we investigated the contamination status of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE in the coastal waters of Asia using mussels as a bioindicator. Concentrations of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were determined in green (Perna viridis) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the coastal areas in Cambodia, China (mainland), SAR China (Hong Kong), India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam on 2003-2008. BTBPE and DBDPE were analyzed using GC-MS, whereas HBCDs were determined by LC-MS/MS. HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were found in mussels at levels ranging from {\textbackslash}textless0.01 to 1,400, {\textbackslash}textless0.1 to 13, and {\textbackslash}textless0.3 to 22 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Among the three HBCD diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was the dominant isomer followed by γ- and β-HBCDs. Concentrations of HBCDs and DBDPE in mussels from Japan and Korea were higher compared to those from the other Asian countries, indicating extensive usage of these non-PBDE BFRs in Japan and Korea. Higher levels of HBCDs and DBDPE than PBDEs were detected in some mussel samples from Japan. The results suggest that environmental pollution by non-PBDE BFRs, especially HBCDs in Japan, is ubiquitous. This study provides baseline information on the contamination status of these non-PBDE BFRs in the coastal waters of Asia.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	author = {Isobe, Tomohiko and Ogawa, Shohei P and Ramu, Karri and Sudaryanto, Agus and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22875421},
	keywords = {Animals, Asia, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Southeastern, Water Pollutants, unsure},
	pages = {3107--17},
}





@article{imm_household_2009,
	title = {Household {Exposures} to {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) in a {Wisconsin} {Cohort}},
	volume = {117},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0900839},
	abstract = {Background: Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood. oBjectives: This study was designed to assess current PBDE body burdens and identify residential sources of exposure among 29 men and 15 women in 38 households. Methods: Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers were used to measure bromine levels in upholstered furnishings, bedding, vehicle interiors, and electronic devices. Vacuum cleaner con- tents, indoor air samples, and blood sera were analyzed for PBDE congeners using conventional gas chromatograph methods. results: Bromine levels varied widely within similar household items. The greatest range for upholstered items was found among vehicle seat cushions (7–30,600 ppm). For electronic devices, television sets ranged from 4 ppm to 128,300 ppm. Based on mixed effects modeling, adjusting for couple households, the bromine content in the participants' sleeping pillows and primary vehicle seat cushions were the strongest predictors of log lipid-adjusted blood serum PBDE concentrations (p-values = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively). The total pentaBDE congener levels found in dust samples and in passive air samples were not significant predictors of blood sera levels. conclusions: This study demonstrates the usefulness of the portable XRF analyzer in identifying household items that may contribute to human exposure to PBDEs.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Buelow, Carol and Anderson, Henry A},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1890--1895},
}





@article{ilyas_characterization_2011,
	title = {Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface soils from {Surabaya}, {Indonesia}.},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.067},
	abstract = {In this study, soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs and two novel BFRs such as 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromopenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in various locations such as industrial, urban, rural, dumping site and agricultural areas of Surabaya, Indonesia has been characterized in order to evaluate their contamination status, profiles, potential sources, fate and behavior. Range and median concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs, BTBPE and DBDPE were ND - 9.6 (1.2), 0.069 - 24 (7.4), ND - 1.8 (0.48), ND - 1.7 (0.14) and ND - 7.6 (2.2) ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Industrial, urban and dumping areas were inventoried as the main sources of these pollutants. Decreasing gradient levels were observed for these contaminants from industrial district, urban, dumping site, rural and agricultural areas, in that order. Furthermore, organic carbon contents and proximity to the point sources were found as the major controlling factors. Contaminant profiles were characterized by the predominance of hexa-, hepta- and penta-homologues for PCBs; deca-, nona- and octa- for PBDEs and α-isomer for HBCDs. Product mixtures such as Ar1260/KC600 and Ar1254/KC500 for PCBs, deca- and octa-BDEs for PBDEs were the possible common formulations used in study area. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study on characterization of soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs together with two novel BFRs in a highly industrialized city located in tropical region. This study provides baseline information for establishing national monitoring programs in Indonesia.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ilyas, Muhammad and Sudaryanto, Agus and Setiawan, Iwan Eka and Riyadi, Adi Slamet and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ogawa, Shohei and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21429558},
	keywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry},
	pages = {783--91},
}





@book{icc_international_2006,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Building} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2000,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Residential} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2009,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Residential} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2003,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Residential} {Code}},
	url = {http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icbo_1976_1976,
	address = {Whittier, CA},
	title = {1976 {Uniform} {Building} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Conference of Building Officials},
	author = {{ICBO}},
	year = {1976},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icbo_1961_1961,
	address = {Whittier, CA},
	title = {1961 {Uniform} {Building} {Code}.},
	publisher = {International Conference of Building Officials},
	author = {{ICBO}},
	year = {1961},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{ibhazehiebo_suppression_2011,
	title = {Suppression of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and disruption of thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar morphogenesis by the polybrominated biphenyl mixture, {BP}-6.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1872-9711},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.008},
	abstract = {Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are polyhalogenated, bioaccumulative flame retardant chemicals, which have been used in a variety of consumer and household products. They were accidentally introduced into the food chain in Michigan in 1973 and have remained a source of health concern. Studies have shown that exposure to PBB may cause adverse neurotoxic effects. We therefore examined the effects of BP-6, a PBB mixture, on thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription, on TH-induced Purkinje cell dendritogenesis, and on TH-induced cerebellar granule cell neurite extension. Our study shows that BP-6 suppressed TR-mediated transcription in CV-1 cells. Mammalian two-hybrid studies revealed that BP-6 did not inhibit coactivator binding to TR nor did it recruit corepressors to TR. Further examination using the liquid chemiluminescent DNA pull down assay revealed partial dissociation of TR from TH response element (TRE). In primary rat cerebellar culture, BP-6 significantly suppressed TH-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells, and in reaggregate rat granule cell culture, impaired TH-induced neurite extension of granule cells. Taken together, our results indicate that BP-6 may disrupt TH homeostasis and consequently impair normal neuronal development.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology},
	author = {Ibhazehiebo, Kingsley and Iwasaki, Toshiharu and Okano-Uchida, Takayuki and Shimokawa, Noriaki and Ishizaki, Yasuki and Koibuchi, Noriyuki},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21396401},
	keywords = {Animals, Binding Sites, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebellum: growth \& development, Cerebellum: metabolism, Cerebellum: pathology, Dendrites, Dendrites: drug effects, Dendrites: metabolism, Dendrites: pathology, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Glucocorticoid, Glucocorticoid: drug effects, Glucocorticoid: metabolism, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: metabolism, Neurites: pathology, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Purkinje Cells: pathology, Rats, Receptors, Response Elements, Response Elements: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: genetics, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Transcription, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Wistar, cell line},
	pages = {400--9},
}





@incollection{hull_handbook_2012,
	title = {Handbook on {Green} {Flame} {Retardancy} of {Polymers}},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	author = {Hull, T Richard},
	editor = {Papaspyrides, Constantine D and Kiliaris, Pantelis},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{hudec_tris_1981,
	title = {Tris ( {Dichloropropyl} ) {Phosphate} , a {Mutagenic} {Flame} {Retardant} : {Frequent} {Occurrence} in {Human} {Seminal} {Plasma}},
	volume = {211},
	url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf},
	number = {4485},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Hudec, T and Thean, J},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {951--952},
}





@article{ilyas_characterization_2011,
	title = {Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of {Surabaya}, {Indonesia}.},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.006},
	abstract = {A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from {\textbackslash}textlessDL-420, {\textbackslash}textlessDL-35 and {\textbackslash}textlessDL-5.4 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Ilyas, Muhammad and Sudaryanto, Agus and Setiawan, Iwan Eka and Riyadi, Adi Slamet and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20875653},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {89--98},
}





@article{ikonomou_exponential_2002,
	title = {Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the {Canadian} {Arctic} from 1981 to 2000.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966},
	abstract = {A suite of 37 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and all of the homologue groups from mono- to deca-brominated were determined in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) blubber collected from subsistence hunts in the Canadian Arctic in 1981, 1991, 1996, and 2000. Total PBDE (sum(PBDE)) concentrations have increased exponentially over this period in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years. Penta- and hexa-BDEs are increasing at approximately the same rate (t2 = 4.7 and 4.3 years, respectively) and more rapidly than tetra-BDEs (t2 = 8.6 years) and tri-BDEs (t2 = infinity) in this age/sex grouping. In contrast to declining PBDE concentrations since 1997 in human milk from Sweden, sum(PBDE) concentrations in arctic ringed seals continue to increase exponentially similar to worldwide commercial penta-BDE production. PBDE congener profiles in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years from 1991 to 2000 also differ significantly from other aquatic organisms and semipermeable membrane devices collected from temperate coastal regions of British Columbia. While PBDE concentrations are 50 times lower than those of mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs, and approxiamately 500 times higher than PCDD/Fs, our data indicate that, at current rates of bioaccumulation, PBDEs will surpass PCBs to become the most prevalent organohalogen compound in Canadian arctic ringed seals by 2050.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Ikonomou, Michael G and Rayne, Sierra and Addison, Richard F},
	month = may,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12026966},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Arctic Regions, Canada, Earless, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Retrospective Studies, Seals, Tissue Distribution, ffr, mam},
	pages = {1886--92},
}





@book{icc_international_2012,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Residential} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2009,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Building} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2003,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Building} {Code}},
	url = {http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2000,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Building} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2012,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Building} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{icc_international_2006,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {International {Residential} {Code}},
	publisher = {International Code Council},
	author = {{ICC}},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{ibhazehiebo_disruption_2011,
	title = {Disruption of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and thyroid hormone-induced {Purkinje} cell dendrite arborization by polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1002065},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants and are becoming a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Adverse effects in the developing brain are of great health concern.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Ibhazehiebo, Kingsley and Iwasaki, Toshiharu and Kimura-Kuroda, Junko and Miyazaki, Wataru and Shimokawa, Noriaki and Koibuchi, Noriyuki},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20870570},
	keywords = {Animals, Cells, Cultured, Female, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Haplorhini, Immunohistochemistry, Pregnancy, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Transcription, Wistar, cell line},
	pages = {168--75},
}





@book{iarc_iarc_2010,
	address = {Lyon},
	title = {{IARC} {Monographs} on the {Evaluation} of {Carcinogenic} {Risks} to {Humans}: {FIREFIGHTING}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf},
	abstract = {This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of shiftwork, painting and firefighting. Shiftwork is estimated to involve about 15-20\% of the total working population. It is most prevalent among workers in the health care, transportation, communication, leisure and hospitality sectors. Shiftwork involving work at night is the most disruptive for the circadian clock. Painters are potentially exposed to the chemicals found in paint products during their application and removal, and may also be exposed to other workplace hazards, such as asbestos or crystalline silica dust. Firefighters may be exposed at different intensity levels depending on crew assignment, tasks, and/or the time spent at fires. All fires generate a very large number of toxic combustion products, including known, probable or possible carcinogens. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays where appropriate, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard of these three exposure circumstances to humans.},
	publisher = {International Agency for Research on Cancer},
	author = {{IARC}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{iarc_monographs_1990,
	address = {Paris, France},
	title = {Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. {Volume} 48. {Some} flame retardants and textile chemicals, and exposures in the textile manufacturing industry: {Summary} of data reported and evaluation.},
	url = {http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=72&codcch=48},
	abstract = {Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to selected flame retardants and other chemicals used in the textile manufacturing industry. Agents were selected for evaluation on the basis of the availability of data on carcinogenicity and on human exposure. The book also includes an extensive monograph addressing the question of whether employment in the textile manufacturing industry exposes workers to carcinogenic risks. Monographs cover six flame retardants (chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, decabromodiphenyl oxide, dimethyl hydrogen phosphite, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate), five textile dyes (para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Yellow 3, Vat Yellow 4, and 5-nitro-ortho-toluidine), and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts. Para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans; and chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, Disperse Blue 1, and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The remaining chemicals could not be classified. The most extensive monograph evaluates occupational exposures in the textile manufacturing industry. Evaluations of risk concentrate on epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity at the oral and pharyngeal, oesophagus and stomach, nasal cavity, larynx, lung, and bladder sites. In view of the strength of findings of bladder cancer among dyers and among weavers and of cancer of the nasal cavity among weavers and other textile workers, the monograph concludes that working in the textile manufacturing industry entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans.},
	publisher = {World Health Organization},
	author = {{IARC}},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},
}





@article{hwang_assessment_2012,
	title = {Assessment of characteristic distribution of {PCDD}/{Fs} and {BFRs} in sludge generated at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.},
	volume = {88},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527},
	abstract = {The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/Fs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sludge generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) and industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) was investigated. The concentrations of these pollutants were in the following ranges: 5.38-7947ngkg(-1)dw (0.02-49.9ngWHO-TEQkg(-1) dw) for 17 PCDD/Fs, 17.5-66761μgkg(-1)dw for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1.55-29604μgkg(-1)dw for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) (α-, β-, and γ-diastereomers), and 4.01-618μgkg(-1)dw for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Generally, the levels of each compound in the sewage-sludge samples were higher than those in the industrial-sludge samples with some exceptions. The characteristic distribution profiles of target compounds were observed for different types of sludge and different sources of wastewater. High-chlorinated PCDD/Fs were dominant in all samples except those from the textile industry. The distribution of the BFRs in industrial-sludge samples varied, whereas that of the BFRs in sewage-sludge samples was consistent. The proportion of penta-BDEs in sewage sludge was higher than that in industrial sludge, even though BDE-209 was the most dominant congener in all the samples. For HBCDs, the distribution of diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) was similar across sludge samples that had the same source of wastewater and treatment processes.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hwang, In-Kyu and Kang, Hee-Hyung and Lee, In-Seok and Oh, Jeong-Eun},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {888--894},
}





@article{hunsinger_formation_2002,
	title = {Formation and destruction of {PCDD}/{F} inside a grate furnace.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449},
	abstract = {Formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans PCDD/F during the combustion process was investigated experimentally in a pilot plant. All important process steps like the burnout of the fuel bed on the grate, the burnout of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber, the heat recovery in a boiler as well as influences of the fuel composition are described in detail. High concentrations especially of PCDF are formed during the burnout of the fuel bed. The formation reaction is mainly influenced by the fuel composition and the burnout characteristic of the fuel bed. Fuels with low chlorine and low metal content (Cu) result only in negligible concentrations of PCDD/F. Under stable combustion conditions characterized by an excellent flue gas burnout PCDD/F will almost be completely destroyed already inside the combustion chamber. "Cold strands" of unburned flue gas (high CO concentrations) caused by disturbed combustion conditions will result in high concentrations of PCDD and especially of PCDF in the raw gas. A second place of PCDD/F formation is the well-known boiler section. Here fly ash deposits containing residual carbon (mainly soot particles) are the source for the formation reaction. Under stationary effective combustion conditions, they are dominant for PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas over a very long period of time. Stationary efficient flue gas burnout (especially soot) together with effective boiler cleaning will guaranty low concentrations of PCDD/F in the flue gas in front of the flue gas cleaning system.},
	number = {9-10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hunsinger, H and Jay, K and Vehlow, J},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12002449},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: chemistry, Carbon, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Incineration, Particle Size, Refuse Disposal, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry},
	pages = {1263--72},
}





@article{hudec_trisdichloropropylphosphate_1981,
	title = {Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent cocurrence in human seminal plasma.},
	volume = {211},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.7466368},
	abstract = {Negative-chemical-ionization mass spectral screening of extracts of human seminal plasma has revealed a presence of a Cl7 ion cluster at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 463 in a significant number of the samples examined (34 out of 123). Experiments with different gases used to generate the negative-chemical-ionization plasma indicated that the ion at m/z 463 was a chloride adduca of a Cl6 molecule with a mass of 428 daltons. Negative-chemical-ionization mass measurement with ions from the iodoform mass spectrum used as reference peaks gave a mass of 427.882 daltons; C9H15PCl6 has a molecular weight of 427.883. Extraction of polyurethane foam with toluene produced an extract that consistently gave a negative-chemical-ionization spectrum containing an intense Cl7ion at m/z463. The component producing ion was isolated, and its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed that it was tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant. The negative-chemical-ionization screening evidence suggests that this flame retardant or its isomer tris(2,3-dichloro-l-propyl)phosphate, or both, are absorbved into the body from formulations in which they are used as flame retardants. Remedial action seems indicated to reduce human exposure to these compunds.},
	number = {4485},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Hudec, T and Thean, J and Kuehl, D and Dougherty, R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},
	pages = {951--952},
}





@article{huang_comparative_2010,
	title = {Comparative cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of five polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in mouse cerebellar granule neurons.},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfp296},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants comprising 209 congeners, have become widespread environmental pollutants. High levels of PBDEs have been detected in human tissues, particularly in North America, and body burden is especially high in infants and toddlers because of exposure through breast milk and house dust. Increasing evidence, provided by animal studies, suggests that PBDEs are developmental neurotoxicants, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Various PBDEs have been reported to cause oxidative stress and to induce apoptotic cell death in several cell types. In the present study, we investigated the comparative neurotoxicity in mouse cerebellar granule neurons of five brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, chosen among the most commonly found at the highest levels in human tissues. All BDE congener tested (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209) decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death, which was prevented by antioxidants. They also caused oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in reactive oxygen species and in lipid peroxidation. For all end points measured, the potency ranking of the congeners was BDE-100 {\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-47 {\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-99 {\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-153 {\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-209. Measurement of BDE congener levels in neurons after exposure to different concentrations showed a significant accumulation in cells, which followed the same relative ranking. The findings suggest that all BDE congeners tested exhibit the same general mode of action (induction of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis) and that the ability of each isomer to elicit such effects is dependent upon their accumulation in neurons, particularly in the microsomal fraction and the mitochondria.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Huang, Suping C and Giordano, Gennaro and Costa, Lucio G},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19969594},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mice, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Toxicity Tests},
	pages = {124--32},
}





@article{huang_behavior_2010,
	title = {Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in the soil-plant system: uptake, translocation, and metabolism in plants and dissipation in soil.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822},
	doi = {10.1021/es901860r},
	abstract = {Deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is the major component of the commercial deca-BDE flame retardant. There is increasing concern over BDE-209 due to its increasing occurrence in the environment and in humans. In this study the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system was investigated. Accumulation of BDE-209 was observed in the roots and shoots of all the six plant species examined, namely ryegrass, alfalfa, pumpkin, summer squash, maize, and radish. Root uptake of BDE-209 was positively correlated with root lipid content (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.81). The translocation factor (TF, C(shoot)/C(root)) of BDE-209 was inversely related to its concentration in roots. Nineteen lower brominated (di- to nona-) PBDEs were detected in the soil and plant samples and five hydroxylated congeners were detected in the plant samples, indicating debromination and hydroxylation of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system. Evidence of a relatively higher proportion of penta- through di-BDE congeners in plant tissues than in the soil indicates that there is further debromination of PBDEs within plants or low brominated PBDEs are more readily taken up by plants. A significant negative correlation between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and the soil microbial biomass measured as the total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05, R(2) = 0.74) suggests that microbial metabolism and degradation contribute to BDE-209 dissipation in soil. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Huang, Honglin and Zhang, Shuzhen and Christie, Peter and Wang, Sen and Xie, Mei},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20000822},
	keywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: analysis},
	pages = {663--7},
}





@article{huang_plant_2010,
	title = {Plant uptake and dissipation of {PBDEs} in the soils of electronic waste recycling sites.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.034},
	abstract = {Plant uptake and dissipation of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites were investigated in a greenhouse study. Eighteen PBDE congeners (tri- through deca-) were detected in the plant tissues. The proportion of lower brominated PBDEs (mono- through hexa-) in plant roots was higher than that in the soils. A concentration gradient was observed of PBDEs in plants with the highest concentrations in the roots followed by the stems and lowest in the leaves. Reduction rates of the total PBDEs in the soils ranged from 13.3 to 21.7\% after plant harvest and lower brominated PBDEs were associated with a higher tendency to dissipate than the higher brominated PBDEs. This study provides the first evidence for plant uptake of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites and planting contributes to the removal of PBDEs in e-waste contaminated soils.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental pollution},
	author = {Huang, Honglin and Zhang, Shuzhen and Christie, Peter},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20869797},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},
	pages = {238--43},
}





@article{hu_brominated_2008,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda ({Ailurus} fulgens) from {China}.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994},
	abstract = {Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in captive giant and red panda tissues from China. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in tissues ranged from 16.3 to 888 ng/g lipid weight (lw), 24.8 to 854 ng/g lw, and 16.4 to 2158 ng/g lw, respectively. p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH were major OCP contaminants. PCBs 99, 118, 153/132, 170, 180, and 209 were the major contributing congeners determined. Among PBDEs, congener BDE-209 was the most frequent and abundant, followed by BDE-206, BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-203, BDE-47, and BDE-153. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane) was detected in 87 and 71\% of the giant and red panda samples with concentrations up to 863 ng/g lw, respectively. The remarkable levels and dominance of BDE-209 and DeBDethane may relate to significant production, usage, or disposal of BFRs in China. The positive significant correlation between concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in captive pandas may suggest that the exposure routes of PBDEs and PCBs to panda are similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of DeBDethane in captive wildlife samples. Therefore, further studies are warranted to better understand DeBDethane production, transport, uptake, and toxicological effect.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hu, Guo-Cheng and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Dai, Jia-Yin and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Wu, Hua and Zhang, Cheng-Lin and Guo, Wei and Xu, Mu-Qi and Mai, Bi-Xian and Weit, Fu-Wen},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18677994},
	keywords = {Ailuridae, Ailuridae: metabolism, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \& numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gel, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Zoo, Zoo: metabolism, ffr, frelec, waa},
	pages = {4704--9},
}





@article{hradkova_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence of halogenated contaminants in fish from selected river localities and ponds in the {Czech} {Republic}.},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1432-0703},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965},
	doi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9681-z},
	abstract = {The occurrence of organohalogenated compounds including major persistent chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT and its metabolites, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), represented by polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), together with currently widely discussed perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), mainly perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was monitored in several fish species collected from Czech rivers. Eleven sampling locations in highly industrialized areas were chosen. In addition, wild species of 14 farmed fish (grown in dedicated ponds) were also analysed. With respect to the contamination in different areas, chlorinated chemicals were dominant. PCBs and DDTs ranged from 4.8 to 211 and 2 to 791 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. Concentrations of BFRs and PFCs were significantly lower and ranged from 0.6 to 10.2 and 0.9 to 62 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. The highest levels of target analyte groups were found in fish muscle tissue in localities situated on the lower part of the Elbe River: Levels of DDT, HCB, PBDEs, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were as high as 791, 77.6, 14.4 and 193 μg/kg wet weight, respectively, in Usti nad Labem and in the sample originated from the confluence of Elbe with Bilina River; a sum of PCBs at a level of 211 μg/kg was detected.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Hrádková, Petra and Pulkrabová, Jana and Kalachová, Kamila and Hloušková, Veronika and Tomaniová, Monika and Poustka, Jan and Hajšlová, Jana},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {21643965},
	keywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Czech Republic, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Muscle, Ponds, Rivers, Skeletal, Skeletal: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {85--96},
}





@article{hovander_identification_2002,
	title = {Identification of hydroxylated {PCB} metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0090-4341},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375},
	doi = {10.1007/s002440010298},
	abstract = {A growing number of studies have reported phenolic halogenated compounds (PHCs) that are retained in the blood of humans and wildlife. These PHCs may be industrial chemicals; metabolites thereof, as in the case with polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs); or of natural origin. The present study was aimed to identify hitherto unknown PHCs in human plasma with chemical structures that are consistent to PHCs known to possess endocrine-disrupting activity. For this purpose, samples of blood plasma from 10 randomly selected male blood donors from Sweden were pooled and analyzed by GC/ECD and GC/MS. Brominated, bromochlorinated, and chlorinated methyl derivatives of phenols and OH-PCBs were synthesized to be used as authentic reference standards. More than 100 PHCs were indicated in the plasma, and among those a total of 9 monocyclic brominated or chlorinated phenol-, guaiacol-, and/or catechol-type compounds were identified as their methylated derivatives. The two major compounds were 2,4,6-tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol. Thirty-eight OH-PCB congeners were structurally identified on two GC columns of different polarity. The origin of the OH-PCB metabolites in the context of their parent PCB congeners are suggested. Other PHCs identified in the male plasma were Triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy] phenol), a common bactericide; 4-hydroxy-heptachlorostyrene, a metabolite of octachlorostyrene; and 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)phenol, a natural compound and a potential metabolite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Hovander, L and Malmberg, T and Athanasiadou, M and Athanassiadis, I and Rahm, S and Bergman, A and Wehler, E Klasson},
	month = jan,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11706375},
	keywords = {Adult, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Male, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Phenols: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, unsure},
	pages = {105--17},
}





@article{hsu_occupational_2011,
	title = {An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.},
	volume = {83},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.079},
	abstract = {Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are unintentional byproducts of combustion and industrial processes. Firefighters face the risk of occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs. Congener-specific analyses of 17 PCDD/Fs were performed on 20 serum samples collected from firefighters and fire scene investigators, and four soot samples that had deposited on the surfaces of the fire helmets and were collected after the firefighters had fought fires. The PCDD/F concentrations on the helmets that were contaminated by being worn at the fire scenes were 63-285 times higher than those on a clean helmet. The median serum PCDD/F concentration of the 16 firefighters (12 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1)lipid) was not different from those of the males from the general Taiwanese population (9.4 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid). However, the median PCDD/F level in the four fire scene investigators (15 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid) was higher than those in the male from the general Taiwanese population (Mann-Whitney U test, p{\textbackslash}textless0.01). Furthermore, the serum samples from the firefighters and fire scene investigators, and the soot samples from the fire scenes presented similarly distinctive PCDD/F profiles that had elevated proportions for 10 PCDF congeners. Limited data indicated that the fire scene investigators were occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes. We suggested that the firefighters were not occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes due to appropriate protection. However, the fire scene investigators may have had more occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs due to poor protection, and further research must be performed to confirm this.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hsu, Jing-Fang and Guo, How-Ran and Wang, Hsueh Wen and Liao, Chin-Kun and Liao, Pao-Chi},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Fires, Fires: prevention \& control, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Occupational Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Protective Clothing, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood},
	pages = {1353--1359},
}





@article{howard_identifying_2010,
	title = {Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179},
	doi = {10.1021/es903383a},
	abstract = {The goal of this study was to identify commercial chemicals that might be persistent and bioaccumulative (P\&B) and that were not being considered in current Great Lakes, North American, and Arctic contaminant measurement programs. We combined the Canadian Domestic Substance List (DSL), a list of 3059 substances of "unknown or variable composition complex reaction products and biological materials" (UVCBs), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Update Rule (IUR) database for years 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 yielding a database of 22263 commercial chemicals. From that list, 610 chemicals were identified by estimates from U.S EPA EPISuite software and using expert judgment. This study has yielded some interesting and probable P\&B chemicals that should be considered for further study. Recent studies, following up our initial reports and presentations on this work, have confirmed the presence of many of these chemicals in the environment.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Howard, Philip H and Muir, Derek C G},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20163179},
	keywords = {Commerce, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, North America, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry},
	pages = {2277--85},
}





@article{horton_predictors_2013,
	title = {Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1476-069X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-23},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009-2010.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Horton, Megan K and Bousleiman, Sabine and Jones, Richard and Sjodin, Andreas and Liu, Xinhua and Whyatt, Robin and Wapner, Ronald and Factor-Litvak, Pam},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23497089},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {23},
}





@article{hoppe_polybrominated_2007,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism.},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1930-7381},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302},
	doi = {10.1038/oby.2007.351},
	abstract = {Obesity is thought to result from poor diet and insufficient exercise. An additional factor may be endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals that contaminate the air, water, and food supply. We tested the hypothesis that a class of lipid-soluble flame retardant chemicals known to accumulate in adipose tissue, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), disrupts insulin and isoproterenol sensitivity of isolated rat adipocytes.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Obesity},
	author = {Hoppe, Andrea A and Carey, Gale B},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {18198302},
	keywords = {Adipocytes, Adipocytes: drug effects, Adipocytes: metabolism, Adipocytes: pathology, Adrenergic beta-Agonists, Adrenergic beta-Agonists: pharmacology, Animals, Cell Size, Cell Size: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucose, Glucose: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hypoglycemic Agents, Hypoglycemic Agents: pharmacology, Insulin, Insulin: pharmacology, Isoproterenol, Isoproterenol: pharmacology, Lipolysis, Lipolysis: drug effects, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, ffr, tox},
	pages = {2942--50},
}





@article{hoh_novel_2005,
	title = {Novel flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene, in {United} {States}' environmental samples.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337},
	abstract = {Two brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PEB), were detected and identified in ambient air samples from various sites in the United States. The identifications were confirmed by comparing the gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the compounds found in the environment with those of authentic materials. Generally, the TBE concentrations in air were comparable to those of tetra- through hexabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and often higher than those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). The atmospheric TBE concentrations at locations in the southern United States were higher than those in the northern United States. TBE was also found in a sediment core from Lake Michigan; the concentrations of TBE increased with time, were lower than those of BDE-209, but were approximately 10 times higher than the sum of BDE-47, -99, and -100. The maximum PEB concentration in Chicago air was 550 pg/ m3, which was 10 times higherthan the concentration of total PBDEs in this sample. In general, the concentrations of PEB in air samples were low but detectable and were less than those of PBDEs. PEB was not found in the sediment core from Lake Michigan. These occurrences of relatively high concentrations of TBE and PEB in environmental samples may reflect the increasing usage of these compounds as flame retardants.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hoh, Eunha and Zhu, Lingyan and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15884337},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: isolation \& purification, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, United States, env, ffr},
	pages = {2472--7},
}





@article{hlouskova_occurrence_2013,
	title = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in fish from the {Czech} aquatic ecosystem.},
	volume = {461-462C},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.081},
	abstract = {This study reports results of analysis of various groups of halogenated compounds, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 48 fish samples collected in eight localities from the Czech Republic. In this survey, identification of potential sources of these chemicals was also performed; therefore several sampling sites located in highly industrialized areas were also selected. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was dominating in all tested fish samples. Generally, the content of ∑BFRs was significantly lower, i.e. in the range of 0.21-19.9μg/kg wet weight, ww (median value 2.37μg/kgww) compared to the concentration of ∑PFASs that was in the range of 0.15-877μg/kgww (median value 8.5μg/kgww). The extremely high content of PFOS (842μg/kgww) was found in fish muscle tissue from the locality situated on the Bílina River, where chemical industry is located. This concentration was comparable to those found in similar highly industrialized areas worldwide.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Hloušková, Veronika and Lanková, Darina and Kalachová, Kamila and Hrádková, Petra and Poustka, Jan and Hajšlová, Jana and Pulkrabová, Jana},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23712119},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {88--98},
}





@article{horton_predictors_2013,
	title = {Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.},
	volume = {12},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-23},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009–2010. METHODS: During the first half of pregnancy we collected 316 maternal serum samples and administered an extensive questionnaire including items on demographics, diet and lifestyle. We measured 12 PBDE congeners in blood samples. Using bivariate and multivariate approaches, we regressed the most commonly detected PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) against potential demographic, dietary and lifestyle predictor variables. RESULTS: At least one PBDE congener was detected in each serum sample. Our analyses demonstrate unique predictor patterns for PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 based on demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics of women. Higher education and increased use of household electronics were associated with higher levels of all 4 congeners. Six characteristics were associated with PBDE-153 serum concentrations, more than for any other congener. These include maternal education, household income, body mass index, solid dairy consumption, processed meat consumption and frequent use of household electronics. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure in this widespread in this cohort, though levels are lower than previous assessments of US pregnant women. Lower levels may be in response to legislation restricting the production, sale and use of these compounds. In our cohort, we did not observe any individual predictor or a consistent pattern of several predictors representing a significant source of PBDE exposure. These data suggest that legislation and policy may be more effective at reducing exposure than personal lifestyle modifications.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Horton, Megan K and Bousleiman, Sabine and Jones, Richard and Sjodin, Andreas and Liu, Xinhua and Whyatt, Robin and Wapner, Ronald and Factor-Litvak, Pam},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {23},
}





@article{hoh_dechlorane_2006,
	title = {Dechlorane plus, a chlorinated flame retardant, in the {Great} {Lakes}.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773},
	abstract = {A highly chlorinated flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), was detected and identified in ambient air, fish, and sediment samples from the Great Lakes region. The identity of this compound was confirmed by comparing its gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic material. This compound exists as two gas chromatographically separable stereoisomers (syn and anti), the structures of which were characterized by one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance. DP was detected in most air samples, even at remote sites. The atmospheric DP concentrations were higher at the eastern Great Lakes sites (Sturgeon Point, NY, and Cleveland, OH) than those at the western Great Lakes sites (Eagle Harbor, MI, Chicago, IL, and Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI). Atthe Sturgeon Point site, DP concentrations once reached 490 pg/m3. DP atmospheric concentrations were comparable to those of BDE-209 at the eastern Great Lakes sites. DP was also found in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and Erie. The peak DP concentrations were comparable to BDE-209 concentrations in the sediment core from Lake Erie butwere about 30 times lower than BDE-209 concentrations in the core from Lake Michigan. In the sediment cores, the DP concentrations peaked around 1975-1980, and the surficial concentrations were 10-80\% of peak concentrations. Higher DP concentrations in air samples from Sturgeon Point, NY, and in the sediment core from Lake Erie suggest that DP's manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY, may be a source. DP was also detected in archived fish (walleye) from Lake Erie, suggesting that this compound is, at least partially, bioavailable.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hoh, Eunha and Zhu, Lingyan and Hites, Ronald A},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16572773},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1184--9},
}





@article{hoffman_lactational_2012,
	title = {Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers.},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205100},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs have been linked to adverse neurodevelopment in animals and humans.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Hoffman, Kate and Adgent, Margaret and Goldman, Barbara Davis and Sjödin, Andreas and Daniels, Julie L},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22814209},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1438--42},
}





@article{ho_synthesis_2012,
	title = {Synthesis and characterization of bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates for their direct {LC}-{MS}/{MS} quantification in human urine as potential exposure markers for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1520-6882},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377},
	doi = {10.1021/ac302161t},
	abstract = {Bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates have been reported to be products of mammalian metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of additive flame-retardants found ubiquitously in the environment. In order to explore their occurrence in human urine, four water-soluble bromophenol conjugates, namely, 2,4-dibromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4-dibromophenyl sulfate, and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl sulfate, were synthesized, purified, and characterized. An analytical protocol using solid-phase extraction and ion-paired liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) quantification has been developed for the direct and simultaneous determination of these glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples. The limit of detections for all analytes were below 13 pg mL(-1), with 73-101\% analyte recovery and 7.2-8.6\% repeatability. The method was applied to analyze 20 human urine samples collected randomly from voluntary donors in Hong Kong SAR, China. All the samples were found to contain one or more of the bromophenol conjugates, with concentration ranging from 0.13-2.45 μg g(-1) creatinine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical protocol for the direct and simultaneous monitoring of these potential phase II metabolites of PBDEs in human urine. Our results have also suggested the potential of these bromophenol conjugates in human urine to be convenient molecular markers for the quantification of population exposure to PBDEs.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Analytical chemistry},
	author = {Ho, Ka-Lok and Murphy, Margaret B and Wan, Yi and Fong, Bonnie M-W and Tam, Sidney and Giesy, John P and Leung, Kelvin S-Y and Lam, Michael H-W},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23075377},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {9881--8},
}





@article{hites_dioxins:_2011,
	title = {Dioxins: an overview and history.},
	volume = {45},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hites, Ronald A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {2, 20th Century, 4, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: history, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: history, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: history, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: history, Flame retardants, History, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: history, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity},
	pages = {16--20},
}





@techreport{hitachi_application_2004,
	title = {Application {Note} {AN}-007 {LCD} backlighting technologies and configuration.},
	url = {http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf},
	institution = {Hitachi, Ltd.},
	author = {{Hitachi}},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},
}





@article{hirschler_survey_2007,
	title = {Survey of small-scale flame spread test results of modern fabrics.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {03080501},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943},
	doi = {10.1002/fam.943},
	abstract = {The flammability of apparel worn on a person has one of the highest ratios of fire fatalities per fire, and there are few statutory requirements. A series of evaluations was conducted on the flammability of 50 fabrics (both cellulosic and thermoplastic) using the (now withdrawn) NFPA 701 small-scale test. The fabrics covered a broad range of areal densities (weights) and many were not intended for apparel. A series of conclusions were reached. In particular, it is apparent that the following primary correlation exists between fabric weight and flammability: the heavier the fabric the better it behaves in a fire. Secondarily, however, the type of fabric also strongly affects this conclusion. This paper presents the results of the testing and offers an analysis.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Fire and Materials},
	author = {Hirschler, Marcelo M. and Piansay, Timothy},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
	pages = {373--386},
}





@inproceedings{hirai_brominated_2007,
	address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in recycled plastic products.},
	url = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf},
	abstract = {The demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have decreased in the past few years. For example domestic demand for decabromodiphenylether (DeBDEther) in Japan has decreased from 10,000 ton in 1990 to 2,200 ton in 2003. From the viewpoint of the lifecycle risk management of PBDE products (Sakai et al. 2005), the use and disposal/recycling stage become relatively more important than the production stage. As to the disposal/recycling stage of PBDE products, Miyanaga and Motegi 2004 suggested that waste TV casings were recycled as raw materials for video cassette tape. They performed an elemental analysis on four video cassette tapes and detected bromine in two samples and antimony in one samples. However the types of brominated flame retardants were not determined in their study. In this study, we measured the concentrations of brominated flame retardants in plastic parts from video cassette tapes to examine the possibility of material recycling of PBDE products.},
	booktitle = {4th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	author = {Hirai, Y and Sakai, S-I},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
}





@article{hirai_distribution_2012,
	title = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} autopsy tissue and body fluid samples.},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-012-0915-z},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants are components of many plastics and are used in products such as cars, textiles, televisions, and personal computers. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially during the last three decades. Our objective was to measure the body burden and distribution of PBDEs and to determine the concentrations of the predominant PBDE congeners in samples of liver, bile, adipose tissue, and blood obtained from Japanese autopsy cases. Tissues and body fluids obtained from 20 autopsy cases were analyzed. The levels of 25 PBDE congeners, ranging from tri- to hexa-BDEs, were assessed. The geometric means of the sum of the concentrations of PBDE congeners having detection frequencies {\textbackslash}textgreater50 \% (ΣPBDE) in the blood, liver, bile, and adipose tissue were 2.4, 2.6, 1.4, and 4.3 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-153, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99, and BDE-28+33. These concentrations of PBDE congeners were similar to other reports of human exposure in Japan but were notably lower than concentrations than those reported in the USA. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of predominant congeners and ΣPBDE among the samples analyzed. The ΣPBDE concentration was highest in the adipose tissue, but PBDEs were distributed widely among the tissues and body fluids analyzed. The PBDE levels observed in the present study are similar to those reported in previous studies in Japan and significantly lower than those reported in the USA.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	author = {Hirai, Tetsuya and Fujimine, Yoshinori and Watanabe, Shaw and Nakano, Takeshi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22544599},
	keywords = {80 and over, Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Aged, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Bile, Bile: chemistry, Body Burden, Cadaver, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Middle Aged},
	pages = {3538--46},
}





@book{higginson_floor_1979,
	address = {Scarborough, Ontario},
	title = {Floor {Mounting} in the {Steiner} {Tunnel}},
	publisher = {Underwriters Laboratories of Canada},
	author = {Higginson, P},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{henny_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in eggs may reduce reproductive success of ospreys in {Oregon} and {Washington}, {USA}.},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1573-3017},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0323-4},
	abstract = {Spatial and temporal assessments and reports of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in birds remain sparse. In the present study, PBDEs were detected in all 120 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected. The eggs were collected from nests along the Columbia, Willamette and Yakima rivers of Oregon (OR) and Washington (WA) and in Puget Sound (WA) between 2002 and 2007. PBDE congeners: 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154 (possible coelution with brominated biphenyl 153 [BB153]), 183, 190 (detected in one egg), 209 (not detected), and BB101 (only detected in 2006 and 2007) and total-alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (only detected in five eggs) were analyzed for in the egg samples. Eggs from reservoirs in the forested headwaters of the Willamette River (2002) contained the lowest concentrations of SigmaPBDEs (geometric mean [range], 98 [55.2-275] ng/g wet weight [ww]), while those from the middle Willamette River (2006) contained the highest (897 [507-1,880] ng/g ww). Concentrations in eggs from the Columbia River progressively increased downstream from Umatilla, OR (River Mile [RM] 286) to Skamokoa, WA (RM 29), which indicated additive PBDE sources along the river. In general, regardless of the year of egg collection, differences in PBDE concentrations reported in osprey eggs along the three major rivers studied (Columbia, Willamette and Yakima) seem to reflect differences in river flow (dilution effect) and the extent of human population and industry (source inputs) along the rivers. PBDE concentrations increased over time at two locations (Seattle, WA; Columbia River, RM 29-84) where temporal patterns could be evaluated. Only during 2006 (on the middle Willamette River, RM 61-157) and 2007 (on the lower Columbia River, RM 29-84) did SigmaPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs exceed 1,000 ng/g ww with negative relationships indicated at both locations between productivity and SigmaPBDE concentrations in eggs (P = 0.008, P = 0.057). Osprey eggs from Everett, WA contained nearly twice the SigmaPBDE concentration (geometric mean 239 vs. 141 ng/g ww, range 124-384 vs. 22.2-819 ng/g ww, P {\textbackslash}textless or = 0.05) as double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected at the same location and time, which is likely due to dietary differences. No significant relationship (all Ps {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.147) was indicated between PBDE congeners (including SigmaPBDEs) and eggshell thickness at the concentrations observed in this study.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology},
	author = {Henny, Charles J and Kaiser, James L and Grove, Robert A and Johnson, Branden L and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19513829},
	keywords = {Animals, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: drug effects, Egg Shell: pathology, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Washington, ffr, waa},
	pages = {802--13},
}





@article{hites_polybrominated_2004,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations.},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many types of consumer products. Perhaps as a result of their widespread use and their lipophilicity, these compounds have become ubiquitous in the environment and in people. This review summarizes PBDE concentrations measured in several environmental media and analyzes these data in terms of relative concentrations, concentration trends, and congener profiles. In human blood, milk, and tissues, total PBDE levels have increased exponentially by a factor of approximately 100 during the last 30 yr; this is a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. The current PBDE concentrations in people from Europe are approximately 2 ng/g lipid, but the concentrations in people from the United States are much higher at approximately 35 ng/g lipid. Current PBDE concentrations in marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic are very low at approximately 5 ng/g lipid, but they have increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 7 yr. Marine mammals from the rest of the world have current PBDE levels of approximately 1000 ng/g lipid, and these concentrations have also increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. Some birds' eggs from Sweden are also highly contaminated (at approximately 2000 ng/g lipid) and show PBDE doubling times of approximately 6 yr. Herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes region now have PBDE concentrations of approximately 7000 ng/g lipid, and these levels have doubled every approximately 3 yr. Fish from Europe have approximately 10 times lower PBDE concentrations than fish from North America. From these and other data, it is clear that the environment and people from North America are very much more contaminated with PBDEs as compared to Europe and that these PBDE levels have doubled every 4-6 yr. Analyses of the relative distributions of the most abundant PBDE congeners (using category averages and principal component analysis) indicated that these patterns cannot yet be used to assign sources to these pollutants.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hites, Ronald A},
	month = feb,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {14998004},
	keywords = {Animals, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Europe, Fishes, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, United States, env, ffr, hum},
	pages = {945--56},
}





@article{hirschler_polyurethane_2008,
	title = {Polyurethane foam and fire safety},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/pat},
	abstract = {This paper presents a survey of the ﬁre safety of ﬂexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of ﬂexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and ﬁlled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The ﬁre safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme ﬁre safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The ﬁre testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate ﬁre safety only if it is appropriately ﬁre-retarded or if the correct type of ﬁre barriers (or alternate product design) is used.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Polymers for Advanced Technologies},
	author = {Hirschler, M M},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam},
	pages = {521--529},
}





@article{hirschler_polyurethane_2008,
	title = {Polyurethane foam and fire safety},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/pat},
	abstract = {This paper presents a survey of the ﬁre safety of ﬂexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of ﬂexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and ﬁlled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The ﬁre safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme ﬁre safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The ﬁre testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate ﬁre safety only if it is appropriately ﬁre-retarded or if the correct type of ﬁre barriers (or alternate product design) is used.},
	number = {April},
	journal = {Polymers for Advanced Technologies},
	author = {Hirschler, M M},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam},
	pages = {521--529},
}





@article{hertz-picciotto_polybrominated_2011,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study.},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1476-069X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-10-1},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used widely and in increasing amounts in the U.S. over the last few decades. PBDEs and their metabolites cross the placenta and studies in rodents demonstrate neurodevelopmental toxicity from prenatal exposures. PBDE exposures occur both via breastfeeding and hand-to-mouth activities in small children.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Hertz-Picciotto, Irva and Bergman, Ake and Fängström, Britta and Rose, Melissa and Krakowiak, Paula and Pessah, Isaac and Hansen, Robin and Bennett, Deborah H},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21205326},
	keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: epidemiology, California: epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Preschool, california},
	pages = {1},
}





@article{hermanson_deposition_2010,
	title = {Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in an ice core from {Holtedahlfonna}, {Svalbard}, {Norway}.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863},
	doi = {10.1021/es1016608},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been found in Arctic wildlife, lake sediment, and air. To identify the atmospheric BFR deposition history on Svalbard, Norway, we analyzed 19 BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDE) in the upper 34 m of an ice core (representing 1953-2005) from Holtedahlfonna, the western-most ice sheet on Svalbard. All of the non-PBDE compounds were detected in nearly continuous profiles in the core. Seven PBDEs were not observed above background (28, 47, 66, 100, 99, 154, 153), while 4 were found in 1 or 2 of 6 segments (17, 85, 138, 183). BDEs-49, 71, 190, 209 had nearly continuous profiles but only BDE-209 in large amounts. The greatest inputs were HBCD and BDE-209, 910, and 320 pg cm(-2) yr(-1) from 1995-2005. DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBEB show nearly continuous input growth in recent core segments, but all were {\textbackslash}textless6 pg cm(-2) yr(-1). Long-range atmospheric processes may have moved these particle-bound BFRs to the site, probably during the Arctic haze season. Average air mass trajectories over 10 years show {\textbackslash}textgreater75\% of atmospheric flow to Holtedahlfonna coming from Eurasia during haze periods (March and April).},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hermanson, Mark H and Isaksson, Elisabeth and Forsström, Sanja and Teixeira, Camilla and Muir, Derek C G and Pohjola, Veijo A and van de Wal, Roderik S V},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20839863},
	keywords = {Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ice, Ice: analysis, Norway},
	pages = {7405--10},
}





@article{heredia_behavioral_2012,
	title = {Behavioral effects of oral subacute exposure to {BDE}-209 in young adult mice: a preliminary study.},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1873-6351},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.002},
	abstract = {In this study, we examined the effects of an oral subacute exposure to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on young adult inbred wild type Tg2576 mice. BDE-209 was administered by gavage at doses of 0 and 20 mg/kg/day dissolved in sunflower oil for 15 days. Two behavioral endpoints were examined: anxiety-activity in a light/dark test and a zero maze test, and learning and spatial memory in a water maze test. Young adult mice exposed to BDE-209 showed a reduction in anxiety levels and a delayed learning in a spatial memory task. Although the results indicated that behavioral effects were present in a young adult exposed population of wild type Tg2576 mice, further studies on chronic exposure to BDE-209 are clearly necessary in order to corroborate these effects.},
	number = {3-4},
	journal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},
	author = {Heredia, Luis and Torrente, Margarita and Colomina, María T and Domingo, José L},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22178224},
	keywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Darkness, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Light, Male, Maze Learning, Mice, Oral, Transgenic},
	pages = {707--12},
}





@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,
	title = {Prenatal exposure to {PBDEs} and neurodevelopment.},
	volume = {118},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Herbstman, Julie B and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A and Jones, Richard S and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y and Perera, Frederica},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {712--719},
}





@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,
	title = {Prenatal exposure to {PBDEs} and neurodevelopment.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901340},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects. OBJECTIVE: In a longitudinal cohort initiated after 11 September 2001, including 329 mothers who delivered in one of three hospitals in lower Manhattan, New York, we examined prenatal PBDE exposure and neurodevelopment when their children were 12-48 and 72 months of age. METHODS: We analyzed 210 cord blood specimens for selected PBDE congeners and assessed neurodevelopmental effects in the children at 12-48 and 72 months of age; 118, 117, 114, 104, and 96 children with available cord PBDE measurements were assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months, respectively. We used multivariate regression analyses to evaluate the associations between concentrations of individual PBDE congeners and neurodevelopmental indices. RESULTS: Median cord blood concentrations of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 100 were 11.2, 3.2, and 1.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with higher concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, or 100 scored lower on tests of mental and physical development at 12-48 and 72 months. Associations were significant for 12-month Psychomotor Development Index (BDE-47), 24-month Mental Development Index (MDI) (BDE-47, 99, and 100), 36-month MDI (BDE-100), 48-month full-scale and verbal IQ (BDE-47, 99, and 100) and performance IQ (BDE-100), and 72-month performance IQ (BDE-100). CONCLUSIONS: This epidemiologic study demonstrates neurodevelopmental effects in relation to cord blood PBDE concentrations. Confirmation is needed in other longitudinal studies.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Herbstman, Julie B and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A and Jones, Richard S and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y and Perera, Frederica},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20056561},
	keywords = {Adult, Child, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Intelligence: drug effects, Longitudinal Studies, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \& development, New York City, Newborn, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Preschool, September 11 Terrorist Attacks, ffr, hum},
	pages = {712--9},
}





@article{helleday_brominated_1999,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells.},
	volume = {439},
	issn = {0027-5107},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042},
	abstract = {In the present study we have examined the effects of brominated flame retardants (BFR) and several other environmental contaminants in two in vitro assays for intragenic recombination at an endogenous locus in mammalian cells. A total ten compounds were investigated, i. e., two technical PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1221 and Aroclor 1254), DDT, PCP, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4,4'-bischlorophenyl sulfone (BCPS), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and the three different polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs): 2-bromodiphenylether (MBDE), 3,4-dibromodiphenylether (DBDE) and 2,4,2', 4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (TBDE). In the SPD8 assay system statistically significant increases in recombination frequency were observed with Aroclor 1221, BCPS, DBDE, DDT, HBCD, MBDE and TBDE. In the Sp5 assay system, only DBDE, HBCD and MBDE caused statistically significant increases in recombination frequency. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the modern additives to plastic, i.e., HBCD and PBDEs, as well as the plastic monomer BCPS may have the same effect to human health as DDT and PCBs, in terms of inducing genetic recombination, which is known to provoke a number of diseases, including cancer.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Mutation research},
	author = {Helleday, T and Tuominen, K L and Bergman, A and Jenssen, D},
	month = feb,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10023042},
	keywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Recombination, cell line, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox, unsure},
	pages = {137--47},
}





@article{hearn_assessing_2013,
	title = {Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility.},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.013},
	abstract = {Increased levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can occur particularly in dust and soil surrounding facilities that recycle products containing PBDEs. This may be the source of increased exposure for nearby workers and residents. To investigate, we measured PBDE levels in soil, office dust and blood of workers at the closest workplace (i.e. within 100m) to a large automotive shredding and metal recycling facility in Brisbane, Australia. The workplace investigated in this study was independent of the automotive shredding facility and was one of approximately 50 businesses of varying types within a relatively large commercial/industrial area surrounding the recycling facility. Concentrations of PBDEs in soils were at least an order of magnitude greater than background levels in the area. Congener profiles were dominated by larger molecular weight congeners; in particular BDE-209. This reflected the profile in outdoor air samples previously collected at this site. Biomonitoring data from blood serum indicated no differential exposure for workers near the recycling facility compared to a reference group of office workers, also in Brisbane. Unlike air, indoor dust and soil sample profiles, serum samples from both worker groups were dominated by congeners BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-183 and was similar to the profile previously reported in the general Australian population. Estimated exposures for workers near the industrial point source suggested indoor workers had significantly higher exposure than outdoor workers due to their exposure to indoor dust rather than soil. However, no relationship was observed between blood PBDE levels and different roles and activity patterns of workers on-site. These comparisons of PBDE levels in serum provide additional insight into the inter-individual variability within Australia. Results also indicate congener patterns in the workplace environment did not match blood profiles of workers. This was attributed to the relatively high background exposures for the general Australian population via dietary intake and the home environment.},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
	author = {Hearn, Laurence K and Hawker, Darryl W and Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Mueller, Jochen F},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{he_concentrations_2013,
	title = {Concentrations and trends of halogenated flame retardants in the pooled serum of residents of {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2172},
	abstract = {The south coast of Laizhou Bay, in northeastern China, is a production area for halogenated flame retardants (HFR). In 2007, the authors measured serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Laizhou Bay residents. To assess the PBDE concentration trend, and determine the concentrations of the emerging flame retardants Dechlorane Plus (DP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the authors measured the concentrations of 8 PBDE congeners, 2 DP isomers, and TBPH in 10 composite samples, which were pooled from the serum collected from 305 Laizhou Bay residents in October 2011. The average concentration of the total PBDE (∑8 PBDE) concentration in all serum pools was 240 ng/g lipid weight, and the highest serum pool concentration (in the 30- to 39-yr-old male group) was 780 ng/g lipid weight. Brominated diphenyl ether-209 was the dominant congener, accounting for 87\% of ∑8 PBDE. Compared with a previous study, ∑8 PBDE serum concentrations in the present study showed no change in order of magnitude, but the relative contribution of BDE-209 to ∑8 PBDE was higher. The average concentration of ∑DP in all serum pools was 3.6 ng/g lipid weight, ranging from 1.4 ng/g lipid weight (in the 50- to 59-yr-old male group) to 11 ng/g lipid weight (in the 20- to 29-yr-old male group). The concentration of DP was lower than in other reported studies. The study also detected TBPH in the 30- to 39-yr-old female group, suggesting that TBPH, as an emerging HFR, requires further monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1242-1247. © 2013 SETAC.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Jin, Jun and Wang, Ying and Bu, Yunjie and Xu, Meng and Yang, Xianfeng and Liu, Anming},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23408421},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1242--7},
}





@article{he_toxic_2011,
	title = {Toxic effect of {PBDE}-47 on thyroid development, learning, and memory, and the interaction between {PBDE}-47 and {PCB153} that enhances toxicity in rats.},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1477-0393},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653},
	doi = {10.1177/0748233710387002},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. There are potential interactive effects between PBDEs and PCBs, as these compounds share similar structures. The developmental neurotoxicity of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) and the interaction of PBDE-47 with 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'-hexachlorobipheny (PCB153) were investigated herein, as the dominant congener forms of PBDEs and PCBs, respectively. SD rats were exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 (1, 5, and 10 μg/g) and/or PCB153 (5 μg/g) on post-natal day (PND) 10. Concentrations of PBDE-47, triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum; organ-to-body weight ratios; as well as long-term learning and memory were measured in 2-month-old rats. The present study found that some doses of PBDE-47 decreased the organ-to-body weight ratios of the thyroid and uterus, decreased the concentration of T(4) in serum, and increased the organ-to-body weight ratio of the ovaries (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). PCB153 could increase the action of PBDE-47 during combined exposure, but this interaction was not found between PBDE-47 and PCB153. In a Morris water maze experiment, the latency periods were significantly prolonged and time ratios were obviously depressed in all PBDE-47-treated groups compared to the control (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05); furthermore, significant interactions between PBDE-47 and PCB153 were observed (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In conclusion, PBDE-47 may depress thyroid development as well as the long-term learning and memory capabilities in adult rats exposed to PBDE-47 on PND 10. PCB153 can interact with PBDE-47, resulting in an increase in developmental neurotoxicity.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Toxicology and industrial health},
	author = {He, Ping and Wang, Aiguo and Niu, Qiang and Guo, Lijuan and Xia, Tao and Chen, Xuemin},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20947653},
	keywords = {Animals, Combination, Drug Synergism, Drug Therapy, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Memory: physiology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: pathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: growth \& development, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Uterus, Uterus: drug effects, Uterus: pathology},
	pages = {279--88},
}





@article{henny_wastewater_2011,
	title = {Wastewater dilution index partially explains observed polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant concentrations in osprey eggs from {Columbia} {River} {Basin}, 2008-2009.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1573-3017},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-011-0608-2},
	abstract = {Several polybrominated biphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were found in all 175 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected from the Columbia River Basin between 2002 and 2009. ΣPBDE concentrations in 2008-2009 were highest in osprey eggs from the two lowest flow rivers studied; however, each river flowed through relatively large and populous metropolitan areas (Boise, Idaho and Spokane, Washington). We used the volume of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) discharge, a known source of PBDEs, as a measure of human activity at a location, and combined with river flow (both converted to millions of gallons/day) created a novel approach (an approximate Dilution Index) to relate waterborne contaminants to levels of these contaminants that reach avian eggs. This approach provided a useful understanding of the spatial osprey egg concentration patterns observed. Individual osprey egg concentrations along the Upper Willamette River co-varied with the Dilution Index, while combined egg data (geometric means) from rivers or segments of rivers showed a strong, significant relationship to the Dilution Index with one exception, the Boise River. There, we believe osprey egg concentrations were lower than expected because Boise River ospreys foraged perhaps 50-75\% of the time off the river at ponds and lakes stocked with fish that contained relatively low ΣPBDE concentrations. Our limited temporal data at specific localities (2004-2009) suggests that ΣPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs peaked between 2005 and 2007, and then decreased, perhaps in response to penta- and octa-PBDE technical mixtures no longer being used in the USA after 2004. Empirical estimates of biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to osprey eggs were 3.76-7.52 on a wet weight (ww) basis or 4.37-11.0 lipid weight. Our earlier osprey study suggested that ΣPBDE egg concentrations {\textbackslash}textgreater1,000 ng/g ww may reduce osprey reproductive success. Only two of the study areas sampled in 2008-2009 contained individual eggs with ΣPBDE concentrations {\textbackslash}textgreater1,000 ng/g, and non-significant (P {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.30) negative relationships were found between ΣPBDEs and reproductive success. Additional monitoring is required to confirm not only the apparent decline in PBDE concentrations in osprey eggs that occurred during this study, but also to better understand the relationship between PBDEs in eggs and reproductive success.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},
	author = {Henny, Charles J and Grove, Robert A and Kaiser, James L and Johnson, Branden L and Furl, Chad V and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21340556},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Washington, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {682--97},
}





@article{hearn_spatial_2012,
	title = {Spatial mapping of city-wide {PBDE} levels using an exponential decay model.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111},
	doi = {10.1039/c2em10656f},
	abstract = {Passive air samplers (PAS) consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed at 6 outdoor air monitoring stations in different land use categories (commercial, industrial, residential and semi-rural) to assess the spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Brisbane airshed. Air monitoring sites covered an area of ∼1143 km(2) and PAS were allowed to accumulate PBDEs in the city's airshed over three consecutive seasons commencing in the winter of 2008. The average sum of five (∑(5)) PBDEs (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100 and 209) levels were highest at the commercial and industrial sites (12.7 ± 5.2 ng PUF(-1)), which were relatively close to the city center and were a factor of 8 times higher than residential and semi-rural sites located in outer Brisbane. To estimate the magnitude of the urban 'plume' an empirical exponential decay model was used to fit PAS data vs. distance from the CBD, with the best correlation observed when the particulate bound BDE-209 was not included (∑(5)-209) (r(2) = 0.99), rather than ∑(5) (r(2) = 0.84). At 95\% confidence intervals the model predicts that regardless of site characterization, ∑(5)-209 concentrations in a PAS sample taken between 4-10 km from the city centre would be half that from a sample taken from the city centre and reach a baseline or plateau (0.6 to 1.3 ng PUF(-1)), approximately 30 km from the CBD. The observed exponential decay in ∑(5)-209 levels over distance corresponded with Brisbane's decreasing population density (persons/km(2)) from the city center. The residual error associated with the model increased significantly when including BDE-209 levels, primarily due to the highest level (11.4 ± 1.8 ng PUF(-1)) being consistently detected at the industrial site, indicating a potential primary source at this site. Active air samples collected alongside the PAS at the industrial air monitoring site (B) indicated BDE-209 dominated congener composition and was entirely associated with the particulate phase. This study demonstrates that PAS are effective tools for monitoring citywide regional differences however, interpretation of spatial trends for POPs which are predominantly associated with the particulate phase such as BDE-209, may be restricted to identifying 'hotspots' rather than broad spatial trends.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Hearn, Laurence K and Kennedy, Karen and Hawker, Darryl W and Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Alberts, Vincent and Mueller, Jochen F},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22215111},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Chemical, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Models, Queensland},
	pages = {643--50},
}





@article{he_mechanisms_2009,
	title = {Mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of {PBDE}-47 and the enhanced toxicity associated with its combination with {PCB153} in rats.},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1872-9711},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.005},
	abstract = {To explore the mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and its interaction with PCB153, expression levels of mRNA and proteins of the x-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), death associated protein kinase (DAPK), caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C in the hippocampus of 2-month-old rats exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 and/or PCB153 on post natal day (PND) 10 were examined. Four levels of PBDE-47 (0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg) and two levels of PCB153 (0 and 5mg/kg) were added to corn oil in a 4 x 2 factorial completely randomized design study. Meanwhile, the ultrastructures of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region were observed and the learning and memory capacities were measured in these rats. The results suggested that the mRNA and protein expression levels of all examined genes (with the exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) were significantly changed at some doses (P{\textbackslash}textless0.05); additionally, the total distance swam by rats to reach an escape platform was significantly increased and the ratio of distance taken in the platform quadrant to total distance was notably decreased in all treated groups in the water maze experiment (P{\textbackslash}textless0.05) compared to the control. Numerous alterations were observed in the ultrastructure of neurons in PBDE-47 alone or combination of PBDE-47 and PCB153 groups. Furthermore, an interaction was found between PBDE-47 and PCB153 in lengthening the total distance taken to the platform and decreasing the platform quadrant ratios in the water maze experiment, as well as in the inducing of caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C mRNA and protein expression (with exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) in the hippocampus. We conclude that PBDE-47 may induce developmental neurotoxicity in rats via three classic apoptosis pathways, and it may interact with PCB153 to enhance developmental neurotoxicity.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology},
	author = {He, Ping and Wang, Ai-guo and Xia, Tao and Gao, Ping and Niu, Qiang and Guo, Li-juan and Chen, Xue-min},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19576244},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: genetics, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: gene, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: meta, Caspases, Caspases: genetics, Caspases: metabolism, Cytochromes c, Cytochromes c: genetics, Cytochromes c: metabolism, Disease Models, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Electron, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: pathology, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microscopy, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: pathology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: physiopathology, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: ultrastructure, RNA, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Transmission, Transmission: methods, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: genetics, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: metabolis, ffr, tox},
	pages = {1088--95},
}





@article{he_tetrabromobisphenol-and_2010,
	title = {Tetrabromobisphenol-{A} and hexabromocyclododecane in birds from an e-waste region in {South} {China}: influence of diet on diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution and trophodynamics.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555},
	doi = {10.1021/es101503r},
	abstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and three diastereomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were examined in the muscles of six bird species and their diet collected from an e-waste recycling region (Qingyuan) in South China. Stable isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed to measure the diet source and trophic levels (TLs) of the birds. The median TBBPA and HBCD concentrations in the birds ranged from 28 to 173 and not detectable to 1995 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The diastereoisomeric pattern shows the predominance of alpha-HBCD in birds feeding in an aquatic environment and that of gamma-HBCD in birds feeding in a terrestrial environment, whereas no clear preference for alpha isomer or gamma isomer was found in birds that inhabited freshwater wetland. A significant positive correlation between delta13C and percentage of alpha-HBCD was observed, indicating the importance of diet exposure pathways in the determination of HBCD diastereoisomer pattern. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) for alpha-HBCD differed substantially between aquatic and terrestrial bird species with a significant enrichment of (+) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for aquatic birds and a preferential enrichment of (-) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for terrestrial birds. The similarity in diastereoisomer profiles of HBCD and the EFs of alpha-HBCD between prey (fish) and predator (Chinese pond heron) also suggested that dietary exposure is an important contributor for the observed diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution of HBCD in birds. Trophic magnification was observed for alpha-HBCD and TBBPA as concentrations increased with the TLs of the birds defined by delta15N, but only alpha-HBCD showed a strong positive relationship (p=0.001). The biomagnification factors for alpha- and gamma-HBCD and TBBPA were calculated based on individual predator/prey feeding relationships for two species.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {He, Ming-Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yu, Le-Huan and Liu, Juan and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, She-Jun and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20666555},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, frelec, waa},
	pages = {5748--54},
}





@article{he_chronic_2011,
	title = {Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in {F1} offspring.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1573-3017},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-011-0720-3},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants around the world. Because of large production volumes, widespread usage and persistence, PBDEs are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environment media and human samples and therefore pose a significant public health concern. Deca-PBDE (BDE-209) is the only commercial PBDE mixture still allowed for use at present, and has been recently detected at high levels in human samples. However, few studies explore its effect on development, reproduction or neurobehavior with animal models. In particular, studies with long-term chronic exposure at relatively low doses are lacking. In this study, we utilize the zebrafish model to explore the developmental, reproductive, and behavioral toxicities associated with long-term chronic exposure to deca-PBDE (BDE-209). Our findings revealed that long-term chronic exposure to low dose of deca-BDE (ranging from 0.001 to 1 μM) affected overall fitness (measured by condition factor), gonad development, male gamete quantity and quality in F0 parental fish. For F1 offspring without continuous exposure to BDE-209, parental BDE treatment led to delayed hatch and motor neuron development, loose muscle fiber, slow locomotion behavior in normal conditions, and hyperactivity when subjected to light-dark photoperiod stimulation. In conclusion, parental chronic low dose BDE-209 exposure not only affects F0 growth and reproduction, but also elicits neurobehavior alternations in F1 offspring.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},
	author = {He, Jianhui and Yang, Dongren and Wang, Chunyan and Liu, Wei and Liao, Junhua and Xu, Tao and Bai, Chenglian and Chen, Jiangfei and Lin, Kuanfei and Huang, Changjiang and Dong, Qiaoxiang},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21695510},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Embryo Loss, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Muscle, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: growth \& development, Skeletal, Skeletal: growth \& development, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: growth \& development, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology},
	pages = {1813--22},
}





@book{harrami_fire_2006,
	address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
	title = {Fire and fire protection in homes and public buildings: {An} analysis of {Swedish} fire statistics},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf},
	abstract = {On average there are about 100 fatal fires per year in Sweden. The number of fatal fires fluctuates widely. An example of this was 2004, an exceptional year with only 62 fatal fires recorded by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. It is very rare for a fatal fire to claim more than one victim. Most fatal fires occur in homes, often starting in a bed, sofa, other loose fittings or clothing. Carelessness when smoking is the most commonly identified fire cause. The homes where fatal fires occur are rarely protected by smoke detectors. This is in marked contrast to Swedish homes in general (in 2001 about 65 \% of households had functional smoke detectors). In Sweden the death rate from fire has fallen by about 35 \% since 1945 – a change which is wholly attributable to the marked fall in the death rate for burns in males aged between 15 and 64. It is impossible to identify what lies behind this dramatic improvement from an analysis of published statistics, but the level of smoking has reduced greatly over the years. Fire death rates are higher for males than females and are also higher for the elderly than for younger people. Those who are out of work, on low income or living alone also run a greater risk of dying in fire. The approximate figures for fire injuries per year in Sweden are 100 deaths, 700 major injuries and 700 minor injuries. This corresponds to rates of 11, 80 and 80 per million population respectively. For accidents in general in Sweden there are about 30 major injuries per death and 200 minor injuries (see Olyckor i siffror, NCO/SRSA). The distribution is quite different for fires where there are only seven major injuries per death, and similar numbers of major injuries as minor injuries. Accidents in general have the ratio 1:30:200 whereas fire has 1:7:7. Most home fires attended by the fire brigade are quite small. In detached houses most turn- outs are caused by chimney fires which do not spread to other parts of the building. In blocks of flats the most common cause is a cooking appliance being left on. Arson is also a common cause in blocks of flats, though arson is most often observed in stairwells and cellars and is rarely directed at living accommodation. Arson is the most common cause of fires in public buildings. In these buildings there are potentially many people at risk and is clear that fire safety cannot be based on technical risks alone, but must also deal with deliberate fire setting.},
	number = {1},
	publisher = {Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI)},
	author = {Harrami, Omar and McIntyre, Colin},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{he_bioaccumulation_2012,
	title = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, {South} {China}.},
	volume = {419},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.035},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were determined in water, sediment, and three fish species from the Dongjiang River, a highly polluted river by brominated flame retardants in South China due to the intensive industry activities. The stable isotope analysis was used to compare differences between the feeding ecology of the fish species. The bioaccumulations of PBDEs and DBDPE were evaluated by calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Two potential debromination products of DBDPE were detected in sediment. The occurrence of these two compounds probably ascribed to the thermal degradation during instrumental analysis but degradation in the environment cannot be ruled out. Three fish species showed two quite different PBDE congener profiles. Two carp species were dominated by BDE47 while plecostomus were dominated by both BDE47 and BDE99. The contributions of higher brominated congeners were higher in plecostomus than in two carp species. This different PBDE congener profile can be attributed to the difference in metabolism and feeding habits among fish species. The calculated BAFs for PBDE congeners follow a bioaccumulation model. The BSAFs for all PBDE congeners except for BDE47 and BDE100 were less than unit, implying that bioavailability of PBDEs in sediments is low. Contrary to expectation, the BAFs value of DBDPE was one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE209 in fish, which can partly attributed to the absence of debromination of DBDPE in fish. The calculated BAFs for DBDPE indicated that this compound can significantly accumulate in fish.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {He, Ming-Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Chen, Man-Ying and Sun, Yu-Xin and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22285078},
	keywords = {Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Catfishes, Catfishes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Cichlids, Cichlids: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {109--15},
}





@article{hashimoto_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and their derivatives on protein disulfide isomerase activity and growth hormone release of {GH3} cells.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1520-5010},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216},
	doi = {10.1021/tx200374s},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a variety of consumer products such as flame retardants and recently have been known to be widespread environmental pollutants, which probably affect biological functions of mammalian cells. However, the risk posed by PBDE metabolites has not been clarified. Our previous study suggested that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, binds to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and inhibits its activity. PDI is an isomerase enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates the formation or cleavage of disulfide bonds. PDI consists of a, b, b', and a' domains and the c region, with the a and a' domains having isomerase active sites. In the present study, we tested the effects of 10 kinds of PBDE compounds and their metabolites on PDI. OH-PBDEs specifically inhibited the isomerase activity of PDI, with 4'-OH-PBDE more effective than 2' (or 2)-OH-PBDEs. 4'-OH-PBDE inhibited the isomerase activity of the b'a'c fragment but not that of ab and a'c, suggesting that the b' domain of PDI is essential for the inhibition by 4'-OH-PBDE. We also investigated the effects of these chemicals on the production of growth hormone (GH) in GH3 cells. In GH3 cells, levels of mRNA and protein of GH stimulated by T(3) were reduced by 4'-OH-PBDE and 4'-MeO-PBDE. The reduction in GH expression caused by these compounds was not changed by the overexpression or knockdown of PDI in GH3 cells, while these manipulations of PDI levels significantly suppressed the expression of GH. These results suggest that the biological effects of PBDEs differed depending on their brominated and hydroxylated positions.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Chemical research in toxicology},
	author = {Hashimoto, Shoko and Yoshimura, Hiromi and Okada, Kazushi and Uramaru, Naoto and Sugihara, Kazumi and Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Imaoka, Susumu},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22201216},
	keywords = {Animals, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: genetics, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: antagonists \& inhibi, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: genetics, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: metabolism, RNA, Rats, cell line},
	pages = {656--63},
}





@article{harrad_concentrations_2006,
	title = {Concentrations of {Polychlorinated} {Biphenyls} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {United} {Kingdom}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147},
	doi = {10.1021/es0609147},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in air (using PUF disk passive samplers) in 31 homes, 33 offices, 25 cars, and 3 public microenvironments. Average concentrations of ΣBDE (273 pg m-3) and ΣPCB (8920 pg m-3) were an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported for outdoor air. Cars were the most contaminated microenvironment for ΣBDE (average = 709 pg m-3), but the least for ΣPCB (average = 1391 pg m-3). Comparison with data from a previous spatially consistent study, revealed no significant decline in concentrations of ΣPCB in indoor air since 1997−98. Concentrations in indoor dust from 8 homes were on average 215.2 ng ΣBDE g-1, slightly higher than other European dust samples, but twenty times lower than Canadian samples. Inhalation makes an important contribution (between 4.2 and 63\% for adults) to overall UK exposure to ΣPCB. For ΣBDE, dust ingestion makes a significant butin contrast to Canadaa not overwhelming contribution (up to 37\% for adults, and 69\% for toddlers). Comparison of UK and Canadian estimates of absolute exposure to ΣBDE suggest that differences in dust contamination are the likely cause of higher PBDE body burdens in North Americans compared to Europeans.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Harrad, Stuart and Hazrati, Sadegh and Ibarra, Catalina},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},
	pages = {4633--4638},
}





@article{harrad_dust_2010,
	title = {Dust from {U}.{K}. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young {U}.{K}. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148},
	doi = {10.1021/es100750s},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in floor dust from U.K. child daycare center and primary school classrooms (n = 43, 36 for PCBs). Concentrations of HBCDs exceeded significantly (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) those reported previously for U.K. houses and offices, while those of TBBP-A exceeded significantly those in U.K. cars and offices. PCB concentrations were statistically indistinguishable from those in U.K. house dust but lower than in U.S. classroom dust, while BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 196, 197, 203, and 209 in classrooms were significantly below concentrations in U.K. cars. Exposure of young U.K. children via classroom dust exceeds that of U.K. adults via office dust for all contaminants monitored. Overall dust exposure of young U.K. children was estimated including car, classroom, and house dust. Exposure to TBBP-A was well below a U.K. health-based limit value (HBLV). Though no HBLVs exist for non-dioxin-like PCBs and HBCDs; dust exposure to PCBs fell well below U.K. dietary and inhalation exposure. Contrastingly, a high-end estimate of HBCD dust exposure exceeded U.K. dietary exposure substantially. Moreover, high-end estimates of dust exposure to BDE-99 and BDE-209 (4.3 and 13000 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) exceeded HBLVs of 0.23-0.30 and 7000 ng/kg bw/day respectively.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Desborough, Jennifer and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20441148},
	keywords = {Child, Child Day Care Centers, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Schools},
	pages = {4198--202},
}





@article{harrad_new_2006,
	title = {New {Directions}: {Exposure} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}): {Current} and future scenarios},
	volume = {40},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006},
	doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	author = {Harrad, Stuart and Diamond, Miriam},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1187--1188},
}





@article{harrad_indoor_2010,
	title = {Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people?},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882},
	doi = {10.1021/es903476t},
	abstract = {This review underlines the importance of indoor contamination as a pathway of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). There is ample evidence of substantial contamination of indoor dust with these chemicals and that their concentrations in indoor air exceed substantially those outdoors. Studies examining the relationship between body burden and exposure via indoor dust are inconsistent; while some indicate a link between body burdens and PBDE and HBCD exposure via dust ingestion, others find no correlation. Likewise, while concentrations in indoor dust and human tissues are both highly skewed, this does not necessarily imply causality. Evidence suggests exposure via dust ingestion is higher for toddlers than adults. Research priorities include identifying means of reducing indoor concentrations and indoor monitoring methods that provide the most "biologically-relevant" measures of exposure as well as monitoring a wider range of microenvironment categories. Other gaps include studies to improve understanding of the following: emission rates and mechanisms via which these contaminants migrate from products into indoor air and dust; relationships between indoor exposures and human body burdens; relevant physicochemical properties; the gastrointestinal uptake by humans of these chemicals from indoor dust; and human dust ingestion rates.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Harrad, Stuart and de Wit, Cynthia A and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Bergh, Caroline and Björklund, Justina A and Covaci, Adrian and Darnerud, Per Ola and de Boer, Jacob and Diamond, Miriam and Huber, Sandra and Leonards, Pim and Mandalakis, Manolis and Ostman, Conny and Haug, Line Sm{\textbackslash}a astuen and Thomsen, Cathrine and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20387882},
	keywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame retardants, Fluorine Compounds, Fluorine Compounds: toxicity, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Inhalation Exposure, ffr, frbldg},
	pages = {3221--31},
}





@article{harley_pbde_2010,
	title = {{PBDE} concentrations in women's serum and fecundability.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901450},
	abstract = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97\% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Harley, Kim G and Marks, Amy R and Chevrier, Jonathan and Bradman, Asa and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20103495},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Odds Ratio, Pregnancy, Time Factors, Young Adult, california, ffr, hum},
	pages = {699--704},
}





@article{hardy_prenatal_2010,
	title = {Prenatal developmental toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane in the rat and rabbit.},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {1542-9741},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473},
	doi = {10.1002/bdrb.20237},
	abstract = {The potential embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPEthane; CASRN 84852-53-9) were evaluated in prenatal developmental studies using rats and rabbits and performed in accordance with international guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice standards. Preliminary dose-range-finding studies were conducted, which indicated doses up to 1,250 mg/kg-day were well tolerated by both rats and rabbits.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology},
	author = {Hardy, Marcia L and Mercieca, Michael D and Rodwell, Dean E and Stedeford, Todd},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20437473},
	keywords = {Abnormalities, Administration, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: classification, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Drug-Induced, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oral, Pregnancy, Rabbits, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Teratogens, Teratogens: classification, Teratogens: toxicity},
	pages = {139--46},
}





@article{harrad_current-use_2009,
	title = {Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from {English} lakes.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842},
	doi = {10.1021/es902185u},
	abstract = {Concentrations are reported of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) in water (n = 27), sediment (n = 9), and fish samples (n = 30) from nine English lakes. Seasonal variation in concentrations in water is minimal. Concentrations of TBBP-A range from 140 to 3200 pg L(-1) (water), 330 to 3800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and {\textbackslash}textless0.29 to 1.7 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Those of SigmaHBCDs range between 80 and 270 pg L(-1) (water), 880 and 4800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and 14 and 290 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Aqueous concentrations of SigmaHBCDs and TBBP-A are significantly positively correlated, indicating a common source. Average +/-sigma(n) "freely-dissolved" phase proportions are 47 +/- 4.7\% (SigmaHBCDs) and 61 +/- 2.9\% (TBBP-A). Average field-derived bioaccumulation factors are 5900, 1300, 810, and 2100 for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and SigmaHBCDs, respectively. Tetrabromocyclododecadienes are detected in all sediments, with pentabromocyclododecenes present in some. This suggests HBCD degrades via sequential loss of HBr. The delta-HBCD meso form was quantified in 43\% of fish samples (1.0-11\% SigmaHBCDs). Its absence from temporally and spatially consistent water and sediment samples suggests it is formed via bioisomerization. While HBCD chiral signatures are racemic in water and sediment, our data reveal enantiomeric enrichment of (-)alpha-HBCD and (+)gamma-HBCD in fish.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Harrad, Stuart and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Rose, Neil L and Turner, Simon D and Davidson, Thomas A},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19921842},
	keywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chromatography, England, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Liquid, Seasons, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Water Pollutants, env, frbldg, frelec, waa},
	pages = {9077--83},
}





@article{harley_association_2011,
	title = {Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.},
	volume = {174},
	url = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf},
	doi = {10.1093/aje/kwr212},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95\% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95\% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95\% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {American journal of epidemiology},
	author = {Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Schall, Raul Aguilar and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics \& numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california},
	pages = {885--892},
}





@article{harley_association_2011,
	title = {Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.},
	volume = {174},
	issn = {1476-6256},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/aje/kwr212},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95\% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95\% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95\% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {American journal of epidemiology},
	author = {Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Schall, Raul Aguilar and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21878423},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics \& numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california},
	pages = {885--92},
}





@article{harju_current_2009,
	title = {Current state of knowledge and monitoring requirements: {Emerging} "new" brominated flame retardants in flame retarded products and the environment ({TA}-2462/2008).},
	url = {http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants are a group of chemicals that inhibit combustion. They are extensively used in electrical and electronic equipment, transport equipment, building materials, paint and insulation foams. However, many of the brominated flame retardants have undesirable effects on the environment and on human health. Therefore it is a nationnal target to substantially reduce the release of five prioritized brominated flame retardants before 2010 and completely eliminate the discharge of these five substances before 2020. The overall aim of this study is to perform a review of the current state of the knowledge on emerging “new” brominated flame retardants. This includes the use of the selected substances, environmental levels, data on toxicity and ecotoxicity, potential to bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate in the food web, analytical possibilities, potential for long range transport and their persistence in the environment. Further, this information is used to select compounds that based on the current knowledge can be relevant for further monitoring. The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) has commissioned the environmental research institute NILU (Norway), Swerea IVF (Sweden) and WECC Wania Environmental Chemist Corp. (Canada) to perform this study.},
	journal = {Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)},
	author = {Harju, M and Heimstad, ES and Herzke, D and Sandanger, T and Posner, S and Wania, F},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr, frelec, tox, unsure, use, waa},
}





@article{hardy_toxicology_2009,
	title = {Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether.},
	volume = {39 Suppl 3},
	issn = {1547-6898},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087},
	doi = {10.1080/10408440902837967},
	abstract = {We evaluated the available pharmacokinetic data and human and animal toxicity data for 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (CASRN 1163-19-5) with the objective of deriving a reference dose (RfD) based on the best available science. The available studies for deriving an RfD were first screened using the Klimisch criteria and further evaluated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency's general assessment factors for data quality and relevance (i.e., soundness, applicability and utility, clarity and completeness, uncertainty and variability, and evaluation and review). The chronic 2-year dietary feeding study conducted by the United States National Toxicology Program ( NTP, 1986 , Technical Report Series No. 309) was selected for RfD derivation. Hepatocellular degeneration in male rats was chosen as the critical endpoint in the development of an RfD. For dose-response characterization, we applied benchmark-dose modeling to animal data and determined a point of departure (the 95\% lower confidence limit for a 10\% increase in hepatocellular degeneration) of 419 mg/kg-day for oral exposures. Based on the similar pharmacokinetic characteristics of BDE-209 across species, this value was converted to a human equivalence dose of 113 mg/kg-day by applying a dosimetric adjustment factor based on body weight scaling to the (3/4) power. An oral RfD of 4 mg/kg-day was calculated by using a composite uncertainty factor of 30, which consisted of 10 for intraspecies uncertainty, 3 for interspecies uncertainty (i.e., 3 for toxicodynamics x 1 for toxicokinetics), and 1 for deficiencies with the database. We consider the RfD to be adequately protective of sensitive subpopulations, including women, their fetuses, children, and people with hepatocellular diseases.},
	journal = {Critical reviews in toxicology},
	author = {Hardy, Marcia L and Banasik, Marek and Stedeford, Todd},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19874087},
	keywords = {Animals, Benchmarking, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: standards, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Status, Humans, Reference Standards, Risk Assessment, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, frelec, tox},
	pages = {1--44},
}





@article{hardell_case-control_2001,
	title = {Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to {Epstein}-{Barr} virus antigens in the etiology of non-{Hodgkin} lymphoma.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1042-8194},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490},
	abstract = {A rapid increase in incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been reported from many countries. Exposure to certain pesticides and organochlorines has been shown to be risk factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that has been associated with some subgroups of NHL, such as Burkitt lymphoma and lymphomas related to severe immunosuppression. In this study, we measured lipid adjusted blood concentrations of 36 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four different subgroups of chlordanes (trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane, MC6 and oxychlordane) and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (TBDE) in incident cases of NHL and controls from the general population. Titers of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr early antigen (EA) were correlated to concentrations of organochlorines. We found a significant difference in lipid adjusted blood concentrations of total PCBs and TBDE between cases and controls. Titers of antibodies to EA IgG {\textbackslash}textgreater 80 were correlated to an increased risk for NHL with odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95\% confidence interval (CI) =0.94-3.8. This risk was further increased in those with a level above the median value of "sum of PCBs" (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14), HCB (OR=5.3, CI=1.6-19), sum of chlordanes (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14) and TBDE (OR=21, CI=4.6-124), suggesting an interaction between EBV and a higher concentration of these chemicals. Also for the "sum of immunotoxic PCBs" increased risk was found in that group (OR=6.4, CI=1.9-24). Subdivision of NHL in histological types yielded highest risks for low-grade B-cell NHL.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Leukemia \& lymphoma},
	author = {Hardell, E and Eriksson, M and Lindström, G and Van Bavel, B and Linde, A and Carlberg, M and Liljegren, G},
	month = aug,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11697490},
	keywords = {Antibodies, Antigens, Case-Control Studies, Chlordan, Chlordan: analogs \& derivatives, Chlordan: blood, Chlordan: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: toxicity, Drug Interactions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fungicides, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: blood, Hexachlorobenzene: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial, Industrial: blood, Industrial: toxicity, Insecticides, Insecticides: blood, Insecticides: toxicity, Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin: chemically induced, Non-Hodgkin: etiology, Non-Hodgkin: virology, Odds Ratio, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Viral, Viral: blood, Viral: immunology},
	pages = {619--29},
}





@techreport{haneke_tetrabromobisphenol_2002,
	title = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} [79-94-7] {Review} of toxicological literature},
	url = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf},
	institution = {Integrated Laboratory Systems},
	author = {Haneke, KE},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},
}





@article{han_2244-tetrabromodiphenyl_2012,
	title = {2,2',4,4'-{Tetrabromodiphenyl} ether ({BDE}-47) decreases progesterone synthesis through {cAMP}-{PKA} pathway and {P450scc} downregulation in mouse {Leydig} tumor cells.},
	volume = {302},
	issn = {1879-3185},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.010},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics and electronics and represent a group of persistent environmental contaminants. They have been found to accumulate in human and marine mammals. Previous studies have shown that PBDEs have endocrine-disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. However, the mechanisms under the reproductive disruptions are still not well understood. In this study, we explored the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on progesterone biosynthesis and possible mechanisms in mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). Our results showed that BDE-47 could reduce progesterone production and decrease the intracellular cAMP level induced by hCG or forskolin. These suggested that BDE-47 decreasing progesterone production in mLTC-1 cells may be associated with the decline of intracellular cAMP level. Moreover, our data also indicated that the site G protein in cAMP-PKA pathway may be involved in this process. Furthermore, the addition of cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, could not reverse the decrease of progesterone biosynthesis, indicating that a post-cAMP site (or sites) might be involved into the BDE-47-decreased progesterone production. In addition, we found BDE-47 reduced the activity of P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), which was companied with the decline of P450scc mRNA and protein level in mLTC-1 cells. Put all together, these results suggested that progesterone synthesis decrease induced by BDE-47 may be associated with attenuation of cAMP generation and reduction of P450scc activity.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Han, Xiumei and Tang, Rong and Chen, Xiaojiao and Xu, Bo and Qin, Yufeng and Wu, Wei and Hu, Yanhui and Xu, Bin and Song, Ling and Xia, Yankai and Wang, Xinru},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22867812},
	keywords = {Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Down-Regulation, Down-Regulation: drug effects, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Leydig Cell Tumor, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Mice, Neoplastic, Neoplastic: drug effec, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: biosynthesis, RNA, Tumor, cell line},
	pages = {44--50},
}





@article{han_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of {Taizhou}, a major e-waste dismantling area in {China}.},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1432-0800},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354},
	doi = {10.1007/s00128-009-9855-9},
	abstract = {Concentrations, congener profiles, gas-particle partitioning and size distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of Taizhou were studied to evaluate the impact of e-waste recycling on the environment. Total concentration of 13 PBDEs near the e-waste dismantling area was 506 pg m(-3) in summer and 1,662 pg m(-3) in winter, about 7 times higher than that of the reference urban site, but much lower than that of Guiyu, another major e-waste dismantling area in China. This should be attributable to the centralized management measures taken in recent years in Taizhou. BDE-209 was the major congener and mainly in coarse particles.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Han, Wenliang and Feng, Jialiang and Gu, Zeping and Chen, Duohong and Wu, Minghong and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19760354},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \& numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Refuse Disposal},
	pages = {783--8},
}





@article{hardy_terrestrial_2011,
	title = {Terrestrial toxicity evaluation of decabromodiphenyl ethane on organisms from three trophic levels.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1090-2414},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.027},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDP-Ethane) was evaluated for its potential to effect sewage sludge respiration, soil nitrification, survival and reproduction in Eisenia fetida, and seedling emergence and growth in Zea mays, Lolium perenne, Glycine max, Allium cepa, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Cucumis sativa. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were identified at the limit concentration level for sewage sludge respiration ({\textbackslash}textgreater10 mg DBDP-Ethane/kg dry soil), {\textbackslash}textgreater2500 mg/kg dry soil for soil nitrification, {\textbackslash}textgreater3720 mg/kg dry soil for earthworm survival, and {\textbackslash}textgreater6250 mg/kg dry soil for seedling emergence and growth in Z. mays, L. perenne, and G. max . Treatment-related effects were identified for E. fetida reproduction, C. sativa survival, and L. esculentum and A. cepa height and dry weight. The most sensitive endpoints were decreased height and dry weight for A. cepa and decreased reproduction for E. fetida with NOECs of 1563(nominal) (1540(measured)) and 2210(nominal) (1907(mean measured)) mg/kg dry soil. The NOEC for soil nitrification and the lowest NOEC identified for soil (i.e., A. cepa) were used to derive predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) values of 2500 mg/kg for sewage sludge and 156 mg/kg for soil. The calculated PNECs indicate DBDP-Ethane presents little risk to organisms in the sewage sludge and soil compartments.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
	author = {Hardy, M L and Aufderheide, J and Krueger, H O and Mathews, M E and Porch, J R and Schaefer, E C and Stenzel, J I and Stedeford, T},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21111479},
	keywords = {Animals, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cucumis sativus, Cucumis sativus: drug effects, Cucumis sativus: growth \& development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: growth \& development, Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon esculentum: drug effects, Lycopersicon esculentum: growth \& development, Nitrification, Nitrification: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Oligochaeta: growth \& development, Oligochaeta: physiology, Onions, Onions: drug effects, Onions: growth \& development, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Seedling, Seedling: drug effects, Seedling: growth \& development, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Soil: chemistry, Zea mays, Zea mays: drug effects, Zea mays: growth \& development},
	pages = {703--10},
}





@article{hanari_occurrence_2006,
	title = {Occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polybrominated dibenzofurans as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations and compositions of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as contaminants in the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures DE-71, DE-79, and DE-83 and to ascertain the lot-to-lot variations in the proportions of these contaminants. Commercial PBDE mixtures tested in the present study contained both PBBs and PBDFs, as impurities, at concentrations in the range of several tens to several thousands of nanograms per gram. Concentrations of total PBDFs were greater than those of total PBBs in DE-79 and DE-83 mixtures. PBDDs were not detected at levels above the limit of detection. Profiles of PBB and PBDF congeners varied with the degree of bromination of the commercial PBDE mixtures (i.e., more highly brominated mixtures of PBDEs contained heavily brominated homologues of PBBs and PBDFs). On the basis of the production/ usage of commercial PBDE mixtures in 2001, potential global annual emissions of PBBs and PBDFs were calculated to be 40 and 2300 kg, respectively. Results of our study suggestthat PBDFs can also be formed during the production of commercial PBDE mixtures, in addition to their formation during pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hanari, Nobuyasu and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Miyake, Yuichi and Okazawa, Tsuyoshi and Kodavanti, Prasada Rao S and Aldous, Kenneth M and Yamashita, Nobuyoshi},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16903277},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Ethers, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frelec, use},
	pages = {4400--5},
}





@book{hamins_reducing_2012,
	address = {NIST Special Publication 1130},
	title = {Reducing the {Risk} of {Fire} in {Buildings} and {Communities} : {A} {Strategic} {Roadmap} to {Guide} and {Prioritize} {Research}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	author = {Hamins, Anthony and Averill, Jason and Bryner, Nelson and Gann, Richard G and Butry, David and Davis, Rick and Amon, Francine and Gilman, Jeffrey and Maranghides, Alexander and Mell, William and Madrzykowski, Daniel and Manzello, Samuel and Yang, Jiann and Bundy, Matthew},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{hamers_vitro_2006,
	title = {In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants.},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj187},
	abstract = {Over the last few years, increasing evidence has become available that some brominated flame retardants (BFRs) may have endocrine-disrupting (ED) potencies. The goal of the current study was to perform a systematic in vitro screening of the ED potencies of BFRs (1) to elucidate possible modes of action of BFRs in man and wildlife and (2) to classify BFRs with similar profiles of ED potencies. A test set of 27 individual BFRs were selected, consisting of 19 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, ortho-hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ether 47, and tetrabromobisphenol-A-bis(2,3)dibromopropyl ether. All BFRs were tested for their potency to interact with the arylhydrocarbon receptor, androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen receptor. In addition, all BFRs were tested for their potency to inhibit estradiol (sulfation by estradiol sulfotransferase (E2SULT), to interfere with thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated cell proliferation, and to compete with T3-precursor thyroxine for binding to the plasma transport protein transthyretin (TTR). The results of the in vitro screening indicated that BFRs have ED potencies, some of which had not or only marginally been described before (AR antagonism, PR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and potentiation of T3-mediated effects). For some BFRs, the potency to induce AR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and TTR competition was higher than for natural ligands or clinical drugs used as positive controls. Based on their similarity in ED profiles, BFRs were classified into five different clusters. These findings support further investigation of the potential ED effects of these environmentally relevant BFRs in man and wildlife.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Hamers, Timo and Kamstra, Jorke H and Sonneveld, Edwin and Murk, Albertinka J and Kester, Monique H A and Andersson, Patrik L and Legler, Juliette and Brouwer, Abraham},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16601080},
	keywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox},
	pages = {157--73},
}





@article{hallanger_seasonality_2011,
	title = {Seasonality in contaminant accumulation in {Arctic} marine pelagic food webs using trophic magnification factor as a measure of bioaccumulation.},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.488},
	abstract = {Seasonality in biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs; polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants) in Arctic marine pelagic food webs was investigated in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs; average factor change in concentration between two trophic levels) were used to measure food web biomagnification in biota in May, July, and October 2007. Pelagic zooplankton (seven species), fish (five species), and seabirds (two species) were included in the study. For most POP compounds, highest TMFs were found in July and lowest were in May. Seasonally changing TMFs were a result of seasonally changing POP concentrations and the δ¹⁵N-derived trophic positions of the species included in the food web. These seasonal differences in TMFs were independent of inclusion/exclusion of organisms based on physiology (i.e., warm- versus cold-blooded organisms) in the food web. The higher TMFs in July, when the food web consisted of a higher degree of boreal species, suggest that future warming of the Arctic and increased invasion by boreal species can result in increased food web magnification. Knowledge of the seasonal variation in POP biomagnification is a prerequisite for understanding changes in POP biomagnification caused by climate change.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Hallanger, Ingeborg G and Warner, Nicholas A and Ruus, Anders and Evenset, Anita and Christensen, Guttorm and Herzke, Dorte and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Borg{\textbackslash}a a, Katrine},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21312250},
	keywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Aquatic Organisms: physiology, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Climate Change, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: metabolism, Zooplankton: physiology, unsure},
	pages = {1026--35},
}





@techreport{hall_smoking-material_2010,
	title = {The smoking-material fire problem},
	url = {http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf},
	abstract = {In 2008, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 114,800 smoking-material fires in the U.S., down from 140,700 in 2007. These fires resulted in an estimated 680 civilian deaths, 1,520 civilian injuries and \$737 million in direct property damage. Upholstered furniture and mattresses and bedding are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-material fires is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. Most deaths from smoking-material fires result from fires that started in living rooms, family rooms, and dens or in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and all U.S. states have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04. When these laws are fully implemented, it is currently projected that smokingmaterial structure fire deaths will be down by 56-77\% from 2003, the last year before any state implemented the law.},
	institution = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Hall, JR},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},
}





@techreport{hall_smoking-material_2007,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {The smoking-material fire problem},
	url = {http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf},
	abstract = {In 2005, there were an estimated 82,400 smoking-material fires in the U.S., up from 69,500 in 2004. These fires resulted in an estimated 800 civilian deaths, 1,660 civilian injuries and \$575 million in direct property damage. Mattresses, bedding, and upholstered furniture are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-materials is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. More fatal smoking-material fires start in living rooms, family rooms, and dens than in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and nearly half of U.S. states, including the three most populous – California, Texas, and New York – have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04.},
	institution = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Hall, JR},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},
}





@techreport{hall_u.s._2010,
	title = {U.{S}. unintentional fire death rates by state.},
	abstract = {The long-term trend in fire death rates per million population has been sloping substantially downward for nearly every state since 1980. In the five most recent years analyzed (2002-2006), Mississippi had the highest average fire death rate, and states of the southeast accounted for 10 of the 14 highest rates, with Rhode Island, South Dakota, and the states of Missouri and Oklahoma (which border the Southern states) as the other four. When these five-year average rates are compared to state differences, several factors show notable correlations, including poverty (38\% of statistical variation explained), smoking (38\%), race (34\%), and education (34\%). Alcohol use was negatively correlated; the more people proportionally who had consumed five or more alcoholic beverages on one occasion (the definition of binge drinking), the lower the fire death rate. All but this last finding is consistent with findings in other studies of socioeconomic and demographic factors related to measures of fire loss.},
	institution = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Hall, JR},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},
}





@article{hall_exposure_2009,
	title = {Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and first-year survival probability in gray seal pups.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738},
	abstract = {Many studies have demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants are transferred from mother to pup during lactation in phocid seals, but none have been able to determine the significance of these findings for survivorship. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between blubber contaminant concentrations and first-year survival in gray seal pups. A mark-recapture framework was used to estimate survival probabilities and animals were "marked" using novel mobile phone tags. Individual and group covariates (sex, condition, and blubber contaminants) were embedded within a live-resighting model. The most significant covariates remained condition at weaning and sex (males in poor condition had the lowest survival probability), as was found previously, but there was also evidence indicating that higher blubber contaminants additionally decreased survivorship. The models' Akaike's Information Criteria (AICs) and their associated weights, point toward the tetrapolybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (dominated by BDE-47) as being the most important group of contaminants affecting survival probability, followed by the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and pentapolychlorinated biphenyl congeners. These compounds were not the most abundant in the blubber, suggesting further studies into their toxicological effects in this species are necessary. The specific mechanisms driving the reduction in survivorship remain unknown.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hall, Ailsa J and Thomas, Gareth O and McConnell, Bernie J},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19746738},
	keywords = {Animals, Confidence Intervals, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Likelihood Functions, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: poisoning, Probability, Seals, Survival Analysis, Weaning, ffr, mam},
	pages = {6364--9},
}





@article{hall_polychlorinated_2007,
	title = {Polychlorinated biphenyls, {DDT}, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organic pesticides in {United} {Kingdom} harbor seals ({Phoca} vitulina)–mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129},
	abstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and selected organochlorine pesticide concentrations were measured in blubber samples from 60 free-living harbor seals in 2003 from five sites around the United Kingdom coast. Significant regional differences among contaminant levels were found, with seals on Islay and Jura (southwest Scotland) having the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and seals in the Wash (eastern England) having the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether levels. Animals from the north and northeast of Scotland (Orkney and the Moray Firth) had the lowest levels of all the contaminant groups studied. Congener-specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers showed relatively higher levels of the lower chlorinated and brominated compounds at the more northerly sites, with the lowest total levels of both chemical groups. Significant positive relationships between blubber contaminants and total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations were found after controlling for the potential effects of confounding because of sex, mass, and season. Increased serum TT3 levels were significantly related to higher blubber contaminant concentrations in the following order: sum of all contaminants {\textbackslash}textgreater polybrominated diphenyl ethers {\textbackslash}textgreater polychlorinated biphenyls {\textbackslash}textgreater DDT. Serum TT3 levels in the harbor seals with the highest exposures might be indicative of a T3 thyrotoxicosis, but without information on free T3 and circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, it is difficult to determine the importance of this observation for the health of the individuals or populations. However, the mixture of contaminants to which United Kingdom harbor seals are exposed has changed over the last few decades, and the toxicological and epidemiological importance of adding the brominated compounds to the classical organochlorine and heavy metal mixture is not known.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Hall, Ailsa J and Thomas, Gareth O},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17521129},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Britain, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seals, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},
	pages = {851--61},
}





@techreport{hall_jr._fatal_2011,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {Fatal effects of fire},
	url = {http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire},
	institution = {National Fire Protection Agency},
	author = {Hall Jr., John R.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{hall_jr._smoking-material_2012,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {The {Smoking}-{Material} {Fire} {Problem}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf},
	number = {March},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Hall Jr., John R},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{hall_jr._us_2008,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {{US} {Unintentional} {Fire} {Death} {Rates} by {State}},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Hall Jr., John R},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{hall_jr._fatal_2011,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {Fatal {Effects} of {Fire}},
	url = {http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&itemID=57921&URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Hall Jr., John R},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{hale_potential_2002,
	title = {Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the {US} environment},
	volume = {46},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375},
	abstract = {Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98\% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from {\textbackslash}textless1 to 132μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Matt Mainor, T},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, bioaccumulation},
	pages = {729--735},
}





@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899},
	doi = {10.1021/es203149g},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M and Luellen, Drew R and Hundal, Lakhwinder S},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22295899},
	keywords = {Cereals, Cereals: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, United States, Water Pollutants, Zea mays, Zea mays: metabolism},
	pages = {2055--63},
}





@article{gullett_pcdd/f_2010,
	title = {{PCDD}/{F}, {PBDD}/{F}, and {PBDE} emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929},
	doi = {10.1021/es902676w},
	abstract = {This work reports on the first known field study determining emission factors for polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (P[C/B]DDs/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from open burning of domestic waste. Two burning waste dump sites in Mexico were sampled using high-volume samplers mounted to a mobile sampling boom. Concurrent measurements of CO and CO(2) allowed determination of emission factors via the carbon balance method. PCDD/F emission factors averaged 823 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg C(burned) (N = 8, 68\% relative standard deviation, RSD), a value at least five times higher than those from previous tests with domestic waste burned in barrels and approximately 2000 times higher than those from stacks of modern municipal waste combustors. These emission factors appear to be related to combustion quality, as conditions conducive to smoldering combustion, rather than flaming combustion, resulted in higher emission factors. Emissions of 40 PBDE congeners, likely originating from brominated flame retardants, averaged 724 mug/kg C(burned) (RSD = 96\%) and had congener patterns similar to those of reported atmospheric sampling. Emissions of PBDDs/Fs were similar in magnitude to their chlorinated counterparts, averaging 470 ng TEQ/kg C(burned) (RSD = 105\%), and may originate as reaction products of PBDE combustion or as thermally desorbed impurities from the PBDE flame retardant.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Gullett, Brian K and Wyrzykowska, Barbara and Grandesso, Emanuela and Touati, Abderrahmane and Tabor, Dennis G and Ochoa, Gustavo Solórzano},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19950929},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {394--9},
}





@article{hall_polybrominated_2003,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in grey seals during their first year of life–are they thyroid hormone endocrine disrupters?},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100},
	abstract = {Blubber biopsy and blood samples were collected from weaned grey seal pups and juveniles in 1998 and 1999. The relationship between the concentration of total PDBEs in the blubber and the circulating concentrations of serum proteins, minerals and thyroid hormones was investigated. Fifty-four post-weaned pups were sampled and 55 first year juveniles, of which 13 were recaptured post-weaned pups. The median concentration of total PBDEs in the pups' blubber was 170 and 460 ng g(-1) in the first-year animals. Total blubber PBDEs contributed significantly to the prediction of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, after controlling for age and condition. Cholesterol and albumin concentrations were also positively related to blubber PBDEs. The results of this study suggest a link between thyroid hormones and exposure to PBDEs in grey seals during their first year of life. Such an association is not alone sufficient evidence for a cause and effect relationship, however it is in accordance with the hypothesis that these compounds are endocrine disrupters in grey seal pups.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental pollution},
	author = {Hall, Ailsa J and Kalantzi, Olga I and Thomas, Gareth O},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12860100},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Earless, Earless: physiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Minerals, Minerals: blood, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Seals, Seawater, Serum Albumin, Serum Albumin: analysis, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},
	pages = {29--37},
}





@article{hall_jr._smoke_1995,
	title = {Smoke or burns- which is deadlier?},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf},
	journal = {NFPA journal},
	author = {Hall Jr., John R and Harwood, Beatrice},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {38--43},
}





@book{hall_jr._u.s._2008,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {U.{S}. unintentional fire death rates by state},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf},
	number = {December},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Hall Jr., John R},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Risk Factors, fire death rates, fire fatalities, fire statistics, state},
}





@article{hall_jr._fires_2002,
	title = {Fires {Involving} {Appliance} {Housings}— {Is} {There} a {Clear} and {Present} {Danger}?},
	volume = {38},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1014463317848},
	abstract = {In the past couple years, worldwide attention has been focused on the fire hazard potentially posed by the housings or casings of several types of equipment. This paper addresses the narrow question of whether there is a clear and present danger in the US with regard to the fire hazard posed by the appliance housings of certain types of equipment, based on the fire loss record relevant to these issues. The best available fire loss statistics indicate that the appliance housing fire problem in the USA may be large enough to justify some attention but would not normally be regarded as large enough to justify urgent or priority attention. The paper also asks whether there are other reasons that would justify urgent action and discusses several candidate reasons.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Fire Technology},
	author = {Hall Jr., John R},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {179--198},
}





@article{hale_brominated_2006,
	title = {Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media.},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006},
	abstract = {BFR burdens in abiotic media have been less studied than in biota, despite their essential value as an aide to identifying sources, temporal and geographic trends and exposure routes. Many polymer products consist of several percent by weight of BFRs. Global trade in these can result in rapid and wholesale BFR movement. Loss from in-use products of nonreactive BFRs may be important, particularly in respect to indoor exposure. In the case of BDE-209, discharges from publicly owned treatment works may be substantial. BFR burdens in air, water and sewage sludge respond rapidly to changes in environmental BFR inputs. PBDEs have been the most widely studied. In many locales PBDE burdens in these media now surpass those of PCBs. Air and water near sources and urban areas are typically enriched relative to rural locales. The more volatile PBDEs dominate in the vapor phase, while BDE-209 typically predominates on particulates. Evidence exists for long-range transport of the more volatile PBDEs. A greater diversity of BFRs (mostly PBDEs, HBCD and TBBP-A) has been detected in sewage sludges. Land application of these sludges on agricultural fields is one conduit for soil contamination. In general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 appear to be increasing, while penta-BDE burdens in Europe may have peaked. Sediments function as longer-term integrators of environmental burdens. Concentrations of common BFRs therein may be substantial near point sources. Evidence for debromination in the environment has been limited to date. However, some laboratory and field observations suggest it is possible to a limited extent.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Gaylor, Michael O and Mainor, T Matt},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16434082},
	keywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Solubility, Volatilization, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frelec, water},
	pages = {181--6},
}





@article{hale_polybrominated_2003,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the {North} {American} environment.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01604120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095},
	doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00113-2},
	abstract = {North America consumes over half of the world's production of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. About 98\% of global demand for the Penta-BDE mixture, the constituents of which are the most bioaccumulative and environmentally widespread, resides here. However, research on the environmental distribution of PBDEs in North America has lagged behind that in Northern Europe. Examination of available governmentally maintained release data suggests that Deca-BDE use in the US substantially exceeds that in Canada. Penta-BDE use probably follows a similar pattern. PBDE demand in Mexico is uncertain, but is assumed to be comparatively modest. Recent research examining air, water, sediment, sewage sludge and aquatic biota suggests that Penta-BDE constituents are present in geographically disparate locations in the US and Canada. The less brominated congeners have been observed in areas distant from their known use or production, e.g. the Arctic. PBDEs have been detected in low concentrations in North American air, water and sediment, but much higher levels in aquatic biota. Increased burdens as a function of position in the food web have been noted. PBDE concentrations in US and Canadian sewage sludges appear to be at least 10-fold greater than European levels and may be a useful barometer of release. In general, PBDE concentrations in environmental media reported in North America are comparable or exceed those observed elsewhere in the world. In contrast to Europe, environmental burdens are increasing over time here, consistent with the greater consumption of the commercial mixtures. However, data remain relatively scarce. Deca-BDE in the North American environment appears largely restricted to points of release, e.g. urban areas and those where PBDE-containing sewage sludges have been applied. This lack of redistribution is likely due to its extremely low volatility and water solubility. Penta-BDE and Deca-BDE products are used in different applications and this may also be a factor controlling their environmental release.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Hale, R},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12850095},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Environment, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Marine Biology, North America, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Solubility, Volatilization, env, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {771--779},
}





@article{guo_high_2012,
	title = {High polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in {California} house cats: house dust a primary source?},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.1700},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that act as endocrine disruptors, affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis. As a follow-up to a recent study showing high PBDE levels in household cats and linking PBDE levels with cat hyperthyroidism, we measured PBDEs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in serum samples from 26 California household cats (16 hyperthyroid, 10 controls) using liquid-liquid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the present pilot study, we found that PBDE levels in California house cats were extremely high (ΣPBDEs median = 2,904 ng/g lipid; range, 631-22,537 ng/g lipid). This is approximately 50 times higher than levels in California residents (ΣPBDEs geomean = 62 ± 8.9 ng/g lipid, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), who have among the highest human levels in the world. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers congener patterns (BDE-99 major congener, BDE-209 significant) differed markedly from patterns found in California residents (BDE-47 major) or wildlife but resembled patterns found in house dust. Polychlorinated biphenyls and OCPs in cats were highly correlated, consistent with a shared dietary source or pathway of exposure, but did not correlate with PBDEs. This suggests a different source or pathway of exposure for PBDEs, which was most likely house dust. The authors found no evidence that linked levels of PBDEs, PCBs, or OCPs with hyperthyroidism. This may be because of the small sample size, competing or confounding risk factors, or complicated causal mechanisms.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Guo, Weihong and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Gardner, Steve and Baek, Christina and Petreas, Myrto and Hooper, Kim},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22105974},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Animals, Cats, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Nutrition Surveys, Pilot Projects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, california},
	pages = {301--6},
}





@article{greene_results_2008,
	title = {Results from the {San} {Francisco} firefighters bladder cancer screening study},
	volume = {179},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Urology},
	author = {Greene, Kirsten L and Konety, Badrinath R and Stoller, Marshall L},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {323},
}





@article{green_overview_1995,
	title = {An {Overview} of the {Fire} {Retardant} {Chemicals} {Industry}, {Past} - {Present} - {Future}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf},
	abstract = {An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry in the United States is given starting with an historical review of the chemical producers in about 1970. Marketing concepts for these specialty chemicals is discussed by customer types for each category of fire retardant. The fire retardants discussed are bromine and chlorine compounds, non- halogen and halogenated phosphates and antimony oxide. The paper contains a section in how to select a fire retardant. Markets are discussed by fire retardant type and by polymer type. The current and future trends section discusses toxicity issues with bromine fire retardants, non-halogen fire retardants, smoke, processability and thin walled parts, and market projections.},
	number = {June},
	journal = {Fire and materials},
	author = {Green, Joseph},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {197--204},
}





@article{gold_another_1978,
	title = {Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.},
	volume = {200},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576},
	abstract = {A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.},
	number = {4343},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Gold, M D and Blum, A and Ames, B N},
	month = may,
	year = {1978},
	pmid = {347576},
	keywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, ffr, tox},
	pages = {785--7},
}





@article{giordano_developmental_2012,
	title = {Developmental neurotoxicity: some old and new issues.},
	volume = {2012},
	issn = {2090-6188},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.5402/2012/814795},
	abstract = {The developing central nervous system is often more vulnerable to injury than the adult one. Of the almost 200 chemicals known to be neurotoxic, many are developmental neurotoxicants. Exposure to these compounds in utero or during childhood can contribute to a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Two established developmental neurotoxicants, methylmercury and lead, and two classes of chemicals, the polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and the organophosphorus insecticides, which are emerging as potential developmental neurotoxicants, are discussed in this paper. Developmental neurotoxicants may also cause silent damage, which would manifest itself only as the individual ages, and may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing have been implemented, but there is still room for their improvement and for searching and validating alternative testing approaches.},
	journal = {ISRN toxicology},
	author = {Giordano, Gennaro and Costa, Lucio G},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23724296},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {814795},
}





@article{guerra_emerging_2012,
	title = {Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon ({Falco} peregrinus) eggs from {Canada} and {Spain}.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.014},
	abstract = {Comparisons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) recently collected (2003-2007), are made between Canada (N=12) and Spain (N=13). Overall, concentrations of sum (Σ) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; 16 di-deca-BDE congeners) exceeded Σhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and were an order of magnitude higher than 2,2'4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153){\textbackslash}textgreaterhexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCBDCO){\textbackslash}textgreater1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE){\textbackslash}textgreaterdecabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE){\textbackslash}textgreateroctabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND){\textbackslash}textgreaterhexabromobenzene (HBB){\textbackslash}textgreaterbis(2-ethyl-1hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP). This is the first report of detectable HBCDCO and BEHTBP concentrations in biota, and the highest in ovo concentration of ∑HBCD (14,617 ng/glw; Montreal, Canada) to date. There were significantly greater egg concentrations of BB-153, ΣHBCD, and ΣPBDE including BDE-153, -99, -100 and -183, in Canadian than Spanish peregrines with a terrestrial diet. HBB, BTBPE, and OBIND were detected in eggs from both countries, but only Canadian peregrine eggs had detectable levels of HCDBCO (25\%) and DBDPE (N=1). The in ovo PBDE congener profile was dominated by BDE-153{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-99{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-47{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-183{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-100{\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-209, with the isomeric HBCD pattern being α-HBCD{\textbackslash}textgreaterγ-HBCD (β-HBCD undetected). The Canadian peregrine eggs had lower enantiomeric HBCD values consistent with their higher fractions of (-) α-HBCD, suggesting selective enantiomeric enrichment or that the (+) α-isomer is more readily metabolized and so deposited in the egg through maternal transfer. Continental differences in egg burdens of peregrines are discussed relative to BFR usage patterns and exposure of peregrines on their breeding grounds.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Guerra, Paula and Alaee, Mehran and Jiménez, Begoña and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Marvin, Chris and MacInnis, Gordia and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Champoux, Louise and Fernie, Kim},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {21862134},
	keywords = {Animals, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Spain},
	pages = {179--86},
}





@book{gross_special_2011,
	title = {Special {Report}: {Flame} retardant industry spent \$23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — {Environmental} {Health} {News}},
	url = {http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html},
	author = {Gross, Liza},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{grenier_water_2010,
	title = {Water quality in {South} {San} {Francisco} {Bay}, {California}: current condition and potential issues for the {South} {Bay} {Salt} {Pond} {Restoration} {Project}.},
	volume = {206},
	issn = {0179-5953},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-6260-7_6},
	abstract = {The SBSPRP is an extensive tidal wetland restoration project that is underway at the margin of South San Francisco Bay, California. The Project, which aims to restore former salt ponds to tidal marsh and manage other ponds for water bird support, is taking place in the context of a highly urbanized watershed and an Estuary already impacted by chemical contaminants. There is an intimate relationship between water quality in the watershed, the Bay, and the transitional wetland areas where the Project is located. The Project seeks to restore habitat for endangered and endemic species and to provide recreational opportunities for people. Therefore, water quality and bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish and wildlife is an important concern for the success of the Project. Mercury, PCBs, and PBDEs are the persistent contaminants of greatest concern in the region. All of these contaminants are present at elevated concentrations both in the abiotic environment and in wildlife. Dioxins, pyrethroids, PAHs, and selenium are also problematic. Organochlorine insecticides have historically impacted the Bay, and they remain above thresholds for concern in a small proportion of samples. Emerging contaminants, such as PFCs and non-PBDE flame retardants, are also an important water quality issue. Beyond chemical pollutants, other concerns for water quality in South San Francisco Bay exist, and include biological constituents, especially invasive species, and chemical attributes, such as dissolved oxygen and salinity. Future changes, both from within the Project and from the Bay and watershed, are likely to influence water quality in the region. Project actions to restore wetlands could worsen, improve, or not affect the already impaired water quality in South Bay. Accelerated erosion of buried sediment as a consequence of Project restoration actions is a potentially serious regional threat to South Bay water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the planned restoration of salt ponds to tidal marsh has raised concerns about possible increased net production of methylmercury and its subsequent accumulation in the food web. This concern applies not only to the restored marshes, but also to the South Bay as a whole, which could be affected on a regional scale. The ponds that are converted to tidal marsh will sequester millions of cubic meters of sediment. Sequestration of sediment in marshes could remove contaminated sediment from the active zone of the Bay but could also create marshes with contaminated food webs. Some of the ponds will not be restored to marsh but will be managed for use by water birds. Therefore, the effect of dense avian populations on eutrophication and the introduction of pathogens should be considered. Water quality in the Project also could be affected by external changes, such as human population growth and climate change. To address these many concerns related to water quality, the SBSPRP managers, and others faced with management of wetland restoration at a regional scale, should practice adaptive management and ongoing monitoring for water quality, particularly monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the food web.},
	journal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Grenier, J Letitia and Davis, Jay A},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20652671},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Remediation, Flame retardants, San Francisco, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {115--47},
}





@book{green_science_policy_institute_about_2010,
	title = {About {Us}},
	url = {http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us},
	urldate = {2013-08-07},
	author = {{Green Science Policy Institute}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{gorga_determination_2013,
	title = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain}).},
	volume = {444},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23262324},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {51--9},
}







@article{germer_subacute_2006,
	title = {Subacute effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol {A} on hepatic cytochrome {P450} levels in rats.},
	volume = {218},
	issn = {0300-483X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.019},
	abstract = {The brominated flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are found in the environment, e.g., in sediments and organisms, in food items, human blood samples and mother's milk. In this study, the effects of both compounds on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels and activities were investigated. Juvenile/young male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with various doses via the feed (TBBPA) or by gavage (HBCD). After 28 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed and hepatic mRNA and microsomes were isolated. HBCD treatment led to a significant induction of CYP2B1 mRNA, CYP2B1/2B2 protein and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) activity suggesting a phenobarbital-type of induction. Furthermore, a significant increase in CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA, CYP3A1 protein, and luciferin benzylether debenzylase (LBD) activity was found, being more pronounced in females than in males. The effect on CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA was significant in female rats at a daily dose of 3.0mg/kg body weight and above. HBCD exhibited no effects on CYP1A2 mRNA, CYP1A1/1A2 protein, or microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity suggesting lack of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. No significant effects on any of the parameters measured were obtained with TBBPA. Our findings suggest that oral exposure to HBCD induces drug-metabolising enzymes in rats probably via the CAR/PXR signalling pathway. Induction of CYPs and co-regulated enzymes of phase II of drug metabolism may affect homeostasis of endogenous substrates including steroid and thyroid hormones.},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Germer, Silke and Piersma, Aldert H and van Der Ven, Leo and Kamyschnikow, Andreas and Fery, Yvonne and Schmitz, Hans-Joachim and Schrenk, Dieter},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16325980},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, RNA, Rats, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox},
	pages = {229--36},
}





@article{gentes_novel_2012,
	title = {Novel flame retardants in urban-feeding ring-billed gulls from the {St}. {Lawrence} {River}, {Canada}.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168},
	doi = {10.1021/es302099f},
	abstract = {This study investigated the occurrence of a comprehensive suite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use flame retardants (FRs) in ring-billed gulls breeding in a highly industrialized section of the St. Lawrence River, downstream from Montreal (QC, Canada). Despite major point-sources and diffuse contamination by FRs, nearly no FR data have been reported in birds from this area. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was detected in 89\% of ring-billed gull livers (mean: 2.16 ng/g ww; max: 17.6 ng/g ww). To our knowledge, this is the highest detection frequency and highest concentrations reported thus far in any avian species or populations. Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were also particularly abundant (anti-DP detected in 100\% and syn-DP in 93\% of livers). Other detected FR compounds (3-14\% detection) included 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1.2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (β-TBECH). Mean BDE-209 (57.2 ± 12.2 ng/g ww) in ring-billed gull livers was unexpectedly high for this midtrophic gull species, exceeding levels reported in several apex raptors such as peregrine falcons. BDE-209's relative contribution to ∑PBDEs was on average 25\% (exceeding BDE-47 and BDE-99) and contrasted with profiles typically reported for fish-eating gull species. The present study highlighted preoccupying gaps in upcoming FR regulations and stressed the need for further investigation of the sources of FR exposure in highly urbanized areas.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Gentes, Marie-Line and Letcher, Robert J and Caron-Beaudoin, Elyse and Verreault, Jonathan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22845168},
	keywords = {Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: analysis, Canada, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Rivers},
	pages = {9735--44},
}





@article{gauthier_temporal_2009,
	title = {Temporal trends and spatial distribution of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the eggs of colonial populations of {Great} {Lakes} herring gulls.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957},
	abstract = {The production and use of nonpolybrominated diphenyl ether (non-PBDE), brominated flame retardant (BFR) alternatives have been on the rise, although their assessment in environmental samples is largely understudied. In the present study, several non-PBDE BFRs were found in the egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from seven colonies in the five Laurentian Great Lakes (collected in 1982 to 2006). Of the 19 BFRs monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophe-noxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-isomers of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoeth-yl)cyclohexane (TBECH) were present in eggs from all the colonies with the highest detection frequencies of 100\%, 54\%, 9\% and 97\%, respectively. In 2005 and 2006 eggs, the concentrations of DBDPE were highest at three of the seven colonies (1.3 to 288 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and surpassed decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). HBB (0.10 to 3.92 ng/g ww), BTBPE (1.82 to 0.06 ng/g ww), and Sigma-TBECH (0.04 to 3.44 ng/g ww; mainly the beta-isomer 52 to 100\% of Sigma-TBECH) were detected at lower concentrations (and generally {\textbackslash}textless{\textbackslash}textlessSigmaPBDE concentrations). Spatial trends were observed, although temporal trends were not obvious in most cases. Regardless, over the past 25 years non-PBDE BFRs have accumulated variably in female herring gulls and have been transferred during ovogenesis to their eggs, indicating that there has been continual exposure and bioaccumulation of several BFRs in the Great Lakes.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Gauthier, Lewis T and Potter, Dave and Hebert, Craig E and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19238957},
	keywords = {Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: analysis, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Isomerism, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Population Dynamics, Time Factors, frelec, waa},
	pages = {312--7},
}





@article{gauthier_current-use_2007,
	title = {Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls ({Larus} argentatus) from the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes}.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897},
	abstract = {Of the 13, current-use, non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FRs) monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and alpha- and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and the syn- and anti-isomers of the chlorinated Dechlorane Plus (DP) were quantified in egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) collected in 2004 from six sites in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. alpha-HBCD concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 20 ng/g (wet weight (ww)). Other "new" FR levels ranged from 0.004 to 1.4 ng/g ww and were much lower than those of the major BDE congeners that are in technical mixtures (namely BDE-47, -99, -100), where sigma3PBDE ranged from 186 to 498 ng/g ww. Nineteen hepta-BDEs (sigma(hepta) = 4.9-11 ng/g ww), octa-BDEs (alpha(octa) = 2.6-9.1 ng/g ww), and nona-BDEs (sigma(nona) = 0.12-5.6 ng/g ww) were detectible at all six colonies, while BDE-209 was low but quantifiable ({\textbackslash}textless 0.1-0.21 ng/g ww) at two colonies. sigma-DP (syn- and anti-isomers) concentrations in eggs from all sites ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 ng/g ww. Our findings indicate that mother herring gulls are exposed to several, current-use flame retardants via their diet, and in ovo transfer occurred to their eggs. Given the aquatic diet of herring gull, this suggests that there are non-PBDE BFRs present in the gull-associated aquatic food web of the Great Lakes.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Gauthier, Lewis T and Hebert, Craig E and Weseloh, D V Chip and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = jul,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17695897},
	keywords = {Animals, Birds, Canada, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Liquid, Mass, Spectrometry, ffr, waa},
	pages = {4561--7},
}





@article{gee_neurochemical_2011,
	title = {Neurochemical changes following a single dose of polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 in mice.},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1525-6014},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472},
	doi = {10.3109/01480545.2010.536768},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as commercial flame retardants in a variety of products, including plastics and textiles. Previous studies in our laboratory, and in the literature, showed that exposure to a specific PBDE congener (PBDE 47) during a critical period of brain development may lead to developmental delays and hyperactivity in adulthood. To date, the underlying causes of these behavioral alterations are unknown, although in vitro studies linked PBDEs with potential alterations in neurotransmitter levels, particularly acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA). Alterations in DA function have also been noted in cases of hyperactivity in rodents and humans. The current study examined monoamine levels in male mice acutely exposed to corn oil vehicle or PBDE 47 (1, 10, or 30 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 10. Animals were sacrificed on PND 15, PND 20, and in adulthood (131-159 days old). The cortex, striatum, and cerebellum were isolated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentration of monoamines within each brain region. A statistically significant increase in DA levels was seen within the cortex, regardless of age, but only in the 10-mg/kg PBDE treatment group. While these effects did not show a monotonic dose response, we previously reported hyperactivity in littermates in the same dose group, but not at the lower or higher dose. Thus, early developmental exposure to PBDE 47 alters the levels of cortical DA in male mice, which may correlate with behavioral observations in littermates.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Drug and chemical toxicology},
	author = {Gee, Jillian R and Moser, Virginia C and McDanie, Katherine L and Herr, David W},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21314472},
	keywords = {Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: analysis, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acute, Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: chemistry, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: chemistry, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Chromatography, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: chemistry, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Dopamine, Dopamine: analysis, Dopamine: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Suckling, Toxicity Tests},
	pages = {213--9},
}





@article{gaylor_house_2012,
	title = {House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products.},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mgkg(-1) burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7\%drywt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg(-1) lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg(-1) lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10(-4)-10(-3), suggesting that polymer-PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect's movements and/or predation.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Gaylor, Michael O and Harvey, Ellen and Hale, Robert C},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22071374},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gryllidae, Gryllidae: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Manufactured Materials, Molting, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Polyurethanes: metabolism, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism},
	pages = {500--5},
}





@article{gay-lussac_no_1821,
	title = {No {Title}},
	volume = {18},
	number = {211},
	journal = {Annales de chimie et de physique},
	author = {Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis},
	year = {1821},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{gascon_effects_2011,
	title = {Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.005},
	abstract = {There are at present very few studies of the effects of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in consumer products, on neurodevelopment or thyroid hormone levels in humans. The present study aims to examine the association between pre and postnatal PBDE concentrations and neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels in children at age 4years and isolate the effects of PBDEs from those of PCBs, DDT, DDE and HCB. A prospective birth cohort in Menorca (Spain) enrolled 482 pregnant mothers between 1997 and 1998. At 4years, children were assessed for motor and cognitive function (McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities), attention-deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (ADHD-DSM-IV) and social competence (California Preschool Social Competence Scale). PBDE concentrations were measured in cord blood (N=88) and in serum of 4years olds (N=244). Among all congeners analyzed only PBDE 47 was quantified in a reasonable number of samples (LOQ=0.002ng/ml). Exposure to PBDE 47 was analyzed as a dichotomous variable: concentrations above the LOQ (exposed) and concentrations below (referents). Scores for cognitive and motor functions were always lower in children pre and postnatally exposed to PBDE47 than in referents, but none of these associations was statistically significant (β coefficient (95\%CI) of the total cognition score: -2.7 (-7.0, 1.6) for postnatal exposure, and -1.4 (-9.2, 6.5) for prenatal exposure). Postnatal exposure to PBDE 47 was statistically significantly related to an increased risk of symptoms on the attention deficit subscale of ADHD symptoms (RR (95\%CI)=1.8 (1.0, 3.2)) but not to hyperactivity symptoms. A statistically significant higher risk of poor social competence symptoms was observed as a consequence of postnatal PBDE 47 exposure (RR (95\%CI)=2.6 (1.2, 5.9)). Adjustment for other organochlorine compounds did not influence the results. Levels of thyroid hormones were not associated to PBDE exposure. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of PBDE exposure not just prenatally but also during the early years of life. In the light of current evidence a precautionary approach towards PBDE exposure of both mothers and children seems warranted.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Gascon, Mireia and Vrijheid, Martine and Martínez, David and Forns, Joan and Grimalt, Joan O and Torrent, Maties and Sunyer, Jordi},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21237513},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: epi, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \& development, Nervous System: metabolism, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Preschool, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult},
	pages = {605--11},
}





@book{gardner_toxicological_2000,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Toxicological {Risks} of {Selected} {Flame}-{Retardant} {Chemicals}},
	isbn = {0-309-59232-1},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&ots=2b696_RNdx&sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf},
	publisher = {National Academy Press},
	editor = {Gardner, Donald E and Walker Jr., Bailus},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013,
	title = {Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the {Philippines}.},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC-UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0-300 μg L(-1) BDE-209 was good (R(2)=0.993). The \% absolute recovery and the \% RSD for n=8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57\% and 19\%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g(-1). All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103-4117 ng g(-1) with an average concentration of 2172 ng g(-1). The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Fulong, Cressa Ria P and Espino, Maria Pythias B},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22921657},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Limit of Detection, Philippines, Universities},
	pages = {42--8},
}





@article{fujimoto_impaired_2011,
	title = {Impaired oligodendroglial development by decabromodiphenyl ether in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1873-1708},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758},
	doi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.003},
	abstract = {Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given diet containing decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) either at 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm from gestation day (GD) 10 until day 20 after delivery (PND 20). No significant alterations were observed in maternal and offspring reproductive parameters. At PND 20, serum triiodothyronine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (84.2\% of the control value), and incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was increased in both sexes with significant difference in males at 1000 ppm. Diffuse liver cell hypertrophy accompanying increased relative liver weight and increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia of the renal proximal tubules were observed in both sexes with significant difference from 10 ppm in males and females, respectively. At postnatal week 11, serum thyroxine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (85.9\% of the control value), and the incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was non-significantly increased from 10 ppm in males. There were reductions in the corpus callosum area and density of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the cingulate deep cortex in males from 100 ppm. Conversely, NeuN-immunoreactive neuronal distribution in the hippocampal CA1 was unchanged. This suggests that developmental DBDE-exposure caused irreversible white matter hypoplasia targeting oligodendrocytes from 100 ppm, accompanied with developmental hypothyroidism. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of DBDE was determined to be 10 ppm (0.7-2.4 mg/kg-body weight-d).},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)},
	author = {Fujimoto, Hitoshi and Woo, Gye-Hyeong and Inoue, Kaoru and Takahashi, Miwa and Hirose, Masao and Nishikawa, Akiyoshi and Shibutani, Makoto},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20851758},
	keywords = {Administration, Animal Feed, Animals, Corpus Callosum, Corpus Callosum: drug effects, Corpus Callosum: embryology, Corpus Callosum: growth \& development, Diet, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gyrus Cinguli, Gyrus Cinguli: drug effects, Gyrus Cinguli: embryology, Gyrus Cinguli: growth \& development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Oligodendroglia, Oligodendroglia: drug effects, Oligodendroglia: physiology, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},
	pages = {86--94},
}





@article{fujii_regional_2012,
	title = {Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from {Japan}.},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022},
	abstract = {This study focuses on the regional trends and possible sources of brominated organic contaminants accumulated in breast milk from mothers in southeastern (Okinawa) and northwestern (Hokkaido) areas of Japan. For persistent brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; major components, BDE-47 and BDE-153) were distributed at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (mean, 2.1 ng/g lipid), while hexabromobenzene (HeBB) and its metabolite 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene were more abundantly detected in mothers from Hokkaido (0.86 and 2.6 ng/g lipid), suggesting that there are regional differences in their exposure in Japan. We also detected naturally produced brominated compounds, one of which was identified as 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68) at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (0.39 ng/g lipid), while the other was identified as 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-dimethyl-1,1'-bipyrrole in mothers from Hokkaido (0.45 ng/g lipid). The regional variation may be caused by source differences, i.e. southern seafood for MeO-PBDEs and northern biota for halogenated bipyrroles in the Japanese coastal water.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Fujii, Yukiko and Ito, Yoshiko and Harada, Kouji H and Hitomi, Toshiaki and Koizumi, Akio and Haraguchi, Koichi},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22243874},
	keywords = {Adult, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Japan, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism},
	pages = {269--74},
}





@article{gao_brominated_2009,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in bird eggs from the {Yellow} {River} {Delta}, {North} {China}.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727},
	abstract = {Concentrations of several persistent organohalogen compounds such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153) were measured in eggs of six species of wild aquatic birds, one species of wild terrestrial bird, and two species of captive birds from North China. Among the contaminants measured, DDTs were the dominant compounds, HCHs and PCBs were in nearly the same concentration range, and PBDEs exhibited lower concentrations than other compound groups. The median concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, PCBs, and PBDEs in all avian species ranged from 21 to 11034, 5.5 to 623, 1.0 to 613, and 4.6 to 146 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Median concentrations of DBDPE and PBB 153 in all avian species were in the range of not detectable (ND)-1.7 and ND-0.7 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Significant differences among species in contaminant profiles and contaminant levels were found depending on their feeding habits, habitat, and migration. The captive birds had the lowest contaminant levels and entirely different congener profiles in PCBs and PBDEs from those of wild birds, which can be attributed to differences in dietary compositions and reproduction rates. Octa- to deca-BDEs contributed more to the total PBDEs in wild terrestrial and captive birds than in wild aquatic birds, except for one insectivorous species, possibly due to greater exposure to terrestrial food sources. Preliminary risk assessment suggests that there is no risk of a reduction in offspring survival in avian species from North China due to organohalogen compounds, except for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), which would be expected to affect some proportion of the populations of several species of birds studied.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Gao, Fan and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yang, Zhi-Feng and Wang, Xin-Ming and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19806727},
	keywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Lindane, Lindane: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Risk Assessment, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, waa},
	pages = {6956--62},
}





@article{gann_fire_1994,
	title = {Fire conditions for smoke toxicity measurement},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306},
	abstract = {This paper identifies those fire conditions most often present when smoke toxicity is the cause of death. It begins with a review of the evidence that smoke-inhalation deaths are in the majority in fire fatalities in the United States. Next, there is an analysis of the evidence from the national fire experience showing the connection between post-flashover fires and smoke-inhalation deaths. Third is a presentation of real-scale fire test results demonstrating that post-flashover conditions are necessary to produce enough smoke to cause smoke-inhalation deaths in the cases where they actually occur. The fourth component is a sampling of results from computer simulations of fires, affirming and broadening the results from the fire tests. It is concluded that smoke-inhalation deaths occur predominantly after fires have progressed beyond flashover. This conclusion then provides a focus for smoke toxicity measurement in particular and fire hazard mitigation in general.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Fire and Materials},
	author = {Gann, Richard G and Babrauskas, Vytenis and Peacock, Richard D and Hall Jr., John R},
	month = may,
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {193--199},
}





@article{fu_vapor_2012,
	title = {Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the {Knudsen} effusion method.},
	volume = {31},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.1736},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10⁻⁹, 7.47 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 2.33 × 10⁻⁹ Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Fu, Jinxia and Suuberg, Eric M},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Thermodynamics, Vapor Pressure},
	pages = {574--578},
}





@article{frouin_pbdes_2011,
	title = {{PBDEs} in serum and blubber of harbor, grey and harp seal pups from {Eastern} {Canada}.},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.007},
	abstract = {Serum and blubber of pup harbor (Phoca vitulina), grey (Halichoerus grypus) and harp (Phoca groenlandica) seals from the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of ∑PBDEs (on lipid weight basis) in tissues of harbor seal pups inhabiting the St. Lawrence Estuary were about five times higher than in those from a colony located in the northern Gulf. Harp seal pups have the lowest levels of ∑PBDEs among the seal species born in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lipid normalized concentrations of ∑PBDEs in serum and blubber were strongly correlated, suggesting that the blood collection as a less invasive method could be used to monitor ∑PBDEs in pups. This study shows that fluvial inputs of PBDEs are important to the St. Lawrence marine ecosystem and that inhabiting harbor seal pups have a substantial exposure to PBDEs at a critical developmental stage. In addition, the observed difference in PBDE levels between harp and grey or harbor seal pups from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is explained by the difference in diets of their mothers which is linked with their residency time in the Gulf and their seasonal migration pattern.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Frouin, Héloïse and Lebeuf, Michel and Hammill, Mike and Sjare, Becky and Fournier, Michel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21112068},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},
	pages = {663--9},
}





@article{frederiksen_human_2009,
	title = {Human internal and external exposure to {PBDEs}–a review of levels and sources.},
	volume = {212},
	issn = {1618-131X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the existing literature on human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), with particular focus on external exposure routes (e.g. dust, diet, and air) and the resulting internal exposure to PBDEs (e.g. breast milk and blood). Being lipophilic and persistent organic compounds, PBDEs accumulate in lipid-rich tissues. Consequently, food items like fish from high trophic levels or lipid-rich oils have been found to contain relatively high concentrations of PBDEs, thus presenting an important exposure pathway to humans. The presence of PBDEs in various products of everyday use may lead to some additional exposure in the home environment. Dust seem to be an aggregate of the indoor source, and the ingestion of dust conveys the highest intake of BDE-209 of all sources, possibly also of other PBDE congeners. The PBDE exposure through dust is significant for toddlers who ingest more dust than adults. Infants are also exposed to PBDEs via breast milk. Internal human exposure has generally been found to be one order of magnitude larger in North America than in Europe and Asia. These differences cannot solely be explained by the dietary intake as meat products are the only food group where some differences has been observed. However, indoor air and dust concentrations have been found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher in North America than in Europe, possibly a result of different fire safety standards. Within Europe, higher PBDE concentrations in dust were found in the UK than in continental Europe. Recent studies have shown that BDE-209 also accumulates in humans. A shift in congener composition from maternal to umbilical cord blood has been observed in several cases. A shift has also been observed for BDE-209, which is present in larger ratios in umbilical cord blood and in particular in placenta than in maternal blood.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
	author = {Frederiksen, Marie and Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {18554980},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Diet, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, ffr, frelec, hum},
	pages = {109--34},
}





@article{frederiksen_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a {Danish} cohort.},
	volume = {213},
	issn = {1618-131X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.008},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in particular the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been used in consumer products for many years to increase fire resistance. Recently, developmental neurotoxicity at very low levels has increased the concern about these compounds. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the maternal and fetal exposure to PBDEs on the basis of maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples and to study the extent of placental transfer for different PBDE congeners. The findings were also compared with previously observed PBDE levels and patterns determined in placental tissue from the same individuals, and the relationship with the external exposure from house dust from the participants' homes was explored. Samples of maternal and umbilical cord plasma from a cohort of 51 pregnant women from the Copenhagen area were collected. Paired maternal and umbilical cord plasma were analysed for BDE-28, 37, 47, 85, 99, 100, 119, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209 and the brominated biphenyl BB-153 using automated SPE extraction and GC-HRMS for the tri- to hepta-BDEs and GC-LRMS (ECNI) for BDE-209. PBDEs were detected in all maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples. The sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs (SigmaPBDE) in maternal plasma varied between 640 and 51,946 pg/g lipid weight (lw) with a median level of 1765 pg/g lw. In the umbilical cord samples SigmaPBDE varied between 213 and 54,346 pg/g lw with a median of 958 pg/g lw. The levels observed in fetal and maternal plasma were highly correlated, but the placental transport of PBDE congeners was found to decrease with increasing diphenyl ether bromination. Maternal concentrations were significantly correlated (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05) for most congeners with the previously determined concentrations in placental tissue from the same individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05) were found for BDE-28, 47, 100, 209 and SigmaPBDE in maternal plasma and house dust as well as for SigmaPBDE in umbilical cord plasma and house dust. The positive correlations for PBDEs for both maternal and umbilical cord plasma with house dust showed that domestic house dust is a significant source of human exposure to PBDEs in Denmark including in utero exposure.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
	author = {Frederiksen, Marie and Thomsen, Cathrine and Frøshaug, May and Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Becher, Georg and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20471317},
	keywords = {Cohort Studies, Denmark, Dust, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy},
	pages = {233--42},
}





@article{fries_pollution_2011,
	title = {Pollution of soils with organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985},
	doi = {10.1039/c1em10538h},
	abstract = {The detection of the three organophosphate esters TCEP, TCPP and TBEP in soil samples indicates that pollution of soils from diffuse atmospheric sources has to be considered in risk assessments.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Fries, Elke and Mihajlović, Ivana},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21869985},
	keywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Risk Assessment, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry},
	pages = {2692--4},
}





@article{frederiksen_placental_2010,
	title = {Placental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers {BDE}-47, {BDE}-99 and {BDE}-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study.},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1476-069X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-9-32},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis, which can result in irreversible damage of cognitive performance, motor skills and altered behaviour. Thus, in utero exposure is of very high concern due to critical windows in fetal development.},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Frederiksen, Marie and Vorkamp, Katrin and Mathiesen, Line and Mose, Tina and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20598165},
	keywords = {Antipyrine, Antipyrine: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Perfusion, Placenta, Placenta: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy},
	pages = {32},
}





@article{franzblau_investigation_2009,
	title = {An investigation of homes with high concentrations of {PCDDs}, {PCDFs}, and/or dioxin-like {PCBs} in house dust.},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1545-9632},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164},
	doi = {10.1080/15459620802694975},
	abstract = {As part of the University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study, the 29 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls that have World Health Organization consensus toxic equivalency factors were measured in house dust from 764 homes using a population-based sampling design over selected regions in five Michigan counties. Twenty homes had a total toxic equivalency in house dust that was more than 2.5 standard deviations above the mean (i.e., defined to be outliers). This follow-up investigation describes the outlier house dust measurements and corresponding soil measurements and explores possible sources of these toxins in house dust. The congener distributions in the house dust outliers varied and were dominated (i.e., {\textbackslash}textgreater50\% of the total toxic equivalency) by either polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (n = 9), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (n = 1), or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 9). Likely sources of contamination of house dust were identified in only three cases. In two cases, dust contamination appeared to be related to contaminated soil adjacent to the home; in one case, contamination was related to a source within the home (a carpet pad). In most cases, the source(s) of contamination of house dust could not be identified but appeared likely to be related to uncharacterized sources within the homes.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene},
	author = {Franzblau, Alfred and Zwica, Lynn and Knutson, Kristine and Chen, Qixuan and Lee, Shih-Yuan and Hong, Biling and Adriaems, Peter and Demond, Avery and Garabrant, David and Gillespie, Brenda and Lepkowski, James and Luksemburg, William and Maier, Martha and Towey, Tim},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19152164},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood},
	pages = {188--99},
}





@article{foster_human_2011,
	title = {Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1±0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean=26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM=56.0 ng g(-1) lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p{\textbackslash}textless0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β=-49.860, p=0.032, and β=-3.645, p=0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β=-3.951 and p=0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Foster, Warren G and Gregorovich, Sandra and Morrison, Katherine M and Atkinson, Stephanie A and Kubwabo, Cariton and Stewart, Brian and Teo, Koon},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21663933},
	keywords = {Adult, Birth Weight, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Newborn, Ontario, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Complications: epidemiology, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Young Adult},
	pages = {1301--9},
}





@book{fm_foamed_1974,
	address = {Norwood, MA},
	title = {Foamed {Polystyrene} for {Construction} ({Data} {Sheet} 1-58)},
	publisher = {Factory Mutual},
	author = {{FM}},
	year = {1974},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{flynn_u.s._2009,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {U.{S}. structure fires in non-residential properties},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf},
	number = {October},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Flynn, Jennifer D},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{fisher_energy_2005,
	title = {Energy recovery in the sustainable recycling of plastics from end-of-life electrical and electronic products.},
	url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748},
	author = {Fisher, M. M. and Mark, F. E. and Kingsbury, T. and Vehlow, J. and Yamawaki, T.},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
	pages = {83--92},
}





@article{fiore_trends_1992,
	title = {Trends in cigarette smoking in the {United} {States}. {The} epidemiology of tobacco use.},
	volume = {76},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962},
	abstract = {Cigarette smoking, an uncommon behavior in 1900, increased at an epidemic pace throughout this century, peaking in 1964 when more than 40\% of all adult Americans smoked. Since that time, smoking has decreased at a slow but steady rate, falling to about 28\% of all adults or 49 million smokers by 1988. Each year, approximately 435,000 Americans, or one of every five deaths, will result from smoking. If current trends continue, 22\% of Americans (43 million people) will still be smoking in the year 2000. Women, blacks, and poorly educated Americans will be smoking at a disproportionately high rate.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The Medical clinics of North America},
	author = {Fiore, M C},
	month = mar,
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Age Factors, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Humans, Plants, Sex Factors, Smokeless, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Smoking Cessation: statistics \& numerical data, Smoking: epidemiology, Smoking: ethnology, Smoking: trends, Tobacco, Toxic, United States},
	pages = {289--303},
}





@article{fernie_exposure_2005,
	title = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}): changes in thyroid, vitamin {A}, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius).},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfi295},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of additive flame retardants, are temporally increasing in wildlife tissues and capable of disrupting normal endocrine function. We determined whether in ovo and post-hatch exposure of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to environmentally relevant PBDEs alter thyroid, retinol, and oxidative stress measures. Control eggs were injected with safflower oil and subsequent nestlings fed the same vehicle; dosed eggs received PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153), which mainly comprise the Penta-BDE commercial mixture, dissolved in safflower oil at concentrations (1500 ng/g total [Sigma] PBDEs) approximating those in Great Lakes gull eggs. Nestlings hatching from dosed eggs were orally exposed for 29 days to variable SigmaPBDE concentrations that are similar to levels reported in tissues of Great Lakes trout (100 ng/g). Treatment kestrels had lower plasma thyroxine (T(4)), plasma retinol, and hepatic retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations, but unaltered triiodothyronine (T(3)) concentrations and thyroid glandular structure. BDE-47, -100, and -99 were negatively associated with plasma T(4), plasma retinol (BDE-100, -99) and hepatic retinol (BDE-47). Despite an antioxidant-rich diet, PBDE exposure induced hepatic oxidative stress, particularly in females, with an increased hepatic GSSG:GSH ratio, a marginal increase in lipid peroxidation, and increased oxidized glutathione. Positive associations were found between concentrations of BDE-183 and thiols and, in males, between BDE-99 and reduced GSH, but a negative association occurred between BDE-99 and TBARS. Subsequently, concentrations of PBDE congeners in wild birds may alter thyroid hormone and vitamin A concentrations, glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, J Laird and Mayne, Greg and Hoffman, David and Letcher, Robert J and Drouillard, Ken G and Ritchie, Ian J},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16120752},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Male, Newborn, Newborn: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: metabolism, ffr, tox},
	pages = {375--83},
}





@article{fonnum_mechanisms_2009,
	title = {Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants.},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {1471-4159},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06427.x},
	abstract = {Many toxic substances have been distributed to the environment, some of which have properties that promote accumulation and biomagnification in living organisms. Approximately 1.2 million metric tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been produced and about 30\% have been discharged to the environment. Approximately 200 000 metric tons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are produced annually, of which considerable amounts have been spread globally, even to the Polar Regions. Behavioral testing of animals has shown that these compounds may affect learning, memory and fine motor functions. Animals are most sensitive during early development. Several epidemiological studies have shown that PCBs and BFRs may be responsible for similar effects in humans. Of especially concern are possible effects of PCBs and BFRs in mixtures containing the highly neurotoxic methyl mercury. The compounds affect several targets in the nervous system that seem to be interconnected, and may be responsible for the observed behavioral deficits. It was shown early that PCBs affect dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Later studies showed that transport mechanisms of these neurotransmitters appear to be particularly sensitive to PCBs. Furthermore, PCBs affect intracellular calcium levels and induce formation of reactive oxygen species both in vivo and in vitro, and reduce cell viability in vitro. Neuroendocrine functions, particularly the thyroid hormone system, are also sensitive to disruption by PCBs and BFRs. Their metabolites, such as hydroxy-metabolites, appear to be particularly potent. We conclude that PCBs are particularly toxic during early development and that the toxic effects are a combination of several factors, including disturbance of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and influence on neurotransmitter transport. Monoaminergic cells appear to be particularly vulnerable.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of neurochemistry},
	author = {Fonnum, Frode and Mariussen, Espen},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19818104},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: poisoning, Calcium, Calcium: metabolism, Ecotoxicology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Humans, Models, Neuronal Plasticity, Neuronal Plasticity: drug effects, Neuronal Plasticity: physiology, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: pathology, Poisoning: physiopathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning},
	pages = {1327--47},
}





@book{fm_foamed_1978,
	address = {Norwood, MA},
	title = {Foamed {Polystyrene} for {Construction} ({Data} {Sheet} 1-58), revision},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf},
	publisher = {Factory Mutual},
	author = {{FM}},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{fischer_children_2006,
	title = {Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a {California} family of four: a case study.},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions 90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with children's levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations of, for example, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from 32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child, and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother, child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12, and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents' summation operatorPBDE concentrations approached U.S. median concentrations, with children's concentrations near the maximum (top 5\%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children's higher PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of PBDE-related health effects than adults.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Fischer, Douglas and Hooper, Kim and Athanasiadou, Maria and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17035146},
	keywords = {Adult, Child, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, california, ffr, frelec, hum},
	pages = {1581--4},
}





@book{fink_flame_2008,
	title = {Flame {Retardants}},
	url = {http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/},
	urldate = {2010-12-29},
	author = {Fink, U and Hajduk, F and Wei, Y and Mori, H},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{fernie_changes_2008,
	title = {Changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71.},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm295},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are increasing in biota. Here, captive adult American kestrels were exposed daily by diet to safflower oil (controls), or one of two levels of a pentaBDE technical formulation, DE-71 (0.3 or 1.6 ppm), for approximately 75 days, commencing 21 days before breeding. This exposure resulted in eggs having PBDE concentrations similar (low exposure) or within the same order of magnitude (high exposure) reported for wild American kestrels and gulls in the Great Lakes. Compared to controls, kestrels in both exposure groups copulated less, spent less time in their nest boxes, and participated in fewer pair-bonding behaviors. Furthermore, the timing of these behaviors, which is important to creating and maintaining the pair-bond, also differed significantly from the controls. The females in the low-exposure group made fewer compatible trilling calls and ate less frequently. These behavioral changes were compounded by increasing exposure to DE-71 during the 9-day courtship period immediately preceding egg laying, a standard measure of the kestrel courtship period. The birds in the high-exposure group made more food transfers, excited "klee" calls, and copulations, the latter only when compared to the low-exposure birds, whereas the low-exposure males performed fewer pair-bonding behaviors. This study demonstrates that the exposure of kestrels to environmentally relevant levels of DE-71 modifies the quality of the pair-bond, affects the reproductive behavior of both sexes, and occurs when birds are exposed for a short period as adults. In addition, these behavioral effects are consistent with the observed reproductive changes in these birds.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, John L and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, James I and Sullivan, Katrina and Bird, David M},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18065774},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Copulation, Copulation: drug effects, Courtship, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \& dosage, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Pair Bond, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \& dosage, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Time Factors, Vocalization, ffr, tox},
	pages = {171--8},
}





@article{fernie_environmentally_2009,
	title = {Environmentally relevant concentrations of {DE}-71 and {HBCD} alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of {American} kestrels.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and total alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are flame-retardant additives that are commonly used in household and commercial applications. PBDE congeners, which are comprised of technical mixtures such as DE-71, are globally persistent and their concentrations are increasing in many species. Captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed by diet to vehicle (safflower oil), or one of two environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and unintentionally to HBCD. This exposure resulted in the birds laying eggs that contain PBDE and HBCD concentrations currently found in wild herring gull (Larus argentatus) and peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) eggs, and compared to control kestrels, resulted in delayed egg laying and smaller eggs being laid, caused thinner eggshells and differential weight loss during embryonic development, and reduced fertility and reproductive success. The thickness of the eggshell declined as the concentrations of all measured PBDE and the total amount of a-HBCD congeners (except BDE-183 and BDE-209) increased; increasing concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-28, BDE-17, delayed egg laying, reduced eggshell mass (plus sigmaPBDEs), and reduced fledging success (BDE-153 and BDE-154 only). BDE-153 is the dominant congener recently found in peregrine eggs. The results of this study are consistent with the PBDE-associated brood reduction in wild European peregrines and may partially explain the decline of kestrels in North America.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Bird, David M},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19368224},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: physiology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects},
	pages = {2124--30},
}





@article{fernandez-gomez_atmospheric_2013,
	title = {Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the {Guadalquivir} {River} estuary, {SW} {Spain}.},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {1573-2959},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9},
	abstract = {In the lower Guadalquivir river basin, a system stressed by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities, eight pesticides (four triazines, two chloroacetanilide herbicides, one organochlorine, and one organophosphorus insecticide); and four emerging pollutants (two personal care products, one organophosphorous flame retardant, and one xanthine alkaloid) were analyzed in river water during a 2-year monitoring program, and after rain episodes. Samples were extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique prior to determination of compounds using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Except for caffeine, recoveries were mostly above 80 \%, while limits of detection and quantification were in the low nanograms per liter level (except for dimethoate). Terbuthylazine, simazine (triazine herbicides), and dimethoate (organophosphorus insecticide), present in agrochemicals, were predominant in the river water, although concentrations were below the quality standards established by the EU Water-Framework-Directive. A general trend to increase concentration was observed after rain events, in particular for pesticides, possibly as a consequence of surface runoff.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment},
	author = {Fernández-Gómez, Cristal and López-López, José Antonio and Matamoros, Victor and Díez, Sergi and García-Vargas, Manuel and Moreno, Carlos},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23010894},
	keywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Herbicides, Herbicides: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Models, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Spain, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Water Pollutants, Wind},
	pages = {3209--18},
}





@article{feo_biotransformation_2013,
	title = {Biotransformation of {BDE}-47 to potentially toxic metabolites is predominantly mediated by human {CYP2B6}.},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205446},
	abstract = {Previous studies have indicated that cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are involved in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in humans, resulting in the formation of hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) that are potentially more toxic than the parent PBDEs. However, the specific enzymes responsible for the formation of OH-PBDEs are unknown.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Feo, Maria Luisa and Gross, Michael S and McGarrigle, Barbara P and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Aga, Diana S and Olson, James R},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23249762},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {440--6, 446e1--7},
}





@article{feng_oxidative_2013,
	title = {Oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater fish {Carassius} auratus exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether and ethane, or their mixture.},
	issn = {1573-3017},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-013-1097-2},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its commercial alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two structurally similar brominated flame retardants, with evidence of their ubiquitous existence in aquatic ecosystems. The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatic oxidative stress inducing potential of BDE-209, DBDPE, and their mixture in Carassius auratus after exposure to different doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7, 14 and 30 days. Results showed that oxidative stress was evoked evidently for the experimental groups with longer exposure duration, as indicated by significant inhibition in the antioxidant enzymes activities and decrease in the reduced glutathione level, as well as simultaneous elevation of lipid peroxidation level measured by malondialdehyde content. In addition, it was found that BDE-209 possessed a higher oxidative stress inducing ability than DBDPE. Considering the more pronounced antioxidant responses in combined exposure, the interaction of BDE-209 and DBDPE was presumed to be additive action.},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},
	author = {Feng, Mingbao and Li, Ying and Qu, Ruijuan and Wang, Liansheng and Wang, Zunyao},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23839511},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{fernie_historical_2010,
	title = {Historical contaminants, flame retardants, and halogenated phenolic compounds in peregrine {Falcon} ({Falco} peregrinus) nestlings in the {Canadian} {Great} {Lakes} {Basin}.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324},
	doi = {10.1021/es100400n},
	abstract = {Concentrations and spatial patterns of persistent organic (chlorinated) pollutants (POPs), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), other flame retardants, and hydroxylated (OH) PBDE and PCB compounds were determined in nestling peregrine falcons across the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. The highest geometric mean plasma POP concentrations (ng/g ww) were sum (Sigma)PCBs (35.16), SigmaPBDEs (15.38), and SigmaOH-PCB (8.77) with the lowest mean levels in nestlings from urban versus remote nests. PBDE congeners derived from PentaBDE and OctaBDE technical mixtures had the highest concentrations, sometimes exceeding 100 ng/g wet weight (ww); BDE-99, -153, -47, -100, and -183 comprised 92.7\% of the Sigma(14)PBDE levels. BDE-209 proportions were minimal ({\textbackslash}textless1\%). North Shore (Lake Superior) nestlings had the highest Sigma(14)PBDE concentrations, with BDE-99, -153, and -47 dominant. Urban nestlings had higher BDE-99:BDE-153 ratios, higher BDE-183 proportions, and the only detectable HBCD concentrations, suggesting greater and more localized exposure to HBCD and PBDEs derived from OctaBDEs. Spatial patterns reflected differences in diet, local contaminant sources, and/or atmospheric deposition. Metabolism of PCBs and PBDEs likely occurred in these nestlings: OH-PCB metabolites were detected, and 4-OH-CB187 was the most abundant of these metabolites. Low ppb levels of putative OH-PBDE metabolites, dominated by 6'-OH-BDE47, were also detected in the peregrine nestlings.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Fernie, Kim J and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20384324},
	keywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Pesticide Residues, Pesticide Residues: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {3520--6},
}





@article{fernandes_brominated_2008,
	title = {Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, {PCBs} and brominated flame retardants in {Scottish} shellfish: methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure.},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1613-4133},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102},
	doi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700135},
	abstract = {The most commonly consumed shellfish species produced in Scotland - mussels, oysters and scallops - were investigated for the occurrence of a range of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in order to establish current levels and estimate human dietary exposure. Flesh from individual sub-samples was representatively pooled and 35 composites were analysed for brominated and chlorinated dioxins (PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs), brominated and chlorinated biphenyls (PBBs, PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The analytical methodology used (13)C(12) labelled surrogates of the target compounds, with GC coupled to (usually) high resolution MS, and LC-MS/MS for HBCD and TBBPA analysis. Positive identifications were made in the majority of samples for most analytes with the exception of TBBPA and most PBDD congeners measured. None of the levels detected for PCDD/F and PCB were above the maximum permitted levels specified in European Union regulations. The levels of brominated furans predominated over brominated dioxins, reflecting the environmental distribution and source emission profiles of these contaminants, and relatively high levels of the tri-brominated congeners were observed. Levels of the flame retardant chemicals reflected current and legacy use, with appreciable concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs (predominantly alpha-HBCD) but far lower levels of PBBs. TBBPA was not detected in any of the species. In general, mussels and oysters displayed relatively higher levels of contamination than scallops, although the gonad tissue of the latter showed significant levels of brominated dioxins. The estimated adult dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs arising from the consumption of a typical portion of these foods in combination with an otherwise average UK diet were in the range 0.5-0.6 pg World Health Organisation (WHO)-toxic equivalent (TEQ)(2005)/kg bodyweight per day. These estimated dietary intakes are well within the Tolerable Daily Intake for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of 2 pg WHO-TEQ(2005)/kg bodyweight/day endorsed by the independent expert Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. The corresponding intakes for sumPBDEs and sumHBCDs were 5.6-6.1 and 5.9-7.9 ng/kg bodyweight/day respectively.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular nutrition \& food research},
	author = {Fernandes, Alwyn and Dicks, Pamela and Mortimer, David and Gem, Martin and Smith, Frankie and Driffield, Malcolm and White, Shaun and Rose, Martin},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18186102},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration \& dosage, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration \& dosage, Dioxins: analysis, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Scotland, Shellfish, Shellfish: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},
	pages = {238--49},
}





@article{feng_relationship_2012,
	title = {Relationship between {BDE} 209 metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout ({Oncorhynchus} mykiss).},
	volume = {122-123},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.008},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), the primary component in a commonly used flame retardants, has recently been shown to be metabolized by organisms. In the present study, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to BDE 209 at five nominal gradient concentrations from 50 to 1000 ng/g wet weight for 21 days via a single intraperitoneal injection. Then the liver, kidney and blood samples were collected to analyze for its debrominated, hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites. The relationships between levels of BDE 209 metabolites in different tissues and thyroid hormone (TH) levels in plasma were evaluated. The results showed that BDE 209 could be metabolized into debrominated BDEs, methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs) and hydroxylated BDEs (OH-BDEs). Levels of these three metabolites were tissue-dependent. The TH levels, including total thyroxine (TT(4)), free thyroxine (FT(4)), total triiodothyronine (TT(3)) and free triiodothyronine (FT(3)) in plasma, were significantly affected by BDE 209 metabolism. However, only FT(4) levels showed a negative correlation with MeO-BDE and OH-BDE metabolites, among which the correlation between FT(4) and OH-BDEs was the most significant.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Feng, Chenglian and Xu, Yiping and Zhao, Gaofeng and Zha, Jinmiao and Wu, Fengchang and Wang, Zijian},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22721785},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: blood, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: chemistry, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss: physiology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {28--35},
}





@book{fema_topical_2008,
	address = {Emmitsburg, MD},
	title = {Topical {Fire} {Report} {Series}: {Residential} {Building} {Electrical} {Fires}},
	volume = {8},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf},
	number = {2},
	publisher = {Federal Emergency Management Agency},
	author = {{FEMA}},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{faust_evidence_2011,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {Evidence on the carcinogenicity of {Tris}(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf},
	number = {July},
	publisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},
	author = {Faust, John B and August, Laura Meehan},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{farhat_ovo_2013,
	title = {In {Ovo} {Effects} of {Two} {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}–{TCPP} and {TDCPP}–on {Pipping} {Success}, {Development}, {mRNA} {Expression}, and {Thyroid} {Hormone} {Levels} in {Chicken} {Embryos}.},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft100},
	abstract = {Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are organic flame retardants detected in the environment and biota for which avian toxicological data are limited. In this study, domestic chicken eggs were injected with TCPP or TDCPP (maximum dose = 51,600 and 45,000ng/g egg, respectively) to determine dose-dependent effects on pipping success, development, hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, and TH levels following 20-22 days of incubation. Neither compound reduced pipping success; however, TCPP significantly delayed pipping at 9240 and 51,600ng/g and reduced tarsus length at 51,600ng/g. TDCPP exposure resulted in significant decreases in head plus bill length, embryo mass, and gallbladder size at 45,000ng/g and reduced plasma free T4 levels at 7640ng/g. Type I deiodinase, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A37 mRNA levels were significantly induced by TCPP, whereas TDCPP induced CYP3A37 and CYP2H1. Chemical analysis of egg contents at incubation days 0, 5, 11, 18, and 19 revealed that {\textbackslash}textgreater 92\% of the injected TCPP or TDCPP concentration was detectable up to day 5; however, {\textbackslash}textless 1\% was detected by day 19. The observed phenotypic responses to TCPP and TDCPP exposure may be associated with disruption of the TH axis, which is critical for normal growth and development in birds. The effects of TDCPP on the gallbladder indicate that the disturbance of lipid metabolism is a likely mechanism of toxicity.},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Farhat, Amani and Crump, Doug and Chiu, Suzanne and Williams, Kim L and Letcher, Robert J and Gauthier, Lewis T and Kennedy, Sean W},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23629516},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{fansler_performance_2005,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Performance {Criteria}, and {Standard} {Materials} for the {CPSC} {Staff} {Draft} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Standard}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf},
	abstract = {This memorandum provides a discussion ofthe work done by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission' s (CPSC) Directorate for Laboratory Sciences (LS) staff to identify standard materials and appropriate performance criteria to include as potential revisions to the staff's draft upholstered furniture standard.},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Fansler, Linda and Scott, Lisa L},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{fang_investigating_2013,
	title = {Investigating a novel flame retardant known as v6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680},
	doi = {10.1021/es400032v},
	abstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\textbackslash}textgreater98\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24 500 000 to 59 500 000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46 500 000 ± 12 000 000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M and McClean, Michael D and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23565680},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {4449--54},
}





@article{fan_changes_2010,
	title = {Changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebellar granule neurons by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls.},
	volume = {245},
	issn = {1096-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977},
	doi = {10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.008},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants and have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue, and breast milk. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the effects of PBDEs are similar to the known human developmental neurotoxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on a molar basis. Previously, we reported that PBDE mixtures and congeners, perturbed calcium homeostasis which is critical for the development and function of the nervous system. In the present study, we tested whether environmentally relevant PBDE/PCB mixtures and congeners affected mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are down-stream events of calcium signaling in cerebellar granule neuronal cultures. In this study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2, a widely studied MAPK cascade and known to be involved in learning and memory, levels were quantitated using western blot technique with phospho-specific antibodies. Glutamate (a positive control) increased pERK1/2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner reaching maximum activation at 5-30min of exposure and at doses {\textbackslash}textgreater or =10microM. Both Aroclor 1254 (a commercial penta PCB mixture) and DE-71 (a commercial penta PBDE mixture) elevated phospho-ERK1/2, producing maximum stimulation at 30min and at concentrations {\textbackslash}textgreater or =3microg/ml; Aroclor 1254 was more efficacious than DE-71. DE-79 (an octabrominated diphenyl ether mixture) also elevated phospho-ERK1/2, but to a lesser extent than that of DE-71. PBDE congeners 47, 77, 99, and 153 also increased phospo-ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The data indicated that PBDE congeners are more potent than the commercial mixtures. PCB 47 also increased phospho-ERK1/2 like its structural analog PBDE 47, but to a lesser extent, suggesting that these chemicals affect similar pathways. Cytotoxicity, measured as \%LDH release, data showed that higher concentrations ({\textbackslash}textgreater30microM) and longer exposures ({\textbackslash}textgreater30min) are required to see cell death. These results show that PBDE mixtures and congeners activate MAPK pathway at concentrations where no significant cytotoxicity was observed, suggesting that perturbed intracellular signaling including MAPK pathway might be involved in the initiation of adverse effects, including learning and memory, related to these persistent chemicals.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},
	author = {Fan, Chun-Yang and Besas, Jonathan and Kodavanti, Prasada Rao S},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20171977},
	keywords = {Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cultured, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: enzymology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity},
	pages = {1--8},
}





@article{fair_immune_2012,
	title = {Immune function in female {B}(6){C}(3){F}(1) mice is modulated by {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture.},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1547-6901},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215},
	doi = {10.3109/1547691X.2011.643418},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. Toxicity of these compounds has become a concern because detectable levels of PBDEs are present in humans and wildlife and they are structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study examined the effects of the commercial penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in adult female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice on hematology, serum clinical chemistry, thyroid hormones, tissue histology, and several immunotoxicity end-points (lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, splenic immunophenotypes, and SRBC-specific-IgM production). Mice were exposed via oral gavage for 28 days to achieve total administered doses (TAD) of 0, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 mg/kg. No changes in histology, clinical chemistry, body or organ weights were observed. Serum total T3 and T4 levels were not altered by any of the DE-71 treatments. Peripheral blood monocyte numbers were decreased by the 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg treatments, but not by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration. Compared to controls, mitogen-stimulated T- and B-cell proliferation was increased by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 60 mg/kg TAD [2.14 mg/kg/day] and 58 mg/kg TAD [2.57 mg/kg/day], respectively). NK cell activity was decreased compared to controls by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 20 mg/kg TAD [0.7 mg/kg/day]). No alterations were noted in thymic T-cell populations or in SRBC-specific-IgM production. Numbers of CD19(+)CD21(-), CD19(+)CD21(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), CD4(-)CD8(+), CD4(-)CD8(-), and MHC-II(+) cells in the spleen were not affected. However, the numbers of splenic CD4(+)CD8(+) cells were decreased compared to the controls by 0.5, 5, and 100 mg/kg TAD. This study provides an assessment of the systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity of DE-71, and indicates that immune parameters are modulated at exposure concentrations lower than previously reported.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of immunotoxicology},
	author = {Fair, Patricia A and Stavros, Hui-Chen and Mollenhauer, Meagan A M and DeWitt, Jamie C and Henry, Natasha and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Yun, Se Hun and Bossart, Gregory D and Keil, Deborah E and Peden-Adams, Margie M},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22214215},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Erythrocytes, Erythrocytes: immunology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Immune System: immunology, Immunophenotyping, Killer Cells, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Activation: drug effects, Mice, Natural, Natural: drug effects, Natural: immunology, Risk Assessment, Sheep, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: drug effects, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: immunology, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests},
	pages = {96--107},
}





@article{fair_polybrominated_2007,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} truncatus) from two southeast {Atlantic} estuarine areas.},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0090-4341},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784},
	doi = {10.1007/s00244-006-0244-7},
	abstract = {Blubber tissue samples from bottlenose dolphins collected during the summers of 2003 and 2004 were screened for 13 (17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 154, 153, 183, 190) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from dolphin populations in the Indian River Lagoon, FL (n = 58) and the Charleston Harbor estuary, SC (n = 53). Within each population, we investigated contaminant levels of PBDEs and the effects of factors including age, sex, the interaction of age and sex, and location. Six PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) were routinely detected in all samples using gas chromatography/mass spectometry methods. Significantly higher (p {\textbackslash}textlessor= 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE blubber concentrations were observed for Charleston dolphins (X = 5,860 ng/g lipid; range = 429-22,780 ng/g lipid) when compared to Indian River Lagoon dolphins (X= 1,260 ng/g lipid; range = 195-3,790 ng/g lipid). PBDE 47 was the major congener representing approximately 61\% of the SigmaPBDE in both dolphin populations, followed by BDE100, BDE154, BDE99, BDE153, and BDE28, respectively. Significantly higher (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE were observed in adult male dolphins compared to pregnant and adult female dolphins at both sites, with gender differences two-fold in the Indian River Lagoon and twelve-fold for Charleston. For Charleston dolphins, the juveniles in addition to the adult males also had significantly higher levels compared to pregnant and adult females. This study establishes baseline levels of PBDEs in bottlenose dolphins for these two areas and is the first assessment of PBDEs in free-ranging dolphins. The levels of PBDEs in Charleston dolphins represent some of the highest measured in marine mammals and warrants further investigation of these emerging, bioaccumulative chemicals and their potential deleterious effects.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Fair, Patricia A and Mitchum, Gregory and Hulsey, Thomas C and Adams, Jeff and Zolman, Eric and McFee, Wayne and Wirth, Ed and Bossart, Gregory D},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17612784},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Animals, Body Burden, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Sex Characteristics, ffr, mam},
	pages = {483--94},
}





@article{fa_acute_2013,
	title = {Acute effects of hexabromocyclododecane on {Leydig} cell cyclic nucleotide signaling and steroidogenesis in vitro.},
	volume = {218},
	issn = {1879-3169},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.009},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), an additive brominated flame retardant routinely added to various consumer products, was reported to have toxic effects upon biota, including endocrine disruption. In this study, the potential toxicity of HBCDD was tested in peripubertal rat Leydig cells in vitro during 6h exposure. HBCDD inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin- and forskolin-supported cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis. It also inhibited basal cAMP production, but elevated basal steroidogenesis. The expression of several cAMP-dependent genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was also inhibited by HBCDD treatment. Nevertheless, this was not accompanied by a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, as documented by western blot analysis, and activity of steroidogenic enzymes, as documented by unaffected steroidogenesis in the presence of permeable 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. However, HBCDD caused significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in untreated and human chorionic gonadotropin-treated cells. This indicates that HBCDD acute toxicity in Leydig cells reflects changes in mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent cAMP production and basal and cAMP-regulated cholesterol transport. This in turn facilitates basal but inhibits cAMP-dependent steroidogenesis. Acute effects of HBCDD treatment on transcription are also indicative of its sustained effects on Leydig cell function.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Fa, Svetlana and Pogrmic-Majkic, Kristina and Dakic, Vanja and Kaisarevic, Sonja and Hrubik, Jelena and Andric, Nebojsa and Stojilkovic, Stanko S and Kovacevic, Radmila},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23347875},
	keywords = {3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: genetics, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: analysis, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Cycle: physiology, Cells, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: antagonists \& inhibitors, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Conditioned, Conditioned: chemistry, Culture Media, Cultured, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP: genetics, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Cyclic GMP, Cyclic GMP: genetics, Cyclic GMP: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: antagonists \& inhibitors, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: drug effects, Mitochondrial: physiology, Nucleotides, Nucleotides: metabolism, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: genetics, Phosphoproteins: metabolism, Progesterone, Progesterone: analysis, Rats, Signal Transduction, Wistar},
	pages = {81--90},
}





@article{fangstrom_temporal_2008,
	title = {Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from {Stockholm} mothers, 1980-2004.},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1613-4133},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105},
	doi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700182},
	abstract = {Environmental and human exposures to brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been of emerging concern since some BFR are persistent and bioaccumulative compounds. Among those, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have frequently been reported in low to high ng/g concentrations in human blood around the world while hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) only occasionally has been reported and then in the low ppb concentrations in human blood. The present study concerns PBDE congener and HBCDD concentrations in human milk from Stockholm from 1980 to 2004. HBCDD concentrations has increased four to five times since 1980 until 2002 but seems to have stabilized at this concentration in the last years (2003/04). Similarly, BDE-153 has continued to increase at least to 2001, after which it has stabilized in the mother's milk. Other PBDE congeners with four to five bromine substituents peaked 5 years earlier (1995) and are all decreasing. DecaBDE (BDE-209) is not a suitable biomarker for time trend studies according to the present results, showing no changes over time. This is likely due to its short apparent half-life in humans and poor transfer from blood to milk.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular nutrition \& food research},
	author = {Fängström, Britta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Odsjö, Tjelvar and Norén, Koidu and Bergman, Ake},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18186105},
	keywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Time Factors, ffr, frbldg, hum},
	pages = {187--93},
}





@article{fang_investigating_2013,
	title = {Investigating a novel flame retardant known as {V6}: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680},
	doi = {10.1021/es400032v},
	abstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\textbackslash}textgreater98\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24,500,000 to 59,500,000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46,500,000 ± 12,000,000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M and McClean, Michael D and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23565680},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {4449--54},
}





@book{fahy_firefighter_2012,
	address = {Quincy, MA},
	title = {Firefighter fatalities in the {United} {States}-2011},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf},
	number = {June},
	publisher = {National Fire Protection Association},
	author = {Fahy, Rita F and Leblanc, Paul R and Molis, Joseph L},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{eupsifi_european_2010,
	title = {European {Polystyrene} {Insulation} {Foams} statement on {HBCD} {Risk} {Management}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf},
	number = {May},
	publisher = {European Polystyrene Insulation Foams Industry},
	author = {{EUPSIFI}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@techreport{eu_european_2003,
	title = {European {Union} {Risk} {Assessment} {Report}: {Diphenyl} {Ether}, {Octabromo} {Derivative}},
	author = {{EU}},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,
	title = {A comparison of {PBDE} serum concentrations in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} children living in {California}.},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1002874},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), which are used as flame retardants, have been found to be higher in residents of California than of other parts of the United States.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21498147},
	keywords = {Child, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mexican Americans, Pregnancy, Preschool, california},
	pages = {1442--8},
}





@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,
	title = {In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) exposures and neurodevelopment in the {CHAMACOS} study.},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort. METHODS: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323). RESULTS: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination-particularly in the nondominant-at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23154064},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {257--62},
}





@article{ernest_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants on the reproductive and thyroid system in adult male rats.},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs098},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, are readily released into home and work environments, and are present in house dust. Studies using animal models have revealed that exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may impair adult male reproductive function and thyroid hormone physiology. Such studies have generally characterized the outcome of acute or chronic exposure to a single BFR technical mixture or congener but not the impact of environmentally relevant BFR mixtures. We tested whether exposure to the BFRs found in house dust would have an adverse impact on the adult male rat reproductive system and thyroid function. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a complex BFR mixture composed of three commercial brominated diphenyl ethers (52.1\% DE-71, 0.4\% DE-79, and 44.2\% decaBDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (3.3\%), formulated to mimic the relative congener levels in house dust. BFRs were delivered in the diet at target doses of 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg/day for 70 days. Compared with controls, males exposed to the highest dose of BFRs displayed a significant increase in the weights of the kidneys and liver, which was accompanied by induction of CYP1A and CYP2B P450 hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. BFR exposure did not affect reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular function, or sperm DNA integrity. The highest dose caused thyroid toxicity as indicated by decreased serum thyroxine (T4) and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland epithelium. At lower doses, the thickness of the thyroid gland epithelium was reduced, but no changes in hormone levels (T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone) were observed. Thus, exposure to BFRs affected liver and thyroid physiology but not male reproductive parameters.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Ernest, Sheila R and Wade, Michael G and Lalancette, Claudia and Ma, Yi-Qian and Berger, Robert G and Robaire, Bernard and Hales, Barbara F},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22387749},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chronic, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Hypertrophy, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests},
	pages = {496--507},
}





@article{eriksson_impaired_2006,
	title = {Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCDD}).},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674},
	doi = {10.1016/j.etap.2005.10.001},
	abstract = {Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) are a diverse group of global environmental pollutants. In the present study, we show that neonatal exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) can cause developmental behavioural defects that are similar to those recently reported for PBDEs and certain PCBs. Furthermore, HBCDD appears to be as potent as PBDEs in inducing developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. In this study, neonatal NMRI mouse pups were given either a single oral dose of 0.9mg HBCDD/kg body weight, 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight, or a 20\% fat emulsion vehicle on postnatal day 10. At the age of 3 months, the mice were observed regarding spontaneous behaviour and concerning learning and memory capability. Mice exposed to 0.9mg HBCDD or to 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight showed a significantly altered spontaneous behaviour, manifested as a hyperactive condition and reduced habituation. Learning and memory, as observed in a Morris water maze, was also significantly affected in mice given the higher dose of HBCDD.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},
	author = {Eriksson, Per and Fischer, Celia and Wallin, Maria and Jakobsson, Eva and Fredriksson, Anders},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {317--322},
}





@article{ezechias_hormonal_2012,
	title = {Hormonal activities of new brominated flame retardants.},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.049},
	abstract = {After the phase-out of two commercial mixtures of brominated flame retardants, an increasing number of alternative flame retardants have been introduced in commercial applications. None of them, however, has been thoroughly tested for its hormonal activity. We used two yeast reporter-gene assays to determine the potential of eleven compounds to interfere with estrogenic and androgenic pathways. Our data demonstrate the ability of 2,4,6-tribromophenol to lower the transcriptional activity of human estrogen and androgen receptors. A nominal IC(50) value of 14.1 μM for anti-estrogenic and 3.9 μM for anti-androgenic activity was obtained using the luciferase reporter. An IC(50) value of 9.2 μM was calculated for the anti-estrogenic activity measured by the β-galactosidase assay. Of the tested chemicals, this study highlights the endocrine disrupting effects of 2,4,6-tribromophenol whose occurrence in the environment should be monitored.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ezechiáš, M and Svobodová, K and Cajthaml, T},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22236593},
	keywords = {Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: toxicity, Androgen: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Estrogen Antagonists, Estrogen Antagonists: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Receptors},
	pages = {820--4},
}





@techreport{eu_european_2005,
	address = {Ispra, Italy},
	title = {European {Union} risk assessment report on 2,20,6,60-tetrabromo-4,40-isopropylene diphenol (tetrabromobisphenol-{A}) {CAS} no. 79-94-7. {EINECS} no. 201-236-9.},
	url = {http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf},
	institution = {European Chemicals Bureau},
	author = {{EU}},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},
}





@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,
	title = {A {Comparison} of {PBDE} {Serum} {Concentrations} in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} {Children} {Living} in {California}},
	volume = {119},
	url = {http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,
	title = {In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) exposures and neurodevelopment in the {CHAMACOS} study.},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},
	abstract = {California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23154064},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {257--62},
}





@article{eskenazi_utero_2012,
	title = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},
	abstract = {Objective: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. Here, we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS, a California birth cohort. Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at ages 5 (N=323) and 7 years (N=310). Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at age 5 and maternal report at ages 5 and 7, with poorer fine motor coordination – particularly in the non-dominant hand – at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) at age 7. Child age 7 PBDE concentrations were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birthweight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},
	number = {November},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjodin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{erratico_biotransformation_2013,
	title = {Biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-{Tetrabromodiphenyl} {Ether} ({BDE}-47) by {Human} {Liver} {Microsomes}: {Identification} of {Cytochrome} {P450} {2B6} as the {Major} {Enzyme} {Involved}.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1520-5010},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005},
	doi = {10.1021/tx300522u},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used flame retardants that have become persistent environmental pollutants. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major PBDE detected in human tissue and environmental samples. Biotransformation of BDE-47 by pooled and individual human liver microsomes and by human recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes was assessed using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Of the nine hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47 produced by human liver microsomes, seven metabolites were identified using authentic standards. A monohydroxy-tetrabrominated and a dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite remain unidentified. Kinetic analysis of the rates of metabolite formation revealed that the major metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-OH-BDE-47), 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47), and possibly the unidentified monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite. Among the human recombinant P450 enzymes tested, P450 2B6 was the most active enzyme in the formation of the hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47. Moreover, the formation of all metabolites of BDE-47 by pooled human liver microsomes was inhibited by a P450 2B6-specific antibody and was highly correlated with P450 2B6-mediated activity in single donor liver microsomes indicating that P450 2B6 was the major P450 responsible for the biotransformation of BDE-47. Additional experiments involving the incubation of liver microsomes with individual monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites in place of BDE-47 demonstrated that 2,4-dibromophenol was a product of BDE-47 and several primary metabolites, but the dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite was not formed by sequential hydroxylation of any of the monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites tested. The present study provides a comprehensive characterization of the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 by human liver microsomes and P450 2B6.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemical research in toxicology},
	author = {Erratico, Claudio A and Szeitz, András and Bandiera, Stelvio M},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23537005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {721--31},
}





@article{erratico_comparative_2011,
	title = {Comparative oxidative metabolism of {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 by rat hepatic microsomes.},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr155},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) are among the most prevalent PBDEs detected in humans, wildlife, and abiotic environmental matrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in rat hepatic microsomes by comparing metabolite formation rates, kinetic parameters associated with metabolite formation, and the effects of prototypical cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers. The CYP enzymes involved were also identified. Incubation of BDE-47 with hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats generated a total of five hydroxylated (OH-BDE) metabolites, among which 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-49) and 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47) were the major metabolites, as identified using authentic standards and quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Incubations of BDE-99 with hepatic microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats produced a total of seven hydroxylated metabolites, among which 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-90) and 6'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (6'-OH-BDE-99) were the major metabolites. Although the overall rate of oxidative metabolism of BDE-99 by hepatic microsomes was greater than that of BDE-47, para-hydroxylation involving a National Institutes of Health shift mechanism represented a major metabolic pathway for both PBDE congeners. Among the rat recombinant CYP enzymes tested, CYP2A2 and CYP3A1 were the most active in BDE-47 and BDE-99 metabolism, respectively. However, CYP1A1 exhibited the highest activity for 4'-OH-BDE-49 and 6'-OH-BDE-99 formation, and CYP3A1 exhibited the highest activity for 3-OH-BDE-47 and 4-OH-BDE-90 formation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 is mediated by distinct but overlapping sets of CYP enzymes and represents a key process that determines the bioaccumulation of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in mammals.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Erratico, Claudio A and Moffatt, Sarah C and Bandiera, Stelvio M},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21673328},
	keywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Metabolic Detoxication, Microsomes, Phase I, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats},
	pages = {37--47},
}





@article{eriksson_brominated_2001,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment?},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants are a novel group of global environmental contaminants. Within this group the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) constitute one class of many that are found in electrical appliances, building materials, and textiles. PBDEs are persistent compounds that appear to have an environmental dispersion similar to that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Levels of PBDEs are increasing in mother's milk while other organohalogens have decreased in concentration. We studied for developmental neurotoxic effects two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99)–congeners that dominate in environmental and human samples–together with another frequently used brominated flame retardant, tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A (TBBPA). The compounds were given to 10-day-old NMRI male mice, as follows: PBDE 47, 0.7 mg (1.4 micromol), 10.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg body weight (bw); PBDE 99, 0.8 mg (1.4 micromol), 12.0 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw; TBBPA, 0.75 mg (1.4 micromol), 11.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw. Mice serving as controls received 10 mL/kg bw of the 20\% fat emulsion vehicle in the same manner. The present study has shown that neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and PBDE 47 can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous behavior, evident in 2- and 4-month-old animals. This effect together with the habituation capability was more pronounced with increasing age, and the changes were dose-response related. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 also affected learning and memory functions in adult animals. These are developmental defects that have been detected previously in connection with PCBs.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Eriksson, P and Jakobsson, E and Fredriksson, A},
	month = sep,
	year = {2001},
	pmid = {11673118},
	keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, ffr, tox},
	pages = {903--8},
}





@article{epel_efflux_2008,
	title = {Efflux transporters: newly appreciated roles in protection against pollutants.},
	volume = {42},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Epel, David and Luckenbach, Till and Stevenson, Charlotte N and Macmanus-Spencer, Laura a and Hamdoun, Amro and Smital, Tvrtko},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: metabolism, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: toxicity},
	pages = {3914--3920},
}





@book{epa_exposure_2010,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {An {Exposure} {Assessment} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF},
	abstract = {EPA/600/R-08/086F},
	number = {May},
	publisher = {National Center for Environmental Assessment},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{epa_alternatives_2012,
	title = {An alternatives assessment for the flame retardant {Decabromodiphenyl} ether ({DecaBDE})},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{epa_premanufacture_2011,
	title = {Premanufacture {Notice} ({PMN}) for {P}-10-476},
	url = {http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@techreport{epa_short-chain_2009,
	title = {Short-{Chain} {Chlorinated} {Paraffins} ({SCCPs}) and {Other} {Chlorinated} {Paraffins} {Action} {Plan}},
	author = {{EPA}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{eng_developmental_2013,
	title = {Developmental exposure to a brominated flame retardant: {An} assessment of effects on physiology, growth, and reproduction in a songbird, the zebra finch.},
	volume = {178},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037},
	abstract = {Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as additive flame retardants, and BDE-99 is one of the most predominant congeners found in the environment. BDE-99 has been reported in avian samples worldwide, yet knowledge of its toxicity to birds is minimal. We assessed the short- and long-term effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 in a model passerine, the zebra finch. Early exposure to BDE-99 did not affect hematocrit, oxidative stress, or thyroid hormones in either the juvenile or adult stages, and there were no effects on chick growth or survival. BDE-99 exposure caused a dose-dependent delay in timing of reproduction, but there were no other effects on reproductive success. In zebra finches, endpoints related to reproductive behavior appear to be the most sensitive to BDE-99. However, passerines overall appear to be less sensitive than birds of prey or mammals to PBDE exposure.},
	number = {null},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Eng, Margaret L and Williams, Tony D and Elliott, John E},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23603472},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Oxidative Stress, Reproduction, Thyroid Hormones, bde-99, laying interval},
	pages = {343--9},
}





@book{emsley_international_2005,
	address = {Guildford, Surrey},
	title = {International {Fire} {Statistics} and the {Potential} {Benefits} of {Fire} {Counter}-{Measures}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf},
	number = {May},
	publisher = {University of Surrey for the European Flame Retardant Association},
	author = {Emsley, Alan and Lim, Linda and Stevens, Gary and Williams, Peter},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{eriksson_polybrominated_2006,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects.},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl109},
	abstract = {The present study shows that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can interact and enhance developmental neurobehavioral defects when the exposure occurs during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. PBDEs are used in large quantities as flame-retardant additives in polymers, especially in the manufacture of a great variety of electrical appliances, and textiles. In contrast to the well-known persistent compounds PCBs and DDT, the PBDEs have been found to increase in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have previously shown that low-dose exposure to environmental toxic agents such as PCB can cause developmental neurotoxic effects when present during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. Epidemiological studies indicate the adverse neurobehavioral impact of PCBs. Recently, we reported that neonatal exposure to PBDEs causes developmental neurotoxic effects. In the present study, 10-day-old Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were given one single oral dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol/kg body weight [bw]) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol), PCB 52 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol), or PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol). Controls received a vehicle (20\% fat emulsion). Animals exposed to the combined dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol) and the high dose of PCB 52 (14 micromol) or PBDE 99 (14 micromol) showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior and habituation capability at the age of 4 and 6 months. The neurobehavioral defects were also seen to worsen with age in mice neonatally exposed to PCB 52 + PBDE 99.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Eriksson, Per and Fischer, Celia and Fredriksson, Anders},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16980691},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Combination, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Interactions, Drug Therapy, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \& development, Nervous System: physiopathology, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Suckling, ffr, tox},
	pages = {302--9},
}





@article{eriksson_brominated_2002,
	title = {A brominated flame retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development.},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1096-6080},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in large quantities as flame retardant additives. In a recent study, we have seen that neonatal exposure to some brominated flame retardants can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous motor behavior that seem to worsen with age. In view of an increasing amount of PBDEs in mother's milk and in the environment, the present study was undertaken to investigate whether there is a critical and limited phase, during neonatal life, for induction of persistent neurotoxic effects of 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99). Neonatal NMRI male mice were exposed on day 3, 10, or 19 to 8 mg 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE/kg body weight. Uptake and retention of 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE were studied in the mouse brain after exposure to 1.5 M becquerel (Bq) 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE /kg body weight (bw) on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19. Spontaneous motor behavior was observed in 4-month-old mice. Mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE on day 3 or 10 showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior, whereas no effect was seen in mice exposed on day 19. Neonatal mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE 99 on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19 were sacrificed 24 h or 7 days posttreatment. The amount of radioactivity, given as per mille ( per thousand) of total amount administered, was between 3.7 and 5.1 per thousand in the three different age categories at 24 h after administration. Seven days after the administration, 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE or its metabolites could still be detected in the brain. The amount of radioactivity in the brain was not higher in mice exposed on day 3 or 10 when compared to exposure on day 19. Thus, the behavioral disturbances observed in adult mice following neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE are induced during a defined critical period of neonatal brain development.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Eriksson, P and Viberg, H and Jakobsson, E and Orn, U and Fredriksson, A},
	month = may,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11961221},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \& development, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Carbon Radioisotopes, Carbon Radioisotopes: diagnostic use, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Inbred Strains, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, ffr, tox},
	pages = {98--103},
}





@article{ericson_jogsten_analysis_2010,
	title = {Analysis of {POPs} in human samples reveal a contribution of brominated dioxin of up to 15\% of the total dioxin {TEQ}.},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.012},
	abstract = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were analyzed in both human adipose tissue and plasma from nine individuals, from the Swedish general population, using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). In addition, several other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined in the same samples, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Polybrominated dibenzofurans were detected in all of the human adipose tissue samples confirming their presence in the Swedish population. The highest concentration was found for 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, ranging from 0.27 to 2.4 pg g(-1) lipid, followed by 1,2,3,7,8-PeBDF, 0.23-0.89pgg(-1) lipid, 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF, 0.44-0.54 pg g(-1) lipid, and 2,7/2,8-DiBDF, 0.19-0.30 pg g(-1) lipid. No PBDDs could be detected above the limit of detection ({\textbackslash}textless0.02-{\textbackslash}textless0.21 pg g(-1) lipid) in any of the samples. The levels of PCDD/Fs were in the range 1.79-31.5pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)g(-1) lipid, and PBDEs were found in the 1.16-7.46 ng g(-1) lipid range. The measured chlorinated dioxins indicate decreasing human concentrations in Sweden. The toxicity equivalents (TEQ) for PBDD/Fs (0.2-0.8 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) were found to contribute 1-15\% of the total dioxin TEQ of the chlorinated dioxins and furans (5-18 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) depending on the individual. Also PBDEs concentrations are decreasing compared to 1997-2000, but most noteworthy a shift in BDE pattern where BDE\#47 is surpassed by BDE\#153. The levels of PFCs are in the same range as the highest levels of the traditional POPs (sum of 60 PCBs) based on volume. These findings illustrate the importance of continuous monitoring of brominated compounds in both human and the environment.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ericson Jogsten, Ingrid and Hagberg, Jessika and Lindström, Gunilla and Bavel, Bert Van},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19897226},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Benzofurans: toxicity, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dioxins: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: toxicity, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, ffr, hum, unsure},
	pages = {113--20},
}





@book{epa_initial_2008,
	title = {Initial {Risk}-{Based} {Prioritization} of {High} {Production} {Volume} {Chemicals}},
	volume = {C},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf},
	publisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{epa_hexabromocyclododecane_2010,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) {Action} {Plan}},
	url = {http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf},
	publisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) action Plan, Risk Assessment, TSCA, Toxic Substances Control Act, chemical hazard, chemical information, chemical risk, chemicals, exposure assessment, exposure characterization, hazard assessment, hazard characterization, hazard communication, risk characterization, risk communication, risk management},
}





@book{epa_partnership_2012,
	title = {Partnership on {Flame} {Retardant} {Alternatives} for {Hexabromocyclododecane} ({HBCD})},
	url = {http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{epa_reanalysis_2012,
	title = {Reanalysis of {Key} {Issues} {Related} to {Dioxin} {Toxicity} and {Response} to {NAS} {Comments}, {Volume} 1},
	volume = {1},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf},
	number = {1746},
	publisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{epa_waste_2003,
	title = {Waste {Incinerator} {Dioxin} {Control} and {Emission} {Standards}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf},
	publisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{epa_iur_2006,
	title = {{IUR} {Data} {\textbar} {Inventory} {Update} {Reporting} ({IUR}) {\textbar} {US} {EPA}},
	url = {http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/},
	abstract = {Provides links to past non-confidential company records and production volume data},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {US EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT)},
	author = {EPA, U S},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {1998, 2002, 2006, EPA, Flame retardants, IUR, Inventory update Reporting, OPPT, TSCA, company records, data, inventory, non-confidential, past IUR data, production volume data},
}





@techreport{epa_furniture_2005,
	title = {Furniture flame retardancy partnership: {Environmental} profiles of chemical flame-retardant alternatives for low-density polyurethane foam.},
	url = {http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm},
	institution = {US Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {{EPA}},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr, tox},
}





@techreport{epa_flame_2008,
	title = {Flame retardants in printed circuit boards.},
	url = {http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf},
	author = {{EPA}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},
}





@article{eng_early_2012,
	title = {Early exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-99) affects mating behavior of zebra finches.},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs076},
	abstract = {2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) is a brominated flame retardant congener that has pervaded global food chains, being reported in avian egg and tissue samples throughout the world. Its effects on birds are not well known, but there is evidence in exposed mammals that it directly mediates and causes neurotoxicity, alters thyroid hormone homeostasis, and lowers sex steroid hormone concentrations. In birds, those processes could disrupt the song-control system and male mating behavior. In this study, the effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 were assessed in a model songbird species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). A tissue residue study in which zebra finch nestlings were orally exposed to 0, 2.5, 15.8, or 50.7 ng BDE-99/g body weight (bw) per day over the 21-day nesting period validated dosing methods and confirmed dose levels were environmentally relevant (332.7 ± 141.0 to 4450.2 ± 1396.2 ng/g plasma lipid). A full-scale study exposing nestlings to 0, 2.5, 15.8, 50.7, or 173.8 ng BDE-99/g bw/day was carried out to investigate long-term effects of BDE-99 on the adult song-control nuclei volumes, song quality, and male mating behavior. Early exposure to BDE-99 had significant effects on male mating behavior and the response of clean experienced females to exposed males. There was no effect on male song-control nuclei or song quality, and there were nondose-dependent effects on female song-control nuclei. The results demonstrate that early exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 affects the behavior of zebra finches.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Eng, Margaret L and Elliott, John E and MacDougall-Shackleton, Scott A and Letcher, Robert J and Williams, Tony D},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22323513},
	keywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Computer-Assisted, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finches, Finches: physiology, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Vocal Center, High Vocal Center: drug effects, High Vocal Center: pathology, Image Processing, Male, Nesting Behavior, Nesting Behavior: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Sexual Behavior, Songbirds, Songbirds: physiology, Vocalization},
	pages = {269--76},
}





@article{ema_two-generation_2008,
	title = {Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0890-6238},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388},
	doi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.12.004},
	abstract = {Male and female rats were fed a diet containing flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at 0, 150, 1500 or 15,000 ppm throughout the study beginning at the onset of a 10-week pre-mating period and continuing through the mating, gestation and lactation periods for two generations. The mean daily intakes of HBCD during the whole period of administration were 10.2, 101 and 1008 mg/kg bw in F0 males, 14.0, 141 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F0 females, 11.4, 115 and 1142 mg/kg bw in F1 males, and 14.3, 138 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F1 females for 150, 1500 and 15,000 ppm, respectively. The incidence of rats with decreased thyroid follicles size was increased in F0 and F1 males and females at 1500 ppm and higher. Serum TSH levels were increased in F0 and F1 females at 1500 ppm and higher, and serum T4 levels were decreased in F0 males and females at 15,000 ppm. The number of the primordial follicles in the ovary of F1 females was reduced at 1500 ppm and higher. There were increases in the absolute and relative weights of the liver in male adults and male and female weanlings at 1500 ppm and higher, and in female adults at 15,000 ppm, and of the thyroid in male and female adults at 15,000 ppm. Decreased body weight and body weight gain associated with reduced food consumption were found in F1 males and females at 15,000 ppm. Decreases were found in the viability index of F2 pups and the body weight of male F1 and F2 pups and female F2 pups at 15,000 ppm. In F2 pups, there were low incidences of the completion of eye opening in males at 15,000 ppm and in females at 1500 ppm and higher, and of completed mid-air righting in females at 15,000 ppm. The data indicate that the NOAEL of HBCD in this study was 150 ppm (10.2mg/kg bw/day). The estimated human intake of HBCD is well below the NOAEL in the present study.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Reproductive toxicology},
	author = {Ema, Makoto and Fujii, Sakiko and Hirata-Koizumi, Mutsuko and Matsumoto, Mariko},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18262388},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {335--51},
}





@article{elliott_polybrominated_2005,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}, 1979-2002.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290},
	abstract = {Temporal, spatial, and interspecific trends in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in eggs of marine and freshwater bird species from the province of British Columbia, Canada. Temporal trends in the Fraser River estuary, 1983-2002, were examined by analysis of eggs of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and from the Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem, 1979-2002, in eggs of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Results were compared to those from eggs of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) taken along the lower Fraser River and along the Columbia River near Castlegar, British Columbia, and of a pelagic seabird, the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), collected at a colony on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Mean concentration of sigmaPBDE, 455 microg/kg w.w., were highest in heron eggs collected in 2002 from the Fraser estuary. Concentrations in eggs of cormorants and ospreys taken from sites of varying urban influence tended to be about half that value. Leach's storm petrel eggs had only trace amounts of sigmaPBDE (3.38 microg/kg), despite having similar concentrations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides to the other species. PBDEs increased exponentially with a doubling time of 5.7 years in eggs of both herons and cormorants. Over this period of increasing PBDEs, major chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as PCBs and DDE, were stable or decreased. The PBDE pattern was relatively consistent in most years and sites, with BDEs 47 {\textbackslash}textgreater 100 {\textbackslash}textgreater 99 {\textbackslash}textgreater 153 {\textbackslash}textgreater 154 {\textbackslash}textgreater 28 {\textbackslash}textgreater 183. This was interpreted as evidence of technical pentaBDE formulations as primary sources of the contamination, with the octaBDE formulations as secondary. Higher resolution analysis of a subsample of the eggs revealed the presence of up to nine other congeners, including BDE209 (range: 0.9-1.8 microg/kg), indicating exposure and uptake of decaBDE sourced congeners in North American foodchains. At some locations, concentrations of pentabrominated congeners and mixtures in fish are approaching levels potentially toxic to fish-eating birds, based on rodent studies and calculations of dietary intake from fish data.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Elliott, John E and Wilson, Laurie K and Wakeford, Bryan},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16124290},
	keywords = {Animals, Birds, British Columbia, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, ffr, waa},
	pages = {5584--91},
}





@article{eisenreich_experimental_2013,
	title = {Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 in red-eared sliders ({Trachemys} scripta elegans) and snapping turtles ({Chelydra} serpentina) and possible species-specific differences in debromination.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2061},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic class of flame retardants that can potentially impact turtles in natural habitats via exposure through maternal transfer. To simulate maternal transfer in the present study, PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 were topically applied to the eggshell and were allowed to diffuse into the egg contents of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Eggs were topically dosed over 8 d to achieve a target concentration of 40 ng/g in the egg contents. Transfer efficiency was higher for BDE-47 than for BDE-99 in the red-eared sliders (25.8 ± 1.9\% vs 9.9 ± 1.1\%) and snapping turtles (31.3 ± 1.6\% vs 12.5 ± 1.4\%), resulting in greater BDE-47 and lower BDE-99 egg content concentrations relative to the 40 ng/g target. However, only 25.8 and 31.3\% of the total BDE-47 and 9.9 and 12.5\% of the total BDE-99 dose applied could be accounted for in the red-eared slider and snapping turtle egg contents, respectively. Additionally, increased BDE-47 in red-eared slider egg contents dosed with only BDE-99 indicate that BDE-99 might have been debrominated to BDE-47. The efficacy of topical dosing for administering desired embryonic exposures is clearly affected by the chemical properties of the applied compounds and was more successful for BDE-47 in both species.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Eisenreich, Karen M and Rowe, Christopher L},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23147837},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {393--400},
}





@article{eguchi_different_2012,
	title = {Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in {India}.},
	volume = {47},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.003},
	abstract = {We determined the contamination status and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB congeners (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs) in serum from e-waste recycling workers and residents near a coastal area in India. Residue levels of penta- to octa-chlorinated PCBs, penta- to octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs, 6MeO-BDE47, 6OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tri-BPh in serum from residents living near the coastal area were significantly higher than those in serum from e-waste recycling workers. Residue levels of tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, tri- to tetra-chlorinated OH-PCBs, PBDEs, octa-brominated OH-PBDEs, and tetra-BPhs in serum from e-waste recycling workers were higher than those in serum from residents living near the coastal area. Principal component analysis revealed that residents living near the coastal area and e-waste recycling workers had different serum profiles of chlorinated and brominated compounds.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Eguchi, Akifumi and Nomiyama, Kei and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Subramanian, Annamalai and Bulbule, Kesav a and Parthasarathy, Peethambaram and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {E-waste, Fish consumption, Flame retardants, Hydroxylated metabolites, PBDEs, PCBs},
	pages = {8--16},
}





@book{efra_keeping_2012,
	address = {Brussels, Belgium},
	title = {Keeping fire in check},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf},
	publisher = {European Flame Retardants Association},
	author = {{EFRA}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{ec_european_2008,
	address = {Luxembourg},
	title = {European {Union} risk assessment report: {Hexabromocyclododecane} {HBCDD} {CAS}-{No}.: 25637-99-4},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf},
	number = {25637},
	publisher = {European Commission, Swedish Chemicals Agency},
	author = {{EC}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{ec_regulation_2006,
	title = {Regulation ({EC}) {No} 1907/2006 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 18 {December} 2006},
	volume = {L396},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf},
	number = {49},
	journal = {Official Journal of the European Union},
	author = {{EC}},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1--849},
}





@article{ec_commission_2011,
	title = {Commission {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 143/2011 of 17 {February} 2011},
	volume = {L44},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf},
	number = {54},
	journal = {Official Journal of the European Union},
	author = {{EC}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {2--6},
}





@article{eguchi_soil_2013,
	title = {Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in {Asian} developing countries.},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.027},
	abstract = {In Asian developing countries, large amounts of municipal wastes are dumped into open dumping sites each day without adequate management. This practice may cause several adverse environmental consequences and increase health risks to local communities. These dumping sites are contaminated with many chemicals including brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). BFRs may be released into the environment through production processes and through the disposal of plastics and electronic wastes that contain them. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the status of BFR pollution in municipal waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Soil samples were collected from six open waste dumping sites and five reference sites in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam from 1999 to 2007. The results suggest that PBDEs are the dominant contaminants in the dumping sites in Asian developing countries, whereas HBCD contamination remains low. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs ranged from ND to 180 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 1.4 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the reference sites and from 0.20 to 430 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 2.5 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the dumping sites. Contamination levels of PBDEs in Asian municipal dumping sites were comparable with those reported from electronic waste dismantling areas in Pearl River delta, China.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Eguchi, Akifimi and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ramu, Karri and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Sudaryanto, Agus and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Viet, Pham Hung and Tana, Rouch Seang and Takahashi, Shin and Subramanian, Annamalai and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23149186},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {2365--71},
}





@article{eggesbo_associations_2011,
	title = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone ({TSH}) in neonates.},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {1096-0953},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.004},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been in widespread use in a vast array of consumer products since the 1970s. The metabolites of some BFRs show a structural similarity to thyroid hormones and experimental animal studies have confirmed that they may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. A major concern has been whether intrauterine exposure to BFRs may disturb thyroid homeostasis since the fetal brain is particularly susceptible to alterations in thyroid hormones. However, few reports on newborns have been published to date.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental research},
	author = {Eggesbø, Merete and Thomsen, Cathrine and Jørgensen, Jens V and Becher, Georg and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Longnecker, Matthew P},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21601188},
	keywords = {Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Newborn, Norway, Norway: epidemiology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyrotropin: drug effects},
	pages = {737--43},
}





@article{eggen_municipal_2010,
	title = {Municipal landfill leachates: a significant source for new and emerging pollutants.},
	volume = {408},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466},
	abstract = {Landfills have historically remained the most common methods of organized waste disposal and still remain so in many regions of the world. Thus, they may contain wastes resulting from several decades of disposal and decomposition with subsequent release of organic compounds that may have environmental, wildlife and human health consequences. Products containing different types of additives with unique beneficial improvement properties are in daily use. However, when these products are decomposed, additives are release into the environment, some of which have been shown to have negative environmental impacts, resulting in the ban or at least restricted application of some chemicals. New and emerging compounds are continuously discovered in the environment. Herein, we report qualitative and quantitative data on the occurrence of new and emerging compounds with increasing environmental and public health concern in water- and particle phase of landfill leachates. Under normal environmental conditions, several of these chemicals are persistent high-volume products. Identified chemicals in the leachates at nanogram (ng) or microgram (microg) per liter levels include - chlorinated alkylphosphates such as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), N-butyl benzensulfonamide (NBBS), the insect repellent diethyl toluamide (DEET) and personal care products such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and polycyclic musk compounds. Among new and emerging contaminants, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in the water phase at concentrations up to 6231 ng/L. Compared with the other chemicals, PFCs were primarily distributed in water phase. An effective removal method for PFCs and other polar and persistent compounds from landfill leachates has been a major challenge, since commonly used treatment technologies are based on aeration and sedimentation. Thus, the present study has shown that municipal landfill leachates may represent a significant source of concern for legacy, new and emerging chemicals in groundwater.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Eggen, Trine and Moeder, Monika and Arukwe, Augustine},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Cities, DEET, DEET: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: analysis, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Sulfonamides, Sulfonamides: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {5147--5157},
}





@article{eggen_uptake_2012,
	title = {Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops.},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},
	abstract = {Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K (ow) 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K (ow) 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K (ow) 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K (ow) 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K (ow) 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6-1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10-20 and 1.7-4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015-0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K (ow) in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	author = {Eggen, Trine and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S and Stuanes, Arne O and Norli, Hans Ragnar},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23250727},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{echa_data_2009,
	address = {Helsinki, Finland},
	title = {Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of {HBCDD} as well as information on potential alternatives to its use},
	volume = {2},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf},
	publisher = {European Chemicals Agency, IOM Consulting},
	author = {{ECHA}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@techreport{echa_data_2008,
	title = {Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of alkanes, {C10}-13, chloro, {SCCPs} as well as infor-mation on potential alternatives to its use},
	url = {http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf},
	institution = {European Chemicals Agency},
	author = {{ECHA}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{ec_european_2008,
	address = {Luxembourg},
	title = {European {Union} {Risk} {Assessment} {Report}: {Tris} (2-{Chloro}-1-methylethyl) phosphate {TCPP}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf},
	publisher = {European Commission, Ireland Chemicals Policy and Services},
	author = {{EC}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{dye_elevated_2007,
	title = {Elevated {PBDE} {Levels} in {Pet} {Cats}: {Sentinels} for {Humans}?},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159},
	doi = {10.1021/es0708159},
	abstract = {Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure. Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Dye, Janice A. and Venier, Marta and Zhu, Lingyan and Ward, Cynthia R. and Hites, Ronald A. and Birnbaum, Linda S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {6350--6356},
}





@article{duan_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in background surface soils from the {Yangtze} {River} {Delta} ({YRD}), {China}: occurrence, sources, and inventory.},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-010-0295-1},
	abstract = {Very few data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were available in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), one of the most developed and urbanized region in China. In this study, Chongming Island, located at the estuary of the Yangtze River, was selected as background area to investigate the occurrence, sources, and inventory of PBDEs.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	author = {Duan, Yan-Ping and Meng, Xiang-Zhou and Yang, Chao and Pan, Zhao-Yu and Chen, Ling and Yu, Ran and Li, Feng-Ting},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20127420},
	keywords = {China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Water Supply},
	pages = {948--56},
}





@article{driscoll_acute_nodate,
	title = {Acute postnatal exposure to the {pentaBDE} commercial mixture {DE}-71 at 5 or 15 mg/kg/day does not produce learning or attention deficits in rats.},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1872-9738},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.002},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals added to polymer products, have become ubiquitous in the environment, and they are bioaccumulating in humans and wildlife. Therefore, understanding their biological effects is important for public health. We have previously observed learning deficits in rats exposed to DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture consisting primarily of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers, at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 6 to 12. The purpose of the current study was to determine if this effect could be seen with lower doses of DE-71. Long-Evans rats were administered daily oral doses of corn oil alone or DE-71, 5 or 15 mg/kg/day, dissolved in corn oil, from PND 6 to 12. As young adults, the rats were administered a series of five-choice visual learning and attention tasks. No effects of DE-71 were found on learning, attention, or inhibitory control. Given that developmental DE-71 exposure at similar doses and for shorter time periods has been shown in other laboratories to affect locomotion and hyperactivity, the current results suggest that cognitive functions may not be as sensitive as neuromotor functions to the effects of acute DE-71 exposure.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},
	author = {Driscoll, Lori L and Kaplan, Joshua and Bucuvalas, Eleni and Allen, Hunter and Kraut, Joshua and Fitzpatrick, Jesse},
	pmid = {22024237},
	keywords = {Acute Disease, Animal, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: che, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: phy, Cognition Disorders, Cognition Disorders: chemically induced, Cognition Disorders: diagnosis, Cognition Disorders: physiopathology, Disease Models, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Learning Disorders, Learning Disorders: chemically induced, Learning Disorders: diagnosis, Learning Disorders: physiopathology, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Rats},
	pages = {20--6},
}





@book{drewes_fate_2006,
	title = {Fate of {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants} in the {Environment} and {Water} {Treatment}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf},
	abstract = {Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of chlorinated flame retardants in wastewater, wastewater impacted streams and ground water under the impact of surface water. Several studies point to a very unique and persistent behavior of these compounds in the environment and TCEP, TCPP and TCDPP can essentially be found in any treated wastewater sample of source water under the impact of wastewater discharge. This study examined the occurrence, transport and fate of chlorinated flame retardants in the environment as well as engineered systems (i.e., processes employed during wastewater and drinking water treatment) and addresses their potential adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. This study builds upon experiences gathered through monitoring studies of conventional and advanced wastewater treatment facilities (e.g., activated sludge treatment, membrane bioreactors) and drinking water facilities (e.g., coagulation/flocculation, activated carbon, disinfection, advanced oxidation, high- pressure membranes) as well as natural systems (e.g., soil-aquifer treatment, riverbank filtration).},
	publisher = {National Ground Water Association},
	author = {Drewes, Jörg E and Hoppe, Christiane and Bellona, Christopher L and Wang, Gary},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{dorneles_anthropogenic_2010,
	title = {Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in marine mammals from {Brazil}.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.001},
	abstract = {Liver samples from 51 cetaceans, comprising 10 species, stranded between 1994 and 2006 in a highly industrialized and urbanized region in Southeast Brazil, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). A concentration range of PBDEs (3-5960ng/g lw) similar to that observed in Northern Hemisphere dolphins was found. MeO-PBDE concentrations in continental shelf (CS) dolphins from Brazil are among the highest detected to date in cetaceans (up to 250microg/g lw). Higher SigmaMeO-PBDE concentrations were measured in CS and oceanic dolphins than in estuarine dolphins. The SigmaPBDE/SigmaMeO-PBDE ratio varied significantly ranging from a mean value of 7.12 to 0.08 and 0.01 for estuarine, CS and oceanic species, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between SigmaPBDE and year of stranding of male estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis), which suggests temporal variation in the exposure. Placental transfer of organobrominated compounds was also evidenced in S. guianensis.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Dorneles, Paulo R and Lailson-Brito, José and Dirtu, Alin C and Weijs, Liesbeth and Azevedo, Alexandre F and Torres, João P M and Malm, Olaf and Neels, Hugo and Blust, Ronny and Das, Krishna and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19864024},
	keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {60--7},
}





@article{domingo_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature.},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1873-6351},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used to protect people from fires by reducing the flammability of combustible materials. In recent years, PBDEs have become widespread environmental pollutants, while body burden in the general population has been increasing. A number of studies have shown that, as for other persistent organic pollutants, dietary intake is one of the main routes of human exposure to PBDEs. The most recent scientific literature concerning the levels of PBDEs in foodstuffs and the human dietary exposure to these BFRs are here reviewed. It has been noted that the available information on human total daily intake through food consumption is basically limited to a number of European countries, USA, China, and Japan. In spite of the considerable methodological differences among studies, the results show notable coincidences such as the important contribution to the sum of total PBDEs of some congeners such as BDEs 47, 49, 99 and 209, the comparatively high contribution of fish and seafood, and dairy products, and the probably limited human health risks derived from dietary exposure to PBDEs. Various issues directly related to human exposure to PBDEs through the diet still need investigation.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},
	author = {Domingo, José L},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22100397},
	keywords = {Diet, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans},
	pages = {238--49},
}





@article{dodson_after_2012,
	title = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}: {A} {Broad} {Suite} of {Flame} {Retardants} in {Repeat} {House} {Dust} {Samples} from {California}.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1021/es303879n},
	abstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated "Tris," which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Dirtu, Alin C and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{dodson_after_2012,
	title = {After the {PBDE} phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from {California}.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/es303879n},
	abstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated "Tris," which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Dirtu, Alin C and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23185960},
	keywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Health, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, california},
	pages = {13056--66},
}





@article{ebert_formation_2003,
	title = {Formation of {PBDD}/{F} from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01604120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090},
	doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00117-X},
	abstract = {Thermal treatment of plastics flame retarded with brominated compounds often lead to the formation of PBDD/F, especially if polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used. By the presence of antimony(III) oxide, water and some other metals, the amounts of PBDD/F increase. Even during the production and recycling processes of plastics, PBDD/F can be found in considerable amounts. By the use of flame retardants, which are not direct precursors of PBDD/F, the amounts can significantly be decreased. An incomplete and uncontrolled incineration, occurring in fire accidents in private residences, can form high amounts of PBDD/F, which can endanger the environment and persons in contact with fire residues. Complete and controlled incineration of bromine-containing compounds as usually conducted in municipal waste incinerators, however, show no raised risk. An overview about the formation of PBDD/F primarily during combustion and also during production and recycling processes of flame-retarded plastic materials is given in this paper.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Ebert, J},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12850090},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Incineration, Models, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec},
	pages = {711--716},
}





@book{dye_comparison_nodate,
	title = {Comparison of {PBDEs} in cat serum to levels in cat food: evidence of {Deca} debromination?},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf},
	abstract = {Since the introduction of brominated flame retardants (such as the PBDEs), increases in feline hyperthyroidism have been observed. We hypothesized that PBDE exposure was linked to the increased occurrence of hyperthyroidism in cats. Herein, PBDEs in serum of pet cats and levels in cat food were determined. Samples were extracted and analyzed by electron capture negative ionization gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for major PBDE congeners. Data indicated that cats were highly exposed to PBDEs, and that body burden in certain “outliers” was 4 to 7-fold higher than other cats. Using estimates of total serum lipid in cats, lipid adjusted cumulative PBDE serum levels in cats were compared to whole blood levels in U.S. adults. Cats had body burdens that were ≥ 10-fold higher. Data indicated that dry food contained relatively high levels of BDE-209, and that cats consuming dry food had significantly greater serum levels of BDE-209. Furthermore, results suggest that in cats, BDE-207 may represent an important meta-position deca debromination product. Improved understanding of how the purportedly stable BDE-209 compound undergoes metabolism and clearance is an important area of investigation. The debromination pathways suggested for these cats are seemingly in agreement with recent reports in humans and various animal species.},
	publisher = {Dioxin 2007},
	author = {Dye, J A and Venier, Marta and Zhu, Y and Ward, Cynthia R and Hites, Ronald A and Birnbaum, Linda S},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{du_developmental_2012,
	title = {Developmental toxicity evaluation of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers on zebrafish embryos.},
	volume = {112-113},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937},
	abstract = {Structural dissimilarities of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers could raise substantial differences in physicochemical, biological and toxicological properties. In order to fully assess the environmental safety and health risk of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the developmental toxicity of individual HBCD diastereoisomers (α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD). Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of HBCD diastereoisomers (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) until 120 hpf. The results showed that exposure to HBCDs can affect the development of zebrafish embryos/larvae in a dose-dependent and diastereoselective manner. The diastereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD at 0.01 mg/l had little effect on the development of zebrafish embryos except that exposure to 0.01 mg/l γ-HBCD significantly delayed hatching (P{\textbackslash}textless0.05). At 0.1mg/l, α-HBCD resulted in depressed heart rate of larvae (96 hpf) and delayed hatching, whereas β- and γ-HBCD both caused significant hatching delay and growth inhibition (P{\textbackslash}textless0.05). In addition, a remarkable and significant increase in mortality and malformation rate was noted at 0.1 mg/l γ-HBCD exposure groups (P{\textbackslash}textless0.05). At 1.0 mg/l, α-, β- and γ-HBCD significantly affected all of the endpoints monitored (P{\textbackslash}textless0.05). Additionally, HBCD diastereoisomers could induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that HBCD diastereoisomers could cause developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos through inducing apoptosis by ROS formation. The overall results showed a good agreement confirming that the order of developmental toxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers in zebrafish is γ-HBCD{\textbackslash}textgreaterβ-HBCD{\textbackslash}textgreaterα-HBCD.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Du, Miaomiao and Zhang, Dandan and Yan, Changzhou and Zhang, Xian},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heart Rate, Heart Rate: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Survival Analysis, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: physiology},
	pages = {1--10},
}





@article{dreiem_polychlorinated_2010,
	title = {Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter striatal dopamine neurochemistry in synaptosomes from developing rats in an additive manner.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfq229},
	abstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread environmental contaminants associated with changes in behavior and neurochemical function in laboratory animals and behavioral deficits in children. PCBs and PBDEs are found in food, especially in seafood and dairy products, and coexposure to these contaminants is likely. We examined the effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs (Fox River Mix [FRM]) and a PBDE mixture (DE-71) alone and in combination on synaptosomal and medium dopamine (DA) levels and the levels of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in striatal synaptosomes derived from postnatal days (PND) 7, PND14, or PND21 rats. FRM elevated medium DA and reduced synaptosomal DA concentrations with greater potency than equimolar concentrations of DE-71. The effects of FRM, but not DE-71, were dependent on the age of the animals from which the synaptosomes were derived, with greater effects observed in synaptosomes from the youngest animals. We used Bliss' model of independence to assess the possible interaction(s) of a 1:1 mixture of FRM and DE-71 on synaptosomal DA function and found that the effects of the FRM/DE-71 mixture were additive. Furthermore, as for FRM alone, the effects of the FRM/DE71 mixture were greater in synaptosomes prepared from PND7 rats than in synaptosomes from PND14 and PND21 rats. Because the effects of these contaminants are additive, it is necessary to take into account the cumulative exposure to organohalogen contaminants such as PCBs and PBDEs during risk assessment.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Dreiem, Anne and Okoniewski, Richard J and Brosch, Karl O and Miller, Veronica M and Seegal, Richard F},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20671024},
	keywords = {3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: metabolism, Age Factors, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Corpus Striatum: metabolism, Dopamine, Dopamine: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Drug Synergism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Risk Assessment, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism},
	pages = {150--9},
}





@article{dodder_occurrence_2013,
	title = {Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in mussels ({Mytilus} spp.) along the {California} coast and the influence of land use, storm water discharge, and treated wastewater effluent.},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.041},
	abstract = {Contaminants of emerging concern were measured in mussels collected along the California coast in 2009-2010. The seven classes were alkylphenols, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), other flame retardants, current use pesticides, perfluorinated compounds (PFC), and single walled carbon nanotubes. At least one contaminant was detected at 67 of the 68 stations (98\%), and 67 of the 167 analytes had at least one detect (40\%). Alkylphenol, PBDE, and PFC concentrations increased with urbanization and proximity to storm water discharge; pesticides had higher concentrations at agricultural stations. These results suggest that certain compounds; for example, alkylphenols, lomefloxacin and PBDE, are appropriate for inclusion in future coastal bivalve monitoring efforts based on maximum concentrations {\textbackslash}textgreater50ng/g dry weight and detection frequencies {\textbackslash}textgreater50\%. Other compounds, for example PFC and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), may also be suggested for inclusion due to their {\textbackslash}textgreater25\% detection frequency and potential for biomagnification.},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Dodder, Nathan G and Maruya, Keith A and Lee Ferguson, P and Grace, Richard and Klosterhaus, Susan and La Guardia, Mark J and Lauenstein, Gunnar G and Ramirez, Juan},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23849955},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{dishaw_is_2011,
	title = {Is the {PentaBDE} {Replacement}, {Tris} (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) {Phosphate} ({TDCPP}), a {Developmental} {Neurotoxicant}? {Studies} in {PC12} {Cells}},
	issn = {0041008X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595},
	doi = {10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005},
	abstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (1,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number, and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.},
	journal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},
	author = {Dishaw, Laura V. and Powers, Christina M. and Ryde, Ian T. and Roberts, Simon C. and Seidler, Frederic J. and Slotkin, Theodore A. and Stapleton, Heather M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21255595},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},
}





@article{dingemans_calcium-related_2010,
	title = {Calcium-related processes involved in the inhibition of depolarization-evoked calcium increase by hydroxylated {PBDEs} in {PC12} cells.},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfp310},
	abstract = {In vitro studies indicated that hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have an increased toxic potential compared to their parent congeners. An example is the OH-PBDE-induced increase of basal intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria and/or influx of extracellular Ca(2+). ER and mitochondria regulate Ca(2+) homeostasis in close association with voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs). Therefore, effects of (OH-)PBDEs on the depolarization-evoked (100 mM K(+)) net increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i)) were measured in neuroendocrine pheochromocytoma cells using the Ca(2+)-responsive dye Fura-2. OH-PBDEs dose dependently inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). This inhibition was potentiated by a preceding increase in basal [Ca(2+)](i). Especially at higher concentrations of OH-PBDEs (5-20 microM), large increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) strongly inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). The inhibition appeared more sensitive to increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores (by 3-OH-BDE-47 or 6'-OH-BDE-49) compared to those by influx of extracellular Ca(2+) (by 6-OH-BDE-47 or 5-OH-BDE-47). The expected [Ca(2+)](i) difference close to the membrane suggests involvement of Ca(2+)-dependent regulatory processes close to VGCCs. When coapplied with depolarization, some OH-PBDEs induced also moderate direct inhibition of depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxylated BDE-47 affected neither basal nor depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), except for BDE-47, which moderately increased fluctuations in basal [Ca(2+)](i) and depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). These findings demonstrate that OH-PBDEs inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) depending on preceding basal [Ca(2+)](i). Related environmental pollutants that affect Ca(2+) homeostasis (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) may thus also inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), justifying further investigation of possible mixture effects of environmental pollutants on Ca(2+) homeostasis.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Dingemans, Milou M L and van den Berg, Martin and Bergman, Ake and Westerink, Remco H S},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20044592},
	keywords = {Animals, Calcium, Calcium Channels, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: analysis, Calcium: metabolism, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Endoplasmic Reticulum: drug effects, Endoplasmic Reticulum: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fura-2, Fura-2: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Hydroxylation, Hydroxylation: drug effects, L-Type, L-Type: drug effects, L-Type: metabolism, Mitochondria, Mitochondria: drug effects, Mitochondria: metabolism, PC12 Cells, PC12 Cells: drug effects, PC12 Cells: metabolism, Rats},
	pages = {302--9},
}





@article{dingemans_hexabromocyclododecane_2009,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecane inhibits depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in {PC12} cells.},
	volume = {107},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfn249},
	abstract = {Environmental levels of the brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been increasing. HBCD has been shown to cause adverse effects on learning and behavior in mice, as well as on dopamine uptake in rat synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles. For other BFRs, alterations in the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis have been observed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the technical HBCD mixture and individual stereoisomers affect the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a neuroendocrine in vitro model (PC12 cells). [Ca(2+)](i) and vesicular catecholamine release were measured using respectively single-cell Fura-2 imaging and amperometry. Exposure of PC12 cells to the technical HBCD mixture or individual stereoisomers did neither affect basal [Ca(2+)](i), nor the frequency of basal neurotransmitter release. However, exposure to HBCD (0-20 microM) did cause a dose-dependent reduction of a subsequent depolarization-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)](i). This effect was apparent only when HBCD was applied at least 5 min before depolarization (maximum effect after 20 min exposure). The effects of alpha- and beta-HBCD were comparable to that of the technical mixture, whereas the inhibitory effect of gamma-HBCD was larger. Using specific blockers of L-, N- or P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs) it was shown that the inhibitory effect of HBCD is not VGCC-specific. Additionally, the number of cells showing depolarization-evoked neurotransmitter release was markedly reduced following HBCD exposure. Summarizing, HBCD inhibits depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) and neurotransmitter release. As increasing HBCD levels should be anticipated, these findings justify additional efforts to establish an adequate exposure, hazard and risk assessment.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences},
	author = {Dingemans, Milou M L and Heusinkveld, Harm J and de Groot, Aart and Bergman, Ake and van Den Berg, Martin and Westerink, Remco H S},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19056936},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Calcium, Calcium Channel Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers: pharmacology, Calcium: metabolism, Catecholamines, Catecholamines: metabolism, Cell Polarity, Cell Polarity: drug effects, Cell Polarity: physiology, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: drug effects, Cytosol: metabolism, Data Interpretation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophysiology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Dyes, Fura-2, Hydrocarbons, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, PC12 Cells, Rats, Statistical, Stereoisomerism, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {490--7},
}





@book{dillon_analysis_1998,
	address = {Gaithersburg, MD},
	title = {Analysis of the {ISO} 9705 {Room}/{Corner} {Test}: {Simulations}, {Correlations} and {Heat} {Flux} {Measurements} ({NIST}-{GCR}-98-756)},
	publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	author = {Dillon, S E},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{digangi_san_2010,
	title = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1003089},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21123135},
	keywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \& control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas},
	pages = {A516--8},
}





@article{dirtu_country_2012,
	title = {Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. {Case} study for {Eastern} {Romania}, 2010.},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.002},
	abstract = {We have evaluated the levels and specific profiles of several organohalogenated contaminants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and flame retardants (FRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs), in 47 indoor dust samples collected in 2010 from urban locations from Iasi, Eastern Romania. The dominant contaminants found in the samples were OPFRs (median sum OPFRs 7890 ng/g). Surprisingly, OCPs were also measured at high levels (median 1300 ng/g). Except for BDE 209 (median 275 ng/g), PBDEs were present in dust samples at relatively low levels (median sum PBDEs 8 ng/g). PCBs were also measured at low levels (median sum PCBs 35 ng/g), while NBFRs were only occasionally detected, showing a low usage in goods present on the Romanian market. The results of the present study evidence the existence of a multitude of chemical formulations in indoor dust. FRs are usually associated to human exposure via ingestion of dust, but other chemicals, such as OCPs, are not commonly reported in such matrix. Although OCPs were found at comparable levels with OPFRs in Romanian dust, OCPs possess a higher risk to human health due to their considerably lower reference dose (RfD) values. Indeed, the OCP exposure calculated for various intake scenarios was only 2-fold lower than the corresponding RfD. Therefore, the inclusion of OCPs as target chemicals in the indoor environment becomes important for countries where elevated levels in other environmental compartments have been previously shown.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Dirtu, Alin C and Ali, Nadeem and Van den Eede, Nele and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22929296},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Romania},
	pages = {1--8},
}





@article{dingemans_neurotoxicity_2011,
	title = {Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system.},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1003035},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (OH-) or methoxylated forms have been detected in humans. Because this raises concern about adverse effects on the developing brain, we reviewed the scientific literature on these mechanisms.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Dingemans, Milou M L and van den Berg, Martin and Westerink, Remco H S},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21245014},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydroxylation, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment},
	pages = {900--7},
}





@article{digges_human_2008,
	title = {Human survivability in motor vehicle fires.},
	volume = {32},
	url = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Fire and Materials},
	author = {Digges, KH and Gann, RG and Grayson, SJ and Hirschler, MM and Lyon, RE and Purser, DA and Quintiere, JG and Stephenson, RR and Tewarson, A},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {249--258},
}





@article{digangi_san_2010,
	title = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.},
	volume = {118},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \& control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas},
	pages = {A516--8},
}





@article{dietz_three_2012,
	title = {Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in {East} {Greenland} polar bears ({Ursus} maritimus). {Part} 2: {Brominated} flame retardants.},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.008},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants were determined in adipose tissues from 294 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in East Greenland in 23 of the 28years between 1983 and 2010. Significant linear increases were found for sum polybrominated diphenyl ether (ΣPBDE), BDE100, BDE153, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Average increases of 5.0\% per year (range: 2.9-7.6\%/year) were found for the subadult polar bears. BDE47 and BDE99 concentrations did not show a significant linear trend over time, but rather a significant non-linear trend peaking between 2000 and 2004. The average ΣPBDE concentrations increased 2.3 fold from 25.0ng/g lw (95\% C.I.: 15.3-34.7ng/g lw) in 1983-1986 to 58.5ng/g lw (95\% C.I.: 43.6-73.4ng/g lw) in 2006-2010. Similar but fewer statistically significant trends were found for adult females and adult males likely due to smaller sample size and years. Analyses of δ(15)N and δ(13)C stable isotopes in hair revealed no clear linear temporal trends in trophic level or carbon source, respectively, and non-linear trends differed among sex and age groups. These increasing concentrations of organobromine contaminants contribute to complex organohalogen mixture, already causing health effects to the East Greenland polar bears.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Dietz, Rune and Rigét, Frank F and Sonne, Christian and Born, Erik W and Bechshøft, Thea and McKinney, Melissa A and Drimmie, Robert J and Muir, Derek C G and Letcher, Robert J},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23137556},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{diekman_ecological_2008,
	title = {Ecological level analysis of the relationship between smoking and residential-fire mortality.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1475-5785},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780},
	doi = {10.1136/ip.2007.017004},
	abstract = {To examine the association between tobacco smoking and residential-fire mortality and to investigate whether this association is explained by the confounding effects of selected socioeconomic factors (ie, educational attainment and median household income).},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention},
	author = {Diekman, S T and Ballesteros, M F and Berger, L R and Caraballo, R S and Kegler, S R},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18676780},
	keywords = {Accidents, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Educational Status, Fires, Fires: statistics \& numerical data, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Home, Home: mortality, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, United States: epidemiology, Young Adult, com},
	pages = {228--31},
}





@article{devanathan_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in {India}: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.005},
	abstract = {This study investigated the status of contamination of organohalogen compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardant (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human milk samples from several locations in India. The levels of OCs were significantly higher in the milk of mothers living in and near municipal dumping site than other locations indicating that the open dumping sites for municipal wastes act as potential sources of these contaminants in India. The PCB concentrations observed in this study tended to decrease compared to those in the matched locations reported previously, probably due to the restriction of technical PCB usage in India. PBDE levels in human milk were two to three folds lower than those of PCBs in all the sampling locations investigated. Congener profiles of PCBs and PBDEs were different between samples from the dumping site mothers and general populations in other areas suggesting the presence of region-specific sources and pathways. HBCDs were detected in human milk from only two sites, with much lower concentrations and detection frequencies compared to PCBs and PBDEs. When hazard quotients (HQs) of PCBs and PBDEs were estimated for infant health risk, the HQs in some milk samples from the dumping site exceeded the threshold value (HQ{\textbackslash}textgreater1) of PCBs, indicating the potential risk for infants in the specific site.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Subramanian, Annamalai and Sudaryanto, Agus and Takahashi, Shin and Isobe, Tomohiko and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22208746},
	keywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, India, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Young Adult},
	pages = {87--95},
}





@article{desforges_transplacental_2012,
	title = {Transplacental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in arctic beluga whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas).},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.750},
	abstract = {This study found that arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) transferred, on average, 11.4\% (7.5 mg) and 11.1\% (0.1 mg) of their polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) blubber burden to their near-term fetuses. A single physicochemical parameter, log K(OW), largely explained this transplacental transfer for PCBs (r(2) =0.79, p {\textbackslash}textless 0.00001) and PBDEs (r(2) = 0.37, p = 0.007), with congeners having a log K(OW) {\textbackslash}textless 6.5 preferentially transferred to the fetus. Blubber concentrations of 257 ng/g lipid weight (lw) PCBs and 3.8 ng/g (lw) PBDEs in beluga fetuses highlights the exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds during a critical developmental stage. The implications of detecting these levels of legacy PCBs and the flame retardant PBDEs in unborn arctic beluga are unclear.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Desforges, Jean-Pierre W and Ross, Peter S and Loseto, Lisa L},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22095624},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {296--300},
}





@article{de_wit_brominated_2009,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Arctic} environment - trends and new candidates.},
	volume = {408},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {de Wit, Cynthia A and Herzke, Dorte and Vorkamp, Katrin},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19815253},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Invertebrates: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, Time, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},
	pages = {2885--918},
}





@article{de_wit_tri-decabrominated_2012,
	title = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure.},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.001},
	abstract = {Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and {\textbackslash}textless1.6-2 pg/m(3) in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95\% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {de Wit, Cynthia A and Björklund, Justina Awasum and Thuresson, Kaj},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22208754},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Male, Preschool, Sweden},
	pages = {141--7},
}





@article{de_wit_overview_2002,
	title = {An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {00456535},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9},
	abstract = {The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {de Wit, Cynthia A},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol a},
	pages = {583--624},
}





@article{de_wit_overview_2002,
	title = {An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784},
	abstract = {The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {de Wit, Cynthia A},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11999784},
	keywords = {Animals, Child, Child Welfare, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Fishes, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Public Health, Risk Assessment, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},
	pages = {583--624},
}





@article{de_jourdan_environmental_2013,
	title = {Environmental fate of three novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic mesocosms.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2165},
	abstract = {Currently, little is known about the environmental fate and persistence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). The recent detection of NBFRs in sediment cores and air samples provides insight into their persistence and potential for transport. Limited numbers of laboratory studies have examined the fate and behavior of these compounds, but field-based fate studies have been especially lacking. The authors conducted an aquatic mesocosm experiment to assess the behavior of three NBFRs: bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether; TBBPA-DBPE), and Firemaster BZ-54, a commercial mixture containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) in a ratio of 1:4. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, operated in the electron capture negative ionization mode, revealed partitioning between the particulate and sediment phases, with BTBPE, TBBPA-DBPE, and BEHTBP identified as being environmentally persistent in both the particulate and the sediment compartments. The median dissipation times (DT50) differed in each compartment, with more rapid disappearance in the particulate (9-30 d) compared with the sediment compartment ({\textbackslash}textgreater100 d) for each compound. The degradation products were more concentrated in the particulate compartment and corresponded to known photodegradation products. The ratio of EHTeBB to BEHTBP differed in the mesocosm compartments compared with the technical product used for treatment, indicating increased degradation of EHTeBB relative to BETHBP.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {de Jourdan, Benjamin P and Hanson, Mark L and Muir, Derek C G and Solomon, Keith R},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23400845},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1060--8},
}





@article{de_coster_endocrine-disrupting_2012,
	title = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action.},
	volume = {2012},
	issn = {1687-9813},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1155/2012/713696},
	abstract = {The incidence and/or prevalence of health problems associated with endocrine-disruption have increased. Many chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties, including bisphenol A, some organochlorines, polybrominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, solvents, and some household products including some cleaning products, air fresheners, hair dyes, cosmetics, and sunscreens. Even some metals were shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties. Many observations suggesting that endocrine disruptors do contribute to cancer, diabetes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility are listed in this paper. An overview is presented of mechanisms contributing to endocrine disruption. Endocrine disruptors can act through classical nuclear receptors, but also through estrogen-related receptors, membrane-bound estrogen-receptors, and interaction with targets in the cytosol resulting in activation of the Src/Ras/Erk pathway or modulation of nitric oxide. In addition, changes in metabolism of endogenous hormones, cross-talk between genomic and nongenomic pathways, cross talk with estrogen receptors after binding on other receptors, interference with feedback regulation and neuroendocrine cells, changes in DNA methylation or histone modifications, and genomic instability by interference with the spindle figure can play a role. Also it was found that effects of receptor activation can differ in function of the ligand.},
	journal = {Journal of environmental and public health},
	author = {De Coster, Sam and van Larebeke, Nicolas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22991565},
	keywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: adverse effects, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Humans, Receptors, estrogen},
	pages = {713696},
}





@inproceedings{dawson_recyclability_2005,
	title = {Recyclability of flame retardant {HIPS}, {PC}/{ABS}, and {PPO}/{HIS} used in electronic equipment.},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1436998&userType=inst},
	abstract = {Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) applications utilize various brominated and phosphorus flame retardants for reasons of fire safety. The use of flame retardants in these applications delays the spread of fires or delays the time of flashover, hence saving lives and property. An estimated 190 lives are saved annually through the use of flame retardants in television cabinets in the US. Research aimed at answering questions related to risk in use and end-of-life options for flame retardant plastics used in EEE applications has been performed and more is currently being performed. European Risk Assessment for several flame retardants is now in progress. Research has been ongoing to study various end-of-life options. This paper is a continuation of previous papers that will address issues related to end-of-life, risk in use, and benefits of plastics containing flame retardants. Results of recent research aimed at determining the recyclability of plastics, such as HIPS, PC/ABS, and more recently PPO/HIPS containing brominated or phosphorus flame retardants under a variety of conditions will be included.},
	booktitle = {International {Symposium} on {Electronics} and the {Environment}},
	author = {Dawson, RB and Landry, SD},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
	pages = {77--82},
}





@article{desmet_determination_2005,
	title = {Determination of bromophenols as dioxin precursors in combustion gases of fire retarded extruded polystyrene by sorptive sampling-capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry},
	volume = {1071},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.019},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
	author = {Desmet, Koen and Schelfaut, Marc and Sandra, Pat},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, bromophenols, dioxin precursors, extruded polystyrene, sorptive sampling},
	pages = {125--129},
}





@article{desforges_metabolic_2013,
	title = {Metabolic transformation shapes polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether patterns in beluga whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas).},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2164},
	abstract = {While the accumulation of persistent contaminants in marine mammals can be attributed directly to their prey, the role of metabolism in shaping patterns is often overlooked. In the present study, the authors investigated the role of metabolic transformation in influencing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) patterns in offshore and nearshore groups of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and their prey. Congener profiles and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed similar PCB and PBDE patterns in beluga whales feeding either offshore or nearshore, despite divergent contaminant patterns in the putative prey of these two feeding groups. The clustering of PCBs into metabolically derived structure-activity groups (SAGs) and the separation of metabolizable and recalcitrant groups along principal component 1 of the PCA revealed the important role of metabolic transformation in shaping PCB patterns in beluga. Lack of metabolism for congeners with high ortho-chlorine content was revealed by metabolic slopes equal to or greater than 1.0. Metabolic slopes for all other SAGs were less than 1.0 (p{\textbackslash}textless0.001), suggesting metabolism of congeners with ortho-meta and meta-para vicinal hydrogens via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A/2B/3A). Metabolic indices less than 1.0 for PBDEs (p{\textbackslash}textless0.001) suggested that beluga metabolized these poorly understood flame retardants. The strikingly similar PCB patterns in a captive beluga and free-ranging beluga from the Beaufort Sea provide additional evidence that metabolic transformation is a dominant driver of contaminant patterns in beluga.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Desforges, Jean-Pierre W and Ross, Peter S and Loseto, Lisa L},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23400821},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1132--42},
}





@article{dembsey_effect_1993,
	title = {The {Effect} of {Ignition} {Source} {Exposure} and {Specimen} {Configuration} on the {Fire} {Growth} {Characteristics} of a {Combustible} {Interior} {Finish} {Material}},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf},
	abstract = {The potential fire hazard presented by plastic based combustible interior finish materials is discussed. Compartment fire experimental methods and apparatus based on Uniform Building Code Standard No. 42-2 were used to study the effect of ignition source exposure and specimen configuration on the actual fire growth characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam wall covering. The results obtained are qualitative in nature, clearly demonstrating two important characteristics of the fire behavior of PVC foam: (i) the PVC foam has a 'critical' ignition source strength of 64-75 kW; (ii) preheating the PVC foam greatly increases its peak net rate of heat release.},
	number = {December 1991},
	journal = {Fire safety journal},
	author = {Dembsey, N A and Williamson, R B},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {313--330},
}





@book{davis_environmental_2013,
	title = {The {Environmental} {Fate} and {Transformation} of {Flame} {Retardant} {Chemicals} and {Triclosan} {Following} {Land} {Application} of {Biosolids}},
	url = {http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114},
	abstract = {Dissertation},
	author = {Davis, Elizabeth Fors},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Analytical chemistry, Environmental science, Flame retardants},
}





@article{davis_measurement_2012,
	title = {Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008},
	abstract = {As polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) face increasing restrictions worldwide, several alternate flame retardants are expected to see increased use as replacement compounds in consumer products. Chemical analysis of biosolids collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can help determine whether these flame retardants are migrating from the indoor environment to the outdoor environment, where little is known about their ultimate fate and effects. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of a suite of flame retardants, and the antimicrobial compound triclosan, in opportunistic samples of municipal biosolids and the domestic sludge Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2781. Grab samples of biosolids were collected from two WWTPs in North Carolina and two in California. Biosolids samples were also obtained during three subsequent collection events at one of the North Carolina WWTPs to evaluate fluctuations in contaminant levels within a given facility over a period of three years. The biosolids and SRM 2781 were analyzed for PBDEs, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), and the antimicrobial agent 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan). PBDEs were detected in every sample analyzed, and ΣPBDE concentrations ranged from 1750 to 6358ng/g dry weight. Additionally, the PBDE replacement chemicals TBB and TBPH were detected at concentrations ranging from 120 to 3749 ng/g dry weight and from 206 to 1631 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Triclosan concentrations ranged from 490 to 13,866 ng/g dry weight. The detection of these contaminants of emerging concern in biosolids suggests that these chemicals have the potential to migrate out of consumer products and enter the outdoor environment.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Davis, Elizabeth F and Klosterhaus, Susan L and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22280921},
	keywords = {Anti-Infective Agents, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Local, Local: analysis, North Carolina, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, california},
	pages = {1--7},
}





@article{davies_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers disrupt molting in neonatal {Daphnia} magna.},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1573-3017},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648},
	doi = {10.1007/s10646-012-0891-6},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and are found worldwide despite their banned usage in some countries. In recent years, the possibility that PBDEs may disrupt endocrine functions in vertebrates has been well investigated, but little attention has been paid to the endocrine disrupting potential in aquatic invertebrates. The current study aimed to investigate whether PBDEs affect molting in neonatal Daphnia magna. Prior to molting studies, 48 h LC50 values were tested for several environmentally prevalent PBDEs: PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100 and -209. The 48 h LC50s determined were 110.7, 7.9, 2.6, and 11.1 μg/L for PBDEs-28, -47, -99, and -100, respectively, but the highest concentration of PBDEs-209 tested (2.5 mg/L) did not affect survival at 48 h. Sublethal concentrations of these were used to investigate their potential effects on molting, assessed by the time taken to reach 4 molts. Molting studies found that PBDE-28 at 12 μg/L significantly increased the time it took to complete 4 molts. PBDE-47 at 20 μg/L inhibited daphnid molting initially but such an inhibitory effect disappeared with the prolongation of exposure due to the death of sensitive individuals. No other PBDEs affected molting at the concentrations tested, while still maintaining relatively high survival rates. In conclusion, this study found that PBDEs-28 and -47 can delay molting at μg/L concentrations, which raises concern for disrupted molting in crustaceans exposed to PBDEs.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},
	author = {Davies, Rebecca and Zou, Enmin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22476648},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Daphnia, Daphnia: drug effects, Daphnia: growth \& development, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Molting, Molting: drug effects, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1371--80},
}





@article{daso_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl ({BB}-153) in sewage sludge and effluent samples of a wastewater-treatment plant in {Cape} {Town}, {South} {Africa}.},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1432-0703},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787},
	doi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9720-9},
	abstract = {The reuse of treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as alternative water source for sport-field or landscape irrigation, agricultural, and other industrial purposes is growing significantly. Similarly, the application of treated sludge (biosolid) to agricultural soils is now being considered globally as the most economic means of sludge disposal. However, the presence of emerging organic contaminants in these matrices, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are potential endocrine disruptors, portends a high health risk to humans and the environment in general. In this study, effluent and sewage sludge samples collected from a WWTP were analysed for some selected PBDE congeners (BDE congeners 28, 47, 99 100 153 154 183, and 209) as well as BB-153 using a high-capillary gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The sum of the eight PBDE congeners ranged from 369 to 4370, 19.2 to 2640, and 90.4 to 15,100 ng/l for raw water, secondary effluent, and final effluent, respectively. A similar result was observed for sewage sludge samples, which ranged between 13.1 and 652 ng/g dry weight (dw). The results obtained for BB-153 were generally lower compared with those found for most PBDE congeners. These ranged from ND to 18.4 ng/l and ND to 9.97 ng/g dw for effluents and sewage sludge, respectively. In both matrices, BDE 47 and 209 congeners were found to contribute significantly to the overall sum of PBDEs. The reuse of the treated effluent, particularly for agricultural purposes, could enhance the possibility of these contaminants entering into the food chain, thus causing undesirable health problems in exposed subjects.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},
	author = {Daso, Adegbenro P and Fatoki, Olalekan S and Odendaal, James P and Olujimi, Olanrewaju O},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22002787},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, South Africa, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {391--402},
}





@article{darnerud_toxic_2003,
	title = {Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01604120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100},
	doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are ubiquitous industrial chemicals, and many of them are produced in large volumes. Due to this fact, several BFRs are found in quantifiable levels in wildlife, as well as in humans. However, we are still lacking information on the effects of BFR in wildlife and, especially, in man. This review summarises the biological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and derivates, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), however excluding other aspects such as environmental levels. These BFR groups were selected because of a large volume production (PBDEs, TBBPA and derivates), and availability of some toxicity data in spite of much lower production volumes (HBCD and PBBs). In addition, the increase in levels of PBDEs in human (breast milk) and wildlife samples during later time made it especially interesting to include this BFR group. PBDES: The commercial PBDE products predominantly consist of so-called penta-, octa- and decabromodiphenyl ether products. Each product consists of a rather narrow range of congeners and is named after the dominating congener as regards the bromination pattern. Generally, the PentaBDEs seem to cause adverse effects at the comparably lowest dose, whereas much higher doses were needed for effects of the DecaBDEs. The critical effects of PentaBDEs are those on neurobehavioural development (from 0.6 mg/kg body weight) and, at somewhat higher dose, thyroid hormone levels in rats and mice, of OctaBDEs on fetal toxicity/teratogenicity in rats and rabbits (from 2 mg/kg body weight), and of DecaBDEs on thyroid, liver and kidney morphology in adult animals (from 80 mg/kg body weight). Carcinogenicity studies, only performed for DecaBDEs, show some effects at very high levels, and IARC (1990) evaluates DecaBDEs not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. TBBPA: The toxicity of TBBPA in the experimental in vivo studies is suggested to be low. In most reported studies, only doses in g/kg body weight were effective, but at least one study suggested renal effects at around 250 mg/kg body weight. Although difficult to include and interpret in a quantitative risk assessment, the in vitro effects on immunological and thyroid hormones, as well as binding to erythrocytes should be noted. Before a solid standpoint could be reached on TBBPA toxicity additional studies must be performed. This statement is even more valid regarding the TBBPA derivates, where there is an almost complete lack of toxicity data. HBCD: Also in the case of HBCD, relevant toxicity studies are lacking. Based on the present animal studies, a critical effect is seen in the liver and on thyroid hormones (LOAEL 100 mg/kg body weight/day). However, in a recent short paper behavioural effects in mice pups were observed already at 0.9 mg/kg body weight, and behavioural effects may be a sensitive endpoint for HBCD, as well as for other BFRs. PBBS: Due to the Michigan accident in 1973-1974, many toxicity studies on PBBs are available. The critical experimental effects are those on reproduction and carcinogenicity, and a NOAEL of 0.15 mg/kg body weight/day could be suggested based on the cancer effects. In man no unequivocal effects have been observed, although in some studies neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms were suggested. Based on the carcinogenic effects in animals, a human TDI of 0.15 microg/kg body weight has been presented. To conclude, the toxicity data are almost entirely based on experimental models. There are differences among the BFR groups, as well as within these groups, both regarding type of toxic effect and at what dose it appears. As BFRs will continue to appear both in industrial applications and, even if the production has ceased, in our environment, there is a continued need for effects studies on BFRs.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Darnerud, P},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12850100},
	keywords = {Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Models, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, Wild, Wild: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum, waa},
	pages = {841--853},
}





@article{danon-schaffer_mass_2013,
	title = {Mass balance evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfill leachate and potential for transfer from e-waste.},
	volume = {461-462C},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.080},
	abstract = {Previous research on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has largely focussed on their concentrations in the environment and their adverse effects on human health. This paper explores their transfer from waste streams to water and soil. A comprehensive mass balance model is developed to track polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), originating from e-waste and non-e-waste solids leaching from a landfill. Stepwise debromination is assumed to occur in three sub-systems (e-waste, aqueous leachate phase, and non-e-waste solids). Analysis of landfill samples and laboratory results from a solid-liquid contacting chamber are used to estimate model parameters to simulate an urban landfill system, for past and future scenarios. Sensitivity tests to key model parameters were conducted. Lower BDEs require more time to disappear than high-molecular weight PBDEs, since debromination takes place in a stepwise manner, according to the simplified reaction scheme. Interphase mass transfer causes the decay pattern to be similar in all three sub-systems. The aqueous phase is predicted to be the first sub-system to eliminate PBDEs if their input to the landfill were to be stopped. The non-e-waste solids would be next, followed by the e-waste sub-system. The model shows that mass transfer is not rate-limiting, but the evolution over time depends on the kinetic degradation parameters. Experimental scatter makes model testing difficult. Nevertheless, the model provides qualitative understanding of the influence of key variables.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Danon-Schaffer, Monica N and Mahecha-Botero, Andrés and Grace, John R and Ikonomou, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23732223},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {290--301},
}





@article{daniels_individual_2010,
	title = {Individual characteristics associated with {PBDE} levels in {U}.{S}. human milk samples.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0900759},
	abstract = {Reported polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in human samples in the United States have been higher than in Europe and Asia. Little is known about factors that contribute to individual variability in body burden.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Daniels, Julie L and Pan, I-Jen and Jones, Richard and Anderson, Sarah and Patterson, Donald G and Needham, Larry L and Sjödin, Andreas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20056574},
	keywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Parity, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, Young Adult},
	pages = {155--60},
}





@article{daubie_neurobehavioral_2011,
	title = {Neurobehavioral and physiological effects of low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE})-99 in male adult rats.},
	volume = {204},
	issn = {1879-3169},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.009},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants. Because of their high lipophilicity and persistence, PBDEs bioaccumulate in all abiotic and biological matrices. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term neurobehavioral and physiological effects of exposure to environmental doses of PBDE-99 in adult rats. Rats received a daily administration of PBDE-99 for 90 days by oral gavage at 0.15, 1.5 and 15μg/kg, doses which are relevant of human exposure. Before and after the 90 days of exposure, behavioral tests including the open-field and the elevated plus-maze tests for locomotor activity and anxiety, and the Morris water maze for spatial learning were conducted. Physiological measures such as body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels and PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue were also evaluated at the end of exposure. There was no effect on body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels despite rising PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue with the doses tested. Moreover, there was no effect on locomotor activity and exploration, and spatial learning. Deleterious effects of PBDE-99 at high doses have often been highlighted in many studies after an acute dose whereas exposure during 90 days at realistic doses would have no significant effect in adult rats.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Daubié, Stéphanie and Bisson, Jean-François and Lalonde, Robert and Schroeder, Henri and Rychen, Guido},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21524696},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drinking, Drinking: drug effects, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	pages = {57--63},
}





@article{darnerud_levels_2011,
	title = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from {Limpopo} {Province}, {South} {Africa}.},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054},
	abstract = {The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n=28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n=14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4600 and over 20,000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n=28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Darnerud, Per Ola and Aune, Marie and Larsson, Lotta and Lignell, Sanna and Mutshatshi, Tshinanne and Okonkwo, Jonathan and Botha, Ben and Agyei, Nana},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21708397},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, South Africa},
	pages = {4048--53},
}





@article{darnerud_brominated_2008,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1365-2605},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00869.x},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are endocrine disrupters in experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Although BFR effects on thyroid hormones are well confirmed, studies of effects on oestrogen/androgen systems are fewer but today growing in numbers. The effects of BFR on other hormone systems are still unknown. Hormonal effect levels in animals start from ca 1 mg/kg b.w., but there are exceptions: effects on spermatogenesis, suggesting hormonal causes, have been observed at a low dose (60 microg/kg b.w.) of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener, BDE-99. It could be concluded that hormonal effects are of importance in risk assessment, and in some cases where effects are seen at low levels safety margins may be insufficient. One additional uncertainty is the lack of reliable human data that could be used to support animal BFR observations. In spite of the recent regulation of PBDE production, levels of both PBDE and of other BFR groups are still present in environmental samples. Thus, we have to deal with the possible effects of human BFR exposure for times to come. In order to reduce BFR exposure, the routes of exposure should be carefully examined and ways to reduce levels in major exposure routes considered.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International journal of andrology},
	author = {Darnerud, P O},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18315715},
	keywords = {Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: metabolism, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox},
	pages = {152--60},
}





@phdthesis{danon-schaffer_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfills from electronic waste.},
	url = {http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf},
	school = {University of British Columbia},
	author = {Danon-Schaffer, MN},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},
}





@book{damant_californias_1994,
	title = {California's {Flammability} {Standards} for {Residential} {Upholstered} {Furniture}- {Twenty} years later.},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf},
	publisher = {Proc. Intl. Conf. Fire Safety, 19, 1},
	author = {Damant, Gordon H},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{dsouza_performance_1981,
	title = {Performance of protective linings for polystyrene insulation in a corner wall test},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02479582},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Fire Technology},
	author = {D'Souza, M V and Kasem, M A and Galbreath, M},
	month = may,
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {85--97},
}





@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}.},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},
	abstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4-1214 ng g(-1)dw (median 35) and {\textbackslash}textless5-5295 ng g(-1)dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 4,2692 ng g(-1)dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between {\textbackslash}textless3 and 419 ng g(-1)dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g(-1) (median 3.0 ng g(-1)). Levels in office dust were higher (p{\textbackslash}textless0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g(-1) (median 10 ng g(-1)) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g(-1), respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {D'Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and de Voogt, Pim and Bervoets, Lieven},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20709355},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics \& numerical data, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis},
	pages = {478--87},
}







@article{crump_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and {mRNA} expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells.},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs015},
	abstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) belong to a group of chemicals collectively known as triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). OPFRs are used in a wide range of consumer products and have been detected in biota, including free-living avian species; however, data on toxicological and molecular effects of exposure are limited. An in vitro screening approach was used to compare concentration-dependent effects of TDCPP and TCPP on cytotoxicity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in cultured hepatocytes and neuronal cells derived from embryonic chickens. TDCPP was toxic to hepatocytes (LC₅₀ = 60.3 ± 45.8μM) and neuronal cells (LC₅₀ = 28.7 ± 19.1μM), whereas TCPP did not affect viability in either cell type up to the highest concentration administered, 300μM. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed alterations in mRNA abundance of genes associated with phase I and II metabolism, the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, lipid regulation, and growth in hepatocytes. None of the transcripts measured in neuronal cells (D2, D3, RC3, and Oct-1) varied in response to TDCPP or TCPP exposure. Exposure to ≥ 10μM TDCPP and TCPP resulted in significant upregulation of CYP2H1 (4- to 8-fold), CYP3A37 (13- to 127-fold), and UGT1A9 (3.5- to 7-fold) mRNA levels. Transthyretin was significantly downregulated more than twofold by TCPP at 100μM; however, TDCPP did not alter its expression. Liver fatty acid-binding protein, TH-responsive spot 14-α, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were all downregulated (up to 10-fold) in hepatocytes exposed to ≥ 0.01μM TDCPP and TCPP. Taken together, our results indicate that genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, the TH pathway, lipid regulation, and growth are vulnerable to TDCPP and TCPP administration in cultured avian hepatocytes. The mRNA expression data were similar to those from a previous study with hexabromocyclododecane.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Crump, Doug and Chiu, Suzanne and Kennedy, Sean W},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22268003},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: embryology, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Chick Embryo, Cultured, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: cytology, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Isoenzymes, Isoenzymes: genetics, Isoenzymes: metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: pharmacology, Organophosphates: toxicity, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: pharmacology, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: genetics, Prealbumin: metabolism, RNA},
	pages = {140--8},
}





@article{damant_development_1995,
	title = {Development of {Furnishings} {Flammability} {Standards} for {Public} {Buildings} and {Private} {Residences}},
	volume = {November},
	url = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR'94 1994.pdf},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Damant, G H and Nurbakhsh, Said},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {417--433},
}





@article{dallaire_thyroid_2009,
	title = {Thyroid function and plasma concentrations of polyhalogenated compounds in {Inuit} adults.},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0900633},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several ubiquitous polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) have been shown to alter thyroid function in animal and in vitro studies. So far, epidemiologic studies have focused on the potential effect of a small number of them, namely, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorines (OCs), without paying attention to other important PHCs. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between exposure to several PHCs and thyroid hormone homeostasis in Inuit adults from Nunavik. METHODS: We measured thyroid parameters [thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT(4)), total triiodothyronine (tT(3)), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)] and concentrations of 41 contaminants, including PCBs and their metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and a measure of dioxin-like compounds, detected in plasma samples from Inuit adults (n = 623). RESULTS: We found negative associations between tT(3) concentrations and levels of 14 PCBs, 7 hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs), all methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO(2)-PCBs), and 2 OCPs. Moreover, we found negative associations between fT(4) levels and hexachlorobenzene concentrations. TBG concentrations were inversely related to 8 PCBs, 5 HO-PCBs, and 3 OCPs. Exposure to BDE-47 was positively related to tT (3), whereas PFOS concentrations were negatively associated with TSH, tT(3,) and TBG and positively with fT(4) concentrations. CONCLUSION: Exposure to several PHCs was associated with modifications of the thyroid parameters in adult Inuit, mainly by reducing tT(3) and TBG circulating concentrations. The effects of PFOS and BDE-47 on thyroid homeostasis require further investigation because other human populations display similar or higher concentrations of these chemicals.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Dallaire, Renée and Dewailly, Eric and Pereg, Daria and Dery, Serge and Ayotte, Pierre},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19750101},
	keywords = {Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Inuits, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: blood, Quebec, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: physiology, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1380--6},
}





@article{daley_its_2010,
	title = {It's all about penta: informing decision-makers about the properties of penta-bde and its replacements},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf},
	abstract = {An extensive body of scientific research over the last decades has documented the accumulation of halogenated flame retardants in humans, animals, and all media studied; adverse animal and human health effects; as well as the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of many chemicals in this class. There is not data to show whether these chemicals increase or decrease fire safety in various applications. While halogenated flame retardants slow ignition and reduce maximum heat release, they also increase carbon monoxide, soot, and other toxic effluents that are the most frequent cause of fire deaths. In spite of well-documented adverse health effects and unproven fire safety benefits, the use of halogenated flame retardants continues to grow, with brominated fire retardant (BFR) sales increasing 50\% between 2005 and 20081. Decision-makers need access to comprehensible research results so they can make better decisions about the flammability standards that lead to the use of these chemicals. For example, many exposure and health research papers on pentabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) begin by saying that they save lives and that there are 209 congeners with a multitude of uses. Such statements leave the public and decision-makers uncertain how to proceed to reduce exposure. However, our review of exposure and health studies shows that most scientific research about PBDEs is actually about one commercial mixture, penta-BDE. Penta-BDE was primarily used in North American to treat polyurethane foam to comply with a California flammability regulation called Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117). As a consequence of TB117 compliance, penta-BDE was used for many years at levels of three to six percent by weight in furniture, baby products and carpet padding foam, all products with high levels of human contact. This high exposure has led to high human body burdens of penta-BDE and an association of exposure with adverse human health effects. However, when reporting results most studies refer to the penta-BDE congeners as “PBDEs” rather than specifying the penta-BDE mixture. If researchers were to explicitly relate their results to penta-BDE, a specific chemical mixture primarily used to meet a specific flammability standard, decision-makers might better understand the problem and try to solve it by modifying the standard to attain fire safety without such chemicals.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Daley, Rebecca E and Shaw, Susan D and Birnbaum, Linda S and Blum, A},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum, reg},
	pages = {1673--1678},
}





@article{czegeny_decomposition_2012,
	title = {decomposition of polymer mixtures of {PVC}, {PET} and {ABS} containing brominated flame retardant: {Formation} of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds},
	volume = {96},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006},
	journal = {Journal of Analytical and {\textbackslash}ldots},
	author = {Czégény, Zs and Jakab, E and Blazsó, M},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {69--77},
}





@article{cunha_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) contents in house and car dust of {Portugal} by pressurized liquid extraction ({PLE}) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ({GC}-{MS}).},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037},
	abstract = {Dust is the repository of various compounds including flame retardants. In this study an analytical method based on PLE extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was selected for the analysis of 16 PBDEs congeners in house and car dust samples collected in Portugal. The analytical performance of the method was validated using standard reference material (SRM); values from 90\% to 109\% and from 2\% to 11\% were obtained for recovery and precision, respectively. The PBDE congeners distribution in whole and sieved fractions of the dust samples, as well as influence of the source on the levels of these contaminants, were obtained. The wide range of PBDEs contents found in the dust samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in these matrices. The clearest feature of the results obtained was that Deca-BDE was the main PBDE in both house and car dust samples. The total PBDEs measured in house dust (ranging from 34 to 1928 ng g(-1)) was lower than those found in car dust (ranging from 193 to 22955 ng g(-1)). However, house dust provides a major contribution to human exposure due to the time spent there, much higher than in cars.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Cunha, S C and Kalachova, K and Pulkrabova, J and Fernandes, J O and Oliveira, M B P P and Alves, A and Hajslova, J},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20064652},
	keywords = {Adult, Automobiles, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: isolation \& purificat, Housing, Humans, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Portugal, Preschool},
	pages = {1263--71},
}





@article{croes_persistent_2012,
	title = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of {Flanders} ({Belgium}).},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058},
	abstract = {To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009-2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25\% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94\%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153\%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p=0.01 for BDE 47, p=0.02 for BDE 99 and p=0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p=0.03) and oxychlordane (p=0.047) in their human milk samples.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Croes, K and Colles, A and Koppen, G and Govarts, E and Bruckers, L and Van de Mieroop, E and Nelen, V and Covaci, A and Dirtu, A C and Thomsen, C and Haug, L S and Becher, G and Mampaey, M and Schoeters, G and Van Larebeke, N and Baeyens, W},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22840535},
	keywords = {Belgium, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Rural Population, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis},
	pages = {988--94},
}





@article{cristale_occurrence_2013,
	title = {Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the {River} {Aire} ({UK}).},
	volume = {179C},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001},
	abstract = {This study presents the occurrence and risk of PBDEs, new brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants along a river affected by urban and industrial pressures (River Aire, UK). Tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphate (TDCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were detected in all samples, with TCPP present at the highest concentrations, ranging from 113 to 26 050 ng L(-1). BDE-209 was detected in most of the sampled sites, ranging from 17 to 295 ng L(-1), while hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB) were seldom detected. A risk quotients based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and flame retardants water concentration proved significant risk for adverse effects for algae, Daphnia and fish in sites close to industrial and urban sewage discharges. This study provides a protocol for the risk estimation of priority and new generation flame retardants based on river concentrations and toxicological values.},
	number = {null},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Cristale, Joyce and Katsoyiannis, Athanasios and Sweetman, Andrew J and Jones, Kevin C and Lacorte, Silvia},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23685632},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Risk Assessment, bde-209, water},
	pages = {194--200},
}





@article{cristale_gas_2012,
	title = {Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water.},
	volume = {1241},
	issn = {1873-3778},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013},
	abstract = {A multiresidue method based on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to determine organophosphorus flame retardants, polybromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209), new brominated flame retardants, bromophenols, bromoanilines, bromotoluenes and bromoanisoles in water. Two ionization techniques (electron ionization–EI, and electron capture negative ionization–ECNI) and two acquisition modes (selected ion monitoring–SIM, and selected reaction monitoring–SRM) were compared as regards to mass spectral characterization, sensitivity and quantification capabilities. The highest sensitivity, at expenses of identification capacity, was obtained by GC-ECNI-MS/SIM for most of the compounds analyzed, mainly for PBDEs and decabromodiphenyl ethane while GC-EI-MS/MS in SRM was the most selective technique and permitted the identification of target compounds at the pg level, and identification capabilities increased when real samples were analyzed. This method was further used to evaluate the presence and behavior of flame retardants within a drinking water treatment facility. Organophosphorus flame retardants were the only compounds detected in influent waters at levels of 0.32-0.03 μg L⁻¹, and their elimination throughout the different treatment stages was evaluated.},
	journal = {Journal of chromatography. A},
	author = {Cristale, Joyce and Quintana, Jordi and Chaler, Roser and Ventura, Francesc and Lacorte, Silvia},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22552203},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Electrospray Ionization: metho, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry},
	pages = {1--12},
}





@article{cristale_assessment_2013,
	title = {Assessment of flame retardants in river water using a ceramic dosimeter passive sampler.},
	volume = {172},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.014},
	abstract = {Novel brominated (BFRs) and organophosphorus (OPFRs) flame retardants were monitored in river water using the ceramic dosimeter passive sampling device with HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) as sorbent. Laboratory calibrations were performed to determine sampling rates for each compound using the Archie's law exponent. The passive sampling device was used to determine the presence of 6 BFRs in the River Aire (United Kingdom), selected according to their ubiquitous presence in the River Aire. Passive sampling integrated river water concentrations ranged from 0.010 to 5.6 μg L(-1) for all OPFRs, while BFRs were not detected with this specific passive sampler configuration. Decreased sampling rates were evidenced after 3 weeks of deployment, probably due to fouling. Good agreement between integrated and snapshot water concentrations was obtained, indicating the efficiency of the passive sampler for the monitoring of OPFRs in river water.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Cristale, Joyce and Katsoyiannis, Athanasios and Chen, Chang'er and Jones, Kevin C and Lacorte, Silvia},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23063991},
	keywords = {Ceramics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {163--9},
}





@book{cpsc_upholstered_1996,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Upholstered furniture flammability testing: full scale open flame data analysis},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {{CPSC}},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{cpsc_16_2006,
	title = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1633. {Standard} for the flammability (open flame) of mattress sets; {Final} rule},
	url = {http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf},
	publisher = {Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {{CPSC}},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@incollection{covaci_emerging_2012,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	series = {The {Handbook} of {Environmental} {Chemistry}},
	title = {Emerging {Organic} {Contaminants} and {Human} {Health}},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf},
	abstract = {We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently.},
	booktitle = {The {Handbook} of {Environmental} {Chemistry}, {Vol}. 20},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	author = {Covaci, Adrian and Geens, Tinne and Roosens, Laurence and Ali, Nadeem and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Malarvannan, Govindan and Dirtu, Alin C},
	editor = {Barceló, Damià},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {243--305},
}





@article{costa_is_2011,
	title = {Is decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) a developmental neurotoxicant?},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1872-9711},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.010},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The relatively higher body burden in toddlers and children has raised concern for their potential developmental neurotoxicity, which has been suggested by animal studies, in vitro experiments, and recent human epidemiological evidence. While lower brominated PBDEs have been banned in several countries, the fully brominated decaBDE (BDE-209) is still utilized, though manufacturers will discontinue production in the U.S.A. in 2013. The recent decision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to base the reference dose (RfD) for BDE-209 on a developmental neurotoxicity study has generated some controversy. Because of its bulky configuration, BDE-209 is poorly absorbed and does not easily penetrate the cell wall. Its acute and chronic toxicities are relatively low, with the liver and the thyroid as the primary targets, though there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. A few animal studies have indicated that BDE-209 may cause developmental neurotoxicity, affecting motor and cognitive domains, as seen for other PBDEs. Limited in vivo and in vitro studies have also evidenced effects of BDE-209 on thyroid hormone homeostasis and direct effects on nervous cells, again similar to what found with other lower brominated PBDEs. In contrast, a recent developmental neurotoxicity study, carried out according to international guidelines, has provided no evidence of adverse effects on neurodevelopment, and this should be considered in a future re-evaluation of BDE-209. While estimated exposure to BDE-209 in children is believed to be several orders of magnitude below the most conservative RfD proposed by the USEPA, questions remain on the extent and relevance of BDE-209 metabolism to lower brominated PBDEs in the environment and in humans.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology},
	author = {Costa, Lucio G and Giordano, Gennaro},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21182867},
	keywords = {Animals, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans},
	pages = {9--24},
}





@article{costa_developmental_2007,
	title = {Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants.},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0161-813X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2007.08.007},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. In the past 25 years, PBDEs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been detected in soil, air, sediments, birds, marine species, fish, house dust, and human tissues, blood and breast milk. Diet and house dust appear to be the major sources of PBDE exposure in the general population, though occupational exposure can also occur. Levels of PBDEs in human tissues are particularly high in North America, compared to Asian and European countries, and have been increasing in the past 30 years. Concentrations of PBDEs are particularly high in breast milk, resulting in high exposure of infants. In addition, for toddlers, dust has been estimated to account for a large percentage of exposure. PBDEs can also cross the placenta, as they have been detected in fetal blood and liver. Tetra-, penta- and hexaBDEs are most commonly present in human tissues. The current greatest concern for potential adverse effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. Pre- or postnatal exposure of mice or rats to various PBDEs has been shown to cause long-lasting changes in spontaneous motor activity, mostly characterized as hyperactivity or decreased habituation, and to disrupt performance in learning and memory tests. While a reduction in circulating thyroid hormone (T(4)) may contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, direct effects on the developing brain have also been reported. Among these, PBDEs have been shown to affect signal transduction pathways and to cause oxidative stress. Levels of PBDEs causing developmental neurotoxicity in animals are not much dissimilar from levels found in highly exposed infants and toddlers.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology},
	author = {Costa, Lucio G and Giordano, Gennaro},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17904639},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biomarkers, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Pharmacological, Pharmacological: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Assessment, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox},
	pages = {1047--67},
}





@book{commission_upholstered_2012,
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	title = {Upholstered furniture validation memoranda},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{commission_16_2013,
	title = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634 {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Fire} {Safety} {Technology}; {Meeting} and {Request} for {Comments}},
	volume = {78},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf},
	number = {54},
	journal = {Federal Register},
	author = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {17140--17142},
}





@book{cpsc_no_1977,
	title = {No {Title}},
	url = {http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html},
	author = {{CPSC}},
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@book{cpsc_16_2008,
	title = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634. {Standard} for the flammability of residential upholstered furniture; {Proposed} rule},
	url = {http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf},
	publisher = {Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {{CPSC}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@article{covaci_novel_2011,
	title = {Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007},
	abstract = {This review summarises current knowledge about production volumes, physico-chemical properties, analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and behaviour and human exposure to the "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). We define the term NBFRs as relating to BFRs which are new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. Restrictions and bans on the use of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, in many jurisdictions, have created a market for the use of NBFRs. To date, most data on NBFRs have arisen as additional information generated by research designed principally to study more "traditional" BFRs, such as PBDEs. This has led to a wide variety of analytical approaches for sample extraction, extract purification and instrumental analysis of NBFRs. An overview of environmental occurrence in abiotic matrices, aquatic biota, terrestrial biota and birds is presented. Evidence concerning the metabolism and absorption of different NBFRs is reviewed. Human exposure to NBFRs via different exposure pathways is discussed, and research gaps related to analysis, environmental sources, fate, and behaviour and human exposure are identified.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Covaci, Adrian and Harrad, Stuart and Abdallah, Mohamed A-E and Ali, Nadeem and Law, Robin J and Herzke, Dorte and de Wit, Cynthia A},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21168217},
	keywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil, Soil: chemistry},
	pages = {532--56},
}





@article{covaci_hexabromocyclododecanes_2006,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in the environment and humans: a review.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. As a result of their widespread use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCDs are now ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and humans. This review summarizes HBCD concentrations in several environmental compartments and analyzes these data in terms of point sources versus diffuse sources, biomagnification potential, stereoisomer profiles, time trends, and global distribution. Generally, higher concentrations were measured in samples (air, sediment, and fish) collected near point sources (plants producing or processing HBCDs), while lower concentrations were recorded in samples from locations with no obvious sources of HBCDs. High concentrations were measured in top predators, such as marine mammals and birds of prey (up to 9600 and 19 200 ng/g lipid weight, respectively), suggesting a biomagnification potential for HBCDs. Relatively low HBCD concentrations were reported in the few human studies conducted to date (median values varied between 0.35 and 1.1 ng/g lipid weight). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. One important observation is the shiftfrom the high percentage of the gamma-HBCD stereoisomer in the technical products to a dominance of the alpha-HBCD stereoisomer in biological samples. A combination of factors such as variations in solubility, partitioning behavior, uptake, and, possibly, selective metabolism of individual isomers may explain the observed changes in stereoisomer patterns. Recommendations for further work include research on how HBCDs are transferred from products into the environment upon production, use, and disposal. Time trends need to be analyzed more in detail, including HBCD stereoisomers, and more data on terrestrial organisms are needed, especially for humans. Whenever possible, HBCDs should be analyzed as individual stereoisomers in order to address their fate and effects.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Covaci, Adrian and Gerecke, Andreas C and Law, Robin J and Voorspoels, Stefan and Kohler, Martin and Heeb, Norbert V and Leslie, Heather and Allchin, Collin R and De Boer, Jacob},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16830527},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Stereoisomerism, env, frbldg, hum},
	pages = {3679--88},
}





@article{cooper_analysis_2011,
	title = {Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({BDCPP}) and diphenyl phosphate ({DPP}) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.},
	volume = {401},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7},
	abstract = {Organophosphate triesters tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate are widely used flame retardants (FRs) present in many products common to human environments, yet understanding of human exposure and health effects of these compounds is limited. Monitoring urinary metabolites as biomarkers of exposure can be a valuable aid for improving this understanding; however, no previously published method exists for the analysis of the primary TDCPP metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), in human urine. Here, we present a method to extract the metabolites BDCPP and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in human urine using mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction and mass-labeled internal standards with analysis by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limit was 8 pg mL(-1) urine for BDCPP and 204 pg mL(-1) for DPP. Recoveries of analytes spiked into urine ranged from 82 ± 10\% to 91 ± 4\% for BDCPP and from 72 ± 12\% to 76 ± 8\% for DPP. Analysis of a small number of urine samples (n=9) randomly collected from non-occupationally exposed adults revealed the presence of both BDCPP and DPP in all samples. Non-normalized urinary concentrations ranged from 46-1,662 pg BDCPP mL(-1) to 287-7,443 pg DPP mL(-1), with geometric means of 147 pg BDCPP mL(-1) and 1,074 pg DPP mL(-1). Levels of DPP were higher than those of BDCPP in 89\% of samples. The presented method is simple and sufficiently sensitive to detect these FR metabolites in humans and may be applied to future studies to increase our understanding of exposure to and potential health effects from FRs.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},
	author = {Cooper, E M and Covaci, Adrian and van Nuijs, A L N and Webster, T F and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Adult, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Liquid, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},
	pages = {2123--2132},
}





@article{commission_16_2008,
	title = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634 {Standard} for the {Flammability} of {Residential} {Upholstered} {Furniture}; {Proposed} {Rule}},
	volume = {73},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf},
	number = {43},
	journal = {Federal Register},
	author = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1--52},
}





@article{coakley_concentrations_2013,
	title = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in matched samples of indoor dust and breast milk in {New} {Zealand}.},
	volume = {59C},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.020},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are present in many consumer goods. There is evidence that PBDEs are toxic to humans, particular young children. The purpose of this study was to assess indoor dust as an exposure source for PBDEs. Concentrations of 16 PBDEs were determined in dust samples from 33 households in New Zealand, and in breast milk samples from 33 mothers living in these households. Associations between dust and breast milk PBDE concentrations were assessed, and children's PBDE intake from breast milk and dust estimated. Influences of household and demographic factors on PBDE concentrations in dust were investigated. Indoor dust concentrations ranged from 0.1ng/g for BDE17 to 2500ng/g for BDE209. Breast milk concentrations were positively correlated (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05) with mattress dust concentrations for BDE47, BDE153, BDE154, and BDE209 and with floor dust for BDE47, BDE183, BDE206, and BDE209. The correlation for BDE209 between dust and breast milk is a novel finding. PBDE concentrations in floor dust were lower from households with new carpets. The estimated children's daily intake of PBDEs from dust and breast milk was below U.S. EPA Reference Dose values. The study shows that dust is an important human exposure source for common PBDE formulations in New Zealand.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Coakley, Jonathan D and Harrad, Stuart J and Goosey, Emma and Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin-Constantin and Van den Eede, Nele and Covaci, Adrian and Douwes, Jeroen and Mannetje, Andrea 't},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23850586},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {255--261},
}





@article{clausen_emission_2004,
	title = {Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from {PVC} flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in {FLEC} and {CLIMPAQ}.},
	volume = {38},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf},
	abstract = {The emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from a PVC flooring was studied for up to 472 days in both the FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell) and the CLIMPAQ (Chamberfor Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution, and Air Quality). The loading of the CLIMPAQs was varied but was constant in the FLECs. The sorption properties of FLEC and CLIMPAQ were investigated using different methods. In addition, the uptake of DEHP by office floor dust on the PVC flooring was studied in CLIMPAQ experiments. The concentration versus time curves in both FLECs and CLIMPAQs increased slowly over about 150 days and reached a quasi-static equilibrium at 1 microg m(-3). The main conclusions were that (i) the emission rate of DEHP was limited by gas-phase mass transport and (ii) the dust layer increased the emission rate by increasing the external concentration gradient above the surface of the PVC. These conclusions were based on the facts that the specific emission rate was inversely proportional to the loading and that the dust had sorbed about four times as much DEHP over a 68-day period as emitted in the gas-phase experiments. About one-half of the emitted DEHP was deposited on the internal surfaces of both the FLEC and the CLIMPAQ.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Clausen, Per Axel and Hansen, Vivi and Gunnarsen, Lars and Afshari, Alireza and Wolkoff, Peder},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Adsorption, Air Pollution, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: analysis, Dust, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyvinyl Chloride: chemistry, Volatilization},
	pages = {2531--2537},
}





@article{cincinelli_pbdes_2012,
	title = {{PBDEs} in {Italian} sewage sludge and environmental risk of using sewage sludge for land application.},
	volume = {161},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.001},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in sewage sludge samples collected from eight Italian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) between June 2009 and March 2010. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 158.3 to 9427 ng g(-1) dw, while deca-BDE (BDE-209) (concentrations ranging from 130.6 to 9411 ng g(-1) dw) dominated the congener profile in all the samples, contributing between 77\% and 99.8\% of total PBDE. The suitability of using a magnetic particle enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) to analyse PBDEs in sewage sludge was also tested. The ELISA results, expressed as BDE-47 equivalents, were well correlated with those obtained by GC-NCI-MS, with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.899 and 0.959, depending on the extraction procedure adopted. The risk assessment of PBDEs in sewage sludge addressed to land application was calculated. PEC(soil) values compared to the relative PNEC(soil) for penta and deca-BDE suggests that there is a low risk to the soil environment.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Cincinelli, Alessandra and Martellini, Tania and Misuri, Lorenza and Lanciotti, Eudes and Sweetman, Andy and Laschi, Serena and Palchetti, Ilaria},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22230090},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Italy, Risk Assessment, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {229--34},
}





@article{christian_fire_1970,
	title = {Fire behavior of interior finish materials},
	volume = {6},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02588916},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Fire Technology},
	author = {Christian, W J and Waterman, T E},
	month = aug,
	year = {1970},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {165--178},
}





@article{chou_chronic_2010,
	title = {Chronic exposure of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({PBDE}-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish ({Danio} rerio).},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.012},
	abstract = {In the present study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to address possible effects of chronic exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on locomotion behavior, body size, and gonad development in fish. Zebrafish were fed food dosed with PBDE-47 (control, solvent control, low, medium, and high dose groups) from 21 days post hatch (dph) to 90 dph. Fish locomotion parameters, including maximum swimming speed, total distance moved, and percent time active, were assessed using a video-based animal movement analysis system. At the end of the exposure, all fish were euthanized for length and weight measurement, and then subjected to either whole fish histological analysis or tissue PBDE-47 measurement. Survival, body size, and gonad histology were similar between the five groups. However, both total swimming distance and percent time active were negatively correlated with tissue PBDE-47 concentration and were significantly lower in the high dose group. Tissue levels of PBDE-47 in the exposed fish were comparable to that reported in previous field studies. In summary, this study showed that developmental exposure of PBDE-47 at an ecologically relevant level altered locomotion behavior without affecting body size or gonad development of zebrafish.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology},
	author = {Chou, Chun-Ting and Hsiao, Yu-Chen and Ko, Fung-Chi and Cheng, Jing-O and Cheng, Ying-Ming and Chen, Te-Hao},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20416957},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gametogenesis, Gametogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases: chemically induced, Swimming, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: growth \& development, Zebrafish: metabolism, Zebrafish: physiology, ffr, tox},
	pages = {388--95},
}





@article{commission_16_2006,
	title = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1633 {Standard} for the {Flammability} ({Open} {Flame}) of {Mattress} {Sets}; {Final} {Rule}},
	volume = {71},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf},
	number = {50},
	journal = {Federal Register},
	author = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1--53},
}





@book{commission_final_2006,
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	title = {Final {Rule} for the {Flammability} ({Open} {Flame}) of {Mattress} {Sets} {Tab} {H}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{cobb_analysis_2005,
	address = {Washington DC},
	title = {Analysis of {FR} {Chemicals} {Added} to {Foams}, {Fabric}, {Batting}, {Loose} {Fill}, and {Barriers}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf},
	abstract = {Seven foam types were analyzed for flame retardant chemicals (FRC) to determine the identity and concentration consistency of FRC between sample pieces and within each piece. Spatial variation within the foam samples was not significant. FRC content for most foams varied 10-20\% relative to the mean, though melamine content for the foam T was more variable. In some instances the measured concentrations did not agree with the manufacturer's stated chemical treatment level. Many loose fill, fabric, batting, and barrier samples were also analyzed for FRC content. Most had no significant FRC content.},
	publisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},
	author = {Cobb, David and Chen, Shing-bong},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{clement_organohalogen_2012,
	title = {Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in {Great} {Lakes} fish: a review.},
	volume = {404},
	issn = {1618-2650},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4},
	abstract = {Organohalogen chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) have attracted much attention during the past decade and are of special importance for the Great Lakes of North America, which are together the largest surface freshwater resource on the earth. In this paper we review and summarize detection and levels of legacy contaminants in Great Lakes fish, lessons learned from legacy contaminants in advancing the analytical detection of CECs, progress and challenges in measuring CECs, and levels of CECs in Great Lakes fish reported to date. The CECs considered include chlorinated paraffins, polychlorinated naphthalenes and other chlorinated aromatics, halogenated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},
	author = {Clement, Ray E and Reiner, Eric J and Bhavsar, Satyendra P},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22926127},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {2639--58},
}





@article{clausen_influence_2012,
	title = {Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ({DEHP}) from {PVC} flooring in the emission cell {FLEC}.},
	volume = {46},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf},
	doi = {10.1021/es2035625},
	abstract = {Emissions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from one type of polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring with approximately 13\% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer were measured in the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The gas-phase concentrations of DEHP versus time were measured at air flow rate of 450 mL·min(-1) and five different temperatures: 23 °C, 35 °C, 47 °C, 55 °C, and 61 °C. The experiments were terminated two weeks to three months after steady-state was reached and the interior surface of the FLECs was rinsed with methanol to determine the surface concentration of DEHP. The most important findings are (1) DEHP steady-state concentrations increased greatly with increasing temperature (0.9 ± 0.1 μg·m(-3), 10 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 38 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 91 ± 4 μg·m(-3), and 198 ± 5 μg·m(-3), respectively), (2) adsorption to the chamber walls decreased greatly with increasing temperature (measured partition coefficient between FLEC air and interior surface are: 640 ± 146 m, 97 ± 20 m, 21 ± 5 m, 11 ± 2 m, and 2 ± 1 m, respectively), (3) gas-phase DEHP concentration in equilibrium with the vinyl flooring surface is close to the vapor pressure of pure DEHP, and (4) with an increase of temperature in a home from 23 to 35 °C, the amount of DEHP in the gas- and particle-phase combined is predicted to increase almost 10-fold. The amount in the gas-phase increases by a factor of 24 with a corresponding decrease in the amount on the airborne particles.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Clausen, Per Axel and Liu, Zhe and Kofoed-Sørensen, Vivi and Little, John and Wolkoff, Peder},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {909--915},
}





@article{christen_flame_2010,
	title = {Some flame retardants and the antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban enhance the androgenic activity in vitro.},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.031},
	abstract = {Contaminants including flame retardants, antimicrobial agents and phthalates, occurring as residues in human tissues were associated with altered endocrine function. In our study we analysed the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD), penta-bromodiphenylether (BDE-100) and hexa-BDE (BDE-155), the antimicrobial compounds triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) and eight phthalates for their androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro in the MDA-kb2 cell line. No or only weak androgenic activity was observed for all the tested compounds. TBBPA showed weak antiandrogenic activity, which was demonstrated for the first time. The flame retardants HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155 enhanced the dihydrotestosterone-dependent activation of androgen receptor-responsive gene expression but exhibited little or no agonistic activity. The enhancement reached 150\%, which was similar to the antimicrobials (TCS up to 180\%, and TCC up to 130\%). This enhancement of androgenic activity represents a novel mode of action of the endocrine activity of flame retardants. In contrast, most phthalates showed antiandrogenic activity. Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) showed strong antiandrogenicity, whereas the action of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and the DEHP metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was lower. Our in vitro study demonstrates for the first time a weak antiandrogenic activity of TBBPA, and a significant enhancement of the androgenic activity of HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155, which represents a novel mechanism of hormonal activity of flame retardants.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Christen, Verena and Crettaz, Pierre and Oberli-Schrämmli, Aurelia and Fent, Karl},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20943248},
	keywords = {Androgen, Androgen: drug effects, Androgens, Androgens: toxicity, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Infective Agents: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Triclosan, Triclosan: toxicity, Tumor, cell line},
	pages = {1245--52},
}





@article{choi_combustibility_1984,
	title = {Combustibility of {Insulation} in {Cavity} {Walls}},
	volume = {2},
	url = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf},
	abstract = {Increasing amounts of insulation are used in buildings to conserve energy. In buildings of noncombustible construction, insulation is usually placed in the wall cavity with or without an air space. The use of foamed plastic insulation has been restricted due to its combustibility characteristics when tested by methods adopted for regulatory purposes. A series of tests on foamed plastics and con ventional insulation materials show that these methods do not realistically assess the fire performance of foamed plastic insulation when used in cavity walls.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Choi, K K and Taylor, W},
	month = jan,
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {179--188},
}





@article{choi_polybrominated_2003,
	title = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} human adipose tissue.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907},
	abstract = {Human adipose samples collected in Tokyo, Japan in 1970 and 2000 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the concentrations in the two groups were compared. As far as we know, the concentrations of the PBDD/Fs in adipose tissue from the general Japanese population are reported for the first time. Three PBDD/F congeners were found in the following adipose tissues: 2,3,7,8-TeBDD, 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF. The median concentrations (ranges) of three PBDD/Fs in 1970 and 2000 were 5.1 (3.4-8.3) and 3.4 (1.9-5.3) pg/g lipid wt (l.w.), respectively. For PBDEs, seven PBDE congeners were determined in the following samples: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2',4,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), and 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183). Median concentrations (ranges) of PBDEs showed a significant increase from 29.2 (6.8-78.4) pg/g l.w. in 1970 to 1288 (466-2,753) pg/g l.w. in 2000. BDE-47, the major congener of PBDEs, was 56.2\% and 35.6\% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively, whereas the BDE-153 was {\textbackslash}textless 1\% and 29.7\% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively. This may indicate that the source of PBDEs had changed during this period. Further analysis of archived human samples from 1970 to 2000 is needed to describe the details of the contamination trends of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the Japanese population. Furthermore, PBDD/F monitoring, particularly 2,3,7,8-TeBDD and 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, may give more toxicological information based on TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs).},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Choi, Jae-Won and Fujimaki, T Susumu and Kitamura, Kimiyoshi and Hashimoto, Shunji and Ito, Hiroyasu and Suzuki, Noriyuki and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Morita, Masatoshi},
	month = mar,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12666907},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Japan, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Reference Values, Tissue Distribution, ffr, hum},
	pages = {817--21},
}





@article{chivas_assessment_2009,
	title = {Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental {Europe}},
	volume = {44},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009},
	doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009},
	abstract = {The originality of this review is to evaluate the risks and benefits induced by the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe, throughout an assessment of the risks over the whole life cycle. This paper examines the currently available literature on the various risks linked to the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in the continental European market: •Risk linked to the exposure of workers to flame retardants during manufacture.•Risk of exposure to flame retardants in dwelling houses under normal living conditions, which mainly results in inhalation of accumulated flame retardants released in the interior air and/or in migration of substances as well as contamination by skin contact.•Risk of emission of toxic gases when manufactured products are recycled.•Risk of aggravated emissions of toxic gases in the case of accidental fires caused by cigarettes or matches on upholstered furniture, whether it is flame retarded or not. The CBUF program, as well as studies from the LNE and a European research program, has studied the emission and level of acute toxicants (CO, CO2, NOx, HCl, HBr, HCN, SO2) released by selected flame-retarded or not upholstered furniture during fire. A methodology has been proposed to estimate the risks and benefits of flame retardants used in upholstered furniture, within the life cycle risk assessment. For common flame retardants, data sheets have been written in order to evaluate the complete risk balance. This concerns the long-term impact on health of exposure to products containing flame retardants, as well as from exposure to their fire effluents.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Fire Safety Journal},
	author = {Chivas, C and Guillaume, E and Sainrat, A and Barbosa, V},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, fire safety, toxicity of fire effluents, upholstered furniture},
	pages = {801--807},
}





@article{chiu_toxic_2012,
	title = {Toxic effects of two brominated flame retardants {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-183 on the survival and protein expression of the tubificid {Monopylephorus} limosus.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1090-2414},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.022},
	abstract = {The toxic effects of two brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE), BDE-47, and BDE-183, on a benthic oligochaete tubificid, Monopylephorus limosus were studied under laboratory conditions. Investigated responses included survival, growth, and protein expression profiles, at BDE concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 700 ng/g on a dry soil weight basis, with isooctane as the carrier solvent. Body weight losses among treatments were insignificant after 8 weeks of exposure. The 8-wk LC(50) of BDE-47 and -183 were 2311 and 169 ng/g, respectively. By applying multivariate analysis techniques, protein expression patterns were compared and correlated with stressful sources of long-term culture, carrier solvent, BDE-47 and -183. The treatment of 8-wk 100 ng/g BDE-47 was most closely clustered to the 10 ng/g BDE-183 treatment, based on the 40 examined protein spots. This indicated that BDE-183 was more potent to M. limosus, than was BDE-47. The 2-wk and 8-wk controls clustered into different groups indicating the occurrence of physiological changes due to long-term laboratory culture. Additionally, solvent effect was shown by grouping the isooctane carrier to different clusters. With further characterization by principle component analysis, it was found that the separation was mainly contributed by the 2nd principal-component. And, the primarily inhibitory variation was at spots 2 (UMP-CMP kinase) and 40 (plasma retinol-binding protein precursor) in the 8-wk groups. On the contrary, protein spots 16 (cell division control protein 2 homolog) and 24 (mitochondrial DNA mismatch repair protein) showed stimulatory variation. In all, the observed proteomic responses suggest that BDEs disrupted metabolic function in M. limosus and multivariate analysis tool offers significant potential for the assessment of various stress sources at biochemical level.},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
	author = {Chiu, K H and Lin, C-R and Huang, H-W and Shiea, J and Liu, L L},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22818847},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cluster Analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Survival Analysis},
	pages = {46--53},
}





@article{chevrier_prenatal_2011,
	title = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the {CHAMACOS} study.},
	volume = {174},
	issn = {1476-6256},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/aje/kwr223},
	abstract = {Studies published in the last 3 decades have demonstrated global human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. A growing body of literature suggests that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. Although thyroid hormones play an essential role in brain development, few studies have investigated relations between prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neonatal thyroid hormone levels, and none have measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in neonates. The authors measured 10 PBDE congeners in serum collected between October 1999 and October 2000 from 289 pregnant women living in California's Salinas Valley and abstracted TSH levels from their children's medical records. Individual PBDE congeners showed null or weak nonsignificant inverse relations with neonatal TSH. Total serum PBDE was not associated with neonatal TSH (β = 0.00, 95\% confidence interval: -0.06, 0.06). Except for brominated diphenyl ether 153, a higher serum PBDE level was related to elevated odds of high TSH (≥80th percentile), but associations were not statistically significant. Associations were not modified by infant sex, age at TSH measurement, maternal serum polychlorinated biphenyl concentration, or mode of delivery. Results were robust to sensitivity analysis. The authors found no conclusive evidence that prenatal exposure to PBDEs at levels similar to those of the general US population is related to neonatal TSH.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {American journal of epidemiology},
	author = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21984658},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Socioeconomic Factors, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Young Adult, california},
	pages = {1166--74},
}





@article{chen_bde-47_2012,
	title = {{BDE}-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish.},
	volume = {120-121},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.014},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environmental matrixes and pose a significant public health concern. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners in environmental media, biota and human tissues. However, few studies have explored the BDE-47 developmental neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were waterborne exposed to BDE-47 at 1.25, 5, 20 μM starting from 6h post-fertilization (hpf). Motor behavior development and swimming behavior in response to light-to-dark photoperiod stimulation were studied at various developmental stages. Our data indicate that BDE-47 exposure significantly affected spontaneous movement, decreased touch response and free swimming speed, altered larvae swimming behavior in response to light stimulation in developing zebrafish. Consistent with these motor deficits, BDE-47 significantly inhibited axonal growth of primary and secondary motor neurons during the early developmental stages, suggesting the functional relevance of structural changes. Our findings demonstrate that the altered patterns of neuronal connectivity may contribute to motor behavior deficits, indicating the relevance of zebrafish as a model for studying toxicant developmental neurotoxicity.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Chen, Xiaojuan and Huang, Changjiang and Wang, Xuechun and Chen, Jiangfei and Bai, Chenglian and Chen, Yuanhong and Chen, Xiangping and Dong, Qiaoxiang and Yang, Dongren},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22609740},
	keywords = {Animals, Axons, Axons: drug effects, Axons: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Immunohistochemistry, Larva, Larva: genetics, Larva: growth \& development, Larva: metabolism, Larva: physiology, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Motor Neurons: physiology, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: physiology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Swimming, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth \& development, Zebrafish: physiology},
	pages = {35--44},
}





@article{chiu_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) alter larval settlement of marine intertidal organisms across three phyla via reducing bacterial abundance on the biofilms.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365},
	doi = {10.1021/es300261c},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants over the last three decades, and are now ubiquitous in the marine environment. While the harmful effects of PBDEs on the abnormal development and reproductive impairment in mammals and fish are well documented, the effects on marine invertebrates remain virtually unknown. Using three model intertidal species accross three phyla, including the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Phylum Annelida), the gastropod Crepidula onyx (Phylum Mollusca), and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Phylum Arthopoda), this study demonstrated that (a) chronic exposure to BDE-47 (at spiking concentrations up to 1000 ng L(-1)) throughout the entire larval stage did not affect settlement, development or growth of all three species per se, despite bioaccumulation was clearly evident (measured body burden ranging from approximately 7000 to 13 000 ng BDE-47 g(-1) lipid), and (b) BDE-47, at measured concentrations of 15 and 113 ng g(-1) lipid, reduced the bacterial abundance in biofilms and resulted in a concomitant change in larval settlement pattern of all the model intertidal species across three phyla.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Chiu, Jill M Y and Po, Beverly H K and Chan, Christine Y S and Lam, Michael H W and Qian, Pei-Yuan and Wu, Rudolf S S},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22697365},
	keywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: growth \& development, Aquatic Organisms: radiation effects, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth \& development, Biofilms, Biofilms: drug effects, Biofilms: growth \& development, Biofilms: radiation effects, Flame retardants, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth \& development, Larva: radiation effects, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Microbial Viability: radiation effects, Phylogeny, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Movements},
	pages = {7772--81},
}





@article{chevrier_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.},
	volume = {118},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf},
	abstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Gharbi, Myriam and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},
	pages = {1444--1449},
}





@article{chevrier_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1001905},
	abstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Gharbi, Myriam and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20562054},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},
	pages = {1444--9},
}





@techreport{chengelis_90-day_2001,
	address = {Arlington, VA},
	title = {A 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of {HBCD} in rats. {WIL}-186012.},
	institution = {Chemical Manufacturers Association},
	author = {Chengelis, CP},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, tox},
}





@article{cheng_bioaccumulation_2012,
	title = {Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp ({Carassius} auratus).},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.038},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as a class of flame retardants and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Significant biotransformation of some PBDEs via reductive debromination has been observed. However, little is known about the fate of lower brominated BDEs in fish. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) which were exposed to spiked water solution at different concentrations for 50d, followed by a 14-d depuration period. Bioaccumulation parameters were calculated and the results showed that BDE 15 was mainly concentrated in the gill and liver. In particular, five biotransformation products of BDE 15 in carp were identified using GC-MS/MS. Besides two debrominated metabolites, three of the metabolites were mono-OH-BDE 15, diOH-BDE 15 and bromophenol. Our results unequivocally suggested that BDE 15 oxidation did occur via the formation of hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites in crucian carp exposed in vivo. These findings will be useful for determination of the metabolic pathways of PBDEs in freshwater fish, especially about their oxidation metabolism.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Cheng, Jie and Mao, Liang and Zhao, Zhigang and Shen, Mengnan and Zhang, Shenghu and Huang, Qingguo and Gao, Shixiang},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22036552},
	keywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Goldfish, Goldfish: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {446--53},
}





@article{chen_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers fate in {China}: a review with an emphasis on environmental contamination levels, human exposure and regulation.},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {1095-8630},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.003},
	abstract = {Because of their highly effective flame-retardant capability, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer goods. However, compelling evidence shows that many congeners of PBDEs have been accumulating in the environment, in biota and in human populations worldwide. In China, although octabrominated diphenyl ether (octaBDE) has never been produced or used, pentabrominated diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) have been produced and used in large quantities. In the face of increasing evidence about PBDE pollution and the adoption of international conventions, there is a growing push for China to develop more stringent methods of managing PBDE waste. This paper summarizes the information about PBDE production and application, describes the flame-retarding mechanism, and then reviews the toxicity and levels of PBDEs in China's environmental media and human tissues. Based on international regulations on PBDEs, the paper finally puts forward some suggestions for Chinese policy making and for self-regulation within the flame retardant industry.},
	journal = {Journal of environmental management},
	author = {Chen, Yuan and Li, Jinhui and Liu, Lili and Zhao, Nana},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22985711},
	keywords = {China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Environmental Pollution: legislation \& jurispruden, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans},
	pages = {22--30},
}





@article{chen_measurement_2010,
	title = {Measurement and human exposure assessment of brominated flame retardants in household products from {South} {China}.},
	volume = {176},
	issn = {1873-3336},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.138},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were examined in household products in the Pearl River Delta, South China, including electronic appliances, furniture and upholstery, car interiors, and raw materials for electronics. The concentrations of PBDEs derived from penta-BDE mixture were much lower ({\textbackslash}textless111 ng/g) than those for octa- and deca-BDE commercially derived PBDEs, with maximum values of 15,107 and 1,603,343 ng/g, respectively, in all the household products. Our findings suggest the recycling of old electronic products and their reuse might be also a potential important source of discontinued PBDEs to the environment. DBDPE was found in 20.0\% of all the samples, ranging from 311 to 268,230 ng/g. PBDE congener profiles in both the household products and raw materials suggest that some less brominated BDEs in the environment may be derived from the decomposition of higher brominated PBDEs in PBDE-containing products in process of the manufacturing, use and/or recycling. Human exposure to PBDEs from household products via inhalation ranged from 175 to 612 pg/kg bw day, accounting for a small proportion of the total daily exposure via indoor inhalation. Despite the low deleterious risk associated with household products with regard to PBDEs, they are of special concern because of the relatively higher exposures observed for young children and further work is required.},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
	author = {Chen, She-Jun and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wang, Jing and Tian, Mi and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20034734},
	keywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, China, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Household Products: toxicity, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, ffr, frelec, use},
	pages = {979--84},
}





@article{chen_prenatal_2012,
	title = {Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812},
	doi = {10.1021/es302119g},
	abstract = {Parental exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in animals has been found to be transferred to the offspring. The environmental health risk and toxicity to the offspring are still unclear. The objective of the present study was to identify environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs for parental exposure that would cause developmental neurotoxicity in the offspring. Adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 (0.16, 0.8, 4.0 μg/L) via water. The results showed that PBDE exposure did not affect larvae hatching, malformation, or survival. The residue of PBDEs was detected in F1 eggs upon parental exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in F1 larvae. Genes of central nervous system development (e.g., myelin basic protein, synapsin IIa, α1-tubulin) were significantly downregulated in larvae. Protein levels of α1-tubulin and synapsin IIa were also reduced. Decreased locomotion activity was observed in the larvae. This study provides the first evidence that parental exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs could cause adverse effects on neurodevelopment in zebrafish offspring.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Chen, Lianguo and Yu, Ke and Huang, Changjiang and Yu, Liqin and Zhu, Bingqing and Lam, Paul K S and Lam, James C W and Zhou, Bingsheng},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22866812},
	keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase: metabolism, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: growth \& development, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: genetics, Larva: physiology, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth \& development, Zebrafish: physiology},
	pages = {9727--34},
}





@article{chen_novel_2011,
	title = {Novel methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene congeners and possible sources in herring gull eggs from the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes} of {North} {America}.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880},
	doi = {10.1021/es201325g},
	abstract = {An increasing number of brominated flame retardants and other brominated substances are being reported in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Yet, in extracts from gulls' eggs, numerous bromide anion response peaks in electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mass chromatograms remain unidentified. Using archived herring gull egg homogenates, we characterize the structures of three major and three minor, new and unique brominated substances. After extensive cleanup and separation to isolate these substances from the extracts, high-quality ECNI and electron impact (EI) mass spectra revealed fragmentation patterns consistent with congeners of methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene (MeO-PBDPB), where four congeners contained five bromines and the other two contain four and six bromines, respectively. Optimized, semiquantitative analysis revealed sum concentrations of the MeO-PBDBP congeners ranged from {\textbackslash}textless0.2 to 36.8 ng/g ww in pooled egg homogenates (collected in 2009) from fourteen herring gull colony sites across the Great Lakes, with the highest concentration being for Channel-Shelter Island in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron). To our knowledge, there are no published reports on the environmental presence and sources of MeO-PBDPBs. We hypothesize that these MeO-PBDPBs are degradation products of the polybrominated diphenoxybenzenes, for example, tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene (currently marketed as SAYTEX 120) or polybromo 3P2E. MeO-PBDPBs in Great Lakes herring gull eggs indicates their bioaccumulation potential, and raises concerns about their origin, environmental behavior and influences on wildlife and environmental health.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Gauthier, Lewis T and Chu, Shaogang and McCrindle, Robert and Potter, Dave},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21966880},
	keywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Lakes, Lakes: analysis, North America, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {9523--30},
}





@article{chen_species-specific_2010,
	title = {Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in birds of prey from the {Chesapeake} {Bay} region, {USA}.},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.042},
	abstract = {Compared to organochlorines, little is known about polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of birds of prey breeding in the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the U.S. This study examined and compared PBDE contamination in eggs of osprey, double-crested cormorant, brown pelican and peregrine falcon from this area. Several legacy persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and DDE were also investigated. The level of urbanization of the landscape appeared to influence the level of PBDE exposure. PBDE congener distribution patterns varied between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds. This suggests individual congeners may be subject to differences in bioaccumulation, biomagnification or metabolism in the aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Biomagnification of PBDEs was studied in the Bay aquatic food chains for the first time. A biomagnification factor of 25.1 was estimated for SigmaPBDEs for the fish - osprey egg food chain. Hazard quotients, applied as a preliminary evaluation, indicated that PBDEs may pose a moderate hazard to ospreys and peregrine falcons through impairment of reproductive performance.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Chen, Da and Hale, Robert C and Watts, Bryan D and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Mojica, Elizabeth K},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19948372},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Feeding Behavior, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maryland, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Species Specificity},
	pages = {1883--9},
}





@article{chen_brominated_2009,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in children's toys: concentration, composition, and children's exposure and risk assessment.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were found in children's toys purchased from South China. The median BFR concentrations in the hard plastic toys were 53,000, 5540 ng/g, 101.1 ng/g, and 27.9 ng/g, fortotal PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBBs, respectively,which were notably higher than values in other toys. The PBDE concentrations were below the threshold limit (1000 ppm) required bythe European Commission's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives in all of the toys, except for one hard plastic toy with a total PBDE concentration of 5,344,000 ng/g. The BFR profiles in the toys were consistent with the patterns of their current production and consumption in China, where PBDEs, specifically decaBDE product, were the dominant BFR, followed by the emerging DBDPE. The relatively high concentrations of octa- and nonaBDEs in the foam toys and the results of principal component analysis (PCA) may suggest the decomposition of highly brominated BDEs during the manufacturing processes of the toys. Daily total PBDE exposures associated with toys via inhalation, mouthing, dermal contact, and oral ingestion ranged from 82.6 to 8992 pg/kg bw-day for children of 3 months to 14 years of age. Higher exposures, predominantly contributed through the mouthing pathway, were observed for infants and toddlers than for the other subgroups. In most cases, children's BFR exposure via the toys likely accounts for a small proportion of their daily BFR exposure, and the hazard quotients for noncancer risk evaluation were far below 1. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to examine the concentrations of BFRs in toys, and the potential exposures to children.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Chen, She-Jun and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wang, Jing and Chen, Da and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19569352},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Play and Playthings, Preschool, Risk Factors, ffr, frelec, use},
	pages = {4200--6},
}





@article{chen_current_2013,
	title = {Current levels and composition profiles of {PBDEs} and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the {Pearl} {River} {Delta}, southern {China}: comparison with historical data.},
	volume = {444},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.104},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants were measured in surface sediments collected during 2009-2010 from the Pearl River Delta, southern China (a large manufacturing base for electronics/electrical products), to evaluate the influence of China's RoHS directive (adopted in 2006) on their environmental occurrence. The concentrations in sediments from different water systems ranged from 3.67 to 2,520 ng/g (average of 17.1-588 ng/g) for PBDEs and from 0.22 to 5,270 ng/g (average of 11.3-454 ng/g) for the alternative retardants. Although the PBDE levels have decreased significantly compared with those in sediments collected in 2002 in this region, the levels of alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) have exceeded those of BDE209 (two predominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in China) in the majority of sediments. This finding suggests a different contaminant pattern of HFRs in current sediments due to the replacement of the deca-BDE mixture with DBDPE in this region. In addition, sediment concentrations of discontinued PBDEs in the rural area are clearly elevated due to e-waste dismantling. The congener profiles of PBDEs in the current sediments (with more abundant lower-brominated congeners) differed substantially from those in 2002 and from the technical products, suggesting that biological or photolytic debromination of PBDEs may have occurred in the environment.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Chen, She-Jun and Feng, An-Hong and He, Ming-Jing and Chen, Man-Ying and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23277320},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {205--11},
}





@article{chen_brominated_2009,
	title = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} in {Children}'s {Toys}: {Concentration}, {Composition}, and {Children}'s {Exposure} and {Risk} {Assessment} {Brominated}},
	volume = {43},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental Science And Technology},
	author = {Chen, S.-J. and Ma, Y.-J. and Wang, J. and Chen, D. and Luo, X.-J. and Mai, B.-X.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {4200--4206},
}





@article{chen_phase_2011,
	title = {Phase partitioning, concentration variation and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the atmosphere of an e-waste recycling site.},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.035},
	abstract = {The daytime and nighttime air samples were collected from an e-waste recycling site in Guiyu (GY) and its upwind and downwind direction sites in Chendian (CD) and Gurao (GR), respectively, during September and December 2005 to determine the phase partitioning, seasonal and diurnal variation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The three sites showed similar congener compositions with BDEs-28, -47, -99, -207 and -209 as the dominant congeners. The gas phase contribution ranged from 42.1\%±17.1\% of the total PBDEs in summer to 9.0\%±8.6\% in winter. Partitioning of PBDEs between gas and particulate phases was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) for all samples. Both Junge-Pankow adsorption model and K(OA)-based absorption model fitted well the PBDEs data in winter but overestimated the sorption of PBDEs in summer. The mean atmospheric concentrations of BDEs-47 (2748pgm(-3) in summer and 6146pgm(-3) in winter) and -99 (1656pgm(-3) in summer and 4911pgm(-3) in winter) in GY were much higher than those from other places around the world. Additionally, the time series of PBDEs in GY demonstrated a pronounced diurnal variation pattern, but not CD and GR, where PBDEs appeared partly associated with regional accumulation. Source characterization from local emissions may be the major factor controlling the diurnal variation of PBDEs in GY air. The risk assessment showed that the total daily intakes of BDE-99 in GY was 9.0-34.9ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1), which is higher than the maximal allowed intake level (0.26ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1)) with factors of 35-135, indicating possible health risk for GY residents with exposure to PBDEs.},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Chen, Duohong and Bi, Xinhui and Liu, Ming and Huang, Bo and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21216432},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},
}





@article{chen_flame_2012,
	title = {Flame retardants in eggs of {American} kestrels and {European} starlings from southern {Lake} {Ontario} region ({North} {America}).},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373},
	doi = {10.1039/c2em30472d},
	abstract = {While a number of studies have extensively investigated flame retardant (FR) contamination in aquatic ecosystems from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, there remains a dearth of information for terrestrial ecosystems. In the current study, American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (AMKE) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (EUST) that are terrestrial ecosystem consumers, and from the southern Lake Ontario regions, were investigated as potential terrestrial bio-monitoring species. Egg homogenates were screened for sixteen PBDE congeners and nineteen non-PBDE FRs of established or emerging environmental importance. PBDE congeners dominated the FR burdens in eggs of AMKE and EUST, with total concentrations ranging from 3.4 to 39.8 (median: 13.5) and 1.5 to 117 (median: 4.9) ng g(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Although the production and application of the Firemaster FF-1 (a commercial hexabromobiphenyl PBB mixture) has been discontinued for over four decades, its major component, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), was still frequently detected in AMKE and EUST eggs. Two isomers of the chlorinated FR Dechlorane plus (DP) were mostly detected in eggs collected from Niagara-on-the-Lake in the western portion of Lake Ontario, approximately 15 km from the only North American DP manufacturing site, clearly reflecting point source influences. FR comparisons in eggs from AMKE, EUST and Great Lakes herring gulls revealed species-specific contamination burdens and PBDE congener profiles, likely due to influences from trophic levels and PBDE congener-specific bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities in terrestrial versus aquatic food chains. Insectivorous birds (e.g. great tit) and relatives of AMKE have also been used as bio-monitoring tools in European and Asian regions, allowing investigation of spatial distribution patterns on a more international scale. AMKE and EUST have also been used as model species for laboratory evaluation of FR toxic effects in birds. Therefore, AMKE and EUST are deemed valuable bio-monitoring species for investigating FR contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Martin, Pamela},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22930373},
	keywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ontario, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Starlings},
	pages = {2870--6},
}





@article{chen_determination_2012,
	title = {Determination of non-halogenated, chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.},
	volume = {1220},
	issn = {1873-3778},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.046},
	abstract = {Numerous triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been used for several decades and continue to be used in a variety of commercial products. We developed a sensitive quantitative method for the analysis of, seven non-halogenated, three chlorinated and two brominated OPFRs of known or possible environmental relevance in herring gull eggs. This method is based on a simple two-step sample extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization(+)-tandem mass spectrometry. Instrumental detection limits and method limits of quantification (MLOQs) among the 12 OPFRs ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 ng/mL and 0.06 to 0.20 ng/g, respectively. The mean OPFR recovery efficiencies of replicate analyses (n=6) were very quantitative and ranged from 89\% to 104\%, with the two brominated OPFRs being somewhat lower but reproducible, i.e., 67\% and 72\%, respectively. Essentially negligible matrix effects were indicated by a standard addition approach that revealed mean percent signal recoveries (n=5 replicates) of 89-106\% for most OPFRs. In the analysis of n=13 herring gull eggs from the Channel-Shelter Island colony (Lake Huron), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate ({\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 4.1 ng/g wet weight, ww), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate ({\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 0.6 ng/g ww) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate ({\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 2.2 ng/g ww) were detected and/or quantified.},
	journal = {Journal of chromatography. A},
	author = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Chu, Shaogang},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22186491},
	keywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Chemical, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Lakes, Limit of Detection, Liquid, Liquid: methods, Ontario, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {169--74},
}





@article{chen_flame_2012,
	title = {Flame retardants in eggs of four gull species ({Laridae}) from breeding sites spanning {Atlantic} to {Pacific} {Canada}.},
	volume = {168},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.040},
	abstract = {To compare legacy and emerging flame retardant (FR) contamination in Canadian marine and freshwater ecosystems, eggs of four gull species (Laridae) were collected from 26 colonies spanning Pacific to Atlantic Canada, including in the Great Lakes basin. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 20 non-PBDE FRs were analyzed, but BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -209, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) syn- and anti-isomers were common, and where concentrations of ∑PBDEs (37-610 ng/g wet weight, ww) ≫ HBCD (0.5-12 ng/g ww) {\textbackslash}textgreater ∑DP (not quantifiable-5.5 ng/g ww). All other FRs were generally not detectable. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes used as dietary tracers provided insights into the diet choice influences on the exposure sources and contamination patterns (e.g., PBDE congener compositions) for individual gulls from the same colony. Eggs from gulls breeding near metropolitan regions of higher human densities showed greater PBDE burdens than from other ecosystems.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Burgess, Neil M and Champoux, Louise and Elliott, John E and Hebert, Craig E and Martin, Pamela and Wayland, Mark and Chip Weseloh, D V and Wilson, Laurie},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22579795},
	keywords = {Animals, Canada, Charadriiformes, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \& numerical da, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism},
	pages = {1--9},
}





@article{chen_temporal_2011,
	title = {Do temporal and geographical patterns of {HBCD} and {PBDE} flame retardants in {U}.{S}. fish reflect evolving industrial usage?},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854},
	doi = {10.1021/es201444w},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are common flame retardants in polymers and textiles. Recognition of the persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of PBDEs has prompted reductions in their use. In contrast, HBCD has received less scrutiny. The U.S has historically been a dominant BFR consumer. However, the few publications on HBCD in wildlife here suggest modest levels compared to Asian and European studies. In contrast, the HBCD concentrations we detected in U.S. fish are among the highest reported in the world. The temporal trends observed suggest that HBCD use may have risen, and that of Penta-BDE declined, following the 2004 termination of its U.S. manufacture. For example, Hyco River carp collected in 1999-2002 exhibited a mean ∑HBCD (sum of α-, β- and γ-HBCD) concentration of only 13 ng/g (lipid weight basis), but was 4640 ng/g in fish collected in 2006-2007. In contrast, the mean ∑PBDE level in these same fish decreased from 40,700 ng/g in 1999-2002 to 9140 ng/g in 2006-2007. Concentrations of HBCD and PBDEs in several Hyco River fish species exceeded those from rivers less influenced by manufacturing outfalls. Results support the contention that textile-related production, relative to its BFR market share, may release disproportionately large amounts of HBCD to the environment.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Chen, Da and La Guardia, Mark J and Luellen, Drew R and Harvey, Ellen and Mainor, T Matteson and Hale, Robert C},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21863854},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Industry, Mid-Atlantic Region, Organ Specificity, Rivers, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution},
	pages = {8254--61},
}





@article{chen_global_2010,
	title = {A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.013},
	abstract = {As a consequence of substantial, long-term usage, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have contaminated humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed PBDE contamination in general, none have focused specifically on birds. Birds have long been recognized as invaluable monitoring species for organohalogen contamination. This review summarizes most available PBDE data in birds and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., inter-regional differences in PBDE contamination, the extent of BDE-209 contamination, differences in congener composition patterns between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds, trophic biomagnification and temporal changes in PBDE contamination. A meta-analysis of PBDE congener profiles reveals distinctly different patterns between birds utilizing terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Terrestrial-feeding birds appear to exhibit heightened Deca-BDE contamination. Inter-regional comparisons reveal elevated PBDE burdens in North American aquatic birds compared to those from the rest of the world, likely related to greater Penta-BDE demand there. Examination of North American and Chinese terrestrial birds also exhibited some of the highest BDE-209 concentrations ever reported in wildlife, and suggested that urban environments in general and some commercial activities (e.g., electronic recycling) may increase exposure of wildlife and humans to Deca-BDE. Summaries of temporal trend studies suggest that varying usage histories and regulations have influenced PBDE contamination patterns at different regions. As a consequence of continued usage of Deca-BDE around the world, significant increases in BDE-209 burdens have been observed in both North American and European birds. Examination of both wild and laboratory-exposed birds also indicated potential degradation of BDE-209 to less brominated, but more bioavailable/toxic congeners. Therefore, it would be wise to reduce releases of Deca-BDE, the only PBDE formulation remaining in production, to the environment.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Chen, Da and Hale, Robert C},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20557935},
	keywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity},
	pages = {800--11},
}





@article{chemtura_chemtura_2011,
	title = {Chemtura launches {Great} {Lakes} {Solutions} brand with three new flame retardants},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/S0306-3747(11)70002-1},
	abstract = {Chemtura Corp used the K 2010 show to launch the Great Lakes Solutions brand for its flame retardants, brominated performance products and fumigants business. In addition, the business introduced its new EmeraldTM series of greener flame-retardant products, presenting three new products for the global electrical \& electronics and building \& construction industries.},
	number = {January},
	journal = {Additives for Polymers},
	author = {{Chemtura}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {2--3},
}





@article{chan_disruption_2012,
	title = {Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryo-larvae following waterborne exposure to {BDE}-47, {TBBPA} and {BPA}.},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.013},
	abstract = {We performed waterborne exposures of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or bisphenol A (BPA) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larvae and quantitatively measured the expression of genes belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to assess for adverse thyroid function. For analysis on the effects of BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes, zebrafish embryo-larvae were acutely exposed to lethal concentrations of the chemical agents in order to determine the 96 h-LC50 (96 h lethal median concentration) and 96 h-EC50 (96 h effective median concentration) values. Further exposures at sub-lethal concentrations were then carried out and total RNA samples were extracted to quantify the mRNA expression levels of the genes of interest. In larvae, BDE-47 was found to have significantly induced many genes of interest, namely thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid receptors α and β, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin. TBBPA only significantly induced three genes of interest (thyroid receptor α, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin) while BPA only induced thyroid stimulating hormone. In embryos, BDE-47 significantly induced the sodium iodide symporter and thyroid stimulating hormone. TBBPA significantly induced thyroid receptor α and thyroid stimulating hormone, while BPA did not significantly induce any of the genes. Most genes were only induced at the 75\% 96 h-LC50 or 96 h-EC50 value; however, thyroid peroxidase and thyroid stimulating hormone demonstrated upregulation in a level as little as the 10\% 96 h-LC50 value. The present study provides a new set of data on zebrafish mRNA induction of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes from exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA, or BPA. This information would serve useful for elucidating the toxicological mechanism of brominated flame retardants, assessing appropriate safety levels in the environment for these compounds, as well as serve as a reference for other man-made contaminants.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Chan, Winson K and Chan, King Ming},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22100034},
	keywords = {Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Hypothalamus, Hypothalamus: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology, unsure},
	pages = {106--11},
}





@article{champoux_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, toxaphenes, and other halogenated organic pollutants in great blue heron eggs.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.37},
	abstract = {The great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been used as a bioindicator of the state of the St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) since 1996. At 5-year intervals, selected breeding colonies along the River and its estuary are visited to estimate reproductive success and determine levels of contamination. Brominated flame retardants are found in many ecosystems and are increasing in concentration in the Great Lakes, which is the source of much of the water for the St. Lawrence River. In 2001 and 2002, in addition to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) congeners and non-ortho-substituted PCBs were measured for the first time in pools of great blue heron eggs. The PBDE levels in great blue heron eggs (70-1,377 ng/g wet wt) were comparable to those measured in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from the Great Lakes. Toxaphene was detected in great blue heron eggs at levels comparable to those of other major chlorinated pesticides. Major toxaphene congeners were octachlorobornane P44 and the nonachlorobornane P50. Environ.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Champoux, Louise and Moisey, John and Muir, Derek C G},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20821441},
	keywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {243--9},
}





@article{cetin_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in {Izmir}, {Turkey}.},
	volume = {185},
	issn = {1873-3336},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations of outdoor and indoor organic films on window glasses were measured at different locations (offices, laboratories, and homes in urban, suburban, rural, and industrial sites) in Izmir, Turkey. ∑(7)PBDE concentrations were dominated by technical penta and deca-BDE mixture components. Average total outdoor PBDE (∑(7)PBDE) concentrations for suburban, urban, and industrial sites were 43.5, 45.5, and 206ngm(-2), respectively. This spatial gradient (industrial{\textbackslash}textgreaterurban{\textbackslash}textgreatersuburban concentrations) was similar to one observed for ambient air concentrations recently in Izmir, Turkey. The highest concentrations measured in the industrial area were attributed to the significant PBDE emissions from several steel plants located in the area. Air-organic film partitioning modeling results have suggested that organic films can be used in conjunction with the dynamic uptake model to approximate the gas-phase ambient air concentrations. Modeling results have also indicated that congeners in the gas-phase with very large octanol-air partition coefficients (i.e., BDE-154, -153, and -209) will require several months to approach equilibrium with the surface films. This finding may have important implications for gas-particle and gas-film partitioning, transport, and photolytic degradation of atmospheric PBDEs.},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
	author = {Cetin, Banu and Odabasi, Mustafa},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20961684},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},
	pages = {784--91},
}





@incollection{castellano_plasma_1972,
	address = {San Diego},
	title = {Plasma display panels},
	booktitle = {Handbook of display technology},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Castellano, J},
	year = {1972},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},
}





@article{caserta_environment_2011,
	title = {Environment and women's reproductive health.},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1460-2369},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373},
	doi = {10.1093/humupd/dmq061},
	abstract = {There is significant evidence that continuous and prolonged exposure to several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) is a risk factor for reduced fertility and fecundity in women. There is also evidence that ED exposure has trans-generational effects. In this systematic review, we evaluate the evidence for an association between EDC exposure and women's reproductive health.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Human reproduction update},
	author = {Caserta, D and Mantovani, A and Marci, R and Fazi, A and Ciardo, F and La Rocca, C and Maranghi, F and Moscarini, M},
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21266373},
	keywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Female: chemically induced, Female: epidemiology, Flame retardants, Humans, Infertility, Maternal Exposure, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors},
	pages = {418--33},
}





@article{casas_exposure_2013,
	title = {Exposure to brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and phenols in {European} birth cohorts: {ENRIECO} evaluation, first human biomonitoring results, and recommendations.},
	volume = {216},
	issn = {1618-131X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.009},
	abstract = {There are emerging concerns about potential effects on child health and development of early-life exposure to substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), phthalates and phenols (including bisphenol A (BPA)); pregnancy and birth cohort studies are ideally designed to study such concerns prospectively. As part of the ENRIECO project, we evaluated existing human biomonitoring data for these substances in European birth cohorts and develop recommendations for more harmonized methods that will enable combination and comparison of cohort data in the future. The ENRIECO inventory shows that 20 European birth cohorts have measured or are measuring BFRs (N=10), PFCs (N=11), phthalates (N=16) or phenols (N=8). Generally, samples were collected prenatally or at birth and measurements involved few subjects in each cohort (a few hundred maximum). Biological matrices, timing, and analytical methods of the measurements varied between cohorts. Few cohorts have measured at multiple time points or in children. In European cohorts, levels of BFRs were very low and at least 10-fold lower than in US; levels of PFCs and phthalates have decreased over the last decade since the phasing out of certain of these compounds; concentrations of phenols are comparable to those in the US. Although there is little published data in the cohorts now, many measurements are ongoing and we recommend that cohorts start working towards combined and comparison studies. Specific recommendations for use of existing data include the development of conversion models for the different media used for measurement of persistent chemicals, and inter-laboratory comparisons and calibrations. Recommendations for further data collection include more evaluation of exposure to these chemicals in children; repeated measurements of non-persistent chemicals; validation and harmonisation of questionnaires; and the development of mechanisms for fast European birth cohort response for the detection and prioritisation of new chemicals of concern.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
	author = {Casas, Maribel and Chevrier, Cécile and Hond, Elly Den and Fernandez, Mariana F and Pierik, Frank and Philippat, Claire and Slama, Rémy and Toft, Gunnar and Vandentorren, Stéphanie and Wilhelm, Michael and Vrijheid, Martine},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22795704},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {230--42},
}





@article{chen_hydroxylated_2013,
	title = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired maternal and cord sera.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475},
	doi = {10.1021/es3046839},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used as flame retardants in the past three decades. These compounds are lipophilic and easily cross the placenta from pregnant woman to fetus. It is not clear whether hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), with greater hydrophilicity, have different concentrations in maternal and cord serum samples. We analyzed PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -209) and OH-PBDEs (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-49, 5'-OH-BDE-99) in 20 pairs of maternal and cord serum samples collected in Cincinnati, OH in 2011. The geometric mean concentration of ∑OH-BDEs (the sum of four OH-PBDEs) was 49.76 pg/mL in cord sera, higher than 32.84 pg/mL in maternal sera. Similarly, cord serum total BDEs had a higher geometric mean than maternal serum (45.51 vs 32.07 ng/g lipid). Equal or higher levels of total OH-BDEs and total BDEs in cord serum were observed in 85\% and 80\% of the mother-neonate pairs, respectively. The study suggests fetuses might receive higher OH-PBDE and PBDE exposure than their mothers.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Chen, Aimin and Park, June-Soo and Linderholm, Linda and Rhee, Alexandra and Petreas, Myrto and DeFranco, Emily A and Dietrich, Kim N and Ho, Shuk-Mei},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23506475},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {3902--8},
}





@article{chen_serum_2011,
	title = {Serum {PBDEs} and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the {National} {Health} and {Nutrition} {Examination} {Survey} 2003-2004.},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {1096-0953},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.016},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants since the 1970s, have exhibited endocrine disruption in experimental studies. Tetra- to hexa-BDE congeners are estrogenic, while hepta-BDE and 6-OH-BDE-47 are antiestrogenic. Most PBDEs also have antiandrogenic activity. It is not clear, however, whether PBDEs affect human reproduction.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental research},
	author = {Chen, Aimin and Chung, Ethan and DeFranco, Emily A and Pinney, Susan M and Dietrich, Kim N},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21663902},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Menarche, Menarche: blood, Menarche: drug effects, Nutrition Surveys, Young Adult},
	pages = {831--7},
}





@book{chemtura_material_2006,
	title = {Material {Safety} {Data} {Sheet} \#694},
	author = {{Chemtura}},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{chemtura_material_2012,
	title = {Material {Safety} {Data} {Sheet} {Emerald} {Innovation} ™ 3000},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf},
	author = {{Chemtura}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1--8},
}





@article{chao_levels_2007,
	title = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from central {Taiwan} and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects.},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013},
	abstract = {In utero exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) reduces the number of ovarian follicles in rat females and causes permanent effects on rat males. Little data have been gathered on the associations between PBDEs exposure and birth outcome and female menstruation characteristics in both epidemiological and animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine how PBDEs in breast milk are associated with infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation characteristics. Study participants were healthy women recruited from central Taiwan between December 2000 and November 2001. Twelve congener levels of PBDEs (BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) in 20 breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean level of PBDEs in breast milk was 3.93+/-1.74 ng/g lipid. The estimated PBDE daily intake for a breastfed infant was 20.6 ng/kg b.w./day after delivery. After maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity were adjusted, increased PBDEs in breast milk was related with decreased birth outcome, particularly for birth weight and length, chest circumference, and Quetelet's index of infants. No significant differences in PBDEs were found between the two groups of menstrual cycle length higher and lower than 30 days after we adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity. In utero exposure to low doses of PBDEs may result in lower birth weight and short or birth length. Our findings are limited based on the low doses of PBDEs and the small sampling size.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Chao, How-Ran and Wang, Shu-Li and Lee, Wen-Jhy and Wang, Ya-Fen and Päpke, Olaf},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17079016},
	keywords = {Cohort Studies, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Menstruation, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, ffr, hum},
	pages = {239--45},
}





@article{chabot-giguere_vitro_2013,
	title = {In vitro biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) and {Dechlorane} {Plus} flame retardants: a case study of ring-billed gull breeding in a pollution hotspot in the {St}. {Lawrence} {River}, {Canada}.},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.008},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) mixture (∼97\% of BDE-209) is now facing usage restrictions worldwide, which is leading to increased utilization of a series of alternative, replacement flame retardant (FR) products. Among these, Dechlorane Plus (DP) is receiving growing attention as this FR is increasingly being detected in wildlife samples, including birds from North America, Europe and Asia. Recent survey conducted in a known FR hotspot in the St. Lawrence River basin near Montreal (QC, Canada) revealed unexpectedly high detection frequencies and concentrations of BDE-209 and DP isomers (syn- and anti-DP) in the liver of breeding ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) (RBGUs). Despite the global distribution of these current-use FRs, there is to our knowledge no study that has addressed the in vitro biotransformation of BDE-209 and DP isomers in birds. This study aimed at understanding the in vitro metabolism of BDE-209 and syn- and anti-DP using liver microsomes of Montreal-breeding RBGUs. Although BDE-15 (positive assay control) was consistently and positively depleted over the 90-min time frame of the in vitro assay, no depletion was observed for BDE-209 and DP isomers. These results suggest that CYP isoenzyme-mediated reductive dehalogenation of BDE-209 and DP is not likely to be a substantial metabolic pathway in RBGUs. However, investigations on deiodinases (expression, activity) should be considered in future studies as these enzymes have been suggested to be involved in the sequential debromination of BDE-209 in fish and human studies. High levels of BDE-209 determined in liver of RBGUs that strongly correlated with those of known or suggested BDE-209 debromination products (hepta- through nona-BDEs) may thus be indicative of concomitant dietary (e.g., fish consumption) and environmental exposure in the greater Montreal area, combined with poor or lack of metabolic capability toward these FRs.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Chabot-Giguère, Bernice and Letcher, Robert J and Verreault, Jonathan},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23542572},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {101--8},
}





@book{cdca_technical_1991,
	title = {Technical {Bulletin} 133. {Flammability} test procedure for seating furniture for use in public occupancies},
	url = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf},
	publisher = {California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},
	author = {{CDCA}},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@book{cdca_technical_2000,
	title = {Technical {Bulletin} 117. {Requirements}, test procedure and apparatus for testing the flame retardance of resilient filling materials used in upholstered furniture},
	url = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf},
	publisher = {. State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},
	author = {{CDCA}},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},
}





@book{cdc_web-based_nodate,
	title = {Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system.},
	url = {http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html},
	author = {{CDC}},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{castino_flammability_1975,
	address = {Northbrook, IL},
	title = {Flammability studies of cellular plastics and other building materials used for interior finishes, subject 723},
	publisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},
	author = {Castino, T G and Beyreis, J R and Metes, W S},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{casals-casas_endocrine_2011,
	title = {Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {1545-1585},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200},
	abstract = {Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.},
	journal = {Annual review of physiology},
	author = {Casals-Casas, Cristina and Desvergne, Béatrice},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21054169},
	keywords = {Animals, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: drug effects, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Mice, Obesity, Obesity: chemically induced, Rats, Receptors, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Type 2, Type 2: chemically induced},
	pages = {135--62},
}





@article{carpenter_health_2011,
	title = {Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the {Pacific} {Basin} and for the world.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0048-7554},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383},
	abstract = {Persistent organic pollutants include some organo-metals, such as methylmercury; lipophilic halogenated organics, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated flame retardants; and perfluorinated compounds used as repellants. These compounds are resistant to degradation both in the environment and in the human body and tend to bioaccumulate within the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, immune system suppression, decrements in cognitive and neurobehavioral function, disruption of sex steroid and thyroid function, and at least some of them increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Some compounds are byproducts of industry and combustion. Although the manufacture and use of most man-made chemicals has been reduced in recent years, the levels currently present in the population are still associated with an elevated risk of human disease. Others are still manufactured and used. These are dangerous chemicals that have contaminated even areas remote from the industrialized world, such as the polar regions.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Reviews on environmental health},
	author = {Carpenter, David O},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21714383},
	keywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: poisoning, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: poisoning},
	pages = {61--9},
}





@article{cao_levels_2012,
	title = {Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from {Taihu} {Lake}, {China}.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.1872},
	abstract = {The concentrations and distribution of seven organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) were investigated in 28 sediment samples collected from Taihu Lake. The analytes were ultrasonically extracted, enriched using solid-phase extraction, and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the analytes were all detected in the sediments. The total concentrations of seven OPs ranged from 3.38 to 14.25 µg/kg, and tris (2-chloroiso-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) were the dominant compounds, with concentrations ranging from{\textbackslash}textlesslimit of quantification to 2.27 µg/kg, 0.62 to 3.17 µg/kg, and 1.03 to 5.00 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentration of total assessed OPs (14.25 µg/kg) was found at GH-5, with tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) as the main component at the sampling site. This result implied that there is an obvious emission source nearby at Suzhou City; in addition, human activities also play an important role in the concentration of OPs in the sediment.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Cao, Shuxia and Zeng, Xiangying and Song, Han and Li, Huiru and Yu, Zhiqiang and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22553152},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Phosphines, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {1478--84},
}





@article{canton_subacute_2008,
	title = {Subacute effects of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) on hepatic gene expression profiles in rats.},
	volume = {231},
	issn = {1096-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652},
	doi = {10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.013},
	abstract = {Hexabromoyclododecane (HBCD), used as flame retardant (FR) mainly in textile industry and in polystyrene foam manufacture, has been identified as a contaminant at levels comparable to other brominated FRs (BFRs). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. The toxicological database of HBCD is too limited to perform at present a solid risk assessment, combining data from exposure and effect studies. In order to fill in some gaps, a 28-day HBCD repeated dose study (OECD407) was done in Wistar rats. In the present work liver tissues from these animals were used for gene expression profile analysis. Results show clear gender specificity with females having a higher number of regulated genes and therefore being more sensitive to HBCD than males. Several specific pathways were found to be affected by HBCD exposure, like PPAR-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, triacylglycerol metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and phase I and II pathways. These results were corroborated with quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism were especially down-regulated in females. Genes involved in phase I and II metabolism were up-regulated predominantly in males, which could explain the observed lower HBCD hepatic disposition in male rats in this 28-day study. These sex-specific differences in gene expression profiles could also underlie sex-specific differences in toxicity (e.g. decreased thyroid hormone or increased serum cholesterol levels). To our knowledge, this is the fist study that describes the changes in rat hepatic gene profiles caused by this commonly used flame retardant.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},
	author = {Cantón, Rocío F and Peijnenburg, Ad A C M and Hoogenboom, Ron L A P and Piersma, Aldert H and van Der Ven, Leo T M and van Den Berg, Martin and Heneweer, Marjoke},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18534652},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration \& dosage, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: drug, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: metab, Rats, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Triglycerides: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, tox},
	pages = {267--72},
}





@book{can_proposed_2012,
	address = {Gatineau. Quebec},
	title = {Proposed {Risk} {Management} {Measure} for {Hexabromocyclododecane} ({HBCD})},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf},
	number = {October},
	publisher = {Environment Canada, Health Canada, Chemicals Management Division},
	author = {Can, Env},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{callahan_tribune_2012,
	title = {Tribune watchdog: {Playing} with fire – {Chicago} {Tribune}},
	url = {http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html},
	author = {Callahan, Patricia and Roe, Samuel and Hawthorne, Michael},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{cahill_atmospheric_2007,
	title = {Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at near-source sites.},
	volume = {41},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781},
	abstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in air samples from near suspected sources, namely an indoors computer laboratory, indoors and outdoors at an electronics recycling facility, and outdoors at an automotive shredding and metal recycling facility. The results showed that (1) PBDE concentrations in the computer laboratorywere higherwith computers on compared with the computers off, (2) indoor concentrations at an electronics recycling facility were as high as 650,000 pg/m3 for decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209), and (3) PBDE 209 concentrations were up to 1900 pg/m3 at the downwind fenceline at an automotive shredding/metal recycling facility. The inhalation exposure estimates for all the sites were typically below 110 pg/kg/day with the exception of the indoor air samples adjacent to the electronics shredding equipment, which gave exposure estimates upward of 40,000 pg/kg/day. Although there were elevated inhalation exposures at the three source sites, the exposure was not expected to cause adverse health effects based on the lowest reference dose (RfD) currently in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), although these RfD values are currently being re-evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. More research is needed on the potential health effects of PBDEs.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Cahill, Thomas M and Groskova, Danka and Charles, M Judith and Sanborn, James R and Denison, Michael S and Baker, Lynton},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},
	pages = {6370--6377},
}





@book{ca_standard_2010,
	address = {Toronto},
	title = {Standard {Method} of {Test} for {Surface} {Burning} {Characteristics} of {Flooring}, {Floor} {Coverings}, and {Miscellaneous} {Materials} and {Assemblies} ({CAN}/{ULC}-{S102}.2-10)},
	publisher = {Underwriters Laboratories of Canada},
	author = {CA, U L},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{cary_toxicokinetics_2013,
	title = {Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers across life stages in the northern leopard frog ({Lithobates} pipiens).},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2215},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of flame retardants, are bioaccumulative toxins that can biomagnify in food webs. However, little is known about the toxicokinetics of total and congener-specific BDEs in lower vertebrates. The authors exposed northern leopard frog (Lithobates (Rana) pipiens) tadpoles to diets containing DE-71 (a pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (0 ng/g as control, 71.4 ng/g, and 634 DE-71 ng/g wet mass)) for 50 d, followed by a period of depuration during which they were fed only undosed (control) food. After 28 d, tadpoles eliminated over 94\% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues (t½ = 5.9 ± 1.9 d) with no significant differences in elimination rates for the predominant congeners. Elimination of BDE-99 was independent of dose, indicating first-order kinetics. It did not fit a biexponential model significantly better than a monoexponential model, indicating single-compartment elimination. To compare developmental life-stage kinetics following larval exposure, the authors collected individuals at the beginning and end of metamorphosis and at 70 d postmetamorphosis. During metamorphosis, total-body residues per individual did not significantly change, implying little to no elimination. After 70 d, juvenile frogs eliminated 89.7\% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues, and BDE-47 was eliminated at a faster rate (t½ = 17.3 d) than BDE-99 and BDE-100 (t½ = 63.0 d and 69.3 d, respectively). Because the kinetics of PBDEs in L. pipiens differed among life stages, developmental life stage-especially for species that undergo metamorphosis-should be considered when determining the toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1631-1640. © 2013 SETAC.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Cary, Tawnya L and Karasov, William H},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23456651},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {1631--40},
}





@article{carmichael_hypospadias_2010,
	title = {Hypospadias and halogenated organic pollutant levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples.},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.055},
	abstract = {Environmental contaminants that disrupt endocrine function may contribute to hypospadias etiology.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Carmichael, Suzan L and Herring, Amy H and Sjödin, Andreas and Jones, Richard and Needham, Larry and Ma, Chen and Ding, Kai and Shaw, Gary M},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20494400},
	keywords = {Adult, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hypospadias, Hypospadias: etiology, Infant, Male, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy},
	pages = {641--6},
}





@article{carlsson_environmental_2011,
	title = {Environmental pollutants in the {Swedish} marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDE}).},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.029},
	abstract = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) were analysed in whole herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), eggs from common eider (Somateria mollissima) and eggs and livers from herring gull (Larus argentatus) from the Swedish west coast. The contaminant values obtained were compared with published values from the Arctic marine ecosystem. Tetra- and penta-brominated PBDEs were detected at low levels in herring, sprat and common eider (ΣPBDE 0.3-2.0 ng g(-1) ww), while the levels were higher in the herring gull samples (ΣPBDE 1.3-29.9 ng g(-1) ww). Hexa-decaBDEs were also found in samples from herring gulls. Eggs from herring gulls from the sub-Arctic contained four times more PBDE than the Swedish herring gulls eggs. Fish samples from the Arctic had two times higher levels of PBDEs and DDTs than similar samples from Sweden. The higher levels of contaminants in fish and seabirds from the Arctic reflect differences in transport processes, feeding ecology (reflected by trophic levels) and metabolism. PBDEs contributed to {\textbackslash}textless10\% of the total contaminant load in all investigated samples. The relative contribution of DDTs was higher in fish and bird samples from the Arctic when compared to Swedish samples, e.g. 65\% in glaucous gull livers compared to 10\% in herring gull livers. This study shows that even though the Swedish west coast is more urban than the Arctic, higher pollutants levels are found in seabird species from the Arctic.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Carlsson, Pernilla and Herzke, Dorte and Wedborg, Margareta and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21220151},
	keywords = {Animals, Anseriformes, Anseriformes: metabolism, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, DDT, DDT: analysis, Ecosystem, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {1286--92},
}





@article{cariou_exposure_2008,
	title = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum.},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084},
	abstract = {A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44\% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g(-1) lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30\% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g(-1) fresh weight versus 199 pg g(-1) fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Cariou, Ronan and Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Riu, Anne and Andre, François and Le Bizec, Bruno},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18790516},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Breast Feeding, Cesarean Section, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, frelec, hum},
	pages = {1036--41},
}





@book{can_draft_2012,
	title = {Draft {Screening} {Assessment} {Report}: {Phenol}, 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene) bis[2,6-dibromo- {Chemical} {Abstracts} {Service} {Registry} {Number} 79-94-7},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf},
	number = {79},
	publisher = {Environment Canada, Health Canada},
	author = {Can, Env},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{california_bureau_of_electronic_and_appliance_repair_home_furnishings_and_thermal_insulation_technical_2000,
	title = {Technical {Bulletin} 117},
	author = {{California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation}},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{cai_characterization_2011,
	title = {Characterization of maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) administered to pregnant {Sprague}-{Dawley} rats.},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1873-1708},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178},
	doi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.005},
	abstract = {To evaluate maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5 μmol/kgb.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil from gestation day (GD) 7 to postpartum day (PD) 4. BDE-209 was increased temporally in maternal blood, placenta, fetuses and neonates. Furthermore, more BDE-209 was found in neonate whole-body samples obtained during lactational period (PD 4) than in that of fetal whole-body samples during pregnancy GD 15 and 21. Overall an increase was observed over time for nona-BDE levels in maternal blood and placenta, but these congeners were decreased in fetuses or neonates. Slight changes were observed for octa-BDEs in both maternal blood and placenta while a significant decrease was observed in the fetuses or neonates for BDE-196 and 198/203. These results demonstrated that BDE-209 and its metabolites can transport to the placenta and milk, and eventually enter the fetuses and/or the neonates.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)},
	author = {Cai, Yunmei and Zhang, Wenbing and Hu, Junjie and Sheng, Guoying and Chen, Dunjin and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20851178},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Fetus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: drug effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: physiology, Milk, Newborn, Oral, Placenta, Placenta: drug effects, Placenta: metabolism, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
	pages = {106--10},
}





@article{buttke_associations_2013,
	title = {Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women.},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1559-064X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441},
	doi = {10.1038/jes.2012.67},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Our objectives were to determine whether diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50\% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large-screen TV compared with those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TVs appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of exposure science \& environmental epidemiology},
	author = {Buttke, Danielle E and Wolkin, Amy and Stapleton, Heather M and Miranda, Marie Lynn},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22760441},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {176--82},
}





@article{bustnes_salmon_2010,
	title = {Salmon farms as a source of organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish.},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203},
	doi = {10.1021/es102195d},
	abstract = {Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), including organochlorines (OCs; PCB, and OC-pesticides), brominated flame retardants (BFRs; polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDE], hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD]) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were measured in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) caught in the vicinity of salmon farms (n = 75) and control sites (n = 80) in three regions (59°-70°N) in Norway. Forty-five percent of the farm-associated (FA) fish (60\% of the saithe and 30\% of the cod) and none of the control fish had salmon feed (aquaculture food pellets) in their digestive tracts. Concentrations of OCs and BFRs were about 50\% higher and dominated more by persistent compounds in Atlantic cod compared to saithe. After controlling for a set of confounding variables (location, sex, size, weight, gonads size, hepatosomatic index, and \% lipids in the liver), the concentrations of ∑OC and ∑BDE were 50\% higher in FA cod compared to control fish, whereas they were 20\% higher in FA saithe than control fish. Hence, salmon farms are a source of lipid-soluble OHCs to wild marine fish, but variation in life-history and habitat use seems to affect the levels of OHCs in the different fish species. In contrast to the lipid-soluble OHCs, control fish had 67\% higher PFOS levels than FA fish, which suggests that natural food contains higher loads of this compound than the commercial feed used in salmon farms. Some OHCs are known to act as endocrine disruptors, thus further work is required to determine if OHCs negatively affect reproductive processes of wild fish associated with salmon farms.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Bustnes, Jan Ove and Lie, Elisabeth and Herzke, Dorte and Dempster, Tim and Bjørn, P{\textbackslash}a al Arne and Nyg{\textbackslash}a ard, Torgeir and Uglem, Ingebrigt},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20977203},
	keywords = {Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Animals, Aquaculture, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Salmon, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {8736--43},
}





@techreport{bsef_hbcd_2009,
	address = {Brussels, Belgium},
	title = {{HBCD} {Fact} {Sheet}.},
	url = {http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf},
	number = {June},
	institution = {BSEF},
	author = {{BSEF}},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg},
}





@article{bruchajzer_toxicity_2010,
	title = {Toxicity of penta- and decabromodiphenyl ethers after repeated administration to rats: a comparative study.},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1432-0738},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105},
	doi = {10.1007/s00204-009-0495-y},
	abstract = {Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl (PentaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl (DecaBDE) ethers were commonly used as flame retardants in a wide array of products, mostly in the production of plastics utilized in the electric, electronic and textile industries. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of PentaBDE and DecaBDE after their repeated (7-28 days) intragastric administration to rats. The compounds were given at doses of 2, 8, 40 or 200 mg/kg/day (PentaBDE) and 10, 100 or 1,000 mg/kg/day (DecaBDE). The repeated administration of PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status and increased activity of glutathione reductase in serum and higher concentrations of glutathione reduced and malondialdehyde in the liver. The occurrence of these effects was not observed after DecaBDE administration. The results of histopathological examination showed fatty degeneration after administration of the highest dose of PentaBDE. The repeated administration of PentaBDE also caused the increase in relative liver mass, dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP 1A (EROD) and CYP 2B (PROD), 7-12- and 2-8-fold, respectively, as well as enhanced level of CYP 1A1 (5-30-fold) and CYP 4A (2-4.5-fold). The administration of DecaBDE induced much less pronounced changes: a maximum 2.8-fold increase in the activity of CYP 1A, a twofold increase in CYP 2B, and no alterations in other parameters under study. Contrary to DecaBDE, PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, and induced liver microsomal enzymes. Fatty degeneration in liver caused by this compound was also found.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Archives of toxicology},
	author = {Bruchajzer, Elzbieta and Frydrych, Barbara and Sporny, Stanis{\textbackslash}law and Szymańska, Jadwiga A},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20020105},
	keywords = {Animals, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: blood, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Liver: pathology, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: metabolism, Rats, Toxicity Tests},
	pages = {287--99},
}





@article{brown_lessons_2011,
	title = {Lessons learned from flame retardant use and regulation could enhance future control of potentially hazardous chemicals.},
	volume = {30},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf},
	doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1228},
	abstract = {Flame retardant chemicals, used in many furniture and electronic products to slow combustion, are an example of science and policy problems related to chemical usage. Drawing on a literature review and interviews with stakeholders, we argue that early warnings of the health hazards some flame retardants pose were not heeded as their use expanded to different products. Continued use of flame retardants coincides with their increased presence in people and adverse human health effects. We recommend policy changes applicable to oversight of chemicals in general: examining classes of chemicals rather than individual ones, assessing alternative methods and materials, product labeling, and stronger regulation.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Health affairs (Project Hope)},
	author = {Brown, Phil and Cordner, Alissa},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Consumer Product Safety, Consumer Product Safety: legislation \& jurispruden, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: legislation \& jurisprude, Environmental Policy, Environmental Policy: legislation \& jurisprudence, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Government Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: analysis, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Humans, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: analysis, Phosphoric Acid Esters: toxicity},
	pages = {906--914},
}





@article{butt_halogenated_2011,
	title = {Halogenated phenolic contaminants inhibit the in vitro activity of the thyroid-regulating deiodinases in human liver.},
	volume = {124},
	issn = {1096-0929},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr117},
	abstract = {Halogenated contaminants, particularly brominated flame retardants, disrupt circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs), potentially affecting growth and development. Disruption may be mediated by impacts on deiodinase (DI) activity, which regulate the levels of active hormones available to bind to nuclear receptors. The goal of this study was to develop a mass spectrometry-based method for measuring the activity of DIs in human liver microsomes and to examine the effect of halogenated phenolic contaminants on DI activity. Thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) deiodination kinetics were measured by incubating pooled human liver microsomes with T4 or rT3 and monitoring the production of T3, rT3, 3,3'-diiodothyronine, and 3-monoiodothyronine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we examined the effects of several halogenated contaminants, including 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99), several hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs), tribromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triclosan, on DI activity. The Michaelis constants (K(M)) of rT3 and T4 deiodination were determined to be 3.2 ± 0.7 and 17.3 ± 2.3μM. The V(max) was 160 ± 5.8 and 2.8 ± 0.10 pmol/min.mg protein, respectively. All studied contaminants inhibited DI activity in a dose-response manner, with the exception of BDE 99 and two OH-BDEs. 5'-Hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether was found to be the most potent inhibitor of DI activity, and phenolic structures containing iodine were generally more potent inhibitors of DI activity relative to brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated analogues. This study suggests that some halogenated phenolics, including current use compounds such as plastic monomers, flame retardants, and their metabolites, may disrupt TH homeostasis through the inhibition of DI activity in vivo.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
	author = {Butt, Craig M and Wang, Dongli and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21565810},
	keywords = {Chromatography, Diiodothyronines, Diiodothyronines: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liquid, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reverse, Reverse: metabolism, Reverse: pharmacology, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Thyroxine: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine},
	pages = {339--47},
}





@article{buss_mechanisms_1995,
	title = {Mechanisms of {Leakage} through {Synthetic} {Landfill} {Liner} {Materials}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1747-6585},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x},
	abstract = {The introduction of synthetic lining materials for leachate containment and the prevention of groundwater contamination was an important development in landfill technology. These materials have a low hydraulic conductivity which results in minimal leachate release by bulk fluid flow (advection) provided that the barrier (and its construction) is free from defects. However, the effectiveness of these materials as barriers cannot be confirmed unless contaminant release by diffusion is also taken into consideration. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which transport through barriers occur. It highlights the role of diffusion as a pathway for organic compounds to migrate through synthetic liners and indicates its importance in terms of environmental impact and landfill design.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Water and Environment Journal},
	author = {BUSS, S. E. and BUTLER, A. P and SOLLARS, C. J and PERRY, R. and JOHNSTON, P. M},
	month = aug,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {353--359},
}





@book{bs_bs_2008,
	title = {{BS} {EN} 15493:2007 {Candles}. {Specification} for fire safety.},
	url = {http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&product_id=1533218},
	publisher = {British Standards Institution},
	author = {{BS}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, reg},
}





@article{brunner_setting_2007,
	title = {Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries.},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0734-242X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323},
	abstract = {This study aimed to determine whether the waste management systems, that are presently applied in affluent countries are appropriate solutions for waste management in less developed regions. For this purpose, three cities (Vienna, Damascus and Dhaka) which differ greatly in their gross domestic product and waste management were compared. The criteria for evaluation were economic parameters, and indicators as to whether the goals of waste management (protection of human health and the environment, the conservation of resources) were reached. Based on case studies, it was found that for regions spending 1-10 Euro capita(-1) year(-1) for waste management, the 'waste hierarchy' of prevention, recycling and disposal is not an appropriate strategy. In such regions, the improvement of disposal systems (complete collection, upgrading to sanitary landfilling) is the most cost-effective method to reach the objectives of solid waste management. Concepts that are widely applied in developed countries such as incineration and mechanical waste treatment are not suitable methods to reach waste management goals in countries where people cannot spend more than 10 Euro per person for the collection, treatment and disposal of their waste. It is recommended that each region first determines its economic capacity for waste management and then designs its waste management system according to this capacity and the goals of waste management.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Waste Management \& Research},
	author = {Brunner, Paul H and Fellner, Johann},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17612323},
	keywords = {Cities, Conservation of Natural Resources, Conservation of Natural Resources: economics, Conservation of Natural Resources: legislation \& j, Conservation of Natural Resources: methods, Developing Countries, Europe, Flame retardants, Humans, Incineration, Public Health, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: economics, Refuse Disposal: legislation \& jurisprudence, Refuse Disposal: methods, Waste Management, Waste Management: economics, Waste Management: legislation \& jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods},
	pages = {234--40},
}





@article{bruchajzer_effect_2011,
	title = {The effect of short-term intoxication of rats with pentabromodiphenyl ether (in mixture mimic commercial products).},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1477-0903},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850},
	doi = {10.1177/0960327110371261},
	abstract = {Until quite recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. Due to the considerably long atmospheric half-life of PentaBDE and its contribution to environmental pollution, it is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). As the data on the toxicity of PentaBDE is rather scarce, its potential acute toxicity was the subject of this study. PentaBDE was administered intragastrically to female rats, in a single dose (25, 200 or 2000 mg/kg b.w.). PentaBDE administered to rats disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum and by higher liver glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration. The toxic effect of PentaBDE intensified lipid peroxidation. On histopathological examination, administration of the highest PentaBDE dose (2000 mg/kg b.w.) was seen to induce symptoms of fatty liver. PentaBDE caused an increase in relative liver mass, cytochromes P-450 (after two highest doses), a dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP lA (12-26 fold) and CYP 2B (5-6 fold) as well as the levels of CYP lAl (16-50 fold) and CYP 4A (2-3 fold) in liver.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Human \& experimental toxicology},
	author = {Bruchajzer, Elzbieta and Frydrych, Barbara and Sporny, Stanislaw and Szymańska, Jadwiga A},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20488850},
	keywords = {Acute, Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fatty Liver, Fatty Liver: chemically induced, Fatty Liver: enzymology, Fatty Liver: pathology, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Oxidation-Reduction, Rats, Toxicity Tests, Wistar},
	pages = {363--78},
}





@article{bruchajzer_porphyrogenic_2011,
	title = {Porphyrogenic effect of pentabromodiphenyl ether after repeated administration to rats.},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {1432-0738},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805},
	doi = {10.1007/s00204-010-0621-x},
	abstract = {Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. On account of the hazardous effect of PentaBDE on the environment, its use was discontinued some years ago. The toxicity of this compound has been well documented in the literature, especially with regard to the endocrine system, induction of liver microsomal enzymes, and disturbance of redox homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE after its repeated administration to rats at doses of 2, 8, 40, or 200 mg/kg/day. After a 28-day exposure, a dose-dependent increase (maximum 2.5-fold) in ALA-S activity in the liver was observed. The enhanced concentration of total porphyrins in the liver (3- to 19-fold after doses of 8-200 mg/kg/day) was also found. The most pronounced changes in liver concentrations of porphyrins were shown by high carboxylated porphyrins (a 19-fold increase for octacarboxyporphyrins and a 36-fold increase for heptacarboxyporphyrins). They made over 95\% of total porphyrins accumulated in the liver. The porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE was also evidenced by the augmented urinary excretion of total porphyrins. After 28 days of exposure, the observed changes (2- to 7-fold increase) were found to be dose-dependent. Tetracarboxyporphyrins predominated in urine; their urinary concentrations were 4-12 times higher, and their daily urinary excretion is 2-9 times higher. A dose of 2 mg/kg/day was the lowest dose that caused changes in the levels of porphyrins (LOAEL). The experiment revealed the effect of PentaBDE on the heme biosynthesis and porphyrin concentrations, which indicates its porphyrogenic effect.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Archives of toxicology},
	author = {Bruchajzer, El{\textbackslash}.zbieta},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21113805},
	keywords = {5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: drug effects, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: metabolism, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \& dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \& dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heme, Heme: biosynthesis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Porphyrias, Porphyrias: chemically induced, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: metabolism, Porphyrins: urine, Rats, Time Factors, Wistar},
	pages = {965--74},
}





@article{brown_screening_2008,
	title = {Screening chemicals for the potential to be persistent organic pollutants: a case study of {Arctic} contaminants.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370},
	abstract = {A large and ever-increasing number of chemicals are used in commerce, and researchers and regulators have struggled to ascertain that these chemicals do not threaten human health or cause environmental or ecological damage. The presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote environments such as the Arctic is of special concern and has international regulatory implications. Responding to the need for a way to identify chemicals of high concern, a methodology has been developed which compares experimentally measured properties, or values predicted from chemical structure alone, to a set of screening criteria. These criteria include partitioning properties that allow for accumulation in the physical Arctic environment and in the Arctic human food chain, and resistance to atmospheric oxidation. Atthe same time we quantify the extent of structural resemblance to a group of known Arctic contaminants. Comparison of the substances that are identified by a mechanistic description of the processes that lead to Arctic contamination with those substances that are structurally similar to known Arctic contaminants reveals the strengths and limitations of either approach. Within a data set of more than 100,000 distinct industrial chemicals, the methodology identifies 120 high production volume chemicals which are structurally similarto known Arctic contaminants and/or have partitioning properties that suggest they are potential Arctic contaminants.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Brown, Trevor N and Wania, Frank},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18754370},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Risk Assessment, unsure},
	pages = {5202--9},
}





@article{breivik_are_2011,
	title = {Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes?},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155},
	doi = {10.1021/es202320c},
	abstract = {Recent studies show that PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) air concentrations remain surprisingly high in parts of Africa and Asia. These are regions where PCBs were never extensively used, but which are implicated as recipients of obsolete products and wastes containing PCBs and other industrial organic contaminants, such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). We hypothesize that there may be different trends in emissions across the globe, whereby emissions of some industrial organic contaminants may be decreasing faster in former use regions (due to emission reductions combined with uncontrolled export), at the expense of regions receiving these substances as obsolete products and wastes. We conclude that the potential for detrimental effects on the environment and human health due to long-range transport by air, water, or wastes should be of equal concern when managing and regulating industrial organic contaminants. This calls for a better integration of life-cycle approaches in the management and regulation of industrial organic contaminants in order to protect environmental and human health on a global scale. Yet, little remains known about the amounts of industrial organic contaminants exported outside former use regions as different types of wastes because of the often illicit nature of these operations.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Breivik, Knut and Gioia, Rosalinda and Chakraborty, Paromita and Zhang, Gan and Jones, Kevin C},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21958155},
	keywords = {Africa, Asia, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis},
	pages = {9154--60},
}





@article{brambilla_bioaccumulation_2011,
	title = {Bioaccumulation of dioxin-like substances and selected brominated flame retardant congeners in the fat and livers of black pigs farmed within the {Nebrodi} {Regional} {Park} of {Sicily}.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1944-9097},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146},
	doi = {10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-176},
	abstract = {An observational study was designed to assess the bioaccumulation of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCB), and 13 selected polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in autochthonous pigs reared in the Nebrodi Park of Sicily (Italy). Perirenal fat and liver samples were drawn from animals representative of three different outdoor farming systems and from wild pigs and then analyzed for the chemicals mentioned previously. The highest concentrations of PCDD + PCDF and DL-PCB were detected in the fat (0.45 and 0.35 pg World Health Organization toxicity equivalents [WHO-TE] per g of fat base [FB], respectively) and livers (12.7 and 3.28 pg WHO-TE per g FB) of the wild group, whereas the free-ranging group showed the lowest levels (0.05 and 0.03 pg WHO-TE per g FB in fat and 0.78 and 0.27 pg WHO-TE per g FB in livers). The sum of PBDE congeners was highest in wild pigs (0.52 ng/g FB in fat and 5.64 ng/g FB in livers) and lowest in the farmed group (0.14 ng/g FB in fat and 0.28 ng/g FB in livers). The contamination levels in fat and livers of outdoor pigs had mean concentration values lower than those levels reported for intensively indoor-farmed animals. In wild pigs, bioaccumulation was associated with their free grazing in areas characterized by bush fires. The results of this study aid to emphasize the quality of the environment as a factor to guarantee food safety in typical processed pig meat products, specifically from outdoor and extensive Nebrodi farming systems.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of food protection},
	author = {Brambilla, Gianfranco and De Filippis, Stefania Paola and Iamiceli, Anna Laura and Iacovella, Nicola and Abate, Vittorio and Aronica, Vincenzo and Di Marco, Vincenzo and di Domenico, Alessandro},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21333146},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: metabolism, Domestic, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention \& control, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Liver: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Sicily, Swine, Wild},
	pages = {261--9},
}





@book{bradman_environmental_2012,
	address = {Berkeley, CA},
	title = {Environmental {Exposures} in {Early} {Childhood} {Education} {Environments}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf},
	number = {08},
	publisher = {Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California Berkeley for the California Air Resources Board},
	author = {Bradman, Asa and Gaspar, Fraser and Castorina, Rosemary and Tong-Lin, Elodie and McKone, Thomas E},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, air pollution research, arb, cal epa, carb, day care environment, health exposure, lbnl, randy maddalena, uc berkeley research},
}





@article{bollmann_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters.},
	volume = {46},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598},
	abstract = {This comprehensive study focused on the spatial and seasonal variations of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in surface water from the estuary of the River Elbe and the German Bight (North Sea). 100 surface water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with regard to 16 different OPs. The dominating substance was found to be tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (Elbe: 40-250 ng L(-1), German Bight: 3-28 ng L(-1)). Furthermore, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were detected in concentrations up to 180 ng L(-1). Seasonal trends were detected for the longitudinal profile of the Elbe estuary. Besides the dilution of river water with North Sea water toward the mouth, leading to decreasing concentrations at the four sampling cruises (March, May, August, and October, 2010), an additional depletion of non-halogenated OPs was observed in summer which is supposed to be due to biodegradation or photodegradation. In addition, a comparison of all important tributaries of the German Bight (Elbe, Ems, and Weser) as well as the indirect tributaries Meuse, Rhine, and Scheldt was done by multivariate statistical methods. It could be shown that the contribution of non-halogenated alkylated OPs in the Rhine was higher than in all other tributaries. The riverine input of OPs into the North Sea via the investigated tributaries was estimated to be about 50 tyr(-1).},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Water research},
	author = {Bollmann, Ulla E and Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Ebinghaus, Ralf and Einax, Jürgen W},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Multivariate Analysis, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {531--538},
}





@article{brommer_concentrations_2012,
	title = {Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in {German} indoor dust samples.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617},
	doi = {10.1039/c2em30303e},
	abstract = {While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g(-1) dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g(-1)) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g(-1) dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g(-1) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g(-1) dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Brommer, Sandra and Harrad, Stuart and Van den Eede, Nele and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22854617},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Germany, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis},
	pages = {2482--7},
}





@article{brandt-rauf_health_1988,
	title = {Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0007-1072},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {There is growing concern over the detrimental health effects to firefighters produced by exposure to combustion byproducts of burning materials. To assess the types and levels of exposure encountered by firefighters during their routine occupational duties, members of the Buffalo Fire Department were monitored during firefighting activities with personal, portable, ambient environmental sampling devices. The results indicate that firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials including carbon monoxide, benzene, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, dichlorofluoromethane, and particulates. Furthermore, in many cases of the worst exposure to these materials respiratory protective equipment was not used owing to the visual impression of low smoke intensity, and thus these levels represent actual direct exposure of the firefighters. Many of these materials have been implicated in the production of cardiovascular, respiratory, or neoplastic diseases, which may provide an explanation for the alleged increased risk for these illnesses among firefighters.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {British journal of industrial medicine},
	author = {Brandt-Rauf, P W and Fallon, L F and Tarantini, T and Idema, C and Andrews, L},
	month = sep,
	year = {1988},
	pmid = {3179235},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, New York, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Risk Factors, Smoke, Smoke: analysis},
	pages = {606--12},
}





@article{bradman_factors_2012,
	title = {Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) levels among school-age children in the {CHAMACOS} cohort.},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079},
	doi = {10.1021/es3003487},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants historically used in textiles, furniture, and electronic products. Recent studies have documented widespread PBDE exposure to humans, with higher levels measured in children than adults. We analyzed 10 tri- to hepta-BDE congener levels in blood collected from 7-year old Mexican-American children living in an agriculture community in California (n = 272). The most frequently detected PBDE congeners in child serum were BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153, all of which were measured in {\textbackslash}textgreater99\% of the children. We used multiple linear regression models to examine associations between child total PBDE levels (ng/g lipid) and determinants of exposure. Factors positively associated with higher PBDE levels in the children were total PBDE levels in maternal serum during pregnancy, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and having no safe places to play in their neighborhood. Child BMI was inversely associated with serum PBDE levels (regression p-values {\textbackslash}textless0.05). Our findings confirm that exposure to the penta-BDE mixture is ongoing, and that Mexican-American children living in California may be experiencing higher PBDE exposure from their environment compared to children sampled from the general U.S. population. Additional research is needed to assess the health impacts of these exposures.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Bradman, Asa and Castorina, Rosemary and Sjödin, Andreas and Fenster, Laura and Jones, Richard S and Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Holland, Nina T and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22668079},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Body Mass Index, Breast Feeding, Child, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Models, Molecular, Pregnancy, Preschool, Young Adult, california},
	pages = {7373--81},
}





@article{bourgeon_individual_2012,
	title = {Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in {Great} skuas ({Stercorarius} skua) breeding at different geographical locations.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1096-0953},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004},
	abstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25\% higher) and oxidative stress (50\% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15\% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.},
	journal = {Environmental research},
	author = {Bourgeon, Sophie and Leat, Eliza H K and Magnusdóttir, Ellen and Fisk, Aaron T and Furness, Robert W and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn Are and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdóttir, Kristin and Borg{\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Bustnes, Jan Ove},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22921737},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Birds, Birds: physiology, Breeding, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Feathers, Feathers: chemistry, Flame retardants, Health Status, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulins: blood, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Oxidative Stress},
	pages = {31--9},
}





@article{bondy_brominated_2011,
	title = {Brominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the {DE}-71 technical mixture.},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1522-7278},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633},
	doi = {10.1002/tox.20603},
	abstract = {Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are used as flame retardants in consumer products. Rodent studies indicate that the liver, thyroid, and nervous system of developing animals are targets of BDEs. To explore the relationship between exposure and health in developing animals, BDE accumulation in adult and juvenile rats was examined in conjunction with changes in liver weight and serum thyroxine (T4). Adult (F0) rats received the commercial BDE mixture DE-71 by gavage at doses of 0.5, 5, and 25 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw)/day for 21 weeks. F0 rats were mated and exposure continued throughout breeding, pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning until the pups (F1 generation) reached postnatal day (PND) 42. Milk was collected from lactating dams. Adipose and liver samples were collected from F0 and F1 males and females for BDE congener analysis. Congener prevalence in rat tissues mimicked congener prevalence in wildlife and humans. Tissue concentrations of all congeners except BDE-153 were lower than would be expected based on dose proportionality, confirming that BDE-153 has a high capacity for bioaccumulation. BDEs were transferred from maternal tissues to milk during lactation. Milk congener profiles differed from maternal tissue profiles indicating that degree of bromination and maternal sequestration influenced BDE transfer to milk. Female F1 rats accumulated more BDEs than F1 males, indicating that female rats were less able to metabolize and/or excrete BDEs. Significant effects on liver weight and serum T4 levels were observed in adults and juveniles in the middle and high dose groups, corresponding to BDE levels in the μg g(-1) range. Although it remains to be determined how human liver and thyroid are affected by exposure to much lower BDE levels, the present study confirmed that gender and reproductive status influence BDE accumulation in tissues and BDE transfer to the neonate via milk.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology},
	author = {Bondy, G S and Gaertner, D and Cherry, W and MacLellan, E and Coady, L and Arnold, D L and Doucet, J and Rowsell, P R},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20549633},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism},
	pages = {677--90},
}





@article{boas_thyroid_2012,
	title = {Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.},
	volume = {355},
	issn = {1872-8057},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.005},
	abstract = {In recent years, many studies of thyroid-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals have been published. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing organism may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some animal experiments and in vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mode of action of specific chemical compounds. Long-term human studies on effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid related outcomes such as growth and development are still lacking. The human exposure scenario with life long exposure to a vast mixture of chemicals in low doses and the large physiological variation in thyroid hormone levels between individuals render human studies very difficult. However, there is now reasonably firm evidence that PCBs have thyroid-disrupting effects, and there is emerging evidence that also phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals may have thyroid disrupting properties.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular and cellular endocrinology},
	author = {Boas, Malene and Feldt-Rasmussen, Ulla and Main, Katharina M},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {21939731},
	keywords = {Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: pharmacology, Pesticides: toxicity, Pregnancy, Reproductive Health, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology},
	pages = {240--8},
}





@article{blum_fire_2007,
	title = {The fire retardant dilemma.},
	volume = {318},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf},
	doi = {10.1126/science.318.5848.194b},
	number = {5848},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Blum, Arlene},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Animals, Fires, Fires: legislation \& jurisprudence, Fires: prevention \& control, Fires: statistics \& numerical data, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Legislation as Topic, Safety, United States},
	pages = {194--195},
}





@book{blum_case_2008,
	address = {Berkeley, CA},
	title = {The {Case} against {Candle} {Resistant} {Electronics}},
	url = {http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf},
	abstract = {Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.},
	publisher = {Green Science Policy Institute},
	author = {Blum, Arlene},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{blum_flame-retardant_1977,
	title = {Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards.},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254},
	number = {4273},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Blum, A and Ames, B N},
	month = jan,
	year = {1977},
	pmid = {831254},
	keywords = {Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Legislation as Topic, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: adverse effects, Protective Clothing, Protective Clothing: standards, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, United States, ffr, hum, tox},
	pages = {17--23},
}





@book{blum_case_2008,
	title = {The {Case} against {Candle} {Resistant} {TVs}. {Master} {White} {Paper}.},
	url = {http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf},
	abstract = {A proposed amendment to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 60065 for candle resistance of television enclosures has an unproven fire safety rationale as well as a large potential to cause harm to human health and the environment.},
	author = {Blum, A},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},
}





@book{blum_case_2008,
	title = {The case against candle resistant electronics. {Master} {White} {Paper}.},
	url = {http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf},
	abstract = {Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.},
	publisher = {Green Science Policy Institute},
	author = {Blum, A},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},
}





@book{blomqvist_compilation_2011,
	address = {Bor{\textbackslash}a as, Sweden},
	title = {Compilation of {International} {Building} {Regulations} ({Fire}) {Relevant} for {EPS}/{XPS}: {SP} {Technical} {Note} 2010:10, revised 2011-11-30},
	volume = {10},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf},
	abstract = {A compilation of international building regulations has been attempted. An undertaking of this kind is, by its very nature, nebulous and difficult to say the least due to the minutiae of differences in interpretation of seemingly similar regulations in their individual application. We have attempted to approach the topic in a systematic manner that has at times posed questions which have defied a single answer. This is particularly true in the EU where the CPD and associated harmonized Euroclass system seems straightforward at first glance, at least for those products where product standards exist (which is true for insulation materials). As the project has proceeded it has become painfully clear that the devil is in the detail, with application of the harmonized European approach differing significantly in the different member states, e.g. from essentially no material requirements in Sweden to stringent material requirements in Germany. Nonetheless, it is clear from the compilation that the use of flame retardants in EPS/XPS is widespread, both in cases where this is a strict regulatory requirement (e.g., Germany) and in those where it is not (e.g., Australia). The report is presented divided into European countries and non-European countries for the simple reason that the European countries have an overriding system (the CPD and Euroclass system) upon which they base their national regulations while those outside of Europe each have national codes. The regulations themselves are summarized in Chapter 3 while their implications for European countries and non-European countries are summarized in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively. Note: SP Technical Note 2010:10 has been revised 2011-11-30 and this version supersedes previous versions of this document .},
	publisher = {SP Technical Insitute},
	author = {Blomqvist, Per and McNamee, Margaret Simonson and Thureson, Per},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{biesemeier_sample_2011,
	title = {Sample characterization: a priori to evaluating absorption, distribution, and metabolism.},
	volume = {287},
	issn = {1879-3185},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.016},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Toxicology},
	author = {Biesemeier, John A and Ariano, John M and Banasik, Marek and Smith, Carr J and Senegal, Tristan W and Stedeford, Todd},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21669248},
	keywords = {Absorption, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy, Rats, Tissue Distribution},
	pages = {160--1; author reply 162--3},
}





@article{bi_exposure_2007,
	title = {Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in {South} {China}.},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768},
	abstract = {In P.R. China, electronic waste (e-waste) from across the world is dismantled and discarded. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in serum from residents of an e-waste dismantling region (Guiyu, South China), where 80\% of families work in e-waste recycling, and compared to a matching cohort from a nearby region where the fishing industry dominates (Haojiang). Serum concentrations of PBDEs and OCPs, but not PCBs, were significantly different in the two regions: the median sigmaPBDE concentration was 3 times higher in Guiyu than Haojiang, whereas the opposite was true for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). PBDEs typically accounted for 46\% of the total organohalogen chemicals in samples from Guiyu, but 8.7\% in Haojiang. The median BDE-209 concentration in Guiyu was 50-200 times higher than previously reported in occupationally exposed populations. The highest BDE-209 concentration was 3100 ng/g lipid, the highest yet reported in humans. Serum PBDE concentrations did not correlate with PCBs or OCPs, whereas PCBs and OCPs showed positive correlations, suggesting that sources of PBDEs to humans are different from PCBs and OCPs. The levels of PBDEs in individuals from Haojiang are possibly related to the recycling activity at Guiyu, through atmospheric transport.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Bi, Xinhui and Thomas, Gareth O and Jones, Kevin C and Qu, Weiyue and Sheng, Guoying and Martin, Francis L and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17874768},
	keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Electronics, Electronics: manpower, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration \& dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, frelec, hum},
	pages = {5647--53},
}





@article{betts_new_2008,
	title = {New thinking on flame retardants.},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Betts, Kellyn S},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18470294},
	keywords = {Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Policy Making, ffr, frelec, reg, use},
	pages = {A210--3},
}





@article{blum_children_1978,
	title = {Children absorb tris-{BP} flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol.},
	volume = {201},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422},
	abstract = {The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.},
	number = {4360},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Blum, A and Gold, M D and Ames, B N and Jones, F R and Hett, E A and Dougherty, R C and Horning, E C and Dzidic, I and Carroll, D I and Stillwell, R N and Thenot, J P},
	month = sep,
	year = {1978},
	pmid = {684422},
	keywords = {1-Propanol, 1-Propanol: urine, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Child, Chromatography, Clothing, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Mutagens, Mutagens: urine, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Propanols, Skin Absorption, ffr, hum},
	pages = {1020--3},
}





@article{blake_perinatal_2011,
	title = {Perinatal exposure to low-dose {DE}-71 increases serum thyroid hormones and gonadal osteopontin gene expression.},
	volume = {236},
	issn = {1535-3699},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881},
	doi = {10.1258/ebm.2010.010334},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that have been widely used in manufacturing. They are major household and environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate. Humans are exposed primarily through dust inhalation and dietary ingestion of animal products. In animal studies, high doses of penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (penta-BDEs) in the mg/kg body weight (BW) range negatively impact brain development, behavior, memory, circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, the reproductive system and bone development. We investigated the effects of ingestion of a relatively low dose of the penta-BDE mixture DE-71 by pregnant and lactating rats on reproductive and thyroid parameters of the F1 offspring. F0 mothers received 60 μg/kg BW of DE-71 or vehicle daily by gavage from Day 1.5 of pregnancy through lactation (except the day of parturition). F1 pups were sacrificed at 21 d of age or outbred at approximately 80 d of age. Bred F1 females were sacrificed at Day 14.5 of pregnancy or at five months of age. Bred F1 males were sacrificed at five months of age. DE-71 treatment of the mothers affected the F1 females as evidenced by lower body weights at 80 d and five months of age, elevated serum T3 and T4 concentrations at Day 14.5 of pregnancy and increased thyroid gland weight and ovarian osteopontin mRNA at five months of age. Perinatal DE-71 exposure also increased testicular osteopontin mRNA in 21-day-old F1 males. Utilizing a granulosa cell in vitro model, we demonstrated that DE-71 activated the rat osteopontin gene promoter. Our results are the first to demonstrate that PBDEs increase rodent circulating T3 and T4 concentrations and gonadal osteopontin mRNA, and activate the osteopontin gene promoter. These changes may have clinical implications as others have shown associations between human exposure to PBDEs and subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overexpression of ovarian osteopontin has been associated with ovarian cancer.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)},
	author = {Blake, Charles A and McCoy, George L and Hui, Yvonne Y and LaVoie, Holly A},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21367881},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Maternal Exposure, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Osteopontin, Osteopontin: genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},
	pages = {445--55},
}





@book{blais_utility_2012,
	title = {The {Utility} of {CA} {TB} 117, {Does} the {Regulation} {Add} {Value}?},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf},
	author = {Blais, Matthew S},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{bjorklund_screening_2011,
	title = {Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow.},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0273-1223},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476},
	abstract = {Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},
	author = {Björklund, Karin and Strömvall, Ann-Margret and Malmqvist, Per-Arne},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {22053476},
	keywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cities, Environment, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Seasons, Snow, Snow: chemistry, Sweden, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Quality, Water Quality: standards, unsure},
	pages = {206--13},
}





@article{birnbaum_brominated_2004,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire-related injury and property damage. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of BFRs in the environment and in human biota. The widespread production and use of BFRs; strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment, wildlife, and people; and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of BFRs. In this article, we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps. Overall, the toxicology database is very limited; the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting. Available data, however, raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Birnbaum, Linda S and Staskal, Daniele F},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {14698924},
	keywords = {Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Databases, Factual, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Public Health, Risk Assessment, ffr, frelec, tox},
	pages = {9--17},
}





@article{birnbaum_health_2003,
	title = {Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PBDDs}) and dibenzofurans ({PBDFs}).},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01604120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101},
	doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00106-5},
	abstract = {This article reviews the state of the science regarding the health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). While thousands of articles have been published on the health effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), little is know about the brominated and mixed chloro/bromo homologs. Available literature suggests that brominated compounds have similar toxicity profiles to their chlorinated homologs. However, further research investigating health effects will only be useful if exposure scenarios truly exist. Current exposure data is extremely limited, posing a major data gap in assessing potential risk of these chemicals. The rapid increase in the use of brominated flame retardants has raised the level of environmental concern regarding PBDDs/PBDFs as it is likely that human, as well as wildlife, exposure to brominated dioxins and furans will increase with their use.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Birnbaum, L},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pmid = {12850101},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Public Health},
	pages = {855--860},
}





@article{biesemeier_effects_2010,
	title = {Effects of dose, administration route, and/or vehicle on decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations in plasma of maternal, fetal, and neonatal rats and in milk of maternal rats.},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1521-009X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093},
	doi = {10.1124/dmd.110.033431},
	abstract = {The effects of route and vehicle on blood and milk levels of decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE; CASRN 1163-19-5) were investigated in the rat to assist in the design and conduct of a developmental neurotoxicity study. Blood plasma and/or milk concentrations were determined in dams, fetuses, and/or nursing pups after repeated DecaBDE administration by gavage throughout gestation or gestation and lactation using corn oil (CO) or soyaphospholipon/Lutrol F 127-water (SPL) as the vehicle. The impact of vehicle on plasma levels was also investigated in pups derived from naive dams after a single postnatal dose. This study reports for the first time fetal and neonatal plasma concentrations concurrent with those of maternal plasma and/or milk. Higher concentrations of DecaBDE were achieved in plasma and in milk with CO than with SPL. Furthermore, pups derived from dams treated with only SPL were lower in body weight, compared with those from dams treated with either CO, CO and DecaBDE, or SPL and DecaBDE. The study further shows that exposure to DecaBDE is relatively consistent across the dose range of 100 to 1000 mg/(kg · day) when administered in CO.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals},
	author = {Biesemeier, John A and Beck, Melissa J and Silberberg, Hanna and Myers, Nicole R and Ariano, John M and Bodle, Eric S and Sved, Daniel W and Jacobi, Sylvia and Stump, Donald G and Hardy, Marcia and Stedeford, Todd},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20581093},
	keywords = {Administration, Animals, Corn Oil, Corn Oil: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Newborn, Oral, Polyethylenes, Polyethylenes: chemistry, Polypropylenes, Polypropylenes: chemistry, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, unsure},
	pages = {1648--54},
}





@article{betts_unwelcome_2008,
	title = {Unwelcome guest: {PBDEs} in indoor dust.},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Betts, Kellyn S},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18470295},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States},
	pages = {A202--8},
}





@article{betts_new_2013,
	title = {New {Details} on {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}: {Exposure} in {Men} {Appears} {Stable} over {Time}.},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.121-a168},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Betts, Kellyn S},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23635875},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},
	pages = {a168},
}





@article{betts_endocrine_2010,
	title = {Endocrine damper? {Flame} retardants linked to male hormone, sperm count changes.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.118-a130b},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Betts, Kellyn S},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20194076},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},
	pages = {A 130},
}





@article{bergman_novel_2012,
	title = {A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals.},
	volume = {49C},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003},
	abstract = {Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Bergman, Ake and Rydén, Andreas and Law, Robin J and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Alaee, Mehran and Birnbaum, Linda S and Petreas, Myrto and Rose, Martin and Sakai, Shinichi and Van den Eede, Nele and van der Veen, Ike},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Abbreviations, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chlorinated flame retardants, Flame retardants, Nomenclature, Phosphorus flame retardants, Physico-chemical properties},
	pages = {57--82},
}





@article{beth-hubner_toxicological_1999,
	title = {Toxicological evaluation and classification of the genotoxic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic and sensitising potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate.},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0340-0131},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/},
	abstract = {Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is used as flame-proofing additive in polyurethane foam and paints. The substance was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test in 6 of 7 studies, two of which were performed on behalf of BG Chemie as part of its 'Programme for the Prevention of Health Hazards Caused by Industrial Substances'. No mutagenic potential has been detected in mammalian cells in vitro (mouse lymphoma test, reverse mutation and HPRT test). The substance produces no chromosome aberrations in vitro, but does cause questionable to significant increases in the sister chromatid exchange rate. Two in vivo micronucleus tests performed on behalf of BG Chemie have given no indications of clastogenicity, while a further test was inconclusive. A test involving Drosophila (interchromosomal mitotic recombination) was also negative. Overall, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate appears to have no genotoxic potential. According to the EU (European Union) classification criteria, the substance has not been classified as mutagenic in Germany. Summarising the existing studies on the carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, kidney tumours as well as tumours of the Harderian gland were present at below the maximum tolerable dose, the kidney tumours arising in two different species (rats, mice) and in mice in two studies. These tumours do not spontaneously occur, and their incidence was also increased in comparison with historical control data. However, only at systemic toxic doses was the incidence of carcinomas of the kidney significantly increased. Below systemic toxic doses, only the benign kidney tumours were significantly increased, but this was dose-dependent. In conclusion, the data show a carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, possibly with an epigenetic mechanism. A supporting indication is provided by two of three in vitro cell transformation tests with positive results. Therefore, the carcinogenicity has been classified as EU category C2 in Germany. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is not embryotoxic or teratogenic in rats with oral administration, even at doses that are maternally toxic, and does not impair postnatal development in the offspring. Accordingly, the developmental reproductive toxicity has not been classified in Germany. However, the substance adversely affects sperm and its motility with subchronic oral administration to rats and mice. Toxic effects on reproduction were seen in both generations in a 2-generation study in Swiss CD1 mice. The classification of the reproductive toxicity, endpoint fertility, has been suggested by BG Chemie to be RF2 according to the EU classification criteria, which is still under discussion and will be concluded by the time of the congress (in the meantime, the substance has been classified as RF2 in Germany.) There were no indications of skin-sensitising potential in a Buehler test in guinea pigs. Accordingly, no classification is necessary.},
	number = {0},
	journal = {International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health},
	author = {Beth-Hubner, M},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Medicine, ffr, tox},
	pages = {M017--M023--M023},
}





@article{besis_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor and outdoor environments–a review on occurrence and human exposure.},
	volume = {169},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Besis, Athanasios and Samara, Constantini},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22578798},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: adverse effects, Air Pollution: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: adverse effects, Inhalation Exposure: analysis},
	pages = {217--29},
}





@article{berntssen_carry-over_2011,
	title = {Carry-over of dietary organochlorine pesticides, {PCDD}/{Fs}, {PCBs}, and brominated flame retardants to {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar {L}.) fillets.},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.017},
	abstract = {Information on carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal food products is essential for appropriate human risk assessment of feed contaminants. The carry-over of potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from feed to fillet was assessed in consumption sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Relative carry-over (defined as the fraction of a certain dietary POP retained in the fillet) was assessed in a controlled feeding trial, which provided fillet retention of dietary organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), dioxins (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Highest retention was found for OCPs, BFRs and PCBs (31-58\%), and the lowest retentions were observed for PCDD/Fs congeners (10-34\%). National monitoring data on commercial fish feed and farmed Atlantic salmon on the Norwegian market were used to provide commercially relevant feed-to-fillet transfer factors (calculated as fillet POP level divided by feed POP level), which ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, which is a factor 5-10 times higher than reported for terrestrial meat products. For the OCP with one of the highest relative carry-over, toxaphene, uptake and elimination kinetics were established. Model simulations that are based on the uptake and elimination kinetics gave predicted levels that were in agreement with the measured values. Application of the model to the current EU upper limit for toxaphene in feed (50 μg kg(-1)) gave maximum fillet levels of 22 μg kg(-1), which exceeds the estimated permissible level (21 μg kg(-1)) for toxaphene in fish food samples in Norway.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Berntssen, Marc H G and Maage, A and Julshamn, K and Oeye, B E and Lundebye, A-K},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21284993},
	keywords = {Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \& numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: metabolism, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \& derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {95--103},
}





@book{berkman_evaluation_2006,
	address = {Oakland, CA},
	title = {An {Evaluation} of the {CPSC} {Staff} {Preliminary} {Regulatory} {Analysis} of the {Draft} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standard}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf},
	publisher = {CRA International for AHFA, NHFA, and UFAC},
	author = {Berkman, Mark and Hildebrandt, Nicole and Tyan, Sean},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{berkman_assessing_2001,
	address = {San Francisco, CA},
	title = {Assessing the {Need} for a {Federal} {Small} {Open} {Flame}/{Cigarette} {Ignition} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standard}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf},
	publisher = {National Economic Research Associates for the Upholstered Furniture Action Council},
	author = {Berkman, Mark and David, Jesse and Liu, Michael and Self, Carol},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{berg_high_2013,
	title = {High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot ({Lota} lota) from a polluted lake ({Lake} {Mjøsa}, {Norway}).},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.017},
	abstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affected a fish population in Lake Mjøsa. Lake Mjøsa is known to be contaminated by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a subgroup of brominated flame retardants from local industrial activities. Fish from Lake Losna, a less contaminated lake located close to Lake Mjøsa, was used as reference (control). The sampling of burbot (Lota lota) was carried out between 2005 and 2008. Hepatic levels of POPs were analysed in burbot from the two lakes, and the fish were examined for bacterial- and parasite infection and histopathological changes. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and PBDEs were about 10, 15 and 300 times higher in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to fish from Lake Losna. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum was present in 7\% and 35\% of the fish from Lake Losna and Lake Mjøsa respectively. Significantly higher number of external and visceral macroscopic lesions, histopathological diffuse changes and granulomas were seen in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to Lake Losna. Furthermore the parasite infection was higher and the hepatic lipid content was significantly lower in burbot from Lake Mjøsa. The results of the present study suggest that the high level of contamination in Lake Mjøsa could have a negative impact on the health status of wild fish inhabiting the lake.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Berg, Vidar and Zerihun, Mulualem A and Jørgensen, Anders and Lie, Elisabeth and Dale, Ole B and Skaare, Janneche Utne and Lyche, Jan L},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23149183},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \& numerical, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: epidemiology, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: pathology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: microbiology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Prevalence, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},
	pages = {1711--8},
}





@article{belles_behavioral_2010,
	title = {Behavioral effects and oxidative status in brain regions of adult rats exposed to {BDE}-99.},
	volume = {194},
	issn = {1879-3169},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757},
	doi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.010},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants. Although developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs has been already investigated, little is still known about their potential neurotoxic effects in adulthood. In this study, we assessed the oxidative damage in brain sections and the possible behavioral effects induced by exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99). Adult male rats (10/group) received BDE-99 by gavage at single doses of 0, 0.6 or 1.2mg/kg/body weight. Forty-five days after exposure, the following behavioral tests were conducted: open-field activity, passive avoidance and Morris water maze. Moreover, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were processed to examine the following oxidative stress (OS) markers: reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In cerebellum, BDE-99 significantly decreased SOD, CAT and GR activities at the highest BDE-99 dose. A decrease in CAT and SOD activities was also observed in cortex and hippocampus, respectively. In the behavioral tests, no BDE-99 effects were observed, while histopathological examination of the brain regions was normal. The current results show that the brain antioxidant capacity is affected by BDE-99 exposure, mainly in cerebellum. Oxidative damage could be a mechanism for BDE-99 neurotoxicity in adult rats.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Toxicology letters},
	author = {Bellés, Montserrat and Alonso, Virginia and Linares, Victoria and Albina, Maria L and Sirvent, Juan J and Domingo, José L and Sánchez, Domènec J},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20096757},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: metabolism, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism, Toxicity Tests},
	pages = {1--7},
}





@book{berman_statistical_2009,
	address = {London},
	title = {A statistical report to investigate the effectiveness of the {Furniture} and {Furnishings} ( {Fire} ) ( {Safety} ) {Regulations} 1988},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf},
	publisher = {UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills},
	author = {Berman, Greenstreet},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{bergman_pbdes_2010,
	title = {{PBDEs} and non-{PBDEs} in aircraft cabin and cockpit air and dust.},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been an issue related to health and the environment for the last three decades1,2,3. Even though BFRs are made up of around twenty groups of individual compounds and mixtures, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been in focus4. More recently also hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) has become of increasing interest5. An additional few non-PBDE BFRs, i.e. decabromo diphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) have been observed in wildlife. BTBPE was first identified in air from an electronics dismantling facility6 and DBDPE was first reported in sewage sludge7. An observation of increasing PBDE concentrations in Swedish mother's milk8 in the 1990's was followed by many other reports on PBDEs in humans as reviewed by Frederiksen9. Dust has emerged as an obvious source for BFRs in homes and offices10,9. Since there is a particular demand for fire protection in air planes there are reasons to possibly apply BFRs in the planes. A first indicative study showed significant elevations of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of passengers 11. In a study by Schecter and co-workers on cabin personnel, no elevated levels of PBDEs in their blood were observed compared to the normal US population12. In this study, air and dust have been sampled to assess the presence and levels of BFRs in aircraft cockpits and cabins.},
	journal = {Organohalogen Compounds},
	author = {Bergman, A and Lindgren, T and Smedje, G and Jakobsson, K and Athanassiadis, I and Athanasiadou, M and Meyer, E},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},
}





@article{bergh_organophosphate_2011,
	title = {Organophosphate and phthalate esters in indoor air: a comparison between multi-storey buildings with high and low prevalence of sick building symptoms.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379},
	doi = {10.1039/c1em10152h},
	abstract = {An extensive study has been conducted on the prevalence of organophosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers and phthalate ester plasticizers in indoor air. The targeted substances were measured in 45 multi-storey apartment buildings in Stockholm, Sweden. The apartment buildings were classified as high or low risk with regard to the reporting of sick building symptoms (SBS) within the project Healthy Sustainable Houses in Stockholm (3H). Air samples were taken from two to four apartments per building (in total 169 apartments) to facilitate comparison within and between buildings. Association with building characteristics has been examined as well as association with specific sources by combining chemical analysis and exploratory uni- and multivariate data analysis. The study contributes to the overall perspective of levels of organophosphate and phthalate ester in indoor air enabling comparison with other studies. The results indicated little or no difference in the concentrations of the target substances between the two risk classifications of the buildings. The differences between the apartments sampled within (intra) buildings were greater than the differences between (inter) buildings. The concentrations measured in air ranged up to 1200 ng m(-3) for organophosphate esters and up to 11 000 ng m(-3) for phthalate esters. Results in terms of sources were discerned e.g. PVC flooring is a major source of benzylbutyl phthalate in indoor air.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},
	author = {Bergh, Caroline and Magnus {\textbackslash}AAberg, K and Svartengren, Magnus and Emenius, Gunnel and Östman, Conny},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21614379},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Construction Materials, Construction Materials: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Housing: statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: epidemiology, Sweden},
	pages = {2001--9},
}





@book{belgium_identification_2011,
	address = {Brussels, Belgium},
	title = {Identification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf},
	number = {17},
	publisher = {European Comission DG Health and Consumers},
	author = {Belgium, ARCADIS},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{beineke_investigations_2005,
	title = {Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises ({Phocoena} phocoena).},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767},
	abstract = {Harbor porpoises from the German North and Baltic Seas exhibit a higher incidence of bacterial infections compared to whales from less polluted arctic waters. The potential adverse effect of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals on the immune system and the health status of marine mammals is still discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), toxaphene, (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichlorethane (DDT), and (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)dichlorethene (DDE) on the immune system of harbor porpoises. Lymphoid organs are influenced by a variety of factors, and therefore special emphasis was given to separating the confounding effect of age, health status, nutritional state, geographical location, and sex from the effect of contaminant levels upon thymus and spleen. Contaminant analysis and detailed pathological examinations were conducted on 61 by-caught and stranded whales from the North and Baltic Seas and Icelandic and Norwegian waters. Stranded harbor porpoises were more severely diseased than by-caught animals. Thymic atrophy and splenic depletion were significantly correlated to increased PCB and PBDE levels. However, lymphoid depletion was also associated with emaciation and an impaired health status. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced immunosuppression, possibly contributing to disease susceptibility in harbor porpoises. However, further studies are needed to determine if lymphoid depletion is primarily contaminant-induced or secondary to disease and emaciation in this cetacean species.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Beineke, Andreas and Siebert, Ursula and McLachlan, Michael and Bruhn, Regina and Thron, Kristina and Failing, Klaus and Müller, Gundi and Baumgärtner, Wolfgang},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15984767},
	keywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Germany, Lymphocyte Depletion, North Sea, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Thymus Gland, Thymus Gland: drug effects, Thymus Gland: metabolism, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Toxaphene: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},
	pages = {3933--8},
}





@article{bearr_species_2012,
	title = {Species specific differences in the in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant mixture, {Firemaster}® {BZ}-54.},
	volume = {124-125},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.006},
	abstract = {Firemaster(®) BZ-54 is a flame retardant additive and consists of a brominated benzoate (2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate; TBB) and a brominated phthalate (bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate; TBPH). Previous research has shown that fathead minnows exposed in vivo to Firemaster(®) BZ-54 accumulate TBB and TBPH. This study examined the in vitro biotransformation potential of TBB and TBPH in hepatic subcellular fractions (i.e., S9, microsomes and cytosol) in the fathead minnow, common carp, mouse and snapping turtle. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the loss of the parent TBB or TBPH and identifying potential metabolites in the sample extracts. Metabolic loss of TBPH was measured for all species, while TBB loss was observed for all species except for the snapping turtle. Several metabolites were observed in all of the incubations except for snapping turtle. Metabolites observed appeared to be derived from TBB, given their structures and lack of appearance in the snapping turtle incubations. One of these metabolites, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromomethylbenzoate has been identified for the first time in a biological system. When metabolized, TBB and TBPH loss was found in each subcellular fraction suggesting that the enzyme(s) involved are present in both soluble and membrane-bound forms. It can be concluded that a broad range of species are capable of metabolizing TBB and TBPH to various metabolites and further research should be carried out to ascertain the specific products formed from metabolism of TBB and TBPH.},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
	author = {Bearr, Jonathan S and Mitchelmore, Carys L and Roberts, Simon C and Stapleton, Heather M},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22889877},
	keywords = {Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Species Specificity, Turtles, Turtles: metabolism},
	pages = {41--7},
}





@book{bearhfti_technical_2000,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {Technical {Bulletin} 117: {Requirements}, {Test} {Procedure} and {Apparatus} for {Testing} the {Flame} {Retardance} of {Resilient} {Filling} {Materials} {Used} in {Upholstered} {Furniture}},
	url = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf},
	publisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},
	author = {{BEARHFTI}},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{bearhfti_exemption_2010,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {Exemption of juvenile products from requirements of {Technical} {Bulletin} 117: {Initial} {Statement} of {Reasons}},
	volume = {19161},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf},
	number = {c},
	publisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},
	author = {{BEARHFTI}},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{bates_registry-based_2007,
	title = {Registry-{Based} {Case} – {Control} {Study} of {Cancer} in {California} {Firefighters}},
	volume = {344},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/ajim.20446.},
	journal = {American Journal of Industrial Medicine},
	author = {Bates, Michael N},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, california, cancer risk, case, control studies, epidemiology, firefighters},
	pages = {339--344},
}





@techreport{babruaskas_fire_1988,
	title = {Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products. {NBS} {Special} {Publication} {SP} 749.},
	url = {http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf},
	institution = {National Bureau of Standards},
	author = {Babruaskas, V and Harris, RH and Gann, RG and Levin, BC and Lee, BT and Peacock, RD and Paabo, M and Twilley, W and Yoklavich, MF and Clark, HM},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
}





@article{behnisch_brominated_2003,
	title = {Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {01604120},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=23&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2},
	doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00105-3},
	abstract = {Recently, several countries agreed to adopt the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). One future obligation will be to add other POPs as new evidence becomes available. In vitro cell-based bioassays offer a rapid, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive solution to screen possible POP candidates. In the present study, we investigated the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-receptor activity of several dioxin-like POPs by using the Micro-EROD (Ethoxy-Resorufin-O-Deethylase) and DR-CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive-Chemical Activated Luciferase gene expression) bioassays, which are two state-of-the-art methods. The Micro-EROD system used in our study utilizes a wildtype rat liver cell line (rat liver H4IIEC3/T cells), while the DR-CALUX bioassay consists of a genetically modified rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line that incorporates the firefly luciferase gene coupled to dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) as a reporter gene. In the case of the DR-CALUX bioassay, we used an exposure time of 24 h, whereas we used a 72-h exposure time in the Micro-EROD bioassay. The aim of this study was to compare conventional dioxin-like POPs (such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, PCDD/Fs and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) with several other classes of possible candidates to be added to the current toxicity equivalent factor (TEF) model in the future. Therefore, this study compares in vitro CYP1A1 (Micro-EROD bioassay) and firefly luciferase induction (DR-CALUX bioassay) in several mixed polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PXDD/Fs; X=Br, Cl, or F), alkyl-substituted polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PMCDD/Fs; M = methyl), polyhalogenated biphenyls (PXBs, X = Br, Cl), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenols (PBPs), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). We also evaluate congener-specific relative potencies (REPs) and efficacies (\% of TCDDmax) and discuss the dose-response curves of these compounds, as well as the dioxin-like potency of several other Ah-receptor agonists, such as those of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The highest REP values were found for several PXDD/F congeners, followed by some coplanar PXBs, trichlorinated PCDD/Fs, PAHs, PBDE-126, 1-6-HxCN, and some brominated flame retardants (TBBP-A). These in vitro investigations indicate that further research is necessary to evaluate more Ah-receptor agonists for dioxin-like potency. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Behnisch, P},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Ah receptor, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), CALUX, DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS, ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, EROD, ETHOXYRESORUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE, Flame retardants, LIFE STAGE MORTALITY, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, RELATIVE POTENCIES, RISK-ASSESSMENT, TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS, bioassay, ffr, pbde, reporter gene assay, tox},
	pages = {861--877},
}





@article{bearr_accumulation_2010,
	title = {Accumulation and {DNA} damage in fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, {Firemaster} 550 and {Firemaster} {BZ}-54.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0730-7268},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.94},
	abstract = {Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54 are two brominated formulations that are in use as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Two major components of these mixtures are 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-ethylhexylbenzoate (TBB) and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (TBPH). Both have been measured in environmental matrices; however, scant toxicological information exists. The present study aimed to determine if these brominated flame-retardant formulations are bioavailable and adversely affect DNA integrity in fish. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were orally exposed to either FM 550, FM BZ54, or the nonbrominated form of TBPH, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for 56 d and depurated (e.g., fed clean food) for 22 d. At several time points, liver and blood cells were collected and assessed for DNA damage. Homogenized fish tissues were extracted and analyzed on day 0 and day 56 to determine the residue of TBB and TBPH and the appearance of any metabolites using gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Significant increases (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) in DNA strand breaks from liver cells (but not blood cells) were observed during the exposure period compared with controls, although during depuration these levels returned to control. Both parent compounds, TBB and TBPH, were detected in tissues at approximately 1\% of daily dosage along with brominated metabolites. The present study provides evidence for accumulation, metabolism, and genotoxicity of these new formulation flame retardants in fish and highlights the potential adverse effects of TBB- and TBPH-formulated fire retardants to aquatic species.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},
	author = {Bearr, Jonathan S and Stapleton, Heather M and Mitchelmore, Carys L},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20821500},
	keywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, DNA Damage, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, ffr, waa},
	pages = {722--9},
}





@book{bearhfti_new_2013,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {New {Flammability} {Standards} for {Upholstered} {Furniture} and {Articles} {Exempt} from {Flammability} {Standards}: {Initial} {Statement} of {Reasons}},
	volume = {117},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf},
	number = {October 1975},
	publisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},
	author = {{BEARHFTI}},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Flame retardants, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation - Initial},
}





@book{bearhfti_technical_2013,
	address = {Sacramento, CA},
	title = {{TECHNICAL} {BULLETIN} 117-2013},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf},
	number = {January},
	publisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},
	author = {{BEARHFTI}},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{bayen_chlorinated_2006,
	title = {Chlorinated paraffins: a review of analysis and environmental occurrence.},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.009},
	abstract = {Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), as technical mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are ubiquitous in the environment. CPs tend to behave in a similar way to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), leading several countries to impose regulations on the use of CPs. In this article, we review the literature on the properties of CPs, the current analytical tools available to determine CPs in various types of environmental matrices, and concentrations found in the environment. In particular, concentrations of CPs in environmental compartments including air, water, sediments, biota, human food products and human tissues are summarized. Priorities for future research are: improvements in analytical methodologies (reducing the complexity of the analysis, producing reference materials and performing interlaboratory studies); determining background levels of chlorinated paraffins in the environment and human populations (this question should be answered using quality assured analytical tools allowing the intercomparison of data); and investigating the sources of CPs to the environment and to humans.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Bayen, Stéphane and Obbard, Jeffrey Philip and Thomas, Gareth O},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16814386},
	keywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Food, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry, Principal Component Analysis, Principal Component Analysis: methods, Quality Control, Tissue Distribution},
	pages = {915--29},
}





@article{batterman_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in offices in {Michigan}, {USA}.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.008},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are now ubiquitous contaminants with large reservoirs and high concentrations in buildings. Most of the information documenting BFR levels has been obtained in residences, and other environments that can lead to exposure have received relatively little attention, including offices that contain numerous BFR sources and where individuals spend considerable time. The aim of this study is to characterize BFR concentrations, potential emission sources, and migration pathways in office environments. We measure BFR levels in floor dust, indoor air, ventilation filter dust, and carpets in ten commercial and institutional buildings in Michigan, U.S.A. The median concentration of total BDEs in settled dust was 8754 ng g(-1), at the upper range of levels previously reported. Especially elevated levels were found in offices in buildings that contained known or likely BFR sources, e.g., computer servers. A trends analysis in a newly constructed building showed remarkable increases in concentrations of BFRs in settled dust and indoor air, and apparent steady-state levels were reached 5 to 8 months after building completion, a particularly striking finding given that the building was constructed and furnished several years after the voluntary phase-out of the penta- and octa-mixtures. Airborne particulate matter collected in a building's HVAC system filters contained PBDEs, including BDE-209, at levels exceeding the concentration of floor dust. In conjunction with estimates of building air flow rates, filter efficiency and other parameters, mass balance calculations for this building were used to estimate the emission rates and reservoirs of PBDEs. The widespread distribution of BFRs found in offices in both new and old buildings suggests the significance of workplace exposures, the need for controls to minimize human exposure, intra-building migration, and environmental releases of these chemicals, and the need for monitoring in new buildings to confirm the effectiveness of the PBDE phase-out.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Batterman, Stuart and Godwin, Christopher and Chernyak, Sergei and Jia, Chunrong and Charles, Simone},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20483456},
	keywords = {Air Conditioning, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Michigan, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},
	pages = {548--56},
}





@article{bartrons_pollutant_2012,
	title = {Pollutant dehalogenation capability may depend on the trophic evolutionary history of the organism: {PBDEs} in freshwater food webs.},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0041829},
	abstract = {Organohalogen compounds are some of the most notorious persistent pollutants disturbing the Earth biosphere. Although human-made, these chemicals are not completely alien to living systems. A large number of natural organohalogens, part of the secondary metabolism, are involved in chemical trophic interactions. Surprisingly, the relationship between organisms' trophic position and synthetic organohalogen biotransformation capability has not been investigated. We studied the case for polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), a group of flame-retardants of widespread use in the recent years, in aquatic food webs from remote mountain lakes. These relatively simple ecosystems only receive pollution by atmospheric transport. A large predominance of the PBDE congener currently in use in Europe, BDE-209, largely dominated the PBDE composition of the basal resources of the food web. In contrast, primary consumers (herbivores and detritivores) showed a low proportion of BDE-209, and dominance of several less brominated congeners (e.g. BDE-100, BDE47). Secondary consumers (predators) showed large biomagnification of BDE-209 compare to other congeners. Finally, top predator fish characterized by low total PBDE concentrations. Examination of the bromine stable isotopic composition indicates that primary consumers showed higher PBDE biotransformation capability than secondary consumers. We suggest that the evolutionary response of primary consumers to feeding deterrents would have pre-adapted them for PBDE biotransformation. The observed few exceptions, some insect taxa, can be interpreted in the light of the trophic history of the evolutionary lineage of the organisms. Bromine isotopic composition in fish indicates that low PBDE values are due to not only biotransformation but also to some other process likely related to transport. Our finding illustrates that organohalogen compounds may strongly disturb ecosystems even at low concentrations, since the species lacking or having scarce biotransformation capability may be selectively more exposed to these halogenated hydrophobic semi-volatile organic pollutants due to their high bioaccumulation potential.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Bartrons, Mireia and Grimalt, Joan O and de Mendoza, Guillermo and Catalan, Jordi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22848624},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Evolution, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Molecular, Physiological, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {e41829},
}





@article{baron_occurrence_2013,
	title = {Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants ({BFRs} and {UV}-filters) in sediments from {South} {America}.},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032},
	abstract = {In the present study the occurrence of emerging hydrophobic organic pollutants in sediment samples from South America (Chile and Colombia) was investigated for the first time. Nineteen Chilean and thirteen Colombian sediment samples were analyzed in order to determine their content of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (including PBDEs and emerging BFRs) as well as UV filters (UV-F). Samples were collected from neighboring aquatic ecosystems highly urbanized and industrialized in Colombia (Magdalena River area) and Chile (Biobio region). Different analytical procedures were applied depending on the selected analytes, based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric methodologies (GC-MS and LC-MS-MS). In general, concentration levels of both BFRs (up to 2.43 and 143ngg(-1) dw of PBDEs in Chile and Colombia, respectively) and UV-F (nd-2.96 and nd-54.4ngg(-1) dw in Chile and Colombia, respectively) were in the low range of published data, and the contribution of BFRs was higher than that of UV-F for almost all the sampled sediments.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Barón, Enrique and Gago-Ferrero, Pablo and Gorga, Marina and Rudolph, Ignacio and Mendoza, Gonzalo and Zapata, Andrés Mauricio and Díaz-Cruz, Sílvia and Barra, Ricardo and Ocampo-Duque, William and Páez, Martha and Darbra, Rosa María and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23602656},
	keywords = {BFR, Flame retardants, chile, colombia, sediments, south america, uv filter},
	pages = {309--16},
}





@article{banasik_neurotoxicity_2011,
	title = {Neurotoxicity of {PBDEs} on the developing nervous system.},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {1552-9924},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1103907},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
	author = {Banasik, Marek and Suchecka, Dominika},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21807586},
	keywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy},
	pages = {A331; author reply A331--2},
}





@article{babruaskas_upholstered_1983,
	title = {Upholstered furniture heat release rates: {Measurements} and estimation},
	volume = {1},
	url = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html},
	abstract = {A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features.},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Babruaskas, V},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
	pages = {9--32},
}





@article{babrauskas_testing_1997,
	title = {Testing for {Surface} {Spread} of {Flame}: {New} {Tests} to {Come} {Into} {Use}},
	volume = {66},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Building Standards},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and White, J A Jr. and Urbas, J},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {13--18},
}





@article{babrauskas_flame_2012,
	title = {Flame retardants in building insulation: a case for re-evaluating building codes},
	volume = {40},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf},
	doi = {10.1080/09613218.2012.744533},
	abstract = {US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Building Research \& Information},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Lucas, Donald and Eisenberg, David and Singla, Veena and Dedeo, Michel and Blum, Arlene},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {738--755},
}





@article{babrauskas_flame_2011,
	title = {Flame {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam}: {Benefits} and {Risks}},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.3801/IAFFS.FSS.10-265},
	abstract = {The extensive use of chemical flame retardants to meet the California Furniture Flammability Standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117)provides an example of the need for consideration of environmental impacts of fire safety interventions before they are widely implemented. Flame retardants are currently being used in products with high levels of human exposure without adequate toxicological testing. For example, flame retardants commercially used to meet TB117 have been found to have negative consequences in the environment. And notably, the TB117 standard has not been shown to have a measurable fire safety benefit. Both the unintended adverse environmental and health impacts and the lack of fire safety benefits of California TB117 are discussed in detail.},
	journal = {Fire Safety Science},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Blum, Arlene and Daley, Rebecca and Birnbaum, Linda S},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, flammability, halogens, pbde},
	pages = {265--278},
}





@article{babrauskas_facade_1996,
	title = {Facade fire tests: {Towards} an international test standard},
	volume = {32},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01040215},
	abstract = {Results of large-scale and bench-scale tests are reported on three EIFS (exterior insulation and finish systems) type façade assemblies. The large-scale tests were done according to a modified SP 105 test, while the bench-scale procedures followed CAN/ULC-S135. The tests were motivated by the current ISO deliberations to select an optimal international standard for testing façades against fire propagation hazards. The large-scale test showed distinct differences among the assemblies tested. However, certain difficulties were identified with the test, especially the smokiness of the fuel and the non-ideal dimensioning of the re-entrant corner. The bench-scale tests showed consistent results; such procedures may be useful for screening purposes.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Fire Technology},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {219--230},
}





@incollection{babrauskas_wall_1996,
	address = {London},
	title = {Wall insulation products: {Full}-scale tests versus evaluation from bench-scale toxic potency data},
	isbn = {09516320 9 4},
	booktitle = {Interflam 1996},
	publisher = {Interscience Communications Ltd},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {257--274},
}





@incollection{babrauskas_plastics_1992,
	address = {London},
	title = {Plastics, part {B}, {The} effect of {FR} agents on polymer performance},
	booktitle = {Heat release in fires},
	publisher = {Elsevier Applied Science Publishers},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},
	editor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Grayson, S J},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {423--446},
}





@article{babrauskas_flame_2011,
	title = {Flame {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam}: {Benefits} and {Risks}},
	volume = {10},
	url = {http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/},
	journal = {Fire Safety Science},
	author = {Babrauskas, V. and Blum, A. and R., Daley and L., Birnbaum},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {265--278},
}





@book{astm_standard_2008,
	address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania},
	title = {Standard {Test} {Methods} for {Cigarette} {Ignition} {Resistance} of {Components} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {E1353}-08a},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf},
	number = {C},
	publisher = {ASTM International},
	author = {{ASTM}},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{astm_astm_nodate,
	title = {{ASTM} {F2417}-09 {Standard} specification for fire safety for candles.},
	url = {http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm},
	publisher = {American Society for Testing and Materials},
	author = {{ASTM}},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, reg},
}





@article{asante_human_2011,
	title = {Human exposure to {PCBs}, {PBDEs} and {HBCDs} in {Ghana}: {Temporal} variation, sources of exposure and estimation of daily intakes by infants.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.011},
	abstract = {Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was evaluated in Ghana using breast milk samples collected in 2004 and 2009. Mean levels and ranges of PBDEs (4.5; 0.86-18 ng/g lw) and PCBs (62; 15-160 ng/g lw) observed in the present study were unexpectedly high, in spite of the fact that Ghana is a non-industrialized country when compared with many of the Asian and European countries. Significant increases were found in the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs over the years, while no significant increase was observed for HBCDs. Estimated hazard quotient (HQ) showed that all the mothers had HQ values exceeding the threshold of 1 for PCBs, indicating potential health risk for their children. PCBs in dirty oils and obsolete equipment should be of concern as potential sources in Ghana, and e-waste recycling with little or no experience in safe handling could be a threat to this sub-region noted for unregulated disposal of e-waste. The results may point towards an increase in trends in human milk in Ghana, especially in the larger cities but further analysis would be required to confirm this upward trend in levels. This is the first study to report BFRs in human breast milk from Africa, and undoubtedly from Ghana.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Asante, Kwadwo Ansong and Adu-Kumi, Sam and Nakahiro, Kenta and Takahashi, Shin and Isobe, Tomohiko and Sudaryanto, Agus and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Clarke, Edith and Ansa-Asare, Osmund Duodu and Dapaah-Siakwan, Stephen and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21470682},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ghana, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Young Adult},
	pages = {921--8},
}





@article{arkoosh_disease_2010,
	title = {Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}).},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {1879-1514},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.013},
	abstract = {The health effects of the flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish are not well understood. To determine the potential effects of this ubiquitous contaminant class on fish health, juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were fed a diet that reflected the PBDE congeners found in the stomach contents of subyearling Chinook salmon collected from the highly urbanized and industrialized lower Willamette River in the Columbia River Basin of North America. The diet, consisting of five PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154), was fed to the salmon at 2\% of their body weight in food per day for 40 days. Two concentrations of the diet (1x and 10x PBDE) were fed to the salmon. The 1x PBDE diet reflected the concentration of PBDEs (190 ng PBDEs/g food) found in the stomach contents of juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon; the 10x diet was prepared at 10 times that concentration. The fish were then exposed to the marine bacterial pathogen Listonella anguillarum to assess susceptibility to infectious disease. Juvenile Chinook salmon fed the 1x PBDE diet were more susceptible to L. anguillarum than salmon fed the control diet. This suggests that juvenile salmonids in the lower Willamette River exposed to PBDEs may be at greater risk for disease than nonexposed juvenile salmonids. In contrast, salmon that consumed the 10x PBDE diet were not more susceptible to the pathogen than salmon fed the control diet. The mechanisms for the dichotomous results observed in disease susceptibility between salmon fed the 1x and 10x PBDE diets are currently not known but have also been observed in other species exposed to PBDEs with respect to immune function.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Aquatic toxicology},
	author = {Arkoosh, Mary R and Boylen, Deborah and Dietrich, Joseph and Anulacion, Bernadita F and {Ginaylitalo} and Bravo, Claudia F and Johnson, Lyndal L and Loge, Frank J and Collier, Tracy K},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20207027},
	keywords = {Animals, Body Constitution, Body Constitution: drug effects, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: mortality, Fish Diseases: transmission, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: mortality, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunity, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Lipids, Lipids: chemistry, Listonella, Listonella: physiology, Salmon, Salmon: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa},
	pages = {51--9},
}





@book{babrauskas_fire_1985,
	address = {NBS Monograph 173},
	title = {Fire {Behavior} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf},
	publisher = {National Bureau of Standards},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Krasny, John},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{babrauskas_fire_1988,
	address = {NBS Special Publication SP 749},
	title = {Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products},
	volume = {SP749},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf},
	abstract = {The Fire Retardant Chemicals Association (FRCA) therefore asked NBS-CFR to investigate the fire hazard of a wide array of fire-retardant (FR) containing products relative to non fire-retarded (NFR), but otherwise substantially identical, products. The two central issues to be explored were: (1) For today's most commonly used FR/polymer systems, is the overall fire hazard reduced, when compared to similar non-fire retarded (NFR) items? (2) Since both the commercially popular FR chemicals and the base polymer formulations can be expected to change in the future, can appropriate bench-scale test methodologies be validated which would allow future testing to be quick and simple?},
	publisher = {National Bureau of Standards},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Harris, R H and Gann, Richard G and Levin, B C and Lee, B T and Peacock, Richard D},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@book{babrauskas_ignition_2003,
	address = {Issaqah, WA},
	title = {Ignition {Handbook}},
	isbn = {0-9728111-4-1},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141},
	publisher = {Fire Science Publishers and Society of Fire Protection Engineers},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@techreport{babich_cpsc_2006,
	title = {{CPSC} {Staff} {Preliminary} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Flame} {Retardant} ({FR}) {Chemicals} in {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Foam}.},
	url = {http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf},
	abstract = {The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff developed a draft performance . standard to address the hazards associated with fires involving residential upholstered furniture. Manufacturers are likely to treat some products with flame retardant (FR) chemicals if the draft standard is adopted. The CPSC staff previously assessed the potential health risks associated with the use of FR chemicals in upholstered furniture cover fabrics. In this report, the CPSC staff presents a preliminary assessment of the potential health risks associated with the use of selected FR chemicals in upholstered furniture foam. FR-treated foam samples that were available to the CPSC staff for testing included those with three different FR chemicals or mixtures that could be used to meet the draft standard: melamine (108-78-1); tris(l,3-dichloro-2-propy1)phosphate (TDCP) (13674-87-8); and FiremasterTM 550 (FM-550TM).F M-550TMi s a mixture containing triphenyl phosphate (TPP) (1 145-86-6), phenol isopropylated phosphate (PIP) (68937-41-7), and octyl tetrabromobenzoate (OTB). Samples with the highest available TDCP or FM-550TM levels were included in the study. Numerous other FR treatments that could be used in foam have been discussed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA' s) Design for the Environment Program. Q The toxicity of FR chemicals was assessed according to the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), the supplemental definition of "toxic," and the CPSC chronic hazard guidelines. Although melamine has been studied in chronic bioassays, it does not satisfy the FHSA definition of toxic. Thus, exposure studies with melamine-treated foam were not necessary. Based on the available data, melamine-treated foam would not present a hazard to consumers. TDCP is considered a probable human carcinogen, based on sufficient evidence in animal studies. TDCP also induces non-cancer chronic health effects in animals. Little toxicity information on FM-550TM and its components is available. However, the CPSC staff has previously reviewed the toxicity of two FM-550TM components, TPP and PIP, as well as closely related compounds. No toxicity data were available for OTB. Mock-ups made with the foam samples were tested by the staff to assess the liquid-mediated migration of FR chemicals. These data were used to estimate dermal and oral exposures. The mock-ups were also subjected to an accelerated wear procedure to measure the release of airborne particles containing FR chemical. Two foam samples containing TDCP and one containing FM-550TM were tested. Measurements of migration and particle release from FM-550TM-treatedf oam were based on the OTB component. The other components were not measured. Exposure to vapor phase chemicals that may be emitted from the foam was assessed using a mathematical model. Based on the CPSC staff's analysis, it appears that inhalation of vapor phase FR chemical contributes the greatest portion of the total exposure. However, a mathematical model was used to estimate inhalation exposure due to the lack of empirical data. Thus, the estimated inhalation exposure is highly uncertain. Toxicity studies by the inhalation route are also lacking. Therefore, the following conclusions are based on limited exposure and/or toxicity data, and should be regarded as preliminary.},
	author = {Babich, MA and Thomas, TA and Hatlelid, KM},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},
}





@book{astm_standard_2012,
	address = {West Conshohocken, PA},
	title = {Standard {Test} {Method} for {Surface} {Burning} {Characteristics} of {Building} {Materials} ({ASTM} {E84} - 12a)},
	url = {http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm},
	publisher = {ASTM International},
	author = {{ASTM}},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {25 ft tunnel, E84, Flame retardants, Steiner tunnel, flame spread, flame spread index, smoke developed, smoke developed index, surface burning characteristics, tunnel test{\textbackslash}textlessbrk{\textbackslash}textgreater},
}





@article{ashizuka_determination_2008,
	title = {Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of {Japan}.},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1613-4133},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=20&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=4},
	doi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700110},
	abstract = {The concentrations of brominated dioxins which are polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) and mono-bromo polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in a total of 45 fish samples collected from three regions in Japan. In the brominated dioxins, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF) was the most abundant congener, and it was found in seven fish samples at 0.10-25.6 pg/g wet weight (ww). The highest concentration of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF was found in the pike eel. Regarding other congeners, 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin was detected in the sea bream at 0.02 pg/g ww, and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran was detected in the conger eel at 0.03 pg/g ww. 3-Bromo-2,7,8-trichlorodibenzofuran was detected in the Sardinella zunasi and the conger eel at 0.01 pg/g ww and 0.02 pg/g ww, respectively. Using toxic equivalency factors of chlorinated dioxins, we calculated the PBDD/DFs concentrations of these fish samples at 0.001-0.256 pg TEQ/g ww. PBDEs were detected in all of the fish samples. The concentrations of total PBDEs were 0.01-2.88 ng/g ww. The seerfish and the yellowtail containd PBDEs in high concentrations. The most dominant congener in most of the fish was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether. TBBPA was detected in 29 fish samples at 0.01-0.11 ng/g ww. The mean level of TBBPA was about one-tenth or less of the total level of PBDEs. A good correlation was obtained between total PBDEs and fat content. On the other hand, no correlation was obtained between TBBPA and fat content. The daily intakes from fish were estimated to be 0.58 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for total PBDEs, 0.03 ng/kg bw/day for TBBPA, and 0.01 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for brominated dioxins in the case assuming that the average bw of a Japanese adult person is 50 kg and that the average fish consumption is 82 g/day. For PBDEs, the provisionally calculated value was much less than the lowest observed adverse effect level value (1 mg/kg bw/day). For brominated dioxins, the daily intake was at a very low level compared with the Japanese daily intake of polychlorinated dioxins from fish. Even if the value of PBDD/DFs is added to the amount of chlorinated dioxin exposure, it was estimated that it is less than the tolerable daily intake (4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) in Japan.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular nutrition \& food research},
	author = {Ashizuka, Yuki and Nakagawa, Reiko and Hori, Tsuguhide and Yasutake, Daisuke and Tobiishi, Kazuhiro and Sasaki, Kumiko},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18246587},
	keywords = {Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Japan, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, frelec, waa},
	pages = {273--83},
}





@book{arcadis-ebrc_evaluation_2011,
	title = {Evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products},
	url = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf},
	number = {17},
	publisher = {European Commission},
	author = {{ARCADIS-EBRC}},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{arbuckle_umbilical_2013,
	title = {Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants.},
	volume = {216},
	issn = {1618-131X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.004},
	abstract = {Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants representing two classes of environmental contaminants of toxicological concern, especially for infants. Canadian biomonitoring data on these chemicals are limited. The objectives of this study were to measure PFAAs and PBDEs in umbilical cord blood from approximately 100 hospital deliveries in Ottawa (Ontario, Canada) and examine associations with characteristics of the mother and infant. Geometric means were 1.469 ng/mL for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) (95\% confidence interval of 1.292-1.671 ng/mL), 4.443 ng/mL for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (95\% CI of 3.735-5.285 ng/mL), 0.359 ng/mL for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (95\% CI of 0.318-0.404 ng/mL), and 0.579 ng/mL for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) (95\% CI of 0.473-0.709 ng/mL). The final multiple regression models indicated that lower gravida, term gestational age, smoking during pregnancy and vaginal delivery were significantly associated with higher levels of PFOS. Similarly, a vaginal delivery was significantly associated with higher PFOA, while weak associations were found with lower gravida and birth weight less than 2500 g. Furthermore, higher PFNA concentrations were significantly associated with older mothers, and vaginal delivery, while weakly associated with term gestational age. Elevated PFHxS concentrations were significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy and lower gravida. Similar to reports from other countries, the preponderant PBDE congener measured in the cord blood was PBDE-47. Questions remain on why various studies have reported conflicting results on the association between PFAAs and birth weight.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
	author = {Arbuckle, Tye E and Kubwabo, Cariton and Walker, Mark and Davis, Karelyn and Lalonde, Kaela and Kosarac, Ivana and Wen, Shi Wu and Arnold, Douglas L},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22494936},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {184--94},
}





@article{araki_phosphorus_2013,
	title = {Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants.},
	issn = {1600-0668},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807},
	doi = {10.1111/ina.12054},
	abstract = {Organophosphate esters are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers, and they are ubiquitous in the indoor environment. Phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are present in residential dust, but few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. We measured the levels of 11 PFRs in indoor floor dust and multi-surface dust in 182 single-family dwellings in Japan. We evaluated their correlations with asthma and allergies of the inhabitants. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was detected in all samples (median value: 580 μg/g in floor dust, 111 μg/g in multi-surface dust). Tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was detected at 8.69 μg/g in floor dust and 25.8 μg/g in multi-surface dust. After adjustment for potential confounders, significant associations were found between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and the presence of TCIPP and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in floor dust (per log10 -unit, odds ratio: 2.43 and 1.84, respectively). Tributyl phosphate was significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma (odds ratio: 2.85 in floor dust, 5.34 in multi-surface dust) and allergic rhinitis (odds ratio: 2.55 in multi-surface dust). PFR levels in Japan were high compared with values reported previously for Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the USA. Higher levels of PFRs in house dust were related to the inhabitants' health status. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Indoor air},
	author = {Araki, Atsuko and Saito, Ikue and Kanazawa, Ayako and Morimoto, Kanehisa and Nakayama, Kunio and Shibata, Eiji and Tanaka, Masatoshi and Takigawa, Tomoko and Yoshimura, Takesumi and Chikara, Hisao and Saijo, Yasuaki and Kishi, Reiko},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23724807},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
}





@article{angioni_study_nodate,
	title = {Study of the toxic effects of flame retardant {PBDE}-47 on the clam {Chamelea} gallina ({Linnaeus}, 1758).},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1828-1427},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589},
	abstract = {The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (PBDE-47) on the Chamelea gallina clam (according to current commercial regulations: Venus gallina). PBDEs, which are used as flame retardants in various industrial products, are classed as hazardous substances by Directive 2011/65/EU. They are bioaccumulative compounds, considered to be endocrine disruptors, genotoxic, neurotoxic and practically ubiquitous, and their concentration in the environment has considerably increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to establish the effects of PBDE-47 on Chamelea gallina: toxic power and any harmful effects on the gonads, bioaccumulation capacity in the tissues, and possible entry into the food chain. The research used 96-hour and 21-day experimental tests on clams housed in filtered seawater. The tests were preceded by a period of acclimatisation of the molluscs lasting five to seven days. The clams were fed on seaweed (Dunaliella tertiolecta). The choice of the toxic compound PBDE-47 was based on the high concentration, among the congeners of PBDE, found in some aquatic species. The study demonstrated that the concentration of the contaminant used did not alter the vital functions, cause significant levels of mortality or lead to evident alteration in the gonads of Chamelea gallina. However, the research demonstrated the bioaccumulation capacity of the bivalve mollusc, allowing PBDE-47 to enter the food chain.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Veterinaria italiana},
	author = {Angioni, Salvatora Angela and Scortichini, Giampiero and Diletti, Gianfranco and Perletta, Fabrizia and Ceci, Roberta and Ferri, Nicola},
	pmid = {23564589},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {69--77},
}





@article{alvarez_occurrence_2013,
	title = {Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern along the {California} coast (2009-10) using passive sampling devices.},
	volume = {null},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022},
	abstract = {Three passive sampling devices (PSDs), polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), polyethylene devices (PEDs), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) samplers were used to sample a diverse set of chemicals in the coastal waters of San Francisco Bay and the Southern California Bight. Seventy one chemicals (including fragrances, phosphate flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and pesticides) were measured in at least 50\% of the sites. The chemical profile from the San Francisco Bay sites was distinct from profiles from the sites in the Southern California Bight. This distinction was not due to a single compound or class, but by the relative abundances/concentrations of the chemicals. Comparing the PSDs to mussel (Mytilus spp.) tissues, a positive correlation exists for the 25 and 26 chemicals in common for the PEDs and SPME, respectively. Diphenhydramine was the only common chemical out of 40 analyzed in both POCIS and tissues detected at a common site.},
	number = {null},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	author = {Alvarez, David A and Maruya, Keith A and Dodder, Nathan G and Lao, Wenjian and Furlong, Edward T and Smalling, Kelly L},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23683585},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, emerging contaminants, mussels, ped, pocis, spme},
}





@article{altarawneh_mechanistic_2013,
	title = {A {Mechanistic} and {Kinetic} {Study} on the {Formation} of {PBDD}/{Fs} from {PBDEs}.},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223},
	doi = {10.1021/es305081j},
	abstract = {This study presents a detailed mechanistic and kinetic investigation that explains the experimentally observed high yields of formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly deployed in brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Theoretical calculations involved the accurate meta hybrid functional of M05-2X. The previously suggested pathways of debromination and generation of bromophenols/bromophenoxys/bromobenzenes were found to be unimportant corridors for the formation of PBDD/Fs. A loss of an ortho Br or H atom from PBDEs, followed by a ring-closure reaction, is the most accessible pathway for the production of PBDFs via modest reaction barriers. The initially formed peroxy-type adduct (RO2) is found to evolve in a complex, nevertheless very exoergic, mechanism to produce PBDDs. Results indicate that, degree and pattern of bromination, in the vicinity of the ether oxygen bridge, has a minor influence on governing mechanisms and that even fully brominated isomers of BFRs are capable of forming PBDD/Fs. We thoroughly discuss bimolecular reactions of PBDEs with Br and H, as well as the Br-displacement reaction by triplet oxygen. The rate of the Br-displacement reaction significantly exceeds that of the unimolecular inititiation reactions due to loss of ortho Br or H. Results presented herein address conclusively the intriguing question of how PBDEs form PBDD/Fs, a matter that has been in the center of much debate among environmental chemists.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Altarawneh, Mohammednoor and Dlugogorski, Bogdan Z},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23578223},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {5118--27},
}





@article{alm_vitro_2010,
	title = {In vitro neurotoxicity of {PBDE}-99: immediate and concentration-dependent effects on protein expression in cerebral cortex cells.},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1535-3907},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255},
	doi = {10.1021/pr900723c},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used flame retardants in various consumer products. Pre- and postnatal exposure to congeners of PBDEs disrupts normal brain development in rodents. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to analyze concentration-dependent differences in protein expression in cultured cortical cells isolated from rat fetuses (GD 21) after 24 h exposure to PBDE-99 (3, 10, or 30 microM). Changes on a post-translational level were studied using a 1 h exposure to 30 microM PBDE-99. The effects of 24 h exposure to 3 and 30 microM PBDE-99 on mRNA levels were measured using oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 62, 46, and 443 proteins were differentially expressed compared to controls after 24 h of exposure to 3, 10, and 30 microM PDBE-99, respectively. Of these, 48, 43, and 238 proteins were successfully identified, respectively. We propose that the biological effects of low-concentration PBDE-99 exposure are fundamentally different than effects of high-concentration exposure. Low-dose PBDE-99 exposure induced marked effects on cytoskeletal proteins, which was not correlated to cytotoxicity or major morphological effects, suggesting that other more regulatory aspects of cytoskeletal functions may be affected. Interestingly, 0.3 and 3 microM, but not 10 or 30 microM increased the expression of phosphorylated (active) Gap43, perhaps reflecting effects on neurite extension processes.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of proteome research},
	author = {Alm, Henrik and Scholz, Birger and Kultima, Kim and Nilsson, Anna and Andrén, Per E and Savitski, Mikhail M and Bergman, Ake and Stigson, Michael and Fex-Svenningsen, Asa and Dencker, Lennart},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19954255},
	keywords = {Animals, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Cluster Analysis, Cultured, Developmental, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophoresis, Electrospray Ionization, Female, Fetus, Fetus: cytology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: genetics, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: biosynthesis, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Protein Biosynthesis, Protein Biosynthesis: drug effects, Rats, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, Two-Dimensional},
	pages = {1226--35},
}





@article{antignac_exposure_2008,
	title = {Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in {France}: preliminary data},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1613-4133},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=18&SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&page=1&doc=2&colname=WOS},
	doi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700077},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are chemicals extensively used in many manufactured products to reduce the risk of fire, but also environmental pollutants. In order to assess the potential risk linked to these compounds in human, a French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn. A previously described multi-residue analytical method was used, for measuring the main classes of BFR (hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers) in various biological matrices. These analyzed samples (maternal and umbilical serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected on volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. Preliminary results obtained on 26 individuals (mother/newborn pairs) mainly demonstrated the presence of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A both in maternal and fetal matrices, and a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding. Contaminations levels were found globally in the ng/g lipid weight range, consistent with other published European data. Exposure results regarding highly brominated PBDE congeners (octa- to deca-BDE) appeared particularly informative and non-commonly reported, these compounds accounting for around 50\% of the total PBDE load. Additional data collection and metabolism investigations are now on-going. A more complete statistical analysis related to this BFR exposition study will be provided in a next future.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular nutrition \& food research},
	author = {Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Cariou, Ronan and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Andre, François and Le Bizec, Bruno},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18186099},
	keywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Breast Feeding, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cesarean Section, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetus, Fetus: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum},
	pages = {258--65},
}





@article{an_-site_2011,
	title = {On-site and off-site atmospheric {PBDEs} in an electronic dismantling workshop in south {China}: gas-particle partitioning and human exposure assessment.},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.014},
	abstract = {Gas samples and total suspended particle during work and off work time were investigated on-site and off-site electronic waste dismantling workshop (I- and O-EWDW), then compared with plastic recycling workshop (PRW) and waste incineration plant (WIP). TSP concentrations and total PBDE were 0.36-2.21 mg/m(3) and 27-2975 ng/m(3) at different workshops, respectively. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were major ∑PBDE congeners at I-EWDW and WIP, while BDE-209 was only dominant congener in PRW and control sites during work time and all sites during off work time. The gas-particle partitioning result was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure for all samples, except for WIP and I-EDWD, at park during work time, and residential area during off work time. The predicted urban curve fitted well with measured ϕ values at O-DEWD during work time, whereas it was slightly overestimated or underestimated for others. Exposure assessment revealed the highest exposure site was I-EDWD.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {An, Taicheng and Zhang, Delin and Li, Guiying and Mai, Bixian and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21871700},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Refuse Disposal},
	pages = {3529--35},
}





@article{an_cytotoxic_2011,
	title = {The cytotoxic effects of synthetic 6-hydroxylated and 6-methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 ({BDE47}).},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1522-7278},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613},
	doi = {10.1002/tox.20582},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been widely applied as flame retardants in plastics, polyurethane foam, paints, and synthetic fabrics. The rising PBDE level in human tissues and environment has led to concern about the health impact of exposure to PBDE. The 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), the dominant PBDE congener found in the environment and human tissues, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor. It has also been reported to cause liver and neurodevelopmental toxicity. BDE47 can be metabolized to 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. So far little has been reported on the cytotoxicity of the metabolites. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the two metabolites was investigated by exposing human hepatoma cell line HepG2 to different doses of 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. The cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage, micronucleus levels, and oxidative stress response were studied. The results indicated that both metabolites could markedly inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells with 6-OH-BDE47 showing a stronger effect, and significantly increase the micronucleus level and apoptosis rate in a dose-dependant manner. Moreover, treatment with 6-OH-BDE47 (≥0.5 μM) resulted in a marked cell cycle block. The SCGE experiments revealed that both metabolites could cause DNA damage in a dose-dependant manner. Analysis of the oxidative stress response showed that 6-OH-BDE47 treatment (≥2.0 μM) significantly increased intracellular ROS levels as indicated by GSH depletion and elevation of SOD level, whereas 6-MeO-BDE47 showed a weaker effect, suggesting that oxidative stress might play a role in the cytotoxic effects. We concluded that 6-OH-BDE47 or 6-MeO-BDE47 exposure was able to induce inhibition of cell viability, increase of apoptosis rate, cell cycle block, and DNA damages, which might involve the alterated oxidative stress response due to the elevated free radicals and impaired antioxidative system.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environmental toxicology},
	author = {An, Jing and Li, Shuhui and Zhong, Yufang and Wang, Yipei and Zhen, Kewen and Zhang, Xinyu and Wang, Yangjun and Wu, Minghong and Yu, Zhiqiang and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo and Huang, Yuecheng},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20549613},
	keywords = {Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hep G2 Cells, Humans, Hydroxylation, Oxidative Stress, Polybrominated Biphenyls},
	pages = {591--9},
}





@article{alonso_natural_2012,
	title = {Natural and anthropogenically-produced brominated compounds in endemic dolphins from {Western} {South} {Atlantic}: another risk to a vulnerable species.},
	volume = {170},
	issn = {1873-6424},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.001},
	abstract = {Liver samples from 53 Franciscana dolphins along the Brazilian coast were analyzed for organobrominated compounds. Target substances included the following anthropogenic pollutants: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), as well as the naturally-generated methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). PBDE concentrations ranged from 6 to 1797 ng/g lw (mean 166 ± 298 ng/g lw) and were similar to those observed in cetaceans from Northern Hemisphere. PBBs were found in all sampling locations ({\textbackslash}textlessLOQ to 57 ng/g lw). DBDPE was detected in 42\% of the dolphins from the most industrialized Brazilian state and the concentrations ranging from {\textbackslash}textlessLOQ to 352 ng/g lw. Franciscana dolphins from the tropical Brazilian shore presented the highest MeO-PBDE concentrations ever reported for coastal cetaceans (up to 14 μg/g lw). Eight MeO-PBDE congeners were detected and the present investigation constituted the first record of occurrence of six of them in marine mammal livers.},
	journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
	author = {Alonso, Mariana B and Eljarrat, Ethel and Gorga, Marina and Secchi, Eduardo R and Bassoi, Manuela and Barbosa, Lupércio and Bertozzi, Carolina P and Marigo, Juliana and Cremer, Marta and Domit, Camila and Azevedo, Alexandre F and Dorneles, Paulo R and Torres, João Paulo M and Lailson-Brito, José and Malm, Olaf and Barceló, Damià},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22797349},
	keywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {152--60},
}





@article{allen_linking_2008,
	title = {Linking {PBDEs} in house dust to consumer products using {X}-ray fluorescence.},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991},
	abstract = {The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-rayfluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p {\textbackslash}textless 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Environmental science \& technology},
	author = {Allen, Joseph G and McClean, Michael D and Stapleton, Heather M and Webster, Thomas F},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18589991},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, X-Rays, ffr, frelec, use},
	pages = {4222--8},
}





@article{allen_containment_2001,
	title = {Containment landfills: the myth of sustainability.},
	volume = {60},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084},
	abstract = {A number of major problems associated with the containment approach to landfill management are highlighted. The fundamental flaw in the strategy is that dry entombment of waste inhibits its degradation, so prolonging the activity of the waste and delaying, possibly for several decades, its stabilisation to an inert state. This, coupled with uncertainties as to the long-term durability of synthetic lining systems, increases the potential, for liner failure at some stage in the future whilst the waste is still active, leading to groundwater pollution by landfill leachate. Clay liners also pose problems as the smectite components of bentonite liners are subject to chemical interaction with landfill leachate, leading to a reduction in their swelling capacity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. Thus, their ability to perform a containment role diminishes with time. More critically, if diffusion rather than advection is the dominant contaminant migration mechanism, then no liner will be completely impermeable to pollutants and the containment strategy becomes untenable.There are other less obvious problems with the containment strategy. One is the tendency to place total reliance on artificial lining systems and pay little attention to local geological/hydrogeological conditions during selection of landfill sites. Based on the attitude that any site can be engineered for landfilling and that complete protection of groundwater can be effected by lining systems, negative geological characteristics of sites are being ignored. Furthermore, excessive costs in construction and operation of containment landfills necessitate that they are large scale operations (superdumps), with associated transfer facilities and transport costs, all of which add to overall waste management costs. Taken together with unpredictable post-closure maintenance and monitoring costs, possibly over several decades, the economics of the containment strategy becomes unsustainable. Such a high-cost, high-technology approach to landfill leachate management is generally beyond the financial and technological resources of the less wealthy nations, and places severe burdens on their economies. For instance, in third world countries with limited water resources, the need to preserve groundwater quality is paramount, so expensive containment strategies are adopted in the belief that they offer greatest protection to groundwater. A final indictment of the containment strategy is that in delaying degradation of waste, the present generations waste problems will be left for future generations to deal with.More cost-effective landfill management strategies take advantage of the natural hydrogeological characteristics and attenuation properties of the subsurface. The 'dilute and disperse' strategy employs the natural sorption and ion exchange properties of clay minerals, and it has been shown that in appropriate situations it is effective in attenuating landfill leachate and preventing pollution of water resources. Operated at sites with thick clay overburden sequences, using a permeable cap to maximise rainfall infiltration and a leachate collection system to control leachate migration, 'dilute and disperse' is a viable leachate management strategy. Hydraulic traps are relatively common hydrogeological situations where groundwater flow is towards the landfill, so effectively suppressing outwards advective flow of leachate. This approach is also best employed with a clay liner, taking advantage of the attenuation properties of clays to combat diffusive flow of contaminants. These strategies are likely to guarantee greater protection of groundwater in the long term.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Engineering Geology},
	author = {Allen, A},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr, unsure},
	pages = {3--19},
}





@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,
	title = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in the serum and hair of pet cats and dogs: biosentinels of indoor pollution.},
	volume = {449},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.037},
	abstract = {Concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) viz., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), bromophenols (BPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites were determined in cat and dog serum and hair samples from Pakistan. The major DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE, was the major OHC in cat serum (N=20) and ranged between 1 and 2150 ng/g lipid weight (lw). p,p'-DDE was not detected in dog serum (N=16). In contrary to other OHCs, levels of ∑HO-PCBs were significantly higher in dog serum (median=6.0 ng/g lw) than cat serum (median=2.2 ng/g lw). Levels of most OHCs were significantly higher (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05) in cat serum than those found in human serum from the same region, in particular for ∑PBDEs (ranged 1-1280 ng/g lw). Significantly lower levels of OCPs (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05) were detected in dog serum than in human serum. The concentrations of ∑BPs were seven times higher in cat serum (median 112 ng/g lw) than dog serum (median 16 ng/g lw). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that NBFRs, e.g. 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in cat and dog's hair. BTBPE had the highest detection frequency (30\%) in the serum samples. In cat and dog hair samples, the order of importance of OHCs was ∑OCPs{\textbackslash}textgreater∑NBFRs{\textbackslash}textgreater∑PBDEs{\textbackslash}textgreater∑PCB, with the highest concentrations being around 38 ng/g hair. In paired hair-serum cat samples (N=12), ∑DDTs (r=0.65, p=0.001) were significantly correlated, while for all other OHCs no significant correlations (p{\textbackslash}textless0.001) were observed in both cats and dogs. Our findings on both hair and serum samples suggested that pet dogs do not bioaccumulate DDTs. Our results are also in agreement with the hypothesis that pets may serve as biosentinels for indoor pollution. This is the first study to document the presence of OHCs in pets from Pakistan and provides baseline information for future monitoring of OHCs in pets.},
	journal = {The Science of the total environment},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Mehdi, Toufeer and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Javeed, Aqeel and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23403100},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {29--36},
}





@article{ali_novel_2011,
	title = {"{Novel}" brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: implications for human exposure.},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},
	abstract = {Concentrations of several "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n=39) and offices (n=6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n=36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range {\textbackslash}textless20-2470 ng g(-1)), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range {\textbackslash}textless0.5-1740 ng g(-1)), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range {\textbackslash}textless20-9960 ng g(-1)), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range {\textbackslash}textless2-436 ng g(-1)) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range {\textbackslash}textless2-6175 ng g(-1)). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g(-1) dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH=4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults=20 mg d(-1); for toddlers=50 mg d(-1)) and high dust ingestion (adults=50 mg d(-1); for toddlers=200 mg d(-1)). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21458020},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Belgium, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child Day Care Centers: statistics \& numerical dat, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Housing, Housing: statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \& numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \& numerical data, Preschool, Workplace, Workplace: statistics \& numerical data},
	pages = {1360--5},
}





@article{ali_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}: indoor sources and human exposure assessment.},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100},
	abstract = {Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n=34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n=16). Concentrations (ngg(-1)) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) ({\textbackslash}textless2-175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) ({\textbackslash}textless5-1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) ({\textbackslash}textless2-2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ({\textbackslash}textless2-640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ngg(-1)) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) ({\textbackslash}textless10-235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) ({\textbackslash}textless20-7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) ({\textbackslash}textless20-7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20-7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50-27325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20-16560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20-35190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) ({\textbackslash}textless50-3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range {\textbackslash}textless2-4100ngg(-1). BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n=16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin C and Van den Eede, Nele and Goosey, Emma and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and 't Mannetje, Andrea and Coakley, Jonathan and Douwes, Jeroen and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22551874},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, New Zealand, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis},
	pages = {1276--82},
}





@article{ali_levels_2013,
	title = {Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from {Kuwait} and pakistan: implication for human exposure via dust ingestion.},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1873-6750},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001},
	abstract = {There are only few studies documenting indoor pollution in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In present study, we have evaluated the occurrence of various organochlorines (OCs) and flame retardants (FRs) in dust from cars and houses of Pakistan and Kuwait. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate FRs (PFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in indoor dust from urban houses (N=15 per country) and cars (N=15 per country). PFRs were the major analytes in all four microenvironments, followed by PBDEs{\textbackslash}textgreaterNBFRs{\textbackslash}textgreaterOCPs{\textbackslash}textgreaterPCBs. For all classes of analytes, relatively lower levels were observed in car and house dust from Pakistan than Kuwait. Levels of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs and ∑PFRs were higher in car dust, while ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs were higher in house dust from both countries. ∑PFRs occurred at average concentrations of 16,900, 87,900, 475, and 2500ng/g in Kuwaiti house and car, and Pakistani house and car dust, respectively. For both countries, the profiles of analytes in car dust were different from those in the house dust. Different exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for adult, taxi drivers and toddlers. For Kuwaiti toddlers, assuming high dust intake and mean and 95th percentile concentrations, the values computed for ∑OCPs (1500ng/kg bw/day) were higher than RfD values, while for ∑PCBs (14.5ng/kg bw/day) it was only two-fold lower than the corresponding RfDs.},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Ali, Lulwa and Mehdi, Toufeer and Dirtu, Alin C and Al-Shammari, Fatema and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23523855},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {62--70},
}





@article{aleksa_detection_2012,
	title = {Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure.},
	volume = {218},
	issn = {1872-6283},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498},
	doi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.003},
	abstract = {Cryptorchidism, or undescended/maldescended testis, is the most common birth defect of male genitalia. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades. This may be due to an increase in the prevalence of anti-androgenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochloride pesticides, plasticizers and fungicides. A newer group of chemicals, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are being implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are used worldwide in polymers that are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e.g., textile, computers and televisions, insulating foam, electrical equipment and kitchen appliances). In order to quantify BFRs we introduce the use of hair levels of polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs) as biomarkers of systemic exposure. This approach will allow for the estimation of in utero BFR exposure, in the process of evaluating the potential link between the incidence of cryptorchidism in newborn males and level of exposure of the pregnant mother to environmentally relevant BFRs. For that end we have developed a GC/MS assay in which children's hair is analyzed for the presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs).},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Forensic science international},
	author = {Aleksa, Katarina and Carnevale, Amanda and Goodyer, Cynthia and Koren, Gideon},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22079498},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Limit of Detection, Male, Maternal Exposure, Newborn, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Preschool, Solid Phase Microextraction, Solid Phase Microextraction: methods},
	pages = {37--43},
}





@article{alava_pbde_2012,
	title = {{PBDE} flame retardants and {PCBs} in migrating {Steller} sea lions ({Eumetopias} jubatus) in the {Strait} of {Georgia}, {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}.},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1879-1298},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.094},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in blubber biopsy samples from 22 live-captured Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) that had just entered the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, for their overwintering feeding season. ∑PBDE ranged from 50μgkg(-1) (lipid weight) in adult females to 3780μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. ∑PCBs ranged from 272μgkg(-1) in adult females to 14280μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. While most PBDE and PCB congeners were transferred through milk to pups, PCBs with logK(OW){\textbackslash}textgreater7.0 (PCBs 206, 207, 208 and 209) appeared constrained, resulting in a lighter mixture in pups compared to adult females. The ratio of individual PCB congeners by metabolic group (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) to PCB-153 regressed against length of males suggested poor biotransformation of these compounds (slopes did not differ from zero, p{\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). PBDE congeners 49, 99, 153 and 183 appeared bioaccumulative (slopes of ratio BDE/PCB 153 versus length were higher than zero, p{\textbackslash}textless0.05), but the dominance of the single congener, BDE-47 (64\% of total PBDEs), likely due in part to debromination pathways, reduced our ability to explore congener-specific dynamics of PBDEs in these pinnipeds. With 80\% of our Steller sea lions exceeding a recent toxicity reference value for PCBs, the fasting-associated mobilization of these contaminants raises concerns about a heightened vulnerability to adverse effects during annual migrations.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Alava, Juan José and Lambourn, Dyanna and Olesiuk, Peter and Lance, Monique and Jeffries, Steven J and Gobas, Frank A P C and Ross, Peter S},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22560183},
	keywords = {Animals, British Columbia, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacology, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Population Dynamics, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: physiology, Water Pollutants},
	pages = {855--64},
}





@article{allen_exposure_2013,
	title = {Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1476-069X},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-17},
	abstract = {Flame retardant chemicals are used in materials on airplanes to slow the propagation of fire. These chemicals migrate from their source products and can be found in the dust of airplanes, creating the potential for exposure.},
	journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
	author = {Allen, Joseph G and Stapleton, Heather M and Vallarino, Jose and McNeely, Eileen and McClean, Michael D and Harrad, Stuart J and Rauert, Cassandra B and Spengler, John D},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23413926},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {17},
}





@article{ali_analytical_2011,
	title = {Analytical characteristics and determination of major novel brominated flame retardants ({NBFRs}) in indoor dust.},
	volume = {400},
	issn = {1618-2650},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791},
	doi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4966-7},
	abstract = {A new method was developed and optimized for the detection of major "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which included decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO). Several solid phase sorbents were tested, and finally, a two-step cleanup procedure was established. The first step on activated silica was used to fractionate the dust extracts, while the second step on acidified silica (silica gel impregnated with sulphuric acid 44\% w/w) and on Florisil(®), respectively, was essential for advanced cleanup. High recoveries for NBFRs (range, 75-94\%) were achieved. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization using a DB-5ms (15 m × 0.25 mm × 0.1 μm) capillary column. Quantification of DBDPE, BTBPE and TBBPA-DBPE was based on ion m/z 79, while characteristic ions were used for quantification of TBB (m/z 359), HCDBCO (m/z 310) and TBPH (m/z 384). The method provided good repeatability; within- and between-day precision were ≤14\% for all NBFRs. Method limits of quantification ranged between 1 and 20 ng g(-1); dust and NBFRs were not detected in blanks. The method was further applied to indoor dust (n = 21) collected from e-waste facilities in Thailand. Except for HCDBCO, all NBFRs were detected in the e-waste dust with concentrations up to 44,000 and 22,600 ng g(-1) DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The dust profile was dominated by DBDPE (50\%) {\textbackslash}textgreater BTBPE (45\%) {\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA-DBPE (3\%) {\textbackslash}textgreater TBPH (1.9\%) {\textbackslash}textgreater TBB (0.1\%). Significant correlations (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) were found between the concentrations of BTBPE and BDE 183 or BDE 197 on the one hand, between TBPH and BDE 47 or BDE 99, and between DBDPE and BDE 209, on the other hand. Concentrations of TBB were not positively correlated with TBPH, which suggests different emission sources.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Muenhor, Dudsadee and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21479791},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {3073--83},
}





@article{ali_assessment_2012,
	title = {Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in {Pakistan}.},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1600-0668},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x},
	abstract = {Ingestion of indoor dust has been acknowledged as an important route of exposure to organic contaminants (OCs). We investigated the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in indoor floor dust from rural homes (N=31) and mosques (N=12) in Gujrat, Pakistan. Low concentrations were observed for most contaminants. OPFRs were the principle contaminants, with tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) and tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPP) having medians of 66 and 109 ng/g, respectively. PBDEs were only minor constituents in the investigated samples, with BDE 209 (median 40 ng/g) being the most important congener. Levels and profile of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑PCBs revealed no difference (P{\textbackslash}textless0.05) between samples of dust from homes and mosques, indicating similar emission sources. Exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for both adult and toddlers. Typical high-end, using median levels and high dust ingestion, exposure for adults were 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, {\textbackslash}textless0.01, and 0.65 ng/kg bw/day and for toddlers 0.39, 0.45, 0.69, 0.01, and 15.2 ng/kg bw/day for ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑OCPs, ∑PCBs, and ∑OPFRs, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to document the presence of indoor OCs in Pakistani dust.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Indoor air},
	author = {Ali, N and Van den Eede, N and Dirtu, A C and Neels, H and Covaci, A},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22092870},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Nonparametric, Pakistan, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Preschool, Rural Population, Statistics},
	pages = {200--11},
}





@article{alaee_significance_2002,
	title = {The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: current understanding, issues and challenges},
	volume = {46},
	url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Alaee, Mehran and Wenning, R J},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Flame retardants},
	pages = {579--582},
}









@article{julander_cobalt-containing_2009,
	title = {Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1600-0536},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x},
	abstract = {Background:  Cobalt, nickel, and chromium are important skin sensitizers. However, knowledge about cobalt exposure and causes of cobalt sensitization is limited. Objectives:  To study release of cobalt, nickel, and chromium from some cobalt-containing hard metal alloys and to test reactivity to the materials in cobalt-sensitized patients. Methods:  Discs suitable for patch testing were made of some hard metal alloys. Cobalt, nickel, and chromium release from the materials was determined by immersion in artificial sweat (2 min, 1 hr, 1 day, and 1 week). Patch test reactivity to the discs and to serial dilutions of cobalt and nickel was assessed in previously patch-tested dermatitis patients (19 cobalt positive and 18 cobalt-negative controls). Results:  All discs released cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Some discs released large amounts of cobalt (highest concentration: 290 μg/cm2/week). Seven discs elicited three or more positive test reactions. Conclusions:  The concentration of released cobalt was high enough to elicit allergic contact dermatitis in cobalt-sensitized patients. As the materials in the discs are used in wear parts of hard metal tools, individuals with contact allergy to cobalt may develop hand eczema when handling such materials.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-08-09},
	journal = {Contact Dermatitis},
	author = {Julander, Anneli and Hindsén, Monica and Skare, Lizbet and Lidén, Carola},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Occupational exposure, acid wipe sampling, allergic contact dermatitis, chemical analysis, chromium, cobalt, nickel, patch tests},
	pages = {165--170},
}





@article{vorbau_method_2009,
	title = {Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0021-8502},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006},
	abstract = {A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process.

Details of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail.

After the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Aerosol Science},
	author = {Vorbau, Manuel and Hillemann, Lars and Stintz, Michael},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating},
	pages = {209--217},
}





@article{saber_nanotitanium_2012,
	title = {Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1743-8977},
	url = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1743-8977-9-4},
	abstract = {PMID: 22300483},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},
	author = {Saber, Anne T. and Jacobsen, Nicklas R. and Mortensen, Alicia and Szarek, Józef and Jackson, Petra and Madsen, Anne M. and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Brunborg, Gunnar and Gützkow, Kristine B. and Vogel, Ulla and Wallin, Håkan},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts},
	pages = {4},
}





@article{mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012,
	title = {Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1743-5390},
	url = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},
	doi = {10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},
	abstract = {Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Nanotoxicology},
	author = {Mikkelsen, Lone and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Saber, Anne T. and Wallin, Håkan and Loft, Steffen and Vogel, Ulla and Møller, Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {117--134},
}





@article{koponen_sanding_2009,
	title = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: {Physical} characterisation},
	volume = {151},
	issn = {1742-6596},
	shorttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048},
	doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048},
	abstract = {Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
	author = {Koponen, I. K. and Jensen, K. A. and Schneider, T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {012048},
}





@article{froggett_review_2014,
	title = {A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1743-8977},
	url = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1743-8977-11-17},
	abstract = {PMID: 24708765},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},
	author = {Froggett, Stephan J. and Clancy, Shaun F. and Boverhof, Darrell R. and Canady, Richard A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology},
	pages = {17},
}





@article{koponen_comparison_2011,
	title = {Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {© 2010 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1559-0631},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html},
	doi = {10.1038/jes.2010.32},
	abstract = {Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},
	author = {Koponen, Ismo Kalevi and Jensen, Keld Alstrup and Schneider, Thomas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health},
	pages = {408--418},
}





@article{kim_thermal_2016,
	title = {Thermal {Evolution} and {Instability} of {CO}-{Induced} {Platinum} {Clusters} on the {Pt}(557) {Surface} at {Ambient} {Pressure}},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628},
	doi = {10.1021/jacs.5b10628},
	abstract = {Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Kim, Jeongjin and Noh, Myung Cheol and Doh, Won Hui and Park, Jeong Young},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
}









@article{blinder_texas_2016,
	title = {Texas {Open}-{Carry} {Laws} {Blurred} {Lines} {Between} {Suspects} and {Marchers}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html},
	abstract = {The mayor of Dallas suggests tightening the state’s gun laws to make it tougher to carry long arms in public.},
	urldate = {2016-07-11},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Blinder, Alan, Manny Fernandez and Montgomery, David},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Attacks on Police, Brown, David O, Dallas (Tex), Dallas, Tex  Shooting of Police Officers (2016), Demonstrations, Protests and Riots, Firearms, Gun Control, Johnson, Micah X, Open Carry Texas, Police Brutality, Misconduct and Shootings, Police Department (Dallas, Tex), Texas},
}









@misc{noauthor_consent_nodate,
	title = {Consent {Order} (1).pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_structure_sanitized.pdf_nodate,
	title = {{CN}\_PMN\_Structure\_Sanitized.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_reaction_diagram_sanitized.pdf_nodate,
	title = {{CN}\_PMN\_Reaction\_Diagram\_Sanitized.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_textile_sanitized.pdf_nodate,
	title = {{CN}\_PMN\_Process\_Flow\_Textile\_Sanitized.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_diagram_manufacture_sanitized.pdf_nodate,
	title = {{CN}\_PMN\_Process\_Flow\_Diagram\_Manufacture\_Sanitized.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_compounding_sanitized.pdf_nodate,
	title = {{CN}\_PMN\_Process\_Flow\_Compounding\_Sanitized.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_ies_report_sanitized.pdf_nodate,
	title = {{CN}\_PMN\_IES\_Report\_Sanitized.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_cn_3384a_msds_sanitized.pdf_nodate,
	title = {{CN}\_3384A\_MSDS\_Sanitized.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_b_nodate,
	title = {B {Economic} {Analysis} 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_economic_nodate,
	title = {A {Economic} {Anaysis} 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf},
}









@misc{noauthor_snur_nodate,
	title = {{SNUR} {P}-11-0607.pdf},
	keywords = {SNUR3},
}

































































































































































@article{kalachova_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the {Czech} {Republic}},
	volume = {441},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061},
	abstract = {The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six “alternative” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of “alternative” BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges {\textless} 20–3567 and {\textless} 0.3–950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70\% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Kalachova, K. and Hradkova, P. and Lankova, D. and Hajslova, J. and Pulkrabova, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {BFR, Car, Dust, Household, Human exposure},
	pages = {182--193},
}





@article{fromme_polybrominated_2014,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}), hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) and “novel” brominated flame retardants in house dust in {Germany}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a wide variety of products such as electronic devices, upholstery and carpets and in insulation boards. The study presented here aimed to quantify the amounts of BFRs in house dust in Germany. For this purpose 20 residences' dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags and analysed with LC–MS/MS and simultaneously with GC/MS.

Using GC/MS, the median (95th percentile) concentrations of PBDEs (sum of tetra- to hepta-congeners), BDE 209, Σ-HBCD (sum of three congeners), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were 42 ng/g (230 ng/g), 950 ng/g (3426 ng/g), 335 ng/g (1545 ng/g), and 146 ng/g (1059 ng/g), respectively. Using LC–MS/MS some “novel” flame retardants were found in median concentrations of 343 ng/g (bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate, TBPH), and 28 ng/g (tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA). Whilst 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) could not be detected.

Based on these measurements an exposure assessment for the sum of tetra- to heptabrominated congeners, BDE 209, and Σ-HBCD resulted in a “high” daily intake for toddlers (based on 95th percentiles) of 1.2 ng/kg b.w., 0.69 ng/kg b.w., and 8.9 ng/kg b.w., respectively. For TBPH the “high” intake was calculated at 4.1 ng/kg b.w. and for DBDPE at 5.3 ng/kg b.w.

A clear tendency was observed to apply “novel” BFRs in Germany. Moreover, the results suggest that the recent exposure to PBDEs and HBCD via house dust in Germany is well below the levels that are associated with health effects. For the “novel” brominated flame retardants such an assessment is not possible due to limited toxicological information.},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Fromme, H. and Hilger, B. and Kopp, E. and Miserok, M. and Völkel, W.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {BFR, Dust, Exposure, HBCD, Intake},
	pages = {61--68},
}





@misc{noauthor_foiad_nodate,
	title = {{FOIAd} document},
}





@article{kim_thermal_2016,
	title = {Thermal {Evolution} and {Instability} of {CO}-{Induced} {Platinum} {Clusters} on the {Pt}(557) {Surface} at {Ambient} {Pressure}},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628},
	doi = {10.1021/jacs.5b10628},
	abstract = {Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.},
	urldate = {2016-01-22},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Kim, Jeongjin and Noh, Myung Cheol and Doh, Won Hui and Park, Jeong Young},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
}









@misc{noauthor_hbn_nodate,
	title = {{HBN} {Avoidable} {Hazard} {Index} ({AHI}) {Volatile} {Ingredients} {Calculator} {Tool}},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&usp=embed_facebook},
	abstract = {Wireframe Introduction: This is a wireframe for the user side of a plug-n-chug style calculator tool, which we expect to operate on the Pharos website. The calculator page has at least three sections: a home landing page, a data entry page for two or more products, and an AHI output page.  The volat},
	urldate = {2015-09-01},
	journal = {Google Docs},
}









@misc{noauthor_ahi_nodate,
	title = {{AHI} notes 8/27/15},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook},
	urldate = {2015-08-28},
	journal = {Google Docs},
}













@article{koponen_comparison_2011,
	title = {Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {© 2010 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1559-0631},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html},
	doi = {10.1038/jes.2010.32},
	abstract = {Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-05-06},
	journal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},
	author = {Koponen, Ismo Kalevi and Jensen, Keld Alstrup and Schneider, Thomas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health},
	pages = {408--418},
}













@article{koponen_sanding_2009,
	title = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: {Physical} characterisation},
	volume = {151},
	issn = {1742-6596},
	shorttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048},
	doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048},
	abstract = {Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-05-05},
	journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
	author = {Koponen, I. K. and Jensen, K. A. and Schneider, T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {012048},
}













@article{froggett_review_2014,
	title = {A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1743-8977},
	url = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1743-8977-11-17},
	abstract = {PMID: 24708765},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-05-05},
	journal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},
	author = {Froggett, Stephan J. and Clancy, Shaun F. and Boverhof, Darrell R. and Canady, Richard A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24708765},
	keywords = {Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology},
	pages = {17},
}









@article{mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012,
	title = {Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1743-5390},
	url = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},
	doi = {10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},
	abstract = {Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2015-05-05},
	journal = {Nanotoxicology},
	author = {Mikkelsen, Lone and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Saber, Anne T. and Wallin, Håkan and Loft, Steffen and Vogel, Ulla and Møller, Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {117--134},
}













@article{saber_nanotitanium_2012,
	title = {Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
	issn = {1743-8977},
	url = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/1743-8977-9-4},
	abstract = {PMID: 22300483},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-05-05},
	journal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},
	author = {Saber, Anne T. and Jacobsen, Nicklas R. and Mortensen, Alicia and Szarek, Józef and Jackson, Petra and Madsen, Anne M. and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Brunborg, Gunnar and Gützkow, Kristine B. and Vogel, Ulla and Wallin, Håkan},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22300483},
	keywords = {DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts},
	pages = {4},
}













@article{vorbau_method_2009,
	title = {Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0021-8502},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006},
	abstract = {A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process.

Details of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail.

After the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-05-05},
	journal = {Journal of Aerosol Science},
	author = {Vorbau, Manuel and Hillemann, Lars and Stintz, Michael},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating},
	pages = {209--217},
}













@article{digangi_san_2010,
	title = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on {Brominated} and {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1003089},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A. and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D. and Webster, Thomas F.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {21123135},
	pmcid = {PMC3002202},
	pages = {A516--A518},
}





@article{petersen_economic_2013,
	title = {Economic {Costs} of {Diabetes} in the {U}.{S}. in 2012},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0149-5992},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/},
	doi = {10.2337/dc12-2625},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE
This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S.

RESULTS
The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \$245 billion, including \$176 billion in direct medical costs and \$69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43\% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18\%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12\%), physician office visits (9\%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8\%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about \$13,700 per year, of which about \$7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism (\$5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work (\$20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force (\$2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability (\$21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality (\$18.5 billion).

CONCLUSIONS
The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \$245 billion, a 41\% increase from our previous estimate of \$174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Diabetes Care},
	author = {Petersen, Matt},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23468086},
	pmcid = {PMC3609540},
	pages = {1033--1046},
}

















@article{american_diabetes_association_economic_2013,
	title = {Economic costs of diabetes in the {U}.{S}. in 2012},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1935-5548},
	doi = {10.2337/dc12-2625},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S.
RESULTS: The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \$245 billion, including \$176 billion in direct medical costs and \$69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43\% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18\%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12\%), physician office visits (9\%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8\%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about \$13,700 per year, of which about \$7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism (\$5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work (\$20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force (\$2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability (\$21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality (\$18.5 billion).
CONCLUSIONS: The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \$245 billion, a 41\% increase from our previous estimate of \$174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Diabetes Care},
	author = {{American Diabetes Association}},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23468086},
	pmcid = {PMC3609540},
	keywords = {Cost of Illness, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, United States},
	pages = {1033--1046},
}













@article{blum_flame-retardant_1977,
	title = {Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17},
	doi = {10.1126/science.831254},
	language = {en},
	number = {4273},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Blum, A. and Ames, B. N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1977},
	pmid = {831254},
	pages = {17--23},
}













@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,
	title = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},
	abstract = {background: California children’s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals., Objective: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort., Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children’s attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323)., Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination—particularly in the nondominant—at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels., Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A. and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G. and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjodin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23154064},
	pmcid = {PMC3569691},
	pages = {257--262},
}













@article{fischer_children_2006,
	title = {Children {Show} {Highest} {Levels} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in a {California} {Family} of {Four}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	shorttitle = {Children {Show} {Highest} {Levels} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in a {California} {Family} of {Four}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.8554},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous
environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United
States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood
drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions
90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated
PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with
children’s levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations
of, for example, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from
32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child,
and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed
significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother,
child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December
concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12,
and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents’ ∑PBDE concentrations
approached U.S. median concentrations, with children’s concentrations near the
maximum (top 5\%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations
of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are
adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children’s higher
PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second
sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can
decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that
children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of
PBDE-related health effects than adults.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Fischer, Douglas and Hooper, Kim and Athanasiadou, Maria and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {17035146},
	pmcid = {PMC1626410},
	pages = {1581--1584},
}













@article{lorber_exposure_2007,
	title = {Exposure of {Americans} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {© 2007 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1559-0631},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html},
	doi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500572},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1–5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6–11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12–19. The much higher dose for the child age 1–5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82\% of the overall estimated intakes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},
	author = {Lorber, Matthew},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDE, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, exposure modeling},
	pages = {2--19},
}





@article{gorga_determination_2013,
	title = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},
	volume = {444},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23262324},
	keywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},
	pages = {51--59},
}













@article{buser_polybrominated_1986,
	title = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015},
	doi = {10.1021/es00146a015},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Buser, Hans Rudolf.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1986},
	pages = {404--408},
}









@article{buser_polybrominated_1986,
	title = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015},
	doi = {10.1021/es00146a015},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Buser, Hans Rudolf.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1986},
	pages = {404--408},
}









@article{liu_endocrine_2012,
	title = {Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in {H295R} and {MVLN} cell lines and in zebrafish},
	volume = {114–115},
	issn = {0166-445X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019},
	abstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14 d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14 d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Aquatic Toxicology},
	author = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Endocrine disruption, H295R, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Sex steroid hormone, Steroidogenesis gene transcription, Zebrafish},
	pages = {173--181},
}









@article{dishaw_is_2011,
	series = {Environmental {Chemicals} and {Neurotoxicity}},
	title = {Is the {PentaBDE} replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP}), a developmental neurotoxicant? {Studies} in {PC12} cells},
	volume = {256},
	issn = {0041-008X},
	shorttitle = {Is the {PentaBDE} replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP}), a developmental neurotoxicant?},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147},
	doi = {10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005},
	abstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},
	author = {Dishaw, Laura V. and Powers, Christina M. and Ryde, Ian T. and Roberts, Simon C. and Seidler, Frederic J. and Slotkin, Theodore A. and Stapleton, Heather M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Neurotoxicity, Organophosphate, PC12 cells, TDCPP},
	pages = {281--289},
}













@article{gold_another_1978,
	title = {Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens},
	volume = {200},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785},
	doi = {10.1126/science.347576},
	abstract = {A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4343},
	urldate = {2014-10-02},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Gold, M. D. and Blum, A. and Ames, B. N.},
	month = may,
	year = {1978},
	pmid = {347576},
	pages = {785--787},
}













@article{zhou_measurements_2014,
	title = {Measurements of {Selected} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Nursing} {Women}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Measurements of {Selected} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Nursing} {Women}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839},
	doi = {10.1021/es5016839},
	abstract = {We have examined several emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-indane (OBIND), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in paired human maternal serum (n = 102) and breast milk (n = 105) collected in 2008?2009 in the Sherbrooke region in Canada. Three legacy BFRs were also included in the study for comparison: decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), and 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-153). TBB, BB-153, and BDE-153 had detection frequencies greater than 55\% in both serum and milk samples. Their lipid weight (lw) adjusted median concentrations (ng g?1 lw) in serum and milk were 1.6 and 0.41 for TBB, 0.48 and 0.31 for BB-153, and 1.5 and 4.4 for BDE-153, respectively. The detection frequencies for the other BFRs measured in serum and milk were 16.7\% and 32.4\% for TBPH, 3.9\% and 0.0\% for BTBPE, 2.0\% and 0.0\% for BB-209, 9.8\% and 1.0\% for OBIND, and 5.9\% and 8.6\% for DBDPE. The ratio of TBB over the sum of TBB and TBPH (fTBB) in serum (0.23) was lower than that in milk (0.46), indicating TBB has a larger tendency than TBPH to be redistributed from blood to milk. Overall, these data confirm the presence of non-PBDE BFRs in humans, and the need to better understand their sources, routes of exposure, and potential human health effects.},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Zhou, Simon Ningsun and Buchar, Angelina and Siddique, Shabana and Takser, Larissa and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Zhu, Jiping},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {8873--8880},
}









@article{kim_tetrabromobisphenol_2014,
	title = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant–mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors},
	volume = {184},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.034},
	abstract = {The concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and their correlations with thyroid hormones, were investigated in sera from 26 infants with congenital hypothyroidism, 12 healthy infants, and their mothers. The analyte concentrations were not significantly different in the two infant groups. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (measured in a previous study) were the dominant brominated flame retardants, contributing 42–87\% of the total, and HBCDs contributed 5–18\%. TBBPA concentrations were 2–5 times higher in the infants than in the mothers. The TBBPA concentrations decreased dramatically with age for 2–3 months after birth, which might be caused by its relatively high maternal transfer rate, short half-life, and fast excretion. Significant correlations were found between mothers and infants in the TBBPA and HBCD concentrations, implying that maternal transfer was important. TBBPA correlated weakly with thyroid hormones, showing a positive relationship with FT4 but a negative relationship with T3.},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Kim, Un-Jung and Oh, Jeong-Eun},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Congenital hypothyroidism, Environmental factors, Human monitoring, Infant, Organohalogen},
	pages = {193--200},
}









@article{ryan_brominated_2014,
	title = {The brominated flame retardants, {PBDEs} and {HBCD}, in {Canadian} human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020},
	abstract = {Human milk samples were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada mostly in the years 1992 to 2005. These included five large cities in southern Canada as well as samples from Nunavik in northern Quebec. Comparative samples were also collected from residents of Austin, Texas, USA in 2002 and 2004. More than 300 milk samples were analysed for the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDEs and HBCD, by extraction, purification and quantification using either isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-MS. The Canadian total PBDE values in the years 2002–2005 show median levels of about 20 μg/kg on a lipid basis; a value significantly higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. Milk samples from Inuit donors in the northern region of Nunavik were slightly lower in PBDE concentrations than those from populated regions in the south of Quebec. Milk samples from Ontario contained slightly lower amounts of PBDEs in two time periods than those from Texas. HBCD levels in most milk samples were usually less than 1 ppb milk lipid and dominated by the α-isomer. This large data set of BFRs in Canadian human milk demonstrates an increase in the last few decades in human exposure to BFRs which now appears to have stabilized.},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Ryan, John Jake and Rawn, Dorothea F. K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},
	pages = {1--8},
}









@article{rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in {Canadian} human fetal liver and placental tissues},
	volume = {468–469},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014},
	abstract = {Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (\&lt; LOD; \&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and \&lt; LOD (\&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Rawn, Dorothea F. K. and Gaertner, Dean W. and Weber, Dorcas and Curran, Ivan H. A. and Cooke, Gerard M. and Goodyer, Cynthia G.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs},
	pages = {622--629},
}













@article{yager_dissipation_2014,
	title = {Dissipation of {Contaminants} of {Emerging} {Concern} in {Biosolids} {Applied} to {Nonirrigated} {Farmland} in {Eastern} {Colorado}},
	volume = {50},
	copyright = {© 2014 American Water Resources Association. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA},
	issn = {1752-1688},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/jawr.12163},
	abstract = {In 2007, a 1.5-year field-scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post-application included indole, d-limonene, p-cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180-day-weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta-benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre-application soil were 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta-sitosterol, beta-stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p-cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d-limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, beta-sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p-cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post-application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	author = {Yager, Tracy J.B. and Furlong, Edward T. and Kolpin, Dana W. and Kinney, Chad A. and Zaugg, Steven D. and Burkhardt, Mark R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {biosolids, crops, field dissipation, organic chemicals, soils, transport and fate},
	pages = {343--357},
}













@article{powers_web-based_2014,
	title = {A web-based tool to engage stakeholders in informing research planning for future decisions on emerging materials},
	volume = {470–471},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016},
	abstract = {Prioritizing and assessing risks associated with chemicals, industrial materials, or emerging technologies is a complex problem that benefits from the involvement of multiple stakeholder groups. For example, in the case of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), scientific uncertainties exist that hamper environmental, health, and safety (EHS) assessments. Therefore, alternative approaches to standard EHS assessment methods have gained increased attention. The objective of this paper is to describe the application of a web-based, interactive decision support tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in a pilot study on ENMs. The piloted tool implements U.S. EPA's comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) approach to prioritize research gaps. When pursued, such research priorities can result in data that subsequently improve the scientific robustness of risk assessments and inform future risk management decisions. Pilot results suggest that the tool was useful in facilitating multi-stakeholder prioritization of research gaps. Results also provide potential improvements for subsequent applications. The outcomes of future CEAWeb applications with larger stakeholder groups may inform the development of funding opportunities for emerging materials across the scientific community (e.g., National Science Foundation Science to Achieve Results [STAR] grants, National Institutes of Health Requests for Proposals).},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Powers, Christina M. and Grieger, Khara D. and Hendren, Christine Ogilvie and Meacham, Connie A. and Gurevich, Gerald and Lassiter, Meredith Gooding and Money, Eric S. and Lloyd, Jennifer M. and Beaulieu, Stephen M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Comprehensive environmental assessment, Engineered nanomaterials, Research planning, Risk assessment, Stakeholder engagement},
	pages = {660--668},
}









@article{kuramochi_estimation_2014,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},
	title = {Estimation of physicochemical properties of 52 non-{PBDE} brominated flame retardants and evaluation of their overall persistence and long-range transport potential},
	volume = {491–492},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.004},
	abstract = {Non-PBDE (polybromodiphenyl ether) brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used as alternatives to PBDEs should be evaluated in terms of their environmental contamination potential. We first used two well-known estimation tools, EPI Suite and SPARC, to estimate the physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE BFRs. We assessed the dependence of the properties on the molecular weight and chemical structure of the compounds. The accuracy of the estimates was evaluated by comparing results with previous experimental data. In the case of EPI Suite, we have recommended an appropriate calculation method for the air–water partition coefficient. Half-lives in each environmental medium were also estimated with EPI Suite. Based on the estimated properties and half-lives, the overall persistence (Pov) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) of the BFRs were calculated using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Pov and LRTP Screening Tool. We selected some POP-like chemicals from among the non-PBDE BFRs on the basis of their Pov and LRTP. From a Monte Carlo analysis of the calculated results for the selected BFRs, we suggest physicochemical properties to be measured in the future.},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Kuramochi, Hidetoshi and Takigami, Hidetaka and Scheringer, Martin and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {1-Octanol–water partition coefficient, Air–water partition coefficient, Estimation method, Vapor pressure, Water solubility},
	pages = {108--117},
}









@article{bao_global_2014,
	title = {Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: a literature assimilation},
	issn = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},
	shorttitle = {Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8},
	abstract = {Available literature data on five typical groups of emerging contaminants (EMCs), i.e., chlorinated paraffins (CPs), dechlorane plus and related compounds (DPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), phthalate esters, and pyrethroids, accumulated between 2003 and 2013 were assimilated. Research efforts were categorized by environmental compartments and countries, so that global trends of research on EMCs and data gaps can be identified. The number of articles on the target EMCs ranged from 126 to 1,379 between 2003 and 2013. The numbers of articles on CPs, DPs, HBCDs, and pyrethroids largely followed the sequence of biota {\textgreater} sediment ≥ air {\textgreater} water ≥ soil {\textgreater} human tissue, whereas the sequence for phthalate esters was water {\textgreater} sediment {\textgreater} soil {\textgreater} human tissue ≥ biota ≥ air. Comprehensive studies on the target EMCs in biological samples and human tissues have been conducted worldwide. However, investigations into the occurrence of the target EMCs in soil of background areas and water are still scarce. Finally, developed and moderately developed countries, such as the USA, China, Canada, Japan, and Germany, were the main contributors to the global research efforts on EMCs, suggesting that economic prosperity may be one of the main factors propelling scientific research on EMCs.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Bao, Lian-Jun and Wei, Yan-Li and Yao, Yao and Ruan, Qin-Qin and Zeng, Eddy Y.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Economic prosperity, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminant, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Environmental compartment, Published article, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution},
	pages = {1--9},
}









@article{zhou_hexachloronorbornene-based_2014,
	title = {Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans: {Levels} in maternal serum and milk},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	shorttitle = {Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.010},
	abstract = {Five hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants, Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were measured in human milk and maternal serum. Dec 602, Dec 603 and HCDBCO were detected in both sample matrices with detection frequencies over 60\%. Dec 604 was not detected in serum and only detected in 4.8\% of milk samples. DP was present in over 77–87\% of serum and 40–50\% of milk samples. DP levels found in this study were lower than those reported in two Chinese studies. The ratio of the two DP isomers found in human samples (fanti-DP = 0.8) remained similar to the ratio reported in the DP technical mixture. Levels of Dec 602 and Dec 603 in serum were correlated. Levels of Dec 602 and HCBDCO were also correlated in serum samples as well as in milk samples. These biomonitoring results have provided baseline information about the presence of these flame retardants in nursing women in Canada, which can be used for estimating human exposure to these chemicals.},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Zhou, Simon Ningsun and Siddique, Shabana and Lavoie, Laetiscia and Takser, Larissa and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Zhu, Jiping},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human data, Milk and serum},
	pages = {11--17},
}

















@article{kemmlein_emissions_2003,
	series = {Indoor {Air} {Chemistry} and {Physics}: {Papers} from {Indoor} {Air} 2002},
	title = {Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1352-2310},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660},
	doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.025},
	abstract = {The emissions of selected flame retardants were measured in 1- and 0.02-m3 emission test chambers and 0.001-m3 emission test cells. Four product groups were of interest: insulating materials, assembly foam, upholstery/mattresses, and electronics equipment. The experiments were performed under constant environmental conditions (23°C, 50\% RH) using a fixed sample surface area and controlled air flow rates. Tris (2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) was observed to be one of the most commonly emitted organophosphate flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type, area-specific emission rates (SERa) of TCPP varied between 20 ng m−2 h−1 and 140 μg m−2 h−1.

The emissions from electronic devices were measured at 60°C to simulate operating conditions. Under these conditions, unit specific emission rates (SERu) of organophosphates were determined to be 10–85 ng unit−1 h−1. Increasing the temperature increased the emission of several flame retardants by up to a factor of 500. The results presented in this paper indicate that emissions of several brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are measurable. Polybrominated diphenylethers exhibited an SERa of between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m−2 h−1 and an SERu of between 0.6 and 14.2 ng unit−1 h−1. Because of sink effects, i.e., sorption to chamber components, the emission test chambers and cells used in this study have limited utility for substances low vapour pressures, especially the highly brominated compounds; hexabromocyclododecane had an SERa of between 0.1 and 29 ng m−2 h−1 and decabromodiphenylether was not detectable at all.},
	number = {39–40},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	author = {Kemmlein, Sabine and Hahn, Oliver and Jann, Oliver},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chamber study, Emission rates, Organophosphates, SVOC},
	pages = {5485--5493},
}













@article{qi_levels_2014,
	title = {Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-{BDE} brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of {China}},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.008},
	abstract = {Indoor environment is an important source of human exposure to several toxicants, such as brominated flame retardants. This study presents the concentrations of 22 Non-BDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in 81 indoor dust samples from 23 provinces across China in the winter of 2010. The concentrations of ΣNBFRs ranged from 6.3 to 20,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 720 ng/g. DBDPE was the dominated compound, followed by HBCD and BEHTBP. Significant differences of concentrations were found between samples from rural and urban areas, and between family and public houses, indicating different applications of NBFRs. The geographical distribution of NBFRs highlighted several hotspots in North China, suggesting the influence of room temperature (heating). The exposure via dust ingestion of NBFRs was 3.8–14 times higher than that of dermal absorption. The toddlers demonstrated the highest exposure dose (9.6 ng/kg-bw/day) of NBFRs through indoor dust among all life stages.},
	urldate = {2014-09-28},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Qi, Hong and Li, Wen-Long and Liu, Li-Yan and Zhang, Zi-Feng and Zhu, Ning-Zheng and Song, Wei-Wei and Ma, Wan-Li and Li, Yi-Fan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {China, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-BDE brominated flame retardants, Spatial distribution},
	pages = {1--8},
}









@article{brandsma_dust_2013,
	title = {Dust {Measurement} of {Two} {Organophosphorus} {Flame} {Retardants}, {Resorcinol} {Bis}(diphenylphosphate) ({RBDPP}) and {Bisphenol} {A} {Bis}(diphenylphosphate) ({BPA}-{BDPP}), {Used} as {Alternatives} for {BDE}-209},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q},
	doi = {10.1021/es404123q},
	abstract = {Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP) are two halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardant (PFRs) that are used as an alternative for the decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) technical mixture in TV/flatscreen housing and other electronic consumer products. In this study, dust samples were collected from various microenvironments in The Netherlands (houses, cars), Greece (houses), and Sweden (apartments, cars, furniture stores, electronics stores) and analyzed for RBDPP and BPA-BDPP. Additionally, the dust samples from The Netherlands were analyzed for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) for comparison and for TPHP, which is a byproduct in the RBDPP and BPA-BDPP technical products. BPA-BDPP was detected in almost all dust samples from The Netherlands, Greece, and Sweden. Highest concentrations were found in dust samples collected on electronic equipment from all three countries with BPA-BDPP levels ranging from {\textless}0.1 to 1300 ?g/g and RBDPP levels from {\textless}0.04 to 520 ?g/g. RBDPP and BPA-BDPP levels in dust collected further away from the electronics (source) were usually lower. BDE-209 levels in The Netherlands dust samples collected on and around the electronics were similar and much lower than the BPA-BDPP/RBDPP levels, indicating that the electronics were not the source of BDE-209. Strong positive correlations were found between TPHP concentrations and those of RBDPP (r = 0.805) and BPA-BDPP (r = 0.924), probably due to TPHP being a byproduct in commercial RBDPP and BPA-BDPP mixtures in electronics. To our knowledge, this is the first time that RBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in dust samples from Europe.},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2014-09-27},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Brandsma, Sicco H. and Sellström, Ulla and de Wit, Cynthia A. and de Boer, Jacob and Leonards, Pim E. G.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {14434--14441},
}





























@article{abdallah_hexabromocyclododecanes_2008,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecanes and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {UK}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {UK}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a},
	doi = {10.1021/es801110a},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) were determined in indoor air from homes (n = 33; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 180 pg m?3; TBBP-A = 15 pg m?3), offices (n = 25; 170; 11), public microenvironments (n = 4; 900; 27) and outdoor air (n = 5; 37; 1). HBCDs and TBBP-A were also determined in dust from homes (n = 45; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 1300 ng g?1; TBBP-A = 62 ng g?1), offices (n = 28; 760; 36), cars (n = 20; 13,000; 2), and public microenvironments (n = 4; 2700; 230). While ΣHBCDs in car dust significantly exceeded (p {\textless} 0.05) those in homes and offices, TBBP-A in car dust was significantly lower (p {\textless} 0.05) than that in homes and offices. No significant differences were observed between ΣHBCDs and TBBP-A in air or dust from homes and offices. Compared to dietary and inhalation exposures, dust ingestion constitutes an important pathway of exposure to HBCDs and TBBP-A for the UK population. Specifically, using average dust ingestion rates and concentrations in dust, dust ingestion constitutes for adults 34\% (TBBP-A) and 24\% (HBCDs) of overall exposure, and for toddlers 90\% (TBBP-A) and 63\% (HBCDs). Inhalation appears a minor exposure pathway to both HBCDs and TBBP-A. On average, dust is 33\% α-, 11\% ?-, and 56\% ?-HBCD, while air is 22\% α-, 11\% ?-, and 65\% ?-HBCD.},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Harrad, Stuart and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {6855--6861},
}





@article{ali_novel_2011,
	title = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: {Implications} for human exposure},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},
	abstract = {Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \&lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \&lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \&lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \&lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \&lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)},
	pages = {1360--1365},
}





















@article{allen_linking_2008,
	title = {Linking {PBDEs} in {House} {Dust} to {Consumer} {Products} using {X}-ray {Fluorescence}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a},
	doi = {10.1021/es702964a},
	abstract = {The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p {\textless} 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p {\textless} 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Allen, Joseph G. and McClean, Michael D. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Webster, Thomas F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {4222--4228},
}





@article{brommer_concentrations_2012,
	title = {Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in {German} indoor dust samples},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1464-0333},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e},
	doi = {10.1039/C2EM30303E},
	abstract = {While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g−1 dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g−1) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g−1 dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g−1 and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g−1 dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},
	author = {Brommer, Sandra and Harrad, Stuart and Eede, Nele Van den and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2482--2487},
}













@article{butt_metabolites_2014,
	title = {Metabolites of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} and 2-{Ethylhexyl} {Tetrabromobenzoate} in {Urine} from {Paired} {Mothers} and {Toddlers}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299},
	doi = {10.1021/es5025299},
	abstract = {As a result of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) ban in the mid-2000s, the chemical flame retardant market has moved toward alterative compounds including chlorinated alkyl and nonchlorinated aryl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) as well as aromatic brominated compounds such as Firemaster 550 (FM550). Recent studies have shown that the OPFRs and Firemaster 550 components are frequently detected in polyurethane foams and in indoor dust. Some OPFRs are considered carcinogenic and/or neurodevelopmental toxicants, and children?s exposure to these compounds is a concern. OPFRs are readily metabolized and excreted in the urine as their dialkyl and diaryl compounds which function as biomarkers for OPFR exposure. Limited research has shown that adults are broadly exposed to OPFRs, but nothing is known about children?s exposure. Similarly, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), a FM550 component, is metabolized to tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA). The current study measured levels of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), 2 alkylated DPHPs, and TBBA in urine collected in 2013 from 21 US mother-toddler pairs. BDCIPP, DPHP, and ip-DPHP were detected in 100\%, 98\%, and 96\% of all individuals, whereas BCIPP and tert-butyl-DPHP (tb-DPHP) were only detected in 8\% and 13\%. Further, TBBA was detected in 27\% of adults but 70\% of children. Overall, children had higher urinary levels of BDCIPP, DPHP, ip-DPHP, and TBBA as compared to their mothers, suggesting higher exposure. For example, on average, BDCIPP levels in children were 4.9 times those of mothers. BDCIPP and DPHP levels in mother?s urine were also significantly correlated with levels in children?s urine, suggesting similar exposure routes, likely in the home environment. Various potential predictors of OPFR exposure were assessed using a questionnaire. In children some predictors of hand-mouth exposure were associated with elevated BDCIPP and DPHP levels (e.g., less frequent hand washing for BDCIPP). Overall, these trends are consistent with higher flame retardant levels in children as a result of increased hand-mouth behavior and elevated dust exposure.},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Butt, Craig M. and Congleton, Johanna and Hoffman, Kate and Fang, Mingliang and Stapleton, Heather M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {10432--10438},
}













@article{cao_distribution_2014,
	title = {Distribution {Patterns} of {Brominated}, {Chlorinated}, and {Phosphorus} {Flame} {Retardants} with {Particle} {Size} in {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Dust} and {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b},
	doi = {10.1021/es501224b},
	abstract = {Dust samples were collected in Beijing, China, from four different indoor microenvironments (office, hotel, kindergarten, and student dormitory) and one outdoor (road dust) microenvironment. These five composite samples were fractionated into 13 sequential size fractions and an individual fraction of {\textless}50 ?m for further analysis. In the fractions of {\textless}50 ?m, nine phosphorus flame retardants (?PFRs), four novel brominated flame retardants (?NBFRs), and two Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) showed the highest concentrations in hotel dust (124?000 ng g?1), dormitory dust (14?200 ng g?1), and kindergarten dust (231 ng g?1), respectively. Nevertheless, nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (?PBDEs) were the dominant flame retardants (FRs) (96\% of total FRs) in road dust, with the maximum concentration of 23?700 ng g?1, higher than in any indoor dust. The FR contamination varied strongly among different types of microenvironments, leading to high human exposure to various FRs. Concentrations of FRs did not increase constantly with a particle size decrease. Fractions with a particle size around 900, 100, and 10 ?m could represent peak values, while valley values were commonly detected around fractions with a particle size around 40 ?m. Large differences were found between indoor dust and road dust. In road dust, FRs were mainly enriched in fractions of {\textless}50 ?m. The organic content of dust, FR application, and consequent abrasion processes of FR-containing materials might be the determinants of the FR concentrations. Volatilization and abrasion were considered to be important migration pathways for FRs. DPs and BDE-209 were sought to be mainly applied in abrasion-proof materials, while most phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were probably added in a large proportion in materials easy to wear.},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Cao, Zhiguo and Xu, Fuchao and Covaci, Adrian and Wu, Min and Wang, Haizhu and Yu, Gang and Wang, Bin and Deng, Shubo and Huang, Jun and Wang, Xiaoyan},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {8839--8846},
}













@article{cequier_occurrence_2014,
	title = {Occurrence of a {Broad} {Range} of {Legacy} and {Emerging} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Indoor} {Environments} in {Norway}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u},
	doi = {10.1021/es500516u},
	abstract = {This study investigates the occurrence of 37 organohalogen and organophosphate flame retardants (FRs) from Norwegian households (n = 48) and classrooms from two primary schools (n = 6). Around 80\% of the targeted FRs were detected in air and dust from the sampling sites. The comparison of settled dust with floor dust revealed no statistical differences between median concentrations of the FRs (n = 12). Decabromodiphenyl ether and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate showed the highest median floor dust concentrations in both environments. In the air samples, the highest concentrations were observed for 2,2?,4,4?-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Remarkably, the emerging FR, 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane, abbreviated as TBECH or DBE-DBCH, showed the highest indoor air concentrations reported in the literature (households, 77.9 pg/m3 and schools, 46.6 pg/m3). Good Spearman correlations between the FR concentrations in dust and air (0.36 {\textless} R {\textless} 0.76) showed that is possible to estimate the concentrations in air from analyzed dust, or vice versa. Sources and pathways of exposure to FRs were assessed for the households. The main findings were that frequent vacuum cleaning resulted in lower FR concentrations in dust and that dermal contact with dust, for both children and mothers, was as important for the intake of organophosphate FRs as dust ingestion.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Cequier, Enrique and Ionas, Alin C. and Covaci, Adrian and Marcé, Rosa Maria and Becher, Georg and Thomsen, Cathrine},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {6827--6835},
}









@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},
	abstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and \&lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \&lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p \&lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {D’Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and Voogt, Pim de and Bervoets, Lieven},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds},
	pages = {478--487},
}













@article{johnson_associations_2013,
	title = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},
	volume = {445–446},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health},
	pages = {177--184},
}













@article{stapleton_detection_2009,
	title = {Detection of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam} and {U}.{S}. {House} {Dust}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019},
	doi = {10.1021/es9014019},
	abstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1?5\% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 ?2.2\% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2\% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5\% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam, we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were {\textgreater}96\% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24\% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Klosterhaus, Susan and Eagle, Sarah and Fuh, Jennifer and Meeker, John D. and Blum, Arlene and Webster, Thomas F.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {7490--7495},
}













@article{toms_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993–2009},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period.

Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A. and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs},
	pages = {398--403},
}









@article{van_den_eede_analytical_2011,
	title = {Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010},
	abstract = {A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127\%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was \&lt; 14\% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02 μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50 μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38 μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94 μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between \&lt; 1 and 50 ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor \&gt; 5.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C. and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Belgium, Dust, Flanders, Human exposure, OPFRs, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)},
	pages = {454--461},
}













@article{zhu_identification_2008,
	title = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}: {A} {Previously} {Unreported} {Halogenated} {Flame} {Retardant} in the {Environment}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s},
	doi = {10.1021/es702272s},
	abstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {386--391},
}





@article{kajiwara_photolysis_2013,
	title = {Photolysis of brominated flame retardants in textiles exposed to natural sunlight},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {2050-7895},
	abstract = {Photolytic transformation profiles of technical hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in flame-retarded textiles exposed to natural sunlight were compared. Textiles that contained approximately 4\% HBCDs by weight showed no substantial loss of any of the HBCD diastereomers during the entire exposure period (371 days), indicating that they were resistant to sunlight, that is, that debromination and isomerization of HBCD diastereomers did not occur under the experimental conditions. Exposure of a textile treated with technical DecaBDE resulted in the formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as products of photodecomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers present in the technical DecaBDE. After 329 days of exposure, the total PBDF concentration reached a maximum of 27 000 ng g(-1), which was approximately 10 times the initial concentration. During the experiment, di- to hexa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously. Although the concentrations of PBDFs in the textiles were 4–5 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, it is important to note that PBDFs were formed as a result of sunlight exposure during normal use of products treated with technical DecaBDE.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental Science. Processes \& Impacts},
	author = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Desborough, Jennifer and Harrad, Stuart and Takigami, Hidetaka},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23738364},
	keywords = {Benzofurans, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenation, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Isomerism, Photolysis, Sunlight, Textiles},
	pages = {653--660},
}









@article{kajiwara_emission_2013,
	title = {Emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from flame-retardant-treated textiles},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {2050-7895},
	doi = {10.1039/c3em00359k},
	abstract = {To evaluate the emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products as flame retardants, we used a small stainless steel container (7 cm i.d. × 5.5 cm height, ca. 210 cm(3)) to conduct emission tests on three upholstery textile samples at temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C. The textile samples, which were intended for use in curtain manufacture and had been treated with either technical HBCD or technical DecaBDE, emitted HBCDs and PBDEs, including BDE 209, even at room temperature (20 °C), and the emission rates increased with increasing test temperature. These results indicate that flame-retardant-treated upholstery textiles have the potential to be major sources of brominated flame retardant contamination in indoor air and dust. The HBCD diastereomer emission profiles at the test temperatures of 20 and 40 °C were similar to the profiles of the original textile samples; in contrast, at the higher test temperatures, the proportion of α-HBCD was larger (up to 70\% of the total HBCD emission) than in the original samples. At the higher test temperatures, the proportions of di- to hexa-BDEs in the emissions were clearly larger than in the original sample, suggesting that the textile products treated with technical DecaBDE could be a source of environmentally relevant PBDE congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100. The emission rates of HBCDs from the textiles were two orders of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs, suggesting that HBCDs volatilize more easily from textile products to the indoor environment than PBDEs.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Environmental Science. Processes \& Impacts},
	author = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Takigami, Hidetaka},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {24056914},
	keywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Indoor, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Temperature, Textiles},
	pages = {1957--1963},
}

















@article{liang_recent_2013,
	title = {Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0300-9440},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Progress in Organic Coatings},
	author = {Liang, Shuyu and Neisius, N. Matthias and Gaan, Sabyasachi},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel},
	pages = {1642--1665},
}













@article{weil_flame_2008,
	title = {Flame {Retardants} in {Commercial} {Use} or {Development} for {Textiles}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},
	url = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243},
	doi = {10.1177/0734904108089485},
	abstract = {Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate.
The leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development.
Polyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber.
A number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing.
The recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Weil, Edward D. and Levchik, Sergei V.},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {243--281},
}













@article{zhang_potential_2014,
	title = {Potential {Estrogenic} {Effects} of {Phosphorus}-{Containing} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862},
	doi = {10.1021/es5007862},
	abstract = {As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP {\textgreater} TCP {\textgreater} TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Zhang, Quan and Lu, Meiya and Dong, Xiaowu and Wang, Cui and Zhang, Chunlong and Liu, Weiping and Zhao, Meirong},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {6995--7001},
}













@article{fan_simultaneous_2014,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},
	title = {Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques},
	volume = {491–492},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127},
	abstract = {An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60\% to 118\%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3\% to 23\%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat E. and Wu, Fang},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585},
	pages = {80--86},
}





































@article{fishbein_potential_1979,
	title = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},
	doi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},
	abstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.

The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Fishbein, Lawrence},
	month = mar,
	year = {1979},
	pages = {111--161},
}









@article{gallen_towards_2014,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},
	title = {Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products},
	volume = {491–492},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92\% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (\&gt; 75\%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Gallen, Christie and Banks, Andrew and Brandsma, Sicco and Baduel, Christine and Thai, Phong and Eaglesham, Geoff and Heffernan, Amy and Leonards, Pim and Bainton, Paul and Mueller, Jochen F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE},
	pages = {255--265},
}









@article{gorga_determination_2013,
	title = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},
	volume = {444},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23262324},
	keywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},
	pages = {51--59},
}









@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	shorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids},
	doi = {10.1021/es203149g},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M. and Luellen, Drew R. and Hundal, Lakhwinder S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22295899},
	keywords = {Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays},
	pages = {2055--2063},
}









@article{hale_flame_2001,
	title = {Flame retardants: {Persistent} pollutants in land-applied sludges},
	volume = {412},
	copyright = {© 2001 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	shorttitle = {Flame retardants},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html},
	doi = {10.1038/35084130},
	abstract = {Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6843},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen P. and Gaylor, Michael O. and Mainor, T. Matteson and Duff, William H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {140--141},
}









@article{hover_occurrence_2009,
	title = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: {An} evaluation of the human health risks},
	volume = {407},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Hover, Carl and Banasik, Marek and Harbison, Raymond D. and Hardy, Marcia and Price, Debra J. and Stedeford, Todd},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {5194--5196},
}

























@article{lithner_environmental_2011,
	title = {Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038},
	abstract = {Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Lithner, Delilah and Larsson, Åke and Dave, Göran},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity},
	pages = {3309--3324},
}









@article{molander_are_2012,
	title = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — {Missing} links in {EU} chemical management},
	volume = {435–436},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021},
	abstract = {It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments.

The primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals.

The results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed.

Only a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH.

In summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Molander, Linda and Breitholtz, Magnus and Andersson, Patrik L. and Rybacka, Aleksandra and Rudén, Christina},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive},
	pages = {280--289},
}









@article{remberger_environmental_2004,
	title = {The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in {Sweden}},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6},
	abstract = {The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Remberger, Mikael and Sternbeck, John and Palm, Anna and Kaj, Lennart and Strömberg, Katarina and Brorström-Lundén, Eva},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Air, Emission, Environmental concentrations, Flame retardants, Foodstuff, HBCD},
	pages = {9--21},
}





@article{ross_neurobehavioral_2012,
	title = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1040-8444},
	shorttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides},
	url = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},
	doi = {10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},
	abstract = {Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Critical Reviews in Toxicology},
	author = {Ross, Sarah Mackenzie and McManus, I. C. and Harrison, Virginia and Mason, Oliver},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21--44},
}









@article{takeuchi_detection_2014,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},
	title = {Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in {Sapporo}, {Japan}},
	volume = {491–492},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011},
	abstract = {Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Takeuchi, Shinji and Kojima, Hiroyuki and Saito, Ikue and Jin, Kazuo and Kobayashi, Satoshi and Tanaka-Kagawa, Toshiko and Jinno, Hideto},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds},
	pages = {28--33},
}









@article{takigami_transfer_2008,
	series = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},
	title = {Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032},
	abstract = {Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 μg/g, 19,000 μg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The ΣPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective ΣPBDE and ΣPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67–500 μg/g (mean 300 μg/g) and 180–650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {BFRs, Dust, PBDD, PBDE, PBDF, Television set},
	pages = {161--169},
}













@article{fishbein_potential_1979,
	title = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},
	doi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},
	abstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.

The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Fishbein, Lawrence},
	month = mar,
	year = {1979},
	pages = {111--161},
}













@article{watkins_impact_2012,
	title = {Impact of {Dust} from {Multiple} {Microenvironments} and {Diet} on {PentaBDE} {Body} {Burden}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e},
	doi = {10.1021/es203314e},
	abstract = {Our objectives were to determine relative contributions of diet and dust exposure from multiple microenvironments to PentaBDE body burden, and to explore the role of handwipes as a measure of personal exposure to PentaBDE. We administered a food frequency questionnaire and collected serum, dust (office, main living area, bedroom, and vehicle), and handwipe samples from 31 participants. ΣPentaBDEs (sum of BDE 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) in handwipes collected in the office environment were weakly correlated with dust collected from offices (r = 0.35, p = 0.06) and bedrooms (r = 0.39, p = 0.04), but not with dust from main living areas (r = ?0.05, p = 0.77) or vehicles (r = 0.17, p = 0.47). ΣPentaBDEs in serum were correlated with dust from main living areas (r = 0.42, p = 0.02) and bedrooms (r = 0.49, p = 0.008), but not with dust from offices (r = 0.22, p = 0.25) or vehicles (r = 0.20, p = 0.41). Our final regression model included variables for main living area dust and handwipes, and predicted 55\% of the variation in serum ΣPentaBDE concentrations (p = 0.0004). Diet variables were not significant predictors of ΣPentaBDEs in serum. Our research suggests that exposure to dust in the home environment may be the most important factor in predicting PentaBDE body burden in North Americans, and potential exposure pathways may involve PBDE residues on hands.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Fraser, Alicia J. and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M. and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1192--1200},
}













@article{webster_exposure_2013,
	title = {Exposure to {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in the {Indoor} {Environment}},
	issn = {0015-2684, 1572-8099},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are fire retardants used in consumer products such as foam-containing furniture and electronics. This paper reviews human exposure to PBDEs in North America, applying the source to exposure paradigm, and arrives to the following five conclusions. (1) PentaBDE concentrations in residential house dust are associated with the amount of bromine contained in furniture as measured by X-ray fluorescence; similarly, DecaBDE in dust is associated with bromine in electronics. (2) Microscopic analysis of dust suggests that physical breakdown of products may be an important source of DecaBDE in dust. (3) Concentrations of PentaBDE in people were associated with PentaBDE levels in dust from their homes. (4) Inhalation appears to be a minor route of exposure for most of the population. PentaBDEs on handwipes are associated with both dust concentrations and body burdens, suggesting hand-to-mouth activity (or dermal absorption) as important routes of exposure. (5) Diet appears to be another, independent source of exposure. Fire fighters may be exposed via dust, ash or air, particularly in the aftermath of a fire. The existing literature suggests that human health effects may be associated with PentaBDE exposures in the general population. Manufacture of PentaBDE has been banned; replacement fire retardants can be measured in products and dust. The use of PBDEs and related flame retardants poses a potential risk–risk trade-off that requires the joint efforts of environmental scientists and the fire science community.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Fire Technology},
	author = {Webster, Thomas F. and Stapleton, Heather M. and McClean, Michael D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Characterization and Evaluation of Materials, Civil Engineering, Exposure, Fire fighters, Flame retardants, Health, Mechanics, PBDE, Physics, general, TDCPP},
	pages = {1--11},
}













@article{wensing_plastics_2005,
	title = {Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers},
	volume = {339},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028},
	abstract = {Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving.

In this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles.

Daily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.},
	number = {1–3},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Wensing, M. and Uhde, E. and Salthammer, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust},
	pages = {19--40},
}













@article{zeng_occurrence_2014,
	title = {Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant sludges from the {Pearl} {River} {Delta}, {China}},
	volume = {33},
	copyright = {© 2014 SETAC},
	issn = {1552-8618},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/etc.2604},
	abstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPs) are widely used as flame retardants or plasticizers and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of 7 widely used OPs were analyzed in sludge samples collected from 19 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. All analytes were detected in these samples, and the total concentration of OPs ranged from 96.7 µg/kg to 1312.9 µg/kg dry weight, with a mean value of 420.1 µg/kg dry weight. In most sludge samples OPs exhibited a similar distribution pattern, for example, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were identified as the dominant compounds. However, the results also indicated significantly higher levels of OPs in specific sludges, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (804.9 µg/kg), TBEP (783.7 µg/kg), TPhP (656.7 µg/kg), and tritolyl phosphate (265.0 µg/kg), which implied different discharge sources in the studied areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1720–1725. © 2014 SETAC},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
	author = {Zeng, Xiangying and He, Lixiong and Cao, Shuxia and Ma, Shengtao and Yu, Zhiqiang and Gui, Hongyan and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Organophosphate esters, Plasticizers, Sludge},
	pages = {1720--1725},
}













@article{shi_levels_2013,
	title = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}},
	volume = {452–453},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},
	abstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \&lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \&lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A},
	pages = {10--18},
}













@article{tajima_detection_2014,
	title = {Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in {Japanese} dwellings},
	volume = {478},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121},
	abstract = {The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (\&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (\&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (\&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50\% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (\&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (\&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (\&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (\&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (\&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50\% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P \&lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14\% of RfD for toddlers and 4\% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1\% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Tajima, Shuji and Araki, Atsuko and Kawai, Toshio and Tsuboi, Tazuru and Ait Bamai, Yu and Yoshioka, Eiji and Kanazawa, Ayako and Cong, Shi and Kishi, Reiko},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust},
	pages = {190--199},
}













@article{wang_concentrations_2014,
	title = {Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}},
	volume = {482–483},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008},
	abstract = {Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Wang, Ying and Xu, Meng and Jin, Jun and He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Sun, Yiming},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample},
	pages = {276--282},
}













@article{gomara_occurrence_2011,
	title = {Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls ({PXBs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk of women from {Spain}},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080},
	abstract = {In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported.

A concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Gómara, B. and Herrero, L. and Pacepavicius, G. and Ohta, S. and Alaee, M. and González, M. J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs},
	pages = {799--805},
}













@article{gevao_house_2006,
	title = {House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Kuwait}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055},
	abstract = {This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85\% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5\%), BDE 47 (4.5\%), and BDE 183 (2\%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Gevao, Bondi and Al-Bahloul, Majed and Al-Ghadban, Abdul Nabi and Al-Omair, Ali and Ali, Lulwa and Zafar, Jamal and Helaleh, Murad},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {603--608},
}













@article{fernandez_pbdes_2007,
	title = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in the adipose tissue of women from {Spain}},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065},
	abstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96\% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79\% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Fernandez, M. F. and Araque, P. and Kiviranta, H. and Molina-Molina, J. M. and Rantakokko, P. and Laine, O. and Vartiainen, T. and Olea, N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain},
	pages = {377--383},
}













@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,
	title = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in human serum of mothers and children from {Pakistan} with urban and rural residential settings},
	volume = {461–462},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044},
	abstract = {This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) \&gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) \&gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) \&lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (\&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were \&lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed {\textasciitilde} 5\% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (\&gt; 80\%) of OCPs ranged from \&lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), \&lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p \&lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p \&lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.},
	urldate = {2014-09-26},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum},
	pages = {655--662},
}





@article{hoffman_urinary_2014,
	title = {Urinary {Tetrabromobenzoic} {Acid} ({TBBA}) as a {Biomarker} of {Exposure} to the {Flame} {Retardant} {Mixture} {Firemaster}® 550},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1308028},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-09-17},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Hoffman, Kate and Fang, Mingliang and Horman, Brian and Patisaul, Heather B. and Garantziotis, Stavros and Birnbaum, Linda S. and Stapleton, Heather M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
}













@article{eggen_uptake_2013,
	title = {Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},
	abstract = {Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K ow 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K ow 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K ow 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K ow 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K ow 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6–1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10–20 and 1.7–4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015–0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K ow in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-09-17},
	journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
	author = {Eggen, Trine and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S. and Stuanes, Arne O. and Norli, Hans Ragnar},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Carrot, Cereals, DEET, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminants, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Grass, Meadow fescue, NBBS, Oilseeds, Organophosphates, TBP, TCEP, TCPP, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution, Wastewater},
	pages = {4520--4531},
}





@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1520-5851},
	shorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids},
	doi = {10.1021/es203149g},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M. and Luellen, Drew R. and Hundal, Lakhwinder S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22295899},
	keywords = {Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays},
	pages = {2055--2063},
}













@article{hale_flame_2001,
	title = {Flame retardants: {Persistent} pollutants in land-applied sludges},
	volume = {412},
	copyright = {© 2001 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	shorttitle = {Flame retardants},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html},
	doi = {10.1038/35084130},
	abstract = {Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6843},
	urldate = {2014-09-17},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen P. and Gaylor, Michael O. and Mainor, T. Matteson and Duff, William H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {140--141},
}













@article{schecter_brominated_2008,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in {US} food},
	volume = {52},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim},
	issn = {1613-4133},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700166},
	abstract = {We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16–1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-17},
	journal = {Molecular Nutrition \& Food Research},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Harris, T. Robert and Shah, Nirav and Musumba, Alice and Päpke, Olaf},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dietary intake, Food, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {266--272},
}









@article{watkins_exposure_2011,
	title = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the {Office} {Environment}: {Evaluating} the {Relationships} {Between} {Dust}, {Handwipes}, and {Serum}},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	shorttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the {Office} {Environment}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1003271},
	abstract = {Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment., Objectives: We examined relationships between PBDE concentrations in the office environment and internal exposure using concurrent measurements of PBDEs in serum, handwipes, and office dust., Methods: We collected serum, dust, and handwipe samples from 31 participants who spent at least 20 hr/week in an office. We used a questionnaire to collect information about work and personal habits., Results: We found positive associations between PBDEs in room dust, handwipes (a measure of personal exposure), and serum. PBDE office dust concentrations were weakly correlated with measurements in handwipes: r = 0.35 (p = 0.06) for pentaBDE (sum of BDE congeners 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) and 0.33 (p = 0.07) for BDE-209. Hand washing also predicted pentaBDE levels in handwipes: low hand-washers had 3.3 times the pentaBDE levels in their handwipes than did high hand-washers (p = 0.02). PentaBDE in handwipes predicted pentaBDE levels in serum (p = 0.03): Serum concentrations in the highest handwipe tertile were on average 3.5 times the lowest handwipe tertile. The geometric mean concentration of pentaBDEs in serum was 27 ng/g lipid. We detected BDE-209 in 20\% of serum samples, at levels ranging from {\textless} 4.8 to 9.7 ng/g lipid., Conclusion: Our research suggests that exposure to pentaBDE in the office environment contributes to pentaBDE body burden, with exposure likely linked to PBDE residues on hands. In addition, hand washing may decrease exposure to PBDEs.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-09-17},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Fraser, Alicia J. and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M. and Sjodin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21715243},
	pmcid = {PMC3230398},
	pages = {1247--1252},
}













@article{woods_long-lived_2012,
	title = {Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal {PBDE} exposure and {Mecp2308} mutation},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1460-2083},
	doi = {10.1093/hmg/dds046},
	abstract = {The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Human Molecular Genetics},
	author = {Woods, Rima and Vallero, Roxanne O. and Golub, Mari S. and Suarez, Joanne K. and Ta, Tram Anh and Yasui, Dag H. and Chi, Lai-Har and Kostyniak, Paul J. and Pessah, Isaac N. and Berman, Robert F. and LaSalle, Janine M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22343140},
	pmcid = {PMC3349420},
	keywords = {Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Brain, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, Environmental pollutants, Epigenomics, Female, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mutation, Polybrominated Biphenyls},
	pages = {2399--2411},
}









@article{schwartzer_using_2013,
	series = {Special {Issue}: {Environmental} {Influences} and {Emerging} {Mechanisms} in the {Etiology} of {Autism}},
	title = {Using mouse models of autism spectrum disorders to study the neurotoxicology of gene–environment interactions},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0892-0362},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.007},
	abstract = {To better study the role of genetics in autism, mouse models have been developed which mimic the genetics of specific autism spectrum and related disorders. These models have facilitated research on the role genetic susceptibility factors in the pathogenesis of autism in the absence of environmental factors. Inbred mouse strains have been similarly studied to assess the role of environmental agents on neurodevelopment, typically without the complications of genetic heterogeneity of the human population. What has not been as actively pursued, however, is the methodical study of the interaction between these factors (e.g., gene and environmental interactions in neurodevelopment). This review suggests that a genetic predisposition paired with exposure to environmental toxicants plays an important role in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, and may contribute to the largely unexplained rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism worldwide. Specifically, descriptions of the major mouse models of autism and toxic mechanisms of prevalent environmental chemicals are provided followed by a discussion of current and future research strategies to evaluate the role of gene and environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders.},
	urldate = {2014-09-11},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},
	author = {Schwartzer, Jared J. and Koenig, Claire M. and Berman, Robert F.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Autism, Environmental pollutants, Genetics, Mouse model},
	pages = {17--35},
}





@article{noauthor_utero_2012,
	title = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-11},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {257--262},
}













@article{harley_pbde_2010,
	title = {{PBDE} {Concentrations} in {Women}'s {Serum} and {Fecundability}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901450},
	abstract = {Background
Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97\% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.

Objectives
This study was designed to determine whether maternal concentrations of PBDEs in serum collected during pregnancy are associated with time to pregnancy and menstrual cycle characteristics.

Methods
Pregnant women (n = 223) living in a low-income, predominantly Mexican-immigrant community in California were interviewed to determine how many months they took to become pregnant. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were lipid adjusted and log10 transformed. Analyses were limited to PBDE congeners detected in {\textgreater} 75\% of the population (BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153). Cox proportional hazards models modified for discrete time were used to obtain fecundability odds ratios (fORs) for the association of PBDEs and time to pregnancy.

Results
We detected all four congeners in {\textgreater} 97\% of women. Increasing levels of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and the sum of these four congeners were all associated with longer time to pregnancy. We observed significantly reduced fORs for BDE-100 [adjusted fOR = 0.6; 95\% confidence interval (CI), 0.4–0.9], BDE-153 (adjusted fOR = 0.5; 95\% CI, 0.3–0.8), and the sum of the four congeners (adjusted fOR = 0.7; 95\% CI, 0.5–1.0). PBDEs were not associated with menstrual cycle characteristics.

Conclusions
We found significant decreases in fecundability associated with PBDE exposure in women. Future studies are needed to replicate and confirm this finding.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-09-11},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Harley, Kim G. and Marks, Amy R. and Chevrier, Jonathan and Bradman, Asa and Sjodin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20103495},
	pmcid = {PMC2866688},
	pages = {699--704},
}









@article{miller-rhodes_prenatal_2014,
	title = {Prenatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) impairs measures of sustained attention and increases age-related morbidity in the {Long}–{Evans} rat},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0892-0362},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.009},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant that is widely-used in foam building materials and to a lesser extent, furniture and electronic equipment. After decades of use, HBCD and its metabolites have become globally-distributed environmental contaminants that can be measured in the atmosphere, water bodies, wildlife, food staples and human breastmilk. Emerging evidence suggests that HBCD can affect early brain development and produce behavioral consequences for exposed organisms. The current study examined some of the developmental and lifelong neurobehavioral effects of prenatal HBCD exposure in a rat model. Pregnant rats were gavaged with 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg HBCD from gestation day 1 to parturition. A functional observation battery was used to assess sensorimotor behaviors in neonates. Locomotor and operant responding under random ratio and Go/no-go schedules of food reinforcement were examined in cohorts of young adult and aged rats. HBCD exposure was associated with increased reactivity to a tailpinch in neonates, decreased forelimb grip strength in juveniles, and impaired sustained attention indicated by Go/no-go responding in aged rats. In addition, HBCD exposure was associated with a significant increase in morbidity in the aged cohort. One health complication, a progressive loss of hindleg function, was observed only in the aged, 3 mg/kg HBCD animals. These effects suggest that HBCD is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral impairments that emerge at different points in the lifespan following prenatal exposure.},
	urldate = {2014-09-11},
	journal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},
	author = {Miller-Rhodes, Patrick and Popescu, Maria and Goeke, Calla and Tirabassi, Toni and Johnson, Lauren and Markowski, Vincent P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Attention, behavior, Development, Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane, Prenatal exposure},
	pages = {34--43},
}





@article{yanagisawa_impaired_2014,
	title = {Impaired {Lipid} and {Glucose} {Homeostasis} in {Hexabromocyclododecane}-{Exposed} {Mice} {Fed} a {High}-{Fat} {Diet}},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1307421},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-09-11},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Yanagisawa, Rie and Koike, Eiko and Win-Shwe, Tin-Tin and Yamamoto, Megumi and Takano, Hirohisa},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
}









@article{masahiro_osako_leaching_2005,
	title = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in {Japan}.},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Masahiro Osako, Yong-Jin Kim},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1571--9},
}





@article{ni_hbcd_2013,
	title = {{HBCD} and {TBBPA} in particulate phase of indoor air in {Shenzhen}, {China}},
	volume = {458-460},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.003},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α, β, and γ-HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in air conditioning filter dust (designated as particulate phase of indoor air, PPIA) collected from an office building in Shenzhen, China in 2009. Concentrations of ΣHBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) ranged from 652 to 122, 973 ng/g in PPIA. Generally, γ-HBCD was the most abundant diastereomer. Concentrations of TBBPA ranged from 30 to 59, 140 ng/g in PPIA. According to our results, approximate 61.9 pg/kg body weight/day (pg/kg/d) PM2.5 bound ΣHBCD can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 31.3 pg/kg/d PM10 bound ΣHBCD tends to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system, and those values of TBBPA were 28.7 pg/kg/d and 14.5 pg/kg/d for the lower and upper respiratory tracts, respectively. The average intakes of ΣHBCD via dust inhalation and ingestion were 37.92 pg/kg/d and 2, 079 pg/kg/d for adults, and those data of TBBPA were 17.62 pg/kg/d and 966.2 pg/kg/d, respectively. Our research found that exposure via indoor dust inhalation and ingestion contributed more than dietary pathway. Sensitivity analysis result suggests that the concentration of HBCD and TBBPA is the most significant parameter governing estimated results, and the other parameters, such as body weight and inhalation rate, do not affect the outcome much.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Ni, Hong-Gang and Zeng, Hui},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23639907},
	keywords = {Adult, Air Conditioning, Air Pollution, Indoor, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Inhalation Exposure, Particle size, Particulate Matter, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	pages = {15--19},
}













@article{alaee_overview_2003,
	series = {The {State}-of-{Science} and {Trends} of {BFRs} in the {Environment}},
	title = {An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211},
	doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a variety of consumer products and several of those are produced in large quantities. These compounds have been detected in environmental samples, which can be attributed to the anthropogenic uses of these compounds. Brominated flame retardants are produced via direct bromination of organic molecules or via addition of bromine to alkenes; hence, an overview of the production and usage of bromine over the past three decades is covered. Production, application, and environmental occurrence of high production brominated flame retardants including Tetrabromobisphenol A, polybrominated biphenyls, Penta-, Octa-, Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (oxide) formulation and hexabromocyclododecane are discussed.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-09-08},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Alaee, Mehran and Arias, Pedro and Sjödin, Andreas and Bergman, Åke},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Application, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A, Usage},
	pages = {683--689},
}





@article{gorga_determination_2013,
	title = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},
	volume = {444},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23262324},
	keywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},
	pages = {51--59},
}









@article{de_wit_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Arctic} environment--trends and new candidates},
	volume = {408},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {15},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {de Wit, Cynthia A. and Herzke, Dorte and Vorkamp, Katrin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19815253},
	keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental pollutants, Fishes, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Invertebrates, Mammals, Seawater, Soil, Time},
	pages = {2885--2918},
}













@article{ross_neurobehavioral_2012,
	title = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1040-8444},
	shorttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides},
	url = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},
	doi = {10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},
	abstract = {Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-09-06},
	journal = {Critical Reviews in Toxicology},
	author = {Ross, Sarah Mackenzie and McManus, I. C. and Harrison, Virginia and Mason, Oliver},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {21--44},
}





@article{taylor_evaluation_2013,
	title = {Evaluation of the {Association} between {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({POPs}) and {Diabetes} in {Epidemiological} {Studies}: {A} {National} {Toxicology} {Program} {Workshop} {Review}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	shorttitle = {Evaluation of the {Association} between {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({POPs}) and {Diabetes} in {Epidemiological} {Studies}},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205502},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-09-02},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Taylor, Kyla W. and Novak, Raymond F. and Anderson, Henry A. and Birnbaum, Linda S. and Blystone, Chad and DeVito, Michael and Jacobs, David and Köhrle, Josef and Lee, Duk-Hee and Rylander, Lars and Rignell-Hydbom, Anna and Tornero-Velez, Rogelio and Turyk, Mary E. and Boyles, Abee L. and Thayer, Kristina A. and Lind, Lars},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {774--783},
}





@article{herman_economic_2013,
	title = {The {Economic} {Costs} of {Diabetes}: {Is} {It} {Time} for a {New} {Treatment} {Paradigm}?},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0149-5992, 1935-5548},
	shorttitle = {The {Economic} {Costs} of {Diabetes}},
	url = {http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775},
	doi = {10.2337/dc13-0270},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-09-02},
	journal = {Diabetes Care},
	author = {Herman, William H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23520368},
	pages = {775--776},
}





@article{braun_gestational_2014,
	title = {Gestational {Exposure} to {Endocrine}-{Disrupting} {Chemicals} and {Reciprocal} {Social}, {Repetitive}, and {Stereotypic} {Behaviors} in 4- and 5-{Year}-{Old} {Children}: {The} {HOME} {Study}},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	shorttitle = {Gestational {Exposure} to {Endocrine}-{Disrupting} {Chemicals} and {Reciprocal} {Social}, {Repetitive}, and {Stereotypic} {Behaviors} in 4- and 5-{Year}-{Old} {Children}},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1307261},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-08-26},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Braun, Joseph M. and Kalkbrenner, Amy E. and Just, Allan C. and Yolton, Kimberly and Calafat, Antonia M. and Sjödin, Andreas and Hauser, Russ and Webster, Glenys M. and Chen, Aimin and Lanphear, Bruce P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
}





@article{roosens_exposure_2009,
	title = {Exposure to {Hexabromocyclododecanes} via {Dust} {Ingestion}, but not {Diet}, {Correlates} with {Concentrations} in {Human} {Serum} - {Preliminary} {Results}},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0900869},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-08-26},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Roosens, Laurence and Abdallah, Mohamed and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
}





@article{springer_rodent_2012,
	title = {Rodent {Thyroid}, {Liver}, and {Fetal} {Testis} {Toxicity} of the {Monoester} {Metabolite} of {Bis}-(2-ethylhexyl) {Tetrabromophthalate} ({TBPH}), a {Novel} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardant} {Present} in {Indoor} {Dust}},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1204932},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-08-26},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Springer, Cecilia and Dere, Edward and Hall, Susan J. and McDonnell, Elizabeth V. and Roberts, Simon C. and Butt, Craig and Stapleton, Heather M. and Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F. and Schlezinger, Jennifer J. and Boekelheide, Kim},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
}





@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,
	title = {Prenatal {Exposure} to {PBDEs} and {Neurodevelopment}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901340},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-26},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Herbstman, Julie B. and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A. and Jones, Richard S. and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L. and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y. and Perera, Frederica},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {712--719},
}





@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,
	title = {A {Comparison} of {PBDE} {Serum} {Concentrations} in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} {Children} {Living} in {California}},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1002874},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-26},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R. and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1442--1448},
}





@article{roze_prenatal_2009,
	title = {Prenatal {Exposure} to {Organohalogens}, {Including} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}, {Influences} {Motor}, {Cognitive}, and {Behavioral} {Performance} at {School} {Age}},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901015},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-08-26},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Roze, Elise and Meijer, Lisethe and Bakker, Attie and Van Braeckel, Koenraad N.J.A. and Sauer, Pieter J.J. and Bos, Arend F.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1953--1958},
}





@article{chen_prenatal_2014,
	title = {Prenatal {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in {U}.{S}. {Children} through 5 {Years} of {Age}: {The} {HOME} {Study}},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	shorttitle = {Prenatal {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in {U}.{S}. {Children} through 5 {Years} of {Age}},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1307562},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-08-26},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Chen, Aimin and Yolton, Kimberly and Rauch, Stephen A. and Webster, Glenys M. and Hornung, Richard and Sjödin, Andreas and Dietrich, Kim N. and Lanphear, Bruce P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
}









@article{fishbein_potential_1979,
	title = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},
	doi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},
	abstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.

The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Fishbein, Lawrence},
	month = mar,
	year = {1979},
	pages = {111--161},
}









@article{lithner_environmental_2011,
	title = {Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038},
	abstract = {Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Lithner, Delilah and Larsson, Åke and Dave, Göran},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity},
	pages = {3309--3324},
}













@article{kim_concentrations_2005,
	title = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from {Korea}},
	volume = {336},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.030},
	abstract = {Analysis of blood samples is an effective way of evaluating contamination by persistent pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human population. Concentrations of PBDEs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were measured in the blood of laborers (n=13) working full time in two different municipal waste incinerator (MWI) plants and residents from the general population (n=22) living in areas near MWIs in Korea. The concentrations of PBDEs were found to be slightly higher in the blood of incineration workers (8.61–46.05 ng/g lipid; mean, 19.33 ng/g lipid; median, 15.94 ng/g lipid) in comparison to that of residents from the general population (7.24–28.89 ng/g lipid; mean, 15.06 ng/g lipid; median, 14.34 ng/g lipid). The total average PCDD/Fs and PCB TEQ concentration was 20.11 pg/g lipid, averaged over incineration workers (17.73 pg/g lipid) and the general population (21.52 pg/g lipid). In addition, the average total crude concentration of PCDD/Fs was 7.40 ng/g lipids, which was 4.1 times greater than for PBDEs. Congener specific analysis confirmed that BDE 47 was a predictive indicator for total PBDE concentration (correlation coefficient r=0.912), and that PCB 153 was a predictive indicator for total PCB concentration (r=0.967). The PBDE levels in human blood in Korea are much higher than those reported in other countries. The presence of the BDE 183 congener was characteristic in the blood of workers from an electronic dismantling facility in MWIs.},
	number = {1–3},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Kim, Byung-Hoon and Ikonomou, Michael G. and Lee, Se-Jin and Kim, Hee-Sun and Chang, Yoon-Seok},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Human blood, Korea, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs},
	pages = {45--56},
}





@article{hwang_occurrence_2008,
	title = {Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in indoor dust},
	volume = {404},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.031},
	abstract = {Human exposure to indoor dust enriched with endocrine-disrupting chemicals released from numerous indoor sources has been a focus of increasing concern. Longer residence times and elevated contaminant concentrations in the indoor environment may increase chances of exposure to these contaminants by 1000-fold compared to outdoor exposure. To investigate the occurrence of semi-volatile endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), phthalates, pyrethroids, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its metabolites, and chlordanes, indoor dust samples were collected from household vacuum cleaner bags provided by 10 apartments and 1 community hall in Davis, California, USA. Chemical analyses show that all indoor dust samples are highly contaminated by target analytes measured in the present study. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the most abundant (104–7630 µg/g) in all samples and higher than other target analytes by 2 to 6 orders of magnitude. PBDEs were also found at high concentrations (1780–25,200 ng/g). Although the use of PCBs has been banned or restricted for decades, some samples had PCBs at levels that are considered to be concerns for human health, indicating that the potential risk posed by PCBs still remains high in the indoor environment, probably due to a lack of dissipation processes and continuous release from the sources. Although the use of some PBDEs is being phased out in some parts of the U.S., this trend may apply to PBDEs as well. We can anticipate that exposure to PBDEs will continue as long as the general public keeps using existing household items such as sofas, mattresses, and carpets that contain PBDEs. This study provides additional information that indoor dust is highly contaminated by persistent and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Hwang, Hyun-Min and Park, Eun-Kee and Young, Thomas M. and Hammock, Bruce D.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Indoor dust, Insecticides, PBDEs, PCBs, Phthalates},
	pages = {26--35},
}









@article{hover_occurrence_2009,
	title = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: {An} evaluation of the human health risks},
	volume = {407},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Hover, Carl and Banasik, Marek and Harbison, Raymond D. and Hardy, Marcia and Price, Debra J. and Stedeford, Todd},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {5194--5196},
}









@article{molander_are_2012,
	title = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — {Missing} links in {EU} chemical management},
	volume = {435–436},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021},
	abstract = {It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments.

The primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals.

The results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed.

Only a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH.

In summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Molander, Linda and Breitholtz, Magnus and Andersson, Patrik L. and Rybacka, Aleksandra and Rudén, Christina},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive},
	pages = {280--289},
}









@article{cui_polybrominated_2012,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in {Shanghai}, {China}: {Levels}, influencing factors and potential health risk for infants},
	volume = {433},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in {Shanghai}, {China}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.075},
	abstract = {The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is increasing annually in China. Although several studies have reported significant contamination by these compounds in biological samples in China, little is known about the factors that may influence the levels of exposure and the potential health risk for infants. We investigated PBDE exposure levels in breast milk, its influencing factors and the potential health risk for infants in Shanghai, China by enrolling 48 healthy women between September 2006 and April 2007. PBDE exposure was assessed by analyses of seven PBDE congeners in breast milk. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by infants via breastfeeding was determined for evaluating the potential health risk for infants. The median (range) of total PBDE content in breast milk was 8.81 (1.92–41.55) ng/g lipid. 34 (71\%) of the 48 samples tested positive for all seven congeners. Maternal education level and household monthly salary were positively associated with PBDE concentration in breast milk (r = 0.337, p = 0.019 and r = 0.436, p = 0.004, respectively). The median of estimated daily intake of BDE-99 (6.67 ng/kg/day) by infants via breastfeeding was below the human no adverse effect level (NAEL) set for BDE-99 for neurodevelopmental toxicity (18.8 ng/kg/day). However, 3 (6\%) of the samples exceeded the human NAEL. Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk together with 6\% of their EDI higher than NAEL in Shanghai, more studies on the effects of maternal PBDE exposure on fetal growth and child neurodevelopment are warranted.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Cui, Chang and Tian, Ying and Zhang, Lin and Gao, Yu and Jin, Jun and Wang, Pei and Ding, Wenwei and Wang, Xiaojin and Shi, Rong and Wang, Ying},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Estimated daily intake, Influencing factors, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {331--335},
}









@article{huang_human_2014,
	title = {The human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their relationships with thyroid hormones in the general population in {Northern} {China}},
	volume = {466–467},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.008},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to determine the human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and then clarify the relationships between that and the disruption of thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China. Between November 2010 and May 2011, 124 serum samples were obtained from volunteers from the provinces of Shanxi and Liaoning. Serum samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed for BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209 by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The median concentration of the total PBDEs was 7.2 ng/g lipid weights (lw); concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 160.3 ng/g lw. The PBDE profiles in this study differed from those of other general populations. BDE-209 was the most abundant congener (median, 5.0 ng/g lw; range, non-detected — 157.1 ng/g lw), accounting for more than 75\% of the total PBDEs, followed by BDE-153. The total PBDE concentrations in men were significantly higher as compared to women. The donors' age was correlated with a few PBDE congeners, but was not correlated with the total PBDE concentrations. The overall level of PBDEs in this study was lower than that observed in general populations in Southern China, Europe, and North America. There were apparent correlations between concentrations of several PBDE congeners and thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) was correlated with BDE-99 and 209 and inversely correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, 153, 183, and the summed tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners (∑3–7PBDEs). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, and 183 and inversely correlated with BDE-99. No correlation between free tetraidothyronine (FT4) and PBDEs was observed. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that those with higher levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153 had significantly lower odds of having T3 levels above the normal range compared to those with lower levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153. Association between FT4 and BDE-153 disappeared after controlling for sex and age. However, there was no significant association between TSH and PBDEs. The results of the present study showed that even at a relatively low level, PBDEs might interfere with the thyroid hormone levels in the general population.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Huang, Feifei and Wen, Sheng and Li, Jingguang and Zhong, Yuxin and Zhao, Yunfeng and Wu, Yongning},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Blood, Body burden, Free tetraidothyronine (FT4), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3)},
	pages = {609--615},
}









@article{orta-garcia_concentrations_2014,
	title = {Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human blood samples from {Mexico} {City}, {Mexico}},
	volume = {472},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059},
	abstract = {Studies in Mexico have demonstrated exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in people living in different sites through the country. However, studies evaluating exposure to POPs in people living in Mexico City (one of most contaminated places in the world) are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood as exposure biomarkers in people living in Mexico City. A total of 123 participants (blood donors aged 20–60 years) were recruited during 2010 in Mexico City. Quantitative analyses of blood samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Levels of the assessed compounds ranged from non-detectable (\&lt; LOD) to 350 ng/g lipid; from 8.20 to 91.0 ng/g lipid and from \&lt; LOD to 34.0 ng/g lipid for total PBDEs, total PCBs and total DDT, respectively. The current study indicates POP exposure in the people assessed and highlights the need for further biomonitoring studies of these POPs in the region. In this regard, biomonitoring of toxins on a global scale may be the first step towards the prevention of toxin-induced illnesses in the population.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Orta-García, Sandra and Pérez-Vázquez, Francisco and González-Vega, Carolina and Varela-Silva, José Antonio and Hernández-González, Lidia and Pérez-Maldonado, Iván},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Biomonitoring, Mexico, PBDEs, PCBs, POPs, p,p′-DDE},
	pages = {496--501},
}









@article{wang_concentrations_2014,
	title = {Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}},
	volume = {482–483},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008},
	abstract = {Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Wang, Ying and Xu, Meng and Jin, Jun and He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Sun, Yiming},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample},
	pages = {276--282},
}









@article{zhang_polybrominated_2014,
	title = {Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from {Shanghai}, {China}: {Temporal} trends, daily intake, and risk assessment},
	volume = {497–498},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from {Shanghai}, {China}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034},
	abstract = {To investigate the temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and assess the risks to breast- and formula-fed infants, breast milk and infant formula samples were collected from Shanghai, China. The PBDE concentrations decreased from 14.8 to 4.85 pmol/g lipid weight during 2006–2012, with a rate of decrease by half approximately every four years. Although there were no significant correlations between the total PBDEs in breast milk and age, parity, and pre-pregnant BMI of mothers, there were significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers for tri- to hepta-BDEs. PBDEs in breast milk were much higher than those in infant formula (equivalent to 91.9 vs. 5.25 pg/mL). Among the different brand infant formulas, there were no significant differences in their PBDE concentrations. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast- and formula-fed infants suggested that breast-fed infants are exposed to much more PBDEs than formula-fed ones (12.9 vs. 0.72 ng/kg-bw/day). However, the hazard quotient values were much smaller than one, indicating that the ingested PBDEs did not exert obvious adverse effects on both breast- and formula-fed infants considering non-carcinogenic effect endpoint. This is the first report on temporal trend of PBDEs in breast milk from China.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Zhang, Xiaolan and Zhang, Kaiqiong and Yang, Dan and Ma, Li and Lei, Bingli and Zhang, Xinyu and Zhou, Jing and Fang, Xiangming and Yu, Yingxin},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Daily intake, Human milk, Infant formula, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Risk assessment},
	pages = {508--515},
}









@article{meeker_polybrominated_2009,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men},
	volume = {407},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030},
	abstract = {Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100\% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67\% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Meeker, John D. and Johnson, Paula I. and Camann, David and Hauser, Russ},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Flame retardants, Human, Male},
	pages = {3425--3429},
}









@article{fan_simultaneous_2014,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},
	title = {Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques},
	volume = {491–492},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127},
	abstract = {An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60\% to 118\%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3\% to 23\%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat E. and Wu, Fang},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585},
	pages = {80--86},
}









@article{miller_concentrations_2012,
	title = {Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid},
	volume = {417–418},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337–21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6\%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Miller, Mark F. and Chernyak, Sergei M. and Domino, Steven E. and Batterman, Stuart A. and Loch-Caruso, Rita},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Amniotic fluid, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Pregnancy},
	pages = {294--298},
}









@article{lee_assessment_2013,
	title = {Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in {Korea}},
	volume = {443},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.099},
	abstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in commonly consumed seafood and house dust collected from Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs in seafood and house dust samples were in the ranges of 0.06 to 6.25 ng/g wet weight and 80 to 16,000 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Predominant congeners in seafood were BDEs 47, 99 and 100 and those in dust samples were BDE 209. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs through seafood consumption and dust ingestion for adults (\&gt; 20 years) and toddlers (\&lt; 2 years) were 1.83 and 11.4 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. In comparison with the EDIs reported for PBDEs by general population in several countries, the contribution of seafood consumption to PBDE intake in Korea was the highest. Seafood consumption and dust ingestion contributed equally to the total PBDE intakes in Korean adults, while dust ingestion was the major contributor to toddlers. This study was the first to assess exposure of humans to PBDEs through two major exposure pathways.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Lee, Sunggyu and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Moon, Hyo-Bang},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Dust ingestion, Estimated daily intake, Exposure pathway, Flame retardants, General population, PBDEs},
	pages = {24--30},
}









@article{mannetje_current_2013,
	title = {Current concentrations, temporal trends and determinants of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk of {New} {Zealand} women},
	volume = {458–460},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.055},
	abstract = {Breast milk samples of 39 first time mothers aged 20–30 were collected in 2007–2010 from rural and urban areas of New Zealand, following the fourth World Health Organization coordinated survey protocol. Samples were individually analysed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The lipid adjusted concentrations of PCDD/Fs (mean toxic equivalent (TEQ): 3.54 pg/g) and PCBs (mean TEQ 1.29 pg/g) were low in comparison to those reported for other countries, and concentrations of dieldrin (10 ng/g) and p,p′-DDE (379 ng/g) and PBDEs were in the mid-range. Breast milk concentrations of PCDD/F-TEQ, PCB-TEQ, dieldrin and p,p′-DDE were significantly higher in rural compared to urban areas (+ 23\%, 33\%, 59\%, and 44\% respectively), while concentrations of several PBDEs and lindane were higher in urban areas. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and OCPs, but not PBDEs, increased with age, and higher body mass index was associated with lower concentrations of PCBs. Despite New Zealand's low body burdens of many chlorinated POPs in comparison to other countries, breast milk concentrations continued to decrease over time, with a decrease by half over the last 10 years for PCDD/F-TEQ (− 40\%), PCB-TEQ (− 54\%) and OCPs − 34 to − 90\%), indicating that regulatory measures continue to have beneficial effects. Continued monitoring is needed particularly for the brominated POPs for which little New Zealand specific data is available.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Mannetje, Andrea 't and Coakley, Jonathan and Bridgen, Phil and Brooks, Collin and Harrad, Stuart and Smith, Allan H. and Pearce, Neil and Douwes, Jeroen},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human milk, New Zealand, Organochlorine pesticides, Persistent organic pollutants},
	pages = {399--407},
}









@article{shi_levels_2013,
	title = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}},
	volume = {452–453},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},
	abstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \&lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \&lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A},
	pages = {10--18},
}









@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,
	title = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in human serum of mothers and children from {Pakistan} with urban and rural residential settings},
	volume = {461–462},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044},
	abstract = {This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) \&gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) \&gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) \&lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (\&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were \&lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed {\textasciitilde} 5\% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (\&gt; 80\%) of OCPs ranged from \&lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), \&lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p \&lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p \&lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum},
	pages = {655--662},
}









@article{thuresson_tri-decabrominated_2012,
	title = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 1: {Levels} and profiles},
	volume = {414},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 1},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016},
	abstract = {Indoor air (gas and particle phase) and dust samples were collected from 10 houses, 44 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, 17 new cars and two car dealership halls from Stockholm, Sweden, and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Median ΣPBDE concentrations in air were 330, 58, 4000, 14 000 and 510 pg/m3 in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. Median ΣPBDE concentrations in dust were 510, 1400, 1200, 1200 and 1400 ng/g in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. HBCD was detected in most dust samples (median range, 45–340 ng/g) but only in a few air samples (median range, \&lt; 1.6–2.0 pg/m3). For all microenvironments, the brominated flame retardant (BFR) found in highest concentration in air was ΣDecaBDE, primarily BDE-209, followed by ΣPentaBDE, and in dust, ΣDecaBDE, followed by HBCD (offices, day care centers, cars) or ΣPentaBDE (houses, apartments). Positive correlations were found between matched air and dust samples for ΣPentaBDE, but not for ΣDecaBDE.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Thuresson, Kaj and Björklund, Justina Awasum and de Wit, Cynthia A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, House dust, Indoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ether},
	pages = {713--721},
}









@article{rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in {Canadian} human fetal liver and placental tissues},
	volume = {468–469},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014},
	abstract = {Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (\&lt; LOD; \&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and \&lt; LOD (\&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Rawn, Dorothea F. K. and Gaertner, Dean W. and Weber, Dorcas and Curran, Ivan H. A. and Cooke, Gerard M. and Goodyer, Cynthia G.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs},
	pages = {622--629},
}









@article{stasinska_polybrominated_2014,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from {Western} {Australia}},
	volume = {493},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.001},
	abstract = {PBDEs are a class of brominated flame retardants applied to consumer goods to reduce their flammability. These compounds are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate through the food web. PBDEs have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue and breast milk. There are a small number of studies reporting concentrations of PBDEs in Australian populations. These indicate that concentrations are higher than in studies reporting concentrations from Europe but lower than those from Northern America. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in the plasma of pregnant women participating in the Australian Maternal Exposure to Toxic Substances (AMETS) study in Western Australia. The samples comprised 164 pregnant women, aged 18 years and over, who were non-smokers and not occupationally exposed to persistent substances. Participants provided blood samples at 38 weeks gestation and these were analysed for five PBDE congeners. Maternal health and birth outcomes data were also obtained. The median for sum PBDE concentrations in plasma was 53.9 pg g− 1 (range 13.2 to 1390 pg g− 1 ww). Concentrations were adjusted for the estimated plasma lipid content. The concentrations of Σ5PBDE ranged from 2.44 to 258 ng g− 1 lipid with a median of 9.97 ng g− 1 lipid. BDE-47 was the dominant congener (median 21.4 pg g− 1, range \&lt; 4.95 to 1030 pg g− 1) followed by BDE-153 (median 12.2 pg g− 1, range \&lt; 2.94 to 353 pg g− 1). There were no significant associations between maternal, housing or dietary factors and concentrations of PBDEs in this study. Maternal PBDE concentrations were not associated with infant birth weight. This study builds upon previous Australian research and shows that concentrations in this sample of Western Australian women were higher than in parts of Europe.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Stasinska, Ania and Heyworth, Jane and Reid, Alison and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Trong Duong, Phi and Van Ho, Quoc and Hinwood, Andrea},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Birth weight, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Diet, Dust, Human exposure},
	pages = {554--561},
}









@article{malarvannan_accumulation_2013,
	title = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}: {Levels}, distribution and profiles},
	volume = {442},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005},
	abstract = {Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n = 30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17–44\% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12–35\%), CB-118 (4–12\%), CB-180 (2–13\%), CB-187 (3–13\%), and CB-170 (1.5–10\%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Malarvannan, Govindan and Isobe, Tomohiko and Covaci, Adrian and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {HBCDs, Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, Philippines, Scalp hair},
	pages = {366--379},
}









@article{lim_exposure_2014,
	title = {Exposure assessment and health risk of poly-brominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants in the indoor environment of elementary school students in {Korea}},
	volume = {470–471},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.013},
	abstract = {This study assessed the health risks of elementary school students' exposure to PBDEs via different possible pathways in children's facilities. After PBDE contamination was measured, exposure was demonstrated to occur through multiple routes, including inhalation of indoor dust, dermal contact with products' surfaces and children's hands, and incidental dust ingestion. Samples were collected from various children's facilities (30 elementary schools, 31 private academies, 12 living rooms and bedrooms in houses, 5 public libraries of children's literature, and 3 large hypermalls) in summer (Jul–Sep, 2008) and winter (Jan–Feb, 2009). The hazard index (HI) was estimated for non-carcinogens and PBDEs, such as TeBDE, PeBDE, HxBDE, OcBDE, and DeBDE. PBDEs were detected in all floor dust samples, 99\% of indoor air samples, 94\% of product-wipe samples, and 86\% of hand wipe samples. The average levels of PBDEs ranged from 0.19 to 1.06 ng/m3 in indoor air, 4623 to 6650 ng/g-dust in floor dust, 0.012 to 0.103 ng/cm2 on product surfaces, and 7.89 to 25.38 ng/hand on the surface of children's hands. The HI for school children via multimedia and multipathway exposure to PBDEs did not exceed 1.0. The exposure to PBDEs at home (approximately 80\%) was dominant. The contribution rates of PBDE risk were 77\% and 15\% via dust ingestion at home and at elementary school, respectively; thus, intake of floor dust was determined to be the primary route of exposure.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Lim, Young-Wook and Kim, Ho-Hyun and Lee, Chung-Soo and Shin, Dong-Chun and Chang, Yoon-Seok and Yang, Ji-Yeon},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Elementary school student, Multimedia and multipathway exposure, PBDEs, Risk assessment},
	pages = {1376--1389},
}









@article{polder_spatial_2008,
	title = {Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, {PCBs}, dioxins ({PCDDs}/{PCDFs}) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from {Northern} {Russia}},
	volume = {391},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045},
	abstract = {This study presents for the first time temporal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Russian human breast milk samples. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in samples from three locations in the North West of Russia in 2000–2002 (n = 42), were compared to corresponding levels measured in 1993–1996 (n = 58). In addition brominated flame retardants (BFRs), consisting of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) (including BDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analysed in samples from 2000–2002 (n = 37). The present levels of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs were 5 and 10 times higher than corresponding levels in the neighbouring country Norway. Median concentrations of ∑HCHs (196 μg/kg lw), ∑CHBs (19.7 μg/kg lw) and ∑PCBs16 (316 μg/kg lw) were highest in Murmansk. The percentage of p,p′-DDT to ∑DDTs and ratio DDE/DDT suggest possible ongoing use of DDT in Russia. Levels of PBDE were low and dominated by the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-153. The deca brominated BDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median concentration 0.19 μg/kg lipid). Levels of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs decreased 56 and 30\% in Murmansk and 36 and 43\% in Arkhangelsk during the study period. The decline of ∑OCPs was significant at both locations (p \&lt; 0.05–p \&lt; 0.0001). For ∑PCBs, the decreasing trend was only significant in Arkhangelsk (p \&lt; 0.0001). In addition, a decline of ∑total TEQs (∑TEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho- and mono-ortho PCBs) was observed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk during the study period. The exposure of infants by PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs is still exceeding the daily tolerable intake (TDI) in North West Russia. However, the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs seem to decline very rapidly.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Polder, A. and Gabrielsen, G. W. and Odland, J. Ø. and Savinova, T. N. and Tkachev✠, A. and Løken, K. B. and Skaare, J. U.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {DDTs, Human breast milk, PCBs, POPs, Russia, Temporal trends},
	pages = {41--54},
}













@article{wensing_plastics_2005,
	title = {Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers},
	volume = {339},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028},
	abstract = {Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving.

In this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles.

Daily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.},
	number = {1–3},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Wensing, M. and Uhde, E. and Salthammer, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust},
	pages = {19--40},
}









@article{darnerud_levels_2011,
	title = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from {Limpopo} province, {South} {Africa}},
	volume = {409},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054},
	abstract = {The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n = 28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n = 14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4 600 and over 20 000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n = 28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Darnerud, Per Ola and Aune, Marie and Larsson, Lotta and Lignell, Sanna and Mutshatshi, Tshinanne and Okonkwo, Jonathan and Botha, Ben and Agyei, Nana},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Breast milk, DDT, HBCD, PBDEs, PCBs, South Africa},
	pages = {4048--4053},
}









@article{gallen_towards_2014,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},
	title = {Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products},
	volume = {491–492},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92\% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (\&gt; 75\%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Gallen, Christie and Banks, Andrew and Brandsma, Sicco and Baduel, Christine and Thai, Phong and Eaglesham, Geoff and Heffernan, Amy and Leonards, Pim and Bainton, Paul and Mueller, Jochen F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE},
	pages = {255--265},
}









@article{tajima_detection_2014,
	title = {Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in {Japanese} dwellings},
	volume = {478},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121},
	abstract = {The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (\&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (\&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (\&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50\% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (\&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (\&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (\&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (\&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (\&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50\% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P \&lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14\% of RfD for toddlers and 4\% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1\% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Tajima, Shuji and Araki, Atsuko and Kawai, Toshio and Tsuboi, Tazuru and Ait Bamai, Yu and Yoshioka, Eiji and Kanazawa, Ayako and Cong, Shi and Kishi, Reiko},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust},
	pages = {190--199},
}









@article{rauert_test_2014,
	title = {Test chamber and forensic microscopy investigation of the transfer of brominated flame retardants into indoor dust via abrasion of source materials},
	volume = {493},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.029},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in indoor dust in many studies, at concentrations spanning several orders of magnitude. Limited information is available on the pathways via which BFRs migrate from treated products into dust, yet the different mechanisms hypothesized to date may provide an explanation for the range of reported concentrations. In particular, transfer of BFRs to dust via abrasion of particles or fibers from treated products may explain elevated concentrations (up to 210 mg g− 1) of low volatility BFRs like decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). In this study, an indoor dust sample containing a low concentration of hexabromocyclododecane, or HBCD, (110 ng g− 1 ΣHBCDs) was placed on the floor of an in-house test chamber. A fabric curtain treated with HBCDs was placed on a mesh shelf 3 cm above the chamber floor and abrasion induced using a stirrer bar. This induced abrasion generated fibers of the curtain, which contaminated the dust, and ΣHBCD concentrations in the dust increased to between 4020 and 52 500 ng g− 1 for four different abrasion experiment times. The highly contaminated dust (ΣHBCD at 52 500 ng g− 1) together with three archived dust samples from various UK microenvironments, were investigated with forensic microscopy techniques. These techniques included Micro X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, scanning emission microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with further BFR analysis on LC-MS/MS. Using these techniques, fibers or particles abraded from a product treated with BFRs were identified in all dust samples, thereby accounting for the elevated concentrations detected in the original dust (3500 to 88 800 ng g− 1 ΣHBCD and 24 000 to 1 438 000 ng g−1 for BDE-209). This study shows how test chamber experiments alongside forensic microscopy techniques, can provide valuable insights into the pathways via which BFRs contaminate indoor dust.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Rauert, C. and Harrad, S. and Suzuki, G. and Takigami, H. and Uchida, N. and Takata, K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Forensic microscopy, HBCDs, Migration pathways to dust, PBDEs, Test chambers},
	pages = {639--648},
}





@article{takeuchi_detection_2014,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},
	title = {Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in {Sapporo}, {Japan}},
	volume = {491–492},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011},
	abstract = {Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.},
	urldate = {2014-08-25},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Takeuchi, Shinji and Kojima, Hiroyuki and Saito, Ikue and Jin, Kazuo and Kobayashi, Satoshi and Tanaka-Kagawa, Toshiko and Jinno, Hideto},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds},
	pages = {28--33},
}









































































































@article{chovancova_pcdd_2011,
	title = {{PCDD}, {PCDF}, {PCB} and {PBDE} concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of {Slovakia}},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.070},
	abstract = {The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in 33 breast milk samples collected in 2006–2007 from primipara mothers close to four industrial areas of Slovak Republic were determined. The total PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs expressed as TEQ based on WHO TEFs 1998 in breast milk samples varied from 5.0 to 51.8 pg g−1 fat (median: 13.1 pg g−1 fat; mean: 18.0 pg g−1 fat). The measurements of seven PBDE congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were performed for the first time in human milk from Slovakia. PBDE levels ranged between 0.22 and 1.62 ng g−1 fat, with median and mean value of 0.43 ng g−1 fat and 0.57 ng g−1 fat respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between studied areas in total PBDE concentrations.

Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the daily intake (DI) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like compounds for the most vulnerable breast-fed infant population in Slovakia. The total PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB DI for an infant during the first 2 months of life was estimated in a range from 14.4 to 230 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w., with a median value of 58.9 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w.. The DI values substantially exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) 1–4 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w. recommended by WHO. The dietary infant intake concerning PBDEs was estimated to be between 0.69 and 7.1 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1, with median value of 1.7 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Chovancová, Jana and Čonka, Kamil and Kočan, Anton and Sejáková, Zuzana Stachová},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Polybrominated diphenylethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Slovakia},
	pages = {1383--1390},
}









@article{bergkvist_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in {Bangladesh}},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083},
	abstract = {In low-income countries, the use of some organochlorine pesticides is still common in order to increase food production. Monitoring the chemical exposure is an important step in risk-reducing strategies. This is the first study to report concentrations of organochlorines in breast milk of women from Bangladesh where farming is the main income source.

Organochlorines such as p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (i.e., ∑DDT), HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (CB 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 128, 138, 141, 149, 153, 156, 157, 163, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194) were analyzed in breast milk collected in 2002 from 72 first-time mothers (median age 20 years) living in the rural area Matlab, Bangladesh.

While the concentrations of PCBs and many of the pesticides were low, the concentrations of p,p′-DDT and its metabolite p,p′-DDE were high (median 349 and 1645 ng g−1 lipid, respectively) in comparison to other countries. The median value of ∑DDT was 2123 ng g−1 lipid. The estimated daily exposure to p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and ∑DDTs was 10, 30 and 42 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively, in 3 months old infants. The p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT ratio ranged from 1 to 23, where 58\% of the mothers had a ratio below 5 indicating recent or ongoing DDT exposure.

This study reports infant exposure and maternal body burden of organochlorines through breast milk. Although the findings give no reason to limit breast-feeding, it is essential to identify the main exposure sources and find means to decrease the exposure.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Bergkvist, Charlotte and Aune, Marie and Nilsson, Ingrid and Sandanger, Torkjel M. and Hamadani, Jena Derakhshani and Tofail, Fahmida and Oyvind-Odland, Jon and Kabir, Iqbal and Vahter, Marie},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Bangladesh, Breast milk, DDTs, Infant exposure, Organochlorines, PCBs},
	pages = {784--790},
}





@article{lee_contamination_2013,
	title = {Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in {Korea}: {Time}-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in {Korea}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011},
	abstract = {Breast milk is a noninvasive specimen to assess maternal and infant exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In this study, 206 breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during lactation, at \&lt;7, 15, 30, or 90 days postpartum in four cities in Korea. The total concentrations of PCBs (ΣPCB) and OCPs (ΣOCP) ranged from \&lt;LOQ to 84.0 (median: 12.1) ng g−1 lipid weight and from \&lt;LOQ to 559 (median: 144) ng g−1 lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of these contaminants measured in our study were relatively lower than those reported for European, African and Asian populations. Within a month postpartum typically after day seven the levels of ΣPCB and ΣOCP significantly increased. Some OCP compounds were correlated with maternal age, BMI, parity, and delivery mode. Certain types of dietary habits such as seafood and noodle consumption were significantly associated with ΣPCB and ΣOCP. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ΣPCB and ΣOCP were 45.2–127 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and 625–1259 ng kg−1 bw day−1 during lactation, respectively, which are lower than the threshold values proposed by the US EPA and Health Canada. The exposure of Korean infants to chlordanes via breast milk had a potential health risk which deserves further investigation.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Lee, Sunggyu and Kim, Sunmi and Lee, Hyun-Kyung and Lee, In-Seok and Park, Jeongim and Kim, Hai-Joong and Lee, Jeong Jae and Choi, Gyuyeon and Choi, Sooran and Kim, Sungjoo and Kim, Su Young and Choi, Kyungho and Kim, Sungkyoon and Moon, Hyo-Bang},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Chlordane, Estimated daily intake, Health risk, Lactation, Threshold value},
	pages = {1578--1585},
}

















@article{dahlberg_recovery_2014,
	title = {Recovery discrepancies of {OH}-{PBDEs} and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum versus herring and long-tailed duck plasma},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.020},
	abstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been identified as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or as natural products. The OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols have come into focus over the last decade due to their abundance in biota and their potential adverse health effects.

The present recovery study aims to validate a commonly used method (published by Hovander et al. 2000) for OH-PBDE analysis in human plasma. Further, the authors intended to determine the method’s applicability to serum/plasma matrices from other species than humans. The investigated matrices were human plasma, cat serum, herring- and long-tailed duck plasma. The recovery study included nine OH-PBDEs, four polybromophenols and three methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). Five replicates of each matrix were spiked with these compounds at two dose levels; a low dose (0.5 ng) and a high dose (5 ng) and were cleaned up according to the Hovander method.

The recovery of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum were high and reproducible at both dose levels whereas the recovery for herring and long-tailed duck plasma were low and insufficient with great variability amongst OH-PBDE congeners at both dose levels. Our data show that the method can be fully applied to matrices like human plasma and cat serum but not for herring and long-tailed duck plasma without further method development. Hence care needs to be taken when applying the method onto other blood matrices without validation since the present study have demonstrated that the recoveries may differ amongst OH-PBDE congeners and specie.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Dahlberg, Anna-Karin and Norrgran, Jessica and Hovander, Lotta and Bergman, Åke and Asplund, Lillemor},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {OH-PBDEs, Plasma, Polybromophenols, Recovery study, Serum},
	pages = {97--103},
}









@article{sun_levels_2010,
	title = {Levels of dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from three regions of northern {China} and potential dietary risk factors},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.021},
	abstract = {Human milk samples were collected from 50 breast-feeding mothers in Shijiazhuang, 60 in Tianjin and 48 in Yantai from November 2006 to April 2007. The three areas are located in northern China. We selected randomly 20 samples from each area for detection of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/frans (PCDD/Fs), polycholorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Our results show the average concentrations of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were 6.24 TEQ pg g−1fat, 7.54 TEQ pg g−1fat and 6.69 TEQ pg g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. The average concentrations of PBDEs were 3.71 ng g−1 fat, 3.42 ng g−1 fat and 4.16 ng g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Among congeners of PBDEs, the high and low brominated congeners BDE209, BDE207, BDE197, BDE153, BDE15, BDE28 and BDE47 were the predominant PBDE congeners, accounting for 91\%, 90\% and 84\% of total PBDEs in samples from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Based on the results of an in-person interview of mothers using a questionnaire, freshwater fish consumption was found to correlate with total mono-ortho dl-PCBs (mo-PCBs) and sea fish consumption was found to correlate with total non-ortho dl-PCBs (no-PCBs) of human milk in these areas. However, no correlation was found between concentrations of total PBDEs and total TEQ of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs and food consumption. Continuous surveillance on dioxins and dl-PCBs levels in human milk is needed to correctly evaluate both the environmental impact and human health risk in China.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Sun, Suju and Zhao, Jianhong and Leng, Junhong and Wang, Peiyu and Wang, Yan and Fukatsu, Hideo and Liu, Dianwu and Liu, Xuehui and Kayama, Fujio},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {China, Dietary exposure, Dioxin, Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ether},
	pages = {1151--1159},
}









@article{she_pbdes_2002,
	title = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X},
	abstract = {To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average ∑PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low μg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {She, Jianwen and Petreas, Myrto and Winkler, Jennifer and Visita, Patria and McKinney, Michael and Kopec, Dianne},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Blubber, Human Adipose, PBDEs, Seal, Time trends},
	pages = {697--707},
}













@article{meneses_polybrominated_1999,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers detected in human adipose tissue from {Spain}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00150-2},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in 13 human adipose tissue samples from Spain, 3 women and 10 men. Tetra-, penta- and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were determined at ng/g lipid (ppb) level in all the samples. The average TeBDE level was 1.36 ng/g, the average PeBDE was 0.93 ng/g and the HxBDE 1.83 ng/g. Human adipose tissue levels of PBDE obtained in the current samples from Spain are comparable with the tissue levels reported in recent Swedish investigations.},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Meneses, M. and Wingfors, H. and Schuhmacher, M. and Domingo, J. L. and Lindström, G. and Bavel, B. v.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {2271--2278},
}





@article{ohta_comparison_2002,
	title = {Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in {Japan}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00233-8},
	abstract = {At present, little is known about the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and food products sold in Japan. To investigate whether human exposure to PBDEs through the diet is significant, the concentrations of PBDEs were determined in fish and in meat and vegetables sold in two food markets in the city of Hirakata, Osaka prefecture. The concentrations of PBDEs in the breast milk of 12 primiparae nursing women at one month after delivery also were determined to ascertain the relationship between the levels found in the diet and levels in humans. ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 21 and 1650 pg/g fresh weight in the edible tissues of five species of fish and one shellfish species. The highest concentrations were measured in yellow-fin tuna, followed by short-necked clam, salmon, yellowtail, mackerel and young yellowtail. Interestingly, ∑PBDE concentrations were not statistically significantly different in two cultured mackerel samples from Japan and mackerel collected from northern European waters. ∑PBDE concentrations in beef, pork and chicken meat (ranging between 6.25 and 63.6 pg/g fresh weight) and in three different vegetables (ranging between 38.4 and 134 pg/g fresh weight) were significantly lower than the concentrations in fish. In human milk, ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 668 and 2840 pg/g lipid basis, which is comparable to the levels in populations of nursing women reported in Sweden and elsewhere. There was a strong positive relationship between PBDE concentrations in human milk and dietary intake of fish and shellfish, which was established in the women from responses to a questionaire on food consumption habits. The results of this study of food products commonly consumed in Japan and the levels found in nursing women raise a concern about low level PBDE contamination of fish and other foods intended for human consumption.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ohta, Souichi and Ishizuka, Daisuke and Nishimura, Hajime and Nakao, Teruyuki and Aozasa, Osamu and Shimidzu, Yoshiko and Ochiai, Fumie and Kida, Takafumi and Nishi, Masatoshi and Miyata, Hideaki},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Levels in fish, Levels in food, Mother's milk, PBDEs},
	pages = {689--696},
}





@article{shen_distribution_2010,
	title = {Distribution of {PCDD}/{Fs}, {PCBs}, {PBDEs} and organochlorine residues in children’s blood from {Zhejiang}, {China}},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.012},
	abstract = {Concentrations and congener specific profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues were measured in 22 pooled blood samples representing 66 children from both polluted areas (E-waste recycling region) and case control areas in Zhejiang province, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report on these pollutants in the blood of Chinese children. The mean concentrations of ∑PCDD/Fs, ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, HCB and pp′-DDE in pooled blood samples from polluted areas (Luqiao) were 206 ± 157 pg g−1 lipid, 40.6 ± 7.01 ng g−1 lipid, 32.1 ± 17.5 ng g−1 lipid, 14.6 ± 20.1 ng g−1 lipid and 108 ± 21.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. WHO-TEQ-2005 for PCBs and PCDD/Fs were 11.9 ± 4.62 pg g−1 lipid and 10.3 ± 6.39 pg g−1 lipid, respectively. The results showed that PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in the E-waste recycling area were significantly (P \&lt; 0.001) higher than the case control areas. High levels of PCDD/Fs were detected in the case control area (Longyou), where Na-PCP had been widely sprayed to prevent snailborne schistosomiasis. The contamination levels and profiles were compared with those documented in previous publications.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Shen, Haitao and Ding, Gangqiang and Han, Guangen and Wang, Xiaofeng and Xu, Xiaomin and Han, Jianlong and Lou, Xiaoming and Xu, Caiju and Cai, Delei and Song, Yanhua and Lu, Wei},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Children’s blood, China, Organochlorines, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs},
	pages = {170--175},
}





@article{geens_assessment_2009,
	title = {Assessment of human exposure to {Bisphenol}-{A}, {Triclosan} and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} through indoor dust intake in {Belgium}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.024},
	abstract = {Bisphenol-A (BPA), Triclosan (TCS) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) are phenolic organic contaminants used in a variety of household applications. Through manufacture and usage, these contaminants can leach into the environment and can be detected in indoor dust. In this study, we determined the concentrations of BPA, TCS and TBBPA in indoor dust samples from 18 houses and 2 offices in Flanders, Belgium. The analysis was performed using solid–liquid extraction, clean-up and measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Median concentrations of the 18 domestic dust samples were 1460, 220 and 10 ng g−1 dust for BPA, TCS and TBBPA, respectively. Concentrations in offices were almost 5–10 times higher for BPA and TBBPA, while TCS concentrations were comparable at both locations. An assessment of the daily intake of these contaminants through dust was made and the contribution of dust to the total human exposure was calculated. For all three contaminants, dust seems to be a minor contributor (\&lt;10\% of total exposure) to the total daily exposure. Food intake appears to be the major source of human exposure to BPA and TBBPA as dermal uptake through personal care products seems to be the major contributor for TCS.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Geens, Tinne and Roosens, Laurence and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Belgium, Bisphenol-A, Dust, Human exposure, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Triclosan},
	pages = {755--760},
}













@article{schuhmacher_concentrations_2007,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},
	title = {Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in milk of women from {Catalonia}, {Spain}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.110},
	abstract = {In this study, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from women living in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain, were determined. The study was performed after 4 years of regular operations in the facility and the present PCB levels were compared with baseline concentrations obtained in a pre-operational program. PCBs and PBDEs levels were determined by HRGC/HRMS in 15 samples. In the present study planar PCBs ranged from 1.3 to 6.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat with a mean value of 3.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. After adding dioxin-like mono-ortho-PCBs the total PCB-TEQ concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 13.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (mean value: 8.7 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A comparison of the current data with those obtained in the baseline study showed significant decreases for both planar and total WHO-TEQ of PCBs: 47.9\% and 44.6\%, respectively. PCB concentrations in milk of women living in urban zones were higher than those living near industrial areas (10.1 and 7.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively). Mean PBDE concentrations were 2.2 and 2.5 ng/g fat for women living in urban and industrial zones, respectively. Dietary intake of PCBs and PBDEs for a standard adult woman samples were 898 and 843 ng/day for PCBs, and 72 and 63 ng/day for PBDEs, for residents in urban and industrials areas, respectively. This study suggests that dietary intake is more relevant for human exposure to PCBs and PBDEs than living near the HWI.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Schuhmacher, M. and Kiviranta, H. and Vartiainen, T. and Domingo, J. L.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Catalonia, Spain, Hazardous waste incinerator, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)},
	pages = {S295--S300},
}





@article{givens_maternal_2007,
	title = {Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls: {Infant} birth weight and gestational age},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.031},
	abstract = {Understanding the influence of maternal exposures on gestational age and birth weight is essential given that pre-term and/or low birth weight infants are at risk for increased mortality and morbidity. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) through accidental contamination of cattle feed and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) through residual contamination in the geographic region. Our study population consisted of 444 mothers and their 899 infants born between 1975 and 1997. Using restricted maximum likelihood estimation, no significant association was found between estimated maternal serum PBB at conception or enrollment PCB levels and gestational age or infant birth weight in unadjusted models or in models that adjusted for maternal age, smoking, parity, infant gender, and decade of birth. For enrollment maternal serum PBB, no association was observed for gestational age. However, a negative association with high levels of enrollment maternal serum PBB and birth weight was suggested. We also examined the birth weight and gestational age among offspring of women with the highest (10\%) PBB or PCB exposure, and observed no significant association. Because brominated compounds are currently used in consumer products and therefore, are increasingly prevalent in the environment, additional research is needed to better understand the potential relationship between in utero exposure to brominated compounds and adverse health outcomes.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Givens, Marjory L. and Small, Chanley M. and Terrell, Metrecia L. and Cameron, Lorraine L. and Michels Blanck, Heidi and Tolbert, Paige E. and Rubin, Carol and Henderson, Alden K. and Marcus, Michele},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Birth weight, Environmental toxicants, Gestational age, Infant health, Maternal exposures, PBB, PCB},
	pages = {1295--1304},
}













@article{lithner_leachates_2009,
	title = {Leachates from plastic consumer products – {Screening} for toxicity with {Daphnia} magna},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022},
	abstract = {Plastic products can contain chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, it was investigated if various plastic products emit hazardous chemical substances to water. Two leaching methods (batch and diffusion tests) were used and the leachates were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Nine out of 32 tested plastic product leachates had Daphnia 48-h EC50s ranging from 5 to 80 g plastic material L−1. For the remaining 23 products no effect on mobility was seen even at the highest test concentrations (70–100 g plastic material L−1). A compact disc (recordable) was the most toxic plastic product, but the toxicity was traced to the silver layer not the polycarbonate plastic material. The other products that displayed toxicity were made of either plasticised PVC (artificial leather, bath tub toy, inflatable bathing ring and table cloth) or polyurethane (artificial leather, floor coating and children’s handbag). While the Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) for compact discs using sodium thiosulfate addition showed that silver was causing the toxicity, the TIE for artificial leathers using C18 cartridges showed that hydrophobic compounds were causing the toxicity. Acute toxicity tests of plastic product leachates were found to be useful for screening purposes for differentiating between toxic and non-toxic products.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Lithner, Delilah and Damberg, Jeanette and Dave, Göran and Larsson, Åke},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Acute toxicity, CD-R, Leaching test, Plasticised PVC, Polyurethane, Toxicity Identification Evaluation},
	pages = {1195--1200},
}





@article{takasuga_impact_2004,
	title = {Impact of fermented brown rice with {Aspergillus} oryzae ({FEBRA}) intake and concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers ({PBDEs}) in blood of humans from {Japan}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.016},
	abstract = {The isotope dilution technique was applied for the analysis of new polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) calibration standard (both labeled and non-labeled) using high-resolution gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS). The relative response factor (RRF) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for new calibration standard in Finnigan Thermo Electron (MAT-95XL) and Micromass (Autospec Ultima) were more or less identical with mean RRF (0.9882), RSD (0.0865) and CV\% of (8.75). The results also revealed for DeBDE-209 quantification; labeled DeBDE-209 is essential. Furthermore, we recommend on column injection technique with a thin film instead of splitless injection in order to reduce the thermal degradation of DeBDE-209 and formation of octabromodibenzofurans (OBDF). Besides, analysis of human blood (n = 156) of FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake individuals elucidated frequent detection of eighteen PBDE congeners. The average PBDE concentrations in non-FEBRA intake and FEBRA-intake humans were 6000–11 000 (mean: 8400) and 5400–15 000 (mean: 9900) respectively on pg/g fat basis. Although FEBRA-intake individuals showed slightly greater PBDEs, computer-normalized concentrations of TeBDE-47 corroborate FEBRA-intake individual from four family showed reduced concentrations. The contamination profiles of PBDEs varied in between family, gender as well as geography. International comparison with predominant PBDE congener (TeBDE-47) prevailed lower levels in Japan when compared to Korea, Germany and USA nevertheless, congener specific profiles were different which is in accordance with different technical PBDE usage in between countries.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Takasuga, Takumi and Senthilkumar, Kurunthachalam and Takemori, Hiroaki and Ohi, Etsumasa and Tsuji, Hiroshi and Nagayama, Junya},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Autospec Ultima, Calibration standard, Computer normalization, FEBRA, HRGC–HRMS, Human blood, MAT-95XL, PBDEs, RRF, RSD\%},
	pages = {795--811},
}









@article{ingelido_polychlorinated_2007,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},
	title = {Polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in milk from {Italian} women living in {Rome} and {Venice}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.111},
	abstract = {The levels of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in human milk samples from the areas of Venice and Rome, primarily in order to characterize the current levels of infant exposure to PCBs and PBDEs due to breast feeding in Italy. Sixteen non-dioxin-like PCBs, including the traditional indicator congeners, and 11 PBDEs, comprising the relevant PBDE-47, PBDE-99, and PBDE-153, were determined. Congeners were selected for analysis according to their relative abundance in human tissues, toxicological relevance, and diffusion in the environment. Dietary habits of the milk donors were recorded by questionnaires; mothers of the Venice area were classified into three groups according to their consumption of local fish, molluscs, and other fishery products. Σ16(PCBs) and Σ11(PBDEs) (ng g−1 fat) for the areas of Venice and Rome were respectively, 250–390 and 240, and 1.6–2.8 and 4.1. An increase of fish and fishery product consumption could not be associated with an increase of PCB and PBDE levels in milk.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ingelido, Anna Maria and Ballard, Terri and Dellatte, Elena and di Domenico, Alessandro and Ferri, Fabiola and Fulgenzi, Anna Rita and Herrmann, Thomas and Iacovella, Nicola and Miniero, Roberto and Päpke, Olaf and Porpora, Maria Grazia and Felip, Elena De},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Fish consumption, Infant exposure, Organohalogenated contaminants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},
	pages = {S301--S306},
}





@article{sudaryanto_levels_2008,
	title = {Levels and congener specific profiles of {PBDEs} in human breast milk from {China}: {Implication} on exposure sources and pathways},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Levels and congener specific profiles of {PBDEs} in human breast milk from {China}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088},
	abstract = {Fourteen PBDE congeners from mono- to deca-BDE were determined in breast milk of primiparous mothers from two locations in East China, i.e. Nanjing (n = 9), an urban area, and Zhoushan (n = 10), a semi rural coastal area. PBDEs were detected in all the human breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these two locations are widely exposed to these pollutants. Relatively higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the milk of mothers from Nanjing than Zhoushan, suggesting the existence of significant sources of PBDEs in urban areas. PBDE levels in the present study were similar to those in European countries, but one or two orders of magnitude lower than in North America. Except for BDE-3, all congeners from di- to deca-BDE were detected in the samples of the present study. BDE-209, a congener considered to have less bioavailability, was detected in about 50\% of the samples at concentrations higher than that of other congeners. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-153, -197 and -207, were also prominent in the present study, which is different from the pattern generally observed in previous studies on human milk as well as biota samples. These results may indicate that the inhabitants of Nanjing and Zhoushan are exposed to location specific sources of PBDEs.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Sudaryanto, Agus and Kajiwara, Natsuko and Tsydenova, Oyuna V. and Isobe, Tomohiko and Yu, Hongxia and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {China, Congener profiles, Exposure sources and pathways, Human breast milk, PBDEs},
	pages = {1661--1668},
}













@article{sjodin_concentration_2008,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2005 {Selected} {Papers} from the 25th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} held in {Toronto}, {Canada}, {August} 2005},
	title = {Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in household dust from various countries},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075},
	abstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction (\&lt;2 mm) of household dust samples (n = 40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17–550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500–13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520–29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950–54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States (\&lt;1–330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany (\&lt;1–2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.},
	number = {1, Supplement},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Sjödin, Andreas and Päpke, Olaf and McGahee, Ernest and Focant, Jean-François and Jones, Richard S. and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja and Toms, Leisa-Maree Leontjew and Herrmann, Thomas and Müller, Jochen and Needham, Larry L. and Patterson Jr., Donald G.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Dust, Human exposure, Indoor environment, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},
	pages = {S131--S136},
}









@article{watanabe_characterization_2007,
	title = {Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022},
	abstract = {Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Watanabe, Mafumi and Nakata, Chisto and Wu, Wei and Kawamoto, Katsuya and Noma, Yukio},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {ABS, Melamine/urea formaldehydes, Polyamide 6, Polyurethane, SVOCs, Thermal behavior},
	pages = {2063--2072},
}









@article{stenberg_multivariate_2009,
	title = {A multivariate chemical map of industrial chemicals – {Assessment} of various protocols for identification of chemicals of potential concern},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.011},
	abstract = {In present study the Industrial chemical map was created, and investigated. Molecular descriptors were calculated for 56 072 organic substances from the European inventory of existing commercial chemical substances (EINECS). The resulting multivariate dataset was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), giving five principal components, mainly reflecting size, hydrophobicity, flexibility, halogenation and electronical properties. It is these five PCs that form the basis of the map of organic, industrial chemicals, the Industrial chemical map. The similarities and diversity in chemical characteristics of the substances in relation to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and long-range transport potential were then examined, by superimposing five sets of entries obtained from other relevant databases onto the Industrial chemical map. These sets displayed very similar diversity patterns in the map, although with a spread in all five PC vectors. Substances listed by the United Nations Environment Program as persistent organic pollutants (UNEP POPs) were on the other hand clearly grouped with respect to each of the five PCs. Illustrating similarities and differences in chemical properties are one of the strengths of the multivariate data analysis method, and to be able to make predictions of, and investigate new chemicals. Further, the results demonstrate that non-testing methods as read-across, based on molecular similarities, can reduce the requirements to test industrial chemicals, provided that they are applied carefully, in combination with sound chemical knowledge.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Stenberg, Mia and Linusson, Anna and Tysklind, Mats and Andersson, Patrik L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Hazard identification, Molecular similarities, Non-testing methods, Persistent organic pollutants, Read-across, Risk assessment},
	pages = {878--884},
}





@article{lacorte_occurrence_2009,
	title = {Occurrence and congener specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in breast milk from {Catalonia}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.050},
	abstract = {The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from mono to hepta brominated and 11 hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) PBDEs was examined in 37 breast milk samples collected from 11 mothers living in Barcelona. An extraction method based on accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was used to inequivocally identify all target compounds at the low pg g−1 lw level. Data obtained were examined for absolute and relative concentrations and specific PBDE, OH- and MeO-PBDE congener patterns. ∑PBDE concentration ranged between 1161 and 1 372 797 pg g−1 lw and BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and 183 accounted for more than 80\% of the total PBDEs. All tri and tetra OH- and MeO-PBDEs compounds were detected at levels between 6 and 14 984 pg g−1 lw. The median ratio ∑OH/PBDE and MeO-PBDEs/PBDEs was from 2.9\% to 1.6\%, respectively, suggesting either that PBDE metabolism to OH- and MeO- derivatives is not an important degradation route in humans or either OH- and MeO-PBDEs are rapidly excreted. No significant correlation was observed between PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDE, although OH- and OMe-PBDEs co-occurred in mothers’ milk (R2 = 0.5349). According to the daily intake of PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDEs, which was between 0.47 and 363 ng d−1 (excluding a smoking donor), potential health risks associated with these compounds are assessed.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Lacorte, Silvia and Ikonomou, Michael G.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Breast milk, GC–HRMS, Hydroxylated PBDEs, Methoxylated PBDEs, PBDE},
	pages = {412--420},
}





@article{ulaszewska_effect_2011,
	title = {The effect of waste combustion on the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PCDDs}), polychlorinated dibenzofurans ({PCDFs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk in {Italy}},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.044},
	abstract = {Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in the breast milk of mothers living in Giugliano (Campania, Italy), an area at increased risk of PCDD and PCDF exposure caused by recent and serious open-air waste-combustion accidents. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in milk samples were also studied. Breast milk was also monitored in two cities in northern Italy, Milan and Piacenza, which were selected as controls. Other variables, such as diet and age of the mothers, were also studied. PCDD/F and PCB levels and congener profiles in breast-milk samples were similar in all these cities, though total PCDD/F and DL-PCB TEQs in samples from Giugliano were significantly lower than those in Milan and Piacenza (8.65 pg WHO-TEQ in Giugliano vs. 11.0 and 9.94 pg WHO-TEQ in Milan and Piacenza respectively). Thus no direct correlations were found between PCDD/F and PCB levels in breast milk and the suspected increased exposure through open-air waste combustion in Giugliano. Diet did not seem to affect PCDD/F and PCB levels, whereas a significant correlation was observed between the mother’s age and an increased concentration of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs in milk. Comparison of these findings with those of previous surveys in Italy in 2000–2001 showed a marked reduction of PCDD/F (about 60\%) and DL-PCB (about 20\%) levels in breast milk occurring over the last 10 years. This might well be a result of well functioning legislation, for example European Directives on of the reduction of the emission limits of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs from waste incineration set by EU Directive 2000/76/EC implemented in 2000, or Commission Regulations such as (EC) No. 466/2001 and 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ulaszewska, Maria M. and Zuccato, Ettore and Capri, Ettore and Iovine, Reginaldo and Colombo, Andrea and Rotella, Giuseppe and Generoso, Caterina and Grassi, Paola and Melis, Manuela and Fanelli, Roberto},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Accidental exposure, Human biomonitoring, Principal component analysis, Waste combustion},
	pages = {1--8},
}





@article{gevao_house_2006,
	title = {House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Kuwait}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055},
	abstract = {This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85\% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5\%), BDE 47 (4.5\%), and BDE 183 (2\%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Gevao, Bondi and Al-Bahloul, Majed and Al-Ghadban, Abdul Nabi and Al-Omair, Ali and Ali, Lulwa and Zafar, Jamal and Helaleh, Murad},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {603--608},
}





@article{raab_concentrations_2008,
	title = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother’s milk from {Germany} ({Bavaria})},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.053},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine a new spectrum of substances that will be selected for future breast milk monitoring in Bavaria, Germany. Up to now, the analysis of breast milk in Bavaria was limited to selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Information on background levels of toxicologically interesting substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) or on flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are very limited or not available for Bavaria. We present here levels on OCP, some nitro musks, indicator PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dl-PCB concentrations in breast milk collected at 12 weeks post-partum of 43 primiparous mothers living in Bavaria. The average concentrations of PCDD, PCDF and dl-PCB were 4.98, 4.93 and 9.92 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lipid, respectively. The mean contribution of PCDD, PCDF, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB to the total WHO-TEQ is consistently about 25\% each.

Furthermore the concentration on PBDE in breast milk at two sampling points, 12 weeks and 16 weeks after delivery, were determined. Overall, 19 PBDE congeners were analysed, however the level of 12 PBDE congeners were below the limit of detection. BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the predominant congeners accounting for about 66\% of the total PBDE. The means of the total concentrations of PBDE (five congeners) at the first and second sampling point were 1.90 and 2.03 ng g−1 lipid, respectively.

Based on our results the overall concentrations of the analysed substances in milk samples from Bavaria are consistent with the levels of breast milk samples of other European countries reflecting the low background body burden of these compounds.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Raab, Ulla and Preiss, Ursula and Albrecht, Michael and Shahin, Nabil and Parlar, Harun and Fromme, Hermann},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Nitro musks, PBDE, PCB, PCDD/F, dl-PCB},
	pages = {87--94},
}





















@article{covaci_polybrominated_2008,
	series = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in human liver and adipose tissue samples from {Belgium}},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.059},
	abstract = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in paired human adipose tissue and liver samples (n = 25) from Belgium. Average concentrations and standard deviation of sum PBDEs (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) were 5.3 ± 3.0 (range 1.4–13.2) and 3.6 ± 2.1 (range 1.0–10.0) ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. These concentrations were similar to reported PBDE data from Belgium and were at the lower end of the concentration range reported elsewhere in the world. In both tissues under study, BDE 153 and BDE 47 were the most abundant PBDE congeners, contributing approximately 35\% and 25\% to the total PBDE content. Average concentrations and range of PCBs (sum of 23 congeners) were 490 (range 70–1130) and 380 (range 90–1140) ng g−1 lw in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. No correlation between age and concentrations of PBDEs could be found (r = 0.04), while PCB concentrations correlated significantly with age (r = 0.62, p \&lt; 0.01, for the sum PCBs; r = 0.64, p \&lt; 0.01 for PCB 153 alone). Factors, such as exposure pathways (food, dust and air), rates of bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination, influence the concentrations of PBDEs differently than those of PCBs in humans.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Covaci, Adrian and Voorspoels, Stefan and Roosens, Laurence and Jacobs, Werner and Blust, Ronny and Neels, Hugo},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Age and gender dependency, Belgium, Human adipose tissue, Human liver, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},
	pages = {170--175},
}





@article{zhao_dual_2010,
	title = {Dual body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers among local residents in an e-waste recycling region in {Southeast} {China}},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.013},
	abstract = {E-waste recycling resulted in serious pollution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, China. The aims of this study were to assess dual body burdens of the two pollutants and potential health risk for local residents. Blood samples were collected from two e-waste recycling sites, Luqiao (where PCBs-containing e-wastes were recycled) and Wenling (where PBDEs-containing e-wastes were recycled). The mean ∑PCBs (CB-105, 118, 153, 183, and 180) and ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 180, and 209) were 204.20 and 117.58 ng g−1 lipid in the blood from Luqiao, respectively, while they were 83.80 and 357.44 ng g−1 lipid from Wenling, respectively. The PCBs levels among Luqiao residents were comparable to the values reported for US populations, while the PBDEs levels among two study populations were higher than the values from US populations. This is the first report to present dual body burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels. Based on previous epidemiologic data, it is suggested that dual burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels might pose health risk for local residents. In addition, no correlation between PCBs or PBDEs concentrations and the ages of the volunteers was observed in the two populations, which was explained by similar exposure time. No correlation of PBDEs with PCBs concentrations suggested different pathways of human exposures to PCBs and PBDEs. Our findings have raised concern about human health risk of dual exposure to PCBs and PBDEs resulting from e-waste recycling.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Zhao, Xing-Ru and Qin, Zhan-Fen and Yang, Zhong-Zhi and Zhao, Qian and Zhao, Ya-Xian and Qin, Xiao-Fei and Zhang, Yong-Chuan and Ruan, Xian-Li and Zhang, Yin-Feng and Xu, Xiao-Bai},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Body burden, E-waste recycling, Health risk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},
	pages = {659--666},
}





@article{zhu_distribution_2009,
	title = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from {North} {China}: {Implication} of exposure pathways},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from {North} {China}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.030},
	abstract = {The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g−1 lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g−1 lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15\%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Zhu, Lingyan and Ma, Baoling and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning and Gong, Jin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {China, Congener pattern, Exposure pathway, Human breast milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},
	pages = {1429--1434},
}









@article{lu_determination_2014,
	title = {Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair: {Estimation} of external and internal exposure},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.109},
	abstract = {A novel method was developed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human hair samples. External contaminants of hair were extracted with acetone under sonication, while washed hair was further hydrolyzed in formic acid and acetone (1:4, v/v) with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for internal contaminant measurements. Both internal and external extracts were cleaned up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and then solid phase extraction (SPE), before analyzed by a large volume injection-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LVI–GC–MS/MS) using triple quadruple mass analyzer. Good linearity (R2 ⩾ 0.996) was established within a concentration range between 0.1 and 100 ng mL−1 among all target analytes. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The developed method is intended to be cost effective and robust for the routine human hair analysis of PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs including acid-labile OCPs. The described method has been applied in pilot biomonitoring study and the preliminary data suggested that the contaminant profiles with the use of partial least-squares analysis discriminant analysis (PLA-DA) could be useful in differentiating external and internal exposure.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Lu, Dasheng and Feng, Chao and Lin, Yuanjie and Wang, Dongli and Ip, Ho Sai Simon and Qiu, Xinlei and Wang, Guoquan and She, Jianwen},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Hair, Human biomonitoring, Hydrolysis of formic acid, LVI–GC–MS/MS, POPs},
	pages = {327--336},
}













@article{schecter_partitioning_2010,
	title = {Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum and milk from the same mothers},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016},
	abstract = {We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g−1 lipid (range 6.7–501.6 ng g−1 lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g−1 lipid (range 12.9–580.3 ng g−1 lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g−1 lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Colacino, Justin and Sjödin, Andreas and Needham, Larry and Birnbaum, Linda},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Blood, Milk, PBDE, Partitioning, Serum},
	pages = {1279--1284},
}





@article{gomara_occurrence_2011,
	title = {Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls ({PXBs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk of women from {Spain}},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080},
	abstract = {In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported.

A concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Gómara, B. and Herrero, L. and Pacepavicius, G. and Ohta, S. and Alaee, M. and González, M. J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs},
	pages = {799--805},
}









@article{font_thermogravimetric_2011,
	title = {Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis and pollutant evolution during the pyrolysis and combustion of mobile phone case},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.013},
	abstract = {The increase in electronic waste, including cellular telephones, worldwide is a worrying reality. For this reason, urgent action on the management of these wastes is necessary within a framework that respects the environment and human health. Mobile phone components can be physically segregated through grinding at the dismantling sites, in order to reuse or reprocess (via chemical or physical recycling) the recovered plastics and valuable metals.

A kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case has been carried out under different conditions by thermogravimetry. Several experiments were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere (pyrolysis runs) and also in an oxidative atmosphere with two different oxygen concentrations (10\% and 20\% oxygen in nitrogen). Dynamic runs and dynamic + isothermal runs have been carried out to obtain much decomposition data under different operating conditions. Moreover some TG–MS runs were performed in order to better understand the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case and identify some compounds emitted during the controlled heating of this material. A scheme of two independent reactions for pseudocomponents has been proposed for the pyrolysis process. For the combustion runs, the scheme proposed includes two pyrolytic reactions competing with other two reactions with formation of an intermediate residue, and finally the reaction of oxidation/burning of the intermediate residue.

Furthermore, pyrolysis and combustion runs at 500 °C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out. More than 50 compounds, including carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified and quantified. The main semivolatile compounds detected were phenol and styrene. Furthermore, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs produced were analyzed. In the combustion run, PCDDs were obtained in higher amounts than PCDFs and HxCDD was the most emitted homologue.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Font, R. and Moltó, J. and Egea, S. and Conesa, J. A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Dioxins, Electronic waste, Kinetics, Semivolatile compounds, Thermogravimetry},
	pages = {516--524},
}





@article{li_levels_2008,
	series = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},
	title = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from {Beijing}, {China}},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.019},
	abstract = {The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China, were studied. The 6 predominant PBDEs congeners (BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, BDE153, BDE154 and BDE183) in 23 pooled breast milk samples from 205 mothers living in Beijing were measured. Mean and median of ΣPBDEs concentrations in all samples were 1.12 ng g−1 lipid and 1.07 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The Statistical difference in Σ PBDEs concentrations was found between urban areas (1.22 ng g−1 lipid, n = 14) and rural areas (0.97 ng g−1 lipid n = 9). The sum of BDE47 and BDE153 accounted for more than 70\% of ΣPBDEs in most samples. The significant correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in urban area. However, there was no correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in rural area of Beijing. The current study showed that the level of PBDEs in breast milk from Beijing was lower than that from South China and some developed countries such as USA and Sweden.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Li, Jingguang and Yu, Huifang and Zhao, Yunfeng and Zhang, Gong and Wu, Yongning},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Breast milk, China, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},
	pages = {182--186},
}













@article{kang_polybrominated_2010,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord {Serum}, maternal serum, and breast milk from {Seoul}, {South} {Korea}},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.009},
	abstract = {Fetal and maternal exposure levels of two emerging pollutants, polybrominated diephenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musks, were measured in Korean general population to assess prenatal and postnatal exposures in infants. For this purpose, paired samples of breast milk, maternal and cord blood were collected from 20 Korean women in 2007. In comparison to data from other countries and previous data from Korea, relatively higher and gradually increasing concentrations for PBDEs were found in Korean breast milk (\&lt;LOQ to 590 ng g−1 lipid wt; median = 90 ng g−1). Differences in PBDEs and musk concentrations were found among age groups and parity levels. PBDEs concentrations in breast milk were lower in the younger mothers and/or the mothers with multiple parities, while these trends were not found for musks. Compared with PBDEs, concentrations of musks were significantly lower in breast milk than in serum and a little correlation in concentrations among the three human biological matrices were observed. The differences in the profiles of musks relative to PBDEs were due to different clearance rates between these two compounds. The average hazard quotients (HQs) for daily intake of PBDEs by infants via lactation were 0.62, 0.42, and 0.19 for BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153, respectively.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kang, Chang Seong and Lee, Jong-Hyeon and Kim, Seung-Kyu and Lee, Kyu-Tae and Lee, Jung Suk and Park, Pan Soo and Yun, Se Hun and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Yoo, Yung Wook and Ha, Jeong Yi and Lee, Seung Wook},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Daily intake, Hazardous quotient, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polycyclic musks, Serum},
	pages = {116--122},
}





@article{fernandez_pbdes_2007,
	title = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in the adipose tissue of women from {Spain}},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065},
	abstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96\% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79\% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Fernandez, M. F. and Araque, P. and Kiviranta, H. and Molina-Molina, J. M. and Rantakokko, P. and Laine, O. and Vartiainen, T. and Olea, N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain},
	pages = {377--383},
}





@article{huang_pbdes_2010,
	title = {{PBDEs} in indoor dust in {South}-{Central} {China}: {Characteristics} and implications},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {{PBDEs} in indoor dust in {South}-{Central} {China}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.061},
	abstract = {Dust samples were collected randomly from 76 houses, 12 offices, 43 outdoor sites, two televisions and two computers in South-Central China. The indoor dust samples were analyzed for the concentrations, congener profiles, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and compared to similar data obtained for outdoor dusts. The concentrations of ∑10PBDEs (the sum of BDE28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) were 186.6–9654 ng g−1 (mean = 2662 ng g−1) and 1737–4408 ng g−1 (mean = 3179 ng g−1) for house dust and office dust, respectively. No significant differences were found among the congener profiles of PBDEs in house dust from three different cities. The dominant congener in all dust samples was BDE209, accounting for an average of 96.2\%, 99.0\% and 97.4\% of ∑10PBDEs for house dust, office dust and outdoor dust, respectively. Unlike previous studies, this study found that BDE183 was present in high proportion to ∑9PBDEs (BDE209 excluded) in both indoor and outdoor dusts, in addition to the usually dominant congeners, BDE47 and 99. ∑10PBDEs concentrations in house dust were higher than those in outdoor dust for most comparison samples. Combined with the significantly higher ∑10PBDEs concentrations in television and computer dusts, PBDE-containing products used indoors, including televisions and computers, were important potential emission sources for PBDEs in indoor dusts. Further studies are required to detail the source of the high levels of BDE183 in Chinese indoor dusts.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Huang, Yumei and Chen, Laiguo and Peng, Xiaochun and Xu, Zhencheng and Ye, Zhixiang},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Congener profile, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Source},
	pages = {169--174},
}





@article{kim_monitoring_2011,
	title = {Monitoring of {PBDEs} concentration in umbilical cord blood and breast milk from {Korean} population and estimating the effects of various parameters on accumulation in humans},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.008},
	abstract = {In this study, we investigated concentration, congener distribution pattern, and effects of potential environmental factors that affect PBDE accumulation. We also estimated correlation between PBDE concentration and health status or thyroid function by analyzing 90 cord blood and 21 breast milk samples obtained from Korean population. Seven from tri- to hepta-BDEs were analyzed by solid phase extraction-high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-HRGC/HRMS). The total concentration of 7 PBDEs in cord blood was 2.786–94.64 ng g−1 lipid and that in breast milk was 1.076–8.664 ng g−1 lipid. Tetra-BDE (\#47) was the predominant type of PBDE and was present at concentrations of over 40\% in both sample types. A weak correlation was observed between the concentration of BDE28 and 153 and thyroid hormone concentration only in the breast milk samples. In children, a weak negative correlation was observed between free thyroxine (FT4) concentration and BDE28 concentration (0.302, p \&lt; 0.05), while in mothers, a weak positive correlation was observed between thyroid hormone concentration and BDE153 concentration (0.403, p \&lt; 0.05). No significant correlations between PBDE concentration and work and residential environments were found in this study, but a weak correlation between BDE concentration in cord blood and potential PBDE sources was confirmed by investigating the frequency of oil paint usage (0.510, p \&lt; 0.001). A weak correlation was also found between PBDE concentration in breast milk during pregnancy and dietary habits such as green tea drinking (0.541, p = 0.025) and Trichiuridae intake (0.565, p = 0.015).},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kim, Un-Jung and Lee, In-Seok and Kim, Hyung Sik and Oh, Jeong-Eun},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Cord blood, Environmental factors, Korea, PBDEs, Thyroid hormone},
	pages = {487--493},
}









@article{lind_circulating_2013,
	title = {Circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants are related to retrospective assessment of life-time weight change},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.051},
	abstract = {Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been suggested to be linked to obesity. We have previously shown that less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to fat mass, while highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to obesity.

Objective: The aim of the present evaluation is to investigate the relationship between retrospective assessed life-time change in body weight (20–70 years) with circulating POP levels measured at age 70 years.

Methods: 1016 subjects aged 70 years were investigated in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUSs) study. 16 PCBs and 3 OC pesticides were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS. Current body weight was measured and participants self-reported their weight at age 20.

Results: The average estimated weight change over 50 years was 14.4 kg. Both the sum of OC pesticide concentrations (4.3 kg more weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p \&lt; 0.0001) and the sum of the less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to the estimated weight change (3.7 kg more weight gain in quintile 2 vs. quintile 1, non-linear relationship p = 0.0015). In contrast, the sum of concentrations of highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to estimated weight change (8.4 kg less weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p \&lt; 0.0001).

Conclusion: High levels of OC pesticides and the less-chlorinated PCBs at age 70 were associated with a pronounced estimated weight change over the previous 50 years. However, the opposite was seen for highly-chlorinated PCBs. Differences in mode of action, toxicokinetics, non-linear relationships and reverse causation might explain these discrepancies.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Lind, P. M. and Lee, Duk-Hee and Jacobs, David R. and Salihovic, Samira and Bavel, Bert van and Wolff, Mary S. and Lind, Lars},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Elderly, Fat mass, Life time weight change, Obesity, Persistent organic pollutants},
	pages = {998--1004},
}









@article{lee_polybrominated_2007,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from {Korean} incinerator workers and general population},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.066},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to examine PBDE exposure in Koreans, with a special focus on incinerator workers due to their potential for occupational exposure to PBDEs. A total of 92 blood samples from 30 incinerator workers, 51 nearby residents and 11 controls were analyzed. The mean total PBDE concentration calculated from the 13 most concentrated congeners for all samples was 16.84 ± 7.48 ng/g lipid, which was somewhat higher concentration than in other countries except North America and Canada. The PBDE levels and congener profiles detected in incinerator workers were not distinctly different from those found in the general population. In all groups tested, BDE-47 was dominant (mean contribution = 32.5\%) followed by BDE-153 (23.6\%) and relatively high portions of BDE-183 (16.5\%) were found. No strong trend was observed between PBDE levels and a number of key biological factors examined in this study, however, weak correlations were observed in PBDE levels measured against dietary habits, particularly in fish consumption frequency and gender. Overall, our data suggest that the occupational exposure of incinerator workers to PBDEs can be considered minor, while other lifestyle factors can have a greater contribution to PBDE exposure.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Lee, Se-Jin and Ikonomou, Michael G. and Park, Hyokeun and Baek, Song-Yee and Chang, Yoon-Seok},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Human bloods, Incinerator: Korea, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {489--497},
}





@article{zhang_national_2011,
	title = {A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in {Chinese} mothers’ milk},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.041},
	abstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (CB-28, CB-52, CB-101, CB-138, CB-153 and CB-180) were measured in 24 pooled human milk samples comprised of 1237 individual samples from 12 provinces in China. The samples were taken to estimate the background body burden of general population and assess nursing infant exposure via human milk in China. The median concentrations of ∑7PBDEs and ∑6PCBs were 1.49 and 10.50 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively. BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-153 were predominant PBDE congeners accounting for nearly 70\% of ∑7PBDEs. As for indicator PCBs, CB-153 was the most abundant congener, followed by CB-138. In our study, there was no significantly statistical relationship between concentrations of PBDEs in milk samples and maternal age as well as dietary habits. ∑7PBDEs did not correlate to ∑6PCBs in Chinese mothers’ milk. The human exposure to indicator PCBs in China was found to be significantly determined by maternal age, dietary habits and geographical factors. It is suggested that Chinese general population is probably exposed to PBDEs with multiple sources and pathways. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-153 for the Chinese nursing infant were much lower than corresponding threshold reference values suggested by USEPA.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Zhang, Lei and Li, Jingguang and Zhao, Yunfeng and Li, Xiaowei and Yang, Xin and Wen, Sheng and Cai, Zongwei and Wu, Yongning},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Body burden, Human milk, Indicator polychlorinated biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Risk assessment},
	pages = {625--633},
}





@article{chovancova_pcdd/pcdf_2012,
	title = {{PCDD}/{PCDF}, dl-{PCB} and {PBDE} serum levels of {Slovak} general population},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.060},
	abstract = {Blood serum specimens from 81 non-occupationally exposed adults residing in four areas close to municipal and waste incinerators as well as metallurgical industry plant and 44 adult subjects coming from control area of Slovakia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs).

The concentration of total WHO98TEQ PCDD/F/dl-PCBs in whole group of donors from areas where known sources causing dioxin contamination are present was significantly higher than in control group of donors (p \&lt; 0.001). Correlation between the age of donors and PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels was confirmed (Spearman’s rPCDD/Fs = 0.543, rdl-PCBs = 0.521, p \&lt; 0.001).

Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the PBDE congeners in human serum of Slovak general population. The total concentration (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) in control group was approximately 1.5-times higher in comparison to that of residents coming from areas with supposed environmental pollution. The most abundant congeners in all samples were BDE-47 and BDE-153 with median values of 0.24 ng g−1 lipid and 0.23 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The positive association between PBDE values and age of donors was not found.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Chovancová, Jana and Čonka, Kamil and Fabišiková, Anna and Sejáková, Zuzana Stachová and Dömötörová, Milena and Drobná, Beáta and Wimmerová, Soňa},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Blood serum, PBDEs, PCDDs, PCDFs, Slovakia, dl-PCBs},
	pages = {1383--1389},
}





@article{shaw_persistent_2013,
	title = {Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from {Northern} {California}},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070},
	abstract = {Polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) were measured in serum of twelve firefighters sampled after a fire event in San Francisco, California, along with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), bisphenol-A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TEQPCDD/F concentrations were relatively low (mean 5 pg g−1 (lipid weight), lw, range 1–11 pg g−1 lw), but concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, a congener indicative of exposure during firefighting, were elevated. Tentative WHO2005-TEQs calculated for PBDD/Fs in our samples (mean 104 pg g−1 lw, range 0.2–734 pg g−1 lw) suggested that PBDD/Fs may contribute substantially to dioxin-like toxicity in individual firefighters. PBDE concentrations were elevated in firefighter serum (mean 135 ng g−1 lw, range 48–442 ng g−1 lw). PBDE-209, PBDE-47 and PBDE-153 were prevalent congeners; PBDE-209 contributed \&gt;50\% of the total PBDE concentration in four individuals, implying continuous occupational exposure to deca-BDE. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC in serum (mean 12 ng ml−1 (wet weight), ww, range 3 ng ml−1 ww to 59 ng ml−1 ww), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (mean 7 ng ml−1 ww, range 2 ng ml−1 ww to 12 ng ml−1 ww). Concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (mean 2 ng ml−1 ww, range 1–4 ng ml−1 ww) were higher than those reported in the high-smoke exposure group of World Trade Center fire responders, suggesting that the California firefighters were exposed to PFNA in smoke during firefighting. Given their elevated rates of cancers, these results illustrate the importance of monitoring halogenated contaminants including PBDD/Fs in firefighters.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Shaw, Susan D. and Berger, Michelle L. and Harris, Jennifer H. and Yun, Se Hun and Wu, Qian and Liao, Chunyang and Blum, Arlene and Stefani, Anthony and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Firefighters, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCDD/Fs, PFCs, TEQ},
	pages = {1386--1394},
}













@article{johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009,
	title = {An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205–1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515–1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243–8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants (\&lt;1 yr), toddlers (1–5 yr), children (6–11 yr), teenagers (12–19 yr), and adults (⩾20 yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4 ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91\%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9 ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56–77\% of the total PBDE intake.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Dietary intake, Exposure assessment, House dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs},
	pages = {542--548},
}













@article{heeb_isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes_2010,
	title = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes ({iBPBCDs}): {A} new class of polybrominated compounds},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes ({iBPBCDs})},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.045},
	abstract = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs) represent a new class of polybrominated compounds found in several flame-proofed polystyrene materials and in a technical mixture of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Of the 64 stereoisomers possible, we now have analytical evidence for 16 different stereoisomers. By reversed- and chiral-phase liquid chromatography we distinguished 8 diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, named α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε-, ξ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs in accordance with their chromatographic retention on a C18-RP-column. Crystal structure analysis revealed the stereochemistry of the most prominent θ-iBPBCD stereoisomers, which were determined to be (1R)-1-iso-butoxy-(2R,5R,6S,9S,10R)-2,5,6,9,10-pentabromocyclododecane and its enantiomer. The eight iBPBCD diastereomers were also found in several expanded (EPS) and extruded polystyrene materials (XPS). Stereoisomer pattern varied to a large extent with δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs dominating in EPS- and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-isomers in XPS-materials. The substitution of a bromine atom with an alkoxy group is expected to result in more lipophilic compounds than the parent HBCD compounds. The chromatographic retention on the reversed-phase column supports this assumption. Therefore, we expect that certain iBPBCD stereoisomers may also have the potential to accumulate in biota like e.g. α-HBCDs. The presented spectroscopic and chromatographic data allow the identification of 16 different iBPBCD stereoisomers in plastic materials, environmental samples, and biota. With this, the occurrence, fate, and toxicological relevance of this new class of polybrominated compounds can now be studied in more detail.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Heeb, Norbert V. and Graf, Heidi and Bernd Schweizer, W. and Lienemann, P.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crystal structure, Diastereomers, Enantiomers, iBPBCDs},
	pages = {950--957},
}













@article{ochiai_pilot_2014,
	title = {A pilot study for foetal exposure to multiple persistent organic pollutants and the development of infant atopic dermatitis in modern {Japanese} society},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.009},
	abstract = {Increasing evidence supports that harmful chemicals accumulating in the human body may pose a significant threat to infant health through foetal exposure. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are thought to enhance the risk for later development of allergic disease like atopic dermatitis (AD). However, few studies have evaluated the effect of foetal exposure to various POPs on the development of AD in early infancy. Here, we describe the impact of foetal exposure to a number of POPs on the occurrence of AD in 7-month-old infants. The participants were 81 infants with or without AD who participated in a birth cohort study, where the concentrations of 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, mirex, oxychlordane, and 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners were measured in the umbilical cord tissues collected immediately after birth. At 7 months, 27 of the 81 infants (33.8\%) were diagnosed with AD. Of all POPs examined, total concentrations of 27 PBDE congeners were associated with a significantly decreased incidence of AD. Notably, the concentration of 27 PBDEs was significantly lower in AD infants than in non-AD infants (P \&lt; 0.01), and the risk of AD development decreased with increasing PBDE levels. These results suggest that foetal exposure to PBDEs is a possible contributing factor to reducing AD in early infancy.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ochiai, Shingo and Shimojo, Naoki and Yuka, Igoshi and Watanabe, Masahiro and Matsuno, Yoshiharu and Suzuki, Shuichi and Kohno, Yoichi and Mori, Chisato},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Foetal exposure, Infants, Persistent organic pollutants},
	pages = {48--52},
}













@article{kefeni_analysis_2012,
	title = {Analysis of major congeners of polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenyl ethers in office dust using high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.014},
	abstract = {The study focused on analysis of polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners in office dust obtained in Pretoria, South Africa. Of the 32 congeners considered for identification, (BB-1, 2, 4, 10, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 49, 80, 103, 153, 155, 209 and BDE-3, 15, 17, 28, 47, 66, 77, 85, 99, 100, 126, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) only BB-2, 4, 30, 153, 209 and BDE-47, 66, 85, 99, 153 and 209 congeners were detected. The sum of PBBs concentration detected in office dust ranged from \&lt;dl − 196 ng g−1 dry weight (dw) with a median and mean of 11.4 and 38.2 ng g−1, respectively. On the other hand, the sum of PBDEs concentration detected ranged from 21.6 to 578.6 ng g−1 dw with a median and mean of 162 and 169 ng g−1 dw, respectively. A Spearman rank correlation between ∑5PBBs and ∑6PBDEs (rs = 0.55, p = 0.003), indicated a statistical significant positive correlation for the similarity of pollution sources for both compound classes. However, no correlation was observed between the number of electronic materials and summation of concentrations of PBBs and PBDEs congeners detected. Concentrations of PBDEs detected in this study are substantially lower than reported in office dust in developed countries.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kefeni, Kebede K. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O.},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Concentrations, Office dust, PBBs, PBDEs},
	pages = {1070--1075},
}













@article{yu_factors_2013,
	title = {Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.085},
	abstract = {Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3\% to 50.8\% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1\% to 13.9\% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (\%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM\% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Yu, Yingxin and Yang, Dan and Wang, Xinxin and Huang, Ningbao and Zhang, Xinyu and Zhang, Dongping and Fu, Jiamo},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Bioaccessibility, Dust, In vitro test, Particle size, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {2603--2611},
}













@article{ryan_polychlorinated_2014,
	title = {Polychlorinated dioxins, furans ({PCDD}/{Fs}), and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and their trends in {Canadian} human milk from 1992 to 2005},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.065},
	abstract = {More than 300 samples of human milk were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada in the years 1992 to 2005. The milks were taken from the main populated areas east to west in southern Canada as well as from the region of Nunavik in northern Quebec and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations, expressed in ng kg−1 milk lipid, show an overall decrease of virtually all compounds examined including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), World Health Organization 2005 toxic equivalents (WHO2005-TEQ) PCDD/PCDFs, WHO2005-TEQ dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), and total PCBs. Median values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD changed from about 1.5 ng kg−1 milk lipid in 1992 to 0.8 ng kg−1 in 2005 while the median WHO2005-TEQ PCDD/F fell from about 14–7 ng kg−1 milk lipid in the same period. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in samples from Nunavik, which is in Arctic Quebec, were higher than those observed in milk from southern Quebec although this difference was not large. Over two time periods, milk samples from Hamilton, Ontario showed slightly higher levels of PCBs than Austin, Texas, USA – a North American city of similar size and development but with more than twice the PBDE exposure. When compared with earlier human milk data going back to the early 1980s, this large data set shows a steady decline of human exposure to POPs in Canada by a factor of about four times.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ryan, John Jake and Rawn, Dorothea F. K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Human milk, PCBs, PCDD/PCDFs, Trends, WHO2005-TEQ},
	pages = {76--86},
}













@article{hernik_polybrominated_2013,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in {Poland}},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to assess human exposure in the prenatal period to selected PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153) and PCBs (CB-77, CB-101, CB-118, CB-126, CB-138, CB-153, CB-170, CB-180) basing on the analysis of these compounds in cord blood. The experimental material consisted of 89 cord blood samples taken from women resident in Warsaw and its vicinity. In over 90\% of all tested samples the presence of congeners CB-153, CB-138, CB-180 and BDE-47 was identified. The least frequently found were CB-126 and BDE-153, which were present at relatively low concentration levels. Among all analysed PCBs, the highest average concentrations were found in the case of congeners CB-138 (11.8 ng/g of fat) and CB-153 (43.4 ng/g of fat), whereas the lowest was in the case of CB-170 (0.4 ng/g of fat) and CB-126 (0.1 ng/g of fat). In the case of PBDEs the greatest share in the total concentration was that of the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99, whereas the smallest share was that of the higher brominated congener BDE-153. These results suggest that human exposure to the examined compounds begins already in the period of intrauterine life. The comparison of our own results with the findings of other authors indicates that the PCBs and PBDEs levels in cord blood of women living in Poland do not differ from the respective concentrations in cord blood of other female inhabitants of Europe.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hernik, Agnieszka and Góralczyk, Katarzyna and Struciński, Paweł and Czaja, Katarzyna and Korcz, Wojciech and Minorczyk, Maria and Ludwicki, Jan Krzysztof},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Cord blood, Human exposure, Poland, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},
	pages = {526--531},
}













@article{fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013,
	title = {Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the {Philippines}},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC–UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0–300 μg L−1 BDE-209 was good (R2 = 0.993). The \% absolute recovery and the \% RSD for n = 8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57\% and 19\%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g−1. All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103–4117 ng g−1 with an average concentration of 2172 ng g−1. The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Fulong, Cressa Ria P. and Espino, Maria Pythias B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Decabromodiphenyl ether, HPLC–UV, Indoor dust, SPE, Ultrasonication},
	pages = {42--48},
}













@article{nanes_selected_2014,
	title = {Selected persistent organic pollutants in human placental tissue from the {United} {States}},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.080},
	abstract = {Emerging and legacy environmental pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticide metabolite DDE are found in human placenta, indicating prenatal exposure, but data from the United States are sparse. We sought to determine concentrations of these compounds in human placentae as part of a formative research project conducted by the National Children’s Study Placenta Consortium. A total of 169 tissue specimens were collected at different time points post delivery from 43 human placentae at three U.S. locations, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry following extraction using matrix solid phase dispersion. PBDEs, PCBs, and DDE were detected in all specimens. The concentrations of 10 PBDEs (Σ10PBDEs), 32 PCBs (Σ32PCBs) and p,p′-DDE were 43–1723, 76–856 and 10–1968 pg g−1 wet weight, respectively, in specimens collected shortly after delivery. Significant geographic differences in PBDEs were observed, with higher concentrations in placentae collected in Davis, CA than in those from Rochester, NY or Milwaukee, WI. We combined these with other published data and noted first-order declining trends for placental PCB and DDE concentrations over the past decades, with half-lives of about 5 and 8 years, respectively. The effect of time to tissue collection from refrigerated placentae on measured concentrations of these three classes of persistent organic pollutants was additionally examined, with no significant effect observed up to 120 h. The results of this work indicate that widespread prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the United States continues.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Nanes, Jessica A. and Xia, Yulin and Dassanayake, R. M. A. Priyanthi S. and Jones, Rachael M. and Li, An and Stodgell, Christopher J. and Walker, Cheryl K. and Szabo, Sara and Leuthner, Steve and Durkin, Maureen S. and Moye, Jack and Miller, Richard K.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), Human placenta, National Children’s Study (NCS), Persistent organic pollutants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)},
	pages = {20--27},
}













@article{noren_certain_2000,
	title = {Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in {Swedish} human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4},
	abstract = {The investigations of organochlorine compounds in breast milk from women living in the Stockholm region started in 1967. The present study summarises the investigations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and pesticides (DDT, DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin) as well as methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs and DDE in human milk sampled during different periods up to 1997. During the course of 20–30 yr the levels of organochlorine compounds in human milk have decreased to various extent. A decrease to the half of the original concentration was attained in the range of 4–17 yr periods. On the contrary to the organochlorine compounds, the concentrations of PBDEs have increased during the period 1972–1997, indicating a doubling of the levels by 5 yr. The levels reflect the environmental contamination and background levels in the population. The accumulation and ongoing increase in the levels of PBDEs calls for immediate measures to stop the environmental pollution and human exposure to PBDEs.},
	number = {9–11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Norén, Koidu and Meironyté, Daiva},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Methylsulfonyl metabolites, PBDE, PCB, PCDD, PCDF, Pesticides},
	pages = {1111--1123},
}













@article{bramwell_pbdes_nodate,
	title = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in human serum and breast milk from cohabiting {UK} couples},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.060},
	abstract = {Concentrations of PBDEs and PBBs were measured in matched blood and breast milk samples from 10 UK couples collected in 2011–12. These data are the first measurements in human serum from the UK since the 2004 EU ban on all uses of the penta-and octa-BDE formulations and the 2008 ban on the use of the deca-BDE formulation in some applications. Serum ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 16 ng g−1 lipid weight, with median 4.0 ng g−1 lw were measured. Breast milk ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 21 ng g−1 lw, with median 5.7 ng g−1 lw. Couples had similar serum congener concentrations unless one of them frequently stayed away from home for work (different diet and dust exposures) or one had occupational exposure to foams and furnishings or electronics. BB-153 were measured above LOD in 40\% of sera and 100\% of breast milks samples, with median concentrations of 0.04 and 0.06, and maximums of 0.91 and 0.79 ng g−1 lw respectively. Concentrations in this study indicated a modest decrease from pre-ban levels reported for the UK. BDE-209 was detected above the limit of detection (LOD) in 15\% of sera and 83\% of breast milks, with ranges \&lt;1.2–20 and \&lt;0.2–1.0 ng g���1 lw respectively. Average daily infant intakes were estimated at 17, 5, 5 and 3 ng kg−1 bw for BDE-47,-99,-153 and -209 respectively, all well below relevant US-EPA threshold reference dose values (RfDs).},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Bramwell, Lindsay and Fernandes, Alwyn and Rose, Martin and Harrad, Stuart and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja},
	keywords = {Human, Milk, PBB, PBDE, Serum, UK},
}













@article{eslami_large-scale_2006,
	title = {Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from 13 regions of {Japan}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 2004 in 105 breast milk samples collected from 13 regions of Japan (Hokkaido, Akita, Miyagi, Tokyo, Gifu, Fukui, Kyoto, Hyogo, Wakayama, Shimane, Yamaguchi, Kochi and Okinawa). Six congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154) were determined by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total PBDE levels ranged from 0.01 to 23.0 ng/g lipid (geometric mean (GM), 1.34 ng/g lipid). BDE-47 (GM, 0.66 ng/g lipid, 59\% of ∑PBDE) was the most abundant congener present in breast milk and was detected in 99\% of the samples. Total PBDE levels were higher in northern Japan than in other regions. We analyzed the effects of occupation, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and number of deliveries on total PBDE levels. None of these factors were significantly associated with the level of PBDEs. The present study revealed that the current level of exposure to PBDEs in Japan is lower than that in the USA or Sweden. GMs (ng/g lipid) (GSD, geometric standard deviation) and medians (ng/g lipid) of PBDE levels in each district are as follows: Hokkaido 2.70 (1.70), 2.74; Akita 4.49 (2.19), 5.44; Miyagi 1.77 (4.37), 1.11; Tokyo 1.39 (2.09), 1.63, Gifu 2.83 (4.79), 2.23; Fukui 1.05 (2.34), 1.18; Kyoto 1.31 (2.95), 1.33; Hyogo 1.02 (2.69), 0.88; Wakayama 1.33 (3.80), 1.70; Shimane 0.83 (2.51), 0.66; Yamaguchi 1.74 (2.82), 1.76; Kochi 0.50 (2.69), 0.74 and Okinawa 1.91 (2.75), 1.22. This is the first large-scale study of current PBDE levels in breast milk in Japan.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Eslami, Bita and Koizumi, Akio and Ohta, Souichi and Inoue, Kayoko and Aozasa, Osamu and Harada, Kouji and Yoshinaga, Tekeo and Date, Chigusa and Fujii, Shigeo and Fujimine, Yoshinori and Hachiya, Noriyuki and Hirosawa, Iwao and Koda, Shigeki and Kusaka, Yukinori and Murata, Katsuyuki and Nakatsuka, Haruo and Omae, Kazuyuki and Saito, Norimitsu and Shimbo, Shinichiro and Takenaka, Katsunobu and Takeshita, Tatsuya and Todoriki, Hidemi and Wada, Yasuhiko and Watanabe, Takao and Ikeda, Masayuki},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Flame retardants, Geometric mean, Human, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {554--561},
}













@article{harrad_concentrations_2007,
	title = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from {New} {Zealand}},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.042},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of human blood serum taken from 23 donors in Wellington, New Zealand. Concentrations expressed as the sum of congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 (∑PBDE) were – at an average of 7.17 ng ∑PBDE g (lipid)−1 – within the range reported for human tissues in Europe, but lower than in Australia and North America. The most likely source of this contamination is considered to be the release of PBDEs from imported consumer goods. The congener pattern observed is in line with that reported for human tissues outside North America, but shows a lower contribution of PBDE 47 to ∑PBDE than observed in North Americans. No significant (p \&gt; 0.1) differences between concentrations in males and females were detected, and no relationship between donor age and ∑PBDE concentration was observed. One donor displayed concentrations that were significantly elevated (i.e. \&gt; average +2 standard deviations) above those in others in this study.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Harrad, Stuart and Porter, Lawrence},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Australasia, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Levels in humans},
	pages = {2019--2023},
}













@article{akutsu_time-trend_2003,
	title = {Time-trend (1973–2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} mother’s milk},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1},
	abstract = {The time-trend and recent concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Japanese mother’s milk were investigated. The time-trend of 16 PBDEs (BDE-28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 153, 154, 138, 183, and 190) in pooled milk samples from mothers living in Osaka between 1973 and 2000 was analyzed. Additionally, PBDE concentrations in individual milk samples collected from 13 mothers living in Kanagawa and Okayama in 1999 were measured. The total concentration of all PBDE congeners (∑PBDEs) measured in the pooled samples increased during the period between 1973 (\&lt;0.01 ng/g lipid) and 1988 (1.64 ng/g lipid), and remained low afterwards while showing remarkable changes in PBDE congener profiles. The ∑PBDEs in the 1999 individual milk samples were also low (0.56–3.97 ng/g lipid), except for a single sample (291 ng/g lipid). The source of this exposure could not be identified.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Kitagawa, Mikiya and Nakazawa, Hiroyuki and Makino, Tsunehisa and Iwazaki, Katsuhiko and Oda, Hajime and Hori, Shinjiro},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human milk},
	pages = {645--654},
}













@article{krol_occurrence_2014,
	title = {Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in house dust and hair samples from {Northern} {Poland}; an assessment of human exposure},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.014},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among most ubiquitous compounds to be found in indoor environment and ingestion of household dust is considered an important route of exposure to PBDEs, especially in toddlers and young children. The present work reported concentration levels of PBDE congeners (PBDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) in hair and dust samples from selected households from Northern Poland. The concentrations of PBDEs in dust ranged from \&lt;MDL to 615 ng g−1 while from \&lt;MDL to 25 ng g−1 in human hair. PBDE-209 was reported the dominating congener. Two separated exposure scenarios (mean and 95th percentile) were used to provide a comprehensive overview of possible risks arising from ingestion of household dust. The estimated exposure to ∑PBDEs via ingestion of household dust varied from 21 to 92 ng d−1 in toddlers and from 3.7 to 20 ng d−1 in adults. By comparison of correlation between the concentrations of PBDEs in paired hair and dust samples the present work also investigated the possibility of use of hair for reflecting the actual exposure to PBDEs in humans. Finally the possible uncertainties associated with exposure assessment were investigated in the present study.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Król, Sylwia and Namieśnik, Jacek and Zabiegała, Bożena},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Exposure assessment, House dust, Human hair, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {91--96},
}













@article{uemura_congener-specific_2010,
	title = {Congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the general {Japanese} population},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.050},
	abstract = {Objective
Our objective was to investigate congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Japanese human population.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study on 72 participants aged 15–74 years; subjects were not occupationally exposed to PBDEs or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL–PCBs). Participants lived in two urban areas and two fishing villages. Twenty-seven PBDE congeners, PCB-126, PCB-118, PCB-156, and biochemical factors were determined in fasting blood. A questionnaire survey on life-style was also conducted.
Results
More than half of the PBDE values for 14 congeners were below the levels of detection (LODs). The median concentration of total PBDEs was 3.6 ng g−1 lipid. The most abundant congener was BDE-209 (median concentration, 0.90 ng g−1 lipid), followed by BDE-153, BDE-207, and BDE-47 in the given order. Most PBDE congeners with ⩽ 6 bromine atoms had significant positive associations with the concentrations of the three DL–PCBs (suggesting common routes of exposure) and with plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), biological markers of fish intake. These associations did not change substantially after adjustment for age, sex, and log(body mass index). These positive associations with the concentrations of DL–PCBs or EPA/DHA were not found in analyses of high-brominated PBDE congeners with ⩾8 bromine atoms.
Conclusions
Fish consumption may be a major contributor to the accumulation of PBDE congeners with ⩽6 bromine atoms among the general Japanese population. In contrast, the main exposure routes to high-brominated PBDEs in humans are probably not associated with fish consumption.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Uemura, Hirokazu and Arisawa, Kokichi and Hiyoshi, Mineyoshi and Dakeshita, Satoru and Kitayama, Atsushi and Takami, Hidenobu and Sawachika, Fusakazu and Yamaguchi, Miwa and Sasai, Shuhei},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Cross-sectional study, Environmental exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {706--712},
}













@article{schecter_pbdes_2009,
	title = {{PBDEs} in {US} and {German} clothes dryer lint: {A} potential source of indoor contamination and exposure},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {{PBDEs} in {US} and {German} clothes dryer lint},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.017},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Since the 1970s, PBDEs have been widely used as additive flame retardants in furniture and electronic equipment. Due to their wide use and persistent nature, these chemicals are found in the environment, human blood, breast milk and other tissues in increasing levels in recent decades. PBDEs are similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in structure and toxicity. However, unlike PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs, the route of PBDE exposure is not almost exclusively through food. PBDE levels in US food are not markedly higher than in Europe, although US human blood and milk levels are an order of magnitude higher. For these reasons, other possible routes of PBDE exposure have been investigated to understand PBDE intake into humans. PBDE contaminated clothes dryer lint and household dust are indicators of indoor contamination and may be sources of human exposure through hand-to-mouth contact or dermal absorption. There are very few publications about PBDEs in US or European lint. Household dryer lint from 12 US and seven German homes were analyzed for PBDEs by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found the median US total PBDE levels were more than 10 times higher than median German levels and the mean US levels were two times higher than mean German levels. The US levels ranged from 321 to 3073 ng g−1 (median: 803 ng g−1, mean: 1138 ng g−1) and the German levels were from 330 to 2069 ng g−1 (median: 71 ng g−1, mean: 361 ng g−1). PBDE contamination of lint was found in all samples; the source of the PBDEs may be from dryer electrical components and/or dust deposition onto clothing.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Schecter, Arnold and Shah, Nirav and Colacino, Justin A. and Brummitt, Sharon I. and Ramakrishnan, Vijayalakshmi and Robert Harris, T. and Päpke, Olaf},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Clothes dryer lint, Dust, Germany, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, US},
	pages = {623--628},
}













@article{frederiksen_patterns_2009,
	title = {Patterns and concentration levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in placental tissue of women in {Denmark}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.017},
	abstract = {The levels and congener patterns of PBDEs were investigated in human placental samples in Denmark. The median concentrations of ∑PBDEtri-hepta and BDE-209 in the 50 samples were 1.22 and 1.14 ng g−1 lw, respectively, with the total sum ranging from 0.51 to 17.1 ng g−1 lw, which is similar to previous placental studies. The PBDE content in placental tissue was dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for approximately 50\% of the total amount of PBDEs. BDE-47, -99, and -153 were detected in all samples. Approximately equal amounts of BDE-47 and BDE-153 were observed in the placental tissue, which is in agreement with previous European studies of human serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze congener patterns within and between mothers. The loading plot showed groupings of the measured PBDE variables in three groups, representative of Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures. Congeners representing the individual technical mixtures were close to orthogonal or inversely correlated, indicating variation in the congener patterns of internal exposure corresponding to the patterns of technical mixtures used in products. Visualisation of the participant objects according to body mass index (BMI), revealed inherent congener patterns (19\% X-variance) showing increased frequency for participants within the highest BMI group to have elevated concentrations of BDE-209 in the placental tissue.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Frederiksen, Marie and Thomsen, Marianne and Vorkamp, Katrin and Knudsen, Lisbeth E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {BDE-209, BFR, Flame retardants, Human biomonitoring, PCA},
	pages = {1464--1469},
}













@article{dunn_biomonitoring_2010,
	title = {Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in {New} {Hampshire}},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017},
	abstract = {Human milk is a valuable biological specimen for biomonitoring lipid-soluble polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of PBDEs in human milk from New Hampshire and to examine potential relationships between PBDE levels in human milk and stage of lactation, maternal characteristics, living environment and dietary intake. Forty women provided up to three human milk samples at the end of their first, second and third month of breastfeeding for evaluation of day-to-day and month-to-month variation in PBDE levels. Participants completed four questionnaires, which provided maternal, living environment, and diet information. The ∑PBDE concentrations in human milk over the 3-month collection period ranged from 6.5 to 166.7 ng g−1 lipid. The median for the 3-month period was 29.7 ng g−1. BDE-47 was the predominant congener, however, BDE-153 predominated in 20\% of the participants’ samples. Day-to-day variation in ∑PBDEs was negligible; there was no significant difference in mean PBDE levels from month-to-month. Positive associations were seen between BDE-153 and age, postpartum saturated fat consumption, and the home model. There was a negative association between PBDE levels and fruit consumption during the third trimester. Our results indicate that PBDE levels in human milk from New Hampshire are within the range that has been reported in the US, and levels are stable during the first 3-months of lactation. Our findings revealed a higher predominance pattern with BDE-153 compared to other studies, and indicate that PBDE levels are influenced by diet and the home environment.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Dunn, Rebecca L. and Huwe, Janice K. and Carey, Gale B.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Depuration, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {1175--1182},
}













@article{foster_human_2011,
	title = {Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1 ± 0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean = 26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM = 56.0 ng g−1 lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p \&lt; 0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β = −49.860, p = 0.032, and β = −3.645, p = 0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β = −3.951 and p = 0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Foster, Warren G. and Gregorovich, Sandra and Morrison, Katherine M. and Atkinson, Stephanie A. and Kubwabo, Cariton and Stewart, Brian and Teo, Koon},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Birth weight, Exposure, Fetus, Polybrominated diphenyl ether, Pregnancy},
	pages = {1301--1309},
}













@article{kim_comparisons_2012,
	title = {Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired {South} {Korean} cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman’s Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7 ± 5.1 ng g−1 lipid, 7.7 ± 4.2 ng g−1 lipid, and 3.0 ± 1.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28–30.94 ng g−1 lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8–17.66 ng g−1 lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08–8.66 ng g−1 lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45–73\% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kim, Tae Hyung and Bang, Du Yeon and Lim, Hyun Jung and Jin Won, A. and Ahn, Mee Young and Patra, Nabanita and Chung, Ki Kyung and Kwack, Seung Jun and Park, Kui Lea and Han, Soon Young and Choi, Wahn Soo and Han, Jung Yeol and Lee, Byung Mu and Oh, Jeong-Eun and Yoon, Jeong-Hyun and Lee, Jaewon and Kim, Hyung Sik},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Cord blood, Maternal blood, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Thyroid hormones},
	pages = {97--104},
}













@article{croes_persistent_2012,
	title = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk: {A} biomonitoring study in rural areas of {Flanders} ({Belgium})},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058},
	abstract = {To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009–2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25\% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94\%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153\%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p = 0.01 for BDE 47, p = 0.02 for BDE 99 and p = 0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p = 0.03) and oxychlordane (p = 0.047) in their human milk samples.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Croes, K. and Colles, A. and Koppen, G. and Govarts, E. and Bruckers, L. and Van de Mieroop, E. and Nelen, V. and Covaci, A. and Dirtu, A. C. and Thomsen, C. and Haug, L. S. and Becher, G. and Mampaey, M. and Schoeters, G. and Van Larebeke, N. and Baeyens, W.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {BMI, Biomonitoring, HBCD, Human milk, PFOS, POPs},
	pages = {988--994},
}













@article{stasinska_concentrations_2013,
	title = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in residential dust samples from {Western} {Australia}},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia.

Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas.

PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ7 of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82 400 ng g−1 (median 571 ng g−1). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66\% of Σ32PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ32PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively).

PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Stasinska, Ania and Reid, Alison and Hinwood, Andrea and Stevenson, Gavin and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Heyworth, Jane},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Australia, Dust, Exposure, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {187--193},
}













@article{gaylor_house_2012,
	title = {House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mg kg−1 burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7\% dry wt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg−1 lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg−1 lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10−4–10−3, suggesting that polymer–PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect’s movements and/or predation.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Gaylor, Michael O. and Harvey, Ellen and Hale, Robert C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Bioaccumulation, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crickets, Insects, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polyurethane foam},
	pages = {500--505},
}













@article{mackenzie_debromination_1996,
	title = {Debromination of duroplastic flame-retarded polymers},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(96)00335-9},
	abstract = {Epoxy resins containing the flame retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A chemically bound to their structures were successfully dehalogenated with Na/NH3 in an autoclave at elevated temperatures. Four loaded printed circuit boards of various origins and one unloaded circuit board were investigated. Debromination efficiencies of solvolysis with ethyl acetate (280°C, 15 MPa) and dehalogenation with Na/NH3 (100°C, 6 MPa) are compared.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Mackenzie, Katrin and Kopinke, Frank-Dieter},
	month = dec,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {2423--2430},
}













@article{jakobsson_exposure_2002,
	title = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} among computer technicians},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00235-1},
	abstract = {This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work.

Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others.

BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians.

On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)–response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Jakobsson, Kristina and Thuresson, Kaj and Rylander, Lars and Sjödin, Andreas and Hagmar, Lars and Bergman, Åke},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Computer work, Occupational exposure, PBDEs, TBBPA, VDU},
	pages = {709--716},
}













@article{perez-maldonado_exposure_2009,
	title = {Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Mexican} children},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083},
	abstract = {Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6–13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE- 153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g−1 lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4–5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N. and Ramírez-Jiménez, María del Rocio and Martínez-Arévalo, Laura P. and López-Guzmán, O. Dania and Athanasiadou, Maria and Bergman, Åke and Yarto-Ramírez, Mario and Gavilán-García, Arturo and Yáñez, Leticia and Díaz-Barriga, Fernando},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {BDE-47, Children, Flame retardants, Mexico, PBDEs},
	pages = {1215--1220},
}













@article{cariou_exposure_2008,
	title = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}: {Occurrence} measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084},
	abstract = {A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44\% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g−1 lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30\% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g−1 fresh weight versus 199 pg g−1 fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Cariou, Ronan and Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Riu, Anne and Andre, François and bizec, Bruno Le},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental contaminants, Newborn, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Toxicology},
	pages = {1036--1041},
}













@article{toms_polybrominated_2007,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in human milk from {Australia}},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants added to a multitude of products to reduce flammability. PBDEs have been widely detected and quantified in biota and humans in many industrialised countries from the Northern Hemisphere. However data concerning the levels of these compounds in the Australian population and environment remain limited. The objectives of this study were to determine PBDE concentrations and congener profiles in Australian human milk and compare this to concentrations found in other countries.

Pooled human milk samples obtained from mothers residing in 12 regions of Australia were analysed by HRGC/HRMS for 18 PBDE congeners. In total, 157 human milk samples collected in 2002 and 2003 were divided into 17 regional pools. PBDEs were detected in all pools of human milk from Australia. The mean ± standard deviation and median ∑PBDE concentrations were 11.1 ± 3.2 and 11.0 ng g−1 lipid, respectively with a range of 6.1–18.7 ng g−1 lipid. The congener profile was dominated by BDE-47 followed by BDE-99, -100, -153, -154 and -183. Regional differences were evaluated, but no trends were observed. The data suggest regional differences are likely to be small if they exist at all. The concentrations of PBDEs found in Australian human milk were lower than those reported from North America but higher than those reported from Europe and Asia.

Our results suggest that the exposure pathways which contribute to the PBDE body burden in the Australian population require a better understanding in order to determine future policy regarding their use and disposal.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Harden, Fiona A. and Symons, Robert K. and Burniston, Debbie and Fürst, Peter and Müller, Jochen F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Australia, Flame retardants, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},
	pages = {797--803},
}













@article{kakimoto_time_2008,
	title = {Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of {Japanese} women},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035},
	abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (α, β, and γ) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, α-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; γ-HBCD, in 7; and β-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of ∑HBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Tanaka, Yukio},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry},
	pages = {1110--1114},
}













@article{schlummer_characterisation_2007,
	series = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},
	title = {Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment ({WEEE}) and implications for waste management},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077},
	abstract = {There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity.

Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Schlummer, Martin and Gruber, Ludwig and Mäurer, Andreas and Wolz, Gerd and van Eldik, Rudi},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDD/F, Polymer recycling, Polymer types, Thermal treatment, WEEE},
	pages = {1866--1876},
}













@article{mitan_effect_2008,
	title = {Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on controlled pyrolysis of high-impact polystyrene mixed with polyolefins},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.011},
	abstract = {The controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed with brominated high-impact polystyrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether as a brominated flame-retardant with antimony trioxide as a synergist was performed. The effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on the formation of its congeners and their effect on distribution of pyrolysis products were investigated. The controlled pyrolysis significantly affected the decomposition behavior and the formation of products. Analysis with gas chromatograph with electron capture detector confirmed that the bromine content was rich in step 1 (oil 1) liquid products leaving less bromine content in the step 2 (oil 2) liquid products. In the presence of antimony containing samples, the major portion of bromine was observed in the form of antimony bromide and no flame-retardant species were found in oil 1. In the presence of synergist, the step 1 and step 2 oils contain both light and heavy compounds. In the absence of synergist, the heavy compounds in step 1 oil and light compounds in step 2 oils were observed. The presence of antimony bromide was confirmed in the step 1 oils but not in step 2 oils.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Mitan, Nona Merry M. and Bhaskar, Thallada and Hall, William J. and Muto, Akinori and Williams, Paul T. and Sakata, Yusaku},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {DDO, Flame retardants, HIPS-Br, Pyrolysis, WEEE, Waste plastics},
	pages = {1073--1079},
}













@article{ryden_synthesis_2012,
	title = {Synthesis and tentative identification of novel polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in human blood},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.076},
	abstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PDBEs) are exogenous, bioactive compounds that originate, to a large extent, from anthropogenic activities, although they are also naturally produced in the environment. In the present study nine new authentic OH-PBDE reference standards and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives (MeO-PBDEs) were synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Seven of the authentic reference standards prepared were thereafter tentatively identified in a pooled human blood sample. The tentatively identified OH-PBDEs were 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether and 4-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,5,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether. An additional seven OH-PBDEs were tentatively identified in the pooled human blood sample, of which one OH-PBDE, 4′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,5,5′-pentabromodiphenyl ether, has not been identified in human blood before. The identification was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) recording the bromine ions m/z 79, 81. The tentative identification was supported by the peaks relative retention times (RRTs) compared to authentic references on two GC columns of different polarities for the hexa-, and heptabrominated OH-PBDEs, and three different GC columns for the pentabrominated OH-PBDEs. The OH-PBDE congeners most likely originate from human metabolism of a flame retardant, i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to the relatively high concentrations of PBDEs in the same human blood sample and the fact that these PBDEs could form the tentatively identified OH-PBDEs via metabolic direct hydroxylation or via 1,2-shift.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Rydén, Andreas and Nestor, Gustav and Jakobsson, Kristina and Marsh, Göran},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenylethers (OH-PBDEs), Metabolites, Synthesis},
	pages = {1227--1234},
}













@article{sundstrom_identification_1976,
	title = {Identification of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl as the major component of flame retardant {fireMaster} ®{BP}-6},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497},
	doi = {10.1016/0045-6535(76)90049-7},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Sundström, G. and Hutzinger, O. and Safe, S.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {11--14},
}













@article{egeback_decabromodiphenyl_2012,
	title = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in {Swedish} background air},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.041},
	abstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DPDPE) is a flame retardant that has been on the market for more than 20 years and is used as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environmental data on DPDPE are scarce but for BDE-209, studies have shown that long-range transport in the atmosphere leads to contamination of remote regions. Given their similar physical–chemical properties, we hypothesized that this is also true for DPDPE. In this study we explored the European continent as a source for DBDPE by collecting air samples at a back-ground location in southern Sweden. Twelve samples with stable air mass back trajectories over the 24 h sampling period were analysed. BDE-209 and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also included in the study. The concentration ranges of DBDPE and BDE-209 were similar, 0.077–7.9 and 0.093–1.8 pg m−3 air, respectively. The highest concentrations were detected when the air originated from the European continent and the lowest during periods with rather stagnant air over southern Scandinavia. The concentrations of DBDPE and BDE-209 did not co-vary, indicating that there are different major sources of the two compounds. In air, the compounds measured in this study are predominantly associated with particles. PAHs in the atmosphere are known to originate primarily from combustion processes and their concentrations were highly correlated with several measures of atmospheric particle concentration, i.e. PM 10, PM 2.5, soot, and N 450 (number of particles in the size range approximately 420–450 nm). No clear correlations were found between the concentrations of DBDPE or BDE-209 and any of the measures of particle concentrations, indicating that the emissions of these are not related to the major sources of emissions of soot or small particles.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Egebäck, Anna-Lena and Sellström, Ulla and McLachlan, Michael S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Atmospheric transport, BDE-209, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), DPDPE},
	pages = {264--269},
}













@article{riess_analysis_2000,
	title = {Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00336-7},
	abstract = {Recycling activities on polymeric materials are increasing and becoming more and more important in recent years. For polymers containing no flame retardants, suitable recycling strategies already exist. In order to investigate the recyclability of flame retarded polymers that contain brominated flame retardants, a number of samples were analysed as received from a recycling company. Following the identification and sorting of the samples according to type of polymers and flame retardants, material recycling was tested for the flame retarded polymers identified to occur most frequently. The reactivity of the flame retardants during the recycling procedure was studied by analysing for brominated dioxins and furans. The results demonstrate that flame retarded polymers can be recycled under certain experimental conditions.},
	number = {9–11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Riess, M and Ernst, T and Popp, R and Müller, B and Thoma, H and Vierle, O and Wolf, M and van Eldik, R},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Polybrominated dioxins and furans, Polymers, Recycling},
	pages = {937--941},
}













@article{hale_potential_2002,
	title = {Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the {US} environment},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00237-5},
	abstract = {Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98\% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100 μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400 μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from \&lt;1 to 132 μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624 μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370 μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470 μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Matt Mainor, T},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Bioaccumulation, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil},
	pages = {729--735},
}













@article{polder_levels_2008,
	title = {Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from {Northern} and {Southern} {Norway}},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002},
	abstract = {Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Tromsø) (N = 10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N = 19) collected in 2000–2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Tromsø samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs \&gt; DDTs \&gt; HCB \&gt; HCHs ≈ CHLs \&gt; CHBs \&gt; mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Tromsø (p \&lt; 0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g−1 lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g−1 lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs8 was 3.7 (1–9) pg TEQ kg−1 body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1–4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50–60\% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Polder, A. and Thomsen, C. and Lindström, G. and Løken, K. B. and Skaare, J. U.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Breast milk, Norway, Organochlorine pesticides, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Toxaphenes},
	pages = {14--23},
}













@article{rani_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,
	title = {Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products: {An} evidence of unregulated use},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.022},
	abstract = {Polystyrene (PS) is made flame retardant by combining with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD can release from consumer products during their production, use or disposal. As a result, it has become a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment with a high potential for bioaccumulation. Therefore, to evaluate the extent of exposure to HBCD from PS, we determined the concentration of HBCD in a variety of products (n = 34) made from three types of commonly used PS: expanded PS (EPS), extruded PS foam (XPS), and extruded PS. The concentration of HBCD was highest in EPS, with a mean value and range of 475 643 ± 16 710 ng g−1 and 106–960 000 ng g−1, respectively. PS related to building construction and laboratory uses had a significantly higher concentration of HBCD (3300–905 000 ng g−1), except XPS styroboard (191 ± 100 ng g−1). Lower concentrations were measured in most food-related products (24.3–199 ng g−1). However, a relatively high concentration of HBCD was detected in an ice box (960 000 ± 29 000 ng g−1), aquaculture buoy (53 500 ± 2100 ng g−1), and disposable tray (8430 ± 730 ng g−1) used in fish market, raising concern for public health. Our data demonstrate a wide variation in the concentration of HBCD, suggesting a lack of proper controls for the addition of HBCD to PS products. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were also detected in a majority of the XPS products (TBBPA = 3.83–545 ng g−1, BTBPE = 44–216 ng g−1 and DBDPE = 215–4200 ng g−1). Thus, HBCD is being added to PS along with other BFRs that cannot be ignored.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Rani, Manviri and Shim, Won Joon and Han, Gi Myung and Jang, Mi and Song, Young Kyoung and Hong, Sang Hee},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, Polystyrene products},
	pages = {111--119},
}













@article{heeb_thermally-induced_2010,
	title = {Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes in flame-proofed polystyrene materials},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.034},
	abstract = {Polystyrenes (PS) are produced in quantities exceeding 10 Mt y−1. They are used for insulation and packaging materials, often in flame-proofed forms with hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) added as flame retardants. Polystyrenes are also constituents of plastic debris found in the aquatic environment. HBCDs are now considered as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds. Lately, we reported that isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs), a formerly unknown class of polybrominated compounds, are also present in flame-proofed polystyrenes. It is therefore likely that iBPBCDs are released along with HBCDs from these materials. Herein, we report on changes of the HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns when exposing expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrenes at temperatures of 140–160 °C. Substantial transformation reactions were observed in EPS, which was rich in γ-HBCDs and δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs at the beginning, but changed to materials rich in α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs. Patterns of untreated XPS already resembled those of the thermally treated EPS. Upon thermal exposure, some further enrichment of α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs was also noticed for the XPS samples, indicating similar transformation mechanisms. Comparable apparent first-order transformation rate constants (ktrans) of −0.003, −0.008, and −0.020 min−1 and −0.004, −0.009, and −0.019 min−1 are found for γ-HBCD- and δ-iBPBCD-conversion at 140, 150, and 160 °C, respectively. We conclude that a thermal treatment of flame-proofed polystyrenes alters their HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns. Thus depending on the proportions of EPS and XPS materials reaching the environment, more of the lipophilic (late-eluting) or of the more polar (early-eluting) HBCD- and iBPBCD-stereoisomers will be released. Several properties such as partitioning coefficients, degradation rates, and bioaccumulation factors are stereoisomer-specific. Therefore, the environmental fate of individual HBCDs and iBPBCDs is expected to vary, the specific stereoisomer pattern in polystyrenes at a potential source is another important aspect to consider.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Heeb, Norbert V. and Graf, Heidi and Bernd Schweizer, W. and Lienemann, P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCDs, Persistent organic pollutants, Plastic debris, Transformation, iBPBCDs},
	pages = {701--708},
}













@article{kajiwara_determination_2009,
	title = {Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046},
	abstract = {To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction—Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)—were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of α-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of γ-HBCD decreased, indicating that γ-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 °C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n = 10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22 000 to 43 000 mg kg−1 (i.e. 2.2–4.3\%). We found a higher proportion of the α-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that γ-HBCD isomerized to α-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the α-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Sueoka, Minekazu and Ohiwa, Toshio and Takigami, Hidetaka},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {BFR, Fabric, HBCDs, LC–MS/MS},
	pages = {1485--1489},
}













@article{mcallister_analysis_1990,
	series = {Proceedings of the {Ninth} {International} {Symposium} {Chlorinated} {Dioxins} and {Related} {Compounds} 1989},
	title = {Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H},
	doi = {10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},
	abstract = {Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.},
	number = {10–12},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {McAllister, D. L. and Mazac, C. J. and Gorsich, R. and Freiberg, M. and Tondeur, Y.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {1537--1541},
}













@article{zitko_tlc_1994,
	title = {{TLC} detection of brominated flame retardants in styrofoam},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387},
	doi = {10.1016/0045-6535(94)90338-7},
	abstract = {To detect the title compounds, a sample of styrofoam is dissolved in toluene and polystyrene is precipitated by hexane. Brominated flame retardants remain in the supernatant, are separated by silica TLC with toluene — hexane 25:75, and visualized by silver nitrate. 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was the most frequently detected flame retardant. 1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO) and pentabromochlorocyclohexane (PBCC) were found in two samples. Brominated flame retardants were not detectable in styrofoam used in food packaging and in two recent samples of packaging and ‘cooler’ styrofoam.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Zitko, V.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1211--1215},
}













@article{smeds_brominated_2003,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in {Finnish} human adipose tissue},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Smeds, Annika and Saukko, Pekka},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens},
	pages = {1123--1130},
}













@article{dettmer_isolation_1999,
	title = {Isolation and identification of tetrabromobisphenol-{S}-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) as flame retardant in polypropylene},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00039-9},
	abstract = {Approximately 4 \% tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) and 0.44 \% antimony were found in the back wall of a TV cabinet. This is the first time a bromoorganic flame retardant containing a sulfur linkage has been detected. No such compound has been previously mentioned in the analytical or environmental literature. Isolation from PP was performed by extraction and precipitation of coextracted polymer. After chromatographic separation (TLC, CC), the combination of 1H13C-NMR, MS (EI), FT-IR and HPLC (UV/Vis, DAD and MS) indicated the TBBP-S derivative, which was verified by synthesis of reference material.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Dettmer, F. T. and Wichmann, H. and de Boer, J. and Bahadir, M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1523--1532},
}













@article{hartmann_organophosphate_2004,
	title = {Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.051},
	abstract = {Analytical methods were developed for a broad range of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air. Screening was performed of various indoor environments at 12 locations in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Method recoveries ranged from 62\% for triphenyl phosphate to 100\% for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate was found in the highest concentration (260 ng/m3) mainly in cars and furniture stores. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate, both up to 3.4 ng/m3, were also detected in quantifiable concentrations at several sites. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were below the limit of quantification in all samples. The results of the risk assessment indicate that the observed concentrations are below the predicted threshold for human health effects.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Hartmann, Paul C. and Bürgi, Daniel and Giger, Walter},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Health, Risk assessment, TBEP, TCEP, TCPP},
	pages = {781--787},
}













@article{abb_analysis_2011,
	title = {Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.022},
	abstract = {The main objective of this study was to create a robust analytical method to analyse the flame retardants decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in house dust in order to estimate the degree of contamination of indoor environment. A liquid chromatography method equipped with a UV-detector and electro spray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to achieve this result. Applying an external calibration for BDE-209, an internal calibration for TBBPA, and a standard addition method for HBCD low limits of quantification were obtained. The analytical procedure was carried out under exclusion of UV-light as the target compounds potentially degrade when being exposed to UV-light. Empirical data were obtained in addition to the dust samples to estimate potential influences of apartment characteristics. A weak correlation between the number of electric devices and TBBPA was found.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Abb, Magdalena and Stahl, Beate and Lorenz, Wilhelm},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {BFR, HBCD, Liquid chromatography, PBDE, TBBPA},
	pages = {1657--1663},
}













@article{choi_leaching_2009,
	title = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants from {TV} housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.030},
	abstract = {In this study, we investigated the contents of several brominated compounds in TV molding plastics, as well as their leaching characteristics in the presence of DHM. The PBDE content was about 3\% of the sample weight, and deca-BDE was the most abundant homologue, accounting for over 80\% of the total amount. TBBPA, PBPs and PBBs content was 8100, 4700 and 250 ng/g, respectively. Despite no detection of most of the lower brominated DEs in distilled water, most homologues could be detected in DHM solution, and their solubility increased according to the contact time; those of highly brominated compounds increased to 10 times their maximum solubility in distilled water. Especially, contrary to the relatively faster equilibrium in distilled water, BFR solubility in DHM solution was maintained even after 20 days. In addition, a modified first-order model adequately reflected rapid desorption for each compound in the initial period, but slow desorption afterwards. From an overall perspective, it is clear that hydrophobic BFRs can leach out to a great extent in the presence of DHM, which is a matter of great concern in E\&amp;E waste as the potential contaminant source of BFRs, especially in landfills and open dump sites that provide the perfect conditions for exposure of BFRs to abundant DHM.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Choi, Ki-In and Lee, Suk-Hui and Osako, Masahiro},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Electrical and electronic waste, HOP leaching mechanism, PBDEs},
	pages = {460--466},
}













@article{strid_brominated_nodate,
	title = {Brominated flame retardant exposure of aircraft personnel},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.073},
	abstract = {The use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aircraft is the result of high fire safety demands. Personnel working in or with aircraft might therefore be exposed to several BFRs. Previous studies have reported PBDE exposure in flight attendants and in passengers. One other group that may be subjected to significant BFR exposure via inhalation, are the aircraft maintenance workers. Personnel exposure both during flights and maintenance of aircraft, are investigated in the present study. Several BFRs were present in air and dust sampled during both the exposure scenarios; PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane. PBDEs were also analyzed in serum from pilots/cabin crew, maintenance workers and from a control group of individuals without any occupational aircraft exposure. Significantly higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in maintenance workers compared to pilots/cabin crew and control subjects with median total PBDE concentrations of 19, 6.8 and 6.6 pmol g−1 lipids, respectively. Pilots and cabin crew had similar concentrations of most PBDEs as the control group, except for BDE-153 and BDE-154 which were significantly higher. Results indicate higher concentrations among some of the pilots compared to the cabin crew. It is however, evident that the cabin personnel have lower BFR exposures compared to maintenance workers that are exposed to such a degree that their blood levels are significantly different from the control group.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Strid, Anna and Smedje, Greta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Lindgren, Torsten and Lundgren, Håkan and Jakobsson, Kristina and Bergman, Åke},
	keywords = {Aircraft maintenance workers, BFRs, Cabin crew, Occupational exposure, Pilots},
}













@article{kim_organophosphorus_nodate,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants ({PFRs}) in human breast milk from several {Asian} countries},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.033},
	abstract = {In this study, the concentrations of 10 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were determined in 89 human breast milk samples collected from Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Among the targeted PFRs, tris(2-chloroexyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the predominant compounds and were detected in more than 60\% of samples in all three countries. The concentrations of PFRs in human breast milk were significantly higher (p \&lt; 0.05) in the Philippines (median 70 ng g−1 lipid wt.) than those in Japan (median 22 ng g−1 lipid wt.) and Vietnam (median 10 ng g−1 lipid wt.). The present results suggest that the usage of products containing PFRs in the Philippines is higher than those of Japan and Vietnam. Comparing with a previous literature survey in Sweden, the levels of PFRs in human breast milk from the Philippines were 1.5–2 times higher, whereas levels in Japan and Vietnam were 4–20 times lower, suggesting that these differences might be due to their variation in the usage of flame-retarded products utilized in each country. When daily intake of PFRs to infants via human breast milk was estimated, some individuals accumulated tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and TCEP were close to reference dose (RfD). This is the first report to identify PFRs in human breast milk samples from Asian countries.},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kim, Joon-Woo and Isobe, Tomohiko and Muto, Mamoru and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Katsura, Kana and Malarvannan, Govindan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Chang, Kwang-Hyeon and Prudente, Maricar and Viet, Pham Hung and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},
	keywords = {Asia, Human breast milk, Human exposure, PFRs},
}













@article{law_levels_2006,
	series = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) in the {Environment} {Papers} presented at the {Third} {International} {Workshop} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} held in {Toronto}, {Canada}, 6–9 {June} 2004},
	title = {Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the {European} environment},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007},
	abstract = {In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003–04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982–1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on ∑BDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Law, Robin J. and Allchin, Colin R. and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Herzke, Dorte and Lepom, Peter and Morris, Steven and Tronczynski, Jacek and de Wit, Cynthia A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Atmosphere, Biota, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Europe, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, Tetrabromobisphenol-A},
	pages = {187--208},
}













@article{kim_leaching_2006,
	title = {Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) from flame-retardant plastics},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.019},
	abstract = {To investigate the effect of leachant on the leachability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), we determined the leaching concentrations of PBDEs from flame-retardant plastic samples (TV housings and raw materials before molding processing) that are regarded as a source of PBDEs in landfill sites. The leachants used were distilled water, 20\% methanol solution, and dissolved humic solution (DHS) of 1000 mg/l based on organic carbon. The leaching test conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 100:1, and a contact period of five days, with twice-daily agitation in a temperature-controlled room of 30 °C without pH or ionic strength control.

The leaching concentrations of PBDEs increased with increased content, and were found to be remarkably enhanced when methanol and DHS were used instead of distilled water. The enhancement of leachability in the presence of the latter was attributed to the cosolvency effect, and complex formations between the PBDEs and dissolved humic matter (DHM). PBDE concentrations in the leachate obtained from the leaching test and an actual landfill site revealed a significant presence of congeners below heptabromodiphenyl ethers (H7BDEs), detected in the leachate of the actual landfill, while significant amounts of nonabromodiphenyl ethers (N9BDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (D10BDE) were detected in the leachate of the leaching test.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kim, Yong-Jin and Osako, Masahiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Complex formations, Cosolvency effect, Dissolved humic solution (DHS), Flame retardants, Leaching, Methanol solution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},
	pages = {506--513},
}













@article{smeds_brominated_2003,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in {Finnish} human adipose tissue},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-08-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Smeds, Annika and Saukko, Pekka},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens},
	pages = {1123--1130},
}









@article{toms_brominated_2012,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993–2009},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period.

Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-08-20},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A. and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs},
	pages = {398--403},
}









@article{kim_health_2014,
	title = {Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: {A} systematic review},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064},
	abstract = {AbstractBackground
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are chemicals widely used in consumer products including electronics, vehicles, plastics and textiles to reduce flammability. Experimental animal studies have confirmed that these compounds may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis and neurodevelopment but to date health effects in humans have not been systematically examined.
Objectives
To conduct a systematic review of studies on the health impacts of exposure to BFRs in humans, with a particular focus on children.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases up to 1 February 2012. Published cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies exploring the relationship between BFR exposure and various health outcomes were included.
Results
In total, 36 epidemiological studies meeting the pre-determined inclusion criteria were included. Plausible outcomes associated with BFR exposure include diabetes, neurobehavioral and developmental disorders, cancer, reproductive health effects and alteration in thyroid function. Evidence for a causal relationship between exposure to BFRs and health outcomes was evaluated within the Bradford Hill framework.
Conclusion
Although there is suggestive evidence that exposure to BFRs is harmful to health, further epidemiological investigations particularly among children, and long-term monitoring and surveillance of chemical impacts on humans are required to confirm these relationships.},
	urldate = {2014-08-20},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kim, Young Ran and Harden, Fiona A. and Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Norman, Rosana E.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Children, Exposure, Health, Human},
	pages = {1--19},
}









@article{zhang_potential_2014,
	title = {Potential {Estrogenic} {Effects} of {Phosphorus}-{Containing} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862},
	doi = {10.1021/es5007862},
	abstract = {As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP {\textgreater} TCP {\textgreater} TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-08-18},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Zhang, Quan and Lu, Meiya and Dong, Xiaowu and Wang, Cui and Zhang, Chunlong and Liu, Weiping and Zhao, Meirong},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {6995--7001},
}





@article{van_den_eede_multi-residue_2012,
	title = {Multi-residue method for the determination of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {1873-3573},
	doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.031},
	abstract = {A new method was optimized for the simultaneous determination of several flame retardants (FRs) in indoor dust, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs). The method was based on two previously validated analytical methods for NBFRs and OPFRs, which were combined in order to include even a large number of FRs. An ultrasonic extraction method and two-stage clean-up by adsorption chromatography was optimized using an indoor dust standard reference material (SRM 2584). The 1st cleanup step was essential for fractionation of analytes in the dust extracts, while the 2nd step was important for the further removal of interferences. Analysis of cleaned dust extracts was performed with gas chromatography electron impact ionization mass spectrometry for OPFRs, gas chromatography electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry for PBDEs and NBFRs and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for HBCDs. Method validation by matrix spiking demonstrated good accuracy ranging from 81 to 130\%. Matrix effects were investigated by spiking sodium sulfate and dust with analyte standards. Typical recoveries ranged between 80 and 110\% at both spiking levels, though occasional deviations were observed at low spiking concentrations. Precision between different days was generally below 24\% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low concentrations and below 11\% RSD at high concentrations. Method limits of quantification for BFRs ranged between 0.04 (BDE 28) and 17 ng/g (BDE 209), 6 ng/g for sum HBCDs, and for OPFRs between 10 (triphenyl phosphate) and 370 ng/g (tri-isobutyl phosphate). The method was applied to SRM 2585 and to a set of indoor dust samples from various countries. The newly developed method will be employed for the monitoring of human exposure via dust ingestion to phased-out and alternate FRs.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Talanta},
	author = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C. and Ali, Nadeem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22284495},
	keywords = {Air Pollution, Indoor, Chromatography, Liquid, Dust, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Limit of Detection, Organophosphates, Solid Phase Extraction, Sonication, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization},
	pages = {292--300},
}

















@article{bergman_novel_2012,
	title = {A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals},
	volume = {49C},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003},
	abstract = {Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.},
	urldate = {2014-08-17},
	journal = {Environment international},
	author = {Bergman, Ake and Ryden, Andreas and Law, Robin J. and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Alaee, Mehran and Birnbaum, Linda and Petreas, Myrto and Rose, Martin and Sakai, Shinichi and Van den Eede, Nele and van der Veen, Ike},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22982223},
	pmcid = {PMC3483428},
	pages = {57--82},
}













@article{stapleton_novel_2012,
	title = {Novel and {High} {Volume} {Use} {Flame} {Retardants} in {US} {Couches} {Reflective} of the 2005 {PentaBDE} {Phase} {Out}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d},
	doi = {10.1021/es303471d},
	abstract = {California?s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2014-07-22},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P. Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F. and Blum, Arlene},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {13432--13439},
}













@article{babrauskas_upholstered_1983,
	title = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Heat} {Release} {Rates}: {Measurements} and {Estimation}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},
	shorttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Heat} {Release} {Rates}},
	url = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9},
	doi = {10.1177/073490418300100103},
	abstract = {A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features. A quantitative assessment is made of the effect of fabric types, padding types (cotton batting, ordinary polyurethane foam, and California-requirements foam), and frame types. The advantages of furniture calorimeter testing over normal room fire testing are discussed. Based on these measurements, a rule is presented for estimating the heat release rate based on design factors. Finally, implications for achieving both good flame resistance and good cigarette ignition resistance are discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-07-22},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},
	month = jan,
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {burning rate, chairs, flammability tests, furniture, heat release rate, plastics flammability, textile flammability, upholstered furniture.},
	pages = {9--32},
}













@article{babrauskas_simplified_1986,
	title = {A simplified characterization of upholstered furniture heat release rates},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0379-7112},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615},
	doi = {10.1016/0379-7112(86)90061-5},
	abstract = {The technology for measuring uphostered furniture heat release rates was established with the development of the furniture calorimeter. Analysis of a large number of tests in the furniture calorimeter has now demonstrated that for most specimens a good approximation to the rate of heat release as a function of time may take the form of a triangle. Methods of generating such curves, suitable for fire protection engineering hazard assessment purposes, have been developed.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-07-22},
	journal = {Fire Safety Journal},
	author = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Walton, W. Douglas},
	month = dec,
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Upholstered furniture, chairs, fire engineering design, fire models, furniture calorimeter, rate of heat release, sofas},
	pages = {181--192},
}













@article{marklund_screening_2003,
	title = {Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660},
	doi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00666-0},
	abstract = {Twelve organophosphorus compounds (OPs), which are used for diverse purposes (e.g. as plasticizers and flame retardants), were analysed in settled house dust from 15 indoor environments and in wipe test samples from computer screens and covers. Seven of the substances analysed dominated Swedish imports of OPs in 1999, six of these are also listed as EU High Production Volume Chemicals. Eight of the substances were found in all samples. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate was the most abundant in most of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.014 to 5.3 g/kg followed by tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate. In wipe test samples from computers, triphenyl phosphate proved to be the main component of the OPs analysed (4.0 μg/m2). Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, floor polish, polyvinylchloride floor coverings, upholstery and plastic products. The distribution patterns of the OPs differed between the sites and generally reflected the building materials and consumer products used in their vicinity.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-07-22},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Marklund, Anneli and Andersson, Barbro and Haglund, Peter},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Flame retardants, Indoor, OPs, Organophosphorus, Plasticizer, Settled dust},
	pages = {1137--1146},
}





















@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},
	abstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.

We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.

A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-07-21},
	journal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},
	pages = {727--737},
}





@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},
	abstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.

We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.

A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-07-21},
	journal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},
	pages = {727--737},
}













@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0165-9936},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},
	abstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.

We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.

A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-07-21},
	journal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
	author = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},
	pages = {727--737},
}













@article{nazare_review_2012,
	title = {A review of fire blocking technologies for soft furnishings},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {2012 Nazare and Davis; licensee Springer.},
	issn = {2193-0414},
	url = {http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract},
	doi = {10.1186/2193-0414-1-1},
	abstract = {Fire barrier fabrics are expected to play an increasingly important role in complying with existing and proposed soft furnishing flammability regulations in the US. The number of commercial fire blocking technologies is large in order to accommodate the vast requirements of the consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Generally, highloft, nonwoven fiber battings are used in residential mattress applications, whereas coated or laminated textiles are more common in institutional and upholstered furnishing applications. Successfully achieving the desired level of fire protection requires appropriate matching of the barrier fabric to the desired characteristics of the soft furnishing. Barrier material selection for soft furnishings is generally a process of trial and error due to significant measurement science gaps.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-07-02},
	journal = {Fire Science Reviews},
	author = {Nazaré, Shonali and Davis, Rick D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Barrier fabrics, Mattress, Regulations, Review, Soft furnishings, Upholstered furniture, flammability},
	pages = {1},
}









@article{ali_novel_2011,
	title = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: {Implications} for human exposure},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},
	abstract = {Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \&lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \&lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \&lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \&lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \&lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-06-30},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)},
	pages = {1360--1365},
}









@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},
	abstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and \&lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \&lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p \&lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-06-30},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {D’Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and Voogt, Pim de and Bervoets, Lieven},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds},
	pages = {478--487},
}









@article{johnson_associations_2013,
	title = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},
	volume = {445–446},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},
	urldate = {2014-06-30},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health},
	pages = {177--184},
}





@article{johnson_associations_2013,
	title = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},
	volume = {445-446},
	issn = {1879-1026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},
	abstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23333513},
	pmcid = {PMC3572297},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Dust, Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental pollutants, Estradiol, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Infertility, Male, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone},
	pages = {177--184},
}













@article{liang_recent_2013,
	title = {Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0300-9440},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-06-30},
	journal = {Progress in Organic Coatings},
	author = {Liang, Shuyu and Neisius, N. Matthias and Gaan, Sabyasachi},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel},
	pages = {1642--1665},
}









@article{weil_flame_2008,
	title = {Flame {Retardants} in {Commercial} {Use} or {Development} for {Textiles}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},
	url = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243},
	doi = {10.1177/0734904108089485},
	abstract = {Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate.
The leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development.
Polyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber.
A number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing.
The recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-06-30},
	journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},
	author = {Weil, Edward D. and Levchik, Sergei V.},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {243--281},
}













@article{chapple_flammability_2010,
	title = {Flammability of {Natural} {Fiber}-reinforced {Composites} and {Strategies} for {Fire} {Retardancy}: {A} {Review}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0892-7057, 1530-7980},
	shorttitle = {Flammability of {Natural} {Fiber}-reinforced {Composites} and {Strategies} for {Fire} {Retardancy}},
	url = {http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871},
	doi = {10.1177/0892705709356338},
	abstract = {Natural fiber-reinforced composites are finding new applications in many sectors. In certain industries, such as building and transport, reduced material flammability is a key requirement. Knowledge of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and the methods used to improve their fire resistance is necessary to ensure their use in these industries. The purpose of this review is to examine important aspects of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and to outline some of the more recent strategies used to improve their fire performance.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2014-06-30},
	journal = {Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials},
	author = {Chapple, S. and Anandjiwala, R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {composite, fire retardant., flammability, natural fiber, polymer},
	pages = {871--893},
}









@article{zhu_identification_2008,
	title = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}: {A} {Previously} {Unreported} {Halogenated} {Flame} {Retardant} in the {Environment}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s},
	doi = {10.1021/es702272s},
	abstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {386--391},
}













@article{takigami_brominated_2009,
	title = {Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in {Japan}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006},
	abstract = {This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 102–103 pg m−3 order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13 000 ng g−1) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad ⩽ 0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs – decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants’ exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dust, Home, Indoor air, Polyhalogenated compounds},
	pages = {270--277},
}













@article{takigami_flame_2009,
	title = {Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in {Japan}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.007},
	abstract = {Occurrence of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment of highly flame-retarded public facilities is an important concern from the viewpoint of exposure because it is likely that FRs are used to a greater degree in these facilities than in homes. For this study, brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame-retardants and plasticizers (OPs), and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/DFs) were measured in eight floor dust samples taken from a Japanese commercial hotel that was assumed to have many flame-retardant materials. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) varied by about two orders of magnitude, from 9.8–1700 ng/g (median of 1200 ng/g) and from 72–1300 ng/g (median of 740 ng/g), respectively. Concentrations of the two types of BFRs described above were most dominant among the investigated BFRs in the dust samples. It is inferred that BFR and PBDD/DF concentrations are on the same level as those in house and office dust samples reported based on past studies. Regarding concentrations of 11 OPs, 7 OPs were detected on the order of micrograms per gram, which are equivalent to or exceed the BFR concentrations such as PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of the investigated compounds were not uniform among dust samples collected throughout the hotel: concentrations differed among floors, suggesting that localization of source products is associated with FR concentrations in dust. Passive air sampling was also conducted to monitor BFRs in the indoor air of hotel rooms: the performance of an air cleaner placed in the room was evaluated in terms of reducing airborne BFR concentrations. Monitoring results suggest that operation of an appropriate air cleaner can reduce both gaseous and particulate BFRs in indoor air.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Ishikawa, Yukari and Sunami, Masakiyo and Sakai, Shin-ichi},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Air, Dust, Flame retardants, Hotel},
	pages = {688--693},
}













@article{meeker_house_2009,
	title = {House {Dust} {Concentrations} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Relation} to {Hormone} {Levels} and {Semen} {Quality} {Parameters}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	url = {http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901332},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Meeker, John D. and Stapleton, Heather M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {318--323},
}

















@article{dodson_after_2012,
	title = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}: {A} {Broad} {Suite} of {Flame} {Retardants} in {Repeat} {House} {Dust} {Samples} from {California}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n},
	doi = {10.1021/es303879n},
	abstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state?s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California?s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated ?Tris,? which was banned in children?s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Dodson, Robin E. and Perovich, Laura J. and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C. and Dirtu, Alin C. and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {13056--13066},
}













@article{ballesteros-gomez_novel_2014,
	title = {A {Novel} {Brominated} {Triazine}-based {Flame} {Retardant} ({TTBP}-{TAZ}) in {Plastic} {Consumer} {Products} and {Indoor} {Dust}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032},
	doi = {10.1021/es4057032},
	abstract = {The presence of a novel brominated flame retardant named 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) is reported for the first time in plastic parts of consumer products and indoor dust samples. TTBP-TAZ was identified by untargeted screening and can be a replacement of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Analysis techniques based on ambient mass spectrometry and on liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization combined with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed for the screening, detection and quantification of this low volatility and high molecular weight compound. TTBP-TAZ was present in 8 of 13 plastic parts of consumer products (from mainly electric and electronic equipment acquired in 2012) at estimated concentrations of 0.01?1.9\% by weight of the product (\%, w/w). It was not present in any of the older 13 plastic samples that were collected in a recycling park (manufacture date before 2006), this suggests a recent use of TTBP-TAZ. It was also found in 9 of 17 house dust samples in the range of 160?22150 ng g?1, with the highest levels being found in samples collected on electronic and electrical equipment. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research on TTBP-TAZ and the potential of using alternative analysis methods for the identification of new flame retardants.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Ballesteros-Gómez, Ana and de Boer, Jacob and Leonards, Pim E. G.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4468--4474},
}













@article{stapleton_alternate_2008,
	title = {Alternate and {New} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} {Detected} in {U}.{S}. {House} {Dust}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p},
	doi = {10.1021/es801070p},
	abstract = {Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from {\textless}4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from {\textless}10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from {\textless}6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Allen, Joseph G. and Kelly, Shannon M. and Konstantinov, Alex and Klosterhaus, Susan and Watkins, Deborah and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {6910--6916},
}













@article{ali_occurrence_2012,
	title = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}: {Indoor} sources and human exposure assessment},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100},
	abstract = {Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n = 34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n = 16). Concentrations (ng g−1) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (\&lt;2–175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (\&lt;5–1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (\&lt;2–2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (\&lt;2–640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ng g−1) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (\&lt;10–235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (\&lt;20–7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (\&lt;20–7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20–7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50–27 325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20–16 560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20–35 190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (\&lt;50–3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range \&lt;2–4100 ng g−1. BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p \&lt; 0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n = 16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin C. and Eede, Nele Van den and Goosey, Emma and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and ’t Mannetje, Andrea and Coakley, Jonathan and Douwes, Jeroen and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, New Zealand, Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)},
	pages = {1276--1282},
}













@article{johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008,
	title = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the {United} {States}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002},
	abstract = {Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and α-, β-, and γ-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators – bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark – collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean ± SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048 ± 0.102 and 0.333 ± 0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2 ± 3 and 7.38 ± 18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5 ± 12 and 77.7 ± 128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872 ± 0.5 and 54.5 ± 88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5–10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1–5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Adams, Douglas H. and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dolphin, HBCD, PBDE, TBBPA},
	pages = {1935--1944},
}













@article{stuart_concentrations_2008,
	title = {Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from {United} {Kingdom} cars, homes, and offices: {Causes} of variability and implications for human exposure},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	shorttitle = {Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from {United} {Kingdom} cars, homes, and offices},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001},
	abstract = {Average concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust in 30 homes, 18 offices, and 20 cars were 260,000, 31,000, and 340,000 ng ΣPBDEs g- 1 respectively. Concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 154 in cars exceeded significantly (p \&lt; 0.05) those in homes and offices. Average concentrations of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in homes, offices, and cars respectively were lower at 120, 7.2, and 7.7 ng g− 1 (TBE) and 270, 170, and 400 ng g− 1 (DBDPE). BDE-209 concentrations in three samples are the highest to date at 2,600,000 (car), 2,200,000 (home), and 1,400,000 ng g− 1 (home). UK toddlers daily consuming 200 mg dust contaminated at the 95th percentile concentration, ingest 180 ng Σtri-hexa-BDEs and 310 μg BDE-209 day− 1. For TBE, exposure was lower than for PBDEs and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), while that for DBDPE was similar in magnitude to Σtri-hexa-BDEs, but less than for BDE-209 and HBCDs. BDE-209 concentrations recorded in ten samples taken at monthly intervals in one room varied 400-fold, implying caution when using single measurements of dust contamination for exposure assessment. Significant negative correlation was observed in one room between concentrations of BDE-47, 99, and 153 and dust loading (g dust m− 2 floor), suggesting “dilution” occurs at higher dust loadings.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Stuart, Harrad and Ibarra, Catalina and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Boon, Rachel and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Decabromodiphenyl ethane, Human exposure, Indoor dust, PDBEs, Spatial variability, Temporal variability},
	pages = {1170--1175},
}













@article{karlsson_levels_2007,
	title = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0160-4120},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025},
	abstract = {Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable (\&lt; 0.41 ng g− 1 l.w.) to 17 ng g− 1 (l.w.). BDE\#28 and \#47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m− 3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE\#47 concentration was below the limit of detection (\&lt; 0.17 ng m− 3). BDE\#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m− 3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE\#209 level was below LOD (\&lt; 0.021 ng m− 3), at a level of 0.023 ng m− 3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g− 1, the highest concentration representing BDE\#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE\#47, \#99 and \#209. In the plasma samples BDE\#207 and \#206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE\#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Environment International},
	author = {Karlsson, M. and Julander, A. and van Bavel, B. and Hardell, L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, PBDE, Plasma},
	pages = {62--69},
}













@article{kajiwara_leaching_nodate,
	title = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants from mixed wastes in lysimeters under conditions simulating landfills in developing countries},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.025},
	abstract = {In developing countries, wastes are usually not separated before being disposed of in solid-waste landfills, most of which are open dumps without adequate measures to prevent environmental pollution. To understand the leaching behavior of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from waste consumer products in landfills, we have been conducting a long-term landfill lysimeter experiment since 2006 under conditions designed to mimic three types of landfill conditions in developing countries: aerobic, semi-aerobic, and anaerobic. Pilot-scale lysimeters (60-cm i.d.) were filled with a 400-cm layer of mixed wastes consisting of 35 wt\% food, 20 wt\% paper, 20 wt\% paper pulp, 13 wt\% plastic, 10 wt\% wood chips, 1 wt\% glass, and 1 wt\% metals, proportions that are typical of unsorted municipal solid waste in Asian developing countries. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A, tribromophenols, and hexabromocyclododecanes in leachate samples collected from the lysimeters during the first 3.5 years of the experiment, to evaluate BFR elution behavior in early-stage landfills. Under all three conditions, BFR elution started at the beginning of the experiment. The BFR concentrations in the leachates from the aerobic lysimeter tended to be lower than those from the anaerobic lysimeter, suggesting that the presence of air inside landfills considerably reduces BFR elution to the surrounding environment. During the 3.5-year experiment, BFR outflow from the lysimeters was only 0.001–0.58\% of the total BFRs in the loaded waste; that is, most of the BFRs in the waste remained in the lysimeters.},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Hirata, Osamu and Takigami, Hidetaka and Noma, Yukio and Tachifuji, Ayako and Matsufuji, Yasushi},
	keywords = {Aerobic, Anaerobic, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Elution, Landfill, Leachate},
}













@article{brandsma_organophosphorus_nodate,
	title = {Organophosphorus flame retardants ({PFRs}) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.036},
	abstract = {All nine PFRs studied were detected in house and car dust from the Netherlands with the exception of tris(butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) in car dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, median 22 μg g−1) was dominant in house dust collected around and on electronics followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, median 1.3 μg g−1), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, median 1.3 μg g−1) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP, median 0.8 μg g−1). Levels of TPHP and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP, also known as TCP) in house dust on electronics were significantly higher than in house dust collected around electronics, suggesting that electronic equipment has limited contribution to the PFR levels in house dust, with the exception of TPHP and TMPP.

Car dust was dominated by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) with the highest levels found in dust collected from the car seats (1100 μg g−1). The mean TDCIPP and TCIPP levels observed in car dust were significantly higher than the levels observed in dust collected around electronics. Significantly higher mean TMPP levels in dust taken from car seats were found compared to dust collected around the equipment (p \&lt; 0.05). This is probably influenced by the use of TDCIPP, TCIPP in polyurethane foam (car seats) and the use of TMPP as plasticizer in car interiors.

Worldwide four PFR patterns were observed in house dust. The PFR pattern in the Netherlands of TDCIPP, TMPP, TCEP, TCIPP and TPHP in house dust is comparable to the pattern found in six other countries, which may point to identical sources of these PFRs in the indoor environment. However, the PFR levels between the countries and within countries showed high variation.},
	urldate = {2014-06-28},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Brandsma, Sicco H. and de Boer, Jacob and van Velzen, Martin J. M. and Leonards, Pim E. G.},
	keywords = {Car dust, Electronic equipment, House dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Plasticizers},
}









@article{meeker_urinary_2013,
	title = {Urinary {Metabolites} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}: {Temporal} {Variability} and {Correlations} with {House} {Dust} {Concentrations}},
	volume = {121},
	issn = {0091-6765},
	shorttitle = {Urinary {Metabolites} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}},
	url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/},
	doi = {10.1289/ehp.1205907},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
	author = {Meeker, John D. and Cooper, Ellen M. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Hauser, Russ},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {580--585},
}













@article{fang_investigating_2013,
	title = {Investigating a {Novel} {Flame} {Retardant} {Known} as {V6}: {Measurements} in {Baby} {Products}, {House} {Dust}, and {Car} {Dust}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Investigating a {Novel} {Flame} {Retardant} {Known} as {V6}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v},
	doi = {10.1021/es400032v},
	abstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors? knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\textgreater}98\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24?500?000 to 59?500?000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46?500?000 ± 12?000?000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\textless}5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\textless}5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F. and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M. and McClean, Michael D. and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {4449--4454},
}













@article{stieger_assessing_nodate,
	title = {Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants: {Data} availability and quality for 36 alternative brominated flame retardants},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.083},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) are major brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that are now banned or under restrictions in many countries because of their persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity (PBT properties). However, there is a wide range of alternative BFRs, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane and tribromophenol, that are increasingly used as replacements, but which may possess similar hazardous properties. This necessitates hazard and risk assessments of these compounds. For a set of 36 alternative BFRs, we searched 25 databases for chemical property data that are needed as input for a PBT assessment. These properties are degradation half-life, bioconcentration factor (BCF), octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow), and toxic effect concentrations in aquatic organisms. For 17 of the 36 substances, no data at all were found for these properties. Too few persistence data were available to even assess the quality of these data in a systematic way. The available data for Kow and toxicity show surprisingly high variability, which makes it difficult to identify the most reliable values. We propose methods for systematic evaluations of PBT-related chemical property data that should be performed before data are included in publicly available databases. Using these methods, we evaluated the data for Kow and toxicity in more detail and identified several inaccurate values. For most of the 36 alternative BFRs, the amount and the quality of the PBT-related property data need to be improved before reliable hazard and risk assessments of these substances can be performed.},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Stieger, Greta and Scheringer, Martin and Ng, Carla A. and Hungerbühler, Konrad},
	keywords = {Baseline toxicity, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Octanol–water partition coefficient, PBT assessment},
}













@article{van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012,
	title = {Phosphorus flame retardants: {Properties}, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067},
	abstract = {Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20\% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m−3, in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg−1 were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L−1. In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg−1, with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air.

Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs.

Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME).

For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67–105\%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (\&lt;20\%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78–105\%) and RSDs (3–8\%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods.

For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC–FPD), GC-nitrogen–phosphorus detection (NPD), GC–atomic emission detection (AED), GC–mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS and GC–Inductively-coupled plasma–MS (ICP–MS) are used. GC–ICP–MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5–10 ng mL−1) compared to GC–NPD and GC–MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC–MS offers a higher selectivity than GC–NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {van der Veen, Ike and de Boer, Jacob},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Analysis, Occurrence, PFR, Phosphorus flame retardants, Properties, Toxicity},
	pages = {1119--1153},
}













@article{ballesteros-gomez_analysis_nodate,
	title = {Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products: {Resorcinol} bis-(diphenylphosphate) ({PBDPP}) and bisphenol {A} bis (diphenylphosphate) ({BPA}-{BDPP})},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	shorttitle = {Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.099},
	abstract = {Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are increasingly used as alternative flame retardants in many products. Data on the presence of two alternative PFRs in consumer products, resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP or RDP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP or BDP) is still scarce or non-existing. In this study we propose a simple extraction method and analysis by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF) for plastic consumer products. Detection limits were low enough for trace quantitation in plastic or electronic samples (0.001\% and 0.002\% w/w for PBDPP and BPA-BDPP, respectively). The APCI source provided better sensitivity and matrix effects than the commonly used ESI source for the analysis of these PFRs. Both PBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in 7 of the 12 products purchased in 2012 (at 0.002–0.3\% w/w for PBDPP and 0.02–0.18\% w/w for BPA-BDPP) while only PBDPP was found in 4 of the 13 products purchased before 2006 (0.005–7.8\% w/w). In newly purchased products, PBDPP, BPA-BDPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most frequently detected PFRs. These results support the recent findings of our research group about high concentration levels of PBDPP and BPA-BDPP up to 0.5–1 mg g−1 in house dust collected on electronic equipment and highlights the need for further research on these two novel PFRs.},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Ballesteros-Gómez, A. and Brandsma, S. H. and de Boer, J. and Leonards, P. E. G.},
	keywords = {Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, Bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate), Liquid chromatography, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate)},
}













@article{stapleton_flame_nodate,
	title = {Flame retardant associations between children’s handwipes and house dust},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100},
	abstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), flame retardants (FRs) have been ubiquitously detected at high concentrations in indoor environments; however, with their recent phase-out, more attention is being focused on measurements of exposure to alternative FRs such as organophosphate FRs (OPFRs). In our previous research, we found that PBDE residues measured on children’s handwipes were a strong predictor of serum PBDE levels. Here we build upon this research to examine longitudinal changes in PBDEs in indoor dust and children’s handwipes, and explore the associations between handwipes and dust for alternative FRs. Children from our previous study were re-contacted after approximately two years and new samples of indoor dust and handwipes were collected. PBDE dust-levels were significantly correlated between two different sampling rounds separated by two years; however, PBDE levels in handwipes were not correlated, perhaps suggesting that the sources of PBDEs remained relatively constant in the home, but that behavioral differences in children are changing with age and influencing handwipe levels. OPFRs [i.e. tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)], 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB, also known as TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP, also known as TBPH), and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were also ubiquitously detected in house dust samples and geometric mean levels were similar to PBDE levels, or higher in the case of the OPFRs. Significant associations between handwipes and house dust were observed for these alternative FRs, particularly for EH-TBB (rs = 0.54; p \&lt; 0.001). Increasing house dust levels and age were associated with higher levels of FRs in handwipes, and high hand washing frequency (\&gt;5 times d−1) was associated with lower FR levels in handwipes. Overall these data suggest that exposure to these alternative FRs will be similar to PBDE exposure, and the influence of hand-to-mouth behavior in children’s exposure needs to be further examined to better estimate exposure potential.},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Misenheimer, John and Hoffman, Kate and Webster, Thomas F.},
	keywords = {Children, Dust, Flame retardants, Handwipes, OPFRs, PBDEs},
}













@article{bradman_flame_nodate,
	title = {Flame retardant exposures in {California} early childhood education environments},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.072},
	abstract = {Infants and young children spend as much as 50 h per week in child care and preschool. Although approximately 13 million children, or 65\% of all U.S. children, spend some time each day in early childhood education (ECE) facilities, little information is available about environmental exposures in these environments. We measured flame retardants in air and dust collected from 40 California ECE facilities between May 2010 and May 2011. Low levels of six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and four non-PBDE flame retardants were present in air, including two constituents of Firemaster 550 and two tris phosphate compounds [tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP)]. Tris phosphate, Firemaster 550 and PBDE compounds were detected in 100\% of the dust samples. BDE47, BDE99, and BDE209 comprised the majority of the PBDE mass measured in dust. The median concentrations of TCEP (319 ng g−1) and TDCIPP (2265 ng g−1) were similar to or higher than any PBDE congener. Levels of TCEP and TDCIPP in dust were significantly higher in facilities with napping equipment made out of foam (Mann–Whitney p-values \&lt; 0.05). Child BDE99 dose estimates exceeded the RfD in one facility for children \&lt; 3 years old. In 51\% of facilities, TDCIPP dose estimates for children \&lt; 6 years old exceeded age-specific “No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs)” based on California Proposition 65 guidelines for carcinogens. Given the overriding interest in providing safe and healthy environments for young children, additional research is needed to identify strategies to reduce indoor sources of flame retardant chemicals.},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Bradman, Asa and Castorina, Rosemary and Gaspar, Fraser and Nishioka, Marcia and Colón, Maribel and Weathers, Walter and Egeghy, Peter P. and Maddalena, Randy and Williams, Jeffery and Jenkins, Peggy L. and McKone, Thomas E.},
	keywords = {Child care, Children, Exposure, Flame retardants, PBDEs},
}













@article{shoeib_legacy_2012,
	series = {Interactions {Between} {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Air} {Pollution} - {Trends} and {Scientific} {Challenges} {Ozone}, {Climate} {Change} and {Forests}},
	title = {Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from {Vancouver}, {Canada}},
	volume = {169},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043},
	abstract = {Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007–2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81\% and 100\% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.},
	urldate = {2014-06-27},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Webster, Glenys M. and Sverko, Ed and Cheng, Yu},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Alternative flame retardants, Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-PBDE, PBDE},
	pages = {175--182},
}





@misc{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate,
	title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},
	url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},
	author = {{Center for History and New Media}},
}





@article{czapla_fusing_nodate,
	title = {Fusing two cytochromes b of {Rhodobacter} capsulatus cytochrome bc1 using various linkers defines a set of protein templates for asymmetric mutagenesis},
	volume = {25},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003},
	doi = {<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055</a>},
	abstract = {Cytochrome bc1 (mitochondrial complex III), one of the key enzymes of biological energy conversion, is a functional homodimer in which each monomer contains three catalytic subunits: cytochrome c1, the iron-sulfur subunit and cytochrome b. The latter is composed of eight transmembrane \${\textbackslash}alpha\$-helices which, in duplicate, form a hydrophobic core of a dimer. We show that two cytochromes b can be fused into one 16-helical subunit using a number of different peptide linkers that vary in length but all connect the C-terminus of one cytochrome with the N-terminus of the other. The fusion proteins replace two cytochromes b in the dimer defining a set of available protein templates for introducing mutations that allow breaking symmetry of a dimer. A more detailed comparison of the form with the shortest, 3 amino acid, linker to the form with 12 amino acid linker established that both forms display similar level of structural plasticity to accommodate several, but not all, asymmetric patterns of mutations that knock out individual segments of cofactor chains. While the system based on a fused gene does not allow for the assessments of the functionality of electron-transfer paths in vivo, the family of proteins with fused cytochrome b offers attractive model for detailed investigations of molecular mechanism of catalysis at in vitro/reconstitution level.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Protein Engineering, Design and Selection},
	author = {Czapla, Monika and Borek, Arkadiusz and Sarewicz, Marcin and Osyczka, Artur},
	pages = {11},
}





@article{huang_receptor-fc_2009,
	title = {Receptor-{Fc} fusion therapeutics, traps, and {MIMETIBODY} technology.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1879-0429},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010},
	doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010},
	abstract = {Fc fusion proteins are molecules in which the immunoglobulin Fc is fused genetically to a protein of interest, such as an extracellular domain of a receptor, ligand, enzyme, or peptide. Fc fusion proteins have some antibody-like properties such as long serum half-life and easy expression and purification, making them an attractive platform for therapeutic drugs. Five Fc fusion based drugs are on the market presently, and many more are in different stages of clinical trials, demonstrating that Fc fusion proteins have become credible alternatives to monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics. This review summarizes the Fc fusion proteins that have been approved for use in the clinic and those that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the different approaches to design Fc fusion proteins.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Current opinion in biotechnology},
	author = {Huang, Chichi},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Biological, Biopharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics: methods, Chemistry, Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques, Fc, Fc: chemistry, Humans, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: chemistry, Ligands, Models, Monoclonal, Monoclonal: chemistry, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical: methods, Protein Binding, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Receptors, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry},
	pages = {692--9},
}





@article{heim_engineering_1996,
	title = {Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {09609822},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5},
	doi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5},
	abstract = {Background: Variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with different colors would be very useful for simultaneous comparisons of multiple protein fates, developmental lineages and gene expression levels. The simplest way to shift the emission color of GFP is to substitute histidine or tryptophan for the tyrosine in the chromophore, but such blue-shifted point mutants are only dimly fluorescent. The longest wavelengths previously reported for the excitation and emission peaks of GFP mutants are 488 and 511 nm, respectively. Results Additional substitutions, mainly in residues 145–163, have improved the brightness of the blue-shifted GFP mutants with histidine and tryptophan in place of tyrosine 66. Separate mutations have pushed the excitation and emission peaks of the most red-shifted mutant to 504 and 514 nm, respectively. At least three different colors of GFP mutants can now be cleanly distinguished from each other under the microscope, using appropriate filter sets. A fusion protein consisting of linked blue- and green-fluorescent proteins exhibits fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which is disrupted by proteolytic cleavage of the linker between the two domains. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the production of more and better GFP variants is possible and worthwhile. The production of such variants facilitates multicolor imaging of differential gene expression, protein localization or cell fate. Fusions between mutants of different colors may be useful substrates for the continuous in situ assay of proteases. Demonstration of energy transfer between GFP variants is an important step towards a general method for monitoring the mutual association of fusion proteins.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Heim, Roger and Tsien, Roger Y},
	month = feb,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {178--182},
}





@article{kumar_estrogen_1988,
	title = {The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer.},
	volume = {55},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3167974},
	abstract = {Extracts containing wild-type or mutant human estrogen receptor (ER) have been used to study the binding of ER to its responsive element (ERE). Estradiol (E2) or the antiestrogen hydroxytamoxifen is required for ER binding as assayed by gel retardation. The DNA binding domain (DBD) encompasses the highly conserved region C. Both intact ER-E2 complexes and ER mutants truncated for the hormone binding domain (HBD) bind as dimers to an ERE. However, an HBD-truncated ER binds less tightly to an ERE than an intact ER-E2 complex. The DBD and HBD contain a constitutive and a stronger ER-induced dimerization function, respectively. Thus, in addition to inducing the activation function associated with the HBD, estrogen plays a crucial role in the formation of stable ER dimers that bind tightly to ERE.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Cell},
	author = {Kumar, V and Chambon, P},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {*metabolism, Binding Sites, DNA, DNA Probes, Humans, Ligands, Macromolecular Substances, Receptors, analogs \& derivatives, cell line, chromosome deletion, estradiol, estrogen, genetics, metabolism, methylation, tamoxifen},
	pages = {145--156},
}





@article{yasui_functional_2011,
	title = {Functional importance of covalent homodimer of reelin protein linked via its central region.},
	volume = {286},
	issn = {1083-351X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191},
	doi = {10.1074/jbc.M111.242719},
	abstract = {Reelin is a 3461-residue secreted glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development through its action on target neurons. Although it is known that functional reelin protein exists as multimer formed by interchain disulfide bond(s) as well as through non-covalent interactions, the chemical nature of the multimer assembly has been elusive. In the present study, we identified, among 122 cysteines present in full-length reelin, the single critical cysteine residue (Cys(2101)) responsible for the covalent multimerization. C2101A mutant reelin failed to assemble into disulfide-bonded multimers, whereas it still exhibited non-covalently associated high molecular weight oligomeric states in solution. Detailed analysis of tryptic fragments produced from the purified reelin proteins revealed that the minimum unit of the multimer is a homodimeric reelin linked via Cys(2101) present in the central region and that this cysteine does not connect to the N-terminal region of reelin, which had been postulated as the primary oligomerization domain. A surface plasmon resonance binding assay confirmed that C2101A mutant reelin retained binding capability toward two neuronal receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low density lipoprotein receptor. However, it failed to show signaling activity in the assay using the cultured neurons. These results indicate that an intact higher order architecture of reelin multimer maintained by both Cys(2101)-mediated homodimerization and other non-covalent association present elsewhere in the reelin primary structure are essential for exerting its full biological activity.},
	number = {40},
	journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
	author = {Yasui, Norihisa and Kitago, Yu and Beppu, Ayako and Kohno, Takao and Morishita, Shunsuke and Gomi, Hiroki and Nagae, Masamichi and Hattori, Mitsuharu and Takagi, Junichi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Amino Acid, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, CHO Cells, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Dimerization, Disulfides, Disulfides: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: metabolism, Humans, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: chemistry, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neuronal, Neuronal: chemistry, Neuronal: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Phosphorylation, Protein Binding, Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, Serine Endopeptidases, Serine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Serine Endopeptidases: metabolism, Signal Transduction, Tertiary, cell line},
	pages = {35247--56},
}





@article{tsien_fret_1993,
	title = {{FRET} for studying intracellular signalling},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {09628924},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J},
	doi = {10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Cell Biology},
	author = {Tsien, Roger Y. and Bacskai, Brian J. and Adams, Stephen R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {242--245},
}





@article{golmohammadi_crystal_1996,
	title = {The crystal structure of bacteriophage {Q}\${\textbackslash}beta\$ at 3.5 {\textbackslash}aa resolution},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {09692126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3},
	doi = {10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3},
	abstract = {Background: The capsid protein subunits of small RNA bacteriophages form a T=3 particle upon assembly and RNA encapsidation. Dimers of the capsid protein repress translation of the replicase gene product by binding to the ribosome binding site and this interaction is believed to initiate RNA encapsidation. We have determined the crystal structure of phage Q\${\textbackslash}beta\$ with the aim of clarifying which factors are the most important for particle assembly and RNA interaction in the small phages. Results The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q\${\textbackslash}beta\$ determined at 3.5 {\textbackslash}aa resolution shows that the capsid is stabilized by disulfide bonds on each side of the flexible loops that are situated around the fivefold and quasi-sixfold axes. As in other small RNA phages, the protein capsid is constructed from subunits which associate into dimers. A contiguous ten-stranded antiparallel \${\textbackslash}beta\$ sheet facing the RNA is formed in the dimer. The disulfide bonds lock the constituent dimers of the capsid covalently in the T=3 lattice. Conclusion The unusual stability of the Q\${\textbackslash}beta\$ particle is due to the tight dimer interactions and the disulfide bonds linking each dimer covalently to the rest of the capsid. A comparison with the structure of the related phage MS2 shows that although the fold of the Q\${\textbackslash}beta\$ coat protein is very similar, the details of the protein–protein interactions are completely different. The most conserved region of the protein is at the surface, which, in MS2, is involved in RNA binding.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Structure},
	author = {Golmohammadi, Roshan and Fridborg, Kerstin and Bundule, Maija and Valeg{\textbackslash}aa rd, Karin and Liljas, Lars},
	month = may,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {crystal structure, ms2, q\${\textbackslash}beta\$},
	pages = {543--554},
}





@article{peabody_subunit_1997,
	title = {Subunit fusion confers tolerance to peptide insertions in a virus coat protein.},
	volume = {347},
	issn = {0003-9861},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312},
	doi = {10.1006/abbi.1997.0312},
	abstract = {An octapeptide sequence called Flag was inserted into the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein at two different locations and its effects on protein folding and virus assembly were determined. Assays of the translational repressor and capsid assembly functions of the recombinants show that when the peptide is inserted at its N-terminus coat protein folds properly into the form that binds RNA (i.e., the dimer), but is defective for capsid assembly. On the other hand, a recombinant protein which is expected to display the Flag insertion as a surface loop does not fold correctly and, as a consequence, is proteolytically degraded. Genetic fusion of the two subunits of the coat dimer results in a protein considerably more tolerant of these structural perturbations and mostly corrects the defects accompanying Flag peptide insertion. Increased resistance of the single-chain coat protein to urea denaturation indicates that the fused dimer is substantially more stable than wild type. Covalent joining of subunits of oligomers probably represents a general strategy for engineering increased protein stability.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Archives of biochemistry and biophysics},
	author = {Peabody, D S},
	month = nov,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Agar Gel, Agarose, Amino Acid Sequence, Blotting, Capsid, Capsid Proteins, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: genetics, Capsid: metabolism, Chromatography, Dimerization, Electrophoresis, Levivirus, Levivirus: physiology, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Peptides: metabolism, Plasmids, Polyacrylamide Gel, Protein Conformation, Protein Denaturation, Protein Folding, RNA-Binding Proteins, RNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, RNA-Binding Proteins: genetics, RNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Urea, Virus Assembly, Western},
	pages = {85--92},
}





@article{marianayagam_power_2004,
	title = {The power of two: protein dimerization in biology.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0968-0004},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006},
	abstract = {The self-association of proteins to form dimers and higher-order oligomers is a very common phenomenon. Recent structural and biophysical studies show that protein dimerization or oligomerization is a key factor in the regulation of proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, receptors and transcription factors. In addition, self-association can help to minimize genome size, while maintaining the advantages of modular complex formation. Oligomerization, however, can also have deleterious consequences when nonnative oligomers associated with pathogenic states are generated. Specific protein dimerization is integral to biological function, structure and control, and must be under substantial selection pressure to be maintained with such frequency throughout biology.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Trends in biochemical sciences},
	author = {Marianayagam, Neelan J and Sunde, Margaret and Matthews, Jacqueline M},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Allosteric Regulation, Amyloid, Amyloid: chemistry, Amyloid: metabolism, Animals, Cell Membrane, Cell Membrane: metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, DNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Dimerization, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Molecular, Protein Structure, Protein Transport, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Proteins: metabolism, Quaternary},
	pages = {618--25},
}





@article{linsley_binding_1995,
	title = {Binding stoichiometry of the cytotoxic {T} lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 ({CTLA}-4). {A} disulfide-linked homodimer binds two {CD86} molecules.},
	volume = {270},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042},
	abstract = {CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologous T cell receptors of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which bind B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells and transmit important costimulatory signals during T cell activation. Here we have investigated the subunit structure of CTLA-4 and the stoichiometry of its binding to B7 molecules. We demonstrate CTLA-4 is a homodimer interconnected by one disulfide bond in the extracellular domain at cysteine residue 120. Each monomeric polypeptide chain of CTLA-4 contains a high affinity binding site for B7 molecules; soluble CTLA-4 and CD86 form complexes containing equimolar amounts of monomeric CTLA-4 and CD86 (i.e. a 2:2 molecular complex). Thus, CTLA-4 and probably CD28 have a receptor structure consisting of preexisting covalent homodimers with two binding sites. Dimerization of CTLA-4 and CD28 is not required for B7 binding, nor is it sufficient to trigger signaling.},
	number = {25},
	journal = {The Journal of Biological Chemistry},
	author = {Linsley, P S and Nadler, S G and Bajorath, J and Peach, R and Leung, H T and Rogers, J and Bradshaw, J and Stebbins, M and Leytze, G and Brady, W},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {15417--15424},
}





@article{silva_monomeric_2006,
	title = {From monomeric to homodimeric endonucleases and back: engineering novel specificity of {LAGLIDADG} enzymes.},
	volume = {361},
	issn = {0022-2836},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063},
	abstract = {Monomeric homing endonucleases of the LAGLIDADG family recognize DNA in a bipartite manner, reflecting the underlying structural assembly of two protein domains (A and B) related by pseudo 2-fold symmetry. This architecture allows for changes in DNA specificity via the distinct combination of these half-site domains. The key to engineering such hybrid proteins lies in the LAGLIDADG two-helix bundle that forms both the domain interface and the endonuclease active site. In this study, we utilize domain A of the monomeric I-DmoI to demonstrate the feasibility of generating functional homodimeric endonucleases that recognize palindromic DNA sequences derived from the original, non-palindromic target. Wild-type I-DmoI domain A is capable of forming a homodimer (H-DmoA) that binds tightly to, but does not cleave efficiently, its anticipated DNA target. Partial restoration of DNA cleavage ability was obtained by re-engineering the LAGLIDADG dimerization interface (H-DmoC). Upon fusing two copies of H-DmoC via a short peptide linker, a novel, site-specific DNA endonuclease was created (H-DmoC2). Like I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 is thermostable and cleaves the new target DNA to generate the predicted 4 nt 3'-OH overhangs but, unlike I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 retains stringent cleavage specificity when substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ as co-factor. This novel endonuclease allows speculation regarding specificity of monomeric LAGLIDADG proteins, while it supports the evolutionary genesis of these proteins by a gene duplication event.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of molecular biology},
	author = {Silva, George H and Belfort, Marlene and Wende, Wolfgang and Pingoud, Alfred},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA: chemistry, DNA: metabolism, Deoxyribonucleases, Dimerization, Models, Molecular, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Protein Engineering, Protein Structure, Secondary, Substrate Specificity, Tertiary, Type I Site-Specific, Type I Site-Specific: chemistr},
	pages = {744--54},
}





@article{smith_bitis_1992,
	title = {Bitis arietans nerve growth factor is a disulphide-linked homodimer.},
	volume = {103},
	abstract = {1. Nerve growth factor from Bitis arietans venom was isolated in high yield and purified to homogeneity using a rapid two-step procedure involving gel exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. 2. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS, the NGF migrates as a 25 kDa homodimer and is thus atypical of other Viperid NGFs. 3. Evidence suggests that, unlike mammalian beta NGFs, the subunits of the Bitis arietans homodimer are covalently linked by a disulphide bond(s). 4. Partial sequence analysis shows that only 6 out of the first 21 amino acids are identical with those of cobra NGF including cys-14 and val-21 which are known to be important for NGF activity.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry},
	author = {Smith, P J and Brandt, W F and Stickells, B J and Von Holt, C},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {neurotrophin, ngf},
	pages = {975--980},
}





@article{levary_protein-protein_2011,
	title = {Protein-protein fusion catalyzed by sortase {A}.},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018342},
	abstract = {Chimeric proteins boast widespread use in areas ranging from cell biology to drug delivery. Post-translational protein fusion using the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A provides an attractive alternative when traditional gene fusion fails. We describe use of this enzyme for in vitro protein ligation and report the successful fusion of 10 pairs of protein domains with preserved functionality–demonstrating the robust and facile nature of this reaction.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Levary, David A and Parthasarathy, Ranganath and Boder, Eric T and Ackerman, Margaret E},
	editor = {Najbauer, Joseph},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Aminoacyltransferases, Aminoacyltransferases: chemistry, Aminoacyltransferases: metabolism, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: chemistry, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Biocatalysis, Cysteine Endopeptidases, Cysteine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Cysteine Endopeptidases: metabolism, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Structure, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Tertiary},
	pages = {e18342},
}





@book{rousseau_implications_2000,
	title = {Implications of {3D} {Domain} {Swapping} for {Protein} {Folding}, {Misfolding} and {Function}},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/},
	publisher = {Landes Bioscience},
	author = {Rousseau, Frederic and Schymkowitz, Joost and Itzhaki, Laura},
	year = {2000},
}





@article{teske_changes_2007,
	title = {Changes in retention behavior of fluorescently labeled proteins during ion-exchange chromatography caused by different protein surface labeling positions},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {00063592},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf},
	doi = {10.1002/bit.21374},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biotechnology and Bioengineering},
	author = {Teske, Christopher A. and Simon, Robert and Niebisch, Axel and Hubbuch, Jürgen},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {193--200},
}





@article{caldeira_stability_2007,
	title = {Stability and assembly in vitro of bacteriophage {PP7} virus-like particles},
	volume = {5},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	abstract = {Background: The stability of a virus-like particle (VLP) is an important consideration for its use in nanobiotechnology. The icosahedral capsid of the RNA bacteriophage PP7 is cross-linked by disulfide bonds between coat protein dimers at its 5-fold and quasi-6-fold symmetry axes. This work determined the effects of these disulfides on the VLP's thermal stability. Results: Measurements of the thermal denaturation behavior of PP7 VLPs in the presence and absence of a reducing agent show that disulfide cross-links substantially stabilize them against thermal denaturation. Although dimers in the capsid are linked to one another by disulfides, the two subunits of dimers themselves are held together only by non-covalent interactions. In an effort to confer even greater stability a new cross-link was introduced by genetically fusing two coat protein monomers, thus producing a "single-chain dimer" that assembles normally into a completely cross-linked VLP. However, subunit fusion failed to increase the thermal stability of the particles, even though it stabilized the isolated dimer. As a step toward gaining control of the internal composition of the capsid, conditions that promote the assembly of PP7 coat protein dimers into virus-like particles in vitro were established. Conclusion: The presence of inter-dimer disulfide bonds greatly stabilizes the PP7 virus-like particle against thermal denaturation. Covalently cross-linking the subunits of the dimers themselves by genetically fusing them through a dipeptide linker sequence, offers no further stabilization of the VLP, although it does stabilize the dimer. PP7 capsids readily assemble in vitro in a reaction that requires RNA.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Nanobiotechnology},
	author = {Caldeira, Jerri C and Peabody, David S},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {10},
}





@article{pingoud_structure_2001,
	title = {Structure and function of type {II} restriction endonucleases.},
	volume = {29},
	url = {http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short},
	abstract = {More than 3000 type II restriction endonucleases have been discovered. They recognize short, usually palindromic, sequences of 48 bp and, in the presence of Mg2+, cleave the DNA within or in close proximity to the recognition sequence. The orthodox type II enzymes are homodimers which recognize palindromic sites. Depending on particular features subtypes are classified. All structures of restriction enzymes show a common structural core comprising four \${\textbackslash}beta\$-strands and one \${\textbackslash}alpha\$-helix. Furthermore, two families of enzymes can be distinguished which are structurally very similar (EcoRI-like enzymes and EcoRV-like enzymes). Like other DNA binding proteins, restriction enzymes are capable of non-specific DNA binding, which is the prerequisite for efficient target site location by facilitated diffusion. Non-specific binding usually does not involve interactions with the bases but only with the DNA backbone. In contrast, specific binding is characterized by an intimate interplay between direct (interaction with the bases) and indirect (interaction with the backbone) readout. Typically 1520 hydrogen bonds are formed between a dimeric restriction enzyme and the bases of the recognition sequence, in addition to numerous van der Waals contacts to the bases and hydrogen bonds to the backbone, which may also be water mediated. The recognition process triggers large conformational changes of the enzyme and the DNA, which lead to the activation of the catalytic centers. In many restriction enzymes the catalytic centers, one in each subunit, are represented by the PD . . . D/EXK motif, in which the two carboxylates are responsible for Mg2+ binding, the essential cofactor for the great majority of enzymes. The precise mechanism of cleavage has not yet been established for any enzyme, the main uncertainty concerns the number of Mg2+ ions directly involved in cleavage. Cleavage in the two strands usually occurs in a concerted fashion and leads to inversion of configuration at the phosphorus. The products of the reaction are DNA fragments with a 3-OH and a 5-phosphate.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
	author = {Pingoud, Alfred and Jeltsch, Albert},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {3705--3727},
}













@article{li_single-chain_2004,
	title = {Single-{Chain} {Estrogen} {Receptors} ({ERs}) {Reveal} {That} the {ERα}/Β {Heterodimer} {Emulates} {Functions} of the {ERα} {Dimer} in {Genomic} {Estrogen} {Signaling} {Pathways}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0270-7306, 1098-5549},
	url = {http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681},
	doi = {10.1128/MCB.24.17.7681-7694.2004},
	abstract = {The effects of estrogens, particularly 17β-estradiol (E2), are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ. Upon binding to E2, ERs homo- and heterodimerize when coexpressed. The ER dimer then regulates the transcription of target genes through estrogen responsive element (ERE)-dependent and -independent pathways that constitute genomic estrogen signaling. Although ERα and ERβ have similar ERE and E2 binding properties, they display different transregulatory capacities in both ERE-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. It is therefore likely that the heterodimerization provides novel functions to ERs by combining distinct properties of the contributing partners. The elucidation of the role of the ER heterodimer is critical for the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of E2 signaling. However, differentially determining target gene responses during cosynthesis of ER subtypes is difficult, since dimers formed are a heterogeneous population of homo- and heterodimers. To circumvent the pivotal dimerization step in ER action and hence produce a homogeneous ER heterodimer population, we utilized a genetic fusion strategy. We joined the cDNAs of ERα and/or ERβ to produce single-chain ERs to simulate the ER homo- and heterodimers. The fusion ERs interacted with ERE and E2 in a manner similar to that observed with the ER dimers. The homofusion receptors mimicked the functions of the parent ER dimers in the ERE-dependent and -independent pathways in transfected mammalian cells, whereas heterofusion receptors emulated the transregulatory properties of the ERα dimer. These results suggest that ERα is the functionally dominant partner in the ERα/β heterodimer.},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Molecular and Cellular Biology},
	author = {Li, Xiaodong and Huang, Jing and Yi, Ping and Bambara, Robert A. and Hilf, Russell and Muyan, Mesut},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {7681--7694},
}









@incollection{ausubel_expression_2001,
	address = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},
	title = {Expression and {Purification} of {Maltose}-{Binding} {Protein} {Fusions}},
	isbn = {0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0},
	url = {http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	booktitle = {Current {Protocols} in {Molecular} {Biology}},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	author = {Riggs, Paul},
	editor = {Ausubel, Frederick M. and Brent, Roger and Kingston, Robert E. and Moore, David D. and Seidman, J.G. and Smith, John A. and Struhl, Kevin},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
}









@incollection{ausubel_use_2001,
	address = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},
	title = {Use of the               {A}. {Victoria}               {Green} {Fluorescent} {Protein} to {Study} {Protein} {Dynamics} in {Vivo}},
	isbn = {0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0},
	url = {http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	booktitle = {Current {Protocols} in {Molecular} {Biology}},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	author = {Kahana, Jason A. and Silver, Pam A.},
	editor = {Ausubel, Frederick M. and Brent, Roger and Kingston, Robert E. and Moore, David D. and Seidman, J.G. and Smith, John A. and Struhl, Kevin},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
}

















@article{geddes_metal-enhanced_2003,
	title = {Metal-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} ({MEF}) {Due} to {Silver} {Colloids} on a {Planar} {Surface}:  {Potential} {Applications} of {Indocyanine} {Green} to in {Vivo} {Imaging}†},
	volume = {107},
	issn = {1089-5639},
	shorttitle = {Metal-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} ({MEF}) {Due} to {Silver} {Colloids} on a {Planar} {Surface}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q},
	doi = {10.1021/jp022040q},
	abstract = {We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.
We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.},
	number = {18},
	journal = {J. Phys. Chem. A},
	author = {Geddes, Chris D. and Cao, Haishi and Gryczynski, Ignacy and Gryczynski, Zygmunt and Fang, Jiyu and Lakowicz, Joseph R.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3443--3449},
}













@article{tovmachenko_fluorescence_2006,
	title = {Fluorescence {Enhancement} by {Metal}‐{Core}/{Silica}‐{Shell} {Nanoparticles}},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim},
	issn = {1521-4095},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/adma.200500451},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Advanced Materials},
	author = {Tovmachenko, O. G. and Graf, C. and van den Heuvel, D. J. and van Blaaderen, A. and Gerritsen, H. C.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Fluorescence, Nanoparticles, Surface plasmon resonance, core‐shell, metal, silica},
	pages = {91--95},
}













@article{cady_optimized_2007,
	title = {Optimized linkage and quenching strategies for quantum dot molecular beacons},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0890-8508},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2006.09.001},
	abstract = {Quantum dot (QD) molecular beacons were explored for sequence-specific DNA detection. The effectiveness of multiple linkage strategies and fluorescence quenchers were compared in hybridization-based assays. To compare linkage strategies, covalent amide linkage and streptavidin–biotin binding were used to link semiconductor QDs to molecular beacon DNA. Amide-linked beacons showed a 57\% greater fluorescence increase than streptavidin-linked beacons when hybridized to 200\&\#xa0;pmol of target DNA. The specificity of the molecular beacons, however, was similar for both linkage methods. Hybridization of both QD molecular beacons with non-complementary target DNA resulted in approximately 50\% lower fluorescence intensity than hybridization with complementary DNA. The effectiveness of different quencher moieties was also evaluated. Iowa Black and 1.4\&\#xa0;nm Nanogold-quenched molecular beacons exhibited approximately 2-fold greater fluorescence increases than dabcyl-quenched beacons when hybridized to complementary target. Specificity for target DNA was also confirmed through hybridization assays with non-complementary DNA. To provide insight into differences between the QD molecular beacons and the linkage strategies used, the hydrodynamic radius of each was measured. These measurements indicated that the larger radius of the streptavidin QDs (13.5\&\#xa0;nm) than the carboxyl QDs (7\&\#xa0;nm) could have a negative effect on FRET-based quenching for QD molecular beacons. These data outline the importance of choosing proper linkage methods and quencher moieties for creating high-quality QD molecular beacons.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes},
	author = {Cady, Nathaniel C. and Strickland, Aaron D. and Batt, Carl A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Biosensor, DNA, Detection, Molecular beacon, Quantum dots},
	pages = {116--124},
}













@article{eustis_why_2006,
	title = {Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: {Noble} metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1460-4744},
	shorttitle = {Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e},
	doi = {10.1039/B514191E},
	abstract = {This presents an introduction to the field of noble metal nanoparticles and their current applications. The origin of the surface plasmon resonance and synthesis procedures are described. A number of applications are presented that take advantage of the electromagnetic field enhancement of the radiative properties},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Chemical Society Reviews},
	author = {Eustis, Susie and El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {209--217},
}













@article{aslan_metal-enhanced_2005,
	title = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence: an emerging tool in biotechnology},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0958-1669},
	shorttitle = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029},
	doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2005.01.001},
	abstract = {Over the past 15 years, fluorescence has become the dominant detection/sensing technology in medical diagnostics and biotechnology. Although fluorescence is a highly sensitive technique, where single molecules can readily be detected, there is still a drive for reduced detection limits. The detection of a fluorophore is usually limited by its quantum yield, autofluorescence of the samples and/or the photostability of the fluorophores; however, there has been a recent explosion in the use of metallic nanostructures to favorably modify the spectral properties of fluorophores and to alleviate some of these fluorophore photophysical constraints. The use of fluorophore–metal interactions has been termed radiative decay engineering, metal-enhanced fluorescence or surface-enhanced fluorescence.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Biotechnology},
	author = {Aslan, Kadir and Gryczynski, Ignacy and Malicka, Joanna and Matveeva, Evgenia and Lakowicz, Joseph R and Geddes, Chris D},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {55--62},
}













@article{lakowicz_radiative_2001,
	title = {Radiative {Decay} {Engineering}: {Biophysical} and {Biomedical} {Applications}},
	volume = {298},
	issn = {0003-2697},
	shorttitle = {Radiative {Decay} {Engineering}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771},
	doi = {10.1006/abio.2001.5377},
	abstract = {Fluorescence spectroscopy is a widely used research tool in biochemistry and molecular biology. Fluorescence has also become the dominant method enabling the revolution in medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, and genomics. To date all the fluorescence observables, including spectral shifts, anisotropies, quantum yields, and lifetimes, have all been utilized in basic and applied uses of fluorescence. In this forward-looking article we describe a new opportunity in fluorescence, radiative decay engineering (RDE). By RDE we mean modifying the emission of fluorophores or chromophores by increasing or decreasing their radiative decay rates. In most fluorescence experiments the radiative rates are not changed because these rates depend on the extinction coefficient of the fluorophore. This intrinsic rate is not changed by quenching and is only weakly dependent on environmental effects. Spectral changes are usually caused by changes in the nonradiative rates resulting from quenching or resonance energy transfer. These processes affect the emission by providing additional routes for decay of the excited states without emission. In contrast to the relatively constant radiative rates in free solution, it is known that the radiative rates can be modified by placing the fluorophores at suitable distances from metallic surfaces and particles. This Review summarizes results from the physics literature which demonstrate the effects of metallic surfaces, colloids, or islands on increasing or decreasing emissive rates, increasing the quantum yields of low quantum yield chromophores, decreasing the lifetimes, and directing the typically isotropic emission in specific directions. These effects are not due to reflection of the emitted photons, but rather as the result of the fluorophore dipole interacting with free electrons in the metal. These interactions change the intensity and temporal and spatial distribution of the radiation. We describe the unusual effects expected from increases in the radiative rates with reference to intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical fluorophores. For instance, the decreased lifetime can result in an effective increase in photostability. Proximity to nearby metallic surfaces can also increase the local field and modify the rate of excitation. We predict that the appropriate localization of fluorophores near particles can result in usefully high emission from “nonfluorescent” molecules and million-fold increases in the number of photons observable from each fluorophore. We also describe how RDE can be applied to medical testing and biotechnology. As one example we predict that nearby metal surfaces can be used to increase the low intrinsic quantum yields of nucleic acids and make unlabeled DNA detectable using its intrinsic metal-enhanced fluorescence.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Analytical Biochemistry},
	author = {Lakowicz, Joseph R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1--24},
}

















@article{jennings_fluorescent_2006,
	title = {Fluorescent {Lifetime} {Quenching} near d = 1.5 nm {Gold} {Nanoparticles}:  {Probing} {NSET} {Validity}},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	shorttitle = {Fluorescent {Lifetime} {Quenching} near d = 1.5 nm {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0583665},
	abstract = {The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.
The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Jennings, T. L. and Singh, M. P. and Strouse, G. F.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {5462--5467},
}

















@article{singh_involvement_2010,
	title = {Involvement of the {LSPR} {Spectral} {Overlap} for {Energy} {Transfer} between a {Dye} and {Au} {Nanoparticle}},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128},
	doi = {10.1021/ja1022128},
	abstract = {Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.
Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.},
	number = {27},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Singh, Mani Prabha and Strouse, Geoffrey F.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {9383--9391},
}

















@article{fu_plasmon-enhanced_2010,
	title = {Plasmon-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} from {Single} {Fluorophores} {End}-{Linked} to {Gold} {Nanorods}},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237},
	doi = {10.1021/ja9096237},
	abstract = {We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.
We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.},
	number = {16},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Fu, Yi and Zhang, Jian and Lakowicz, Joseph R.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {5540--5541},
}









@article{shimizu_surface-enhanced_2002,
	title = {Surface-{Enhanced} {Emission} from {Single} {Semiconductor} {Nanocrystals}},
	volume = {89},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401},
	abstract = {The fluorescence behavior of single CdSe(ZnS) core-shell nanocrystal (NC) quantum dots is dramatically affected by electromagnetic interactions with a rough metal film. Observed changes include a fivefold increase in the observed fluorescence intensity of single NCs, a striking reduction in their fluorescence blinking behavior, complete conversion of the emission polarization to linear, and single NC exciton lifetimes that are {\textgreater}103 times faster. The enhanced excited state decay process for NCs coupled to rough metal substrates effectively competes with the Auger relaxation process, allowing us to observe both charged and neutral exciton emission from these NC quantum dots.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Shimizu, K. T. and Woo, W. K. and Fisher, B. R. and Eisler, H. J. and Bawendi, M. G.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {117401},
}









@article{dulkeith_fluorescence_2002,
	title = {Fluorescence {Quenching} of {Dye} {Molecules} near {Gold} {Nanoparticles}: {Radiative} and {Nonradiative} {Effects}},
	volume = {89},
	shorttitle = {Fluorescence {Quenching} of {Dye} {Molecules} near {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002},
	abstract = {The radiative and nonradiative decay rates of lissamine dye molecules, chemically attached to differently sized gold nanoparticles, are investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence experiments. A pronounced fluorescence quenching is observed already for the smallest nanoparticles of 1 nm radius. The quenching is caused not only by an increased nonradiative rate but, equally important, by a drastic decrease in the dye’s radiative rate. Assuming resonant energy transfer to be responsible for the nonradiative decay channel, we compare our experimental findings with theoretical results derived from the Gersten-Nitzan model.},
	number = {20},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Dulkeith, E. and Morteani, A. C. and Niedereichholz, T. and Klar, T. A. and Feldmann, J. and Levi, S. A. and van Veggel, F. C. J. M. and Reinhoudt, D. N. and Möller, M. and Gittins, D. I.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {203002},
}













@article{gueroui_single-molecule_2004,
	title = {Single-{Molecule} {Measurements} of {Gold}-{Quenched} {Quantum} {Dots}},
	volume = {93},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108},
	abstract = {We report the study of the quenching of quantum dots (CdSe) by gold nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. Double-stranded DNA is used as a rigid spacer to tune the distance between the two nanoparticles. The width of the fluorescent intensity distribution, monitored at different interparticle distances, reflects both the nanoparticle heterogeneity and the fluorescence intermittency of the quantum dot. The fluorescence distribution emitted by single CdSe nanocrystals can easily be distinguished from the fluorescence of partially quenched CdSe. Our results show that the distance-dependence quenching is compatible with a Förster-type process.},
	number = {16},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Gueroui, Zoher and Libchaber, Albert},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {166108},
}

















@article{schneider_distance-dependent_2006,
	title = {Distance-{Dependent} {Fluorescence} {Quenching} on {Gold} {Nanoparticles} {Ensheathed} with {Layer}-by-{Layer} {Assembled} {Polyelectrolytes}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1530-6984},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s},
	doi = {10.1021/nl052441s},
	abstract = {We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.
We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Nano Lett.},
	author = {Schneider, Grégory and Decher, Gero and Nerambourg, Nicolas and Praho, Raïssa and Werts, Martinus H. V. and Blanchard-Desce, Mireille},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {530--536},
}

















@article{dulkeith_gold_2005,
	title = {Gold {Nanoparticles} {Quench} {Fluorescence} by {Phase} {Induced} {Radiative} {Rate} {Suppression}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1530-6984},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969},
	doi = {10.1021/nl0480969},
	abstract = {The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.
The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Nano Lett.},
	author = {Dulkeith, E. and Ringler, M. and Klar, T. A. and Feldmann, J. and Muñoz Javier, A. and Parak, W. J.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {585--589},
}

















@article{kulakovich_enhanced_2002,
	title = {Enhanced {Luminescence} of {CdSe} {Quantum} {Dots} on {Gold} {Colloids}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1530-6984},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k},
	doi = {10.1021/nl025819k},
	abstract = {We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.
We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Nano Lett.},
	author = {Kulakovich, Olga and Strekal, Natalya and Yaroshevich, Alexandr and Maskevich, Sergey and Gaponenko, Sergey and Nabiev, Igor and Woggon, Ulrike and Artemyev, Mikhail},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1449--1452},
}









@article{chhabra_distance-dependent_2009,
	title = {Distance-dependent interactions between gold nanoparticles and fluorescent molecules with {DNA} as tunable spacers},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0957-4484, 1361-6528},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201},
	doi = {10.1088/0957-4484/20/48/485201},
	number = {48},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Nanotechnology},
	author = {Chhabra, Rahul and Sharma, Jaswinder and Wang, Haining and Zou, Shengli and Lin, Su and Yan, Hao and Lindsay, Stuart and Liu, Yan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {485201},
}









@article{zin_surface-plasmon-enhanced_2009,
	title = {Surface-plasmon-enhanced fluorescence from periodic quantum dot arrays through distance control using biomolecular linkers},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0957-4484, 1361-6528},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305},
	doi = {10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015305},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2012-05-11},
	journal = {Nanotechnology},
	author = {Zin, Melvin T and Leong, Kirsty and Wong, Ngo-Yin and Ma, Hong and Sarikaya, Mehmet and Jen, Alex K-Y},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {015305},
}

















@article{beyer_hybrid_2011,
	title = {Hybrid {Nanostructures} for {Enhanced} {Light}-{Harvesting}: {Plasmon} {Induced} {Increase} in {Fluorescence} from {Individual} {Photosynthetic} {Pigment}–{Protein} {Complexes}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1530-6984},
	shorttitle = {Hybrid {Nanostructures} for {Enhanced} {Light}-{Harvesting}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h},
	doi = {10.1021/nl202772h},
	abstract = {We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.
We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Nano Lett.},
	author = {Beyer, Sebastian R. and Ullrich, Simon and Kudera, Stefan and Gardiner, Alastair T. and Cogdell, Richard J. and Köhler, Jürgen},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {4897--4901},
}





@article{rosi_nanostructures_2005,
	title = {Nanostructures in biodiagnostics.},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {0009-2665},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f},
	doi = {10.1021/cr030067f},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Chemical reviews},
	author = {Rosi, Nathaniel L and Mirkin, Chad A},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Biosensing Techniques, Models, Molecular, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Surface Properties},
	pages = {1547--62},
}





@article{mackowski_metal-enhanced_2008,
	title = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence of chlorophylls in single light-harvesting complexes.},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1530-6984},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o},
	doi = {10.1021/nl072854o},
	abstract = {Ensemble and single-molecule spectroscopy demonstrates that both emission and absorption of peridinin-chlorophyll-protein photosynthetic antennae can be largely enhanced through plasmonic interactions. We find up to 18-fold increase of the chlorophyll fluorescence for complexes placed near a silver metal layer. This enhancement, which leaves no measurable effects on the protein structure, is observed when exciting either chlorophyll or carotenoid and is attributed predominantly to an increase of the excitation rate in the antenna. The enhancement mechanism comes from plasmon-induced amplification of electromagnetic fields inside the complex. This result is an important step toward applying plasmonic nanostructures for controlling the optical response of complex biomolecules and improving the design and functioning of artificial light-harvesting systems.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Nano letters},
	author = {Mackowski, Sebastian and Wörmke, Stephan and Maier, Andreas J and Brotosudarmo, Tatas H P and Harutyunyan, Hayk and Hartschuh, Achim and Govorov, Alexander O and Scheer, Hugo and Bräuchle, Christoph},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Materials Testing, Metals, Metals: chemistry, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Particle Size, Spectrometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance: methods, surface plasmon resonance},
	pages = {558--64},
}





@article{baschong_small_1990,
	title = {Small colloidal gold conjugated to fab fragments or to immunoglobulin g as high-resolution labels for electron microscopy: {A} technical overview},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0741-0581},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405},
	doi = {10.1002/jemt.1060140405},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique},
	author = {Baschong, W. and Wrigley, N. G.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {313--323},
}





@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,
	title = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0947-6539},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261},
	doi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},
	abstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
	author = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},
	pages = {3735--40},
}





@article{daniel_gold_2004,
	title = {Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0009-2665},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&searchHistoryKey=},
	doi = {10.1021/cr030698+},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Chemical reviews},
	author = {Daniel, Marie-Christine and Astruc, Didier},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Biosensing Techniques, Catalysis, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Microspheres, Molecular Sequence Data, Nanotechnology, Oxidation-Reduction, Particle Size, gold},
	pages = {293--346},
}





@article{mokotoff_caution_2001,
	title = {Caution in the use of 2‐iminothiolane ({Traut}'s reagent) as a cross‐linking agent for peptides. {The} formation of {N}‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes with bombesin ({BN}) antagonist (d‐{Trp6},{Leu13}‐\${\textbackslash}psi\$[{CH2NH}]‐{Phe14}){BN6}−14 and d‐{Trp}‐{Gln}‐{Trp}‐{NH2}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1399-3011},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&t=gymlwcxh&s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be},
	doi = {10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: During a study aimed at generating a bispecific molecule between BN antagonist (d-Trp6,Leu13-\${\textbackslash}psi\$[CH2NH]-Phe14)BN6-14 (Antag1) and mAb22 (anti-Fc\${\textbackslash}gamma\$RI), we attempted to cross-link the two molecules by introducing a thiol group into Antag1 via 2-iminothiolane (2-IT, Traut's reagent). We found that reaction of Antag1 with 2-IT, when observed using HPLC, affords two products, but that the later eluting peptide is rapidly transformed into the earlier eluting peptide. To understand what was occurring we synthesized a model peptide, d-Trp-Gln-Trp-NH2 (TP1), the N-terminal tripeptide of Antag1. Reaction of TP1 with 2-IT for 5 min gave products 1a and 3a; the concentration of 1a decreased with reaction time, whereas that of 3a increased. Thiol 1a, the expected Traut product, was identified by collecting it in a vial containing N-methylmaleimide and then isolating the resultant Michael addition product 2a, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Thiol 1a is stable at acidic pH, but is unstable at pH 7.8, cyclizes and loses NH3 to give N-TP1-2-iminothiolane (3a), ES-MS (m/z) [602.1 (M+H)+], as well as regenerating TP1. Repeat reaction with Antag1 and 2-IT allowed us to isolate N-Antag1–2-iminothiolane (3b), FAB-MS (m/z) [1212.8 (M+H)+] and trap the normal Traut product 1b as its N-methylmaleimide Michael addition product 2b, ES-MS (m/z) [1340.8 (M+H)+]. Thiol 1b is also stable at acidic pH, but when neutralized is unstable and cyclizes, forming 3b and Antag1.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {The Journal of Peptide Research},
	author = {Mokotoff, M. and Mocarski, Y. M and Gentsch, B. L and Miller, M. and Zhou, J. ‐H and Chen, J. and Ball, E. D},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {2‐iminothiolane, N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes, Traut's reagent, bispecific molecules, cross‐linking agent, thiol trapping with N‐methylmaleimide},
	pages = {383--389},
}





@article{wijaya_selective_2009,
	title = {Selective release of multiple {DNA} oligonucleotides from gold nanorods.},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1936-086X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n},
	doi = {10.1021/nn800702n},
	abstract = {Combination therapy, or the use of multiple drugs, has been proven to be effective for complex diseases, but the differences in chemical properties and pharmacokinetics can be challenging in terms of the loading, delivering, and releasing multiple drugs. Here we demonstrate that we can load and selectively release two different DNA oligonucleotides from two different gold nanorods. DNA was loaded on the nanorods via thiol conjugation. Selective releases were induced by selective melting of gold nanorods via ultrafast laser irradiation at the nanorods' longitudinal surface plasmon resonance peaks. Excitation at one wavelength could selectively melt one type of gold nanorods and selectively release one type of DNA strand. Releases were efficient (50-80\%) and externally tunable by laser fluence. Released oligonucleotides were still functional. This proof of concept is potentially a powerful method for multiple-drug delivery strategies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {ACS nano},
	author = {Wijaya, Andy and Schaffer, Stefan B and Pallares, Ivan G and Hamad-Schifferli, Kimberly},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {DNA, DNA: chemistry, Drug Delivery Systems, Drug Design, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Lasers, Ligands, Metal Nanoparticles, Metal Nanoparticles: chemistry, Nanotubes, Nanotubes: chemistry, Oligonucleotides, Oligonucleotides: chemistry, Spectrometry, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Sulfhydryl Compounds: chemistry, Surface-Active Agents, gold, surface plasmon resonance},
	pages = {80--6},
}





@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,
	title = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0006-3495},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},
	doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},
	abstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biophysical journal},
	author = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \& purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},
	pages = {604--15},
}





@article{chen_plasmonic-enhanced_2009,
	title = {Plasmonic-enhanced polymer photovoltaic devices incorporating solution-processable metal nanoparticles},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {00036951},
	url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3174914},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	author = {Chen, Fang-Chung and Wu, Jyh-Lih and Lee, Chia-Ling and Hong, Yi and Kuo, Chun-Hong and Huang, Michael H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {buffer layers, current density, dissociation, excitons, gold, nanoparticles, photovoltaic cells, power conversion, surface plasmon resonance},
	pages = {013305},
}





@article{li_dna-templated_2004,
	title = {{DNA}-{Templated} {Self}-{Assembly} of {Protein} and {Nanoparticle} {Linear} {Arrays}},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0383367},
	abstract = {Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Li, Hanying and Park, Sung Ha and Reif, John H. and LaBean, Thomas H. and Yan, Hao},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {418--419},
}





@article{loweth_dna-based_1999,
	title = {{DNA}-{Based} {Assembly} of {Gold} {Nanocrystals}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
	author = {Loweth, Colin J. and Caldwell, W. Brett and Peng, Xiaogang and Alivisatos, A. Paul and Schultz, Peter G.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1808--1812},
}





@book{hermanson_bioconjugate_2008,
	title = {Bioconjugate {Techniques} ({Google} {eBook})},
	isbn = {0-12-370501-0},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&pgis=1},
	abstract = {Bioconjugate Techniques, 2e provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *A one-stop source for proven methods and protocols for synthesizing bioconjugates in the lab, allowing for fast retrieval of tried and tested techniques for synthesizing bioconjugates. *Step-by-step presentation makes the book an ideal source for researchers who are less familiar with the synthesis of bioconjugates. *Includes more than 600 figures that visually describe the complex reactions associated with the synthesis of bioconjugates, giving researchers a better understanding of how the commercially available reagents facilitate the crosslinking of peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *Includes entirely new chapters on the latest areas in the field of bioconjugation as follows: Microparticles and nanoparticles Silane coupling agents Dendrimers and dendrons Chemoselective ligation Quantum dots Lanthanide chelates Cyanine dyes Discrete PEG compounds Buckyballs, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes Mass tags and isotope tags Bioconjugation in the study of protein interactions},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Hermanson, Greg T.},
	year = {2008},
}





@article{sokolov_real-time_2003,
	title = {Real-{Time} {Vital} {Optical} {Imaging} of {Precancer} {Using} {Anti}-{Epidermal} {Growth} {Factor} {Receptor} {Antibodies} {Conjugated} to {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},
	volume = {63},
	url = {http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999},
	abstract = {Recent developments in photonic technology provide the ability to noninvasively image cells in vivo; these new cellular imaging technologies have the potential to dramatically improve the prevention, detection, and therapy of epithelial cancers. Endoscope-compatible microscopies, such as optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy, image reflected light, providing a three-dimensional picture of tissue microanatomy with excellent spatial resolution (1-10 \{micro\}m). However, their ability to image molecular biomarkers associated with cancer is limited. Here, we describe a new class of molecular specific contrast agents for vital reflectance imaging based on gold nanoparticles attached to probe molecules with high affinity for specific cellular biomarkers. The application of gold bioconjugates for vital imaging of precancers is demonstrated using cancer cell suspensions, three-dimensional cell cultures, and normal and neoplastic fresh cervical biopsies. We show that gold conjugates can be delivered topically for imaging throughout the whole epithelium. These contrast agents have potential to extend the ability of vital reflectance microscopies for in vivo molecular imaging. They can potentially enable combined screening, detection, and therapy of disease using inexpensive imaging systems; such tools could allow mass screening of diseases such as cancer in resource-poor settings.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Cancer Res.},
	author = {Sokolov, Konstantin and Follen, Michele and Aaron, Jesse and Pavlova, Ina and Malpica, Anais and Lotan, Reuben and Richards-Kortum, Rebecca},
	month = may,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1999--2004},
}





@article{warner_small_2000,
	title = {Small, {Water}-{Soluble}, {Ligand}-{Stabilized} {Gold} {Nanoparticles} {Synthesized} by {Interfacial} {Ligand} {Exchange} {Reactions}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0897-4756},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875},
	doi = {10.1021/cm0003875},
	abstract = {A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell. A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Chemistry of Materials},
	author = {Warner, Marvin G. and Reed, Scott M. and Hutchison, James E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {3316--3320},
}





@article{atwater_plasmonics_2010,
	title = {Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices.},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1476-1122},
	shorttitle = {Nat {Mater}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629},
	doi = {10.1038/nmat2629},
	abstract = {The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Nature materials},
	author = {Atwater, Harry A and Polman, Albert},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {205--13},
}





@article{mayer_localized_2011,
	title = {Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors.},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {1520-6890},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v},
	doi = {10.1021/cr100313v},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Chemical reviews},
	author = {Mayer, Kathryn M and Hafner, Jason H},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {3828--57},
}





@article{ackerson_rigid_2006,
	title = {Rigid, {Specific}, and {Discrete} {Gold} {Nanoparticle}/{Antibody} {Conjugates}},
	volume = {128},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0555668},
	abstract = {A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Ackerson, Christopher J. and Jadzinsky, Pablo D. and Jensen, Grant J. and Kornberg, Roger D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2635--2640},
}





@article{ackerson_rigid_2006,
	title = {Rigid, {Specific}, and {Discrete} {Gold} {Nanoparticle}/{Antibody} {Conjugates}},
	volume = {128},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0555668},
	abstract = {A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Ackerson, Christopher J. and Jadzinsky, Pablo D. and Jensen, Grant J. and Kornberg, Roger D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2635--2640},
}





@article{shankar_enhanced_2009,
	title = {Enhanced harvesting of red photons in nanowire solar cells: evidence of resonance energy transfer.},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1936-086X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x},
	doi = {10.1021/nn900090x},
	abstract = {Modern excitonic solar cells efficiently harvest photons in the 350-650 nm spectral range; however, device efficiencies are typically limited by poor quantum yields for red and near-infrared photons. Using Forster-type resonance energy transfer from zinc phthalocyanine donor molecules to ruthenium polypyridine complex acceptors, we demonstrate a four-fold increase in quantum yields for red photons in dye-sensitized nanowire array solar cells. The dissolved donor and surface anchored acceptor molecules are not tethered to each other, through either a direct chemical bond or a covalent linker layer. The spatial confinement of the electrolyte imposed by the wire-to-wire spacing of the close-packed nanowire array architecture ensures that the distances between a significant fraction of donors and acceptors are within a Förster radius. The critical distance for energy transfer from an isolated donor chromophore to a self-assembled monolayer of acceptors on a plane follows the inverse fourth power instead of the inverse sixth power relation. Consequently, we observe near quantitative energy transfer efficiencies in our devices. Our results represent a new design paradigm in excitonic solar cells and show it is possible to more closely match the spectral response of the device to the AM 1.5 solar spectrum through use of electronic energy transfer.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {ACS nano},
	author = {Shankar, Karthik and Feng, Xinjian and Grimes, Craig A},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {788--94},
}





@article{miller_impact_2010,
	title = {Impact of assembly state on the defect tolerance of {TMV}-based light harvesting arrays.},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {1520-5126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z},
	doi = {10.1021/ja909566z},
	abstract = {Self-assembling, light harvesting arrays of organic chromophores can be templated using the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP). The efficiency of energy transfer within systems containing a high ratio of donors to acceptors shows a strong dependence on the TMVP assembly state. Rod and disk assemblies derived from a single stock of chromophore-labeled protein exhibit drastically different levels of energy transfer, with rods significantly outperforming disks. The origin of the superior transfer efficiency was probed through the controlled introduction of photoinactive conjugates into the assemblies. The efficiency of the rods showed a linear dependence on the proportion of deactivated chromophores, suggesting the availability of redundant energy transfer pathways that can circumvent defect sites. Similar disk-based systems were markedly less efficient at all defect levels. To examine these differences further, the brightness of donor-only systems was measured as a function of defect incorporation. In rod assemblies, the photophysical properties of the donor chromophores showed a significant dependence on the number of defects. These differences can be partly attributed to vertical energy transfer events in rods that occur more rapidly than the horizontal transfers in disks. Using these geometries and the previously measured energy transfer rates, computational models were developed to understand this behavior in more detail and to guide the optimization of future systems. These simulations have revealed that significant differences in excited state dissipation rates likely also contribute to the greater efficiency of the rods and that statistical variations in the assembly process play a more minor role.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Miller, Rebekah A and Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and McFarland, Jesse M and Rosko, Andrew S and Geissler, Phillip L and Francis, Matthew B},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photobleaching, Protein Array Analysis, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry},
	pages = {6068--74},
}





@article{ajayaghosh_molecular_2007,
	title = {Molecular {Wire} {Encapsulated} into \${\textbackslash}pi\$ {Organogels}: {Efficient} {Supramolecular} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Antennae} with {Color}-{Tunable} {Emission}},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {00448249},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925},
	doi = {10.1002/ange.200701925},
	number = {33},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie},
	author = {Ajayaghosh, Ayyappanpillai and Praveen, Vakayil K. and Vijayakumar, Chakkooth and George, Subi J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {6376--6381},
}





@article{stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009,
	title = {Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage {MS2}.},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1521-3773},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200902727},
	number = {50},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and Carrico, Zachary M and Francis, Matthew B},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry},
	pages = {9498--502},
}





@article{dutta_dna-directed_2011,
	title = {{DNA}-{Directed} {Artificial} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Antenna}},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138},
	doi = {10.1021/ja1115138},
	abstract = {Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy. Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy.},
	number = {31},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Dutta, Palash K. and Varghese, Reji and Nangreave, Jeanette and Lin, Su and Yan, Hao and Liu, Yan},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {11985--11993},
}





@article{kim_directing_2001,
	title = {Directing {Energy} {Transfer} within {Conjugated} {Polymer} {Thin} {Films}},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g},
	doi = {10.1021/ja016693g},
	number = {46},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Kim, Jinsang and McQuade, D. Tyler and Rose, Aimee and Zhu, Zhengguo and Swager, Timothy M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {11488--11489},
}





@article{ishizaki_quantum_2012,
	title = {Quantum {Coherence} in {Photosynthetic} {Light} {Harvesting}},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126},
	abstract = {Recent two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopic experiments revealed that electronic energy transfer in photosynthetic light harvesting involves long-lived quantum coherence among electronic excitations of pigments. These findings have led to the suggestion that quantum coherence might play a role in achieving the remarkable quantum efficiency of photosynthetic light harvesting. Further, this speculation has led to much effort being devoted to elucidation of the quantum mechanisms of the photosynthetic excitation energy transfer (EET). In this review, we provide an overview of recent experimental and theoretical investigations of photosynthetic electronic energy transfer, specifically addressing underlying mechanisms of the observed long-lived coherence and its potential roles in photosynthetic light harvesting. We close with some thoughts on directions for future developments in this area.},
	journal = {Condensed Matter Physics},
	author = {Ishizaki, Akihito and Fleming, Graham R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {electronic energy transfer, non-Markovian interplay between electronic excitat, pigment-protein complexes, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy},
	pages = {333--361},
}





@article{dedeo_viral_2011,
	title = {Viral capsids as self-assembling templates for new materials.},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {1878-0814},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9},
	abstract = {The self-assembling protein shells of viruses have provided convenient scaffolds for the construction of many new materials with well-defined nanoscale architectures. In some cases, the native amino acid functional groups have served as nucleation sites for the deposition of metals and semiconductors, leading to organic-inorganic composites with interesting electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. Other approaches have involved the covalent modification of the protein monomers, typically with the goal of generating targeting delivery vehicles for drug and imaging cargo. Covalently modified capsid proteins have also been used to generate periodic arrays of chromophores for use in light harvesting and photocatalytic applications. All of these research areas have taken advantage of the low polydispersity, high chemical stability, and intrinsically multivalent properties that are uniquely offered by these biological building blocks.},
	journal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},
	author = {Dedeo, Michel T and Finley, Daniel T and Francis, Matthew B},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Catalysis, Photosynthesis, Proteins, bioconjugation, capsids, drug delivery, light harvesting, medical imaging, nanoparticles, self-assembly, viruses},
	pages = {353--92},
}





@article{stein_single-molecule_2011,
	title = {Single-{Molecule} {Four}-{Color} {FRET} {Visualizes} {Energy}-{Transfer} {Paths} on {DNA} {Origami}},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464},
	doi = {10.1021/ja1105464},
	abstract = {Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Stein, Ingo H. and Steinhauer, Christian and Tinnefeld, Philip},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {4193--4195},
}





@article{chappaz-gillot_anisotropic_2012,
	title = {Anisotropic organization and microscopic manipulation of self-assembling synthetic porphyrin microrods that mimic chlorosomes: bacterial light-harvesting systems.},
	volume = {134},
	issn = {1520-5126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p},
	doi = {10.1021/ja203838p},
	abstract = {Being able to control in time and space the positioning, orientation, movement, and sense of rotation of nano- to microscale objects is currently an active research area in nanoscience, having diverse nanotechnological applications. In this paper, we demonstrate unprecedented control and maneuvering of rod-shaped or tubular nanostructures with high aspect ratios which are formed by self-assembling synthetic porphyrins. The self-assembly algorithm, encoded by appended chemical-recognition groups on the periphery of these porphyrins, is the same as the one operating for chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls (BChl's). Chlorosomes, rod-shaped organelles with relatively long-range molecular order, are the most efficient naturally occurring light-harvesting systems. They are used by green photosynthetic bacteria to trap visible and infrared light of minute intensities even at great depths, e.g., 100 m below water surface or in volcanic vents in the absence of solar radiation. In contrast to most other natural light-harvesting systems, the chlorosomal antennae are devoid of a protein scaffold to orient the BChl's; thus, they are an attractive goal for mimicry by synthetic chemists, who are able to engineer more robust chromophores to self-assemble. Functional devices with environmentally friendly chromophores-which should be able to act as photosensitizers within hybrid solar cells, leading to high photon-to-current conversion efficiencies even under low illumination conditions-have yet to be fabricated. The orderly manner in which the BChl's and their synthetic counterparts self-assemble imparts strong diamagnetic and optical anisotropies and flow/shear characteristics to their nanostructured assemblies, allowing them to be manipulated by electrical, magnetic, or tribomechanical forces.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Chappaz-Gillot, Cyril and Marek, Peter L and Blaive, Bruno J and Canard, Gabriel and Bürck, Jochen and Garab, Gyozo and Hahn, Horst and Jávorfi, Tamás and Kelemen, Loránd and Krupke, Ralph and Mössinger, Dennis and Ormos, Pál and Reddy, Chilla Malla and Roussel, Christian and Steinbach, Gábor and Szabó, Milán and Ulrich, Anne S and Vanthuyne, Nicolas and Vijayaraghavan, Aravind and Zupcanova, Anita and Balaban, Teodor Silviu},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {944--54},
}





@article{kumar_dna-based_2009,
	title = {{DNA}-based supramolecular artificial light harvesting complexes.},
	volume = {131},
	issn = {1520-5126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n},
	doi = {10.1021/ja904551n},
	abstract = {Solar radiation reaching this planet is distributed over a wide range of wavelengths, and efficient collection and conversion of solar energy requires light harvesting over multiple wavelengths. Yet, the design, synthesis, and testing of novel, efficient, inexpensive light harvesting complexes are lacking. Engineered protein-DNA complexes are used here to self-assemble donor and acceptor molecules into artificial light harvesting units with an association constant of 3.3 +/- 1.2 muM(-1). Excitation of the DNA-bound donors resulted in a 540\% increase in emission from the protein-bound acceptors, and the presence of one acceptor for each pair of donors was sufficient to quench approximately 50\% of donor emission. Successful self-assembly of DNA-based light harvesting units is expected to facilitate economic/efficient conversion of solar energy, and model systems to achieve this goal are demonstrated here. We anticipate that success along these lines would facilitate more efficient approaches for solar energy capture.},
	number = {44},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Kumar, Challa V and Duff, Michael R},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {DNA, Energy-Generating Resources, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: genetics, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Solar Energy},
	pages = {16024--6},
}





@article{choi_bioinspired_2004,
	title = {Bioinspired molecular design of light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200301665},
	abstract = {Recent progress in fundamental studies on multiporphyrin arrays has provided structural parameters for the molecular design of artificial light-harvesting antennae which mimic the wheel-like antenna complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Covalent and noncovalent approaches have been employed for the construction of artificial light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays. Such arrays are categorized into ring-shaped, windmill-shaped, star-shaped, and dendritic architectures. In particular, dendritic multiporphyrin arrays have been proven to be promising candidates for both providing a large absorption cross-section and enabling the vectorial transfer of energy over a long distance to a designated point. Such molecular and supramolecular systems are also expected to be potent components for molecular electronics and photonic devices.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Choi, Myung-Seok and Yamazaki, Tomoko and Yamazaki, Iwao and Aida, Takuzo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {150--8},
}





@article{scholes_lessons_2011,
	title = {Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting.},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1755-4349},
	shorttitle = {Nat {Chem}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145},
	doi = {10.1038/nchem.1145},
	abstract = {Solar fuel production often starts with the energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. For example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centres that then carry out the associated chemistry. In this Review, we describe the principles learned from studies of various natural antenna complexes and suggest how to elucidate strategies for designing light-harvesting systems. We envisage that such systems will be used for solar fuel production, to direct and regulate excitation energy flow using molecular organizations that facilitate feedback and control, or to transfer excitons over long distances. Also described are the notable properties of light-harvesting chromophores, spatial-energetic landscapes, the roles of excitonic states and quantum coherence, as well as how antennas are regulated and photoprotected.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Nature chemistry},
	author = {Scholes, Gregory D and Fleming, Graham R and Olaya-Castro, Alexandra and van Grondelle, Rienk},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photosystem I Protein Complex, Photosystem I Protein Complex: chemistry, Photosystem II Protein Complex, Photosystem II Protein Complex: chemistry, Quantum Theory, Solar Energy, Sunlight},
	pages = {763--74},
}





@article{nam_virus-templated_2010,
	title = {Virus-templated assembly of porphyrins into light-harvesting nanoantennae.},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {1520-5126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b},
	doi = {10.1021/ja908812b},
	abstract = {Biological molecules can be used as versatile templates for assembling nanoscale materials because of their unique structures and chemical diversities. Supramolecular organization of molecular pigments, as is found in the natural light-harvesting antenna, has drawn attention for its potential applications to sensors, photocatalytic systems, and photonic devices. Here we show the arrangement of molecular pigments into a one-dimensional light-harvesting antenna using M13 viruses as scaffolds. Chemical grafting of zinc porphyrins to M13 viruses induces distinctive spectroscopic changes, including fluorescence quenching, the extensive band broadening and small red shift of their absorption spectrum, and the shortened lifetime of the excited states. Based on these optical signatures we suggest a hypothetical model to explain the energy transfer occurring in the supramolecular porphyrin structures templated with the virus. We expect that further genetic engineering of M13 viruses can allow us to coassemble other functional materials (e.g., catalysts and electron transfer mediators) with pigments, implying potential applications to photochemical devices.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Nam, Yoon Sung and Shin, Taeho and Park, Heechul and Magyar, Andrew P and Choi, Katherine and Fantner, Georg and Nelson, Keith A and Belcher, Angela M},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Bacteriophage M13, Bacteriophage M13: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Fluorescence, Metalloporphyrins, Metalloporphyrins: analysis, Metalloporphyrins: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Photochemistry, Spectrometry},
	pages = {1462--3},
}





@article{kimura_dye_2012,
	title = {Dye {Molecules} for {Simple} {Co}-{Sensitization} {Process}: {Fabrication} of {Mixed}-{Dye}-{Sensitized} {Solar} {Cells}.},
	issn = {1521-3773},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.201108610},
	abstract = {Sensitive kind of dye: Co-sensitization of the TiO(2) electrode using PcS15 and the dye D131 results in a dramatic enhancement of the photocurrent response for the entire visible-light region. This method provides a simple design for accessing dye-sensitized solar cells.},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Kimura, Mutsumi and Nomoto, Hirotaka and Masaki, Naruhiko and Mori, Shogo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
}





@article{lee_light-harvesting_2011,
	title = {Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks ({MOFs}): efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based {MOFs}.},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {1520-5126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a},
	doi = {10.1021/ja206029a},
	abstract = {A pillared-paddlewheel type metal-organic framework material featuring bodipy- and porphyrin-based struts, and capable of harvesting light across the entire visible spectrum, has been synthesized. Efficient-essentially quantitative-strut-to-strut energy transfer (antenna behavior) was observed for the well-organized donor-acceptor assembly consituting the ordered MOF structure.},
	number = {40},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Lee, Chang Yeon and Farha, Omar K and Hong, Bong Jin and Sarjeant, Amy A and Nguyen, SonBinh T and Hupp, Joseph T},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Boron Compounds, Boron Compounds: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Models, Molecular, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry},
	pages = {15858--61},
}





@article{gilat_light_1999,
	title = {Light {Harvesting} and {Energy} {Transfer} in {Novel} {Convergently} {Constructed} {Dendrimers}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1422::AID-ANIE1422>3.0.CO;2-V},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1422::AID-ANIE1422>3.0.CO;2-V},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
	author = {Gilat, Sylvain L. and Adronov, Alex and Fréchet, Jean M. J.},
	month = may,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1422--1427},
}





@article{freer_pigmentpigment_1996,
	title = {Pigment–pigment interactions and energy transfer in the antenna complex of the photosynthetic bacterium {Rhodopseudomonas} acidophila},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {09692126},
	url = {http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0},
	doi = {10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00050-0},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Structure},
	author = {Freer, Andy and Prince, Steve and Sauer, Ken and Papiz, Miroslav and Lawless, Anna Hawthornthwaite and McDermott, Gerry and Cogdell, Richard and Isaacs, Neil W},
	month = apr,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {449--462},
}





@article{hardin_increased_2009,
	title = {Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1749-4885},
	shorttitle = {Nat {Photon}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2009.96},
	abstract = {Conventional dye-sensitized solar cells have excellent charge collection efficiencies, high open-circuit voltages and good fill factors. However, dye-sensitized solar cells do not completely absorb all of the photons from the visible and near-infrared domain and consequently have lower short-circuit photocurrent densities than inorganic photovoltaic devices. Here, we present a new design where high-energy photons are absorbed by highly photoluminescent chromophores unattached to the titania and undergo Förster resonant energy transfer to the sensitizing dye. This novel architecture allows for broader spectral absorption, an increase in dye loading, and relaxes the design requirements for the sensitizing dye. We demonstrate a 26\% increase in power conversion efficiency when using an energy relay dye (PTCDI) with an organic sensitizing dye (TT1). We estimate the average excitation transfer efficiency in this system to be at least 47\%. This system offers a viable pathway to develop more efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Hardin, Brian E. and Hoke, Eric T. and Armstrong, Paul B. and Yum, Jun-Ho and Comte, Pascal and Torres, Tomás and Fréchet, Jean M. J. and Nazeeruddin, Md Khaja and Grätzel, Michael and McGehee, Michael D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {406--411},
}





@article{hu_photosynthetic_2002,
	title = {Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1469-8994},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754},
	number = {01},
	journal = {Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics},
	author = {Hu, Xiche and Ritz, Thorsten and Damjanovic, Ana and Autenrieth, Felix and Schulten, Klaus},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1--62},
}





@article{seth_investigation_1994,
	title = {Investigation of {Electronic} {Communication} in {Multi}-{Porphyrin} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Arrays}},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027},
	doi = {10.1021/ja00102a027},
	number = {23},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Seth, Jyoti and Palaniappan, Vaithianathan and Johnson, Thomas E. and Prathapan, Sreedharan and Lindsey, Jonathan S. and Bocian, David F.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {10578--10592},
}





@article{nelson_complex_2004,
	title = {The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis.},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1471-0072},
	shorttitle = {Nat {Rev} {Mol} {Cell} {Biol}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525},
	doi = {10.1038/nrm1525},
	abstract = {Oxygenic photosynthesis is the principal producer of both oxygen and organic matter on earth. The primary step in this process - the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy - is driven by four, multisubunit, membrane-protein complexes that are known as photosystem I, photosystem II, cytochrome b(6)f and F-ATPase. Structural insights into these complexes are now providing a framework for the exploration not only of energy and electron transfer, but also of the evolutionary forces that shaped the photosynthetic apparatus.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},
	author = {Nelson, Nathan and Ben-Shem, Adam},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Algal Proteins, Algal Proteins: chemistry, Algal Proteins: metabolism, Animals, Chloroplasts, Chloroplasts: metabolism, Chloroplasts: ultrastructure, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: physiology, Light, Models, Molecular, Multienzyme Complexes, Oxygen, Oxygen: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plant Proteins, Plant Proteins: chemistry, Plant Proteins: metabolism, Protein Conformation, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: chemistry, Protein Subunits: metabolism, Protozoan Proteins, Protozoan Proteins: chemistry, Protozoan Proteins: metabolism},
	pages = {971--82},
}





@article{uetomo_efficient_2011,
	title = {Efficient light-harvesting antenna with a multi-porphyrin cascade.},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {1520-5126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343},
	doi = {10.1021/ja2050343},
	abstract = {A light-harvesting antenna 1 comprising three varieties of porphyrins, each having a different number of ethynyl groups at its meso positions, was designed and synthesized. Antenna 1 exhibits intense absorption throughout the visible region up to 700 nm. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies showed that singlet-excited-state energy transfer occurs from the peripheral porphyrins to the central porphyrin with {\textgreater}90\% efficiency and rate constants on the order of 10(10) s(-1).},
	number = {34},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Uetomo, Atsuhiro and Kozaki, Masatoshi and Suzuki, Shuichi and Yamanaka, Ken-ichi and Ito, Osamu and Okada, Keiji},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {13276--9},
}





@article{ajayaghosh_pi-organogels_2007,
	title = {Pi-organogels of self-assembled p-phenylenevinylenes: soft materials with distinct size, shape, and functions.},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0001-4842},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364},
	doi = {10.1021/ar7000364},
	abstract = {This Account is focused on the self-assembly of p-phenylenevinylenes, a linear pi-system, which has been extensively studied over the years due to both fundamental and technological importance. A serendipitous observation of the gelation of an oligo( p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) derivative in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents that led to a new class of functional materials, namely, pi-organogels, is described. Strategies to control the size, shape, and functions of the supramolecular architectures of OPV self-assemblies are highlighted. Formation of nano- to microsized helical architectures, control on chromophore packing, self-assembly induced modulation of optical properties, and application as light-harvesting assemblies are the important features of this novel class of photonically and electronically active soft materials.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Accounts of chemical research},
	author = {Ajayaghosh, Ayyappanpillai and Praveen, Vakayil K},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Gels, Hydrogen Bonding, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Polyvinyls, Polyvinyls: chemical synthesis, Polyvinyls: chemistry, Triazines, Triazines: chemical synthesis, Triazines: chemistry},
	pages = {644--56},
}





@article{peng_artificial_2012,
	title = {Artificial light-harvesting system based on multifunctional surface-cross-linked micelles.},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1521-3773},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.201107723},
	abstract = {A good harvest: Two self-assembling strategies (micellization and electrostatic attraction) and covalent capture were employed to construct a robust, inexpensive, efficient artificial light-harvesting system. The synthesis was achieved by a one-pot reaction. A high density of the antenna chromophores was achieved without self-quenching and excimer formation, thus affording extremely efficient energy transfer.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Peng, Hui-Qing and Chen, Yu-Zhe and Zhao, Yan and Yang, Qing-Zheng and Wu, Li-Zhu and Tung, Chen-Ho and Zhang, Li-Ping and Tong, Qing-Xiao},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2088--92},
}





@article{milgrom_synthesis_nodate,
	title = {Synthesis of some new tetra-arylporphyrins for studies in solar energy conversion},
	issn = {1364-5463},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535},
	doi = {10.1039/P19830002535},
	journal = {J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1},
	author = {Milgrom, Lionel R.},
	pages = {2535--2539},
}





@article{nangreave_dna_2010,
	title = {{DNA} origami: a history and current perspective.},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1879-0402},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182},
	abstract = {Researchers have been using DNA for the rational design and construction of nanoscale objects for nearly 30 years. Recently, 'scaffolded DNA origami' has emerged as one of the most promising assembly techniques in DNA nanotechnology with a broad range of applications. In the past two years alone, DNA origami has been used to assemble water-soluble probe tiles for label-free RNA hybridization, to study single-molecule chemical reactions, to probe distance-dependent multivalent ligand-protein binding effects, and to organize a variety of relevant molecules including proteins, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles. This review will recount the origin, evolution, and current status of this extremely versatile assembly technique.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Current opinion in chemical biology},
	author = {Nangreave, Jeanette and Han, Dongran and Liu, Yan and Yan, Hao},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {DNA, DNA: chemistry, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Nucleic Acid Conformation},
	pages = {608--15},
}





@article{nakamura_cyclic_2007,
	title = {Cyclic porphyrin arrays as artificial photosynthetic antenna: synthesis and excitation energy transfer.},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0306-0012},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k},
	doi = {10.1039/b618854k},
	abstract = {Covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays have been explored in recent years as artificial photosynthetic antenna. In this review we present the fundamental aspects of covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays by highlighting recent progress. The major emphasis of this tutorial review lies on the synthetic method, the structure, and the excitation energy transfer (EET) of such arrays. The final cyclization steps were often performed with the aid of templates. Efficient EET along the wheel is observed in these cyclic arrays, but ultrafast EET processes with rates of {\textless}1 ps, which rival those in the natural LH2, are rare and have been identified only in cyclic arrays 30-32 composed of directly meso-meso linked porphyrins.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Chemical Society reviews},
	author = {Nakamura, Yasuyuki and Aratani, Naoki and Osuka, Atsuhiro},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Cyclization, Energy Transfer, Energy Transfer: physiology, Macrocyclic Compounds, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemical synthesis, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemistry, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodopseudomonas: metabolism},
	pages = {831--45},
}





@article{ishida_efficient_2011,
	title = {Efficient excited energy transfer reaction in clay/porphyrin complex toward an artificial light-harvesting system.},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {1520-5126},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u},
	doi = {10.1021/ja204425u},
	abstract = {The quantitative excited energy transfer reaction between cationic porphyrins on an anionic clay surface was successfully achieved. The efficiency reached up to ca. 100\% owing to the "Size-Matching Rule" as described in the text. It was revealed that the important factors for the efficient energy transfer reaction are (i) suppression of the self-quenching between adjacent dyes, and (ii) suppression of the segregated adsorption structure of two kinds of dyes on the clay surface. By examining many different kinds of porphyrins, we found that tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin (m-TMPyP) and tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (p-TMPyP) are the suitable porphyrins to accomplish a quantitative energy transfer reaction. These findings indicate that the clay/porphyrin complexes are promising and prospective candidates to be used for construction of an efficient artificial light-harvesting system.},
	number = {36},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Ishida, Yohei and Shimada, Tetsuya and Masui, Dai and Tachibana, Hiroshi and Inoue, Haruo and Takagi, Shinsuke},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {14280--6},
}





@article{hardin_energy_nodate,
	title = {Energy and {Hole} {Transfer} between {Dyes} {Attached} to {Titania} in {Cosensitized} {Dye}-{Sensitized} {Solar} {Cells}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172},
	doi = {10.1021/ja2042172},
	abstract = {Cosensitization of broadly absorbing ruthenium metal complex dyes with highly absorptive near-infrared (NIR) organic dyes is a clear pathway to increase near-infrared light harvesting in liquid-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In cosensitized DSCs, dyes are intimately mixed, and intermolecular charge and energy transfer processes play an important role in device performance. Here, we demonstrate that an organic NIR dye incapable of hole regeneration is able to produce photocurrent via intermolecular energy transfer with an average excitation transfer efficiency of over 25\% when cosensitized with a metal complex sensitizing dye (SD). We also show that intermolecular hole transfer from the SD to NIR dye is a competitive process with dye regeneration, reducing the internal quantum efficiency and the electron lifetime of the DSC. This work demonstrates the general feasibility of using energy transfer to boost light harvesting from 700 to 800 nm and also highlights a key challenge for developing highly efficient cosensitized dye-sensitized solar cells.},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Hardin, Brian E. and Sellinger, Alan and Moehl, Thomas and Humphry-Baker, Robin and Moser, Jacques-E. and Wang, Peng and Zakeeruddin, Shaik M. and Grätzel, Michael and McGehee, Michael D.},
}





@article{yi_patterned_2005,
	title = {Patterned assembly of genetically modified viral nanotemplates via nucleic acid hybridization.},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1530-6984},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r},
	doi = {10.1021/nl051254r},
	abstract = {The patterning of nanoparticles represents a significant obstacle in the assembly of nanoscale materials and devices. In this report, cysteine residues were genetically engineered onto the virion surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), providing attachment sites for fluorescent markers. To pattern these viruses, labeled virions were partially disassembled to expose 5' end RNA sequences and hybridized to virus-specific probe DNA linked to electrodeposited chitosan. Electron microscopy and RNAase treatments confirmed the patterned assembly of the virus templates onto the chitosan surface. These findings demonstrate that TMV nanotemplates can be dimensionally assembled via nucleic acid hybridization.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Nano letters},
	author = {Yi, Hyunmin and Nisar, Saira and Lee, Sang-Yup and Powers, Michael A and Bentley, William E and Payne, Gregory F and Ghodssi, Reza and Rubloff, Gary W and Harris, Michael T and Culver, James N},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Substitution, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Chitosan, Chitosan: chemistry, Cysteine, Cysteine: genetics, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Electron, Microscopy, Mutation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, RNA, Ribonucleases, Ribonucleases: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: ultrastructure, Viral, Viral: chemistry, Viral: genetics, Virion, Virion: chemistry, Virion: genetics, Virion: ultrastructure},
	pages = {1931--6},
}





@article{hirel_extent_1989,
	title = {Extent of {N}-{Terminal} {Methionine} {Excision} from {Escherichia} coli {Proteins} is {Governed} by the {Side}-{Chain} {Length} of the {Penultimate} {Amino} {Acid}},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247},
	abstract = {In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Hirel, Ph.-H.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {8247--8251},
}





@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,
	title = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0006-3495},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},
	doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},
	abstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biophysical journal},
	author = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \& purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},
	pages = {604--15},
}





@article{odobel_porphyrin_2003,
	title = {Porphyrin dyes for {TiO2} sensitization},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {09599428},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D},
	doi = {10.1039/b210674d},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
	author = {Odobel, Fabrice and Blart, Errol and Lagrée, Marie and Villieras, Monique and Boujtita, Hamada and El Murr, Nabil and Caramori, Stefano and Alberto Bignozzi, Carlo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {502--510},
}





@article{lee_biomimetic_2011,
	title = {Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1864-564X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288},
	doi = {10.1002/cssc.201100074},
	number = {5},
	journal = {ChemSusChem},
	author = {Lee, Minah and Kim, Jae Hong and Lee, Sang Hyun and Lee, Sahng Ha and Park, Chan Beum},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism},
	pages = {581--6},
}





@article{mottram_pennsylvania_2006,
	title = {The {Pennsylvania} {Green} {Fluorophore}: a hybrid of {Oregon} {Green} and {Tokyo} {Green} for the construction of hydrophobic and {pH}-insensitive molecular probes.},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1523-7060},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/ol052655g},
	abstract = {[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Organic letters},
	author = {Mottram, Laurie F and Boonyarattanakalin, Siwarutt and Kovel, Rebecca E and Peterson, Blake R},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry},
	pages = {581--4},
}





@article{stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009,
	title = {Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage {MS2}.},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1521-3773},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200902727},
	number = {50},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and Carrico, Zachary M and Francis, Matthew B},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry},
	pages = {9498--502},
}





@article{dixon_n-terminal_1984,
	title = {N-terminal modification of proteins?a review},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {0277-8033},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01024840},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Protein Chemistry},
	author = {Dixon, H. B. F.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1984},
	pages = {99--108},
}





@article{dawson_synthesis_1994,
	title = {Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation},
	volume = {266},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.7973629},
	abstract = {A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.},
	number = {5186},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Dawson, P. and Muir, T. and Clark-Lewis, I and Kent, S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {776--779},
}





@article{shire_preparation_1990,
	title = {Preparation and properties of recombinant {DNA} derived tobacco mosaic virus coat protein},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0006-2960},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017},
	doi = {10.1021/bi00473a017},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Biochemistry},
	author = {Shire, Steven J. and McKay, Patrick and Leung, David W. and Cachianes, George J. and Jackson, Eugene and Wood, William I. and Raghavendra, Krishnamurthy and Khairallah, Lamia and Schuster, Todd M.},
	month = may,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {5119--5126},
}





@article{geoghegan_site-directed_1992,
	title = {Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. {Application} to modification at {N}-terminal serine},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1043-1802},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008},
	doi = {10.1021/bc00014a008},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},
	author = {Geoghegan, Kieran F. and Stroh, Justin G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {138--146},
}





@article{guldi_integrating_2004,
	title = {Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200461217},
	number = {41},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Guldi, Dirk M and Rahman, G M A and Jux, Norbert and Tagmatarchis, Nikos and Prato, Maurizio},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry},
	pages = {5526--30},
}





@book{wichmann_technology_2005,
	title = {Technology {Transfer} in {Biotechnology} - {Advances} in {Biochemical} {Engineering}/{Biotechnology}},
	volume = {92},
	isbn = {978-3-540-22412-9},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/},
	abstract = {Progress made in lab-scale applications of various coenzyme regeneration systems over the last two decades has mainly focused on the applications of NAD + /NADH- and NADP + /NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase reactions. In situ regeneration systems for these reactions, as well as whole cell, enzymatic, electro-enzymatic, chemical, and photochemical reactions are presented, including details about their efficiency and novelty. The progress of enzyme reaction engineering is also reported.},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	author = {Wichmann, R. and Vasic-Racki, D. and Kragl, Udo},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Chemistry, Materials, Science, and},
}





@article{bruckman_role_2011,
	title = {Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1936-086X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719},
	doi = {10.1021/nn1025719},
	abstract = {A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {ACS nano},
	author = {Bruckman, Michael A and Soto, Carissa M and McDowell, Heather and Liu, Jinny L and Ratna, Banahalli R and Korpany, Katalin V and Zahr, Omar K and Blum, Amy Szuchmacher},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties},
	pages = {1606--16},
}





@article{esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008,
	title = {Metallothionein-{Cross}-{Linked} {Hydrogels} for the {Selective} {Removal} of {Heavy} {Metals} from {Water}},
	volume = {130},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r},
	doi = {10.1021/ja807095r},
	abstract = {The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.},
	number = {47},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Esser-Kahn, Aaron P. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {15820--15822},
}





@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,
	title = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0947-6539},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309},
	doi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},
	abstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
	author = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},
	pages = {3735--40},
}





@book{wu_flourescence_1997,
	series = {Methods in {Enzymology}},
	title = {Flourescence {Spectroscopy}},
	volume = {278},
	isbn = {0-12-182179-X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Wu, Pengguang and Brand, Ludwig},
	year = {1997},
}





@article{scheck_regioselective_2007,
	title = {Regioselective {Labeling} of {Antibodies} through {N}-{Terminal} {Transamination}},
	volume = {2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959},
	doi = {10.1021/cb6003959},
	abstract = {A convenient new method is described for the introduction of ketone groups at the N-termini of antibodies. The reaction occurs in the presence of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate under conditions mild enough to maintain antigen binding function, as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further derivatization of these functional sites was accomplished through oxime formation, yielding well-defined antibody conjugates for a wide range of applications. The ability of the modified antibodies to bind their targets was confirmed via immunodot blot analysis. The generality of this method has been demonstrated on a number of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, all with different binding specificities.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {ACS Chemical Biology},
	author = {Scheck, Rebecca A. and Francis, Matthew B.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {247--251},
}





@article{gust_mimicking_2001,
	title = {Mimicking {Photosynthetic} {Solar} {Energy} {Transduction}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0001-4842},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301},
	doi = {10.1021/ar9801301},
	abstract = {Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},
	author = {Gust, Devens and Moore, Thomas A. and Moore, Ana L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {40--48},
}





@article{schlick_dual-surface_2005,
	title = {Dual-surface modification of the tobacco mosaic virus.},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n},
	doi = {10.1021/ja046239n},
	abstract = {The protein shell of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provides a robust and practical tubelike scaffold for the preparation of nanoscale materials. To expand the range of applications for which the capsid can be used, two synthetic strategies have been developed for the attachment of new functionality to either the exterior or the interior surface of the virus. The first of these is accomplished using a highly efficient diazonium coupling/oxime formation sequence, which installs {\textgreater}2000 copies of a material component on the capsid exterior. Alternatively, the inner cavity of the tube can be modified by attaching amines to glutamic acid side chains through a carbodiimide coupling reaction. Both of these reactions have been demonstrated for a series of substrates, including biotin, chromophores, and crown ethers. Through the attachment of PEG polymers to the capsid exterior, organic-soluble TMV rods have been prepared. Finally, the orthogonality of these reactions has been demonstrated by installing different functional groups on the exterior and interior surfaces of the same capsid assemblies.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Schlick, Tara L and Ding, Zhebo and Kovacs, Ernest W and Francis, Matthew B},
	month = mar,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: growth \& development, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: isolation \& purification, Tyrosine, Tyrosine: chemistry},
	pages = {3718--23},
}





@article{scheck_optimization_2008,
	title = {Optimization of a {Biomimetic} {Transamination} {Reaction}},
	volume = {130},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w},
	doi = {10.1021/ja802495w},
	abstract = {For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70\%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided. For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70\%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided.},
	number = {35},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Scheck, Rebecca A. and Dedeo, Michel T. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {11762--11770},
}





@article{zhang_protein_2009,
	title = {Protein {C}-terminal modification through thioacid/azide amidation.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1520-4812},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n},
	doi = {10.1021/bc800488n},
	abstract = {The preparation of protein bioconjugates has been largely dependent on the development of selective chemistries that are orthogonal to the diverse functionalities present in a protein. Here, we report a new method for C-terminus-directed modification of recombinant proteins. The method is based on the thioacid/azide amidation reaction. Essentially, hydrothiolytic cleavage of the thioester intermediate in protein splicing yields a recombinant protein with a unique thioacid group at the C-terminus, which is then chemoselectively amidated with an electron-poor organic azide carrying a biofunctional tag. The small ubiquitin protein was used as a model system to demonstrate the utility of this new bioconjugation method. C-terminal PEGylation or biotinylation of ubiquitin was readily achieved through amidation of ubiquitin thioacid with a sulfonazide-functionalized PEG or biotin derivative. Our data validate that thioacid/azide amidation is a mechanistically novel and practically useful method for site-selective protein modification.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Bioconjugate chemistry},
	author = {Zhang, Xiaohong and Li, Fupeng and Lu, Xiao-Wei and Liu, Chuan-Fa},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Amides, Amides: chemistry, Azides, Azides: chemistry, Biotinylation, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Polyethylene Glycols, Polyethylene Glycols: chemistry, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Sulfur, Sulfur: chemistry, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin: chemistry},
	pages = {197--200},
}





@article{nicolet_action_1939,
	title = {{THE} {ACTION} {OF} {PERIODIC} {ACID} {ON} \${\textbackslash}alpha\$-{AMINO} {ALCOHOLS}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521},
	doi = {10.1021/ja01875a521},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Nicolet, Ben H. and Shinn, Leo A.},
	year = {1939},
	pages = {1615},
}





@book{dixon_part_1972,
	series = {Methods in {Enzymology}},
	title = {Part {B}: {Enzyme} {Structure}},
	volume = {25},
	isbn = {978-0-12-181888-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Dixon, Henry B.F. and Fields, Robert},
	year = {1972},
}





@article{itoh_photostabilized_2002,
	title = {Photostabilized {Chlorophyll} a in {Mesoporous} {Silica}: {Adsorption} {Properties} and {Photoreduction} {Activity} of {Chlorophyll} a},
	volume = {124},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0203059},
	abstract = {Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.},
	number = {45},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Itoh, Tetsuji and Yano, Kazuhisa and Inada, Yuji and Fukushima, Yoshiaki},
	month = nov,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {13437--13441},
}





@article{gilmore_n-terminal_2006,
	title = {N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200600368},
	number = {32},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Gilmore, Joshua M and Scheck, Rebecca A and Esser-Kahn, Aaron P and Joshi, Neel S and Francis, Matthew B},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry},
	pages = {5307--11},
}





@article{baskaran_carbon_2005,
	title = {Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0508222},
	abstract = {Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100\% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Baskaran, Durairaj and Mays, Jimmy W and Zhang, X Peter and Bratcher, Matthew S},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {6916--7},
}





@article{wu_building_2006,
	title = {Building complex glycopeptides: {Development} of a cysteine-free native chemical ligation protocol.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200600538},
	number = {25},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Wu, Bin and Chen, Jiehao and Warren, J David and Chen, Gong and Hua, Zihao and Danishefsky, Samuel J},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Catalysis, Cysteine, Cysteine: chemistry, Erythropoietin, Erythropoietin: chemistry, Glycopeptides, Glycopeptides: chemical synthesis, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure},
	pages = {4116--25},
}









@article{odobel_porphyrin_2003,
	title = {Porphyrin dyes for {TiO2} sensitization},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {09599428},
	url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D},
	doi = {10.1039/b210674d},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
	author = {Odobel, Fabrice and Blart, Errol and Lagrée, Marie and Villieras, Monique and Boujtita, Hamada and El Murr, Nabil and Caramori, Stefano and Alberto Bignozzi, Carlo},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {502--510},
}





@article{mottram_pennsylvania_2006,
	title = {The {Pennsylvania} {Green} {Fluorophore}: a hybrid of {Oregon} {Green} and {Tokyo} {Green} for the construction of hydrophobic and {pH}-insensitive molecular probes.},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1523-7060},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
	doi = {10.1021/ol052655g},
	abstract = {[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Organic letters},
	author = {Mottram, Laurie F and Boonyarattanakalin, Siwarutt and Kovel, Rebecca E and Peterson, Blake R},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry},
	pages = {581--4},
}





@article{gilmore_n-terminal_2006,
	title = {N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200600368},
	number = {32},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Gilmore, Joshua M and Scheck, Rebecca A and Esser-Kahn, Aaron P and Joshi, Neel S and Francis, Matthew B},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry},
	pages = {5307--11},
}





@article{hirel_extent_1989,
	title = {Extent of {N}-{Terminal} {Methionine} {Excision} from {Escherichia} coli {Proteins} is {Governed} by the {Side}-{Chain} {Length} of the {Penultimate} {Amino} {Acid}},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247},
	abstract = {In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Hirel, Ph.-H.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {8247--8251},
}





@article{nicolet_action_1939,
	title = {{THE} {ACTION} {OF} {PERIODIC} {ACID} {ON} \${\textbackslash}alpha\$-{AMINO} {ALCOHOLS}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521},
	doi = {10.1021/ja01875a521},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
	author = {Nicolet, Ben H. and Shinn, Leo A.},
	year = {1939},
	pages = {1615},
}





@article{dixon_n-terminal_1984,
	title = {N-terminal modification of proteins?a review},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {0277-8033},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01024840},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Protein Chemistry},
	author = {Dixon, H. B. F.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1984},
	pages = {99--108},
}





@article{itoh_photostabilized_2002,
	title = {Photostabilized {Chlorophyll} a in {Mesoporous} {Silica}: {Adsorption} {Properties} and {Photoreduction} {Activity} of {Chlorophyll} a},
	volume = {124},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0203059},
	abstract = {Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.},
	number = {45},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Itoh, Tetsuji and Yano, Kazuhisa and Inada, Yuji and Fukushima, Yoshiaki},
	month = nov,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {13437--13441},
}





@article{bruckman_role_2011,
	title = {Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1936-086X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719},
	doi = {10.1021/nn1025719},
	abstract = {A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {ACS nano},
	author = {Bruckman, Michael A and Soto, Carissa M and McDowell, Heather and Liu, Jinny L and Ratna, Banahalli R and Korpany, Katalin V and Zahr, Omar K and Blum, Amy Szuchmacher},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties},
	pages = {1606--16},
}





@book{dixon_part_1972,
	series = {Methods in {Enzymology}},
	title = {Part {B}: {Enzyme} {Structure}},
	volume = {25},
	isbn = {978-0-12-181888-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Dixon, Henry B.F. and Fields, Robert},
	year = {1972},
}





@article{guldi_integrating_2004,
	title = {Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1433-7851},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237},
	doi = {10.1002/anie.200461217},
	number = {41},
	journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
	author = {Guldi, Dirk M and Rahman, G M A and Jux, Norbert and Tagmatarchis, Nikos and Prato, Maurizio},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry},
	pages = {5526--30},
}





@article{dawson_synthesis_1994,
	title = {Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation},
	volume = {266},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.7973629},
	abstract = {A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.},
	number = {5186},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Dawson, P. and Muir, T. and Clark-Lewis, I and Kent, S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {776--779},
}





@article{gust_mimicking_2001,
	title = {Mimicking {Photosynthetic} {Solar} {Energy} {Transduction}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0001-4842},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301},
	doi = {10.1021/ar9801301},
	abstract = {Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},
	author = {Gust, Devens and Moore, Thomas A. and Moore, Ana L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {40--48},
}





@article{lee_biomimetic_2011,
	title = {Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1864-564X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288},
	doi = {10.1002/cssc.201100074},
	number = {5},
	journal = {ChemSusChem},
	author = {Lee, Minah and Kim, Jae Hong and Lee, Sang Hyun and Lee, Sahng Ha and Park, Chan Beum},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism},
	pages = {581--6},
}





@article{geoghegan_site-directed_1992,
	title = {Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. {Application} to modification at {N}-terminal serine},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1043-1802},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008},
	doi = {10.1021/bc00014a008},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},
	author = {Geoghegan, Kieran F. and Stroh, Justin G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {138--146},
}





@article{esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008,
	title = {Metallothionein-{Cross}-{Linked} {Hydrogels} for the {Selective} {Removal} of {Heavy} {Metals} from {Water}},
	volume = {130},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r},
	doi = {10.1021/ja807095r},
	abstract = {The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.},
	number = {47},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Esser-Kahn, Aaron P. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {15820--15822},
}





@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,
	title = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0947-6539},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309},
	doi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},
	abstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
	author = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},
	pages = {3735--40},
}





@article{baskaran_carbon_2005,
	title = {Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0002-7863},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222},
	doi = {10.1021/ja0508222},
	abstract = {Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100\% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	author = {Baskaran, Durairaj and Mays, Jimmy W and Zhang, X Peter and Bratcher, Matthew S},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {6916--7},
}





@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,
	title = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0006-3495},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},
	doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},
	abstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biophysical journal},
	author = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \& purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},
	pages = {604--15},
}





@misc{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate,
	title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},
	url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},
	author = {{Center for History and New Media}},
}











@misc{noauthor_oncology_nodate,
	title = {Oncology {Clinical} {Trials} - {Genentech} {BioOncology} - {BioOncology}},
	url = {http://www.biooncology.com/clinical-trials/},
	urldate = {2011-12-01},
}













@article{vaughan_rethinking_2011,
	title = {Rethinking ovarian cancer: recommendations for improving outcomes},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1474-175X},
	shorttitle = {Rethinking ovarian cancer},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144},
	doi = {10.1038/nrc3144},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2011-12-01},
	journal = {Nat Rev Cancer},
	author = {Vaughan, Sebastian and Coward, Jermaine I. and Bast, Robert C. and Berchuck, Andy and Berek, Jonathan S. and Brenton, James D. and Coukos, George and Crum, Christopher C. and Drapkin, Ronny and Etemadmoghadam, Dariush and Friedlander, Michael and Gabra, Hani and Kaye, Stan B. and Lord, Chris J. and Lengyel, Ernst and Levine, Douglas A. and McNeish, Iain A. and Menon, Usha and Mills, Gordon B. and Nephew, Kenneth P. and Oza, Amit M. and Sood, Anil K. and Stronach, Euan A. and Walczak, Henning and Bowtell, David D. and Balkwill, Frances R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {719--725},
}









@misc{noauthor_cysteine_nodate,
	title = {Cysteine engineered anti-{MUC16} ... - {Google} {Patents}},
	url = {http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT7723485&id=3D7RAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=william+mallet&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false},
	urldate = {2011-12-01},
}









@misc{noauthor_cysteine_nodate,
	title = {{CYSTEINE} {ENGINEERED} {ANTI}-{MUC16} {ANTIBODIES} {AND} {ANTIBODY} {DRUG} {CONJUGATES} - {Junutula}, {Jagath} {R}.},
	url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0311134.html},
	urldate = {2011-12-01},
}









@misc{noauthor_antibodies_nodate,
	title = {Antibodies binding to the tumour associated antigen {TAT10772} for the diagnosis and treatment of tumor - {Genentech}, {Inc}.},
	url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html},
	urldate = {2011-12-01},
}









@misc{noauthor_compositions_nodate,
	title = {Compositions and methods for the ... - {Google} {Patents}},
	url = {http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT7989595&id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=william+mallet&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false},
	urldate = {2011-12-01},
}









@article{wechalekar_prolonged_2010,
	title = {Prolonged {Remission} of {Chronic} {Reactive} {Arthritis} {Treated} {With} {Three} {Infusions} of {Infliximab}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1076-1608},
	url = {http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=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},
	doi = {10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181d06f70},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2011-02-15},
	journal = {JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology},
	author = {Wechalekar, Mihir D. and Rischmueller, Maureen and Whittle, Samuel and Burnet, Simon and Hill, Catherine L.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {79--80},
}
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In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (27)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"europeanchemicalsagency-pactrmoaandhazardassessmentactivities-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'europeanchemicalsagency-pactrmoaandhazardassessmentactivities-2016', 'https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term', event);\">\n    PACT-RMOA and hazard assessment activities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  European Chemicals Agency\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('europeanchemicalsagency-pactrmoaandhazardassessmentactivities-2016', 'https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PACT-RMOA and hazard assessment activities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/europeanchemicalsagency-pactrmoaandhazardassessmentactivities-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('europeanchemicalsagency-pactrmoaandhazardassessmentactivities-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{european_chemicals_agency_pact-rmoa_2016,\n\ttitle = {{PACT}-{RMOA} and hazard assessment activities},\n\turl = {https://echa.europa.eu/addressing-chemicals-of-concern/substances-of-potential-concern/pact/-/substance-rev/12935/term},\n\turldate = {2016-09-10},\n\tauthor = {{European Chemicals Agency}},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anderson-meade-long-lukomska-marshall-investigationsofimmunotoxicityandallergicpotentialinducedbytopicalapplicationoftriclosaninmice-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Anderson, S. E.; Meade, B.; Long, C. M.; Lukomska, E.;  and Marshall, N. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Immunotoxicol.</i>, 13(2): 165–172.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.016.Observing\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anderson-meade-long-lukomska-marshall-investigationsofimmunotoxicityandallergicpotentialinducedbytopicalapplicationoftriclosaninmice-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.016.Observing', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anderson-meade-long-lukomska-marshall-investigationsofimmunotoxicityandallergicpotentialinducedbytopicalapplicationoftriclosaninmice-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anderson-meade-long-lukomska-marshall-investigationsofimmunotoxicityandallergicpotentialinducedbytopicalapplicationoftriclosaninmice-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{anderson_investigations_2016,\n\ttitle = {Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.016.Observing},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {J Immunotoxicol.},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Stacey E. and Meade, B.J. and Long, Carrie M. and Lukomska, Ewa and Marshall, Nikki B.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, human health, hypersensitivity, immune suppression, immunotoxicity},\n\tpages = {165--172},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alvarezrivera-llompart-garciajares-lores-pressurizedliquidextractiongaschromatographymassspectrometryforconfirmingthephotoinducedgenerationofdioxinlikederivativesandothercosmeticpreservativephotoproductsonartificialskin-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alvarezrivera-llompart-garciajares-lores-pressurizedliquidextractiongaschromatographymassspectrometryforconfirmingthephotoinducedgenerationofdioxinlikederivativesandothercosmeticpreservativephotoproductsonartificialskin-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066', event);\">\n    Pressurized liquid extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for confirming the photo-induced generation of dioxin-like derivatives and other cosmetic preservative photoproducts on artificial skin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Alvarez-Rivera, G.; Llompart, M.; Garcia-Jares, C.;  and Lores, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i>, 1440: 37–44.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alvarezrivera-llompart-garciajares-lores-pressurizedliquidextractiongaschromatographymassspectrometryforconfirmingthephotoinducedgenerationofdioxinlikederivativesandothercosmeticpreservativephotoproductsonartificialskin-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pressurized liquid extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for confirming the photo-induced generation of dioxin-like derivatives and other cosmetic preservative photoproducts on artificial skin [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alvarezrivera-llompart-garciajares-lores-pressurizedliquidextractiongaschromatographymassspectrometryforconfirmingthephotoinducedgenerationofdioxinlikederivativesandothercosmeticpreservativephotoproductsonartificialskin-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alvarezrivera-llompart-garciajares-lores-pressurizedliquidextractiongaschromatographymassspectrometryforconfirmingthephotoinducedgenerationofdioxinlikederivativesandothercosmeticpreservativephotoproductsonartificialskin-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alvarezrivera-llompart-garciajares-lores-pressurizedliquidextractiongaschromatographymassspectrometryforconfirmingthephotoinducedgenerationofdioxinlikederivativesandothercosmeticpreservativephotoproductsonartificialskin-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{alvarez-rivera_pressurized_2016,\n\ttitle = {Pressurized liquid extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for confirming the photo-induced generation of dioxin-like derivatives and other cosmetic preservative photoproducts on artificial skin},\n\tvolume = {1440},\n\tissn = {18733778},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.066},\n\tabstract = {The stability and photochemical transformations of cosmetic preservatives in topical applications exposed to UV-light is a serious but poorly understood problem. In this study, a high throughput extraction and selective method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was validated and applied to investigate the photochemical transformation of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), as well as the antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and phenyl benzoate (PhBz) in an artificial skin model. Two sets of photodegradation experiments were performed: (i) UV-Irradiation (8 W, 254 nm) of artificial skin directly spiked with the target preservatives, and (ii) UV-irradiation of artificial skin after the application of a cosmetic cream fortified with the target compounds. After irradiation, PLE was used to isolate the target preservatives and their transformation products. The follow-up of the photodegradation kinetics of the parent preservatives, the identification of the arising by-products, and the monitorization of their kinetic profiles was performed by GC-MS. The photochemical transformation of triclosan into 2,8-dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD) and other dioxin-like photoproducts has been confirmed in this work. Furthermore, seven BHT photoproducts, and three benzophenones as PhBz by-products, have been also identified. These findings reveal the first evidences of cosmetic ingredients phototransformation into unwanted photoproducts on an artificial skin model.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},\n\tauthor = {Alvarez-Rivera, Gerardo and Llompart, Maria and Garcia-Jares, Carmen and Lores, Marta},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26948762},\n\tkeywords = {2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, GC-MS, Personal care products, Photodegradation, Preservatives, Pressurized liquid extraction, TCS, dioxin},\n\tpages = {37--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The stability and photochemical transformations of cosmetic preservatives in topical applications exposed to UV-light is a serious but poorly understood problem. In this study, a high throughput extraction and selective method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was validated and applied to investigate the photochemical transformation of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), as well as the antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and phenyl benzoate (PhBz) in an artificial skin model. Two sets of photodegradation experiments were performed: (i) UV-Irradiation (8 W, 254 nm) of artificial skin directly spiked with the target preservatives, and (ii) UV-irradiation of artificial skin after the application of a cosmetic cream fortified with the target compounds. After irradiation, PLE was used to isolate the target preservatives and their transformation products. The follow-up of the photodegradation kinetics of the parent preservatives, the identification of the arising by-products, and the monitorization of their kinetic profiles was performed by GC-MS. The photochemical transformation of triclosan into 2,8-dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD) and other dioxin-like photoproducts has been confirmed in this work. Furthermore, seven BHT photoproducts, and three benzophenones as PhBz by-products, have been also identified. These findings reveal the first evidences of cosmetic ingredients phototransformation into unwanted photoproducts on an artificial skin model.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"usepa-epastatementonprivatewellsinthetownofhoosickandvillageofhoosickfallsny-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  EPA Statement on Private Wells in The Town of Hoosick and Village of Hoosick Falls, NY.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  USEPA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/usepa-epastatementonprivatewellsinthetownofhoosickandvillageofhoosickfallsny-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('usepa-epastatementonprivatewellsinthetownofhoosickandvillageofhoosickfallsny-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{usepa_epa_2016,\n\ttitle = {{EPA} {Statement} on {Private} {Wells} in {The} {Town} of {Hoosick} and {Village} of {Hoosick} {Falls}, {NY}},\n\tauthor = {{USEPA}},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {25246403},\n\tkeywords = {icle},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"usdhhs-systematicreviewofimmunotoxicityassociatedwithexposuretoperfluorooctanoicacidpfoaorperfluorooctanesulfonatepfos-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Systematic Review of Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) or Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  USDHHS\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>National Toxicology Program. Office of Health Assessment and Translation. US Department of Health and Human Services</i>.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/usdhhs-systematicreviewofimmunotoxicityassociatedwithexposuretoperfluorooctanoicacidpfoaorperfluorooctanesulfonatepfos-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('usdhhs-systematicreviewofimmunotoxicityassociatedwithexposuretoperfluorooctanoicacidpfoaorperfluorooctanesulfonatepfos-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{usdhhs_systematic_2016,\n\ttitle = {Systematic {Review} of {Immunotoxicity} {Associated} with {Exposure} to {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ({PFOA}) or {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS})},\n\tjournal = {National Toxicology Program. Office of Health Assessment and Translation. US Department of Health and Human Services},\n\tauthor = {{USDHHS}},\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"timmerman-budtzjorgensen-petersen-weihe-steuerwald-nielsen-jensen-grandjean-shorterdurationofbreastfeedingatelevatedexposurestoperfluoroalkylsubstances-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'timmerman-budtzjorgensen-petersen-weihe-steuerwald-nielsen-jensen-grandjean-shorterdurationofbreastfeedingatelevatedexposurestoperfluoroalkylsubstances-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010', event);\">\n    Shorter duration of breastfeeding at elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Timmerman, C. A. G.; Budtz-Jorgensen, E.; Petersen, M. S.; Weihe, P.; Steuerwald, U.; Nielsen, F.; Jensen, T. K.;  and Grandjean, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reproductive Toxicology</i>, IN PRESS.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('timmerman-budtzjorgensen-petersen-weihe-steuerwald-nielsen-jensen-grandjean-shorterdurationofbreastfeedingatelevatedexposurestoperfluoroalkylsubstances-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Shorter duration of breastfeeding at elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('timmerman-budtzjorgensen-petersen-weihe-steuerwald-nielsen-jensen-grandjean-shorterdurationofbreastfeedingatelevatedexposurestoperfluoroalkylsubstances-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/timmerman-budtzjorgensen-petersen-weihe-steuerwald-nielsen-jensen-grandjean-shorterdurationofbreastfeedingatelevatedexposurestoperfluoroalkylsubstances-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('timmerman-budtzjorgensen-petersen-weihe-steuerwald-nielsen-jensen-grandjean-shorterdurationofbreastfeedingatelevatedexposurestoperfluoroalkylsubstances-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{timmerman_shorter_2016,\n\ttitle = {Shorter duration of breastfeeding at elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances},\n\tvolume = {IN PRESS},\n\tissn = {18731708},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.010},\n\tjournal = {Reproductive Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Timmerman, Clara Amalie Gade and Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben and Petersen, Maria Skaalum and Weihe, Pal and Steuerwald, Ulrike and Nielsen, Flemming and Jensen, Tina Kold and Grandjean, Philippe},\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"swanson-hertzpicciotto-projecttendrtargetingenvironmentalneurodevelopmentalrisksthetendrconsensusstatement-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Project TENDR : Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks. The TENDR Consensus Statement.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Swanson, M.;  and Hertz-Picciotto, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 124(7): 118–122.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/swanson-hertzpicciotto-projecttendrtargetingenvironmentalneurodevelopmentalrisksthetendrconsensusstatement-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('swanson-hertzpicciotto-projecttendrtargetingenvironmentalneurodevelopmentalrisksthetendrconsensusstatement-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{swanson_project_2016,\n\ttitle = {Project {TENDR} : {Targeting} {Environmental} {Neuro}-{Developmental} {Risks}. {The} {TENDR} {Consensus} {Statement}},\n\tvolume = {124},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Swanson, Maureen and Hertz-Picciotto, Irva},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {118--122},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shoeib-hassan-rauert-harner-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinindoordustandfoodpackagingmaterialsinegypttrendsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shoeib-hassan-rauert-harner-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinindoordustandfoodpackagingmaterialsinegypttrendsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066', event);\">\n    Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in Egypt: Trends in developed and developing countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shoeib, T.; Hassan, Y.; Rauert, C.;  and Harner, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 144: 1573–1581.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shoeib-hassan-rauert-harner-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinindoordustandfoodpackagingmaterialsinegypttrendsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in Egypt: Trends in developed and developing countries [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shoeib-hassan-rauert-harner-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinindoordustandfoodpackagingmaterialsinegypttrendsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shoeib-hassan-rauert-harner-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinindoordustandfoodpackagingmaterialsinegypttrendsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shoeib-hassan-rauert-harner-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinindoordustandfoodpackagingmaterialsinegypttrendsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shoeib_poly-_2016,\n\ttitle = {Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in {Egypt}: {Trends} in developed and developing countries},\n\tvolume = {144},\n\tissn = {18791298},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.066},\n\tabstract = {PFASs concentrations in dust samples collected from three microenvironments in Cairo ranged from 1.3 to 69 ng g-1 with FTOHs being dominant. The 8:2 FTOH was detected in all samples. Among the FOSAs and FOSEs the MeFOSE was dominant while among ionic PFASs, PFOS and PFOA were most prominent. The concentrations of PFASs were among the lowest worldwide. Correlations between worldwide concentrations of PFOS + PFOA and country development indexes highlight higher usage and human exposure in more developed countries. Food packaging was analyzed for PFSAs, PFCAs and PAPs. The 6:2 and 8:2 monoPAPs were found to be above the MDL in 18\\% of the samples. PFOA was detected in 79\\% of the samples with median concentration of 2.40 ng g-1. PFOS was detected in 58\\% of the samples with median concentration of 0.29 ng g-1 while PFHxS and PFDS were below detection limit. Different human exposure scenarios were estimated.},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Shoeib, Tamer and Hassan, Yasmeen and Rauert, Cassandra and Harner, Tom},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26517384},\n\tkeywords = {Country development indexes, Indoor dust, Ionic PFASs, Neutral PFASs, PFOS and PFOA global trends, food packaging},\n\tpages = {1573--1581},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PFASs concentrations in dust samples collected from three microenvironments in Cairo ranged from 1.3 to 69 ng g-1 with FTOHs being dominant. The 8:2 FTOH was detected in all samples. Among the FOSAs and FOSEs the MeFOSE was dominant while among ionic PFASs, PFOS and PFOA were most prominent. The concentrations of PFASs were among the lowest worldwide. Correlations between worldwide concentrations of PFOS + PFOA and country development indexes highlight higher usage and human exposure in more developed countries. Food packaging was analyzed for PFSAs, PFCAs and PAPs. The 6:2 and 8:2 monoPAPs were found to be above the MDL in 18% of the samples. PFOA was detected in 79% of the samples with median concentration of 2.40 ng g-1. PFOS was detected in 58% of the samples with median concentration of 0.29 ng g-1 while PFHxS and PFDS were below detection limit. Different human exposure scenarios were estimated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sedlak-foolmeonce-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sedlak-foolmeonce-2016', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367', event);\">\n    Fool Me Once.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sedlak, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>,acs.est.6b03367.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sedlak-foolmeonce-2016', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fool Me Once [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sedlak-foolmeonce-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sedlak-foolmeonce-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sedlak-foolmeonce-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sedlak_fool_2016,\n\ttitle = {Fool {Me} {Once}},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03367},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b03367},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Sedlak, David},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {acs.est.6b03367},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"romano-xu-calafat-yolton-chen-webster-eliot-howard-etal-maternalserumperfluoroalkylsubstancesduringpregnancyanddurationofbreastfeeding-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'romano-xu-calafat-yolton-chen-webster-eliot-howard-etal-maternalserumperfluoroalkylsubstancesduringpregnancyanddurationofbreastfeeding-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034', event);\">\n    Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Romano, M. E.; Xu, Y.; Calafat, A. M.; Yolton, K.; Chen, A.; Webster, G. M.; Eliot, M. N.; Howard, C. R.; Lanphear, B. P.;  and Braun, J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Research</i>, 149: 239–246.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('romano-xu-calafat-yolton-chen-webster-eliot-howard-etal-maternalserumperfluoroalkylsubstancesduringpregnancyanddurationofbreastfeeding-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('romano-xu-calafat-yolton-chen-webster-eliot-howard-etal-maternalserumperfluoroalkylsubstancesduringpregnancyanddurationofbreastfeeding-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/romano-xu-calafat-yolton-chen-webster-eliot-howard-etal-maternalserumperfluoroalkylsubstancesduringpregnancyanddurationofbreastfeeding-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('romano-xu-calafat-yolton-chen-webster-eliot-howard-etal-maternalserumperfluoroalkylsubstancesduringpregnancyanddurationofbreastfeeding-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{romano_maternal_2016,\n\ttitle = {Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding},\n\tvolume = {149},\n\tissn = {00139351},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.034},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect breast development and decrease duration of breastfeeding, thus interfering with the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the association between maternal PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. METHODS We measured PFAS concentrations in maternal serum collected during pregnancy in 2003–2006. After delivery, women (n=336) completed standardized breastfeeding surveys every 3 months until ending breastfeeding or 36 months postpartum. We estimated relative risks (RRs) for ending any breastfeeding within 3–6 months postpartum by Poisson regression, adjusted for relevant confounding factors. RESULTS Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) serum concentration had 1.77 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 3 months (95\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 2.54; p-trend=0.003) and 1.41 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 6 months (95\\%CI: 1.06, 1.87; p-trend=0.038), compared with women in the first quartile. Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid serum concentration had a marginally increased risk of discontinuing any breastfeeding by 3 months (RR=1.32; 95\\%CI: 0.97, 1.79; p-trend=0.065). CONCLUSIONS Maternal serum PFOA concentrations were inversely related to duration of any breastfeeding in this cohort, even after controlling for prior breastfeeding. These findings suggest that PFOA exposure may adversely affect breastfeeding duration and highlight the need to consider the potential adverse effects of maternal environmental chemical exposure on breastfeeding.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Research},\n\tauthor = {Romano, Megan E. and Xu, Yingying and Calafat, Antonia M. and Yolton, Kimberly and Chen, Aimin and Webster, Glenys M. and Eliot, Melissa N. and Howard, Cynthia R. and Lanphear, Bruce P. and Braun, Joseph M.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27179585},\n\tkeywords = {Breastfeeding, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl substances, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, acid, per fl uoroalkyl substances, per fl uorooctane sulfonic, per fl uorooctanoic acid},\n\tpages = {239--246},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect breast development and decrease duration of breastfeeding, thus interfering with the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the association between maternal PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. METHODS We measured PFAS concentrations in maternal serum collected during pregnancy in 2003–2006. After delivery, women (n=336) completed standardized breastfeeding surveys every 3 months until ending breastfeeding or 36 months postpartum. We estimated relative risks (RRs) for ending any breastfeeding within 3–6 months postpartum by Poisson regression, adjusted for relevant confounding factors. RESULTS Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) serum concentration had 1.77 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 3 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 2.54; p-trend=0.003) and 1.41 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 6 months (95%CI: 1.06, 1.87; p-trend=0.038), compared with women in the first quartile. Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid serum concentration had a marginally increased risk of discontinuing any breastfeeding by 3 months (RR=1.32; 95%CI: 0.97, 1.79; p-trend=0.065). CONCLUSIONS Maternal serum PFOA concentrations were inversely related to duration of any breastfeeding in this cohort, even after controlling for prior breastfeeding. These findings suggest that PFOA exposure may adversely affect breastfeeding duration and highlight the need to consider the potential adverse effects of maternal environmental chemical exposure on breastfeeding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rodgers-airforceannouncesmultimilliondollardealtohelpwithcontaminatedwaterinsecuritywidefieldandfountain-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rodgers-airforceannouncesmultimilliondollardealtohelpwithcontaminatedwaterinsecuritywidefieldandfountain-2016', 'http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667', event);\">\n    Air Force announces multimillion-dollar deal to help with contaminated water in Security, Widefield and Fountain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rodgers, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Colorado Springs, CO, July 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rodgers-airforceannouncesmultimilliondollardealtohelpwithcontaminatedwaterinsecuritywidefieldandfountain-2016', 'http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Air Force announces multimillion-dollar deal to help with contaminated water in Security, Widefield and Fountain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rodgers-airforceannouncesmultimilliondollardealtohelpwithcontaminatedwaterinsecuritywidefieldandfountain-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rodgers-airforceannouncesmultimilliondollardealtohelpwithcontaminatedwaterinsecuritywidefieldandfountain-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{rodgers_air_2016,\n\taddress = {Colorado Springs, CO},\n\ttitle = {Air {Force} announces multimillion-dollar deal to help with contaminated water in {Security}, {Widefield} and {Fountain}},\n\turl = {http://gazette.com/air-force-announces-multi-million-deal-to-help-with-contaminated-water-in-security-widefield-and-fountain/article/1579667},\n\tauthor = {Rodgers, Jakob},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rich-thestorybehindtheepascontaminatedwaterrevelation-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rich-thestorybehindtheepascontaminatedwaterrevelation-2016', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html', event);\">\n    The Story Behind the E.P.A's Contaminated Water Revelation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rich, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  May 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rich-thestorybehindtheepascontaminatedwaterrevelation-2016', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Story Behind the E.P.A&#x27;s Contaminated Water Revelation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rich-thestorybehindtheepascontaminatedwaterrevelation-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rich-thestorybehindtheepascontaminatedwaterrevelation-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{rich_story_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {Story} {Behind} the {E}.{P}.{A}&#x27;s {Contaminated} {Water} {Revelation}},\n\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/magazine/the-story-behind-the-epas-contaminated-water-revelation.html},\n\tauthor = {Rich, Nathaniel},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rich-thelawyerwhobecamedupontsworstnightmare-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rich-thelawyerwhobecamedupontsworstnightmare-2016', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html', event);\">\n    The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rich, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  January 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rich-thelawyerwhobecamedupontsworstnightmare-2016', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Lawyer Who Became DuPont&#x27;s Worst Nightmare [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rich-thelawyerwhobecamedupontsworstnightmare-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rich-thelawyerwhobecamedupontsworstnightmare-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{rich_lawyer_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {Lawyer} {Who} {Became} {DuPont}&#x27;s {Worst} {Nightmare}},\n\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html},\n\tauthor = {Rich, Nathaniel},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lang-allred-peaslee-field-barlaz-releaseofperandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassfromcarpetandclothinginmodelanaerobiclandllreactors-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lang-allred-peaslee-field-barlaz-releaseofperandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassfromcarpetandclothinginmodelanaerobiclandllreactors-2016', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237', event);\">\n    Release of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from Carpet and Clothing in Model Anaerobic Landfill Reactors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lang, J. R; Allred, B. M.; Peaslee, G. F.; Field, J. A.;  and Barlaz, M. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 50: 5024–5032.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lang-allred-peaslee-field-barlaz-releaseofperandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassfromcarpetandclothinginmodelanaerobiclandllreactors-2016', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Release of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from Carpet and Clothing in Model Anaerobic Landfill Reactors [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lang-allred-peaslee-field-barlaz-releaseofperandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassfromcarpetandclothinginmodelanaerobiclandllreactors-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lang-allred-peaslee-field-barlaz-releaseofperandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassfromcarpetandclothinginmodelanaerobiclandllreactors-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lang-allred-peaslee-field-barlaz-releaseofperandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassfromcarpetandclothinginmodelanaerobiclandllreactors-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lang_release_2016,\n\ttitle = {Release of {Per}- and polyfluoroalkyl {Substances} ({PFASs}) from {Carpet} and {Clothing} in {Model} {Anaerobic} {Landfill} {Reactors}},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b06237},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b06237},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Lang, Johnsie R and Allred, Brent McKay and Peaslee, Graham F. and Field, Jennifer A. and Barlaz, Morton A},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {5024--5032},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lindim-vangils-cousins-europewideestuarineexportandsurfacewaterconcentrationsofpfosandpfoa-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lindim-vangils-cousins-europewideestuarineexportandsurfacewaterconcentrationsofpfosandpfoa-2016', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037', event);\">\n    Europe-wide estuarine export and surface water concentrations of PFOS and PFOA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lindim, C; van Gils, J;  and Cousins, I T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water research</i>, 103: 124–132.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lindim-vangils-cousins-europewideestuarineexportandsurfacewaterconcentrationsofpfosandpfoa-2016', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Europe-wide estuarine export and surface water concentrations of PFOS and PFOA. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.024\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lindim-vangils-cousins-europewideestuarineexportandsurfacewaterconcentrationsofpfosandpfoa-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.024', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lindim-vangils-cousins-europewideestuarineexportandsurfacewaterconcentrationsofpfosandpfoa-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lindim-vangils-cousins-europewideestuarineexportandsurfacewaterconcentrationsofpfosandpfoa-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lindim_europe-wide_2016,\n\ttitle = {Europe-wide estuarine export and surface water concentrations of {PFOS} and {PFOA}.},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1879-2448},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448037},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.024},\n\tabstract = {The STREAM-EU model was used to predict the water concentrations, estuarine export and retention of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the eleven most populated European river catchments to provide a European-wide perspective on the contamination by these substances. Emissions of PFOS and PFOA to those catchments were calculated based on population, wealth and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) coverage and efficiency using a previously published method and used as model input. Our estimated emissions showed the lowest values for the Thames catchment (PFOS: 0.4 ton/y; PFOA: 0.2 ton/y) and the highest values for the Rhine for PFOS (1.6 ton/y) and for the Dnieper for PFOA (1.7 ton/y). The model predicted concentrations agreed reasonable well with the existing range of measurements, apart from for PFOA in the River Po, where there is a known historical industrial contamination, and PFOS in the Rhone River, where results were much higher than the few measurements available. It was concerning that the model predicted that the surface water EQS for PFOS (0.65 ng/L) was exceeded by a wide margin in all the eleven studied European river catchments. The total calculated riverine export to the seas from the eleven catchments was 4.5 ton/y of PFOS and 3.7 ton/y of PFOA with highest exported quantities from the Rhine (PFOS: 1.0 ton/y; PFOA: 1.0 ton/y) and Danube estuaries (PFOS: 0.9 ton/y; PFOA: 0.7 ton/y). For the seas where the rivers discharge, riverine discharge of PFOS was estimated to be 2.5-30 times more important as an input than atmospheric deposition, whereas for PFOA the opposite was true (atmospheric deposition was 2-10 times more important) except for very small seas.},\n\tjournal = {Water research},\n\tauthor = {Lindim, C and van Gils, J and Cousins, I T},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27448037},\n\tkeywords = {Emissions, European catchments, Modelling, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, River export},\n\tpages = {124--132},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The STREAM-EU model was used to predict the water concentrations, estuarine export and retention of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the eleven most populated European river catchments to provide a European-wide perspective on the contamination by these substances. Emissions of PFOS and PFOA to those catchments were calculated based on population, wealth and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) coverage and efficiency using a previously published method and used as model input. Our estimated emissions showed the lowest values for the Thames catchment (PFOS: 0.4 ton/y; PFOA: 0.2 ton/y) and the highest values for the Rhine for PFOS (1.6 ton/y) and for the Dnieper for PFOA (1.7 ton/y). The model predicted concentrations agreed reasonable well with the existing range of measurements, apart from for PFOA in the River Po, where there is a known historical industrial contamination, and PFOS in the Rhone River, where results were much higher than the few measurements available. It was concerning that the model predicted that the surface water EQS for PFOS (0.65 ng/L) was exceeded by a wide margin in all the eleven studied European river catchments. The total calculated riverine export to the seas from the eleven catchments was 4.5 ton/y of PFOS and 3.7 ton/y of PFOA with highest exported quantities from the Rhine (PFOS: 1.0 ton/y; PFOA: 1.0 ton/y) and Danube estuaries (PFOS: 0.9 ton/y; PFOA: 0.7 ton/y). For the seas where the rivers discharge, riverine discharge of PFOS was estimated to be 2.5-30 times more important as an input than atmospheric deposition, whereas for PFOA the opposite was true (atmospheric deposition was 2-10 times more important) except for very small seas.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hu-andrews-lindstrom-bruton-schaider-grandjean-lohmann-carignan-etal-detectionofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinusdrinkingwaterlinkedtoindustrialsitesmilitaryfiretrainingareasandwastewatertreatmentplants-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hu-andrews-lindstrom-bruton-schaider-grandjean-lohmann-carignan-etal-detectionofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinusdrinkingwaterlinkedtoindustrialsitesmilitaryfiretrainingareasandwastewatertreatmentplants-2016', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414', event);\">\n    Detection of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water linked to industrial sites, military fire training areas and wastewater treatment plants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hu, X. C.; Andrews, D.; Lindstrom, A. B.; Bruton, T. A.; Schaider, L. A.; Grandjean, P.; Lohmann, R.; Carignan, C. C.; Blum, A.; Balan, S. A.; Higgins, C. P.;  and Sunderland, E. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology Letters</i>, IN PRESS,.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hu-andrews-lindstrom-bruton-schaider-grandjean-lohmann-carignan-etal-detectionofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinusdrinkingwaterlinkedtoindustrialsitesmilitaryfiretrainingareasandwastewatertreatmentplants-2016', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water linked to industrial sites, military fire training areas and wastewater treatment plants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hu-andrews-lindstrom-bruton-schaider-grandjean-lohmann-carignan-etal-detectionofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinusdrinkingwaterlinkedtoindustrialsitesmilitaryfiretrainingareasandwastewatertreatmentplants-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hu-andrews-lindstrom-bruton-schaider-grandjean-lohmann-carignan-etal-detectionofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinusdrinkingwaterlinkedtoindustrialsitesmilitaryfiretrainingareasandwastewatertreatmentplants-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hu-andrews-lindstrom-bruton-schaider-grandjean-lohmann-carignan-etal-detectionofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfassinusdrinkingwaterlinkedtoindustrialsitesmilitaryfiretrainingareasandwastewatertreatmentplants-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hu_detection_2016,\n\ttitle = {Detection of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in {U}.{S}. drinking water linked to industrial sites, military fire training areas and wastewater treatment plants},\n\tvolume = {IN PRESS,},\n\tissn = {2328-8930},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030414},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260},\n\tabstract = {Sceptrin, a natural compound produced by various marine sponges, was tested for its effect on cell motility. We report for the first time that sceptrin inhibits cell motility in several cancer cell lines. The compound shows no toxicity at concentrations that are double the amount of sceptrin required for maximal inhibitory effect. Both random and factor-induced migration were impaired, suggesting that sceptrin targets a central process of cell motility machinery. Activity of de novo synthesized sceptrin was indistinguishable from sceptrin purified from Agelas nakamurai, and the inhibitory activity was found to be, at least partially, due to sceptrin&#x27;s capability to inhibit cell contractility. Additionally, sceptrin was found to bind to monomeric actin, further suggesting a mechanism involving the actin cytoskeleton. Close analogues of sceptrin were synthesized, tested for their effect on cell motility, and found to be either equimolar or less potent compared to the parental compound. Inadvertent cell motility is a key contributing factor in various human diseases, including cancer and chronic inflammation. Marine compounds isolated from sponges have been proven to be an excellent source of metabolites that show biological activities. Given the recently achieved total synthesis of sceptrin in multigram quantities, sceptrin could prove to be an attractive lead molecule for further preclinical testing and development for therapeutic purposes, as well as a useful research tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in cell motility.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology Letters},\n\tauthor = {Hu, Xindi C. and Andrews, David and Lindstrom, Andrew B. and Bruton, Thomas A. and Schaider, Laurel A. and Grandjean, Philippe and Lohmann, Rainer and Carignan, Courtney C. and Blum, Arlene and Balan, Simona A. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Sunderland, Elsie M.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Sceptrin, a natural compound produced by various marine sponges, was tested for its effect on cell motility. We report for the first time that sceptrin inhibits cell motility in several cancer cell lines. The compound shows no toxicity at concentrations that are double the amount of sceptrin required for maximal inhibitory effect. Both random and factor-induced migration were impaired, suggesting that sceptrin targets a central process of cell motility machinery. Activity of de novo synthesized sceptrin was indistinguishable from sceptrin purified from Agelas nakamurai, and the inhibitory activity was found to be, at least partially, due to sceptrin's capability to inhibit cell contractility. Additionally, sceptrin was found to bind to monomeric actin, further suggesting a mechanism involving the actin cytoskeleton. Close analogues of sceptrin were synthesized, tested for their effect on cell motility, and found to be either equimolar or less potent compared to the parental compound. Inadvertent cell motility is a key contributing factor in various human diseases, including cancer and chronic inflammation. Marine compounds isolated from sponges have been proven to be an excellent source of metabolites that show biological activities. Given the recently achieved total synthesis of sceptrin in multigram quantities, sceptrin could prove to be an attractive lead molecule for further preclinical testing and development for therapeutic purposes, as well as a useful research tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in cell motility.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hazlehurst-watertestssuggestingmorecauses-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hazlehurst-watertestssuggestingmorecauses-2016', 'http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/', event);\">\n    Water tests suggesting more causes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hazlehurst, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  August 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hazlehurst-watertestssuggestingmorecauses-2016', 'http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Water tests suggesting more causes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hazlehurst-watertestssuggestingmorecauses-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hazlehurst-watertestssuggestingmorecauses-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{hazlehurst_water_2016,\n\ttitle = {Water tests suggesting more causes},\n\turl = {http://www.csbj.com/2016/08/12/water-tests-suggesting-causes/},\n\tauthor = {Hazlehurst, John},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hurley-houtz-goldberg-wang-park-nelson-reynolds-bernstein-etal-preliminaryassociationsbetweenthedetectionofperfluoroalkylacidspfaasindrinkingwaterandserumconcentrationsinasampleofcaliforniawomen-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hurley-houtz-goldberg-wang-park-nelson-reynolds-bernstein-etal-preliminaryassociationsbetweenthedetectionofperfluoroalkylacidspfaasindrinkingwaterandserumconcentrationsinasampleofcaliforniawomen-2016', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154', event);\">\n    Preliminary Associations between the Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Drinking Water and Serum Concentrations in a Sample of California Women.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hurley, S.; Houtz, E.; Goldberg, D.; Wang, M.; Park, J.; Nelson, D. O.; Reynolds, P.; Bernstein, L.; Anton-Culver, H.; Horn-Ross, P.;  and Petreas, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology Letters</i>,acs.estlett.6b00154.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hurley-houtz-goldberg-wang-park-nelson-reynolds-bernstein-etal-preliminaryassociationsbetweenthedetectionofperfluoroalkylacidspfaasindrinkingwaterandserumconcentrationsinasampleofcaliforniawomen-2016', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Preliminary Associations between the Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Drinking Water and Serum Concentrations in a Sample of California Women [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hurley-houtz-goldberg-wang-park-nelson-reynolds-bernstein-etal-preliminaryassociationsbetweenthedetectionofperfluoroalkylacidspfaasindrinkingwaterandserumconcentrationsinasampleofcaliforniawomen-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hurley-houtz-goldberg-wang-park-nelson-reynolds-bernstein-etal-preliminaryassociationsbetweenthedetectionofperfluoroalkylacidspfaasindrinkingwaterandserumconcentrationsinasampleofcaliforniawomen-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hurley-houtz-goldberg-wang-park-nelson-reynolds-bernstein-etal-preliminaryassociationsbetweenthedetectionofperfluoroalkylacidspfaasindrinkingwaterandserumconcentrationsinasampleofcaliforniawomen-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hurley_preliminary_2016,\n\ttitle = {Preliminary {Associations} between the {Detection} of {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids} ({PFAAs}) in {Drinking} {Water} and {Serum} {Concentrations} in a {Sample} of {California} {Women}},\n\tissn = {2328-8930},\n\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00154},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology Letters},\n\tauthor = {Hurley, Susan and Houtz, Erika and Goldberg, Debbie and Wang, Miaomiao and Park, June-Soo and Nelson, David O. and Reynolds, Peggy and Bernstein, Leslie and Anton-Culver, Hoda and Horn-Ross, Pamela and Petreas, Myrto},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {acs.estlett.6b00154},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"houtz-sutton-park-sedlak-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinwastewatersignificanceofunknownprecursorsmanufacturingshiftsandlikelyafffimpacts-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'houtz-sutton-park-sedlak-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinwastewatersignificanceofunknownprecursorsmanufacturingshiftsandlikelyafffimpacts-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055', event);\">\n    Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: Significance of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely AFFF impacts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Houtz, E. F.; Sutton, R.; Park, J. S.;  and Sedlak, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water Research</i>, 95: 142–149.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('houtz-sutton-park-sedlak-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinwastewatersignificanceofunknownprecursorsmanufacturingshiftsandlikelyafffimpacts-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: Significance of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely AFFF impacts [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('houtz-sutton-park-sedlak-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinwastewatersignificanceofunknownprecursorsmanufacturingshiftsandlikelyafffimpacts-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/houtz-sutton-park-sedlak-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinwastewatersignificanceofunknownprecursorsmanufacturingshiftsandlikelyafffimpacts-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('houtz-sutton-park-sedlak-polyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinwastewatersignificanceofunknownprecursorsmanufacturingshiftsandlikelyafffimpacts-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{houtz_poly-_2016,\n\ttitle = {Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: {Significance} of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely {AFFF} impacts},\n\tvolume = {95},\n\tissn = {18792448},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055},\n\tabstract = {In late 2014, wastewater effluent samples were collected from eight treatment plants that discharge to San Francisco (SF) Bay in order to assess poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) currently released from municipal and industrial sources. In addition to direct measurement of twenty specific PFAS analytes, the total concentration of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors was also indirectly measured by adapting a previously developed oxidation assay. Effluent from six municipal treatment plants contained similar amounts of total PFASs, with highest median concentrations of PFHxA (24 ng/L), followed by PFOA (23 ng/L), PFBA (19 ng/L), and PFOS (15 ng/L). Compared to SF Bay municipal wastewater samples collected in 2009, the short chain perfluorinated carboxylates PFBA and PFHxA rose significantly in concentration. Effluent samples from two treatment plants contained much higher levels of PFASs: over two samplings, wastewater from one municipal plant contained an average of 420 ng/L PFOS and wastewater from an airport industrial treatment plant contained 560 ng/L PFOS, 390 ng/L 6:2 FtS, 570 ng/L PFPeA, and 500 ng/L PFHxA. The elevated levels observed in effluent samples from these two plants are likely related to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources impacting their influent; PFASs attributable to both current use and discontinued AFFF formulations were observed. Indirectly measured PFAA precursor compounds accounted for 33\\%-63\\% of the total molar concentration of PFASs across all effluent samples and the PFAA precursors indicated by the oxidation assay were predominately short-chained. PFAS levels in SF Bay effluent samples reflect the manufacturing shifts towards shorter chained PFASs while also demonstrating significant impacts from localized usage of AFFF.},\n\tjournal = {Water Research},\n\tauthor = {Houtz, Erika F. and Sutton, Rebecca and Park, June Soo and Sedlak, Margaret},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), PFAS, Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), San Francisco Bay, Total oxidizable precursor method, Wastewater effluent},\n\tpages = {142--149},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In late 2014, wastewater effluent samples were collected from eight treatment plants that discharge to San Francisco (SF) Bay in order to assess poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) currently released from municipal and industrial sources. In addition to direct measurement of twenty specific PFAS analytes, the total concentration of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors was also indirectly measured by adapting a previously developed oxidation assay. Effluent from six municipal treatment plants contained similar amounts of total PFASs, with highest median concentrations of PFHxA (24 ng/L), followed by PFOA (23 ng/L), PFBA (19 ng/L), and PFOS (15 ng/L). Compared to SF Bay municipal wastewater samples collected in 2009, the short chain perfluorinated carboxylates PFBA and PFHxA rose significantly in concentration. Effluent samples from two treatment plants contained much higher levels of PFASs: over two samplings, wastewater from one municipal plant contained an average of 420 ng/L PFOS and wastewater from an airport industrial treatment plant contained 560 ng/L PFOS, 390 ng/L 6:2 FtS, 570 ng/L PFPeA, and 500 ng/L PFHxA. The elevated levels observed in effluent samples from these two plants are likely related to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources impacting their influent; PFASs attributable to both current use and discontinued AFFF formulations were observed. Indirectly measured PFAA precursor compounds accounted for 33%-63% of the total molar concentration of PFASs across all effluent samples and the PFAA precursors indicated by the oxidation assay were predominately short-chained. PFAS levels in SF Bay effluent samples reflect the manufacturing shifts towards shorter chained PFASs while also demonstrating significant impacts from localized usage of AFFF.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"efsa-overviewofexistingmethodologiesfortheestimationofnondietaryexposuretochemicalsfromtheuseofconsumerproductsandviatheenvironmenteuropeanfoodsafetyauthorityefsa-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Overview of existing methodologies for the estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals from the use of consumer products and via the environment European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EFSA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>EFSA Journal</i>, 14(June): 4525.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('efsa-overviewofexistingmethodologiesfortheestimationofnondietaryexposuretochemicalsfromtheuseofconsumerproductsandviatheenvironmenteuropeanfoodsafetyauthorityefsa-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4525', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/efsa-overviewofexistingmethodologiesfortheestimationofnondietaryexposuretochemicalsfromtheuseofconsumerproductsandviatheenvironmenteuropeanfoodsafetyauthorityefsa-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('efsa-overviewofexistingmethodologiesfortheestimationofnondietaryexposuretochemicalsfromtheuseofconsumerproductsandviatheenvironmenteuropeanfoodsafetyauthorityefsa-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{efsa_overview_2016,\n\ttitle = {Overview of existing methodologies for the estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals from the use of consumer products and via the environment {European} {Food} {Safety} {Authority} ( {EFSA} )},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tdoi = {10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4525},\n\tnumber = {June},\n\tjournal = {EFSA Journal},\n\tauthor = {{EFSA}},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Environment, PFAS, consumer products, consumers, methodologies, non-dietary exposure},\n\tpages = {4525},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cousins-vestergren-wang-scheringer-mclachlan-theprecautionaryprincipleandchemicalsmanagementtheexampleof-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The precautionary principle and chemicals management : the example of.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cousins, I. T; Vestergren, R.; Wang, Z.; Scheringer, M.;  and McLachlan, M. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>,1–38.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cousins-vestergren-wang-scheringer-mclachlan-theprecautionaryprincipleandchemicalsmanagementtheexampleof-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cousins-vestergren-wang-scheringer-mclachlan-theprecautionaryprincipleandchemicalsmanagementtheexampleof-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cousins_precautionary_2016,\n\ttitle = {The precautionary principle and chemicals management : the example of},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Cousins, Ian T and Vestergren, Robin and Wang, Zhanyun and Scheringer, Martin and McLachlan, Michael S.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {1--38},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cdphe-southeastelpasocountyperfluorinatedchemicalspreliminaryassessmentofcancerandbirthoutcomes-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Southeast El Paso County Perfluorinated Chemicals Preliminary Assessment of Cancer and Birth Outcomes.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CDPHE, C. D. o. P. H. & E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cdphe-southeastelpasocountyperfluorinatedchemicalspreliminaryassessmentofcancerandbirthoutcomes-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cdphe-southeastelpasocountyperfluorinatedchemicalspreliminaryassessmentofcancerandbirthoutcomes-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{cdphe_southeast_2016,\n\ttitle = {Southeast {El} {Paso} {County} {Perfluorinated} {Chemicals} {Preliminary} {Assessment} of {Cancer} and {Birth} {Outcomes}},\n\tauthor = {CDPHE, Colarado Dept of Public Health \\&amp; Environment},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {1--19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-tacklingtoxicseditorial-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Tackling toxics, Editorial.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 351(6278): 1117.  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5468\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-tacklingtoxicseditorial-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5468', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-tacklingtoxicseditorial-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-tacklingtoxicseditorial-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blum_tackling_2016,\n\ttitle = {Tackling toxics, {Editorial}},\n\tvolume = {351},\n\tissn = {0036-8075},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.aaf5468},\n\tnumber = {6278},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26965592},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {1117},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blake-welcometobeautifulparkersburgwestvirginia-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Welcome to Beautiful Parkersburg, West Virginia.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blake, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blake-welcometobeautifulparkersburgwestvirginia-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blake-welcometobeautifulparkersburgwestvirginia-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{blake_welcome_2016,\n\ttitle = {Welcome to {Beautiful} {Parkersburg}, {West} {Virginia}},\n\tauthor = {Blake, Mariah},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628', event);\">\n    Thermal Evolution and Instability of CO-Induced Platinum Clusters on the Pt(557) Surface at Ambient Pressure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, J.; Noh, M. C.; Doh, W. H.;  and Park, J. Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. January 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thermal Evolution and Instability of CO-Induced Platinum Clusters on the Pt(557) Surface at Ambient Pressure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_thermal_2016,\n\ttitle = {Thermal {Evolution} and {Instability} of {CO}-{Induced} {Platinum} {Clusters} on the {Pt}(557) {Surface} at {Ambient} {Pressure}},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\n\tabstract = {Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Jeongjin and Noh, Myung Cheol and Doh, Won Hui and Park, Jeong Young},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blinder-montgomery-texasopencarrylawsblurredlinesbetweensuspectsandmarchers-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blinder-montgomery-texasopencarrylawsblurredlinesbetweensuspectsandmarchers-2016', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html', event);\">\n    Texas Open-Carry Laws Blurred Lines Between Suspects and Marchers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blinder, A.;  and Montgomery, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The New York Times</i>. July 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blinder-montgomery-texasopencarrylawsblurredlinesbetweensuspectsandmarchers-2016', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Texas Open-Carry Laws Blurred Lines Between Suspects and Marchers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blinder-montgomery-texasopencarrylawsblurredlinesbetweensuspectsandmarchers-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blinder-montgomery-texasopencarrylawsblurredlinesbetweensuspectsandmarchers-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blinder_texas_2016,\n\ttitle = {Texas {Open}-{Carry} {Laws} {Blurred} {Lines} {Between} {Suspects} and {Marchers}},\n\tissn = {0362-4331},\n\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/us/texas-open-carry-laws-blurred-lines-between-suspects-and-marchers.html},\n\tabstract = {The mayor of Dallas suggests tightening the state’s gun laws to make it tougher to carry long arms in public.},\n\turldate = {2016-07-11},\n\tjournal = {The New York Times},\n\tauthor = {Blinder, Alan, Manny Fernandez and Montgomery, David},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Attacks on Police, Brown, David O, Dallas (Tex), Dallas, Tex  Shooting of Police Officers (2016), Demonstrations, Protests and Riots, Firearms, Gun Control, Johnson, Micah X, Open Carry Texas, Police Brutality, Misconduct and Shootings, Police Department (Dallas, Tex), Texas},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The mayor of Dallas suggests tightening the state’s gun laws to make it tougher to carry long arms in public.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628', event);\">\n    Thermal Evolution and Instability of CO-Induced Platinum Clusters on the Pt(557) Surface at Ambient Pressure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, J.; Noh, M. C.; Doh, W. H.;  and Park, J. Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. January 2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thermal Evolution and Instability of CO-Induced Platinum Clusters on the Pt(557) Surface at Ambient Pressure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-noh-doh-park-thermalevolutionandinstabilityofcoinducedplatinumclustersonthept557surfaceatambientpressure-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_thermal_2016,\n\ttitle = {Thermal {Evolution} and {Instability} of {CO}-{Induced} {Platinum} {Clusters} on the {Pt}(557) {Surface} at {Ambient} {Pressure}},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/jacs.5b10628},\n\tabstract = {Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.},\n\turldate = {2016-01-22},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Jeongjin and Noh, Myung Cheol and Doh, Won Hui and Park, Jeong Young},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most-studied molecules among the many modern industrial chemical reactions available. Following the Langmuir?Hinshelwood mechanism, CO conversion starts with adsorption on a catalyst surface, which is a crucially important stage in the kinetics of the catalytic reaction. Stepped surfaces show enhanced catalytic activity because they, by nature, have dense active sites. Recently, it was found that surface-sensitive adsorption of CO is strongly related to surface restructuring via roughening of a stepped surface. In this scanning tunneling microscopy study, we observed the thermal evolution of surface restructuring on a representative stepped platinum catalyst, Pt(557). CO adsorption at 1.4 mbar CO causes the formation of a broken-step morphology, as well as CO-induced triangular Pt clusters that exhibit a reversible disordered?ordered transition. Thermal instability of the CO-induced platinum clusters on the stepped surface was observed, which is associated with the reorganization of the repulsive CO?CO interactions at elevated temperature.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (15)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fang-vanlandingham-juliar-olson-patton-beland-doseresponseassessmentofthedermaltoxicityoftriclosaninb6c3f1mice-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fang-vanlandingham-juliar-olson-patton-beland-doseresponseassessmentofthedermaltoxicityoftriclosaninb6c3f1mice-2015', 'http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D', event);\">\n    Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in B6C3F1 mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fang, J.; Vanlandingham, M. M.; Juliar, B. E.; Olson, G. R.; Patton, R. E.;  and Beland, F. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology Research</i>, 4: 867–877.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-vanlandingham-juliar-olson-patton-beland-doseresponseassessmentofthedermaltoxicityoftriclosaninb6c3f1mice-2015', 'http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in B6C3F1 mice [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/C4TX00152D\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-vanlandingham-juliar-olson-patton-beland-doseresponseassessmentofthedermaltoxicityoftriclosaninb6c3f1mice-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/C4TX00152D', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fang-vanlandingham-juliar-olson-patton-beland-doseresponseassessmentofthedermaltoxicityoftriclosaninb6c3f1mice-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fang-vanlandingham-juliar-olson-patton-beland-doseresponseassessmentofthedermaltoxicityoftriclosaninb6c3f1mice-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fang_doseresponse_2015,\n\ttitle = {Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in {B6C3F1} mice},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2045-452X},\n\turl = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TX00152D},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/C4TX00152D},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology Research},\n\tauthor = {Fang, Jia-Long and Vanlandingham, Michelle M. and Juliar, Beth E. and Olson, Greg R. and Patton, Ralph E. and Beland, Frederick A.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, toxicology},\n\tpages = {867--877},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"europeanchemicalsagency-thebiocidalproductscommitteeadopts11opinions-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'europeanchemicalsagency-thebiocidalproductscommitteeadopts11opinions-2015', 'http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf', event);\">\n    The Biocidal Products Committee adopts 11 opinions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  European Chemicals Agency\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Annex to ECHA/NA/15/22</i>, Helsinki.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('europeanchemicalsagency-thebiocidalproductscommitteeadopts11opinions-2015', 'http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Biocidal Products Committee adopts 11 opinions [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/europeanchemicalsagency-thebiocidalproductscommitteeadopts11opinions-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('europeanchemicalsagency-thebiocidalproductscommitteeadopts11opinions-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{european_chemicals_agency_biocidal_2015,\n\ttitle = {The {Biocidal} {Products} {Committee} adopts 11 opinions},\n\tvolume = {Helsinki},\n\turl = {http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/21774240/Annex_BPC_11.pdf},\n\tjournal = {Annex to ECHA/NA/15/22},\n\tauthor = {{European Chemicals Agency}},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dhillon-kaur-pulicharla-brar-cledn-verma-surampalli-triclosancurrentstatusoccurrenceenvironmentalrisksandbioaccumulationpotential-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dhillon-kaur-pulicharla-brar-cledn-verma-surampalli-triclosancurrentstatusoccurrenceenvironmentalrisksandbioaccumulationpotential-2015', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dhillon, G. S.; Kaur, S.; Pulicharla, R.; Brar, S. K.; Cledón, M.; Verma, M.;  and Surampalli, R. Y\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of environmental research and public health</i>, 12(5): 5657–84.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhillon-kaur-pulicharla-brar-cledn-verma-surampalli-triclosancurrentstatusoccurrenceenvironmentalrisksandbioaccumulationpotential-2015', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505657\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhillon-kaur-pulicharla-brar-cledn-verma-surampalli-triclosancurrentstatusoccurrenceenvironmentalrisksandbioaccumulationpotential-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505657', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dhillon-kaur-pulicharla-brar-cledn-verma-surampalli-triclosancurrentstatusoccurrenceenvironmentalrisksandbioaccumulationpotential-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dhillon-kaur-pulicharla-brar-cledn-verma-surampalli-triclosancurrentstatusoccurrenceenvironmentalrisksandbioaccumulationpotential-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dhillon_triclosan:_2015,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1660-4601},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4454990&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph120505657},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},\n\tauthor = {Dhillon, Gurpreet Singh and Kaur, Surinder and Pulicharla, Rama and Brar, Satinder Kaur and Cledón, Maximiliano and Verma, Mausam and Surampalli, Rao Y},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {26006133},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, review},\n\tpages = {5657--84},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"denhond-tournaye-desutter-ombelet-baeyens-covaci-cox-nawrot-etal-humanexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandfertilityacasecontrolstudyinmalesubfertilitypatients-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'denhond-tournaye-desutter-ombelet-baeyens-covaci-cox-nawrot-etal-humanexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandfertilityacasecontrolstudyinmalesubfertilitypatients-2015', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017', event);\">\n    Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: A case-control study in male subfertility patients.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Den Hond, E.; Tournaye, H.; De Sutter, P.; Ombelet, W.; Baeyens, W.; Covaci, A.; Cox, B.; Nawrot, T. S.; Van Larebeke, N.;  and D'Hooghe, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 84: 154–160.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('denhond-tournaye-desutter-ombelet-baeyens-covaci-cox-nawrot-etal-humanexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandfertilityacasecontrolstudyinmalesubfertilitypatients-2015', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: A case-control study in male subfertility patients [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('denhond-tournaye-desutter-ombelet-baeyens-covaci-cox-nawrot-etal-humanexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandfertilityacasecontrolstudyinmalesubfertilitypatients-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/denhond-tournaye-desutter-ombelet-baeyens-covaci-cox-nawrot-etal-humanexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandfertilityacasecontrolstudyinmalesubfertilitypatients-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('denhond-tournaye-desutter-ombelet-baeyens-covaci-cox-nawrot-etal-humanexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandfertilityacasecontrolstudyinmalesubfertilitypatients-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{den_hond_human_2015,\n\ttitle = {Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: {A} case-control study in male subfertility patients},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {18736750},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017},\n\tabstract = {Background: Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, brominated flame retardants, bisphenol A, triclosan, perfluorinated compounds and phthalates are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate whether higher exposure to EDCs is associated with increased subfertility in men. Methods: We measured biomarkers of exposure in 163 men, recruited through four fertility clinics. According to WHO guidelines, we used a total motility count (TMC) of 20 million as cut-off value. We assigned patients to the case group when two semen samples - collected at least one week apart - had a TMC. {\\textbackslash}textless. 20 and to the control group when both samples had a TMC. ≥. 20. To estimate the risk of subfertility and alteration in sex hormone concentrations we used multivariable-adjusted analysis, using logistic and linear regressions, respectively. Results: For an IQR increase in serum oxychlordane, the odds ratio for subfertility was 1.98 (95\\% CI: 1.07; 3.69). Furthermore, men with serum levels of BDE209 above the quantification limit had an odds of 7.22 (1.03; 50.6) for subfertility compared with those having values below the LOQ. Urinary levels of phthalates and triclosan were negatively associated with inhibin B and positively with LH. Urinary bisphenol A correlated negatively with testosterone levels. Conclusions: Our study in men showed that internal body concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals are associated with an increased risk of subfertility together with alterations in hormone levels. The results emphasize the importance to reduce chemicals in the environment in order to safeguard male fertility.},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Den Hond, Elly and Tournaye, Herman and De Sutter, Petra and Ombelet, Willem and Baeyens, Willy and Covaci, Adrian and Cox, Bianca and Nawrot, Tim S. and Van Larebeke, Nik and D&#x27;Hooghe, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {26292060},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Fertility, Florence, TCS, human health, toxicology},\n\tpages = {154--160},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, brominated flame retardants, bisphenol A, triclosan, perfluorinated compounds and phthalates are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate whether higher exposure to EDCs is associated with increased subfertility in men. Methods: We measured biomarkers of exposure in 163 men, recruited through four fertility clinics. According to WHO guidelines, we used a total motility count (TMC) of 20 million as cut-off value. We assigned patients to the case group when two semen samples - collected at least one week apart - had a TMC. \\textless. 20 and to the control group when both samples had a TMC. ≥. 20. To estimate the risk of subfertility and alteration in sex hormone concentrations we used multivariable-adjusted analysis, using logistic and linear regressions, respectively. Results: For an IQR increase in serum oxychlordane, the odds ratio for subfertility was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.07; 3.69). Furthermore, men with serum levels of BDE209 above the quantification limit had an odds of 7.22 (1.03; 50.6) for subfertility compared with those having values below the LOQ. Urinary levels of phthalates and triclosan were negatively associated with inhibin B and positively with LH. Urinary bisphenol A correlated negatively with testosterone levels. Conclusions: Our study in men showed that internal body concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals are associated with an increased risk of subfertility together with alterations in hormone levels. The results emphasize the importance to reduce chemicals in the environment in order to safeguard male fertility.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"surma-wiczkowski-zieliski-cieslik-determinationofselectedperfluorinatedacidspfcasandperfluorinatedsulfonatespfassinfoodcontactmaterialsusinglcmsms-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Determination of Selected Perfluorinated Acids (PFCAs) and Perfluorinated Sulfonates (PFASs) in Food Contact Materials Using LC-MS/MS.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Surma, M.; Wiczkowski, W.; Zieliński, H.;  and Cies̈lik, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Packaging Technology and Science</i>, 28(9): 789–799.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2140\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('surma-wiczkowski-zieliski-cieslik-determinationofselectedperfluorinatedacidspfcasandperfluorinatedsulfonatespfassinfoodcontactmaterialsusinglcmsms-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2140', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/surma-wiczkowski-zieliski-cieslik-determinationofselectedperfluorinatedacidspfcasandperfluorinatedsulfonatespfassinfoodcontactmaterialsusinglcmsms-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('surma-wiczkowski-zieliski-cieslik-determinationofselectedperfluorinatedacidspfcasandperfluorinatedsulfonatespfassinfoodcontactmaterialsusinglcmsms-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{surma_determination_2015,\n\ttitle = {Determination of {Selected} {Perfluorinated} {Acids} ({PFCAs}) and {Perfluorinated} {Sulfonates} ({PFASs}) in {Food} {Contact} {Materials} {Using} {LC}-{MS}/{MS}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {10991522},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/pts.2140},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Packaging Technology and Science},\n\tauthor = {Surma, M. and Wiczkowski, W. and Zieliński, H. and Cies̈lik, E.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Food contact materials, LC-MS/MS, PFASs, PFCAs, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)},\n\tpages = {789--799},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"krafft-riess-perandpolyfluorinatedsubstancespfassenvironmentalchallenges-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs): Environmental challenges.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Krafft, M. P.;  and Riess, J. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science</i>, 20(3): 192–212.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krafft-riess-perandpolyfluorinatedsubstancespfassenvironmentalchallenges-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/krafft-riess-perandpolyfluorinatedsubstancespfassenvironmentalchallenges-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('krafft-riess-perandpolyfluorinatedsubstancespfassenvironmentalchallenges-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{krafft_per-_2015,\n\ttitle = {Per- and polyfluorinated substances ({PFASs}): {Environmental} challenges},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {18790399},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.004},\n\tabstract = {Long-chain perfluoroalkylated acids are persistent in the environment, leading to ubiquitous exposure of biota. They have been listed as very persistent, very bioaccumulative and toxic by Public Health Authorities. Their production and use have been regulated in most western countries but their production has increased in other geographical area. Animal studies show highly diverse and complex, product-, species- and gender-dependent pharmacodynamics and toxicity profiles. Human epidemiologic studies unveiled liver, developmental and other adverse health effects, while further effects remain inconclusive. Alternative short-chain products are technically much less performing. Alternative long-chain processing aids have not been proven environmentally advantageous. Risk assessment is difficult and highly uncertain. Little breakthrough products or technologies have yet emerged that can match the feats of fluorinated surfactants and fluorinated polymers. Radical, disruptive new solutions are needed. Meanwhile, more reasonable, more selective use of these compounds appears indispensable in order to reduce exposure while preserving their societal benefits and without penalizing developing countries. Progress in the risk management of per- and polyfluorinated substances is, however, impeded by considerable knowledge and information gaps, and will demand sustained multidisciplinary efforts.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science},\n\tauthor = {Krafft, Marie Pierre and Riess, Jean G.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Fluorinated surfactants, Human exposure, PFAS, PFBA, PFBS, PFOA, PFOS, Pollutant, Regulation, Responsibility, Toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, sustainability},\n\tpages = {192--212},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Long-chain perfluoroalkylated acids are persistent in the environment, leading to ubiquitous exposure of biota. They have been listed as very persistent, very bioaccumulative and toxic by Public Health Authorities. Their production and use have been regulated in most western countries but their production has increased in other geographical area. Animal studies show highly diverse and complex, product-, species- and gender-dependent pharmacodynamics and toxicity profiles. Human epidemiologic studies unveiled liver, developmental and other adverse health effects, while further effects remain inconclusive. Alternative short-chain products are technically much less performing. Alternative long-chain processing aids have not been proven environmentally advantageous. Risk assessment is difficult and highly uncertain. Little breakthrough products or technologies have yet emerged that can match the feats of fluorinated surfactants and fluorinated polymers. Radical, disruptive new solutions are needed. Meanwhile, more reasonable, more selective use of these compounds appears indispensable in order to reduce exposure while preserving their societal benefits and without penalizing developing countries. Progress in the risk management of per- and polyfluorinated substances is, however, impeded by considerable knowledge and information gaps, and will demand sustained multidisciplinary efforts.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kjolholt-jensen-warming-shortchainpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfas-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Short-chain Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kjolholt, J.; Jensen, A. A.;  and Warming, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  The Danish Environmental Protection Agency,  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kjolholt-jensen-warming-shortchainpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfas-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kjolholt-jensen-warming-shortchainpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfas-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{kjolholt_short-chain_2015,\n\ttitle = {Short-chain {Polyfluoroalkyl} {Substances} ({PFAS})},\n\tisbn = {978-87-93352-15-5},\n\tabstract = {This report has been prepared to support part of the Danish EPA&#x27;s strategy on “other perfluorinated substances” (i.e. other than PFOS and PFOA). In the strategy it is, among others, stated that an overview of uses and applica- tions, exposure and impact on human health and the environment should be established, and a need for more information on short-chain PFAS as possible alternatives to the long-chained was identified. Hence, the objectives of this study have been to review the open literature on these subjects for short-chain PFAS and assess the possible impacts of these substances on human health and the environment in comparison to long- chain PFAS and thereby supporting the Danish EPA&#x27;s strategy on this substance group by providing background documentation in relation to further activities, including possible regulation.},\n\tnumber = {1707},\n\tpublisher = {The Danish Environmental Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {Kjolholt, Jesper and Jensen, Allan Astrup and Warming, Marlies},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This report has been prepared to support part of the Danish EPA's strategy on “other perfluorinated substances” (i.e. other than PFOS and PFOA). In the strategy it is, among others, stated that an overview of uses and applica- tions, exposure and impact on human health and the environment should be established, and a need for more information on short-chain PFAS as possible alternatives to the long-chained was identified. Hence, the objectives of this study have been to review the open literature on these subjects for short-chain PFAS and assess the possible impacts of these substances on human health and the environment in comparison to long- chain PFAS and thereby supporting the Danish EPA's strategy on this substance group by providing background documentation in relation to further activities, including possible regulation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kotthoff-mller-jrling-schlummer-fiedler-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesinconsumerproducts-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kotthoff, M.; Müller, J.; Jürling, H.; Schlummer, M.;  and Fiedler, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>, 22(19): 14546–14559.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kotthoff-mller-jrling-schlummer-fiedler-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesinconsumerproducts-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kotthoff-mller-jrling-schlummer-fiedler-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesinconsumerproducts-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kotthoff-mller-jrling-schlummer-fiedler-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesinconsumerproducts-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kotthoff_perfluoroalkyl_2015,\n\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {16147499},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7},\n\tabstract = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in a wide range of products of all day life. Due to their toxicological potential, an emerging focus is directed towards their exposure to humans. This study investigated the PFAS load of consumer products in a broad perspective. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (C4, C6–C8, C10-PFSA), carboxylic acids (C4–C14-PFCA) and fluorotelomer alcohols (4:2, 6:2; 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH) were analysed in 115 random samples of consumer products including textiles (outdoor materials), carpets, cleaning and impregnating agents, leather samples, baking and sandwich papers, paper baking forms and ski waxes. PFCA and PFSA were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS, whereas FTOH were detected by GC/CI-MS. Consumer products such as cleaning agents or some baking and sandwich papers show low or negligible PFSA and PFCA contents. On the other hand, high PFAS levels were identified in ski waxes (up to about 2000 μg/kg PFOA), leather samples (up to about 200 μg/kg PFBA and 120 μg/kg PFBS), outdoor textiles (up to 19 μg/m2 PFOA) and some other baking papers (up to 15 μg/m2 PFOA). Moreover, some test samples like carpet and leather samples and outdoor materials exceeded the EU regulatory threshold value for PFOS (1 μg/m2). A diverse mixture of PFASs can be found in consumer products for all fields of daily use in varying concentrations. This study proves the importance of screening and monitoring of consumer products for PFAS loads and the necessity for an action to regulate the use of PFASs, especially PFOA, in consumer products. © 2015 The Author(s)},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Kotthoff, Matthias and Müller, Josef and Jürling, Heinrich and Schlummer, Martin and Fiedler, Dominik},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25854201},\n\tkeywords = {Food contact materials, Outdoor textiles, PFAA, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, consumer products},\n\tpages = {14546--14559},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in a wide range of products of all day life. Due to their toxicological potential, an emerging focus is directed towards their exposure to humans. This study investigated the PFAS load of consumer products in a broad perspective. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (C4, C6–C8, C10-PFSA), carboxylic acids (C4–C14-PFCA) and fluorotelomer alcohols (4:2, 6:2; 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH) were analysed in 115 random samples of consumer products including textiles (outdoor materials), carpets, cleaning and impregnating agents, leather samples, baking and sandwich papers, paper baking forms and ski waxes. PFCA and PFSA were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS, whereas FTOH were detected by GC/CI-MS. Consumer products such as cleaning agents or some baking and sandwich papers show low or negligible PFSA and PFCA contents. On the other hand, high PFAS levels were identified in ski waxes (up to about 2000 μg/kg PFOA), leather samples (up to about 200 μg/kg PFBA and 120 μg/kg PFBS), outdoor textiles (up to 19 μg/m2 PFOA) and some other baking papers (up to 15 μg/m2 PFOA). Moreover, some test samples like carpet and leather samples and outdoor materials exceeded the EU regulatory threshold value for PFOS (1 μg/m2). A diverse mixture of PFASs can be found in consumer products for all fields of daily use in varying concentrations. This study proves the importance of screening and monitoring of consumer products for PFAS loads and the necessity for an action to regulate the use of PFASs, especially PFOA, in consumer products. © 2015 The Author(s)\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"grandjean-clapp-perfluorinatedalkylsubstancesemerginginsightsintohealthrisks-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'grandjean-clapp-perfluorinatedalkylsubstancesemerginginsightsintohealthrisks-2015', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549', event);\">\n    Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances: Emerging Insights Into Health Risks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Grandjean, P.;  and Clapp, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy</i>, 25(2): 147–163.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('grandjean-clapp-perfluorinatedalkylsubstancesemerginginsightsintohealthrisks-2015', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances: Emerging Insights Into Health Risks [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1048291115590506\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('grandjean-clapp-perfluorinatedalkylsubstancesemerginginsightsintohealthrisks-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1048291115590506', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/grandjean-clapp-perfluorinatedalkylsubstancesemerginginsightsintohealthrisks-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('grandjean-clapp-perfluorinatedalkylsubstancesemerginginsightsintohealthrisks-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{grandjean_perfluorinated_2015,\n\ttitle = {Perfluorinated {Alkyl} {Substances}: {Emerging} {Insights} {Into} {Health} {Risks}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1048-2911, 1541-3772},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084549},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1048291115590506},\n\tabstract = {Perfluorinated alkyl substances have been in use for over sixty years. These highly stable substances were at first thought to be virtually inert and of low toxicity. Toxicity information slowly emerged on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. More than thirty years ago, early studies reported immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects. The substances were discovered in blood samples from exposed workers, then in the general population and in community water supplies near U.S. manufacturing plants. Only recently has research publication on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate intensified. While the toxicology database is still far from complete, carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity now appear to be relevant risks at prevalent exposure levels. Existing drinking water limits are based on less complete evidence that was available before 2008 and may be more than 100-fold too high. As risk evaluations assume that untested effects do not require regulatory attention, the greatly underestimated health risks from perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate illustrate the public health implications of assuming the safety of incompletely tested industrial chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy},\n\tauthor = {Grandjean, Philippe and Clapp, Richard},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {26084549},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, Risk Assessment, carcinogen, exposure limit, immunotoxicant, perfluorinated octanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate},\n\tpages = {147--163},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluorinated alkyl substances have been in use for over sixty years. These highly stable substances were at first thought to be virtually inert and of low toxicity. Toxicity information slowly emerged on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. More than thirty years ago, early studies reported immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects. The substances were discovered in blood samples from exposed workers, then in the general population and in community water supplies near U.S. manufacturing plants. Only recently has research publication on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate intensified. While the toxicology database is still far from complete, carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity now appear to be relevant risks at prevalent exposure levels. Existing drinking water limits are based on less complete evidence that was available before 2008 and may be more than 100-fold too high. As risk evaluations assume that untested effects do not require regulatory attention, the greatly underestimated health risks from perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate illustrate the public health implications of assuming the safety of incompletely tested industrial chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"efsaeuropeanfoodsafetyauthority-annualreportoftheemergingrisksexchangenetwork2014europeanfoodsafetyauthority-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Annual report of the emerging risks exchange network 2014 - European Food Safety Authority.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report July,  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/efsaeuropeanfoodsafetyauthority-annualreportoftheemergingrisksexchangenetwork2014europeanfoodsafetyauthority-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('efsaeuropeanfoodsafetyauthority-annualreportoftheemergingrisksexchangenetwork2014europeanfoodsafetyauthority-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{efsa_european_food_safety_authority_annual_2015,\n\ttitle = {Annual report of the emerging risks exchange network 2014 - {European} {Food} {Safety} {Authority}},\n\tnumber = {July},\n\tauthor = {{EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)}},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, emerging issues, emerging risks, information exchange, member states},\n\tpages = {1--14},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cousins-balan-scheringer-weber-wang-blum-diamond-fletcher-etal-commentonfluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Comment on \"Fluorotechnology Is Critical to Modern Life: The FluoroCouncil Counterpoint to the Madrid Statement\".\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cousins, I. T.; Balan, S. A.; Scheringer, M.; Weber, R.; Wang, Z.; Blum, A.; Diamond, M. L.; Fletcher, T.; Goldenman, G.; Higgins, C. P.; Lindeman, A. E.; Peaslee, G.; Trier, X.;  and de Voogt, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 123(7): 170–172.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es301168c.Scheringer\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cousins-balan-scheringer-weber-wang-blum-diamond-fletcher-etal-commentonfluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es301168c.Scheringer', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cousins-balan-scheringer-weber-wang-blum-diamond-fletcher-etal-commentonfluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cousins-balan-scheringer-weber-wang-blum-diamond-fletcher-etal-commentonfluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cousins_comment_2015,\n\ttitle = {Comment on &quot;{Fluorotechnology} {Is} {Critical} to {Modern} {Life}: {The} {FluoroCouncil} {Counterpoint} to the {Madrid} {Statement}&quot;},\n\tvolume = {123},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es301168c.Scheringer},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Cousins, Ian T. and Balan, Simona A. and Scheringer, Martin and Weber, Roland and Wang, Zhanyun and Blum, Arlene and Diamond, Miriam L. and Fletcher, Tony and Goldenman, Gretta and Higgins, Christopher P. and Lindeman, Avery E. and Peaslee, Graham and Trier, Xenia and de Voogt, Pim},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {170--172},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"butenhoff-rodricks-humanhealthriskassessmentofperfluoroalkylacids-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Human Health Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Butenhoff, J. L.;  and Rodricks, J. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Toxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by DeWitt, Jamie C</i>, pages 363–418. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland,  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/butenhoff-rodricks-humanhealthriskassessmentofperfluoroalkylacids-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('butenhoff-rodricks-humanhealthriskassessmentofperfluoroalkylacids-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{butenhoff_human_2015,\n\taddress = {Switzerland},\n\ttitle = {Human {Health} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-319-15517-3},\n\tbooktitle = {Toxicological {Effects} of {Perfluoroalkyl} and {Polyfluoroalkyl} {Substances} by {DeWitt}, {Jamie} {C}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Butenhoff, John L. and Rodricks, Joseph V.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, acids, alternative, electrochemical fl uorination, fluorotelomer, perfl uoroalkyl, perfl uoropolyether, polyfl uoroalkyl, short-chain, toxicology},\n\tpages = {363--418},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bowman-fluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Fluorotechnology is critical to modern life: The fluorocouncil counterpoint to the madrid statement.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bowman, J. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 123(5): 112–113.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510207\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bowman-fluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510207', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bowman-fluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bowman-fluorotechnologyiscriticaltomodernlifethefluorocouncilcounterpointtothemadridstatement-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bowman_fluorotechnology_2015,\n\ttitle = {Fluorotechnology is critical to modern life: {The} fluorocouncil counterpoint to the madrid statement},\n\tvolume = {123},\n\tissn = {15529924},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1510207},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Bowman, Jessica S.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {26132439},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {112--113},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-balan-scheringer-trier-goldenman-cousins-diamond-fletcher-etal-themadridstatementonpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfass-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A.; Balan, S. A.; Scheringer, M.; Trier, X.; Goldenman, G.; Cousins, I. T.; Diamond, M. L.; Fletcher, T.; Higgins, C. P.; Lindeman, A. E.; Peaslee, G.; de Voogt, P.; Wang, Z.;  and Weber, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 123(5): 107–111.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es201662b.Fei\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-balan-scheringer-trier-goldenman-cousins-diamond-fletcher-etal-themadridstatementonpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfass-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es201662b.Fei', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-balan-scheringer-trier-goldenman-cousins-diamond-fletcher-etal-themadridstatementonpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfass-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-balan-scheringer-trier-goldenman-cousins-diamond-fletcher-etal-themadridstatementonpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancespfass-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blum_madrid_2015,\n\ttitle = {The {Madrid} {Statement} on {Poly}- and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Substances} ({PFASs})},\n\tvolume = {123},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es201662b.Fei},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene and Balan, Simona A. and Scheringer, Martin and Trier, Xenia and Goldenman, Gretta and Cousins, Ian T. and Diamond, Miriam L. and Fletcher, Tony and Higgins, Christopher P. and Lindeman, Avery E. and Peaslee, Graham and de Voogt, Pim and Wang, Zhanyun and Weber, Roland},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {107--111},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"andrews-walker-poisonedlegacytenyearslaterchemicalsafetyandjusticefordupontsteflonvictimsremainelusive-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'andrews-walker-poisonedlegacytenyearslaterchemicalsafetyandjusticefordupontsteflonvictimsremainelusive-2015', 'http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease', event);\">\n    Poisoned Legacy; Ten Years Later, Chemical Safety and Justice for Dupont's Teflon Victims Remain Elusive.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Andrews, D.;  and Walker, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Working Group</i>, (April): 31.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('andrews-walker-poisonedlegacytenyearslaterchemicalsafetyandjusticefordupontsteflonvictimsremainelusive-2015', 'http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Poisoned Legacy; Ten Years Later, Chemical Safety and Justice for Dupont&#x27;s Teflon Victims Remain Elusive [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andrews-walker-poisonedlegacytenyearslaterchemicalsafetyandjusticefordupontsteflonvictimsremainelusive-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andrews-walker-poisonedlegacytenyearslaterchemicalsafetyandjusticefordupontsteflonvictimsremainelusive-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{andrews_poisoned_2015,\n\ttitle = {Poisoned {Legacy}; {Ten} {Years} {Later}, {Chemical} {Safety} and {Justice} for {Dupont}&#x27;s {Teflon} {Victims} {Remain} {Elusive}},\n\turl = {http://www.ewg.org/research/poisoned-legacy?utm_source=201505PFCRelease&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=201505PFCRelease},\n\tabstract = {In 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency fined chemical giant DuPont a record \\$16.5 million over its decades-long cover-up of the health hazards of C8, also known as PFOA. One of a family of perfluorinated chemicals, or PFCs, PFOA was a key ingredient in making Teflon, the non-stick, waterproof, stain-resistant “miracle of modern chemistry” used in thousands of household products. DuPont had long known that PFOA caused cancer, had poisoned drinking water in the mid-Ohio River Valley and polluted the blood of people and animals worldwide. But it never told its workers, local officials and residents, state regulators or the EPA. Eventually, research by federal officials, EWG and other public interest groups found that the blood of almost all Americans was contaminated with PFCs. And in 2006 the EPA confirmed that PFOA is a probable human carcinogen.},\n\tnumber = {April},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Working Group},\n\tauthor = {Andrews, David and Walker, Bill},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency fined chemical giant DuPont a record $16.5 million over its decades-long cover-up of the health hazards of C8, also known as PFOA. One of a family of perfluorinated chemicals, or PFCs, PFOA was a key ingredient in making Teflon, the non-stick, waterproof, stain-resistant “miracle of modern chemistry” used in thousands of household products. DuPont had long known that PFOA caused cancer, had poisoned drinking water in the mid-Ohio River Valley and polluted the blood of people and animals worldwide. But it never told its workers, local officials and residents, state regulators or the EPA. Eventually, research by federal officials, EWG and other public interest groups found that the blood of almost all Americans was contaminated with PFCs. And in 2006 the EPA confirmed that PFOA is a probable human carcinogen.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2014\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2014</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (61)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ellingson-haas-aiello-kusek-maragakis-olmsted-perencevich-polgreen-etal-strategiestopreventhealthcareassociatedinfectionsthroughhandhygiene-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ellingson-haas-aiello-kusek-maragakis-olmsted-perencevich-polgreen-etal-strategiestopreventhealthcareassociatedinfectionsthroughhandhygiene-2014', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608', event);\">\n    Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ellingson, K; Haas, J P; Aiello, A E; Kusek, L; Maragakis, L L; Olmsted, R N; Perencevich, E; Polgreen, P M; Schweizer, M L; Trexler, P; VanAmringe, M;  and Yokoe, D S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology</i>, 35(8): 937–960.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ellingson-haas-aiello-kusek-maragakis-olmsted-perencevich-polgreen-etal-strategiestopreventhealthcareassociatedinfectionsthroughhandhygiene-2014', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1086/677145\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ellingson-haas-aiello-kusek-maragakis-olmsted-perencevich-polgreen-etal-strategiestopreventhealthcareassociatedinfectionsthroughhandhygiene-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1086/677145', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ellingson-haas-aiello-kusek-maragakis-olmsted-perencevich-polgreen-etal-strategiestopreventhealthcareassociatedinfectionsthroughhandhygiene-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ellingson-haas-aiello-kusek-maragakis-olmsted-perencevich-polgreen-etal-strategiestopreventhealthcareassociatedinfectionsthroughhandhygiene-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ellingson_strategies_2014,\n\ttitle = {Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {0899823X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026608},\n\tdoi = {10.1086/677145},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Ellingson, K and Haas, J P and Aiello, A E and Kusek, L and Maragakis, L L and Olmsted, R N and Perencevich, E and Polgreen, P M and Schweizer, M L and Trexler, P and VanAmringe, M and Yokoe, D S},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {25026608},\n\tpages = {937--960},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dinwiddie-terry-chen-recentevidenceregardingtriclosanandcancerrisk-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Recent evidence regarding triclosan and cancer risk.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dinwiddie, M. T.; Terry, P. D.;  and Chen, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>, 11(2): 2209–2217.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110202209\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dinwiddie-terry-chen-recentevidenceregardingtriclosanandcancerrisk-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110202209', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dinwiddie-terry-chen-recentevidenceregardingtriclosanandcancerrisk-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dinwiddie-terry-chen-recentevidenceregardingtriclosanandcancerrisk-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dinwiddie_recent_2014,\n\ttitle = {Recent evidence regarding triclosan and cancer risk},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {16617827},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph110202209},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial commonly used in cosmetics, dentifrices, and other consumer products. The compound&#x27;s widespread use in consumer products and its detection in breast milk, urine, and serum have raised concerns regarding its potential association with various human health outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that triclosan may play a role in cancer development, perhaps through its estrogenicity or ability to inhibit fatty acid synthesis. Our aims here are to review studies of human exposure levels, to evaluate the results of studies examining the effects of triclosan on cancer development, and to suggest possible directions for future research.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dinwiddie, Michael T. and Terry, Paul D. and Chen, Jiangang},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24566048},\n\tkeywords = {Breast Neoplasms, Cancer, Epidemiologic studies, Fatty acid synthesis, Triclosan, Xenoestrogens},\n\tpages = {2209--2217},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial commonly used in cosmetics, dentifrices, and other consumer products. The compound's widespread use in consumer products and its detection in breast milk, urine, and serum have raised concerns regarding its potential association with various human health outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that triclosan may play a role in cancer development, perhaps through its estrogenicity or ability to inhibit fatty acid synthesis. Our aims here are to review studies of human exposure levels, to evaluate the results of studies examining the effects of triclosan on cancer development, and to suggest possible directions for future research.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"usepa-emergingcontaminantsperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Emerging Contaminants – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  USEPA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>USEPA Fact Sheet</i>, (March).  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/usepa-emergingcontaminantsperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('usepa-emergingcontaminantsperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{usepa_emerging_2014,\n\ttitle = {Emerging {Contaminants} – {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS}) and {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ({PFOA})},\n\tabstract = {Fully fluorinated compounds that are human-made substances and not naturally found in the environment. ? Used as a surface-active agent and in variety of products, such as fire fighting foams, coating additives and cleaning products. ? Does not hydrolyze, photolyze or biodegrade under environmental conditions and is extremely persistent in the environment. ? Studies have shown it has the potential to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in wildlife. ? Readily absorbed after oral exposure and accumulates primarily in the serum, kidney, and liver. ? Toxicological studies on animals indicate potential developmental, reproductive and systematic effects. ? Health-based advisories or screening levels for PFOS and PFOA have been developed by both the EPA and the states. ? Standard detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). ? Common water treatment technologies include activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis units.},\n\tnumber = {March},\n\tjournal = {USEPA Fact Sheet},\n\tauthor = {{USEPA}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {FFRRO emerging contaminant, FFRRO technical fact s},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fully fluorinated compounds that are human-made substances and not naturally found in the environment. ? Used as a surface-active agent and in variety of products, such as fire fighting foams, coating additives and cleaning products. ? Does not hydrolyze, photolyze or biodegrade under environmental conditions and is extremely persistent in the environment. ? Studies have shown it has the potential to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in wildlife. ? Readily absorbed after oral exposure and accumulates primarily in the serum, kidney, and liver. ? Toxicological studies on animals indicate potential developmental, reproductive and systematic effects. ? Health-based advisories or screening levels for PFOS and PFOA have been developed by both the EPA and the states. ? Standard detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). ? Common water treatment technologies include activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis units.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"unep-popsinarticlesandphasingoutopportunitiespartiiipopsfreepopsalternatives-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'unep-popsinarticlesandphasingoutopportunitiespartiiipopsfreepopsalternatives-2014', 'http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html', event);\">\n    POPs in Articles and Phasing-Out Opportunities; Part III POPs-free/POPs alternatives.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('unep-popsinarticlesandphasingoutopportunitiespartiiipopsfreepopsalternatives-2014', 'http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"POPs in Articles and Phasing-Out Opportunities; Part III POPs-free/POPs alternatives [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/unep-popsinarticlesandphasingoutopportunitiespartiiipopsfreepopsalternatives-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('unep-popsinarticlesandphasingoutopportunitiespartiiipopsfreepopsalternatives-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{unep_pops_2014,\n\ttitle = {{POPs} in {Articles} and {Phasing}-{Out} {Opportunities}; {Part} {III} {POPs}-free/{POPs} alternatives},\n\turl = {http://poppub.bcrc.cn/col/1408693347502/index.html},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Stockholm Convention},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rahman-peldszus-anderson-behaviourandfateofperfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassindrinkingwatertreatmentareview-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rahman-peldszus-anderson-behaviourandfateofperfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassindrinkingwatertreatmentareview-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045', event);\">\n    Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: A review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rahman, M. F.; Peldszus, S.;  and Anderson, W. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water Research</i>, 50: 318–340.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rahman-peldszus-anderson-behaviourandfateofperfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassindrinkingwatertreatmentareview-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: A review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rahman-peldszus-anderson-behaviourandfateofperfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassindrinkingwatertreatmentareview-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rahman-peldszus-anderson-behaviourandfateofperfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassindrinkingwatertreatmentareview-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rahman-peldszus-anderson-behaviourandfateofperfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancespfassindrinkingwatertreatmentareview-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rahman_behaviour_2014,\n\ttitle = {Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances ({PFASs}) in drinking water treatment: {A} review},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {18792448},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) characteristics, their occurrence in surface water, and their fate in drinking water treatment processes. PFASs have been detected globally in the aquatic environment including drinking water at trace concentrations and due, in part, to their persistence in human tissue some are being investigated for regulation. They are aliphatic compounds containing saturated carbon-fluorine bonds and are resistant to chemical, physical, and biological degradation. Functional groups, carbon chain length, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity are some of the important structural properties of PFASs that affect their fate during drinking water treatment. Full-scale drinking water treatment plant occurrence data indicate that PFASs, if present in raw water, are not substantially removed by most drinking water treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, biofiltration, oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, AOPs), UV irradiation, and low pressure membranes. Early observations suggest that activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and high pressure membrane filtration may be effective in controlling these contaminants. However, branched isomers and the increasingly used shorter chain PFAS replacement products may be problematic as it pertains to the accurate assessment of PFAS behaviour through drinking water treatment processes since only limited information is available for these PFASs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\n\tjournal = {Water Research},\n\tauthor = {Rahman, Mohammad Feisal and Peldszus, Sigrid and Anderson, William B.},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24216232},\n\tkeywords = {Activated carbon, Drinking water treatment, Ion exchange, Membrane filtration, PFAS, PFASs, PFOA/PFOS, pfcs},\n\tpages = {318--340},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article reviews perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) characteristics, their occurrence in surface water, and their fate in drinking water treatment processes. PFASs have been detected globally in the aquatic environment including drinking water at trace concentrations and due, in part, to their persistence in human tissue some are being investigated for regulation. They are aliphatic compounds containing saturated carbon-fluorine bonds and are resistant to chemical, physical, and biological degradation. Functional groups, carbon chain length, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity are some of the important structural properties of PFASs that affect their fate during drinking water treatment. Full-scale drinking water treatment plant occurrence data indicate that PFASs, if present in raw water, are not substantially removed by most drinking water treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, biofiltration, oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, AOPs), UV irradiation, and low pressure membranes. Early observations suggest that activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and high pressure membrane filtration may be effective in controlling these contaminants. However, branched isomers and the increasingly used shorter chain PFAS replacement products may be problematic as it pertains to the accurate assessment of PFAS behaviour through drinking water treatment processes since only limited information is available for these PFASs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"scheringer-trier-cousins-devoogt-fletcher-wang-webster-helsingrstatementonpolyandperfluorinatedalkylsubstancespfass-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'scheringer-trier-cousins-devoogt-fletcher-wang-webster-helsingrstatementonpolyandperfluorinatedalkylsubstancespfass-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044', event);\">\n    Helsingør Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Scheringer, M.; Trier, X.; Cousins, I. T.; de Voogt, P.; Fletcher, T.; Wang, Z.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 114: 337–339.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheringer-trier-cousins-devoogt-fletcher-wang-webster-helsingrstatementonpolyandperfluorinatedalkylsubstancespfass-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Helsingør Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheringer-trier-cousins-devoogt-fletcher-wang-webster-helsingrstatementonpolyandperfluorinatedalkylsubstancespfass-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/scheringer-trier-cousins-devoogt-fletcher-wang-webster-helsingrstatementonpolyandperfluorinatedalkylsubstancespfass-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('scheringer-trier-cousins-devoogt-fletcher-wang-webster-helsingrstatementonpolyandperfluorinatedalkylsubstancespfass-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{scheringer_helsingor_2014,\n\ttitle = {Helsingør {Statement} on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances ({PFASs})},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {18791298},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044},\n\tabstract = {In this discussion paper, the transition from long-chain poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) to fluorinated alternatives is addressed. Long-chain PFASs include perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7 or more perfluorinated carbons, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons, and their precursors. Because long-chain PFASs have been found to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, they are being replaced by a wide range of fluorinated alternatives. We summarize key concerns about the potential impacts of fluorinated alternatives on human health and the environment in order to provide concise information for different stakeholders and the public. These concerns include, amongst others, the likelihood of fluorinated alternatives or their transformation products becoming ubiquitously present in the global environment; the need for more information on uses, properties and effects of fluorinated alternatives; the formation of persistent terminal transformation products including PFCAs and PFSAs; increasing environmental and human exposure and potential of adverse effects as a consequence of the high ultimate persistence and increasing usage of fluorinated alternatives; the high societal costs that would be caused if the uses, environmental fate, and adverse effects of fluorinated alternatives had to be investigated by publicly funded research; and the lack of consideration of non-persistent alternatives to long-chain PFASs. ?? 2014 The Authors.},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Scheringer, Martin and Trier, Xenia and Cousins, Ian T. and de Voogt, Pim and Fletcher, Tony and Wang, Zhanyun and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24938172},\n\tpages = {337--339},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this discussion paper, the transition from long-chain poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) to fluorinated alternatives is addressed. Long-chain PFASs include perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7 or more perfluorinated carbons, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons, and their precursors. Because long-chain PFASs have been found to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, they are being replaced by a wide range of fluorinated alternatives. We summarize key concerns about the potential impacts of fluorinated alternatives on human health and the environment in order to provide concise information for different stakeholders and the public. These concerns include, amongst others, the likelihood of fluorinated alternatives or their transformation products becoming ubiquitously present in the global environment; the need for more information on uses, properties and effects of fluorinated alternatives; the formation of persistent terminal transformation products including PFCAs and PFSAs; increasing environmental and human exposure and potential of adverse effects as a consequence of the high ultimate persistence and increasing usage of fluorinated alternatives; the high societal costs that would be caused if the uses, environmental fate, and adverse effects of fluorinated alternatives had to be investigated by publicly funded research; and the lack of consideration of non-persistent alternatives to long-chain PFASs. ?? 2014 The Authors.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bull-burnett-vassaux-ashdown-brown-rushton-extensiveliteraturesearchandprovisionofsummariesofstudiesrelatedtotheoraltoxicityofperfluoroalkylatedsubstancespfasstheirprecursorsandpotentialreplacementsinexperimentalanimalsandhumans-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Extensive literature search and provision of summaries of studies related to the oral toxicity of perfluoroalkylated substances ( PFASs ), their precursors and potential replacements in experimental animals and humans.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bull, S.; Burnett, K.; Vassaux, K.; Ashdown, L.; Brown, T.;  and Rushton, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>EFSA External scientific report</i>.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bull-burnett-vassaux-ashdown-brown-rushton-extensiveliteraturesearchandprovisionofsummariesofstudiesrelatedtotheoraltoxicityofperfluoroalkylatedsubstancespfasstheirprecursorsandpotentialreplacementsinexperimentalanimalsandhumans-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bull-burnett-vassaux-ashdown-brown-rushton-extensiveliteraturesearchandprovisionofsummariesofstudiesrelatedtotheoraltoxicityofperfluoroalkylatedsubstancespfasstheirprecursorsandpotentialreplacementsinexperimentalanimalsandhumans-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bull_extensive_2014,\n\ttitle = {Extensive literature search and provision of summaries of studies related to the oral toxicity of perfluoroalkylated substances ( {PFASs} ), their precursors and potential replacements in experimental animals and humans},\n\tjournal = {EFSA External scientific report},\n\tauthor = {Bull, Sarah and Burnett, Karin and Vassaux, Kate and Ashdown, Lini and Brown, Terry and Rushton, Lesley},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, Toxicity, in vitro, perfluoroalkylated substances},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"donohue-duke-rayner-wood-healtheffectsdocumentforperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Health Effects Document for Perfluorooctanoic Acid ( PFOA ).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Donohue, J. M.; Duke, T. M.; Rayner, J.;  and Wood, C. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>USEPA Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria Division</i>, (February).  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/donohue-duke-rayner-wood-healtheffectsdocumentforperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('donohue-duke-rayner-wood-healtheffectsdocumentforperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{donohue_health_2014,\n\ttitle = {Health {Effects} {Document} for {Perfluorooctanoic} {Acid} ( {PFOA} )},\n\tnumber = {February},\n\tjournal = {USEPA Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria Division},\n\tauthor = {Donohue, Joyce Morrissey and Duke, Tina Moore and Rayner, Jennifer and Wood, Carol S.},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, moss},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"benbrahimtallaa-laubysecretan-loomis-guyton-grosse-elghissassi-bouvard-guha-etal-carcinogenicityofperfluorooctanoicacidtetrafluoroethylenedichloromethane12dichloropropaneand13propanesultone-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Benbrahim-Tallaa, L.; Lauby-Secretan, B.; Loomis, D.; Guyton, K. Z.; Grosse, Y.; El Ghissassi, F.; Bouvard, V.; Guha, N.; Mattock, H.; Straif, K.; Rusyn, I. I.; Bartell, S. M.; Cesta, M. F.; Chiu, W.; Cooper, G.; DeWitt, J. C.; Friesen, M.; Lash, L. H.; Steenland, K.; Fritschi, L.; Sergi, C. M.; Hansen, J.; Curieux, F. L.; Bolt, H. M.; Fukushima, S.; Ichihara, G.; Kamae, K.; Kumagai, S.; Tsuda, H.;  and Kjaerheim, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Lancet Oncology</i>, 15(9): 924–925.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70316-X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('benbrahimtallaa-laubysecretan-loomis-guyton-grosse-elghissassi-bouvard-guha-etal-carcinogenicityofperfluorooctanoicacidtetrafluoroethylenedichloromethane12dichloropropaneand13propanesultone-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70316-X', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/benbrahimtallaa-laubysecretan-loomis-guyton-grosse-elghissassi-bouvard-guha-etal-carcinogenicityofperfluorooctanoicacidtetrafluoroethylenedichloromethane12dichloropropaneand13propanesultone-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('benbrahimtallaa-laubysecretan-loomis-guyton-grosse-elghissassi-bouvard-guha-etal-carcinogenicityofperfluorooctanoicacidtetrafluoroethylenedichloromethane12dichloropropaneand13propanesultone-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{benbrahim-tallaa_carcinogenicity_2014,\n\ttitle = {Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {14745488},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70316-X},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet Oncology},\n\tauthor = {Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia and Lauby-Secretan, Béatrice and Loomis, Dana and Guyton, Kathryn Z. and Grosse, Yann and El Ghissassi, Fatiha and Bouvard, Véronique and Guha, Neela and Mattock, Heidi and Straif, Kurt and Rusyn, I. I. and Bartell, S. M. and Cesta, M. F. and Chiu, W. and Cooper, G. and DeWitt, J. C. and Friesen, M. and Lash, L. H. and Steenland, K. and Fritschi, L. and Sergi, C. M. and Hansen, J. and Curieux, F. Le and Bolt, H. M. and Fukushima, S. and Ichihara, G. and Kamae, K. and Kumagai, S. and Tsuda, H. and Kjaerheim, K.},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {25225686},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {924--925},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"appleman-higgins-quinones-vanderford-kolstad-zeiglerholady-dickenson-treatmentofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinusfullscalewatertreatmentsystems-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Appleman, T. D.; Higgins, C. P.; Quinones, O.; Vanderford, B. J.; Kolstad, C.; Zeigler-Holady, J. C.;  and Dickenson, E. R V\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water Research</i>, 51: 246–255.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('appleman-higgins-quinones-vanderford-kolstad-zeiglerholady-dickenson-treatmentofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinusfullscalewatertreatmentsystems-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/appleman-higgins-quinones-vanderford-kolstad-zeiglerholady-dickenson-treatmentofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinusfullscalewatertreatmentsystems-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('appleman-higgins-quinones-vanderford-kolstad-zeiglerholady-dickenson-treatmentofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinusfullscalewatertreatmentsystems-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{appleman_treatment_2014,\n\ttitle = {Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in {U}.{S}. full-scale water treatment systems},\n\tvolume = {51},\n\tissn = {00431354},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067},\n\tabstract = {The near ubiquitous presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in humans has raised concerns about potential human health effects from these chemicals, some of which are both extremely persistent and bioaccumulative. Because some of these chemicals are highly water soluble, one major pathway for human exposure is the consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study measured concentrations of PFASs in 18 raw drinking water sources and 2 treated wastewater effluents and evaluated 15 full-scale treatment systems for the attenuation of PFASs in water treatment utilities throughout the U.S. A liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method was used to enable measurement of a suite of 23 PFASs, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). Despite the differences in reporting levels, the PFASs that were detected in {\\textbackslash}textgreater70\\% of the source water samples (n=39) included PFSAs, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (74\\%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (79\\%), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (84\\%), and PFCAs, perfluoropentanoic acid (74\\%), perfluorohexanoic acid (79\\%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (74\\%), and perfluorooctanoic acid (74\\%). More importantly, water treatment techniques such as ferric or alum coagulation, granular/micro-/ultra- filtration, aeration, oxidation (i.e., permanganate, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide), and disinfection (i.e., ozonation, chlorine dioxide, chlorination, and chloramination) were mostly ineffective in removing PFASs. However, anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFASs and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs, and reverse osmosis demonstrated significant removal for all the PFASs, including the smallest PFAS, perfluorobutanoic acid. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\n\tjournal = {Water Research},\n\tauthor = {Appleman, Timothy D. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Quinones, Oscar and Vanderford, Brett J. and Kolstad, Chad and Zeigler-Holady, Janie C. and Dickenson, Eric R V},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24275109},\n\tkeywords = {Anion exchange, Full-scale, Granular actived carbon, Occurrence, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Reverse osmosis, Treatment},\n\tpages = {246--255},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The near ubiquitous presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in humans has raised concerns about potential human health effects from these chemicals, some of which are both extremely persistent and bioaccumulative. Because some of these chemicals are highly water soluble, one major pathway for human exposure is the consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study measured concentrations of PFASs in 18 raw drinking water sources and 2 treated wastewater effluents and evaluated 15 full-scale treatment systems for the attenuation of PFASs in water treatment utilities throughout the U.S. A liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method was used to enable measurement of a suite of 23 PFASs, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). Despite the differences in reporting levels, the PFASs that were detected in \\textgreater70% of the source water samples (n=39) included PFSAs, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (74%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (79%), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (84%), and PFCAs, perfluoropentanoic acid (74%), perfluorohexanoic acid (79%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (74%), and perfluorooctanoic acid (74%). More importantly, water treatment techniques such as ferric or alum coagulation, granular/micro-/ultra- filtration, aeration, oxidation (i.e., permanganate, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide), and disinfection (i.e., ozonation, chlorine dioxide, chlorination, and chloramination) were mostly ineffective in removing PFASs. However, anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFASs and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs, and reverse osmosis demonstrated significant removal for all the PFASs, including the smallest PFAS, perfluorobutanoic acid. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahrens-bundschuh-fateandeffectsofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesintheaquaticenvironmentareview-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahrens, L.;  and Bundschuh, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</i>, 33(9): 1921–1929.  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2663\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahrens-bundschuh-fateandeffectsofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesintheaquaticenvironmentareview-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2663', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahrens-bundschuh-fateandeffectsofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesintheaquaticenvironmentareview-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahrens-bundschuh-fateandeffectsofpolyandperfluoroalkylsubstancesintheaquaticenvironmentareview-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahrens_fate_2014,\n\ttitle = {Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: {A} review},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {15528618},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2663},\n\tabstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8 -based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Ahrens, Lutz and Bundschuh, Mirco},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24924660},\n\tkeywords = {Aquatic environment, Effects, Fate, Multiple stressors, PFAS, Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFA, Species interaction, Toxicity},\n\tpages = {1921--1929},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8 -based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract', event);\">\n    A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Froggett, S. J.; Clancy, S. F.; Boverhof, D. R.;  and Canady, R. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Particle and Fibre Toxicology</i>, 11(1): 17. April 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-11-17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-11-17', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{froggett_review_2014,\n\ttitle = {A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1743-8977},\n\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-11-17},\n\tabstract = {PMID: 24708765},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Froggett, Stephan J. and Clancy, Shaun F. and Boverhof, Darrell R. and Canady, Richard A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology},\n\tpages = {17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PMID: 24708765\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fromme-hilger-kopp-miserok-vlkel-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeshexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustingermany-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fromme-hilger-kopp-miserok-vlkel-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeshexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustingermany-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and “novel” brominated flame retardants in house dust in Germany.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fromme, H.; Hilger, B.; Kopp, E.; Miserok, M.;  and Völkel, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 64: 61–68. March 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fromme-hilger-kopp-miserok-vlkel-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeshexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustingermany-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and “novel” brominated flame retardants in house dust in Germany [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fromme-hilger-kopp-miserok-vlkel-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeshexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustingermany-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fromme-hilger-kopp-miserok-vlkel-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeshexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustingermany-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fromme-hilger-kopp-miserok-vlkel-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeshexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustingermany-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fromme_polybrominated_2014,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}), hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) and “novel” brominated flame retardants in house dust in {Germany}},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412013002778},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a wide variety of products such as electronic devices, upholstery and carpets and in insulation boards. The study presented here aimed to quantify the amounts of BFRs in house dust in Germany. For this purpose 20 residences&#x27; dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags and analysed with LC–MS/MS and simultaneously with GC/MS.\n\nUsing GC/MS, the median (95th percentile) concentrations of PBDEs (sum of tetra- to hepta-congeners), BDE 209, Σ-HBCD (sum of three congeners), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were 42 ng/g (230 ng/g), 950 ng/g (3426 ng/g), 335 ng/g (1545 ng/g), and 146 ng/g (1059 ng/g), respectively. Using LC–MS/MS some “novel” flame retardants were found in median concentrations of 343 ng/g (bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate, TBPH), and 28 ng/g (tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA). Whilst 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) could not be detected.\n\nBased on these measurements an exposure assessment for the sum of tetra- to heptabrominated congeners, BDE 209, and Σ-HBCD resulted in a “high” daily intake for toddlers (based on 95th percentiles) of 1.2 ng/kg b.w., 0.69 ng/kg b.w., and 8.9 ng/kg b.w., respectively. For TBPH the “high” intake was calculated at 4.1 ng/kg b.w. and for DBDPE at 5.3 ng/kg b.w.\n\nA clear tendency was observed to apply “novel” BFRs in Germany. Moreover, the results suggest that the recent exposure to PBDEs and HBCD via house dust in Germany is well below the levels that are associated with health effects. For the “novel” brominated flame retardants such an assessment is not possible due to limited toxicological information.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Fromme, H. and Hilger, B. and Kopp, E. and Miserok, M. and Völkel, W.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {BFR, Dust, Exposure, HBCD, Intake},\n\tpages = {61--68},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a wide variety of products such as electronic devices, upholstery and carpets and in insulation boards. The study presented here aimed to quantify the amounts of BFRs in house dust in Germany. For this purpose 20 residences' dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags and analysed with LC–MS/MS and simultaneously with GC/MS. Using GC/MS, the median (95th percentile) concentrations of PBDEs (sum of tetra- to hepta-congeners), BDE 209, Σ-HBCD (sum of three congeners), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were 42 ng/g (230 ng/g), 950 ng/g (3426 ng/g), 335 ng/g (1545 ng/g), and 146 ng/g (1059 ng/g), respectively. Using LC–MS/MS some “novel” flame retardants were found in median concentrations of 343 ng/g (bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate, TBPH), and 28 ng/g (tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA). Whilst 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) could not be detected. Based on these measurements an exposure assessment for the sum of tetra- to heptabrominated congeners, BDE 209, and Σ-HBCD resulted in a “high” daily intake for toddlers (based on 95th percentiles) of 1.2 ng/kg b.w., 0.69 ng/kg b.w., and 8.9 ng/kg b.w., respectively. For TBPH the “high” intake was calculated at 4.1 ng/kg b.w. and for DBDPE at 5.3 ng/kg b.w. A clear tendency was observed to apply “novel” BFRs in Germany. Moreover, the results suggest that the recent exposure to PBDEs and HBCD via house dust in Germany is well below the levels that are associated with health effects. For the “novel” brominated flame retardants such an assessment is not possible due to limited toxicological information.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract', event);\">\n    A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Froggett, S. J.; Clancy, S. F.; Boverhof, D. R.;  and Canady, R. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Particle and Fibre Toxicology</i>, 11(1): 17. April 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-11-17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-11-17', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('froggett-clancy-boverhof-canady-areviewandperspectiveofexistingresearchonthereleaseofnanomaterialsfromsolidnanocomposites-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{froggett_review_2014,\n\ttitle = {A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {2014 Froggett et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1743-8977},\n\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/11/1/17/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-11-17},\n\tabstract = {PMID: 24708765},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2015-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Froggett, Stephan J. and Clancy, Shaun F. and Boverhof, Darrell R. and Canady, Richard A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24708765},\n\tkeywords = {Consumer products, Exposure, Nanocomposite, Nanomaterial release, Nanotechnology, Release methodology},\n\tpages = {17},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PMID: 24708765\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhou-buchar-siddique-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-measurementsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinnursingwomenimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhou-buchar-siddique-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-measurementsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinnursingwomenimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839', event);\">\n    Measurements of Selected Brominated Flame Retardants in Nursing Women: Implications for Human Exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhou, S. N.; Buchar, A.; Siddique, S.; Takser, L.; Abdelouahab, N.;  and Zhu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 48(15): 8873–8880. August 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhou-buchar-siddique-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-measurementsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinnursingwomenimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Measurements of Selected Brominated Flame Retardants in Nursing Women: Implications for Human Exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es5016839\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhou-buchar-siddique-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-measurementsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinnursingwomenimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es5016839', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhou-buchar-siddique-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-measurementsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinnursingwomenimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhou-buchar-siddique-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-measurementsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinnursingwomenimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhou_measurements_2014,\n\ttitle = {Measurements of {Selected} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Nursing} {Women}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {Measurements of {Selected} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Nursing} {Women}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5016839},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es5016839},\n\tabstract = {We have examined several emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-indane (OBIND), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in paired human maternal serum (n = 102) and breast milk (n = 105) collected in 2008?2009 in the Sherbrooke region in Canada. Three legacy BFRs were also included in the study for comparison: decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), and 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-153). TBB, BB-153, and BDE-153 had detection frequencies greater than 55\\% in both serum and milk samples. Their lipid weight (lw) adjusted median concentrations (ng g?1 lw) in serum and milk were 1.6 and 0.41 for TBB, 0.48 and 0.31 for BB-153, and 1.5 and 4.4 for BDE-153, respectively. The detection frequencies for the other BFRs measured in serum and milk were 16.7\\% and 32.4\\% for TBPH, 3.9\\% and 0.0\\% for BTBPE, 2.0\\% and 0.0\\% for BB-209, 9.8\\% and 1.0\\% for OBIND, and 5.9\\% and 8.6\\% for DBDPE. The ratio of TBB over the sum of TBB and TBPH (fTBB) in serum (0.23) was lower than that in milk (0.46), indicating TBB has a larger tendency than TBPH to be redistributed from blood to milk. Overall, these data confirm the presence of non-PBDE BFRs in humans, and the need to better understand their sources, routes of exposure, and potential human health effects.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhou, Simon Ningsun and Buchar, Angelina and Siddique, Shabana and Takser, Larissa and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Zhu, Jiping},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {8873--8880},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We have examined several emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-indane (OBIND), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in paired human maternal serum (n = 102) and breast milk (n = 105) collected in 2008?2009 in the Sherbrooke region in Canada. Three legacy BFRs were also included in the study for comparison: decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), and 2,2?,4,4?,5,5?-hexabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-153). TBB, BB-153, and BDE-153 had detection frequencies greater than 55% in both serum and milk samples. Their lipid weight (lw) adjusted median concentrations (ng g?1 lw) in serum and milk were 1.6 and 0.41 for TBB, 0.48 and 0.31 for BB-153, and 1.5 and 4.4 for BDE-153, respectively. The detection frequencies for the other BFRs measured in serum and milk were 16.7% and 32.4% for TBPH, 3.9% and 0.0% for BTBPE, 2.0% and 0.0% for BB-209, 9.8% and 1.0% for OBIND, and 5.9% and 8.6% for DBDPE. The ratio of TBB over the sum of TBB and TBPH (fTBB) in serum (0.23) was lower than that in milk (0.46), indicating TBB has a larger tendency than TBPH to be redistributed from blood to milk. Overall, these data confirm the presence of non-PBDE BFRs in humans, and the need to better understand their sources, routes of exposure, and potential human health effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-oh-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneflameretardantsininfantmotherpairedserumsamplesandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesandenvironmentalfactors-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-oh-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneflameretardantsininfantmotherpairedserumsamplesandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesandenvironmentalfactors-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594', event);\">\n    Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant–mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, U.;  and Oh, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Pollution</i>, 184: 193–200. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-oh-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneflameretardantsininfantmotherpairedserumsamplesandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesandenvironmentalfactors-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant–mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-oh-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneflameretardantsininfantmotherpairedserumsamplesandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesandenvironmentalfactors-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.034', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-oh-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneflameretardantsininfantmotherpairedserumsamplesandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesandenvironmentalfactors-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-oh-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneflameretardantsininfantmotherpairedserumsamplesandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesandenvironmentalfactors-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_tetrabromobisphenol_2014,\n\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant–mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors},\n\tvolume = {184},\n\tissn = {0269-7491},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113004594},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.034},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and their correlations with thyroid hormones, were investigated in sera from 26 infants with congenital hypothyroidism, 12 healthy infants, and their mothers. The analyte concentrations were not significantly different in the two infant groups. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (measured in a previous study) were the dominant brominated flame retardants, contributing 42–87\\% of the total, and HBCDs contributed 5–18\\%. TBBPA concentrations were 2–5 times higher in the infants than in the mothers. The TBBPA concentrations decreased dramatically with age for 2–3 months after birth, which might be caused by its relatively high maternal transfer rate, short half-life, and fast excretion. Significant correlations were found between mothers and infants in the TBBPA and HBCD concentrations, implying that maternal transfer was important. TBBPA correlated weakly with thyroid hormones, showing a positive relationship with FT4 but a negative relationship with T3.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Un-Jung and Oh, Jeong-Eun},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Congenital hypothyroidism, Environmental factors, Human monitoring, Infant, Organohalogen},\n\tpages = {193--200},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and their correlations with thyroid hormones, were investigated in sera from 26 infants with congenital hypothyroidism, 12 healthy infants, and their mothers. The analyte concentrations were not significantly different in the two infant groups. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (measured in a previous study) were the dominant brominated flame retardants, contributing 42–87% of the total, and HBCDs contributed 5–18%. TBBPA concentrations were 2–5 times higher in the infants than in the mothers. The TBBPA concentrations decreased dramatically with age for 2–3 months after birth, which might be caused by its relatively high maternal transfer rate, short half-life, and fast excretion. Significant correlations were found between mothers and infants in the TBBPA and HBCD concentrations, implying that maternal transfer was important. TBBPA correlated weakly with thyroid hormones, showing a positive relationship with FT4 but a negative relationship with T3.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ryan-rawn-thebrominatedflameretardantspbdesandhbcdincanadianhumanmilksamplescollectedfrom1992to2005concentrationsandtrends-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ryan-rawn-thebrominatedflameretardantspbdesandhbcdincanadianhumanmilksamplescollectedfrom1992to2005concentrationsandtrends-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408', event);\">\n    The brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HBCD, in Canadian human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ryan, J. J.;  and Rawn, D. F. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 70: 1–8. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ryan-rawn-thebrominatedflameretardantspbdesandhbcdincanadianhumanmilksamplescollectedfrom1992to2005concentrationsandtrends-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HBCD, in Canadian human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ryan-rawn-thebrominatedflameretardantspbdesandhbcdincanadianhumanmilksamplescollectedfrom1992to2005concentrationsandtrends-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ryan-rawn-thebrominatedflameretardantspbdesandhbcdincanadianhumanmilksamplescollectedfrom1992to2005concentrationsandtrends-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ryan-rawn-thebrominatedflameretardantspbdesandhbcdincanadianhumanmilksamplescollectedfrom1992to2005concentrationsandtrends-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ryan_brominated_2014,\n\ttitle = {The brominated flame retardants, {PBDEs} and {HBCD}, in {Canadian} human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends},\n\tvolume = {70},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014001408},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020},\n\tabstract = {Human milk samples were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada mostly in the years 1992 to 2005. These included five large cities in southern Canada as well as samples from Nunavik in northern Quebec. Comparative samples were also collected from residents of Austin, Texas, USA in 2002 and 2004. More than 300 milk samples were analysed for the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDEs and HBCD, by extraction, purification and quantification using either isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-MS. The Canadian total PBDE values in the years 2002–2005 show median levels of about 20 μg/kg on a lipid basis; a value significantly higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. Milk samples from Inuit donors in the northern region of Nunavik were slightly lower in PBDE concentrations than those from populated regions in the south of Quebec. Milk samples from Ontario contained slightly lower amounts of PBDEs in two time periods than those from Texas. HBCD levels in most milk samples were usually less than 1 ppb milk lipid and dominated by the α-isomer. This large data set of BFRs in Canadian human milk demonstrates an increase in the last few decades in human exposure to BFRs which now appears to have stabilized.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Ryan, John Jake and Rawn, Dorothea F. K.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human milk samples were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada mostly in the years 1992 to 2005. These included five large cities in southern Canada as well as samples from Nunavik in northern Quebec. Comparative samples were also collected from residents of Austin, Texas, USA in 2002 and 2004. More than 300 milk samples were analysed for the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDEs and HBCD, by extraction, purification and quantification using either isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-MS. The Canadian total PBDE values in the years 2002–2005 show median levels of about 20 μg/kg on a lipid basis; a value significantly higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. Milk samples from Inuit donors in the northern region of Nunavik were slightly lower in PBDE concentrations than those from populated regions in the south of Quebec. Milk samples from Ontario contained slightly lower amounts of PBDEs in two time periods than those from Texas. HBCD levels in most milk samples were usually less than 1 ppb milk lipid and dominated by the α-isomer. This large data set of BFRs in Canadian human milk demonstrates an increase in the last few decades in human exposure to BFRs which now appears to have stabilized.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rawn, D. F. K.; Gaertner, D. W.; Weber, D.; Curran, I. H. A.; Cooke, G. M.;  and Goodyer, C. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 468–469: 622–629. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in {Canadian} human fetal liver and placental tissues},\n\tvolume = {468–469},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014},\n\tabstract = {Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (\\&amp;lt; LOD; \\&amp;lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and \\&amp;lt; LOD (\\&amp;lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Rawn, Dorothea F. K. and Gaertner, Dean W. and Weber, Dorcas and Curran, Ivan H. A. and Cooke, Gerard M. and Goodyer, Cynthia G.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {622--629},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (&lt; LOD; &lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and &lt; LOD (&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yager-furlong-kolpin-kinney-zaugg-burkhardt-dissipationofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninbiosolidsappliedtononirrigatedfarmlandineasterncolorado-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yager-furlong-kolpin-kinney-zaugg-burkhardt-dissipationofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninbiosolidsappliedtononirrigatedfarmlandineasterncolorado-2014', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract', event);\">\n    Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yager, T. J.; Furlong, E. T.; Kolpin, D. W.; Kinney, C. A.; Zaugg, S. D.;  and Burkhardt, M. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association</i>, 50(2): 343–357. April 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yager-furlong-kolpin-kinney-zaugg-burkhardt-dissipationofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninbiosolidsappliedtononirrigatedfarmlandineasterncolorado-2014', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12163\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yager-furlong-kolpin-kinney-zaugg-burkhardt-dissipationofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninbiosolidsappliedtononirrigatedfarmlandineasterncolorado-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12163', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yager-furlong-kolpin-kinney-zaugg-burkhardt-dissipationofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninbiosolidsappliedtononirrigatedfarmlandineasterncolorado-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yager-furlong-kolpin-kinney-zaugg-burkhardt-dissipationofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninbiosolidsappliedtononirrigatedfarmlandineasterncolorado-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yager_dissipation_2014,\n\ttitle = {Dissipation of {Contaminants} of {Emerging} {Concern} in {Biosolids} {Applied} to {Nonirrigated} {Farmland} in {Eastern} {Colorado}},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tcopyright = {© 2014 American Water Resources Association. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA},\n\tissn = {1752-1688},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12163/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jawr.12163},\n\tabstract = {In 2007, a 1.5-year field-scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post-application included indole, d-limonene, p-cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180-day-weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta-benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre-application soil were 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta-sitosterol, beta-stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p-cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d-limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, beta-sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p-cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post-application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},\n\tauthor = {Yager, Tracy J.B. and Furlong, Edward T. and Kolpin, Dana W. and Kinney, Chad A. and Zaugg, Steven D. and Burkhardt, Mark R.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {biosolids, crops, field dissipation, organic chemicals, soils, transport and fate},\n\tpages = {343--357},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In 2007, a 1.5-year field-scale study was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate the dissipation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) following a first agronomic biosolids application to nonirrigated farmland. CECs with the greatest decrease in concentration in the surface biosolids at 180 days post-application included indole, d-limonene, p-cresol, phenol, and skatol. CECs that were present in the largest concentration in 180-day-weathered biosolids included stanols, nonylphenols, bisphenol A, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, hexahydrohexamethyl cyclopenta-benzopyran (HHCB), and triclosan. CECs that were detected in pre-application soil were 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, acetophenone, beta-sitosterol, beta-stigmastanol, cholesterol, indole, p-cresol, and phenol, most of which are biogenic sterols or fragrances that have natural plant sources in addition to anthropogenic sources, yet their concentrations increased (in some cases, substantially) following biosolids application. Preliminary data indicate the nonylphenols (including NPEO1, NPEO2), OPEO1, benzo[a]pyrene, diethyl phthalate, d-limonene, HHCB, triclosan, and possibly 3-beta coprostanol, skatol, beta-sitosterol, cholesterol, indole, and p-cresol, migrated downward through the soil by 468 days post-application, but indicated little uptake by mature wheat plants. This study indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"powers-grieger-hendren-meacham-gurevich-lassiter-money-lloyd-etal-awebbasedtooltoengagestakeholdersininformingresearchplanningforfuturedecisionsonemergingmaterials-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'powers-grieger-hendren-meacham-gurevich-lassiter-money-lloyd-etal-awebbasedtooltoengagestakeholdersininformingresearchplanningforfuturedecisionsonemergingmaterials-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601', event);\">\n    A web-based tool to engage stakeholders in informing research planning for future decisions on emerging materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Powers, C. M.; Grieger, K. D.; Hendren, C. O.; Meacham, C. A.; Gurevich, G.; Lassiter, M. G.; Money, E. S.; Lloyd, J. M.;  and Beaulieu, S. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 470–471: 660–668. February 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('powers-grieger-hendren-meacham-gurevich-lassiter-money-lloyd-etal-awebbasedtooltoengagestakeholdersininformingresearchplanningforfuturedecisionsonemergingmaterials-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A web-based tool to engage stakeholders in informing research planning for future decisions on emerging materials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('powers-grieger-hendren-meacham-gurevich-lassiter-money-lloyd-etal-awebbasedtooltoengagestakeholdersininformingresearchplanningforfuturedecisionsonemergingmaterials-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/powers-grieger-hendren-meacham-gurevich-lassiter-money-lloyd-etal-awebbasedtooltoengagestakeholdersininformingresearchplanningforfuturedecisionsonemergingmaterials-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('powers-grieger-hendren-meacham-gurevich-lassiter-money-lloyd-etal-awebbasedtooltoengagestakeholdersininformingresearchplanningforfuturedecisionsonemergingmaterials-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{powers_web-based_2014,\n\ttitle = {A web-based tool to engage stakeholders in informing research planning for future decisions on emerging materials},\n\tvolume = {470–471},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011601},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.016},\n\tabstract = {Prioritizing and assessing risks associated with chemicals, industrial materials, or emerging technologies is a complex problem that benefits from the involvement of multiple stakeholder groups. For example, in the case of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), scientific uncertainties exist that hamper environmental, health, and safety (EHS) assessments. Therefore, alternative approaches to standard EHS assessment methods have gained increased attention. The objective of this paper is to describe the application of a web-based, interactive decision support tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in a pilot study on ENMs. The piloted tool implements U.S. EPA&#x27;s comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) approach to prioritize research gaps. When pursued, such research priorities can result in data that subsequently improve the scientific robustness of risk assessments and inform future risk management decisions. Pilot results suggest that the tool was useful in facilitating multi-stakeholder prioritization of research gaps. Results also provide potential improvements for subsequent applications. The outcomes of future CEAWeb applications with larger stakeholder groups may inform the development of funding opportunities for emerging materials across the scientific community (e.g., National Science Foundation Science to Achieve Results [STAR] grants, National Institutes of Health Requests for Proposals).},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Powers, Christina M. and Grieger, Khara D. and Hendren, Christine Ogilvie and Meacham, Connie A. and Gurevich, Gerald and Lassiter, Meredith Gooding and Money, Eric S. and Lloyd, Jennifer M. and Beaulieu, Stephen M.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Comprehensive environmental assessment, Engineered nanomaterials, Research planning, Risk assessment, Stakeholder engagement},\n\tpages = {660--668},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Prioritizing and assessing risks associated with chemicals, industrial materials, or emerging technologies is a complex problem that benefits from the involvement of multiple stakeholder groups. For example, in the case of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), scientific uncertainties exist that hamper environmental, health, and safety (EHS) assessments. Therefore, alternative approaches to standard EHS assessment methods have gained increased attention. The objective of this paper is to describe the application of a web-based, interactive decision support tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in a pilot study on ENMs. The piloted tool implements U.S. EPA's comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) approach to prioritize research gaps. When pursued, such research priorities can result in data that subsequently improve the scientific robustness of risk assessments and inform future risk management decisions. Pilot results suggest that the tool was useful in facilitating multi-stakeholder prioritization of research gaps. Results also provide potential improvements for subsequent applications. The outcomes of future CEAWeb applications with larger stakeholder groups may inform the development of funding opportunities for emerging materials across the scientific community (e.g., National Science Foundation Science to Achieve Results [STAR] grants, National Institutes of Health Requests for Proposals).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuramochi-takigami-scheringer-sakai-estimationofphysicochemicalpropertiesof52nonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsandevaluationoftheiroverallpersistenceandlongrangetransportpotential-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuramochi-takigami-scheringer-sakai-estimationofphysicochemicalpropertiesof52nonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsandevaluationoftheiroverallpersistenceandlongrangetransportpotential-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987', event);\">\n    Estimation of physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE brominated flame retardants and evaluation of their overall persistence and long-range transport potential.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuramochi, H.; Takigami, H.; Scheringer, M.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 491–492: 108–117. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuramochi-takigami-scheringer-sakai-estimationofphysicochemicalpropertiesof52nonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsandevaluationoftheiroverallpersistenceandlongrangetransportpotential-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Estimation of physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE brominated flame retardants and evaluation of their overall persistence and long-range transport potential [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuramochi-takigami-scheringer-sakai-estimationofphysicochemicalpropertiesof52nonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsandevaluationoftheiroverallpersistenceandlongrangetransportpotential-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuramochi-takigami-scheringer-sakai-estimationofphysicochemicalpropertiesof52nonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsandevaluationoftheiroverallpersistenceandlongrangetransportpotential-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuramochi-takigami-scheringer-sakai-estimationofphysicochemicalpropertiesof52nonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsandevaluationoftheiroverallpersistenceandlongrangetransportpotential-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuramochi_estimation_2014,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\n\ttitle = {Estimation of physicochemical properties of 52 non-{PBDE} brominated flame retardants and evaluation of their overall persistence and long-range transport potential},\n\tvolume = {491–492},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714004987},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.004},\n\tabstract = {Non-PBDE (polybromodiphenyl ether) brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used as alternatives to PBDEs should be evaluated in terms of their environmental contamination potential. We first used two well-known estimation tools, EPI Suite and SPARC, to estimate the physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE BFRs. We assessed the dependence of the properties on the molecular weight and chemical structure of the compounds. The accuracy of the estimates was evaluated by comparing results with previous experimental data. In the case of EPI Suite, we have recommended an appropriate calculation method for the air–water partition coefficient. Half-lives in each environmental medium were also estimated with EPI Suite. Based on the estimated properties and half-lives, the overall persistence (Pov) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) of the BFRs were calculated using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Pov and LRTP Screening Tool. We selected some POP-like chemicals from among the non-PBDE BFRs on the basis of their Pov and LRTP. From a Monte Carlo analysis of the calculated results for the selected BFRs, we suggest physicochemical properties to be measured in the future.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Kuramochi, Hidetoshi and Takigami, Hidetaka and Scheringer, Martin and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {1-Octanol–water partition coefficient, Air–water partition coefficient, Estimation method, Vapor pressure, Water solubility},\n\tpages = {108--117},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Non-PBDE (polybromodiphenyl ether) brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used as alternatives to PBDEs should be evaluated in terms of their environmental contamination potential. We first used two well-known estimation tools, EPI Suite and SPARC, to estimate the physicochemical properties of 52 non-PBDE BFRs. We assessed the dependence of the properties on the molecular weight and chemical structure of the compounds. The accuracy of the estimates was evaluated by comparing results with previous experimental data. In the case of EPI Suite, we have recommended an appropriate calculation method for the air–water partition coefficient. Half-lives in each environmental medium were also estimated with EPI Suite. Based on the estimated properties and half-lives, the overall persistence (Pov) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) of the BFRs were calculated using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Pov and LRTP Screening Tool. We selected some POP-like chemicals from among the non-PBDE BFRs on the basis of their Pov and LRTP. From a Monte Carlo analysis of the calculated results for the selected BFRs, we suggest physicochemical properties to be measured in the future.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bao-wei-yao-ruan-zeng-globaltrendsofresearchonemergingcontaminantsintheenvironmentandhumansaliteratureassimilation-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bao-wei-yao-ruan-zeng-globaltrendsofresearchonemergingcontaminantsintheenvironmentandhumansaliteratureassimilation-2014', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8', event);\">\n    Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: a literature assimilation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bao, L.; Wei, Y.; Yao, Y.; Ruan, Q.;  and Zeng, E. Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>,1–9. August 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bao-wei-yao-ruan-zeng-globaltrendsofresearchonemergingcontaminantsintheenvironmentandhumansaliteratureassimilation-2014', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: a literature assimilation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bao-wei-yao-ruan-zeng-globaltrendsofresearchonemergingcontaminantsintheenvironmentandhumansaliteratureassimilation-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bao-wei-yao-ruan-zeng-globaltrendsofresearchonemergingcontaminantsintheenvironmentandhumansaliteratureassimilation-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bao-wei-yao-ruan-zeng-globaltrendsofresearchonemergingcontaminantsintheenvironmentandhumansaliteratureassimilation-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bao_global_2014,\n\ttitle = {Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans: a literature assimilation},\n\tissn = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},\n\tshorttitle = {Global trends of research on emerging contaminants in the environment and humans},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3404-8},\n\tabstract = {Available literature data on five typical groups of emerging contaminants (EMCs), i.e., chlorinated paraffins (CPs), dechlorane plus and related compounds (DPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), phthalate esters, and pyrethroids, accumulated between 2003 and 2013 were assimilated. Research efforts were categorized by environmental compartments and countries, so that global trends of research on EMCs and data gaps can be identified. The number of articles on the target EMCs ranged from 126 to 1,379 between 2003 and 2013. The numbers of articles on CPs, DPs, HBCDs, and pyrethroids largely followed the sequence of biota {\\textgreater} sediment ≥ air {\\textgreater} water ≥ soil {\\textgreater} human tissue, whereas the sequence for phthalate esters was water {\\textgreater} sediment {\\textgreater} soil {\\textgreater} human tissue ≥ biota ≥ air. Comprehensive studies on the target EMCs in biological samples and human tissues have been conducted worldwide. However, investigations into the occurrence of the target EMCs in soil of background areas and water are still scarce. Finally, developed and moderately developed countries, such as the USA, China, Canada, Japan, and Germany, were the main contributors to the global research efforts on EMCs, suggesting that economic prosperity may be one of the main factors propelling scientific research on EMCs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Bao, Lian-Jun and Wei, Yan-Li and Yao, Yao and Ruan, Qin-Qin and Zeng, Eddy Y.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Economic prosperity, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminant, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Environmental compartment, Published article, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Available literature data on five typical groups of emerging contaminants (EMCs), i.e., chlorinated paraffins (CPs), dechlorane plus and related compounds (DPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), phthalate esters, and pyrethroids, accumulated between 2003 and 2013 were assimilated. Research efforts were categorized by environmental compartments and countries, so that global trends of research on EMCs and data gaps can be identified. The number of articles on the target EMCs ranged from 126 to 1,379 between 2003 and 2013. The numbers of articles on CPs, DPs, HBCDs, and pyrethroids largely followed the sequence of biota \\textgreater sediment ≥ air \\textgreater water ≥ soil \\textgreater human tissue, whereas the sequence for phthalate esters was water \\textgreater sediment \\textgreater soil \\textgreater human tissue ≥ biota ≥ air. Comprehensive studies on the target EMCs in biological samples and human tissues have been conducted worldwide. However, investigations into the occurrence of the target EMCs in soil of background areas and water are still scarce. Finally, developed and moderately developed countries, such as the USA, China, Canada, Japan, and Germany, were the main contributors to the global research efforts on EMCs, suggesting that economic prosperity may be one of the main factors propelling scientific research on EMCs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhou-siddique-lavoie-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-hexachloronorbornenebasedflameretardantsinhumanslevelsinmaternalserumandmilk-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhou-siddique-lavoie-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-hexachloronorbornenebasedflameretardantsinhumanslevelsinmaternalserumandmilk-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154', event);\">\n    Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans: Levels in maternal serum and milk.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhou, S. N.; Siddique, S.; Lavoie, L.; Takser, L.; Abdelouahab, N.;  and Zhu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 66: 11–17. May 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhou-siddique-lavoie-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-hexachloronorbornenebasedflameretardantsinhumanslevelsinmaternalserumandmilk-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans: Levels in maternal serum and milk [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhou-siddique-lavoie-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-hexachloronorbornenebasedflameretardantsinhumanslevelsinmaternalserumandmilk-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhou-siddique-lavoie-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-hexachloronorbornenebasedflameretardantsinhumanslevelsinmaternalserumandmilk-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhou-siddique-lavoie-takser-abdelouahab-zhu-hexachloronorbornenebasedflameretardantsinhumanslevelsinmaternalserumandmilk-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhou_hexachloronorbornene-based_2014,\n\ttitle = {Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans: {Levels} in maternal serum and milk},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\tshorttitle = {Hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants in humans},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000154},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.010},\n\tabstract = {Five hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants, Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were measured in human milk and maternal serum. Dec 602, Dec 603 and HCDBCO were detected in both sample matrices with detection frequencies over 60\\%. Dec 604 was not detected in serum and only detected in 4.8\\% of milk samples. DP was present in over 77–87\\% of serum and 40–50\\% of milk samples. DP levels found in this study were lower than those reported in two Chinese studies. The ratio of the two DP isomers found in human samples (fanti-DP = 0.8) remained similar to the ratio reported in the DP technical mixture. Levels of Dec 602 and Dec 603 in serum were correlated. Levels of Dec 602 and HCBDCO were also correlated in serum samples as well as in milk samples. These biomonitoring results have provided baseline information about the presence of these flame retardants in nursing women in Canada, which can be used for estimating human exposure to these chemicals.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Zhou, Simon Ningsun and Siddique, Shabana and Lavoie, Laetiscia and Takser, Larissa and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Zhu, Jiping},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human data, Milk and serum},\n\tpages = {11--17},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Five hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants, Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were measured in human milk and maternal serum. Dec 602, Dec 603 and HCDBCO were detected in both sample matrices with detection frequencies over 60%. Dec 604 was not detected in serum and only detected in 4.8% of milk samples. DP was present in over 77–87% of serum and 40–50% of milk samples. DP levels found in this study were lower than those reported in two Chinese studies. The ratio of the two DP isomers found in human samples (fanti-DP = 0.8) remained similar to the ratio reported in the DP technical mixture. Levels of Dec 602 and Dec 603 in serum were correlated. Levels of Dec 602 and HCBDCO were also correlated in serum samples as well as in milk samples. These biomonitoring results have provided baseline information about the presence of these flame retardants in nursing women in Canada, which can be used for estimating human exposure to these chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"qi-li-liu-zhang-zhu-song-ma-li-levelsdistributionandhumanexposureofnewnonbdebrominatedflameretardantsintheindoordustofchina-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'qi-li-liu-zhang-zhu-song-ma-li-levelsdistributionandhumanexposureofnewnonbdebrominatedflameretardantsintheindoordustofchina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479', event);\">\n    Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-BDE brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Qi, H.; Li, W.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, N.; Song, W.; Ma, W.;  and Li, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Pollution</i>, 195: 1–8. December 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('qi-li-liu-zhang-zhu-song-ma-li-levelsdistributionandhumanexposureofnewnonbdebrominatedflameretardantsintheindoordustofchina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-BDE brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('qi-li-liu-zhang-zhu-song-ma-li-levelsdistributionandhumanexposureofnewnonbdebrominatedflameretardantsintheindoordustofchina-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/qi-li-liu-zhang-zhu-song-ma-li-levelsdistributionandhumanexposureofnewnonbdebrominatedflameretardantsintheindoordustofchina-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('qi-li-liu-zhang-zhu-song-ma-li-levelsdistributionandhumanexposureofnewnonbdebrominatedflameretardantsintheindoordustofchina-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{qi_levels_2014,\n\ttitle = {Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-{BDE} brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of {China}},\n\tvolume = {195},\n\tissn = {0269-7491},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114003479},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.008},\n\tabstract = {Indoor environment is an important source of human exposure to several toxicants, such as brominated flame retardants. This study presents the concentrations of 22 Non-BDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in 81 indoor dust samples from 23 provinces across China in the winter of 2010. The concentrations of ΣNBFRs ranged from 6.3 to 20,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 720 ng/g. DBDPE was the dominated compound, followed by HBCD and BEHTBP. Significant differences of concentrations were found between samples from rural and urban areas, and between family and public houses, indicating different applications of NBFRs. The geographical distribution of NBFRs highlighted several hotspots in North China, suggesting the influence of room temperature (heating). The exposure via dust ingestion of NBFRs was 3.8–14 times higher than that of dermal absorption. The toddlers demonstrated the highest exposure dose (9.6 ng/kg-bw/day) of NBFRs through indoor dust among all life stages.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\n\tauthor = {Qi, Hong and Li, Wen-Long and Liu, Li-Yan and Zhang, Zi-Feng and Zhu, Ning-Zheng and Song, Wei-Wei and Ma, Wan-Li and Li, Yi-Fan},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {China, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-BDE brominated flame retardants, Spatial distribution},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Indoor environment is an important source of human exposure to several toxicants, such as brominated flame retardants. This study presents the concentrations of 22 Non-BDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in 81 indoor dust samples from 23 provinces across China in the winter of 2010. The concentrations of ΣNBFRs ranged from 6.3 to 20,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 720 ng/g. DBDPE was the dominated compound, followed by HBCD and BEHTBP. Significant differences of concentrations were found between samples from rural and urban areas, and between family and public houses, indicating different applications of NBFRs. The geographical distribution of NBFRs highlighted several hotspots in North China, suggesting the influence of room temperature (heating). The exposure via dust ingestion of NBFRs was 3.8–14 times higher than that of dermal absorption. The toddlers demonstrated the highest exposure dose (9.6 ng/kg-bw/day) of NBFRs through indoor dust among all life stages.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"butt-congleton-hoffman-fang-stapleton-metabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantsand2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateinurinefrompairedmothersandtoddlers-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'butt-congleton-hoffman-fang-stapleton-metabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantsand2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateinurinefrompairedmothersandtoddlers-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299', event);\">\n    Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and 2-Ethylhexyl Tetrabromobenzoate in Urine from Paired Mothers and Toddlers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Butt, C. M.; Congleton, J.; Hoffman, K.; Fang, M.;  and Stapleton, H. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 48(17): 10432–10438. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('butt-congleton-hoffman-fang-stapleton-metabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantsand2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateinurinefrompairedmothersandtoddlers-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and 2-Ethylhexyl Tetrabromobenzoate in Urine from Paired Mothers and Toddlers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es5025299\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('butt-congleton-hoffman-fang-stapleton-metabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantsand2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateinurinefrompairedmothersandtoddlers-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es5025299', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/butt-congleton-hoffman-fang-stapleton-metabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantsand2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateinurinefrompairedmothersandtoddlers-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('butt-congleton-hoffman-fang-stapleton-metabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantsand2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateinurinefrompairedmothersandtoddlers-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{butt_metabolites_2014,\n\ttitle = {Metabolites of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} and 2-{Ethylhexyl} {Tetrabromobenzoate} in {Urine} from {Paired} {Mothers} and {Toddlers}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5025299},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es5025299},\n\tabstract = {As a result of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) ban in the mid-2000s, the chemical flame retardant market has moved toward alterative compounds including chlorinated alkyl and nonchlorinated aryl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) as well as aromatic brominated compounds such as Firemaster 550 (FM550). Recent studies have shown that the OPFRs and Firemaster 550 components are frequently detected in polyurethane foams and in indoor dust. Some OPFRs are considered carcinogenic and/or neurodevelopmental toxicants, and children?s exposure to these compounds is a concern. OPFRs are readily metabolized and excreted in the urine as their dialkyl and diaryl compounds which function as biomarkers for OPFR exposure. Limited research has shown that adults are broadly exposed to OPFRs, but nothing is known about children?s exposure. Similarly, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), a FM550 component, is metabolized to tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA). The current study measured levels of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), 2 alkylated DPHPs, and TBBA in urine collected in 2013 from 21 US mother-toddler pairs. BDCIPP, DPHP, and ip-DPHP were detected in 100\\%, 98\\%, and 96\\% of all individuals, whereas BCIPP and tert-butyl-DPHP (tb-DPHP) were only detected in 8\\% and 13\\%. Further, TBBA was detected in 27\\% of adults but 70\\% of children. Overall, children had higher urinary levels of BDCIPP, DPHP, ip-DPHP, and TBBA as compared to their mothers, suggesting higher exposure. For example, on average, BDCIPP levels in children were 4.9 times those of mothers. BDCIPP and DPHP levels in mother?s urine were also significantly correlated with levels in children?s urine, suggesting similar exposure routes, likely in the home environment. Various potential predictors of OPFR exposure were assessed using a questionnaire. In children some predictors of hand-mouth exposure were associated with elevated BDCIPP and DPHP levels (e.g., less frequent hand washing for BDCIPP). Overall, these trends are consistent with higher flame retardant levels in children as a result of increased hand-mouth behavior and elevated dust exposure.},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Butt, Craig M. and Congleton, Johanna and Hoffman, Kate and Fang, Mingliang and Stapleton, Heather M.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {10432--10438},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As a result of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) ban in the mid-2000s, the chemical flame retardant market has moved toward alterative compounds including chlorinated alkyl and nonchlorinated aryl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) as well as aromatic brominated compounds such as Firemaster 550 (FM550). Recent studies have shown that the OPFRs and Firemaster 550 components are frequently detected in polyurethane foams and in indoor dust. Some OPFRs are considered carcinogenic and/or neurodevelopmental toxicants, and children?s exposure to these compounds is a concern. OPFRs are readily metabolized and excreted in the urine as their dialkyl and diaryl compounds which function as biomarkers for OPFR exposure. Limited research has shown that adults are broadly exposed to OPFRs, but nothing is known about children?s exposure. Similarly, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), a FM550 component, is metabolized to tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA). The current study measured levels of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), 2 alkylated DPHPs, and TBBA in urine collected in 2013 from 21 US mother-toddler pairs. BDCIPP, DPHP, and ip-DPHP were detected in 100%, 98%, and 96% of all individuals, whereas BCIPP and tert-butyl-DPHP (tb-DPHP) were only detected in 8% and 13%. Further, TBBA was detected in 27% of adults but 70% of children. Overall, children had higher urinary levels of BDCIPP, DPHP, ip-DPHP, and TBBA as compared to their mothers, suggesting higher exposure. For example, on average, BDCIPP levels in children were 4.9 times those of mothers. BDCIPP and DPHP levels in mother?s urine were also significantly correlated with levels in children?s urine, suggesting similar exposure routes, likely in the home environment. Various potential predictors of OPFR exposure were assessed using a questionnaire. In children some predictors of hand-mouth exposure were associated with elevated BDCIPP and DPHP levels (e.g., less frequent hand washing for BDCIPP). Overall, these trends are consistent with higher flame retardant levels in children as a result of increased hand-mouth behavior and elevated dust exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cao-xu-covaci-wu-wang-yu-wang-deng-etal-distributionpatternsofbrominatedchlorinatedandphosphorusflameretardantswithparticlesizeinindoorandoutdoordustandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cao-xu-covaci-wu-wang-yu-wang-deng-etal-distributionpatternsofbrominatedchlorinatedandphosphorusflameretardantswithparticlesizeinindoorandoutdoordustandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b', event);\">\n    Distribution Patterns of Brominated, Chlorinated, and Phosphorus Flame Retardants with Particle Size in Indoor and Outdoor Dust and Implications for Human Exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cao, Z.; Xu, F.; Covaci, A.; Wu, M.; Wang, H.; Yu, G.; Wang, B.; Deng, S.; Huang, J.;  and Wang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 48(15): 8839–8846. August 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cao-xu-covaci-wu-wang-yu-wang-deng-etal-distributionpatternsofbrominatedchlorinatedandphosphorusflameretardantswithparticlesizeinindoorandoutdoordustandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distribution Patterns of Brominated, Chlorinated, and Phosphorus Flame Retardants with Particle Size in Indoor and Outdoor Dust and Implications for Human Exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es501224b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cao-xu-covaci-wu-wang-yu-wang-deng-etal-distributionpatternsofbrominatedchlorinatedandphosphorusflameretardantswithparticlesizeinindoorandoutdoordustandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es501224b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cao-xu-covaci-wu-wang-yu-wang-deng-etal-distributionpatternsofbrominatedchlorinatedandphosphorusflameretardantswithparticlesizeinindoorandoutdoordustandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cao-xu-covaci-wu-wang-yu-wang-deng-etal-distributionpatternsofbrominatedchlorinatedandphosphorusflameretardantswithparticlesizeinindoorandoutdoordustandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cao_distribution_2014,\n\ttitle = {Distribution {Patterns} of {Brominated}, {Chlorinated}, and {Phosphorus} {Flame} {Retardants} with {Particle} {Size} in {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Dust} and {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501224b},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es501224b},\n\tabstract = {Dust samples were collected in Beijing, China, from four different indoor microenvironments (office, hotel, kindergarten, and student dormitory) and one outdoor (road dust) microenvironment. These five composite samples were fractionated into 13 sequential size fractions and an individual fraction of {\\textless}50 ?m for further analysis. In the fractions of {\\textless}50 ?m, nine phosphorus flame retardants (?PFRs), four novel brominated flame retardants (?NBFRs), and two Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) showed the highest concentrations in hotel dust (124?000 ng g?1), dormitory dust (14?200 ng g?1), and kindergarten dust (231 ng g?1), respectively. Nevertheless, nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (?PBDEs) were the dominant flame retardants (FRs) (96\\% of total FRs) in road dust, with the maximum concentration of 23?700 ng g?1, higher than in any indoor dust. The FR contamination varied strongly among different types of microenvironments, leading to high human exposure to various FRs. Concentrations of FRs did not increase constantly with a particle size decrease. Fractions with a particle size around 900, 100, and 10 ?m could represent peak values, while valley values were commonly detected around fractions with a particle size around 40 ?m. Large differences were found between indoor dust and road dust. In road dust, FRs were mainly enriched in fractions of {\\textless}50 ?m. The organic content of dust, FR application, and consequent abrasion processes of FR-containing materials might be the determinants of the FR concentrations. Volatilization and abrasion were considered to be important migration pathways for FRs. DPs and BDE-209 were sought to be mainly applied in abrasion-proof materials, while most phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were probably added in a large proportion in materials easy to wear.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Cao, Zhiguo and Xu, Fuchao and Covaci, Adrian and Wu, Min and Wang, Haizhu and Yu, Gang and Wang, Bin and Deng, Shubo and Huang, Jun and Wang, Xiaoyan},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {8839--8846},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Dust samples were collected in Beijing, China, from four different indoor microenvironments (office, hotel, kindergarten, and student dormitory) and one outdoor (road dust) microenvironment. These five composite samples were fractionated into 13 sequential size fractions and an individual fraction of \\textless50 ?m for further analysis. In the fractions of \\textless50 ?m, nine phosphorus flame retardants (?PFRs), four novel brominated flame retardants (?NBFRs), and two Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) showed the highest concentrations in hotel dust (124?000 ng g?1), dormitory dust (14?200 ng g?1), and kindergarten dust (231 ng g?1), respectively. Nevertheless, nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (?PBDEs) were the dominant flame retardants (FRs) (96% of total FRs) in road dust, with the maximum concentration of 23?700 ng g?1, higher than in any indoor dust. The FR contamination varied strongly among different types of microenvironments, leading to high human exposure to various FRs. Concentrations of FRs did not increase constantly with a particle size decrease. Fractions with a particle size around 900, 100, and 10 ?m could represent peak values, while valley values were commonly detected around fractions with a particle size around 40 ?m. Large differences were found between indoor dust and road dust. In road dust, FRs were mainly enriched in fractions of \\textless50 ?m. The organic content of dust, FR application, and consequent abrasion processes of FR-containing materials might be the determinants of the FR concentrations. Volatilization and abrasion were considered to be important migration pathways for FRs. DPs and BDE-209 were sought to be mainly applied in abrasion-proof materials, while most phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were probably added in a large proportion in materials easy to wear.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cequier-ionas-covaci-marc-becher-thomsen-occurrenceofabroadrangeoflegacyandemergingflameretardantsinindoorenvironmentsinnorway-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cequier-ionas-covaci-marc-becher-thomsen-occurrenceofabroadrangeoflegacyandemergingflameretardantsinindoorenvironmentsinnorway-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u', event);\">\n    Occurrence of a Broad Range of Legacy and Emerging Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments in Norway.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cequier, E.; Ionas, A. C.; Covaci, A.; Marcé, R. M.; Becher, G.;  and Thomsen, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 48(12): 6827–6835. June 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cequier-ionas-covaci-marc-becher-thomsen-occurrenceofabroadrangeoflegacyandemergingflameretardantsinindoorenvironmentsinnorway-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of a Broad Range of Legacy and Emerging Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments in Norway [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es500516u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cequier-ionas-covaci-marc-becher-thomsen-occurrenceofabroadrangeoflegacyandemergingflameretardantsinindoorenvironmentsinnorway-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es500516u', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cequier-ionas-covaci-marc-becher-thomsen-occurrenceofabroadrangeoflegacyandemergingflameretardantsinindoorenvironmentsinnorway-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cequier-ionas-covaci-marc-becher-thomsen-occurrenceofabroadrangeoflegacyandemergingflameretardantsinindoorenvironmentsinnorway-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cequier_occurrence_2014,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of a {Broad} {Range} of {Legacy} and {Emerging} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Indoor} {Environments} in {Norway}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500516u},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es500516u},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates the occurrence of 37 organohalogen and organophosphate flame retardants (FRs) from Norwegian households (n = 48) and classrooms from two primary schools (n = 6). Around 80\\% of the targeted FRs were detected in air and dust from the sampling sites. The comparison of settled dust with floor dust revealed no statistical differences between median concentrations of the FRs (n = 12). Decabromodiphenyl ether and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate showed the highest median floor dust concentrations in both environments. In the air samples, the highest concentrations were observed for 2,2?,4,4?-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Remarkably, the emerging FR, 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane, abbreviated as TBECH or DBE-DBCH, showed the highest indoor air concentrations reported in the literature (households, 77.9 pg/m3 and schools, 46.6 pg/m3). Good Spearman correlations between the FR concentrations in dust and air (0.36 {\\textless} R {\\textless} 0.76) showed that is possible to estimate the concentrations in air from analyzed dust, or vice versa. Sources and pathways of exposure to FRs were assessed for the households. The main findings were that frequent vacuum cleaning resulted in lower FR concentrations in dust and that dermal contact with dust, for both children and mothers, was as important for the intake of organophosphate FRs as dust ingestion.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Cequier, Enrique and Ionas, Alin C. and Covaci, Adrian and Marcé, Rosa Maria and Becher, Georg and Thomsen, Cathrine},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {6827--6835},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigates the occurrence of 37 organohalogen and organophosphate flame retardants (FRs) from Norwegian households (n = 48) and classrooms from two primary schools (n = 6). Around 80% of the targeted FRs were detected in air and dust from the sampling sites. The comparison of settled dust with floor dust revealed no statistical differences between median concentrations of the FRs (n = 12). Decabromodiphenyl ether and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate showed the highest median floor dust concentrations in both environments. In the air samples, the highest concentrations were observed for 2,2?,4,4?-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Remarkably, the emerging FR, 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane, abbreviated as TBECH or DBE-DBCH, showed the highest indoor air concentrations reported in the literature (households, 77.9 pg/m3 and schools, 46.6 pg/m3). Good Spearman correlations between the FR concentrations in dust and air (0.36 \\textless R \\textless 0.76) showed that is possible to estimate the concentrations in air from analyzed dust, or vice versa. Sources and pathways of exposure to FRs were assessed for the households. The main findings were that frequent vacuum cleaning resulted in lower FR concentrations in dust and that dermal contact with dust, for both children and mothers, was as important for the intake of organophosphate FRs as dust ingestion.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862', event);\">\n    Potential Estrogenic Effects of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, Q.; Lu, M.; Dong, X.; Wang, C.; Zhang, C.; Liu, W.;  and Zhao, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 48(12): 6995–7001. June 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potential Estrogenic Effects of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es5007862', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_potential_2014,\n\ttitle = {Potential {Estrogenic} {Effects} of {Phosphorus}-{Containing} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es5007862},\n\tabstract = {As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP {\\textgreater} TCP {\\textgreater} TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Quan and Lu, Meiya and Dong, Xiaowu and Wang, Cui and Zhang, Chunlong and Liu, Weiping and Zhao, Meirong},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {6995--7001},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP \\textgreater TCP \\textgreater TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060', event);\">\n    Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fan, X.; Kubwabo, C.; Rasmussen, P. E.;  and Wu, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 491–492: 80–86. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fan_simultaneous_2014,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\n\ttitle = {Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques},\n\tvolume = {491–492},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127},\n\tabstract = {An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60\\% to 118\\%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3\\% to 23\\%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat E. and Wu, Fang},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585},\n\tpages = {80--86},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60% to 118%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3% to 23%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928', event);\">\n    Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gallen, C.; Banks, A.; Brandsma, S.; Baduel, C.; Thai, P.; Eaglesham, G.; Heffernan, A.; Leonards, P.; Bainton, P.;  and Mueller, J. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 491–492: 255–265. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gallen_towards_2014,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\n\ttitle = {Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products},\n\tvolume = {491–492},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92\\% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (\\&amp;gt; 75\\%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Gallen, Christie and Banks, Andrew and Brandsma, Sicco and Baduel, Christine and Thai, Phong and Eaglesham, Geoff and Heffernan, Amy and Leonards, Pim and Bainton, Paul and Mueller, Jochen F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE},\n\tpages = {255--265},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (&gt; 75%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051', event);\">\n    Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in Sapporo, Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takeuchi, S.; Kojima, H.; Saito, I.; Jin, K.; Kobayashi, S.; Tanaka-Kagawa, T.;  and Jinno, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 491–492: 28–33. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in Sapporo, Japan [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takeuchi_detection_2014,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\n\ttitle = {Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in {Sapporo}, {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {491–492},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011},\n\tabstract = {Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Takeuchi, Shinji and Kojima, Hiroyuki and Saito, Ikue and Jin, Kazuo and Kobayashi, Satoshi and Tanaka-Kagawa, Toshiko and Jinno, Hideto},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds},\n\tpages = {28--33},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zeng-he-cao-ma-yu-gui-sheng-fu-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphateflameretardantsplasticizersinwastewatertreatmentplantsludgesfromthepearlriverdeltachina-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zeng-he-cao-ma-yu-gui-sheng-fu-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphateflameretardantsplasticizersinwastewatertreatmentplantsludgesfromthepearlriverdeltachina-2014', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract', event);\">\n    Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant sludges from the Pearl River Delta, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zeng, X.; He, L.; Cao, S.; Ma, S.; Yu, Z.; Gui, H.; Sheng, G.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</i>, 33(8): 1720–1725. August 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zeng-he-cao-ma-yu-gui-sheng-fu-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphateflameretardantsplasticizersinwastewatertreatmentplantsludgesfromthepearlriverdeltachina-2014', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant sludges from the Pearl River Delta, China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zeng-he-cao-ma-yu-gui-sheng-fu-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphateflameretardantsplasticizersinwastewatertreatmentplantsludgesfromthepearlriverdeltachina-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2604', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zeng-he-cao-ma-yu-gui-sheng-fu-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphateflameretardantsplasticizersinwastewatertreatmentplantsludgesfromthepearlriverdeltachina-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zeng-he-cao-ma-yu-gui-sheng-fu-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphateflameretardantsplasticizersinwastewatertreatmentplantsludgesfromthepearlriverdeltachina-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zeng_occurrence_2014,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant sludges from the {Pearl} {River} {Delta}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tcopyright = {© 2014 SETAC},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2604/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2604},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPs) are widely used as flame retardants or plasticizers and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of 7 widely used OPs were analyzed in sludge samples collected from 19 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. All analytes were detected in these samples, and the total concentration of OPs ranged from 96.7 µg/kg to 1312.9 µg/kg dry weight, with a mean value of 420.1 µg/kg dry weight. In most sludge samples OPs exhibited a similar distribution pattern, for example, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were identified as the dominant compounds. However, the results also indicated significantly higher levels of OPs in specific sludges, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (804.9 µg/kg), TBEP (783.7 µg/kg), TPhP (656.7 µg/kg), and tritolyl phosphate (265.0 µg/kg), which implied different discharge sources in the studied areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1720–1725. © 2014 SETAC},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Zeng, Xiangying and He, Lixiong and Cao, Shuxia and Ma, Shengtao and Yu, Zhiqiang and Gui, Hongyan and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Organophosphate esters, Plasticizers, Sludge},\n\tpages = {1720--1725},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate esters (OPs) are widely used as flame retardants or plasticizers and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of 7 widely used OPs were analyzed in sludge samples collected from 19 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. All analytes were detected in these samples, and the total concentration of OPs ranged from 96.7 µg/kg to 1312.9 µg/kg dry weight, with a mean value of 420.1 µg/kg dry weight. In most sludge samples OPs exhibited a similar distribution pattern, for example, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were identified as the dominant compounds. However, the results also indicated significantly higher levels of OPs in specific sludges, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (804.9 µg/kg), TBEP (783.7 µg/kg), TPhP (656.7 µg/kg), and tritolyl phosphate (265.0 µg/kg), which implied different discharge sources in the studied areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1720–1725. © 2014 SETAC\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136', event);\">\n    Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tajima, S.; Araki, A.; Kawai, T.; Tsuboi, T.; Ait Bamai, Y.; Yoshioka, E.; Kanazawa, A.; Cong, S.;  and Kishi, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 478: 190–199. April 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tajima_detection_2014,\n\ttitle = {Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in {Japanese} dwellings},\n\tvolume = {478},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121},\n\tabstract = {The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (\\&amp;lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (\\&amp;lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (\\&amp;lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50\\% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (\\&amp;lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (\\&amp;lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (\\&amp;lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (\\&amp;lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (\\&amp;lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50\\% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P \\&amp;lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14\\% of RfD for toddlers and 4\\% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1\\% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Tajima, Shuji and Araki, Atsuko and Kawai, Toshio and Tsuboi, Tazuru and Ait Bamai, Yu and Yoshioka, Eiji and Kanazawa, Ayako and Cong, Shi and Kishi, Reiko},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust},\n\tpages = {190--199},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P &lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14% of RfD for toddlers and 4% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386', event);\">\n    Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, Y.; Xu, M.; Jin, J.; He, S.; Li, M.;  and Sun, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 482–483: 276–282. June 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_concentrations_2014,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {482–483},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008},\n\tabstract = {Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers&#x27; ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Ying and Xu, Meng and Jin, Jun and He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Sun, Yiming},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample},\n\tpages = {276--282},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hoffman-fang-horman-patisaul-garantziotis-birnbaum-stapleton-urinarytetrabromobenzoicacidtbbaasabiomarkerofexposuretotheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hoffman-fang-horman-patisaul-garantziotis-birnbaum-stapleton-urinarytetrabromobenzoicacidtbbaasabiomarkerofexposuretotheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028', event);\">\n    Urinary Tetrabromobenzoic Acid (TBBA) as a Biomarker of Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster® 550.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hoffman, K.; Fang, M.; Horman, B.; Patisaul, H. B.; Garantziotis, S.; Birnbaum, L. S.;  and Stapleton, H. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. May 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoffman-fang-horman-patisaul-garantziotis-birnbaum-stapleton-urinarytetrabromobenzoicacidtbbaasabiomarkerofexposuretotheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Urinary Tetrabromobenzoic Acid (TBBA) as a Biomarker of Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster® 550 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308028\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoffman-fang-horman-patisaul-garantziotis-birnbaum-stapleton-urinarytetrabromobenzoicacidtbbaasabiomarkerofexposuretotheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308028', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hoffman-fang-horman-patisaul-garantziotis-birnbaum-stapleton-urinarytetrabromobenzoicacidtbbaasabiomarkerofexposuretotheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hoffman-fang-horman-patisaul-garantziotis-birnbaum-stapleton-urinarytetrabromobenzoicacidtbbaasabiomarkerofexposuretotheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hoffman_urinary_2014,\n\ttitle = {Urinary {Tetrabromobenzoic} {Acid} ({TBBA}) as a {Biomarker} of {Exposure} to the {Flame} {Retardant} {Mixture} {Firemaster}® 550},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1308028},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1308028},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-09-17},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Hoffman, Kate and Fang, Mingliang and Horman, Brian and Patisaul, Heather B. and Garantziotis, Stavros and Birnbaum, Linda S. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2014},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"millerrhodes-popescu-goeke-tirabassi-johnson-markowski-prenatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdimpairsmeasuresofsustainedattentionandincreasesagerelatedmorbidityinthelongevansrat-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'millerrhodes-popescu-goeke-tirabassi-johnson-markowski-prenatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdimpairsmeasuresofsustainedattentionandincreasesagerelatedmorbidityinthelongevansrat-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378', event);\">\n    Prenatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) impairs measures of sustained attention and increases age-related morbidity in the Long–Evans rat.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miller-Rhodes, P.; Popescu, M.; Goeke, C.; Tirabassi, T.; Johnson, L.;  and Markowski, V. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology and Teratology</i>, 45: 34–43. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('millerrhodes-popescu-goeke-tirabassi-johnson-markowski-prenatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdimpairsmeasuresofsustainedattentionandincreasesagerelatedmorbidityinthelongevansrat-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) impairs measures of sustained attention and increases age-related morbidity in the Long–Evans rat [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('millerrhodes-popescu-goeke-tirabassi-johnson-markowski-prenatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdimpairsmeasuresofsustainedattentionandincreasesagerelatedmorbidityinthelongevansrat-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/millerrhodes-popescu-goeke-tirabassi-johnson-markowski-prenatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdimpairsmeasuresofsustainedattentionandincreasesagerelatedmorbidityinthelongevansrat-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('millerrhodes-popescu-goeke-tirabassi-johnson-markowski-prenatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdimpairsmeasuresofsustainedattentionandincreasesagerelatedmorbidityinthelongevansrat-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{miller-rhodes_prenatal_2014,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) impairs measures of sustained attention and increases age-related morbidity in the {Long}–{Evans} rat},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0892-0362},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036214001378},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2014.06.009},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant that is widely-used in foam building materials and to a lesser extent, furniture and electronic equipment. After decades of use, HBCD and its metabolites have become globally-distributed environmental contaminants that can be measured in the atmosphere, water bodies, wildlife, food staples and human breastmilk. Emerging evidence suggests that HBCD can affect early brain development and produce behavioral consequences for exposed organisms. The current study examined some of the developmental and lifelong neurobehavioral effects of prenatal HBCD exposure in a rat model. Pregnant rats were gavaged with 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg HBCD from gestation day 1 to parturition. A functional observation battery was used to assess sensorimotor behaviors in neonates. Locomotor and operant responding under random ratio and Go/no-go schedules of food reinforcement were examined in cohorts of young adult and aged rats. HBCD exposure was associated with increased reactivity to a tailpinch in neonates, decreased forelimb grip strength in juveniles, and impaired sustained attention indicated by Go/no-go responding in aged rats. In addition, HBCD exposure was associated with a significant increase in morbidity in the aged cohort. One health complication, a progressive loss of hindleg function, was observed only in the aged, 3 mg/kg HBCD animals. These effects suggest that HBCD is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral impairments that emerge at different points in the lifespan following prenatal exposure.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-11},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},\n\tauthor = {Miller-Rhodes, Patrick and Popescu, Maria and Goeke, Calla and Tirabassi, Toni and Johnson, Lauren and Markowski, Vincent P.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Attention, behavior, Development, Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane, Prenatal exposure},\n\tpages = {34--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant that is widely-used in foam building materials and to a lesser extent, furniture and electronic equipment. After decades of use, HBCD and its metabolites have become globally-distributed environmental contaminants that can be measured in the atmosphere, water bodies, wildlife, food staples and human breastmilk. Emerging evidence suggests that HBCD can affect early brain development and produce behavioral consequences for exposed organisms. The current study examined some of the developmental and lifelong neurobehavioral effects of prenatal HBCD exposure in a rat model. Pregnant rats were gavaged with 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg HBCD from gestation day 1 to parturition. A functional observation battery was used to assess sensorimotor behaviors in neonates. Locomotor and operant responding under random ratio and Go/no-go schedules of food reinforcement were examined in cohorts of young adult and aged rats. HBCD exposure was associated with increased reactivity to a tailpinch in neonates, decreased forelimb grip strength in juveniles, and impaired sustained attention indicated by Go/no-go responding in aged rats. In addition, HBCD exposure was associated with a significant increase in morbidity in the aged cohort. One health complication, a progressive loss of hindleg function, was observed only in the aged, 3 mg/kg HBCD animals. These effects suggest that HBCD is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral impairments that emerge at different points in the lifespan following prenatal exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yanagisawa-koike-winshwe-yamamoto-takano-impairedlipidandglucosehomeostasisinhexabromocyclododecaneexposedmicefedahighfatdiet-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yanagisawa-koike-winshwe-yamamoto-takano-impairedlipidandglucosehomeostasisinhexabromocyclododecaneexposedmicefedahighfatdiet-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/', event);\">\n    Impaired Lipid and Glucose Homeostasis in Hexabromocyclododecane-Exposed Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yanagisawa, R.; Koike, E.; Win-Shwe, T.; Yamamoto, M.;  and Takano, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yanagisawa-koike-winshwe-yamamoto-takano-impairedlipidandglucosehomeostasisinhexabromocyclododecaneexposedmicefedahighfatdiet-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impaired Lipid and Glucose Homeostasis in Hexabromocyclododecane-Exposed Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307421\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yanagisawa-koike-winshwe-yamamoto-takano-impairedlipidandglucosehomeostasisinhexabromocyclododecaneexposedmicefedahighfatdiet-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307421', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yanagisawa-koike-winshwe-yamamoto-takano-impairedlipidandglucosehomeostasisinhexabromocyclododecaneexposedmicefedahighfatdiet-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yanagisawa-koike-winshwe-yamamoto-takano-impairedlipidandglucosehomeostasisinhexabromocyclododecaneexposedmicefedahighfatdiet-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yanagisawa_impaired_2014,\n\ttitle = {Impaired {Lipid} and {Glucose} {Homeostasis} in {Hexabromocyclododecane}-{Exposed} {Mice} {Fed} a {High}-{Fat} {Diet}},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307421/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1307421},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-09-11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Yanagisawa, Rie and Koike, Eiko and Win-Shwe, Tin-Tin and Yamamoto, Megumi and Takano, Hirohisa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"braun-kalkbrenner-just-yolton-calafat-sjdin-hauser-webster-etal-gestationalexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandreciprocalsocialrepetitiveandstereotypicbehaviorsin4and5yearoldchildrenthehomestudy-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'braun-kalkbrenner-just-yolton-calafat-sjdin-hauser-webster-etal-gestationalexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandreciprocalsocialrepetitiveandstereotypicbehaviorsin4and5yearoldchildrenthehomestudy-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261', event);\">\n    Gestational Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reciprocal Social, Repetitive, and Stereotypic Behaviors in 4- and 5-Year-Old Children: The HOME Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Braun, J. M.; Kalkbrenner, A. E.; Just, A. C.; Yolton, K.; Calafat, A. M.; Sjödin, A.; Hauser, R.; Webster, G. M.; Chen, A.;  and Lanphear, B. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. March 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('braun-kalkbrenner-just-yolton-calafat-sjdin-hauser-webster-etal-gestationalexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandreciprocalsocialrepetitiveandstereotypicbehaviorsin4and5yearoldchildrenthehomestudy-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Gestational Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reciprocal Social, Repetitive, and Stereotypic Behaviors in 4- and 5-Year-Old Children: The HOME Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307261\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('braun-kalkbrenner-just-yolton-calafat-sjdin-hauser-webster-etal-gestationalexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandreciprocalsocialrepetitiveandstereotypicbehaviorsin4and5yearoldchildrenthehomestudy-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307261', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/braun-kalkbrenner-just-yolton-calafat-sjdin-hauser-webster-etal-gestationalexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandreciprocalsocialrepetitiveandstereotypicbehaviorsin4and5yearoldchildrenthehomestudy-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('braun-kalkbrenner-just-yolton-calafat-sjdin-hauser-webster-etal-gestationalexposuretoendocrinedisruptingchemicalsandreciprocalsocialrepetitiveandstereotypicbehaviorsin4and5yearoldchildrenthehomestudy-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{braun_gestational_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gestational {Exposure} to {Endocrine}-{Disrupting} {Chemicals} and {Reciprocal} {Social}, {Repetitive}, and {Stereotypic} {Behaviors} in 4- and 5-{Year}-{Old} {Children}: {The} {HOME} {Study}},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\tshorttitle = {Gestational {Exposure} to {Endocrine}-{Disrupting} {Chemicals} and {Reciprocal} {Social}, {Repetitive}, and {Stereotypic} {Behaviors} in 4- and 5-{Year}-{Old} {Children}},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307261},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1307261},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Braun, Joseph M. and Kalkbrenner, Amy E. and Just, Allan C. and Yolton, Kimberly and Calafat, Antonia M. and Sjödin, Andreas and Hauser, Russ and Webster, Glenys M. and Chen, Aimin and Lanphear, Bruce P.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2014},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-yolton-rauch-webster-hornung-sjdin-dietrich-lanphear-prenatalpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposuresandneurodevelopmentinuschildrenthrough5yearsofagethehomestudy-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-yolton-rauch-webster-hornung-sjdin-dietrich-lanphear-prenatalpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposuresandneurodevelopmentinuschildrenthrough5yearsofagethehomestudy-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562', event);\">\n    Prenatal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Exposures and Neurodevelopment in U.S. Children through 5 Years of Age: The HOME Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, A.; Yolton, K.; Rauch, S. A.; Webster, G. M.; Hornung, R.; Sjödin, A.; Dietrich, K. N.;  and Lanphear, B. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. May 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-yolton-rauch-webster-hornung-sjdin-dietrich-lanphear-prenatalpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposuresandneurodevelopmentinuschildrenthrough5yearsofagethehomestudy-2014', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Exposures and Neurodevelopment in U.S. Children through 5 Years of Age: The HOME Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307562\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-yolton-rauch-webster-hornung-sjdin-dietrich-lanphear-prenatalpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposuresandneurodevelopmentinuschildrenthrough5yearsofagethehomestudy-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307562', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-yolton-rauch-webster-hornung-sjdin-dietrich-lanphear-prenatalpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposuresandneurodevelopmentinuschildrenthrough5yearsofagethehomestudy-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-yolton-rauch-webster-hornung-sjdin-dietrich-lanphear-prenatalpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposuresandneurodevelopmentinuschildrenthrough5yearsofagethehomestudy-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_prenatal_2014,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in {U}.{S}. {Children} through 5 {Years} of {Age}: {The} {HOME} {Study}},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\tshorttitle = {Prenatal {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in {U}.{S}. {Children} through 5 {Years} of {Age}},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307562},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1307562},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Aimin and Yolton, Kimberly and Rauch, Stephen A. and Webster, Glenys M. and Hornung, Richard and Sjödin, Andreas and Dietrich, Kim N. and Lanphear, Bruce P.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2014},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huang-wen-li-zhong-zhao-wu-thehumanbodyburdenofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesinthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huang-wen-li-zhong-zhao-wu-thehumanbodyburdenofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesinthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766', event);\">\n    The human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their relationships with thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huang, F.; Wen, S.; Li, J.; Zhong, Y.; Zhao, Y.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 466–467: 609–615. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-wen-li-zhong-zhao-wu-thehumanbodyburdenofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesinthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their relationships with thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-wen-li-zhong-zhao-wu-thehumanbodyburdenofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesinthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huang-wen-li-zhong-zhao-wu-thehumanbodyburdenofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesinthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huang-wen-li-zhong-zhao-wu-thehumanbodyburdenofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirrelationshipswiththyroidhormonesinthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huang_human_2014,\n\ttitle = {The human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their relationships with thyroid hormones in the general population in {Northern} {China}},\n\tvolume = {466–467},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713007766},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.008},\n\tabstract = {This study was conducted to determine the human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and then clarify the relationships between that and the disruption of thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China. Between November 2010 and May 2011, 124 serum samples were obtained from volunteers from the provinces of Shanxi and Liaoning. Serum samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed for BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209 by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The median concentration of the total PBDEs was 7.2 ng/g lipid weights (lw); concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 160.3 ng/g lw. The PBDE profiles in this study differed from those of other general populations. BDE-209 was the most abundant congener (median, 5.0 ng/g lw; range, non-detected — 157.1 ng/g lw), accounting for more than 75\\% of the total PBDEs, followed by BDE-153. The total PBDE concentrations in men were significantly higher as compared to women. The donors&#x27; age was correlated with a few PBDE congeners, but was not correlated with the total PBDE concentrations. The overall level of PBDEs in this study was lower than that observed in general populations in Southern China, Europe, and North America. There were apparent correlations between concentrations of several PBDE congeners and thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) was correlated with BDE-99 and 209 and inversely correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, 153, 183, and the summed tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners (∑3–7PBDEs). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, and 183 and inversely correlated with BDE-99. No correlation between free tetraidothyronine (FT4) and PBDEs was observed. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that those with higher levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153 had significantly lower odds of having T3 levels above the normal range compared to those with lower levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153. Association between FT4 and BDE-153 disappeared after controlling for sex and age. However, there was no significant association between TSH and PBDEs. The results of the present study showed that even at a relatively low level, PBDEs might interfere with the thyroid hormone levels in the general population.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Huang, Feifei and Wen, Sheng and Li, Jingguang and Zhong, Yuxin and Zhao, Yunfeng and Wu, Yongning},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Blood, Body burden, Free tetraidothyronine (FT4), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3)},\n\tpages = {609--615},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was conducted to determine the human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and then clarify the relationships between that and the disruption of thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China. Between November 2010 and May 2011, 124 serum samples were obtained from volunteers from the provinces of Shanxi and Liaoning. Serum samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed for BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209 by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The median concentration of the total PBDEs was 7.2 ng/g lipid weights (lw); concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 160.3 ng/g lw. The PBDE profiles in this study differed from those of other general populations. BDE-209 was the most abundant congener (median, 5.0 ng/g lw; range, non-detected — 157.1 ng/g lw), accounting for more than 75% of the total PBDEs, followed by BDE-153. The total PBDE concentrations in men were significantly higher as compared to women. The donors' age was correlated with a few PBDE congeners, but was not correlated with the total PBDE concentrations. The overall level of PBDEs in this study was lower than that observed in general populations in Southern China, Europe, and North America. There were apparent correlations between concentrations of several PBDE congeners and thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) was correlated with BDE-99 and 209 and inversely correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, 153, 183, and the summed tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners (∑3–7PBDEs). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was correlated with BDE-17, 28, 47, and 183 and inversely correlated with BDE-99. No correlation between free tetraidothyronine (FT4) and PBDEs was observed. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that those with higher levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153 had significantly lower odds of having T3 levels above the normal range compared to those with lower levels of BDE-17 or BDE-153. Association between FT4 and BDE-153 disappeared after controlling for sex and age. However, there was no significant association between TSH and PBDEs. The results of the present study showed that even at a relatively low level, PBDEs might interfere with the thyroid hormone levels in the general population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ortagarca-prezvzquez-gonzlezvega-varelasilva-hernndezgonzlez-prezmaldonado-concentrationsofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanbloodsamplesfrommexicocitymexico-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ortagarca-prezvzquez-gonzlezvega-varelasilva-hernndezgonzlez-prezmaldonado-concentrationsofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanbloodsamplesfrommexicocitymexico-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429', event);\">\n    Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood samples from Mexico City, Mexico.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Orta-García, S.; Pérez-Vázquez, F.; González-Vega, C.; Varela-Silva, J. A.; Hernández-González, L.;  and Pérez-Maldonado, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 472: 496–501. February 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ortagarca-prezvzquez-gonzlezvega-varelasilva-hernndezgonzlez-prezmaldonado-concentrationsofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanbloodsamplesfrommexicocitymexico-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood samples from Mexico City, Mexico [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ortagarca-prezvzquez-gonzlezvega-varelasilva-hernndezgonzlez-prezmaldonado-concentrationsofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanbloodsamplesfrommexicocitymexico-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ortagarca-prezvzquez-gonzlezvega-varelasilva-hernndezgonzlez-prezmaldonado-concentrationsofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanbloodsamplesfrommexicocitymexico-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ortagarca-prezvzquez-gonzlezvega-varelasilva-hernndezgonzlez-prezmaldonado-concentrationsofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanbloodsamplesfrommexicocitymexico-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{orta-garcia_concentrations_2014,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human blood samples from {Mexico} {City}, {Mexico}},\n\tvolume = {472},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013429},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059},\n\tabstract = {Studies in Mexico have demonstrated exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in people living in different sites through the country. However, studies evaluating exposure to POPs in people living in Mexico City (one of most contaminated places in the world) are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood as exposure biomarkers in people living in Mexico City. A total of 123 participants (blood donors aged 20–60 years) were recruited during 2010 in Mexico City. Quantitative analyses of blood samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Levels of the assessed compounds ranged from non-detectable (\\&amp;lt; LOD) to 350 ng/g lipid; from 8.20 to 91.0 ng/g lipid and from \\&amp;lt; LOD to 34.0 ng/g lipid for total PBDEs, total PCBs and total DDT, respectively. The current study indicates POP exposure in the people assessed and highlights the need for further biomonitoring studies of these POPs in the region. In this regard, biomonitoring of toxins on a global scale may be the first step towards the prevention of toxin-induced illnesses in the population.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Orta-García, Sandra and Pérez-Vázquez, Francisco and González-Vega, Carolina and Varela-Silva, José Antonio and Hernández-González, Lidia and Pérez-Maldonado, Iván},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Biomonitoring, Mexico, PBDEs, PCBs, POPs, p,p′-DDE},\n\tpages = {496--501},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Studies in Mexico have demonstrated exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in people living in different sites through the country. However, studies evaluating exposure to POPs in people living in Mexico City (one of most contaminated places in the world) are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood as exposure biomarkers in people living in Mexico City. A total of 123 participants (blood donors aged 20–60 years) were recruited during 2010 in Mexico City. Quantitative analyses of blood samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Levels of the assessed compounds ranged from non-detectable (&lt; LOD) to 350 ng/g lipid; from 8.20 to 91.0 ng/g lipid and from &lt; LOD to 34.0 ng/g lipid for total PBDEs, total PCBs and total DDT, respectively. The current study indicates POP exposure in the people assessed and highlights the need for further biomonitoring studies of these POPs in the region. In this regard, biomonitoring of toxins on a global scale may be the first step towards the prevention of toxin-induced illnesses in the population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386', event);\">\n    Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, Y.; Xu, M.; Jin, J.; He, S.; Li, M.;  and Sun, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 482–483: 276–282. June 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-xu-jin-he-li-sun-concentrationsandrelationshipsbetweenclassesofpersistenthalogenatedorganiccompoundsinpooledhumanserumsamplesandairfromlaizhoubaychina-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_concentrations_2014,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {482–483},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003386},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008},\n\tabstract = {Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers&#x27; ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Ying and Xu, Meng and Jin, Jun and He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Sun, Yiming},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Correlation, Halogenated persistent organic compound, Pooled human serum sample},\n\tpages = {276--282},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240 ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140 000 pg/m3 in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4 ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250 pg/m3 in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑ DP were 7.1 and 3.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑ DP were 1.7 and 1.4 pg/m3, respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-zhang-yang-ma-lei-zhang-zhou-fang-etal-polybrominatedbiphenylethersinbreastmilkandinfantformulafromshanghaichinatemporaltrendsdailyintakeandriskassessment-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-zhang-yang-ma-lei-zhang-zhou-fang-etal-polybrominatedbiphenylethersinbreastmilkandinfantformulafromshanghaichinatemporaltrendsdailyintakeandriskassessment-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017', event);\">\n    Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China: Temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, X.; Zhang, K.; Yang, D.; Ma, L.; Lei, B.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, J.; Fang, X.;  and Yu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 497–498: 508–515. November 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-zhang-yang-ma-lei-zhang-zhou-fang-etal-polybrominatedbiphenylethersinbreastmilkandinfantformulafromshanghaichinatemporaltrendsdailyintakeandriskassessment-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China: Temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-zhang-yang-ma-lei-zhang-zhou-fang-etal-polybrominatedbiphenylethersinbreastmilkandinfantformulafromshanghaichinatemporaltrendsdailyintakeandriskassessment-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-zhang-yang-ma-lei-zhang-zhou-fang-etal-polybrominatedbiphenylethersinbreastmilkandinfantformulafromshanghaichinatemporaltrendsdailyintakeandriskassessment-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-zhang-yang-ma-lei-zhang-zhou-fang-etal-polybrominatedbiphenylethersinbreastmilkandinfantformulafromshanghaichinatemporaltrendsdailyintakeandriskassessment-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_polybrominated_2014,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from {Shanghai}, {China}: {Temporal} trends, daily intake, and risk assessment},\n\tvolume = {497–498},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from {Shanghai}, {China}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012017},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034},\n\tabstract = {To investigate the temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and assess the risks to breast- and formula-fed infants, breast milk and infant formula samples were collected from Shanghai, China. The PBDE concentrations decreased from 14.8 to 4.85 pmol/g lipid weight during 2006–2012, with a rate of decrease by half approximately every four years. Although there were no significant correlations between the total PBDEs in breast milk and age, parity, and pre-pregnant BMI of mothers, there were significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers for tri- to hepta-BDEs. PBDEs in breast milk were much higher than those in infant formula (equivalent to 91.9 vs. 5.25 pg/mL). Among the different brand infant formulas, there were no significant differences in their PBDE concentrations. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast- and formula-fed infants suggested that breast-fed infants are exposed to much more PBDEs than formula-fed ones (12.9 vs. 0.72 ng/kg-bw/day). However, the hazard quotient values were much smaller than one, indicating that the ingested PBDEs did not exert obvious adverse effects on both breast- and formula-fed infants considering non-carcinogenic effect endpoint. This is the first report on temporal trend of PBDEs in breast milk from China.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Xiaolan and Zhang, Kaiqiong and Yang, Dan and Ma, Li and Lei, Bingli and Zhang, Xinyu and Zhou, Jing and Fang, Xiangming and Yu, Yingxin},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Daily intake, Human milk, Infant formula, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Risk assessment},\n\tpages = {508--515},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To investigate the temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and assess the risks to breast- and formula-fed infants, breast milk and infant formula samples were collected from Shanghai, China. The PBDE concentrations decreased from 14.8 to 4.85 pmol/g lipid weight during 2006–2012, with a rate of decrease by half approximately every four years. Although there were no significant correlations between the total PBDEs in breast milk and age, parity, and pre-pregnant BMI of mothers, there were significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers for tri- to hepta-BDEs. PBDEs in breast milk were much higher than those in infant formula (equivalent to 91.9 vs. 5.25 pg/mL). Among the different brand infant formulas, there were no significant differences in their PBDE concentrations. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast- and formula-fed infants suggested that breast-fed infants are exposed to much more PBDEs than formula-fed ones (12.9 vs. 0.72 ng/kg-bw/day). However, the hazard quotient values were much smaller than one, indicating that the ingested PBDEs did not exert obvious adverse effects on both breast- and formula-fed infants considering non-carcinogenic effect endpoint. This is the first report on temporal trend of PBDEs in breast milk from China.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060', event);\">\n    Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fan, X.; Kubwabo, C.; Rasmussen, P. E.;  and Wu, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 491–492: 80–86. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-wu-simultaneousdeterminationofthirteenorganophosphateestersinsettledindoorhousedustandacomparisonbetweentwosamplingtechniques-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fan_simultaneous_2014,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\n\ttitle = {Simultaneous determination of thirteen organophosphate esters in settled indoor house dust and a comparison between two sampling techniques},\n\tvolume = {491–492},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000060},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.127},\n\tabstract = {An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60\\% to 118\\%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3\\% to 23\\%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat E. and Wu, Fang},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Dust sampling, Multiple reaction monitoring, Organophosphate esters, Positive ion chemical ionization, Standard reference material 2585},\n\tpages = {80--86},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 μg/g and recoveries from 60% to 118%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3% to 23%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9 μg/g and 22.8 μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rawn, D. F. K.; Gaertner, D. W.; Weber, D.; Curran, I. H. A.; Cooke, G. M.;  and Goodyer, C. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 468–469: 622–629. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rawn-gaertner-weber-curran-cooke-goodyer-hexabromocyclododecaneconcentrationsincanadianhumanfetalliverandplacentaltissues-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rawn_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in {Canadian} human fetal liver and placental tissues},\n\tvolume = {468–469},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009285},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014},\n\tabstract = {Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (\\&amp;lt; LOD; \\&amp;lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and \\&amp;lt; LOD (\\&amp;lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Rawn, Dorothea F. K. and Gaertner, Dean W. and Weber, Dorcas and Curran, Ivan H. A. and Cooke, Gerard M. and Goodyer, Cynthia G.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human tissues, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {622--629},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (&lt; LOD; &lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 4500 ng g− 1 lipid in fetal livers and &lt; LOD (&lt; 1 ng g− 1) to 5600 ng g− 1 lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stasinska-heyworth-reid-callan-odland-trongduong-vanho-hinwood-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinplasmaofpregnantwomenfromwesternaustralia-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stasinska-heyworth-reid-callan-odland-trongduong-vanho-hinwood-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinplasmaofpregnantwomenfromwesternaustralia-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from Western Australia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stasinska, A.; Heyworth, J.; Reid, A.; Callan, A.; Odland, J. Ø.; Trong Duong, P.; Van Ho, Q.;  and Hinwood, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 493: 554–561. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stasinska-heyworth-reid-callan-odland-trongduong-vanho-hinwood-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinplasmaofpregnantwomenfromwesternaustralia-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from Western Australia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stasinska-heyworth-reid-callan-odland-trongduong-vanho-hinwood-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinplasmaofpregnantwomenfromwesternaustralia-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stasinska-heyworth-reid-callan-odland-trongduong-vanho-hinwood-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinplasmaofpregnantwomenfromwesternaustralia-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stasinska-heyworth-reid-callan-odland-trongduong-vanho-hinwood-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinplasmaofpregnantwomenfromwesternaustralia-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stasinska_polybrominated_2014,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from {Western} {Australia}},\n\tvolume = {493},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008419},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.001},\n\tabstract = {PBDEs are a class of brominated flame retardants applied to consumer goods to reduce their flammability. These compounds are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate through the food web. PBDEs have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue and breast milk. There are a small number of studies reporting concentrations of PBDEs in Australian populations. These indicate that concentrations are higher than in studies reporting concentrations from Europe but lower than those from Northern America. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in the plasma of pregnant women participating in the Australian Maternal Exposure to Toxic Substances (AMETS) study in Western Australia. The samples comprised 164 pregnant women, aged 18 years and over, who were non-smokers and not occupationally exposed to persistent substances. Participants provided blood samples at 38 weeks gestation and these were analysed for five PBDE congeners. Maternal health and birth outcomes data were also obtained. The median for sum PBDE concentrations in plasma was 53.9 pg g− 1 (range 13.2 to 1390 pg g− 1 ww). Concentrations were adjusted for the estimated plasma lipid content. The concentrations of Σ5PBDE ranged from 2.44 to 258 ng g− 1 lipid with a median of 9.97 ng g− 1 lipid. BDE-47 was the dominant congener (median 21.4 pg g− 1, range \\&amp;lt; 4.95 to 1030 pg g− 1) followed by BDE-153 (median 12.2 pg g− 1, range \\&amp;lt; 2.94 to 353 pg g− 1). There were no significant associations between maternal, housing or dietary factors and concentrations of PBDEs in this study. Maternal PBDE concentrations were not associated with infant birth weight. This study builds upon previous Australian research and shows that concentrations in this sample of Western Australian women were higher than in parts of Europe.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Stasinska, Ania and Heyworth, Jane and Reid, Alison and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Trong Duong, Phi and Van Ho, Quoc and Hinwood, Andrea},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Birth weight, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Diet, Dust, Human exposure},\n\tpages = {554--561},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PBDEs are a class of brominated flame retardants applied to consumer goods to reduce their flammability. These compounds are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate through the food web. PBDEs have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue and breast milk. There are a small number of studies reporting concentrations of PBDEs in Australian populations. These indicate that concentrations are higher than in studies reporting concentrations from Europe but lower than those from Northern America. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in the plasma of pregnant women participating in the Australian Maternal Exposure to Toxic Substances (AMETS) study in Western Australia. The samples comprised 164 pregnant women, aged 18 years and over, who were non-smokers and not occupationally exposed to persistent substances. Participants provided blood samples at 38 weeks gestation and these were analysed for five PBDE congeners. Maternal health and birth outcomes data were also obtained. The median for sum PBDE concentrations in plasma was 53.9 pg g− 1 (range 13.2 to 1390 pg g− 1 ww). Concentrations were adjusted for the estimated plasma lipid content. The concentrations of Σ5PBDE ranged from 2.44 to 258 ng g− 1 lipid with a median of 9.97 ng g− 1 lipid. BDE-47 was the dominant congener (median 21.4 pg g− 1, range &lt; 4.95 to 1030 pg g− 1) followed by BDE-153 (median 12.2 pg g− 1, range &lt; 2.94 to 353 pg g− 1). There were no significant associations between maternal, housing or dietary factors and concentrations of PBDEs in this study. Maternal PBDE concentrations were not associated with infant birth weight. This study builds upon previous Australian research and shows that concentrations in this sample of Western Australian women were higher than in parts of Europe.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lim-kim-lee-shin-chang-yang-exposureassessmentandhealthriskofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsintheindoorenvironmentofelementaryschoolstudentsinkorea-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lim-kim-lee-shin-chang-yang-exposureassessmentandhealthriskofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsintheindoorenvironmentofelementaryschoolstudentsinkorea-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413', event);\">\n    Exposure assessment and health risk of poly-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in the indoor environment of elementary school students in Korea.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lim, Y.; Kim, H.; Lee, C.; Shin, D.; Chang, Y.;  and Yang, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 470–471: 1376–1389. February 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lim-kim-lee-shin-chang-yang-exposureassessmentandhealthriskofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsintheindoorenvironmentofelementaryschoolstudentsinkorea-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure assessment and health risk of poly-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in the indoor environment of elementary school students in Korea [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lim-kim-lee-shin-chang-yang-exposureassessmentandhealthriskofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsintheindoorenvironmentofelementaryschoolstudentsinkorea-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lim-kim-lee-shin-chang-yang-exposureassessmentandhealthriskofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsintheindoorenvironmentofelementaryschoolstudentsinkorea-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lim-kim-lee-shin-chang-yang-exposureassessmentandhealthriskofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsintheindoorenvironmentofelementaryschoolstudentsinkorea-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lim_exposure_2014,\n\ttitle = {Exposure assessment and health risk of poly-brominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants in the indoor environment of elementary school students in {Korea}},\n\tvolume = {470–471},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010413},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.013},\n\tabstract = {This study assessed the health risks of elementary school students&#x27; exposure to PBDEs via different possible pathways in children&#x27;s facilities. After PBDE contamination was measured, exposure was demonstrated to occur through multiple routes, including inhalation of indoor dust, dermal contact with products&#x27; surfaces and children&#x27;s hands, and incidental dust ingestion. Samples were collected from various children&#x27;s facilities (30 elementary schools, 31 private academies, 12 living rooms and bedrooms in houses, 5 public libraries of children&#x27;s literature, and 3 large hypermalls) in summer (Jul–Sep, 2008) and winter (Jan–Feb, 2009). The hazard index (HI) was estimated for non-carcinogens and PBDEs, such as TeBDE, PeBDE, HxBDE, OcBDE, and DeBDE. PBDEs were detected in all floor dust samples, 99\\% of indoor air samples, 94\\% of product-wipe samples, and 86\\% of hand wipe samples. The average levels of PBDEs ranged from 0.19 to 1.06 ng/m3 in indoor air, 4623 to 6650 ng/g-dust in floor dust, 0.012 to 0.103 ng/cm2 on product surfaces, and 7.89 to 25.38 ng/hand on the surface of children&#x27;s hands. The HI for school children via multimedia and multipathway exposure to PBDEs did not exceed 1.0. The exposure to PBDEs at home (approximately 80\\%) was dominant. The contribution rates of PBDE risk were 77\\% and 15\\% via dust ingestion at home and at elementary school, respectively; thus, intake of floor dust was determined to be the primary route of exposure.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Lim, Young-Wook and Kim, Ho-Hyun and Lee, Chung-Soo and Shin, Dong-Chun and Chang, Yoon-Seok and Yang, Ji-Yeon},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Elementary school student, Multimedia and multipathway exposure, PBDEs, Risk assessment},\n\tpages = {1376--1389},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study assessed the health risks of elementary school students' exposure to PBDEs via different possible pathways in children's facilities. After PBDE contamination was measured, exposure was demonstrated to occur through multiple routes, including inhalation of indoor dust, dermal contact with products' surfaces and children's hands, and incidental dust ingestion. Samples were collected from various children's facilities (30 elementary schools, 31 private academies, 12 living rooms and bedrooms in houses, 5 public libraries of children's literature, and 3 large hypermalls) in summer (Jul–Sep, 2008) and winter (Jan–Feb, 2009). The hazard index (HI) was estimated for non-carcinogens and PBDEs, such as TeBDE, PeBDE, HxBDE, OcBDE, and DeBDE. PBDEs were detected in all floor dust samples, 99% of indoor air samples, 94% of product-wipe samples, and 86% of hand wipe samples. The average levels of PBDEs ranged from 0.19 to 1.06 ng/m3 in indoor air, 4623 to 6650 ng/g-dust in floor dust, 0.012 to 0.103 ng/cm2 on product surfaces, and 7.89 to 25.38 ng/hand on the surface of children's hands. The HI for school children via multimedia and multipathway exposure to PBDEs did not exceed 1.0. The exposure to PBDEs at home (approximately 80%) was dominant. The contribution rates of PBDE risk were 77% and 15% via dust ingestion at home and at elementary school, respectively; thus, intake of floor dust was determined to be the primary route of exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928', event);\">\n    Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gallen, C.; Banks, A.; Brandsma, S.; Baduel, C.; Thai, P.; Eaglesham, G.; Heffernan, A.; Leonards, P.; Bainton, P.;  and Mueller, J. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 491–492: 255–265. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gallen-banks-brandsma-baduel-thai-eaglesham-heffernan-leonards-etal-towardsdevelopmentofarapidandeffectivenondestructivetestingstrategytoidentifybrominatedflameretardantsintheplasticsofconsumerproducts-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gallen_towards_2014,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\n\ttitle = {Towards development of a rapid and effective non-destructive testing strategy to identify brominated flame retardants in the plastics of consumer products},\n\tvolume = {491–492},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714000928},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.074},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92\\% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (\\&amp;gt; 75\\%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Gallen, Christie and Banks, Andrew and Brandsma, Sicco and Baduel, Christine and Thai, Phong and Eaglesham, Geoff and Heffernan, Amy and Leonards, Pim and Bainton, Paul and Mueller, Jochen F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {BFRs, Consumer products, Plastic, Surface wipe, X-ray fluorescence, c-OctaBDE},\n\tpages = {255--265},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) once extensively used in the plastics of a wide range of consumer products. The listing of certain congeners that are constituents of commercial PBDE mixtures (including c-octaBDE) in the Stockholm Convention and tightening regulation of many other BFRs in recent years have created the need for a rapid and effective method of identifying BFR-containing plastics. A three-tiered testing strategy comparing results from non-destructive testing (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) (n = 1714), a surface wipe test (n = 137) and destructive chemical analysis (n = 48) was undertaken to systematically identify BFRs in a wide range of consumer products. XRF rapidly identified bromine in 92% of products later confirmed to contain BFRs. Surface wipes of products identified tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), c-octaBDE congeners and BDE-209 with relatively high accuracy (&gt; 75%) when confirmed by destructive chemical analysis. A relationship between the amounts of BFRs detected in surface wipes and subsequent destructive testing shows promise in predicting not only the types of BFRs present but also estimating the concentrations present. Information about the types of products that may contain persistent BFRs will assist regulators in implementing policies to further reduce the occurrence of these chemicals in consumer products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136', event);\">\n    Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tajima, S.; Araki, A.; Kawai, T.; Tsuboi, T.; Ait Bamai, Y.; Yoshioka, E.; Kanazawa, A.; Cong, S.;  and Kishi, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 478: 190–199. April 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in Japanese dwellings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tajima-araki-kawai-tsuboi-aitbamai-yoshioka-kanazawa-cong-etal-detectionandintakeassessmentoforganophosphateflameretardantsinhousedustinjapanesedwellings-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tajima_detection_2014,\n\ttitle = {Detection and intake assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in {Japanese} dwellings},\n\tvolume = {478},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713016136},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.121},\n\tabstract = {The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (\\&amp;lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (\\&amp;lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (\\&amp;lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50\\% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (\\&amp;lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (\\&amp;lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (\\&amp;lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (\\&amp;lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (\\&amp;lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50\\% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P \\&amp;lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14\\% of RfD for toddlers and 4\\% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1\\% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Tajima, Shuji and Araki, Atsuko and Kawai, Toshio and Tsuboi, Tazuru and Ait Bamai, Yu and Yoshioka, Eiji and Kanazawa, Ayako and Cong, Shi and Kishi, Reiko},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Elementary school children, Floor dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Reference doses (RfDs), Upper surface dust},\n\tpages = {190--199},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (&lt; 0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (&lt; 0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (&lt; 0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (&lt; 0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (&lt; 0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (&lt; 0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (&lt; 0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (&lt; 0.36–60.64) exceeded 50% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P &lt; 0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n = 48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14% of RfD for toddlers and 4% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rauert-harrad-suzuki-takigami-uchida-takata-testchamberandforensicmicroscopyinvestigationofthetransferofbrominatedflameretardantsintoindoordustviaabrasionofsourcematerials-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rauert-harrad-suzuki-takigami-uchida-takata-testchamberandforensicmicroscopyinvestigationofthetransferofbrominatedflameretardantsintoindoordustviaabrasionofsourcematerials-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845', event);\">\n    Test chamber and forensic microscopy investigation of the transfer of brominated flame retardants into indoor dust via abrasion of source materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rauert, C.; Harrad, S.; Suzuki, G.; Takigami, H.; Uchida, N.;  and Takata, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 493: 639–648. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rauert-harrad-suzuki-takigami-uchida-takata-testchamberandforensicmicroscopyinvestigationofthetransferofbrominatedflameretardantsintoindoordustviaabrasionofsourcematerials-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Test chamber and forensic microscopy investigation of the transfer of brominated flame retardants into indoor dust via abrasion of source materials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rauert-harrad-suzuki-takigami-uchida-takata-testchamberandforensicmicroscopyinvestigationofthetransferofbrominatedflameretardantsintoindoordustviaabrasionofsourcematerials-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.029', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rauert-harrad-suzuki-takigami-uchida-takata-testchamberandforensicmicroscopyinvestigationofthetransferofbrominatedflameretardantsintoindoordustviaabrasionofsourcematerials-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rauert-harrad-suzuki-takigami-uchida-takata-testchamberandforensicmicroscopyinvestigationofthetransferofbrominatedflameretardantsintoindoordustviaabrasionofsourcematerials-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rauert_test_2014,\n\ttitle = {Test chamber and forensic microscopy investigation of the transfer of brominated flame retardants into indoor dust via abrasion of source materials},\n\tvolume = {493},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714008845},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.029},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in indoor dust in many studies, at concentrations spanning several orders of magnitude. Limited information is available on the pathways via which BFRs migrate from treated products into dust, yet the different mechanisms hypothesized to date may provide an explanation for the range of reported concentrations. In particular, transfer of BFRs to dust via abrasion of particles or fibers from treated products may explain elevated concentrations (up to 210 mg g− 1) of low volatility BFRs like decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). In this study, an indoor dust sample containing a low concentration of hexabromocyclododecane, or HBCD, (110 ng g− 1 ΣHBCDs) was placed on the floor of an in-house test chamber. A fabric curtain treated with HBCDs was placed on a mesh shelf 3 cm above the chamber floor and abrasion induced using a stirrer bar. This induced abrasion generated fibers of the curtain, which contaminated the dust, and ΣHBCD concentrations in the dust increased to between 4020 and 52 500 ng g− 1 for four different abrasion experiment times. The highly contaminated dust (ΣHBCD at 52 500 ng g− 1) together with three archived dust samples from various UK microenvironments, were investigated with forensic microscopy techniques. These techniques included Micro X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, scanning emission microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with further BFR analysis on LC-MS/MS. Using these techniques, fibers or particles abraded from a product treated with BFRs were identified in all dust samples, thereby accounting for the elevated concentrations detected in the original dust (3500 to 88 800 ng g− 1 ΣHBCD and 24 000 to 1 438 000 ng g−1 for BDE-209). This study shows how test chamber experiments alongside forensic microscopy techniques, can provide valuable insights into the pathways via which BFRs contaminate indoor dust.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Rauert, C. and Harrad, S. and Suzuki, G. and Takigami, H. and Uchida, N. and Takata, K.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Forensic microscopy, HBCDs, Migration pathways to dust, PBDEs, Test chambers},\n\tpages = {639--648},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in indoor dust in many studies, at concentrations spanning several orders of magnitude. Limited information is available on the pathways via which BFRs migrate from treated products into dust, yet the different mechanisms hypothesized to date may provide an explanation for the range of reported concentrations. In particular, transfer of BFRs to dust via abrasion of particles or fibers from treated products may explain elevated concentrations (up to 210 mg g− 1) of low volatility BFRs like decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). In this study, an indoor dust sample containing a low concentration of hexabromocyclododecane, or HBCD, (110 ng g− 1 ΣHBCDs) was placed on the floor of an in-house test chamber. A fabric curtain treated with HBCDs was placed on a mesh shelf 3 cm above the chamber floor and abrasion induced using a stirrer bar. This induced abrasion generated fibers of the curtain, which contaminated the dust, and ΣHBCD concentrations in the dust increased to between 4020 and 52 500 ng g− 1 for four different abrasion experiment times. The highly contaminated dust (ΣHBCD at 52 500 ng g− 1) together with three archived dust samples from various UK microenvironments, were investigated with forensic microscopy techniques. These techniques included Micro X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, scanning emission microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with further BFR analysis on LC-MS/MS. Using these techniques, fibers or particles abraded from a product treated with BFRs were identified in all dust samples, thereby accounting for the elevated concentrations detected in the original dust (3500 to 88 800 ng g− 1 ΣHBCD and 24 000 to 1 438 000 ng g−1 for BDE-209). This study shows how test chamber experiments alongside forensic microscopy techniques, can provide valuable insights into the pathways via which BFRs contaminate indoor dust.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051', event);\">\n    Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in Sapporo, Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takeuchi, S.; Kojima, H.; Saito, I.; Jin, K.; Kobayashi, S.; Tanaka-Kagawa, T.;  and Jinno, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 491–492: 28–33. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in Sapporo, Japan [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takeuchi-kojima-saito-jin-kobayashi-tanakakagawa-jinno-detectionof34plasticizersand25flameretardantsinindoorairfromhousesinsapporojapan-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takeuchi_detection_2014,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({Dioxin2013}, {Daegu}/{Korea})},\n\ttitle = {Detection of 34 plasticizers and 25 flame retardants in indoor air from houses in {Sapporo}, {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {491–492},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714005051},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.011},\n\tabstract = {Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Takeuchi, Shinji and Kojima, Hiroyuki and Saito, Ikue and Jin, Kazuo and Kobayashi, Satoshi and Tanaka-Kagawa, Toshiko and Jinno, Hideto},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), Flame retardants, Gas-particle partitioning, Indoor air, Plasticizer, Semi-volatile organic compounds},\n\tpages = {28--33},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Various plasticizers and flame retardants are contained in building materials and furniture produced for indoor environments. However, some of these material inclusions have been reported to cause endocrine-disrupting and mucosa-irritating effects. Because of the local climate, buildings in Sapporo are better insulated against cold weather than those in many other areas in Japan. In this study, we measured 59 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and flame retardants (organo-phosphates and brominated compounds), from indoor air samples from six houses in Sapporo. These compounds were measured separately in the gas phase and the particle phase using a two-stage cartridge equipped with a quartz fiber filter (1 μm mesh) and C18 solid-phase extraction disk for sampling and analyzed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (for the detection of brominated flame retardants). Among the 59 compounds measured in this study, 34 compounds were detected from the indoor air of the six houses. The highest concentration among the 34 compounds found in a newly built house was 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TXIB) at 20.8 μg/m3. Di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), which has been used in recent years as an alternative to di(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), was found in all six houses, although at low concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.027 μg/m3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DEHT in indoor air in Japan. Among the compounds detected in this study, those with lower molecular weights tended to be captured in the C18 solid-phase extraction disk rather than in the quartz fiber filter. These results suggest that compounds with higher volatility exist preferentially in the gas phase, whereas compounds with lower volatility exist preferentially in the particulate phase in indoor air.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dahlberg-norrgran-hovander-bergman-asplund-recoverydiscrepanciesofohpbdesandpolybromophenolsinhumanplasmaandcatserumversusherringandlongtailedduckplasma-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dahlberg-norrgran-hovander-bergman-asplund-recoverydiscrepanciesofohpbdesandpolybromophenolsinhumanplasmaandcatserumversusherringandlongtailedduckplasma-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X', event);\">\n    Recovery discrepancies of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum versus herring and long-tailed duck plasma.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dahlberg, A.; Norrgran, J.; Hovander, L.; Bergman, Å.;  and Asplund, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 94: 97–103. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dahlberg-norrgran-hovander-bergman-asplund-recoverydiscrepanciesofohpbdesandpolybromophenolsinhumanplasmaandcatserumversusherringandlongtailedduckplasma-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Recovery discrepancies of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum versus herring and long-tailed duck plasma [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dahlberg-norrgran-hovander-bergman-asplund-recoverydiscrepanciesofohpbdesandpolybromophenolsinhumanplasmaandcatserumversusherringandlongtailedduckplasma-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dahlberg-norrgran-hovander-bergman-asplund-recoverydiscrepanciesofohpbdesandpolybromophenolsinhumanplasmaandcatserumversusherringandlongtailedduckplasma-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dahlberg-norrgran-hovander-bergman-asplund-recoverydiscrepanciesofohpbdesandpolybromophenolsinhumanplasmaandcatserumversusherringandlongtailedduckplasma-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dahlberg_recovery_2014,\n\ttitle = {Recovery discrepancies of {OH}-{PBDEs} and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum versus herring and long-tailed duck plasma},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301254X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.020},\n\tabstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been identified as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or as natural products. The OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols have come into focus over the last decade due to their abundance in biota and their potential adverse health effects.\n\nThe present recovery study aims to validate a commonly used method (published by Hovander et al. 2000) for OH-PBDE analysis in human plasma. Further, the authors intended to determine the method’s applicability to serum/plasma matrices from other species than humans. The investigated matrices were human plasma, cat serum, herring- and long-tailed duck plasma. The recovery study included nine OH-PBDEs, four polybromophenols and three methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). Five replicates of each matrix were spiked with these compounds at two dose levels; a low dose (0.5 ng) and a high dose (5 ng) and were cleaned up according to the Hovander method.\n\nThe recovery of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum were high and reproducible at both dose levels whereas the recovery for herring and long-tailed duck plasma were low and insufficient with great variability amongst OH-PBDE congeners at both dose levels. Our data show that the method can be fully applied to matrices like human plasma and cat serum but not for herring and long-tailed duck plasma without further method development. Hence care needs to be taken when applying the method onto other blood matrices without validation since the present study have demonstrated that the recoveries may differ amongst OH-PBDE congeners and specie.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Dahlberg, Anna-Karin and Norrgran, Jessica and Hovander, Lotta and Bergman, Åke and Asplund, Lillemor},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {OH-PBDEs, Plasma, Polybromophenols, Recovery study, Serum},\n\tpages = {97--103},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been identified as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or as natural products. The OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols have come into focus over the last decade due to their abundance in biota and their potential adverse health effects. The present recovery study aims to validate a commonly used method (published by Hovander et al. 2000) for OH-PBDE analysis in human plasma. Further, the authors intended to determine the method’s applicability to serum/plasma matrices from other species than humans. The investigated matrices were human plasma, cat serum, herring- and long-tailed duck plasma. The recovery study included nine OH-PBDEs, four polybromophenols and three methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). Five replicates of each matrix were spiked with these compounds at two dose levels; a low dose (0.5 ng) and a high dose (5 ng) and were cleaned up according to the Hovander method. The recovery of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum were high and reproducible at both dose levels whereas the recovery for herring and long-tailed duck plasma were low and insufficient with great variability amongst OH-PBDE congeners at both dose levels. Our data show that the method can be fully applied to matrices like human plasma and cat serum but not for herring and long-tailed duck plasma without further method development. Hence care needs to be taken when applying the method onto other blood matrices without validation since the present study have demonstrated that the recoveries may differ amongst OH-PBDE congeners and specie.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lu-feng-lin-wang-ip-qiu-wang-she-determinationoforganochlorinespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanhairestimationofexternalandinternalexposure-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lu-feng-lin-wang-ip-qiu-wang-she-determinationoforganochlorinespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanhairestimationofexternalandinternalexposure-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X', event);\">\n    Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair: Estimation of external and internal exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lu, D.; Feng, C.; Lin, Y.; Wang, D.; Ip, H. S. S.; Qiu, X.; Wang, G.;  and She, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 114: 327–336. November 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lu-feng-lin-wang-ip-qiu-wang-she-determinationoforganochlorinespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanhairestimationofexternalandinternalexposure-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair: Estimation of external and internal exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.109\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lu-feng-lin-wang-ip-qiu-wang-she-determinationoforganochlorinespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanhairestimationofexternalandinternalexposure-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.109', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lu-feng-lin-wang-ip-qiu-wang-she-determinationoforganochlorinespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanhairestimationofexternalandinternalexposure-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lu-feng-lin-wang-ip-qiu-wang-she-determinationoforganochlorinespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanhairestimationofexternalandinternalexposure-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lu_determination_2014,\n\ttitle = {Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair: {Estimation} of external and internal exposure},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Determination of organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351400633X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.109},\n\tabstract = {A novel method was developed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human hair samples. External contaminants of hair were extracted with acetone under sonication, while washed hair was further hydrolyzed in formic acid and acetone (1:4, v/v) with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for internal contaminant measurements. Both internal and external extracts were cleaned up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and then solid phase extraction (SPE), before analyzed by a large volume injection-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LVI–GC–MS/MS) using triple quadruple mass analyzer. Good linearity (R2 ⩾ 0.996) was established within a concentration range between 0.1 and 100 ng mL−1 among all target analytes. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The developed method is intended to be cost effective and robust for the routine human hair analysis of PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs including acid-labile OCPs. The described method has been applied in pilot biomonitoring study and the preliminary data suggested that the contaminant profiles with the use of partial least-squares analysis discriminant analysis (PLA-DA) could be useful in differentiating external and internal exposure.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Lu, Dasheng and Feng, Chao and Lin, Yuanjie and Wang, Dongli and Ip, Ho Sai Simon and Qiu, Xinlei and Wang, Guoquan and She, Jianwen},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Hair, Human biomonitoring, Hydrolysis of formic acid, LVI–GC–MS/MS, POPs},\n\tpages = {327--336},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A novel method was developed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human hair samples. External contaminants of hair were extracted with acetone under sonication, while washed hair was further hydrolyzed in formic acid and acetone (1:4, v/v) with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for internal contaminant measurements. Both internal and external extracts were cleaned up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and then solid phase extraction (SPE), before analyzed by a large volume injection-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LVI–GC–MS/MS) using triple quadruple mass analyzer. Good linearity (R2 ⩾ 0.996) was established within a concentration range between 0.1 and 100 ng mL−1 among all target analytes. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The developed method is intended to be cost effective and robust for the routine human hair analysis of PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs including acid-labile OCPs. The described method has been applied in pilot biomonitoring study and the preliminary data suggested that the contaminant profiles with the use of partial least-squares analysis discriminant analysis (PLA-DA) could be useful in differentiating external and internal exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ochiai-shimojo-yuka-watanabe-matsuno-suzuki-kohno-mori-apilotstudyforfoetalexposuretomultiplepersistentorganicpollutantsandthedevelopmentofinfantatopicdermatitisinmodernjapanesesociety-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ochiai-shimojo-yuka-watanabe-matsuno-suzuki-kohno-mori-apilotstudyforfoetalexposuretomultiplepersistentorganicpollutantsandthedevelopmentofinfantatopicdermatitisinmodernjapanesesociety-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381', event);\">\n    A pilot study for foetal exposure to multiple persistent organic pollutants and the development of infant atopic dermatitis in modern Japanese society.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ochiai, S.; Shimojo, N.; Yuka, I.; Watanabe, M.; Matsuno, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Kohno, Y.;  and Mori, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 94: 48–52. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ochiai-shimojo-yuka-watanabe-matsuno-suzuki-kohno-mori-apilotstudyforfoetalexposuretomultiplepersistentorganicpollutantsandthedevelopmentofinfantatopicdermatitisinmodernjapanesesociety-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A pilot study for foetal exposure to multiple persistent organic pollutants and the development of infant atopic dermatitis in modern Japanese society [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ochiai-shimojo-yuka-watanabe-matsuno-suzuki-kohno-mori-apilotstudyforfoetalexposuretomultiplepersistentorganicpollutantsandthedevelopmentofinfantatopicdermatitisinmodernjapanesesociety-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ochiai-shimojo-yuka-watanabe-matsuno-suzuki-kohno-mori-apilotstudyforfoetalexposuretomultiplepersistentorganicpollutantsandthedevelopmentofinfantatopicdermatitisinmodernjapanesesociety-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ochiai-shimojo-yuka-watanabe-matsuno-suzuki-kohno-mori-apilotstudyforfoetalexposuretomultiplepersistentorganicpollutantsandthedevelopmentofinfantatopicdermatitisinmodernjapanesesociety-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ochiai_pilot_2014,\n\ttitle = {A pilot study for foetal exposure to multiple persistent organic pollutants and the development of infant atopic dermatitis in modern {Japanese} society},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513012381},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.009},\n\tabstract = {Increasing evidence supports that harmful chemicals accumulating in the human body may pose a significant threat to infant health through foetal exposure. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are thought to enhance the risk for later development of allergic disease like atopic dermatitis (AD). However, few studies have evaluated the effect of foetal exposure to various POPs on the development of AD in early infancy. Here, we describe the impact of foetal exposure to a number of POPs on the occurrence of AD in 7-month-old infants. The participants were 81 infants with or without AD who participated in a birth cohort study, where the concentrations of 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, mirex, oxychlordane, and 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners were measured in the umbilical cord tissues collected immediately after birth. At 7 months, 27 of the 81 infants (33.8\\%) were diagnosed with AD. Of all POPs examined, total concentrations of 27 PBDE congeners were associated with a significantly decreased incidence of AD. Notably, the concentration of 27 PBDEs was significantly lower in AD infants than in non-AD infants (P \\&amp;lt; 0.01), and the risk of AD development decreased with increasing PBDE levels. These results suggest that foetal exposure to PBDEs is a possible contributing factor to reducing AD in early infancy.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ochiai, Shingo and Shimojo, Naoki and Yuka, Igoshi and Watanabe, Masahiro and Matsuno, Yoshiharu and Suzuki, Shuichi and Kohno, Yoichi and Mori, Chisato},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Foetal exposure, Infants, Persistent organic pollutants},\n\tpages = {48--52},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increasing evidence supports that harmful chemicals accumulating in the human body may pose a significant threat to infant health through foetal exposure. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are thought to enhance the risk for later development of allergic disease like atopic dermatitis (AD). However, few studies have evaluated the effect of foetal exposure to various POPs on the development of AD in early infancy. Here, we describe the impact of foetal exposure to a number of POPs on the occurrence of AD in 7-month-old infants. The participants were 81 infants with or without AD who participated in a birth cohort study, where the concentrations of 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, mirex, oxychlordane, and 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners were measured in the umbilical cord tissues collected immediately after birth. At 7 months, 27 of the 81 infants (33.8%) were diagnosed with AD. Of all POPs examined, total concentrations of 27 PBDE congeners were associated with a significantly decreased incidence of AD. Notably, the concentration of 27 PBDEs was significantly lower in AD infants than in non-AD infants (P &lt; 0.01), and the risk of AD development decreased with increasing PBDE levels. These results suggest that foetal exposure to PBDEs is a possible contributing factor to reducing AD in early infancy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ryan-rawn-polychlorinateddioxinsfuranspcddfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandtheirtrendsincanadianhumanmilkfrom1992to2005-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ryan-rawn-polychlorinateddioxinsfuranspcddfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandtheirtrendsincanadianhumanmilkfrom1992to2005-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022', event);\">\n    Polychlorinated dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their trends in Canadian human milk from 1992 to 2005.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ryan, J. J.;  and Rawn, D. F. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 102: 76–86. May 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ryan-rawn-polychlorinateddioxinsfuranspcddfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandtheirtrendsincanadianhumanmilkfrom1992to2005-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polychlorinated dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their trends in Canadian human milk from 1992 to 2005 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.065\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ryan-rawn-polychlorinateddioxinsfuranspcddfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandtheirtrendsincanadianhumanmilkfrom1992to2005-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.065', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ryan-rawn-polychlorinateddioxinsfuranspcddfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandtheirtrendsincanadianhumanmilkfrom1992to2005-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ryan-rawn-polychlorinateddioxinsfuranspcddfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandtheirtrendsincanadianhumanmilkfrom1992to2005-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ryan_polychlorinated_2014,\n\ttitle = {Polychlorinated dioxins, furans ({PCDD}/{Fs}), and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and their trends in {Canadian} human milk from 1992 to 2005},\n\tvolume = {102},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000022},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.065},\n\tabstract = {More than 300 samples of human milk were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada in the years 1992 to 2005. The milks were taken from the main populated areas east to west in southern Canada as well as from the region of Nunavik in northern Quebec and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations, expressed in ng kg−1 milk lipid, show an overall decrease of virtually all compounds examined including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), World Health Organization 2005 toxic equivalents (WHO2005-TEQ) PCDD/PCDFs, WHO2005-TEQ dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), and total PCBs. Median values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD changed from about 1.5 ng kg−1 milk lipid in 1992 to 0.8 ng kg−1 in 2005 while the median WHO2005-TEQ PCDD/F fell from about 14–7 ng kg−1 milk lipid in the same period. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in samples from Nunavik, which is in Arctic Quebec, were higher than those observed in milk from southern Quebec although this difference was not large. Over two time periods, milk samples from Hamilton, Ontario showed slightly higher levels of PCBs than Austin, Texas, USA – a North American city of similar size and development but with more than twice the PBDE exposure. When compared with earlier human milk data going back to the early 1980s, this large data set shows a steady decline of human exposure to POPs in Canada by a factor of about four times.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ryan, John Jake and Rawn, Dorothea F. K.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Human milk, PCBs, PCDD/PCDFs, Trends, WHO2005-TEQ},\n\tpages = {76--86},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  More than 300 samples of human milk were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada in the years 1992 to 2005. The milks were taken from the main populated areas east to west in southern Canada as well as from the region of Nunavik in northern Quebec and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations, expressed in ng kg−1 milk lipid, show an overall decrease of virtually all compounds examined including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), World Health Organization 2005 toxic equivalents (WHO2005-TEQ) PCDD/PCDFs, WHO2005-TEQ dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), and total PCBs. Median values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD changed from about 1.5 ng kg−1 milk lipid in 1992 to 0.8 ng kg−1 in 2005 while the median WHO2005-TEQ PCDD/F fell from about 14–7 ng kg−1 milk lipid in the same period. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in samples from Nunavik, which is in Arctic Quebec, were higher than those observed in milk from southern Quebec although this difference was not large. Over two time periods, milk samples from Hamilton, Ontario showed slightly higher levels of PCBs than Austin, Texas, USA – a North American city of similar size and development but with more than twice the PBDE exposure. When compared with earlier human milk data going back to the early 1980s, this large data set shows a steady decline of human exposure to POPs in Canada by a factor of about four times.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nanes-xia-dassanayake-jones-li-stodgell-walker-szabo-etal-selectedpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanplacentaltissuefromtheunitedstates-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nanes-xia-dassanayake-jones-li-stodgell-walker-szabo-etal-selectedpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanplacentaltissuefromtheunitedstates-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174', event);\">\n    Selected persistent organic pollutants in human placental tissue from the United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nanes, J. A.; Xia, Y.; Dassanayake, R. M. A. P. S.; Jones, R. M.; Li, A.; Stodgell, C. J.; Walker, C. K.; Szabo, S.; Leuthner, S.; Durkin, M. S.; Moye, J.;  and Miller, R. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 106: 20–27. July 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nanes-xia-dassanayake-jones-li-stodgell-walker-szabo-etal-selectedpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanplacentaltissuefromtheunitedstates-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Selected persistent organic pollutants in human placental tissue from the United States [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.080\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nanes-xia-dassanayake-jones-li-stodgell-walker-szabo-etal-selectedpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanplacentaltissuefromtheunitedstates-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.080', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nanes-xia-dassanayake-jones-li-stodgell-walker-szabo-etal-selectedpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanplacentaltissuefromtheunitedstates-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nanes-xia-dassanayake-jones-li-stodgell-walker-szabo-etal-selectedpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanplacentaltissuefromtheunitedstates-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nanes_selected_2014,\n\ttitle = {Selected persistent organic pollutants in human placental tissue from the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000174},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.080},\n\tabstract = {Emerging and legacy environmental pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticide metabolite DDE are found in human placenta, indicating prenatal exposure, but data from the United States are sparse. We sought to determine concentrations of these compounds in human placentae as part of a formative research project conducted by the National Children’s Study Placenta Consortium. A total of 169 tissue specimens were collected at different time points post delivery from 43 human placentae at three U.S. locations, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry following extraction using matrix solid phase dispersion. PBDEs, PCBs, and DDE were detected in all specimens. The concentrations of 10 PBDEs (Σ10PBDEs), 32 PCBs (Σ32PCBs) and p,p′-DDE were 43–1723, 76–856 and 10–1968 pg g−1 wet weight, respectively, in specimens collected shortly after delivery. Significant geographic differences in PBDEs were observed, with higher concentrations in placentae collected in Davis, CA than in those from Rochester, NY or Milwaukee, WI. We combined these with other published data and noted first-order declining trends for placental PCB and DDE concentrations over the past decades, with half-lives of about 5 and 8 years, respectively. The effect of time to tissue collection from refrigerated placentae on measured concentrations of these three classes of persistent organic pollutants was additionally examined, with no significant effect observed up to 120 h. The results of this work indicate that widespread prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the United States continues.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Nanes, Jessica A. and Xia, Yulin and Dassanayake, R. M. A. Priyanthi S. and Jones, Rachael M. and Li, An and Stodgell, Christopher J. and Walker, Cheryl K. and Szabo, Sara and Leuthner, Steve and Durkin, Maureen S. and Moye, Jack and Miller, Richard K.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), Human placenta, National Children’s Study (NCS), Persistent organic pollutants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)},\n\tpages = {20--27},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Emerging and legacy environmental pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticide metabolite DDE are found in human placenta, indicating prenatal exposure, but data from the United States are sparse. We sought to determine concentrations of these compounds in human placentae as part of a formative research project conducted by the National Children’s Study Placenta Consortium. A total of 169 tissue specimens were collected at different time points post delivery from 43 human placentae at three U.S. locations, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry following extraction using matrix solid phase dispersion. PBDEs, PCBs, and DDE were detected in all specimens. The concentrations of 10 PBDEs (Σ10PBDEs), 32 PCBs (Σ32PCBs) and p,p′-DDE were 43–1723, 76–856 and 10–1968 pg g−1 wet weight, respectively, in specimens collected shortly after delivery. Significant geographic differences in PBDEs were observed, with higher concentrations in placentae collected in Davis, CA than in those from Rochester, NY or Milwaukee, WI. We combined these with other published data and noted first-order declining trends for placental PCB and DDE concentrations over the past decades, with half-lives of about 5 and 8 years, respectively. The effect of time to tissue collection from refrigerated placentae on measured concentrations of these three classes of persistent organic pollutants was additionally examined, with no significant effect observed up to 120 h. The results of this work indicate that widespread prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the United States continues.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"krl-namienik-zabiegaa-occurrenceandlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhousedustandhairsamplesfromnorthernpolandanassessmentofhumanexposure-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'krl-namienik-zabiegaa-occurrenceandlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhousedustandhairsamplesfromnorthernpolandanassessmentofhumanexposure-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161', event);\">\n    Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust and hair samples from Northern Poland; an assessment of human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Król, S.; Namieśnik, J.;  and Zabiegała, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 110: 91–96. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krl-namienik-zabiegaa-occurrenceandlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhousedustandhairsamplesfromnorthernpolandanassessmentofhumanexposure-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust and hair samples from Northern Poland; an assessment of human exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krl-namienik-zabiegaa-occurrenceandlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhousedustandhairsamplesfromnorthernpolandanassessmentofhumanexposure-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/krl-namienik-zabiegaa-occurrenceandlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhousedustandhairsamplesfromnorthernpolandanassessmentofhumanexposure-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('krl-namienik-zabiegaa-occurrenceandlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhousedustandhairsamplesfromnorthernpolandanassessmentofhumanexposure-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{krol_occurrence_2014,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in house dust and hair samples from {Northern} {Poland}; an assessment of human exposure},\n\tvolume = {110},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002161},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.014},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among most ubiquitous compounds to be found in indoor environment and ingestion of household dust is considered an important route of exposure to PBDEs, especially in toddlers and young children. The present work reported concentration levels of PBDE congeners (PBDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) in hair and dust samples from selected households from Northern Poland. The concentrations of PBDEs in dust ranged from \\&amp;lt;MDL to 615 ng g−1 while from \\&amp;lt;MDL to 25 ng g−1 in human hair. PBDE-209 was reported the dominating congener. Two separated exposure scenarios (mean and 95th percentile) were used to provide a comprehensive overview of possible risks arising from ingestion of household dust. The estimated exposure to ∑PBDEs via ingestion of household dust varied from 21 to 92 ng d−1 in toddlers and from 3.7 to 20 ng d−1 in adults. By comparison of correlation between the concentrations of PBDEs in paired hair and dust samples the present work also investigated the possibility of use of hair for reflecting the actual exposure to PBDEs in humans. Finally the possible uncertainties associated with exposure assessment were investigated in the present study.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Król, Sylwia and Namieśnik, Jacek and Zabiegała, Bożena},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Exposure assessment, House dust, Human hair, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {91--96},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among most ubiquitous compounds to be found in indoor environment and ingestion of household dust is considered an important route of exposure to PBDEs, especially in toddlers and young children. The present work reported concentration levels of PBDE congeners (PBDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) in hair and dust samples from selected households from Northern Poland. The concentrations of PBDEs in dust ranged from &lt;MDL to 615 ng g−1 while from &lt;MDL to 25 ng g−1 in human hair. PBDE-209 was reported the dominating congener. Two separated exposure scenarios (mean and 95th percentile) were used to provide a comprehensive overview of possible risks arising from ingestion of household dust. The estimated exposure to ∑PBDEs via ingestion of household dust varied from 21 to 92 ng d−1 in toddlers and from 3.7 to 20 ng d−1 in adults. By comparison of correlation between the concentrations of PBDEs in paired hair and dust samples the present work also investigated the possibility of use of hair for reflecting the actual exposure to PBDEs in humans. Finally the possible uncertainties associated with exposure assessment were investigated in the present study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rani-shim-han-jang-song-hong-hexabromocyclododecaneinpolystyrenebasedconsumerproductsanevidenceofunregulateduse-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rani-shim-han-jang-song-hong-hexabromocyclododecaneinpolystyrenebasedconsumerproductsanevidenceofunregulateduse-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products: An evidence of unregulated use.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rani, M.; Shim, W. J.; Han, G. M.; Jang, M.; Song, Y. K.;  and Hong, S. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 110: 111–119. September 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rani-shim-han-jang-song-hong-hexabromocyclododecaneinpolystyrenebasedconsumerproductsanevidenceofunregulateduse-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products: An evidence of unregulated use [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rani-shim-han-jang-song-hong-hexabromocyclododecaneinpolystyrenebasedconsumerproductsanevidenceofunregulateduse-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rani-shim-han-jang-song-hong-hexabromocyclododecaneinpolystyrenebasedconsumerproductsanevidenceofunregulateduse-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rani-shim-han-jang-song-hong-hexabromocyclododecaneinpolystyrenebasedconsumerproductsanevidenceofunregulateduse-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rani_hexabromocyclododecane_2014,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products: {An} evidence of unregulated use},\n\tvolume = {110},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002252},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.022},\n\tabstract = {Polystyrene (PS) is made flame retardant by combining with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD can release from consumer products during their production, use or disposal. As a result, it has become a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment with a high potential for bioaccumulation. Therefore, to evaluate the extent of exposure to HBCD from PS, we determined the concentration of HBCD in a variety of products (n = 34) made from three types of commonly used PS: expanded PS (EPS), extruded PS foam (XPS), and extruded PS. The concentration of HBCD was highest in EPS, with a mean value and range of 475 643 ± 16 710 ng g−1 and 106–960 000 ng g−1, respectively. PS related to building construction and laboratory uses had a significantly higher concentration of HBCD (3300–905 000 ng g−1), except XPS styroboard (191 ± 100 ng g−1). Lower concentrations were measured in most food-related products (24.3–199 ng g−1). However, a relatively high concentration of HBCD was detected in an ice box (960 000 ± 29 000 ng g−1), aquaculture buoy (53 500 ± 2100 ng g−1), and disposable tray (8430 ± 730 ng g−1) used in fish market, raising concern for public health. Our data demonstrate a wide variation in the concentration of HBCD, suggesting a lack of proper controls for the addition of HBCD to PS products. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were also detected in a majority of the XPS products (TBBPA = 3.83–545 ng g−1, BTBPE = 44–216 ng g−1 and DBDPE = 215–4200 ng g−1). Thus, HBCD is being added to PS along with other BFRs that cannot be ignored.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Rani, Manviri and Shim, Won Joon and Han, Gi Myung and Jang, Mi and Song, Young Kyoung and Hong, Sang Hee},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, Polystyrene products},\n\tpages = {111--119},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polystyrene (PS) is made flame retardant by combining with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD can release from consumer products during their production, use or disposal. As a result, it has become a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment with a high potential for bioaccumulation. Therefore, to evaluate the extent of exposure to HBCD from PS, we determined the concentration of HBCD in a variety of products (n = 34) made from three types of commonly used PS: expanded PS (EPS), extruded PS foam (XPS), and extruded PS. The concentration of HBCD was highest in EPS, with a mean value and range of 475 643 ± 16 710 ng g−1 and 106–960 000 ng g−1, respectively. PS related to building construction and laboratory uses had a significantly higher concentration of HBCD (3300–905 000 ng g−1), except XPS styroboard (191 ± 100 ng g−1). Lower concentrations were measured in most food-related products (24.3–199 ng g−1). However, a relatively high concentration of HBCD was detected in an ice box (960 000 ± 29 000 ng g−1), aquaculture buoy (53 500 ± 2100 ng g−1), and disposable tray (8430 ± 730 ng g−1) used in fish market, raising concern for public health. Our data demonstrate a wide variation in the concentration of HBCD, suggesting a lack of proper controls for the addition of HBCD to PS products. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were also detected in a majority of the XPS products (TBBPA = 3.83–545 ng g−1, BTBPE = 44–216 ng g−1 and DBDPE = 215–4200 ng g−1). Thus, HBCD is being added to PS along with other BFRs that cannot be ignored.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-harden-toms-norman-healthconsequencesofexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsasystematicreview-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-harden-toms-norman-healthconsequencesofexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsasystematicreview-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293', event);\">\n    Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: A systematic review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, Y. R.; Harden, F. A.; Toms, L. L.;  and Norman, R. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 106: 1–19. July 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-harden-toms-norman-healthconsequencesofexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsasystematicreview-2014', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: A systematic review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-harden-toms-norman-healthconsequencesofexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsasystematicreview-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-harden-toms-norman-healthconsequencesofexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsasystematicreview-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-harden-toms-norman-healthconsequencesofexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsasystematicreview-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_health_2014,\n\ttitle = {Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: {A} systematic review},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513017293},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064},\n\tabstract = {AbstractBackground\nBrominated flame retardants (BFRs), are chemicals widely used in consumer products including electronics, vehicles, plastics and textiles to reduce flammability. Experimental animal studies have confirmed that these compounds may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis and neurodevelopment but to date health effects in humans have not been systematically examined.\nObjectives\nTo conduct a systematic review of studies on the health impacts of exposure to BFRs in humans, with a particular focus on children.\nMethods\nA systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases up to 1 February 2012. Published cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies exploring the relationship between BFR exposure and various health outcomes were included.\nResults\nIn total, 36 epidemiological studies meeting the pre-determined inclusion criteria were included. Plausible outcomes associated with BFR exposure include diabetes, neurobehavioral and developmental disorders, cancer, reproductive health effects and alteration in thyroid function. Evidence for a causal relationship between exposure to BFRs and health outcomes was evaluated within the Bradford Hill framework.\nConclusion\nAlthough there is suggestive evidence that exposure to BFRs is harmful to health, further epidemiological investigations particularly among children, and long-term monitoring and surveillance of chemical impacts on humans are required to confirm these relationships.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-20},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Young Ran and Harden, Fiona A. and Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Norman, Rosana E.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Children, Exposure, Health, Human},\n\tpages = {1--19},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  AbstractBackground Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are chemicals widely used in consumer products including electronics, vehicles, plastics and textiles to reduce flammability. Experimental animal studies have confirmed that these compounds may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis and neurodevelopment but to date health effects in humans have not been systematically examined. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of studies on the health impacts of exposure to BFRs in humans, with a particular focus on children. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases up to 1 February 2012. Published cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies exploring the relationship between BFR exposure and various health outcomes were included. Results In total, 36 epidemiological studies meeting the pre-determined inclusion criteria were included. Plausible outcomes associated with BFR exposure include diabetes, neurobehavioral and developmental disorders, cancer, reproductive health effects and alteration in thyroid function. Evidence for a causal relationship between exposure to BFRs and health outcomes was evaluated within the Bradford Hill framework. Conclusion Although there is suggestive evidence that exposure to BFRs is harmful to health, further epidemiological investigations particularly among children, and long-term monitoring and surveillance of chemical impacts on humans are required to confirm these relationships.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862', event);\">\n    Potential Estrogenic Effects of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, Q.; Lu, M.; Dong, X.; Wang, C.; Zhang, C.; Liu, W.;  and Zhao, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 48(12): 6995–7001. June 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potential Estrogenic Effects of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es5007862\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es5007862', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-lu-dong-wang-zhang-liu-zhao-potentialestrogeniceffectsofphosphoruscontainingflameretardants-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_potential_2014,\n\ttitle = {Potential {Estrogenic} {Effects} of {Phosphorus}-{Containing} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5007862},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es5007862},\n\tabstract = {As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP {\\textgreater} TCP {\\textgreater} TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2014-08-18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Quan and Lu, Meiya and Dong, Xiaowu and Wang, Cui and Zhang, Chunlong and Liu, Weiping and Zhao, Meirong},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {6995--7001},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As the substitute of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), further assessments about the potential ecological safety and health risks of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are required because the worldwide demand for PFRs has been increasing every year. In this study, we examined the agonistic/antagonistic activity of a group of PFRs by three in vitro models (luciferase reporter gene assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, and E-screen assay). Molecule docking was used to further explain the interactions between ERα and PFRs. Data from luciferase reporter gene analysis showed three members of the nine tested PFRs significantly induced estrogenic effects, with the order of TPP \\textgreater TCP \\textgreater TDCPP, while TCEP and TEHP have remarkable antiestrogenic properties with calculated REC20 and RIC20 values of 10?6 M or lower. Results from the luciferase reporter gene method are generally consistent with results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid assay and E-screen, except for the positive estrogenic activity of TBP in E-screen testing. Docking results showed that binding between ligands and ERα was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. As a proposed alternative for brominated flame retardant, PFRs may have anti/estrogenic activity via ERα at the low dose typical of residue in environmental matrix or animals. PFRs with a short chain, halogen, and benzene ring in the substituent group tend to be estrogenic. Our research suggests that comprehensive evaluations, including health and ecological assessments, are required in determining whether PFRs are preferable as an emerging industrial substitute.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ballesterosgmez-deboer-leonards-anovelbrominatedtriazinebasedflameretardantttbptazinplasticconsumerproductsandindoordust-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ballesterosgmez-deboer-leonards-anovelbrominatedtriazinebasedflameretardantttbptazinplasticconsumerproductsandindoordust-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032', event);\">\n    A Novel Brominated Triazine-based Flame Retardant (TTBP-TAZ) in Plastic Consumer Products and Indoor Dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ballesteros-Gómez, A.; de Boer, J.;  and Leonards, P. E. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 48(8): 4468–4474. April 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballesterosgmez-deboer-leonards-anovelbrominatedtriazinebasedflameretardantttbptazinplasticconsumerproductsandindoordust-2014', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Novel Brominated Triazine-based Flame Retardant (TTBP-TAZ) in Plastic Consumer Products and Indoor Dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es4057032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballesterosgmez-deboer-leonards-anovelbrominatedtriazinebasedflameretardantttbptazinplasticconsumerproductsandindoordust-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es4057032', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ballesterosgmez-deboer-leonards-anovelbrominatedtriazinebasedflameretardantttbptazinplasticconsumerproductsandindoordust-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ballesterosgmez-deboer-leonards-anovelbrominatedtriazinebasedflameretardantttbptazinplasticconsumerproductsandindoordust-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ballesteros-gomez_novel_2014,\n\ttitle = {A {Novel} {Brominated} {Triazine}-based {Flame} {Retardant} ({TTBP}-{TAZ}) in {Plastic} {Consumer} {Products} and {Indoor} {Dust}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057032},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es4057032},\n\tabstract = {The presence of a novel brominated flame retardant named 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) is reported for the first time in plastic parts of consumer products and indoor dust samples. TTBP-TAZ was identified by untargeted screening and can be a replacement of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Analysis techniques based on ambient mass spectrometry and on liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization combined with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed for the screening, detection and quantification of this low volatility and high molecular weight compound. TTBP-TAZ was present in 8 of 13 plastic parts of consumer products (from mainly electric and electronic equipment acquired in 2012) at estimated concentrations of 0.01?1.9\\% by weight of the product (\\%, w/w). It was not present in any of the older 13 plastic samples that were collected in a recycling park (manufacture date before 2006), this suggests a recent use of TTBP-TAZ. It was also found in 9 of 17 house dust samples in the range of 160?22150 ng g?1, with the highest levels being found in samples collected on electronic and electrical equipment. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research on TTBP-TAZ and the potential of using alternative analysis methods for the identification of new flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Ballesteros-Gómez, Ana and de Boer, Jacob and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {4468--4474},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The presence of a novel brominated flame retardant named 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) is reported for the first time in plastic parts of consumer products and indoor dust samples. TTBP-TAZ was identified by untargeted screening and can be a replacement of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Analysis techniques based on ambient mass spectrometry and on liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization combined with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed for the screening, detection and quantification of this low volatility and high molecular weight compound. TTBP-TAZ was present in 8 of 13 plastic parts of consumer products (from mainly electric and electronic equipment acquired in 2012) at estimated concentrations of 0.01?1.9% by weight of the product (%, w/w). It was not present in any of the older 13 plastic samples that were collected in a recycling park (manufacture date before 2006), this suggests a recent use of TTBP-TAZ. It was also found in 9 of 17 house dust samples in the range of 160?22150 ng g?1, with the highest levels being found in samples collected on electronic and electrical equipment. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research on TTBP-TAZ and the potential of using alternative analysis methods for the identification of new flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2013\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2013</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (137)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"drury-scott-rosimarshall-kelly-triclosanexposureincreasestriclosanresistanceandinfluencestaxonomiccompositionofbenthicbacterialcommunities-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan exposure increases triclosan resistance and influences taxonomic composition of benthic bacterial communities.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Drury, B.; Scott, J.; Rosi-Marshall, E. J.;  and Kelly, J. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Technology</i>, 47(15): 8923–8930.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es401919k\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('drury-scott-rosimarshall-kelly-triclosanexposureincreasestriclosanresistanceandinfluencestaxonomiccompositionofbenthicbacterialcommunities-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es401919k', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/drury-scott-rosimarshall-kelly-triclosanexposureincreasestriclosanresistanceandinfluencestaxonomiccompositionofbenthicbacterialcommunities-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('drury-scott-rosimarshall-kelly-triclosanexposureincreasestriclosanresistanceandinfluencestaxonomiccompositionofbenthicbacterialcommunities-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{drury_triclosan_2013,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan exposure increases triclosan resistance and influences taxonomic composition of benthic bacterial communities},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es401919k},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound that is incorporated into numerous consumer products. TCS has been detected in aquatic ecosystems across the U.S., raising concern about its potential ecological effects. We conducted a field survey and an artificial stream experiment to assess effects of TCS on benthic bacterial communities. Field sampling indicated that TCS concentrations in stream sediments increased with degree of urbanization. There was significant correlation between sediment TCS concentration and the proportion of cultivable benthic bacteria that were resistant to TCS, demonstrating that the levels of TCS present in these streams was affecting the native communities. An artificial stream experiment confirmed that TCS exposure could trigger increases in TCS resistance within cultivable benthic bacteria, and pyrosequencing analysis indicated that TCS resulted in decreased benthic bacterial diversity and shifts in bacterial community composition. One notable change was a 6-fold increase in the relative abundance of cyanobacterial sequences and a dramatic die-off of algae within the artificial streams. Selection of cyanobacteria over algae could have significant implications for higher trophic levels within streams. Finally, there were no observed effects of TCS on bacterial abundance or respiration rates, suggesting that bacterial density and function were highly resilient to TCS exposure.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Drury, Bradley and Scott, John and Rosi-Marshall, Emma J. and Kelly, John J.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23865377},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCS, benthos, toxicology},\n\tpages = {8923--8930},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound that is incorporated into numerous consumer products. TCS has been detected in aquatic ecosystems across the U.S., raising concern about its potential ecological effects. We conducted a field survey and an artificial stream experiment to assess effects of TCS on benthic bacterial communities. Field sampling indicated that TCS concentrations in stream sediments increased with degree of urbanization. There was significant correlation between sediment TCS concentration and the proportion of cultivable benthic bacteria that were resistant to TCS, demonstrating that the levels of TCS present in these streams was affecting the native communities. An artificial stream experiment confirmed that TCS exposure could trigger increases in TCS resistance within cultivable benthic bacteria, and pyrosequencing analysis indicated that TCS resulted in decreased benthic bacterial diversity and shifts in bacterial community composition. One notable change was a 6-fold increase in the relative abundance of cyanobacterial sequences and a dramatic die-off of algae within the artificial streams. Selection of cyanobacteria over algae could have significant implications for higher trophic levels within streams. Finally, there were no observed effects of TCS on bacterial abundance or respiration rates, suggesting that bacterial density and function were highly resilient to TCS exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ding-wang-jiang-meng-zhao-wang-wang-photodegradationoftheantimicrobialtriclocarbaninaqueoussystemsunderultravioletradiation-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Photodegradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban in aqueous systems under ultraviolet radiation.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ding, S. L.; Wang, X. K.; Jiang, W. Q.; Meng, X.; Zhao, R. S.; Wang, C.;  and Wang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>, 20(5): 3195–3201.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1239-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ding-wang-jiang-meng-zhao-wang-wang-photodegradationoftheantimicrobialtriclocarbaninaqueoussystemsunderultravioletradiation-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1239-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ding-wang-jiang-meng-zhao-wang-wang-photodegradationoftheantimicrobialtriclocarbaninaqueoussystemsunderultravioletradiation-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ding-wang-jiang-meng-zhao-wang-wang-photodegradationoftheantimicrobialtriclocarbaninaqueoussystemsunderultravioletradiation-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ding_photodegradation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Photodegradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban in aqueous systems under ultraviolet radiation},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {09441344},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1239-8},\n\tabstract = {This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the degradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). We investigated the effects of several operational parameters, including solution pH, initial TCC concentration, photocatalyst TiO₂ loading, presence of natural organic matter, and most common anions in surface waters (e.g., bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate). The results showed that UV radiation was very effective for TCC photodegradation and that the photolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The TCC photolysis rate was pH dependent and favored at high pH. A higher TCC photolysis rate was observed by direct photolysis than TiO₂ photocatalysis. The presence of the inorganic ions bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate hindered TCC photolysis. Negative effects on TCC photolysis were also observed by the addition of humic acid due to competitive UV absorbance. The main degradation products of TCC were tentatively identified by gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer, and a possible degradation pathway of TCC was also proposed.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Ding, Shi Ling and Wang, Xi Kui and Jiang, Wen Qiang and Meng, Xia and Zhao, Ru Song and Wang, Chen and Wang, Xia},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23054798},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, Photodegradation, TCC, Triclocarban, Ultraviolet radiation},\n\tpages = {3195--3201},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the degradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). We investigated the effects of several operational parameters, including solution pH, initial TCC concentration, photocatalyst TiO₂ loading, presence of natural organic matter, and most common anions in surface waters (e.g., bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate). The results showed that UV radiation was very effective for TCC photodegradation and that the photolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The TCC photolysis rate was pH dependent and favored at high pH. A higher TCC photolysis rate was observed by direct photolysis than TiO₂ photocatalysis. The presence of the inorganic ions bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate hindered TCC photolysis. Negative effects on TCC photolysis were also observed by the addition of humic acid due to competitive UV absorbance. The main degradation products of TCC were tentatively identified by gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer, and a possible degradation pathway of TCC was also proposed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"borchgrevink-cha-kim-handwashingpracticesinacollegetownenvironment-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'borchgrevink-cha-kim-handwashingpracticesinacollegetownenvironment-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052', event);\">\n    Hand washing practices in a college town environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Borchgrevink, C. P; Cha, J.;  and Kim, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental health</i>, 75(8): 18–24.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('borchgrevink-cha-kim-handwashingpracticesinacollegetownenvironment-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hand washing practices in a college town environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/borchgrevink-cha-kim-handwashingpracticesinacollegetownenvironment-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('borchgrevink-cha-kim-handwashingpracticesinacollegetownenvironment-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{borchgrevink_hand_2013,\n\ttitle = {Hand washing practices in a college town environment.},\n\tvolume = {75},\n\tissn = {0022-0892},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052},\n\tabstract = {Many people do not wash their hands when the behavior in which they engage would warrant it. Most research of hand washing practices to date has taken place in high-traffic environments such as airports and public attraction venues. These studies have established a persistent shortcoming and a gender difference in hand washing compliance. Using field observations of 3,749 people in a college town environment, the research described in this article replicates and extends earlier work while identifying potential environmental and demographic predictors of hand washing compliance. Additionally, the authors&#x27; research suggests that proper hand washing practices, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are not being practiced. Finally, the authors&#x27; research raises a question as to the accuracy of earlier measurements of &quot;proper&quot; hand washing practices, suggesting that compliance rates are inflated. The results can help increase hand washing rates for the general public and thus decrease the risk of transmitting disease.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Borchgrevink, Carl P and Cha, JaeMin and Kim, SeungHyun},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23621052},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Antimicrobial, Female, Florence, Hand Hygiene, Hand Hygiene: methods, Hand Hygiene: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Toilet Facilities, Toilet Facilities: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Universities, Universities: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {18--24},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many people do not wash their hands when the behavior in which they engage would warrant it. Most research of hand washing practices to date has taken place in high-traffic environments such as airports and public attraction venues. These studies have established a persistent shortcoming and a gender difference in hand washing compliance. Using field observations of 3,749 people in a college town environment, the research described in this article replicates and extends earlier work while identifying potential environmental and demographic predictors of hand washing compliance. Additionally, the authors' research suggests that proper hand washing practices, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are not being practiced. Finally, the authors' research raises a question as to the accuracy of earlier measurements of \"proper\" hand washing practices, suggesting that compliance rates are inflated. The results can help increase hand washing rates for the general public and thus decrease the risk of transmitting disease.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"axelstad-boberg-vinggaard-christiansen-hass-triclosanexposurereducesthyroxinelevelsinpregnantandlactatingratdamsandindirectlyexposedoffspring-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'axelstad-boberg-vinggaard-christiansen-hass-triclosanexposurereducesthyroxinelevelsinpregnantandlactatingratdamsandindirectlyexposedoffspring-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050', event);\">\n    Triclosan exposure reduces thyroxine levels in pregnant and lactating rat dams and in directly exposed offspring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Axelstad, M.; Boberg, J.; Vinggaard, A. M.; Christiansen, S.;  and Hass, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>, 59: 534–540.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('axelstad-boberg-vinggaard-christiansen-hass-triclosanexposurereducesthyroxinelevelsinpregnantandlactatingratdamsandindirectlyexposedoffspring-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Triclosan exposure reduces thyroxine levels in pregnant and lactating rat dams and in directly exposed offspring [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('axelstad-boberg-vinggaard-christiansen-hass-triclosanexposurereducesthyroxinelevelsinpregnantandlactatingratdamsandindirectlyexposedoffspring-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/axelstad-boberg-vinggaard-christiansen-hass-triclosanexposurereducesthyroxinelevelsinpregnantandlactatingratdamsandindirectlyexposedoffspring-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('axelstad-boberg-vinggaard-christiansen-hass-triclosanexposurereducesthyroxinelevelsinpregnantandlactatingratdamsandindirectlyexposedoffspring-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{axelstad_triclosan_2013,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan exposure reduces thyroxine levels in pregnant and lactating rat dams and in directly exposed offspring},\n\tvolume = {59},\n\tissn = {02786915},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050},\n\tabstract = {Thyroid disrupting chemicals can potentially disrupt brain development. Two studies investigating the effect of the antibacterial compound triclosan on thyroxine (T4) levels in rats are reported. In the first, Wistar rat dams were gavaged with 75, 150 or 300mg triclosan/kgbw/day throughout gestation and lactation. Total T4 serum levels were measured in dams and offspring, and all doses of triclosan significantly lowered T4 in dams, but no significant effects on T4 levels were seen in the offspring at the end of the lactation period. Since this lack of effect could be due to minimal exposure through maternal milk, a second study using direct per oral pup exposure from postnatal day 3-16 to 50 or 150mg triclosan/kgbw/day was performed. This exposure pointed to significant T4 reductions in 16day old offspring in both dose groups. These results corroborate previous studies showing that in rats lactational transfer of triclosan seems limited. Since an optimal study design for testing potential developmental neurotoxicants in rats, should include exposure during both the pre- and postnatal periods of brain development, we suggest that in the case of triclosan, direct dosing of pups may be the best way to obtain that goal. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\n\tjournal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Axelstad, Marta and Boberg, Julie and Vinggaard, Anne Marie and Christiansen, Sofie and Hass, Ulla},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23831729},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Developmental, Florence, Rat, Thyroid disrupting chemical (TDC), Thyroxine (T4), Triclosan},\n\tpages = {534--540},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Thyroid disrupting chemicals can potentially disrupt brain development. Two studies investigating the effect of the antibacterial compound triclosan on thyroxine (T4) levels in rats are reported. In the first, Wistar rat dams were gavaged with 75, 150 or 300mg triclosan/kgbw/day throughout gestation and lactation. Total T4 serum levels were measured in dams and offspring, and all doses of triclosan significantly lowered T4 in dams, but no significant effects on T4 levels were seen in the offspring at the end of the lactation period. Since this lack of effect could be due to minimal exposure through maternal milk, a second study using direct per oral pup exposure from postnatal day 3-16 to 50 or 150mg triclosan/kgbw/day was performed. This exposure pointed to significant T4 reductions in 16day old offspring in both dose groups. These results corroborate previous studies showing that in rats lactational transfer of triclosan seems limited. Since an optimal study design for testing potential developmental neurotoxicants in rats, should include exposure during both the pre- and postnatal periods of brain development, we suggest that in the case of triclosan, direct dosing of pups may be the best way to obtain that goal. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bertelsen-longnecker-lvik-calafat-carlsen-london-ldrupcarlsen-triclosanexposureandallergicsensitizationinnorwegianchildren-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bertelsen, R. J.; Longnecker, M. P.; Løvik, M.; Calafat, A. M.; Carlsen, K. H.; London, S. J.;  and Lødrup Carlsen, K. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</i>, 68(1): 84–91.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/all.12058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bertelsen-longnecker-lvik-calafat-carlsen-london-ldrupcarlsen-triclosanexposureandallergicsensitizationinnorwegianchildren-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/all.12058', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bertelsen-longnecker-lvik-calafat-carlsen-london-ldrupcarlsen-triclosanexposureandallergicsensitizationinnorwegianchildren-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bertelsen-longnecker-lvik-calafat-carlsen-london-ldrupcarlsen-triclosanexposureandallergicsensitizationinnorwegianchildren-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bertelsen_triclosan_2013,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in {Norwegian} children},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {01054538},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/all.12058},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Exposure to the synthetic antimicrobial chemical, triclosan, used in personal care products, has been hypothesized to lead to allergic disease. We investigated whether triclosan exposure was associated with allergic sensitization and symptoms in 10-year-old Norwegian children.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nMETHODS: Urinary concentrations of triclosan were measured in one first morning void from 623 children, collected during 2001-2004. Logistic regression models, controlling for urine specific gravity, parental allergic disease, maternal education, and household income, were fitted for allergic sensitization (either skin prick test positivity or serum-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/l to at least one of 15 evaluated inhalant and food allergens), current rhinitis, and current asthma (questionnaire and exercise challenge test).\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nRESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for allergic sensitization among those in the fourth quartile of triclosan concentration was 2.0 [95\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.4] compared with the reference group ({\\textbackslash}textlessthe limit of detection), and the aOR per log(10) unit increase in triclosan was 1.2 (95\\% CI: 1.0, 1.4). The aOR for current rhinitis was 1.9 (95\\% CI: 1.1, 3.4) for the fourth quartile and 1.2 (95\\% CI: 0.97, 1.4) per log(10) unit increase in triclosan.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nCONCLUSION: Triclosan concentrations were associated with allergic sensitization, especially inhalant and seasonal allergens, rather than food allergens. Current rhinitis was associated with the highest levels of triclosan, whereas no association was seen for current asthma. These results are consistent with recent findings in other studies and provide additional evidence for an association between triclosan and allergy.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},\n\tauthor = {Bertelsen, R. J. and Longnecker, M. P. and Løvik, M. and Calafat, A. M. and Carlsen, K. H. and London, S. J. and Lødrup Carlsen, K. C.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23146048},\n\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Asthma, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, allergy, rhinitis},\n\tpages = {84--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Exposure to the synthetic antimicrobial chemical, triclosan, used in personal care products, has been hypothesized to lead to allergic disease. We investigated whether triclosan exposure was associated with allergic sensitization and symptoms in 10-year-old Norwegian children.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nMETHODS: Urinary concentrations of triclosan were measured in one first morning void from 623 children, collected during 2001-2004. Logistic regression models, controlling for urine specific gravity, parental allergic disease, maternal education, and household income, were fitted for allergic sensitization (either skin prick test positivity or serum-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/l to at least one of 15 evaluated inhalant and food allergens), current rhinitis, and current asthma (questionnaire and exercise challenge test).${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nRESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for allergic sensitization among those in the fourth quartile of triclosan concentration was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.4] compared with the reference group (\\textlessthe limit of detection), and the aOR per log(10) unit increase in triclosan was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.4). The aOR for current rhinitis was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.4) for the fourth quartile and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.4) per log(10) unit increase in triclosan.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nCONCLUSION: Triclosan concentrations were associated with allergic sensitization, especially inhalant and seasonal allergens, rather than food allergens. Current rhinitis was associated with the highest levels of triclosan, whereas no association was seen for current asthma. These results are consistent with recent findings in other studies and provide additional evidence for an association between triclosan and allergy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anger-sueper-blumentritt-mcneill-engstrom-arnold-quantificationoftriclosanchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesandtheirdioxinphotoproductsinlacustrinesedimentcores-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Quantification of triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and their dioxin photoproducts in lacustrine sediment cores.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Anger, C. T.; Sueper, C.; Blumentritt, D. J.; McNeill, K.; Engstrom, D. R.;  and Arnold, W. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Technology</i>, 47(4): 1833–1843.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es3045289\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anger-sueper-blumentritt-mcneill-engstrom-arnold-quantificationoftriclosanchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesandtheirdioxinphotoproductsinlacustrinesedimentcores-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es3045289', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anger-sueper-blumentritt-mcneill-engstrom-arnold-quantificationoftriclosanchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesandtheirdioxinphotoproductsinlacustrinesedimentcores-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anger-sueper-blumentritt-mcneill-engstrom-arnold-quantificationoftriclosanchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesandtheirdioxinphotoproductsinlacustrinesedimentcores-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{anger_quantification_2013,\n\ttitle = {Quantification of triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and their dioxin photoproducts in lacustrine sediment cores},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es3045289},\n\tabstract = {When discharged into surface waters via wastewater effluents, triclosan, the antimicrobial agent in handsoaps, and chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs, formed during disinfection with chlorine) react photochemically to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To evaluate the historical exposure of waters to these compounds, the levels of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins were determined in sediment cores collected from wastewater-impacted Minnesota lakes. The accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, CTDs, and dioxins in aquatic sediments were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale. Cores collected from large-scale riverine systems with many wastewater sources recorded increasing concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins since the patent of triclosan in 1964. In small-scale lakes with a single wastewater source, the trends were directly attributed to increased triclosan use, local improvements in treatment, and changes in wastewater disinfection since the 1960s. In the lake with no wastewater input, no triclosan or CTDs were detected. Overall, concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their dioxins were higher in small-scale systems, reflecting a greater degree of wastewater impact. In cores collected in northern MN, the four dioxins derived from triclosan are present prior to the patent of triclosan, suggesting a secondary source. It is clear, however, that triclosan and CTDs are the dominant source of these congeners after 1965 in systems impacted by wastewater.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Anger, Cale T. and Sueper, Charles and Blumentritt, Dylan J. and McNeill, Kristopher and Engstrom, Daniel R. and Arnold, William A.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23320506},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Aquatic, Florence, Sediment, TCS, dioxin},\n\tpages = {1833--1843},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  When discharged into surface waters via wastewater effluents, triclosan, the antimicrobial agent in handsoaps, and chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs, formed during disinfection with chlorine) react photochemically to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To evaluate the historical exposure of waters to these compounds, the levels of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins were determined in sediment cores collected from wastewater-impacted Minnesota lakes. The accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, CTDs, and dioxins in aquatic sediments were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale. Cores collected from large-scale riverine systems with many wastewater sources recorded increasing concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins since the patent of triclosan in 1964. In small-scale lakes with a single wastewater source, the trends were directly attributed to increased triclosan use, local improvements in treatment, and changes in wastewater disinfection since the 1960s. In the lake with no wastewater input, no triclosan or CTDs were detected. Overall, concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their dioxins were higher in small-scale systems, reflecting a greater degree of wastewater impact. In cores collected in northern MN, the four dioxins derived from triclosan are present prior to the patent of triclosan, suggesting a secondary source. It is clear, however, that triclosan and CTDs are the dominant source of these congeners after 1965 in systems impacted by wastewater.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"unep-costsofinactiononthesoundmanagementofchemicals-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/unep-costsofinactiononthesoundmanagementofchemicals-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('unep-costsofinactiononthesoundmanagementofchemicals-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{unep_costs_2013,\n\ttitle = {Costs of {Inaction} on the {Sound} {Management} of {Chemicals}},\n\tabstract = {The Cost of Inaction provides a practical and useful assessment of the current state of knowledge of the economic costs of inaction on the sound management of chemicals. It makes available early research findings and the evidence needed to support the argument for enhanced political actions. This report on the “Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals” shows that these costs – borne by all segments of society, including business, from the production, use, and disposal of harmful chemicals – are too high. To reduce these costs and more effectively achieve national development planning goals, improvements in chemicals management are required. The Costs of Inaction, published in February 2013, includes an extensive literary review in order to identify economic information on the health, environmental, and development planning effects of harmful chemicals. Chemicals reviewed within the scope of study include commodity, high production volume (HPV), industrial, specialty, minerals and metals, agricultural, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Job Number: DTI/1551/GE},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Cost of Inaction provides a practical and useful assessment of the current state of knowledge of the economic costs of inaction on the sound management of chemicals. It makes available early research findings and the evidence needed to support the argument for enhanced political actions. This report on the “Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals” shows that these costs – borne by all segments of society, including business, from the production, use, and disposal of harmful chemicals – are too high. To reduce these costs and more effectively achieve national development planning goals, improvements in chemicals management are required. The Costs of Inaction, published in February 2013, includes an extensive literary review in order to identify economic information on the health, environmental, and development planning effects of harmful chemicals. Chemicals reviewed within the scope of study include commodity, high production volume (HPV), industrial, specialty, minerals and metals, agricultural, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"steenland-zhao-winquist-parks-ulcerativecolitisandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainahighlyexposedpopulationofcommunityresidentsandworkersinthemidohiovalley-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the Mid-Ohio Valley.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Steenland, K.; Zhao, L.; Winquist, A.;  and Parks, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 121(8): 900–905.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206449\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('steenland-zhao-winquist-parks-ulcerativecolitisandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainahighlyexposedpopulationofcommunityresidentsandworkersinthemidohiovalley-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206449', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/steenland-zhao-winquist-parks-ulcerativecolitisandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainahighlyexposedpopulationofcommunityresidentsandworkersinthemidohiovalley-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('steenland-zhao-winquist-parks-ulcerativecolitisandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainahighlyexposedpopulationofcommunityresidentsandworkersinthemidohiovalley-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{steenland_ulcerative_2013,\n\ttitle = {Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the {Mid}-{Ohio} {Valley}},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {00916765},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1206449},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known about environmental determinants of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES: We studied autoimmune diseases in relation to level of exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was introduced in the late 1940s and is now ubiquitous in the serum of residents of industrialized countries. METHODS: In 2008-2011 we interviewed 32,254 U.S. adults with high serum PFOA serum levels (median, 28 ng/mL) associated with drinking contaminated water near a chemical plant. Disease history was assessed retrospectively from 1952 or birth (if later than 1952) until interview. Self-reported history of autoimmune disease was validated via medical records. Cumulative exposure to PFOA was derived from estimates of annual mean serum PFOA levels during follow-up, which were based on plant emissions, residential and work history, and a fate-transport model. Cox regression models were used to estimate associations between quartiles of cumulative PFOA serum levels and the incidence of autoimmune diseases with ≥ 50 validated cases, including ulcerative colitis (n = 151), Crohn&#x27;s disease (n = 96), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 346), insulin-dependent diabetes (presumed to be type 1) (n = 160), lupus (n = 75), and multiple sclerosis (n = 98). RESULTS: The incidence of ulcerative colitis was significantly increased in association with PFOA exposure, with adjusted rate ratios by quartile of exposure of 1.00 (referent), 1.76 (95\\% CI: 1.04, 2.99), 2.63 (95\\% CI: 1.56, 4.43), and 2.86 (95\\% CI: 1.65, 4.96) (ptrend {\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001). A prospective analysis of ulcerative colitis diagnosed after the baseline 2005-2006 survey (n = 29 cases) suggested a positive but non-monotonic trend (ptrend = 0.21). DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study of associations between this common environmental exposure and autoimmune diseases in humans. We found evidence that PFOA is associated with ulcerative colitis.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Steenland, Kyle and Zhao, Liping and Winquist, Andrea and Parks, Christine},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23735465},\n\tkeywords = {Autoimmune, Inflammatory bowel disease, PFOA, Ulcerative colitis},\n\tpages = {900--905},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Little is known about environmental determinants of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES: We studied autoimmune diseases in relation to level of exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was introduced in the late 1940s and is now ubiquitous in the serum of residents of industrialized countries. METHODS: In 2008-2011 we interviewed 32,254 U.S. adults with high serum PFOA serum levels (median, 28 ng/mL) associated with drinking contaminated water near a chemical plant. Disease history was assessed retrospectively from 1952 or birth (if later than 1952) until interview. Self-reported history of autoimmune disease was validated via medical records. Cumulative exposure to PFOA was derived from estimates of annual mean serum PFOA levels during follow-up, which were based on plant emissions, residential and work history, and a fate-transport model. Cox regression models were used to estimate associations between quartiles of cumulative PFOA serum levels and the incidence of autoimmune diseases with ≥ 50 validated cases, including ulcerative colitis (n = 151), Crohn's disease (n = 96), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 346), insulin-dependent diabetes (presumed to be type 1) (n = 160), lupus (n = 75), and multiple sclerosis (n = 98). RESULTS: The incidence of ulcerative colitis was significantly increased in association with PFOA exposure, with adjusted rate ratios by quartile of exposure of 1.00 (referent), 1.76 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.99), 2.63 (95% CI: 1.56, 4.43), and 2.86 (95% CI: 1.65, 4.96) (ptrend \\textless 0.0001). A prospective analysis of ulcerative colitis diagnosed after the baseline 2005-2006 survey (n = 29 cases) suggested a positive but non-monotonic trend (ptrend = 0.21). DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study of associations between this common environmental exposure and autoimmune diseases in humans. We found evidence that PFOA is associated with ulcerative colitis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oecdunepglobalpfcgroup-synthesispaperonperandpolyfluorinatedchemicalspfcs-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Synthesis paper on per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs),.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oecdunepglobalpfcgroup-synthesispaperonperandpolyfluorinatedchemicalspfcs-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oecdunepglobalpfcgroup-synthesispaperonperandpolyfluorinatedchemicalspfcs-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{oecd/unep_global_pfc_group_synthesis_2013,\n\ttitle = {Synthesis paper on per- and polyfluorinated chemicals ({PFCs}),},\n\tauthor = {{OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group}},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {1--58},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"guerranti-perra-corsolini-focardi-pilotstudyonlevelsofperfluorooctanesulfonicacidpfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainselectedfoodstuffsandhumanmilkfromitaly-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'guerranti-perra-corsolini-focardi-pilotstudyonlevelsofperfluorooctanesulfonicacidpfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainselectedfoodstuffsandhumanmilkfromitaly-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066', event);\">\n    Pilot study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in selected foodstuffs and human milk from Italy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Guerranti, C.; Perra, G.; Corsolini, S.;  and Focardi, S. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food Chemistry</i>, 140(1-2): 197–203.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guerranti-perra-corsolini-focardi-pilotstudyonlevelsofperfluorooctanesulfonicacidpfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainselectedfoodstuffsandhumanmilkfromitaly-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pilot study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in selected foodstuffs and human milk from Italy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guerranti-perra-corsolini-focardi-pilotstudyonlevelsofperfluorooctanesulfonicacidpfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainselectedfoodstuffsandhumanmilkfromitaly-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/guerranti-perra-corsolini-focardi-pilotstudyonlevelsofperfluorooctanesulfonicacidpfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainselectedfoodstuffsandhumanmilkfromitaly-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('guerranti-perra-corsolini-focardi-pilotstudyonlevelsofperfluorooctanesulfonicacidpfosandperfluorooctanoicacidpfoainselectedfoodstuffsandhumanmilkfromitaly-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{guerranti_pilot_2013,\n\ttitle = {Pilot study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ({PFOS}) and perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) in selected foodstuffs and human milk from {Italy}},\n\tvolume = {140},\n\tissn = {03088146},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.066},\n\tabstract = {Despite the health risks associated with perfluorinated compounds (PFC) exposure and the detection of these compounds in many countries around the world, little is known on their occurrence in Italy. The results of a study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS, in human milk and food samples from the city of Siena and its province (central Italy) are here reported. PFOS was found in 13 out of 49 breast milk samples (0.76 ?? 1.27 ng/g), while PFOA was detected in one sample (8.04 ng/g). Only PFOS was found in food samples. Fish were the most contaminated samples (7.65 ?? 34.2 ng/g); mean concentrations in meat and milk and dairy products were similar (1.43 ?? 7.21 ng/g and 1.35 ?? 3.45 ng/g, respectively). In all cereal-based food, eggs, vegetables, honey and beverages PFOS concentration was {\\textbackslash}textlessLOD. These data show that consumption of most breast milk analysed would not result in children exceeding their total daily intakes for perfluorinated compounds. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\tjournal = {Food Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Guerranti, Cristiana and Perra, Guido and Corsolini, Simonetta and Focardi, Silvano E.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23578633},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Food Contamination, Human exposure, Newborn intake, PFAS, Perfluorinated compounds},\n\tpages = {197--203},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Despite the health risks associated with perfluorinated compounds (PFC) exposure and the detection of these compounds in many countries around the world, little is known on their occurrence in Italy. The results of a study on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS, in human milk and food samples from the city of Siena and its province (central Italy) are here reported. PFOS was found in 13 out of 49 breast milk samples (0.76 ?? 1.27 ng/g), while PFOA was detected in one sample (8.04 ng/g). Only PFOS was found in food samples. Fish were the most contaminated samples (7.65 ?? 34.2 ng/g); mean concentrations in meat and milk and dairy products were similar (1.43 ?? 7.21 ng/g and 1.35 ?? 3.45 ng/g, respectively). In all cereal-based food, eggs, vegetables, honey and beverages PFOS concentration was \\textlessLOD. These data show that consumption of most breast milk analysed would not result in children exceeding their total daily intakes for perfluorinated compounds. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreening-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in target food samples and packaging-method development and screening.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gebbink, W. A.; Ullah, S.; Sandblom, O.;  and Berger, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>, 20(11): 7949–7958.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1596-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreening-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1596-y', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreening-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreening-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013,\n\ttitle = {Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in target food samples and packaging-method development and screening},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {09441344},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-013-1596-y},\n\tabstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono-, di-, and tri-esters (mono-, di-, and triPAPs) are used to water- and grease-proof food packaging materials, and these chemicals are known precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Existing analytical methods for PAPs lack sample clean-up steps in the sample preparation. In the present study, a method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the analysis of mono-, di-, and triPAPs, including a clean-up step for the raw extracts. The method was applied to food samples and their PAP-containing packaging materials. The optimized UPLC/MS/MS method enabled the separation and identification of a total of 4 monoPAPs, 16 diPAPs, and 7 triPAPs in the technical mixture Zonyl®-RP. For sample clean-up, weak anion exchange solid phase extraction columns were tested. PAPs standard solutions spiked onto the columns were separated into a fraction containing neutral compounds (triPAPs) and a fraction with ionic compounds (mono- and diPAPs) with recoveries between 72-110\\%. Method limits of quantification for food samples were in the sub to low picogram per gram range. For quantitative analysis of PAPs, compound-specific labeled internal standards showed to be essential as sorption and matrix effects were observed. Mono-, di-, and/or triPAPs were detected in all food packaging materials obtained from the Swedish market. Up to nine diPAPs were detected in the food samples, with the 6:2/6:2 and 6:2/8:2 diPAPs as the dominant compounds. DiPAP concentrations in the food samples ranged from 0.9 to 36 pg/g, which was comparable to individual PFCA concentrations in the same samples. Consumption of food packed in PAP-containing materials could be an indirect source of human exposure to PFCAs.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Gebbink, Wouter A. and Ullah, Shahid and Sandblom, Oskar and Berger, Urs},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23494682},\n\tkeywords = {Food, Method development, PFAS, Packaging material, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), UPLC/MS/MS, diPAPs},\n\tpages = {7949--7958},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono-, di-, and tri-esters (mono-, di-, and triPAPs) are used to water- and grease-proof food packaging materials, and these chemicals are known precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Existing analytical methods for PAPs lack sample clean-up steps in the sample preparation. In the present study, a method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the analysis of mono-, di-, and triPAPs, including a clean-up step for the raw extracts. The method was applied to food samples and their PAP-containing packaging materials. The optimized UPLC/MS/MS method enabled the separation and identification of a total of 4 monoPAPs, 16 diPAPs, and 7 triPAPs in the technical mixture Zonyl®-RP. For sample clean-up, weak anion exchange solid phase extraction columns were tested. PAPs standard solutions spiked onto the columns were separated into a fraction containing neutral compounds (triPAPs) and a fraction with ionic compounds (mono- and diPAPs) with recoveries between 72-110%. Method limits of quantification for food samples were in the sub to low picogram per gram range. For quantitative analysis of PAPs, compound-specific labeled internal standards showed to be essential as sorption and matrix effects were observed. Mono-, di-, and/or triPAPs were detected in all food packaging materials obtained from the Swedish market. Up to nine diPAPs were detected in the food samples, with the 6:2/6:2 and 6:2/8:2 diPAPs as the dominant compounds. DiPAP concentrations in the food samples ranged from 0.9 to 36 pg/g, which was comparable to individual PFCA concentrations in the same samples. Consumption of food packed in PAP-containing materials could be an indirect source of human exposure to PFCAs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreeningsupplementarymaterial-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Esters and Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids in Target Food Samples and Packaging – Method Development and Screening Supplementary Material.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gebbink, W. A.; Ullah, S.; Sandblom, O.;  and Berger, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>, 20(11).  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreeningsupplementarymaterial-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gebbink-ullah-sandblom-berger-polyfluoroalkylphosphateestersandperfluoroalkylcarboxylicacidsintargetfoodsamplesandpackagingmethoddevelopmentandscreeningsupplementarymaterial-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gebbink_polyfluoroalkyl_2013,\n\ttitle = {Polyfluoroalkyl {Phosphate} {Esters} and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Carboxylic} {Acids} in {Target} {Food} {Samples} and {Packaging} – {Method} {Development} and {Screening} {Supplementary} {Material}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Gebbink, Wouter A. and Ullah, Shahid and Sandblom, Oskar and Berger, Urs},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fujii-harada-koizumi-occurrenceofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasinpersonalcareproductsandcompoundingagents-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fujii-harada-koizumi-occurrenceofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasinpersonalcareproductsandcompoundingagents-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049', event);\">\n    Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in personal care products and compounding agents.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fujii, Y.; Harada, K. H.;  and Koizumi, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 93(3): 538–544.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fujii-harada-koizumi-occurrenceofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasinpersonalcareproductsandcompoundingagents-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in personal care products and compounding agents [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fujii-harada-koizumi-occurrenceofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasinpersonalcareproductsandcompoundingagents-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fujii-harada-koizumi-occurrenceofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasinpersonalcareproductsandcompoundingagents-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fujii-harada-koizumi-occurrenceofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasinpersonalcareproductsandcompoundingagents-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fujii_occurrence_2013,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids ({PFCAs}) in personal care products and compounding agents},\n\tvolume = {93},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049},\n\tabstract = {Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9??gg-1 for cosmetics and from not detected to 19??gg-1 for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5??gg-1 for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0??gg-1 for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Fujii, Yukiko and Harada, Kouji H. and Koizumi, Akio},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23932147},\n\tkeywords = {Cosmetics, GC-MS, PFAS, Perfluorocarboxylate, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Personal care products, Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester},\n\tpages = {538--544},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9??gg-1 for cosmetics and from not detected to 19??gg-1 for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5??gg-1 for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0??gg-1 for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"barry-asteenland-perfluorooctanoicacidpfoaexposurersandincidentcancersamongadultslivingnearachemicalplant-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposurers and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Barry, V. W.;  and A. Steenland, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 121(11-12): 1313–1318.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306615\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('barry-asteenland-perfluorooctanoicacidpfoaexposurersandincidentcancersamongadultslivingnearachemicalplant-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306615', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/barry-asteenland-perfluorooctanoicacidpfoaexposurersandincidentcancersamongadultslivingnearachemicalplant-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('barry-asteenland-perfluorooctanoicacidpfoaexposurersandincidentcancersamongadultslivingnearachemicalplant-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{barry_v._winquist_a._steenland_perfluorooctanoic_2013,\n\ttitle = {Perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA}) exposurers and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1306615},\n\tnumber = {11-12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Barry, V. Winquist, A. Steenland, K.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {24007715},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {1313--1318},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhou-guo-lin-huang-deng-leachingcharacteristicsofheavymetalsandbrominatedflameretardantsfromwasteprintedcircuitboards-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhou-guo-lin-huang-deng-leachingcharacteristicsofheavymetalsandbrominatedflameretardantsfromwasteprintedcircuitboards-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335', event);\">\n    Leaching characteristics of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants from waste printed circuit boards.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhou, X.; Guo, J.; Lin, K.; Huang, K.;  and Deng, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of hazardous materials</i>, 246-247: 96–102. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhou-guo-lin-huang-deng-leachingcharacteristicsofheavymetalsandbrominatedflameretardantsfromwasteprintedcircuitboards-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Leaching characteristics of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants from waste printed circuit boards. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.065\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhou-guo-lin-huang-deng-leachingcharacteristicsofheavymetalsandbrominatedflameretardantsfromwasteprintedcircuitboards-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.065', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhou-guo-lin-huang-deng-leachingcharacteristicsofheavymetalsandbrominatedflameretardantsfromwasteprintedcircuitboards-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhou-guo-lin-huang-deng-leachingcharacteristicsofheavymetalsandbrominatedflameretardantsfromwasteprintedcircuitboards-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhou_leaching_2013,\n\ttitle = {Leaching characteristics of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants from waste printed circuit boards.},\n\tvolume = {246-247},\n\tissn = {1873-3336},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291335},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.065},\n\tabstract = {Leaching assessment on five heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel and cadmium) and two brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) were conducted using various leaching methods. The mean leaching concentrations of copper were the highest in both toxicity characteristic leaching procedures (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedures (SPLP) tests at 8.6 mg/L and 1.1mg/L, while only lead (6.2mg/L) exceeded the TCLP criteria and Chinese EPA regulatory limit (both 5.0mg/L). However, PBDEs and TBBPA were not detected in TCLP and SPLP tests. Then the BFRs leaching trends and potential leachabilities were further investigated in actual landfill leachates using a modified method. Leaching characteristics that fast-leaching initially followed by slow-desorption over time were generally observed. In landfill leachate tests, the highest leaching concentrations of PBDEs and TBBPA were determined at 30.39 and 12.27 μg/L. Meanwhile, the highest leaching rates were estimated to reach 0.08\\% and 1.00\\%, respectively, which were significantly influenced by the dissolved organic carbon contents of extracts, the hydrophobicities of target BFRs and the specific surface areas of WPCBs materials. These results proved that leaching from WPCBs was a significant emission source of BFRs in landfill and electronic waste recycling dumpsite.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of hazardous materials},\n\tauthor = {Zhou, Xiaoyu and Guo, Jie and Lin, Kuangfei and Huang, Kai and Deng, Jingjing},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23291335},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {96--102},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Leaching assessment on five heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel and cadmium) and two brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) were conducted using various leaching methods. The mean leaching concentrations of copper were the highest in both toxicity characteristic leaching procedures (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedures (SPLP) tests at 8.6 mg/L and 1.1mg/L, while only lead (6.2mg/L) exceeded the TCLP criteria and Chinese EPA regulatory limit (both 5.0mg/L). However, PBDEs and TBBPA were not detected in TCLP and SPLP tests. Then the BFRs leaching trends and potential leachabilities were further investigated in actual landfill leachates using a modified method. Leaching characteristics that fast-leaching initially followed by slow-desorption over time were generally observed. In landfill leachate tests, the highest leaching concentrations of PBDEs and TBBPA were determined at 30.39 and 12.27 μg/L. Meanwhile, the highest leaching rates were estimated to reach 0.08% and 1.00%, respectively, which were significantly influenced by the dissolved organic carbon contents of extracts, the hydrophobicities of target BFRs and the specific surface areas of WPCBs materials. These results proved that leaching from WPCBs was a significant emission source of BFRs in landfill and electronic waste recycling dumpsite.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-ruan-sun-zhao-gan-hexabromocyclododecanesinsurfacesedimentsandasedimentcorefromriversandharborinthenorthernchinesecityoftianjin-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-ruan-sun-zhao-gan-hexabromocyclododecanesinsurfacesedimentsandasedimentcorefromriversandharborinthenorthernchinesecityoftianjin-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments and a sediment core from Rivers and Harbor in the northern Chinese city of Tianjin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, Y.; Ruan, Y.; Sun, H.; Zhao, L.;  and Gan, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 90(5): 1610–6. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-ruan-sun-zhao-gan-hexabromocyclododecanesinsurfacesedimentsandasedimentcorefromriversandharborinthenorthernchinesecityoftianjin-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments and a sediment core from Rivers and Harbor in the northern Chinese city of Tianjin. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-ruan-sun-zhao-gan-hexabromocyclododecanesinsurfacesedimentsandasedimentcorefromriversandharborinthenorthernchinesecityoftianjin-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.037', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-ruan-sun-zhao-gan-hexabromocyclododecanesinsurfacesedimentsandasedimentcorefromriversandharborinthenorthernchinesecityoftianjin-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-ruan-sun-zhao-gan-hexabromocyclododecanesinsurfacesedimentsandasedimentcorefromriversandharborinthenorthernchinesecityoftianjin-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_hexabromocyclododecanes_2013,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments and a sediment core from {Rivers} and {Harbor} in the northern {Chinese} city of {Tianjin}.},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062943},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.037},\n\tabstract = {In the present study, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were investigated in the sediment from Haihe River (HR), Dagu Dainage Canal (DDC) and Tianjin Harbor (TH) at Bohai Bay using a total of 51 samples of surface sediments and a sediment core collected from May to September in 2010, and its diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles were analyzed. The concentration of total HBCDs were generally high, with mean value and ranges of 31.0 and 1.35-634 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. The contamination followed the order of TH{\\textbackslash}textgreaterDDC{\\textbackslash}textgreaterHR. Higher levels (up to 634 ng g(-1)dw) occurred in the lower reach of HR and DDC located in an industrial area of Tianjin. This is the first time to report so high concentration of HBCDs in sediment in Southeast Asia. The γ-diastereomer dominated in most samples (44 out of 51), and this is in agreement with the diastereomer distribution pattern in industrial products, while α-HBCD was the dominant diastereomer in the other seven samples. However, only few samples exhibited γ-diastereomer ratio similar to that (75-89\\%) in technical products, indicating the inter-transformation and variable degradation of the different isomers. The high ratio of γ-diastereomer could be used as an indicator for fresh contamination input. Enantiomeric factors (EFs) of HBCD isomers in most of the samples were statistically different from technical products (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05), showing a trend of more easily enrichment of the (-)-HBCD-enantiomer compared to the (+)-HBCD-enantiomer. The δ- and ϵ-diastereomers were frequently detected but at low level. The HBCDs in the sediment core showed several peaks, and the greatest value occurred in 2005, when a plastic manufacture plant using HBCD was set up nearby.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Yanwei and Ruan, Yuefei and Sun, Hongwen and Zhao, Lijie and Gan, Zhiwei},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23062943},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {1610--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were investigated in the sediment from Haihe River (HR), Dagu Dainage Canal (DDC) and Tianjin Harbor (TH) at Bohai Bay using a total of 51 samples of surface sediments and a sediment core collected from May to September in 2010, and its diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles were analyzed. The concentration of total HBCDs were generally high, with mean value and ranges of 31.0 and 1.35-634 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. The contamination followed the order of TH\\textgreaterDDC\\textgreaterHR. Higher levels (up to 634 ng g(-1)dw) occurred in the lower reach of HR and DDC located in an industrial area of Tianjin. This is the first time to report so high concentration of HBCDs in sediment in Southeast Asia. The γ-diastereomer dominated in most samples (44 out of 51), and this is in agreement with the diastereomer distribution pattern in industrial products, while α-HBCD was the dominant diastereomer in the other seven samples. However, only few samples exhibited γ-diastereomer ratio similar to that (75-89%) in technical products, indicating the inter-transformation and variable degradation of the different isomers. The high ratio of γ-diastereomer could be used as an indicator for fresh contamination input. Enantiomeric factors (EFs) of HBCD isomers in most of the samples were statistically different from technical products (p\\textless0.05), showing a trend of more easily enrichment of the (-)-HBCD-enantiomer compared to the (+)-HBCD-enantiomer. The δ- and ϵ-diastereomers were frequently detected but at low level. The HBCDs in the sediment core showed several peaks, and the greatest value occurred in 2005, when a plastic manufacture plant using HBCD was set up nearby.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wagner-ghosal-whitehead-metayer-morphologyspatialdistributionandconcentrationofflameretardantsinconsumerproductsandenvironmentaldustsusingscanningelectronmicroscopyandramanmicrospectroscopy-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wagner-ghosal-whitehead-metayer-morphologyspatialdistributionandconcentrationofflameretardantsinconsumerproductsandenvironmentaldustsusingscanningelectronmicroscopyandramanmicrospectroscopy-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093', event);\">\n    Morphology, spatial distribution, and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wagner, J.; Ghosal, S.; Whitehead, T.;  and Metayer, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 59C: 16–26. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wagner-ghosal-whitehead-metayer-morphologyspatialdistributionandconcentrationofflameretardantsinconsumerproductsandenvironmentaldustsusingscanningelectronmicroscopyandramanmicrospectroscopy-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Morphology, spatial distribution, and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wagner-ghosal-whitehead-metayer-morphologyspatialdistributionandconcentrationofflameretardantsinconsumerproductsandenvironmentaldustsusingscanningelectronmicroscopyandramanmicrospectroscopy-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wagner-ghosal-whitehead-metayer-morphologyspatialdistributionandconcentrationofflameretardantsinconsumerproductsandenvironmentaldustsusingscanningelectronmicroscopyandramanmicrospectroscopy-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wagner-ghosal-whitehead-metayer-morphologyspatialdistributionandconcentrationofflameretardantsinconsumerproductsandenvironmentaldustsusingscanningelectronmicroscopyandramanmicrospectroscopy-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wagner_morphology_2013,\n\ttitle = {Morphology, spatial distribution, and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and {Raman} micro-spectroscopy.},\n\tvolume = {59C},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739093},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.003},\n\tabstract = {We characterized flame retardant (FR) morphologies and spatial distributions in 7 consumer products and 7 environmental dusts to determine their implications for transfer mechanisms, human exposure, and the reproducibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) dust measurements. We characterized individual particles using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS). Samples were screened for the presence of 3 FR constituents (bromine, phosphorous, non-salt chlorine) and 2 metal synergists (antimony and bismuth). Subsequent analyses of select samples by RMS enabled molecular identification of the FR compounds and matrix materials. The consumer products and dust samples possessed FR elemental weight percents of up to 36\\% and 31\\%, respectively. We identified 24 FR-containing particles in the dust samples and classified them into 9 types based on morphology and composition. We observed a broad range of morphologies for these FR-containing particles, suggesting FR transfer to dust via multiple mechanisms. We developed an equation to describe the heterogeneity of FR-containing particles in environmental dust samples. The number of individual FR-containing particles expected in a 1-mg dust sample with a FR concentration of 100ppm ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless1 to {\\textbackslash}textgreater1000 particles. The presence of rare, high-concentration bromine particles was correlated with decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations obtained via GC-MS. When FRs are distributed heterogeneously in highly concentrated dust particles, human exposure to FRs may be characterized by high transient exposures interspersed by periods of low exposure, and GC-MS FR concentrations may exhibit large variability in replicate subsamples. Current limitations of this SEM/EDS technique include potential false negatives for volatile and chlorinated FRs and greater quantitation uncertainty for brominated FR in aluminum-rich matrices.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Wagner, Jeff and Ghosal, Sutapa and Whitehead, Todd and Metayer, Catherine},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23739093},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {16--26},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We characterized flame retardant (FR) morphologies and spatial distributions in 7 consumer products and 7 environmental dusts to determine their implications for transfer mechanisms, human exposure, and the reproducibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) dust measurements. We characterized individual particles using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS). Samples were screened for the presence of 3 FR constituents (bromine, phosphorous, non-salt chlorine) and 2 metal synergists (antimony and bismuth). Subsequent analyses of select samples by RMS enabled molecular identification of the FR compounds and matrix materials. The consumer products and dust samples possessed FR elemental weight percents of up to 36% and 31%, respectively. We identified 24 FR-containing particles in the dust samples and classified them into 9 types based on morphology and composition. We observed a broad range of morphologies for these FR-containing particles, suggesting FR transfer to dust via multiple mechanisms. We developed an equation to describe the heterogeneity of FR-containing particles in environmental dust samples. The number of individual FR-containing particles expected in a 1-mg dust sample with a FR concentration of 100ppm ranged from \\textless1 to \\textgreater1000 particles. The presence of rare, high-concentration bromine particles was correlated with decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations obtained via GC-MS. When FRs are distributed heterogeneously in highly concentrated dust particles, human exposure to FRs may be characterized by high transient exposures interspersed by periods of low exposure, and GC-MS FR concentrations may exhibit large variability in replicate subsamples. Current limitations of this SEM/EDS technique include potential false negatives for volatile and chlorinated FRs and greater quantitation uncertainty for brominated FR in aluminum-rich matrices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"waaijers-kong-hendriks-dewit-cousins-westerink-leonards-kraak-etal-persistencebioaccumulationandtoxicityofhalogenfreeflameretardants-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'waaijers-kong-hendriks-dewit-cousins-westerink-leonards-kraak-etal-persistencebioaccumulationandtoxicityofhalogenfreeflameretardants-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944', event);\">\n    Persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of halogen-free flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Waaijers, S. L; Kong, D.; Hendriks, H. S; de Wit, C. A; Cousins, I. T; Westerink, R. H S; Leonards, P. E G; Kraak, M. H S; Admiraal, W.; de Voogt, P.;  and Parsons, J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 222: 1–71. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('waaijers-kong-hendriks-dewit-cousins-westerink-leonards-kraak-etal-persistencebioaccumulationandtoxicityofhalogenfreeflameretardants-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of halogen-free flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('waaijers-kong-hendriks-dewit-cousins-westerink-leonards-kraak-etal-persistencebioaccumulationandtoxicityofhalogenfreeflameretardants-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/waaijers-kong-hendriks-dewit-cousins-westerink-leonards-kraak-etal-persistencebioaccumulationandtoxicityofhalogenfreeflameretardants-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('waaijers-kong-hendriks-dewit-cousins-westerink-leonards-kraak-etal-persistencebioaccumulationandtoxicityofhalogenfreeflameretardants-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{waaijers_persistence_2013,\n\ttitle = {Persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of halogen-free flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {222},\n\tissn = {0179-5953},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990944},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_1},\n\tabstract = {Polymers are synthetic organic materials having a high carbon and hydrogen content, which make them readily combustible. Polymers have many indoor uses and their flammability makes them a fire hazard. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) are incorporated into these materials as a safety measure. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which accounted for about 21\\% of the total world market of FRs, have several unintended negative effects on the environment and human health. Hence, there is growing interest in finding appropriate alternative halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Many of these HFFRs are marketed already, although their environ- mental behavior and toxicological properties are often only known to a limited extent, and their potential impact on the environment cannot yet be properly assessed. Therefore, we undertook this review to make an inventory of the available data that exists (up to September 2011) on the physical-chemical properties, pro- duction volumes, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) of a selection of HFFRs that are potential replacements for BFRs in polymers. Large data gaps were identified for the physical-chemical and the PBT properties of the reviewed HFFRs. Because these HFFRs are currently on the market, there is an urgent need to fill these data gaps. Enhanced transparency of methodology and data are needed to reevaluate certain test results that appear contradictory, and, if this does not provide new insights, further research should be performed. TPP has been studied quite extensively and it is clearly persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. So far, RDP and BDP have demonstrated low to high ecotoxicity and persistence. The compounds ATH and ZB exerted high toxicity to some species and ALPI appeared to be persistent and has low to moderate reported ecotoxicity. DOPO and MPP may be persistent, but this view is based merely on one or two studies, clearly indicating a lack of information. Many degradation studies have been performed on PER and show low persistence, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there is too l ittle information on the bioaccumulation potential of PER. APP mostly has low PBT properties; however, moderate ecotoxicity was reported in two studies. Mg(OH)₂, ZHS, and ZS do not show such remarkably high bioaccumulation or toxicity, but large data gaps exist for these compounds also. Nevertheless, we consider the latter compounds to be the most promising among alternative HFFRs. To assess whether the presently reviewed HFFRs are truly suitable alternatives, each compound should be examined individually by comparing its PBT values with those of the relevant halogenated flame retardant. Until more data are available, it remains impossible to accurately evaluate the risk of each of these compounds, including the ones that are already extensively marketed.},\n\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Waaijers, Susanne L and Kong, Deguo and Hendriks, Hester S and de Wit, Cynthia A and Cousins, Ian T and Westerink, Remco H S and Leonards, Pim E G and Kraak, Michiel H S and Admiraal, Wim and de Voogt, Pim and Parsons, John R},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {22990944},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {1--71},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polymers are synthetic organic materials having a high carbon and hydrogen content, which make them readily combustible. Polymers have many indoor uses and their flammability makes them a fire hazard. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) are incorporated into these materials as a safety measure. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which accounted for about 21% of the total world market of FRs, have several unintended negative effects on the environment and human health. Hence, there is growing interest in finding appropriate alternative halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Many of these HFFRs are marketed already, although their environ- mental behavior and toxicological properties are often only known to a limited extent, and their potential impact on the environment cannot yet be properly assessed. Therefore, we undertook this review to make an inventory of the available data that exists (up to September 2011) on the physical-chemical properties, pro- duction volumes, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) of a selection of HFFRs that are potential replacements for BFRs in polymers. Large data gaps were identified for the physical-chemical and the PBT properties of the reviewed HFFRs. Because these HFFRs are currently on the market, there is an urgent need to fill these data gaps. Enhanced transparency of methodology and data are needed to reevaluate certain test results that appear contradictory, and, if this does not provide new insights, further research should be performed. TPP has been studied quite extensively and it is clearly persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. So far, RDP and BDP have demonstrated low to high ecotoxicity and persistence. The compounds ATH and ZB exerted high toxicity to some species and ALPI appeared to be persistent and has low to moderate reported ecotoxicity. DOPO and MPP may be persistent, but this view is based merely on one or two studies, clearly indicating a lack of information. Many degradation studies have been performed on PER and show low persistence, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there is too l ittle information on the bioaccumulation potential of PER. APP mostly has low PBT properties; however, moderate ecotoxicity was reported in two studies. Mg(OH)₂, ZHS, and ZS do not show such remarkably high bioaccumulation or toxicity, but large data gaps exist for these compounds also. Nevertheless, we consider the latter compounds to be the most promising among alternative HFFRs. To assess whether the presently reviewed HFFRs are truly suitable alternatives, each compound should be examined individually by comparing its PBT values with those of the relevant halogenated flame retardant. Until more data are available, it remains impossible to accurately evaluate the risk of each of these compounds, including the ones that are already extensively marketed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vallscantenys-villaverdedesa-rodil-quintana-iglesias-salvad-cela-applicationofpolydimethylsiloxanerodextractiontothedeterminationofsixteenhalogenatedflameretardantsinwatersamples-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vallscantenys-villaverdedesa-rodil-quintana-iglesias-salvad-cela-applicationofpolydimethylsiloxanerodextractiontothedeterminationofsixteenhalogenatedflameretardantsinwatersamples-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690', event);\">\n    Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Valls-Cantenys, C.; Villaverde-de-Sáa, E.; Rodil, R.; Quintana, J. B.; Iglesias, M.; Salvadó, V.;  and Cela, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytica chimica acta</i>, 770: 85–93. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vallscantenys-villaverdedesa-rodil-quintana-iglesias-salvad-cela-applicationofpolydimethylsiloxanerodextractiontothedeterminationofsixteenhalogenatedflameretardantsinwatersamples-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vallscantenys-villaverdedesa-rodil-quintana-iglesias-salvad-cela-applicationofpolydimethylsiloxanerodextractiontothedeterminationofsixteenhalogenatedflameretardantsinwatersamples-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vallscantenys-villaverdedesa-rodil-quintana-iglesias-salvad-cela-applicationofpolydimethylsiloxanerodextractiontothedeterminationofsixteenhalogenatedflameretardantsinwatersamples-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vallscantenys-villaverdedesa-rodil-quintana-iglesias-salvad-cela-applicationofpolydimethylsiloxanerodextractiontothedeterminationofsixteenhalogenatedflameretardantsinwatersamples-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{valls-cantenys_application_2013,\n\ttitle = {Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples.},\n\tvolume = {770},\n\tissn = {1873-4324},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498690},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059},\n\tabstract = {An extraction and preconcentration procedure for the determination in water samples of several halogenated flame retardants (FRs), nine brominated diphenyls ethers (BDEs) and seven non-BDE FRs, was developed and validated. The optimised procedure is based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods as sorptive extraction material, followed by liquid desorption and gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) determination, rendering an efficient and inexpensive method. The final optimised protocol consists of overnight extraction of 100mL of sample solutions containing 40\\% MeOH and 4\\% NaCl, followed by a 15-min sonication-assisted desorption with 300 μL of ethyl acetate, solvent evaporation and GC-NCI-MS analysis. Under these conditions, extraction efficiencies in the 9 to 70\\% range were obtained, leading to enrichment factors between 108 and 840, detection limits in the range from 0.4 to 10 ng L(-1)and RSD values in the 2-23\\% range. After method validation, different real water samples, including river, ria, sea, landfill leachate, influent and effluent wastewater from an urban sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluent wastewater from a textile industry, were analysed. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-197 were detected in wastewater and landfill leachate samples at concentration levels up to 2887 ng L(-1). Among the non-BDE FRs, bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (DEHTBP) was detected in surface water samples (sea, river and ria) between 1.3 and 2.2 ng L(-1) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the landfill leachate (64 ng L(-1)).},\n\tjournal = {Analytica chimica acta},\n\tauthor = {Valls-Cantenys, Carme and Villaverde-de-Sáa, Eugenia and Rodil, Rosario and Quintana, José Benito and Iglesias, Mònica and Salvadó, Victòria and Cela, Rafael},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23498690},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {85--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An extraction and preconcentration procedure for the determination in water samples of several halogenated flame retardants (FRs), nine brominated diphenyls ethers (BDEs) and seven non-BDE FRs, was developed and validated. The optimised procedure is based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods as sorptive extraction material, followed by liquid desorption and gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) determination, rendering an efficient and inexpensive method. The final optimised protocol consists of overnight extraction of 100mL of sample solutions containing 40% MeOH and 4% NaCl, followed by a 15-min sonication-assisted desorption with 300 μL of ethyl acetate, solvent evaporation and GC-NCI-MS analysis. Under these conditions, extraction efficiencies in the 9 to 70% range were obtained, leading to enrichment factors between 108 and 840, detection limits in the range from 0.4 to 10 ng L(-1)and RSD values in the 2-23% range. After method validation, different real water samples, including river, ria, sea, landfill leachate, influent and effluent wastewater from an urban sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluent wastewater from a textile industry, were analysed. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-197 were detected in wastewater and landfill leachate samples at concentration levels up to 2887 ng L(-1). Among the non-BDE FRs, bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (DEHTBP) was detected in surface water samples (sea, river and ria) between 1.3 and 2.2 ng L(-1) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the landfill leachate (64 ng L(-1)).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tue-takahashi-suzuki-isobe-viet-kobara-seike-zhang-etal-contaminationofindoordustandairbypolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsandrelevanceofnondietaryexposureinvietnameseinformalewasterecyclingsites-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tue-takahashi-suzuki-isobe-viet-kobara-seike-zhang-etal-contaminationofindoordustandairbypolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsandrelevanceofnondietaryexposureinvietnameseinformalewasterecyclingsites-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866', event);\">\n    Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tue, N. M.; Takahashi, S.; Suzuki, G.; Isobe, T.; Viet, P. H.; Kobara, Y.; Seike, N.; Zhang, G.; Sudaryanto, A.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 51: 160–7. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tue-takahashi-suzuki-isobe-viet-kobara-seike-zhang-etal-contaminationofindoordustandairbypolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsandrelevanceofnondietaryexposureinvietnameseinformalewasterecyclingsites-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tue-takahashi-suzuki-isobe-viet-kobara-seike-zhang-etal-contaminationofindoordustandairbypolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsandrelevanceofnondietaryexposureinvietnameseinformalewasterecyclingsites-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tue-takahashi-suzuki-isobe-viet-kobara-seike-zhang-etal-contaminationofindoordustandairbypolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsandrelevanceofnondietaryexposureinvietnameseinformalewasterecyclingsites-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tue-takahashi-suzuki-isobe-viet-kobara-seike-zhang-etal-contaminationofindoordustandairbypolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsandrelevanceofnondietaryexposureinvietnameseinformalewasterecyclingsites-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tue_contamination_2013,\n\ttitle = {Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in {Vietnamese} informal e-waste recycling sites.},\n\tvolume = {51},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228866},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.006},\n\tabstract = {This study investigated the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor dust and air from two Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs) and an urban site in order to assess the relevance of these media for human exposure. The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in settled house dust from the EWRSs (130-12,000, 5.4-400, 5.2-620 and 31-1400 ng g(-1), respectively) were significantly higher than in urban house dust but the levels of PCBs (4.8-320 ng g(-1)) were not higher. The levels of PCBs and PBDEs in air at e-waste recycling houses (1000-1800 and 620-720 pg m(-3), respectively), determined using passive sampling, were also higher compared with non-e-waste houses. The composition of BFRs in EWRS samples suggests the influence from high-temperature processes and occurrence of waste materials containing older BFR formulations. Results of daily intake estimation for e-waste recycling workers are in good agreement with the accumulation patterns previously observed in human milk and indicate that dust ingestion contributes a large portion of the PBDE intake (60\\%-88\\%), and air inhalation to the low-chlorinated PCB intake ({\\textbackslash}textgreater80\\% for triCBs) due to their high levels in dust and air, respectively. Further investigation of both indoor dust and air as the exposure media for other e-waste recycling-related contaminants and assessment of health risk associated with exposure to these contaminant mixtures is necessary.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Tue, Nguyen Minh and Takahashi, Shin and Suzuki, Go and Isobe, Tomohiko and Viet, Pham Hung and Kobara, Yuso and Seike, Nobuyasu and Zhang, Gan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23228866},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {160--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigated the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor dust and air from two Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs) and an urban site in order to assess the relevance of these media for human exposure. The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in settled house dust from the EWRSs (130-12,000, 5.4-400, 5.2-620 and 31-1400 ng g(-1), respectively) were significantly higher than in urban house dust but the levels of PCBs (4.8-320 ng g(-1)) were not higher. The levels of PCBs and PBDEs in air at e-waste recycling houses (1000-1800 and 620-720 pg m(-3), respectively), determined using passive sampling, were also higher compared with non-e-waste houses. The composition of BFRs in EWRS samples suggests the influence from high-temperature processes and occurrence of waste materials containing older BFR formulations. Results of daily intake estimation for e-waste recycling workers are in good agreement with the accumulation patterns previously observed in human milk and indicate that dust ingestion contributes a large portion of the PBDE intake (60%-88%), and air inhalation to the low-chlorinated PCB intake (\\textgreater80% for triCBs) due to their high levels in dust and air, respectively. Further investigation of both indoor dust and air as the exposure media for other e-waste recycling-related contaminants and assessment of health risk associated with exposure to these contaminant mixtures is necessary.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"torres-orazio-peterman-patio-effectsofdietaryexposuretobrominatedflameretardantbde47onthyroidconditiongonadaldevelopmentandgrowthofzebrafish-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'torres-orazio-peterman-patio-effectsofdietaryexposuretobrominatedflameretardantbde47onthyroidconditiongonadaldevelopmentandgrowthofzebrafish-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565', event);\">\n    Effects of dietary exposure to brominated flame retardant BDE-47 on thyroid condition, gonadal development and growth of zebrafish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Torres, L.; Orazio, C. E; Peterman, P. H;  and Patiño, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fish physiology and biochemistry</i>. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('torres-orazio-peterman-patio-effectsofdietaryexposuretobrominatedflameretardantbde47onthyroidconditiongonadaldevelopmentandgrowthofzebrafish-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of dietary exposure to brominated flame retardant BDE-47 on thyroid condition, gonadal development and growth of zebrafish. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9768-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('torres-orazio-peterman-patio-effectsofdietaryexposuretobrominatedflameretardantbde47onthyroidconditiongonadaldevelopmentandgrowthofzebrafish-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9768-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/torres-orazio-peterman-patio-effectsofdietaryexposuretobrominatedflameretardantbde47onthyroidconditiongonadaldevelopmentandgrowthofzebrafish-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('torres-orazio-peterman-patio-effectsofdietaryexposuretobrominatedflameretardantbde47onthyroidconditiongonadaldevelopmentandgrowthofzebrafish-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{torres_effects_2013,\n\ttitle = {Effects of dietary exposure to brominated flame retardant {BDE}-47 on thyroid condition, gonadal development and growth of zebrafish.},\n\tissn = {1573-5168},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334565},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10695-012-9768-0},\n\tabstract = {Little is known about the effects of brominated flame retardants in teleosts and some of the information currently available is inconsistent. This study examined effects of dietary exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on thyroid condition, body mass and size, and gonadal development of zebrafish. Pubertal, 49-day-old (posthatch) fish were fed diets without BDE-47 (control) or with 1, 5 or 25 μg/g BDE-47/diet. Treatments were conducted in triplicate 30-L tanks each containing 50 zebrafish, and 15 fish per treatment (5 per tank) were sampled at days 40, 80 and 120 of exposure. Measurements were taken of body mass, standard length, head depth and head length. Sex (at 40-120 days of exposure), germ cell stage (at 40 days) and thyroid condition (at 120 days; follicular cell height, colloid depletion, angiogenesis) were histologically determined. Whole-body BDE-47 levels at study completion were within the high end of levels reported in environmentally exposed (wild) fishes. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences among treatments at each sampling time. No effects were observed on thyroid condition or germ cell stage in either sex. Reduced head length was observed in females exposed to BDE-47 at 80 days but not at 40 or 120 days. In males, no apparent effects of BDE-47 were observed at 40 and 80 days, but fish exposed to 25 μg/g had lower body mass at 120 days compared to control fish. These observations suggest that BDE-47 at environmentally relevant whole-body concentrations does not affect thyroid condition or pubertal development of zebrafish but does affect growth during the juvenile-to-adult transition, especially in males.},\n\tjournal = {Fish physiology and biochemistry},\n\tauthor = {Torres, Leticia and Orazio, Carl E and Peterman, Paul H and Patiño, Reynaldo},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23334565},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Little is known about the effects of brominated flame retardants in teleosts and some of the information currently available is inconsistent. This study examined effects of dietary exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on thyroid condition, body mass and size, and gonadal development of zebrafish. Pubertal, 49-day-old (posthatch) fish were fed diets without BDE-47 (control) or with 1, 5 or 25 μg/g BDE-47/diet. Treatments were conducted in triplicate 30-L tanks each containing 50 zebrafish, and 15 fish per treatment (5 per tank) were sampled at days 40, 80 and 120 of exposure. Measurements were taken of body mass, standard length, head depth and head length. Sex (at 40-120 days of exposure), germ cell stage (at 40 days) and thyroid condition (at 120 days; follicular cell height, colloid depletion, angiogenesis) were histologically determined. Whole-body BDE-47 levels at study completion were within the high end of levels reported in environmentally exposed (wild) fishes. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences among treatments at each sampling time. No effects were observed on thyroid condition or germ cell stage in either sex. Reduced head length was observed in females exposed to BDE-47 at 80 days but not at 40 or 120 days. In males, no apparent effects of BDE-47 were observed at 40 and 80 days, but fish exposed to 25 μg/g had lower body mass at 120 days compared to control fish. These observations suggest that BDE-47 at environmentally relevant whole-body concentrations does not affect thyroid condition or pubertal development of zebrafish but does affect growth during the juvenile-to-adult transition, especially in males.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tian-chen-luo-wang-zhu-luo-mai-airplantexchangeofbrominatedflameretardantsataruralsiteinfluencingfactorinterspeciesdifferenceandforestscavenging-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tian-chen-luo-wang-zhu-luo-mai-airplantexchangeofbrominatedflameretardantsataruralsiteinfluencingfactorinterspeciesdifferenceandforestscavenging-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087', event);\">\n    Air-plant exchange of brominated flame retardants at a rural site: Influencing factor, interspecies difference, and forest scavenging.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tian, M.; Chen, S.; Luo, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhu, Z.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(6): 1248–53. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-luo-wang-zhu-luo-mai-airplantexchangeofbrominatedflameretardantsataruralsiteinfluencingfactorinterspeciesdifferenceandforestscavenging-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Air-plant exchange of brominated flame retardants at a rural site: Influencing factor, interspecies difference, and forest scavenging. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2195\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-luo-wang-zhu-luo-mai-airplantexchangeofbrominatedflameretardantsataruralsiteinfluencingfactorinterspeciesdifferenceandforestscavenging-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2195', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tian-chen-luo-wang-zhu-luo-mai-airplantexchangeofbrominatedflameretardantsataruralsiteinfluencingfactorinterspeciesdifferenceandforestscavenging-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tian-chen-luo-wang-zhu-luo-mai-airplantexchangeofbrominatedflameretardantsataruralsiteinfluencingfactorinterspeciesdifferenceandforestscavenging-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tian_air-plant_2013,\n\ttitle = {Air-plant exchange of brominated flame retardants at a rural site: {Influencing} factor, interspecies difference, and forest scavenging.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23424087},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2195},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles from a rural site in southern China were measured to investigate the air-plant exchange. Mean concentrations of BFRs were higher in pine needles (79.8 ng/g dry wt) than in eucalyptus leaves (74.5 ng/g), whereas an inverse result was found for the leaf surface particles, with mean concentrations of 3490 ng/g and 5718 ng/g, respectively. For most of the BFRs, the correlations between their concentrations in plants and those in the vapor phase, atmospheric particles, leaf surface particles, and the environmental variables (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) at this site were in contrast to the results the authors observed at an electronic waste site previously, indicating that ambient air level plays a vital role in the relationships. The interspecies difference in the BFR profiles and the correlations above implied that pine needles likely have more advantages for uptake of BFRs from gaseous deposition than eucalyptus leaves, for which particle-bound deposition is more important. Like the electronic waste site, the leaf scavenging ratios of BFRs were also controlled by their octanol-air partition coefficient. It was estimated that approximately 154 kg of BFRs in the atmosphere are scavenged annually by forest in this region, which was 1.7 times larger than that via atmospheric deposition to nonforest ground. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1248-1253. © 2013 SETAC.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Luo, Yong and Wang, Jing and Zhu, Zhi-Cheng and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23424087},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {1248--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles from a rural site in southern China were measured to investigate the air-plant exchange. Mean concentrations of BFRs were higher in pine needles (79.8 ng/g dry wt) than in eucalyptus leaves (74.5 ng/g), whereas an inverse result was found for the leaf surface particles, with mean concentrations of 3490 ng/g and 5718 ng/g, respectively. For most of the BFRs, the correlations between their concentrations in plants and those in the vapor phase, atmospheric particles, leaf surface particles, and the environmental variables (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) at this site were in contrast to the results the authors observed at an electronic waste site previously, indicating that ambient air level plays a vital role in the relationships. The interspecies difference in the BFR profiles and the correlations above implied that pine needles likely have more advantages for uptake of BFRs from gaseous deposition than eucalyptus leaves, for which particle-bound deposition is more important. Like the electronic waste site, the leaf scavenging ratios of BFRs were also controlled by their octanol-air partition coefficient. It was estimated that approximately 154 kg of BFRs in the atmosphere are scavenged annually by forest in this region, which was 1.7 times larger than that via atmospheric deposition to nonforest ground. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1248-1253. © 2013 SETAC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suzuki-tue-malarvannan-sudaryanto-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-brouwer-etal-similaritiesintheendocrinedisruptingpotenciesofindoordustandflameretardantsbyusinghumanosteosarcomau2oscellbasedreportergeneassays-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suzuki-tue-malarvannan-sudaryanto-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-brouwer-etal-similaritiesintheendocrinedisruptingpotenciesofindoordustandflameretardantsbyusinghumanosteosarcomau2oscellbasedreportergeneassays-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518', event);\">\n    Similarities in the endocrine-disrupting potencies of indoor dust and flame retardants by using human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell-based reporter gene assays.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suzuki, G.; Tue, N. M.; Malarvannan, G.; Sudaryanto, A.; Takahashi, S.; Tanabe, S.; Sakai, S.; Brouwer, A.; Uramaru, N.; Kitamura, S.;  and Takigami, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 47(6): 2898–908. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-tue-malarvannan-sudaryanto-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-brouwer-etal-similaritiesintheendocrinedisruptingpotenciesofindoordustandflameretardantsbyusinghumanosteosarcomau2oscellbasedreportergeneassays-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Similarities in the endocrine-disrupting potencies of indoor dust and flame retardants by using human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell-based reporter gene assays. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es304691a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-tue-malarvannan-sudaryanto-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-brouwer-etal-similaritiesintheendocrinedisruptingpotenciesofindoordustandflameretardantsbyusinghumanosteosarcomau2oscellbasedreportergeneassays-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es304691a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suzuki-tue-malarvannan-sudaryanto-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-brouwer-etal-similaritiesintheendocrinedisruptingpotenciesofindoordustandflameretardantsbyusinghumanosteosarcomau2oscellbasedreportergeneassays-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suzuki-tue-malarvannan-sudaryanto-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-brouwer-etal-similaritiesintheendocrinedisruptingpotenciesofindoordustandflameretardantsbyusinghumanosteosarcomau2oscellbasedreportergeneassays-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suzuki_similarities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Similarities in the endocrine-disrupting potencies of indoor dust and flame retardants by using human osteosarcoma ({U2OS}) cell-based reporter gene assays.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23398518},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es304691a},\n\tabstract = {Indoor dust is a sink for many kinds of pollutants, including flame retardants (FRs), plasticizers, and their contaminants and degradation products. These pollutants can be migrated to indoor dust from household items such as televisions and computers. To reveal high-priority end points of and contaminant candidates in indoor dust, using CALUX reporter gene assays based on human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell lines, we evaluated and characterized the endocrine-disrupting potencies of crude extracts of indoor dust collected from Japan (n = 8), the United States (n = 21), Vietnam (n = 10), the Philippines (n = 17), and Indonesia (n = 10) and for 23 selected FRs. The CALUX reporter gene assays used were specific for compounds interacting with the human androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2). Indoor dust extracts were agonistic to ERα, GR, and PPARγ2 and antagonistic against AR, PR, GR, and PPARγ2. In comparison, a majority of FRs was agonistic to ERα and PPARγ2 only, and some FRs demonstrated receptor-specific antagonism against all tested nuclear receptors. Hierarchical clustering clearly indicated that agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR were common, frequently detected end points for indoor dust and tested FRs. Given our previous results regarding the concentrations of FRs in indoor dust and in light of our current results, candidate contributors to these effects include not only internationally controlled brominated FRs but also alternatives such as some phosphorus-containing FRs. In the context of indoor pollution, high-frequency effects of FRs such as agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR are candidate high-priority end points for further investigation.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Malarvannan, Govindan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Brouwer, Abraham and Uramaru, Naoto and Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Takigami, Hidetaka},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23398518},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {2898--908},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Indoor dust is a sink for many kinds of pollutants, including flame retardants (FRs), plasticizers, and their contaminants and degradation products. These pollutants can be migrated to indoor dust from household items such as televisions and computers. To reveal high-priority end points of and contaminant candidates in indoor dust, using CALUX reporter gene assays based on human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell lines, we evaluated and characterized the endocrine-disrupting potencies of crude extracts of indoor dust collected from Japan (n = 8), the United States (n = 21), Vietnam (n = 10), the Philippines (n = 17), and Indonesia (n = 10) and for 23 selected FRs. The CALUX reporter gene assays used were specific for compounds interacting with the human androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2). Indoor dust extracts were agonistic to ERα, GR, and PPARγ2 and antagonistic against AR, PR, GR, and PPARγ2. In comparison, a majority of FRs was agonistic to ERα and PPARγ2 only, and some FRs demonstrated receptor-specific antagonism against all tested nuclear receptors. Hierarchical clustering clearly indicated that agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR were common, frequently detected end points for indoor dust and tested FRs. Given our previous results regarding the concentrations of FRs in indoor dust and in light of our current results, candidate contributors to these effects include not only internationally controlled brominated FRs but also alternatives such as some phosphorus-containing FRs. In the context of indoor pollution, high-frequency effects of FRs such as agonism of ERα and antagonism of AR and PR are candidate high-priority end points for further investigation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"strid-bruhn-sverko-svavarsson-tomy-bergman-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinliverofgreenlandsharksomniosusmicrocephalus-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'strid-bruhn-sverko-svavarsson-tomy-bergman-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinliverofgreenlandsharksomniosusmicrocephalus-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749', event);\">\n    Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in liver of Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Strid, A.; Bruhn, C.; Sverko, E.; Svavarsson, J.; Tomy, G.;  and Bergman, \\.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 91(2): 222–8. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strid-bruhn-sverko-svavarsson-tomy-bergman-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinliverofgreenlandsharksomniosusmicrocephalus-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in liver of Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strid-bruhn-sverko-svavarsson-tomy-bergman-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinliverofgreenlandsharksomniosusmicrocephalus-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/strid-bruhn-sverko-svavarsson-tomy-bergman-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinliverofgreenlandsharksomniosusmicrocephalus-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('strid-bruhn-sverko-svavarsson-tomy-bergman-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinliverofgreenlandsharksomniosusmicrocephalus-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{strid_brominated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in liver of {Greenland} shark ({Somniosus} microcephalus).},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360749},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.059},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known brominated flame retardants that have now been banned or phased out in many parts of the world. As a consequence, interest in the environmental occurrence of non-PBDE flame retardants has increased. In the present study several potential PBDE replacement products together with short chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were assessed in Greenland sharks accidentally caught in waters around Iceland between 2001 and 2003. Non-PBDE flame retardants detected were pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene (TBX). The concentrations were lower than levels of BDE-47 but similar to other PBDE congeners previously reported in Greenland shark. The median concentrations of SCCPs was 430 ng g(-1) fat, similar to individual PCB congeners previously reported. This is the first report of SCCPs, BTBPE, PBEB and TBX in any shark species globally and confirms the usefulness of the Greenland shark as a screening species for environmental contamination in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environment.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Strid, Anna and Bruhn, Christoffer and Sverko, Ed and Svavarsson, Jörundur and Tomy, Gregg and Bergman, {\\textbackslash}AAke},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23360749},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {222--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known brominated flame retardants that have now been banned or phased out in many parts of the world. As a consequence, interest in the environmental occurrence of non-PBDE flame retardants has increased. In the present study several potential PBDE replacement products together with short chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were assessed in Greenland sharks accidentally caught in waters around Iceland between 2001 and 2003. Non-PBDE flame retardants detected were pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene (TBX). The concentrations were lower than levels of BDE-47 but similar to other PBDE congeners previously reported in Greenland shark. The median concentrations of SCCPs was 430 ng g(-1) fat, similar to individual PCB congeners previously reported. This is the first report of SCCPs, BTBPE, PBEB and TBX in any shark species globally and confirms the usefulness of the Greenland shark as a screening species for environmental contamination in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863', event);\">\n    Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stasinska, A.; Reid, A.; Hinwood, A.; Stevenson, G.; Callan, A.; Odland, J. Ø.;  and Heyworth, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 91(2): 187–93. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stasinska_concentrations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in residential dust samples from {Western} {Australia}.},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357863},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia. Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ(7) of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82400 ng g(-1) (median 571 ng g(-1)). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66\\% of Σ(32)PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ(32)PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Stasinska, Ania and Reid, Alison and Hinwood, Andrea and Stevenson, Gavin and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Heyworth, Jane},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23357863},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {187--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia. Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ(7) of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82400 ng g(-1) (median 571 ng g(-1)). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66% of Σ(32)PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ(32)PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shring-mller-freese-pohlmann-wolschke-sturm-xie-hanel-etal-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesineelsfromgermanrivers-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shring-mller-freese-pohlmann-wolschke-sturm-xie-hanel-etal-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesineelsfromgermanrivers-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and dechloranes in eels from German Rivers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sühring, R.; Möller, A.; Freese, M.; Pohlmann, J.; Wolschke, H.; Sturm, R.; Xie, Z.; Hanel, R.;  and Ebinghaus, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 90(1): 118–24. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shring-mller-freese-pohlmann-wolschke-sturm-xie-hanel-etal-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesineelsfromgermanrivers-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and dechloranes in eels from German Rivers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shring-mller-freese-pohlmann-wolschke-sturm-xie-hanel-etal-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesineelsfromgermanrivers-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shring-mller-freese-pohlmann-wolschke-sturm-xie-hanel-etal-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesineelsfromgermanrivers-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shring-mller-freese-pohlmann-wolschke-sturm-xie-hanel-etal-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesineelsfromgermanrivers-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suhring_brominated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and dechloranes in eels from {German} {Rivers}.},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985592},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.016},\n\tabstract = {The levels of PBDEs, alternate BFRs and dechloranes in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) samples (elvers, yellow and silver eels) were investigated to compare the contamination of eels from the rivers Elbe and Rhine and to estimate the BFR contamination throughout the eel&#x27;s life cycle. PBDEs were the dominating flame retardants (FRs) in muscle tissues of yellow and silver eels, while the alternate BFR 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and the Dechlorane 602 were the dominating FRs in elvers (juvenile eels). Concentrations of FRs in silver eels from river Rhine were generally higher than concentrations in other eels analysed with up to 46 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) ∑PBDEs. The concentrations in yellow and silver eels from river Elbe were similar with an average of 9.0±5.1 ng g(-1)ww and 8.1±3.7 ng g(-1)ww respectively. PBDE concentrations in elvers were comparably low (0.02 (BDE-100) to 0.1 (BDE-183) ng g(-1)ww), which lead to the conclusion that these contaminants were mostly ingested within the rivers. Among the alternate BFRs and dechloranes, DPTE as well as the Dechlorane 602 and Dechlorane Plus (DP) were found in all life cycle stages and rivers with concentrations between 0.01 ng g(-1)ww and 0.7 ng g(-1)ww. Dechlorane 603 could only be detected in silver eels from river Rhine. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was only found in yellow and silver eels and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) could only be detected in elvers. These are the first reports of Dec-602 and 603 in aquatic organisms from Europe. The results of this study show the lasting relevance of PBDEs as contaminants in rivers and river-dwelling species but also the growing relevance of emerging contaminants such as alternate BFRs and dechloranes.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Sühring, Roxana and Möller, Axel and Freese, Marko and Pohlmann, Jan-Dag and Wolschke, Hendrik and Sturm, Renate and Xie, Zhiyong and Hanel, Reinhold and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {22985592},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {118--24},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels of PBDEs, alternate BFRs and dechloranes in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) samples (elvers, yellow and silver eels) were investigated to compare the contamination of eels from the rivers Elbe and Rhine and to estimate the BFR contamination throughout the eel's life cycle. PBDEs were the dominating flame retardants (FRs) in muscle tissues of yellow and silver eels, while the alternate BFR 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and the Dechlorane 602 were the dominating FRs in elvers (juvenile eels). Concentrations of FRs in silver eels from river Rhine were generally higher than concentrations in other eels analysed with up to 46 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) ∑PBDEs. The concentrations in yellow and silver eels from river Elbe were similar with an average of 9.0±5.1 ng g(-1)ww and 8.1±3.7 ng g(-1)ww respectively. PBDE concentrations in elvers were comparably low (0.02 (BDE-100) to 0.1 (BDE-183) ng g(-1)ww), which lead to the conclusion that these contaminants were mostly ingested within the rivers. Among the alternate BFRs and dechloranes, DPTE as well as the Dechlorane 602 and Dechlorane Plus (DP) were found in all life cycle stages and rivers with concentrations between 0.01 ng g(-1)ww and 0.7 ng g(-1)ww. Dechlorane 603 could only be detected in silver eels from river Rhine. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was only found in yellow and silver eels and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) could only be detected in elvers. These are the first reports of Dec-602 and 603 in aquatic organisms from Europe. The results of this study show the lasting relevance of PBDEs as contaminants in rivers and river-dwelling species but also the growing relevance of emerging contaminants such as alternate BFRs and dechloranes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"souza-pereira-oliveira-dorta-bde99congenerinducescelldeathbyapoptosisofhumanhepatoblastomacelllinehepg2-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'souza-pereira-oliveira-dorta-bde99congenerinducescelldeathbyapoptosisofhumanhepatoblastomacelllinehepg2-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135', event);\">\n    BDE-99 congener induces cell death by apoptosis of human hepatoblastoma cell line - HepG2.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Souza, A O; Pereira, L C; Oliveira, D P;  and Dorta, D J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA</i>, 27(2): 580–7. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('souza-pereira-oliveira-dorta-bde99congenerinducescelldeathbyapoptosisofhumanhepatoblastomacelllinehepg2-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"BDE-99 congener induces cell death by apoptosis of human hepatoblastoma cell line - HepG2. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('souza-pereira-oliveira-dorta-bde99congenerinducescelldeathbyapoptosisofhumanhepatoblastomacelllinehepg2-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/souza-pereira-oliveira-dorta-bde99congenerinducescelldeathbyapoptosisofhumanhepatoblastomacelllinehepg2-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('souza-pereira-oliveira-dorta-bde99congenerinducescelldeathbyapoptosisofhumanhepatoblastomacelllinehepg2-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{souza_bde-99_2013,\n\ttitle = {{BDE}-99 congener induces cell death by apoptosis of human hepatoblastoma cell line - {HepG2}.},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1879-3177},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124135},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.022},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame retardants with a wide range of toxic effects on biotic and abiotic systems. The toxic mechanisms of PBDEs are still not completely understood because there are several different congeners with different chemical and biological characteristics. BDE-99 is one of these, widely found in the environment and biological samples, showing evidence of neurotoxic and endocrine disruption activities, but with little information about its action mechanism described in the current literature. This work investigated the effects of BDE-99 on the HepG2 cell line in order to clarify its toxic mechanism, using concentrations of 0.5-25 μM (24 and 48 h). Our results showed that BDE-99 could cause cell death in the higher concentrations, its activity being related to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an accumulation of ROS. It was also shown that BDE-99 induced the exposure of phosphatidylserine, caspases 3 and 9 activation and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, without causing the release of LDH. Thus it was shown that BDE-99 could cause HepG2 cell death by apoptosis, suggesting its toxicity to the human liver.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},\n\tauthor = {Souza, A O and Pereira, L C and Oliveira, D P and Dorta, D J},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23124135},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {580--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame retardants with a wide range of toxic effects on biotic and abiotic systems. The toxic mechanisms of PBDEs are still not completely understood because there are several different congeners with different chemical and biological characteristics. BDE-99 is one of these, widely found in the environment and biological samples, showing evidence of neurotoxic and endocrine disruption activities, but with little information about its action mechanism described in the current literature. This work investigated the effects of BDE-99 on the HepG2 cell line in order to clarify its toxic mechanism, using concentrations of 0.5-25 μM (24 and 48 h). Our results showed that BDE-99 could cause cell death in the higher concentrations, its activity being related to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an accumulation of ROS. It was also shown that BDE-99 induced the exposure of phosphatidylserine, caspases 3 and 9 activation and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, without causing the release of LDH. Thus it was shown that BDE-99 could cause HepG2 cell death by apoptosis, suggesting its toxicity to the human liver.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sonne-rigt-leat-bourgeon-borgaa-strm-hanssen-gabrielsen-etal-organohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinthreecoloniesofnorthatlanticgreatskuastercorariusskua-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sonne-rigt-leat-bourgeon-borgaa-strm-hanssen-gabrielsen-etal-organohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinthreecoloniesofnorthatlanticgreatskuastercorariusskua-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726', event);\">\n    Organohalogen contaminants and Blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in three colonies of North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sonne, C.; Rigét, F. F; Leat, E. H K; Bourgeon, S.; Borg\\a a , K.; Strøm, H.; Hanssen, S. A; Gabrielsen, G. W; Petersen, A.; Olafsdottir, K.; Magnusdottir, E.; Bustnes, J. O; Furness, R. W;  and Kjelgaard-Hansen, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</i>, 92: 245–51. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sonne-rigt-leat-bourgeon-borgaa-strm-hanssen-gabrielsen-etal-organohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinthreecoloniesofnorthatlanticgreatskuastercorariusskua-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organohalogen contaminants and Blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in three colonies of North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sonne-rigt-leat-bourgeon-borgaa-strm-hanssen-gabrielsen-etal-organohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinthreecoloniesofnorthatlanticgreatskuastercorariusskua-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sonne-rigt-leat-bourgeon-borgaa-strm-hanssen-gabrielsen-etal-organohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinthreecoloniesofnorthatlanticgreatskuastercorariusskua-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sonne-rigt-leat-bourgeon-borgaa-strm-hanssen-gabrielsen-etal-organohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinthreecoloniesofnorthatlanticgreatskuastercorariusskua-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sonne_organohalogen_2013,\n\ttitle = {Organohalogen contaminants and {Blood} plasma clinical-chemical parameters in three colonies of {North} {Atlantic} {Great} skua ({Stercorarius} skua).},\n\tvolume = {92},\n\tissn = {1090-2414},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537726},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.012},\n\tabstract = {The present study compares blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) in birds from three geographically distinct North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua) colonies. Birds from these sites bioaccumulate different POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentrations and that enabled us to compare Great skua BCCPs in different exposure scenarios. Persistent organic pollutants (organochlorines: PCB, DDT, chlordanes, HCB, HCH, mirex and brominated flame retardants: PBDEs) and nineteen BCCPs were analysed in 114 adult Great skuas sampled during summer 2009 in North Atlantic colonies at Bjørnøya (n=42), Iceland (n=57) and Shetland (n=15). Specimens from Bjørnøya had the highest blood plasma concentrations of all contaminant groups followed by Iceland and Shetland birds, respectively (ANOVA: p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Most of the 19 BCCP parameters followed the pattern of colony differences found for contaminants, with Bjørnøya having the highest concentrations. However seven BCCPs, the three liver enzymes ALKP, ALAT and GGT as well as bile acids, cholesterol, sodium and potassium, did not differ between colonies (ANOVA: p{\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). Therefore correlation analyses of these seven BCCPs vs. POPs were done on the combined colony data while the analyses of the remaining 12 BCCPs were carried out for each colony separately. The analyses of combined colony data showed that the blood plasma concentration of liver enzymes ALAT and GGT increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPBDE and ΣHCH, HCB and ΣCHL, respectively (all Pearson&#x27;s p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In Great skuas from Shetland, the important osmotic transport protein albumin increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT, while total blood plasma protein increased with ΣPCB, ΣDDT, ΣHCH and HCB concentrations (all Pearson&#x27;s p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In both Bjørnøya and Iceland skuas, blood plasma pancreatic enzyme amylase decreased with increasing ΣHCH concentrations while the erythrocyte waste product total bilirubin in blood plasma increased with increasing ΣHCH and ΣPBDE concentrations in Iceland Great skuas (all Pearson&#x27;s p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In Bjørnøya birds, blood plasma urea from protein metabolism (reflects kidney function) increased with increasing ΣPBDE concentrations (Pearson&#x27;s p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Furthermore, a redundancy analysis showed that 10.6\\% of the variations in BCCPs could be explained by the variations in POP concentrations. Based on these results we suggest that liver and renal functions could be negatively affected by different POP compounds. It is, however, uncertain if the colony BCCP differences and their relationship to POP concentrations reflect health effects that could have an overall impact on the populations via reduced survival and reproduction parameters.},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\n\tauthor = {Sonne, Christian and Rigét, Frank F and Leat, Eliza H K and Bourgeon, Sophie and Borg{\\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn A and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdottir, Kristin and Magnusdottir, Ellen and Bustnes, Jan O and Furness, Robert W and Kjelgaard-Hansen, Mads},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23537726},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {245--51},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study compares blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) in birds from three geographically distinct North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua) colonies. Birds from these sites bioaccumulate different POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentrations and that enabled us to compare Great skua BCCPs in different exposure scenarios. Persistent organic pollutants (organochlorines: PCB, DDT, chlordanes, HCB, HCH, mirex and brominated flame retardants: PBDEs) and nineteen BCCPs were analysed in 114 adult Great skuas sampled during summer 2009 in North Atlantic colonies at Bjørnøya (n=42), Iceland (n=57) and Shetland (n=15). Specimens from Bjørnøya had the highest blood plasma concentrations of all contaminant groups followed by Iceland and Shetland birds, respectively (ANOVA: p\\textless0.05). Most of the 19 BCCP parameters followed the pattern of colony differences found for contaminants, with Bjørnøya having the highest concentrations. However seven BCCPs, the three liver enzymes ALKP, ALAT and GGT as well as bile acids, cholesterol, sodium and potassium, did not differ between colonies (ANOVA: p\\textgreater0.05). Therefore correlation analyses of these seven BCCPs vs. POPs were done on the combined colony data while the analyses of the remaining 12 BCCPs were carried out for each colony separately. The analyses of combined colony data showed that the blood plasma concentration of liver enzymes ALAT and GGT increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPBDE and ΣHCH, HCB and ΣCHL, respectively (all Pearson's p\\textless0.05). In Great skuas from Shetland, the important osmotic transport protein albumin increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT, while total blood plasma protein increased with ΣPCB, ΣDDT, ΣHCH and HCB concentrations (all Pearson's p\\textless0.05). In both Bjørnøya and Iceland skuas, blood plasma pancreatic enzyme amylase decreased with increasing ΣHCH concentrations while the erythrocyte waste product total bilirubin in blood plasma increased with increasing ΣHCH and ΣPBDE concentrations in Iceland Great skuas (all Pearson's p\\textless0.05). In Bjørnøya birds, blood plasma urea from protein metabolism (reflects kidney function) increased with increasing ΣPBDE concentrations (Pearson's p\\textless0.05). Furthermore, a redundancy analysis showed that 10.6% of the variations in BCCPs could be explained by the variations in POP concentrations. Based on these results we suggest that liver and renal functions could be negatively affected by different POP compounds. It is, however, uncertain if the colony BCCP differences and their relationship to POP concentrations reflect health effects that could have an overall impact on the populations via reduced survival and reproduction parameters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"she-wu-zhang-peng-mo-luo-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandseveralalternativehalogenatedflameretardantsinasmallherbivorousfoodchain-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'she-wu-zhang-peng-mo-luo-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandseveralalternativehalogenatedflameretardantsinasmallherbivorousfoodchain-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several alternative halogenated flame retardants in a small herbivorous food chain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  She, Y.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Peng, Y.; Mo, L.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 174: 164–70. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('she-wu-zhang-peng-mo-luo-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandseveralalternativehalogenatedflameretardantsinasmallherbivorousfoodchain-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several alternative halogenated flame retardants in a small herbivorous food chain. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.024\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('she-wu-zhang-peng-mo-luo-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandseveralalternativehalogenatedflameretardantsinasmallherbivorousfoodchain-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.024', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/she-wu-zhang-peng-mo-luo-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandseveralalternativehalogenatedflameretardantsinasmallherbivorousfoodchain-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('she-wu-zhang-peng-mo-luo-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandseveralalternativehalogenatedflameretardantsinasmallherbivorousfoodchain-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{she_bioaccumulation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several alternative halogenated flame retardants in a small herbivorous food chain.},\n\tvolume = {174},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262072},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.024},\n\tabstract = {Little is known about the bioaccumulation behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in plants and in herbivores. In the present study, PBDEs and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) were examined in a small herbivorous food chain (paddy soils-rice plant-apple snails) from an electronic waste recycling site in South China. Mean concentrations of total PBDEs were 40.5, 1.81, and 5.54 ng/g dry weight in the soils, rice plant, and apple snails, respectively. Levels of total AHFRs in the samples were comparable to or even higher than those of PBDEs. The calculated plant to soil concentration ratios for most AHFRs (0.05-3.40) were higher than those for PBDEs (0.02-0.23), indicating the greater bioavailability of the AHFRs in the rice plant. All PBDE congeners and Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were biomagnified from the rice plant to apple snails, with mean biomagnification factors (BMFs) of 1.1-5.0.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {She, Ya-Zhe and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Zhang, Ying and Peng, Ying and Mo, Ling and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23262072},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Herbivory, Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa: chemistry, Snails, Snails: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry},\n\tpages = {164--70},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Little is known about the bioaccumulation behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in plants and in herbivores. In the present study, PBDEs and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) were examined in a small herbivorous food chain (paddy soils-rice plant-apple snails) from an electronic waste recycling site in South China. Mean concentrations of total PBDEs were 40.5, 1.81, and 5.54 ng/g dry weight in the soils, rice plant, and apple snails, respectively. Levels of total AHFRs in the samples were comparable to or even higher than those of PBDEs. The calculated plant to soil concentration ratios for most AHFRs (0.05-3.40) were higher than those for PBDEs (0.02-0.23), indicating the greater bioavailability of the AHFRs in the rice plant. All PBDE congeners and Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were biomagnified from the rice plant to apple snails, with mean biomagnification factors (BMFs) of 1.1-5.0.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394', event);\">\n    Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shi, Z.; Jiao, Y.; Hu, Y.; Sun, Z.; Zhou, X.; Feng, J.; Li, J.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 452-453: 10–8. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shi_levels_2013,\n\ttitle = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}.},\n\tvolume = {452-453},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500394},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},\n\tabstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors&#x27; personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from {\\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 12.46 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g(-1) lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from {\\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 78.28 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g(-1) lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g(-1) lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother&#x27;s diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother&#x27;s age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23500394},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {10--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \\textlessLOD to 12.46 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g(-1) lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \\textlessLOD to 78.28 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g(-1) lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g(-1) lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shaw-berger-harris-hun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shaw-berger-harris-hun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf', event);\">\n    Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shaw, S. D; Berger, M. L; Harris, J. H; Hun, S.; Wu, Q.; Liao, C.; Blum, A.; Stefani, A.;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>,1–9.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-harris-hun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-harris-hun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shaw-berger-harris-hun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shaw-berger-harris-hun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shaw_persistent_2013,\n\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from {Northern} {California}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Shaw et al. 2013, POPS in CA Firefighters Chemosphere .pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Harris, Jennifer H and Hun, Se and Wu, Qian and Liao, Chunyang and Blum, Arlene and Stefani, Anthony and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623', event);\">\n    Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Salamova, A.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 47(1): 349–54. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303393z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303393z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{salamova_brominated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303393z},\n\tabstract = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23231623},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {349--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P \\textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P \\textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"routti-helgason-arukwe-wolkers-heimstad-harju-berg-gabrielsen-effectofreducedfoodintakeontoxicokineticsofhalogenatedorganiccontaminantsinherringgulllarusargentatuschicks-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'routti-helgason-arukwe-wolkers-heimstad-harju-berg-gabrielsen-effectofreducedfoodintakeontoxicokineticsofhalogenatedorganiccontaminantsinherringgulllarusargentatuschicks-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285', event);\">\n    Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Routti, H.; Helgason, L. B.; Arukwe, A.; Wolkers, H.; Heimstad, E. S.; Harju, M.; Berg, V.;  and Gabrielsen, G. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(1): 156–64. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('routti-helgason-arukwe-wolkers-heimstad-harju-berg-gabrielsen-effectofreducedfoodintakeontoxicokineticsofhalogenatedorganiccontaminantsinherringgulllarusargentatuschicks-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2026\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('routti-helgason-arukwe-wolkers-heimstad-harju-berg-gabrielsen-effectofreducedfoodintakeontoxicokineticsofhalogenatedorganiccontaminantsinherringgulllarusargentatuschicks-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2026', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/routti-helgason-arukwe-wolkers-heimstad-harju-berg-gabrielsen-effectofreducedfoodintakeontoxicokineticsofhalogenatedorganiccontaminantsinherringgulllarusargentatuschicks-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('routti-helgason-arukwe-wolkers-heimstad-harju-berg-gabrielsen-effectofreducedfoodintakeontoxicokineticsofhalogenatedorganiccontaminantsinherringgulllarusargentatuschicks-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{routti_effect_2013,\n\ttitle = {Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull ({Larus} argentatus) chicks.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060285},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2026},\n\tabstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate how contaminant exposure and reduced food intake affect tissue distribution and biotransformation of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in Arctic seabirds using herring gull (Larus argentatus) as a model species. Herring gull chicks were exposed for 44 d to cod liver oil containing a typical mixture of contaminants. Following exposure, food intake was reduced for a one-week period in a subgroup of the chicks. Polyclorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and brominated flame retardants, as well as a wide range of hydroxy, methyl sulfone, and methoxy compounds were measured in liver, brain, and plasma samples. Additionally, phase I biotransformation enzyme activities and phase I and II messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were investigated in the liver, brain, or both. Both contaminant exposure and reduced food intake had an increasing effect on the concentrations of HOCs and their metabolites. The HOC exposure and reduced food intake also led to increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) activity, whereas mRNA expression of the biotransformation enzymes increased only following the reduced food intake. Tissue distribution of HOCs and their metabolites was not affected by either contaminant exposure or reduced food intake. In conclusion, the results indicate that biotransformation capacity and formation of HOC metabolites increase during reduced food intake. This finding supports the hypothesis that reduced food intake increases the susceptibility of Arctic animals to the effects of lipophilic HOCs.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Routti, Heli and Helgason, Lisa Bjørnsdatter and Arukwe, Augustine and Wolkers, Hans and Heimstad, Eldbjørg Sofie and Harju, Mikael and Berg, Vidar and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23060285},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {156--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The aim of the present study was to investigate how contaminant exposure and reduced food intake affect tissue distribution and biotransformation of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in Arctic seabirds using herring gull (Larus argentatus) as a model species. Herring gull chicks were exposed for 44 d to cod liver oil containing a typical mixture of contaminants. Following exposure, food intake was reduced for a one-week period in a subgroup of the chicks. Polyclorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and brominated flame retardants, as well as a wide range of hydroxy, methyl sulfone, and methoxy compounds were measured in liver, brain, and plasma samples. Additionally, phase I biotransformation enzyme activities and phase I and II messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were investigated in the liver, brain, or both. Both contaminant exposure and reduced food intake had an increasing effect on the concentrations of HOCs and their metabolites. The HOC exposure and reduced food intake also led to increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) activity, whereas mRNA expression of the biotransformation enzymes increased only following the reduced food intake. Tissue distribution of HOCs and their metabolites was not affected by either contaminant exposure or reduced food intake. In conclusion, the results indicate that biotransformation capacity and formation of HOC metabolites increase during reduced food intake. This finding supports the hypothesis that reduced food intake increases the susceptibility of Arctic animals to the effects of lipophilic HOCs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pujolar-milan-marino-capoccioni-ciccotti-belpaire-covaci-malarvannan-etal-detectinggenomewidegenetranscriptionprofilesassociatedwithhighpollutionburdeninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pujolar-milan-marino-capoccioni-ciccotti-belpaire-covaci-malarvannan-etal-detectinggenomewidegenetranscriptionprofilesassociatedwithhighpollutionburdeninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471', event);\">\n    Detecting genome-wide gene transcription profiles associated with high pollution burden in the critically endangered European eel.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pujolar, J M; Milan, M; Marino, I A M; Capoccioni, F; Ciccotti, E; Belpaire, C; Covaci, A; Malarvannan, G; Patarnello, T; Bargelloni, L; Zane, L;  and Maes, G E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 132-133: 157–64. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pujolar-milan-marino-capoccioni-ciccotti-belpaire-covaci-malarvannan-etal-detectinggenomewidegenetranscriptionprofilesassociatedwithhighpollutionburdeninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detecting genome-wide gene transcription profiles associated with high pollution burden in the critically endangered European eel. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pujolar-milan-marino-capoccioni-ciccotti-belpaire-covaci-malarvannan-etal-detectinggenomewidegenetranscriptionprofilesassociatedwithhighpollutionburdeninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pujolar-milan-marino-capoccioni-ciccotti-belpaire-covaci-malarvannan-etal-detectinggenomewidegenetranscriptionprofilesassociatedwithhighpollutionburdeninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pujolar-milan-marino-capoccioni-ciccotti-belpaire-covaci-malarvannan-etal-detectinggenomewidegenetranscriptionprofilesassociatedwithhighpollutionburdeninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pujolar_detecting_2013,\n\ttitle = {Detecting genome-wide gene transcription profiles associated with high pollution burden in the critically endangered {European} eel.},\n\tvolume = {132-133},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518471},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.012},\n\tabstract = {The European eel illustrates an example of a critically endangered fish species strongly affected by human stressors throughout its life cycle, in which pollution is considered to be one of the factors responsible for the decline of the stock. The objective of our study was to better understand the transcriptional response of European eels chronically exposed to pollutants in their natural environment. A total of 42 pre-migrating (silver) female eels from lowly, highly and extremely polluted environments in Belgium and, for comparative purposes, a lowly polluted habitat in Italy were measured for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Multipollutant level of bioaccumulation was linked to their genome-wide gene transcription using an eel-specific array of 14,913 annotated cDNAs. Shared responses to pollutant exposure were observed when comparing the highly polluted site in Belgium with the relatively clean sites in Belgium and Italy. First, an altered pattern of transcription of genes was associated with detoxification, with a novel European eel CYP3A gene and gluthatione S-transferase transcriptionally up-regulated. Second, an altered pattern of transcription of genes associated with the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, with the following genes involved in the generation of ATP being transcriptionally down-regulated in individuals from the highly polluted site: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase. Although we did not measure metabolism directly, seeing that the transcription level of many genes encoding enzymes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated in the highly polluted site suggests that pollutants may have a significant effect on energy metabolism in these fish.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Pujolar, J M and Milan, M and Marino, I A M and Capoccioni, F and Ciccotti, E and Belpaire, C and Covaci, A and Malarvannan, G and Patarnello, T and Bargelloni, L and Zane, L and Maes, G E},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23518471},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {157--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The European eel illustrates an example of a critically endangered fish species strongly affected by human stressors throughout its life cycle, in which pollution is considered to be one of the factors responsible for the decline of the stock. The objective of our study was to better understand the transcriptional response of European eels chronically exposed to pollutants in their natural environment. A total of 42 pre-migrating (silver) female eels from lowly, highly and extremely polluted environments in Belgium and, for comparative purposes, a lowly polluted habitat in Italy were measured for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Multipollutant level of bioaccumulation was linked to their genome-wide gene transcription using an eel-specific array of 14,913 annotated cDNAs. Shared responses to pollutant exposure were observed when comparing the highly polluted site in Belgium with the relatively clean sites in Belgium and Italy. First, an altered pattern of transcription of genes was associated with detoxification, with a novel European eel CYP3A gene and gluthatione S-transferase transcriptionally up-regulated. Second, an altered pattern of transcription of genes associated with the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, with the following genes involved in the generation of ATP being transcriptionally down-regulated in individuals from the highly polluted site: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase. Although we did not measure metabolism directly, seeing that the transcription level of many genes encoding enzymes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated in the highly polluted site suggests that pollutants may have a significant effect on energy metabolism in these fish.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pereira-desouza-dorta-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerbde100inducesmitochondrialimpairment-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pereira-desouza-dorta-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerbde100inducesmitochondrialimpairment-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053', event);\">\n    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congener (BDE-100) Induces Mitochondrial Impairment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pereira, L. C.; de Souza, A. O.;  and Dorta, D. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology</i>, 112(6): 418–24. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pereira-desouza-dorta-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerbde100inducesmitochondrialimpairment-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congener (BDE-100) Induces Mitochondrial Impairment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12046\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pereira-desouza-dorta-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerbde100inducesmitochondrialimpairment-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12046', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pereira-desouza-dorta-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerbde100inducesmitochondrialimpairment-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pereira-desouza-dorta-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerbde100inducesmitochondrialimpairment-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pereira_polybrominated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Congener} ({BDE}-100) {Induces} {Mitochondrial} {Impairment}.},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {1742-7843},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302053},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/bcpt.12046},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are used in various consumer products to increase their resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are representatives of this class and among the most widely used congeners, and BDE-100 is produced on a large scale. There is a lack of toxicological data about these compounds, which has recently become a matter of concern to the scientific community. The mitochondria are recognized as the main energy-producing organelles, as well as playing a vital role in the maintenance of many cell functions. Therefore, mitochondria were used in the present work as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the BDE-100 congeners at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 50 μM. The results showed that high concentrations of BDE-100 were able to induce mitochondrial alterations. It was observed that the substance had an affinity for the hydrophilic portion of the mitochondrial membrane, as monitored by ANS, inhibiting the glutamate + malate-stimulated mitochondrial respiration and also inducing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, deregulation of calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial swelling, the latter being insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA) but partially inhibited by Ruthenium Red and N-ethyl maleimide. In addition, a significant reduction in mitochondrial ATP content was found, but on the other hand, no oxidative stress was observed after exposure of the mitochondria to BDE-100. These results show the key role of mitochondria in the cytotoxicity induced by BDE-100.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Basic \\&amp; clinical pharmacology \\&amp; toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Pereira, Lílian Cristina and de Souza, Alecsandra Oliveira and Dorta, Daniel Junqueira},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23302053},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {418--24},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants are used in various consumer products to increase their resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are representatives of this class and among the most widely used congeners, and BDE-100 is produced on a large scale. There is a lack of toxicological data about these compounds, which has recently become a matter of concern to the scientific community. The mitochondria are recognized as the main energy-producing organelles, as well as playing a vital role in the maintenance of many cell functions. Therefore, mitochondria were used in the present work as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the BDE-100 congeners at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 50 μM. The results showed that high concentrations of BDE-100 were able to induce mitochondrial alterations. It was observed that the substance had an affinity for the hydrophilic portion of the mitochondrial membrane, as monitored by ANS, inhibiting the glutamate + malate-stimulated mitochondrial respiration and also inducing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, deregulation of calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial swelling, the latter being insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA) but partially inhibited by Ruthenium Red and N-ethyl maleimide. In addition, a significant reduction in mitochondrial ATP content was found, but on the other hand, no oxidative stress was observed after exposure of the mitochondria to BDE-100. These results show the key role of mitochondria in the cytotoxicity induced by BDE-100.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171', event);\">\n    Accumulation and endocrine disrupting effects of the flame retardant mixture Firemaster® 550 in rats: an exploratory assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Patisaul, H. B; Roberts, S. C; Mabrey, N.; McCaffrey, K. A; Gear, R. B; Braun, J.; Belcher, S. M;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology</i>, 27(2): 124–36. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation and endocrine disrupting effects of the flame retardant mixture Firemaster® 550 in rats: an exploratory assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21439\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21439', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{patisaul_accumulation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation and endocrine disrupting effects of the flame retardant mixture {Firemaster}® 550 in rats: an exploratory assessment.},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1099-0461},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jbt.21439},\n\tabstract = {Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Patisaul, Heather B and Roberts, Simon C and Mabrey, Natalie and McCaffrey, Katherine A and Gear, Robin B and Braun, Joe and Belcher, Scott M and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23139171},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {124--36},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nyholm-grabic-arp-moskeland-andersson-environmentaloccurrenceofemergingandlegacybrominatedflameretardantsnearsuspectedsourcesinnorway-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nyholm-grabic-arp-moskeland-andersson-environmentaloccurrenceofemergingandlegacybrominatedflameretardantsnearsuspectedsourcesinnorway-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697', event);\">\n    Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in Norway.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nyholm, J. R.; Grabic, R.; Arp, H. P. H; Moskeland, T.;  and Andersson, P. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 443: 307–14. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyholm-grabic-arp-moskeland-andersson-environmentaloccurrenceofemergingandlegacybrominatedflameretardantsnearsuspectedsourcesinnorway-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in Norway. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyholm-grabic-arp-moskeland-andersson-environmentaloccurrenceofemergingandlegacybrominatedflameretardantsnearsuspectedsourcesinnorway-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nyholm-grabic-arp-moskeland-andersson-environmentaloccurrenceofemergingandlegacybrominatedflameretardantsnearsuspectedsourcesinnorway-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nyholm-grabic-arp-moskeland-andersson-environmentaloccurrenceofemergingandlegacybrominatedflameretardantsnearsuspectedsourcesinnorway-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nyholm_environmental_2013,\n\ttitle = {Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in {Norway}.},\n\tvolume = {443},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201697},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081},\n\tabstract = {The environmental occurrence of potentially emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was investigated near suspected source zones in Norway, within seepage water, sewage waste water, sewage sludges, and sediments. Analyzed emerging BFRs included 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (EBTPI), tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA AE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dipropyl ether) (TBBPA DBPE). In addition selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, so that findings could be compared to legacy BFRs. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of EBTPI, TBBPA AE, and TBBPA DBPE. The legacy BFRs were in general found in higher levels and abundances than the studied emerging BFRs. However, BTBPE was detected in most of the studied matrices (sewage sludge, seepage water and sediment). DBDPE was detected in sewage sludge, waste water, seepage water and in sediment taken close to a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site. TBECH was found in seepage water, waste water and sewage sludge. EBTPI was identified in one seepage water sample; TBBPA AE was detected both in seepage water and sediment, and TBPPA DBPE in waste water and seepage water. Of the emerging BFRs, the highest levels in water samples were quantified for TBBPA DBPE (81 ng/L, seepage water from a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site) and in sediment for BTBPE (6.5 ng/g, taken close to landfill). The findings of current-use BFRs in seepage water, sediment and in sewage suggest that further investigations are needed of the environmental fate and effects of these flame retardants.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Grabic, Roman and Arp, Hans Peter H and Moskeland, Thomas and Andersson, Patrik L},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23201697},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {307--14},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The environmental occurrence of potentially emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was investigated near suspected source zones in Norway, within seepage water, sewage waste water, sewage sludges, and sediments. Analyzed emerging BFRs included 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (EBTPI), tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA AE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dipropyl ether) (TBBPA DBPE). In addition selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, so that findings could be compared to legacy BFRs. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of EBTPI, TBBPA AE, and TBBPA DBPE. The legacy BFRs were in general found in higher levels and abundances than the studied emerging BFRs. However, BTBPE was detected in most of the studied matrices (sewage sludge, seepage water and sediment). DBDPE was detected in sewage sludge, waste water, seepage water and in sediment taken close to a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site. TBECH was found in seepage water, waste water and sewage sludge. EBTPI was identified in one seepage water sample; TBBPA AE was detected both in seepage water and sediment, and TBPPA DBPE in waste water and seepage water. Of the emerging BFRs, the highest levels in water samples were quantified for TBBPA DBPE (81 ng/L, seepage water from a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site) and in sediment for BTBPE (6.5 ng/g, taken close to landfill). The findings of current-use BFRs in seepage water, sediment and in sewage suggest that further investigations are needed of the environmental fate and effects of these flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nash-szabo-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersalterhepaticphosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseenzymekineticsinmalewistarratsimplicationsforlipidandglucosemetabolism-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nash-szabo-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersalterhepaticphosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseenzymekineticsinmalewistarratsimplicationsforlipidandglucosemetabolism-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme kinetics in male Wistar rats: implications for lipid and glucose metabolism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nash, J. T; Szabo, D. T;  and Carey, G. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A</i>, 76(2): 142–56. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nash-szabo-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersalterhepaticphosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseenzymekineticsinmalewistarratsimplicationsforlipidandglucosemetabolism-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme kinetics in male Wistar rats: implications for lipid and glucose metabolism. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2012.738457\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nash-szabo-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersalterhepaticphosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseenzymekineticsinmalewistarratsimplicationsforlipidandglucosemetabolism-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2012.738457', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nash-szabo-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersalterhepaticphosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseenzymekineticsinmalewistarratsimplicationsforlipidandglucosemetabolism-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nash-szabo-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersalterhepaticphosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinaseenzymekineticsinmalewistarratsimplicationsforlipidandglucosemetabolism-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nash_polybrominated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme kinetics in male {Wistar} rats: implications for lipid and glucose metabolism.},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1528-7394},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294302},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15287394.2012.738457},\n\tabstract = {Xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and Aroclor 1254 significantly suppress the activity of a key gluconeogenic and glyceroneogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), suggesting that xenobiotics disrupt hepatic glucose and fat metabolism. The effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), a family of synthetic flame-retardant chemicals, on PEPCK activity is unknown. This study investigated the effect of DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture, on PEPCK enzyme kinetics. Forty-eight 1-mo-old male Wistar rats were gavaged daily with either corn oil or corn oil containing 14 mg/kg DE-71 for 3, 14, or 28 d (n = 8/group). At each time point, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured and hepatic PEPCK activity, lipid content, and three cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP1A, -2B, and -3A) were assayed. PBDE treatment for 28 d significantly decreased PEPCK Vmax ( μ mol/min/g liver weight) by 43\\% and increased liver lipid by 20\\%, compared to control. CYP1A, -2B, and -3A Vmax values were enhanced by 5-, 6-, and 39-fold, respectively, at both 14 and 28 d in treated rats compared to control. There was a significant inverse and temporal correlation between CYP3A and PEPCK Vmax for the treatment group. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were not markedly affected by treatment, but the glucose:insulin ratio was significantly higher in treated compared to control rats. Data suggest that in vivo PBDE treatment compromises liver glucose and lipid metabolism, and may influence whole-body insulin sensitivity.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},\n\tauthor = {Nash, Jessica T and Szabo, David T and Carey, Gale B},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23294302},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gluconeogenesis, Gluconeogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Insulin Resistance, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP): metabolis, Random Allocation, Rats, Wistar},\n\tpages = {142--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and Aroclor 1254 significantly suppress the activity of a key gluconeogenic and glyceroneogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), suggesting that xenobiotics disrupt hepatic glucose and fat metabolism. The effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), a family of synthetic flame-retardant chemicals, on PEPCK activity is unknown. This study investigated the effect of DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture, on PEPCK enzyme kinetics. Forty-eight 1-mo-old male Wistar rats were gavaged daily with either corn oil or corn oil containing 14 mg/kg DE-71 for 3, 14, or 28 d (n = 8/group). At each time point, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured and hepatic PEPCK activity, lipid content, and three cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP1A, -2B, and -3A) were assayed. PBDE treatment for 28 d significantly decreased PEPCK Vmax ( μ mol/min/g liver weight) by 43% and increased liver lipid by 20%, compared to control. CYP1A, -2B, and -3A Vmax values were enhanced by 5-, 6-, and 39-fold, respectively, at both 14 and 28 d in treated rats compared to control. There was a significant inverse and temporal correlation between CYP3A and PEPCK Vmax for the treatment group. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were not markedly affected by treatment, but the glucose:insulin ratio was significantly higher in treated compared to control rats. Data suggest that in vivo PBDE treatment compromises liver glucose and lipid metabolism, and may influence whole-body insulin sensitivity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"napoli-hung-wong-giulivi-toxicityoftheflameretardantbde49onbrainmitochondriaandneuronalprogenitorstriatalcellsenhancedbyaptendeficientbackground-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'napoli-hung-wong-giulivi-toxicityoftheflameretardantbde49onbrainmitochondriaandneuronalprogenitorstriatalcellsenhancedbyaptendeficientbackground-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049', event);\">\n    Toxicity of the flame-retardant BDE-49 on brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells enhanced by a PTEN-deficient background.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Napoli, E.; Hung, C.; Wong, S.;  and Giulivi, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 132(1): 196–210. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('napoli-hung-wong-giulivi-toxicityoftheflameretardantbde49onbrainmitochondriaandneuronalprogenitorstriatalcellsenhancedbyaptendeficientbackground-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicity of the flame-retardant BDE-49 on brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells enhanced by a PTEN-deficient background. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs339\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('napoli-hung-wong-giulivi-toxicityoftheflameretardantbde49onbrainmitochondriaandneuronalprogenitorstriatalcellsenhancedbyaptendeficientbackground-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs339', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/napoli-hung-wong-giulivi-toxicityoftheflameretardantbde49onbrainmitochondriaandneuronalprogenitorstriatalcellsenhancedbyaptendeficientbackground-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('napoli-hung-wong-giulivi-toxicityoftheflameretardantbde49onbrainmitochondriaandneuronalprogenitorstriatalcellsenhancedbyaptendeficientbackground-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{napoli_toxicity_2013,\n\ttitle = {Toxicity of the flame-retardant {BDE}-49 on brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells enhanced by a {PTEN}-deficient background.},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288049},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs339},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) represent an important group of flame retardants extensively used, tonnage of which in the environment has been steadily increasing over the past 25 years. PBDEs or metabolites can induce neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, PBDEs with {\\textbackslash}textless 5 Br substitutions (i.e., 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-47] and 2,2&#x27;,4,5&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-49]) have gained interest because of their high bioaccumulation. In particular, congeners such as BDE-49 arise as one of the most biologically active, with concentrations typically lower than those observed for BDE-47 in biological tissues; however, its potential to cause MD at biologically relevant concentrations is unknown. To this end, the effect of BDE-49 was studied in brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells (NPC). BDE-49 uncoupled mitochondria at concentrations {\\textbackslash}textless 0.1 nM, whereas at {\\textbackslash}textgreater 1 nM, it inhibited the electron transport at Complex V (mixed type inhibition; IC(50) = 6 nM) and Complex IV (noncompetitive inhibition; IC(50) = 40 nM). These concentrations are easily achieved in plasma concentrations considering that BDE-49 (this study, 400-fold) and other PBDEs accumulate 1-3 orders of magnitude in the cells, particularly in mitochondria and microsomes. Similar effects were observed in NPC and exacerbated with PTEN (negative modulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway) deficiency, background associated with autism-like behavior, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. PBDE-mediated MD per se or enhanced by a background that confers susceptibility to this exposure may have profound implications in the energy balance of brain.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Napoli, Eleonora and Hung, Connie and Wong, Sarah and Giulivi, Cecilia},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23288049},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {196--210},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) represent an important group of flame retardants extensively used, tonnage of which in the environment has been steadily increasing over the past 25 years. PBDEs or metabolites can induce neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, PBDEs with \\textless 5 Br substitutions (i.e., 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-47] and 2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-49]) have gained interest because of their high bioaccumulation. In particular, congeners such as BDE-49 arise as one of the most biologically active, with concentrations typically lower than those observed for BDE-47 in biological tissues; however, its potential to cause MD at biologically relevant concentrations is unknown. To this end, the effect of BDE-49 was studied in brain mitochondria and neuronal progenitor striatal cells (NPC). BDE-49 uncoupled mitochondria at concentrations \\textless 0.1 nM, whereas at \\textgreater 1 nM, it inhibited the electron transport at Complex V (mixed type inhibition; IC(50) = 6 nM) and Complex IV (noncompetitive inhibition; IC(50) = 40 nM). These concentrations are easily achieved in plasma concentrations considering that BDE-49 (this study, 400-fold) and other PBDEs accumulate 1-3 orders of magnitude in the cells, particularly in mitochondria and microsomes. Similar effects were observed in NPC and exacerbated with PTEN (negative modulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway) deficiency, background associated with autism-like behavior, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. PBDE-mediated MD per se or enhanced by a background that confers susceptibility to this exposure may have profound implications in the energy balance of brain.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mukherjee-po-chiu-wu-qian-thiyagarajan-polybrominateddiphenylethersdonotaffectmetamorphosisbutaltertheproteomeoftheinvasiveslipperlimpetcrepidulaonyx-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mukherjee-po-chiu-wu-qian-thiyagarajan-polybrominateddiphenylethersdonotaffectmetamorphosisbutaltertheproteomeoftheinvasiveslipperlimpetcrepidulaonyx-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not affect metamorphosis but alter the proteome of the invasive slipper limpet Crepidula onyx.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mukherjee, J.; Po, B. H K; Chiu, J. M Y; Wu, R. S S; Qian, P.;  and Thiyagarajan, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mukherjee-po-chiu-wu-qian-thiyagarajan-polybrominateddiphenylethersdonotaffectmetamorphosisbutaltertheproteomeoftheinvasiveslipperlimpetcrepidulaonyx-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not affect metamorphosis but alter the proteome of the invasive slipper limpet Crepidula onyx. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mukherjee-po-chiu-wu-qian-thiyagarajan-polybrominateddiphenylethersdonotaffectmetamorphosisbutaltertheproteomeoftheinvasiveslipperlimpetcrepidulaonyx-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mukherjee-po-chiu-wu-qian-thiyagarajan-polybrominateddiphenylethersdonotaffectmetamorphosisbutaltertheproteomeoftheinvasiveslipperlimpetcrepidulaonyx-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mukherjee-po-chiu-wu-qian-thiyagarajan-polybrominateddiphenylethersdonotaffectmetamorphosisbutaltertheproteomeoftheinvasiveslipperlimpetcrepidulaonyx-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mukherjee_polybrominated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not affect metamorphosis but alter the proteome of the invasive slipper limpet {Crepidula} onyx.},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743271},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Man-made polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used as flame retardants in various consumer products may be harmful to marine organisms. Larvae of some marine invertebrates, especially invasive species, can develop resistance to PBDEs through altered protein expression patterns or proteome plasticity. This is the first report of a proteomics approach to study BDE-47 induced molecular changes in the invasive limpet Crepidula onyx. Larvae of C. onyx were cultured for 5days (hatching to metamorphosis) in the presence of BDE-47 (1μgL(-1)). Using a 2-DE proteomics approach with triple quadrupole and high-resolution TOF-MS, we showed that BDE-47 altered the proteome structure but not the growth or metamorphosis of C. onyx larvae. We found eight significant differentially expressed proteins in response to BDE-47, deemed the protein expression signature, consisting of cytoskeletal, stress tolerance, metabolism and energy production related proteins. Our data suggest C. onyx larvae have adequate proteome plasticity to tolerate BDE-47 toxicity.},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Mukherjee, Joy and Po, Beverly H K and Chiu, Jill M Y and Wu, Rudolf S S and Qian, Pei-Yuan and Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23743271},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Man-made polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used as flame retardants in various consumer products may be harmful to marine organisms. Larvae of some marine invertebrates, especially invasive species, can develop resistance to PBDEs through altered protein expression patterns or proteome plasticity. This is the first report of a proteomics approach to study BDE-47 induced molecular changes in the invasive limpet Crepidula onyx. Larvae of C. onyx were cultured for 5days (hatching to metamorphosis) in the presence of BDE-47 (1μgL(-1)). Using a 2-DE proteomics approach with triple quadrupole and high-resolution TOF-MS, we showed that BDE-47 altered the proteome structure but not the growth or metamorphosis of C. onyx larvae. We found eight significant differentially expressed proteins in response to BDE-47, deemed the protein expression signature, consisting of cytoskeletal, stress tolerance, metabolism and energy production related proteins. Our data suggest C. onyx larvae have adequate proteome plasticity to tolerate BDE-47 toxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mo-wu-luo-li-peng-feng-zhang-zou-etal-usingthekingfisheralcedoatthisasabioindicatorofpcbsandpbdesinthedinghushanbiospherereservechina-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mo-wu-luo-li-peng-feng-zhang-zou-etal-usingthekingfisheralcedoatthisasabioindicatorofpcbsandpbdesinthedinghushanbiospherereservechina-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012', event);\">\n    Using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator of PCBs and PBDEs in the dinghushan biosphere reserve, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mo, L.; Wu, J.; Luo, X.; Li, K.; Peng, Y.; Feng, A.; Zhang, Q.; Zou, F.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(7): 1655–62. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mo-wu-luo-li-peng-feng-zhang-zou-etal-usingthekingfisheralcedoatthisasabioindicatorofpcbsandpbdesinthedinghushanbiospherereservechina-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator of PCBs and PBDEs in the dinghushan biosphere reserve, China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2227\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mo-wu-luo-li-peng-feng-zhang-zou-etal-usingthekingfisheralcedoatthisasabioindicatorofpcbsandpbdesinthedinghushanbiospherereservechina-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2227', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mo-wu-luo-li-peng-feng-zhang-zou-etal-usingthekingfisheralcedoatthisasabioindicatorofpcbsandpbdesinthedinghushanbiospherereservechina-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mo-wu-luo-li-peng-feng-zhang-zou-etal-usingthekingfisheralcedoatthisasabioindicatorofpcbsandpbdesinthedinghushanbiospherereservechina-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mo_using_2013,\n\ttitle = {Using the kingfisher ({Alcedo} atthis) as a bioindicator of {PCBs} and {PBDEs} in the dinghushan biosphere reserve, {China}.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554012},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2227},\n\tabstract = {The Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve and a site for the study of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems. Rapid industrialization and intensive electronic waste-recycling activities around the biosphere reserve have resulted in elevated levels of industrial organic contaminants in the local environment that may cause adverse effects on wildlife that inhabits this area. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 2 alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs)-decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)-were investigated in the biosphere reserve and a reference site by using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator. Residue concentrations in kingfishers from the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve ranged from 490 ng/g to 3000 ng/g, 51 ng/g to 420 ng/g, 0.44 ng/g to 90 ng/g, and 0.04 ng/g to 0.87 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. With the exception of the BTBPE, these levels were 2 to 5 times higher than those detected in kingfishers from the reference site. The contaminant patterns from the biosphere reserve were also different, with larger PCB contributions in comparison with the reference site. The estimated predator-prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) showed that most of the PCB and PBDE congeners and BTBPE were biomagnified in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve. The calculated toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) concentrations of major coplanar PCB congeners in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve ranged from 18 pg/g to 66 pg/g wet weight, with some of these TEQ concentrations reaching or exceeding the levels known to impair bird reproduction and survival. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1655-1662. © 2013 SETAC.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Mo, Ling and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Li, Ke-Lin and Peng, Ying and Feng, An-Hong and Zhang, Qiang and Zou, Fa-Sheng and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23554012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1655--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve and a site for the study of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems. Rapid industrialization and intensive electronic waste-recycling activities around the biosphere reserve have resulted in elevated levels of industrial organic contaminants in the local environment that may cause adverse effects on wildlife that inhabits this area. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 2 alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs)-decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)-were investigated in the biosphere reserve and a reference site by using the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) as a bioindicator. Residue concentrations in kingfishers from the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve ranged from 490 ng/g to 3000 ng/g, 51 ng/g to 420 ng/g, 0.44 ng/g to 90 ng/g, and 0.04 ng/g to 0.87 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. With the exception of the BTBPE, these levels were 2 to 5 times higher than those detected in kingfishers from the reference site. The contaminant patterns from the biosphere reserve were also different, with larger PCB contributions in comparison with the reference site. The estimated predator-prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) showed that most of the PCB and PBDE congeners and BTBPE were biomagnified in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve. The calculated toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) concentrations of major coplanar PCB congeners in kingfishers from the biosphere reserve ranged from 18 pg/g to 66 pg/g wet weight, with some of these TEQ concentrations reaching or exceeding the levels known to impair bird reproduction and survival. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1655-1662. © 2013 SETAC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877', event);\">\n    Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meeker, J. D; Cooper, E. M; Stapleton, H. M;  and Hauser, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 121(5): 580–5. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205907\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205907', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meeker_urinary_2013,\n\ttitle = {Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations.},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461877},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205907},\n\tabstract = {Background: A reduction in the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) because of human health concerns may result in an increased use of and human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Human exposure and health studies of OPFRs are lacking.Objectives: We sought to define the degree of temporal variability in urinary OPFR metabolites in order to inform epidemiologic study design, and to explore a potential primary source of exposure by examining the relationship between OPFRs in house dust and their metabolites in urine.Methods: Nine repeated urine samples were collected from 7 men over the course of 3 months and analyzed for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP), metabolites of the OPFRs tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to characterize temporal reliability. Paired house dust and urine samples were collected from 45 men.Results: BDCPP was detected in 91\\% of urine samples, and DPP in 96\\%. Urinary BDCPP showed moderate-to-strong temporal reliability (ICC range, 0.55-0.72). ICCs for DPP were lower, but moderately reliable (range, 0.35-0.51). There was a weak [Spearman r (rS) = 0.31] but significant (p = 0.03) correlation between urinary BDCPP and TDCPP concentrations in house dust that strengthened when nondetects (rS = 0.47) were excluded. There was no correlation between uncorrected DPP and TPP measured in house dust (rS {\\textbackslash}textless 0.1).Conclusions: Household dust may be an important source of exposure to TDCPP but not TPP. Urinary concentrations of BDCPP and DPP were moderately to highly reliable within individuals over 3 months.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Meeker, John D and Cooper, Ellen M and Stapleton, Heather M and Hauser, Russ},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23461877},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {580--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: A reduction in the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) because of human health concerns may result in an increased use of and human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Human exposure and health studies of OPFRs are lacking.Objectives: We sought to define the degree of temporal variability in urinary OPFR metabolites in order to inform epidemiologic study design, and to explore a potential primary source of exposure by examining the relationship between OPFRs in house dust and their metabolites in urine.Methods: Nine repeated urine samples were collected from 7 men over the course of 3 months and analyzed for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP), metabolites of the OPFRs tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to characterize temporal reliability. Paired house dust and urine samples were collected from 45 men.Results: BDCPP was detected in 91% of urine samples, and DPP in 96%. Urinary BDCPP showed moderate-to-strong temporal reliability (ICC range, 0.55-0.72). ICCs for DPP were lower, but moderately reliable (range, 0.35-0.51). There was a weak [Spearman r (rS) = 0.31] but significant (p = 0.03) correlation between urinary BDCPP and TDCPP concentrations in house dust that strengthened when nondetects (rS = 0.47) were excluded. There was no correlation between uncorrected DPP and TPP measured in house dust (rS \\textless 0.1).Conclusions: Household dust may be an important source of exposure to TDCPP but not TPP. Urinary concentrations of BDCPP and DPP were moderately to highly reliable within individuals over 3 months.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616', event);\">\n    Aryl phosphate esters within a major PentaBDE replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McGee, S. P; Konstantinov, A.; Stapleton, H. M;  and Volz, D. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 133(1): 144–56. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Aryl phosphate esters within a major PentaBDE replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcgee_aryl_2013,\n\ttitle = {Aryl phosphate esters within a major {PentaBDE} replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377616},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft020},\n\tabstract = {Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50\\% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {McGee, Sean P and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23377616},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {144--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013', 'http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract', event);\">\n    Aryl phosphate esters within a major PentaBDE replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McGee, S. P; Konstantinov, A.; Stapleton, H. M;  and Volz, D. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 133(1): 144–56. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013', 'http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Aryl phosphate esters within a major PentaBDE replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcgee-konstantinov-stapleton-volz-arylphosphateesterswithinamajorpentabdereplacementproductinducecardiotoxicityindevelopingzebrafishembryospotentialroleofthearylhydrocarbonreceptor-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcgee_aryl_2013,\n\ttitle = {Aryl phosphate esters within a major {PentaBDE} replacement product induce cardiotoxicity in developing zebrafish embryos: potential role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/133/1/144.abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft020},\n\tabstract = {Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50\\% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {McGee, Sean P and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23377616},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {144--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Firemaster 550 (FM550) is an additive flame retardant formulation of brominated and aryl phosphate ester (APE) components introduced as a major replacement product for the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture (known as PentaBDE) used primarily in polyurethane foam. However, little is known about the potential effects of FM550-based ingredients during early vertebrate development. Therefore, we first screened the developmental toxicity of each FM550 component using zebrafish as an animal model. Based on these initial screening assays, we found that exposure to the brominated components as high as 10µM resulted in no significant effects on embryonic survival or development, whereas exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or mono-substituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP)-two APEs comprising almost 50% of FM550-resulted in targeted effects on cardiac looping and function during embryogenesis. As these cardiac abnormalities resembled aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist-induced phenotypes, we then exposed developing embryos to TPP or mono-ITP in the presence or absence of an AHR antagonist (CH223191) or AHR2-specific morpholino. Based on these studies, we found that CH223191 blocked heart malformations following exposure to mono-ITP but not TPP, whereas AHR2 knockdown failed to block the cardiotoxic effects of both components. Finally, using a cell-based human AHR reporter assay, we found that mono-ITP (but not TPP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in human AHR-driven luciferase activity at similar nominal concentrations as a potent reference AHR agonist (β-naphthoflavone). Overall, our findings suggest that two major APE components of FM550 induce severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840', event);\">\n    Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines: levels, distribution and profiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Malarvannan, G.; Isobe, T.; Covaci, A.; Prudente, M.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 442: 366–79. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines: levels, distribution and profiles. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{malarvannan_accumulation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}: levels, distribution and profiles.},\n\tvolume = {442},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178840},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005},\n\tabstract = {Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n=30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17-44\\% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12-35\\%), CB-118 (4-12\\%), CB-180 (2-13\\%), CB-187 (3-13\\%), and CB-170 (1.5-10\\%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Malarvannan, Govindan and Isobe, Tomohiko and Covaci, Adrian and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23178840},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {366--79},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n=30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17-44% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12-35%), CB-118 (4-12%), CB-180 (2-13%), CB-187 (3-13%), and CB-170 (1.5-10%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ma-yun-bell-druschel-caggana-aldous-bucklouis-kannan-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinthebloodofnewbornsfromnewyorkstateduring1997through2011analysisofdriedbloodspotsfromthenewbornscreeningprogram-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ma-yun-bell-druschel-caggana-aldous-bucklouis-kannan-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinthebloodofnewbornsfromnewyorkstateduring1997through2011analysisofdriedbloodspotsfromthenewbornscreeningprogram-2013', 'http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html', event);\">\n    Temporal Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Blood of Newborns from New York State during 1997 through 2011: Analysis of Dried Blood Spots from the Newborn Screening Program.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ma, W.; Yun, S.; Bell, E. M; Druschel, C. M; Caggana, M.; Aldous, K. M; Buck Louis, G. M;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 47(14): 8015–8021.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-yun-bell-druschel-caggana-aldous-bucklouis-kannan-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinthebloodofnewbornsfromnewyorkstateduring1997through2011analysisofdriedbloodspotsfromthenewbornscreeningprogram-2013', 'http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Temporal Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Blood of Newborns from New York State during 1997 through 2011: Analysis of Dried Blood Spots from the Newborn Screening Program [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ma-yun-bell-druschel-caggana-aldous-bucklouis-kannan-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinthebloodofnewbornsfromnewyorkstateduring1997through2011analysisofdriedbloodspotsfromthenewbornscreeningprogram-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ma-yun-bell-druschel-caggana-aldous-bucklouis-kannan-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinthebloodofnewbornsfromnewyorkstateduring1997through2011analysisofdriedbloodspotsfromthenewbornscreeningprogram-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ma_temporal_2013,\n\ttitle = {Temporal {Trends} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) in the {Blood} of {Newborns} from {New} {York} {State} during 1997 through 2011: {Analysis} of {Dried} {Blood} {Spots} from the {Newborn} {Screening} {Program}},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\turl = {http://www.chemeurope.com/en/publications/579383/temporal-trends-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-in-the-blood-of-newborns-from-new-york-state-during-1997-through-2011-analysis-of-dried-blood-spots-from-the-newborn-screening-program.html},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, and on a global basis, North American populations are exposed to the highest doses of PBDEs. In response to the exponential increase in human exposure to PBDEs during the late 1990s, some PBDE formulations were phased out from production in the early 2000s. The effectiveness of the phase-out of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures in 2004 in the U.S. on human exposure levels is not known. Dried blood spots (DBSs), collected for the newborn screening program (NSP) in the U.S., are a valuable resource for the elucidation of trends in exposure to environmental pollutants in newborns. In this study, seven PBDE congeners were determined by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in archived DBS samples (in total, 51 blood spot composites from 1224 newborns) collected from newborns in New York State (NYS) from 1997 to 2011. The most frequently detected PBDE congener was BDE-47, with a detection rate (DR) of 86\\%, followed by BDE-99 (DR: 45\\%) and BDE-100 (DR: 43\\%). The mean concentrations determined during 1997 through 2011 in the whole blood of newborns were 0.128, 0.040, and 0.012 ng/mL for BDE-47, -99, and -100, respectively. A significant correlation was found among the concentrations of three major congeners (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.001). PBDE concentrations were similar during 1997 through 2002 and, thereafter, decreased significantly, which was similar to the trends observed for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in DBS samples. Occurrence of PBDEs in the whole blood of newborns confirms that these compounds do cross the placental barrier.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ma, Wan-Li and Yun, Sehun and Bell, Erin M and Druschel, Charlotte M and Caggana, Michele and Aldous, Kenneth M and Buck Louis, Germaine M and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {8015--8021},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, and on a global basis, North American populations are exposed to the highest doses of PBDEs. In response to the exponential increase in human exposure to PBDEs during the late 1990s, some PBDE formulations were phased out from production in the early 2000s. The effectiveness of the phase-out of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures in 2004 in the U.S. on human exposure levels is not known. Dried blood spots (DBSs), collected for the newborn screening program (NSP) in the U.S., are a valuable resource for the elucidation of trends in exposure to environmental pollutants in newborns. In this study, seven PBDE congeners were determined by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in archived DBS samples (in total, 51 blood spot composites from 1224 newborns) collected from newborns in New York State (NYS) from 1997 to 2011. The most frequently detected PBDE congener was BDE-47, with a detection rate (DR) of 86%, followed by BDE-99 (DR: 45%) and BDE-100 (DR: 43%). The mean concentrations determined during 1997 through 2011 in the whole blood of newborns were 0.128, 0.040, and 0.012 ng/mL for BDE-47, -99, and -100, respectively. A significant correlation was found among the concentrations of three major congeners (p \\textless 0.001). PBDE concentrations were similar during 1997 through 2002 and, thereafter, decreased significantly, which was similar to the trends observed for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in DBS samples. Occurrence of PBDEs in the whole blood of newborns confirms that these compounds do cross the placental barrier.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-ji-jo-moon-choi-effectsoftdcpportppongenetranscriptionsandhormonesofhpgaxisandtheirconsequencesonreproductioninadultzebrafishdaniorerio-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-ji-jo-moon-choi-effectsoftdcpportppongenetranscriptionsandhormonesofhpgaxisandtheirconsequencesonreproductioninadultzebrafishdaniorerio-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146', event);\">\n    Effects of TDCPP or TPP on gene transcriptions and hormones of HPG axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, X.; Ji, K.; Jo, A.; Moon, H.;  and Choi, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 134-135: 104–11. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-ji-jo-moon-choi-effectsoftdcpportppongenetranscriptionsandhormonesofhpgaxisandtheirconsequencesonreproductioninadultzebrafishdaniorerio-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of TDCPP or TPP on gene transcriptions and hormones of HPG axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-ji-jo-moon-choi-effectsoftdcpportppongenetranscriptionsandhormonesofhpgaxisandtheirconsequencesonreproductioninadultzebrafishdaniorerio-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-ji-jo-moon-choi-effectsoftdcpportppongenetranscriptionsandhormonesofhpgaxisandtheirconsequencesonreproductioninadultzebrafishdaniorerio-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-ji-jo-moon-choi-effectsoftdcpportppongenetranscriptionsandhormonesofhpgaxisandtheirconsequencesonreproductioninadultzebrafishdaniorerio-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_effects_2013,\n\ttitle = {Effects of {TDCPP} or {TPP} on gene transcriptions and hormones of {HPG} axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish ({Danio} rerio).},\n\tvolume = {134-135},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603146},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.013},\n\tabstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) belong to the group of triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which have been used in a wide range of consumer products. These chemicals have been frequently detected in effluents, surface water, and fish, and hence their potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystem are of concern. The present study was conducted to investigate the reproduction-related effects and possible molecular mechanisms of TDCPP and TPP using a 21 day reproduction test employing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 21 d of exposure to TDCPP or TPP, significant decrease in fecundity along with significant increases of plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations, vitellogenin (VTG) levels, and E2/testosterone (T) and E2/11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) ratios were observed. The transcriptional profiles of several genes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis changed as well after the exposure, but the trend was sex-dependent. In male fish, gonadotropin-releasing hormone2 (GnRH2), GnRHR3, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19B, estrogen receptor α (ERα), ER2 β1, and follicle stimulating hormone β (FSHβ) were upregulated in the brain, while luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) and androgen receptor (AR) were downregulated. Corresponding to the upregulation of FSHβ and downregulation of LHβ in the brain, FSHR was upregulated and LHR was downregulated in the testis. Among the genes that regulate the steroidogenesis pathway, transcription of hydroxyl methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGRA), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) decreased, while transcription of CYP11A, CYP17, and CYP19A increased. In female fish, transcription ofGnRH2 and GnRHR3 decreased, but FSHβ, LHβ, CYP19B, ERα, ER2β1, and AR transcription increased in the brain. In the ovary, FSHR and LHR were significantly upregulated, and most steroidogenic genes were significantly upregulated. The observed disruption of GnRH and GtHs could be further related to subsequent disruption in both sex steroid hormone balance and plasma VTG levels, as well as reproductive performance. Overall, our observation indicates that both TDCPP and TPP could disturb the sex hormone balance by altering regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis, eventually leading to disruption of reproductive performance in fish.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Jo, Areum and Moon, Hyo-Bang and Choi, Kyungho},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23603146},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {104--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) belong to the group of triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which have been used in a wide range of consumer products. These chemicals have been frequently detected in effluents, surface water, and fish, and hence their potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystem are of concern. The present study was conducted to investigate the reproduction-related effects and possible molecular mechanisms of TDCPP and TPP using a 21 day reproduction test employing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 21 d of exposure to TDCPP or TPP, significant decrease in fecundity along with significant increases of plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations, vitellogenin (VTG) levels, and E2/testosterone (T) and E2/11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) ratios were observed. The transcriptional profiles of several genes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis changed as well after the exposure, but the trend was sex-dependent. In male fish, gonadotropin-releasing hormone2 (GnRH2), GnRHR3, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19B, estrogen receptor α (ERα), ER2 β1, and follicle stimulating hormone β (FSHβ) were upregulated in the brain, while luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) and androgen receptor (AR) were downregulated. Corresponding to the upregulation of FSHβ and downregulation of LHβ in the brain, FSHR was upregulated and LHR was downregulated in the testis. Among the genes that regulate the steroidogenesis pathway, transcription of hydroxyl methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGRA), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) decreased, while transcription of CYP11A, CYP17, and CYP19A increased. In female fish, transcription ofGnRH2 and GnRHR3 decreased, but FSHβ, LHβ, CYP19B, ERα, ER2β1, and AR transcription increased in the brain. In the ovary, FSHR and LHR were significantly upregulated, and most steroidogenic genes were significantly upregulated. The observed disruption of GnRH and GtHs could be further related to subsequent disruption in both sex steroid hormone balance and plasma VTG levels, as well as reproductive performance. Overall, our observation indicates that both TDCPP and TPP could disturb the sex hormone balance by altering regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis, eventually leading to disruption of reproductive performance in fish.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-wang-liang-liu-zhou-zhang-liu-giesy-etal-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtriphenylphosphateonreceptorassociatedmrnaexpressioninzebrafishembryoslarvae-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-wang-liang-liu-zhou-zhang-liu-giesy-etal-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtriphenylphosphateonreceptorassociatedmrnaexpressioninzebrafishembryoslarvae-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105', event);\">\n    Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, C.; Wang, Q.; Liang, K.; Liu, J.; Zhou, B.; Zhang, X.; Liu, H.; Giesy, J. P;  and Yu, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 128-129: 147–57. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-wang-liang-liu-zhou-zhang-liu-giesy-etal-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtriphenylphosphateonreceptorassociatedmrnaexpressioninzebrafishembryoslarvae-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-wang-liang-liu-zhou-zhang-liu-giesy-etal-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtriphenylphosphateonreceptorassociatedmrnaexpressioninzebrafishembryoslarvae-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-wang-liang-liu-zhou-zhang-liu-giesy-etal-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtriphenylphosphateonreceptorassociatedmrnaexpressioninzebrafishembryoslarvae-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-wang-liang-liu-zhou-zhang-liu-giesy-etal-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtriphenylphosphateonreceptorassociatedmrnaexpressioninzebrafishembryoslarvae-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_effects_2013,\n\ttitle = {Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated {mRNA} expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae.},\n\tvolume = {128-129},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306105},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.010},\n\tabstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) are frequently detected in biota, including fish. However, knowledge of the toxicological and molecular effects of these currently used flame retardants is limited. In the present study, an in vivo screening approach was developed to evaluate effects of TDCPP and TPP on developmental endpoints and receptor-associated expression of mRNA in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Exposure to TDCPP or TPP resulted in significantly smaller rates of hatching and survival, in dose- and time-dependent manners. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) was 7.0 mg/L for TDCPP and 29.6 mg/L for TPP at 120 hour post-fertilization (hpf). Real-time PCR revealed alterations in expression of mRNAs involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs)-, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-, estrogenic receptors (ERs)-, thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-centered gene networks. Exposure to positive control chemicals significantly altered abundances of mRNA in corresponding receptor-centered gene networks, a result that suggests that it is feasible to use zebrafish embryos/larvae to evaluate effects of chemicals on mRNA expression in these gene networks. Exposure to TDCPP altered transcriptional profiles in all six receptor-centered gene networks, thus exerting multiple toxic effects. TPP was easily metabolized and its potency to change expression of mRNA involved in receptor-centered gene networks was weaker than that of TDCPP. The PPARα- and TRα-centered gene networks might be the primary pathways affected by TPP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TDCPP and TPP could alter mRNA expression of genes involved in the six receptor-centered gene networks in zebrafish embryos/larvae, and TDCPP seemed to have higher potency in changing the mRNA expression of these genes.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Chunsheng and Wang, Qiangwei and Liang, Kang and Liu, Jingfu and Zhou, Bingsheng and Zhang, Xiaowei and Liu, Hongling and Giesy, John P and Yu, Hongxia},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23306105},\n\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \\&amp; development, Zebrafish: physiology},\n\tpages = {147--57},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) are frequently detected in biota, including fish. However, knowledge of the toxicological and molecular effects of these currently used flame retardants is limited. In the present study, an in vivo screening approach was developed to evaluate effects of TDCPP and TPP on developmental endpoints and receptor-associated expression of mRNA in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Exposure to TDCPP or TPP resulted in significantly smaller rates of hatching and survival, in dose- and time-dependent manners. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) was 7.0 mg/L for TDCPP and 29.6 mg/L for TPP at 120 hour post-fertilization (hpf). Real-time PCR revealed alterations in expression of mRNAs involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs)-, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-, estrogenic receptors (ERs)-, thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-centered gene networks. Exposure to positive control chemicals significantly altered abundances of mRNA in corresponding receptor-centered gene networks, a result that suggests that it is feasible to use zebrafish embryos/larvae to evaluate effects of chemicals on mRNA expression in these gene networks. Exposure to TDCPP altered transcriptional profiles in all six receptor-centered gene networks, thus exerting multiple toxic effects. TPP was easily metabolized and its potency to change expression of mRNA involved in receptor-centered gene networks was weaker than that of TDCPP. The PPARα- and TRα-centered gene networks might be the primary pathways affected by TPP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TDCPP and TPP could alter mRNA expression of genes involved in the six receptor-centered gene networks in zebrafish embryos/larvae, and TDCPP seemed to have higher potency in changing the mRNA expression of these genes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-wang-shi-liu-yu-analysisofahreceptorbindingaffinitiesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersviainsilicomoleculardockingand3dqsar-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-wang-shi-liu-yu-analysisofahreceptorbindingaffinitiesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersviainsilicomoleculardockingand3dqsar-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134', event);\">\n    Analysis of Ah receptor binding affinities of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via in silico molecular docking and 3D-QSAR.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, X; Wang, X; Shi, W; Liu, H;  and Yu, H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>SAR and QSAR in environmental research</i>, 24(1): 75–87. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-wang-shi-liu-yu-analysisofahreceptorbindingaffinitiesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersviainsilicomoleculardockingand3dqsar-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of Ah receptor binding affinities of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via in silico molecular docking and 3D-QSAR. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/1062936X.2012.729225\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-wang-shi-liu-yu-analysisofahreceptorbindingaffinitiesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersviainsilicomoleculardockingand3dqsar-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/1062936X.2012.729225', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-wang-shi-liu-yu-analysisofahreceptorbindingaffinitiesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersviainsilicomoleculardockingand3dqsar-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-wang-shi-liu-yu-analysisofahreceptorbindingaffinitiesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersviainsilicomoleculardockingand3dqsar-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_analysis_2013,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of {Ah} receptor binding affinities of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via in silico molecular docking and {3D}-{QSAR}.},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1029-046X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121134},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/1062936X.2012.729225},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become ubiquitous contaminations due to their use as flame retardants. The structural similarity of PBDE to some dioxin-like compounds suggested that they may share similar toxicological effects: they might activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction pathway and thus might have adverse effects on wildlife and humans. In this study, in silico computational workflow combining molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was performed to investigate the binding interactions between PBDEs and AhR and the structural features affecting the AhR binding affinity of PBDE. The molecular docking showed that hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions were the major driving forces for the binding of ligands to AhR, and several key amino acid residues were also identified. The CoMSIA model was developed from the conformations obtained from molecular docking and exhibited satisfactory results as q (2) of 0.605 and r (2) of 0.996. Furthermore, the derived model had good robustness and statistical significance in both internal and external validations. The 3D contour maps generated from CoMSIA provided important structural features influence the binding affinity. The obtained results were beneficial to better understand the toxicological mechanism of PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {SAR and QSAR in environmental research},\n\tauthor = {Li, X and Wang, X and Shi, W and Liu, H and Yu, H},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23121134},\n\tkeywords = {Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: chemistry, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Computational Biology, Computational Biology: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Ligands, Molecular Docking Simulation, Molecular Structure, Protein Binding, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Receptors},\n\tpages = {75--87},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become ubiquitous contaminations due to their use as flame retardants. The structural similarity of PBDE to some dioxin-like compounds suggested that they may share similar toxicological effects: they might activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction pathway and thus might have adverse effects on wildlife and humans. In this study, in silico computational workflow combining molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was performed to investigate the binding interactions between PBDEs and AhR and the structural features affecting the AhR binding affinity of PBDE. The molecular docking showed that hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions were the major driving forces for the binding of ligands to AhR, and several key amino acid residues were also identified. The CoMSIA model was developed from the conformations obtained from molecular docking and exhibited satisfactory results as q (2) of 0.605 and r (2) of 0.996. Furthermore, the derived model had good robustness and statistical significance in both internal and external validations. The 3D contour maps generated from CoMSIA provided important structural features influence the binding affinity. The obtained results were beneficial to better understand the toxicological mechanism of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-wang-pan-xu-xia-ahydroxylatedmetaboliteofflameretardantpbde47decreasesthesurvivalproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofprimaryculturedadultneuralstemcellsandinterfereswithsignalingoferk5mapkinaseandneurotrophin3-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-wang-pan-xu-xia-ahydroxylatedmetaboliteofflameretardantpbde47decreasesthesurvivalproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofprimaryculturedadultneuralstemcellsandinterfereswithsignalingoferk5mapkinaseandneurotrophin3-2013', 'http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long', event);\">\n    A Hydroxylated Metabolite of Flame-Retardant PBDE-47 Decreases the Survival, Proliferation, and Neuronal Differentiation of Primary Cultured Adult Neural Stem Cells and Interferes with Signaling of ERK5 MAP Kinase and Neurotrophin 3.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, T.; Wang, W.; Pan, Y.; Xu, L.;  and Xia, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>,kft083–. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-wang-pan-xu-xia-ahydroxylatedmetaboliteofflameretardantpbde47decreasesthesurvivalproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofprimaryculturedadultneuralstemcellsandinterfereswithsignalingoferk5mapkinaseandneurotrophin3-2013', 'http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Hydroxylated Metabolite of Flame-Retardant PBDE-47 Decreases the Survival, Proliferation, and Neuronal Differentiation of Primary Cultured Adult Neural Stem Cells and Interferes with Signaling of ERK5 MAP Kinase and Neurotrophin 3. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft083\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-wang-pan-xu-xia-ahydroxylatedmetaboliteofflameretardantpbde47decreasesthesurvivalproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofprimaryculturedadultneuralstemcellsandinterfereswithsignalingoferk5mapkinaseandneurotrophin3-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft083', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-wang-pan-xu-xia-ahydroxylatedmetaboliteofflameretardantpbde47decreasesthesurvivalproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofprimaryculturedadultneuralstemcellsandinterfereswithsignalingoferk5mapkinaseandneurotrophin3-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-wang-pan-xu-xia-ahydroxylatedmetaboliteofflameretardantpbde47decreasesthesurvivalproliferationandneuronaldifferentiationofprimaryculturedadultneuralstemcellsandinterfereswithsignalingoferk5mapkinaseandneurotrophin3-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_hydroxylated_2013,\n\ttitle = {A {Hydroxylated} {Metabolite} of {Flame}-{Retardant} {PBDE}-47 {Decreases} the {Survival}, {Proliferation}, and {Neuronal} {Differentiation} of {Primary} {Cultured} {Adult} {Neural} {Stem} {Cells} and {Interferes} with {Signaling} of {ERK5} {MAP} {Kinase} and {Neurotrophin} 3.},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/03/toxsci.kft083.long},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft083},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of organobromine compounds widely used as flame retardants. PBDE-47 is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners found in human tissues, and it can be transformed into several metabolites, including 6-OH-PBDE-47. Recent studies have shown that PBDE-47 is neurotoxic to animals and possibly humans. However, the basis for the neurotoxicity of PBDEs and their metabolites is unclear. For example, it is not known whether PBDEs affect adult neurogenesis, a process implicated in learning and memory and in olfactory behavior. In this study, we examined the toxicity of PBDEs for primary adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mice. We discovered that 6-OH-PBDE-47, but not its parent compound PBDE-47, is cytotoxic for aNCSs using MTS metabolism and cell number as a measure of cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 6-OH-PBDE-47 induced apoptosis at concentrations above 7.5μM inhibited proliferation at 2.5-5μM while suppressing neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation at submicromolar concentrations (≤ 1μM). The effect on proliferation was reversed upon removal of 6-OH-PBDE-47 and correlated with selective but reversible inhibition of ERK5 activation by mitogenic growth factors EGF and bFGF. 6-OH-PBDE-47 also inhibited the proneuronal differentiation effect of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and NT3 activation of ERK5. Together, these data show that 6-OH-PBDE-47 is more toxic than its parent compound for SVZ-derived aNSCs and that it inhibits multiple aspects of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK5 signaling may underlie the adverse effect of 6-OH-PBDE-47 on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that exposure to PBDE-based flame retardants could cause neurotoxicity in the adult brain by interfering with adult neurogenesis.},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Li, Tan and Wang, Wenbin and Pan, Yung-Wei and Xu, Lihong and Xia, Zhengui},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23564643},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {kft083--},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of organobromine compounds widely used as flame retardants. PBDE-47 is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners found in human tissues, and it can be transformed into several metabolites, including 6-OH-PBDE-47. Recent studies have shown that PBDE-47 is neurotoxic to animals and possibly humans. However, the basis for the neurotoxicity of PBDEs and their metabolites is unclear. For example, it is not known whether PBDEs affect adult neurogenesis, a process implicated in learning and memory and in olfactory behavior. In this study, we examined the toxicity of PBDEs for primary adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mice. We discovered that 6-OH-PBDE-47, but not its parent compound PBDE-47, is cytotoxic for aNCSs using MTS metabolism and cell number as a measure of cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 6-OH-PBDE-47 induced apoptosis at concentrations above 7.5μM inhibited proliferation at 2.5-5μM while suppressing neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation at submicromolar concentrations (≤ 1μM). The effect on proliferation was reversed upon removal of 6-OH-PBDE-47 and correlated with selective but reversible inhibition of ERK5 activation by mitogenic growth factors EGF and bFGF. 6-OH-PBDE-47 also inhibited the proneuronal differentiation effect of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and NT3 activation of ERK5. Together, these data show that 6-OH-PBDE-47 is more toxic than its parent compound for SVZ-derived aNSCs and that it inhibits multiple aspects of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK5 signaling may underlie the adverse effect of 6-OH-PBDE-47 on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that exposure to PBDE-based flame retardants could cause neurotoxicity in the adult brain by interfering with adult neurogenesis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kwan-takada-mizukawa-torii-koike-yamashita-rinawati-saha-etal-pbdesinleachatesfrommunicipalsolidwastedumpingsitesintropicalasiancountriesphasedistributionanddebromination-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kwan-takada-mizukawa-torii-koike-yamashita-rinawati-saha-etal-pbdesinleachatesfrommunicipalsolidwastedumpingsitesintropicalasiancountriesphasedistributionanddebromination-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521', event);\">\n    PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites in tropical Asian countries: phase distribution and debromination.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kwan, C. S; Takada, H.; Mizukawa, K.; Torii, M.; Koike, T.; Yamashita, R.; Rinawati; Saha, M.;  and Santiago, E. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science and pollution research international</i>, 20(6): 4188–204. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kwan-takada-mizukawa-torii-koike-yamashita-rinawati-saha-etal-pbdesinleachatesfrommunicipalsolidwastedumpingsitesintropicalasiancountriesphasedistributionanddebromination-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites in tropical Asian countries: phase distribution and debromination. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1365-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kwan-takada-mizukawa-torii-koike-yamashita-rinawati-saha-etal-pbdesinleachatesfrommunicipalsolidwastedumpingsitesintropicalasiancountriesphasedistributionanddebromination-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1365-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kwan-takada-mizukawa-torii-koike-yamashita-rinawati-saha-etal-pbdesinleachatesfrommunicipalsolidwastedumpingsitesintropicalasiancountriesphasedistributionanddebromination-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kwan-takada-mizukawa-torii-koike-yamashita-rinawati-saha-etal-pbdesinleachatesfrommunicipalsolidwastedumpingsitesintropicalasiancountriesphasedistributionanddebromination-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kwan_pbdes_2013,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites in tropical {Asian} countries: phase distribution and debromination.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247521},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1365-3},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as flame retardants in many consumer products, and leachates from landfills have been identified as one of the possible sources of PBDEs in the environment. Meanwhile, the unprecedented economic and population growths of some Asian countries over the last decade have led to significant increases in the amount of waste containing PBDEs in that region. This study investigates the status of PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites (MSWDS) in tropical Asian countries. A total of 46 PBDE congeners were measured, both in the adsorbed (n = 24) and dissolved (n = 16) phases, in leachate samples collected, from 2002 to 2010, from ten MSWDS distributed among the eight countries of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia. PBDEs were predominantly found in the adsorbed phase. Partitioning of PBDEs in the dissolved phase was associated with the presence of dissolved organic matter; the apparent organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K&#x27;oc) of the BDE congeners were lower by two to four orders of magnitude than the K oc predicted from the octanol-water partition coefficients (K ow). The total PBDE concentrations from mono- to deca-BDEs ranged from 3.7 to 133,000 ng/L, and showed a trend toward higher concentrations in the more populous and industrialized Asian countries. The congener profiles in the leachates basically reflected the composition of PBDE technical mixtures. The occurrence of congeners not contained, or in trace concentrations, in technical products (e.g., BDEs 208, 207, 206, 202, 188, 179, 49, 17/25, 8, 1) was observed in most of the leachate samples, suggesting the debromination of technical mixtures, including BDE-209, in the MSWDS of tropical Asian countries. Moreover, the temporal trend indicated the reduction of BDE-209 over time, with a corresponding increase in and/or emergence of lower brominated PBDE congeners. The results indicated that MSWDS of tropical Asian countries are potential sources of environmental PBDEs, which may be transported to the aquatic environment via dissolution with dissolved organic matter. MSWDS could be amplifiers of PBDE toxicity in the environment, possibly through debromination.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\n\tauthor = {Kwan, Charita S and Takada, Hideshige and Mizukawa, Kaoruko and Torii, Maiko and Koike, Tatsuya and Yamashita, Rei and {Rinawati} and Saha, Mahua and Santiago, Evangeline C},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23247521},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {4188--204},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as flame retardants in many consumer products, and leachates from landfills have been identified as one of the possible sources of PBDEs in the environment. Meanwhile, the unprecedented economic and population growths of some Asian countries over the last decade have led to significant increases in the amount of waste containing PBDEs in that region. This study investigates the status of PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites (MSWDS) in tropical Asian countries. A total of 46 PBDE congeners were measured, both in the adsorbed (n = 24) and dissolved (n = 16) phases, in leachate samples collected, from 2002 to 2010, from ten MSWDS distributed among the eight countries of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia. PBDEs were predominantly found in the adsorbed phase. Partitioning of PBDEs in the dissolved phase was associated with the presence of dissolved organic matter; the apparent organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K'oc) of the BDE congeners were lower by two to four orders of magnitude than the K oc predicted from the octanol-water partition coefficients (K ow). The total PBDE concentrations from mono- to deca-BDEs ranged from 3.7 to 133,000 ng/L, and showed a trend toward higher concentrations in the more populous and industrialized Asian countries. The congener profiles in the leachates basically reflected the composition of PBDE technical mixtures. The occurrence of congeners not contained, or in trace concentrations, in technical products (e.g., BDEs 208, 207, 206, 202, 188, 179, 49, 17/25, 8, 1) was observed in most of the leachate samples, suggesting the debromination of technical mixtures, including BDE-209, in the MSWDS of tropical Asian countries. Moreover, the temporal trend indicated the reduction of BDE-209 over time, with a corresponding increase in and/or emergence of lower brominated PBDE congeners. The results indicated that MSWDS of tropical Asian countries are potential sources of environmental PBDEs, which may be transported to the aquatic environment via dissolution with dissolved organic matter. MSWDS could be amplifiers of PBDE toxicity in the environment, possibly through debromination.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-isobe-sudaryanto-malarvannan-chang-muto-prudente-tanabe-organophosphorusflameretardantsinhousedustfromthephilippinesoccurrenceandassessmentofhumanexposure-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-isobe-sudaryanto-malarvannan-chang-muto-prudente-tanabe-organophosphorusflameretardantsinhousedustfromthephilippinesoccurrenceandassessmentofhumanexposure-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the Philippines: occurrence and assessment of human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, J.; Isobe, T.; Sudaryanto, A.; Malarvannan, G.; Chang, K.; Muto, M.; Prudente, M.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science and pollution research international</i>, 20(2): 812–22. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-isobe-sudaryanto-malarvannan-chang-muto-prudente-tanabe-organophosphorusflameretardantsinhousedustfromthephilippinesoccurrenceandassessmentofhumanexposure-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the Philippines: occurrence and assessment of human exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1237-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-isobe-sudaryanto-malarvannan-chang-muto-prudente-tanabe-organophosphorusflameretardantsinhousedustfromthephilippinesoccurrenceandassessmentofhumanexposure-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1237-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-isobe-sudaryanto-malarvannan-chang-muto-prudente-tanabe-organophosphorusflameretardantsinhousedustfromthephilippinesoccurrenceandassessmentofhumanexposure-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-isobe-sudaryanto-malarvannan-chang-muto-prudente-tanabe-organophosphorusflameretardantsinhousedustfromthephilippinesoccurrenceandassessmentofhumanexposure-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_organophosphorus_2013,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the {Philippines}: occurrence and assessment of human exposure.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054797},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1237-x},\n\tabstract = {The use of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased due to the ban on common polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures. However, only limited information on PFR contamination is available so far from Southeast Asia. In the present study, residual levels of PFRs in house dust and exposure through dust ingestion were investigated in the Philippines. House dust samples (n = 37) were collected from Malate (residential area) and Payatas (municipal dumping area) in the Philippines and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the targeted seven PFRs, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was the predominant compound. Median levels of ΣPFRs in Malate (530 ng/g) were two times higher (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) than in Payatas (240 ng/g). The estimated daily intake of PFRs in the Philippines (of areas studied) via house dust ingestion was below the guideline values. House dust may be an important contributor in the overall exposure of humans to TPP even when considering dietary sources. To our knowledge, this is a first report on PFR contamination in house dust from developing country. PFRs were ubiquitously detected in the home environments in the Philippines. Although estimated exposure levels through dust ingestion were below the guideline, it was suggested that toddlers are at higher risk. Therefore, further investigations to understand the behavior of PFRs in house and other microenvironments and overall exposure pathways for the country&#x27;s populace to PFRs are necessary.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Joon-Woo and Isobe, Tomohiko and Sudaryanto, Agus and Malarvannan, Govindan and Chang, Kwang-Hyeon and Muto, Mamoru and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23054797},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Chromatography, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Housing, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Philippines, Preschool, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {812--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The use of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased due to the ban on common polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures. However, only limited information on PFR contamination is available so far from Southeast Asia. In the present study, residual levels of PFRs in house dust and exposure through dust ingestion were investigated in the Philippines. House dust samples (n = 37) were collected from Malate (residential area) and Payatas (municipal dumping area) in the Philippines and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the targeted seven PFRs, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was the predominant compound. Median levels of ΣPFRs in Malate (530 ng/g) were two times higher (p \\textless 0.05) than in Payatas (240 ng/g). The estimated daily intake of PFRs in the Philippines (of areas studied) via house dust ingestion was below the guideline values. House dust may be an important contributor in the overall exposure of humans to TPP even when considering dietary sources. To our knowledge, this is a first report on PFR contamination in house dust from developing country. PFRs were ubiquitously detected in the home environments in the Philippines. Although estimated exposure levels through dust ingestion were below the guideline, it was suggested that toddlers are at higher risk. Therefore, further investigations to understand the behavior of PFRs in house and other microenvironments and overall exposure pathways for the country's populace to PFRs are necessary.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jurewicz-polaska-hanke-exposuretowidespreadenvironmentaltoxicantsandchildrenscognitivedevelopmentandbehavioralproblems-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jurewicz-polaska-hanke-exposuretowidespreadenvironmentaltoxicantsandchildrenscognitivedevelopmentandbehavioralproblems-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930', event);\">\n    Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children's cognitive development and behavioral problems.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jurewicz, J.; Polańska, K.;  and Hanke, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health</i>. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jurewicz-polaska-hanke-exposuretowidespreadenvironmentaltoxicantsandchildrenscognitivedevelopmentandbehavioralproblems-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children&#x27;s cognitive development and behavioral problems. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-013-0099-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jurewicz-polaska-hanke-exposuretowidespreadenvironmentaltoxicantsandchildrenscognitivedevelopmentandbehavioralproblems-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-013-0099-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jurewicz-polaska-hanke-exposuretowidespreadenvironmentaltoxicantsandchildrenscognitivedevelopmentandbehavioralproblems-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jurewicz-polaska-hanke-exposuretowidespreadenvironmentaltoxicantsandchildrenscognitivedevelopmentandbehavioralproblems-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jurewicz_exposure_2013,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children&#x27;s cognitive development and behavioral problems.},\n\tissn = {1896-494X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715930},\n\tdoi = {10.2478/s13382-013-0099-x},\n\tabstract = {Nowadays a special attention is focused on prenatal and childhood exposures to a variety of contaminants in the environment, especially toxicants widely present in the environment and their impact on children&#x27;s health and neurodevelopment. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to several widespread toxicants including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and gas cooking on children&#x27;s cognitive development and behavioral problems by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to widespread toxicants and children&#x27;s development for the last eleven years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco and Toxnet literature bases. The combination of following key words was used: 1) referring to the exposure: pregnancy, prenatal exposure, postnatal exposure, gas cooking, exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs and 2) referring to outcome: neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, psychomotor development, behavioral problems, cognitive development, mental health, school achievements, learning abilities. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to insult from low levels of exposure to widespread environmental contaminants such as: phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas cooking. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.},\n\tjournal = {International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Jurewicz, Joanna and Polańska, Kinga and Hanke, Wojciech},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23715930},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Nowadays a special attention is focused on prenatal and childhood exposures to a variety of contaminants in the environment, especially toxicants widely present in the environment and their impact on children's health and neurodevelopment. This article aims at evaluating the impact of exposure to several widespread toxicants including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and gas cooking on children's cognitive development and behavioral problems by reviewing most recent published literature. Epidemiological studies focusing on exposure to widespread toxicants and children's development for the last eleven years were identified by a search of the PubMed, Medline, Ebsco and Toxnet literature bases. The combination of following key words was used: 1) referring to the exposure: pregnancy, prenatal exposure, postnatal exposure, gas cooking, exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs and 2) referring to outcome: neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, psychomotor development, behavioral problems, cognitive development, mental health, school achievements, learning abilities. The results from the presented studies suggest that there are strong and rather consistent indications that the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to insult from low levels of exposure to widespread environmental contaminants such as: phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas cooking. Considering the suggested health effects, more epidemiologic data is urgently needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513', event);\">\n    Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson, P. I; Stapleton, H. M; Mukherjee, B.; Hauser, R.;  and Meeker, J. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 445-446: 177–84. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson_associations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.},\n\tvolume = {445-446},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333513},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I and Stapleton, Heather M and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23333513},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {177--84},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Horton, M. K; Bousleiman, S.; Jones, R.; Sjodin, A.; Liu, X.; Whyatt, R.; Wapner, R.;  and Factor-Litvak, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 12(1): 23. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-23\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-23', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{horton_predictors_2013,\n\ttitle = {Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1476-069X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3605300&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-23},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009-2010.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Horton, Megan K and Bousleiman, Sabine and Jones, Richard and Sjodin, Andreas and Liu, Xinhua and Whyatt, Robin and Wapner, Ronald and Factor-Litvak, Pam},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23497089},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {23},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009-2010.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hloukov-lankov-kalachov-hrdkov-poustka-hajlov-pulkrabov-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinfishfromtheczechaquaticecosystem-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hloukov-lankov-kalachov-hrdkov-poustka-hajlov-pulkrabov-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinfishfromtheczechaquaticecosystem-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119', event);\">\n    Occurrence of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in fish from the Czech aquatic ecosystem.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hloušková, V.; Lanková, D.; Kalachová, K.; Hrádková, P.; Poustka, J.; Hajšlová, J.;  and Pulkrabová, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 461-462C: 88–98. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hloukov-lankov-kalachov-hrdkov-poustka-hajlov-pulkrabov-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinfishfromtheczechaquaticecosystem-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in fish from the Czech aquatic ecosystem. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.081\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hloukov-lankov-kalachov-hrdkov-poustka-hajlov-pulkrabov-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinfishfromtheczechaquaticecosystem-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.081', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hloukov-lankov-kalachov-hrdkov-poustka-hajlov-pulkrabov-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinfishfromtheczechaquaticecosystem-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hloukov-lankov-kalachov-hrdkov-poustka-hajlov-pulkrabov-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsandperfluoroalkylsubstancesinfishfromtheczechaquaticecosystem-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hlouskova_occurrence_2013,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in fish from the {Czech} aquatic ecosystem.},\n\tvolume = {461-462C},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712119},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.081},\n\tabstract = {This study reports results of analysis of various groups of halogenated compounds, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 48 fish samples collected in eight localities from the Czech Republic. In this survey, identification of potential sources of these chemicals was also performed; therefore several sampling sites located in highly industrialized areas were also selected. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was dominating in all tested fish samples. Generally, the content of ∑BFRs was significantly lower, i.e. in the range of 0.21-19.9μg/kg wet weight, ww (median value 2.37μg/kgww) compared to the concentration of ∑PFASs that was in the range of 0.15-877μg/kgww (median value 8.5μg/kgww). The extremely high content of PFOS (842μg/kgww) was found in fish muscle tissue from the locality situated on the Bílina River, where chemical industry is located. This concentration was comparable to those found in similar highly industrialized areas worldwide.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Hloušková, Veronika and Lanková, Darina and Kalachová, Kamila and Hrádková, Petra and Poustka, Jan and Hajšlová, Jana and Pulkrabová, Jana},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23712119},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {88--98},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study reports results of analysis of various groups of halogenated compounds, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 48 fish samples collected in eight localities from the Czech Republic. In this survey, identification of potential sources of these chemicals was also performed; therefore several sampling sites located in highly industrialized areas were also selected. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was dominating in all tested fish samples. Generally, the content of ∑BFRs was significantly lower, i.e. in the range of 0.21-19.9μg/kg wet weight, ww (median value 2.37μg/kgww) compared to the concentration of ∑PFASs that was in the range of 0.15-877μg/kgww (median value 8.5μg/kgww). The extremely high content of PFOS (842μg/kgww) was found in fish muscle tissue from the locality situated on the Bílina River, where chemical industry is located. This concentration was comparable to those found in similar highly industrialized areas worldwide.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089', event);\">\n    Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Horton, M. K; Bousleiman, S.; Jones, R.; Sjodin, A.; Liu, X.; Whyatt, R.; Wapner, R.;  and Factor-Litvak, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 12(1): 23. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-23\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-23', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('horton-bousleiman-jones-sjodin-liu-whyatt-wapner-factorlitvak-predictorsofserumconcentrationsofpolybrominatedflameretardantsamonghealthypregnantwomeninanurbanenvironmentacrosssectionalstudy-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{horton_predictors_2013,\n\ttitle = {Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497089},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-23},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009–2010. METHODS: During the first half of pregnancy we collected 316 maternal serum samples and administered an extensive questionnaire including items on demographics, diet and lifestyle. We measured 12 PBDE congeners in blood samples. Using bivariate and multivariate approaches, we regressed the most commonly detected PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) against potential demographic, dietary and lifestyle predictor variables. RESULTS: At least one PBDE congener was detected in each serum sample. Our analyses demonstrate unique predictor patterns for PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 based on demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics of women. Higher education and increased use of household electronics were associated with higher levels of all 4 congeners. Six characteristics were associated with PBDE-153 serum concentrations, more than for any other congener. These include maternal education, household income, body mass index, solid dairy consumption, processed meat consumption and frequent use of household electronics. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure in this widespread in this cohort, though levels are lower than previous assessments of US pregnant women. Lower levels may be in response to legislation restricting the production, sale and use of these compounds. In our cohort, we did not observe any individual predictor or a consistent pattern of several predictors representing a significant source of PBDE exposure. These data suggest that legislation and policy may be more effective at reducing exposure than personal lifestyle modifications.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Horton, Megan K and Bousleiman, Sabine and Jones, Richard and Sjodin, Andreas and Liu, Xinhua and Whyatt, Robin and Wapner, Ronald and Factor-Litvak, Pam},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {23},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009–2010. METHODS: During the first half of pregnancy we collected 316 maternal serum samples and administered an extensive questionnaire including items on demographics, diet and lifestyle. We measured 12 PBDE congeners in blood samples. Using bivariate and multivariate approaches, we regressed the most commonly detected PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) against potential demographic, dietary and lifestyle predictor variables. RESULTS: At least one PBDE congener was detected in each serum sample. Our analyses demonstrate unique predictor patterns for PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 based on demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics of women. Higher education and increased use of household electronics were associated with higher levels of all 4 congeners. Six characteristics were associated with PBDE-153 serum concentrations, more than for any other congener. These include maternal education, household income, body mass index, solid dairy consumption, processed meat consumption and frequent use of household electronics. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure in this widespread in this cohort, though levels are lower than previous assessments of US pregnant women. Lower levels may be in response to legislation restricting the production, sale and use of these compounds. In our cohort, we did not observe any individual predictor or a consistent pattern of several predictors representing a significant source of PBDE exposure. These data suggest that legislation and policy may be more effective at reducing exposure than personal lifestyle modifications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hearn-hawker-toms-mueller-assessingexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforworkersinthevicinityofalargerecyclingfacility-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hearn-hawker-toms-mueller-assessingexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforworkersinthevicinityofalargerecyclingfacility-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664', event);\">\n    Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hearn, L. K; Hawker, D. W; Toms, L. L;  and Mueller, J. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</i>. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hearn-hawker-toms-mueller-assessingexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforworkersinthevicinityofalargerecyclingfacility-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hearn-hawker-toms-mueller-assessingexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforworkersinthevicinityofalargerecyclingfacility-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hearn-hawker-toms-mueller-assessingexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforworkersinthevicinityofalargerecyclingfacility-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hearn-hawker-toms-mueller-assessingexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforworkersinthevicinityofalargerecyclingfacility-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hearn_assessing_2013,\n\ttitle = {Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility.},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498664},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.013},\n\tabstract = {Increased levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can occur particularly in dust and soil surrounding facilities that recycle products containing PBDEs. This may be the source of increased exposure for nearby workers and residents. To investigate, we measured PBDE levels in soil, office dust and blood of workers at the closest workplace (i.e. within 100m) to a large automotive shredding and metal recycling facility in Brisbane, Australia. The workplace investigated in this study was independent of the automotive shredding facility and was one of approximately 50 businesses of varying types within a relatively large commercial/industrial area surrounding the recycling facility. Concentrations of PBDEs in soils were at least an order of magnitude greater than background levels in the area. Congener profiles were dominated by larger molecular weight congeners; in particular BDE-209. This reflected the profile in outdoor air samples previously collected at this site. Biomonitoring data from blood serum indicated no differential exposure for workers near the recycling facility compared to a reference group of office workers, also in Brisbane. Unlike air, indoor dust and soil sample profiles, serum samples from both worker groups were dominated by congeners BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-183 and was similar to the profile previously reported in the general Australian population. Estimated exposures for workers near the industrial point source suggested indoor workers had significantly higher exposure than outdoor workers due to their exposure to indoor dust rather than soil. However, no relationship was observed between blood PBDE levels and different roles and activity patterns of workers on-site. These comparisons of PBDE levels in serum provide additional insight into the inter-individual variability within Australia. Results also indicate congener patterns in the workplace environment did not match blood profiles of workers. This was attributed to the relatively high background exposures for the general Australian population via dietary intake and the home environment.},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\n\tauthor = {Hearn, Laurence K and Hawker, Darryl W and Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Mueller, Jochen F},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increased levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can occur particularly in dust and soil surrounding facilities that recycle products containing PBDEs. This may be the source of increased exposure for nearby workers and residents. To investigate, we measured PBDE levels in soil, office dust and blood of workers at the closest workplace (i.e. within 100m) to a large automotive shredding and metal recycling facility in Brisbane, Australia. The workplace investigated in this study was independent of the automotive shredding facility and was one of approximately 50 businesses of varying types within a relatively large commercial/industrial area surrounding the recycling facility. Concentrations of PBDEs in soils were at least an order of magnitude greater than background levels in the area. Congener profiles were dominated by larger molecular weight congeners; in particular BDE-209. This reflected the profile in outdoor air samples previously collected at this site. Biomonitoring data from blood serum indicated no differential exposure for workers near the recycling facility compared to a reference group of office workers, also in Brisbane. Unlike air, indoor dust and soil sample profiles, serum samples from both worker groups were dominated by congeners BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-183 and was similar to the profile previously reported in the general Australian population. Estimated exposures for workers near the industrial point source suggested indoor workers had significantly higher exposure than outdoor workers due to their exposure to indoor dust rather than soil. However, no relationship was observed between blood PBDE levels and different roles and activity patterns of workers on-site. These comparisons of PBDE levels in serum provide additional insight into the inter-individual variability within Australia. Results also indicate congener patterns in the workplace environment did not match blood profiles of workers. This was attributed to the relatively high background exposures for the general Australian population via dietary intake and the home environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"he-li-jin-wang-bu-xu-yang-liu-concentrationsandtrendsofhalogenatedflameretardantsinthepooledserumofresidentsoflaizhoubaychina-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'he-li-jin-wang-bu-xu-yang-liu-concentrationsandtrendsofhalogenatedflameretardantsinthepooledserumofresidentsoflaizhoubaychina-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421', event);\">\n    Concentrations and trends of halogenated flame retardants in the pooled serum of residents of Laizhou Bay, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  He, S.; Li, M.; Jin, J.; Wang, Y.; Bu, Y.; Xu, M.; Yang, X.;  and Liu, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(6): 1242–7. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-li-jin-wang-bu-xu-yang-liu-concentrationsandtrendsofhalogenatedflameretardantsinthepooledserumofresidentsoflaizhoubaychina-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations and trends of halogenated flame retardants in the pooled serum of residents of Laizhou Bay, China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2172\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-li-jin-wang-bu-xu-yang-liu-concentrationsandtrendsofhalogenatedflameretardantsinthepooledserumofresidentsoflaizhoubaychina-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2172', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/he-li-jin-wang-bu-xu-yang-liu-concentrationsandtrendsofhalogenatedflameretardantsinthepooledserumofresidentsoflaizhoubaychina-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('he-li-jin-wang-bu-xu-yang-liu-concentrationsandtrendsofhalogenatedflameretardantsinthepooledserumofresidentsoflaizhoubaychina-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{he_concentrations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations and trends of halogenated flame retardants in the pooled serum of residents of {Laizhou} {Bay}, {China}.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408421},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2172},\n\tabstract = {The south coast of Laizhou Bay, in northeastern China, is a production area for halogenated flame retardants (HFR). In 2007, the authors measured serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Laizhou Bay residents. To assess the PBDE concentration trend, and determine the concentrations of the emerging flame retardants Dechlorane Plus (DP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the authors measured the concentrations of 8 PBDE congeners, 2 DP isomers, and TBPH in 10 composite samples, which were pooled from the serum collected from 305 Laizhou Bay residents in October 2011. The average concentration of the total PBDE (∑8 PBDE) concentration in all serum pools was 240 ng/g lipid weight, and the highest serum pool concentration (in the 30- to 39-yr-old male group) was 780 ng/g lipid weight. Brominated diphenyl ether-209 was the dominant congener, accounting for 87\\% of ∑8 PBDE. Compared with a previous study, ∑8 PBDE serum concentrations in the present study showed no change in order of magnitude, but the relative contribution of BDE-209 to ∑8 PBDE was higher. The average concentration of ∑DP in all serum pools was 3.6 ng/g lipid weight, ranging from 1.4 ng/g lipid weight (in the 50- to 59-yr-old male group) to 11 ng/g lipid weight (in the 20- to 29-yr-old male group). The concentration of DP was lower than in other reported studies. The study also detected TBPH in the 30- to 39-yr-old female group, suggesting that TBPH, as an emerging HFR, requires further monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1242-1247. © 2013 SETAC.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {He, Songjie and Li, Mingyuan and Jin, Jun and Wang, Ying and Bu, Yunjie and Xu, Meng and Yang, Xianfeng and Liu, Anming},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23408421},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1242--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The south coast of Laizhou Bay, in northeastern China, is a production area for halogenated flame retardants (HFR). In 2007, the authors measured serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Laizhou Bay residents. To assess the PBDE concentration trend, and determine the concentrations of the emerging flame retardants Dechlorane Plus (DP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the authors measured the concentrations of 8 PBDE congeners, 2 DP isomers, and TBPH in 10 composite samples, which were pooled from the serum collected from 305 Laizhou Bay residents in October 2011. The average concentration of the total PBDE (∑8 PBDE) concentration in all serum pools was 240 ng/g lipid weight, and the highest serum pool concentration (in the 30- to 39-yr-old male group) was 780 ng/g lipid weight. Brominated diphenyl ether-209 was the dominant congener, accounting for 87% of ∑8 PBDE. Compared with a previous study, ∑8 PBDE serum concentrations in the present study showed no change in order of magnitude, but the relative contribution of BDE-209 to ∑8 PBDE was higher. The average concentration of ∑DP in all serum pools was 3.6 ng/g lipid weight, ranging from 1.4 ng/g lipid weight (in the 50- to 59-yr-old male group) to 11 ng/g lipid weight (in the 20- to 29-yr-old male group). The concentration of DP was lower than in other reported studies. The study also detected TBPH in the 30- to 39-yr-old female group, suggesting that TBPH, as an emerging HFR, requires further monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1242-1247. © 2013 SETAC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324', event);\">\n    Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gorga, M.; Martínez, E.; Ginebreda, A.; Eljarrat, E.;  and Barceló, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 444: 51–9. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gorga_determination_2013,\n\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain}).},\n\tvolume = {444},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262324},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\n\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23262324},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {51--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657', event);\">\n    Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fulong, C. R. P;  and Espino, M. P. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 90(1): 42–8. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013,\n\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the {Philippines}.},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921657},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072},\n\tabstract = {This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC-UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0-300 μg L(-1) BDE-209 was good (R(2)=0.993). The \\% absolute recovery and the \\% RSD for n=8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57\\% and 19\\%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g(-1). All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103-4117 ng g(-1) with an average concentration of 2172 ng g(-1). The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Fulong, Cressa Ria P and Espino, Maria Pythias B},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {22921657},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Limit of Detection, Philippines, Universities},\n\tpages = {42--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC-UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0-300 μg L(-1) BDE-209 was good (R(2)=0.993). The % absolute recovery and the % RSD for n=8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57% and 19%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g(-1). All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103-4117 ng g(-1) with an average concentration of 2172 ng g(-1). The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernndezgmez-lpezlpez-matamoros-dez-garcavargas-moreno-atmosphericinfluenceonthedistributionoforganicpollutantsintheguadalquivirriverestuaryswspain-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernndezgmez-lpezlpez-matamoros-dez-garcavargas-moreno-atmosphericinfluenceonthedistributionoforganicpollutantsintheguadalquivirriverestuaryswspain-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894', event);\">\n    Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the Guadalquivir River estuary, SW Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernández-Gómez, C.; López-López, J. A.; Matamoros, V.; Díez, S.; García-Vargas, M.;  and Moreno, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental monitoring and assessment</i>, 185(4): 3209–18. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernndezgmez-lpezlpez-matamoros-dez-garcavargas-moreno-atmosphericinfluenceonthedistributionoforganicpollutantsintheguadalquivirriverestuaryswspain-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the Guadalquivir River estuary, SW Spain. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernndezgmez-lpezlpez-matamoros-dez-garcavargas-moreno-atmosphericinfluenceonthedistributionoforganicpollutantsintheguadalquivirriverestuaryswspain-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernndezgmez-lpezlpez-matamoros-dez-garcavargas-moreno-atmosphericinfluenceonthedistributionoforganicpollutantsintheguadalquivirriverestuaryswspain-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernndezgmez-lpezlpez-matamoros-dez-garcavargas-moreno-atmosphericinfluenceonthedistributionoforganicpollutantsintheguadalquivirriverestuaryswspain-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernandez-gomez_atmospheric_2013,\n\ttitle = {Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the {Guadalquivir} {River} estuary, {SW} {Spain}.},\n\tvolume = {185},\n\tissn = {1573-2959},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010894},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9},\n\tabstract = {In the lower Guadalquivir river basin, a system stressed by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities, eight pesticides (four triazines, two chloroacetanilide herbicides, one organochlorine, and one organophosphorus insecticide); and four emerging pollutants (two personal care products, one organophosphorous flame retardant, and one xanthine alkaloid) were analyzed in river water during a 2-year monitoring program, and after rain episodes. Samples were extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique prior to determination of compounds using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Except for caffeine, recoveries were mostly above 80 \\%, while limits of detection and quantification were in the low nanograms per liter level (except for dimethoate). Terbuthylazine, simazine (triazine herbicides), and dimethoate (organophosphorus insecticide), present in agrochemicals, were predominant in the river water, although concentrations were below the quality standards established by the EU Water-Framework-Directive. A general trend to increase concentration was observed after rain events, in particular for pesticides, possibly as a consequence of surface runoff.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment},\n\tauthor = {Fernández-Gómez, Cristal and López-López, José Antonio and Matamoros, Victor and Díez, Sergi and García-Vargas, Manuel and Moreno, Carlos},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23010894},\n\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Herbicides, Herbicides: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Models, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Spain, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Water Pollutants, Wind},\n\tpages = {3209--18},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the lower Guadalquivir river basin, a system stressed by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities, eight pesticides (four triazines, two chloroacetanilide herbicides, one organochlorine, and one organophosphorus insecticide); and four emerging pollutants (two personal care products, one organophosphorous flame retardant, and one xanthine alkaloid) were analyzed in river water during a 2-year monitoring program, and after rain episodes. Samples were extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique prior to determination of compounds using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Except for caffeine, recoveries were mostly above 80 %, while limits of detection and quantification were in the low nanograms per liter level (except for dimethoate). Terbuthylazine, simazine (triazine herbicides), and dimethoate (organophosphorus insecticide), present in agrochemicals, were predominant in the river water, although concentrations were below the quality standards established by the EU Water-Framework-Directive. A general trend to increase concentration was observed after rain events, in particular for pesticides, possibly as a consequence of surface runoff.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"feo-gross-mcgarrigle-eljarrat-barcel-aga-olson-biotransformationofbde47topotentiallytoxicmetabolitesispredominantlymediatedbyhumancyp2b6-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'feo-gross-mcgarrigle-eljarrat-barcel-aga-olson-biotransformationofbde47topotentiallytoxicmetabolitesispredominantlymediatedbyhumancyp2b6-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Biotransformation of BDE-47 to potentially toxic metabolites is predominantly mediated by human CYP2B6.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Feo, M. L.; Gross, M. S; McGarrigle, B. P; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D.; Aga, D. S;  and Olson, J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 121(4): 440–6, 446e1–7. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('feo-gross-mcgarrigle-eljarrat-barcel-aga-olson-biotransformationofbde47topotentiallytoxicmetabolitesispredominantlymediatedbyhumancyp2b6-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Biotransformation of BDE-47 to potentially toxic metabolites is predominantly mediated by human CYP2B6. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205446\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('feo-gross-mcgarrigle-eljarrat-barcel-aga-olson-biotransformationofbde47topotentiallytoxicmetabolitesispredominantlymediatedbyhumancyp2b6-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205446', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/feo-gross-mcgarrigle-eljarrat-barcel-aga-olson-biotransformationofbde47topotentiallytoxicmetabolitesispredominantlymediatedbyhumancyp2b6-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('feo-gross-mcgarrigle-eljarrat-barcel-aga-olson-biotransformationofbde47topotentiallytoxicmetabolitesispredominantlymediatedbyhumancyp2b6-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{feo_biotransformation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Biotransformation of {BDE}-47 to potentially toxic metabolites is predominantly mediated by human {CYP2B6}.},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3620761&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205446},\n\tabstract = {Previous studies have indicated that cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are involved in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in humans, resulting in the formation of hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) that are potentially more toxic than the parent PBDEs. However, the specific enzymes responsible for the formation of OH-PBDEs are unknown.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Feo, Maria Luisa and Gross, Michael S and McGarrigle, Barbara P and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Aga, Diana S and Olson, James R},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23249762},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {440--6, 446e1--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous studies have indicated that cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are involved in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in humans, resulting in the formation of hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) that are potentially more toxic than the parent PBDEs. However, the specific enzymes responsible for the formation of OH-PBDEs are unknown.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"feng-li-qu-wang-wang-oxidativestressbiomarkersinfreshwaterfishcarassiusauratusexposedtodecabromodiphenyletherandethaneortheirmixture-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'feng-li-qu-wang-wang-oxidativestressbiomarkersinfreshwaterfishcarassiusauratusexposedtodecabromodiphenyletherandethaneortheirmixture-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511', event);\">\n    Oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether and ethane, or their mixture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Feng, M.; Li, Y.; Qu, R.; Wang, L.;  and Wang, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology (London, England)</i>. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('feng-li-qu-wang-wang-oxidativestressbiomarkersinfreshwaterfishcarassiusauratusexposedtodecabromodiphenyletherandethaneortheirmixture-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether and ethane, or their mixture. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1097-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('feng-li-qu-wang-wang-oxidativestressbiomarkersinfreshwaterfishcarassiusauratusexposedtodecabromodiphenyletherandethaneortheirmixture-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1097-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/feng-li-qu-wang-wang-oxidativestressbiomarkersinfreshwaterfishcarassiusauratusexposedtodecabromodiphenyletherandethaneortheirmixture-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('feng-li-qu-wang-wang-oxidativestressbiomarkersinfreshwaterfishcarassiusauratusexposedtodecabromodiphenyletherandethaneortheirmixture-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{feng_oxidative_2013,\n\ttitle = {Oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater fish {Carassius} auratus exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether and ethane, or their mixture.},\n\tissn = {1573-3017},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839511},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-013-1097-2},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its commercial alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two structurally similar brominated flame retardants, with evidence of their ubiquitous existence in aquatic ecosystems. The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatic oxidative stress inducing potential of BDE-209, DBDPE, and their mixture in Carassius auratus after exposure to different doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7, 14 and 30 days. Results showed that oxidative stress was evoked evidently for the experimental groups with longer exposure duration, as indicated by significant inhibition in the antioxidant enzymes activities and decrease in the reduced glutathione level, as well as simultaneous elevation of lipid peroxidation level measured by malondialdehyde content. In addition, it was found that BDE-209 possessed a higher oxidative stress inducing ability than DBDPE. Considering the more pronounced antioxidant responses in combined exposure, the interaction of BDE-209 and DBDPE was presumed to be additive action.},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\n\tauthor = {Feng, Mingbao and Li, Ying and Qu, Ruijuan and Wang, Liansheng and Wang, Zunyao},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23839511},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its commercial alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two structurally similar brominated flame retardants, with evidence of their ubiquitous existence in aquatic ecosystems. The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatic oxidative stress inducing potential of BDE-209, DBDPE, and their mixture in Carassius auratus after exposure to different doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7, 14 and 30 days. Results showed that oxidative stress was evoked evidently for the experimental groups with longer exposure duration, as indicated by significant inhibition in the antioxidant enzymes activities and decrease in the reduced glutathione level, as well as simultaneous elevation of lipid peroxidation level measured by malondialdehyde content. In addition, it was found that BDE-209 possessed a higher oxidative stress inducing ability than DBDPE. Considering the more pronounced antioxidant responses in combined exposure, the interaction of BDE-209 and DBDPE was presumed to be additive action.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"farhat-crump-chiu-williams-letcher-gauthier-kennedy-inovoeffectsoftwoorganophosphateflameretardantstcppandtdcpponpippingsuccessdevelopmentmrnaexpressionandthyroidhormonelevelsinchickenembryos-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'farhat-crump-chiu-williams-letcher-gauthier-kennedy-inovoeffectsoftwoorganophosphateflameretardantstcppandtdcpponpippingsuccessdevelopmentmrnaexpressionandthyroidhormonelevelsinchickenembryos-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516', event);\">\n    In Ovo Effects of Two Organophosphate Flame Retardants–TCPP and TDCPP–on Pipping Success, Development, mRNA Expression, and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Chicken Embryos.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Farhat, A.; Crump, D.; Chiu, S.; Williams, K. L; Letcher, R. J; Gauthier, L. T;  and Kennedy, S. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('farhat-crump-chiu-williams-letcher-gauthier-kennedy-inovoeffectsoftwoorganophosphateflameretardantstcppandtdcpponpippingsuccessdevelopmentmrnaexpressionandthyroidhormonelevelsinchickenembryos-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In Ovo Effects of Two Organophosphate Flame Retardants–TCPP and TDCPP–on Pipping Success, Development, mRNA Expression, and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Chicken Embryos. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('farhat-crump-chiu-williams-letcher-gauthier-kennedy-inovoeffectsoftwoorganophosphateflameretardantstcppandtdcpponpippingsuccessdevelopmentmrnaexpressionandthyroidhormonelevelsinchickenembryos-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft100', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/farhat-crump-chiu-williams-letcher-gauthier-kennedy-inovoeffectsoftwoorganophosphateflameretardantstcppandtdcpponpippingsuccessdevelopmentmrnaexpressionandthyroidhormonelevelsinchickenembryos-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('farhat-crump-chiu-williams-letcher-gauthier-kennedy-inovoeffectsoftwoorganophosphateflameretardantstcppandtdcpponpippingsuccessdevelopmentmrnaexpressionandthyroidhormonelevelsinchickenembryos-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{farhat_ovo_2013,\n\ttitle = {In {Ovo} {Effects} of {Two} {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}–{TCPP} and {TDCPP}–on {Pipping} {Success}, {Development}, {mRNA} {Expression}, and {Thyroid} {Hormone} {Levels} in {Chicken} {Embryos}.},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629516},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kft100},\n\tabstract = {Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are organic flame retardants detected in the environment and biota for which avian toxicological data are limited. In this study, domestic chicken eggs were injected with TCPP or TDCPP (maximum dose = 51,600 and 45,000ng/g egg, respectively) to determine dose-dependent effects on pipping success, development, hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, and TH levels following 20-22 days of incubation. Neither compound reduced pipping success; however, TCPP significantly delayed pipping at 9240 and 51,600ng/g and reduced tarsus length at 51,600ng/g. TDCPP exposure resulted in significant decreases in head plus bill length, embryo mass, and gallbladder size at 45,000ng/g and reduced plasma free T4 levels at 7640ng/g. Type I deiodinase, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A37 mRNA levels were significantly induced by TCPP, whereas TDCPP induced CYP3A37 and CYP2H1. Chemical analysis of egg contents at incubation days 0, 5, 11, 18, and 19 revealed that {\\textbackslash}textgreater 92\\% of the injected TCPP or TDCPP concentration was detectable up to day 5; however, {\\textbackslash}textless 1\\% was detected by day 19. The observed phenotypic responses to TCPP and TDCPP exposure may be associated with disruption of the TH axis, which is critical for normal growth and development in birds. The effects of TDCPP on the gallbladder indicate that the disturbance of lipid metabolism is a likely mechanism of toxicity.},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Farhat, Amani and Crump, Doug and Chiu, Suzanne and Williams, Kim L and Letcher, Robert J and Gauthier, Lewis T and Kennedy, Sean W},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23629516},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are organic flame retardants detected in the environment and biota for which avian toxicological data are limited. In this study, domestic chicken eggs were injected with TCPP or TDCPP (maximum dose = 51,600 and 45,000ng/g egg, respectively) to determine dose-dependent effects on pipping success, development, hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, and TH levels following 20-22 days of incubation. Neither compound reduced pipping success; however, TCPP significantly delayed pipping at 9240 and 51,600ng/g and reduced tarsus length at 51,600ng/g. TDCPP exposure resulted in significant decreases in head plus bill length, embryo mass, and gallbladder size at 45,000ng/g and reduced plasma free T4 levels at 7640ng/g. Type I deiodinase, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A37 mRNA levels were significantly induced by TCPP, whereas TDCPP induced CYP3A37 and CYP2H1. Chemical analysis of egg contents at incubation days 0, 5, 11, 18, and 19 revealed that \\textgreater 92% of the injected TCPP or TDCPP concentration was detectable up to day 5; however, \\textless 1% was detected by day 19. The observed phenotypic responses to TCPP and TDCPP exposure may be associated with disruption of the TH axis, which is critical for normal growth and development in birds. The effects of TDCPP on the gallbladder indicate that the disturbance of lipid metabolism is a likely mechanism of toxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680', event);\">\n    Investigating a novel flame retardant known as v6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fang, M.; Webster, T. F; Gooden, D.; Cooper, E. M; McClean, M. D; Carignan, C.; Makey, C.;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 47(9): 4449–54. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigating a novel flame retardant known as v6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es400032v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es400032v', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fang_investigating_2013,\n\ttitle = {Investigating a novel flame retardant known as v6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es400032v},\n\tabstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors&#x27; knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\\textbackslash}textgreater98\\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24 500 000 to 59 500 000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46 500 000 ± 12 000 000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M and McClean, Michael D and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23565680},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {4449--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified (\\textgreater98%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24 500 000 to 59 500 000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46 500 000 ± 12 000 000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from \\textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and \\textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fa-pogrmicmajkic-dakic-kaisarevic-hrubik-andric-stojilkovic-kovacevic-acuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneonleydigcellcyclicnucleotidesignalingandsteroidogenesisinvitro-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fa-pogrmicmajkic-dakic-kaisarevic-hrubik-andric-stojilkovic-kovacevic-acuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneonleydigcellcyclicnucleotidesignalingandsteroidogenesisinvitro-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875', event);\">\n    Acute effects of hexabromocyclododecane on Leydig cell cyclic nucleotide signaling and steroidogenesis in vitro.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fa, S.; Pogrmic-Majkic, K.; Dakic, V.; Kaisarevic, S.; Hrubik, J.; Andric, N.; Stojilkovic, S. S;  and Kovacevic, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 218(1): 81–90. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fa-pogrmicmajkic-dakic-kaisarevic-hrubik-andric-stojilkovic-kovacevic-acuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneonleydigcellcyclicnucleotidesignalingandsteroidogenesisinvitro-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Acute effects of hexabromocyclododecane on Leydig cell cyclic nucleotide signaling and steroidogenesis in vitro. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fa-pogrmicmajkic-dakic-kaisarevic-hrubik-andric-stojilkovic-kovacevic-acuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneonleydigcellcyclicnucleotidesignalingandsteroidogenesisinvitro-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fa-pogrmicmajkic-dakic-kaisarevic-hrubik-andric-stojilkovic-kovacevic-acuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneonleydigcellcyclicnucleotidesignalingandsteroidogenesisinvitro-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fa-pogrmicmajkic-dakic-kaisarevic-hrubik-andric-stojilkovic-kovacevic-acuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneonleydigcellcyclicnucleotidesignalingandsteroidogenesisinvitro-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fa_acute_2013,\n\ttitle = {Acute effects of hexabromocyclododecane on {Leydig} cell cyclic nucleotide signaling and steroidogenesis in vitro.},\n\tvolume = {218},\n\tissn = {1879-3169},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347875},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.009},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), an additive brominated flame retardant routinely added to various consumer products, was reported to have toxic effects upon biota, including endocrine disruption. In this study, the potential toxicity of HBCDD was tested in peripubertal rat Leydig cells in vitro during 6h exposure. HBCDD inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin- and forskolin-supported cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis. It also inhibited basal cAMP production, but elevated basal steroidogenesis. The expression of several cAMP-dependent genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was also inhibited by HBCDD treatment. Nevertheless, this was not accompanied by a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, as documented by western blot analysis, and activity of steroidogenic enzymes, as documented by unaffected steroidogenesis in the presence of permeable 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. However, HBCDD caused significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in untreated and human chorionic gonadotropin-treated cells. This indicates that HBCDD acute toxicity in Leydig cells reflects changes in mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent cAMP production and basal and cAMP-regulated cholesterol transport. This in turn facilitates basal but inhibits cAMP-dependent steroidogenesis. Acute effects of HBCDD treatment on transcription are also indicative of its sustained effects on Leydig cell function.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Fa, Svetlana and Pogrmic-Majkic, Kristina and Dakic, Vanja and Kaisarevic, Sonja and Hrubik, Jelena and Andric, Nebojsa and Stojilkovic, Stanko S and Kovacevic, Radmila},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23347875},\n\tkeywords = {3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: genetics, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: analysis, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Cycle: physiology, Cells, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Conditioned, Conditioned: chemistry, Culture Media, Cultured, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP: genetics, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Cyclic GMP, Cyclic GMP: genetics, Cyclic GMP: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial: drug effects, Mitochondrial: physiology, Nucleotides, Nucleotides: metabolism, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: genetics, Phosphoproteins: metabolism, Progesterone, Progesterone: analysis, Rats, Signal Transduction, Wistar},\n\tpages = {81--90},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), an additive brominated flame retardant routinely added to various consumer products, was reported to have toxic effects upon biota, including endocrine disruption. In this study, the potential toxicity of HBCDD was tested in peripubertal rat Leydig cells in vitro during 6h exposure. HBCDD inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin- and forskolin-supported cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis. It also inhibited basal cAMP production, but elevated basal steroidogenesis. The expression of several cAMP-dependent genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was also inhibited by HBCDD treatment. Nevertheless, this was not accompanied by a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, as documented by western blot analysis, and activity of steroidogenic enzymes, as documented by unaffected steroidogenesis in the presence of permeable 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. However, HBCDD caused significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in untreated and human chorionic gonadotropin-treated cells. This indicates that HBCDD acute toxicity in Leydig cells reflects changes in mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent cAMP production and basal and cAMP-regulated cholesterol transport. This in turn facilitates basal but inhibits cAMP-dependent steroidogenesis. Acute effects of HBCDD treatment on transcription are also indicative of its sustained effects on Leydig cell function.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680', event);\">\n    Investigating a novel flame retardant known as V6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fang, M.; Webster, T. F; Gooden, D.; Cooper, E. M; McClean, M. D; Carignan, C.; Makey, C.;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 47(9): 4449–54. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigating a novel flame retardant known as V6: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es400032v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es400032v', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fang_investigating_2013,\n\ttitle = {Investigating a novel flame retardant known as {V6}: measurements in baby products, house dust, and car dust.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565680},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es400032v},\n\tabstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors&#x27; knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\\textbackslash}textgreater98\\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24,500,000 to 59,500,000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46,500,000 ± 12,000,000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\\textbackslash}textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M and McClean, Michael D and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23565680},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {4449--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors' knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified (\\textgreater98%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24,500,000 to 59,500,000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46,500,000 ± 12,000,000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from \\textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and \\textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eskenazi, B.; Chevrier, J.; Rauch, S. A; Kogut, K.; Harley, K. G; Johnson, C.; Trujillo, C.; Sjödin, A.;  and Bradman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 121(2): 257–62. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,\n\ttitle = {In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) exposures and neurodevelopment in the {CHAMACOS} study.},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: California children&#x27;s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort. METHODS: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children&#x27;s attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323). RESULTS: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination-particularly in the nondominant-at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23154064},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {257--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort. METHODS: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323). RESULTS: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination-particularly in the nondominant-at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eskenazi, B.; Chevrier, J.; Rauch, S. A; Kogut, K.; Harley, K. G; Johnson, C.; Trujillo, C.; Sjödin, A.;  and Bradman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 121(2): 257–62. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjdin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,\n\ttitle = {In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) exposures and neurodevelopment in the {CHAMACOS} study.},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3569691&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\n\tabstract = {California children&#x27;s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23154064},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {257--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"erratico-szeitz-bandiera-biotransformationof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47byhumanlivermicrosomesidentificationofcytochromep4502b6asthemajorenzymeinvolved-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'erratico-szeitz-bandiera-biotransformationof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47byhumanlivermicrosomesidentificationofcytochromep4502b6asthemajorenzymeinvolved-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005', event);\">\n    Biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) by Human Liver Microsomes: Identification of Cytochrome P450 2B6 as the Major Enzyme Involved.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Erratico, C. A; Szeitz, A.;  and Bandiera, S. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical research in toxicology</i>, 26(5): 721–31. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('erratico-szeitz-bandiera-biotransformationof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47byhumanlivermicrosomesidentificationofcytochromep4502b6asthemajorenzymeinvolved-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Biotransformation of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) by Human Liver Microsomes: Identification of Cytochrome P450 2B6 as the Major Enzyme Involved. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/tx300522u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('erratico-szeitz-bandiera-biotransformationof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47byhumanlivermicrosomesidentificationofcytochromep4502b6asthemajorenzymeinvolved-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/tx300522u', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/erratico-szeitz-bandiera-biotransformationof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47byhumanlivermicrosomesidentificationofcytochromep4502b6asthemajorenzymeinvolved-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('erratico-szeitz-bandiera-biotransformationof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47byhumanlivermicrosomesidentificationofcytochromep4502b6asthemajorenzymeinvolved-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{erratico_biotransformation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Biotransformation of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-{Tetrabromodiphenyl} {Ether} ({BDE}-47) by {Human} {Liver} {Microsomes}: {Identification} of {Cytochrome} {P450} {2B6} as the {Major} {Enzyme} {Involved}.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1520-5010},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537005},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/tx300522u},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used flame retardants that have become persistent environmental pollutants. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major PBDE detected in human tissue and environmental samples. Biotransformation of BDE-47 by pooled and individual human liver microsomes and by human recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes was assessed using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Of the nine hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47 produced by human liver microsomes, seven metabolites were identified using authentic standards. A monohydroxy-tetrabrominated and a dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite remain unidentified. Kinetic analysis of the rates of metabolite formation revealed that the major metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-OH-BDE-47), 6-hydroxy-2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47), and possibly the unidentified monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite. Among the human recombinant P450 enzymes tested, P450 2B6 was the most active enzyme in the formation of the hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47. Moreover, the formation of all metabolites of BDE-47 by pooled human liver microsomes was inhibited by a P450 2B6-specific antibody and was highly correlated with P450 2B6-mediated activity in single donor liver microsomes indicating that P450 2B6 was the major P450 responsible for the biotransformation of BDE-47. Additional experiments involving the incubation of liver microsomes with individual monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites in place of BDE-47 demonstrated that 2,4-dibromophenol was a product of BDE-47 and several primary metabolites, but the dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite was not formed by sequential hydroxylation of any of the monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites tested. The present study provides a comprehensive characterization of the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 by human liver microsomes and P450 2B6.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemical research in toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Erratico, Claudio A and Szeitz, András and Bandiera, Stelvio M},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23537005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {721--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used flame retardants that have become persistent environmental pollutants. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major PBDE detected in human tissue and environmental samples. Biotransformation of BDE-47 by pooled and individual human liver microsomes and by human recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes was assessed using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Of the nine hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47 produced by human liver microsomes, seven metabolites were identified using authentic standards. A monohydroxy-tetrabrominated and a dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite remain unidentified. Kinetic analysis of the rates of metabolite formation revealed that the major metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5-OH-BDE-47), 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47), and possibly the unidentified monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite. Among the human recombinant P450 enzymes tested, P450 2B6 was the most active enzyme in the formation of the hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47. Moreover, the formation of all metabolites of BDE-47 by pooled human liver microsomes was inhibited by a P450 2B6-specific antibody and was highly correlated with P450 2B6-mediated activity in single donor liver microsomes indicating that P450 2B6 was the major P450 responsible for the biotransformation of BDE-47. Additional experiments involving the incubation of liver microsomes with individual monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites in place of BDE-47 demonstrated that 2,4-dibromophenol was a product of BDE-47 and several primary metabolites, but the dihydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolite was not formed by sequential hydroxylation of any of the monohydroxy-tetrabrominated metabolites tested. The present study provides a comprehensive characterization of the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 by human liver microsomes and P450 2B6.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eng-williams-elliott-developmentalexposuretoabrominatedflameretardantanassessmentofeffectsonphysiologygrowthandreproductioninasongbirdthezebrafinch-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eng-williams-elliott-developmentalexposuretoabrominatedflameretardantanassessmentofeffectsonphysiologygrowthandreproductioninasongbirdthezebrafinch-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037', event);\">\n    Developmental exposure to a brominated flame retardant: An assessment of effects on physiology, growth, and reproduction in a songbird, the zebra finch.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eng, M. L; Williams, T. D;  and Elliott, J. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 178(null): 343–9. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eng-williams-elliott-developmentalexposuretoabrominatedflameretardantanassessmentofeffectsonphysiologygrowthandreproductioninasongbirdthezebrafinch-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental exposure to a brominated flame retardant: An assessment of effects on physiology, growth, and reproduction in a songbird, the zebra finch. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eng-williams-elliott-developmentalexposuretoabrominatedflameretardantanassessmentofeffectsonphysiologygrowthandreproductioninasongbirdthezebrafinch-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eng-williams-elliott-developmentalexposuretoabrominatedflameretardantanassessmentofeffectsonphysiologygrowthandreproductioninasongbirdthezebrafinch-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eng-williams-elliott-developmentalexposuretoabrominatedflameretardantanassessmentofeffectsonphysiologygrowthandreproductioninasongbirdthezebrafinch-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eng_developmental_2013,\n\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to a brominated flame retardant: {An} assessment of effects on physiology, growth, and reproduction in a songbird, the zebra finch.},\n\tvolume = {178},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.037},\n\tabstract = {Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as additive flame retardants, and BDE-99 is one of the most predominant congeners found in the environment. BDE-99 has been reported in avian samples worldwide, yet knowledge of its toxicity to birds is minimal. We assessed the short- and long-term effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 in a model passerine, the zebra finch. Early exposure to BDE-99 did not affect hematocrit, oxidative stress, or thyroid hormones in either the juvenile or adult stages, and there were no effects on chick growth or survival. BDE-99 exposure caused a dose-dependent delay in timing of reproduction, but there were no other effects on reproductive success. In zebra finches, endpoints related to reproductive behavior appear to be the most sensitive to BDE-99. However, passerines overall appear to be less sensitive than birds of prey or mammals to PBDE exposure.},\n\tnumber = {null},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Eng, Margaret L and Williams, Tony D and Elliott, John E},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23603472},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Oxidative Stress, Reproduction, Thyroid Hormones, bde-99, laying interval},\n\tpages = {343--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as additive flame retardants, and BDE-99 is one of the most predominant congeners found in the environment. BDE-99 has been reported in avian samples worldwide, yet knowledge of its toxicity to birds is minimal. We assessed the short- and long-term effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 in a model passerine, the zebra finch. Early exposure to BDE-99 did not affect hematocrit, oxidative stress, or thyroid hormones in either the juvenile or adult stages, and there were no effects on chick growth or survival. BDE-99 exposure caused a dose-dependent delay in timing of reproduction, but there were no other effects on reproductive success. In zebra finches, endpoints related to reproductive behavior appear to be the most sensitive to BDE-99. However, passerines overall appear to be less sensitive than birds of prey or mammals to PBDE exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eisenreich-rowe-experimentalexposureofeggstopolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47andbde99inredearedsliderstrachemysscriptaelegansandsnappingturtleschelydraserpentinaandpossiblespeciesspecificdifferencesindebromination-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eisenreich-rowe-experimentalexposureofeggstopolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47andbde99inredearedsliderstrachemysscriptaelegansandsnappingturtleschelydraserpentinaandpossiblespeciesspecificdifferencesindebromination-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837', event);\">\n    Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47 and BDE-99 in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and possible species-specific differences in debromination.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eisenreich, K. M;  and Rowe, C. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(2): 393–400. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eisenreich-rowe-experimentalexposureofeggstopolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47andbde99inredearedsliderstrachemysscriptaelegansandsnappingturtleschelydraserpentinaandpossiblespeciesspecificdifferencesindebromination-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47 and BDE-99 in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and possible species-specific differences in debromination. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eisenreich-rowe-experimentalexposureofeggstopolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47andbde99inredearedsliderstrachemysscriptaelegansandsnappingturtleschelydraserpentinaandpossiblespeciesspecificdifferencesindebromination-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2061', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eisenreich-rowe-experimentalexposureofeggstopolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47andbde99inredearedsliderstrachemysscriptaelegansandsnappingturtleschelydraserpentinaandpossiblespeciesspecificdifferencesindebromination-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eisenreich-rowe-experimentalexposureofeggstopolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47andbde99inredearedsliderstrachemysscriptaelegansandsnappingturtleschelydraserpentinaandpossiblespeciesspecificdifferencesindebromination-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eisenreich_experimental_2013,\n\ttitle = {Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 in red-eared sliders ({Trachemys} scripta elegans) and snapping turtles ({Chelydra} serpentina) and possible species-specific differences in debromination.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147837},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2061},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic class of flame retardants that can potentially impact turtles in natural habitats via exposure through maternal transfer. To simulate maternal transfer in the present study, PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 were topically applied to the eggshell and were allowed to diffuse into the egg contents of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Eggs were topically dosed over 8 d to achieve a target concentration of 40 ng/g in the egg contents. Transfer efficiency was higher for BDE-47 than for BDE-99 in the red-eared sliders (25.8 ± 1.9\\% vs 9.9 ± 1.1\\%) and snapping turtles (31.3 ± 1.6\\% vs 12.5 ± 1.4\\%), resulting in greater BDE-47 and lower BDE-99 egg content concentrations relative to the 40 ng/g target. However, only 25.8 and 31.3\\% of the total BDE-47 and 9.9 and 12.5\\% of the total BDE-99 dose applied could be accounted for in the red-eared slider and snapping turtle egg contents, respectively. Additionally, increased BDE-47 in red-eared slider egg contents dosed with only BDE-99 indicate that BDE-99 might have been debrominated to BDE-47. The efficacy of topical dosing for administering desired embryonic exposures is clearly affected by the chemical properties of the applied compounds and was more successful for BDE-47 in both species.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Eisenreich, Karen M and Rowe, Christopher L},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23147837},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {393--400},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic class of flame retardants that can potentially impact turtles in natural habitats via exposure through maternal transfer. To simulate maternal transfer in the present study, PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 were topically applied to the eggshell and were allowed to diffuse into the egg contents of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Eggs were topically dosed over 8 d to achieve a target concentration of 40 ng/g in the egg contents. Transfer efficiency was higher for BDE-47 than for BDE-99 in the red-eared sliders (25.8 ± 1.9% vs 9.9 ± 1.1%) and snapping turtles (31.3 ± 1.6% vs 12.5 ± 1.4%), resulting in greater BDE-47 and lower BDE-99 egg content concentrations relative to the 40 ng/g target. However, only 25.8 and 31.3% of the total BDE-47 and 9.9 and 12.5% of the total BDE-99 dose applied could be accounted for in the red-eared slider and snapping turtle egg contents, respectively. Additionally, increased BDE-47 in red-eared slider egg contents dosed with only BDE-99 indicate that BDE-99 might have been debrominated to BDE-47. The efficacy of topical dosing for administering desired embryonic exposures is clearly affected by the chemical properties of the applied compounds and was more successful for BDE-47 in both species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eguchi-isobe-ramu-tue-sudaryanto-devanathan-viet-tana-etal-soilcontaminationbybrominatedflameretardantsinopenwastedumpingsitesinasiandevelopingcountries-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eguchi-isobe-ramu-tue-sudaryanto-devanathan-viet-tana-etal-soilcontaminationbybrominatedflameretardantsinopenwastedumpingsitesinasiandevelopingcountries-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186', event);\">\n    Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eguchi, A.; Isobe, T.; Ramu, K.; Tue, N. M.; Sudaryanto, A.; Devanathan, G.; Viet, P. H.; Tana, R. S.; Takahashi, S.; Subramanian, A.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 90(9): 2365–71. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eguchi-isobe-ramu-tue-sudaryanto-devanathan-viet-tana-etal-soilcontaminationbybrominatedflameretardantsinopenwastedumpingsitesinasiandevelopingcountries-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eguchi-isobe-ramu-tue-sudaryanto-devanathan-viet-tana-etal-soilcontaminationbybrominatedflameretardantsinopenwastedumpingsitesinasiandevelopingcountries-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.027', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eguchi-isobe-ramu-tue-sudaryanto-devanathan-viet-tana-etal-soilcontaminationbybrominatedflameretardantsinopenwastedumpingsitesinasiandevelopingcountries-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eguchi-isobe-ramu-tue-sudaryanto-devanathan-viet-tana-etal-soilcontaminationbybrominatedflameretardantsinopenwastedumpingsitesinasiandevelopingcountries-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eguchi_soil_2013,\n\ttitle = {Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in {Asian} developing countries.},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149186},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.027},\n\tabstract = {In Asian developing countries, large amounts of municipal wastes are dumped into open dumping sites each day without adequate management. This practice may cause several adverse environmental consequences and increase health risks to local communities. These dumping sites are contaminated with many chemicals including brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). BFRs may be released into the environment through production processes and through the disposal of plastics and electronic wastes that contain them. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the status of BFR pollution in municipal waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Soil samples were collected from six open waste dumping sites and five reference sites in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam from 1999 to 2007. The results suggest that PBDEs are the dominant contaminants in the dumping sites in Asian developing countries, whereas HBCD contamination remains low. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs ranged from ND to 180 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 1.4 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the reference sites and from 0.20 to 430 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 2.5 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the dumping sites. Contamination levels of PBDEs in Asian municipal dumping sites were comparable with those reported from electronic waste dismantling areas in Pearl River delta, China.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Eguchi, Akifimi and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ramu, Karri and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Sudaryanto, Agus and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Viet, Pham Hung and Tana, Rouch Seang and Takahashi, Shin and Subramanian, Annamalai and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23149186},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {2365--71},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In Asian developing countries, large amounts of municipal wastes are dumped into open dumping sites each day without adequate management. This practice may cause several adverse environmental consequences and increase health risks to local communities. These dumping sites are contaminated with many chemicals including brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). BFRs may be released into the environment through production processes and through the disposal of plastics and electronic wastes that contain them. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the status of BFR pollution in municipal waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Soil samples were collected from six open waste dumping sites and five reference sites in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam from 1999 to 2007. The results suggest that PBDEs are the dominant contaminants in the dumping sites in Asian developing countries, whereas HBCD contamination remains low. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs ranged from ND to 180 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 1.4 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the reference sites and from 0.20 to 430 μg/kg dry wt and ND to 2.5 μg/kg dry wt, respectively, in the dumping sites. Contamination levels of PBDEs in Asian municipal dumping sites were comparable with those reported from electronic waste dismantling areas in Pearl River delta, China.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dodder-maruya-leeferguson-grace-klosterhaus-laguardia-lauenstein-ramirez-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninmusselsmytilussppalongthecaliforniacoastandtheinfluenceoflandusestormwaterdischargeandtreatedwastewatereffluent-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dodder-maruya-leeferguson-grace-klosterhaus-laguardia-lauenstein-ramirez-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninmusselsmytilussppalongthecaliforniacoastandtheinfluenceoflandusestormwaterdischargeandtreatedwastewatereffluent-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955', event);\">\n    Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in mussels (Mytilus spp.) along the California coast and the influence of land use, storm water discharge, and treated wastewater effluent.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dodder, N. G; Maruya, K. A; Lee Ferguson, P; Grace, R.; Klosterhaus, S.; La Guardia, M. J; Lauenstein, G. G;  and Ramirez, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodder-maruya-leeferguson-grace-klosterhaus-laguardia-lauenstein-ramirez-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninmusselsmytilussppalongthecaliforniacoastandtheinfluenceoflandusestormwaterdischargeandtreatedwastewatereffluent-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in mussels (Mytilus spp.) along the California coast and the influence of land use, storm water discharge, and treated wastewater effluent. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.041\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodder-maruya-leeferguson-grace-klosterhaus-laguardia-lauenstein-ramirez-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninmusselsmytilussppalongthecaliforniacoastandtheinfluenceoflandusestormwaterdischargeandtreatedwastewatereffluent-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.041', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dodder-maruya-leeferguson-grace-klosterhaus-laguardia-lauenstein-ramirez-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninmusselsmytilussppalongthecaliforniacoastandtheinfluenceoflandusestormwaterdischargeandtreatedwastewatereffluent-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dodder-maruya-leeferguson-grace-klosterhaus-laguardia-lauenstein-ramirez-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcerninmusselsmytilussppalongthecaliforniacoastandtheinfluenceoflandusestormwaterdischargeandtreatedwastewatereffluent-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dodder_occurrence_2013,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in mussels ({Mytilus} spp.) along the {California} coast and the influence of land use, storm water discharge, and treated wastewater effluent.},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849955},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.041},\n\tabstract = {Contaminants of emerging concern were measured in mussels collected along the California coast in 2009-2010. The seven classes were alkylphenols, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), other flame retardants, current use pesticides, perfluorinated compounds (PFC), and single walled carbon nanotubes. At least one contaminant was detected at 67 of the 68 stations (98\\%), and 67 of the 167 analytes had at least one detect (40\\%). Alkylphenol, PBDE, and PFC concentrations increased with urbanization and proximity to storm water discharge; pesticides had higher concentrations at agricultural stations. These results suggest that certain compounds; for example, alkylphenols, lomefloxacin and PBDE, are appropriate for inclusion in future coastal bivalve monitoring efforts based on maximum concentrations {\\textbackslash}textgreater50ng/g dry weight and detection frequencies {\\textbackslash}textgreater50\\%. Other compounds, for example PFC and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), may also be suggested for inclusion due to their {\\textbackslash}textgreater25\\% detection frequency and potential for biomagnification.},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Dodder, Nathan G and Maruya, Keith A and Lee Ferguson, P and Grace, Richard and Klosterhaus, Susan and La Guardia, Mark J and Lauenstein, Gunnar G and Ramirez, Juan},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23849955},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Contaminants of emerging concern were measured in mussels collected along the California coast in 2009-2010. The seven classes were alkylphenols, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), other flame retardants, current use pesticides, perfluorinated compounds (PFC), and single walled carbon nanotubes. At least one contaminant was detected at 67 of the 68 stations (98%), and 67 of the 167 analytes had at least one detect (40%). Alkylphenol, PBDE, and PFC concentrations increased with urbanization and proximity to storm water discharge; pesticides had higher concentrations at agricultural stations. These results suggest that certain compounds; for example, alkylphenols, lomefloxacin and PBDE, are appropriate for inclusion in future coastal bivalve monitoring efforts based on maximum concentrations \\textgreater50ng/g dry weight and detection frequencies \\textgreater50%. Other compounds, for example PFC and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), may also be suggested for inclusion due to their \\textgreater25% detection frequency and potential for biomagnification.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dejourdan-hanson-muir-solomon-environmentalfateofthreenovelbrominatedflameretardantsinaquaticmesocosms-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dejourdan-hanson-muir-solomon-environmentalfateofthreenovelbrominatedflameretardantsinaquaticmesocosms-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845', event);\">\n    Environmental fate of three novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic mesocosms.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  de Jourdan, B. P; Hanson, M. L; Muir, D. C G;  and Solomon, K. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(5): 1060–8. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dejourdan-hanson-muir-solomon-environmentalfateofthreenovelbrominatedflameretardantsinaquaticmesocosms-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental fate of three novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic mesocosms. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2165\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dejourdan-hanson-muir-solomon-environmentalfateofthreenovelbrominatedflameretardantsinaquaticmesocosms-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2165', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dejourdan-hanson-muir-solomon-environmentalfateofthreenovelbrominatedflameretardantsinaquaticmesocosms-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dejourdan-hanson-muir-solomon-environmentalfateofthreenovelbrominatedflameretardantsinaquaticmesocosms-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_jourdan_environmental_2013,\n\ttitle = {Environmental fate of three novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic mesocosms.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400845},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2165},\n\tabstract = {Currently, little is known about the environmental fate and persistence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). The recent detection of NBFRs in sediment cores and air samples provides insight into their persistence and potential for transport. Limited numbers of laboratory studies have examined the fate and behavior of these compounds, but field-based fate studies have been especially lacking. The authors conducted an aquatic mesocosm experiment to assess the behavior of three NBFRs: bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether; TBBPA-DBPE), and Firemaster BZ-54, a commercial mixture containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) in a ratio of 1:4. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, operated in the electron capture negative ionization mode, revealed partitioning between the particulate and sediment phases, with BTBPE, TBBPA-DBPE, and BEHTBP identified as being environmentally persistent in both the particulate and the sediment compartments. The median dissipation times (DT50) differed in each compartment, with more rapid disappearance in the particulate (9-30 d) compared with the sediment compartment ({\\textbackslash}textgreater100 d) for each compound. The degradation products were more concentrated in the particulate compartment and corresponded to known photodegradation products. The ratio of EHTeBB to BEHTBP differed in the mesocosm compartments compared with the technical product used for treatment, indicating increased degradation of EHTeBB relative to BETHBP.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {de Jourdan, Benjamin P and Hanson, Mark L and Muir, Derek C G and Solomon, Keith R},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23400845},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1060--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Currently, little is known about the environmental fate and persistence of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). The recent detection of NBFRs in sediment cores and air samples provides insight into their persistence and potential for transport. Limited numbers of laboratory studies have examined the fate and behavior of these compounds, but field-based fate studies have been especially lacking. The authors conducted an aquatic mesocosm experiment to assess the behavior of three NBFRs: bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether; TBBPA-DBPE), and Firemaster BZ-54, a commercial mixture containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) in a ratio of 1:4. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, operated in the electron capture negative ionization mode, revealed partitioning between the particulate and sediment phases, with BTBPE, TBBPA-DBPE, and BEHTBP identified as being environmentally persistent in both the particulate and the sediment compartments. The median dissipation times (DT50) differed in each compartment, with more rapid disappearance in the particulate (9-30 d) compared with the sediment compartment (\\textgreater100 d) for each compound. The degradation products were more concentrated in the particulate compartment and corresponded to known photodegradation products. The ratio of EHTeBB to BEHTBP differed in the mesocosm compartments compared with the technical product used for treatment, indicating increased degradation of EHTeBB relative to BETHBP.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"desforges-ross-loseto-metabolictransformationshapespolychlorinatedbiphenylandpolybrominateddiphenyletherpatternsinbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'desforges-ross-loseto-metabolictransformationshapespolychlorinatedbiphenylandpolybrominateddiphenyletherpatternsinbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821', event);\">\n    Metabolic transformation shapes polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether patterns in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Desforges, J. W; Ross, P. S;  and Loseto, L. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(5): 1132–42. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desforges-ross-loseto-metabolictransformationshapespolychlorinatedbiphenylandpolybrominateddiphenyletherpatternsinbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metabolic transformation shapes polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether patterns in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2164\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desforges-ross-loseto-metabolictransformationshapespolychlorinatedbiphenylandpolybrominateddiphenyletherpatternsinbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2164', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/desforges-ross-loseto-metabolictransformationshapespolychlorinatedbiphenylandpolybrominateddiphenyletherpatternsinbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('desforges-ross-loseto-metabolictransformationshapespolychlorinatedbiphenylandpolybrominateddiphenyletherpatternsinbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{desforges_metabolic_2013,\n\ttitle = {Metabolic transformation shapes polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether patterns in beluga whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas).},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400821},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2164},\n\tabstract = {While the accumulation of persistent contaminants in marine mammals can be attributed directly to their prey, the role of metabolism in shaping patterns is often overlooked. In the present study, the authors investigated the role of metabolic transformation in influencing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) patterns in offshore and nearshore groups of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and their prey. Congener profiles and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed similar PCB and PBDE patterns in beluga whales feeding either offshore or nearshore, despite divergent contaminant patterns in the putative prey of these two feeding groups. The clustering of PCBs into metabolically derived structure-activity groups (SAGs) and the separation of metabolizable and recalcitrant groups along principal component 1 of the PCA revealed the important role of metabolic transformation in shaping PCB patterns in beluga. Lack of metabolism for congeners with high ortho-chlorine content was revealed by metabolic slopes equal to or greater than 1.0. Metabolic slopes for all other SAGs were less than 1.0 (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.001), suggesting metabolism of congeners with ortho-meta and meta-para vicinal hydrogens via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A/2B/3A). Metabolic indices less than 1.0 for PBDEs (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.001) suggested that beluga metabolized these poorly understood flame retardants. The strikingly similar PCB patterns in a captive beluga and free-ranging beluga from the Beaufort Sea provide additional evidence that metabolic transformation is a dominant driver of contaminant patterns in beluga.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Desforges, Jean-Pierre W and Ross, Peter S and Loseto, Lisa L},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23400821},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1132--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  While the accumulation of persistent contaminants in marine mammals can be attributed directly to their prey, the role of metabolism in shaping patterns is often overlooked. In the present study, the authors investigated the role of metabolic transformation in influencing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) patterns in offshore and nearshore groups of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and their prey. Congener profiles and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed similar PCB and PBDE patterns in beluga whales feeding either offshore or nearshore, despite divergent contaminant patterns in the putative prey of these two feeding groups. The clustering of PCBs into metabolically derived structure-activity groups (SAGs) and the separation of metabolizable and recalcitrant groups along principal component 1 of the PCA revealed the important role of metabolic transformation in shaping PCB patterns in beluga. Lack of metabolism for congeners with high ortho-chlorine content was revealed by metabolic slopes equal to or greater than 1.0. Metabolic slopes for all other SAGs were less than 1.0 (p\\textless0.001), suggesting metabolism of congeners with ortho-meta and meta-para vicinal hydrogens via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A/2B/3A). Metabolic indices less than 1.0 for PBDEs (p\\textless0.001) suggested that beluga metabolized these poorly understood flame retardants. The strikingly similar PCB patterns in a captive beluga and free-ranging beluga from the Beaufort Sea provide additional evidence that metabolic transformation is a dominant driver of contaminant patterns in beluga.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"davis-theenvironmentalfateandtransformationofflameretardantchemicalsandtriclosanfollowinglandapplicationofbiosolids-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'davis-theenvironmentalfateandtransformationofflameretardantchemicalsandtriclosanfollowinglandapplicationofbiosolids-2013', 'http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114', event);\">\n    The Environmental Fate and Transformation of Flame Retardant Chemicals and Triclosan Following Land Application of Biosolids.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Davis, E. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davis-theenvironmentalfateandtransformationofflameretardantchemicalsandtriclosanfollowinglandapplicationofbiosolids-2013', 'http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Environmental Fate and Transformation of Flame Retardant Chemicals and Triclosan Following Land Application of Biosolids [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/davis-theenvironmentalfateandtransformationofflameretardantchemicalsandtriclosanfollowinglandapplicationofbiosolids-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('davis-theenvironmentalfateandtransformationofflameretardantchemicalsandtriclosanfollowinglandapplicationofbiosolids-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{davis_environmental_2013,\n\ttitle = {The {Environmental} {Fate} and {Transformation} of {Flame} {Retardant} {Chemicals} and {Triclosan} {Following} {Land} {Application} of {Biosolids}},\n\turl = {http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7114},\n\tabstract = {Dissertation},\n\tauthor = {Davis, Elizabeth Fors},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Analytical chemistry, Environmental science, Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Dissertation\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"danonschaffer-mahechabotero-grace-ikonomou-massbalanceevaluationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillleachateandpotentialfortransferfromewaste-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'danonschaffer-mahechabotero-grace-ikonomou-massbalanceevaluationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillleachateandpotentialfortransferfromewaste-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223', event);\">\n    Mass balance evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfill leachate and potential for transfer from e-waste.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Danon-Schaffer, M. N; Mahecha-Botero, A.; Grace, J. R;  and Ikonomou, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 461-462C: 290–301. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danonschaffer-mahechabotero-grace-ikonomou-massbalanceevaluationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillleachateandpotentialfortransferfromewaste-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mass balance evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfill leachate and potential for transfer from e-waste. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.080\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danonschaffer-mahechabotero-grace-ikonomou-massbalanceevaluationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillleachateandpotentialfortransferfromewaste-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.080', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/danonschaffer-mahechabotero-grace-ikonomou-massbalanceevaluationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillleachateandpotentialfortransferfromewaste-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('danonschaffer-mahechabotero-grace-ikonomou-massbalanceevaluationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillleachateandpotentialfortransferfromewaste-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{danon-schaffer_mass_2013,\n\ttitle = {Mass balance evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfill leachate and potential for transfer from e-waste.},\n\tvolume = {461-462C},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732223},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.080},\n\tabstract = {Previous research on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has largely focussed on their concentrations in the environment and their adverse effects on human health. This paper explores their transfer from waste streams to water and soil. A comprehensive mass balance model is developed to track polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), originating from e-waste and non-e-waste solids leaching from a landfill. Stepwise debromination is assumed to occur in three sub-systems (e-waste, aqueous leachate phase, and non-e-waste solids). Analysis of landfill samples and laboratory results from a solid-liquid contacting chamber are used to estimate model parameters to simulate an urban landfill system, for past and future scenarios. Sensitivity tests to key model parameters were conducted. Lower BDEs require more time to disappear than high-molecular weight PBDEs, since debromination takes place in a stepwise manner, according to the simplified reaction scheme. Interphase mass transfer causes the decay pattern to be similar in all three sub-systems. The aqueous phase is predicted to be the first sub-system to eliminate PBDEs if their input to the landfill were to be stopped. The non-e-waste solids would be next, followed by the e-waste sub-system. The model shows that mass transfer is not rate-limiting, but the evolution over time depends on the kinetic degradation parameters. Experimental scatter makes model testing difficult. Nevertheless, the model provides qualitative understanding of the influence of key variables.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Danon-Schaffer, Monica N and Mahecha-Botero, Andrés and Grace, John R and Ikonomou, Michael},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23732223},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {290--301},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous research on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has largely focussed on their concentrations in the environment and their adverse effects on human health. This paper explores their transfer from waste streams to water and soil. A comprehensive mass balance model is developed to track polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), originating from e-waste and non-e-waste solids leaching from a landfill. Stepwise debromination is assumed to occur in three sub-systems (e-waste, aqueous leachate phase, and non-e-waste solids). Analysis of landfill samples and laboratory results from a solid-liquid contacting chamber are used to estimate model parameters to simulate an urban landfill system, for past and future scenarios. Sensitivity tests to key model parameters were conducted. Lower BDEs require more time to disappear than high-molecular weight PBDEs, since debromination takes place in a stepwise manner, according to the simplified reaction scheme. Interphase mass transfer causes the decay pattern to be similar in all three sub-systems. The aqueous phase is predicted to be the first sub-system to eliminate PBDEs if their input to the landfill were to be stopped. The non-e-waste solids would be next, followed by the e-waste sub-system. The model shows that mass transfer is not rate-limiting, but the evolution over time depends on the kinetic degradation parameters. Experimental scatter makes model testing difficult. Nevertheless, the model provides qualitative understanding of the influence of key variables.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cristale-katsoyiannis-sweetman-jones-lacorte-occurrenceandriskassessmentoforganophosphorusandbrominatedflameretardantsintheriveraireuk-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cristale-katsoyiannis-sweetman-jones-lacorte-occurrenceandriskassessmentoforganophosphorusandbrominatedflameretardantsintheriveraireuk-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001', event);\">\n    Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the River Aire (UK).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cristale, J.; Katsoyiannis, A.; Sweetman, A. J; Jones, K. C;  and Lacorte, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 179C(null): 194–200. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cristale-katsoyiannis-sweetman-jones-lacorte-occurrenceandriskassessmentoforganophosphorusandbrominatedflameretardantsintheriveraireuk-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the River Aire (UK). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cristale-katsoyiannis-sweetman-jones-lacorte-occurrenceandriskassessmentoforganophosphorusandbrominatedflameretardantsintheriveraireuk-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cristale-katsoyiannis-sweetman-jones-lacorte-occurrenceandriskassessmentoforganophosphorusandbrominatedflameretardantsintheriveraireuk-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cristale-katsoyiannis-sweetman-jones-lacorte-occurrenceandriskassessmentoforganophosphorusandbrominatedflameretardantsintheriveraireuk-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cristale_occurrence_2013,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the {River} {Aire} ({UK}).},\n\tvolume = {179C},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.001},\n\tabstract = {This study presents the occurrence and risk of PBDEs, new brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants along a river affected by urban and industrial pressures (River Aire, UK). Tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphate (TDCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were detected in all samples, with TCPP present at the highest concentrations, ranging from 113 to 26 050 ng L(-1). BDE-209 was detected in most of the sampled sites, ranging from 17 to 295 ng L(-1), while hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB) were seldom detected. A risk quotients based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and flame retardants water concentration proved significant risk for adverse effects for algae, Daphnia and fish in sites close to industrial and urban sewage discharges. This study provides a protocol for the risk estimation of priority and new generation flame retardants based on river concentrations and toxicological values.},\n\tnumber = {null},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Cristale, Joyce and Katsoyiannis, Athanasios and Sweetman, Andrew J and Jones, Kevin C and Lacorte, Silvia},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23685632},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Risk Assessment, bde-209, water},\n\tpages = {194--200},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study presents the occurrence and risk of PBDEs, new brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants along a river affected by urban and industrial pressures (River Aire, UK). Tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphate (TDCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were detected in all samples, with TCPP present at the highest concentrations, ranging from 113 to 26 050 ng L(-1). BDE-209 was detected in most of the sampled sites, ranging from 17 to 295 ng L(-1), while hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB) were seldom detected. A risk quotients based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and flame retardants water concentration proved significant risk for adverse effects for algae, Daphnia and fish in sites close to industrial and urban sewage discharges. This study provides a protocol for the risk estimation of priority and new generation flame retardants based on river concentrations and toxicological values.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cristale-katsoyiannis-chen-jones-lacorte-assessmentofflameretardantsinriverwaterusingaceramicdosimeterpassivesampler-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cristale-katsoyiannis-chen-jones-lacorte-assessmentofflameretardantsinriverwaterusingaceramicdosimeterpassivesampler-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991', event);\">\n    Assessment of flame retardants in river water using a ceramic dosimeter passive sampler.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cristale, J.; Katsoyiannis, A.; Chen, C.; Jones, K. C;  and Lacorte, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 172: 163–9. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cristale-katsoyiannis-chen-jones-lacorte-assessmentofflameretardantsinriverwaterusingaceramicdosimeterpassivesampler-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of flame retardants in river water using a ceramic dosimeter passive sampler. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cristale-katsoyiannis-chen-jones-lacorte-assessmentofflameretardantsinriverwaterusingaceramicdosimeterpassivesampler-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cristale-katsoyiannis-chen-jones-lacorte-assessmentofflameretardantsinriverwaterusingaceramicdosimeterpassivesampler-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cristale-katsoyiannis-chen-jones-lacorte-assessmentofflameretardantsinriverwaterusingaceramicdosimeterpassivesampler-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cristale_assessment_2013,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of flame retardants in river water using a ceramic dosimeter passive sampler.},\n\tvolume = {172},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063991},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.014},\n\tabstract = {Novel brominated (BFRs) and organophosphorus (OPFRs) flame retardants were monitored in river water using the ceramic dosimeter passive sampling device with HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) as sorbent. Laboratory calibrations were performed to determine sampling rates for each compound using the Archie&#x27;s law exponent. The passive sampling device was used to determine the presence of 6 BFRs in the River Aire (United Kingdom), selected according to their ubiquitous presence in the River Aire. Passive sampling integrated river water concentrations ranged from 0.010 to 5.6 μg L(-1) for all OPFRs, while BFRs were not detected with this specific passive sampler configuration. Decreased sampling rates were evidenced after 3 weeks of deployment, probably due to fouling. Good agreement between integrated and snapshot water concentrations was obtained, indicating the efficiency of the passive sampler for the monitoring of OPFRs in river water.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Cristale, Joyce and Katsoyiannis, Athanasios and Chen, Chang&#x27;er and Jones, Kevin C and Lacorte, Silvia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23063991},\n\tkeywords = {Ceramics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {163--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Novel brominated (BFRs) and organophosphorus (OPFRs) flame retardants were monitored in river water using the ceramic dosimeter passive sampling device with HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) as sorbent. Laboratory calibrations were performed to determine sampling rates for each compound using the Archie's law exponent. The passive sampling device was used to determine the presence of 6 BFRs in the River Aire (United Kingdom), selected according to their ubiquitous presence in the River Aire. Passive sampling integrated river water concentrations ranged from 0.010 to 5.6 μg L(-1) for all OPFRs, while BFRs were not detected with this specific passive sampler configuration. Decreased sampling rates were evidenced after 3 weeks of deployment, probably due to fouling. Good agreement between integrated and snapshot water concentrations was obtained, indicating the efficiency of the passive sampler for the monitoring of OPFRs in river water.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"commission-16cfrpart1634upholsteredfurniturefiresafetytechnologymeetingandrequestforcomments-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'commission-16cfrpart1634upholsteredfurniturefiresafetytechnologymeetingandrequestforcomments-2013', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf', event);\">\n    16 CFR Part 1634 Upholstered Furniture Fire Safety Technology; Meeting and Request for Comments.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Commission, C. P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Federal Register</i>, 78(54): 17140–17142.  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('commission-16cfrpart1634upholsteredfurniturefiresafetytechnologymeetingandrequestforcomments-2013', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"16 CFR Part 1634 Upholstered Furniture Fire Safety Technology; Meeting and Request for Comments [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/commission-16cfrpart1634upholsteredfurniturefiresafetytechnologymeetingandrequestforcomments-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('commission-16cfrpart1634upholsteredfurniturefiresafetytechnologymeetingandrequestforcomments-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{commission_16_2013,\n\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634 {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Fire} {Safety} {Technology}; {Meeting} and {Request} for {Comments}},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC federal register 2013.pdf},\n\tnumber = {54},\n\tjournal = {Federal Register},\n\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {17140--17142},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"coakley-harrad-goosey-ali-dirtu-vandeneede-covaci-douwes-etal-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmatchedsamplesofindoordustandbreastmilkinnewzealand-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'coakley-harrad-goosey-ali-dirtu-vandeneede-covaci-douwes-etal-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmatchedsamplesofindoordustandbreastmilkinnewzealand-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586', event);\">\n    Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in matched samples of indoor dust and breast milk in New Zealand.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Coakley, J. D; Harrad, S. J; Goosey, E.; Ali, N.; Dirtu, A.; Van den Eede, N.; Covaci, A.; Douwes, J.;  and Mannetje, A. '.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 59C: 255–261. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coakley-harrad-goosey-ali-dirtu-vandeneede-covaci-douwes-etal-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmatchedsamplesofindoordustandbreastmilkinnewzealand-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in matched samples of indoor dust and breast milk in New Zealand. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coakley-harrad-goosey-ali-dirtu-vandeneede-covaci-douwes-etal-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmatchedsamplesofindoordustandbreastmilkinnewzealand-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/coakley-harrad-goosey-ali-dirtu-vandeneede-covaci-douwes-etal-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmatchedsamplesofindoordustandbreastmilkinnewzealand-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('coakley-harrad-goosey-ali-dirtu-vandeneede-covaci-douwes-etal-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmatchedsamplesofindoordustandbreastmilkinnewzealand-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{coakley_concentrations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in matched samples of indoor dust and breast milk in {New} {Zealand}.},\n\tvolume = {59C},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850586},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.020},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are present in many consumer goods. There is evidence that PBDEs are toxic to humans, particular young children. The purpose of this study was to assess indoor dust as an exposure source for PBDEs. Concentrations of 16 PBDEs were determined in dust samples from 33 households in New Zealand, and in breast milk samples from 33 mothers living in these households. Associations between dust and breast milk PBDE concentrations were assessed, and children&#x27;s PBDE intake from breast milk and dust estimated. Influences of household and demographic factors on PBDE concentrations in dust were investigated. Indoor dust concentrations ranged from 0.1ng/g for BDE17 to 2500ng/g for BDE209. Breast milk concentrations were positively correlated (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) with mattress dust concentrations for BDE47, BDE153, BDE154, and BDE209 and with floor dust for BDE47, BDE183, BDE206, and BDE209. The correlation for BDE209 between dust and breast milk is a novel finding. PBDE concentrations in floor dust were lower from households with new carpets. The estimated children&#x27;s daily intake of PBDEs from dust and breast milk was below U.S. EPA Reference Dose values. The study shows that dust is an important human exposure source for common PBDE formulations in New Zealand.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Coakley, Jonathan D and Harrad, Stuart J and Goosey, Emma and Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin-Constantin and Van den Eede, Nele and Covaci, Adrian and Douwes, Jeroen and Mannetje, Andrea &#x27;t},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23850586},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {255--261},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are present in many consumer goods. There is evidence that PBDEs are toxic to humans, particular young children. The purpose of this study was to assess indoor dust as an exposure source for PBDEs. Concentrations of 16 PBDEs were determined in dust samples from 33 households in New Zealand, and in breast milk samples from 33 mothers living in these households. Associations between dust and breast milk PBDE concentrations were assessed, and children's PBDE intake from breast milk and dust estimated. Influences of household and demographic factors on PBDE concentrations in dust were investigated. Indoor dust concentrations ranged from 0.1ng/g for BDE17 to 2500ng/g for BDE209. Breast milk concentrations were positively correlated (p\\textless0.05) with mattress dust concentrations for BDE47, BDE153, BDE154, and BDE209 and with floor dust for BDE47, BDE183, BDE206, and BDE209. The correlation for BDE209 between dust and breast milk is a novel finding. PBDE concentrations in floor dust were lower from households with new carpets. The estimated children's daily intake of PBDEs from dust and breast milk was below U.S. EPA Reference Dose values. The study shows that dust is an important human exposure source for common PBDE formulations in New Zealand.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-feng-he-chen-luo-mai-currentlevelsandcompositionprofilesofpbdesandalternativeflameretardantsinsurfacesedimentsfromthepearlriverdeltasouthernchinacomparisonwithhistoricaldata-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-feng-he-chen-luo-mai-currentlevelsandcompositionprofilesofpbdesandalternativeflameretardantsinsurfacesedimentsfromthepearlriverdeltasouthernchinacomparisonwithhistoricaldata-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320', event);\">\n    Current levels and composition profiles of PBDEs and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the Pearl River Delta, southern China: comparison with historical data.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, S.; Feng, A.; He, M.; Chen, M.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 444: 205–11. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-feng-he-chen-luo-mai-currentlevelsandcompositionprofilesofpbdesandalternativeflameretardantsinsurfacesedimentsfromthepearlriverdeltasouthernchinacomparisonwithhistoricaldata-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Current levels and composition profiles of PBDEs and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the Pearl River Delta, southern China: comparison with historical data. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.104\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-feng-he-chen-luo-mai-currentlevelsandcompositionprofilesofpbdesandalternativeflameretardantsinsurfacesedimentsfromthepearlriverdeltasouthernchinacomparisonwithhistoricaldata-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.104', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-feng-he-chen-luo-mai-currentlevelsandcompositionprofilesofpbdesandalternativeflameretardantsinsurfacesedimentsfromthepearlriverdeltasouthernchinacomparisonwithhistoricaldata-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-feng-he-chen-luo-mai-currentlevelsandcompositionprofilesofpbdesandalternativeflameretardantsinsurfacesedimentsfromthepearlriverdeltasouthernchinacomparisonwithhistoricaldata-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_current_2013,\n\ttitle = {Current levels and composition profiles of {PBDEs} and alternative flame retardants in surface sediments from the {Pearl} {River} {Delta}, southern {China}: comparison with historical data.},\n\tvolume = {444},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277320},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.104},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants were measured in surface sediments collected during 2009-2010 from the Pearl River Delta, southern China (a large manufacturing base for electronics/electrical products), to evaluate the influence of China&#x27;s RoHS directive (adopted in 2006) on their environmental occurrence. The concentrations in sediments from different water systems ranged from 3.67 to 2,520 ng/g (average of 17.1-588 ng/g) for PBDEs and from 0.22 to 5,270 ng/g (average of 11.3-454 ng/g) for the alternative retardants. Although the PBDE levels have decreased significantly compared with those in sediments collected in 2002 in this region, the levels of alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) have exceeded those of BDE209 (two predominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in China) in the majority of sediments. This finding suggests a different contaminant pattern of HFRs in current sediments due to the replacement of the deca-BDE mixture with DBDPE in this region. In addition, sediment concentrations of discontinued PBDEs in the rural area are clearly elevated due to e-waste dismantling. The congener profiles of PBDEs in the current sediments (with more abundant lower-brominated congeners) differed substantially from those in 2002 and from the technical products, suggesting that biological or photolytic debromination of PBDEs may have occurred in the environment.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Chen, She-Jun and Feng, An-Hong and He, Ming-Jing and Chen, Man-Ying and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23277320},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {205--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants were measured in surface sediments collected during 2009-2010 from the Pearl River Delta, southern China (a large manufacturing base for electronics/electrical products), to evaluate the influence of China's RoHS directive (adopted in 2006) on their environmental occurrence. The concentrations in sediments from different water systems ranged from 3.67 to 2,520 ng/g (average of 17.1-588 ng/g) for PBDEs and from 0.22 to 5,270 ng/g (average of 11.3-454 ng/g) for the alternative retardants. Although the PBDE levels have decreased significantly compared with those in sediments collected in 2002 in this region, the levels of alternative decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) have exceeded those of BDE209 (two predominant halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in China) in the majority of sediments. This finding suggests a different contaminant pattern of HFRs in current sediments due to the replacement of the deca-BDE mixture with DBDPE in this region. In addition, sediment concentrations of discontinued PBDEs in the rural area are clearly elevated due to e-waste dismantling. The congener profiles of PBDEs in the current sediments (with more abundant lower-brominated congeners) differed substantially from those in 2002 and from the technical products, suggesting that biological or photolytic debromination of PBDEs may have occurred in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"casas-chevrier-hond-fernandez-pierik-philippat-slama-toft-etal-exposuretobrominatedflameretardantsperfluorinatedcompoundsphthalatesandphenolsineuropeanbirthcohortsenriecoevaluationfirsthumanbiomonitoringresultsandrecommendations-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'casas-chevrier-hond-fernandez-pierik-philippat-slama-toft-etal-exposuretobrominatedflameretardantsperfluorinatedcompoundsphthalatesandphenolsineuropeanbirthcohortsenriecoevaluationfirsthumanbiomonitoringresultsandrecommendations-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704', event);\">\n    Exposure to brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and phenols in European birth cohorts: ENRIECO evaluation, first human biomonitoring results, and recommendations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Casas, M.; Chevrier, C.; Hond, E. D.; Fernandez, M. F; Pierik, F.; Philippat, C.; Slama, R.; Toft, G.; Vandentorren, S.; Wilhelm, M.;  and Vrijheid, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</i>, 216(3): 230–42. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('casas-chevrier-hond-fernandez-pierik-philippat-slama-toft-etal-exposuretobrominatedflameretardantsperfluorinatedcompoundsphthalatesandphenolsineuropeanbirthcohortsenriecoevaluationfirsthumanbiomonitoringresultsandrecommendations-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and phenols in European birth cohorts: ENRIECO evaluation, first human biomonitoring results, and recommendations. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('casas-chevrier-hond-fernandez-pierik-philippat-slama-toft-etal-exposuretobrominatedflameretardantsperfluorinatedcompoundsphthalatesandphenolsineuropeanbirthcohortsenriecoevaluationfirsthumanbiomonitoringresultsandrecommendations-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/casas-chevrier-hond-fernandez-pierik-philippat-slama-toft-etal-exposuretobrominatedflameretardantsperfluorinatedcompoundsphthalatesandphenolsineuropeanbirthcohortsenriecoevaluationfirsthumanbiomonitoringresultsandrecommendations-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('casas-chevrier-hond-fernandez-pierik-philippat-slama-toft-etal-exposuretobrominatedflameretardantsperfluorinatedcompoundsphthalatesandphenolsineuropeanbirthcohortsenriecoevaluationfirsthumanbiomonitoringresultsandrecommendations-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{casas_exposure_2013,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and phenols in {European} birth cohorts: {ENRIECO} evaluation, first human biomonitoring results, and recommendations.},\n\tvolume = {216},\n\tissn = {1618-131X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795704},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.009},\n\tabstract = {There are emerging concerns about potential effects on child health and development of early-life exposure to substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), phthalates and phenols (including bisphenol A (BPA)); pregnancy and birth cohort studies are ideally designed to study such concerns prospectively. As part of the ENRIECO project, we evaluated existing human biomonitoring data for these substances in European birth cohorts and develop recommendations for more harmonized methods that will enable combination and comparison of cohort data in the future. The ENRIECO inventory shows that 20 European birth cohorts have measured or are measuring BFRs (N=10), PFCs (N=11), phthalates (N=16) or phenols (N=8). Generally, samples were collected prenatally or at birth and measurements involved few subjects in each cohort (a few hundred maximum). Biological matrices, timing, and analytical methods of the measurements varied between cohorts. Few cohorts have measured at multiple time points or in children. In European cohorts, levels of BFRs were very low and at least 10-fold lower than in US; levels of PFCs and phthalates have decreased over the last decade since the phasing out of certain of these compounds; concentrations of phenols are comparable to those in the US. Although there is little published data in the cohorts now, many measurements are ongoing and we recommend that cohorts start working towards combined and comparison studies. Specific recommendations for use of existing data include the development of conversion models for the different media used for measurement of persistent chemicals, and inter-laboratory comparisons and calibrations. Recommendations for further data collection include more evaluation of exposure to these chemicals in children; repeated measurements of non-persistent chemicals; validation and harmonisation of questionnaires; and the development of mechanisms for fast European birth cohort response for the detection and prioritisation of new chemicals of concern.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Casas, Maribel and Chevrier, Cécile and Hond, Elly Den and Fernandez, Mariana F and Pierik, Frank and Philippat, Claire and Slama, Rémy and Toft, Gunnar and Vandentorren, Stéphanie and Wilhelm, Michael and Vrijheid, Martine},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {22795704},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {230--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There are emerging concerns about potential effects on child health and development of early-life exposure to substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), phthalates and phenols (including bisphenol A (BPA)); pregnancy and birth cohort studies are ideally designed to study such concerns prospectively. As part of the ENRIECO project, we evaluated existing human biomonitoring data for these substances in European birth cohorts and develop recommendations for more harmonized methods that will enable combination and comparison of cohort data in the future. The ENRIECO inventory shows that 20 European birth cohorts have measured or are measuring BFRs (N=10), PFCs (N=11), phthalates (N=16) or phenols (N=8). Generally, samples were collected prenatally or at birth and measurements involved few subjects in each cohort (a few hundred maximum). Biological matrices, timing, and analytical methods of the measurements varied between cohorts. Few cohorts have measured at multiple time points or in children. In European cohorts, levels of BFRs were very low and at least 10-fold lower than in US; levels of PFCs and phthalates have decreased over the last decade since the phasing out of certain of these compounds; concentrations of phenols are comparable to those in the US. Although there is little published data in the cohorts now, many measurements are ongoing and we recommend that cohorts start working towards combined and comparison studies. Specific recommendations for use of existing data include the development of conversion models for the different media used for measurement of persistent chemicals, and inter-laboratory comparisons and calibrations. Recommendations for further data collection include more evaluation of exposure to these chemicals in children; repeated measurements of non-persistent chemicals; validation and harmonisation of questionnaires; and the development of mechanisms for fast European birth cohort response for the detection and prioritisation of new chemicals of concern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-park-linderholm-rhee-petreas-defranco-dietrich-ho-hydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedmaternalandcordsera-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-park-linderholm-rhee-petreas-defranco-dietrich-ho-hydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedmaternalandcordsera-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475', event);\">\n    Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired maternal and cord sera.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, A.; Park, J.; Linderholm, L.; Rhee, A.; Petreas, M.; DeFranco, E. A; Dietrich, K. N;  and Ho, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 47(8): 3902–8. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-park-linderholm-rhee-petreas-defranco-dietrich-ho-hydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedmaternalandcordsera-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired maternal and cord sera. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es3046839\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-park-linderholm-rhee-petreas-defranco-dietrich-ho-hydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedmaternalandcordsera-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es3046839', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-park-linderholm-rhee-petreas-defranco-dietrich-ho-hydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedmaternalandcordsera-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-park-linderholm-rhee-petreas-defranco-dietrich-ho-hydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedmaternalandcordsera-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_hydroxylated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired maternal and cord sera.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506475},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es3046839},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used as flame retardants in the past three decades. These compounds are lipophilic and easily cross the placenta from pregnant woman to fetus. It is not clear whether hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), with greater hydrophilicity, have different concentrations in maternal and cord serum samples. We analyzed PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -209) and OH-PBDEs (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 4&#x27;-OH-BDE-49, 5&#x27;-OH-BDE-99) in 20 pairs of maternal and cord serum samples collected in Cincinnati, OH in 2011. The geometric mean concentration of ∑OH-BDEs (the sum of four OH-PBDEs) was 49.76 pg/mL in cord sera, higher than 32.84 pg/mL in maternal sera. Similarly, cord serum total BDEs had a higher geometric mean than maternal serum (45.51 vs 32.07 ng/g lipid). Equal or higher levels of total OH-BDEs and total BDEs in cord serum were observed in 85\\% and 80\\% of the mother-neonate pairs, respectively. The study suggests fetuses might receive higher OH-PBDE and PBDE exposure than their mothers.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Aimin and Park, June-Soo and Linderholm, Linda and Rhee, Alexandra and Petreas, Myrto and DeFranco, Emily A and Dietrich, Kim N and Ho, Shuk-Mei},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23506475},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {3902--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used as flame retardants in the past three decades. These compounds are lipophilic and easily cross the placenta from pregnant woman to fetus. It is not clear whether hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), with greater hydrophilicity, have different concentrations in maternal and cord serum samples. We analyzed PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -209) and OH-PBDEs (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-49, 5'-OH-BDE-99) in 20 pairs of maternal and cord serum samples collected in Cincinnati, OH in 2011. The geometric mean concentration of ∑OH-BDEs (the sum of four OH-PBDEs) was 49.76 pg/mL in cord sera, higher than 32.84 pg/mL in maternal sera. Similarly, cord serum total BDEs had a higher geometric mean than maternal serum (45.51 vs 32.07 ng/g lipid). Equal or higher levels of total OH-BDEs and total BDEs in cord serum were observed in 85% and 80% of the mother-neonate pairs, respectively. The study suggests fetuses might receive higher OH-PBDE and PBDE exposure than their mothers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chabotgigure-letcher-verreault-invitrobiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209anddechloraneplusflameretardantsacasestudyofringbilledgullbreedinginapollutionhotspotinthestlawrencerivercanada-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chabotgigure-letcher-verreault-invitrobiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209anddechloraneplusflameretardantsacasestudyofringbilledgullbreedinginapollutionhotspotinthestlawrencerivercanada-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572', event);\">\n    In vitro biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and Dechlorane Plus flame retardants: a case study of ring-billed gull breeding in a pollution hotspot in the St. Lawrence River, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chabot-Giguère, B.; Letcher, R. J;  and Verreault, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 55: 101–8. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chabotgigure-letcher-verreault-invitrobiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209anddechloraneplusflameretardantsacasestudyofringbilledgullbreedinginapollutionhotspotinthestlawrencerivercanada-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and Dechlorane Plus flame retardants: a case study of ring-billed gull breeding in a pollution hotspot in the St. Lawrence River, Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chabotgigure-letcher-verreault-invitrobiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209anddechloraneplusflameretardantsacasestudyofringbilledgullbreedinginapollutionhotspotinthestlawrencerivercanada-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chabotgigure-letcher-verreault-invitrobiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209anddechloraneplusflameretardantsacasestudyofringbilledgullbreedinginapollutionhotspotinthestlawrencerivercanada-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chabotgigure-letcher-verreault-invitrobiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209anddechloraneplusflameretardantsacasestudyofringbilledgullbreedinginapollutionhotspotinthestlawrencerivercanada-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chabot-giguere_vitro_2013,\n\ttitle = {In vitro biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) and {Dechlorane} {Plus} flame retardants: a case study of ring-billed gull breeding in a pollution hotspot in the {St}. {Lawrence} {River}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542572},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.008},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) mixture (∼97\\% of BDE-209) is now facing usage restrictions worldwide, which is leading to increased utilization of a series of alternative, replacement flame retardant (FR) products. Among these, Dechlorane Plus (DP) is receiving growing attention as this FR is increasingly being detected in wildlife samples, including birds from North America, Europe and Asia. Recent survey conducted in a known FR hotspot in the St. Lawrence River basin near Montreal (QC, Canada) revealed unexpectedly high detection frequencies and concentrations of BDE-209 and DP isomers (syn- and anti-DP) in the liver of breeding ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) (RBGUs). Despite the global distribution of these current-use FRs, there is to our knowledge no study that has addressed the in vitro biotransformation of BDE-209 and DP isomers in birds. This study aimed at understanding the in vitro metabolism of BDE-209 and syn- and anti-DP using liver microsomes of Montreal-breeding RBGUs. Although BDE-15 (positive assay control) was consistently and positively depleted over the 90-min time frame of the in vitro assay, no depletion was observed for BDE-209 and DP isomers. These results suggest that CYP isoenzyme-mediated reductive dehalogenation of BDE-209 and DP is not likely to be a substantial metabolic pathway in RBGUs. However, investigations on deiodinases (expression, activity) should be considered in future studies as these enzymes have been suggested to be involved in the sequential debromination of BDE-209 in fish and human studies. High levels of BDE-209 determined in liver of RBGUs that strongly correlated with those of known or suggested BDE-209 debromination products (hepta- through nona-BDEs) may thus be indicative of concomitant dietary (e.g., fish consumption) and environmental exposure in the greater Montreal area, combined with poor or lack of metabolic capability toward these FRs.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Chabot-Giguère, Bernice and Letcher, Robert J and Verreault, Jonathan},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23542572},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {101--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) mixture (∼97% of BDE-209) is now facing usage restrictions worldwide, which is leading to increased utilization of a series of alternative, replacement flame retardant (FR) products. Among these, Dechlorane Plus (DP) is receiving growing attention as this FR is increasingly being detected in wildlife samples, including birds from North America, Europe and Asia. Recent survey conducted in a known FR hotspot in the St. Lawrence River basin near Montreal (QC, Canada) revealed unexpectedly high detection frequencies and concentrations of BDE-209 and DP isomers (syn- and anti-DP) in the liver of breeding ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) (RBGUs). Despite the global distribution of these current-use FRs, there is to our knowledge no study that has addressed the in vitro biotransformation of BDE-209 and DP isomers in birds. This study aimed at understanding the in vitro metabolism of BDE-209 and syn- and anti-DP using liver microsomes of Montreal-breeding RBGUs. Although BDE-15 (positive assay control) was consistently and positively depleted over the 90-min time frame of the in vitro assay, no depletion was observed for BDE-209 and DP isomers. These results suggest that CYP isoenzyme-mediated reductive dehalogenation of BDE-209 and DP is not likely to be a substantial metabolic pathway in RBGUs. However, investigations on deiodinases (expression, activity) should be considered in future studies as these enzymes have been suggested to be involved in the sequential debromination of BDE-209 in fish and human studies. High levels of BDE-209 determined in liver of RBGUs that strongly correlated with those of known or suggested BDE-209 debromination products (hepta- through nona-BDEs) may thus be indicative of concomitant dietary (e.g., fish consumption) and environmental exposure in the greater Montreal area, combined with poor or lack of metabolic capability toward these FRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cary-karasov-toxicokineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersacrosslifestagesinthenorthernleopardfroglithobatespipiens-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cary-karasov-toxicokineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersacrosslifestagesinthenorthernleopardfroglithobatespipiens-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651', event);\">\n    Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers across life stages in the northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cary, T. L;  and Karasov, W. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 32(7): 1631–40. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cary-karasov-toxicokineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersacrosslifestagesinthenorthernleopardfroglithobatespipiens-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers across life stages in the northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2215\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cary-karasov-toxicokineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersacrosslifestagesinthenorthernleopardfroglithobatespipiens-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2215', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cary-karasov-toxicokineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersacrosslifestagesinthenorthernleopardfroglithobatespipiens-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cary-karasov-toxicokineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersacrosslifestagesinthenorthernleopardfroglithobatespipiens-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cary_toxicokinetics_2013,\n\ttitle = {Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers across life stages in the northern leopard frog ({Lithobates} pipiens).},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456651},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.2215},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of flame retardants, are bioaccumulative toxins that can biomagnify in food webs. However, little is known about the toxicokinetics of total and congener-specific BDEs in lower vertebrates. The authors exposed northern leopard frog (Lithobates (Rana) pipiens) tadpoles to diets containing DE-71 (a pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (0 ng/g as control, 71.4 ng/g, and 634 DE-71 ng/g wet mass)) for 50 d, followed by a period of depuration during which they were fed only undosed (control) food. After 28 d, tadpoles eliminated over 94\\% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues (t½ = 5.9 ± 1.9 d) with no significant differences in elimination rates for the predominant congeners. Elimination of BDE-99 was independent of dose, indicating first-order kinetics. It did not fit a biexponential model significantly better than a monoexponential model, indicating single-compartment elimination. To compare developmental life-stage kinetics following larval exposure, the authors collected individuals at the beginning and end of metamorphosis and at 70 d postmetamorphosis. During metamorphosis, total-body residues per individual did not significantly change, implying little to no elimination. After 70 d, juvenile frogs eliminated 89.7\\% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues, and BDE-47 was eliminated at a faster rate (t½ = 17.3 d) than BDE-99 and BDE-100 (t½ = 63.0 d and 69.3 d, respectively). Because the kinetics of PBDEs in L. pipiens differed among life stages, developmental life stage-especially for species that undergo metamorphosis-should be considered when determining the toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1631-1640. © 2013 SETAC.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Cary, Tawnya L and Karasov, William H},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23456651},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1631--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of flame retardants, are bioaccumulative toxins that can biomagnify in food webs. However, little is known about the toxicokinetics of total and congener-specific BDEs in lower vertebrates. The authors exposed northern leopard frog (Lithobates (Rana) pipiens) tadpoles to diets containing DE-71 (a pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (0 ng/g as control, 71.4 ng/g, and 634 DE-71 ng/g wet mass)) for 50 d, followed by a period of depuration during which they were fed only undosed (control) food. After 28 d, tadpoles eliminated over 94% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues (t½ = 5.9 ± 1.9 d) with no significant differences in elimination rates for the predominant congeners. Elimination of BDE-99 was independent of dose, indicating first-order kinetics. It did not fit a biexponential model significantly better than a monoexponential model, indicating single-compartment elimination. To compare developmental life-stage kinetics following larval exposure, the authors collected individuals at the beginning and end of metamorphosis and at 70 d postmetamorphosis. During metamorphosis, total-body residues per individual did not significantly change, implying little to no elimination. After 70 d, juvenile frogs eliminated 89.7% of the ΣPBDEs from their tissues, and BDE-47 was eliminated at a faster rate (t½ = 17.3 d) than BDE-99 and BDE-100 (t½ = 63.0 d and 69.3 d, respectively). Because the kinetics of PBDEs in L. pipiens differed among life stages, developmental life stage-especially for species that undergo metamorphosis-should be considered when determining the toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1631-1640. © 2013 SETAC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"buttke-wolkin-stapleton-miranda-associationsbetweenserumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandenvironmentalandbehavioralfactorsinpregnantwomen-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'buttke-wolkin-stapleton-miranda-associationsbetweenserumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandenvironmentalandbehavioralfactorsinpregnantwomen-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441', event);\">\n    Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Buttke, D. E; Wolkin, A.; Stapleton, H. M;  and Miranda, M. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</i>, 23(2): 176–82. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buttke-wolkin-stapleton-miranda-associationsbetweenserumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandenvironmentalandbehavioralfactorsinpregnantwomen-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.67\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buttke-wolkin-stapleton-miranda-associationsbetweenserumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandenvironmentalandbehavioralfactorsinpregnantwomen-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.67', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/buttke-wolkin-stapleton-miranda-associationsbetweenserumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandenvironmentalandbehavioralfactorsinpregnantwomen-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('buttke-wolkin-stapleton-miranda-associationsbetweenserumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandenvironmentalandbehavioralfactorsinpregnantwomen-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{buttke_associations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women.},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1559-064X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760441},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2012.67},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Our objectives were to determine whether diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50\\% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large-screen TV compared with those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TVs appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\&amp; environmental epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Buttke, Danielle E and Wolkin, Amy and Stapleton, Heather M and Miranda, Marie Lynn},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {22760441},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {176--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Our objectives were to determine whether diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large-screen TV compared with those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TVs appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"betts-newdetailsonorganophosphateflameretardantsexposureinmenappearsstableovertime-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'betts-newdetailsonorganophosphateflameretardantsexposureinmenappearsstableovertime-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875', event);\">\n    New Details on Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Exposure in Men Appears Stable over Time.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Betts, K. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 121(3): a168. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('betts-newdetailsonorganophosphateflameretardantsexposureinmenappearsstableovertime-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New Details on Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Exposure in Men Appears Stable over Time. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.121-a168\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('betts-newdetailsonorganophosphateflameretardantsexposureinmenappearsstableovertime-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.121-a168', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/betts-newdetailsonorganophosphateflameretardantsexposureinmenappearsstableovertime-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('betts-newdetailsonorganophosphateflameretardantsexposureinmenappearsstableovertime-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{betts_new_2013,\n\ttitle = {New {Details} on {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}: {Exposure} in {Men} {Appears} {Stable} over {Time}.},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635875},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.121-a168},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23635875},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {a168},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"berg-zerihun-jrgensen-lie-dale-skaare-lyche-highprevalenceofinfectionsandpathologicalchangesinburbotlotalotafromapollutedlakelakemjsanorway-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'berg-zerihun-jrgensen-lie-dale-skaare-lyche-highprevalenceofinfectionsandpathologicalchangesinburbotlotalotafromapollutedlakelakemjsanorway-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183', event);\">\n    High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot (Lota lota) from a polluted lake (Lake Mjøsa, Norway).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Berg, V.; Zerihun, M. A; Jørgensen, A.; Lie, E.; Dale, O. B; Skaare, J. U.;  and Lyche, J. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 90(5): 1711–8. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berg-zerihun-jrgensen-lie-dale-skaare-lyche-highprevalenceofinfectionsandpathologicalchangesinburbotlotalotafromapollutedlakelakemjsanorway-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot (Lota lota) from a polluted lake (Lake Mjøsa, Norway). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berg-zerihun-jrgensen-lie-dale-skaare-lyche-highprevalenceofinfectionsandpathologicalchangesinburbotlotalotafromapollutedlakelakemjsanorway-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/berg-zerihun-jrgensen-lie-dale-skaare-lyche-highprevalenceofinfectionsandpathologicalchangesinburbotlotalotafromapollutedlakelakemjsanorway-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('berg-zerihun-jrgensen-lie-dale-skaare-lyche-highprevalenceofinfectionsandpathologicalchangesinburbotlotalotafromapollutedlakelakemjsanorway-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{berg_high_2013,\n\ttitle = {High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot ({Lota} lota) from a polluted lake ({Lake} {Mjøsa}, {Norway}).},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149183},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.017},\n\tabstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affected a fish population in Lake Mjøsa. Lake Mjøsa is known to be contaminated by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a subgroup of brominated flame retardants from local industrial activities. Fish from Lake Losna, a less contaminated lake located close to Lake Mjøsa, was used as reference (control). The sampling of burbot (Lota lota) was carried out between 2005 and 2008. Hepatic levels of POPs were analysed in burbot from the two lakes, and the fish were examined for bacterial- and parasite infection and histopathological changes. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and PBDEs were about 10, 15 and 300 times higher in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to fish from Lake Losna. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum was present in 7\\% and 35\\% of the fish from Lake Losna and Lake Mjøsa respectively. Significantly higher number of external and visceral macroscopic lesions, histopathological diffuse changes and granulomas were seen in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to Lake Losna. Furthermore the parasite infection was higher and the hepatic lipid content was significantly lower in burbot from Lake Mjøsa. The results of the present study suggest that the high level of contamination in Lake Mjøsa could have a negative impact on the health status of wild fish inhabiting the lake.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Berg, Vidar and Zerihun, Mulualem A and Jørgensen, Anders and Lie, Elisabeth and Dale, Ole B and Skaare, Janneche Utne and Lyche, Jan L},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23149183},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: epidemiology, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: pathology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: microbiology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Prevalence, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {1711--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affected a fish population in Lake Mjøsa. Lake Mjøsa is known to be contaminated by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a subgroup of brominated flame retardants from local industrial activities. Fish from Lake Losna, a less contaminated lake located close to Lake Mjøsa, was used as reference (control). The sampling of burbot (Lota lota) was carried out between 2005 and 2008. Hepatic levels of POPs were analysed in burbot from the two lakes, and the fish were examined for bacterial- and parasite infection and histopathological changes. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and PBDEs were about 10, 15 and 300 times higher in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to fish from Lake Losna. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum was present in 7% and 35% of the fish from Lake Losna and Lake Mjøsa respectively. Significantly higher number of external and visceral macroscopic lesions, histopathological diffuse changes and granulomas were seen in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to Lake Losna. Furthermore the parasite infection was higher and the hepatic lipid content was significantly lower in burbot from Lake Mjøsa. The results of the present study suggest that the high level of contamination in Lake Mjøsa could have a negative impact on the health status of wild fish inhabiting the lake.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bearhfti-newflammabilitystandardsforupholsteredfurnitureandarticlesexemptfromflammabilitystandardsinitialstatementofreasons-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bearhfti-newflammabilitystandardsforupholsteredfurnitureandarticlesexemptfromflammabilitystandardsinitialstatementofreasons-2013', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf', event);\">\n    New Flammability Standards for Upholstered Furniture and Articles Exempt from Flammability Standards: Initial Statement of Reasons.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  BEARHFTI\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 117 California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, Sacramento, CA,  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearhfti-newflammabilitystandardsforupholsteredfurnitureandarticlesexemptfromflammabilitystandardsinitialstatementofreasons-2013', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New Flammability Standards for Upholstered Furniture and Articles Exempt from Flammability Standards: Initial Statement of Reasons [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bearhfti-newflammabilitystandardsforupholsteredfurnitureandarticlesexemptfromflammabilitystandardsinitialstatementofreasons-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bearhfti-newflammabilitystandardsforupholsteredfurnitureandarticlesexemptfromflammabilitystandardsinitialstatementofreasons-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{bearhfti_new_2013,\n\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\n\ttitle = {New {Flammability} {Standards} for {Upholstered} {Furniture} and {Articles} {Exempt} from {Flammability} {Standards}: {Initial} {Statement} of {Reasons}},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/TB117-2013 statement of reasons.pdf},\n\tnumber = {October 1975},\n\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\n\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Flame retardants, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation - Initial},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bearhfti-technicalbulletin1172013-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bearhfti-technicalbulletin1172013-2013', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf', event);\">\n    TECHNICAL BULLETIN 117-2013.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  BEARHFTI\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, Sacramento, CA,  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearhfti-technicalbulletin1172013-2013', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"TECHNICAL BULLETIN 117-2013 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bearhfti-technicalbulletin1172013-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bearhfti-technicalbulletin1172013-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{bearhfti_technical_2013,\n\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\n\ttitle = {{TECHNICAL} {BULLETIN} 117-2013},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/TB117 change/Bureau/TB117-2013/attach_11_TB1172013.pdf},\n\tnumber = {January},\n\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\n\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"barn-gagoferrero-gorga-rudolph-mendoza-zapata-dazcruz-barra-etal-occurrenceofhydrophobicorganicpollutantsbfrsanduvfiltersinsedimentsfromsouthamerica-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'barn-gagoferrero-gorga-rudolph-mendoza-zapata-dazcruz-barra-etal-occurrenceofhydrophobicorganicpollutantsbfrsanduvfiltersinsedimentsfromsouthamerica-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032', event);\">\n    Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants (BFRs and UV-filters) in sediments from South America.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Barón, E.; Gago-Ferrero, P.; Gorga, M.; Rudolph, I.; Mendoza, G.; Zapata, A. M.; Díaz-Cruz, S.; Barra, R.; Ocampo-Duque, W.; Páez, M.; Darbra, R. M.; Eljarrat, E.;  and Barceló, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 92(3): 309–16. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('barn-gagoferrero-gorga-rudolph-mendoza-zapata-dazcruz-barra-etal-occurrenceofhydrophobicorganicpollutantsbfrsanduvfiltersinsedimentsfromsouthamerica-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants (BFRs and UV-filters) in sediments from South America. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('barn-gagoferrero-gorga-rudolph-mendoza-zapata-dazcruz-barra-etal-occurrenceofhydrophobicorganicpollutantsbfrsanduvfiltersinsedimentsfromsouthamerica-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/barn-gagoferrero-gorga-rudolph-mendoza-zapata-dazcruz-barra-etal-occurrenceofhydrophobicorganicpollutantsbfrsanduvfiltersinsedimentsfromsouthamerica-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('barn-gagoferrero-gorga-rudolph-mendoza-zapata-dazcruz-barra-etal-occurrenceofhydrophobicorganicpollutantsbfrsanduvfiltersinsedimentsfromsouthamerica-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baron_occurrence_2013,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of hydrophobic organic pollutants ({BFRs} and {UV}-filters) in sediments from {South} {America}.},\n\tvolume = {92},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.032},\n\tabstract = {In the present study the occurrence of emerging hydrophobic organic pollutants in sediment samples from South America (Chile and Colombia) was investigated for the first time. Nineteen Chilean and thirteen Colombian sediment samples were analyzed in order to determine their content of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (including PBDEs and emerging BFRs) as well as UV filters (UV-F). Samples were collected from neighboring aquatic ecosystems highly urbanized and industrialized in Colombia (Magdalena River area) and Chile (Biobio region). Different analytical procedures were applied depending on the selected analytes, based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric methodologies (GC-MS and LC-MS-MS). In general, concentration levels of both BFRs (up to 2.43 and 143ngg(-1) dw of PBDEs in Chile and Colombia, respectively) and UV-F (nd-2.96 and nd-54.4ngg(-1) dw in Chile and Colombia, respectively) were in the low range of published data, and the contribution of BFRs was higher than that of UV-F for almost all the sampled sediments.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Barón, Enrique and Gago-Ferrero, Pablo and Gorga, Marina and Rudolph, Ignacio and Mendoza, Gonzalo and Zapata, Andrés Mauricio and Díaz-Cruz, Sílvia and Barra, Ricardo and Ocampo-Duque, William and Páez, Martha and Darbra, Rosa María and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23602656},\n\tkeywords = {BFR, Flame retardants, chile, colombia, sediments, south america, uv filter},\n\tpages = {309--16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study the occurrence of emerging hydrophobic organic pollutants in sediment samples from South America (Chile and Colombia) was investigated for the first time. Nineteen Chilean and thirteen Colombian sediment samples were analyzed in order to determine their content of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (including PBDEs and emerging BFRs) as well as UV filters (UV-F). Samples were collected from neighboring aquatic ecosystems highly urbanized and industrialized in Colombia (Magdalena River area) and Chile (Biobio region). Different analytical procedures were applied depending on the selected analytes, based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric methodologies (GC-MS and LC-MS-MS). In general, concentration levels of both BFRs (up to 2.43 and 143ngg(-1) dw of PBDEs in Chile and Colombia, respectively) and UV-F (nd-2.96 and nd-54.4ngg(-1) dw in Chile and Colombia, respectively) were in the low range of published data, and the contribution of BFRs was higher than that of UV-F for almost all the sampled sediments.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"arbuckle-kubwabo-walker-davis-lalonde-kosarac-wen-arnold-umbilicalcordbloodlevelsofperfluoroalkylacidsandpolybrominatedflameretardants-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'arbuckle-kubwabo-walker-davis-lalonde-kosarac-wen-arnold-umbilicalcordbloodlevelsofperfluoroalkylacidsandpolybrominatedflameretardants-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936', event);\">\n    Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Arbuckle, T. E; Kubwabo, C.; Walker, M.; Davis, K.; Lalonde, K.; Kosarac, I.; Wen, S. W.;  and Arnold, D. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</i>, 216(2): 184–94. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('arbuckle-kubwabo-walker-davis-lalonde-kosarac-wen-arnold-umbilicalcordbloodlevelsofperfluoroalkylacidsandpolybrominatedflameretardants-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('arbuckle-kubwabo-walker-davis-lalonde-kosarac-wen-arnold-umbilicalcordbloodlevelsofperfluoroalkylacidsandpolybrominatedflameretardants-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/arbuckle-kubwabo-walker-davis-lalonde-kosarac-wen-arnold-umbilicalcordbloodlevelsofperfluoroalkylacidsandpolybrominatedflameretardants-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('arbuckle-kubwabo-walker-davis-lalonde-kosarac-wen-arnold-umbilicalcordbloodlevelsofperfluoroalkylacidsandpolybrominatedflameretardants-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{arbuckle_umbilical_2013,\n\ttitle = {Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {216},\n\tissn = {1618-131X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494936},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.004},\n\tabstract = {Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants representing two classes of environmental contaminants of toxicological concern, especially for infants. Canadian biomonitoring data on these chemicals are limited. The objectives of this study were to measure PFAAs and PBDEs in umbilical cord blood from approximately 100 hospital deliveries in Ottawa (Ontario, Canada) and examine associations with characteristics of the mother and infant. Geometric means were 1.469 ng/mL for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) (95\\% confidence interval of 1.292-1.671 ng/mL), 4.443 ng/mL for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (95\\% CI of 3.735-5.285 ng/mL), 0.359 ng/mL for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (95\\% CI of 0.318-0.404 ng/mL), and 0.579 ng/mL for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) (95\\% CI of 0.473-0.709 ng/mL). The final multiple regression models indicated that lower gravida, term gestational age, smoking during pregnancy and vaginal delivery were significantly associated with higher levels of PFOS. Similarly, a vaginal delivery was significantly associated with higher PFOA, while weak associations were found with lower gravida and birth weight less than 2500 g. Furthermore, higher PFNA concentrations were significantly associated with older mothers, and vaginal delivery, while weakly associated with term gestational age. Elevated PFHxS concentrations were significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy and lower gravida. Similar to reports from other countries, the preponderant PBDE congener measured in the cord blood was PBDE-47. Questions remain on why various studies have reported conflicting results on the association between PFAAs and birth weight.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Arbuckle, Tye E and Kubwabo, Cariton and Walker, Mark and Davis, Karelyn and Lalonde, Kaela and Kosarac, Ivana and Wen, Shi Wu and Arnold, Douglas L},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {22494936},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {184--94},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants representing two classes of environmental contaminants of toxicological concern, especially for infants. Canadian biomonitoring data on these chemicals are limited. The objectives of this study were to measure PFAAs and PBDEs in umbilical cord blood from approximately 100 hospital deliveries in Ottawa (Ontario, Canada) and examine associations with characteristics of the mother and infant. Geometric means were 1.469 ng/mL for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) (95% confidence interval of 1.292-1.671 ng/mL), 4.443 ng/mL for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (95% CI of 3.735-5.285 ng/mL), 0.359 ng/mL for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (95% CI of 0.318-0.404 ng/mL), and 0.579 ng/mL for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) (95% CI of 0.473-0.709 ng/mL). The final multiple regression models indicated that lower gravida, term gestational age, smoking during pregnancy and vaginal delivery were significantly associated with higher levels of PFOS. Similarly, a vaginal delivery was significantly associated with higher PFOA, while weak associations were found with lower gravida and birth weight less than 2500 g. Furthermore, higher PFNA concentrations were significantly associated with older mothers, and vaginal delivery, while weakly associated with term gestational age. Elevated PFHxS concentrations were significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy and lower gravida. Similar to reports from other countries, the preponderant PBDE congener measured in the cord blood was PBDE-47. Questions remain on why various studies have reported conflicting results on the association between PFAAs and birth weight.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"araki-saito-kanazawa-morimoto-nakayama-shibata-tanaka-takigawa-etal-phosphorusflameretardantsinindoordustandtheirrelationtoasthmaandallergiesofinhabitants-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'araki-saito-kanazawa-morimoto-nakayama-shibata-tanaka-takigawa-etal-phosphorusflameretardantsinindoordustandtheirrelationtoasthmaandallergiesofinhabitants-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807', event);\">\n    Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Araki, A.; Saito, I.; Kanazawa, A.; Morimoto, K.; Nakayama, K.; Shibata, E.; Tanaka, M.; Takigawa, T.; Yoshimura, T.; Chikara, H.; Saijo, Y.;  and Kishi, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Indoor air</i>. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('araki-saito-kanazawa-morimoto-nakayama-shibata-tanaka-takigawa-etal-phosphorusflameretardantsinindoordustandtheirrelationtoasthmaandallergiesofinhabitants-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('araki-saito-kanazawa-morimoto-nakayama-shibata-tanaka-takigawa-etal-phosphorusflameretardantsinindoordustandtheirrelationtoasthmaandallergiesofinhabitants-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12054', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/araki-saito-kanazawa-morimoto-nakayama-shibata-tanaka-takigawa-etal-phosphorusflameretardantsinindoordustandtheirrelationtoasthmaandallergiesofinhabitants-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('araki-saito-kanazawa-morimoto-nakayama-shibata-tanaka-takigawa-etal-phosphorusflameretardantsinindoordustandtheirrelationtoasthmaandallergiesofinhabitants-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{araki_phosphorus_2013,\n\ttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants.},\n\tissn = {1600-0668},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724807},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ina.12054},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers, and they are ubiquitous in the indoor environment. Phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are present in residential dust, but few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. We measured the levels of 11 PFRs in indoor floor dust and multi-surface dust in 182 single-family dwellings in Japan. We evaluated their correlations with asthma and allergies of the inhabitants. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was detected in all samples (median value: 580 μg/g in floor dust, 111 μg/g in multi-surface dust). Tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was detected at 8.69 μg/g in floor dust and 25.8 μg/g in multi-surface dust. After adjustment for potential confounders, significant associations were found between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and the presence of TCIPP and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in floor dust (per log10 -unit, odds ratio: 2.43 and 1.84, respectively). Tributyl phosphate was significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma (odds ratio: 2.85 in floor dust, 5.34 in multi-surface dust) and allergic rhinitis (odds ratio: 2.55 in multi-surface dust). PFR levels in Japan were high compared with values reported previously for Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the USA. Higher levels of PFRs in house dust were related to the inhabitants&#x27; health status. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},\n\tjournal = {Indoor air},\n\tauthor = {Araki, Atsuko and Saito, Ikue and Kanazawa, Ayako and Morimoto, Kanehisa and Nakayama, Kunio and Shibata, Eiji and Tanaka, Masatoshi and Takigawa, Tomoko and Yoshimura, Takesumi and Chikara, Hisao and Saijo, Yasuaki and Kishi, Reiko},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23724807},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate esters are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers, and they are ubiquitous in the indoor environment. Phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are present in residential dust, but few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. We measured the levels of 11 PFRs in indoor floor dust and multi-surface dust in 182 single-family dwellings in Japan. We evaluated their correlations with asthma and allergies of the inhabitants. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was detected in all samples (median value: 580 μg/g in floor dust, 111 μg/g in multi-surface dust). Tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was detected at 8.69 μg/g in floor dust and 25.8 μg/g in multi-surface dust. After adjustment for potential confounders, significant associations were found between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and the presence of TCIPP and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in floor dust (per log10 -unit, odds ratio: 2.43 and 1.84, respectively). Tributyl phosphate was significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma (odds ratio: 2.85 in floor dust, 5.34 in multi-surface dust) and allergic rhinitis (odds ratio: 2.55 in multi-surface dust). PFR levels in Japan were high compared with values reported previously for Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the USA. Higher levels of PFRs in house dust were related to the inhabitants' health status. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alvarez-maruya-dodder-lao-furlong-smalling-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcernalongthecaliforniacoast200910usingpassivesamplingdevices-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alvarez-maruya-dodder-lao-furlong-smalling-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcernalongthecaliforniacoast200910usingpassivesamplingdevices-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022', event);\">\n    Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern along the California coast (2009-10) using passive sampling devices.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Alvarez, D. A; Maruya, K. A; Dodder, N. G; Lao, W.; Furlong, E. T;  and Smalling, K. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, null(null). May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alvarez-maruya-dodder-lao-furlong-smalling-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcernalongthecaliforniacoast200910usingpassivesamplingdevices-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern along the California coast (2009-10) using passive sampling devices. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alvarez-maruya-dodder-lao-furlong-smalling-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcernalongthecaliforniacoast200910usingpassivesamplingdevices-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alvarez-maruya-dodder-lao-furlong-smalling-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcernalongthecaliforniacoast200910usingpassivesamplingdevices-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alvarez-maruya-dodder-lao-furlong-smalling-occurrenceofcontaminantsofemergingconcernalongthecaliforniacoast200910usingpassivesamplingdevices-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{alvarez_occurrence_2013,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern along the {California} coast (2009-10) using passive sampling devices.},\n\tvolume = {null},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022},\n\tabstract = {Three passive sampling devices (PSDs), polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), polyethylene devices (PEDs), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) samplers were used to sample a diverse set of chemicals in the coastal waters of San Francisco Bay and the Southern California Bight. Seventy one chemicals (including fragrances, phosphate flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and pesticides) were measured in at least 50\\% of the sites. The chemical profile from the San Francisco Bay sites was distinct from profiles from the sites in the Southern California Bight. This distinction was not due to a single compound or class, but by the relative abundances/concentrations of the chemicals. Comparing the PSDs to mussel (Mytilus spp.) tissues, a positive correlation exists for the 25 and 26 chemicals in common for the PEDs and SPME, respectively. Diphenhydramine was the only common chemical out of 40 analyzed in both POCIS and tissues detected at a common site.},\n\tnumber = {null},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Alvarez, David A and Maruya, Keith A and Dodder, Nathan G and Lao, Wenjian and Furlong, Edward T and Smalling, Kelly L},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23683585},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, emerging contaminants, mussels, ped, pocis, spme},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Three passive sampling devices (PSDs), polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), polyethylene devices (PEDs), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) samplers were used to sample a diverse set of chemicals in the coastal waters of San Francisco Bay and the Southern California Bight. Seventy one chemicals (including fragrances, phosphate flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and pesticides) were measured in at least 50% of the sites. The chemical profile from the San Francisco Bay sites was distinct from profiles from the sites in the Southern California Bight. This distinction was not due to a single compound or class, but by the relative abundances/concentrations of the chemicals. Comparing the PSDs to mussel (Mytilus spp.) tissues, a positive correlation exists for the 25 and 26 chemicals in common for the PEDs and SPME, respectively. Diphenhydramine was the only common chemical out of 40 analyzed in both POCIS and tissues detected at a common site.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"altarawneh-dlugogorski-amechanisticandkineticstudyontheformationofpbddfsfrompbdes-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'altarawneh-dlugogorski-amechanisticandkineticstudyontheformationofpbddfsfrompbdes-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223', event);\">\n    A Mechanistic and Kinetic Study on the Formation of PBDD/Fs from PBDEs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Altarawneh, M.;  and Dlugogorski, B. Z\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 47(10): 5118–27. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('altarawneh-dlugogorski-amechanisticandkineticstudyontheformationofpbddfsfrompbdes-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Mechanistic and Kinetic Study on the Formation of PBDD/Fs from PBDEs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es305081j\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('altarawneh-dlugogorski-amechanisticandkineticstudyontheformationofpbddfsfrompbdes-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es305081j', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/altarawneh-dlugogorski-amechanisticandkineticstudyontheformationofpbddfsfrompbdes-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('altarawneh-dlugogorski-amechanisticandkineticstudyontheformationofpbddfsfrompbdes-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{altarawneh_mechanistic_2013,\n\ttitle = {A {Mechanistic} and {Kinetic} {Study} on the {Formation} of {PBDD}/{Fs} from {PBDEs}.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578223},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es305081j},\n\tabstract = {This study presents a detailed mechanistic and kinetic investigation that explains the experimentally observed high yields of formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly deployed in brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Theoretical calculations involved the accurate meta hybrid functional of M05-2X. The previously suggested pathways of debromination and generation of bromophenols/bromophenoxys/bromobenzenes were found to be unimportant corridors for the formation of PBDD/Fs. A loss of an ortho Br or H atom from PBDEs, followed by a ring-closure reaction, is the most accessible pathway for the production of PBDFs via modest reaction barriers. The initially formed peroxy-type adduct (RO2) is found to evolve in a complex, nevertheless very exoergic, mechanism to produce PBDDs. Results indicate that, degree and pattern of bromination, in the vicinity of the ether oxygen bridge, has a minor influence on governing mechanisms and that even fully brominated isomers of BFRs are capable of forming PBDD/Fs. We thoroughly discuss bimolecular reactions of PBDEs with Br and H, as well as the Br-displacement reaction by triplet oxygen. The rate of the Br-displacement reaction significantly exceeds that of the unimolecular inititiation reactions due to loss of ortho Br or H. Results presented herein address conclusively the intriguing question of how PBDEs form PBDD/Fs, a matter that has been in the center of much debate among environmental chemists.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Altarawneh, Mohammednoor and Dlugogorski, Bogdan Z},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23578223},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {5118--27},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study presents a detailed mechanistic and kinetic investigation that explains the experimentally observed high yields of formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly deployed in brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Theoretical calculations involved the accurate meta hybrid functional of M05-2X. The previously suggested pathways of debromination and generation of bromophenols/bromophenoxys/bromobenzenes were found to be unimportant corridors for the formation of PBDD/Fs. A loss of an ortho Br or H atom from PBDEs, followed by a ring-closure reaction, is the most accessible pathway for the production of PBDFs via modest reaction barriers. The initially formed peroxy-type adduct (RO2) is found to evolve in a complex, nevertheless very exoergic, mechanism to produce PBDDs. Results indicate that, degree and pattern of bromination, in the vicinity of the ether oxygen bridge, has a minor influence on governing mechanisms and that even fully brominated isomers of BFRs are capable of forming PBDD/Fs. We thoroughly discuss bimolecular reactions of PBDEs with Br and H, as well as the Br-displacement reaction by triplet oxygen. The rate of the Br-displacement reaction significantly exceeds that of the unimolecular inititiation reactions due to loss of ortho Br or H. Results presented herein address conclusively the intriguing question of how PBDEs form PBDD/Fs, a matter that has been in the center of much debate among environmental chemists.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-malik-mehdi-eqani-javeed-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsintheserumandhairofpetcatsanddogsbiosentinelsofindoorpollution-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-malik-mehdi-eqani-javeed-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsintheserumandhairofpetcatsanddogsbiosentinelsofindoorpollution-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100', event);\">\n    Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in the serum and hair of pet cats and dogs: biosentinels of indoor pollution.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Malik, R. N.; Mehdi, T.; Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.; Javeed, A.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 449: 29–36. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-malik-mehdi-eqani-javeed-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsintheserumandhairofpetcatsanddogsbiosentinelsofindoorpollution-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in the serum and hair of pet cats and dogs: biosentinels of indoor pollution. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-malik-mehdi-eqani-javeed-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsintheserumandhairofpetcatsanddogsbiosentinelsofindoorpollution-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.037', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-malik-mehdi-eqani-javeed-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsintheserumandhairofpetcatsanddogsbiosentinelsofindoorpollution-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-malik-mehdi-eqani-javeed-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsintheserumandhairofpetcatsanddogsbiosentinelsofindoorpollution-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in the serum and hair of pet cats and dogs: biosentinels of indoor pollution.},\n\tvolume = {449},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23403100},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.037},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) viz., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), bromophenols (BPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites were determined in cat and dog serum and hair samples from Pakistan. The major DDT metabolite, p,p&#x27;-DDE, was the major OHC in cat serum (N=20) and ranged between 1 and 2150 ng/g lipid weight (lw). p,p&#x27;-DDE was not detected in dog serum (N=16). In contrary to other OHCs, levels of ∑HO-PCBs were significantly higher in dog serum (median=6.0 ng/g lw) than cat serum (median=2.2 ng/g lw). Levels of most OHCs were significantly higher (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) in cat serum than those found in human serum from the same region, in particular for ∑PBDEs (ranged 1-1280 ng/g lw). Significantly lower levels of OCPs (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) were detected in dog serum than in human serum. The concentrations of ∑BPs were seven times higher in cat serum (median 112 ng/g lw) than dog serum (median 16 ng/g lw). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that NBFRs, e.g. 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in cat and dog&#x27;s hair. BTBPE had the highest detection frequency (30\\%) in the serum samples. In cat and dog hair samples, the order of importance of OHCs was ∑OCPs{\\textbackslash}textgreater∑NBFRs{\\textbackslash}textgreater∑PBDEs{\\textbackslash}textgreater∑PCB, with the highest concentrations being around 38 ng/g hair. In paired hair-serum cat samples (N=12), ∑DDTs (r=0.65, p=0.001) were significantly correlated, while for all other OHCs no significant correlations (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.001) were observed in both cats and dogs. Our findings on both hair and serum samples suggested that pet dogs do not bioaccumulate DDTs. Our results are also in agreement with the hypothesis that pets may serve as biosentinels for indoor pollution. This is the first study to document the presence of OHCs in pets from Pakistan and provides baseline information for future monitoring of OHCs in pets.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Mehdi, Toufeer and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Javeed, Aqeel and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23403100},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {29--36},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) viz., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), bromophenols (BPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites were determined in cat and dog serum and hair samples from Pakistan. The major DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE, was the major OHC in cat serum (N=20) and ranged between 1 and 2150 ng/g lipid weight (lw). p,p'-DDE was not detected in dog serum (N=16). In contrary to other OHCs, levels of ∑HO-PCBs were significantly higher in dog serum (median=6.0 ng/g lw) than cat serum (median=2.2 ng/g lw). Levels of most OHCs were significantly higher (p\\textless0.05) in cat serum than those found in human serum from the same region, in particular for ∑PBDEs (ranged 1-1280 ng/g lw). Significantly lower levels of OCPs (p\\textless0.05) were detected in dog serum than in human serum. The concentrations of ∑BPs were seven times higher in cat serum (median 112 ng/g lw) than dog serum (median 16 ng/g lw). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that NBFRs, e.g. 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in cat and dog's hair. BTBPE had the highest detection frequency (30%) in the serum samples. In cat and dog hair samples, the order of importance of OHCs was ∑OCPs\\textgreater∑NBFRs\\textgreater∑PBDEs\\textgreater∑PCB, with the highest concentrations being around 38 ng/g hair. In paired hair-serum cat samples (N=12), ∑DDTs (r=0.65, p=0.001) were significantly correlated, while for all other OHCs no significant correlations (p\\textless0.001) were observed in both cats and dogs. Our findings on both hair and serum samples suggested that pet dogs do not bioaccumulate DDTs. Our results are also in agreement with the hypothesis that pets may serve as biosentinels for indoor pollution. This is the first study to document the presence of OHCs in pets from Pakistan and provides baseline information for future monitoring of OHCs in pets.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-ali-mehdi-dirtu-alshammari-neels-covaci-levelsandprofilesoforganochlorinesandflameretardantsincarandhousedustfromkuwaitandpakistanimplicationforhumanexposureviadustingestion-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-ali-mehdi-dirtu-alshammari-neels-covaci-levelsandprofilesoforganochlorinesandflameretardantsincarandhousedustfromkuwaitandpakistanimplicationforhumanexposureviadustingestion-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855', event);\">\n    Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and pakistan: implication for human exposure via dust ingestion.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Ali, L.; Mehdi, T.; Dirtu, A. C; Al-Shammari, F.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 55: 62–70. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-ali-mehdi-dirtu-alshammari-neels-covaci-levelsandprofilesoforganochlorinesandflameretardantsincarandhousedustfromkuwaitandpakistanimplicationforhumanexposureviadustingestion-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and pakistan: implication for human exposure via dust ingestion. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-ali-mehdi-dirtu-alshammari-neels-covaci-levelsandprofilesoforganochlorinesandflameretardantsincarandhousedustfromkuwaitandpakistanimplicationforhumanexposureviadustingestion-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-ali-mehdi-dirtu-alshammari-neels-covaci-levelsandprofilesoforganochlorinesandflameretardantsincarandhousedustfromkuwaitandpakistanimplicationforhumanexposureviadustingestion-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-ali-mehdi-dirtu-alshammari-neels-covaci-levelsandprofilesoforganochlorinesandflameretardantsincarandhousedustfromkuwaitandpakistanimplicationforhumanexposureviadustingestion-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_levels_2013,\n\ttitle = {Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from {Kuwait} and pakistan: implication for human exposure via dust ingestion.},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523855},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001},\n\tabstract = {There are only few studies documenting indoor pollution in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In present study, we have evaluated the occurrence of various organochlorines (OCs) and flame retardants (FRs) in dust from cars and houses of Pakistan and Kuwait. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate FRs (PFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in indoor dust from urban houses (N=15 per country) and cars (N=15 per country). PFRs were the major analytes in all four microenvironments, followed by PBDEs{\\textbackslash}textgreaterNBFRs{\\textbackslash}textgreaterOCPs{\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCBs. For all classes of analytes, relatively lower levels were observed in car and house dust from Pakistan than Kuwait. Levels of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs and ∑PFRs were higher in car dust, while ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs were higher in house dust from both countries. ∑PFRs occurred at average concentrations of 16,900, 87,900, 475, and 2500ng/g in Kuwaiti house and car, and Pakistani house and car dust, respectively. For both countries, the profiles of analytes in car dust were different from those in the house dust. Different exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for adult, taxi drivers and toddlers. For Kuwaiti toddlers, assuming high dust intake and mean and 95th percentile concentrations, the values computed for ∑OCPs (1500ng/kg bw/day) were higher than RfD values, while for ∑PCBs (14.5ng/kg bw/day) it was only two-fold lower than the corresponding RfDs.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Ali, Lulwa and Mehdi, Toufeer and Dirtu, Alin C and Al-Shammari, Fatema and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23523855},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {62--70},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There are only few studies documenting indoor pollution in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In present study, we have evaluated the occurrence of various organochlorines (OCs) and flame retardants (FRs) in dust from cars and houses of Pakistan and Kuwait. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate FRs (PFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in indoor dust from urban houses (N=15 per country) and cars (N=15 per country). PFRs were the major analytes in all four microenvironments, followed by PBDEs\\textgreaterNBFRs\\textgreaterOCPs\\textgreaterPCBs. For all classes of analytes, relatively lower levels were observed in car and house dust from Pakistan than Kuwait. Levels of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs and ∑PFRs were higher in car dust, while ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs were higher in house dust from both countries. ∑PFRs occurred at average concentrations of 16,900, 87,900, 475, and 2500ng/g in Kuwaiti house and car, and Pakistani house and car dust, respectively. For both countries, the profiles of analytes in car dust were different from those in the house dust. Different exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for adult, taxi drivers and toddlers. For Kuwaiti toddlers, assuming high dust intake and mean and 95th percentile concentrations, the values computed for ∑OCPs (1500ng/kg bw/day) were higher than RfD values, while for ∑PCBs (14.5ng/kg bw/day) it was only two-fold lower than the corresponding RfDs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"allen-stapleton-vallarino-mcneely-mcclean-harrad-rauert-spengler-exposuretoflameretardantchemicalsoncommercialairplanes-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'allen-stapleton-vallarino-mcneely-mcclean-harrad-rauert-spengler-exposuretoflameretardantchemicalsoncommercialairplanes-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Allen, J. G; Stapleton, H. M; Vallarino, J.; McNeely, E.; McClean, M. D; Harrad, S. J; Rauert, C. B;  and Spengler, J. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 12: 17. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allen-stapleton-vallarino-mcneely-mcclean-harrad-rauert-spengler-exposuretoflameretardantchemicalsoncommercialairplanes-2013', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allen-stapleton-vallarino-mcneely-mcclean-harrad-rauert-spengler-exposuretoflameretardantchemicalsoncommercialairplanes-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-17', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/allen-stapleton-vallarino-mcneely-mcclean-harrad-rauert-spengler-exposuretoflameretardantchemicalsoncommercialairplanes-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('allen-stapleton-vallarino-mcneely-mcclean-harrad-rauert-spengler-exposuretoflameretardantchemicalsoncommercialairplanes-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{allen_exposure_2013,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1476-069X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3599095&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-12-17},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardant chemicals are used in materials on airplanes to slow the propagation of fire. These chemicals migrate from their source products and can be found in the dust of airplanes, creating the potential for exposure.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Allen, Joseph G and Stapleton, Heather M and Vallarino, Jose and McNeely, Eileen and McClean, Michael D and Harrad, Stuart J and Rauert, Cassandra B and Spengler, John D},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23413926},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardant chemicals are used in materials on airplanes to slow the propagation of fire. These chemicals migrate from their source products and can be found in the dust of airplanes, creating the potential for exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"petersen-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'petersen-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/', event);\">\n    Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2012.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Petersen, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Diabetes Care</i>, 36(4): 1033–1046. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petersen-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2012 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2625\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petersen-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2625', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/petersen-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('petersen-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{petersen_economic_2013,\n\ttitle = {Economic {Costs} of {Diabetes} in the {U}.{S}. in 2012},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0149-5992},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609540/},\n\tdoi = {10.2337/dc12-2625},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE\nThis study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012.\n\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\nThe study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S.\n\nRESULTS\nThe total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\$245 billion, including \\$176 billion in direct medical costs and \\$69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43\\% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18\\%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12\\%), physician office visits (9\\%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8\\%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about \\$13,700 per year, of which about \\$7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism (\\$5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work (\\$20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force (\\$2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability (\\$21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality (\\$18.5 billion).\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\$245 billion, a 41\\% increase from our previous estimate of \\$174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Diabetes Care},\n\tauthor = {Petersen, Matt},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23468086},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3609540},\n\tpages = {1033--1046},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S. RESULTS The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, including $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12%), physician office visits (9%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about $13,700 per year, of which about $7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism ($5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work ($20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force ($2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability ($21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality ($18.5 billion). CONCLUSIONS The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, a 41% increase from our previous estimate of $174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"americandiabetesassociation-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  American Diabetes Association\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Diabetes Care</i>, 36(4): 1033–1046. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2625\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('americandiabetesassociation-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2625', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/americandiabetesassociation-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('americandiabetesassociation-economiccostsofdiabetesintheusin2012-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{american_diabetes_association_economic_2013,\n\ttitle = {Economic costs of diabetes in the {U}.{S}. in 2012},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1935-5548},\n\tdoi = {10.2337/dc12-2625},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012.\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S.\nRESULTS: The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\$245 billion, including \\$176 billion in direct medical costs and \\$69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43\\% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18\\%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12\\%), physician office visits (9\\%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8\\%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about \\$13,700 per year, of which about \\$7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism (\\$5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work (\\$20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force (\\$2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability (\\$21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality (\\$18.5 billion).\nCONCLUSIONS: The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is \\$245 billion, a 41\\% increase from our previous estimate of \\$174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Diabetes Care},\n\tauthor = {{American Diabetes Association}},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23468086},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3609540},\n\tkeywords = {Cost of Illness, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, United States},\n\tpages = {1033--1046},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2012. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study uses a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2012 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S. RESULTS: The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, including $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in reduced productivity. The largest components of medical expenditures are hospital inpatient care (43% of the total medical cost), prescription medications to treat the complications of diabetes (18%), antidiabetic agents and diabetes supplies (12%), physician office visits (9%), and nursing/residential facility stays (8%). People with diagnosed diabetes incur average medical expenditures of about $13,700 per year, of which about $7,900 is attributed to diabetes. People with diagnosed diabetes, on average, have medical expenditures approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes. For the cost categories analyzed, care for people with diagnosed diabetes accounts for more than 1 in 5 health care dollars in the U.S., and more than half of that expenditure is directly attributable to diabetes. Indirect costs include increased absenteeism ($5 billion) and reduced productivity while at work ($20.8 billion) for the employed population, reduced productivity for those not in the labor force ($2.7 billion), inability to work as a result of disease-related disability ($21.6 billion), and lost productive capacity due to early mortality ($18.5 billion). CONCLUSIONS: The estimated total economic cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, a 41% increase from our previous estimate of $174 billion (in 2007 dollars). This estimate highlights the substantial burden that diabetes imposes on society. Additional components of societal burden omitted from our study include intangibles from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and the burden associated with undiagnosed diabetes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/', event);\">\n    In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eskenazi, B.; Chevrier, J.; Rauch, S. A.; Kogut, K.; Harley, K. G.; Johnson, C.; Trujillo, C.; Sjodin, A.;  and Bradman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 121(2): 257–262. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eskenazi_utero_2013,\n\ttitle = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569691/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\n\tabstract = {background: California children’s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals., Objective: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort., Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children’s attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323)., Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination—particularly in the nondominant—at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels., Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A. and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G. and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjodin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23154064},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3569691},\n\tpages = {257--262},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  background: California children’s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals., Objective: Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort., Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children’s attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323)., Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination—particularly in the nondominant—at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels., Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gorga, M.; Martínez, E.; Ginebreda, A.; Eljarrat, E.;  and Barceló, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>, 444: 51–59. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gorga_determination_2013,\n\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},\n\tvolume = {444},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\n\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23262324},\n\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},\n\tpages = {51--59},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brandsma-sellstrm-dewit-deboer-leonards-dustmeasurementoftwoorganophosphorusflameretardantsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphaterbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdppusedasalternativesforbde209-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brandsma-sellstrm-dewit-deboer-leonards-dustmeasurementoftwoorganophosphorusflameretardantsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphaterbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdppusedasalternativesforbde209-2013', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q', event);\">\n    Dust Measurement of Two Organophosphorus Flame Retardants, Resorcinol Bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and Bisphenol A Bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP), Used as Alternatives for BDE-209.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brandsma, S. H.; Sellström, U.; de Wit, C. A.; de Boer, J.;  and Leonards, P. E. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 47(24): 14434–14441. December 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brandsma-sellstrm-dewit-deboer-leonards-dustmeasurementoftwoorganophosphorusflameretardantsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphaterbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdppusedasalternativesforbde209-2013', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dust Measurement of Two Organophosphorus Flame Retardants, Resorcinol Bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and Bisphenol A Bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP), Used as Alternatives for BDE-209 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es404123q\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brandsma-sellstrm-dewit-deboer-leonards-dustmeasurementoftwoorganophosphorusflameretardantsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphaterbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdppusedasalternativesforbde209-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es404123q', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brandsma-sellstrm-dewit-deboer-leonards-dustmeasurementoftwoorganophosphorusflameretardantsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphaterbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdppusedasalternativesforbde209-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brandsma-sellstrm-dewit-deboer-leonards-dustmeasurementoftwoorganophosphorusflameretardantsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphaterbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdppusedasalternativesforbde209-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brandsma_dust_2013,\n\ttitle = {Dust {Measurement} of {Two} {Organophosphorus} {Flame} {Retardants}, {Resorcinol} {Bis}(diphenylphosphate) ({RBDPP}) and {Bisphenol} {A} {Bis}(diphenylphosphate) ({BPA}-{BDPP}), {Used} as {Alternatives} for {BDE}-209},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404123q},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es404123q},\n\tabstract = {Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP) are two halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardant (PFRs) that are used as an alternative for the decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) technical mixture in TV/flatscreen housing and other electronic consumer products. In this study, dust samples were collected from various microenvironments in The Netherlands (houses, cars), Greece (houses), and Sweden (apartments, cars, furniture stores, electronics stores) and analyzed for RBDPP and BPA-BDPP. Additionally, the dust samples from The Netherlands were analyzed for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) for comparison and for TPHP, which is a byproduct in the RBDPP and BPA-BDPP technical products. BPA-BDPP was detected in almost all dust samples from The Netherlands, Greece, and Sweden. Highest concentrations were found in dust samples collected on electronic equipment from all three countries with BPA-BDPP levels ranging from {\\textless}0.1 to 1300 ?g/g and RBDPP levels from {\\textless}0.04 to 520 ?g/g. RBDPP and BPA-BDPP levels in dust collected further away from the electronics (source) were usually lower. BDE-209 levels in The Netherlands dust samples collected on and around the electronics were similar and much lower than the BPA-BDPP/RBDPP levels, indicating that the electronics were not the source of BDE-209. Strong positive correlations were found between TPHP concentrations and those of RBDPP (r = 0.805) and BPA-BDPP (r = 0.924), probably due to TPHP being a byproduct in commercial RBDPP and BPA-BDPP mixtures in electronics. To our knowledge, this is the first time that RBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in dust samples from Europe.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\turldate = {2014-09-27},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Brandsma, Sicco H. and Sellström, Ulla and de Wit, Cynthia A. and de Boer, Jacob and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {14434--14441},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP) are two halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardant (PFRs) that are used as an alternative for the decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) technical mixture in TV/flatscreen housing and other electronic consumer products. In this study, dust samples were collected from various microenvironments in The Netherlands (houses, cars), Greece (houses), and Sweden (apartments, cars, furniture stores, electronics stores) and analyzed for RBDPP and BPA-BDPP. Additionally, the dust samples from The Netherlands were analyzed for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) for comparison and for TPHP, which is a byproduct in the RBDPP and BPA-BDPP technical products. BPA-BDPP was detected in almost all dust samples from The Netherlands, Greece, and Sweden. Highest concentrations were found in dust samples collected on electronic equipment from all three countries with BPA-BDPP levels ranging from \\textless0.1 to 1300 ?g/g and RBDPP levels from \\textless0.04 to 520 ?g/g. RBDPP and BPA-BDPP levels in dust collected further away from the electronics (source) were usually lower. BDE-209 levels in The Netherlands dust samples collected on and around the electronics were similar and much lower than the BPA-BDPP/RBDPP levels, indicating that the electronics were not the source of BDE-209. Strong positive correlations were found between TPHP concentrations and those of RBDPP (r = 0.805) and BPA-BDPP (r = 0.924), probably due to TPHP being a byproduct in commercial RBDPP and BPA-BDPP mixtures in electronics. To our knowledge, this is the first time that RBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in dust samples from Europe.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604', event);\">\n    Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson, P. I.; Stapleton, H. M.; Mukherjee, B.; Hauser, R.;  and Meeker, J. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 445–446: 177–184. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson_associations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},\n\tvolume = {445–446},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health},\n\tpages = {177--184},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kajiwara-desborough-harrad-takigami-photolysisofbrominatedflameretardantsintextilesexposedtonaturalsunlight-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Photolysis of brominated flame retardants in textiles exposed to natural sunlight.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kajiwara, N.; Desborough, J.; Harrad, S.;  and Takigami, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts</i>, 15(3): 653–660. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kajiwara-desborough-harrad-takigami-photolysisofbrominatedflameretardantsintextilesexposedtonaturalsunlight-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kajiwara-desborough-harrad-takigami-photolysisofbrominatedflameretardantsintextilesexposedtonaturalsunlight-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kajiwara_photolysis_2013,\n\ttitle = {Photolysis of brominated flame retardants in textiles exposed to natural sunlight},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {2050-7895},\n\tabstract = {Photolytic transformation profiles of technical hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in flame-retarded textiles exposed to natural sunlight were compared. Textiles that contained approximately 4\\% HBCDs by weight showed no substantial loss of any of the HBCD diastereomers during the entire exposure period (371 days), indicating that they were resistant to sunlight, that is, that debromination and isomerization of HBCD diastereomers did not occur under the experimental conditions. Exposure of a textile treated with technical DecaBDE resulted in the formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as products of photodecomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers present in the technical DecaBDE. After 329 days of exposure, the total PBDF concentration reached a maximum of 27 000 ng g(-1), which was approximately 10 times the initial concentration. During the experiment, di- to hexa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously. Although the concentrations of PBDFs in the textiles were 4–5 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, it is important to note that PBDFs were formed as a result of sunlight exposure during normal use of products treated with technical DecaBDE.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science. Processes \\&amp; Impacts},\n\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Desborough, Jennifer and Harrad, Stuart and Takigami, Hidetaka},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23738364},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenation, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Isomerism, Photolysis, Sunlight, Textiles},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Photolytic transformation profiles of technical hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in flame-retarded textiles exposed to natural sunlight were compared. Textiles that contained approximately 4% HBCDs by weight showed no substantial loss of any of the HBCD diastereomers during the entire exposure period (371 days), indicating that they were resistant to sunlight, that is, that debromination and isomerization of HBCD diastereomers did not occur under the experimental conditions. Exposure of a textile treated with technical DecaBDE resulted in the formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as products of photodecomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers present in the technical DecaBDE. After 329 days of exposure, the total PBDF concentration reached a maximum of 27 000 ng g(-1), which was approximately 10 times the initial concentration. During the experiment, di- to hexa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously. Although the concentrations of PBDFs in the textiles were 4–5 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, it is important to note that PBDFs were formed as a result of sunlight exposure during normal use of products treated with technical DecaBDE.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kajiwara-takigami-emissionbehaviorofhexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromflameretardanttreatedtextiles-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from flame-retardant-treated textiles.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kajiwara, N.;  and Takigami, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts</i>, 15(10): 1957–1963. October 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00359k\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-takigami-emissionbehaviorofhexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromflameretardanttreatedtextiles-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00359k', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kajiwara-takigami-emissionbehaviorofhexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromflameretardanttreatedtextiles-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kajiwara-takigami-emissionbehaviorofhexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromflameretardanttreatedtextiles-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kajiwara_emission_2013,\n\ttitle = {Emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from flame-retardant-treated textiles},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {2050-7895},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c3em00359k},\n\tabstract = {To evaluate the emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products as flame retardants, we used a small stainless steel container (7 cm i.d. × 5.5 cm height, ca. 210 cm(3)) to conduct emission tests on three upholstery textile samples at temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C. The textile samples, which were intended for use in curtain manufacture and had been treated with either technical HBCD or technical DecaBDE, emitted HBCDs and PBDEs, including BDE 209, even at room temperature (20 °C), and the emission rates increased with increasing test temperature. These results indicate that flame-retardant-treated upholstery textiles have the potential to be major sources of brominated flame retardant contamination in indoor air and dust. The HBCD diastereomer emission profiles at the test temperatures of 20 and 40 °C were similar to the profiles of the original textile samples; in contrast, at the higher test temperatures, the proportion of α-HBCD was larger (up to 70\\% of the total HBCD emission) than in the original samples. At the higher test temperatures, the proportions of di- to hexa-BDEs in the emissions were clearly larger than in the original sample, suggesting that the textile products treated with technical DecaBDE could be a source of environmentally relevant PBDE congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100. The emission rates of HBCDs from the textiles were two orders of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs, suggesting that HBCDs volatilize more easily from textile products to the indoor environment than PBDEs.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science. Processes \\&amp; Impacts},\n\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Takigami, Hidetaka},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {24056914},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Indoor, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Temperature, Textiles},\n\tpages = {1957--1963},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To evaluate the emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products as flame retardants, we used a small stainless steel container (7 cm i.d. × 5.5 cm height, ca. 210 cm(3)) to conduct emission tests on three upholstery textile samples at temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C. The textile samples, which were intended for use in curtain manufacture and had been treated with either technical HBCD or technical DecaBDE, emitted HBCDs and PBDEs, including BDE 209, even at room temperature (20 °C), and the emission rates increased with increasing test temperature. These results indicate that flame-retardant-treated upholstery textiles have the potential to be major sources of brominated flame retardant contamination in indoor air and dust. The HBCD diastereomer emission profiles at the test temperatures of 20 and 40 °C were similar to the profiles of the original textile samples; in contrast, at the higher test temperatures, the proportion of α-HBCD was larger (up to 70% of the total HBCD emission) than in the original samples. At the higher test temperatures, the proportions of di- to hexa-BDEs in the emissions were clearly larger than in the original sample, suggesting that the textile products treated with technical DecaBDE could be a source of environmentally relevant PBDE congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100. The emission rates of HBCDs from the textiles were two orders of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs, suggesting that HBCDs volatilize more easily from textile products to the indoor environment than PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X', event);\">\n    Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liang, S.; Neisius, N. M.;  and Gaan, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Progress in Organic Coatings</i>, 76(11): 1642–1665. November 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liang_recent_2013,\n\ttitle = {Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0300-9440},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014},\n\tabstract = {This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Progress in Organic Coatings},\n\tauthor = {Liang, Shuyu and Neisius, N. Matthias and Gaan, Sabyasachi},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel},\n\tpages = {1642--1665},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gorga, M.; Martínez, E.; Ginebreda, A.; Eljarrat, E.;  and Barceló, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>, 444: 51–59. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gorga_determination_2013,\n\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},\n\tvolume = {444},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\n\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23262324},\n\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},\n\tpages = {51--59},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"webster-stapleton-mcclean-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheindoorenvironment-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'webster-stapleton-mcclean-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheindoorenvironment-2013', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9', event);\">\n    Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Indoor Environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Webster, T. F.; Stapleton, H. M.;  and McClean, M. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Technology</i>,1–11. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('webster-stapleton-mcclean-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheindoorenvironment-2013', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Indoor Environment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('webster-stapleton-mcclean-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheindoorenvironment-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/webster-stapleton-mcclean-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheindoorenvironment-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('webster-stapleton-mcclean-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheindoorenvironment-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{webster_exposure_2013,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in the {Indoor} {Environment}},\n\tissn = {0015-2684, 1572-8099},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10694-013-0334-9},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are fire retardants used in consumer products such as foam-containing furniture and electronics. This paper reviews human exposure to PBDEs in North America, applying the source to exposure paradigm, and arrives to the following five conclusions. (1) PentaBDE concentrations in residential house dust are associated with the amount of bromine contained in furniture as measured by X-ray fluorescence; similarly, DecaBDE in dust is associated with bromine in electronics. (2) Microscopic analysis of dust suggests that physical breakdown of products may be an important source of DecaBDE in dust. (3) Concentrations of PentaBDE in people were associated with PentaBDE levels in dust from their homes. (4) Inhalation appears to be a minor route of exposure for most of the population. PentaBDEs on handwipes are associated with both dust concentrations and body burdens, suggesting hand-to-mouth activity (or dermal absorption) as important routes of exposure. (5) Diet appears to be another, independent source of exposure. Fire fighters may be exposed via dust, ash or air, particularly in the aftermath of a fire. The existing literature suggests that human health effects may be associated with PentaBDE exposures in the general population. Manufacture of PentaBDE has been banned; replacement fire retardants can be measured in products and dust. The use of PBDEs and related flame retardants poses a potential risk–risk trade-off that requires the joint efforts of environmental scientists and the fire science community.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\n\tauthor = {Webster, Thomas F. and Stapleton, Heather M. and McClean, Michael D.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Characterization and Evaluation of Materials, Civil Engineering, Exposure, Fire fighters, Flame retardants, Health, Mechanics, PBDE, Physics, general, TDCPP},\n\tpages = {1--11},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are fire retardants used in consumer products such as foam-containing furniture and electronics. This paper reviews human exposure to PBDEs in North America, applying the source to exposure paradigm, and arrives to the following five conclusions. (1) PentaBDE concentrations in residential house dust are associated with the amount of bromine contained in furniture as measured by X-ray fluorescence; similarly, DecaBDE in dust is associated with bromine in electronics. (2) Microscopic analysis of dust suggests that physical breakdown of products may be an important source of DecaBDE in dust. (3) Concentrations of PentaBDE in people were associated with PentaBDE levels in dust from their homes. (4) Inhalation appears to be a minor route of exposure for most of the population. PentaBDEs on handwipes are associated with both dust concentrations and body burdens, suggesting hand-to-mouth activity (or dermal absorption) as important routes of exposure. (5) Diet appears to be another, independent source of exposure. Fire fighters may be exposed via dust, ash or air, particularly in the aftermath of a fire. The existing literature suggests that human health effects may be associated with PentaBDE exposures in the general population. Manufacture of PentaBDE has been banned; replacement fire retardants can be measured in products and dust. The use of PBDEs and related flame retardants poses a potential risk–risk trade-off that requires the joint efforts of environmental scientists and the fire science community.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209', event);\">\n    Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shi, Z.; Jiao, Y.; Hu, Y.; Sun, Z.; Zhou, X.; Feng, J.; Li, J.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 452–453: 10–18. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shi_levels_2013,\n\ttitle = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {452–453},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},\n\tabstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors&#x27; personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \\&amp;lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \\&amp;lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother&#x27;s diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother&#x27;s age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A},\n\tpages = {10--18},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from &lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from &lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871', event);\">\n    Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.; Malik, R. N.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 461–462: 655–662. September 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in human serum of mothers and children from {Pakistan} with urban and rural residential settings},\n\tvolume = {461–462},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044},\n\tabstract = {This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) \\&amp;gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) \\&amp;gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) \\&amp;lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (\\&amp;lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were \\&amp;lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed {\\textasciitilde} 5\\% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (\\&amp;gt; 80\\%) of OCPs ranged from \\&amp;lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), \\&amp;lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum},\n\tpages = {655--662},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) &gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) &gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) &lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were &lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed ~ 5% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (&gt; 80%) of OCPs ranged from &lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), &lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2013', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5', event);\">\n    Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eggen, T.; Heimstad, E. S.; Stuanes, A. O.;  and Norli, H. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>, 20(7): 4520–4531. July 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2013', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eggen_uptake_2013,\n\ttitle = {Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},\n\tabstract = {Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K ow 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K ow 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K ow 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K ow 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K ow 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6–1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10–20 and 1.7–4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015–0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K ow in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-09-17},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Eggen, Trine and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S. and Stuanes, Arne O. and Norli, Hans Ragnar},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Carrot, Cereals, DEET, Ecotoxicology, Emerging contaminants, Environment, general, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Health, Grass, Meadow fescue, NBBS, Oilseeds, Organophosphates, TBP, TCEP, TCPP, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution, Wastewater},\n\tpages = {4520--4531},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K ow 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K ow 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K ow 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K ow 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K ow 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6–1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10–20 and 1.7–4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015–0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K ow in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schwartzer-koenig-berman-usingmousemodelsofautismspectrumdisorderstostudytheneurotoxicologyofgeneenvironmentinteractions-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schwartzer-koenig-berman-usingmousemodelsofautismspectrumdisorderstostudytheneurotoxicologyofgeneenvironmentinteractions-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481', event);\">\n    Using mouse models of autism spectrum disorders to study the neurotoxicology of gene–environment interactions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schwartzer, J. J.; Koenig, C. M.;  and Berman, R. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology and Teratology</i>, 36: 17–35. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schwartzer-koenig-berman-usingmousemodelsofautismspectrumdisorderstostudytheneurotoxicologyofgeneenvironmentinteractions-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Using mouse models of autism spectrum disorders to study the neurotoxicology of gene–environment interactions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schwartzer-koenig-berman-usingmousemodelsofautismspectrumdisorderstostudytheneurotoxicologyofgeneenvironmentinteractions-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schwartzer-koenig-berman-usingmousemodelsofautismspectrumdisorderstostudytheneurotoxicologyofgeneenvironmentinteractions-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schwartzer-koenig-berman-usingmousemodelsofautismspectrumdisorderstostudytheneurotoxicologyofgeneenvironmentinteractions-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schwartzer_using_2013,\n\tseries = {Special {Issue}: {Environmental} {Influences} and {Emerging} {Mechanisms} in the {Etiology} of {Autism}},\n\ttitle = {Using mouse models of autism spectrum disorders to study the neurotoxicology of gene–environment interactions},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0892-0362},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036212001481},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.007},\n\tabstract = {To better study the role of genetics in autism, mouse models have been developed which mimic the genetics of specific autism spectrum and related disorders. These models have facilitated research on the role genetic susceptibility factors in the pathogenesis of autism in the absence of environmental factors. Inbred mouse strains have been similarly studied to assess the role of environmental agents on neurodevelopment, typically without the complications of genetic heterogeneity of the human population. What has not been as actively pursued, however, is the methodical study of the interaction between these factors (e.g., gene and environmental interactions in neurodevelopment). This review suggests that a genetic predisposition paired with exposure to environmental toxicants plays an important role in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, and may contribute to the largely unexplained rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism worldwide. Specifically, descriptions of the major mouse models of autism and toxic mechanisms of prevalent environmental chemicals are provided followed by a discussion of current and future research strategies to evaluate the role of gene and environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-11},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},\n\tauthor = {Schwartzer, Jared J. and Koenig, Claire M. and Berman, Robert F.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Autism, Environmental pollutants, Genetics, Mouse model},\n\tpages = {17--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To better study the role of genetics in autism, mouse models have been developed which mimic the genetics of specific autism spectrum and related disorders. These models have facilitated research on the role genetic susceptibility factors in the pathogenesis of autism in the absence of environmental factors. Inbred mouse strains have been similarly studied to assess the role of environmental agents on neurodevelopment, typically without the complications of genetic heterogeneity of the human population. What has not been as actively pursued, however, is the methodical study of the interaction between these factors (e.g., gene and environmental interactions in neurodevelopment). This review suggests that a genetic predisposition paired with exposure to environmental toxicants plays an important role in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, and may contribute to the largely unexplained rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism worldwide. Specifically, descriptions of the major mouse models of autism and toxic mechanisms of prevalent environmental chemicals are provided followed by a discussion of current and future research strategies to evaluate the role of gene and environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ni-zeng-hbcdandtbbpainparticulatephaseofindoorairinshenzhenchina-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  HBCD and TBBPA in particulate phase of indoor air in Shenzhen, China.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ni, H.;  and Zeng, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>, 458-460: 15–19. August 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ni-zeng-hbcdandtbbpainparticulatephaseofindoorairinshenzhenchina-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ni-zeng-hbcdandtbbpainparticulatephaseofindoorairinshenzhenchina-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ni-zeng-hbcdandtbbpainparticulatephaseofindoorairinshenzhenchina-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ni_hbcd_2013,\n\ttitle = {{HBCD} and {TBBPA} in particulate phase of indoor air in {Shenzhen}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {458-460},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.003},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α, β, and γ-HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in air conditioning filter dust (designated as particulate phase of indoor air, PPIA) collected from an office building in Shenzhen, China in 2009. Concentrations of ΣHBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) ranged from 652 to 122, 973 ng/g in PPIA. Generally, γ-HBCD was the most abundant diastereomer. Concentrations of TBBPA ranged from 30 to 59, 140 ng/g in PPIA. According to our results, approximate 61.9 pg/kg body weight/day (pg/kg/d) PM2.5 bound ΣHBCD can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 31.3 pg/kg/d PM10 bound ΣHBCD tends to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system, and those values of TBBPA were 28.7 pg/kg/d and 14.5 pg/kg/d for the lower and upper respiratory tracts, respectively. The average intakes of ΣHBCD via dust inhalation and ingestion were 37.92 pg/kg/d and 2, 079 pg/kg/d for adults, and those data of TBBPA were 17.62 pg/kg/d and 966.2 pg/kg/d, respectively. Our research found that exposure via indoor dust inhalation and ingestion contributed more than dietary pathway. Sensitivity analysis result suggests that the concentration of HBCD and TBBPA is the most significant parameter governing estimated results, and the other parameters, such as body weight and inhalation rate, do not affect the outcome much.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Ni, Hong-Gang and Zeng, Hui},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23639907},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Conditioning, Air Pollution, Indoor, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Inhalation Exposure, Particle size, Particulate Matter, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Sensitivity and Specificity},\n\tpages = {15--19},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α, β, and γ-HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in air conditioning filter dust (designated as particulate phase of indoor air, PPIA) collected from an office building in Shenzhen, China in 2009. Concentrations of ΣHBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) ranged from 652 to 122, 973 ng/g in PPIA. Generally, γ-HBCD was the most abundant diastereomer. Concentrations of TBBPA ranged from 30 to 59, 140 ng/g in PPIA. According to our results, approximate 61.9 pg/kg body weight/day (pg/kg/d) PM2.5 bound ΣHBCD can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 31.3 pg/kg/d PM10 bound ΣHBCD tends to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system, and those values of TBBPA were 28.7 pg/kg/d and 14.5 pg/kg/d for the lower and upper respiratory tracts, respectively. The average intakes of ΣHBCD via dust inhalation and ingestion were 37.92 pg/kg/d and 2, 079 pg/kg/d for adults, and those data of TBBPA were 17.62 pg/kg/d and 966.2 pg/kg/d, respectively. Our research found that exposure via indoor dust inhalation and ingestion contributed more than dietary pathway. Sensitivity analysis result suggests that the concentration of HBCD and TBBPA is the most significant parameter governing estimated results, and the other parameters, such as body weight and inhalation rate, do not affect the outcome much.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Determination of PBDEs, HBB, PBEB, DBDPE, HBCD, TBBPA and related compounds in sewage sludge from Catalonia (Spain).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gorga, M.; Martínez, E.; Ginebreda, A.; Eljarrat, E.;  and Barceló, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>, 444: 51–59. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gorga-martnez-ginebreda-eljarrat-barcel-determinationofpbdeshbbpbebdbdpehbcdtbbpaandrelatedcompoundsinsewagesludgefromcataloniaspain-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gorga_determination_2013,\n\ttitle = {Determination of {PBDEs}, {HBB}, {PBEB}, {DBDPE}, {HBCD}, {TBBPA} and related compounds in sewage sludge from {Catalonia} ({Spain})},\n\tvolume = {444},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.066},\n\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Gorga, Marina and Martínez, Elena and Ginebreda, Antoni and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23262324},\n\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Liquid, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Quality Control, Sewage, Spain, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid},\n\tpages = {51--59},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The objective of this study was to determine different brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge produced in 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the Northeast of Spain. A total of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, from tri- to deca-BDEs, were analyzed. The emerging BFR compounds, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were also analyzed. The instrumental methodology for the analysis was based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS). Moreover, liquid cromathography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was applied for the determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and their related compounds, bisphenol A (BPA), monobromobisphenol A (MonoBBPA), dibromobisphenol A (DiBBPA) and tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA). The most abundant PBDE congener in these sewage sludge samples was BDE-209, with levels ranging from nd to 2303 ng/g dw. In addition, a significant concentrations of DBDPE were also detected, nd-257 ng/g dw, due to their increase production as a Deca-BDE substitute. The emerging compounds HBB and PBEB were detected in 4 WWTPs and their concentrations ranged between nd-5.71 and nd-2.33 ng/g, respectively. TBBPA was detected in quantifiable levels in 15 of the 17 WWTPs analyzed, in concentration range of nd-472 ng/g dw, whereas HBCDs were only found in 8 WWTPs in lower concentrations, between nd and 97.5 ng/g dw. Based on the analysis of sewage sludge samples from different WWTPs and in order to evaluate the impact of these contaminants in the environment, an estimation of BFRs accumulated in the total sewage sludge produced in Catalonia was carried out, with values of 57.8 kg/year, 6.76 kg/year, 13.5 kg/year, 1.56 kg/year, 0.18 kg/year and 0.02 kg/year for PBDEs, DBDPE, TBBPA, HBCDs, HBB and PBEB respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"taylor-novak-anderson-birnbaum-blystone-devito-jacobs-khrle-etal-evaluationoftheassociationbetweenpersistentorganicpollutantspopsanddiabetesinepidemiologicalstudiesanationaltoxicologyprogramworkshopreview-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'taylor-novak-anderson-birnbaum-blystone-devito-jacobs-khrle-etal-evaluationoftheassociationbetweenpersistentorganicpollutantspopsanddiabetesinepidemiologicalstudiesanationaltoxicologyprogramworkshopreview-2013', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/', event);\">\n    Evaluation of the Association between Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Diabetes in Epidemiological Studies: A National Toxicology Program Workshop Review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Taylor, K. W.; Novak, R. F.; Anderson, H. A.; Birnbaum, L. S.; Blystone, C.; DeVito, M.; Jacobs, D.; Köhrle, J.; Lee, D.; Rylander, L.; Rignell-Hydbom, A.; Tornero-Velez, R.; Turyk, M. E.; Boyles, A. L.; Thayer, K. A.;  and Lind, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 121(7): 774–783. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('taylor-novak-anderson-birnbaum-blystone-devito-jacobs-khrle-etal-evaluationoftheassociationbetweenpersistentorganicpollutantspopsanddiabetesinepidemiologicalstudiesanationaltoxicologyprogramworkshopreview-2013', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evaluation of the Association between Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Diabetes in Epidemiological Studies: A National Toxicology Program Workshop Review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205502\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('taylor-novak-anderson-birnbaum-blystone-devito-jacobs-khrle-etal-evaluationoftheassociationbetweenpersistentorganicpollutantspopsanddiabetesinepidemiologicalstudiesanationaltoxicologyprogramworkshopreview-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205502', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/taylor-novak-anderson-birnbaum-blystone-devito-jacobs-khrle-etal-evaluationoftheassociationbetweenpersistentorganicpollutantspopsanddiabetesinepidemiologicalstudiesanationaltoxicologyprogramworkshopreview-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('taylor-novak-anderson-birnbaum-blystone-devito-jacobs-khrle-etal-evaluationoftheassociationbetweenpersistentorganicpollutantspopsanddiabetesinepidemiologicalstudiesanationaltoxicologyprogramworkshopreview-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{taylor_evaluation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Evaluation of the {Association} between {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({POPs}) and {Diabetes} in {Epidemiological} {Studies}: {A} {National} {Toxicology} {Program} {Workshop} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\tshorttitle = {Evaluation of the {Association} between {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} ({POPs}) and {Diabetes} in {Epidemiological} {Studies}},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205502/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205502},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Taylor, Kyla W. and Novak, Raymond F. and Anderson, Henry A. and Birnbaum, Linda S. and Blystone, Chad and DeVito, Michael and Jacobs, David and Köhrle, Josef and Lee, Duk-Hee and Rylander, Lars and Rignell-Hydbom, Anna and Tornero-Velez, Rogelio and Turyk, Mary E. and Boyles, Abee L. and Thayer, Kristina A. and Lind, Lars},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {774--783},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"herman-theeconomiccostsofdiabetesisittimeforanewtreatmentparadigm-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'herman-theeconomiccostsofdiabetesisittimeforanewtreatmentparadigm-2013', 'http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775', event);\">\n    The Economic Costs of Diabetes: Is It Time for a New Treatment Paradigm?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Herman, W. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Diabetes Care</i>, 36(4): 775–776. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herman-theeconomiccostsofdiabetesisittimeforanewtreatmentparadigm-2013', 'http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Economic Costs of Diabetes: Is It Time for a New Treatment Paradigm? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0270\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herman-theeconomiccostsofdiabetesisittimeforanewtreatmentparadigm-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0270', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/herman-theeconomiccostsofdiabetesisittimeforanewtreatmentparadigm-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('herman-theeconomiccostsofdiabetesisittimeforanewtreatmentparadigm-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{herman_economic_2013,\n\ttitle = {The {Economic} {Costs} of {Diabetes}: {Is} {It} {Time} for a {New} {Treatment} {Paradigm}?},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0149-5992, 1935-5548},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Economic} {Costs} of {Diabetes}},\n\turl = {http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/4/775},\n\tdoi = {10.2337/dc13-0270},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-09-02},\n\tjournal = {Diabetes Care},\n\tauthor = {Herman, William H.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23520368},\n\tpages = {775--776},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-kannan-moon-assessmentofexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesviaseafoodconsumptionanddustingestioninkorea-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-kannan-moon-assessmentofexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesviaseafoodconsumptionanddustingestioninkorea-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X', event);\">\n    Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in Korea.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, S.; Kannan, K.;  and Moon, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 443: 24–30. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kannan-moon-assessmentofexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesviaseafoodconsumptionanddustingestioninkorea-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in Korea [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.099\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kannan-moon-assessmentofexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesviaseafoodconsumptionanddustingestioninkorea-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.099', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-kannan-moon-assessmentofexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesviaseafoodconsumptionanddustingestioninkorea-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-kannan-moon-assessmentofexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesviaseafoodconsumptionanddustingestioninkorea-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_assessment_2013,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in {Korea}},\n\tvolume = {443},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201399X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.099},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in commonly consumed seafood and house dust collected from Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs in seafood and house dust samples were in the ranges of 0.06 to 6.25 ng/g wet weight and 80 to 16,000 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Predominant congeners in seafood were BDEs 47, 99 and 100 and those in dust samples were BDE 209. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs through seafood consumption and dust ingestion for adults (\\&amp;gt; 20 years) and toddlers (\\&amp;lt; 2 years) were 1.83 and 11.4 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. In comparison with the EDIs reported for PBDEs by general population in several countries, the contribution of seafood consumption to PBDE intake in Korea was the highest. Seafood consumption and dust ingestion contributed equally to the total PBDE intakes in Korean adults, while dust ingestion was the major contributor to toddlers. This study was the first to assess exposure of humans to PBDEs through two major exposure pathways.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Sunggyu and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Moon, Hyo-Bang},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Dust ingestion, Estimated daily intake, Exposure pathway, Flame retardants, General population, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {24--30},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in commonly consumed seafood and house dust collected from Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs in seafood and house dust samples were in the ranges of 0.06 to 6.25 ng/g wet weight and 80 to 16,000 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Predominant congeners in seafood were BDEs 47, 99 and 100 and those in dust samples were BDE 209. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs through seafood consumption and dust ingestion for adults (&gt; 20 years) and toddlers (&lt; 2 years) were 1.83 and 11.4 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. In comparison with the EDIs reported for PBDEs by general population in several countries, the contribution of seafood consumption to PBDE intake in Korea was the highest. Seafood consumption and dust ingestion contributed equally to the total PBDE intakes in Korean adults, while dust ingestion was the major contributor to toddlers. This study was the first to assess exposure of humans to PBDEs through two major exposure pathways.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mannetje-coakley-bridgen-brooks-harrad-smith-pearce-douwes-currentconcentrationstemporaltrendsanddeterminantsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilkofnewzealandwomen-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mannetje-coakley-bridgen-brooks-harrad-smith-pearce-douwes-currentconcentrationstemporaltrendsanddeterminantsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilkofnewzealandwomen-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877', event);\">\n    Current concentrations, temporal trends and determinants of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk of New Zealand women.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mannetje, A. '.; Coakley, J.; Bridgen, P.; Brooks, C.; Harrad, S.; Smith, A. H.; Pearce, N.;  and Douwes, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 458–460: 399–407. August 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mannetje-coakley-bridgen-brooks-harrad-smith-pearce-douwes-currentconcentrationstemporaltrendsanddeterminantsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilkofnewzealandwomen-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Current concentrations, temporal trends and determinants of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk of New Zealand women [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mannetje-coakley-bridgen-brooks-harrad-smith-pearce-douwes-currentconcentrationstemporaltrendsanddeterminantsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilkofnewzealandwomen-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mannetje-coakley-bridgen-brooks-harrad-smith-pearce-douwes-currentconcentrationstemporaltrendsanddeterminantsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilkofnewzealandwomen-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mannetje-coakley-bridgen-brooks-harrad-smith-pearce-douwes-currentconcentrationstemporaltrendsanddeterminantsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilkofnewzealandwomen-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mannetje_current_2013,\n\ttitle = {Current concentrations, temporal trends and determinants of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk of {New} {Zealand} women},\n\tvolume = {458–460},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004877},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.055},\n\tabstract = {Breast milk samples of 39 first time mothers aged 20–30 were collected in 2007–2010 from rural and urban areas of New Zealand, following the fourth World Health Organization coordinated survey protocol. Samples were individually analysed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The lipid adjusted concentrations of PCDD/Fs (mean toxic equivalent (TEQ): 3.54 pg/g) and PCBs (mean TEQ 1.29 pg/g) were low in comparison to those reported for other countries, and concentrations of dieldrin (10 ng/g) and p,p′-DDE (379 ng/g) and PBDEs were in the mid-range. Breast milk concentrations of PCDD/F-TEQ, PCB-TEQ, dieldrin and p,p′-DDE were significantly higher in rural compared to urban areas (+ 23\\%, 33\\%, 59\\%, and 44\\% respectively), while concentrations of several PBDEs and lindane were higher in urban areas. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and OCPs, but not PBDEs, increased with age, and higher body mass index was associated with lower concentrations of PCBs. Despite New Zealand&#x27;s low body burdens of many chlorinated POPs in comparison to other countries, breast milk concentrations continued to decrease over time, with a decrease by half over the last 10 years for PCDD/F-TEQ (− 40\\%), PCB-TEQ (− 54\\%) and OCPs − 34 to − 90\\%), indicating that regulatory measures continue to have beneficial effects. Continued monitoring is needed particularly for the brominated POPs for which little New Zealand specific data is available.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Mannetje, Andrea &#x27;t and Coakley, Jonathan and Bridgen, Phil and Brooks, Collin and Harrad, Stuart and Smith, Allan H. and Pearce, Neil and Douwes, Jeroen},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human milk, New Zealand, Organochlorine pesticides, Persistent organic pollutants},\n\tpages = {399--407},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Breast milk samples of 39 first time mothers aged 20–30 were collected in 2007–2010 from rural and urban areas of New Zealand, following the fourth World Health Organization coordinated survey protocol. Samples were individually analysed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The lipid adjusted concentrations of PCDD/Fs (mean toxic equivalent (TEQ): 3.54 pg/g) and PCBs (mean TEQ 1.29 pg/g) were low in comparison to those reported for other countries, and concentrations of dieldrin (10 ng/g) and p,p′-DDE (379 ng/g) and PBDEs were in the mid-range. Breast milk concentrations of PCDD/F-TEQ, PCB-TEQ, dieldrin and p,p′-DDE were significantly higher in rural compared to urban areas (+ 23%, 33%, 59%, and 44% respectively), while concentrations of several PBDEs and lindane were higher in urban areas. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and OCPs, but not PBDEs, increased with age, and higher body mass index was associated with lower concentrations of PCBs. Despite New Zealand's low body burdens of many chlorinated POPs in comparison to other countries, breast milk concentrations continued to decrease over time, with a decrease by half over the last 10 years for PCDD/F-TEQ (− 40%), PCB-TEQ (− 54%) and OCPs − 34 to − 90%), indicating that regulatory measures continue to have beneficial effects. Continued monitoring is needed particularly for the brominated POPs for which little New Zealand specific data is available.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209', event);\">\n    Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shi, Z.; Jiao, Y.; Hu, Y.; Sun, Z.; Zhou, X.; Feng, J.; Li, J.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 452–453: 10–18. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shi-jiao-hu-sun-zhou-feng-li-wu-levelsoftetrabromobisphenolahexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthegeneralpopulationinbeijingchina-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shi_levels_2013,\n\ttitle = {Levels of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in {Beijing}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {452–453},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713002209},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038},\n\tabstract = {Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors&#x27; personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from \\&amp;lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from \\&amp;lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother&#x27;s diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother&#x27;s age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Shi, Zhixiong and Jiao, Yang and Hu, Yue and Sun, Zhiwei and Zhou, Xianqing and Feng, Jinfang and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Estimated daily intake, Hexabromocyclododecane, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A},\n\tpages = {10--18},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from &lt; LOD to 12.46 ng g− 1 lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g− 1 lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC–MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from &lt; LOD to 78.28 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g− 1 lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g− 1 lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g− 1 lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg− 1 bw day− 1, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871', event);\">\n    Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Eqani, S. A. M. A. S.; Malik, R. N.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 461–462: 655–662. September 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-eqani-malik-neels-covaci-organohalogenatedcontaminantsohcsinhumanserumofmothersandchildrenfrompakistanwithurbanandruralresidentialsettings-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_organohalogenated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Organohalogenated contaminants ({OHCs}) in human serum of mothers and children from {Pakistan} with urban and rural residential settings},\n\tvolume = {461–462},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713005871},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044},\n\tabstract = {This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) \\&amp;gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) \\&amp;gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) \\&amp;lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (\\&amp;lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were \\&amp;lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed {\\textasciitilde} 5\\% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (\\&amp;gt; 80\\%) of OCPs ranged from \\&amp;lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), \\&amp;lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah and Malik, Riffat Naseem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Children, Mothers, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), Pakistan, Serum},\n\tpages = {655--662},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study aimed to provide first data on the concentrations of different classes of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum from Pakistan, an area with limited information on environmental pollution. Serum samples (N = 85) were collected from mothers (N = 34; age ranged 23–51 years), their children (N = 34; age 3–10 years) and general group (N = 17; age 13–65 years) with rural and urban residential settings. The concentrations of studied OHCs in serum decreased as follows: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) &gt; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) &gt; polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were not detected, except for 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) &lt; 0.2–8 ng/g lipid weight (lw). Low levels of HO-PCBs (&lt; 0.2–20 ng/g lw) were detected, while HO-PBDEs were &lt; 0.2 ng/g lw. ∑PCBs (2–105 ng/g lw) together with ∑PBDEs (0.2–6.7 ng/g lw) contributed ~ 5% of the total OHCs body burden. The concentration(s) of major contributors (&gt; 80%) of OCPs ranged from &lt; 1–3645 ng/g lw for 1,1′-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p′-DDE), &lt; 1–445 ng/g lw for β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and from 5 to 200 ng/g lw for pentachlorophenol (PCP). p,p′-DDE, the major OHC, was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in rural children than in all other groups. In serum of rural children, the major OHCs were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than the mothers. The current study indicates continuous exposure to humans with already regulated OHCs and highlights the need for further monitoring of these OHCs in the region.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879', event);\">\n    Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines: Levels, distribution and profiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Malarvannan, G.; Isobe, T.; Covaci, A.; Prudente, M.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 442: 366–379. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines: Levels, distribution and profiles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('malarvannan-isobe-covaci-prudente-tanabe-accumulationofbrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkandscalphairfromthephilippineslevelsdistributionandprofiles-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{malarvannan_accumulation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}: {Levels}, distribution and profiles},\n\tvolume = {442},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the {Philippines}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012879},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.005},\n\tabstract = {Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n = 30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17–44\\% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12–35\\%), CB-118 (4–12\\%), CB-180 (2–13\\%), CB-187 (3–13\\%), and CB-170 (1.5–10\\%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Malarvannan, Govindan and Isobe, Tomohiko and Covaci, Adrian and Prudente, Maricar and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {HBCDs, Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, Philippines, Scalp hair},\n\tpages = {366--379},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Paired human breast milk and scalp hair samples (n = 30) were obtained in 2008 from primipara and multipara mothers living in two locations in the Philippines viz., Payatas, a waste dumpsite, and Malate, a non-dumpsite. Samples were analyzed for three groups of organohalogenated compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). PCBs were the predominantly identified compounds (median: 70 ng/g lipid wt.) in all the breast milk samples. In the human milk, CB-153 was the most dominant PCB congener (17–44% contribution to the sum PCB), closely followed by CB-138 (12–35%), CB-118 (4–12%), CB-180 (2–13%), CB-187 (3–13%), and CB-170 (1.5–10%). Levels of PBDEs (median: 3.0 ng/g lipid wt.) in human milk samples from the Philippines were similar to other Asian or European countries. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 were the major PBDE congeners. For HBCDs, the α-isomer was predominant followed by the γ-HBCD isomer in the both locations. PBDE levels in human milk were significantly higher in the dumpsite (3.9 ng/g lipid wt.) than in the non-dump site (2.2 ng/g lipid wt.). PBDE concentrations (including BDE-209) were significantly higher (median: 70 ng/g hair) than those of PCBs (median: 30 ng/g hair) and HBCDs (median: 1.0 ng/g hair) in all the scalp hair samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCDs in human scalp hair. PBDE congeners in scalp hair were dominated by BDE-209 and BDE-47. On a congener basis, the levels of PBDEs found in scalp hair were higher than those in Spain (children and adults) and China (general people). PCB levels found in scalp hair were higher than those in Greece, Romania and Belgium, but lower than those in China. In this study, there were no significant differences in the concentration of PCBs and HBCDs in human milk; and PCBs, HBCDs and PBDEs in human scalp hair from the two different locations. No significant correlations were observed between PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs levels and age of mothers in this study, which may be due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between milk and hair levels for more persistent compounds (PCB-153, PCB-138, or BDE-47), and thus it is worthy to follow-up in future studies along with more number of samples. This is the first report to provide measurement data for PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in paired milk and hair of populations in the Philippines.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-kim-lee-lee-park-kim-lee-choi-etal-contaminationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbreastmilkinkoreatimecoursevariationinfluencingfactorsandexposureassessment-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-kim-lee-lee-park-kim-lee-choi-etal-contaminationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbreastmilkinkoreatimecoursevariationinfluencingfactorsandexposureassessment-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X', event);\">\n    Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: Time-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, S.; Kim, S.; Lee, H.; Lee, I.; Park, J.; Kim, H.; Lee, J. J.; Choi, G.; Choi, S.; Kim, S.; Kim, S. Y.; Choi, K.; Kim, S.;  and Moon, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 93(8): 1578–1585. November 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-kim-lee-choi-etal-contaminationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbreastmilkinkoreatimecoursevariationinfluencingfactorsandexposureassessment-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: Time-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-kim-lee-choi-etal-contaminationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbreastmilkinkoreatimecoursevariationinfluencingfactorsandexposureassessment-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-kim-lee-lee-park-kim-lee-choi-etal-contaminationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbreastmilkinkoreatimecoursevariationinfluencingfactorsandexposureassessment-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-kim-lee-choi-etal-contaminationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbreastmilkinkoreatimecoursevariationinfluencingfactorsandexposureassessment-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_contamination_2013,\n\ttitle = {Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in {Korea}: {Time}-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment},\n\tvolume = {93},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in {Korea}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301093X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011},\n\tabstract = {Breast milk is a noninvasive specimen to assess maternal and infant exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In this study, 206 breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during lactation, at \\&amp;lt;7, 15, 30, or 90 days postpartum in four cities in Korea. The total concentrations of PCBs (ΣPCB) and OCPs (ΣOCP) ranged from \\&amp;lt;LOQ to 84.0 (median: 12.1) ng g−1 lipid weight and from \\&amp;lt;LOQ to 559 (median: 144) ng g−1 lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of these contaminants measured in our study were relatively lower than those reported for European, African and Asian populations. Within a month postpartum typically after day seven the levels of ΣPCB and ΣOCP significantly increased. Some OCP compounds were correlated with maternal age, BMI, parity, and delivery mode. Certain types of dietary habits such as seafood and noodle consumption were significantly associated with ΣPCB and ΣOCP. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ΣPCB and ΣOCP were 45.2–127 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and 625–1259 ng kg−1 bw day−1 during lactation, respectively, which are lower than the threshold values proposed by the US EPA and Health Canada. The exposure of Korean infants to chlordanes via breast milk had a potential health risk which deserves further investigation.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Sunggyu and Kim, Sunmi and Lee, Hyun-Kyung and Lee, In-Seok and Park, Jeongim and Kim, Hai-Joong and Lee, Jeong Jae and Choi, Gyuyeon and Choi, Sooran and Kim, Sungjoo and Kim, Su Young and Choi, Kyungho and Kim, Sungkyoon and Moon, Hyo-Bang},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Chlordane, Estimated daily intake, Health risk, Lactation, Threshold value},\n\tpages = {1578--1585},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Breast milk is a noninvasive specimen to assess maternal and infant exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In this study, 206 breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during lactation, at &lt;7, 15, 30, or 90 days postpartum in four cities in Korea. The total concentrations of PCBs (ΣPCB) and OCPs (ΣOCP) ranged from &lt;LOQ to 84.0 (median: 12.1) ng g−1 lipid weight and from &lt;LOQ to 559 (median: 144) ng g−1 lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of these contaminants measured in our study were relatively lower than those reported for European, African and Asian populations. Within a month postpartum typically after day seven the levels of ΣPCB and ΣOCP significantly increased. Some OCP compounds were correlated with maternal age, BMI, parity, and delivery mode. Certain types of dietary habits such as seafood and noodle consumption were significantly associated with ΣPCB and ΣOCP. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ΣPCB and ΣOCP were 45.2–127 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and 625–1259 ng kg−1 bw day−1 during lactation, respectively, which are lower than the threshold values proposed by the US EPA and Health Canada. The exposure of Korean infants to chlordanes via breast milk had a potential health risk which deserves further investigation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lind-lee-jacobs-salihovic-bavel-wolff-lind-circulatinglevelsofpersistentorganicpollutantsarerelatedtoretrospectiveassessmentoflifetimeweightchange-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lind-lee-jacobs-salihovic-bavel-wolff-lind-circulatinglevelsofpersistentorganicpollutantsarerelatedtoretrospectiveassessmentoflifetimeweightchange-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824', event);\">\n    Circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants are related to retrospective assessment of life-time weight change.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lind, P. M.; Lee, D.; Jacobs, D. R.; Salihovic, S.; Bavel, B. v.; Wolff, M. S.;  and Lind, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 90(3): 998–1004. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lind-lee-jacobs-salihovic-bavel-wolff-lind-circulatinglevelsofpersistentorganicpollutantsarerelatedtoretrospectiveassessmentoflifetimeweightchange-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants are related to retrospective assessment of life-time weight change [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.051\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lind-lee-jacobs-salihovic-bavel-wolff-lind-circulatinglevelsofpersistentorganicpollutantsarerelatedtoretrospectiveassessmentoflifetimeweightchange-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.051', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lind-lee-jacobs-salihovic-bavel-wolff-lind-circulatinglevelsofpersistentorganicpollutantsarerelatedtoretrospectiveassessmentoflifetimeweightchange-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lind-lee-jacobs-salihovic-bavel-wolff-lind-circulatinglevelsofpersistentorganicpollutantsarerelatedtoretrospectiveassessmentoflifetimeweightchange-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lind_circulating_2013,\n\ttitle = {Circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants are related to retrospective assessment of life-time weight change},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009824},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.051},\n\tabstract = {Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been suggested to be linked to obesity. We have previously shown that less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to fat mass, while highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to obesity.\n\nObjective: The aim of the present evaluation is to investigate the relationship between retrospective assessed life-time change in body weight (20–70 years) with circulating POP levels measured at age 70 years.\n\nMethods: 1016 subjects aged 70 years were investigated in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUSs) study. 16 PCBs and 3 OC pesticides were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS. Current body weight was measured and participants self-reported their weight at age 20.\n\nResults: The average estimated weight change over 50 years was 14.4 kg. Both the sum of OC pesticide concentrations (4.3 kg more weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p \\&amp;lt; 0.0001) and the sum of the less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to the estimated weight change (3.7 kg more weight gain in quintile 2 vs. quintile 1, non-linear relationship p = 0.0015). In contrast, the sum of concentrations of highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to estimated weight change (8.4 kg less weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p \\&amp;lt; 0.0001).\n\nConclusion: High levels of OC pesticides and the less-chlorinated PCBs at age 70 were associated with a pronounced estimated weight change over the previous 50 years. However, the opposite was seen for highly-chlorinated PCBs. Differences in mode of action, toxicokinetics, non-linear relationships and reverse causation might explain these discrepancies.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Lind, P. M. and Lee, Duk-Hee and Jacobs, David R. and Salihovic, Samira and Bavel, Bert van and Wolff, Mary S. and Lind, Lars},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Elderly, Fat mass, Life time weight change, Obesity, Persistent organic pollutants},\n\tpages = {998--1004},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been suggested to be linked to obesity. We have previously shown that less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to fat mass, while highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to obesity. Objective: The aim of the present evaluation is to investigate the relationship between retrospective assessed life-time change in body weight (20–70 years) with circulating POP levels measured at age 70 years. Methods: 1016 subjects aged 70 years were investigated in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUSs) study. 16 PCBs and 3 OC pesticides were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS. Current body weight was measured and participants self-reported their weight at age 20. Results: The average estimated weight change over 50 years was 14.4 kg. Both the sum of OC pesticide concentrations (4.3 kg more weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p &lt; 0.0001) and the sum of the less-chlorinated PCBs were positively related to the estimated weight change (3.7 kg more weight gain in quintile 2 vs. quintile 1, non-linear relationship p = 0.0015). In contrast, the sum of concentrations of highly-chlorinated PCBs were inversely related to estimated weight change (8.4 kg less weight gain in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: High levels of OC pesticides and the less-chlorinated PCBs at age 70 were associated with a pronounced estimated weight change over the previous 50 years. However, the opposite was seen for highly-chlorinated PCBs. Differences in mode of action, toxicokinetics, non-linear relationships and reverse causation might explain these discrepancies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shaw-berger-harris-yun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shaw-berger-harris-yun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313', event);\">\n    Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shaw, S. D.; Berger, M. L.; Harris, J. H.; Yun, S. H.; Wu, Q.; Liao, C.; Blum, A.; Stefani, A.;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 91(10): 1386–1394. June 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-harris-yun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-harris-yun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shaw-berger-harris-yun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shaw-berger-harris-yun-wu-liao-blum-stefani-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsincludingpolychlorinatedandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinfirefightersfromnortherncalifornia-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shaw_persistent_2013,\n\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from {Northern} {California}},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513000313},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.070},\n\tabstract = {Polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) were measured in serum of twelve firefighters sampled after a fire event in San Francisco, California, along with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), bisphenol-A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TEQPCDD/F concentrations were relatively low (mean 5 pg g−1 (lipid weight), lw, range 1–11 pg g−1 lw), but concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, a congener indicative of exposure during firefighting, were elevated. Tentative WHO2005-TEQs calculated for PBDD/Fs in our samples (mean 104 pg g−1 lw, range 0.2–734 pg g−1 lw) suggested that PBDD/Fs may contribute substantially to dioxin-like toxicity in individual firefighters. PBDE concentrations were elevated in firefighter serum (mean 135 ng g−1 lw, range 48–442 ng g−1 lw). PBDE-209, PBDE-47 and PBDE-153 were prevalent congeners; PBDE-209 contributed \\&amp;gt;50\\% of the total PBDE concentration in four individuals, implying continuous occupational exposure to deca-BDE. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC in serum (mean 12 ng ml−1 (wet weight), ww, range 3 ng ml−1 ww to 59 ng ml−1 ww), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (mean 7 ng ml−1 ww, range 2 ng ml−1 ww to 12 ng ml−1 ww). Concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (mean 2 ng ml−1 ww, range 1–4 ng ml−1 ww) were higher than those reported in the high-smoke exposure group of World Trade Center fire responders, suggesting that the California firefighters were exposed to PFNA in smoke during firefighting. Given their elevated rates of cancers, these results illustrate the importance of monitoring halogenated contaminants including PBDD/Fs in firefighters.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D. and Berger, Michelle L. and Harris, Jennifer H. and Yun, Se Hun and Wu, Qian and Liao, Chunyang and Blum, Arlene and Stefani, Anthony and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Firefighters, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCDD/Fs, PFCs, TEQ},\n\tpages = {1386--1394},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) were measured in serum of twelve firefighters sampled after a fire event in San Francisco, California, along with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), bisphenol-A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TEQPCDD/F concentrations were relatively low (mean 5 pg g−1 (lipid weight), lw, range 1–11 pg g−1 lw), but concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, a congener indicative of exposure during firefighting, were elevated. Tentative WHO2005-TEQs calculated for PBDD/Fs in our samples (mean 104 pg g−1 lw, range 0.2–734 pg g−1 lw) suggested that PBDD/Fs may contribute substantially to dioxin-like toxicity in individual firefighters. PBDE concentrations were elevated in firefighter serum (mean 135 ng g−1 lw, range 48–442 ng g−1 lw). PBDE-209, PBDE-47 and PBDE-153 were prevalent congeners; PBDE-209 contributed &gt;50% of the total PBDE concentration in four individuals, implying continuous occupational exposure to deca-BDE. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC in serum (mean 12 ng ml−1 (wet weight), ww, range 3 ng ml−1 ww to 59 ng ml−1 ww), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (mean 7 ng ml−1 ww, range 2 ng ml−1 ww to 12 ng ml−1 ww). Concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (mean 2 ng ml−1 ww, range 1–4 ng ml−1 ww) were higher than those reported in the high-smoke exposure group of World Trade Center fire responders, suggesting that the California firefighters were exposed to PFNA in smoke during firefighting. Given their elevated rates of cancers, these results illustrate the importance of monitoring halogenated contaminants including PBDD/Fs in firefighters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-yang-wang-huang-zhang-zhang-fu-factorsinfluencingonthebioaccessibilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsizespecificdustfromairconditionerfilters-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-yang-wang-huang-zhang-zhang-fu-factorsinfluencingonthebioaccessibilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsizespecificdustfromairconditionerfilters-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556', event);\">\n    Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, Y.; Yang, D.; Wang, X.; Huang, N.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, D.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 93(10): 2603–2611. November 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-yang-wang-huang-zhang-zhang-fu-factorsinfluencingonthebioaccessibilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsizespecificdustfromairconditionerfilters-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.085\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-yang-wang-huang-zhang-zhang-fu-factorsinfluencingonthebioaccessibilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsizespecificdustfromairconditionerfilters-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.085', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-yang-wang-huang-zhang-zhang-fu-factorsinfluencingonthebioaccessibilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsizespecificdustfromairconditionerfilters-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-yang-wang-huang-zhang-zhang-fu-factorsinfluencingonthebioaccessibilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsizespecificdustfromairconditionerfilters-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_factors_2013,\n\ttitle = {Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters},\n\tvolume = {93},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513013556},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.085},\n\tabstract = {Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3\\% to 50.8\\% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1\\% to 13.9\\% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (\\%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM\\% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Yingxin and Yang, Dan and Wang, Xinxin and Huang, Ningbao and Zhang, Xinyu and Zhang, Dongping and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Bioaccessibility, Dust, In vitro test, Particle size, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {2603--2611},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3% to 50.8% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1% to 13.9% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hernik-gralczyk-struciski-czaja-korcz-minorczyk-ludwicki-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincordbloodfromwomeninpoland-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hernik-gralczyk-struciski-czaja-korcz-minorczyk-ludwicki-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincordbloodfromwomeninpoland-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in Poland.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hernik, A.; Góralczyk, K.; Struciński, P.; Czaja, K.; Korcz, W.; Minorczyk, M.;  and Ludwicki, J. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 93(3): 526–531. September 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hernik-gralczyk-struciski-czaja-korcz-minorczyk-ludwicki-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincordbloodfromwomeninpoland-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in Poland [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hernik-gralczyk-struciski-czaja-korcz-minorczyk-ludwicki-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincordbloodfromwomeninpoland-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hernik-gralczyk-struciski-czaja-korcz-minorczyk-ludwicki-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincordbloodfromwomeninpoland-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hernik-gralczyk-struciski-czaja-korcz-minorczyk-ludwicki-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincordbloodfromwomeninpoland-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hernik_polybrominated_2013,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in {Poland}},\n\tvolume = {93},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513008874},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045},\n\tabstract = {The purpose of this study was to assess human exposure in the prenatal period to selected PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153) and PCBs (CB-77, CB-101, CB-118, CB-126, CB-138, CB-153, CB-170, CB-180) basing on the analysis of these compounds in cord blood. The experimental material consisted of 89 cord blood samples taken from women resident in Warsaw and its vicinity. In over 90\\% of all tested samples the presence of congeners CB-153, CB-138, CB-180 and BDE-47 was identified. The least frequently found were CB-126 and BDE-153, which were present at relatively low concentration levels. Among all analysed PCBs, the highest average concentrations were found in the case of congeners CB-138 (11.8 ng/g of fat) and CB-153 (43.4 ng/g of fat), whereas the lowest was in the case of CB-170 (0.4 ng/g of fat) and CB-126 (0.1 ng/g of fat). In the case of PBDEs the greatest share in the total concentration was that of the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99, whereas the smallest share was that of the higher brominated congener BDE-153. These results suggest that human exposure to the examined compounds begins already in the period of intrauterine life. The comparison of our own results with the findings of other authors indicates that the PCBs and PBDEs levels in cord blood of women living in Poland do not differ from the respective concentrations in cord blood of other female inhabitants of Europe.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hernik, Agnieszka and Góralczyk, Katarzyna and Struciński, Paweł and Czaja, Katarzyna and Korcz, Wojciech and Minorczyk, Maria and Ludwicki, Jan Krzysztof},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Cord blood, Human exposure, Poland, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\n\tpages = {526--531},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The purpose of this study was to assess human exposure in the prenatal period to selected PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153) and PCBs (CB-77, CB-101, CB-118, CB-126, CB-138, CB-153, CB-170, CB-180) basing on the analysis of these compounds in cord blood. The experimental material consisted of 89 cord blood samples taken from women resident in Warsaw and its vicinity. In over 90% of all tested samples the presence of congeners CB-153, CB-138, CB-180 and BDE-47 was identified. The least frequently found were CB-126 and BDE-153, which were present at relatively low concentration levels. Among all analysed PCBs, the highest average concentrations were found in the case of congeners CB-138 (11.8 ng/g of fat) and CB-153 (43.4 ng/g of fat), whereas the lowest was in the case of CB-170 (0.4 ng/g of fat) and CB-126 (0.1 ng/g of fat). In the case of PBDEs the greatest share in the total concentration was that of the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99, whereas the smallest share was that of the higher brominated congener BDE-153. These results suggest that human exposure to the examined compounds begins already in the period of intrauterine life. The comparison of our own results with the findings of other authors indicates that the PCBs and PBDEs levels in cord blood of women living in Poland do not differ from the respective concentrations in cord blood of other female inhabitants of Europe.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472', event);\">\n    Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fulong, C. R. P.;  and Espino, M. P. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 90(1): 42–48. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fulong-espino-decabromodiphenyletherinindoordustfromdifferentmicroenvironmentsinauniversityinthephilippines-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fulong_decabromodiphenyl_2013,\n\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ether in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the {Philippines}},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512009472},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.072},\n\tabstract = {This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC–UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0–300 μg L−1 BDE-209 was good (R2 = 0.993). The \\% absolute recovery and the \\% RSD for n = 8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57\\% and 19\\%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g−1. All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103–4117 ng g−1 with an average concentration of 2172 ng g−1. The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Fulong, Cressa Ria P. and Espino, Maria Pythias B.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Decabromodiphenyl ether, HPLC–UV, Indoor dust, SPE, Ultrasonication},\n\tpages = {42--48},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was conducted to develop a method for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in indoor dust from different microenvironments in a university in the Philippines. BDE-209 was extracted from dust samples by ultrasonication and determined by HPLC–UV. The determination was performed using external calibration and internal standard calibration. Internal standard calibration was shown to be more precise and sensitive than external calibration. The linearity for the concentration range of 0–300 μg L−1 BDE-209 was good (R2 = 0.993). The % absolute recovery and the % RSD for n = 8 spiked dust analysis based on a 0.2 g dust sample was 57% and 19%, respectively. The method detection limit was 285 ng g−1. All dust samples showed detectable levels of BDE-209 with some at levels below the quantification limits. The concentrations of BDE-209 in the quantified samples are within the range of 1103–4117 ng g−1 with an average concentration of 2172 ng g−1. The levels of BDE-209 found in the dust samples are comparable to those reported in house and workplace dusts from other Asian countries. Although not conclusive, it has been shown empirically that BDE-209 concentrations are higher in sampling sites containing more possible BDE-209 sources like electrical and electronic equipment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457', event);\">\n    Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stasinska, A.; Reid, A.; Hinwood, A.; Stevenson, G.; Callan, A.; Odland, J. Ø.;  and Heyworth, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 91(2): 187–193. April 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stasinska-reid-hinwood-stevenson-callan-odland-heyworth-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinresidentialdustsamplesfromwesternaustralia-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stasinska_concentrations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in residential dust samples from {Western} {Australia}},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512015457},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia.\n\nThirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas.\n\nPBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ7 of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82 400 ng g−1 (median 571 ng g−1). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66\\% of Σ32PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ32PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively).\n\nPBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Stasinska, Ania and Reid, Alison and Hinwood, Andrea and Stevenson, Gavin and Callan, Anna and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Heyworth, Jane},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Australia, Dust, Exposure, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {187--193},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the most common types of brominated flame retardants applied to foams, plastics and textiles to prevent fires. These flame retardants are now regulated and are either banned or being voluntarily phased. However, as these chemicals are persistent humans continue to be exposed. Dust has been identified as an important source of exposure and hence residential concentrations are of interest. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in samples of residential dust from the homes of pregnant women in Western Australia. Thirty residential dust samples were analysed for concentrations of 32 PBDE congeners. Samples were collected from urban and rural areas. PBDEs were detected in all residential dust samples with the sum of the most common PBDEs (Σ7 of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) ranging from 60.4 to 82 400 ng g−1 (median 571 ng g−1). DecaBDE makes up the highest proportion of PBDEs in residential dust, on average 66% of Σ32PBDEs. We did not find a relationship between housing characteristics nor the presence of appliances and PBDE concentrations. Dust from urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of BDE-209 and Σ32PBDEs than dust from rural areas of Western Australia (p values 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). PBDEs were present in residential dust in Western Australia at concentrations higher than reported previously in Australia. Further investigation of sources with a larger sample size is required to determine associations between PBDE concentrations and potential exposure sources and geographical regions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604', event);\">\n    Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson, P. I.; Stapleton, H. M.; Mukherjee, B.; Hauser, R.;  and Meeker, J. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 445–446: 177–184. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson_associations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},\n\tvolume = {445–446},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712015604},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-30},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Andrology, Endocrine disruption, Fire retardants, Human exposure, Indoor contamination, Reproductive health},\n\tpages = {177--184},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson, P. I.; Stapleton, H. M.; Mukherjee, B.; Hauser, R.;  and Meeker, J. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>, 445-446: 177–184. February 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnson-stapleton-mukherjee-hauser-meeker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedustandhormonelevelsinmen-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson_associations_2013,\n\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men},\n\tvolume = {445-446},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Johnson, Paula I. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Hauser, Russ and Meeker, John D.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23333513},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3572297},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Dust, Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental pollutants, Estradiol, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Infertility, Male, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone},\n\tpages = {177--184},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in the manufacture of a variety of materials and consumer products in order to meet fire safety standards. BFRs may persist in the environment and have been detected in wildlife, humans and indoor dust and air. Some BFRs have demonstrated endocrine and reproductive effects in animals, but human studies are limited. In this exploratory study, we measured serum hormone levels and flame retardant concentrations [31 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 6 alternate flame retardants] in house dust from men recruited through a US infertility clinic. PBDE congeners in dust were grouped by commercial mixtures (i.e. penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). In multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age and body mass index (BMI), significant positive associations were found between house dust concentrations of pentaBDEs and serum levels of free T4, total T3, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), along with an inverse association with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There were also positive associations of octaBDE concentrations with serum free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone and an inverse association of decaBDE concentrations with testosterone. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was associated with decreased SHBG and increased free androgen index. Dust concentrations of bis-tribromophenoxyethane (BTBPE) and tetrabromo-diethylhexylphthalate (TBPH) were positively associated with total T3. These findings are consistent with our previous report of associations between PBDEs (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust and hormone levels in men, and further suggest that exposure to contaminants in indoor dust may be leading to endocrine disruption in men.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X', event);\">\n    Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liang, S.; Neisius, N. M.;  and Gaan, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Progress in Organic Coatings</i>, 76(11): 1642–1665. November 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liang-neisius-gaan-recentdevelopmentsinflameretardantpolymericcoatings-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liang_recent_2013,\n\ttitle = {Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0300-9440},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094401300204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014},\n\tabstract = {This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-06-30},\n\tjournal = {Progress in Organic Coatings},\n\tauthor = {Liang, Shuyu and Neisius, N. Matthias and Gaan, Sabyasachi},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Condensed phase, Flame retardant coating, Layer-by layer, Non-intumescent, Plasma, Radical species, Sol–gel},\n\tpages = {1642--1665},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper reviews the recent developments (last decade) in flame retardant polymeric coatings that mostly work by formation of conventional char (condensed phase) and or radical species in gas phase. Advancements in the method of application of such coatings on various substrates, problems of existing flame retardant coatings and new technological developments in terms of flame retardant chemistry are briefly discussed. This review focuses on various approaches in development of flame retardant coatings on various substrates i.e. incorporation of reactive and non-reactive organic compounds and organic/inorganic compounds (hybrid systems) based on metal, Si, P, N and halogens in suitable polymeric matrices and evaluation of their flame retardant characteristics using various analytical techniques.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/', event);\">\n    Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Temporal Variability and Correlations with House Dust Concentrations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meeker, J. D.; Cooper, E. M.; Stapleton, H. M.;  and Hauser, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 121(5): 580–585. March 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Temporal Variability and Correlations with House Dust Concentrations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205907\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205907', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meeker-cooper-stapleton-hauser-urinarymetabolitesoforganophosphateflameretardantstemporalvariabilityandcorrelationswithhousedustconcentrations-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meeker_urinary_2013,\n\ttitle = {Urinary {Metabolites} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}: {Temporal} {Variability} and {Correlations} with {House} {Dust} {Concentrations}},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\tshorttitle = {Urinary {Metabolites} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205907/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205907},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Meeker, John D. and Cooper, Ellen M. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Hauser, Russ},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {580--585},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v', event);\">\n    Investigating a Novel Flame Retardant Known as V6: Measurements in Baby Products, House Dust, and Car Dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fang, M.; Webster, T. F.; Gooden, D.; Cooper, E. M.; McClean, M. D.; Carignan, C.; Makey, C.;  and Stapleton, H. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 47(9): 4449–4454. May 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigating a Novel Flame Retardant Known as V6: Measurements in Baby Products, House Dust, and Car Dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es400032v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es400032v', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fang-webster-gooden-cooper-mcclean-carignan-makey-stapleton-investigatinganovelflameretardantknownasv6measurementsinbabyproductshousedustandcardust-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fang_investigating_2013,\n\ttitle = {Investigating a {Novel} {Flame} {Retardant} {Known} as {V6}: {Measurements} in {Baby} {Products}, {House} {Dust}, and {Car} {Dust}},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {Investigating a {Novel} {Flame} {Retardant} {Known} as {V6}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400032v},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es400032v},\n\tabstract = {With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors? knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified ({\\textgreater}98\\%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24?500?000 to 59?500?000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46?500?000 ± 12?000?000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6\\% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from {\\textless}5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and {\\textless}5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14\\% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Fang, Mingliang and Webster, Thomas F. and Gooden, David and Cooper, Ellen M. and McClean, Michael D. and Carignan, Courtney and Makey, Colleen and Stapleton, Heather M.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {4449--4454},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  With the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, the use of new and alternate flame retardants has been increasing. 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate, known as V6, is a flame retardant applied to polyurethane foam commonly found in furniture and automobile foam. However, to the authors? knowledge, no research has been conducted on V6 levels in the environment. The intention of this study was to measure the concentration of V6 in foam collected from baby products where it was recently detected and measure levels in dust samples collected from homes and automobiles in the Boston, MA area. To accomplish this, a pure V6 commercial standard was purchased from a Chinese manufacturer and purified (\\textgreater98%). An analytical method to measure V6 in dust samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was developed. Extraction was conducted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and extracts were purified using an ENVI-Florisil SPE column (500 mg, 3 mL). V6 was measured in foam samples collected from baby products with a concentration ranging from 24?500?000 to 59?500?000 ng/g of foam (n = 12, average ± sd: 46?500?000 ± 12?000?000 ng/g; i.e., on average, 4.6% of the foam mass was V6). V6 was also detected in 19 of 20 car dust samples and 14 of 20 house dust samples analyzed. The concentration of V6 in the house dust ranged from \\textless5 ng/g to 1110 ng/g with a median of 12.5 ng/g, and \\textless5 ng/g to 6160 ng/g in the car dust with a median of 103.0 ng/g. Concentrations in car dust were significantly higher than in the house dust potentially indicating higher use of V6 in automobiles compared to products found in the home. Furthermore, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a known carcinogen, was found in the V6 commercial mixture (14% by weight) as an impurity and was consistently detected with V6 in the foam samples analyzed. A significant correlation was also observed between V6 and TCEP in the dust samples suggesting that the use of V6 is a significant source of TCEP in the indoor environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2012\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2012</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (231)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cherednichenko-zhang-bannister-timofeyev-li-fritsch-feng-barrientos-etal-triclosanimpairsexcitationcontractioncouplingandca2dynamicsinstriatedmuscle-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan impairs excitation-contraction coupling and Ca2+ dynamics in striated muscle.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cherednichenko, G.; Zhang, R.; Bannister, R. a.; Timofeyev, V.; Li, N.; Fritsch, E. B.; Feng, W.; Barrientos, G. C.; Schebb, N. H.; Hammock, B. D.; Beam, K. G.; Chiamvimonvat, N.;  and Pessah, I. N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 109: 14158–14163.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211314109\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cherednichenko-zhang-bannister-timofeyev-li-fritsch-feng-barrientos-etal-triclosanimpairsexcitationcontractioncouplingandca2dynamicsinstriatedmuscle-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211314109', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cherednichenko-zhang-bannister-timofeyev-li-fritsch-feng-barrientos-etal-triclosanimpairsexcitationcontractioncouplingandca2dynamicsinstriatedmuscle-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cherednichenko-zhang-bannister-timofeyev-li-fritsch-feng-barrientos-etal-triclosanimpairsexcitationcontractioncouplingandca2dynamicsinstriatedmuscle-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cherednichenko_triclosan_2012,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan impairs excitation-contraction coupling and {Ca2}+ dynamics in striated muscle},\n\tvolume = {109},\n\tissn = {0027-8424},\n\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.1211314109},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan (TCS), a high-production-volume chemical used as a bactericide in personal care products, is a priority pollutant of growing concern to human and environmental health. TCS is capable of altering the activity of type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), but its potential to influence physiological excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and muscle function has not been investigated. Here, we report that TCS impairs ECC of both cardiac and skeletal muscle in vitro and in vivo. TCS acutely depresses hemodynamics and grip strength in mice at doses ≥12.5 mg/kg i.p., and a concentration ≥0.52 μM in water compromises swimming performance in larval fathead minnow. In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, skeletal myotubes, and adult flexor digitorum brevis fibers TCS depresses electrically evoked ECC within ∼10-20 min. In myotubes, nanomolar to low micromolar TCS initially potentiates electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients followed by complete failure of ECC, independent of Ca(2+) store depletion or block of RyR1 channels. TCS also completely blocks excitation-coupled Ca(2+) entry. Voltage clamp experiments showed that TCS partially inhibits L-type Ca(2+) currents of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and [(3)H]PN200 binding to skeletal membranes is noncompetitively inhibited by TCS in the same concentration range that enhances [(3)H]ryanodine binding. TCS potently impairs orthograde and retrograde signaling between L-type Ca(2+) and RyR channels in skeletal muscle, and L-type Ca(2+) entry in cardiac muscle, revealing a mechanism by which TCS weakens cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility in a manner that may negatively impact muscle health, especially in susceptible populations.},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Cherednichenko, G. and Zhang, R. and Bannister, R. a. and Timofeyev, V. and Li, N. and Fritsch, E. B. and Feng, W. and Barrientos, G. C. and Schebb, N. H. and Hammock, B. D. and Beam, K. G. and Chiamvimonvat, N. and Pessah, I. N.},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22891308},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\n\tpages = {14158--14163},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan (TCS), a high-production-volume chemical used as a bactericide in personal care products, is a priority pollutant of growing concern to human and environmental health. TCS is capable of altering the activity of type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), but its potential to influence physiological excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and muscle function has not been investigated. Here, we report that TCS impairs ECC of both cardiac and skeletal muscle in vitro and in vivo. TCS acutely depresses hemodynamics and grip strength in mice at doses ≥12.5 mg/kg i.p., and a concentration ≥0.52 μM in water compromises swimming performance in larval fathead minnow. In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, skeletal myotubes, and adult flexor digitorum brevis fibers TCS depresses electrically evoked ECC within ∼10-20 min. In myotubes, nanomolar to low micromolar TCS initially potentiates electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients followed by complete failure of ECC, independent of Ca(2+) store depletion or block of RyR1 channels. TCS also completely blocks excitation-coupled Ca(2+) entry. Voltage clamp experiments showed that TCS partially inhibits L-type Ca(2+) currents of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and [(3)H]PN200 binding to skeletal membranes is noncompetitively inhibited by TCS in the same concentration range that enhances [(3)H]ryanodine binding. TCS potently impairs orthograde and retrograde signaling between L-type Ca(2+) and RyR channels in skeletal muscle, and L-type Ca(2+) entry in cardiac muscle, revealing a mechanism by which TCS weakens cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility in a manner that may negatively impact muscle health, especially in susceptible populations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bergman-heindel-jobling-kidd-zoeller-stateofthescienceofendocrinedisruptingchemicals2012-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bergman-heindel-jobling-kidd-zoeller-stateofthescienceofendocrinedisruptingchemicals2012-2012', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221', event);\">\n    State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bergman, \\.; Heindel, J.; Jobling, S.; Kidd, K.;  and Zoeller, R. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology Letters</i>, 211: S3.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergman-heindel-jobling-kidd-zoeller-stateofthescienceofendocrinedisruptingchemicals2012-2012', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergman-heindel-jobling-kidd-zoeller-stateofthescienceofendocrinedisruptingchemicals2012-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bergman-heindel-jobling-kidd-zoeller-stateofthescienceofendocrinedisruptingchemicals2012-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bergman-heindel-jobling-kidd-zoeller-stateofthescienceofendocrinedisruptingchemicals2012-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bergman_state---science_2012,\n\ttitle = {State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012},\n\tvolume = {211},\n\tissn = {03784274},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427412001221},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology Letters},\n\tauthor = {Bergman, {\\textbackslash}AAke and Heindel, Jerrold and Jobling, Susan and Kidd, Karen and Zoeller, R. Thomas},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\n\tpages = {S3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bedoux-roig-thomas-dupont-lebot-occurrenceandtoxicityofantimicrobialtriclosanandbyproductsintheenvironment-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bedoux, G.; Roig, B.; Thomas, O.; Dupont, V.;  and Le Bot, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>, 19(4): 1044–1065.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bedoux-roig-thomas-dupont-lebot-occurrenceandtoxicityofantimicrobialtriclosanandbyproductsintheenvironment-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bedoux-roig-thomas-dupont-lebot-occurrenceandtoxicityofantimicrobialtriclosanandbyproductsintheenvironment-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bedoux-roig-thomas-dupont-lebot-occurrenceandtoxicityofantimicrobialtriclosanandbyproductsintheenvironment-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bedoux_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {09441344},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z},\n\tabstract = {Introduction and aims A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things). Occurrence Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, most reports describe TCS as one of the most commonly encountered substances in solid and water environmental compartments. It has been detected in a microgram per liter or microgram per kilogram level in sewage treatment plants (influents, effluents, and sludges), natural waters (rivers, lakes, and estuarine waters), and sediments as well as in drinking water. Toxicity Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS can accumulate in fatty tissues and has been found in fish and human samples (urine, breast milk, and serum). TCS is known to be biodegradable, photo-unstable, and reactive towards chlorine and ozone. Discussion As a consequence, it can be transformed into potentially more toxic and persistent compounds, such as chlorinated phenols and biphenyl ethers after chlorination, methyl triclosan after biological methylation, and chlori- nated dibenzodioxins after photooxidation. The toxicity of TCS toward aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, and algae has been demonstrated with EC50 values near TCS environmental concentrations. It has even been shown to produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects. Conclusion Furthermore, the excessive use of TCS is suspected to increase the risk of emergence of TCS-resistant bacteria and the selection of resistant strains.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Bedoux, Gilles and Roig, Benoit and Thomas, Olivier and Dupont, Virginie and Le Bot, Barbara},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22057832},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Degradation, Florence, Occurrence, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, human health, review},\n\tpages = {1044--1065},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Introduction and aims A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things). Occurrence Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, most reports describe TCS as one of the most commonly encountered substances in solid and water environmental compartments. It has been detected in a microgram per liter or microgram per kilogram level in sewage treatment plants (influents, effluents, and sludges), natural waters (rivers, lakes, and estuarine waters), and sediments as well as in drinking water. Toxicity Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS can accumulate in fatty tissues and has been found in fish and human samples (urine, breast milk, and serum). TCS is known to be biodegradable, photo-unstable, and reactive towards chlorine and ozone. Discussion As a consequence, it can be transformed into potentially more toxic and persistent compounds, such as chlorinated phenols and biphenyl ethers after chlorination, methyl triclosan after biological methylation, and chlori- nated dibenzodioxins after photooxidation. The toxicity of TCS toward aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, and algae has been demonstrated with EC50 values near TCS environmental concentrations. It has even been shown to produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects. Conclusion Furthermore, the excessive use of TCS is suspected to increase the risk of emergence of TCS-resistant bacteria and the selection of resistant strains.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"trier-danishsurvey20102011ofpfasmigrationfromfoodpackagingpaperandboardtofoodsimulantsandfood-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Danish Survey (2010-2011) of PFAS migration from food packaging paper and board to food simulants and food.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Trier, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Danish Veterinary and Food Authority</i>.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/trier-danishsurvey20102011ofpfasmigrationfromfoodpackagingpaperandboardtofoodsimulantsandfood-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('trier-danishsurvey20102011ofpfasmigrationfromfoodpackagingpaperandboardtofoodsimulantsandfood-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{trier_danish_2012,\n\ttitle = {Danish {Survey} (2010-2011) of {PFAS} migration from food packaging paper and board to food simulants and food},\n\tjournal = {Danish Veterinary and Food Authority},\n\tauthor = {Trier, Xenia},\n\tyear = {2012},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"strempel-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-screeningforpbtchemicalsamongtheexistingandnewchemicalsoftheeu-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Screening for PBT chemicals among the \"existing\" and \"new\" chemicals of the EU.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Strempel, S.; Scheringer, M.; Ng, C. A.;  and Hungerb??hler, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 46(11): 5680–5687.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es3002713\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strempel-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-screeningforpbtchemicalsamongtheexistingandnewchemicalsoftheeu-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es3002713', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/strempel-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-screeningforpbtchemicalsamongtheexistingandnewchemicalsoftheeu-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('strempel-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-screeningforpbtchemicalsamongtheexistingandnewchemicalsoftheeu-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{strempel_screening_2012,\n\ttitle = {Screening for {PBT} chemicals among the &quot;existing&quot; and &quot;new&quot; chemicals of the {EU}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es3002713},\n\tabstract = {Under the European chemicals legislation, REACH, industrial chemicals that are imported or manufactured at more than 10 t/yr need to be evaluated with respect to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation potential (B), and toxicity (T). This assessment has to be conducted for several 10 000 of chemicals but, at the same time, empirical data on degradability, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of industrial chemicals are still scarce. Therefore, the identification of PBT chemicals among all chemicals on the market remains a challenge. We present a PBT screening of approximately 95 000 chemicals based on a comparison of estimated P, B, and T properties of each chemical with the P, B, and T thresholds defined under REACH. We also apply this screening procedure to a set of 2576 high production volume chemicals and a set of 2781 chemicals from the EU&#x27;s former list of &quot;new chemicals&quot; (ELINCS). In the set of 95 000 chemicals, the fraction of potential PBT chemicals is around 3\\%, but in the ELINCS chemicals it reaches 5\\%. We identify the most common structural elements among the potential PBT chemicals. Analysis of the P, B, and T data for all chemicals considered here shows that the uncertainty in persistence data contributes most to the uncertainty in the number of potential PBT chemicals. © 2012 American Chemical Society.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Strempel, Sebastian and Scheringer, Martin and Ng, Carla A. and Hungerb??hler, Konrad},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22494215},\n\tpages = {5680--5687},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Under the European chemicals legislation, REACH, industrial chemicals that are imported or manufactured at more than 10 t/yr need to be evaluated with respect to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation potential (B), and toxicity (T). This assessment has to be conducted for several 10 000 of chemicals but, at the same time, empirical data on degradability, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of industrial chemicals are still scarce. Therefore, the identification of PBT chemicals among all chemicals on the market remains a challenge. We present a PBT screening of approximately 95 000 chemicals based on a comparison of estimated P, B, and T properties of each chemical with the P, B, and T thresholds defined under REACH. We also apply this screening procedure to a set of 2576 high production volume chemicals and a set of 2781 chemicals from the EU's former list of \"new chemicals\" (ELINCS). In the set of 95 000 chemicals, the fraction of potential PBT chemicals is around 3%, but in the ELINCS chemicals it reaches 5%. We identify the most common structural elements among the potential PBT chemicals. Analysis of the P, B, and T data for all chemicals considered here shows that the uncertainty in persistence data contributes most to the uncertainty in the number of potential PBT chemicals. © 2012 American Chemical Society.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"poothong-boontanon-boontanon-determinationofperfluorooctanesulfonateandperfluorooctanoicacidinfoodpackagingusingliquidchromatographycoupledwithtandemmassspectrometry-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'poothong-boontanon-boontanon-determinationofperfluorooctanesulfonateandperfluorooctanoicacidinfoodpackagingusingliquidchromatographycoupledwithtandemmassspectrometry-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050', event);\">\n    Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in food packaging using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Poothong, S.; Boontanon, S. K.;  and Boontanon, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i>, 205-206: 139–143.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poothong-boontanon-boontanon-determinationofperfluorooctanesulfonateandperfluorooctanoicacidinfoodpackagingusingliquidchromatographycoupledwithtandemmassspectrometry-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in food packaging using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poothong-boontanon-boontanon-determinationofperfluorooctanesulfonateandperfluorooctanoicacidinfoodpackagingusingliquidchromatographycoupledwithtandemmassspectrometry-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/poothong-boontanon-boontanon-determinationofperfluorooctanesulfonateandperfluorooctanoicacidinfoodpackagingusingliquidchromatographycoupledwithtandemmassspectrometry-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('poothong-boontanon-boontanon-determinationofperfluorooctanesulfonateandperfluorooctanoicacidinfoodpackagingusingliquidchromatographycoupledwithtandemmassspectrometry-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{poothong_determination_2012,\n\ttitle = {Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in food packaging using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry},\n\tvolume = {205-206},\n\tissn = {03043894},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.050},\n\tabstract = {This research aimed to monitor the amounts of PFOS and PFOA in food packaging and study the migration of PFOS and PFOA from food packaging, using a saliva simulant and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to determine residues of PFOS and PFOA by using a gradient reversed-phase method with ammonium acetate/acetonitrile buffer. A good linearity was established for PFOS and PFOA in a range of 0.05-10??gL -1, with R 2???0.9998. Of the samples extracted by methanol, the highest concentration of PFOS was found in fast-food container samples, at a level of 92.48ngdm -2. For PFOA, the highest concentration in samples extracted by methanol was found in ice cream cup samples, at a level of 16.91ngdm -2. The amounts of PFOS and PFOA that migrated from food packaging samples through contact with saliva simulant were 4.80 and 4.55ngdm -2, respectively. Saliva simulant could leach PFOS and PFOA from the group of the thickest paper samples (???1dm 2g -1) at levels of 7.01 and 6.41ngdm -2, respectively, indicating that paper with greater thickness and less area might release larger quantities of coated/added PFOS or PFOA. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},\n\tauthor = {Poothong, Somrutai and Boontanon, Suwanna Kitpati and Boontanon, Narin},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22265653},\n\tkeywords = {LC-MS/MS, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Saliva simulant, food packaging},\n\tpages = {139--143},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This research aimed to monitor the amounts of PFOS and PFOA in food packaging and study the migration of PFOS and PFOA from food packaging, using a saliva simulant and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to determine residues of PFOS and PFOA by using a gradient reversed-phase method with ammonium acetate/acetonitrile buffer. A good linearity was established for PFOS and PFOA in a range of 0.05-10??gL -1, with R 2???0.9998. Of the samples extracted by methanol, the highest concentration of PFOS was found in fast-food container samples, at a level of 92.48ngdm -2. For PFOA, the highest concentration in samples extracted by methanol was found in ice cream cup samples, at a level of 16.91ngdm -2. The amounts of PFOS and PFOA that migrated from food packaging samples through contact with saliva simulant were 4.80 and 4.55ngdm -2, respectively. Saliva simulant could leach PFOS and PFOA from the group of the thickest paper samples (???1dm 2g -1) at levels of 7.01 and 6.41ngdm -2, respectively, indicating that paper with greater thickness and less area might release larger quantities of coated/added PFOS or PFOA. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"santen-kallee-chemistryforanyweathergreenpeacetestsoutdoorclothesforperfluorinatedtoxins-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Chemistry for any weather; Greenpeace tests outdoor clothes for perfluorinated toxins.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Santen, M.;  and Kallee, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Greenpeace</i>,1–43.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/santen-kallee-chemistryforanyweathergreenpeacetestsoutdoorclothesforperfluorinatedtoxins-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('santen-kallee-chemistryforanyweathergreenpeacetestsoutdoorclothesforperfluorinatedtoxins-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{santen_chemistry_2012,\n\ttitle = {Chemistry for any weather; {Greenpeace} tests outdoor clothes for perfluorinated toxins},\n\tjournal = {Greenpeace},\n\tauthor = {Santen, Manfred and Kallee, Ulrike},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {1--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lopezespinosa-mondal-armstrong-bloom-fletcher-thyroidfunctionandperfluoroalkylacidsinchildrenlivingnearachemicalplant-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Thyroid Function and Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Children Living Near a Chemical Plant.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lopez-Espinosa, M. J.; Mondal, D.; Armstrong, B.; Bloom, M. S.;  and Fletcher, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 120(7): 1036–1041.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lopezespinosa-mondal-armstrong-bloom-fletcher-thyroidfunctionandperfluoroalkylacidsinchildrenlivingnearachemicalplant-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lopezespinosa-mondal-armstrong-bloom-fletcher-thyroidfunctionandperfluoroalkylacidsinchildrenlivingnearachemicalplant-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lopez-espinosa_thyroid_2012,\n\ttitle = {Thyroid {Function} and {Perfluoroalkyl} {Acids} in {Children} {Living} {Near} a {Chemical} {Plant}},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Animal studies suggest that some perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) may impair thyroid function. Epidemiological findings, mostly related to adults, are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether concentrations of PFAAs were associated with thyroid func- tion among 10,725 children (1–17 years of age) living near a Teflon manufacturing facility in the Mid-Ohio Valley (USA). METHODS: Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), and PFAAs were measured during 2005–2006, and information on diagnosed thyroid disease was collected by questionnaire. Modeled in utero PFOA concentrations were based on historical information on PFOA releases, environmental distribution, pharmacokinetic modeling, and residential histories. We performed multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Median concentrations of modeled in utero PFOA and measured serum PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA were 12, 29, 20, and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively. The odds ratio for hypothyroidism (n = 39) was 1.54 [95\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 2.37] for an interquartile range (IQR) con- trast of 13 to 68 ng/mL in serum PFOA measured in 2005–2006. However, an IQR shift in serum PFOA was not associated with TSH or TT4 levels in all children combined. IQR shifts in serum PFOS (15 to 28 ng/mL) and serum PFNA (1.2 to 2.0 ng/mL) were both associated with a 1.1\\% increase in TT4 in children 1–17 years old (95\\% CIs: 0.6, 1.5 and 0.7, 1.5 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale report in children suggesting associations of serum PFOS and PFNA with thyroid hormone levels and of serum PFOA and hypothyroidism.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Lopez-Espinosa, Maria Jose and Mondal, Debapriya and Armstrong, Ben and Bloom, Michael S. and Fletcher, Tony},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {PFAA, PFAS, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, T4, TSH, Thyroid Hormones, children, thyroid disease},\n\tpages = {1036--1041},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Animal studies suggest that some perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) may impair thyroid function. Epidemiological findings, mostly related to adults, are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether concentrations of PFAAs were associated with thyroid func- tion among 10,725 children (1–17 years of age) living near a Teflon manufacturing facility in the Mid-Ohio Valley (USA). METHODS: Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), and PFAAs were measured during 2005–2006, and information on diagnosed thyroid disease was collected by questionnaire. Modeled in utero PFOA concentrations were based on historical information on PFOA releases, environmental distribution, pharmacokinetic modeling, and residential histories. We performed multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Median concentrations of modeled in utero PFOA and measured serum PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA were 12, 29, 20, and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively. The odds ratio for hypothyroidism (n = 39) was 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 2.37] for an interquartile range (IQR) con- trast of 13 to 68 ng/mL in serum PFOA measured in 2005–2006. However, an IQR shift in serum PFOA was not associated with TSH or TT4 levels in all children combined. IQR shifts in serum PFOS (15 to 28 ng/mL) and serum PFNA (1.2 to 2.0 ng/mL) were both associated with a 1.1% increase in TT4 in children 1–17 years old (95% CIs: 0.6, 1.5 and 0.7, 1.5 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale report in children suggesting associations of serum PFOS and PFNA with thyroid hormone levels and of serum PFOA and hypothyroidism.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halldorsson-rytter-haug-bech-danielsen-becher-henriksen-olsen-prenatalexposuretoperfluorooctanoateandriskofoverweightat20yearsofageaprospectivecohortstudy-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate and risk of overweight at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Halldorsson, T. I; Rytter, D.; Haug, L. S. a.; Bech, B. H.; Danielsen, I.; Becher, G.; Henriksen, T. B.;  and Olsen, S. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 120(5): 668–73.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halldorsson-rytter-haug-bech-danielsen-becher-henriksen-olsen-prenatalexposuretoperfluorooctanoateandriskofoverweightat20yearsofageaprospectivecohortstudy-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104034', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halldorsson-rytter-haug-bech-danielsen-becher-henriksen-olsen-prenatalexposuretoperfluorooctanoateandriskofoverweightat20yearsofageaprospectivecohortstudy-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halldorsson-rytter-haug-bech-danielsen-becher-henriksen-olsen-prenatalexposuretoperfluorooctanoateandriskofoverweightat20yearsofageaprospectivecohortstudy-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{halldorsson_prenatal_2012,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate and risk of overweight at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study.},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1104034},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl acids are persistent compounds used in various industrial -applications. Of these compounds, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is currently detected in humans worldwide. A recent study on low-dose developmental exposure to PFOA in mice reported increased weight and elevated biomarkers of adiposity in postpubertal female offspring. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the findings of increased weight in postpubertal female mice could be replicated in humans. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 665 Danish pregnant women was recruited in 1988-1989 with offspring follow-up at 20 years. PFOA was measured in serum from gestational week 30. Offspring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were recorded at follow-up (n = 665), and biomarkers of adiposity were quantified in a subset (n = 422) of participants. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, education, and birth weight, in utero exposure to PFOA was positively associated with anthropometry at 20 years in female but not male offspring. Adjusted relative risks comparing the highest with lowest quartile (median: 5.8 vs. 2.3 ng/mL) of maternal PFOA concentration were 3.1 [95\\% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 6.9] for overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and 3.0 (95\\% CI: 1.3, 6.8) for waist circumference {\\textbackslash}textgreater 88 cm among female offspring. This corresponded to estimated increases of 1.6 kg/m2 (95\\% CI: 0.6, 2.6) and 4.3 cm (95\\% CI: 1.4, 7.3) in average BMI and waist circumference, respectively. In addition, maternal PFOA concentrations were positively associated with serum insulin and leptin levels and inversely associated with adiponectin levels in female offspring. Similar associations were observed for males, although point estimates were less precise because of fewer observations. Maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) concentrations were not independently associated with offspring anthropometry at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the effects of low-dose developmental exposures to PFOA are in line with experimental results suggesting obesogenic effects in female offspring at 20 years of age.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Halldorsson, Thorhallur I and Rytter, Dorte and Haug, Line Sm{\\textbackslash}a astuen and Bech, Bodil Hammer and Danielsen, Inge and Becher, Georg and Henriksen, Tine Brink and Olsen, Sjurdur F},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22306490},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Biological Markers, Caprylates, Caprylates: toxicity, Denmark, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Humans, Limit of Detection, Male, Overweight, Overweight: chemically induced, PFAS, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors},\n\tpages = {668--73},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl acids are persistent compounds used in various industrial -applications. Of these compounds, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is currently detected in humans worldwide. A recent study on low-dose developmental exposure to PFOA in mice reported increased weight and elevated biomarkers of adiposity in postpubertal female offspring. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the findings of increased weight in postpubertal female mice could be replicated in humans. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 665 Danish pregnant women was recruited in 1988-1989 with offspring follow-up at 20 years. PFOA was measured in serum from gestational week 30. Offspring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were recorded at follow-up (n = 665), and biomarkers of adiposity were quantified in a subset (n = 422) of participants. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, education, and birth weight, in utero exposure to PFOA was positively associated with anthropometry at 20 years in female but not male offspring. Adjusted relative risks comparing the highest with lowest quartile (median: 5.8 vs. 2.3 ng/mL) of maternal PFOA concentration were 3.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 6.9] for overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and 3.0 (95% CI: 1.3, 6.8) for waist circumference \\textgreater 88 cm among female offspring. This corresponded to estimated increases of 1.6 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.6, 2.6) and 4.3 cm (95% CI: 1.4, 7.3) in average BMI and waist circumference, respectively. In addition, maternal PFOA concentrations were positively associated with serum insulin and leptin levels and inversely associated with adiponectin levels in female offspring. Similar associations were observed for males, although point estimates were less precise because of fewer observations. Maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) concentrations were not independently associated with offspring anthropometry at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the effects of low-dose developmental exposures to PFOA are in line with experimental results suggesting obesogenic effects in female offspring at 20 years of age.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"grandjean-andersen-budtzjorgensen-nielsen-molbak-weihe-heilmann-serumvaccineantibodyconcentrationsinchildrenexposedtoperfluorinatedcompounds-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Children Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Grandjean, P.; Andersen, E. W.; Budtz-Jorgensen, E.; Nielsen, F.; Molbak, K.; Weihe, P.;  and Heilmann, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>, 307(4): 391–397.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/grandjean-andersen-budtzjorgensen-nielsen-molbak-weihe-heilmann-serumvaccineantibodyconcentrationsinchildrenexposedtoperfluorinatedcompounds-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('grandjean-andersen-budtzjorgensen-nielsen-molbak-weihe-heilmann-serumvaccineantibodyconcentrationsinchildrenexposedtoperfluorinatedcompounds-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{grandjean_serum_2012,\n\ttitle = {Serum {Vaccine} {Antibody} {Concentrations} in {Children} {Exposed} to {Perfluorinated} {Compounds}},\n\tvolume = {307},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},\n\tauthor = {Grandjean, Philippe and Andersen, Elisabeth Wreford and Budtz-Jorgensen, Esben and Nielsen, Flemming and Molbak, Kare and Weihe, Pal and Heilmann, Carsten},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {391--397},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gallo-leonardi-genser-lopezespinosa-frisbee-karlsson-ducatman-fletcher-serumperfluorooctanoatepfoaandperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosconcentrationsandliverfunctionbiomarkersinapopulationwithelevatedpfoaexposure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Serum Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) Concentrations and Liver Function Biomarkers in a Population with Elevated PFOA Exposure.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gallo, V.; Leonardi, G.; Genser, B.; Lopez-Espinosa, M. J.; Frisbee, S. J; Karlsson, L.; Ducatman, A. M.;  and Fletcher, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 120(5): 655–661.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gallo-leonardi-genser-lopezespinosa-frisbee-karlsson-ducatman-fletcher-serumperfluorooctanoatepfoaandperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosconcentrationsandliverfunctionbiomarkersinapopulationwithelevatedpfoaexposure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gallo-leonardi-genser-lopezespinosa-frisbee-karlsson-ducatman-fletcher-serumperfluorooctanoatepfoaandperfluorooctanesulfonatepfosconcentrationsandliverfunctionbiomarkersinapopulationwithelevatedpfoaexposure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gallo_serum_2012,\n\ttitle = {Serum {Perfluorooctanoate} ({PFOA}) and {Perfluorooctane} {Sulfonate} ({PFOS}) {Concentrations} and {Liver} {Function} {Biomarkers} in a {Population} with {Elevated} {PFOA} {Exposure}},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Gallo, Valentina and Leonardi, Giovanni and Genser, Bernd and Lopez-Espinosa, Maria Jose and Frisbee, Stephanie J and Karlsson, Lee and Ducatman, Alan M. and Fletcher, Tony},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {655--661},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"beesoon-genuis-benskin-martin-exceptionallyhighserumconcentrationsofperfluorohexanesulfonateinacanadianfamilyarelinkedtohomecarpettreatmentapplications-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Exceptionally high serum concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate in a canadian family are linked to home carpet treatment applications.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Beesoon, S.; Genuis, S. J.; Benskin, J. P.;  and Martin, J. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Technology</i>, 46(23): 12960–12967.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es3034654\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beesoon-genuis-benskin-martin-exceptionallyhighserumconcentrationsofperfluorohexanesulfonateinacanadianfamilyarelinkedtohomecarpettreatmentapplications-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es3034654', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/beesoon-genuis-benskin-martin-exceptionallyhighserumconcentrationsofperfluorohexanesulfonateinacanadianfamilyarelinkedtohomecarpettreatmentapplications-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('beesoon-genuis-benskin-martin-exceptionallyhighserumconcentrationsofperfluorohexanesulfonateinacanadianfamilyarelinkedtohomecarpettreatmentapplications-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{beesoon_exceptionally_2012,\n\ttitle = {Exceptionally high serum concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate in a canadian family are linked to home carpet treatment applications},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es3034654},\n\tabstract = {Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are normally the dominant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, but here a Canadian family of seven was identified with particularly high exposure to perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS). Disproportionately high serum PFHxS concentrations (range 27.5-423 ng/mL) and moderately high PFOS (range 15.2-108 ng/mL) and PFOA (range 2.40-9.23 ng/mL) concentrations were detected in the family members, with all three chemicals being highest in the youngest children. We therefore sought to identify the source(s) and pathway(s) of this unusual exposure, and to study the excretion of PFASs for this family. Serum, urine, and stool were sampled from family members, carpet, dust, and air were sampled in the home, and a questionnaire was administered. Over 15 years, the family&#x27;s household carpets were treated 8 times with Scotchgard formulations. Elevated concentrations of PFHxS were detected in household dust (2780 ng/g dust) and in family room carpet (2880 ng/g carpet), and the primary mode of excretion for the major PFASs was through urine. The high PFHxS and moderately high PFOS concentrations in serum and household samples are consistent with the known PFAS content of certain Scotchgard formulations, and exposure was likely through dust ingestion and/or inhalation.},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Beesoon, Sanjay and Genuis, Stephen J. and Benskin, Jonathan P. and Martin, Jonathan W.},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23102093},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {12960--12967},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are normally the dominant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, but here a Canadian family of seven was identified with particularly high exposure to perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS). Disproportionately high serum PFHxS concentrations (range 27.5-423 ng/mL) and moderately high PFOS (range 15.2-108 ng/mL) and PFOA (range 2.40-9.23 ng/mL) concentrations were detected in the family members, with all three chemicals being highest in the youngest children. We therefore sought to identify the source(s) and pathway(s) of this unusual exposure, and to study the excretion of PFASs for this family. Serum, urine, and stool were sampled from family members, carpet, dust, and air were sampled in the home, and a questionnaire was administered. Over 15 years, the family's household carpets were treated 8 times with Scotchgard formulations. Elevated concentrations of PFHxS were detected in household dust (2780 ng/g dust) and in family room carpet (2880 ng/g carpet), and the primary mode of excretion for the major PFASs was through urine. The high PFHxS and moderately high PFOS concentrations in serum and household samples are consistent with the known PFAS content of certain Scotchgard formulations, and exposure was likely through dust ingestion and/or inhalation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-li-wang-wang-qu-ruan-fu-yuan-etal-tris23dibromopropylisocyanuratehexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmollusksfromchinesebohaisea-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-li-wang-wang-qu-ruan-fu-yuan-etal-tris23dibromopropylisocyanuratehexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmollusksfromchinesebohaisea-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562', event);\">\n    Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, hexabromocyclododecanes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mollusks from Chinese Bohai Sea.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, N.; Li, A.; Wang, T.; Wang, P.; Qu, G.; Ruan, T.; Fu, J.; Yuan, B.; Zeng, L.; Wang, Y.;  and Jiang, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(13): 7174–81. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-li-wang-wang-qu-ruan-fu-yuan-etal-tris23dibromopropylisocyanuratehexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmollusksfromchinesebohaisea-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, hexabromocyclododecanes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mollusks from Chinese Bohai Sea. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es300776f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-li-wang-wang-qu-ruan-fu-yuan-etal-tris23dibromopropylisocyanuratehexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmollusksfromchinesebohaisea-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es300776f', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-li-wang-wang-qu-ruan-fu-yuan-etal-tris23dibromopropylisocyanuratehexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmollusksfromchinesebohaisea-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-li-wang-wang-qu-ruan-fu-yuan-etal-tris23dibromopropylisocyanuratehexabromocyclododecanesandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinmollusksfromchinesebohaisea-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_tris23-dibromopropyl_2012,\n\ttitle = {Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, hexabromocyclododecanes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mollusks from {Chinese} {Bohai} {Sea}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22663562},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es300776f},\n\tabstract = {A novel brominated flame retardant (BFR), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), as well as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were analyzed in 11 species of mollusks collected from nine coastal cities around the Chinese Bohai Sea in 2009 and 2010. The detection frequencies were 100\\%, 99\\%, and 77\\% for PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBC, respectively. Concentrations of ∑HBCDs ranged from below detection limit (nd) to 28.8 ng g(-1) on a dry weight (dw) basis, followed by ∑(12)PBDE (0.01-20.4 ng g(-1) dw) and TBC (nd-12.1 ng g(-1) dw). Statistically significant linear correlations were found among the three BFRs. Positive correlations were found between BFRs concentrations and lipid content in mollusks. The concentrations tend to decrease with increasing trophic levels of the mollusks, implying trophic dilution rather than biomagnifications of the BFRs in the aquatic food chains of the sampling area. Among the 11 mollusks species, Mytilus edulis showed higher bioaccumulation capability than others and was therefore considered to be an appropriate bioindicator of contamination by the BFRs in the Chinese Bohai Sea, in agreement with its previous selection for the biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A dramatic decrease in PBDE concentrations in mollusks of the area was found for the time period from 2003 to 2010, with a half-life of only 2.3 ± 1.7 years, reflecting a rapid response of mollusks to the change in pollution of the marine environment.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Nali and Li, An and Wang, Thanh and Wang, Pu and Qu, Guangbo and Ruan, Ting and Fu, Jianjie and Yuan, Bo and Zeng, Lixi and Wang, Yawei and Jiang, Guibin},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22663562},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Mollusca, Mollusca: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Triazines, Triazines: analysis, Triazines: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {7174--81},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A novel brominated flame retardant (BFR), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), as well as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were analyzed in 11 species of mollusks collected from nine coastal cities around the Chinese Bohai Sea in 2009 and 2010. The detection frequencies were 100%, 99%, and 77% for PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBC, respectively. Concentrations of ∑HBCDs ranged from below detection limit (nd) to 28.8 ng g(-1) on a dry weight (dw) basis, followed by ∑(12)PBDE (0.01-20.4 ng g(-1) dw) and TBC (nd-12.1 ng g(-1) dw). Statistically significant linear correlations were found among the three BFRs. Positive correlations were found between BFRs concentrations and lipid content in mollusks. The concentrations tend to decrease with increasing trophic levels of the mollusks, implying trophic dilution rather than biomagnifications of the BFRs in the aquatic food chains of the sampling area. Among the 11 mollusks species, Mytilus edulis showed higher bioaccumulation capability than others and was therefore considered to be an appropriate bioindicator of contamination by the BFRs in the Chinese Bohai Sea, in agreement with its previous selection for the biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A dramatic decrease in PBDE concentrations in mollusks of the area was found for the time period from 2003 to 2010, with a half-life of only 2.3 ± 1.7 years, reflecting a rapid response of mollusks to the change in pollution of the marine environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-kuo-gerecke-wang-coreleaseofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnanoandmicroparticlesfromthethermalcuttingofpolystyrenefoams-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-kuo-gerecke-wang-coreleaseofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnanoandmicroparticlesfromthethermalcuttingofpolystyrenefoams-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539', event);\">\n    Co-release of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nano- and microparticles from the thermal cutting of polystyrene foams.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, H.; Kuo, Y.; Gerecke, A. C;  and Wang, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-kuo-gerecke-wang-coreleaseofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnanoandmicroparticlesfromthethermalcuttingofpolystyrenefoams-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Co-release of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nano- and microparticles from the thermal cutting of polystyrene foams. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es302559v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-kuo-gerecke-wang-coreleaseofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnanoandmicroparticlesfromthethermalcuttingofpolystyrenefoams-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es302559v', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-kuo-gerecke-wang-coreleaseofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnanoandmicroparticlesfromthethermalcuttingofpolystyrenefoams-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-kuo-gerecke-wang-coreleaseofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdandnanoandmicroparticlesfromthethermalcuttingofpolystyrenefoams-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_co-release_2012,\n\ttitle = {Co-release of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) and nano- and microparticles from the thermal cutting of polystyrene foams.},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23013539},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es302559v},\n\tabstract = {Polystyrene foam is a very important insulation material, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is frequently used as its flame retardant. HBCD is persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, and therefore workplace exposure and environmental emission should be avoided. In this study, we investigated the co-release of HBCD and aerosol particles during the thermal cutting of expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) and extruded polystyrene foam (XPS). The generated particles were simultaneously measured by a fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS) and collected by a cascade impactor (NanoMoudi). In the breathing zone of a cutting worker, the number concentration of aerosol particles was above 1 ×1012 particles m-3, and the air concentration of HBCD was more than 50 μg m-3. Most of the released HBCD was partitioned into particles with an aerodynamic diameter at the nano-meter scale. The average concentrations of HBCD in these submicron particles generated from the thermal cutting of EPS and XPS were 13 times and 15 times higher than the concentrations in raw foams, respectively. An occupational exposure assessment indicated that more than 60\\% of HBCD and 70\\% of particles deposited in the lung of cutting worker would be allocated to the alveolar region. The potential subchronic (or chronic) toxicity jointly caused by the particles and HBCD calls for future studies.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Haijun and Kuo, Yu-Ying and Gerecke, Andreas C and Wang, Jing},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polystyrene foam is a very important insulation material, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is frequently used as its flame retardant. HBCD is persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, and therefore workplace exposure and environmental emission should be avoided. In this study, we investigated the co-release of HBCD and aerosol particles during the thermal cutting of expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) and extruded polystyrene foam (XPS). The generated particles were simultaneously measured by a fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS) and collected by a cascade impactor (NanoMoudi). In the breathing zone of a cutting worker, the number concentration of aerosol particles was above 1 ×1012 particles m-3, and the air concentration of HBCD was more than 50 μg m-3. Most of the released HBCD was partitioned into particles with an aerodynamic diameter at the nano-meter scale. The average concentrations of HBCD in these submicron particles generated from the thermal cutting of EPS and XPS were 13 times and 15 times higher than the concentrations in raw foams, respectively. An occupational exposure assessment indicated that more than 60% of HBCD and 70% of particles deposited in the lung of cutting worker would be allocated to the alveolar region. The potential subchronic (or chronic) toxicity jointly caused by the particles and HBCD calls for future studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zheng-wu-luo-zeng-she-mai-halogenatedflameretardantsinhomeproducedeggsfromanelectronicwasterecyclingregioninsouthchinalevelscompositionprofilesandhumandietaryexposureassessment-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zheng-wu-luo-zeng-she-mai-halogenatedflameretardantsinhomeproducedeggsfromanelectronicwasterecyclingregioninsouthchinalevelscompositionprofilesandhumandietaryexposureassessment-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680', event);\">\n    Halogenated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling region in South China: levels, composition profiles, and human dietary exposure assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zheng, X.; Wu, J.; Luo, X.; Zeng, Y.; She, Y.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 45: 122–8. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zheng-wu-luo-zeng-she-mai-halogenatedflameretardantsinhomeproducedeggsfromanelectronicwasterecyclingregioninsouthchinalevelscompositionprofilesandhumandietaryexposureassessment-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Halogenated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling region in South China: levels, composition profiles, and human dietary exposure assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zheng-wu-luo-zeng-she-mai-halogenatedflameretardantsinhomeproducedeggsfromanelectronicwasterecyclingregioninsouthchinalevelscompositionprofilesandhumandietaryexposureassessment-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zheng-wu-luo-zeng-she-mai-halogenatedflameretardantsinhomeproducedeggsfromanelectronicwasterecyclingregioninsouthchinalevelscompositionprofilesandhumandietaryexposureassessment-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zheng-wu-luo-zeng-she-mai-halogenatedflameretardantsinhomeproducedeggsfromanelectronicwasterecyclingregioninsouthchinalevelscompositionprofilesandhumandietaryexposureassessment-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zheng_halogenated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Halogenated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling region in {South} {China}: levels, composition profiles, and human dietary exposure assessment.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609680},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Three regulated halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) including Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in the home-produced eggs from three recycling sites and a reference site in an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling region, South China. Mean levels of HFRs in eggs from the recycling sites ranged 2640-14100, 700-1620, 44-350, and 720-3920 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PBDEs, ∑PBBs, ∑HBCDs, and ∑AHFRs, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those examined in the reference site. PBDEs were the predominant HFR in those eggs, with contributions {\\textbackslash}textgreater50\\% to the total HFRs; followed by PBBs and the AHFRs (contributing 14-22\\% in average). The α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomers of HBCDs, with preferential enrichment of the (-)-enantiomer in most of the eggs; but no significant stereoselective enrichment of the DP isomers was observed in these eggs. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDs, and the AHFRs via eggs from the recycling sites ranged 4200-20000, 1120-2440, 80-490, and 970-4530 ng/day, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those reported from other parts of the world. The potential adverse effects of these HFRs to human health in the e-waste sites should be further investigated. This is the first report on the isomer compositions of DP and the chiral signatures of HBCDs in hen eggs.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Zheng, Xiao-Bo and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zeng, Yan-Hong and She, Ya-Zhe and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22609680},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chickens, China, Diet, Diet: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Eggs: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism},\n\tpages = {122--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Three regulated halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and several alternative HFRs (AHFRs) including Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in the home-produced eggs from three recycling sites and a reference site in an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling region, South China. Mean levels of HFRs in eggs from the recycling sites ranged 2640-14100, 700-1620, 44-350, and 720-3920 ng/g lipid weight for ∑PBDEs, ∑PBBs, ∑HBCDs, and ∑AHFRs, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those examined in the reference site. PBDEs were the predominant HFR in those eggs, with contributions \\textgreater50% to the total HFRs; followed by PBBs and the AHFRs (contributing 14-22% in average). The α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomers of HBCDs, with preferential enrichment of the (-)-enantiomer in most of the eggs; but no significant stereoselective enrichment of the DP isomers was observed in these eggs. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDs, and the AHFRs via eggs from the recycling sites ranged 4200-20000, 1120-2440, 80-490, and 970-4530 ng/day, respectively, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those reported from other parts of the world. The potential adverse effects of these HFRs to human health in the e-waste sites should be further investigated. This is the first report on the isomer compositions of DP and the chiral signatures of HBCDs in hen eggs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-sun-ai-levelsandcongenerprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinprimiparabreastmilkfromshenzhenandexposureriskforbreastfedinfants-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-sun-ai-levelsandcongenerprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinprimiparabreastmilkfromshenzhenandexposureriskforbreastfedinfants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921', event);\">\n    Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in primipara breast milk from Shenzhen and exposure risk for breast-fed infants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, J. G.; Sun, X. W.;  and Ai, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 14(3): 893–900. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-sun-ai-levelsandcongenerprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinprimiparabreastmilkfromshenzhenandexposureriskforbreastfedinfants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in primipara breast milk from Shenzhen and exposure risk for breast-fed infants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em10739b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-sun-ai-levelsandcongenerprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinprimiparabreastmilkfromshenzhenandexposureriskforbreastfedinfants-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em10739b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-sun-ai-levelsandcongenerprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinprimiparabreastmilkfromshenzhenandexposureriskforbreastfedinfants-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-sun-ai-levelsandcongenerprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinprimiparabreastmilkfromshenzhenandexposureriskforbreastfedinfants-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_levels_2012,\n\ttitle = {Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in primipara breast milk from {Shenzhen} and exposure risk for breast-fed infants.},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277921},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em10739b},\n\tabstract = {This study aimed at revealing the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from primipara in Shenzhen (China), and estimating daily intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants. Concentrations of 7 PBDEs were measured in 60 breast milk samples by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS (high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry). The intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants was estimated based on the infant&#x27;s daily milk consumption. The range of total concentration of 7 PBDEs congeners in samples was 2.6-188.6 ng g(-1) lipid (mean: 14.8 ng g(-1) lipid; median: 7.2 ng g(-1) lipid). The mean estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast-fed infants ranged from 9.9 to 335.9 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) per day (mean: 52.5 ng kg(-1) bw per day; median: 28.6 ng kg(-1) bw per day). The levels of PBDEs body burden in the recruited mothers of Shenzhen were higher than those reported previously for the general population from other areas in China. No significant correlations were found between the body burden of PBDEs and the mothers&#x27; age, pre-pregnancy BMI, dietary habits, duration of residence in Shenzhen, weight and length of the newborns. BDE-47 and BDE-153 were major PBDE congeners in milk samples, while the congeners of BDE-183 and BDE-28 were also high in Shenzhen. The situation may be attributed to the special economic pattern including electronic production in Shenzhen in the past three decades. Continuous surveillance on PBDEs levels in human milk is needed in order to accurately evaluate the environmental impact of PBDEs to human health in Shenzhen.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Jian Gang and Sun, Xiao Wei and Ai, Hua},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22277921},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Parity, Pregnancy, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {893--900},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study aimed at revealing the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from primipara in Shenzhen (China), and estimating daily intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants. Concentrations of 7 PBDEs were measured in 60 breast milk samples by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS (high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry). The intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants was estimated based on the infant's daily milk consumption. The range of total concentration of 7 PBDEs congeners in samples was 2.6-188.6 ng g(-1) lipid (mean: 14.8 ng g(-1) lipid; median: 7.2 ng g(-1) lipid). The mean estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast-fed infants ranged from 9.9 to 335.9 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) per day (mean: 52.5 ng kg(-1) bw per day; median: 28.6 ng kg(-1) bw per day). The levels of PBDEs body burden in the recruited mothers of Shenzhen were higher than those reported previously for the general population from other areas in China. No significant correlations were found between the body burden of PBDEs and the mothers' age, pre-pregnancy BMI, dietary habits, duration of residence in Shenzhen, weight and length of the newborns. BDE-47 and BDE-153 were major PBDE congeners in milk samples, while the congeners of BDE-183 and BDE-28 were also high in Shenzhen. The situation may be attributed to the special economic pattern including electronic production in Shenzhen in the past three decades. Continuous surveillance on PBDEs levels in human milk is needed in order to accurately evaluate the environmental impact of PBDEs to human health in Shenzhen.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"xiao-shen-su-barresi-dejong-hung-lei-wania-etal-atmosphericconcentrationsofhalogenatedflameretardantsattworemotelocationsthecanadianhigharcticandthetibetanplateau-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'xiao-shen-su-barresi-dejong-hung-lei-wania-etal-atmosphericconcentrationsofhalogenatedflameretardantsattworemotelocationsthecanadianhigharcticandthetibetanplateau-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080', event);\">\n    Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: the Canadian High Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Xiao, H.; Shen, L.; Su, Y.; Barresi, E.; Dejong, M.; Hung, H.; Lei, Y.; Wania, F.; Reiner, E. J; Sverko, E.;  and Kang, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 161: 154–61. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xiao-shen-su-barresi-dejong-hung-lei-wania-etal-atmosphericconcentrationsofhalogenatedflameretardantsattworemotelocationsthecanadianhigharcticandthetibetanplateau-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: the Canadian High Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.041\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xiao-shen-su-barresi-dejong-hung-lei-wania-etal-atmosphericconcentrationsofhalogenatedflameretardantsattworemotelocationsthecanadianhigharcticandthetibetanplateau-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.041', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/xiao-shen-su-barresi-dejong-hung-lei-wania-etal-atmosphericconcentrationsofhalogenatedflameretardantsattworemotelocationsthecanadianhigharcticandthetibetanplateau-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('xiao-shen-su-barresi-dejong-hung-lei-wania-etal-atmosphericconcentrationsofhalogenatedflameretardantsattworemotelocationsthecanadianhigharcticandthetibetanplateau-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{xiao_atmospheric_2012,\n\ttitle = {Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants at two remote locations: the {Canadian} {High} {Arctic} and the {Tibetan} {Plateau}.},\n\tvolume = {161},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230080},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.041},\n\tabstract = {Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (FRs) were monitored for approximately one year at two remote stations, namely Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau and Alert in the Canadian High Arctic. BDE-47 and 99 were the dominant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners at both sites. Atmospheric PBDE concentrations in Nam Co were generally lower than those at Alert. While significant seasonal variations were observed for PBDEs at Alert, the FR concentrations at Nam Co showed no significant seasonality, even though air masses originated from distinctly different regions during different seasons. This suggests that FRs in Tibet do not have regional sources, but are reflective of truly global background contamination. Three new FRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) and bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) were detected at relatively high concentrations at both sites. This is the first report of these FRs in the remote global atmosphere and suggests significant potential for long-range atmospheric transport.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Xiao, Hang and Shen, Li and Su, Yushan and Barresi, Enzo and Dejong, Maryl and Hung, Hayley and Lei, Ying-Duan and Wania, Frank and Reiner, Eric J and Sverko, Ed and Kang, Shi-Chang},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22230080},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Tibet},\n\tpages = {154--61},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Atmospheric concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (FRs) were monitored for approximately one year at two remote stations, namely Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau and Alert in the Canadian High Arctic. BDE-47 and 99 were the dominant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners at both sites. Atmospheric PBDE concentrations in Nam Co were generally lower than those at Alert. While significant seasonal variations were observed for PBDEs at Alert, the FR concentrations at Nam Co showed no significant seasonality, even though air masses originated from distinctly different regions during different seasons. This suggests that FRs in Tibet do not have regional sources, but are reflective of truly global background contamination. Three new FRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB) and bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) were detected at relatively high concentrations at both sites. This is the first report of these FRs in the remote global atmosphere and suggests significant potential for long-range atmospheric transport.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yan-xiang-xuejun-chengzhi-youbin-xuelan-yang-changyan-etal-spatiallearningandmemorydeficitoflowlevelpolybrominateddiphenylethers47inmaleadultratismodulatedbyintracellularglutamatereceptors-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yan-xiang-xuejun-chengzhi-youbin-xuelan-yang-changyan-etal-spatiallearningandmemorydeficitoflowlevelpolybrominateddiphenylethers47inmaleadultratismodulatedbyintracellularglutamatereceptors-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012', event);\">\n    Spatial learning and memory deficit of low level polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 in male adult rat is modulated by intracellular glutamate receptors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yan, T.; Xiang, L.; Xuejun, J.; Chengzhi, C.; Youbin, Q.; Xuelan, Y.; Yang, L.; Changyan, P.;  and Hui, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of toxicological sciences</i>, 37(2): 223–33. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yan-xiang-xuejun-chengzhi-youbin-xuelan-yang-changyan-etal-spatiallearningandmemorydeficitoflowlevelpolybrominateddiphenylethers47inmaleadultratismodulatedbyintracellularglutamatereceptors-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Spatial learning and memory deficit of low level polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 in male adult rat is modulated by intracellular glutamate receptors. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yan-xiang-xuejun-chengzhi-youbin-xuelan-yang-changyan-etal-spatiallearningandmemorydeficitoflowlevelpolybrominateddiphenylethers47inmaleadultratismodulatedbyintracellularglutamatereceptors-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yan-xiang-xuejun-chengzhi-youbin-xuelan-yang-changyan-etal-spatiallearningandmemorydeficitoflowlevelpolybrominateddiphenylethers47inmaleadultratismodulatedbyintracellularglutamatereceptors-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yan_spatial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Spatial learning and memory deficit of low level polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 in male adult rat is modulated by intracellular glutamate receptors.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1880-3989},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467012},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of widely used flame retardants, are extensively diffused in the environment. Of particular concern are the reported highly sensitivity of PBDEs in children or developmental animals, however, almost no information is available on their potential effects on adults and the mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the neurotoxic effects of sub-chronic PBDE-47 exposure on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, PBDE-47, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg per day was administered to rats by gavage for 30 days. The learning and memory function was tested by Morris water maze. Further, in order to explore the potential mechanism, the expression of NMDA-receptors was evaluated by using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR. Our results showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 produced learning and memory deficits in male adult rats. Also, significant decrease in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus areas of hippocampus affected by all three doses of PBDE-47 on the expression of NR(1), NR(2)B and Glu were found by IHC. In addition, the evaluation of expression of the NR(1), NR(2)B and NR(2)C showed statistically significant decrease in mRNA expression in rats exposed to PBDE-47. These findings showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 could also induce behavioral alterations and the neurotoxic effects might due to the down-regulation expression of NMDA receptors. Our data indicated that the possibility of exposure of adults to PBDE-47 warranted further studies to characterize their potential neurotoxicity.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Yan, Tang and Xiang, Li and Xuejun, Jiang and Chengzhi, Chen and Youbin, Qi and Xuelan, Yu and Yang, Liu and Changyan, Peng and Hui, Chen},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22467012},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutamate, Glutamate: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: metabolism, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory Disorders, Memory Disorders: chemically induced, Memory Disorders: metabolism, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: genetics, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: metabolism, RNA, Rats, Receptors, Sprague-Dawley},\n\tpages = {223--33},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of widely used flame retardants, are extensively diffused in the environment. Of particular concern are the reported highly sensitivity of PBDEs in children or developmental animals, however, almost no information is available on their potential effects on adults and the mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the neurotoxic effects of sub-chronic PBDE-47 exposure on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, PBDE-47, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg per day was administered to rats by gavage for 30 days. The learning and memory function was tested by Morris water maze. Further, in order to explore the potential mechanism, the expression of NMDA-receptors was evaluated by using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR. Our results showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 produced learning and memory deficits in male adult rats. Also, significant decrease in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus areas of hippocampus affected by all three doses of PBDE-47 on the expression of NR(1), NR(2)B and Glu were found by IHC. In addition, the evaluation of expression of the NR(1), NR(2)B and NR(2)C showed statistically significant decrease in mRNA expression in rats exposed to PBDE-47. These findings showed that sub-chronic exposure to PBDE-47 could also induce behavioral alterations and the neurotoxic effects might due to the down-regulation expression of NMDA receptors. Our data indicated that the possibility of exposure of adults to PBDE-47 warranted further studies to characterize their potential neurotoxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wong-kurtkarakus-bidleman-fateofbrominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinepesticidesinurbansoilvolatilityanddegradation-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wong-kurtkarakus-bidleman-fateofbrominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinepesticidesinurbansoilvolatilityanddegradation-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402', event);\">\n    Fate of brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides in urban soil: volatility and degradation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wong, F.; Kurt-Karakus, P.;  and Bidleman, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(5): 2668–74. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wong-kurtkarakus-bidleman-fateofbrominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinepesticidesinurbansoilvolatilityanddegradation-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fate of brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides in urban soil: volatility and degradation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203287x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wong-kurtkarakus-bidleman-fateofbrominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinepesticidesinurbansoilvolatilityanddegradation-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203287x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wong-kurtkarakus-bidleman-fateofbrominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinepesticidesinurbansoilvolatilityanddegradation-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wong-kurtkarakus-bidleman-fateofbrominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinepesticidesinurbansoilvolatilityanddegradation-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wong_fate_2012,\n\ttitle = {Fate of brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides in urban soil: volatility and degradation.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243402},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203287x},\n\tabstract = {As the uses of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are being phased out in many countries, soils could become a secondary emission source to the atmosphere. It is also anticipated that the demand for alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) will grow, but little is known about their environmental fate in soils. In this study, the volatility and degradation of BFRs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil was investigated. A low organic carbon (5.6\\%) urban soil was spiked with a suite of BFRs and OCPs, followed by incubation under laboratory condition for 360 days. These included BDE- 17, -28, -47, -99; α- and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), β-1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), OCPs: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) and (13)C(6)-α-HCH, trans-chlordane (TC), and (13)C(10)-TC. The volatility of spiked chemicals was investigated using a fugacity meter to measure the soil-air partition coefficient (K(SA)). K(SA) of some spiked BFRs and OCPs increased from Day 10 to 60 or 90 and leveled off afterward. This suggests that the volatility of BFRs and OCPs decreases over time as the chemicals become more strongly bound to the soil. Degradation of alternative BFRs (α- and β-TBECH, β-TBCO, DPTE), BDE-17, and α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was evident in soils over 360 days, but no degradation was observed for the BDE-28, -47, -99, and TC ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled). A method to separate the enantiomers of α-TBECH and β-TBCO was developed and their degradation, along with α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was enantioselective. This is the first study which reports the enantioselective degradation of chiral BFRs in soils. Discrepancies between the enantiomer fraction (EF) of chemicals extracted from the soil by dichloromethane (DCM) and air were found. It is suggested that DCM removes both the sequestered and loosely bound fractions of chemicals in soil, whereas air accesses only the loosely bound fraction, and these two pools are subject to different degrees of enantioselective degradation. This calls for caution when interpreting EFs obtained from DCM extraction of soil with EFs in ambient air.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Wong, Fiona and Kurt-Karakus, Perihan and Bidleman, Terry F},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22243402},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Cities, Environmental Remediation, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Volatilization},\n\tpages = {2668--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As the uses of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are being phased out in many countries, soils could become a secondary emission source to the atmosphere. It is also anticipated that the demand for alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) will grow, but little is known about their environmental fate in soils. In this study, the volatility and degradation of BFRs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil was investigated. A low organic carbon (5.6%) urban soil was spiked with a suite of BFRs and OCPs, followed by incubation under laboratory condition for 360 days. These included BDE- 17, -28, -47, -99; α- and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), β-1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), OCPs: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) and (13)C(6)-α-HCH, trans-chlordane (TC), and (13)C(10)-TC. The volatility of spiked chemicals was investigated using a fugacity meter to measure the soil-air partition coefficient (K(SA)). K(SA) of some spiked BFRs and OCPs increased from Day 10 to 60 or 90 and leveled off afterward. This suggests that the volatility of BFRs and OCPs decreases over time as the chemicals become more strongly bound to the soil. Degradation of alternative BFRs (α- and β-TBECH, β-TBCO, DPTE), BDE-17, and α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was evident in soils over 360 days, but no degradation was observed for the BDE-28, -47, -99, and TC ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled). A method to separate the enantiomers of α-TBECH and β-TBCO was developed and their degradation, along with α-HCH ((13)C-labeled and nonlabeled) was enantioselective. This is the first study which reports the enantioselective degradation of chiral BFRs in soils. Discrepancies between the enantiomer fraction (EF) of chemicals extracted from the soil by dichloromethane (DCM) and air were found. It is suggested that DCM removes both the sequestered and loosely bound fractions of chemicals in soil, whereas air accesses only the loosely bound fraction, and these two pools are subject to different degrees of enantioselective degradation. This calls for caution when interpreting EFs obtained from DCM extraction of soil with EFs in ambient air.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-zhang-luo-she-yu-chen-mai-areviewofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinwildlifefromchinalevelstrendsandbioaccumulationcharacteristics-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-zhang-luo-she-yu-chen-mai-areviewofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinwildlifefromchinalevelstrendsandbioaccumulationcharacteristics-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375', event);\">\n    A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Luo, X.; She, Y.; Yu, L.; Chen, S.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental sciences (China)</i>, 24(2): 183–94. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-zhang-luo-she-yu-chen-mai-areviewofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinwildlifefromchinalevelstrendsandbioaccumulationcharacteristics-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-zhang-luo-she-yu-chen-mai-areviewofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinwildlifefromchinalevelstrendsandbioaccumulationcharacteristics-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-zhang-luo-she-yu-chen-mai-areviewofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinwildlifefromchinalevelstrendsandbioaccumulationcharacteristics-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_review_2012,\n\ttitle = {A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from {China}: levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics.},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1001-0742},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655375},\n\tabstract = {Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Jiangping and Zhang, Ying and Luo, Xiaojun and She, Yazhe and Yu, Lehuan and Chen, Shejun and Mai, Bixian},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22655375},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Time Factors, Wild},\n\tpages = {183--94},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal PBDE exposure and Mecp2308 mutation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Woods, R.; Vallero, R. O; Golub, M. S; Suarez, J. K; Ta, T. A.; Yasui, D. H; Chi, L.; Kostyniak, P. J; Pessah, I. N; Berman, R. F;  and LaSalle, J. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Human molecular genetics</i>, 21(11): 2399–411. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal PBDE exposure and Mecp2308 mutation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds046\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds046', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{woods_long-lived_2012,\n\ttitle = {Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal {PBDE} exposure and {Mecp2308} mutation.},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1460-2083},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3349420&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/hmg/dds046},\n\tabstract = {The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Human molecular genetics},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Rima and Vallero, Roxanne O and Golub, Mari S and Suarez, Joanne K and Ta, Tram Anh and Yasui, Dag H and Chi, Lai-Har and Kostyniak, Paul J and Pessah, Isaac N and Berman, Robert F and LaSalle, Janine M},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22343140},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: genetics, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Epigenomics, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Inbred Strains, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: genetics, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: metabolism, Mice, Mutation, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity},\n\tpages = {2399--411},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weschler-nazaroff-svocexposureindoorsfreshlookatdermalpathways-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weschler-nazaroff-svocexposureindoorsfreshlookatdermalpathways-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf', event);\">\n    SVOC exposure indoors: fresh look at dermal pathways.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weschler, C J;  and Nazaroff, W W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Indoor air</i>, 22(5): 356–377. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weschler-nazaroff-svocexposureindoorsfreshlookatdermalpathways-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"SVOC exposure indoors: fresh look at dermal pathways. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00772.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weschler-nazaroff-svocexposureindoorsfreshlookatdermalpathways-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00772.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weschler-nazaroff-svocexposureindoorsfreshlookatdermalpathways-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weschler-nazaroff-svocexposureindoorsfreshlookatdermalpathways-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weschler_svoc_2012,\n\ttitle = {{SVOC} exposure indoors: fresh look at dermal pathways.},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313149 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler Nazaroff INA 2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00772.x},\n\tabstract = {Abstract This paper critically examines indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) via dermal pathways. First, it demonstrates that - in central tendency - an SVOC&#x27;s abundance on indoor surfaces and in handwipes can be predicted reasonably well from gas-phase concentrations, assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium prevails. Then, equations are developed, based upon idealized mass-transport considerations, to estimate transdermal penetration of an SVOC either from its concentration in skin-surface lipids or its concentration in air. Kinetic constraints limit air-to-skin transport in the case of SVOCs that strongly sorb to skin-surface lipids. Air-to-skin transdermal uptake is estimated to be comparable to or larger than inhalation intake for many SVOCs of current or potential interest indoors, including butylated hydroxytoluene, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diethyl phthalate, Galaxolide, geranyl acetone, nicotine (in free-base form), PCB28, PCB52, Phantolide, Texanol and Tonalide. Although air-to-skin transdermal uptake is anticipated to be slow for bisphenol A, we find that transdermal permeation may nevertheless be substantial following its transfer to skin via contact with contaminated surfaces. The paper concludes with explorations of the influence of particles and dust on dermal exposure, the role of clothing and bedding as transport vectors, and the potential significance of hair follicles as transport shunts through the epidermis. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Human exposure to indoor pollutants can occur through dietary and nondietary ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Many factors influence the relative importance of these pathways, including physical and chemical properties of the pollutants. This paper argues that exposure to indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through the dermal pathway has often been underestimated. Transdermal permeation of SVOCs can be substantially greater than is commonly assumed. Transport of SVOCs from the air to and through the skin is typically not taken into account in exposure assessments. Yet, for certain SVOCs, intake through skin is estimated to be substantially larger than intake through inhalation. Exposure scientists, risk assessors, and public health officials should be mindful of the dermal pathway when estimating exposures to indoor SVOCs. Also, they should recognize that health consequences vary with exposure pathway. For example, an SVOC that enters the blood through the skin does not encounter the same detoxifying enzymes that an ingested SVOC would experience in the stomach, intestines, and liver before it enters the blood.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Indoor air},\n\tauthor = {Weschler, C J and Nazaroff, W W},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Lipids, air-to-skin transport, handwipes, partitioning, permeability coefficient, skin-surface, transdermal permeation},\n\tpages = {356--377},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract This paper critically examines indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) via dermal pathways. First, it demonstrates that - in central tendency - an SVOC's abundance on indoor surfaces and in handwipes can be predicted reasonably well from gas-phase concentrations, assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium prevails. Then, equations are developed, based upon idealized mass-transport considerations, to estimate transdermal penetration of an SVOC either from its concentration in skin-surface lipids or its concentration in air. Kinetic constraints limit air-to-skin transport in the case of SVOCs that strongly sorb to skin-surface lipids. Air-to-skin transdermal uptake is estimated to be comparable to or larger than inhalation intake for many SVOCs of current or potential interest indoors, including butylated hydroxytoluene, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diethyl phthalate, Galaxolide, geranyl acetone, nicotine (in free-base form), PCB28, PCB52, Phantolide, Texanol and Tonalide. Although air-to-skin transdermal uptake is anticipated to be slow for bisphenol A, we find that transdermal permeation may nevertheless be substantial following its transfer to skin via contact with contaminated surfaces. The paper concludes with explorations of the influence of particles and dust on dermal exposure, the role of clothing and bedding as transport vectors, and the potential significance of hair follicles as transport shunts through the epidermis. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Human exposure to indoor pollutants can occur through dietary and nondietary ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Many factors influence the relative importance of these pathways, including physical and chemical properties of the pollutants. This paper argues that exposure to indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through the dermal pathway has often been underestimated. Transdermal permeation of SVOCs can be substantially greater than is commonly assumed. Transport of SVOCs from the air to and through the skin is typically not taken into account in exposure assessments. Yet, for certain SVOCs, intake through skin is estimated to be substantially larger than intake through inhalation. Exposure scientists, risk assessors, and public health officials should be mindful of the dermal pathway when estimating exposures to indoor SVOCs. Also, they should recognize that health consequences vary with exposure pathway. For example, an SVOC that enters the blood through the skin does not encounter the same detoxifying enzymes that an ingested SVOC would experience in the stomach, intestines, and liver before it enters the blood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-zou-zhong-an-zhang-wu-yu-thehormesiseffectofbde47inhepg2cellsandthepotentialmolecularmechanism-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-zou-zhong-an-zhang-wu-yu-thehormesiseffectofbde47inhepg2cellsandthepotentialmolecularmechanism-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939', event);\">\n    The hormesis effect of BDE-47 in HepG2 cells and the potential molecular mechanism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, L.; Zou, W.; Zhong, Y.; An, J.; Zhang, X.; Wu, M.;  and Yu, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 209(2): 193–201. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-zou-zhong-an-zhang-wu-yu-thehormesiseffectofbde47inhepg2cellsandthepotentialmolecularmechanism-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The hormesis effect of BDE-47 in HepG2 cells and the potential molecular mechanism. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-zou-zhong-an-zhang-wu-yu-thehormesiseffectofbde47inhepg2cellsandthepotentialmolecularmechanism-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-zou-zhong-an-zhang-wu-yu-thehormesiseffectofbde47inhepg2cellsandthepotentialmolecularmechanism-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-zou-zhong-an-zhang-wu-yu-thehormesiseffectofbde47inhepg2cellsandthepotentialmolecularmechanism-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_hormesis_2012,\n\ttitle = {The hormesis effect of {BDE}-47 in {HepG2} cells and the potential molecular mechanism.},\n\tvolume = {209},\n\tissn = {1879-3169},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233939},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.014},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) had been used extensively in electrical and electronic products as brominated flame retardants. PBDEs are widely distributed in environment media and wildlife since they are lipophilic and persistent, resulting in bioaccumulation and bioamplification through food chains. Accumulation of PBDEs in the environment and human tissues will consequently cause potential negative effects on the ecological environment and human health. To date, some in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PBDEs possess neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproduction toxicity, endocrine disrupting activity and carcinogenicity. BDE-47 is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners detected in human tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate whether low concentration of BDE-47 could cause hormesis effect in the human hepatoma HepG(2) cells, and to explore the possible molecular mechanism. The results showed that low concentration of BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) could promote cell proliferation and cause no obvious change in DNA damage or cell apoptosis, while the high concentration significantly inhibit cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in low concentration BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) treated groups significantly elevated compared with the control group. After low concentration BDE-47 treatment, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) in the HepG(2) cells was markedly up-regulated. However, in DNA-PKcs inhibited cells, the promotion effect on cell proliferation was significantly suppressed. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant decrease in G1 phase after exposure to low concentration of BDE-47. Moreover, pre-exposure to low concentration BDE-47 seemed alleviate the negative effects of high concentration (50 μM) exposure to cause DNA damage and apoptosis. These results suggested that BDE-47 has a hormesis effect in HepG(2) cells and DNA-PKcs/Akt pathway may be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Liulin and Zou, Wen and Zhong, Yufang and An, Jing and Zhang, Xinyu and Wu, Minghong and Yu, Zhiqiang},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22233939},\n\tkeywords = {Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Blotting, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: physiology, Comet Assay, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D1: metabolism, DNA Damage, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated Protein Kinase: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hep G2 Cells, Hormesis, Hormesis: drug effects, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: metabolism, Western},\n\tpages = {193--201},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) had been used extensively in electrical and electronic products as brominated flame retardants. PBDEs are widely distributed in environment media and wildlife since they are lipophilic and persistent, resulting in bioaccumulation and bioamplification through food chains. Accumulation of PBDEs in the environment and human tissues will consequently cause potential negative effects on the ecological environment and human health. To date, some in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PBDEs possess neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproduction toxicity, endocrine disrupting activity and carcinogenicity. BDE-47 is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners detected in human tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate whether low concentration of BDE-47 could cause hormesis effect in the human hepatoma HepG(2) cells, and to explore the possible molecular mechanism. The results showed that low concentration of BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) could promote cell proliferation and cause no obvious change in DNA damage or cell apoptosis, while the high concentration significantly inhibit cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in low concentration BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) treated groups significantly elevated compared with the control group. After low concentration BDE-47 treatment, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) in the HepG(2) cells was markedly up-regulated. However, in DNA-PKcs inhibited cells, the promotion effect on cell proliferation was significantly suppressed. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant decrease in G1 phase after exposure to low concentration of BDE-47. Moreover, pre-exposure to low concentration BDE-47 seemed alleviate the negative effects of high concentration (50 μM) exposure to cause DNA damage and apoptosis. These results suggested that BDE-47 has a hormesis effect in HepG(2) cells and DNA-PKcs/Akt pathway may be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-li-chen-wang-li-shen-shen-huang-etal-summeratmosphericpolybrominateddiphenylethersinurbanandruralareasofnorthernchina-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-li-chen-wang-li-shen-shen-huang-etal-summeratmosphericpolybrominateddiphenylethersinurbanandruralareasofnorthernchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250', event);\">\n    Summer atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban and rural areas of northern China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, C.; Li, W.; Chen, J.; Wang, H.; Li, T.; Shen, G.; Shen, H.; Huang, Y.; Wang, R.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, J.; Liu, W.; Wang, X.;  and Tao, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 171: 234–40. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-li-chen-wang-li-shen-shen-huang-etal-summeratmosphericpolybrominateddiphenylethersinurbanandruralareasofnorthernchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Summer atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban and rural areas of northern China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.041\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-li-chen-wang-li-shen-shen-huang-etal-summeratmosphericpolybrominateddiphenylethersinurbanandruralareasofnorthernchina-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.041', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-li-chen-wang-li-shen-shen-huang-etal-summeratmosphericpolybrominateddiphenylethersinurbanandruralareasofnorthernchina-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-li-chen-wang-li-shen-shen-huang-etal-summeratmosphericpolybrominateddiphenylethersinurbanandruralareasofnorthernchina-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_summer_2012,\n\ttitle = {Summer atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban and rural areas of northern {China}.},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955250},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.041},\n\tabstract = {High levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reported in urban areas and at e-waste recycling sites in coastal China. However, data are scarce in northern China and are not available in rural areas at all. In addition, it is often believed that air concentrations in rural areas are lower than those in urban areas without distinguishing rural residential areas and open fields. In this study, air samples were collected at 17 sites covering urban and rural (residential and open field) areas in northern China using active samplers. With BDE-209 dominated in all congeners, the average concentrations of BDE-209 (41 ± 72 pg/m(3)) and other 13 PBDEs (16 ± 12 pg/m(3)) were significantly lower than those found in south China, such as in Guangzhou or Hong Kong. On average, the total PBDE concentrations at the urban sites were 2.2 and 2.9 times of those at the rural residential and field sites, respectively.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Chen and Li, Wei and Chen, Jiwei and Wang, Hongqijie and Li, Tongchao and Shen, Guofeng and Shen, Huizhong and Huang, Ye and Wang, Rong and Wang, Bin and Zhang, Yanyan and Tang, Jianhui and Liu, Wenxin and Wang, Xilong and Tao, Shu},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22955250},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons},\n\tpages = {234--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  High levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reported in urban areas and at e-waste recycling sites in coastal China. However, data are scarce in northern China and are not available in rural areas at all. In addition, it is often believed that air concentrations in rural areas are lower than those in urban areas without distinguishing rural residential areas and open fields. In this study, air samples were collected at 17 sites covering urban and rural (residential and open field) areas in northern China using active samplers. With BDE-209 dominated in all congeners, the average concentrations of BDE-209 (41 ± 72 pg/m(3)) and other 13 PBDEs (16 ± 12 pg/m(3)) were significantly lower than those found in south China, such as in Guangzhou or Hong Kong. On average, the total PBDE concentrations at the urban sites were 2.2 and 2.9 times of those at the rural residential and field sites, respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"venier-ma-hites-bromobenzeneflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'venier-ma-hites-bromobenzeneflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919', event);\">\n    Bromobenzene Flame Retardants in the Great Lakes Atmosphere.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Venier, M.; Ma, Y.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('venier-ma-hites-bromobenzeneflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bromobenzene Flame Retardants in the Great Lakes Atmosphere. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/venier-ma-hites-bromobenzeneflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('venier-ma-hites-bromobenzeneflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{venier_bromobenzene_2012,\n\ttitle = {Bromobenzene {Flame} {Retardants} in the {Great} {Lakes} {Atmosphere}.},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3015919},\n\tabstract = {Seven bromobenzene flame retardants were measured in vapor-phase samples collected at five sites, all near the shores of the North American Great Lakes during 2008-2009, inclusive. The target compounds were hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzylacrylate (PBBA), pentabromobenzyl bromide (PBBB), tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX), and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB). Detection frequencies were, on average, higher than 50\\% for all of the compounds, with the exception of PBBA, which was detected only in 22\\% of all the samples. Considering all the sampling sites together, HBB showed the highest average concentration (4.6 ± 1.0 pg/m(3)), followed by PBBB (3.3 ± 0.5 pg/m(3)) and PBEB (1.0 ± 0.1 pg/m(3)). The concentrations of these compounds were generally significantly correlated with one another, with the exception of PBBA, which was correlated only to PBBB. The atmospheric concentrations of PBT, pTBX, PBBB, and PBBA tracked local human population density, suggesting that these compounds are or were used in a variety of commercial products. Unexpectedly, the concentration of PBEB was highest at the remote site of Eagle Harbor in northern Michigan, whereas that of HBB was highest at Sturgeon Point, ∼25 km southwest of Buffalo, New York. The lack of dependence of these two compounds&#x27; concentrations on human population suggests local point sources.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Venier, Marta and Ma, Yuning and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seven bromobenzene flame retardants were measured in vapor-phase samples collected at five sites, all near the shores of the North American Great Lakes during 2008-2009, inclusive. The target compounds were hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzylacrylate (PBBA), pentabromobenzyl bromide (PBBB), tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX), and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB). Detection frequencies were, on average, higher than 50% for all of the compounds, with the exception of PBBA, which was detected only in 22% of all the samples. Considering all the sampling sites together, HBB showed the highest average concentration (4.6 ± 1.0 pg/m(3)), followed by PBBB (3.3 ± 0.5 pg/m(3)) and PBEB (1.0 ± 0.1 pg/m(3)). The concentrations of these compounds were generally significantly correlated with one another, with the exception of PBBA, which was correlated only to PBBB. The atmospheric concentrations of PBT, pTBX, PBBB, and PBBA tracked local human population density, suggesting that these compounds are or were used in a variety of commercial products. Unexpectedly, the concentration of PBEB was highest at the remote site of Eagle Harbor in northern Michigan, whereas that of HBB was highest at Sturgeon Point, ∼25 km southwest of Buffalo, New York. The lack of dependence of these two compounds' concentrations on human population suggests local point sources.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanschmidt-cary-ortizsantaliestra-karasov-effectsofchronicpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposureongonadaldevelopmentinthenorthernleopardfrogranapipiens-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanschmidt-cary-ortizsantaliestra-karasov-effectsofchronicpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposureongonadaldevelopmentinthenorthernleopardfrogranapipiens-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220', event);\">\n    Effects of chronic polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure on gonadal development in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van Schmidt, N. D; Cary, T. L; Ortiz-Santaliestra, M. E;  and Karasov, W. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 31(2): 347–54. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanschmidt-cary-ortizsantaliestra-karasov-effectsofchronicpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposureongonadaldevelopmentinthenorthernleopardfrogranapipiens-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of chronic polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure on gonadal development in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1702\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanschmidt-cary-ortizsantaliestra-karasov-effectsofchronicpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposureongonadaldevelopmentinthenorthernleopardfrogranapipiens-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1702', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanschmidt-cary-ortizsantaliestra-karasov-effectsofchronicpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposureongonadaldevelopmentinthenorthernleopardfrogranapipiens-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanschmidt-cary-ortizsantaliestra-karasov-effectsofchronicpolybrominateddiphenyletherexposureongonadaldevelopmentinthenorthernleopardfrogranapipiens-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_schmidt_effects_2012,\n\ttitle = {Effects of chronic polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure on gonadal development in the northern leopard frog, {Rana} pipiens.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105220},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1702},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulative, persistent organic pollutants used as flame retardants in consumer goods. Concentrations of PBDEs in North American wildlife have been increasing for decades and been shown to have estrogenic effects on sexual development. No studies, however, have examined the effects of PBDEs on the sexual development of North American frogs at ecologically relevant concentrations. This study examined the effects of five dietary concentrations of DE-71 (0, 1.1, 6.1, 71.4, and 634 ng ΣPBDEs/g diet), a technical PBDE mixture, on the gonadal development of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Tadpoles were exposed chronically from the time they became free-swimming until metamorphosis. Frogs were killed either at metamorphic climax or 10 weeks after completing metamorphosis, processed for histology, and examined for alterations in sexual development. The experimental group exposed to PBDEs at 1.1 ng/g had a significantly larger proportion of females compared with the expected 50:50 sex ratio. At 10 weeks post-metamorphosis, male frogs exposed to 6.1 and 71.4 ng/g had significantly smaller testes, but all other measure of gonadal development tested showed no effects. No intersex or increased incidence of gonadal abnormality were detected. These findings indicate that PBDEs may disrupt sexual differentiation in frogs at low, environmentally relevant concentrations.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Van Schmidt, Nathan D and Cary, Tawnya L and Ortiz-Santaliestra, Manuel E and Karasov, William H},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22105220},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological, Biological: drug effects, Estrogens, Estrogens: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonads, Gonads: drug effects, Gonads: growth \\&amp; development, Gonads: pathology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth \\&amp; development, Male, Metamorphosis, Rana pipiens, Rana pipiens: growth \\&amp; development, Rana pipiens: physiology, Sex Differentiation, Sex Differentiation: drug effects, Sex Ratio, Swimming},\n\tpages = {347--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulative, persistent organic pollutants used as flame retardants in consumer goods. Concentrations of PBDEs in North American wildlife have been increasing for decades and been shown to have estrogenic effects on sexual development. No studies, however, have examined the effects of PBDEs on the sexual development of North American frogs at ecologically relevant concentrations. This study examined the effects of five dietary concentrations of DE-71 (0, 1.1, 6.1, 71.4, and 634 ng ΣPBDEs/g diet), a technical PBDE mixture, on the gonadal development of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Tadpoles were exposed chronically from the time they became free-swimming until metamorphosis. Frogs were killed either at metamorphic climax or 10 weeks after completing metamorphosis, processed for histology, and examined for alterations in sexual development. The experimental group exposed to PBDEs at 1.1 ng/g had a significantly larger proportion of females compared with the expected 50:50 sex ratio. At 10 weeks post-metamorphosis, male frogs exposed to 6.1 and 71.4 ng/g had significantly smaller testes, but all other measure of gonadal development tested showed no effects. No intersex or increased incidence of gonadal abnormality were detected. These findings indicate that PBDEs may disrupt sexual differentiation in frogs at low, environmentally relevant concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891', event);\">\n    Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  van der Veen, I.;  and de Boer, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(10): 1119–53. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012,\n\ttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537891},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067},\n\tabstract = {Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20\\% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m(-3), in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg(-1) were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L(-1). In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg(-1), with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67-105\\%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) ({\\textbackslash}textless20\\%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78-105\\%) and RSDs (3-8\\%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), GC-atomic emission detection (AED), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS and GC-Inductively-coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) are used. GC-ICP-MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5-10 ng mL(-1)) compared to GC-NPD and GC-MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC-MS offers a higher selectivity than GC-NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {van der Veen, Ike and de Boer, Jacob},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22537891},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environment, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenation, Humans, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity},\n\tpages = {1119--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m(-3), in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg(-1) were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L(-1). In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg(-1), with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67-105%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (\\textless20%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78-105%) and RSDs (3-8%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), GC-atomic emission detection (AED), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS and GC-Inductively-coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) are used. GC-ICP-MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5-10 ng mL(-1)) compared to GC-NPD and GC-MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC-MS offers a higher selectivity than GC-NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"unep-unexpertstargettoxicflameretardanthbcdforcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'unep-unexpertstargettoxicflameretardanthbcdforcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty-2012', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx', event);\">\n    UN experts target toxic flame retardant HBCD for control under global chemicals treaty.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('unep-unexpertstargettoxicflameretardanthbcdforcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty-2012', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"UN experts target toxic flame retardant HBCD for control under global chemicals treaty [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/unep-unexpertstargettoxicflameretardanthbcdforcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('unep-unexpertstargettoxicflameretardanthbcdforcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{unep_experts_2012,\n\ttitle = {{UN} experts target toxic flame retardant {HBCD} for control under global chemicals treaty},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/HBCDcontrolunderglobalchemicalstreaty/tabid/2895/Default.aspx},\n\tabstract = {A UN expert body has recommended that the industrial flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) be eliminated from the global marketplace to protect human health and the environment. HBCD is used mainly in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene. It is also used in textile coatings and in high impact polystyrene for electrical and electronic equipment. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, a subsidiary body of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), adopted a recommendation to include HBCD in the Convention&#x27;s Annex A for elimination, with specific exemptions for expanded and extruded polystyrene needed to give countries time to phase-in safer substitutes. The recommendation will now be sent to the Parties to the Stockholm Convention for consideration at the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, scheduled to be held from 28 April to 10 May 2013, in Geneva.},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A UN expert body has recommended that the industrial flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) be eliminated from the global marketplace to protect human health and the environment. HBCD is used mainly in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene. It is also used in textile coatings and in high impact polystyrene for electrical and electronic equipment. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, a subsidiary body of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), adopted a recommendation to include HBCD in the Convention's Annex A for elimination, with specific exemptions for expanded and extruded polystyrene needed to give countries time to phase-in safer substitutes. The recommendation will now be sent to the Parties to the Stockholm Convention for consideration at the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, scheduled to be held from 28 April to 10 May 2013, in Geneva.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"turgeonobrien-blanchet-gagn-lauzire-vzina-vaissire-ayotte-dry-exposuretotoxicmetalsandpersistentorganicpollutantsininuitchildrenattendingchildcarecentersinnunavikcanada-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'turgeonobrien-blanchet-gagn-lauzire-vzina-vaissire-ayotte-dry-exposuretotoxicmetalsandpersistentorganicpollutantsininuitchildrenattendingchildcarecentersinnunavikcanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632', event);\">\n    Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in Inuit children attending childcare centers in Nunavik, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Turgeon O'Brien, H.; Blanchet, R.; Gagné, D.; Lauzière, J.; Vézina, C.; Vaissière, E.; Ayotte, P.;  and Déry, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(8): 4614–23. April 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('turgeonobrien-blanchet-gagn-lauzire-vzina-vaissire-ayotte-dry-exposuretotoxicmetalsandpersistentorganicpollutantsininuitchildrenattendingchildcarecentersinnunavikcanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in Inuit children attending childcare centers in Nunavik, Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203622v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('turgeonobrien-blanchet-gagn-lauzire-vzina-vaissire-ayotte-dry-exposuretotoxicmetalsandpersistentorganicpollutantsininuitchildrenattendingchildcarecentersinnunavikcanada-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203622v', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/turgeonobrien-blanchet-gagn-lauzire-vzina-vaissire-ayotte-dry-exposuretotoxicmetalsandpersistentorganicpollutantsininuitchildrenattendingchildcarecentersinnunavikcanada-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('turgeonobrien-blanchet-gagn-lauzire-vzina-vaissire-ayotte-dry-exposuretotoxicmetalsandpersistentorganicpollutantsininuitchildrenattendingchildcarecentersinnunavikcanada-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{turgeon_obrien_exposure_2012,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in {Inuit} children attending childcare centers in {Nunavik}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420632},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203622v},\n\tabstract = {Arctic populations are exposed to substantial levels of environmental contaminants that can negatively affect children&#x27;s health and development. Moreover, emerging contaminants have never been assessed in Inuit children. In this study, we document the biological exposure to toxic metals and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of 155 Inuit children (mean age 25.2 months) attending childcare centers in Nunavik. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, brominated flame retardants [e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances [PFASs; e.g. perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane (PFOA)]. Lead [geometric mean (GM) 0.08 μmol/L], PCB-153 (GM 22.2 ng/g of lipid), BDE-47 (GM 184 ng/g of lipid), PFOS (GM 3369 ng/L), and PFOA (GM 1617 ng/L) were detected in all samples. Mercury (GM 9.8 nmol/L) was detected in nearly all blood samples (97\\%). Levels of metals and legacy POPs are consistent with the decreasing trend observed in Nunavik and in the Arctic. PBDE levels were higher than those observed in many children and adolescents around the world but lower than those reported in some U.S. cities. PFOS were present in lower concentrations than in Nunavimmiut adults. There is a clear need for continued biomonitoring of blood contaminant levels in this population, particularly for PBDEs and PFASs.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Turgeon O&#x27;Brien, Huguette and Blanchet, Rosanne and Gagné, Doris and Lauzière, Julie and Vézina, Carole and Vaissière, Emilie and Ayotte, Pierre and Déry, Serge},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22420632},\n\tkeywords = {Child, Child Day Care Centers, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Inuits, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Mercury, Mercury: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Preschool, Quebec},\n\tpages = {4614--23},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Arctic populations are exposed to substantial levels of environmental contaminants that can negatively affect children's health and development. Moreover, emerging contaminants have never been assessed in Inuit children. In this study, we document the biological exposure to toxic metals and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of 155 Inuit children (mean age 25.2 months) attending childcare centers in Nunavik. Blood samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, brominated flame retardants [e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances [PFASs; e.g. perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane (PFOA)]. Lead [geometric mean (GM) 0.08 μmol/L], PCB-153 (GM 22.2 ng/g of lipid), BDE-47 (GM 184 ng/g of lipid), PFOS (GM 3369 ng/L), and PFOA (GM 1617 ng/L) were detected in all samples. Mercury (GM 9.8 nmol/L) was detected in nearly all blood samples (97%). Levels of metals and legacy POPs are consistent with the decreasing trend observed in Nunavik and in the Arctic. PBDE levels were higher than those observed in many children and adolescents around the world but lower than those reported in some U.S. cities. PFOS were present in lower concentrations than in Nunavimmiut adults. There is a clear need for continued biomonitoring of blood contaminant levels in this population, particularly for PBDEs and PFASs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993-2009.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Toms, L. L; Guerra, P.; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D.; Harden, F. A; Hobson, P.; Sjodin, A.; Ryan, E.;  and Mueller, J. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 89(4): 398–403. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993-2009. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{toms_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993-2009.},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748388},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g(-1)lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g(-1)lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g(-1)lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g(-1)lipid while ∑(4)PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g(-1)lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑(4)PBDEs=9.6 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g(-1)lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g(-1)lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p=0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22748388},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Child, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Remediation, Environmental Remediation: legislation \\&amp; jurisprud, Environmental Remediation: trends, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Liquid, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Milk, Preschool, Seasons},\n\tpages = {398--403},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g(-1)lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g(-1)lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g(-1)lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g(-1)lipid while ∑(4)PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g(-1)lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑(4)PBDEs=9.6 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g(-1)lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g(-1)lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g(-1)lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p=0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tian-chen-wang-luo-luo-mai-plantuptakeofatmosphericbrominatedflameretardantsatanewastesiteinsouthernchina-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tian-chen-wang-luo-luo-mai-plantuptakeofatmosphericbrominatedflameretardantsatanewastesiteinsouthernchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972', event);\">\n    Plant uptake of atmospheric brominated flame retardants at an E-waste site in southern China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tian, M.; Chen, S.; Wang, J.; Luo, Y.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(5): 2708–14. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-wang-luo-luo-mai-plantuptakeofatmosphericbrominatedflameretardantsatanewastesiteinsouthernchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Plant uptake of atmospheric brominated flame retardants at an E-waste site in southern China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203669n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-wang-luo-luo-mai-plantuptakeofatmosphericbrominatedflameretardantsatanewastesiteinsouthernchina-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203669n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tian-chen-wang-luo-luo-mai-plantuptakeofatmosphericbrominatedflameretardantsatanewastesiteinsouthernchina-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tian-chen-wang-luo-luo-mai-plantuptakeofatmosphericbrominatedflameretardantsatanewastesiteinsouthernchina-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tian_plant_2012,\n\ttitle = {Plant uptake of atmospheric brominated flame retardants at an {E}-waste site in southern {China}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308972},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203669n},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles as well as the leaf surface particles (LSPs) of the two species at an e-waste site in southern China in 2007-2008. The monthly concentrations of total BFRs in the eucalyptus leaves and pine needles were in range of 30.6-154 and 15.1-236 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and relatively higher concentrations were observed in winter and spring. Correlation analysis of BFR concentrations and comparison of PBDE compositions between the plants and LSPs, air (gaseous and particle-bound phases), and ambient variables were conducted. The results revealed that BFRs in the plants, especially for less brominated BFRs, showed positive relationships with BFRs in the LSPs and negative relationships with the gaseous BFRs and ambient temperature. The PBDE profiles in the plants were similar to the gaseous profile for low brominated BDEs (di- through hexa-BDEs) and to the LSP profiles for highly brominated BDEs (hepta- through deca-BDEs). Applying McLachlan&#x27;s framework to our data suggests that the uptake of BFRs was controlled primarily by gaseous partitioning equilibrium for compounds with log octanol-air partition coefficients (K(OA)) {\\textbackslash}textless 12 and by particle-bound deposition for compounds with log K(OA) {\\textbackslash}textgreater 13. Different relationships between the plant/air partition coefficient (K(PA)) and K(OA), which depend on the uptake mechanisms, were observed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This paper adds to the current knowledge of the factors and mechanisms governing plant uptake of semivolatile organic compounds with relatively high K(OA) in the environment.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Luo, Yong and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22308972},\n\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pinus, Pinus: metabolism, Plant Leaves, Plant Leaves: metabolism},\n\tpages = {2708--14},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in eucalyptus leaves and pine needles as well as the leaf surface particles (LSPs) of the two species at an e-waste site in southern China in 2007-2008. The monthly concentrations of total BFRs in the eucalyptus leaves and pine needles were in range of 30.6-154 and 15.1-236 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and relatively higher concentrations were observed in winter and spring. Correlation analysis of BFR concentrations and comparison of PBDE compositions between the plants and LSPs, air (gaseous and particle-bound phases), and ambient variables were conducted. The results revealed that BFRs in the plants, especially for less brominated BFRs, showed positive relationships with BFRs in the LSPs and negative relationships with the gaseous BFRs and ambient temperature. The PBDE profiles in the plants were similar to the gaseous profile for low brominated BDEs (di- through hexa-BDEs) and to the LSP profiles for highly brominated BDEs (hepta- through deca-BDEs). Applying McLachlan's framework to our data suggests that the uptake of BFRs was controlled primarily by gaseous partitioning equilibrium for compounds with log octanol-air partition coefficients (K(OA)) \\textless 12 and by particle-bound deposition for compounds with log K(OA) \\textgreater 13. Different relationships between the plant/air partition coefficient (K(PA)) and K(OA), which depend on the uptake mechanisms, were observed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This paper adds to the current knowledge of the factors and mechanisms governing plant uptake of semivolatile organic compounds with relatively high K(OA) in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sun-luo-mo-zhang-wu-chen-zou-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinthreeterrestrialpasserinebirdsfromsouthchinageographicalpatternandimplicationforpotentialsources-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sun-luo-mo-zhang-wu-chen-zou-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinthreeterrestrialpasserinebirdsfromsouthchinageographicalpatternandimplicationforpotentialsources-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in three terrestrial passerine birds from South China: geographical pattern and implication for potential sources.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sun, Y.; Luo, X.; Mo, L.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, J.; Chen, S.; Zou, F.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 162: 381–8. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sun-luo-mo-zhang-wu-chen-zou-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinthreeterrestrialpasserinebirdsfromsouthchinageographicalpatternandimplicationforpotentialsources-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in three terrestrial passerine birds from South China: geographical pattern and implication for potential sources. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sun-luo-mo-zhang-wu-chen-zou-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinthreeterrestrialpasserinebirdsfromsouthchinageographicalpatternandimplicationforpotentialsources-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sun-luo-mo-zhang-wu-chen-zou-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinthreeterrestrialpasserinebirdsfromsouthchinageographicalpatternandimplicationforpotentialsources-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sun-luo-mo-zhang-wu-chen-zou-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinthreeterrestrialpasserinebirdsfromsouthchinageographicalpatternandimplicationforpotentialsources-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sun_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in three terrestrial passerine birds from {South} {China}: geographical pattern and implication for potential sources.},\n\tvolume = {162},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243889},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.013},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were investigated in light-vented bulbul (LVB), long-tailed shrike (LTS) and oriental magpie-robin (OMR) collected from seven sampling sites in South China. ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, PBB 153, and PBT levels ranged from 35 to 15,000, no detected (nd)-130, nd-6800, and nd-6.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Positive correlations were found between δ(15)N values and brominated flame retardant (BFR) concentrations. The BFR geographic pattern indicated that PBDEs were linked to e-waste recycling and local industry activities as well as urbanization; PBB 153 was derived from e-waste; DBDPE was mainly come from local industry activities; and no specific source was observed for PBT. PBDE congener profiles were found to be depended on bird species and sampling sites with relatively high abundances of lower brominated congeners in e-waste site and significantly higher abundance of BDE153 in LTS and OMR than in LVB.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Sun, Yu-xin and Luo, Xiao-jun and Mo, Ling and Zhang, Qiang and Wu, Jiang-ping and Chen, She-jun and Zou, Fa-sheng and Mai, Bi-xian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22243889},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism},\n\tpages = {381--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were investigated in light-vented bulbul (LVB), long-tailed shrike (LTS) and oriental magpie-robin (OMR) collected from seven sampling sites in South China. ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, PBB 153, and PBT levels ranged from 35 to 15,000, no detected (nd)-130, nd-6800, and nd-6.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Positive correlations were found between δ(15)N values and brominated flame retardant (BFR) concentrations. The BFR geographic pattern indicated that PBDEs were linked to e-waste recycling and local industry activities as well as urbanization; PBB 153 was derived from e-waste; DBDPE was mainly come from local industry activities; and no specific source was observed for PBT. PBDE congener profiles were found to be depended on bird species and sampling sites with relatively high abundances of lower brominated congeners in e-waste site and significantly higher abundance of BDE153 in LTS and OMR than in LVB.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"su-zhang-liu-giesy-lam-lam-siddiqui-musarrat-etal-toxicogenomicmechanismsof6hobde476meobde47andbde47inecoli-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'su-zhang-liu-giesy-lam-lam-siddiqui-musarrat-etal-toxicogenomicmechanismsof6hobde476meobde47andbde47inecoli-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525', event);\">\n    Toxicogenomic mechanisms of 6-HO-BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47, and BDE-47 in E. coli.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Su, G.; Zhang, X.; Liu, H.; Giesy, J. P; Lam, M. H W; Lam, P. K S; Siddiqui, M. A; Musarrat, J.; Al-Khedhairy, A.;  and Yu, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(2): 1185–91. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('su-zhang-liu-giesy-lam-lam-siddiqui-musarrat-etal-toxicogenomicmechanismsof6hobde476meobde47andbde47inecoli-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicogenomic mechanisms of 6-HO-BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47, and BDE-47 in E. coli. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203212w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('su-zhang-liu-giesy-lam-lam-siddiqui-musarrat-etal-toxicogenomicmechanismsof6hobde476meobde47andbde47inecoli-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203212w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/su-zhang-liu-giesy-lam-lam-siddiqui-musarrat-etal-toxicogenomicmechanismsof6hobde476meobde47andbde47inecoli-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('su-zhang-liu-giesy-lam-lam-siddiqui-musarrat-etal-toxicogenomicmechanismsof6hobde476meobde47andbde47inecoli-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{su_toxicogenomic_2012,\n\ttitle = {Toxicogenomic mechanisms of 6-{HO}-{BDE}-47, 6-{MeO}-{BDE}-47, and {BDE}-47 in {E}. coli.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111525},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203212w},\n\tabstract = {Cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 and its two analogues, BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47, and the associated molecular mechanisms were assessed by use of a live cell reporter assay system which contains a library of 1820 modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing promoter reporter vectors constructed from E. coli K12 strains. 6-HO-BDE-47 inhibited growth of E. coli with a 4 h median effect concentration (EC50) of 22.52 ± 2.20 mg/L, but neither BDE-47 nor 6-MeO-BDE-47 were cytotoxic. Thus, 6-HO-BDE-47 might serve as an antibiotic in some living organisms. Exposure to 6-HO-BDE-47 resulted in 65 (fold change {\\textbackslash}textgreater2) or 129 (fold change {\\textbackslash}textgreater1.5) genes being differentially expressed. The no observed transcriptional effect concentration (NOTEC) and median transcriptional effect concentration (TEC50) based on transcriptional end points, of 6-HO-BDE-47 were 0.0438 and 0.580 mg/L, respectively. The transcriptional responses were 514- and 39-fold more sensitive than the acute EC50 to inhibit cell growth. Most of the genes that were differentially expressed in response to 6-HO-BDE-47 were not modulated by BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 to E. coli was via a mechanism that was different from that of either BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. Gene expression associated with metabolic pathways was more responsive to 6-HO-BDE-47, which suggests that this pathway might be the primary target of this compound.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Su, Guanyong and Zhang, Xiaowei and Liu, Hongling and Giesy, John P and Lam, Michael H W and Lam, Paul K S and Siddiqui, Maqsood A and Musarrat, Javed and Al-Khedhairy, Abdulaziz and Yu, Hongxia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22111525},\n\tkeywords = {Anisoles, Anisoles: toxicity, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effect, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: genetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Molecular Structure, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, unsure},\n\tpages = {1185--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 and its two analogues, BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47, and the associated molecular mechanisms were assessed by use of a live cell reporter assay system which contains a library of 1820 modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing promoter reporter vectors constructed from E. coli K12 strains. 6-HO-BDE-47 inhibited growth of E. coli with a 4 h median effect concentration (EC50) of 22.52 ± 2.20 mg/L, but neither BDE-47 nor 6-MeO-BDE-47 were cytotoxic. Thus, 6-HO-BDE-47 might serve as an antibiotic in some living organisms. Exposure to 6-HO-BDE-47 resulted in 65 (fold change \\textgreater2) or 129 (fold change \\textgreater1.5) genes being differentially expressed. The no observed transcriptional effect concentration (NOTEC) and median transcriptional effect concentration (TEC50) based on transcriptional end points, of 6-HO-BDE-47 were 0.0438 and 0.580 mg/L, respectively. The transcriptional responses were 514- and 39-fold more sensitive than the acute EC50 to inhibit cell growth. Most of the genes that were differentially expressed in response to 6-HO-BDE-47 were not modulated by BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of 6-HO-BDE-47 to E. coli was via a mechanism that was different from that of either BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47. Gene expression associated with metabolic pathways was more responsive to 6-HO-BDE-47, which suggests that this pathway might be the primary target of this compound.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event);\">\n    Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Sharma, S.; Getzinger, G.; Ferguson, P L.; Gabriel, M.; Webster, T. F;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(24): 13432–9. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\n\ttitle = {Novel and high volume use flame retardants in {US} couches reflective of the 2005 {PentaBDE} phase out.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\n\tabstract = {California&#x27;s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23186002},\n\tkeywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california, unsure},\n\tpages = {13432--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Sharma, S.; Getzinger, G.; Ferguson, P L.; Gabriel, M.; Webster, T. F;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(24): 13432–9. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\n\ttitle = {Novel and high volume use flame retardants in {US} couches reflective of the 2005 {PentaBDE} phase out.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525014&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\n\tabstract = {California&#x27;s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23186002},\n\tkeywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: analysis, california},\n\tpages = {13432--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf', event);\">\n    Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Sharma, S.; Getzinger, G.; Ferguson, P L.; Gabriel, M.; Webster, T. F;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\n\ttitle = {Novel and {High} {Volume} {Use} {Flame} {Retardants} in {US} {Couches} {Reflective} of the 2005 {PentaBDE} {Phase} {Out}.},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton couch 2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\n\tabstract = {California&#x27;s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  California's furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012', 'http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf', event);\">\n    Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort: Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Eagle, S.; Sjödin, A.;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 120(7). May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012', 'http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort: Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_serum_2012,\n\ttitle = {Serum {PBDEs} in a {North} {Carolina} {Toddler} {Cohort}: {Associations} with {Handwipes}, {House} {Dust}, and {Socioeconomic} {Variables}},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\turl = {http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1104802 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - 2012 - Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina Toddler Cohort Associations with Handwipes, House Dust, and Socioeconomic Variables.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Objectives: We used handwipes to estimate exposure to PBDEs in house dust among toddlers and examined sex, age, breast-feeding, race, and parents&#x27; education as predictors of serum PBDEs. Methods: Eighty-three children from 12 to 36 months of age were enrolled in North Carolina between May 2009 and November 2010. Blood, handwipe, and house dust samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. A questionnaire was administered to collect demographic data. Results: PBDEs were detected in all serum samples (geometric mean for ΣpentaBDE in serum was 43.3 ng/g lipid), 98\\% of the handwipe samples, and 100\\% of the dust samples. Serum ΣpentaBDEs were significantly correlated with both handwipe and house dust ΣpentaBDE levels, but were more strongly associated with handwipe levels (r = 0.57; p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.001 vs. r = 0.35; p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Multivariate model estimates revealed that handwipe levels, child&#x27;s sex, child&#x27;s age, and father&#x27;s education accounted for 39\\% of the variation in serum ΣBDE3 levels (sum of BDEs 47, 99, and 100). In contrast, age, handwipe levels, and breast-feeding duration explained 39\\% of the variation in serum BDE 153. Conclusions: Our study suggests that hand-to-mouth activity may be a significant source of exposure to PBDEs. Furthermore, age, socioeconomic status, and breast-feeding were significant predictors of exposure, but associations varied by congener. Specifically, serum ΣBDE3 was inversely associated with socioeconomic status, whereas serum BDE-153 was positively associated with duration of breast-feeding and mother&#x27;s education.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Objectives: We used handwipes to estimate exposure to PBDEs in house dust among toddlers and examined sex, age, breast-feeding, race, and parents' education as predictors of serum PBDEs. Methods: Eighty-three children from 12 to 36 months of age were enrolled in North Carolina between May 2009 and November 2010. Blood, handwipe, and house dust samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. A questionnaire was administered to collect demographic data. Results: PBDEs were detected in all serum samples (geometric mean for ΣpentaBDE in serum was 43.3 ng/g lipid), 98% of the handwipe samples, and 100% of the dust samples. Serum ΣpentaBDEs were significantly correlated with both handwipe and house dust ΣpentaBDE levels, but were more strongly associated with handwipe levels (r = 0.57; p \\textless 0.001 vs. r = 0.35; p \\textless 0.01). Multivariate model estimates revealed that handwipe levels, child's sex, child's age, and father's education accounted for 39% of the variation in serum ΣBDE3 levels (sum of BDEs 47, 99, and 100). In contrast, age, handwipe levels, and breast-feeding duration explained 39% of the variation in serum BDE 153. Conclusions: Our study suggests that hand-to-mouth activity may be a significant source of exposure to PBDEs. Furthermore, age, socioeconomic status, and breast-feeding were significant predictors of exposure, but associations varied by congener. Specifically, serum ΣBDE3 was inversely associated with socioeconomic status, whereas serum BDE-153 was positively associated with duration of breast-feeding and mother's education.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Eagle, S.; Sjödin, A.;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 120(7): 1049–54. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104802\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104802', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-eagle-sjdin-webster-serumpbdesinanorthcarolinatoddlercohortassociationswithhandwipeshousedustandsocioeconomicvariables-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_serum_2012,\n\ttitle = {Serum {PBDEs} in a {North} {Carolina} toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables.},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3404669&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1104802},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22763040},\n\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Male, Multivariate Analysis, North Carolina, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, Sex Factors, unsure},\n\tpages = {1049--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Rodent thyroid, liver, and fetal testis toxicity of the monoester metabolite of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (tbph), a novel brominated flame retardant present in indoor dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Springer, C.; Dere, E.; Hall, S. J; McDonnell, E. V; Roberts, S. C; Butt, C. M; Stapleton, H. M; Watkins, D. J; McClean, M. D; Webster, T. F; Schlezinger, J. J;  and Boekelheide, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 120(12): 1711–9. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rodent thyroid, liver, and fetal testis toxicity of the monoester metabolite of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (tbph), a novel brominated flame retardant present in indoor dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1204932\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1204932', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{springer_rodent_2012,\n\ttitle = {Rodent thyroid, liver, and fetal testis toxicity of the monoester metabolite of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (tbph), a novel brominated flame retardant present in indoor dust.},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3548273&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1204932},\n\tabstract = {Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is widely used as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in commercial flame retardant mixtures such as Firemaster 550. It is also used in a commercial mixture called DP 45. Mono-(2-ethyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP) is a potentially toxic metabolite.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Springer, Cecilia and Dere, Edward and Hall, Susan J and McDonnell, Elizabeth V and Roberts, Simon C and Butt, Craig M and Stapleton, Heather M and Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F and Schlezinger, Jennifer J and Boekelheide, Kim},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23014847},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Animals, Automobiles, Boston, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: blood, Bromobenzoates: metabolism, Bromobenzoates: toxicity, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Esterases, Esterases: metabolism, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Housing, Inbred F344, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Swine, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Workplace},\n\tpages = {1711--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is widely used as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in commercial flame retardant mixtures such as Firemaster 550. It is also used in a commercial mixture called DP 45. Mono-(2-ethyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP) is a potentially toxic metabolite.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"siddique-xian-abdelouahab-takser-phillips-feng-wang-zhu-levelsofdechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkintwocanadiancities-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'siddique-xian-abdelouahab-takser-phillips-feng-wang-zhu-levelsofdechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkintwocanadiancities-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742', event);\">\n    Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two Canadian cities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Siddique, S.; Xian, Q.; Abdelouahab, N.; Takser, L.; Phillips, S. P; Feng, Y.; Wang, B.;  and Zhu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 39(1): 50–5. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('siddique-xian-abdelouahab-takser-phillips-feng-wang-zhu-levelsofdechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkintwocanadiancities-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two Canadian cities. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('siddique-xian-abdelouahab-takser-phillips-feng-wang-zhu-levelsofdechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkintwocanadiancities-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/siddique-xian-abdelouahab-takser-phillips-feng-wang-zhu-levelsofdechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkintwocanadiancities-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('siddique-xian-abdelouahab-takser-phillips-feng-wang-zhu-levelsofdechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkintwocanadiancities-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{siddique_levels_2012,\n\ttitle = {Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two {Canadian} cities.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208742},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.010},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardant dechlorane plus (DP) and several polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners have been measured in 87 human milk samples collected in two Canadian cities: Kingston and Sherbrooke. The levels of PBDEs in human milk (mean (median), ng g(-1) lipid weight=10 (5.9), 4.1 (2.8), 3.0 (1.6), 5.12 (1.6), and 15 (ND) for BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209, respectively) were comparable to those reported in Europe, U.S.A. and China. The levels of DP, with a mean value of 0.98 ng g(-1) and a median value of 0.60 ng g(-1) (lipid weight), were two to ten times lower than those of concurrently measured major PBDEs including BDE-209. While there is little difference in the levels of measured contaminants in milk samples collected from the two cities, the contaminants levels in human milk show, indicated by Principal Components Analysis, that DP, deca-BDE, and penta-BDE come from three distinct sources. The mean and median isomer ratio values of DP in milk were 0.67 and 0.69, respectively, very similar to that of DP commercial products.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Siddique, Shabana and Xian, Qiming and Abdelouahab, Nadia and Takser, Larissa and Phillips, Susan P and Feng, Yong-Lai and Wang, Bing and Zhu, Jiping},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22208742},\n\tkeywords = {Canada, Cities, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\n\tpages = {50--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardant dechlorane plus (DP) and several polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners have been measured in 87 human milk samples collected in two Canadian cities: Kingston and Sherbrooke. The levels of PBDEs in human milk (mean (median), ng g(-1) lipid weight=10 (5.9), 4.1 (2.8), 3.0 (1.6), 5.12 (1.6), and 15 (ND) for BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209, respectively) were comparable to those reported in Europe, U.S.A. and China. The levels of DP, with a mean value of 0.98 ng g(-1) and a median value of 0.60 ng g(-1) (lipid weight), were two to ten times lower than those of concurrently measured major PBDEs including BDE-209. While there is little difference in the levels of measured contaminants in milk samples collected from the two cities, the contaminants levels in human milk show, indicated by Principal Components Analysis, that DP, deca-BDE, and penta-BDE come from three distinct sources. The mean and median isomer ratio values of DP in milk were 0.67 and 0.69, respectively, very similar to that of DP commercial products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458', event);\">\n    Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shoeib, M.; Harner, T.; Webster, G. M; Sverko, E.;  and Cheng, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 169: 175–82. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shoeib_legacy_2012,\n\ttitle = {Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from {Vancouver}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {169},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402458},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043},\n\tabstract = {Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007-2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81\\% and 100\\% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Webster, Glenys M and Sverko, Ed and Cheng, Yu},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22402458},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Canada, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Male, Preschool, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {175--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007-2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81% and 100% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shaw-berger-weijs-covaci-tissuespecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincludingdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shaw-berger-weijs-covaci-tissuespecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincludingdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537', event);\">\n    Tissue-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) including Deca-BDE and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shaw, S. D; Berger, M. L; Weijs, L.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 44: 1–6. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-weijs-covaci-tissuespecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincludingdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tissue-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) including Deca-BDE and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-weijs-covaci-tissuespecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincludingdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shaw-berger-weijs-covaci-tissuespecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincludingdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shaw-berger-weijs-covaci-tissuespecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincludingdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shaw_tissue-specific_2012,\n\ttitle = {Tissue-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) including {Deca}-{BDE} and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in harbor seals from the northwest {Atlantic}.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321537},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.001},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used flame retardants that enter coastal waters from multiple sources and biomagnify in marine food webs. PBDEs have been detected at relatively high concentrations in harbor seals, apex predators in the northwest Atlantic. Whereas tri- to hexa-BDEs readily biomagnified from prey fishes to seal blubber, Deca-BDE (BDE-209) did not biomagnify in blubber. To explore tissue-specific differences in the accumulation/biomagnification of BFRs, we analyzed tri- to Deca-BDES in liver of 56 harbor seals (6 adult males, 50 pups), and compared hepatic concentrations and biomagnification potential with those in blubber. HBCDs were analyzed in seal liver and blubber to enable similar comparisons. Hepatic ΣPBDE (tri- to Octa-BDE) concentrations (range 35-19,547ng/glipid weight, lw) were similar to blubber concentrations, while α-HBCD levels in seal liver (range 2-279ng/glw) were significantly higher than levels in blubber. Tissue distribution of PBDEs and α-HBCD varied significantly by age and, surprisingly, by gender among the pups. Biomagnification of α-HBCD from fish to seal liver and blubber was negligible to low, implying that harbor seals can metabolize this persistent isomer. Similar to the patterns in blubber, tri- through hexa-BDEs were highly biomagnified from fish to seal liver. In contrast, BDE-209 concentrations in liver were up to five times higher than those in blubber, which is consistent with observations that BDE-209 migrates to perfused tissues such as the liver in biota. Although detection frequency was low, BDE-209 levels in seal liver were up to ten times higher than those in their prey fish, suggesting that the accumulation/biomagnification of Deca-BDE in marine food webs is tissue-specific. As BDE-209 is the dominant PBDE found in marine sediments, its biomagnification in marine ecosystems is of concern.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Weijs, Liesbeth and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22321537},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used flame retardants that enter coastal waters from multiple sources and biomagnify in marine food webs. PBDEs have been detected at relatively high concentrations in harbor seals, apex predators in the northwest Atlantic. Whereas tri- to hexa-BDEs readily biomagnified from prey fishes to seal blubber, Deca-BDE (BDE-209) did not biomagnify in blubber. To explore tissue-specific differences in the accumulation/biomagnification of BFRs, we analyzed tri- to Deca-BDES in liver of 56 harbor seals (6 adult males, 50 pups), and compared hepatic concentrations and biomagnification potential with those in blubber. HBCDs were analyzed in seal liver and blubber to enable similar comparisons. Hepatic ΣPBDE (tri- to Octa-BDE) concentrations (range 35-19,547ng/glipid weight, lw) were similar to blubber concentrations, while α-HBCD levels in seal liver (range 2-279ng/glw) were significantly higher than levels in blubber. Tissue distribution of PBDEs and α-HBCD varied significantly by age and, surprisingly, by gender among the pups. Biomagnification of α-HBCD from fish to seal liver and blubber was negligible to low, implying that harbor seals can metabolize this persistent isomer. Similar to the patterns in blubber, tri- through hexa-BDEs were highly biomagnified from fish to seal liver. In contrast, BDE-209 concentrations in liver were up to five times higher than those in blubber, which is consistent with observations that BDE-209 migrates to perfused tissues such as the liver in biota. Although detection frequency was low, BDE-209 levels in seal liver were up to ten times higher than those in their prey fish, suggesting that the accumulation/biomagnification of Deca-BDE in marine food webs is tissue-specific. As BDE-209 is the dominant PBDE found in marine sediments, its biomagnification in marine ecosystems is of concern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-szabo-miller-gent-malikbass-petersen-paepke-colacino-etal-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdstereoisomersinusfoodfromdallastexas-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-szabo-miller-gent-malikbass-petersen-paepke-colacino-etal-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdstereoisomersinusfoodfromdallastexas-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Stereoisomers in U.S. Food from Dallas, Texas.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Szabo, D. T; Miller, J.; Gent, T. L; Malik-Bass, N.; Petersen, M.; Paepke, O.; Colacino, J. A; Hynan, L. S; Harris, T R.; Malla, S.;  and Birnbaum, L. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 120(9): 1260–1264. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-szabo-miller-gent-malikbass-petersen-paepke-colacino-etal-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdstereoisomersinusfoodfromdallastexas-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Stereoisomers in U.S. Food from Dallas, Texas. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1204993\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-szabo-miller-gent-malikbass-petersen-paepke-colacino-etal-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdstereoisomersinusfoodfromdallastexas-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1204993', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-szabo-miller-gent-malikbass-petersen-paepke-colacino-etal-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdstereoisomersinusfoodfromdallastexas-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-szabo-miller-gent-malikbass-petersen-paepke-colacino-etal-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdstereoisomersinusfoodfromdallastexas-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_hexabromocyclododecane_2012,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) {Stereoisomers} in {U}.{S}. {Food} from {Dallas}, {Texas}.},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3440131&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Schecter 2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1204993},\n\tabstract = {Background: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used in polystyrene foams in thermal insulation and electrical equipment. The HBCD commercial mixture consists mainly of α, β, and γ stereoisomers. Health concerns of HBCD exposure include alterations in immune and reproductive systems, neurotoxic effects, and endocrine disruption. Stereoisomer-specific levels of HBCD have not been measured previously in U.S. food.Objectives: We measured HBCD stereoisomer levels in U.S. foods from Dallas, Texas, supermarkets.Methods: Convenience samples of commonly consumed foods were purchased from supermarkets in Dallas in 2009-2010. Food samples included a wide variety of lipid-rich foods: fish, peanut butter, poultry, pork, and beef. Thirty-six individual food samples were collected in 2010 and analyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten pooled food samples previously collected in 2009 for a study of total HBCD levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were reanalyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using LC-MS/MS.Results: Of the 36 measured individual foods, 15 (42\\%) had detectable levels of HBCD. Median (ranges) of α- and γ-HBCD concentrations were 0.003 ({\\textbackslash}textless 0.005-1.307) and 0.005 ({\\textbackslash}textless 0.010-0.143) ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively; β-HBCD was present in three samples with a median (range) of 0.003 ({\\textbackslash}textless 0.005-0.019) ng/g ww. Median levels (range) for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in pooled samples were 0.077 (0.010-0.310), 0.008 ({\\textbackslash}textless 0.002-0.070), and 0.024 (0.012-0.170) ng/g ww, respectively.Conclusions: α-HBCD was detected most frequently and at highest concentrations, followed by γ-, and then β-HBCD, in food samples from Dallas, Texas. Food may be a substantial contributor to the elevated α-HBCD levels observed in humans. These data suggest that larger and more representative sampling should be conducted.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Szabo, David T and Miller, James and Gent, Tyra L and Malik-Bass, Noor and Petersen, Malte and Paepke, Olaf and Colacino, Justin A and Hynan, Linda S and Harris, T Robert and Malla, Sunitha and Birnbaum, Linda S},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1260--1264},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used in polystyrene foams in thermal insulation and electrical equipment. The HBCD commercial mixture consists mainly of α, β, and γ stereoisomers. Health concerns of HBCD exposure include alterations in immune and reproductive systems, neurotoxic effects, and endocrine disruption. Stereoisomer-specific levels of HBCD have not been measured previously in U.S. food.Objectives: We measured HBCD stereoisomer levels in U.S. foods from Dallas, Texas, supermarkets.Methods: Convenience samples of commonly consumed foods were purchased from supermarkets in Dallas in 2009-2010. Food samples included a wide variety of lipid-rich foods: fish, peanut butter, poultry, pork, and beef. Thirty-six individual food samples were collected in 2010 and analyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten pooled food samples previously collected in 2009 for a study of total HBCD levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were reanalyzed for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using LC-MS/MS.Results: Of the 36 measured individual foods, 15 (42%) had detectable levels of HBCD. Median (ranges) of α- and γ-HBCD concentrations were 0.003 (\\textless 0.005-1.307) and 0.005 (\\textless 0.010-0.143) ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively; β-HBCD was present in three samples with a median (range) of 0.003 (\\textless 0.005-0.019) ng/g ww. Median levels (range) for α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in pooled samples were 0.077 (0.010-0.310), 0.008 (\\textless 0.002-0.070), and 0.024 (0.012-0.170) ng/g ww, respectively.Conclusions: α-HBCD was detected most frequently and at highest concentrations, followed by γ-, and then β-HBCD, in food samples from Dallas, Texas. Food may be a substantial contributor to the elevated α-HBCD levels observed in humans. These data suggest that larger and more representative sampling should be conducted.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf', event);\">\n    Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants in Tree Bark from Around the Globe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Salamova, A.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants in Tree Bark from Around the Globe. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303393z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303393z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('salamova-hites-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsintreebarkfromaroundtheglobe-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{salamova_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Tree} {Bark} from {Around} the {Globe}.},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231623 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/salamova tree bark 2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303393z},\n\tabstract = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P \\textless 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P \\textless 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schaefer-testimonyofulhearingontheeffectivenessofupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandardsandflameretardantchemicals-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schaefer-testimonyofulhearingontheeffectivenessofupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandardsandflameretardantchemicals-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf', event);\">\n    Testimony of UL: Hearing on the Effectiveness of Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standards and Flame Retardant Chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schaefer, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Underwriters Laboratories, Washington DC, July 17,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schaefer-testimonyofulhearingontheeffectivenessofupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandardsandflameretardantchemicals-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Testimony of UL: Hearing on the Effectiveness of Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standards and Flame Retardant Chemicals [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schaefer-testimonyofulhearingontheeffectivenessofupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandardsandflameretardantchemicals-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schaefer-testimonyofulhearingontheeffectivenessofupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandardsandflameretardantchemicals-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{schaefer_testimony_2012,\n\taddress = {Washington DC, July 17},\n\ttitle = {Testimony of {UL}: {Hearing} on the {Effectiveness} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standards} and {Flame} {Retardant} {Chemicals}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UL Testimony Senate Hearing.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},\n\tauthor = {Schaefer, August},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"saegusa-fujimoto-woo-ohishi-wang-mitsumori-nishikawa-shibutani-transientaberrationofneuronaldevelopmentinthehippocampaldentategyrusafterdevelopmentalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinrats-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'saegusa-fujimoto-woo-ohishi-wang-mitsumori-nishikawa-shibutani-transientaberrationofneuronaldevelopmentinthehippocampaldentategyrusafterdevelopmentalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinrats-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764', event);\">\n    Transient aberration of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Saegusa, Y.; Fujimoto, H.; Woo, G.; Ohishi, T.; Wang, L.; Mitsumori, K.; Nishikawa, A.;  and Shibutani, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of toxicology</i>. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saegusa-fujimoto-woo-ohishi-wang-mitsumori-nishikawa-shibutani-transientaberrationofneuronaldevelopmentinthehippocampaldentategyrusafterdevelopmentalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinrats-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transient aberration of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/saegusa-fujimoto-woo-ohishi-wang-mitsumori-nishikawa-shibutani-transientaberrationofneuronaldevelopmentinthehippocampaldentategyrusafterdevelopmentalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinrats-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('saegusa-fujimoto-woo-ohishi-wang-mitsumori-nishikawa-shibutani-transientaberrationofneuronaldevelopmentinthehippocampaldentategyrusafterdevelopmentalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinrats-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{saegusa_transient_2012,\n\ttitle = {Transient aberration of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants in rats.},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415764},\n\tabstract = {We immunohistochemically investigated the impact and reversibility of three brominated flame retardants (BFRs) known to be weak thyroid hormone disruptors on neuronal development in the hippocampal formation and apoptosis in the dentate subgranular zone. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10, 100, or 1,000 ppm decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE); 100, 1,000 or 10,000 ppm tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the diet from gestational day 10 through to day 20 after delivery (weaning). On postnatal day (PND) 20, interneurons in the dentate hilus-expressing reelin increased with all chemicals, suggestive of aberration of neuronal migration. However, this increase had disappeared by PND 77. NeuN-positive mature neurons increased in the hilus on PND 77 with all chemicals. In the subgranular zone on PND 20, an increase in apoptotic bodies suggestive of impaired neurogenesis was observed after exposure to TBBPA or HBCD. The effects on neuronal development were detected at doses of ≥100 ppm DBDE; ≥1,000 ppm TBBPA; and at least at 10,000 ppm HBCD. On PND 20, the highest dose of DBDE and HBCD revealed mild fluctuations in the serum concentrations of thyroid-related hormones suggestive of weak developmental hypothyroidism, while TBBPA did not. Thus, DBDE and TBBPA may exert direct effect on neuronal development in the brain, but hypothyroidism may be operated for DBDE and HBCD at high doses. An excess of mature neurons in the hilus at later stages may be the signature of the developmental effects of BFRs. However, the effect itself was reversible.},\n\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Saegusa, Yukie and Fujimoto, Hitoshi and Woo, Gye-Hyeong and Ohishi, Takumi and Wang, Liyun and Mitsumori, Kunitoshi and Nishikawa, Akiyoshi and Shibutani, Makoto},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We immunohistochemically investigated the impact and reversibility of three brominated flame retardants (BFRs) known to be weak thyroid hormone disruptors on neuronal development in the hippocampal formation and apoptosis in the dentate subgranular zone. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10, 100, or 1,000 ppm decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE); 100, 1,000 or 10,000 ppm tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the diet from gestational day 10 through to day 20 after delivery (weaning). On postnatal day (PND) 20, interneurons in the dentate hilus-expressing reelin increased with all chemicals, suggestive of aberration of neuronal migration. However, this increase had disappeared by PND 77. NeuN-positive mature neurons increased in the hilus on PND 77 with all chemicals. In the subgranular zone on PND 20, an increase in apoptotic bodies suggestive of impaired neurogenesis was observed after exposure to TBBPA or HBCD. The effects on neuronal development were detected at doses of ≥100 ppm DBDE; ≥1,000 ppm TBBPA; and at least at 10,000 ppm HBCD. On PND 20, the highest dose of DBDE and HBCD revealed mild fluctuations in the serum concentrations of thyroid-related hormones suggestive of weak developmental hypothyroidism, while TBBPA did not. Thus, DBDE and TBBPA may exert direct effect on neuronal development in the brain, but hypothyroidism may be operated for DBDE and HBCD at high doses. An excess of mature neurons in the hilus at later stages may be the signature of the developmental effects of BFRs. However, the effect itself was reversible.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roe-doubtscastonnewresearchtoutedbyfireretardantlobby-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roe-doubtscastonnewresearchtoutedbyfireretardantlobby-2012', 'http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html', event);\">\n    Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roe-doubtscastonnewresearchtoutedbyfireretardantlobby-2012', 'http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roe-doubtscastonnewresearchtoutedbyfireretardantlobby-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roe-doubtscastonnewresearchtoutedbyfireretardantlobby-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{roe_doubts_2012,\n\ttitle = {Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby},\n\turl = {http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/news/ct-met-flames-southwest-study-20121230_1_flame-retardants-vytenis-babrauskas-fire-scientist file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Doubts cast on new research touted by fire-retardant lobby.html},\n\tabstract = {On the defensive over toxic flame retardants, the chemical industry turns to the questionable conclusions of a scientist who advises its chief trade group},\n\tauthor = {Roe, Samuel},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, news},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  On the defensive over toxic flame retardants, the chemical industry turns to the questionable conclusions of a scientist who advises its chief trade group\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roberts-macaulay-stapleton-invitrometabolismofthebrominatedflameretardants2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromobenzoatetbbandbis2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromophthalatetbphinhumanandrattissues-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roberts-macaulay-stapleton-invitrometabolismofthebrominatedflameretardants2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromobenzoatetbbandbis2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromophthalatetbphinhumanandrattissues-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079', event);\">\n    In vitro metabolism of the brominated flame retardants 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in human and rat tissues.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roberts, S. C; Macaulay, L. J;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical research in toxicology</i>, 25(7): 1435–41. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roberts-macaulay-stapleton-invitrometabolismofthebrominatedflameretardants2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromobenzoatetbbandbis2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromophthalatetbphinhumanandrattissues-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro metabolism of the brominated flame retardants 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in human and rat tissues. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/tx300086x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roberts-macaulay-stapleton-invitrometabolismofthebrominatedflameretardants2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromobenzoatetbbandbis2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromophthalatetbphinhumanandrattissues-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/tx300086x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roberts-macaulay-stapleton-invitrometabolismofthebrominatedflameretardants2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromobenzoatetbbandbis2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromophthalatetbphinhumanandrattissues-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roberts-macaulay-stapleton-invitrometabolismofthebrominatedflameretardants2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromobenzoatetbbandbis2ethylhexyl2345tetrabromophthalatetbphinhumanandrattissues-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{roberts_vitro_2012,\n\ttitle = {In vitro metabolism of the brominated flame retardants 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate ({TBB}) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate ({TBPH}) in human and rat tissues.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1520-5010},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575079},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/tx300086x},\n\tabstract = {Due to the phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, new chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), have been used as replacements in some commercial flame retardant mixtures. Both chemicals have been detected in indoor dust at concentrations approaching the concentrations of PBDEs; however, little is known about their fate, metabolism, or toxicity. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential metabolism of these two brominated flame retardants in human and rat tissues by conducting in vitro experiments with liver and intestinal subcellular fractions. In all the experiments, TBB was consistently metabolized to 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) via cleavage of the 2-ethylhexyl chain without requiring any added cofactors. TBBA was also formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase but at a much faster rate of 6.29 ± 0.58 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). The estimated K(m) and V(max) values for TBB metabolism in human microsomes were 11.1 ± 3.9 μM and 0.644 ± 0.144 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively. A similar K(m) of 9.3 ± 2.2 μM was calculated for porcine carboxylesterase, indicating similar enzyme specificity. While the rapid formation of TBBA may reduce the bioaccumulation potential of TBB in mammals and may be useful as a biomarker of TBB exposure, the toxicity of this brominated benzoic acid is unknown and may be a concern based on its structural similarity to other toxic pollutants. In contrast to TBB, no metabolites of TBPH were detected in human or rat subcellular fractions. However, a metabolic product of TBPH, mono(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP), was formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase at an approximate rate of 1.08 pmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). No phase II metabolites of TBBA or TBMEHP were observed. More research is needed to understand the in vivo toxicokinetics and health effects of these compounds given their current ubiquitous presence in most US households and the resulting probability of chronic exposure, particularly to young children.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemical research in toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Roberts, Simon C and Macaulay, Laura J and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22575079},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Air Pollution: analysis, Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: chemistry, Benzoates: metabolism, Carboxylesterase, Carboxylesterase: metabolism, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Kinetics, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Mass, Microsomes, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: chemistry, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Rats, Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {1435--41},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Due to the phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, new chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), have been used as replacements in some commercial flame retardant mixtures. Both chemicals have been detected in indoor dust at concentrations approaching the concentrations of PBDEs; however, little is known about their fate, metabolism, or toxicity. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential metabolism of these two brominated flame retardants in human and rat tissues by conducting in vitro experiments with liver and intestinal subcellular fractions. In all the experiments, TBB was consistently metabolized to 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) via cleavage of the 2-ethylhexyl chain without requiring any added cofactors. TBBA was also formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase but at a much faster rate of 6.29 ± 0.58 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). The estimated K(m) and V(max) values for TBB metabolism in human microsomes were 11.1 ± 3.9 μM and 0.644 ± 0.144 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively. A similar K(m) of 9.3 ± 2.2 μM was calculated for porcine carboxylesterase, indicating similar enzyme specificity. While the rapid formation of TBBA may reduce the bioaccumulation potential of TBB in mammals and may be useful as a biomarker of TBB exposure, the toxicity of this brominated benzoic acid is unknown and may be a concern based on its structural similarity to other toxic pollutants. In contrast to TBB, no metabolites of TBPH were detected in human or rat subcellular fractions. However, a metabolic product of TBPH, mono(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP), was formed in purified porcine carboxylesterase at an approximate rate of 1.08 pmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). No phase II metabolites of TBBA or TBMEHP were observed. More research is needed to understand the in vivo toxicokinetics and health effects of these compounds given their current ubiquitous presence in most US households and the resulting probability of chronic exposure, particularly to young children.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rodil-quintana-conchagraa-lpezmaha-muniateguilorenzo-pradarodrguez-emergingpollutantsinsewagesurfaceanddrinkingwateringalicianwspain-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rodil-quintana-conchagraa-lpezmaha-muniateguilorenzo-pradarodrguez-emergingpollutantsinsewagesurfaceanddrinkingwateringalicianwspain-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380', event);\">\n    Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in Galicia (NW Spain).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rodil, R.; Quintana, J. B.; Concha-Graña, E.; López-Mahía, P.; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S.;  and Prada-Rodríguez, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 86(10): 1040–9. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rodil-quintana-conchagraa-lpezmaha-muniateguilorenzo-pradarodrguez-emergingpollutantsinsewagesurfaceanddrinkingwateringalicianwspain-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in Galicia (NW Spain). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rodil-quintana-conchagraa-lpezmaha-muniateguilorenzo-pradarodrguez-emergingpollutantsinsewagesurfaceanddrinkingwateringalicianwspain-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rodil-quintana-conchagraa-lpezmaha-muniateguilorenzo-pradarodrguez-emergingpollutantsinsewagesurfaceanddrinkingwateringalicianwspain-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rodil-quintana-conchagraa-lpezmaha-muniateguilorenzo-pradarodrguez-emergingpollutantsinsewagesurfaceanddrinkingwateringalicianwspain-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rodil_emerging_2012,\n\ttitle = {Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in {Galicia} ({NW} {Spain}).},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189380},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053},\n\tabstract = {A monitoring programme was carried out on wastewater, surface and drinking water on the NW area of Spain during the four seasons of a year period (November 2007-September 2008). This study covered a series of emerging pollutants of different classes, including pharmaceuticals, neutral and acidic organophosphorus flame retardant/plasticizers (OPs), triclosan, phenoxy-herbicides, insect repellents and UV filters. From the total set of 53 compounds, 19 were found in raw wastewater with median concentrations higher than 0.1 μg L(-1). Among them, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and the UV filter benzophenone-4 (BP-4) were the most concentrated, exceeding the 1 μg L(-1) median value. Subsequently, 11 of these contaminants are not efficiently enough removed in the small WWTPs tested and their median concentrations in effluents still surpassed the 0.1 μg L(-1), so that they can spread through surface water. These chemicals are the pharmaceuticals naproxen, diclofenac and atenolol; the OPs tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP); and the sulphonate UV filters BP-4 and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (PBSA). These OPs were then the dominant emerging pollutants occurring in surface and drinking water, where they are detected in the 20-200 ng L(-1) range. Pharmaceuticals and UV filters are typically below the 10 ng L(-1) level. Finally, herbicides were only detected in the last sampling campaign under the 100 ng L(-1) drinking water European Union limit.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Rodil, Rosario and Quintana, José Benito and Concha-Graña, Estefanía and López-Mahía, Purificación and Muniategui-Lorenzo, Soledad and Prada-Rodríguez, Darío},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22189380},\n\tkeywords = {Atenolol, Atenolol: analysis, Benzophenones, Benzophenones: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Diclofenac, Diclofenac: analysis, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Ibuprofen, Ibuprofen: analysis, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Naproxen, Naproxen: analysis, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Salicylic Acid, Salicylic Acid: analysis, Seasons, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Spain, Sunscreening Agents, Sunscreening Agents: analysis, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {1040--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A monitoring programme was carried out on wastewater, surface and drinking water on the NW area of Spain during the four seasons of a year period (November 2007-September 2008). This study covered a series of emerging pollutants of different classes, including pharmaceuticals, neutral and acidic organophosphorus flame retardant/plasticizers (OPs), triclosan, phenoxy-herbicides, insect repellents and UV filters. From the total set of 53 compounds, 19 were found in raw wastewater with median concentrations higher than 0.1 μg L(-1). Among them, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and the UV filter benzophenone-4 (BP-4) were the most concentrated, exceeding the 1 μg L(-1) median value. Subsequently, 11 of these contaminants are not efficiently enough removed in the small WWTPs tested and their median concentrations in effluents still surpassed the 0.1 μg L(-1), so that they can spread through surface water. These chemicals are the pharmaceuticals naproxen, diclofenac and atenolol; the OPs tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP); and the sulphonate UV filters BP-4 and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (PBSA). These OPs were then the dominant emerging pollutants occurring in surface and drinking water, where they are detected in the 20-200 ng L(-1) range. Pharmaceuticals and UV filters are typically below the 10 ng L(-1) level. Finally, herbicides were only detected in the last sampling campaign under the 100 ng L(-1) drinking water European Union limit.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ren-han-lee-lee-ng-chae-kim-proapoptoticeffectofamicropollutanttris2chloroethylphosphateatenvironmentallevelinprimaryculturedrenalproximaltubulecells-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ren-han-lee-lee-ng-chae-kim-proapoptoticeffectofamicropollutanttris2chloroethylphosphateatenvironmentallevelinprimaryculturedrenalproximaltubulecells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709', event);\">\n    Proapoptotic effect of a micropollutant (tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate) at environmental level in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ren, X.; Han, H. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Lee, S. H.; Ng, H. Y.; Chae, K.;  and Kim, I. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of water and health</i>, 10(4): 522–30. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ren-han-lee-lee-ng-chae-kim-proapoptoticeffectofamicropollutanttris2chloroethylphosphateatenvironmentallevelinprimaryculturedrenalproximaltubulecells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Proapoptotic effect of a micropollutant (tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate) at environmental level in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.180\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ren-han-lee-lee-ng-chae-kim-proapoptoticeffectofamicropollutanttris2chloroethylphosphateatenvironmentallevelinprimaryculturedrenalproximaltubulecells-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.180', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ren-han-lee-lee-ng-chae-kim-proapoptoticeffectofamicropollutanttris2chloroethylphosphateatenvironmentallevelinprimaryculturedrenalproximaltubulecells-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ren-han-lee-lee-ng-chae-kim-proapoptoticeffectofamicropollutanttris2chloroethylphosphateatenvironmentallevelinprimaryculturedrenalproximaltubulecells-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ren_proapoptotic_2012,\n\ttitle = {Proapoptotic effect of a micropollutant (tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate) at environmental level in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells.},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {1477-8920},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165709},\n\tdoi = {10.2166/wh.2012.180},\n\tabstract = {Being a typical micropollutant, tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) is often found in aquatic environments. However, the potential effects of TCEP at environmental concentrations on apoptotic mechanisms are mostly unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the apoptotic regulatory protein expression of TCEP at environmental concentration in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs). The results show that TCEP at 0.01 and 1 mg L(-1) significantly increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) (135.5 and 138.0\\% of the control, respectively), and significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and cIAP-2 at all tested concentrations, except for a slight decrease of Bcl-2 at 0.01 mg L(-1). In addition, TCEP significantly increased the expression of caspase-3 at all three concentrations (132.6, 172.6 and 167.9\\% of the control, respectively) and caspase-9 at 1 and 10 mg L(-1) (128.3 and 144.5\\% of the control, respectively). Furthermore, TCEP increased the apoptotic cell population in a flow cytometry analysis. In conclusion, environmental TCEP might have a dose-dependent proapoptotic effect with a decrease of DNA synthesis and cell number in primary cultured renal PTCs.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of water and health},\n\tauthor = {Ren, Xianghao and Han, Ho Jae and Lee, Yu Jin and Lee, Sang Hun and Ng, How Yong and Chae, Kyu-Jung and Kim, In S},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23165709},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Apoptosis: drug effects, Cell Cycle, Cells, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Kidney Tubules, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Phosphorylation, Proximal, Proximal: drug effects, Proximal: metabolism, Rabbits, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {522--30},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Being a typical micropollutant, tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) is often found in aquatic environments. However, the potential effects of TCEP at environmental concentrations on apoptotic mechanisms are mostly unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the apoptotic regulatory protein expression of TCEP at environmental concentration in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs). The results show that TCEP at 0.01 and 1 mg L(-1) significantly increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) (135.5 and 138.0% of the control, respectively), and significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and cIAP-2 at all tested concentrations, except for a slight decrease of Bcl-2 at 0.01 mg L(-1). In addition, TCEP significantly increased the expression of caspase-3 at all three concentrations (132.6, 172.6 and 167.9% of the control, respectively) and caspase-9 at 1 and 10 mg L(-1) (128.3 and 144.5% of the control, respectively). Furthermore, TCEP increased the apoptotic cell population in a flow cytometry analysis. In conclusion, environmental TCEP might have a dose-dependent proapoptotic effect with a decrease of DNA synthesis and cell number in primary cultured renal PTCs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ravnum-zimmer-keune-gutleb-murk-koppe-magnanti-lyche-etal-policyrelevantresultsfromanexpertelicitationonthehumanhealthrisksofdecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ravnum-zimmer-keune-gutleb-murk-koppe-magnanti-lyche-etal-policyrelevantresultsfromanexpertelicitationonthehumanhealthrisksofdecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Policy relevant results from an expert elicitation on the human health risks of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ravnum, S.; Zimmer, K. E; Keune, H.; Gutleb, A. C; Murk, A. J; Koppe, J. G; Magnanti, B.; Lyche, J. L; Eriksen, G. S; Ropstad, E.; Skaare, J. U; Kobernus, M.; Yang, A.; Bartonova, A.;  and Krayer von Krauss, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 11 Suppl 1: S7. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ravnum-zimmer-keune-gutleb-murk-koppe-magnanti-lyche-etal-policyrelevantresultsfromanexpertelicitationonthehumanhealthrisksofdecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Policy relevant results from an expert elicitation on the human health risks of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ravnum-zimmer-keune-gutleb-murk-koppe-magnanti-lyche-etal-policyrelevantresultsfromanexpertelicitationonthehumanhealthrisksofdecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ravnum-zimmer-keune-gutleb-murk-koppe-magnanti-lyche-etal-policyrelevantresultsfromanexpertelicitationonthehumanhealthrisksofdecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ravnum-zimmer-keune-gutleb-murk-koppe-magnanti-lyche-etal-policyrelevantresultsfromanexpertelicitationonthehumanhealthrisksofdecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ravnum_policy_2012,\n\ttitle = {Policy relevant results from an expert elicitation on the human health risks of decabromodiphenyl ether ({decaBDE}) and hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}).},\n\tvolume = {11 Suppl 1},\n\tissn = {1476-069X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388476&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S7},\n\tabstract = {Apply a recently developed expert elicitation procedure to evaluate the state of the current knowledge of the two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) most commonly used today; decabromo-diphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and their potential impact on human health in order to support policy considerations. This expert elicitation was organized by the HENVINET (Health and Environment Network) Consortium.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Ravnum, Solveig and Zimmer, Karin E and Keune, Hans and Gutleb, Arno C and Murk, Albertinka J and Koppe, Janna G and Magnanti, Brooke and Lyche, Jan L and Eriksen, Gunnar S and Ropstad, Erik and Skaare, Janneche U and Kobernus, Michael and Yang, Aileen and Bartonova, Alena and Krayer von Krauss, Martin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22759507},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Health, Expert Testimony, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Policy, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy Making, Questionnaires, Risk Assessment},\n\tpages = {S7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Apply a recently developed expert elicitation procedure to evaluate the state of the current knowledge of the two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) most commonly used today; decabromo-diphenyl ether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and their potential impact on human health in order to support policy considerations. This expert elicitation was organized by the HENVINET (Health and Environment Network) Consortium.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pujolar-marino-milan-coppe-maes-capoccioni-ciccotti-bervoets-etal-survivinginatoxicworldtranscriptomicsandgeneexpressionprofilinginresponsetoenvironmentalpollutioninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pujolar-marino-milan-coppe-maes-capoccioni-ciccotti-bervoets-etal-survivinginatoxicworldtranscriptomicsandgeneexpressionprofilinginresponsetoenvironmentalpollutioninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Surviving in a toxic world: transcriptomics and gene expression profiling in response to environmental pollution in the critically endangered European eel.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pujolar, J. M.; Marino, I. A M; Milan, M.; Coppe, A.; Maes, G. E; Capoccioni, F.; Ciccotti, E.; Bervoets, L.; Covaci, A.; Belpaire, C.; Cramb, G.; Patarnello, T.; Bargelloni, L.; Bortoluzzi, S.;  and Zane, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMC genomics</i>, 13: 507. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pujolar-marino-milan-coppe-maes-capoccioni-ciccotti-bervoets-etal-survivinginatoxicworldtranscriptomicsandgeneexpressionprofilinginresponsetoenvironmentalpollutioninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Surviving in a toxic world: transcriptomics and gene expression profiling in response to environmental pollution in the critically endangered European eel. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-507\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pujolar-marino-milan-coppe-maes-capoccioni-ciccotti-bervoets-etal-survivinginatoxicworldtranscriptomicsandgeneexpressionprofilinginresponsetoenvironmentalpollutioninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-507', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pujolar-marino-milan-coppe-maes-capoccioni-ciccotti-bervoets-etal-survivinginatoxicworldtranscriptomicsandgeneexpressionprofilinginresponsetoenvironmentalpollutioninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pujolar-marino-milan-coppe-maes-capoccioni-ciccotti-bervoets-etal-survivinginatoxicworldtranscriptomicsandgeneexpressionprofilinginresponsetoenvironmentalpollutioninthecriticallyendangeredeuropeaneel-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pujolar_surviving_2012,\n\ttitle = {Surviving in a toxic world: transcriptomics and gene expression profiling in response to environmental pollution in the critically endangered {European} eel.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1471-2164},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3532374&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1471-2164-13-507},\n\tabstract = {Genomic and transcriptomic approaches have the potential for unveiling the genome-wide response to environmental perturbations. The abundance of the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock has been declining since the 1980s probably due to a combination of anthropogenic and climatic factors. In this paper, we explore the transcriptomic dynamics between individuals from high (river Tiber, Italy) and low pollution (lake Bolsena, Italy) environments, which were measured for 36 PCBs, several organochlorine pesticides and brominated flame retardants and nine metals.},\n\tjournal = {BMC genomics},\n\tauthor = {Pujolar, Jose Martin and Marino, Ilaria A M and Milan, Massimo and Coppe, Alessandro and Maes, Gregory E and Capoccioni, Fabrizio and Ciccotti, Eleonora and Bervoets, Lieven and Covaci, Adrian and Belpaire, Claude and Cramb, Gordon and Patarnello, Tomaso and Bargelloni, Luca and Bortoluzzi, Stefania and Zane, Lorenzo},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23009661},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: metabolism, Eels, Eels: genetics, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: genetics, Endangered Species, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: genetics, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: genetics, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Italy, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxidative Phosphorylation: drug effects, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Transcriptome, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics},\n\tpages = {507},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Genomic and transcriptomic approaches have the potential for unveiling the genome-wide response to environmental perturbations. The abundance of the catadromous European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock has been declining since the 1980s probably due to a combination of anthropogenic and climatic factors. In this paper, we explore the transcriptomic dynamics between individuals from high (river Tiber, Italy) and low pollution (lake Bolsena, Italy) environments, which were measured for 36 PCBs, several organochlorine pesticides and brominated flame retardants and nine metals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"poprc-uneppopspoprc84intersessionalworkonhexabromocyclododecane-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'poprc-uneppopspoprc84intersessionalworkonhexabromocyclododecane-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf', event);\">\n    UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/4 Intersessional work on hexabromocyclododecane.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, Geneva, Switzerland,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poprc-uneppopspoprc84intersessionalworkonhexabromocyclododecane-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/4 Intersessional work on hexabromocyclododecane [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/poprc-uneppopspoprc84intersessionalworkonhexabromocyclododecane-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('poprc-uneppopspoprc84intersessionalworkonhexabromocyclododecane-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.8/4_2012,\n\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\n\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.8/4 {Intersessional} work on hexabromocyclododecane},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD risk UNEP-POPS-POPRC.8-4.English.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\n\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf', event);\">\n    Accumulation and Endocrine Disrupting Effects of the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster(®) 550 in Rats: An Exploratory Assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Patisaul, H. B; Roberts, S. C; Mabrey, N.; McCaffrey, K. A; Gear, R. B; Braun, J.; Belcher, S. M;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology</i>. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation and Endocrine Disrupting Effects of the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster(®) 550 in Rats: An Exploratory Assessment. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21439\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21439', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('patisaul-roberts-mabrey-mccaffrey-gear-braun-belcher-stapleton-accumulationandendocrinedisruptingeffectsoftheflameretardantmixturefiremaster550inratsanexploratoryassessment-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{patisaul_accumulation_2012,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation and {Endocrine} {Disrupting} {Effects} of the {Flame} {Retardant} {Mixture} {Firemaster}(®) 550 in {Rats}: {An} {Exploratory} {Assessment}.},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139171 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/jbt21439.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jbt.21439},\n\tabstract = {Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Patisaul, Heather B and Roberts, Simon C and Mabrey, Natalie and McCaffrey, Katherine A and Gear, Robin B and Braun, Joe and Belcher, Scott M and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Firemaster® 550 (FM 550), a fire-retardant mixture used in foam-based products, was recently identified as a common contaminant in household dust. The chemical structures of its principle components suggest they have endocrine disrupting activity, but nothing is known about their physiological effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate accumulation, metabolism and endocrine disrupting effects of FM 550 in rats exposed to 100 or 1000 µg/day across gestation and lactation. FM 550 components accumulated in tissues of exposed dams and offspring and induced phenotypic hallmarks associated with metabolic syndrome in the offspring. Effects included increased serum thyroxine levels and reduced hepatic carboxylesterease activity in dams, and advanced female puberty, weight gain, male cardiac hypertrophy, and altered exploratory behaviors in offspring. Results of this study are the first to implicate FM 550 as an endocrine disruptor and an obesogen at environmentally relevant levels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"parolini-binelli-cytogenotoxiceffectsinducedbythreebrominateddiphenylethercongenersonthefreshwatermusseldreissenapolymorpha-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'parolini-binelli-cytogenotoxiceffectsinducedbythreebrominateddiphenylethercongenersonthefreshwatermusseldreissenapolymorpha-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972', event);\">\n    Cyto-genotoxic effects induced by three brominated diphenyl ether congeners on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Parolini, M.;  and Binelli, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</i>, 79: 247–55. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('parolini-binelli-cytogenotoxiceffectsinducedbythreebrominateddiphenylethercongenersonthefreshwatermusseldreissenapolymorpha-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cyto-genotoxic effects induced by three brominated diphenyl ether congeners on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('parolini-binelli-cytogenotoxiceffectsinducedbythreebrominateddiphenylethercongenersonthefreshwatermusseldreissenapolymorpha-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/parolini-binelli-cytogenotoxiceffectsinducedbythreebrominateddiphenylethercongenersonthefreshwatermusseldreissenapolymorpha-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('parolini-binelli-cytogenotoxiceffectsinducedbythreebrominateddiphenylethercongenersonthefreshwatermusseldreissenapolymorpha-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{parolini_cyto-genotoxic_2012,\n\ttitle = {Cyto-genotoxic effects induced by three brominated diphenyl ether congeners on the freshwater mussel {Dreissena} polymorpha.},\n\tvolume = {79},\n\tissn = {1090-2414},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280972},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.008},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of highly hydrophobic and persistent chemicals that has been used as flame retardants in several industrial applications. They have been detected in various environmental matrices worldwide and an increasing number of studies have recently been carried out to investigate their potential toxicity on ecosystem communities. Although a variety of biological damage has been documented in vertebrates, the effects on invertebrates are largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the cyto-genotoxic effects induced by single exposure to three concentrations of 2,4,2&#x27;,4&#x27;-tetra BDE (BDE 47), 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-penta BDE (BDE-100) and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,6&#x27;-hexa BDE (BDE-154) on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha by a multi-biomarker approach. We performed on bivalve hemocytes the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA Diffusion assay and the Micronucleus test (MN test) to assess genotoxicity, while the Neutral Red Retention Assay (NRRA) was used to evaluate cytotoxic effects. Results showed that BDE-47 did not produce any genetic damage at the tested concentrations (0.1 μg/L, 0.5 μg/L and 1 μg/L), while BDE-100 and BDE-154 can be considered moderately genotoxic, since both primary and fixed DNA injuries were induced. The NRRA indicated a moderate increase in cellular stress in BDEs-treated bivalves. Thus, our data seems to suggest that investigated BDEs may pose a low risk to freshwater mussels at environmental concentrations.},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\n\tauthor = {Parolini, Marco and Binelli, Andrea},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22280972},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Characidae, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Comet Assay, DNA Damage, Dreissena, Dreissena: drug effects, Dreissena: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hemocytes, Hemocytes: drug effects, Hemocytes: metabolism, Micronucleus Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {247--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of highly hydrophobic and persistent chemicals that has been used as flame retardants in several industrial applications. They have been detected in various environmental matrices worldwide and an increasing number of studies have recently been carried out to investigate their potential toxicity on ecosystem communities. Although a variety of biological damage has been documented in vertebrates, the effects on invertebrates are largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the cyto-genotoxic effects induced by single exposure to three concentrations of 2,4,2',4'-tetra BDE (BDE 47), 2,2',4,4',6-penta BDE (BDE-100) and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexa BDE (BDE-154) on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha by a multi-biomarker approach. We performed on bivalve hemocytes the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA Diffusion assay and the Micronucleus test (MN test) to assess genotoxicity, while the Neutral Red Retention Assay (NRRA) was used to evaluate cytotoxic effects. Results showed that BDE-47 did not produce any genetic damage at the tested concentrations (0.1 μg/L, 0.5 μg/L and 1 μg/L), while BDE-100 and BDE-154 can be considered moderately genotoxic, since both primary and fixed DNA injuries were induced. The NRRA indicated a moderate increase in cellular stress in BDEs-treated bivalves. Thus, our data seems to suggest that investigated BDEs may pose a low risk to freshwater mussels at environmental concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ortagarcia-lenmoreno-gonzlezvega-dominguezcortinas-espinosareyes-prezmaldonado-assessmentofthelevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodsamplesfromguadalajarajaliscomexico-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ortagarcia-lenmoreno-gonzlezvega-dominguezcortinas-espinosareyes-prezmaldonado-assessmentofthelevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodsamplesfromguadalajarajaliscomexico-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182', event);\">\n    Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Orta-Garcia, S. T.; León-Moreno, L. C.; González-Vega, C.; Dominguez-Cortinas, G.; Espinosa-Reyes, G.;  and Pérez-Maldonado, I. N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 89(4): 925–9. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ortagarcia-lenmoreno-gonzlezvega-dominguezcortinas-espinosareyes-prezmaldonado-assessmentofthelevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodsamplesfromguadalajarajaliscomexico-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ortagarcia-lenmoreno-gonzlezvega-dominguezcortinas-espinosareyes-prezmaldonado-assessmentofthelevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodsamplesfromguadalajarajaliscomexico-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ortagarcia-lenmoreno-gonzlezvega-dominguezcortinas-espinosareyes-prezmaldonado-assessmentofthelevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodsamplesfromguadalajarajaliscomexico-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ortagarcia-lenmoreno-gonzlezvega-dominguezcortinas-espinosareyes-prezmaldonado-assessmentofthelevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodsamplesfromguadalajarajaliscomexico-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{orta-garcia_assessment_2012,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from {Guadalajara}, {Jalisco}, {Mexico}.},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {1432-0800},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847182},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3},\n\tabstract = {The purpose of this study was to measure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blood of children (50 individuals) living in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. We analyzed six PBDE congeners by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total PBDE levels ranged from not detectable (nd) to 15.2 μg/L on a whole-weight basis and from nd to 6,435 ng/g lipid on a lipid-weight basis. The dominant congener in our study was BDE-153, followed by BDE-154, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-47. Levels of BDE-209 were below the detection limit. Our data indicate that children living in the areas studied in this work are exposed to high levels of PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Orta-Garcia, Sandra Teresa and León-Moreno, Lilia Carolina and González-Vega, Carolina and Dominguez-Cortinas, Gabriela and Espinosa-Reyes, Guillermo and Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22847182},\n\tkeywords = {Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood},\n\tpages = {925--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The purpose of this study was to measure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blood of children (50 individuals) living in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. We analyzed six PBDE congeners by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total PBDE levels ranged from not detectable (nd) to 15.2 μg/L on a whole-weight basis and from nd to 6,435 ng/g lipid on a lipid-weight basis. The dominant congener in our study was BDE-153, followed by BDE-154, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-47. Levels of BDE-209 were below the detection limit. Our data indicate that children living in the areas studied in this work are exposed to high levels of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"olukunle-okonkwo-kefeni-lupankwa-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsinjukskeirivercatchmentareaingautengsouthafrica-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'olukunle-okonkwo-kefeni-lupankwa-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsinjukskeirivercatchmentareaingautengsouthafrica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235', event);\">\n    Determination of brominated flame retardants in Jukskei River catchment area in Gauteng, South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Olukunle, O I; Okonkwo, O J; Kefeni, K K;  and Lupankwa, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research</i>, 65(4): 743–9. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('olukunle-okonkwo-kefeni-lupankwa-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsinjukskeirivercatchmentareaingautengsouthafrica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of brominated flame retardants in Jukskei River catchment area in Gauteng, South Africa. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.894\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('olukunle-okonkwo-kefeni-lupankwa-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsinjukskeirivercatchmentareaingautengsouthafrica-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.894', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/olukunle-okonkwo-kefeni-lupankwa-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsinjukskeirivercatchmentareaingautengsouthafrica-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('olukunle-okonkwo-kefeni-lupankwa-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsinjukskeirivercatchmentareaingautengsouthafrica-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{olukunle_determination_2012,\n\ttitle = {Determination of brominated flame retardants in {Jukskei} {River} catchment area in {Gauteng}, {South} {Africa}.},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tissn = {0273-1223},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277235},\n\tdoi = {10.2166/wst.2012.894},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are considered to be environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity in the environment. Little information is known about the presence of brominated flame retardants in South Africa&#x27;s water systems. Therefore, this study examined and compared different extraction methods (liquid-liquid (LL) vs. solid phase (SP) for water, Soxhlet extraction (SE) vs. ultrasonic for sediment) for extraction efficiencies in the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in water and sediment from Jukskei River. Clean-up of sample extracts was performed using disposable Pasteur pipettes containing neutral, acidified and basic silica gel. Final extracts, after concentration and dilution to 200 μL were analyzed by injecting 1 μL in the GC-ECD and GC-MS. Results obtained showed good recoveries for most of the tested analytes in water; for LLE, values ranged between 80.5 ± 10.22\\% and 126.6 ± 1.94\\%; SPE, 70.41 ± 2.01\\%-124.78 ± 3.78\\% (n = 3) and for sediment (73-114\\%, with an RSD {\\textbackslash}textless17\\%) using SE. The ultrasonic extraction method gave less than 50\\% recovery for most of the congeners. The concentrations of the BFRs in water samples were less than the detection limit while the concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.95 to 36.61 ng g(-1) dry weight for Σ(11) BFRs. Dichloromethane and n-hexane : acetone (2 : 1, v/v) gave optimum value of recovery for water and sediment respectively.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Olukunle, O I and Okonkwo, O J and Kefeni, K K and Lupankwa, M},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22277235},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, South Africa},\n\tpages = {743--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are considered to be environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity in the environment. Little information is known about the presence of brominated flame retardants in South Africa's water systems. Therefore, this study examined and compared different extraction methods (liquid-liquid (LL) vs. solid phase (SP) for water, Soxhlet extraction (SE) vs. ultrasonic for sediment) for extraction efficiencies in the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in water and sediment from Jukskei River. Clean-up of sample extracts was performed using disposable Pasteur pipettes containing neutral, acidified and basic silica gel. Final extracts, after concentration and dilution to 200 μL were analyzed by injecting 1 μL in the GC-ECD and GC-MS. Results obtained showed good recoveries for most of the tested analytes in water; for LLE, values ranged between 80.5 ± 10.22% and 126.6 ± 1.94%; SPE, 70.41 ± 2.01%-124.78 ± 3.78% (n = 3) and for sediment (73-114%, with an RSD \\textless17%) using SE. The ultrasonic extraction method gave less than 50% recovery for most of the congeners. The concentrations of the BFRs in water samples were less than the detection limit while the concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.95 to 36.61 ng g(-1) dry weight for Σ(11) BFRs. Dichloromethane and n-hexane : acetone (2 : 1, v/v) gave optimum value of recovery for water and sediment respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"norrgran-jones-lindquist-bergman-decabromobiphenylpolybrominateddiphenylethersandbrominatedphenoliccompoundsinserumofcatsdiagnosedwiththeendocrinediseasefelinehyperthyroidism-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'norrgran-jones-lindquist-bergman-decabromobiphenylpolybrominateddiphenylethersandbrominatedphenoliccompoundsinserumofcatsdiagnosedwiththeendocrinediseasefelinehyperthyroidism-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549', event);\">\n    Decabromobiphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and brominated phenolic compounds in serum of cats diagnosed with the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Norrgran, J.; Jones, B.; Lindquist, N.;  and Bergman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 63(1): 161–8. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('norrgran-jones-lindquist-bergman-decabromobiphenylpolybrominateddiphenylethersandbrominatedphenoliccompoundsinserumofcatsdiagnosedwiththeendocrinediseasefelinehyperthyroidism-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Decabromobiphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and brominated phenolic compounds in serum of cats diagnosed with the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9750-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('norrgran-jones-lindquist-bergman-decabromobiphenylpolybrominateddiphenylethersandbrominatedphenoliccompoundsinserumofcatsdiagnosedwiththeendocrinediseasefelinehyperthyroidism-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9750-y', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/norrgran-jones-lindquist-bergman-decabromobiphenylpolybrominateddiphenylethersandbrominatedphenoliccompoundsinserumofcatsdiagnosedwiththeendocrinediseasefelinehyperthyroidism-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('norrgran-jones-lindquist-bergman-decabromobiphenylpolybrominateddiphenylethersandbrominatedphenoliccompoundsinserumofcatsdiagnosedwiththeendocrinediseasefelinehyperthyroidism-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{norrgran_decabromobiphenyl_2012,\n\ttitle = {Decabromobiphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and brominated phenolic compounds in serum of cats diagnosed with the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism.},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1432-0703},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311549},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-012-9750-y},\n\tabstract = {The incidence of cats being diagnosed with feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased greatly since it was first described in 1979. The cause of FH has not been established. Hypothetically, there is a link between increasing FH and exposure to brominated flame retardants. Much greater polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) concentrations have been reported in cat serum compared with human serum, likely due to cat licking behaviour. This study aimed to extend the present identification of brominated compounds in cat serum, with a focus on hydroxylated metabolites of PBDE, to improve the understanding of feline metabolism of PBDEs. A pooled serum sample from 30 Swedish pet cats with FH was analysed, and brominated species were identified. The results showed exposure to the discontinued flame retardant decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) and technical penta- and octa-BDEs. Altogether 12 PBDE congeners were identified along with 2&#x27;-MeO-BDE68. Furthermore, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4,6-, 2,4,5- and 2,3,4-tribromophenol plus 2&#x27;-OH-BDE68, 6-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47, 4&#x27;-OH-BDE49 were identified. 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 6-OH-BDE47 were the most prominent species in cat serum. Considering that these are natural products, it can be concluded that metabolism of PBDEs to OH-PBDEs is not a major route of PBDE elimination in cats. It is notable that BB-209, 6-OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol all suggested that endocrine-disrupting chemicals were present in high concentrations in cat serum.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Norrgran, Jessica and Jones, Bernt and Lindquist, Nils-Gunnar and Bergman, Ake},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22311549},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: physiopathology, Cats, Cats: blood, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenation, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: physiopathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics},\n\tpages = {161--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The incidence of cats being diagnosed with feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased greatly since it was first described in 1979. The cause of FH has not been established. Hypothetically, there is a link between increasing FH and exposure to brominated flame retardants. Much greater polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) concentrations have been reported in cat serum compared with human serum, likely due to cat licking behaviour. This study aimed to extend the present identification of brominated compounds in cat serum, with a focus on hydroxylated metabolites of PBDE, to improve the understanding of feline metabolism of PBDEs. A pooled serum sample from 30 Swedish pet cats with FH was analysed, and brominated species were identified. The results showed exposure to the discontinued flame retardant decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) and technical penta- and octa-BDEs. Altogether 12 PBDE congeners were identified along with 2'-MeO-BDE68. Furthermore, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4,6-, 2,4,5- and 2,3,4-tribromophenol plus 2'-OH-BDE68, 6-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47, 4'-OH-BDE49 were identified. 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 6-OH-BDE47 were the most prominent species in cat serum. Considering that these are natural products, it can be concluded that metabolism of PBDEs to OH-PBDEs is not a major route of PBDE elimination in cats. It is notable that BB-209, 6-OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol all suggested that endocrine-disrupting chemicals were present in high concentrations in cat serum.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nst-helgason-harju-heimstad-gabrielsen-jenssen-halogenatedorganiccontaminantsandtheircorrelationswithcirculatingthyroidhormonesindevelopingarcticseabirds-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nst-helgason-harju-heimstad-gabrielsen-jenssen-halogenatedorganiccontaminantsandtheircorrelationswithcirculatingthyroidhormonesindevelopingarcticseabirds-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184', event);\">\n    Halogenated organic contaminants and their correlations with circulating thyroid hormones in developing Arctic seabirds.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nøst, T. H.; Helgason, L. B.; Harju, M.; Heimstad, E. S; Gabrielsen, G. W.;  and Jenssen, B. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 414: 248–56. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nst-helgason-harju-heimstad-gabrielsen-jenssen-halogenatedorganiccontaminantsandtheircorrelationswithcirculatingthyroidhormonesindevelopingarcticseabirds-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Halogenated organic contaminants and their correlations with circulating thyroid hormones in developing Arctic seabirds. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.051\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nst-helgason-harju-heimstad-gabrielsen-jenssen-halogenatedorganiccontaminantsandtheircorrelationswithcirculatingthyroidhormonesindevelopingarcticseabirds-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.051', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nst-helgason-harju-heimstad-gabrielsen-jenssen-halogenatedorganiccontaminantsandtheircorrelationswithcirculatingthyroidhormonesindevelopingarcticseabirds-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nst-helgason-harju-heimstad-gabrielsen-jenssen-halogenatedorganiccontaminantsandtheircorrelationswithcirculatingthyroidhormonesindevelopingarcticseabirds-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nost_halogenated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Halogenated organic contaminants and their correlations with circulating thyroid hormones in developing {Arctic} seabirds.},\n\tvolume = {414},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154184},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.051},\n\tabstract = {Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development and disruption of thyroid homeostasis can be critical to young developing individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess plasma concentrations of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in chicks of two seabird species and to investigate possible correlations of HOCs with circulating thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations. Plasma from black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) chicks were sampled in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in 2006. The samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones and a wide range of HOCs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated (OH-) and methylsulphoned (MeSO-) PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)). Concentrations of HOCs were generally low in kittiwake and fulmar chicks compared to previous reports. HOC concentrations were five times higher in fulmar chicks compared to in kittiwake chicks. PFCs dominated the summed HOCs concentrations in both species (77\\% in kittiwakes and 69\\% in fulmars). Positive associations between total thyroxin (TT4) and PFCs (PFHpS, PFOS, PFNA) were found in both species. Although correlations do not implicate causal relationships per se, the correlations are of concern as disruption of TH homeostasis may cause developmental effects in young birds.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Nøst, Therese Haugdahl and Helgason, Lisa Bjørnsdatter and Harju, Mikael and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing and Jenssen, Bjørn Munro},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22154184},\n\tkeywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: blood, Body Weights and Measures, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Principal Component Analysis, Radioimmunoassay, Species Specificity, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\n\tpages = {248--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development and disruption of thyroid homeostasis can be critical to young developing individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess plasma concentrations of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in chicks of two seabird species and to investigate possible correlations of HOCs with circulating thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations. Plasma from black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) chicks were sampled in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in 2006. The samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones and a wide range of HOCs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated (OH-) and methylsulphoned (MeSO-) PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)). Concentrations of HOCs were generally low in kittiwake and fulmar chicks compared to previous reports. HOC concentrations were five times higher in fulmar chicks compared to in kittiwake chicks. PFCs dominated the summed HOCs concentrations in both species (77% in kittiwakes and 69% in fulmars). Positive associations between total thyroxin (TT4) and PFCs (PFHpS, PFOS, PFNA) were found in both species. Although correlations do not implicate causal relationships per se, the correlations are of concern as disruption of TH homeostasis may cause developmental effects in young birds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nicnas-priorityexistingchemicalreportno34hexabromocyclododecane-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nicnas-priorityexistingchemicalreportno34hexabromocyclododecane-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf', event);\">\n    Priority existing chemical report No. 34: Hexabromocyclododecane.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  NICNAS\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Sydney, Australia,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nicnas-priorityexistingchemicalreportno34hexabromocyclododecane-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Priority existing chemical report No. 34: Hexabromocyclododecane [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nicnas-priorityexistingchemicalreportno34hexabromocyclododecane-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nicnas-priorityexistingchemicalreportno34hexabromocyclododecane-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{nicnas_priority_2012,\n\taddress = {Sydney, Australia},\n\ttitle = {Priority existing chemical report {No}. 34: {Hexabromocyclododecane}},\n\tisbn = {978-1-74241-715-8},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD_Report_June_2012_Australia.pdf},\n\tnumber = {34},\n\tpublisher = {National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme},\n\tauthor = {{NICNAS}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"morgan-gilman-anoverviewofflameretardancyofpolymericmaterialsapplicationtechnologyandfuturedirections-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'morgan-gilman-anoverviewofflameretardancyofpolymericmaterialsapplicationtechnologyandfuturedirections-2012', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf', event);\">\n    An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application, technology, and future directions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Morgan, A B;  and Gilman, J W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and Materials</i>.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('morgan-gilman-anoverviewofflameretardancyofpolymericmaterialsapplicationtechnologyandfuturedirections-2012', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application, technology, and future directions [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/fam\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('morgan-gilman-anoverviewofflameretardancyofpolymericmaterialsapplicationtechnologyandfuturedirections-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/fam', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/morgan-gilman-anoverviewofflameretardancyofpolymericmaterialsapplicationtechnologyandfuturedirections-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('morgan-gilman-anoverviewofflameretardancyofpolymericmaterialsapplicationtechnologyandfuturedirections-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{morgan_overview_2012,\n\ttitle = {An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application, technology, and future directions},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2128/full file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Morgan 2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/fam},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. This paper is a general overview of commercial flame retardant technology. It covers the drivers behind why flame retardants are used today, the current technologies in use, how they are applied, and where the field of flame retardant research is headed. The paper is not a full review of the technology, but rather a general overview of this entire field of applied science and is designed to get the reader started on the fundamentals behind this technology. This paper is based upon presentations given by the authors in late 2009 at the Flame Retardants and Fire Fighters meeting held at NIST.},\n\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\n\tauthor = {Morgan, A B and Gilman, J W},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {1, Flame retardants, History, and flame retardancy, fire as a hazard, fire hazard, fire risk, fire safety, for all of recorded, in the modern, sustainability, that has been around, to society is something},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. This paper is a general overview of commercial flame retardant technology. It covers the drivers behind why flame retardants are used today, the current technologies in use, how they are applied, and where the field of flame retardant research is headed. The paper is not a full review of the technology, but rather a general overview of this entire field of applied science and is designed to get the reader started on the fundamentals behind this technology. This paper is based upon presentations given by the authors in late 2009 at the Flame Retardants and Fire Fighters meeting held at NIST.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"morrissey-pollet-ormerod-elliott-americandippersindicatecontaminantbiotransportbypacificsalmon-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'morrissey-pollet-ormerod-elliott-americandippersindicatecontaminantbiotransportbypacificsalmon-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949', event);\">\n    American dippers indicate contaminant biotransport by Pacific salmon.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Morrissey, C. A; Pollet, I. L; Ormerod, S. J;  and Elliott, J. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(2): 1153–62. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('morrissey-pollet-ormerod-elliott-americandippersindicatecontaminantbiotransportbypacificsalmon-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"American dippers indicate contaminant biotransport by Pacific salmon. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es2028058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('morrissey-pollet-ormerod-elliott-americandippersindicatecontaminantbiotransportbypacificsalmon-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es2028058', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/morrissey-pollet-ormerod-elliott-americandippersindicatecontaminantbiotransportbypacificsalmon-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('morrissey-pollet-ormerod-elliott-americandippersindicatecontaminantbiotransportbypacificsalmon-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{morrissey_american_2012,\n\ttitle = {American dippers indicate contaminant biotransport by {Pacific} salmon.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145949},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es2028058},\n\tabstract = {Migrating salmon can increase productivity in Pacific Northwestern streams and lakes through the deposition of nutrients from their decomposing carcasses after spawning. Several studies also report simultaneous biotransport of persistent organic pollutants that have contaminated lake food webs, although no similar effect has been shown conclusively in rivers. We tested the prediction that salmon enhance contaminants in river food webs using the American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), an aquatic songbird and a recognized indicator of stream quality. Over 3 years, we analyzed 29 dipper eggs and aquatic invertebrate samples from 14 different rivers in 10 catchments in southern British Columbia, Canada to assess whether variations in autumn spawning density of Pacific salmon were reflected in dipper egg contamination or stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. δ(13)C isotope signatures, but not δ(15)N, in aquatic invertebrates and dipper eggs increased among catchments in proportion to the average density of spawning salmon. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDTs), and chlordane compounds were related in part to the δ(13)C measure of salmon density, but mercury, chlorobenzenes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were explained better by dipper trophic level. We conclude that spawning Pacific salmon result in the increased availability of salmon fry as dipper prey and salmon are a significant source of PBDEs, DDTs, and chlordanes to river ecosystems. However, contrary to lake studies, postspawn concentrations of legacy PCBs in river birds, even in salmon-rich rivers, were not significantly higher than would be expected from atmospheric deposition alone. We recommend using δ(13)C isotopes to trace salmon-derived lipids which may persist over winter particularly in rivers, and are potentially a better reflection of lipophilic contaminant transfer.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Morrissey, Christy A and Pollet, Ingrid L and Ormerod, Steve J and Elliott, John E},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22145949},\n\tkeywords = {Animal Migration, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Ovum, Passeriformes, Passeriformes: metabolism, Population Density, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1153--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Migrating salmon can increase productivity in Pacific Northwestern streams and lakes through the deposition of nutrients from their decomposing carcasses after spawning. Several studies also report simultaneous biotransport of persistent organic pollutants that have contaminated lake food webs, although no similar effect has been shown conclusively in rivers. We tested the prediction that salmon enhance contaminants in river food webs using the American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), an aquatic songbird and a recognized indicator of stream quality. Over 3 years, we analyzed 29 dipper eggs and aquatic invertebrate samples from 14 different rivers in 10 catchments in southern British Columbia, Canada to assess whether variations in autumn spawning density of Pacific salmon were reflected in dipper egg contamination or stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. δ(13)C isotope signatures, but not δ(15)N, in aquatic invertebrates and dipper eggs increased among catchments in proportion to the average density of spawning salmon. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDTs), and chlordane compounds were related in part to the δ(13)C measure of salmon density, but mercury, chlorobenzenes, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were explained better by dipper trophic level. We conclude that spawning Pacific salmon result in the increased availability of salmon fry as dipper prey and salmon are a significant source of PBDEs, DDTs, and chlordanes to river ecosystems. However, contrary to lake studies, postspawn concentrations of legacy PCBs in river birds, even in salmon-rich rivers, were not significantly higher than would be expected from atmospheric deposition alone. We recommend using δ(13)C isotopes to trace salmon-derived lipids which may persist over winter particularly in rivers, and are potentially a better reflection of lipophilic contaminant transfer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"montory-habit-fernandez-grimalt-barra-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinwildandfarmedchileansalmonandpreliminaryflowdataforcommercialtransport-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'montory-habit-fernandez-grimalt-barra-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinwildandfarmedchileansalmonandpreliminaryflowdataforcommercialtransport-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in wild and farmed Chilean salmon and preliminary flow data for commercial transport.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Montory, M.; Habit, E.; Fernandez, P.; Grimalt, J. O;  and Barra, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental sciences (China)</i>, 24(2): 221–7. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('montory-habit-fernandez-grimalt-barra-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinwildandfarmedchileansalmonandpreliminaryflowdataforcommercialtransport-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in wild and farmed Chilean salmon and preliminary flow data for commercial transport. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/montory-habit-fernandez-grimalt-barra-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinwildandfarmedchileansalmonandpreliminaryflowdataforcommercialtransport-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('montory-habit-fernandez-grimalt-barra-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinwildandfarmedchileansalmonandpreliminaryflowdataforcommercialtransport-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{montory_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in wild and farmed {Chilean} salmon and preliminary flow data for commercial transport.},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1001-0742},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655380},\n\tabstract = {This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile. Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms, rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region, Chile. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Contaminants were observed in all the samples, and the congeners BDE 17, 28, 47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples. The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon, presenting significant differences with wild salmon. The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight (ww) vs. 120 ww. In the case of the rainbow trout, the concentrations were lower, although the congener profile was quite similar. The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish, and no significant difference was observed between the species. In both species, the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47. Based on this information, the BDE flow was estimated for commerce, which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies. A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg, and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},\n\tauthor = {Montory, Monica and Habit, Evelyn and Fernandez, Pilar and Grimalt, Joan O and Barra, Ricardo},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22655380},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Pilot Projects, Salmon, chile},\n\tpages = {221--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile. Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms, rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region, Chile. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Contaminants were observed in all the samples, and the congeners BDE 17, 28, 47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples. The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon, presenting significant differences with wild salmon. The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight (ww) vs. 120 ww. In the case of the rainbow trout, the concentrations were lower, although the congener profile was quite similar. The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish, and no significant difference was observed between the species. In both species, the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47. Based on this information, the BDE flow was estimated for commerce, which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies. A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg, and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mller-xie-cai-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloraneplusinthemarineatmospherefromsoutheastasiatowardantarctica-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mller-xie-cai-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloraneplusinthemarineatmospherefromsoutheastasiatowardantarctica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Möller, A.; Xie, Z.; Cai, M.; Sturm, R.;  and Ebinghaus, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(6): 3141–8. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-cai-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloraneplusinthemarineatmospherefromsoutheastasiatowardantarctica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es300138q\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-cai-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloraneplusinthemarineatmospherefromsoutheastasiatowardantarctica-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es300138q', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mller-xie-cai-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloraneplusinthemarineatmospherefromsoutheastasiatowardantarctica-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mller-xie-cai-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsanddechloraneplusinthemarineatmospherefromsoutheastasiatowardantarctica-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{moller_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from {Southeast} {Asia} toward {Antarctica}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376139},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es300138q},\n\tabstract = {The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m(-3) which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m(-3), respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m(-3) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m(-3), respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m(-3) (Σ(10)PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22376139},\n\tkeywords = {Antarctic Regions, Asia, Australia, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Oceans and Seas, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Southeastern, Toluene, Toluene: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {3141--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m(-3) which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m(-3), respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m(-3) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m(-3), respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m(-3) (Σ(10)PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mo-wu-luo-zou-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdecabromodiphenylethaneand12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneflameretardantsinkingfishersalcedoatthisfromanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mo-wu-luo-zou-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdecabromodiphenylethaneand12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneflameretardantsinkingfishersalcedoatthisfromanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane flame retardants in kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) from an electronic waste-recycling site in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mo, L.; Wu, J.; Luo, X.; Zou, F.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 31(9): 2153–8. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mo-wu-luo-zou-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdecabromodiphenylethaneand12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneflameretardantsinkingfishersalcedoatthisfromanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane flame retardants in kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) from an electronic waste-recycling site in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1929\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mo-wu-luo-zou-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdecabromodiphenylethaneand12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneflameretardantsinkingfishersalcedoatthisfromanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1929', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mo-wu-luo-zou-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdecabromodiphenylethaneand12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneflameretardantsinkingfishersalcedoatthisfromanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mo-wu-luo-zou-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdecabromodiphenylethaneand12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneflameretardantsinkingfishersalcedoatthisfromanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mo_bioaccumulation_2012,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane flame retardants in kingfishers ({Alcedo} atthis) from an electronic waste-recycling site in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752998},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1929},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) and their prey fish from an electronic waste-recycling site in south China. Elevated BFR residues were detected in the kingfishers, with median concentrations of 8,760, 12, and 7.7 ng/g lipid weight for total PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. The calculated predator/prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) were greater than unity for most of the investigated PBDE congeners, with relatively higher values for some hexa-, hepta-, and octa-BDEs (e.g., BDEs 153, 183, 196, 197, 202, and 203). The average BMFs ranged 0.10 to 0.77 and 1.90 to 3.60 for DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The BMFs for BTBPE were comparable to or even greater than those for some tri- to penta-BDEs in certain predator/prey pairs, indicating potentially high environmental risks of this compound. Significantly higher concentration ratios of BDEs 202 and 207 to BDE 209 were observed in the kingfishers compared with their prey fish, and these ratios were negatively correlated with the logarithm of BDE 209 concentrations in the kingfishers. This may indicate biotransformation of BDE 209 to BDEs 202 and 207 in these birds. This is the first assessment of the biomagnification potentials of DBDPE and BTBPE in a wild piscivorous bird.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Mo, Ling and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zou, Fa-Sheng and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22752998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {2153--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were investigated in common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) and their prey fish from an electronic waste-recycling site in south China. Elevated BFR residues were detected in the kingfishers, with median concentrations of 8,760, 12, and 7.7 ng/g lipid weight for total PBDEs, DBDPE, and BTBPE, respectively. The calculated predator/prey biomagnification factors (BMFs) were greater than unity for most of the investigated PBDE congeners, with relatively higher values for some hexa-, hepta-, and octa-BDEs (e.g., BDEs 153, 183, 196, 197, 202, and 203). The average BMFs ranged 0.10 to 0.77 and 1.90 to 3.60 for DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The BMFs for BTBPE were comparable to or even greater than those for some tri- to penta-BDEs in certain predator/prey pairs, indicating potentially high environmental risks of this compound. Significantly higher concentration ratios of BDEs 202 and 207 to BDE 209 were observed in the kingfishers compared with their prey fish, and these ratios were negatively correlated with the logarithm of BDE 209 concentrations in the kingfishers. This may indicate biotransformation of BDE 209 to BDEs 202 and 207 in these birds. This is the first assessment of the biomagnification potentials of DBDPE and BTBPE in a wild piscivorous bird.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miller, M. F; Chernyak, S. M; Domino, S. E; Batterman, S. A;  and Loch-Caruso, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 417-418: 294–8. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{miller_concentrations_2012,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid.},\n\tvolume = {417-418},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3288287&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337-21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6\\%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Miller, Mark F and Chernyak, Sergei M and Domino, Steven E and Batterman, Stuart A and Loch-Caruso, Rita},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22236635},\n\tkeywords = {Amniotic Fluid, Amniotic Fluid: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Michigan, Nonparametric, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Statistics},\n\tpages = {294--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337-21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mller-sturm-xie-cai-he-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinairborneparticlesoverthenorthernpacificandindianoceantowardthepolarregionsevidenceforglobaloccurrence-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mller-sturm-xie-cai-he-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinairborneparticlesoverthenorthernpacificandindianoceantowardthepolarregionsevidenceforglobaloccurrence-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the Northern Pacific and Indian Ocean toward the Polar Regions: evidence for global occurrence.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Möller, A.; Sturm, R.; Xie, Z.; Cai, M.; He, J.;  and Ebinghaus, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(6): 3127–34. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-sturm-xie-cai-he-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinairborneparticlesoverthenorthernpacificandindianoceantowardthepolarregionsevidenceforglobaloccurrence-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the Northern Pacific and Indian Ocean toward the Polar Regions: evidence for global occurrence. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es204272v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-sturm-xie-cai-he-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinairborneparticlesoverthenorthernpacificandindianoceantowardthepolarregionsevidenceforglobaloccurrence-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es204272v', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mller-sturm-xie-cai-he-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinairborneparticlesoverthenorthernpacificandindianoceantowardthepolarregionsevidenceforglobaloccurrence-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mller-sturm-xie-cai-he-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinairborneparticlesoverthenorthernpacificandindianoceantowardthepolarregionsevidenceforglobaloccurrence-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{moller_organophosphorus_2012,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the {Northern} {Pacific} and {Indian} {Ocean} toward the {Polar} {Regions}: evidence for global occurrence.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332897},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es204272v},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers were investigated in airborne particles over the Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean. Samples taken during two polar expeditions in 2010/11, one from East Asia to the high Arctic (CHINARE 4) and another from East Asia toward the Indian Ocean to the Antarctic (CHINARE 27), were analyzed for three halogenated OPs (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCP)), four alkylated OPs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The sum of the eight investigated OPs ranged from 230 to 2900 pg m(-3) and from 120 to 1700 pg m(-3) during CHINARE 4 and CHINARE 27, respectively. TCEP and TCPP were the predominating compounds, both over the Asian seas as well as in the polar regions, with concentrations from 19 to 2000 pg m(-3) and 22 to 620 pg m(-3), respectively. Elevated concentrations were observed in proximity to the Asian continent enhanced by continental air masses. They decreased sharply toward the open oceans where they remained relatively stable. This paper shows the first occurrence of OPs over the global oceans proving that they undergo long-range atmospheric transport over the global oceans toward the Arctic and Antarctica.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Sturm, Renate and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and He, Jianfeng and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22332897},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Cold Climate, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Oceans and Seas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis},\n\tpages = {3127--34},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers were investigated in airborne particles over the Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean. Samples taken during two polar expeditions in 2010/11, one from East Asia to the high Arctic (CHINARE 4) and another from East Asia toward the Indian Ocean to the Antarctic (CHINARE 27), were analyzed for three halogenated OPs (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCP)), four alkylated OPs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The sum of the eight investigated OPs ranged from 230 to 2900 pg m(-3) and from 120 to 1700 pg m(-3) during CHINARE 4 and CHINARE 27, respectively. TCEP and TCPP were the predominating compounds, both over the Asian seas as well as in the polar regions, with concentrations from 19 to 2000 pg m(-3) and 22 to 620 pg m(-3), respectively. Elevated concentrations were observed in proximity to the Asian continent enhanced by continental air masses. They decreased sharply toward the open oceans where they remained relatively stable. This paper shows the first occurrence of OPs over the global oceans proving that they undergo long-range atmospheric transport over the global oceans toward the Arctic and Antarctica.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"miyaso-nakamura-matsuno-kawashiro-komiyama-mori-postnatalexposuretolowdosedecabromodiphenyletheradverselyaffectsmousetestesbyincreasingthyrosinephosphorylationlevelofcortactin-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'miyaso-nakamura-matsuno-kawashiro-komiyama-mori-postnatalexposuretolowdosedecabromodiphenyletheradverselyaffectsmousetestesbyincreasingthyrosinephosphorylationlevelofcortactin-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006', event);\">\n    Postnatal exposure to low-dose decabromodiphenyl ether adversely affects mouse testes by increasing thyrosine phosphorylation level of cortactin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miyaso, H.; Nakamura, N.; Matsuno, Y.; Kawashiro, Y.; Komiyama, M.;  and Mori, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of toxicological sciences</i>, 37(5): 987–99. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miyaso-nakamura-matsuno-kawashiro-komiyama-mori-postnatalexposuretolowdosedecabromodiphenyletheradverselyaffectsmousetestesbyincreasingthyrosinephosphorylationlevelofcortactin-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Postnatal exposure to low-dose decabromodiphenyl ether adversely affects mouse testes by increasing thyrosine phosphorylation level of cortactin. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/miyaso-nakamura-matsuno-kawashiro-komiyama-mori-postnatalexposuretolowdosedecabromodiphenyletheradverselyaffectsmousetestesbyincreasingthyrosinephosphorylationlevelofcortactin-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('miyaso-nakamura-matsuno-kawashiro-komiyama-mori-postnatalexposuretolowdosedecabromodiphenyletheradverselyaffectsmousetestesbyincreasingthyrosinephosphorylationlevelofcortactin-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{miyaso_postnatal_2012,\n\ttitle = {Postnatal exposure to low-dose decabromodiphenyl ether adversely affects mouse testes by increasing thyrosine phosphorylation level of cortactin.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1880-3989},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038006},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant used in many commercial products such as televisions, computers, and textiles. Recent reports indicate that decaBDE adversely affects male reproductive organs in mice, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that decaBDE affects mouse testes by altering the expression and phosphorylation level of cortactin (CTTN), an F-actin-binding protein that is similar to flutamide, and we performed western blot analyses on testicular samples from mice subcutaneously injected with decaBDE (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) on postnatal days 1 to 5. Mice treated with low-dose decaBDE (0.025 mg/kg) showed reduced testicular weight, sperm count, elongated spermatid and Sertoli cell numbers, as well as induced Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN and reduced the expression level of p60 Src tyrosine kinase (SRC). Further, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg decaBDE-exposed groups produced an decrease the expression level of CTTN. High-dose decaBDE (2.5 mg/kg) showed increased abnormal germ cells, as well as induced Ser phosphorylation of CTTN and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2); however, high-dose decaBDE did not affect testicular weight and sperm count. These findings suggest that postnatal exposure to low-dose decaBDE inhibits mouse testicular development by increasing Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN, although different mechanisms may be involved depending on the dose of decaBDE.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Miyaso, Hidenobu and Nakamura, Noriko and Matsuno, Yoshiharu and Kawashiro, Yukiko and Komiyama, Masatoshi and Mori, Chisato},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23038006},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cortactin, Cortactin: metabolism, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred ICR, Male, Mice, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Newborn, Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testis: pathology, src-Family Kinases, src-Family Kinases: metabolism},\n\tpages = {987--99},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant used in many commercial products such as televisions, computers, and textiles. Recent reports indicate that decaBDE adversely affects male reproductive organs in mice, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that decaBDE affects mouse testes by altering the expression and phosphorylation level of cortactin (CTTN), an F-actin-binding protein that is similar to flutamide, and we performed western blot analyses on testicular samples from mice subcutaneously injected with decaBDE (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) on postnatal days 1 to 5. Mice treated with low-dose decaBDE (0.025 mg/kg) showed reduced testicular weight, sperm count, elongated spermatid and Sertoli cell numbers, as well as induced Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN and reduced the expression level of p60 Src tyrosine kinase (SRC). Further, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg decaBDE-exposed groups produced an decrease the expression level of CTTN. High-dose decaBDE (2.5 mg/kg) showed increased abnormal germ cells, as well as induced Ser phosphorylation of CTTN and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2); however, high-dose decaBDE did not affect testicular weight and sperm count. These findings suggest that postnatal exposure to low-dose decaBDE inhibits mouse testicular development by increasing Tyr phosphorylation of CTTN, although different mechanisms may be involved depending on the dose of decaBDE.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"miljeteig-gabrielsen-strm-gavrilo-lie-jenssen-eggshellthinninganddecreasedconcentrationsofvitamineareassociatedwithcontaminantsineggsofivorygulls-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'miljeteig-gabrielsen-strm-gavrilo-lie-jenssen-eggshellthinninganddecreasedconcentrationsofvitamineareassociatedwithcontaminantsineggsofivorygulls-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175', event);\">\n    Eggshell thinning and decreased concentrations of vitamin E are associated with contaminants in eggs of ivory gulls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miljeteig, C.; Gabrielsen, G. W.; Strøm, H.; Gavrilo, M. V; Lie, E.;  and Jenssen, B. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 431: 92–9. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miljeteig-gabrielsen-strm-gavrilo-lie-jenssen-eggshellthinninganddecreasedconcentrationsofvitamineareassociatedwithcontaminantsineggsofivorygulls-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Eggshell thinning and decreased concentrations of vitamin E are associated with contaminants in eggs of ivory gulls. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.018\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miljeteig-gabrielsen-strm-gavrilo-lie-jenssen-eggshellthinninganddecreasedconcentrationsofvitamineareassociatedwithcontaminantsineggsofivorygulls-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.018', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/miljeteig-gabrielsen-strm-gavrilo-lie-jenssen-eggshellthinninganddecreasedconcentrationsofvitamineareassociatedwithcontaminantsineggsofivorygulls-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('miljeteig-gabrielsen-strm-gavrilo-lie-jenssen-eggshellthinninganddecreasedconcentrationsofvitamineareassociatedwithcontaminantsineggsofivorygulls-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{miljeteig_eggshell_2012,\n\ttitle = {Eggshell thinning and decreased concentrations of vitamin {E} are associated with contaminants in eggs of ivory gulls.},\n\tvolume = {431},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673175},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.018},\n\tabstract = {The ivory gull is a high Arctic seabird species threatened by climate change and contaminant exposure. High levels of contaminants have been reported in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from Svalbard and the Russian Arctic. The present study investigated associations between high levels of contaminants (organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg)) and three response variables: eggshell thickness, retinol (vitamin A) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Negative associations were found between levels of OCPs, PCBs and BFRs and eggshell thickness (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.021) and α-tocopherol (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.023), but not with retinol (p{\\textbackslash}textgreater0.1). There were no associations between PFASs and mercury and the three response variables. Furthermore, the eggshell thickness was 7-17\\% thinner in the present study than in archived ivory gull eggs (≤1930). In general, a thinning above 16 to 20\\% has been associated with a decline in bird populations, suggesting that contaminant-induced eggshell thinning may constitute a serious threat to ivory gull populations globally.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Miljeteig, Cecilie and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing and Strøm, Hallvard and Gavrilo, Maria V and Lie, Elisabeth and Jenssen, Bjørn Munro},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22673175},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: anatomy \\&amp; histology, Egg Shell: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mercury, Mercury: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Russia, Svalbard, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: analysis, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: analysis},\n\tpages = {92--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The ivory gull is a high Arctic seabird species threatened by climate change and contaminant exposure. High levels of contaminants have been reported in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from Svalbard and the Russian Arctic. The present study investigated associations between high levels of contaminants (organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg)) and three response variables: eggshell thickness, retinol (vitamin A) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Negative associations were found between levels of OCPs, PCBs and BFRs and eggshell thickness (p\\textless0.021) and α-tocopherol (p\\textless0.023), but not with retinol (p\\textgreater0.1). There were no associations between PFASs and mercury and the three response variables. Furthermore, the eggshell thickness was 7-17% thinner in the present study than in archived ivory gull eggs (≤1930). In general, a thinning above 16 to 20% has been associated with a decline in bird populations, suggesting that contaminant-induced eggshell thinning may constitute a serious threat to ivory gull populations globally.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mhadhbi-fumega-boumaiza-beiras-acutetoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforturbotpsettamaximaearlylifestagesels-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mhadhbi-fumega-boumaiza-beiras-acutetoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforturbotpsettamaximaearlylifestagesels-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957', event);\">\n    Acute toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for turbot (Psetta maxima) early life stages (ELS).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mhadhbi, L.; Fumega, J.; Boumaiza, M.;  and Beiras, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science and pollution research international</i>, 19(3): 708–17. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mhadhbi-fumega-boumaiza-beiras-acutetoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforturbotpsettamaximaearlylifestagesels-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Acute toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for turbot (Psetta maxima) early life stages (ELS). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0602-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mhadhbi-fumega-boumaiza-beiras-acutetoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforturbotpsettamaximaearlylifestagesels-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0602-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mhadhbi-fumega-boumaiza-beiras-acutetoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforturbotpsettamaximaearlylifestagesels-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mhadhbi-fumega-boumaiza-beiras-acutetoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesforturbotpsettamaximaearlylifestagesels-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mhadhbi_acute_2012,\n\ttitle = {Acute toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) for turbot ({Psetta} maxima) early life stages ({ELS}).},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912957},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-011-0602-5},\n\tabstract = {The environmental presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among which BDE-47 and BDE-99 are particularly abundant, makes toxicity data necessary to assess the hazard risk posed by PBDE to aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 on embryo-larval stages of the marine flatfish turbot.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\n\tauthor = {Mhadhbi, Lazhar and Fumega, José and Boumaiza, Moncef and Beiras, Ricardo},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {21912957},\n\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: administration \\&amp; dosag, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: embryology, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Teratogens, Teratogens: analysis, Teratogens: toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {708--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The environmental presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among which BDE-47 and BDE-99 are particularly abundant, makes toxicity data necessary to assess the hazard risk posed by PBDE to aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 on embryo-larval stages of the marine flatfish turbot.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meyer-muir-teixeira-wang-young-wania-depositionofbrominatedflameretardantstothedevonicecapnunavutcanada-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meyer-muir-teixeira-wang-young-wania-depositionofbrominatedflameretardantstothedevonicecapnunavutcanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267', event);\">\n    Deposition of brominated flame retardants to the Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meyer, T.; Muir, D. C G; Teixeira, C.; Wang, X.; Young, T.;  and Wania, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(2): 826–33. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meyer-muir-teixeira-wang-young-wania-depositionofbrominatedflameretardantstothedevonicecapnunavutcanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Deposition of brominated flame retardants to the Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es202900u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meyer-muir-teixeira-wang-young-wania-depositionofbrominatedflameretardantstothedevonicecapnunavutcanada-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es202900u', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meyer-muir-teixeira-wang-young-wania-depositionofbrominatedflameretardantstothedevonicecapnunavutcanada-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meyer-muir-teixeira-wang-young-wania-depositionofbrominatedflameretardantstothedevonicecapnunavutcanada-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meyer_deposition_2012,\n\ttitle = {Deposition of brominated flame retardants to the {Devon} {Ice} {Cap}, {Nunavut}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148267},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es202900u},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) can be transported to Arctic regions via atmospheric long-range transport, however, relatively little is known about their deposition to terrestrial environments. Snow cores from the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, Canada served to determine the recent depositional trends of BFRs. Snow pits were dug in 2005, 2006, and 2008. Dating using annual snow accumulation data, ion chemistry, and density measurements established that the pits covered the period from approximately 1993 to spring 2008. Samples were extracted under clean room conditions, and analyzed using GC-negative ion MS for 26 tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs), as well as other BFRs, nonbrominated flame retardants, and industrial chemicals. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the major congener present in all samples followed by nona-BDEs (BDE-207, BDE-206, and BDE-208), both accounting for 89\\% and 7\\% of total BDE, respectively. BDE-209 concentrations were in most cases significantly correlated (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) to tri- to nona-BDE homologues, and the strength of the correlations increased with increasing degree of bromination. Prior to or after deposition BDE-209 may be subject to debromination to lighter congeners. Deposition fluxes of BDE-209 show no clear temporal trend and range between 90 and 2000 pg·cm(-2)·year(-1). Back trajectory origin in densely populated areas of northeastern North America is significantly correlated (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.005) with the BDE-209 deposition flux. Several other high production volume and/or alternative BFRs such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromo ethyl benzene (PBEBz), and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), as well as the industrial chemical 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (135-TBBz) were found consistently in the snow pits.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Meyer, Torsten and Muir, Derek C G and Teixeira, Camilla and Wang, Xiaowa and Young, Teresa and Wania, Frank},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22148267},\n\tkeywords = {Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Ice, Ice: analysis, Time Factors},\n\tpages = {826--33},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) can be transported to Arctic regions via atmospheric long-range transport, however, relatively little is known about their deposition to terrestrial environments. Snow cores from the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, Canada served to determine the recent depositional trends of BFRs. Snow pits were dug in 2005, 2006, and 2008. Dating using annual snow accumulation data, ion chemistry, and density measurements established that the pits covered the period from approximately 1993 to spring 2008. Samples were extracted under clean room conditions, and analyzed using GC-negative ion MS for 26 tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs), as well as other BFRs, nonbrominated flame retardants, and industrial chemicals. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the major congener present in all samples followed by nona-BDEs (BDE-207, BDE-206, and BDE-208), both accounting for 89% and 7% of total BDE, respectively. BDE-209 concentrations were in most cases significantly correlated (P \\textless 0.05) to tri- to nona-BDE homologues, and the strength of the correlations increased with increasing degree of bromination. Prior to or after deposition BDE-209 may be subject to debromination to lighter congeners. Deposition fluxes of BDE-209 show no clear temporal trend and range between 90 and 2000 pg·cm(-2)·year(-1). Back trajectory origin in densely populated areas of northeastern North America is significantly correlated (P \\textless 0.005) with the BDE-209 deposition flux. Several other high production volume and/or alternative BFRs such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromo ethyl benzene (PBEBz), and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), as well as the industrial chemical 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (135-TBBz) were found consistently in the snow pits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mensching-slater-scott-ferguson-beasley-thefelinethyroidglandamodelforendocrinedisruptionbypolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mensching-slater-scott-ferguson-beasley-thefelinethyroidglandamodelforendocrinedisruptionbypolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329', event);\">\n    The feline thyroid gland: a model for endocrine disruption by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mensching, D. A; Slater, M.; Scott, J. W; Ferguson, D. C;  and Beasley, V. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A</i>, 75(4): 201–12. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mensching-slater-scott-ferguson-beasley-thefelinethyroidglandamodelforendocrinedisruptionbypolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The feline thyroid gland: a model for endocrine disruption by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2012.652054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mensching-slater-scott-ferguson-beasley-thefelinethyroidglandamodelforendocrinedisruptionbypolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2012.652054', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mensching-slater-scott-ferguson-beasley-thefelinethyroidglandamodelforendocrinedisruptionbypolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mensching-slater-scott-ferguson-beasley-thefelinethyroidglandamodelforendocrinedisruptionbypolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mensching_feline_2012,\n\ttitle = {The feline thyroid gland: a model for endocrine disruption by polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs})?},\n\tvolume = {75},\n\tissn = {1528-7394},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352329},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15287394.2012.652054},\n\tabstract = {The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) was investigated in the occurrence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH) by evaluating 15 PBDE congeners in serum from 62 client-owned (21 euthyroid, 41 hyperthyroid) and 10 feral cats. Total serum PBDE concentrations in euthyroid cats were not significantly different from those of hyperthyroid cats. Total serum PBDE in feral cats were significantly lower than in either of the groups of client-owned cats. Total serum PBDE did not correlate with serum total T4 concentration. Ten samples of commercial canned cat food and 19 dust samples from homes of client-owned cats were analyzed. Total PBDE in canned cat food ranged from 0.42 to 3.1 ng/g, and total PBDE in dust from 510 to 95,000 ng/g. Total PBDE in dust from homes of euthyroid cats ranged from 510 to 4900 ng/g. In dust from homes of hyperthyroid cats, total PBDE concentrations were significantly higher, ranging from 1100 to 95,000 ng/g. Dust PBDE and serum total T4 concentration were also significantly correlated. Estimates of PBDE exposures calculated from canned cat food and dust data suggest that domestic cats are primarily exposed through ingestion of household dust. These findings indicate further study of the role of PBDE is needed in the development of FH, which might identify the cat as a model and sentinel for humans with toxic nodular goiter (TNG).},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},\n\tauthor = {Mensching, Donna A and Slater, Margaret and Scott, John W and Ferguson, Duncan C and Beasley, Val R},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22352329},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Cat Diseases, Cat Diseases: blood, Cat Diseases: chemically induced, Cats, Disease Models, Dust, Dust: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperthyroidism: blood, Hyperthyroidism: chemically induced, Hyperthyroidism: veterinary, Pilot Projects, Questionnaires, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Function Tests: veterinary, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood},\n\tpages = {201--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) was investigated in the occurrence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH) by evaluating 15 PBDE congeners in serum from 62 client-owned (21 euthyroid, 41 hyperthyroid) and 10 feral cats. Total serum PBDE concentrations in euthyroid cats were not significantly different from those of hyperthyroid cats. Total serum PBDE in feral cats were significantly lower than in either of the groups of client-owned cats. Total serum PBDE did not correlate with serum total T4 concentration. Ten samples of commercial canned cat food and 19 dust samples from homes of client-owned cats were analyzed. Total PBDE in canned cat food ranged from 0.42 to 3.1 ng/g, and total PBDE in dust from 510 to 95,000 ng/g. Total PBDE in dust from homes of euthyroid cats ranged from 510 to 4900 ng/g. In dust from homes of hyperthyroid cats, total PBDE concentrations were significantly higher, ranging from 1100 to 95,000 ng/g. Dust PBDE and serum total T4 concentration were also significantly correlated. Estimates of PBDE exposures calculated from canned cat food and dust data suggest that domestic cats are primarily exposed through ingestion of household dust. These findings indicate further study of the role of PBDE is needed in the development of FH, which might identify the cat as a model and sentinel for humans with toxic nodular goiter (TNG).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mehta-upholsteredfurniturefullscalechairtestsopenflameignitionresultsandanalysis-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mehta-upholsteredfurniturefullscalechairtestsopenflameignitionresultsandanalysis-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf', event);\">\n    Upholstered Furniture Full Scale Chair Tests – Open Flame Ignition Results and Analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mehta, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bethesda, MD,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mehta-upholsteredfurniturefullscalechairtestsopenflameignitionresultsandanalysis-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Upholstered Furniture Full Scale Chair Tests – Open Flame Ignition Results and Analysis [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mehta-upholsteredfurniturefullscalechairtestsopenflameignitionresultsandanalysis-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mehta-upholsteredfurniturefullscalechairtestsopenflameignitionresultsandanalysis-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{mehta_upholstered_2012,\n\taddress = {Bethesda, MD},\n\ttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Full} {Scale} {Chair} {Tests} – {Open} {Flame} {Ignition} {Results} and {Analysis}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 5-12.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Mehta, Shivani},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"martnezmoral-tena-focusedultrasoundsolidliquidextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometrydeterminationofbrominatedflameretardantsinindoordust-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'martnezmoral-tena-focusedultrasoundsolidliquidextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometrydeterminationofbrominatedflameretardantsinindoordust-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646', event);\">\n    Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Martínez-Moral, M. P.;  and Tena, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</i>, 404(2): 289–95. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('martnezmoral-tena-focusedultrasoundsolidliquidextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometrydeterminationofbrominatedflameretardantsinindoordust-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5967-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('martnezmoral-tena-focusedultrasoundsolidliquidextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometrydeterminationofbrominatedflameretardantsinindoordust-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5967-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/martnezmoral-tena-focusedultrasoundsolidliquidextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometrydeterminationofbrominatedflameretardantsinindoordust-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('martnezmoral-tena-focusedultrasoundsolidliquidextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometrydeterminationofbrominatedflameretardantsinindoordust-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{martinez-moral_focused_2012,\n\ttitle = {Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust.},\n\tvolume = {404},\n\tissn = {1618-2650},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22526646},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-012-5967-x},\n\tabstract = {This study presents a focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), from mono- to hexa-congeners, in indoor dust. This approach provided a simple, fast, and economical method. After the solvent extraction selection, the FUSLE conditions were studied using a central composite design. Finally, the number of extraction cycles was studied. The selected conditions were 8 mL of 3:1 n-hexane-acetone mixture as extraction solvent, at a power of 65\\% for 20 s. The proposed method allowed accurate determination of BDEs, with recovery values around 100\\% and detection limits between 0.05 and 0.8 ng g(-1). It also has advantages over other existing methods in terms of simplicity, analysis time, and solvent consumption. The analysis of several indoor dust samples showed high concentration values of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 in some of the samples, moreover, BDEs 47 and 99 were found in all samples.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Martínez-Moral, María Pilar and Tena, María Teresa},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22526646},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {289--95},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study presents a focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), from mono- to hexa-congeners, in indoor dust. This approach provided a simple, fast, and economical method. After the solvent extraction selection, the FUSLE conditions were studied using a central composite design. Finally, the number of extraction cycles was studied. The selected conditions were 8 mL of 3:1 n-hexane-acetone mixture as extraction solvent, at a power of 65% for 20 s. The proposed method allowed accurate determination of BDEs, with recovery values around 100% and detection limits between 0.05 and 0.8 ng g(-1). It also has advantages over other existing methods in terms of simplicity, analysis time, and solvent consumption. The analysis of several indoor dust samples showed high concentration values of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 in some of the samples, moreover, BDEs 47 and 99 were found in all samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcgee-cooper-stapleton-volz-earlyzebrafishembryogenesisissusceptibletodevelopmentaltdcppexposure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcgee-cooper-stapleton-volz-earlyzebrafishembryogenesisissusceptibletodevelopmentaltdcppexposure-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Early zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to developmental TDCPP exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McGee, S. P; Cooper, E. M; Stapleton, H. M;  and Volz, D. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 120(11): 1585–91. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcgee-cooper-stapleton-volz-earlyzebrafishembryogenesisissusceptibletodevelopmentaltdcppexposure-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Early zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to developmental TDCPP exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205316\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcgee-cooper-stapleton-volz-earlyzebrafishembryogenesisissusceptibletodevelopmentaltdcppexposure-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205316', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcgee-cooper-stapleton-volz-earlyzebrafishembryogenesisissusceptibletodevelopmentaltdcppexposure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcgee-cooper-stapleton-volz-earlyzebrafishembryogenesisissusceptibletodevelopmentaltdcppexposure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcgee_early_2012,\n\ttitle = {Early zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to developmental {TDCPP} exposure.},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3556627&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205316},\n\tabstract = {Chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) are widely used as additive flame retardants for low-density polyurethane foams and have frequently been detected at elevated concentrations within indoor environmental media.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {McGee, Sean P and Cooper, Ellen M and Stapleton, Heather M and Volz, David C},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23017583},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1585--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) are widely used as additive flame retardants for low-density polyurethane foams and have frequently been detected at elevated concentrations within indoor environmental media.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcclain-stapleton-tilton-gallagher-bde49anddevelopmentaltoxicityinzebrafish-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcclain-stapleton-tilton-gallagher-bde49anddevelopmentaltoxicityinzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    BDE 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McClain, V.; Stapleton, H. M; Tilton, F.;  and Gallagher, E. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP</i>, 155(2): 253–8. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcclain-stapleton-tilton-gallagher-bde49anddevelopmentaltoxicityinzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"BDE 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcclain-stapleton-tilton-gallagher-bde49anddevelopmentaltoxicityinzebrafish-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcclain-stapleton-tilton-gallagher-bde49anddevelopmentaltoxicityinzebrafish-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcclain-stapleton-tilton-gallagher-bde49anddevelopmentaltoxicityinzebrafish-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcclain_bde_2012,\n\ttitle = {{BDE} 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.},\n\tvolume = {155},\n\tissn = {1532-0456},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246048&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.004},\n\tabstract = {The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardants. Human health concerns of these agents have largely centered upon their potential to elicit reproductive and developmental effects. Of the various congeners, BDE 49 (2,2&#x27;,4,5&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) has been poorly studied, despite the fact that it is often detected in the tissues of fish and wildlife species. Furthermore, we have previously shown that BDE 49 is a metabolic debromination product of BDE 99 hepatic metabolism in salmon, carp and trout, underscoring the need for a better understanding of biological effects. In the current study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of BDE 49 using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo larval model. Embryo and larval zebrafish were exposed to BDE 49 at either 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) or 24 hpf and monitored for developmental and neurotoxicity. Exposure to BDE 49 at concentrations of 4iμ-32 μM caused a dose-dependent loss in survivorship at 6 days post fertilization (dpf). Morphological impairments were observed prior to the onset of mortality, the most striking of which included severe dorsal curvatures of the tail. The incidence of dorsal tail curvatures was dose and time dependent. Exposure to BDE 49 caused cardiac toxicity as evidenced by a significant reduction in zebrafish heart rates at 6 dpf but not earlier, suggesting that cardiac toxicity was non-specific and associated with physiological stress. Neurobehavioral injury from BDE 49 was evidenced by an impairment of touch-escape responses observed at 5 dpf. Our results indicate that BDE 49 is a developmental toxicant in larval zebrafish that can cause morphological abnormalities and adversely affect neurobehavior. The observed toxicities from BDE 49 were similar in scope to those previously reported for the more common tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, and also for other lower brominated PBDEs, suggest that these compounds may share similarities in risk to aquatic species.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology \\&amp; pharmacology : CBP},\n\tauthor = {McClain, Valerie and Stapleton, Heather M and Tilton, Fred and Gallagher, Evan P},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {21951712},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Escape Reaction, Escape Reaction: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: embryology, Heart: physiopathology, Humans, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: physiology, Male, Molecular Structure, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Tail, Tail: drug effects, Tail: embryology, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Zebrafish},\n\tpages = {253--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardants. Human health concerns of these agents have largely centered upon their potential to elicit reproductive and developmental effects. Of the various congeners, BDE 49 (2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) has been poorly studied, despite the fact that it is often detected in the tissues of fish and wildlife species. Furthermore, we have previously shown that BDE 49 is a metabolic debromination product of BDE 99 hepatic metabolism in salmon, carp and trout, underscoring the need for a better understanding of biological effects. In the current study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of BDE 49 using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo larval model. Embryo and larval zebrafish were exposed to BDE 49 at either 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) or 24 hpf and monitored for developmental and neurotoxicity. Exposure to BDE 49 at concentrations of 4iμ-32 μM caused a dose-dependent loss in survivorship at 6 days post fertilization (dpf). Morphological impairments were observed prior to the onset of mortality, the most striking of which included severe dorsal curvatures of the tail. The incidence of dorsal tail curvatures was dose and time dependent. Exposure to BDE 49 caused cardiac toxicity as evidenced by a significant reduction in zebrafish heart rates at 6 dpf but not earlier, suggesting that cardiac toxicity was non-specific and associated with physiological stress. Neurobehavioral injury from BDE 49 was evidenced by an impairment of touch-escape responses observed at 5 dpf. Our results indicate that BDE 49 is a developmental toxicant in larval zebrafish that can cause morphological abnormalities and adversely affect neurobehavior. The observed toxicities from BDE 49 were similar in scope to those previously reported for the more common tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, and also for other lower brominated PBDEs, suggest that these compounds may share similarities in risk to aquatic species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ma-venier-hites-2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateandbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalateflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ma-venier-hites-2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateandbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalateflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844', event);\">\n    2-Ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ma, Y.; Venier, M.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(1): 204–8. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-venier-hites-2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateandbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalateflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"2-Ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203251f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-venier-hites-2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateandbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalateflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203251f', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ma-venier-hites-2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateandbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalateflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ma-venier-hites-2ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoateandbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalateflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ma_2-ethylhexyl_2012,\n\ttitle = {2-{Ethylhexyl} tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the {Great} {Lakes} atmosphere.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128844},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203251f},\n\tabstract = {Two relatively new flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were identified and quantitated in gas and particle-phase air samples collected from six sites near the shores of the Great Lakes. TBB and TBPH were detected in more than half of the samples collected from 2008 to 2010. Urban areas, such as Chicago and Cleveland, showed the highest concentrations (0.36-290 pg/m(3)), while remote areas, such as Eagle Harbor and Sleeping Bear Dunes, exhibited the lowest levels (0.050-32 pg/m(3)). The atmospheric concentrations of TBB and TBPH increased rapidly and significantly over this time period, perhaps indicating that these compounds are replacing the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have been removed or soon will be removed from the marketplace.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ma, Yuning and Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22128844},\n\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromobenzoates, Bromobenzoates: analysis, Bromobenzoates: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors},\n\tpages = {204--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Two relatively new flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were identified and quantitated in gas and particle-phase air samples collected from six sites near the shores of the Great Lakes. TBB and TBPH were detected in more than half of the samples collected from 2008 to 2010. Urban areas, such as Chicago and Cleveland, showed the highest concentrations (0.36-290 pg/m(3)), while remote areas, such as Eagle Harbor and Sleeping Bear Dunes, exhibited the lowest levels (0.050-32 pg/m(3)). The atmospheric concentrations of TBB and TBPH increased rapidly and significantly over this time period, perhaps indicating that these compounds are replacing the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have been removed or soon will be removed from the marketplace.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ma-qiu-zhang-duan-zhu-stateofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinchinaanoverview-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ma-qiu-zhang-duan-zhu-stateofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinchinaanoverview-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636', event);\">\n    State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in China: an overview.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ma, J.; Qiu, X.; Zhang, J.; Duan, X.;  and Zhu, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(7): 769–78. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-qiu-zhang-duan-zhu-stateofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinchinaanoverview-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in China: an overview. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.093\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-qiu-zhang-duan-zhu-stateofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinchinaanoverview-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.093', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ma-qiu-zhang-duan-zhu-stateofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinchinaanoverview-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ma-qiu-zhang-duan-zhu-stateofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinchinaanoverview-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ma_state_2012,\n\ttitle = {State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {China}: an overview.},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22546636},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.093},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ma, Jin and Qiu, Xinghua and Zhang, Jinliang and Duan, Xiaoli and Zhu, Tong},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22546636},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {769--78},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ma-venier-hites-tribromophenoxyflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ma-venier-hites-tribromophenoxyflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569', event);\">\n    Tribromophenoxy flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ma, Y.; Venier, M.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(24): 13112–7. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-venier-hites-tribromophenoxyflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tribromophenoxy flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es3033814\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-venier-hites-tribromophenoxyflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es3033814', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ma-venier-hites-tribromophenoxyflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ma-venier-hites-tribromophenoxyflameretardantsinthegreatlakesatmosphere-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ma_tribromophenoxy_2012,\n\ttitle = {Tribromophenoxy flame retardants in the {Great} {Lakes} atmosphere.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181569},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es3033814},\n\tabstract = {The 2,4,6-tribromophenoxy moiety is a common structural feature of several brominated flame retardants, and we have previously reported on the environmental concentrations of one such compound, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (TBE). Here we report the atmospheric concentrations of TBE and three other tribromophenoxy compounds: allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), 2-bromoallyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (BATE), and 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE). The samples were collected at five sites near the shores of the Great Lakes during the period 2008-2009, inclusive. Of these four compounds, TBE and ATE are currently used as flame retardants, and DPTE was formerly used as a flame retardant until its production ceased in the mid-1980s. The total concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE were ∼2 pg/m³ in the cities of Chicago and Cleveland and 0.1-0.4 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. The concentrations of TBE were ∼1 pg/m³ in these cities and 0.2-0.8 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. In both cases, this was a very significant urban effect. The concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE did not change significantly over the two-year study, but the concentrations of TBE decreased by about a factor of 2 during this time. This temporal change was statistically significant but not strong compared to the urban effect.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ma, Yuning and Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23181569},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Regression Analysis, Time Factors},\n\tpages = {13112--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The 2,4,6-tribromophenoxy moiety is a common structural feature of several brominated flame retardants, and we have previously reported on the environmental concentrations of one such compound, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (TBE). Here we report the atmospheric concentrations of TBE and three other tribromophenoxy compounds: allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), 2-bromoallyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (BATE), and 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE). The samples were collected at five sites near the shores of the Great Lakes during the period 2008-2009, inclusive. Of these four compounds, TBE and ATE are currently used as flame retardants, and DPTE was formerly used as a flame retardant until its production ceased in the mid-1980s. The total concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE were ∼2 pg/m³ in the cities of Chicago and Cleveland and 0.1-0.4 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. The concentrations of TBE were ∼1 pg/m³ in these cities and 0.2-0.8 pg/m³ at the rural and remote sites. In both cases, this was a very significant urban effect. The concentrations of ATE, BATE, and DPTE did not change significantly over the two-year study, but the concentrations of TBE decreased by about a factor of 2 during this time. This temporal change was statistically significant but not strong compared to the urban effect.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829', event);\">\n    Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, X.; Ji, K.;  and Choi, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 114-115: 173–81. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_endocrine_2012,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in {H295R} and {MVLN} cell lines and in zebrafish.},\n\tvolume = {114-115},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446829},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22446829},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Humans, Male, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, cell line},\n\tpages = {173--81},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"link-gabrio-mann-schilling-maisner-knig-flickerklein-zllner-etal-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeinbloodofchildreninbadenwrttembergbetween200203and200809-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'link-gabrio-mann-schilling-maisner-knig-flickerklein-zllner-etal-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeinbloodofchildreninbadenwrttembergbetween200203and200809-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in blood of children in Baden-Württemberg between 2002/03 and 2008/09.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Link, B.; Gabrio, T; Mann, V; Schilling, B; Maisner, V; König, M; Flicker-Klein, A; Zöllner, I;  and Fischer, G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</i>, 215(2): 224–8. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('link-gabrio-mann-schilling-maisner-knig-flickerklein-zllner-etal-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeinbloodofchildreninbadenwrttembergbetween200203and200809-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in blood of children in Baden-Württemberg between 2002/03 and 2008/09. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('link-gabrio-mann-schilling-maisner-knig-flickerklein-zllner-etal-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeinbloodofchildreninbadenwrttembergbetween200203and200809-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/link-gabrio-mann-schilling-maisner-knig-flickerklein-zllner-etal-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeinbloodofchildreninbadenwrttembergbetween200203and200809-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('link-gabrio-mann-schilling-maisner-knig-flickerklein-zllner-etal-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeinbloodofchildreninbadenwrttembergbetween200203and200809-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{link_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDE}) in blood of children in {Baden}-{Württemberg} between 2002/03 and 2008/09.},\n\tvolume = {215},\n\tissn = {1618-131X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192581},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used in high amounts as flame retardants in plastic materials and textiles. Due to their persistence, their accumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties they have been integrated in the human biomonitoring program of the Baden-Württemberg State Health Office since 2002. In repeated cross-sectional studies in winter 2002/03 (n=162), 2004/05 (n=194), 2005/06 (n=411) and 2008/09 (n=770) blood samples of 9-11-year-old pupils were taken, pooled and analysed for PBDE after extraction and purification by silica gel using HRGC/HRMS. Samples were pooled according to region, gender, and breast feeding. PBDE in the pooled samples ranged from 1.9 to 12.5 ng/g blood fat (sum of all PBDE). Mean concentrations of PBDE, calculated for the four investigation periods, were 6.2 ng/g (2002/03), 5.4 ng/g (2004/05), 7.8 ng/g (2005/06) and 6.7 ng/g (2008/09). While the concentration of the decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) increased, the concentration of other congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) decreased slightly or remained at the same level. Consistent differences with respect to gender and breast-feeding were not recognizable. Concentrations of PBDE in children range on the same level as in adults and do not seem to be critical from the toxicological point of view. Because of the slight increase of BDE 209, the internal concentrations of BDE should be monitored in the future. The strong variations in PBDE concentration between the different pooled samples indicate that, apart from ingestion, other routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation) and additional sources (textiles, building materials) must be taken into consideration.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Link, Bernhard and Gabrio, T and Mann, V and Schilling, B and Maisner, V and König, M and Flicker-Klein, A and Zöllner, I and Fischer, G},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22192581},\n\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Germany, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Schools},\n\tpages = {224--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used in high amounts as flame retardants in plastic materials and textiles. Due to their persistence, their accumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties they have been integrated in the human biomonitoring program of the Baden-Württemberg State Health Office since 2002. In repeated cross-sectional studies in winter 2002/03 (n=162), 2004/05 (n=194), 2005/06 (n=411) and 2008/09 (n=770) blood samples of 9-11-year-old pupils were taken, pooled and analysed for PBDE after extraction and purification by silica gel using HRGC/HRMS. Samples were pooled according to region, gender, and breast feeding. PBDE in the pooled samples ranged from 1.9 to 12.5 ng/g blood fat (sum of all PBDE). Mean concentrations of PBDE, calculated for the four investigation periods, were 6.2 ng/g (2002/03), 5.4 ng/g (2004/05), 7.8 ng/g (2005/06) and 6.7 ng/g (2008/09). While the concentration of the decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) increased, the concentration of other congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) decreased slightly or remained at the same level. Consistent differences with respect to gender and breast-feeding were not recognizable. Concentrations of PBDE in children range on the same level as in adults and do not seem to be critical from the toxicological point of view. Because of the slight increase of BDE 209, the internal concentrations of BDE should be monitored in the future. The strong variations in PBDE concentration between the different pooled samples indicate that, apart from ingestion, other routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation) and additional sources (textiles, building materials) must be taken into consideration.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"little-weschler-nazaroff-rapidmethodstoestimatepotentialexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsintheindoorenvironment-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'little-weschler-nazaroff-rapidmethodstoestimatepotentialexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsintheindoorenvironment-2012', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf', event);\">\n    Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Little, J C; Weschler, C J;  and Nazaroff, W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(20): 11171–11178.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('little-weschler-nazaroff-rapidmethodstoestimatepotentialexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsintheindoorenvironment-2012', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/little-weschler-nazaroff-rapidmethodstoestimatepotentialexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsintheindoorenvironment-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('little-weschler-nazaroff-rapidmethodstoestimatepotentialexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsintheindoorenvironment-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{little_rapid_2012,\n\ttitle = {Rapid {Methods} to {Estimate} {Potential} {Exposure} to {Semivolatile} {Organic} {Compounds} in the {Indoor} {Environment}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301088a file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Little, Weschler, Nazaroff - 2012 - Rapid Methods to Estimate Potential Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment.pdf},\n\tabstract = {A systematic and efficient strategy is needed to assess and manage potential risks to human health that arise from the manufacture and use of thousands of chemicals. Among available tools for rapid assessment of large numbers of chemicals, significant gaps are associated with the capability to evaluate exposures that occur indoors. For semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), exposure is strongly influenced by the types of products in which these SVOCs occur. We propose methods for obtaining screening-level estimates for two primary SVOC source classes: additives in products used indoors and ingredients in products sprayed or applied to interior surfaces. Accounting for product use, emission characteristics, and the properties of the SVOCs, we estimate exposure via inhalation of SVOCs in the gas-phase, inhalation of SVOCs sorbed to airborne particles, ingestion of SVOCs sorbed to dust, and dermal sorption of SVOCs from the air into the blood. We also evaluate how exposure to the general public will change if chemical substitutions are made. Further development of a comprehensive set of models including the other SVOC-containing products and the other SVOC exposure pathways, together with appropriate methods for estimating or measuring the key parameters (in particular, the gas-phase concentration in equilibrium with the material-phase concentration of the SVOC in the product, or y(0)), is needed. When combined with rapid toxicity estimates, screening-level exposure estimates can contribute to health-risk-based prioritization of a wide range of chemicals of concern.},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Little, J C and Weschler, C J and Nazaroff, W},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {11171--11178},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A systematic and efficient strategy is needed to assess and manage potential risks to human health that arise from the manufacture and use of thousands of chemicals. Among available tools for rapid assessment of large numbers of chemicals, significant gaps are associated with the capability to evaluate exposures that occur indoors. For semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), exposure is strongly influenced by the types of products in which these SVOCs occur. We propose methods for obtaining screening-level estimates for two primary SVOC source classes: additives in products used indoors and ingredients in products sprayed or applied to interior surfaces. Accounting for product use, emission characteristics, and the properties of the SVOCs, we estimate exposure via inhalation of SVOCs in the gas-phase, inhalation of SVOCs sorbed to airborne particles, ingestion of SVOCs sorbed to dust, and dermal sorption of SVOCs from the air into the blood. We also evaluate how exposure to the general public will change if chemical substitutions are made. Further development of a comprehensive set of models including the other SVOC-containing products and the other SVOC exposure pathways, together with appropriate methods for estimating or measuring the key parameters (in particular, the gas-phase concentration in equilibrium with the material-phase concentration of the SVOC in the product, or y(0)), is needed. When combined with rapid toxicity estimates, screening-level exposure estimates can contribute to health-risk-based prioritization of a wide range of chemicals of concern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"leijs-tentusscher-olie-vanteunenbroek-vanaalderen-devoogt-vulsma-bartonova-etal-thyroidhormonemetabolismandenvironmentalchemicalexposure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'leijs-tentusscher-olie-vanteunenbroek-vanaalderen-devoogt-vulsma-bartonova-etal-thyroidhormonemetabolismandenvironmentalchemicalexposure-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Leijs, M. M; ten Tusscher, G. W; Olie, K.; van Teunenbroek, T.; van Aalderen, W. M C; de Voogt, P.; Vulsma, T.; Bartonova, A.; Krayer von Krauss, M.; Mosoiu, C.; Riojas-Rodriguez, H.; Calamandrei, G.;  and Koppe, J. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 11 Suppl 1: S10. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('leijs-tentusscher-olie-vanteunenbroek-vanaalderen-devoogt-vulsma-bartonova-etal-thyroidhormonemetabolismandenvironmentalchemicalexposure-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S10\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('leijs-tentusscher-olie-vanteunenbroek-vanaalderen-devoogt-vulsma-bartonova-etal-thyroidhormonemetabolismandenvironmentalchemicalexposure-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S10', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/leijs-tentusscher-olie-vanteunenbroek-vanaalderen-devoogt-vulsma-bartonova-etal-thyroidhormonemetabolismandenvironmentalchemicalexposure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('leijs-tentusscher-olie-vanteunenbroek-vanaalderen-devoogt-vulsma-bartonova-etal-thyroidhormonemetabolismandenvironmentalchemicalexposure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{leijs_thyroid_2012,\n\ttitle = {Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure.},\n\tvolume = {11 Suppl 1},\n\tissn = {1476-069X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3388438&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S10},\n\tabstract = {Polychlorinated dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental toxicants that have been proven to influence thyroid metabolism both in animal studies and in human beings. In recent years polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) also have been found to have a negative influence on thyroid hormone metabolism. The lower brominated flame retardants are now banned in the EU, however higher brominated decabromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are not yet banned. They too can negatively influence thyroid hormone metabolism. An additional brominated flame retardant that is still in use is tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which has also been shown to influence thyroid hormone metabolism.Influences of brominated flame retardants, PCDD/F&#x27;s and dioxin like-PCBs (dl-PCB&#x27;s) on thyroid hormone metabolism in adolescence in the Netherlands will be presented in this study and determined if there are reasons for concern to human health for these toxins. In the period 1987-1991, a cohort of mother-baby pairs was formed in order to detect abnormalities in relation to dioxin levels in the perinatal period. The study demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were found around the time of birth, suggesting a modulation of the setpoint of thyroid hormone metabolism with a higher 3,3&#x27;, 5,5&#x27;tetrathyroxine (T4) levels and an increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). While the same serum thyroid hormone tests (- TSH and T4) were again normal by 2 years of age and were still normal at 8-12 years, adolescence is a period with extra stress on thyroid hormone metabolism. Therefore we measured serum levels of TSH, T4, 3,3&#x27;,5- triiodothyronine (T3), free T4 (FT4), antibodies and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in our adolescent cohort.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Leijs, Marike M and ten Tusscher, Gavin W and Olie, Kees and van Teunenbroek, Tom and van Aalderen, Wim M C and de Voogt, Pim and Vulsma, Tom and Bartonova, Alena and Krayer von Krauss, Martin and Mosoiu, Claudia and Riojas-Rodriguez, Horacio and Calamandrei, Gemma and Koppe, Janna G},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22759492},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin: analysis, Thyroxine: blood},\n\tpages = {S10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polychlorinated dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental toxicants that have been proven to influence thyroid metabolism both in animal studies and in human beings. In recent years polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) also have been found to have a negative influence on thyroid hormone metabolism. The lower brominated flame retardants are now banned in the EU, however higher brominated decabromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are not yet banned. They too can negatively influence thyroid hormone metabolism. An additional brominated flame retardant that is still in use is tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which has also been shown to influence thyroid hormone metabolism.Influences of brominated flame retardants, PCDD/F's and dioxin like-PCBs (dl-PCB's) on thyroid hormone metabolism in adolescence in the Netherlands will be presented in this study and determined if there are reasons for concern to human health for these toxins. In the period 1987-1991, a cohort of mother-baby pairs was formed in order to detect abnormalities in relation to dioxin levels in the perinatal period. The study demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were found around the time of birth, suggesting a modulation of the setpoint of thyroid hormone metabolism with a higher 3,3', 5,5'tetrathyroxine (T4) levels and an increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). While the same serum thyroid hormone tests (- TSH and T4) were again normal by 2 years of age and were still normal at 8-12 years, adolescence is a period with extra stress on thyroid hormone metabolism. Therefore we measured serum levels of TSH, T4, 3,3',5- triiodothyronine (T3), free T4 (FT4), antibodies and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in our adolescent cohort.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-kim-lee-genotoxicityanddevelopmenteffectsofbrominatedflameretardantpbdesanduvexposedpbdesongrassshrimppalaemonetespugioembryo-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-kim-lee-genotoxicityanddevelopmenteffectsofbrominatedflameretardantpbdesanduvexposedpbdesongrassshrimppalaemonetespugioembryo-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426', event);\">\n    Genotoxicity and development effects of brominated flame retardant PBDEs and UV-exposed PBDEs on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryo.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, H. J.; Kim, G. B.;  and Lee, R. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 64(12): 2892–5. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-genotoxicityanddevelopmenteffectsofbrominatedflameretardantpbdesanduvexposedpbdesongrassshrimppalaemonetespugioembryo-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Genotoxicity and development effects of brominated flame retardant PBDEs and UV-exposed PBDEs on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryo. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-genotoxicityanddevelopmenteffectsofbrominatedflameretardantpbdesanduvexposedpbdesongrassshrimppalaemonetespugioembryo-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-kim-lee-genotoxicityanddevelopmenteffectsofbrominatedflameretardantpbdesanduvexposedpbdesongrassshrimppalaemonetespugioembryo-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-kim-lee-genotoxicityanddevelopmenteffectsofbrominatedflameretardantpbdesanduvexposedpbdesongrassshrimppalaemonetespugioembryo-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_genotoxicity_2012,\n\ttitle = {Genotoxicity and development effects of brominated flame retardant {PBDEs} and {UV}-exposed {PBDEs} on grass shrimp ({Palaemonetes} pugio) embryo.},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964426},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.010},\n\tabstract = {To understand how polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect the hatching sensitivity of grass shrimp embryos in different developmental stages, the hatching rates of embryos were measured after PBDE exposure on the early- and late-stage embryo of grass shrimp. PBDEs had no clear influence on the hatching rate. Also, to investigate on the reproductive and genetic toxicities of UV-exposed PBDEs, the hatching rate and DNA damage of stage 7 embryos were also measured. PBDEs had no significant impact on the hatching rate and DNA damage of grass shrimp in most experimental conditions regardless of embryo developmental stage or UV exposure, but in the case of UV-exposed BDE-47, the hatching rate was decreased, suggesting a potential reproductive toxicity. This research is meaningful because it is the first study to propose that PBDEs can cause reproductive toxicity in marine organism, after flowing into the ocean and undergoing photochemical reactions stimulated by UV.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Hyo Jin and Kim, Gi Beum and Lee, Richard F},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22964426},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, DNA Damage, Embryo, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Palaemonidae, Palaemonidae: embryology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {2892--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To understand how polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect the hatching sensitivity of grass shrimp embryos in different developmental stages, the hatching rates of embryos were measured after PBDE exposure on the early- and late-stage embryo of grass shrimp. PBDEs had no clear influence on the hatching rate. Also, to investigate on the reproductive and genetic toxicities of UV-exposed PBDEs, the hatching rate and DNA damage of stage 7 embryos were also measured. PBDEs had no significant impact on the hatching rate and DNA damage of grass shrimp in most experimental conditions regardless of embryo developmental stage or UV exposure, but in the case of UV-exposed BDE-47, the hatching rate was decreased, suggesting a potential reproductive toxicity. This research is meaningful because it is the first study to propose that PBDEs can cause reproductive toxicity in marine organism, after flowing into the ocean and undergoing photochemical reactions stimulated by UV.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"laguardia-hale-harvey-mainor-ciparis-insituaccumulationofhbcdpbdesandseveralalternativeflameretardantsinthebivalvecorbiculaflumineaandgastropodelimiaproxima-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'laguardia-hale-harvey-mainor-ciparis-insituaccumulationofhbcdpbdesandseveralalternativeflameretardantsinthebivalvecorbiculaflumineaandgastropodelimiaproxima-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713', event);\">\n    In situ accumulation of HBCD, PBDEs, and several alternative flame-retardants in the bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and gastropod (Elimia proxima).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  La Guardia, M. J; Hale, R. C; Harvey, E.; Mainor, T M.;  and Ciparis, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(11): 5798–805. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laguardia-hale-harvey-mainor-ciparis-insituaccumulationofhbcdpbdesandseveralalternativeflameretardantsinthebivalvecorbiculaflumineaandgastropodelimiaproxima-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In situ accumulation of HBCD, PBDEs, and several alternative flame-retardants in the bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and gastropod (Elimia proxima). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es3004238\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laguardia-hale-harvey-mainor-ciparis-insituaccumulationofhbcdpbdesandseveralalternativeflameretardantsinthebivalvecorbiculaflumineaandgastropodelimiaproxima-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es3004238', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/laguardia-hale-harvey-mainor-ciparis-insituaccumulationofhbcdpbdesandseveralalternativeflameretardantsinthebivalvecorbiculaflumineaandgastropodelimiaproxima-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('laguardia-hale-harvey-mainor-ciparis-insituaccumulationofhbcdpbdesandseveralalternativeflameretardantsinthebivalvecorbiculaflumineaandgastropodelimiaproxima-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{la_guardia_situ_2012,\n\ttitle = {In situ accumulation of {HBCD}, {PBDEs}, and several alternative flame-retardants in the bivalve ({Corbicula} fluminea) and gastropod ({Elimia} proxima).},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571713},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es3004238},\n\tabstract = {Alternative brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), are now being detected in the environment. However, contaminant bioavailability is influenced by the organisms&#x27; ecology (i.e., route of uptake) and in situ environmental factors. We observed that the filter-feeding bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and grazing gastropod (Elimia proxima), collected downstream from a textile manufacturing outfall, exhibited TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE concentrations from 152 to 2230 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw). These species also contained additional BFRs. Maximum levels of total hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (∑HBCDs) in these species were 363,000 and 151,000 ng g(-1) lw, and those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) were 64,900 and 47,200 ng g(-1) lw, respectively. These concentrations are among the highest reported to date worldwide. While BDE-209 was once thought to be nonbioavailable and resistant to degradation, it was the dominant BFR present and likely debromination products were detected. Contributions of α- and β-HBCD were higher in tissues than sediments, consistent with γ-HBCD bioisomerization. Mollusk bioaccumulation factors were similar between HBCD and PBDEs with 4 to 6 bromines, but factors for TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE were lower. Despite different feeding strategies, the bivalves and gastropods exhibited similar BFR water and sediment accumulation factors.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen and Mainor, T Matteson and Ciparis, Serena},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22571713},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biota, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Corbicula, Corbicula: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gastropoda, Gastropoda: metabolism, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, North Carolina},\n\tpages = {5798--805},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Alternative brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), are now being detected in the environment. However, contaminant bioavailability is influenced by the organisms' ecology (i.e., route of uptake) and in situ environmental factors. We observed that the filter-feeding bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) and grazing gastropod (Elimia proxima), collected downstream from a textile manufacturing outfall, exhibited TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE concentrations from 152 to 2230 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw). These species also contained additional BFRs. Maximum levels of total hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (∑HBCDs) in these species were 363,000 and 151,000 ng g(-1) lw, and those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) were 64,900 and 47,200 ng g(-1) lw, respectively. These concentrations are among the highest reported to date worldwide. While BDE-209 was once thought to be nonbioavailable and resistant to degradation, it was the dominant BFR present and likely debromination products were detected. Contributions of α- and β-HBCD were higher in tissues than sediments, consistent with γ-HBCD bioisomerization. Mollusk bioaccumulation factors were similar between HBCD and PBDEs with 4 to 6 bromines, but factors for TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE were lower. Despite different feeding strategies, the bivalves and gastropods exhibited similar BFR water and sediment accumulation factors.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kristof-areyousafeonthatsofanytimescom-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&amp;ref=opinion\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kristof-areyousafeonthatsofanytimescom-2012', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&amp;ref=opinion', event);\">\n    Are You Safe on That Sofa? - NYTimes.com.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kristof, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&amp;ref=opinion\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kristof-areyousafeonthatsofanytimescom-2012', 'http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&amp;ref=opinion', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Are You Safe on That Sofa? - NYTimes.com [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kristof-areyousafeonthatsofanytimescom-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kristof-areyousafeonthatsofanytimescom-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{kristof_are_2012,\n\ttitle = {Are {You} {Safe} on {That} {Sofa}? - {NYTimes}.com},\n\turl = {http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-are-you-safe-on-that-sofa.html?_r=3&amp;ref=opinion},\n\tauthor = {Kristof, Nicholas},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Albemarle Corp, Chemtura Corporation, Chicago Tribune, Citizens for Fire Safety, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Gland, Flame retardants, Hazardous and Toxic Substances, Heimbach David M, Israel Chemicals Ltd, Lobbying and Lobbyists, National Assn of State Fire Marshals, PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls), Regulation and Deregulation of Industry},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koike-yanagisawa-takigami-takano-brominatedflameretardantsstimulatemouseimmunecellsinvitro-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koike-yanagisawa-takigami-takano-brominatedflameretardantsstimulatemouseimmunecellsinvitro-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants stimulate mouse immune cells in vitro.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koike, E.; Yanagisawa, R.; Takigami, H.;  and Takano, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of applied toxicology : JAT</i>. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koike-yanagisawa-takigami-takano-brominatedflameretardantsstimulatemouseimmunecellsinvitro-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants stimulate mouse immune cells in vitro. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2809\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koike-yanagisawa-takigami-takano-brominatedflameretardantsstimulatemouseimmunecellsinvitro-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2809', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koike-yanagisawa-takigami-takano-brominatedflameretardantsstimulatemouseimmunecellsinvitro-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koike-yanagisawa-takigami-takano-brominatedflameretardantsstimulatemouseimmunecellsinvitro-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koike_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants stimulate mouse immune cells in vitro.},\n\tissn = {1099-1263},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972382},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jat.2809},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used in consumer products. Their toxicological effects as endocrine disruptors have been partly examined. However, their immunological effects have not been elucidated. To evaluate the effects of BFRs on immune responses, we investigated whether BFRs affect phenotypes and the function of immune cells in vitro. Here we examined the commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71), octabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-79), decabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-83R), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Splenocytes and bone marrow (BM) cells were prepared from atopic prone NC/Nga mice. Splenocytes were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. BM cells were cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 8 days and BM-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. In another experiment, BM cells were cultured with GM-CSF in the presence of each BFR for 6 days during BMDC differentiation. After exposure, cell surface molecule expression and cytokine production were investigated. Each BFR increased MHC class II and CD86 expression and interleukin (IL)-4 production in splenocytes. DE-71, HBCD and TBBPA increased T cell receptor (TCR) expression in splenocytes. In both experiments, all BFRs except TBBPA increased DEC205 expression in BMDCs. BMDCs that differentiated in the presence of HBCD showed enhanced MHC class II, CD80, CD86 and CD11c expression. The results demonstrate that some BFRs may stimulate immune cells. BFRs can induce or enhance immune/allergic responses by increasing antigen presentation-related molecule expression and IL-4 production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley \\&amp; Sons, Ltd.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of applied toxicology : JAT},\n\tauthor = {Koike, Eiko and Yanagisawa, Rie and Takigami, Hidetaka and Takano, Hirohisa},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22972382},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used in consumer products. Their toxicological effects as endocrine disruptors have been partly examined. However, their immunological effects have not been elucidated. To evaluate the effects of BFRs on immune responses, we investigated whether BFRs affect phenotypes and the function of immune cells in vitro. Here we examined the commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71), octabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-79), decabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-83R), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Splenocytes and bone marrow (BM) cells were prepared from atopic prone NC/Nga mice. Splenocytes were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. BM cells were cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 8 days and BM-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were exposed to each BFR for 24 h. In another experiment, BM cells were cultured with GM-CSF in the presence of each BFR for 6 days during BMDC differentiation. After exposure, cell surface molecule expression and cytokine production were investigated. Each BFR increased MHC class II and CD86 expression and interleukin (IL)-4 production in splenocytes. DE-71, HBCD and TBBPA increased T cell receptor (TCR) expression in splenocytes. In both experiments, all BFRs except TBBPA increased DEC205 expression in BMDCs. BMDCs that differentiated in the presence of HBCD showed enhanced MHC class II, CD80, CD86 and CD11c expression. The results demonstrate that some BFRs may stimulate immune cells. BFRs can induce or enhance immune/allergic responses by increasing antigen presentation-related molecule expression and IL-4 production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"klosterhaus-stapleton-laguardia-greig-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinsanfranciscobaysedimentsandwildlife-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'klosterhaus-stapleton-laguardia-greig-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinsanfranciscobaysedimentsandwildlife-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500', event);\">\n    Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in San Francisco Bay sediments and wildlife.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Klosterhaus, S. L; Stapleton, H. M; La Guardia, M. J;  and Greig, D. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 47: 56–65. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klosterhaus-stapleton-laguardia-greig-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinsanfranciscobaysedimentsandwildlife-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in San Francisco Bay sediments and wildlife. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klosterhaus-stapleton-laguardia-greig-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinsanfranciscobaysedimentsandwildlife-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/klosterhaus-stapleton-laguardia-greig-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinsanfranciscobaysedimentsandwildlife-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('klosterhaus-stapleton-laguardia-greig-brominatedandchlorinatedflameretardantsinsanfranciscobaysedimentsandwildlife-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{klosterhaus_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in {San} {Francisco} {Bay} sediments and wildlife.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766500},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005},\n\tabstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly in the United States. In this study, a survey of flame retardants in San Francisco Bay was conducted to evaluate whether PBDE replacement chemicals and other current use flame retardants were accumulating in the Bay food web. In addition to PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) were detected in Bay sediments and wildlife. Median concentrations of PBDEs, HBCD, and DP, respectively, were 4.3, 0.3, and 0.2 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) in sediments; 1670, {\\textbackslash}textless6.0, and 0.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); 1860, 6.5, and 1.3 ng g⁻¹ lw in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata); 5500, 37.4, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in eggs of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 770, 7.1, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) adults; and 330, 3.5, and {\\textbackslash}textless0.1 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (P. vitulina) pups. Two additional flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in sediments but with less frequency and at lower concentrations (median concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively) compared to the other flame retardants. PBEB was also detected in each of the adult harbor seals and in 83\\% of the pups (median concentrations 0.2 and 0.07 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively). The flame retardants hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), were not detected in sediments and BTBPE, HBB and TBB were not detected in wildlife samples. Elevated concentrations of some flame retardants were likely associated with urbanization and Bay hydrodynamics. Compared to other locations, concentrations of PBDEs in Bay wildlife were comparable or higher, while concentrations of the alternatives were generally lower. This study is the first to determine concentrations of PBDE replacement products and other flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, providing some of the first data on the food web occurrence of these flame retardants in a North American urbanized estuary.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Stapleton, Heather M and La Guardia, Mark J and Greig, Denise J},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22766500},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bays, Bays: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, San Francisco},\n\tpages = {56--65},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly in the United States. In this study, a survey of flame retardants in San Francisco Bay was conducted to evaluate whether PBDE replacement chemicals and other current use flame retardants were accumulating in the Bay food web. In addition to PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) were detected in Bay sediments and wildlife. Median concentrations of PBDEs, HBCD, and DP, respectively, were 4.3, 0.3, and 0.2 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) in sediments; 1670, \\textless6.0, and 0.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); 1860, 6.5, and 1.3 ng g⁻¹ lw in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata); 5500, 37.4, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in eggs of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 770, 7.1, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) adults; and 330, 3.5, and \\textless0.1 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (P. vitulina) pups. Two additional flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in sediments but with less frequency and at lower concentrations (median concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively) compared to the other flame retardants. PBEB was also detected in each of the adult harbor seals and in 83% of the pups (median concentrations 0.2 and 0.07 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively). The flame retardants hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), were not detected in sediments and BTBPE, HBB and TBB were not detected in wildlife samples. Elevated concentrations of some flame retardants were likely associated with urbanization and Bay hydrodynamics. Compared to other locations, concentrations of PBDEs in Bay wildlife were comparable or higher, while concentrations of the alternatives were generally lower. This study is the first to determine concentrations of PBDE replacement products and other flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, providing some of the first data on the food web occurrence of these flame retardants in a North American urbanized estuary.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-bang-lim-won-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-bang-lim-won-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587', event);\">\n    Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, T. H.; Bang, D. Y.; Lim, H. J.; Won, A J.; Ahn, M. Y.; Patra, N.; Chung, K. K.; Kwack, S. J.; Park, K. L.; Han, S. Y.; Choi, W. S.; Han, J. Y.; Lee, B. M.; Oh, J.; Yoon, J.; Lee, J.;  and Kim, H. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 87(1): 97–104. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-bang-lim-won-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-bang-lim-won-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-bang-lim-won-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-bang-lim-won-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_comparisons_2012,\n\ttitle = {Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired {South} {Korean} cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples.},\n\tvolume = {87},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236587},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman&#x27;s Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7±5.1 ng g(-1) lipid, 7.7±4.2 ng g(-1) lipid, and 3.0±1.8 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28-30.94 ng g(-1) lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8-17.66 ng g(-1) lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08-8.66 ng g(-1) lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45-73\\% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Tae Hyung and Bang, Du Yeon and Lim, Hyun Jung and Won, A Jin and Ahn, Mee Young and Patra, Nabanita and Chung, Ki Kyung and Kwack, Seung Jun and Park, Kui Lea and Han, Soon Young and Choi, Wahn Soo and Han, Jung Yeol and Lee, Byung Mu and Oh, Jeong-Eun and Yoon, Jeong-Hyun and Lee, Jaewon and Kim, Hyung Sik},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22236587},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Pregnancy, Republic of Korea},\n\tpages = {97--104},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman's Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7±5.1 ng g(-1) lipid, 7.7±4.2 ng g(-1) lipid, and 3.0±1.8 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28-30.94 ng g(-1) lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8-17.66 ng g(-1) lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08-8.66 ng g(-1) lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45-73% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-kang-park-baek-kim-chang-assessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumfromthekoreangeneralpopulation-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-kang-park-baek-kim-chang-assessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumfromthekoreangeneralpopulation-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115', event);\">\n    Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum from the Korean general population.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, J.; Kang, J.; Park, H.; Baek, S.; Kim, Y.;  and Chang, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 164: 46–52. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-kang-park-baek-kim-chang-assessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumfromthekoreangeneralpopulation-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum from the Korean general population. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-kang-park-baek-kim-chang-assessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumfromthekoreangeneralpopulation-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-kang-park-baek-kim-chang-assessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumfromthekoreangeneralpopulation-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-kang-park-baek-kim-chang-assessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumfromthekoreangeneralpopulation-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_assessment_2012,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum from the {Korean} general population.},\n\tvolume = {164},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327115},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.016},\n\tabstract = {In 2009 and 2010, 720 serum samples were collected from non-occupationally exposed study participants at four Korean locations and monitored for the presence of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The median concentrations of Σ(27)PBDEs (the sum of 27 congeners) and Σ(3-7)PBDEs (the sum of tri- to hepta-BDE congeners) were 6.04 and 4.97 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congener detected in serum samples was BDE-153, followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. The median value of Σ(3-7)PBDEs was similar to the median values observed in Asia and Europe, but much lower than that observed in North America. Some significant differences, based on geographic region and sex, were observed. We also observed a positive increase of BDE-153 with regard to age. In addition, we estimated the daily exposure to PBDEs from previously published reports of PBDE concentrations in food and dust, and determined the individual contributions of a variety of sources.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Jongchul and Kang, Jung-Ho and Park, Hyokeun and Baek, Song-Yee and Kim, Yang-Ho and Chang, Yoon-Seok},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22327115},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Republic of Korea, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {46--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In 2009 and 2010, 720 serum samples were collected from non-occupationally exposed study participants at four Korean locations and monitored for the presence of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The median concentrations of Σ(27)PBDEs (the sum of 27 congeners) and Σ(3-7)PBDEs (the sum of tri- to hepta-BDE congeners) were 6.04 and 4.97 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congener detected in serum samples was BDE-153, followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. The median value of Σ(3-7)PBDEs was similar to the median values observed in Asia and Europe, but much lower than that observed in North America. Some significant differences, based on geographic region and sex, were observed. We also observed a positive increase of BDE-153 with regard to age. In addition, we estimated the daily exposure to PBDEs from previously published reports of PBDE concentrations in food and dust, and determined the individual contributions of a variety of sources.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kiciski-viaene-denhond-schoeters-covaci-dirtu-nelen-bruckers-etal-neurobehavioralfunctionandlowlevelexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinadolescentsacrosssectionalstudy-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kiciski-viaene-denhond-schoeters-covaci-dirtu-nelen-bruckers-etal-neurobehavioralfunctionandlowlevelexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinadolescentsacrosssectionalstudy-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Neurobehavioral function and low-level exposure to brominated flame retardants in adolescents: a cross-sectional study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kiciński, M.; Viaene, M. K; Den Hond, E.; Schoeters, G.; Covaci, A.; Dirtu, A. C; Nelen, V.; Bruckers, L.; Croes, K.; Sioen, I.; Baeyens, W.; Van Larebeke, N.;  and Nawrot, T. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 11: 86. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kiciski-viaene-denhond-schoeters-covaci-dirtu-nelen-bruckers-etal-neurobehavioralfunctionandlowlevelexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinadolescentsacrosssectionalstudy-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurobehavioral function and low-level exposure to brominated flame retardants in adolescents: a cross-sectional study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-86\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kiciski-viaene-denhond-schoeters-covaci-dirtu-nelen-bruckers-etal-neurobehavioralfunctionandlowlevelexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinadolescentsacrosssectionalstudy-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-86', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kiciski-viaene-denhond-schoeters-covaci-dirtu-nelen-bruckers-etal-neurobehavioralfunctionandlowlevelexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinadolescentsacrosssectionalstudy-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kiciski-viaene-denhond-schoeters-covaci-dirtu-nelen-bruckers-etal-neurobehavioralfunctionandlowlevelexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsinadolescentsacrosssectionalstudy-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kicinski_neurobehavioral_2012,\n\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral function and low-level exposure to brominated flame retardants in adolescents: a cross-sectional study.},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1476-069X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3519795&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-11-86},\n\tabstract = {Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated a neurotoxic potential of brominated flame retardants, a group of chemicals used in many household and commercial products to prevent fire. Although the first reports of detrimental neurobehavioral effects in rodents appeared more than ten years ago, human data are sparse.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Kiciński, Micha{\\textbackslash}l and Viaene, Mineke K and Den Hond, Elly and Schoeters, Greet and Covaci, Adrian and Dirtu, Alin C and Nelen, Vera and Bruckers, Liesbeth and Croes, Kim and Sioen, Isabelle and Baeyens, Willy and Van Larebeke, Nicolas and Nawrot, Tim S},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23151181},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Lead, Lead: blood, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\n\tpages = {86},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated a neurotoxic potential of brominated flame retardants, a group of chemicals used in many household and commercial products to prevent fire. Although the first reports of detrimental neurobehavioral effects in rodents appeared more than ten years ago, human data are sparse.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"katsoyiannis-bogdal-paoletti-cudlin-besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'katsoyiannis-bogdal-paoletti-cudlin-besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments – A review on occurrence and human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Katsoyiannis, A. A.; Bogdal, C.; Paoletti, E.; Cudlin, P.; Besis, A.;  and Samara, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Pollution</i>, 169: 217–229.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('katsoyiannis-bogdal-paoletti-cudlin-besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments – A review on occurrence and human exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/katsoyiannis-bogdal-paoletti-cudlin-besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('katsoyiannis-bogdal-paoletti-cudlin-besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{katsoyiannis_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor and outdoor environments – {A} review on occurrence and human exposure},\n\tvolume = {169},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974911200190X},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\n\tauthor = {Katsoyiannis, Athanasios A. and Bogdal, Christian and Paoletti, Elena and Cudlin, Pavel and Besis, Athanasios and Samara, Constantini},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor air, Indoor dust, Outdoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\n\tpages = {217--229},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kakimoto-nagayoshi-yoshida-akutsu-konishi-toriba-hayakawa-detectionofdechloraneplusandbrominatedflameretardantsinmarketedfishinjapan-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kakimoto-nagayoshi-yoshida-akutsu-konishi-toriba-hayakawa-detectionofdechloraneplusandbrominatedflameretardantsinmarketedfishinjapan-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370', event);\">\n    Detection of Dechlorane Plus and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kakimoto, K.; Nagayoshi, H.; Yoshida, J.; Akutsu, K.; Konishi, Y.; Toriba, A.;  and Hayakawa, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 89(4): 416–9. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kakimoto-nagayoshi-yoshida-akutsu-konishi-toriba-hayakawa-detectionofdechloraneplusandbrominatedflameretardantsinmarketedfishinjapan-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of Dechlorane Plus and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in Japan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.072\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kakimoto-nagayoshi-yoshida-akutsu-konishi-toriba-hayakawa-detectionofdechloraneplusandbrominatedflameretardantsinmarketedfishinjapan-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.072', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kakimoto-nagayoshi-yoshida-akutsu-konishi-toriba-hayakawa-detectionofdechloraneplusandbrominatedflameretardantsinmarketedfishinjapan-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kakimoto-nagayoshi-yoshida-akutsu-konishi-toriba-hayakawa-detectionofdechloraneplusandbrominatedflameretardantsinmarketedfishinjapan-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kakimoto_detection_2012,\n\ttitle = {Detection of {Dechlorane} {Plus} and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698370},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.072},\n\tabstract = {Fish samples purchased from Japanese markets were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP)(syn-, anti-), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)(α, γ). Twenty fish were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for DP and PBDE, and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HBCD. DP was detected in 18 samples and ∑DP concentrations were {\\textbackslash}textless0.2-14.2 pg g(-1)wet wt. Among the DP isomers, anti-DP was the dominant residue observed in this study. PBDE was detected in all samples. Concentrations of ∑PBDE ranged from 2.2 to 878 pg g(-1) wet wt. HBCD was detected in 18 samples, and ∑HBCD concentrations were {\\textbackslash}textless0.02-21.9 ng g(-1)wet wt. In fish landed near the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, we detected relatively high concentrations of DP, PBDE, and HBCD. These results indicate that the seawaters around East Asia are contaminated with flame retardants. This study demonstrates the presence of DP in fish marketed in Japan for the first time.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Nagayoshi, Haruna and Yoshida, Jin and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Toriba, Akira and Hayakawa, Kazuichi},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22698370},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {416--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fish samples purchased from Japanese markets were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP)(syn-, anti-), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)(α, γ). Twenty fish were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for DP and PBDE, and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for HBCD. DP was detected in 18 samples and ∑DP concentrations were \\textless0.2-14.2 pg g(-1)wet wt. Among the DP isomers, anti-DP was the dominant residue observed in this study. PBDE was detected in all samples. Concentrations of ∑PBDE ranged from 2.2 to 878 pg g(-1) wet wt. HBCD was detected in 18 samples, and ∑HBCD concentrations were \\textless0.02-21.9 ng g(-1)wet wt. In fish landed near the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, we detected relatively high concentrations of DP, PBDE, and HBCD. These results indicate that the seawaters around East Asia are contaminated with flame retardants. This study demonstrates the presence of DP in fish marketed in Japan for the first time.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984', event);\">\n    Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kalachova, K; Hradkova, P; Lankova, D; Hajslova, J;  and Pulkrabova, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 441: 182–93. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kalachova_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the {Czech} {Republic}.},\n\tvolume = {441},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137984},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061},\n\tabstract = {The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six &quot;alternative&quot; brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of &quot;alternative&quot; BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges {\\textbackslash}textless20-3567 and {\\textbackslash}textless0.3-950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70\\% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Kalachova, K and Hradkova, P and Lankova, D and Hajslova, J and Pulkrabova, J},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23137984},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Automobiles, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Czech Republic, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis},\n\tpages = {182--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six \"alternative\" brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of \"alternative\" BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges \\textless20-3567 and \\textless0.3-950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jr-governorbrowndirectsstateagenciestoreviseflammabilitystandards-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jr-governorbrowndirectsstateagenciestoreviseflammabilitystandards-2012', 'http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598', event);\">\n    Governor Brown Directs State Agencies to Revise Flammability Standards.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jr., O. o. G. E. G B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jr-governorbrowndirectsstateagenciestoreviseflammabilitystandards-2012', 'http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Governor Brown Directs State Agencies to Revise Flammability Standards [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jr-governorbrowndirectsstateagenciestoreviseflammabilitystandards-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jr-governorbrowndirectsstateagenciestoreviseflammabilitystandards-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{jr._governor_2012,\n\ttitle = {Governor {Brown} {Directs} {State} {Agencies} to {Revise} {Flammability} {Standards}},\n\turl = {http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598},\n\tabstract = {6-18-2012 SACRAMENTO – In an effort to protect public safety by reducing the use of toxic flame retardants, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. today directed state agencies to revise flammability standards for upholstered furniture sold in the state. Governor Brown has asked the Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation to review the state&#x27;s four-decade-old flammability standards and recommend changes to reduce toxic flame retardants while continuing to ensure fire safety.},\n\tauthor = {Jr., Office of Governer Edmund G Brown},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, california, government, state},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  6-18-2012 SACRAMENTO – In an effort to protect public safety by reducing the use of toxic flame retardants, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. today directed state agencies to revise flammability standards for upholstered furniture sold in the state. Governor Brown has asked the Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation to review the state's four-decade-old flammability standards and recommend changes to reduce toxic flame retardants while continuing to ensure fire safety.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"insulation-furnishings-thermal-proposedtb1172012languagedraft-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'insulation-furnishings-thermal-proposedtb1172012languagedraft-2012', 'http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf', event);\">\n    Proposed TB-117-2012 Language Draft.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Insulation, C. B. o. E.; Furnishings, A. R. H.;  and Thermal\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('insulation-furnishings-thermal-proposedtb1172012languagedraft-2012', 'http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Proposed TB-117-2012 Language Draft [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/insulation-furnishings-thermal-proposedtb1172012languagedraft-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('insulation-furnishings-thermal-proposedtb1172012languagedraft-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{insulation_proposed_2012,\n\ttitle = {Proposed {TB}-117-2012 {Language} {Draft}},\n\turl = {http://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_finaldraft.pdf},\n\tauthor = {Insulation, California Bureau of Electronic and Furnishings, Appliance Repair Home and {Thermal}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"janssens-reducinguncertaintyofquantifyingtheburningrateofupholsteredfurniture-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'janssens-reducinguncertaintyofquantifyingtheburningrateofupholsteredfurniture-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf', event);\">\n    Reducing Uncertainty of Quantifying the Burning Rate of Upholstered Furniture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Janssens, M. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Southwest Research Institute,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('janssens-reducinguncertaintyofquantifyingtheburningrateofupholsteredfurniture-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Reducing Uncertainty of Quantifying the Burning Rate of Upholstered Furniture [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/janssens-reducinguncertaintyofquantifyingtheburningrateofupholsteredfurniture-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('janssens-reducinguncertaintyofquantifyingtheburningrateofupholsteredfurniture-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{janssens_reducing_2012,\n\ttitle = {Reducing {Uncertainty} of {Quantifying} the {Burning} {Rate} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Janssens SWRI.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Southwest Research Institute},\n\tauthor = {Janssens, Marc L},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, NIJ Final Grant Report},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"isobe-ogawa-ramu-sudaryanto-tanabe-geographicaldistributionofnonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsinmusselsfromasiancoastalwaters-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'isobe-ogawa-ramu-sudaryanto-tanabe-geographicaldistributionofnonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsinmusselsfromasiancoastalwaters-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421', event);\">\n    Geographical distribution of non-PBDE-brominated flame retardants in mussels from Asian coastal waters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Isobe, T.; Ogawa, S. P; Ramu, K.; Sudaryanto, A.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science and pollution research international</i>, 19(8): 3107–17. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('isobe-ogawa-ramu-sudaryanto-tanabe-geographicaldistributionofnonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsinmusselsfromasiancoastalwaters-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Geographical distribution of non-PBDE-brominated flame retardants in mussels from Asian coastal waters. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0945-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('isobe-ogawa-ramu-sudaryanto-tanabe-geographicaldistributionofnonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsinmusselsfromasiancoastalwaters-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0945-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/isobe-ogawa-ramu-sudaryanto-tanabe-geographicaldistributionofnonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsinmusselsfromasiancoastalwaters-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('isobe-ogawa-ramu-sudaryanto-tanabe-geographicaldistributionofnonpbdebrominatedflameretardantsinmusselsfromasiancoastalwaters-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{isobe_geographical_2012,\n\ttitle = {Geographical distribution of non-{PBDE}-brominated flame retardants in mussels from {Asian} coastal waters.},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875421},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-0945-6},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) used as alternatives for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are also persistent in the environment as PBDEs. Limited information on these non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is available; in particular, there are only few publications on environmental pollution by these contaminants in the coastal waters of Asia. In this regard, we investigated the contamination status of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE in the coastal waters of Asia using mussels as a bioindicator. Concentrations of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were determined in green (Perna viridis) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the coastal areas in Cambodia, China (mainland), SAR China (Hong Kong), India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam on 2003-2008. BTBPE and DBDPE were analyzed using GC-MS, whereas HBCDs were determined by LC-MS/MS. HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were found in mussels at levels ranging from {\\textbackslash}textless0.01 to 1,400, {\\textbackslash}textless0.1 to 13, and {\\textbackslash}textless0.3 to 22 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Among the three HBCD diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was the dominant isomer followed by γ- and β-HBCDs. Concentrations of HBCDs and DBDPE in mussels from Japan and Korea were higher compared to those from the other Asian countries, indicating extensive usage of these non-PBDE BFRs in Japan and Korea. Higher levels of HBCDs and DBDPE than PBDEs were detected in some mussel samples from Japan. The results suggest that environmental pollution by non-PBDE BFRs, especially HBCDs in Japan, is ubiquitous. This study provides baseline information on the contamination status of these non-PBDE BFRs in the coastal waters of Asia.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\n\tauthor = {Isobe, Tomohiko and Ogawa, Shohei P and Ramu, Karri and Sudaryanto, Agus and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22875421},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Asia, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Liquid, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Southeastern, Water Pollutants, unsure},\n\tpages = {3107--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) used as alternatives for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are also persistent in the environment as PBDEs. Limited information on these non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is available; in particular, there are only few publications on environmental pollution by these contaminants in the coastal waters of Asia. In this regard, we investigated the contamination status of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE in the coastal waters of Asia using mussels as a bioindicator. Concentrations of HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were determined in green (Perna viridis) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the coastal areas in Cambodia, China (mainland), SAR China (Hong Kong), India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam on 2003-2008. BTBPE and DBDPE were analyzed using GC-MS, whereas HBCDs were determined by LC-MS/MS. HBCDs, BTBPE, and DBDPE were found in mussels at levels ranging from \\textless0.01 to 1,400, \\textless0.1 to 13, and \\textless0.3 to 22 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Among the three HBCD diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was the dominant isomer followed by γ- and β-HBCDs. Concentrations of HBCDs and DBDPE in mussels from Japan and Korea were higher compared to those from the other Asian countries, indicating extensive usage of these non-PBDE BFRs in Japan and Korea. Higher levels of HBCDs and DBDPE than PBDEs were detected in some mussel samples from Japan. The results suggest that environmental pollution by non-PBDE BFRs, especially HBCDs in Japan, is ubiquitous. This study provides baseline information on the contamination status of these non-PBDE BFRs in the coastal waters of Asia.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hull-handbookongreenflameretardancyofpolymers-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Handbook on Green Flame Retardancy of Polymers.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hull, T R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Papaspyrides, C. D;  and Kiliaris, P., editor(s). Elsevier Ltd,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hull-handbookongreenflameretardancyofpolymers-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hull-handbookongreenflameretardancyofpolymers-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{hull_handbook_2012,\n\ttitle = {Handbook on {Green} {Flame} {Retardancy} of {Polymers}},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier Ltd},\n\tauthor = {Hull, T Richard},\n\teditor = {Papaspyrides, Constantine D and Kiliaris, Pantelis},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Residential Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalresidentialcode-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalresidentialcode-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2012,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Building Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalbuildingcode-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalbuildingcode-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2012,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hwang-kang-lee-oh-assessmentofcharacteristicdistributionofpcddfsandbfrsinsludgegeneratedatmunicipalandindustrialwastewatertreatmentplants-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hwang-kang-lee-oh-assessmentofcharacteristicdistributionofpcddfsandbfrsinsludgegeneratedatmunicipalandindustrialwastewatertreatmentplants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527', event);\">\n    Assessment of characteristic distribution of PCDD/Fs and BFRs in sludge generated at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hwang, I.; Kang, H.; Lee, I.;  and Oh, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(7): 888–894. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hwang-kang-lee-oh-assessmentofcharacteristicdistributionofpcddfsandbfrsinsludgegeneratedatmunicipalandindustrialwastewatertreatmentplants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of characteristic distribution of PCDD/Fs and BFRs in sludge generated at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hwang-kang-lee-oh-assessmentofcharacteristicdistributionofpcddfsandbfrsinsludgegeneratedatmunicipalandindustrialwastewatertreatmentplants-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hwang-kang-lee-oh-assessmentofcharacteristicdistributionofpcddfsandbfrsinsludgegeneratedatmunicipalandindustrialwastewatertreatmentplants-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hwang_assessment_2012,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of characteristic distribution of {PCDD}/{Fs} and {BFRs} in sludge generated at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595527},\n\tabstract = {The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/Fs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sludge generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) and industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) was investigated. The concentrations of these pollutants were in the following ranges: 5.38-7947ngkg(-1)dw (0.02-49.9ngWHO-TEQkg(-1) dw) for 17 PCDD/Fs, 17.5-66761μgkg(-1)dw for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1.55-29604μgkg(-1)dw for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) (α-, β-, and γ-diastereomers), and 4.01-618μgkg(-1)dw for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Generally, the levels of each compound in the sewage-sludge samples were higher than those in the industrial-sludge samples with some exceptions. The characteristic distribution profiles of target compounds were observed for different types of sludge and different sources of wastewater. High-chlorinated PCDD/Fs were dominant in all samples except those from the textile industry. The distribution of the BFRs in industrial-sludge samples varied, whereas that of the BFRs in sewage-sludge samples was consistent. The proportion of penta-BDEs in sewage sludge was higher than that in industrial sludge, even though BDE-209 was the most dominant congener in all the samples. For HBCDs, the distribution of diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) was similar across sludge samples that had the same source of wastewater and treatment processes.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hwang, In-Kyu and Kang, Hee-Hyung and Lee, In-Seok and Oh, Jeong-Eun},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {888--894},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/Fs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sludge generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) and industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) was investigated. The concentrations of these pollutants were in the following ranges: 5.38-7947ngkg(-1)dw (0.02-49.9ngWHO-TEQkg(-1) dw) for 17 PCDD/Fs, 17.5-66761μgkg(-1)dw for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1.55-29604μgkg(-1)dw for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) (α-, β-, and γ-diastereomers), and 4.01-618μgkg(-1)dw for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Generally, the levels of each compound in the sewage-sludge samples were higher than those in the industrial-sludge samples with some exceptions. The characteristic distribution profiles of target compounds were observed for different types of sludge and different sources of wastewater. High-chlorinated PCDD/Fs were dominant in all samples except those from the textile industry. The distribution of the BFRs in industrial-sludge samples varied, whereas that of the BFRs in sewage-sludge samples was consistent. The proportion of penta-BDEs in sewage sludge was higher than that in industrial sludge, even though BDE-209 was the most dominant congener in all the samples. For HBCDs, the distribution of diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) was similar across sludge samples that had the same source of wastewater and treatment processes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hrdkov-pulkrabov-kalachov-hloukov-tomaniov-poustka-hajlov-occurrenceofhalogenatedcontaminantsinfishfromselectedriverlocalitiesandpondsintheczechrepublic-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hrdkov-pulkrabov-kalachov-hloukov-tomaniov-poustka-hajlov-occurrenceofhalogenatedcontaminantsinfishfromselectedriverlocalitiesandpondsintheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965', event);\">\n    Occurrence of halogenated contaminants in fish from selected river localities and ponds in the Czech Republic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hrádková, P.; Pulkrabová, J.; Kalachová, K.; Hloušková, V.; Tomaniová, M.; Poustka, J.;  and Hajšlová, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 62(1): 85–96. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hrdkov-pulkrabov-kalachov-hloukov-tomaniov-poustka-hajlov-occurrenceofhalogenatedcontaminantsinfishfromselectedriverlocalitiesandpondsintheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of halogenated contaminants in fish from selected river localities and ponds in the Czech Republic. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9681-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hrdkov-pulkrabov-kalachov-hloukov-tomaniov-poustka-hajlov-occurrenceofhalogenatedcontaminantsinfishfromselectedriverlocalitiesandpondsintheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9681-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hrdkov-pulkrabov-kalachov-hloukov-tomaniov-poustka-hajlov-occurrenceofhalogenatedcontaminantsinfishfromselectedriverlocalitiesandpondsintheczechrepublic-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hrdkov-pulkrabov-kalachov-hloukov-tomaniov-poustka-hajlov-occurrenceofhalogenatedcontaminantsinfishfromselectedriverlocalitiesandpondsintheczechrepublic-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hradkova_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of halogenated contaminants in fish from selected river localities and ponds in the {Czech} {Republic}.},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1432-0703},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643965},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9681-z},\n\tabstract = {The occurrence of organohalogenated compounds including major persistent chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT and its metabolites, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), represented by polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), together with currently widely discussed perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), mainly perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was monitored in several fish species collected from Czech rivers. Eleven sampling locations in highly industrialized areas were chosen. In addition, wild species of 14 farmed fish (grown in dedicated ponds) were also analysed. With respect to the contamination in different areas, chlorinated chemicals were dominant. PCBs and DDTs ranged from 4.8 to 211 and 2 to 791 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. Concentrations of BFRs and PFCs were significantly lower and ranged from 0.6 to 10.2 and 0.9 to 62 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. The highest levels of target analyte groups were found in fish muscle tissue in localities situated on the lower part of the Elbe River: Levels of DDT, HCB, PBDEs, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were as high as 791, 77.6, 14.4 and 193 μg/kg wet weight, respectively, in Usti nad Labem and in the sample originated from the confluence of Elbe with Bilina River; a sum of PCBs at a level of 211 μg/kg was detected.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Hrádková, Petra and Pulkrabová, Jana and Kalachová, Kamila and Hloušková, Veronika and Tomaniová, Monika and Poustka, Jan and Hajšlová, Jana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {21643965},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Czech Republic, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Muscle, Ponds, Rivers, Skeletal, Skeletal: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {85--96},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The occurrence of organohalogenated compounds including major persistent chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT and its metabolites, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), represented by polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), together with currently widely discussed perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), mainly perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was monitored in several fish species collected from Czech rivers. Eleven sampling locations in highly industrialized areas were chosen. In addition, wild species of 14 farmed fish (grown in dedicated ponds) were also analysed. With respect to the contamination in different areas, chlorinated chemicals were dominant. PCBs and DDTs ranged from 4.8 to 211 and 2 to 791 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. Concentrations of BFRs and PFCs were significantly lower and ranged from 0.6 to 10.2 and 0.9 to 62 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. The highest levels of target analyte groups were found in fish muscle tissue in localities situated on the lower part of the Elbe River: Levels of DDT, HCB, PBDEs, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were as high as 791, 77.6, 14.4 and 193 μg/kg wet weight, respectively, in Usti nad Labem and in the sample originated from the confluence of Elbe with Bilina River; a sum of PCBs at a level of 211 μg/kg was detected.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hoffman-adgent-goldman-sjdin-daniels-lactationalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersanditsrelationtosocialandemotionaldevelopmentamongtoddlers-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hoffman-adgent-goldman-sjdin-daniels-lactationalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersanditsrelationtosocialandemotionaldevelopmentamongtoddlers-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hoffman, K.; Adgent, M.; Goldman, B. D.; Sjödin, A.;  and Daniels, J. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 120(10): 1438–42. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoffman-adgent-goldman-sjdin-daniels-lactationalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersanditsrelationtosocialandemotionaldevelopmentamongtoddlers-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoffman-adgent-goldman-sjdin-daniels-lactationalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersanditsrelationtosocialandemotionaldevelopmentamongtoddlers-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205100', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hoffman-adgent-goldman-sjdin-daniels-lactationalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersanditsrelationtosocialandemotionaldevelopmentamongtoddlers-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hoffman-adgent-goldman-sjdin-daniels-lactationalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersanditsrelationtosocialandemotionaldevelopmentamongtoddlers-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hoffman_lactational_2012,\n\ttitle = {Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers.},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3491946&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205100},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs have been linked to adverse neurodevelopment in animals and humans.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Hoffman, Kate and Adgent, Margaret and Goldman, Barbara Davis and Sjödin, Andreas and Daniels, Julie L},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22814209},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1438--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs have been linked to adverse neurodevelopment in animals and humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ho-murphy-wan-fong-tam-giesy-leung-lam-synthesisandcharacterizationofbromophenolglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesfortheirdirectlcmsmsquantificationinhumanurineaspotentialexposuremarkersforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ho-murphy-wan-fong-tam-giesy-leung-lam-synthesisandcharacterizationofbromophenolglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesfortheirdirectlcmsmsquantificationinhumanurineaspotentialexposuremarkersforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377', event);\">\n    Synthesis and characterization of bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates for their direct LC-MS/MS quantification in human urine as potential exposure markers for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ho, K.; Murphy, M. B; Wan, Y.; Fong, B. M.; Tam, S.; Giesy, J. P; Leung, K. S.;  and Lam, M. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical chemistry</i>, 84(22): 9881–8. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ho-murphy-wan-fong-tam-giesy-leung-lam-synthesisandcharacterizationofbromophenolglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesfortheirdirectlcmsmsquantificationinhumanurineaspotentialexposuremarkersforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Synthesis and characterization of bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates for their direct LC-MS/MS quantification in human urine as potential exposure markers for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ac302161t\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ho-murphy-wan-fong-tam-giesy-leung-lam-synthesisandcharacterizationofbromophenolglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesfortheirdirectlcmsmsquantificationinhumanurineaspotentialexposuremarkersforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ac302161t', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ho-murphy-wan-fong-tam-giesy-leung-lam-synthesisandcharacterizationofbromophenolglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesfortheirdirectlcmsmsquantificationinhumanurineaspotentialexposuremarkersforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ho-murphy-wan-fong-tam-giesy-leung-lam-synthesisandcharacterizationofbromophenolglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesfortheirdirectlcmsmsquantificationinhumanurineaspotentialexposuremarkersforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ho_synthesis_2012,\n\ttitle = {Synthesis and characterization of bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates for their direct {LC}-{MS}/{MS} quantification in human urine as potential exposure markers for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1520-6882},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23075377},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ac302161t},\n\tabstract = {Bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates have been reported to be products of mammalian metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of additive flame-retardants found ubiquitously in the environment. In order to explore their occurrence in human urine, four water-soluble bromophenol conjugates, namely, 2,4-dibromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4-dibromophenyl sulfate, and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl sulfate, were synthesized, purified, and characterized. An analytical protocol using solid-phase extraction and ion-paired liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) quantification has been developed for the direct and simultaneous determination of these glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples. The limit of detections for all analytes were below 13 pg mL(-1), with 73-101\\% analyte recovery and 7.2-8.6\\% repeatability. The method was applied to analyze 20 human urine samples collected randomly from voluntary donors in Hong Kong SAR, China. All the samples were found to contain one or more of the bromophenol conjugates, with concentration ranging from 0.13-2.45 μg g(-1) creatinine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical protocol for the direct and simultaneous monitoring of these potential phase II metabolites of PBDEs in human urine. Our results have also suggested the potential of these bromophenol conjugates in human urine to be convenient molecular markers for the quantification of population exposure to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {22},\n\tjournal = {Analytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Ho, Ka-Lok and Murphy, Margaret B and Wan, Yi and Fong, Bonnie M-W and Tam, Sidney and Giesy, John P and Leung, Kelvin S-Y and Lam, Michael H-W},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23075377},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {9881--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Bromophenol glucuronide and sulfate conjugates have been reported to be products of mammalian metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of additive flame-retardants found ubiquitously in the environment. In order to explore their occurrence in human urine, four water-soluble bromophenol conjugates, namely, 2,4-dibromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl glucuronide, 2,4-dibromophenyl sulfate, and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl sulfate, were synthesized, purified, and characterized. An analytical protocol using solid-phase extraction and ion-paired liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) quantification has been developed for the direct and simultaneous determination of these glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples. The limit of detections for all analytes were below 13 pg mL(-1), with 73-101% analyte recovery and 7.2-8.6% repeatability. The method was applied to analyze 20 human urine samples collected randomly from voluntary donors in Hong Kong SAR, China. All the samples were found to contain one or more of the bromophenol conjugates, with concentration ranging from 0.13-2.45 μg g(-1) creatinine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical protocol for the direct and simultaneous monitoring of these potential phase II metabolites of PBDEs in human urine. Our results have also suggested the potential of these bromophenol conjugates in human urine to be convenient molecular markers for the quantification of population exposure to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hirai-fujimine-watanabe-nakano-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapaneseautopsytissueandbodyfluidsamples-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hirai-fujimine-watanabe-nakano-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapaneseautopsytissueandbodyfluidsamples-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599', event);\">\n    Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese autopsy tissue and body fluid samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hirai, T.; Fujimine, Y.; Watanabe, S.;  and Nakano, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science and pollution research international</i>, 19(8): 3538–46. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirai-fujimine-watanabe-nakano-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapaneseautopsytissueandbodyfluidsamples-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese autopsy tissue and body fluid samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0915-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirai-fujimine-watanabe-nakano-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapaneseautopsytissueandbodyfluidsamples-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0915-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hirai-fujimine-watanabe-nakano-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapaneseautopsytissueandbodyfluidsamples-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hirai-fujimine-watanabe-nakano-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapaneseautopsytissueandbodyfluidsamples-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hirai_distribution_2012,\n\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} autopsy tissue and body fluid samples.},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544599},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-0915-z},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are components of many plastics and are used in products such as cars, textiles, televisions, and personal computers. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially during the last three decades. Our objective was to measure the body burden and distribution of PBDEs and to determine the concentrations of the predominant PBDE congeners in samples of liver, bile, adipose tissue, and blood obtained from Japanese autopsy cases. Tissues and body fluids obtained from 20 autopsy cases were analyzed. The levels of 25 PBDE congeners, ranging from tri- to hexa-BDEs, were assessed. The geometric means of the sum of the concentrations of PBDE congeners having detection frequencies {\\textbackslash}textgreater50 \\% (ΣPBDE) in the blood, liver, bile, and adipose tissue were 2.4, 2.6, 1.4, and 4.3 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-153, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99, and BDE-28+33. These concentrations of PBDE congeners were similar to other reports of human exposure in Japan but were notably lower than concentrations than those reported in the USA. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of predominant congeners and ΣPBDE among the samples analyzed. The ΣPBDE concentration was highest in the adipose tissue, but PBDEs were distributed widely among the tissues and body fluids analyzed. The PBDE levels observed in the present study are similar to those reported in previous studies in Japan and significantly lower than those reported in the USA.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\n\tauthor = {Hirai, Tetsuya and Fujimine, Yoshinori and Watanabe, Shaw and Nakano, Takeshi},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22544599},\n\tkeywords = {80 and over, Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Aged, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Bile, Bile: chemistry, Body Burden, Cadaver, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Middle Aged},\n\tpages = {3538--46},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants are components of many plastics and are used in products such as cars, textiles, televisions, and personal computers. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially during the last three decades. Our objective was to measure the body burden and distribution of PBDEs and to determine the concentrations of the predominant PBDE congeners in samples of liver, bile, adipose tissue, and blood obtained from Japanese autopsy cases. Tissues and body fluids obtained from 20 autopsy cases were analyzed. The levels of 25 PBDE congeners, ranging from tri- to hexa-BDEs, were assessed. The geometric means of the sum of the concentrations of PBDE congeners having detection frequencies \\textgreater50 % (ΣPBDE) in the blood, liver, bile, and adipose tissue were 2.4, 2.6, 1.4, and 4.3 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-153, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99, and BDE-28+33. These concentrations of PBDE congeners were similar to other reports of human exposure in Japan but were notably lower than concentrations than those reported in the USA. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of predominant congeners and ΣPBDE among the samples analyzed. The ΣPBDE concentration was highest in the adipose tissue, but PBDEs were distributed widely among the tissues and body fluids analyzed. The PBDE levels observed in the present study are similar to those reported in previous studies in Japan and significantly lower than those reported in the USA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heredia-torrente-colomina-domingo-behavioraleffectsoforalsubacuteexposuretobde209inyoungadultmiceapreliminarystudy-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'heredia-torrente-colomina-domingo-behavioraleffectsoforalsubacuteexposuretobde209inyoungadultmiceapreliminarystudy-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224', event);\">\n    Behavioral effects of oral subacute exposure to BDE-209 in young adult mice: a preliminary study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heredia, L.; Torrente, M.; Colomina, M. T;  and Domingo, J. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association</i>, 50(3-4): 707–12. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heredia-torrente-colomina-domingo-behavioraleffectsoforalsubacuteexposuretobde209inyoungadultmiceapreliminarystudy-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Behavioral effects of oral subacute exposure to BDE-209 in young adult mice: a preliminary study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heredia-torrente-colomina-domingo-behavioraleffectsoforalsubacuteexposuretobde209inyoungadultmiceapreliminarystudy-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heredia-torrente-colomina-domingo-behavioraleffectsoforalsubacuteexposuretobde209inyoungadultmiceapreliminarystudy-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heredia-torrente-colomina-domingo-behavioraleffectsoforalsubacuteexposuretobde209inyoungadultmiceapreliminarystudy-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heredia_behavioral_2012,\n\ttitle = {Behavioral effects of oral subacute exposure to {BDE}-209 in young adult mice: a preliminary study.},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {1873-6351},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178224},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.002},\n\tabstract = {In this study, we examined the effects of an oral subacute exposure to 2,2&#x27;,3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6,6&#x27;-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on young adult inbred wild type Tg2576 mice. BDE-209 was administered by gavage at doses of 0 and 20 mg/kg/day dissolved in sunflower oil for 15 days. Two behavioral endpoints were examined: anxiety-activity in a light/dark test and a zero maze test, and learning and spatial memory in a water maze test. Young adult mice exposed to BDE-209 showed a reduction in anxiety levels and a delayed learning in a spatial memory task. Although the results indicated that behavioral effects were present in a young adult exposed population of wild type Tg2576 mice, further studies on chronic exposure to BDE-209 are clearly necessary in order to corroborate these effects.},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\tjournal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},\n\tauthor = {Heredia, Luis and Torrente, Margarita and Colomina, María T and Domingo, José L},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22178224},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Darkness, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Light, Male, Maze Learning, Mice, Oral, Transgenic},\n\tpages = {707--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, we examined the effects of an oral subacute exposure to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on young adult inbred wild type Tg2576 mice. BDE-209 was administered by gavage at doses of 0 and 20 mg/kg/day dissolved in sunflower oil for 15 days. Two behavioral endpoints were examined: anxiety-activity in a light/dark test and a zero maze test, and learning and spatial memory in a water maze test. Young adult mice exposed to BDE-209 showed a reduction in anxiety levels and a delayed learning in a spatial memory task. Although the results indicated that behavioral effects were present in a young adult exposed population of wild type Tg2576 mice, further studies on chronic exposure to BDE-209 are clearly necessary in order to corroborate these effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hearn-kennedy-hawker-toms-alberts-mueller-spatialmappingofcitywidepbdelevelsusinganexponentialdecaymodel-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hearn-kennedy-hawker-toms-alberts-mueller-spatialmappingofcitywidepbdelevelsusinganexponentialdecaymodel-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111', event);\">\n    Spatial mapping of city-wide PBDE levels using an exponential decay model.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hearn, L. K; Kennedy, K.; Hawker, D. W; Toms, L. L; Alberts, V.;  and Mueller, J. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 14(2): 643–50. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hearn-kennedy-hawker-toms-alberts-mueller-spatialmappingofcitywidepbdelevelsusinganexponentialdecaymodel-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Spatial mapping of city-wide PBDE levels using an exponential decay model. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em10656f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hearn-kennedy-hawker-toms-alberts-mueller-spatialmappingofcitywidepbdelevelsusinganexponentialdecaymodel-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em10656f', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hearn-kennedy-hawker-toms-alberts-mueller-spatialmappingofcitywidepbdelevelsusinganexponentialdecaymodel-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hearn-kennedy-hawker-toms-alberts-mueller-spatialmappingofcitywidepbdelevelsusinganexponentialdecaymodel-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hearn_spatial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Spatial mapping of city-wide {PBDE} levels using an exponential decay model.},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215111},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em10656f},\n\tabstract = {Passive air samplers (PAS) consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed at 6 outdoor air monitoring stations in different land use categories (commercial, industrial, residential and semi-rural) to assess the spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Brisbane airshed. Air monitoring sites covered an area of ∼1143 km(2) and PAS were allowed to accumulate PBDEs in the city&#x27;s airshed over three consecutive seasons commencing in the winter of 2008. The average sum of five (∑(5)) PBDEs (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100 and 209) levels were highest at the commercial and industrial sites (12.7 ± 5.2 ng PUF(-1)), which were relatively close to the city center and were a factor of 8 times higher than residential and semi-rural sites located in outer Brisbane. To estimate the magnitude of the urban &#x27;plume&#x27; an empirical exponential decay model was used to fit PAS data vs. distance from the CBD, with the best correlation observed when the particulate bound BDE-209 was not included (∑(5)-209) (r(2) = 0.99), rather than ∑(5) (r(2) = 0.84). At 95\\% confidence intervals the model predicts that regardless of site characterization, ∑(5)-209 concentrations in a PAS sample taken between 4-10 km from the city centre would be half that from a sample taken from the city centre and reach a baseline or plateau (0.6 to 1.3 ng PUF(-1)), approximately 30 km from the CBD. The observed exponential decay in ∑(5)-209 levels over distance corresponded with Brisbane&#x27;s decreasing population density (persons/km(2)) from the city center. The residual error associated with the model increased significantly when including BDE-209 levels, primarily due to the highest level (11.4 ± 1.8 ng PUF(-1)) being consistently detected at the industrial site, indicating a potential primary source at this site. Active air samples collected alongside the PAS at the industrial air monitoring site (B) indicated BDE-209 dominated congener composition and was entirely associated with the particulate phase. This study demonstrates that PAS are effective tools for monitoring citywide regional differences however, interpretation of spatial trends for POPs which are predominantly associated with the particulate phase such as BDE-209, may be restricted to identifying &#x27;hotspots&#x27; rather than broad spatial trends.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Hearn, Laurence K and Kennedy, Karen and Hawker, Darryl W and Toms, Leisa-Maree L and Alberts, Vincent and Mueller, Jochen F},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22215111},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Chemical, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Models, Queensland},\n\tpages = {643--50},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Passive air samplers (PAS) consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed at 6 outdoor air monitoring stations in different land use categories (commercial, industrial, residential and semi-rural) to assess the spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Brisbane airshed. Air monitoring sites covered an area of ∼1143 km(2) and PAS were allowed to accumulate PBDEs in the city's airshed over three consecutive seasons commencing in the winter of 2008. The average sum of five (∑(5)) PBDEs (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100 and 209) levels were highest at the commercial and industrial sites (12.7 ± 5.2 ng PUF(-1)), which were relatively close to the city center and were a factor of 8 times higher than residential and semi-rural sites located in outer Brisbane. To estimate the magnitude of the urban 'plume' an empirical exponential decay model was used to fit PAS data vs. distance from the CBD, with the best correlation observed when the particulate bound BDE-209 was not included (∑(5)-209) (r(2) = 0.99), rather than ∑(5) (r(2) = 0.84). At 95% confidence intervals the model predicts that regardless of site characterization, ∑(5)-209 concentrations in a PAS sample taken between 4-10 km from the city centre would be half that from a sample taken from the city centre and reach a baseline or plateau (0.6 to 1.3 ng PUF(-1)), approximately 30 km from the CBD. The observed exponential decay in ∑(5)-209 levels over distance corresponded with Brisbane's decreasing population density (persons/km(2)) from the city center. The residual error associated with the model increased significantly when including BDE-209 levels, primarily due to the highest level (11.4 ± 1.8 ng PUF(-1)) being consistently detected at the industrial site, indicating a potential primary source at this site. Active air samples collected alongside the PAS at the industrial air monitoring site (B) indicated BDE-209 dominated congener composition and was entirely associated with the particulate phase. This study demonstrates that PAS are effective tools for monitoring citywide regional differences however, interpretation of spatial trends for POPs which are predominantly associated with the particulate phase such as BDE-209, may be restricted to identifying 'hotspots' rather than broad spatial trends.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"he-luo-chen-sun-chen-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersanddecabromodiphenylethaneinfishfromariversysteminahighlyindustrializedareasouthchina-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'he-luo-chen-sun-chen-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersanddecabromodiphenylethaneinfishfromariversysteminahighlyindustrializedareasouthchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  He, M.; Luo, X.; Chen, M.; Sun, Y.; Chen, S.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 419: 109–15. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-luo-chen-sun-chen-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersanddecabromodiphenylethaneinfishfromariversysteminahighlyindustrializedareasouthchina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-luo-chen-sun-chen-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersanddecabromodiphenylethaneinfishfromariversysteminahighlyindustrializedareasouthchina-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/he-luo-chen-sun-chen-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersanddecabromodiphenylethaneinfishfromariversysteminahighlyindustrializedareasouthchina-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('he-luo-chen-sun-chen-mai-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersanddecabromodiphenylethaneinfishfromariversysteminahighlyindustrializedareasouthchina-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{he_bioaccumulation_2012,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {419},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285078},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.035},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were determined in water, sediment, and three fish species from the Dongjiang River, a highly polluted river by brominated flame retardants in South China due to the intensive industry activities. The stable isotope analysis was used to compare differences between the feeding ecology of the fish species. The bioaccumulations of PBDEs and DBDPE were evaluated by calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Two potential debromination products of DBDPE were detected in sediment. The occurrence of these two compounds probably ascribed to the thermal degradation during instrumental analysis but degradation in the environment cannot be ruled out. Three fish species showed two quite different PBDE congener profiles. Two carp species were dominated by BDE47 while plecostomus were dominated by both BDE47 and BDE99. The contributions of higher brominated congeners were higher in plecostomus than in two carp species. This different PBDE congener profile can be attributed to the difference in metabolism and feeding habits among fish species. The calculated BAFs for PBDE congeners follow a bioaccumulation model. The BSAFs for all PBDE congeners except for BDE47 and BDE100 were less than unit, implying that bioavailability of PBDEs in sediments is low. Contrary to expectation, the BAFs value of DBDPE was one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE209 in fish, which can partly attributed to the absence of debromination of DBDPE in fish. The calculated BAFs for DBDPE indicated that this compound can significantly accumulate in fish.},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {He, Ming-Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Chen, Man-Ying and Sun, Yu-Xin and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22285078},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Catfishes, Catfishes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Cichlids, Cichlids: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {109--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were determined in water, sediment, and three fish species from the Dongjiang River, a highly polluted river by brominated flame retardants in South China due to the intensive industry activities. The stable isotope analysis was used to compare differences between the feeding ecology of the fish species. The bioaccumulations of PBDEs and DBDPE were evaluated by calculation of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Two potential debromination products of DBDPE were detected in sediment. The occurrence of these two compounds probably ascribed to the thermal degradation during instrumental analysis but degradation in the environment cannot be ruled out. Three fish species showed two quite different PBDE congener profiles. Two carp species were dominated by BDE47 while plecostomus were dominated by both BDE47 and BDE99. The contributions of higher brominated congeners were higher in plecostomus than in two carp species. This different PBDE congener profile can be attributed to the difference in metabolism and feeding habits among fish species. The calculated BAFs for PBDE congeners follow a bioaccumulation model. The BSAFs for all PBDE congeners except for BDE47 and BDE100 were less than unit, implying that bioavailability of PBDEs in sediments is low. Contrary to expectation, the BAFs value of DBDPE was one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE209 in fish, which can partly attributed to the absence of debromination of DBDPE in fish. The calculated BAFs for DBDPE indicated that this compound can significantly accumulate in fish.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hashimoto-yoshimura-okada-uramaru-sugihara-kitamura-imaoka-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandtheirderivativesonproteindisulfideisomeraseactivityandgrowthhormonereleaseofgh3cells-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hashimoto-yoshimura-okada-uramaru-sugihara-kitamura-imaoka-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandtheirderivativesonproteindisulfideisomeraseactivityandgrowthhormonereleaseofgh3cells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216', event);\">\n    Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their derivatives on protein disulfide isomerase activity and growth hormone release of GH3 cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hashimoto, S.; Yoshimura, H.; Okada, K.; Uramaru, N.; Sugihara, K.; Kitamura, S.;  and Imaoka, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical research in toxicology</i>, 25(3): 656–63. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hashimoto-yoshimura-okada-uramaru-sugihara-kitamura-imaoka-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandtheirderivativesonproteindisulfideisomeraseactivityandgrowthhormonereleaseofgh3cells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their derivatives on protein disulfide isomerase activity and growth hormone release of GH3 cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/tx200374s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hashimoto-yoshimura-okada-uramaru-sugihara-kitamura-imaoka-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandtheirderivativesonproteindisulfideisomeraseactivityandgrowthhormonereleaseofgh3cells-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/tx200374s', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hashimoto-yoshimura-okada-uramaru-sugihara-kitamura-imaoka-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandtheirderivativesonproteindisulfideisomeraseactivityandgrowthhormonereleaseofgh3cells-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hashimoto-yoshimura-okada-uramaru-sugihara-kitamura-imaoka-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandtheirderivativesonproteindisulfideisomeraseactivityandgrowthhormonereleaseofgh3cells-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hashimoto_effects_2012,\n\ttitle = {Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and their derivatives on protein disulfide isomerase activity and growth hormone release of {GH3} cells.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1520-5010},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201216},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/tx200374s},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a variety of consumer products such as flame retardants and recently have been known to be widespread environmental pollutants, which probably affect biological functions of mammalian cells. However, the risk posed by PBDE metabolites has not been clarified. Our previous study suggested that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, binds to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and inhibits its activity. PDI is an isomerase enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates the formation or cleavage of disulfide bonds. PDI consists of a, b, b&#x27;, and a&#x27; domains and the c region, with the a and a&#x27; domains having isomerase active sites. In the present study, we tested the effects of 10 kinds of PBDE compounds and their metabolites on PDI. OH-PBDEs specifically inhibited the isomerase activity of PDI, with 4&#x27;-OH-PBDE more effective than 2&#x27; (or 2)-OH-PBDEs. 4&#x27;-OH-PBDE inhibited the isomerase activity of the b&#x27;a&#x27;c fragment but not that of ab and a&#x27;c, suggesting that the b&#x27; domain of PDI is essential for the inhibition by 4&#x27;-OH-PBDE. We also investigated the effects of these chemicals on the production of growth hormone (GH) in GH3 cells. In GH3 cells, levels of mRNA and protein of GH stimulated by T(3) were reduced by 4&#x27;-OH-PBDE and 4&#x27;-MeO-PBDE. The reduction in GH expression caused by these compounds was not changed by the overexpression or knockdown of PDI in GH3 cells, while these manipulations of PDI levels significantly suppressed the expression of GH. These results suggest that the biological effects of PBDEs differed depending on their brominated and hydroxylated positions.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Chemical research in toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Hashimoto, Shoko and Yoshimura, Hiromi and Okada, Kazushi and Uramaru, Naoto and Sugihara, Kazumi and Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Imaoka, Susumu},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22201216},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: genetics, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: antagonists \\&amp; inhibi, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: genetics, Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: metabolism, RNA, Rats, cell line},\n\tpages = {656--63},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a variety of consumer products such as flame retardants and recently have been known to be widespread environmental pollutants, which probably affect biological functions of mammalian cells. However, the risk posed by PBDE metabolites has not been clarified. Our previous study suggested that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, binds to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and inhibits its activity. PDI is an isomerase enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates the formation or cleavage of disulfide bonds. PDI consists of a, b, b', and a' domains and the c region, with the a and a' domains having isomerase active sites. In the present study, we tested the effects of 10 kinds of PBDE compounds and their metabolites on PDI. OH-PBDEs specifically inhibited the isomerase activity of PDI, with 4'-OH-PBDE more effective than 2' (or 2)-OH-PBDEs. 4'-OH-PBDE inhibited the isomerase activity of the b'a'c fragment but not that of ab and a'c, suggesting that the b' domain of PDI is essential for the inhibition by 4'-OH-PBDE. We also investigated the effects of these chemicals on the production of growth hormone (GH) in GH3 cells. In GH3 cells, levels of mRNA and protein of GH stimulated by T(3) were reduced by 4'-OH-PBDE and 4'-MeO-PBDE. The reduction in GH expression caused by these compounds was not changed by the overexpression or knockdown of PDI in GH3 cells, while these manipulations of PDI levels significantly suppressed the expression of GH. These results suggest that the biological effects of PBDEs differed depending on their brominated and hydroxylated positions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"han-tang-chen-xu-qin-wu-hu-xu-etal-2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47decreasesprogesteronesynthesisthroughcamppkapathwayandp450sccdownregulationinmouseleydigtumorcells-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'han-tang-chen-xu-qin-wu-hu-xu-etal-2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47decreasesprogesteronesynthesisthroughcamppkapathwayandp450sccdownregulationinmouseleydigtumorcells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812', event);\">\n    2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) decreases progesterone synthesis through cAMP-PKA pathway and P450scc downregulation in mouse Leydig tumor cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Han, X.; Tang, R.; Chen, X.; Xu, B.; Qin, Y.; Wu, W.; Hu, Y.; Xu, B.; Song, L.; Xia, Y.;  and Wang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 302(1): 44–50. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('han-tang-chen-xu-qin-wu-hu-xu-etal-2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47decreasesprogesteronesynthesisthroughcamppkapathwayandp450sccdownregulationinmouseleydigtumorcells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) decreases progesterone synthesis through cAMP-PKA pathway and P450scc downregulation in mouse Leydig tumor cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('han-tang-chen-xu-qin-wu-hu-xu-etal-2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47decreasesprogesteronesynthesisthroughcamppkapathwayandp450sccdownregulationinmouseleydigtumorcells-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/han-tang-chen-xu-qin-wu-hu-xu-etal-2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47decreasesprogesteronesynthesisthroughcamppkapathwayandp450sccdownregulationinmouseleydigtumorcells-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('han-tang-chen-xu-qin-wu-hu-xu-etal-2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47decreasesprogesteronesynthesisthroughcamppkapathwayandp450sccdownregulationinmouseleydigtumorcells-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{han_2244-tetrabromodiphenyl_2012,\n\ttitle = {2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-{Tetrabromodiphenyl} ether ({BDE}-47) decreases progesterone synthesis through {cAMP}-{PKA} pathway and {P450scc} downregulation in mouse {Leydig} tumor cells.},\n\tvolume = {302},\n\tissn = {1879-3185},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867812},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.010},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics and electronics and represent a group of persistent environmental contaminants. They have been found to accumulate in human and marine mammals. Previous studies have shown that PBDEs have endocrine-disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. However, the mechanisms under the reproductive disruptions are still not well understood. In this study, we explored the effects of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on progesterone biosynthesis and possible mechanisms in mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). Our results showed that BDE-47 could reduce progesterone production and decrease the intracellular cAMP level induced by hCG or forskolin. These suggested that BDE-47 decreasing progesterone production in mLTC-1 cells may be associated with the decline of intracellular cAMP level. Moreover, our data also indicated that the site G protein in cAMP-PKA pathway may be involved in this process. Furthermore, the addition of cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, could not reverse the decrease of progesterone biosynthesis, indicating that a post-cAMP site (or sites) might be involved into the BDE-47-decreased progesterone production. In addition, we found BDE-47 reduced the activity of P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), which was companied with the decline of P450scc mRNA and protein level in mLTC-1 cells. Put all together, these results suggested that progesterone synthesis decrease induced by BDE-47 may be associated with attenuation of cAMP generation and reduction of P450scc activity.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Han, Xiumei and Tang, Rong and Chen, Xiaojiao and Xu, Bo and Qin, Yufeng and Wu, Wei and Hu, Yanhui and Xu, Bin and Song, Ling and Xia, Yankai and Wang, Xinru},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22867812},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: genetics, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Cyclic AMP: metabolism, Down-Regulation, Down-Regulation: drug effects, Flame retardants, Forskolin, Forskolin: pharmacology, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Leydig Cell Tumor, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Mice, Neoplastic, Neoplastic: drug effec, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: biosynthesis, RNA, Tumor, cell line},\n\tpages = {44--50},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics and electronics and represent a group of persistent environmental contaminants. They have been found to accumulate in human and marine mammals. Previous studies have shown that PBDEs have endocrine-disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. However, the mechanisms under the reproductive disruptions are still not well understood. In this study, we explored the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on progesterone biosynthesis and possible mechanisms in mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). Our results showed that BDE-47 could reduce progesterone production and decrease the intracellular cAMP level induced by hCG or forskolin. These suggested that BDE-47 decreasing progesterone production in mLTC-1 cells may be associated with the decline of intracellular cAMP level. Moreover, our data also indicated that the site G protein in cAMP-PKA pathway may be involved in this process. Furthermore, the addition of cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, could not reverse the decrease of progesterone biosynthesis, indicating that a post-cAMP site (or sites) might be involved into the BDE-47-decreased progesterone production. In addition, we found BDE-47 reduced the activity of P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), which was companied with the decline of P450scc mRNA and protein level in mLTC-1 cells. Put all together, these results suggested that progesterone synthesis decrease induced by BDE-47 may be associated with attenuation of cAMP generation and reduction of P450scc activity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hamins-averill-bryner-gann-butry-davis-amon-gilman-etal-reducingtheriskoffireinbuildingsandcommunitiesastrategicroadmaptoguideandprioritizeresearch-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hamins-averill-bryner-gann-butry-davis-amon-gilman-etal-reducingtheriskoffireinbuildingsandcommunitiesastrategicroadmaptoguideandprioritizeresearch-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf', event);\">\n    Reducing the Risk of Fire in Buildings and Communities : A Strategic Roadmap to Guide and Prioritize Research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hamins, A.; Averill, J.; Bryner, N.; Gann, R. G; Butry, D.; Davis, R.; Amon, F.; Gilman, J.; Maranghides, A.; Mell, W.; Madrzykowski, D.; Manzello, S.; Yang, J.;  and Bundy, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Special Publication 1130,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hamins-averill-bryner-gann-butry-davis-amon-gilman-etal-reducingtheriskoffireinbuildingsandcommunitiesastrategicroadmaptoguideandprioritizeresearch-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Reducing the Risk of Fire in Buildings and Communities : A Strategic Roadmap to Guide and Prioritize Research [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hamins-averill-bryner-gann-butry-davis-amon-gilman-etal-reducingtheriskoffireinbuildingsandcommunitiesastrategicroadmaptoguideandprioritizeresearch-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hamins-averill-bryner-gann-butry-davis-amon-gilman-etal-reducingtheriskoffireinbuildingsandcommunitiesastrategicroadmaptoguideandprioritizeresearch-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{hamins_reducing_2012,\n\taddress = {NIST Special Publication 1130},\n\ttitle = {Reducing the {Risk} of {Fire} in {Buildings} and {Communities} : {A} {Strategic} {Roadmap} to {Guide} and {Prioritize} {Research}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST reduce fire roadmap.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Hamins, Anthony and Averill, Jason and Bryner, Nelson and Gann, Richard G and Butry, David and Davis, Rick and Amon, Francine and Gilman, Jeffrey and Maranghides, Alexander and Mell, William and Madrzykowski, Daniel and Manzello, Samuel and Yang, Jiann and Bundy, Matthew},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halljr-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'halljr-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf', event);\">\n    The Smoking-Material Fire Problem.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall Jr., J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halljr-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Smoking-Material Fire Problem [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halljr-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halljr-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{hall_jr._smoking-material_2012,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {The {Smoking}-{Material} {Fire} {Problem}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA Smoking materials.pdf},\n\tnumber = {March},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C; La Guardia, M. J; Harvey, E.; Chen, D.; Mainor, T. M; Luellen, D. R;  and Hundal, L. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(4): 2055–63. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203149g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203149g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295899},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203149g},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M and Luellen, Drew R and Hundal, Lakhwinder S},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22295899},\n\tkeywords = {Cereals, Cereals: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, United States, Water Pollutants, Zea mays, Zea mays: metabolism},\n\tpages = {2055--63},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"guo-park-wang-gardner-baek-petreas-hooper-highpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsincaliforniahousecatshousedustaprimarysource-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'guo-park-wang-gardner-baek-petreas-hooper-highpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsincaliforniahousecatshousedustaprimarysource-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974', event);\">\n    High polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in California house cats: house dust a primary source?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Guo, W.; Park, J.; Wang, Y.; Gardner, S.; Baek, C.; Petreas, M.;  and Hooper, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 31(2): 301–6. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guo-park-wang-gardner-baek-petreas-hooper-highpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsincaliforniahousecatshousedustaprimarysource-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"High polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in California house cats: house dust a primary source? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1700\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guo-park-wang-gardner-baek-petreas-hooper-highpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsincaliforniahousecatshousedustaprimarysource-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1700', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/guo-park-wang-gardner-baek-petreas-hooper-highpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsincaliforniahousecatshousedustaprimarysource-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('guo-park-wang-gardner-baek-petreas-hooper-highpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsincaliforniahousecatshousedustaprimarysource-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{guo_high_2012,\n\ttitle = {High polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in {California} house cats: house dust a primary source?},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105974},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1700},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that act as endocrine disruptors, affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis. As a follow-up to a recent study showing high PBDE levels in household cats and linking PBDE levels with cat hyperthyroidism, we measured PBDEs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in serum samples from 26 California household cats (16 hyperthyroid, 10 controls) using liquid-liquid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the present pilot study, we found that PBDE levels in California house cats were extremely high (ΣPBDEs median = 2,904 ng/g lipid; range, 631-22,537 ng/g lipid). This is approximately 50 times higher than levels in California residents (ΣPBDEs geomean = 62 ± 8.9 ng/g lipid, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), who have among the highest human levels in the world. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers congener patterns (BDE-99 major congener, BDE-209 significant) differed markedly from patterns found in California residents (BDE-47 major) or wildlife but resembled patterns found in house dust. Polychlorinated biphenyls and OCPs in cats were highly correlated, consistent with a shared dietary source or pathway of exposure, but did not correlate with PBDEs. This suggests a different source or pathway of exposure for PBDEs, which was most likely house dust. The authors found no evidence that linked levels of PBDEs, PCBs, or OCPs with hyperthyroidism. This may be because of the small sample size, competing or confounding risk factors, or complicated causal mechanisms.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Guo, Weihong and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Gardner, Steve and Baek, Christina and Petreas, Myrto and Hooper, Kim},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22105974},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: metabolism, Air Pollution, Animals, Cats, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Nutrition Surveys, Pilot Projects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, california},\n\tpages = {301--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that act as endocrine disruptors, affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis. As a follow-up to a recent study showing high PBDE levels in household cats and linking PBDE levels with cat hyperthyroidism, we measured PBDEs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in serum samples from 26 California household cats (16 hyperthyroid, 10 controls) using liquid-liquid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the present pilot study, we found that PBDE levels in California house cats were extremely high (ΣPBDEs median = 2,904 ng/g lipid; range, 631-22,537 ng/g lipid). This is approximately 50 times higher than levels in California residents (ΣPBDEs geomean = 62 ± 8.9 ng/g lipid, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), who have among the highest human levels in the world. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers congener patterns (BDE-99 major congener, BDE-209 significant) differed markedly from patterns found in California residents (BDE-47 major) or wildlife but resembled patterns found in house dust. Polychlorinated biphenyls and OCPs in cats were highly correlated, consistent with a shared dietary source or pathway of exposure, but did not correlate with PBDEs. This suggests a different source or pathway of exposure for PBDEs, which was most likely house dust. The authors found no evidence that linked levels of PBDEs, PCBs, or OCPs with hyperthyroidism. This may be because of the small sample size, competing or confounding risk factors, or complicated causal mechanisms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"giordano-costa-developmentalneurotoxicitysomeoldandnewissues-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'giordano-costa-developmentalneurotoxicitysomeoldandnewissues-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Developmental neurotoxicity: some old and new issues.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Giordano, G.;  and Costa, L. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ISRN toxicology</i>, 2012: 814795. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('giordano-costa-developmentalneurotoxicitysomeoldandnewissues-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental neurotoxicity: some old and new issues. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5402/2012/814795\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('giordano-costa-developmentalneurotoxicitysomeoldandnewissues-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.5402/2012/814795', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/giordano-costa-developmentalneurotoxicitysomeoldandnewissues-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('giordano-costa-developmentalneurotoxicitysomeoldandnewissues-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{giordano_developmental_2012,\n\ttitle = {Developmental neurotoxicity: some old and new issues.},\n\tvolume = {2012},\n\tissn = {2090-6188},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3658697&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.5402/2012/814795},\n\tabstract = {The developing central nervous system is often more vulnerable to injury than the adult one. Of the almost 200 chemicals known to be neurotoxic, many are developmental neurotoxicants. Exposure to these compounds in utero or during childhood can contribute to a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Two established developmental neurotoxicants, methylmercury and lead, and two classes of chemicals, the polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and the organophosphorus insecticides, which are emerging as potential developmental neurotoxicants, are discussed in this paper. Developmental neurotoxicants may also cause silent damage, which would manifest itself only as the individual ages, and may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson&#x27;s or Alzheimer&#x27;s diseases. Guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing have been implemented, but there is still room for their improvement and for searching and validating alternative testing approaches.},\n\tjournal = {ISRN toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Giordano, Gennaro and Costa, Lucio G},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23724296},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {814795},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The developing central nervous system is often more vulnerable to injury than the adult one. Of the almost 200 chemicals known to be neurotoxic, many are developmental neurotoxicants. Exposure to these compounds in utero or during childhood can contribute to a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Two established developmental neurotoxicants, methylmercury and lead, and two classes of chemicals, the polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and the organophosphorus insecticides, which are emerging as potential developmental neurotoxicants, are discussed in this paper. Developmental neurotoxicants may also cause silent damage, which would manifest itself only as the individual ages, and may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing have been implemented, but there is still room for their improvement and for searching and validating alternative testing approaches.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"guerra-alaee-jimnez-pacepavicius-marvin-macinnis-eljarrat-barcel-etal-emergingandhistoricalbrominatedflameretardantsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcanadaandspain-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'guerra-alaee-jimnez-pacepavicius-marvin-macinnis-eljarrat-barcel-etal-emergingandhistoricalbrominatedflameretardantsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcanadaandspain-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134', event);\">\n    Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from Canada and Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Guerra, P.; Alaee, M.; Jiménez, B.; Pacepavicius, G.; Marvin, C.; MacInnis, G.; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D.; Champoux, L.;  and Fernie, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 40: 179–86. April 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guerra-alaee-jimnez-pacepavicius-marvin-macinnis-eljarrat-barcel-etal-emergingandhistoricalbrominatedflameretardantsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcanadaandspain-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from Canada and Spain. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guerra-alaee-jimnez-pacepavicius-marvin-macinnis-eljarrat-barcel-etal-emergingandhistoricalbrominatedflameretardantsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcanadaandspain-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/guerra-alaee-jimnez-pacepavicius-marvin-macinnis-eljarrat-barcel-etal-emergingandhistoricalbrominatedflameretardantsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcanadaandspain-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('guerra-alaee-jimnez-pacepavicius-marvin-macinnis-eljarrat-barcel-etal-emergingandhistoricalbrominatedflameretardantsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcanadaandspain-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{guerra_emerging_2012,\n\ttitle = {Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon ({Falco} peregrinus) eggs from {Canada} and {Spain}.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862134},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.014},\n\tabstract = {Comparisons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) recently collected (2003-2007), are made between Canada (N=12) and Spain (N=13). Overall, concentrations of sum (Σ) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; 16 di-deca-BDE congeners) exceeded Σhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and were an order of magnitude higher than 2,2&#x27;4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153){\\textbackslash}textgreaterhexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCBDCO){\\textbackslash}textgreater1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE){\\textbackslash}textgreaterdecabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE){\\textbackslash}textgreateroctabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND){\\textbackslash}textgreaterhexabromobenzene (HBB){\\textbackslash}textgreaterbis(2-ethyl-1hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP). This is the first report of detectable HBCDCO and BEHTBP concentrations in biota, and the highest in ovo concentration of ∑HBCD (14,617 ng/glw; Montreal, Canada) to date. There were significantly greater egg concentrations of BB-153, ΣHBCD, and ΣPBDE including BDE-153, -99, -100 and -183, in Canadian than Spanish peregrines with a terrestrial diet. HBB, BTBPE, and OBIND were detected in eggs from both countries, but only Canadian peregrine eggs had detectable levels of HCDBCO (25\\%) and DBDPE (N=1). The in ovo PBDE congener profile was dominated by BDE-153{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-99{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-47{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-183{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-100{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-209, with the isomeric HBCD pattern being α-HBCD{\\textbackslash}textgreaterγ-HBCD (β-HBCD undetected). The Canadian peregrine eggs had lower enantiomeric HBCD values consistent with their higher fractions of (-) α-HBCD, suggesting selective enantiomeric enrichment or that the (+) α-isomer is more readily metabolized and so deposited in the egg through maternal transfer. Continental differences in egg burdens of peregrines are discussed relative to BFR usage patterns and exposure of peregrines on their breeding grounds.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Guerra, Paula and Alaee, Mehran and Jiménez, Begoña and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Marvin, Chris and MacInnis, Gordia and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Champoux, Louise and Fernie, Kim},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {21862134},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Spain},\n\tpages = {179--86},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Comparisons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) recently collected (2003-2007), are made between Canada (N=12) and Spain (N=13). Overall, concentrations of sum (Σ) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; 16 di-deca-BDE congeners) exceeded Σhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and were an order of magnitude higher than 2,2'4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153)\\textgreaterhexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCBDCO)\\textgreater1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)\\textgreaterdecabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE)\\textgreateroctabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND)\\textgreaterhexabromobenzene (HBB)\\textgreaterbis(2-ethyl-1hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP). This is the first report of detectable HBCDCO and BEHTBP concentrations in biota, and the highest in ovo concentration of ∑HBCD (14,617 ng/glw; Montreal, Canada) to date. There were significantly greater egg concentrations of BB-153, ΣHBCD, and ΣPBDE including BDE-153, -99, -100 and -183, in Canadian than Spanish peregrines with a terrestrial diet. HBB, BTBPE, and OBIND were detected in eggs from both countries, but only Canadian peregrine eggs had detectable levels of HCDBCO (25%) and DBDPE (N=1). The in ovo PBDE congener profile was dominated by BDE-153\\textgreaterBDE-99\\textgreaterBDE-47\\textgreaterBDE-183\\textgreaterBDE-100\\textgreaterBDE-209, with the isomeric HBCD pattern being α-HBCD\\textgreaterγ-HBCD (β-HBCD undetected). The Canadian peregrine eggs had lower enantiomeric HBCD values consistent with their higher fractions of (-) α-HBCD, suggesting selective enantiomeric enrichment or that the (+) α-isomer is more readily metabolized and so deposited in the egg through maternal transfer. Continental differences in egg burdens of peregrines are discussed relative to BFR usage patterns and exposure of peregrines on their breeding grounds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gentes-letcher-caronbeaudoin-verreault-novelflameretardantsinurbanfeedingringbilledgullsfromthestlawrencerivercanada-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gentes-letcher-caronbeaudoin-verreault-novelflameretardantsinurbanfeedingringbilledgullsfromthestlawrencerivercanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168', event);\">\n    Novel flame retardants in urban-feeding ring-billed gulls from the St. Lawrence River, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gentes, M.; Letcher, R. J; Caron-Beaudoin, E.;  and Verreault, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(17): 9735–44. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gentes-letcher-caronbeaudoin-verreault-novelflameretardantsinurbanfeedingringbilledgullsfromthestlawrencerivercanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel flame retardants in urban-feeding ring-billed gulls from the St. Lawrence River, Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es302099f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gentes-letcher-caronbeaudoin-verreault-novelflameretardantsinurbanfeedingringbilledgullsfromthestlawrencerivercanada-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es302099f', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gentes-letcher-caronbeaudoin-verreault-novelflameretardantsinurbanfeedingringbilledgullsfromthestlawrencerivercanada-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gentes-letcher-caronbeaudoin-verreault-novelflameretardantsinurbanfeedingringbilledgullsfromthestlawrencerivercanada-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gentes_novel_2012,\n\ttitle = {Novel flame retardants in urban-feeding ring-billed gulls from the {St}. {Lawrence} {River}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22845168},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es302099f},\n\tabstract = {This study investigated the occurrence of a comprehensive suite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use flame retardants (FRs) in ring-billed gulls breeding in a highly industrialized section of the St. Lawrence River, downstream from Montreal (QC, Canada). Despite major point-sources and diffuse contamination by FRs, nearly no FR data have been reported in birds from this area. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was detected in 89\\% of ring-billed gull livers (mean: 2.16 ng/g ww; max: 17.6 ng/g ww). To our knowledge, this is the highest detection frequency and highest concentrations reported thus far in any avian species or populations. Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were also particularly abundant (anti-DP detected in 100\\% and syn-DP in 93\\% of livers). Other detected FR compounds (3-14\\% detection) included 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1.2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (β-TBECH). Mean BDE-209 (57.2 ± 12.2 ng/g ww) in ring-billed gull livers was unexpectedly high for this midtrophic gull species, exceeding levels reported in several apex raptors such as peregrine falcons. BDE-209&#x27;s relative contribution to ∑PBDEs was on average 25\\% (exceeding BDE-47 and BDE-99) and contrasted with profiles typically reported for fish-eating gull species. The present study highlighted preoccupying gaps in upcoming FR regulations and stressed the need for further investigation of the sources of FR exposure in highly urbanized areas.},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Gentes, Marie-Line and Letcher, Robert J and Caron-Beaudoin, Elyse and Verreault, Jonathan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22845168},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: analysis, Canada, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Rivers},\n\tpages = {9735--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigated the occurrence of a comprehensive suite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use flame retardants (FRs) in ring-billed gulls breeding in a highly industrialized section of the St. Lawrence River, downstream from Montreal (QC, Canada). Despite major point-sources and diffuse contamination by FRs, nearly no FR data have been reported in birds from this area. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was detected in 89% of ring-billed gull livers (mean: 2.16 ng/g ww; max: 17.6 ng/g ww). To our knowledge, this is the highest detection frequency and highest concentrations reported thus far in any avian species or populations. Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were also particularly abundant (anti-DP detected in 100% and syn-DP in 93% of livers). Other detected FR compounds (3-14% detection) included 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1.2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (β-TBECH). Mean BDE-209 (57.2 ± 12.2 ng/g ww) in ring-billed gull livers was unexpectedly high for this midtrophic gull species, exceeding levels reported in several apex raptors such as peregrine falcons. BDE-209's relative contribution to ∑PBDEs was on average 25% (exceeding BDE-47 and BDE-99) and contrasted with profiles typically reported for fish-eating gull species. The present study highlighted preoccupying gaps in upcoming FR regulations and stressed the need for further investigation of the sources of FR exposure in highly urbanized areas.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374', event);\">\n    House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gaylor, M. O; Harvey, E.;  and Hale, R. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 86(5): 500–5. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gaylor_house_2012,\n\ttitle = {House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products.},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071374},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mgkg(-1) burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7\\%drywt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg(-1) lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg(-1) lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10(-4)-10(-3), suggesting that polymer-PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect&#x27;s movements and/or predation.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Gaylor, Michael O and Harvey, Ellen and Hale, Robert C},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22071374},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gryllidae, Gryllidae: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Manufactured Materials, Molting, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Polyurethanes: metabolism, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism},\n\tpages = {500--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mgkg(-1) burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7%drywt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg(-1) lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg(-1) lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10(-4)-10(-3), suggesting that polymer-PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect's movements and/or predation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fujii-ito-harada-hitomi-koizumi-haraguchi-regionalvariationandpossiblesourcesofbrominatedcontaminantsinbreastmilkfromjapan-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fujii-ito-harada-hitomi-koizumi-haraguchi-regionalvariationandpossiblesourcesofbrominatedcontaminantsinbreastmilkfromjapan-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874', event);\">\n    Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fujii, Y.; Ito, Y.; Harada, K. H; Hitomi, T.; Koizumi, A.;  and Haraguchi, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 162: 269–74. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fujii-ito-harada-hitomi-koizumi-haraguchi-regionalvariationandpossiblesourcesofbrominatedcontaminantsinbreastmilkfromjapan-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from Japan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fujii-ito-harada-hitomi-koizumi-haraguchi-regionalvariationandpossiblesourcesofbrominatedcontaminantsinbreastmilkfromjapan-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fujii-ito-harada-hitomi-koizumi-haraguchi-regionalvariationandpossiblesourcesofbrominatedcontaminantsinbreastmilkfromjapan-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fujii-ito-harada-hitomi-koizumi-haraguchi-regionalvariationandpossiblesourcesofbrominatedcontaminantsinbreastmilkfromjapan-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fujii_regional_2012,\n\ttitle = {Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {162},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243874},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022},\n\tabstract = {This study focuses on the regional trends and possible sources of brominated organic contaminants accumulated in breast milk from mothers in southeastern (Okinawa) and northwestern (Hokkaido) areas of Japan. For persistent brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; major components, BDE-47 and BDE-153) were distributed at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (mean, 2.1 ng/g lipid), while hexabromobenzene (HeBB) and its metabolite 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene were more abundantly detected in mothers from Hokkaido (0.86 and 2.6 ng/g lipid), suggesting that there are regional differences in their exposure in Japan. We also detected naturally produced brominated compounds, one of which was identified as 2&#x27;-methoxy-2,3&#x27;,4,5&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2&#x27;-MeO-BDE68) at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (0.39 ng/g lipid), while the other was identified as 3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromo-5,5&#x27;-dichloro-2,2&#x27;-dimethyl-1,1&#x27;-bipyrrole in mothers from Hokkaido (0.45 ng/g lipid). The regional variation may be caused by source differences, i.e. southern seafood for MeO-PBDEs and northern biota for halogenated bipyrroles in the Japanese coastal water.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Fujii, Yukiko and Ito, Yoshiko and Harada, Kouji H and Hitomi, Toshiaki and Koizumi, Akio and Haraguchi, Koichi},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22243874},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Japan, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism},\n\tpages = {269--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study focuses on the regional trends and possible sources of brominated organic contaminants accumulated in breast milk from mothers in southeastern (Okinawa) and northwestern (Hokkaido) areas of Japan. For persistent brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; major components, BDE-47 and BDE-153) were distributed at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (mean, 2.1 ng/g lipid), while hexabromobenzene (HeBB) and its metabolite 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene were more abundantly detected in mothers from Hokkaido (0.86 and 2.6 ng/g lipid), suggesting that there are regional differences in their exposure in Japan. We also detected naturally produced brominated compounds, one of which was identified as 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68) at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (0.39 ng/g lipid), while the other was identified as 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-dimethyl-1,1'-bipyrrole in mothers from Hokkaido (0.45 ng/g lipid). The regional variation may be caused by source differences, i.e. southern seafood for MeO-PBDEs and northern biota for halogenated bipyrroles in the Japanese coastal water.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fu-suuberg-vaporpressureofthreebrominatedflameretardantsdeterminedbyusingtheknudseneffusionmethod-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fu-suuberg-vaporpressureofthreebrominatedflameretardantsdeterminedbyusingtheknudseneffusionmethod-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf', event);\">\n    Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fu, J.;  and Suuberg, E. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 31(3): 574–578. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fu-suuberg-vaporpressureofthreebrominatedflameretardantsdeterminedbyusingtheknudseneffusionmethod-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1736\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fu-suuberg-vaporpressureofthreebrominatedflameretardantsdeterminedbyusingtheknudseneffusionmethod-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1736', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fu-suuberg-vaporpressureofthreebrominatedflameretardantsdeterminedbyusingtheknudseneffusionmethod-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fu-suuberg-vaporpressureofthreebrominatedflameretardantsdeterminedbyusingtheknudseneffusionmethod-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fu_vapor_2012,\n\ttitle = {Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the {Knudsen} effusion method.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213441 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fu 2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1736},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10⁻⁹, 7.47 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 2.33 × 10⁻⁹ Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Fu, Jinxia and Suuberg, Eric M},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Thermodynamics, Vapor Pressure},\n\tpages = {574--578},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10⁻⁹, 7.47 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 2.33 × 10⁻⁹ Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"feng-xu-zhao-zha-wu-wang-relationshipbetweenbde209metabolitesandthyroidhormonelevelsinrainbowtroutoncorhynchusmykiss-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'feng-xu-zhao-zha-wu-wang-relationshipbetweenbde209metabolitesandthyroidhormonelevelsinrainbowtroutoncorhynchusmykiss-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785', event);\">\n    Relationship between BDE 209 metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Feng, C.; Xu, Y.; Zhao, G.; Zha, J.; Wu, F.;  and Wang, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 122-123: 28–35. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('feng-xu-zhao-zha-wu-wang-relationshipbetweenbde209metabolitesandthyroidhormonelevelsinrainbowtroutoncorhynchusmykiss-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Relationship between BDE 209 metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('feng-xu-zhao-zha-wu-wang-relationshipbetweenbde209metabolitesandthyroidhormonelevelsinrainbowtroutoncorhynchusmykiss-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/feng-xu-zhao-zha-wu-wang-relationshipbetweenbde209metabolitesandthyroidhormonelevelsinrainbowtroutoncorhynchusmykiss-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('feng-xu-zhao-zha-wu-wang-relationshipbetweenbde209metabolitesandthyroidhormonelevelsinrainbowtroutoncorhynchusmykiss-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{feng_relationship_2012,\n\ttitle = {Relationship between {BDE} 209 metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout ({Oncorhynchus} mykiss).},\n\tvolume = {122-123},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22721785},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.008},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), the primary component in a commonly used flame retardants, has recently been shown to be metabolized by organisms. In the present study, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to BDE 209 at five nominal gradient concentrations from 50 to 1000 ng/g wet weight for 21 days via a single intraperitoneal injection. Then the liver, kidney and blood samples were collected to analyze for its debrominated, hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites. The relationships between levels of BDE 209 metabolites in different tissues and thyroid hormone (TH) levels in plasma were evaluated. The results showed that BDE 209 could be metabolized into debrominated BDEs, methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs) and hydroxylated BDEs (OH-BDEs). Levels of these three metabolites were tissue-dependent. The TH levels, including total thyroxine (TT(4)), free thyroxine (FT(4)), total triiodothyronine (TT(3)) and free triiodothyronine (FT(3)) in plasma, were significantly affected by BDE 209 metabolism. However, only FT(4) levels showed a negative correlation with MeO-BDE and OH-BDE metabolites, among which the correlation between FT(4) and OH-BDEs was the most significant.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Feng, Chenglian and Xu, Yiping and Zhao, Gaofeng and Zha, Jinmiao and Wu, Fengchang and Wang, Zijian},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22721785},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: blood, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: chemistry, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss: physiology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {28--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), the primary component in a commonly used flame retardants, has recently been shown to be metabolized by organisms. In the present study, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to BDE 209 at five nominal gradient concentrations from 50 to 1000 ng/g wet weight for 21 days via a single intraperitoneal injection. Then the liver, kidney and blood samples were collected to analyze for its debrominated, hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites. The relationships between levels of BDE 209 metabolites in different tissues and thyroid hormone (TH) levels in plasma were evaluated. The results showed that BDE 209 could be metabolized into debrominated BDEs, methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs) and hydroxylated BDEs (OH-BDEs). Levels of these three metabolites were tissue-dependent. The TH levels, including total thyroxine (TT(4)), free thyroxine (FT(4)), total triiodothyronine (TT(3)) and free triiodothyronine (FT(3)) in plasma, were significantly affected by BDE 209 metabolism. However, only FT(4) levels showed a negative correlation with MeO-BDE and OH-BDE metabolites, among which the correlation between FT(4) and OH-BDEs was the most significant.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fair-stavros-mollenhauer-dewitt-henry-kannan-yun-bossart-etal-immunefunctioninfemaleb6c3f1miceismodulatedbyde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixture-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fair-stavros-mollenhauer-dewitt-henry-kannan-yun-bossart-etal-immunefunctioninfemaleb6c3f1miceismodulatedbyde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixture-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215', event);\">\n    Immune function in female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice is modulated by DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fair, P. A; Stavros, H.; Mollenhauer, M. A M; DeWitt, J. C; Henry, N.; Kannan, K.; Yun, S. H.; Bossart, G. D; Keil, D. E;  and Peden-Adams, M. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of immunotoxicology</i>, 9(1): 96–107.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fair-stavros-mollenhauer-dewitt-henry-kannan-yun-bossart-etal-immunefunctioninfemaleb6c3f1miceismodulatedbyde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixture-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Immune function in female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice is modulated by DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2011.643418\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fair-stavros-mollenhauer-dewitt-henry-kannan-yun-bossart-etal-immunefunctioninfemaleb6c3f1miceismodulatedbyde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixture-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2011.643418', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fair-stavros-mollenhauer-dewitt-henry-kannan-yun-bossart-etal-immunefunctioninfemaleb6c3f1miceismodulatedbyde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixture-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fair-stavros-mollenhauer-dewitt-henry-kannan-yun-bossart-etal-immunefunctioninfemaleb6c3f1miceismodulatedbyde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixture-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fair_immune_2012,\n\ttitle = {Immune function in female {B}(6){C}(3){F}(1) mice is modulated by {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture.},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1547-6901},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214215},\n\tdoi = {10.3109/1547691X.2011.643418},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. Toxicity of these compounds has become a concern because detectable levels of PBDEs are present in humans and wildlife and they are structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study examined the effects of the commercial penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in adult female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice on hematology, serum clinical chemistry, thyroid hormones, tissue histology, and several immunotoxicity end-points (lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, splenic immunophenotypes, and SRBC-specific-IgM production). Mice were exposed via oral gavage for 28 days to achieve total administered doses (TAD) of 0, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 mg/kg. No changes in histology, clinical chemistry, body or organ weights were observed. Serum total T3 and T4 levels were not altered by any of the DE-71 treatments. Peripheral blood monocyte numbers were decreased by the 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg treatments, but not by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration. Compared to controls, mitogen-stimulated T- and B-cell proliferation was increased by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 60 mg/kg TAD [2.14 mg/kg/day] and 58 mg/kg TAD [2.57 mg/kg/day], respectively). NK cell activity was decreased compared to controls by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 20 mg/kg TAD [0.7 mg/kg/day]). No alterations were noted in thymic T-cell populations or in SRBC-specific-IgM production. Numbers of CD19(+)CD21(-), CD19(+)CD21(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), CD4(-)CD8(+), CD4(-)CD8(-), and MHC-II(+) cells in the spleen were not affected. However, the numbers of splenic CD4(+)CD8(+) cells were decreased compared to the controls by 0.5, 5, and 100 mg/kg TAD. This study provides an assessment of the systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity of DE-71, and indicates that immune parameters are modulated at exposure concentrations lower than previously reported.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of immunotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Fair, Patricia A and Stavros, Hui-Chen and Mollenhauer, Meagan A M and DeWitt, Jamie C and Henry, Natasha and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Yun, Se Hun and Bossart, Gregory D and Keil, Deborah E and Peden-Adams, Margie M},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22214215},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Biological Markers: metabolism, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Erythrocytes, Erythrocytes: immunology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Immune System: immunology, Immunophenotyping, Killer Cells, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Activation: drug effects, Mice, Natural, Natural: drug effects, Natural: immunology, Risk Assessment, Sheep, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: drug effects, T-Lymphocyte Subsets: immunology, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests},\n\tpages = {96--107},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. Toxicity of these compounds has become a concern because detectable levels of PBDEs are present in humans and wildlife and they are structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study examined the effects of the commercial penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in adult female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice on hematology, serum clinical chemistry, thyroid hormones, tissue histology, and several immunotoxicity end-points (lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, splenic immunophenotypes, and SRBC-specific-IgM production). Mice were exposed via oral gavage for 28 days to achieve total administered doses (TAD) of 0, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 mg/kg. No changes in histology, clinical chemistry, body or organ weights were observed. Serum total T3 and T4 levels were not altered by any of the DE-71 treatments. Peripheral blood monocyte numbers were decreased by the 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg treatments, but not by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration. Compared to controls, mitogen-stimulated T- and B-cell proliferation was increased by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 60 mg/kg TAD [2.14 mg/kg/day] and 58 mg/kg TAD [2.57 mg/kg/day], respectively). NK cell activity was decreased compared to controls by the 100 mg/kg TAD concentration (ED(50) = 20 mg/kg TAD [0.7 mg/kg/day]). No alterations were noted in thymic T-cell populations or in SRBC-specific-IgM production. Numbers of CD19(+)CD21(-), CD19(+)CD21(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), CD4(-)CD8(+), CD4(-)CD8(-), and MHC-II(+) cells in the spleen were not affected. However, the numbers of splenic CD4(+)CD8(+) cells were decreased compared to the controls by 0.5, 5, and 100 mg/kg TAD. This study provides an assessment of the systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity of DE-71, and indicates that immune parameters are modulated at exposure concentrations lower than previously reported.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fahy-leblanc-molis-firefighterfatalitiesintheunitedstates2011-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fahy-leblanc-molis-firefighterfatalitiesintheunitedstates2011-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf', event);\">\n    Firefighter fatalities in the United States-2011.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fahy, R. F; Leblanc, P. R;  and Molis, J. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fahy-leblanc-molis-firefighterfatalitiesintheunitedstates2011-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Firefighter fatalities in the United States-2011 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fahy-leblanc-molis-firefighterfatalitiesintheunitedstates2011-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fahy-leblanc-molis-firefighterfatalitiesintheunitedstates2011-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{fahy_firefighter_2012,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {Firefighter fatalities in the {United} {States}-2011},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA firefighter fatalities.pdf},\n\tnumber = {June},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Fahy, Rita F and Leblanc, Paul R and Molis, Joseph L},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ernest-wade-lalancette-ma-berger-robaire-hales-effectsofchronicexposuretoanenvironmentallyrelevantmixtureofbrominatedflameretardantsonthereproductiveandthyroidsysteminadultmalerats-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ernest-wade-lalancette-ma-berger-robaire-hales-effectsofchronicexposuretoanenvironmentallyrelevantmixtureofbrominatedflameretardantsonthereproductiveandthyroidsysteminadultmalerats-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Effects of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants on the reproductive and thyroid system in adult male rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ernest, S. R; Wade, M. G; Lalancette, C.; Ma, Y.; Berger, R. G; Robaire, B.;  and Hales, B. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 127(2): 496–507. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ernest-wade-lalancette-ma-berger-robaire-hales-effectsofchronicexposuretoanenvironmentallyrelevantmixtureofbrominatedflameretardantsonthereproductiveandthyroidsysteminadultmalerats-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants on the reproductive and thyroid system in adult male rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs098\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ernest-wade-lalancette-ma-berger-robaire-hales-effectsofchronicexposuretoanenvironmentallyrelevantmixtureofbrominatedflameretardantsonthereproductiveandthyroidsysteminadultmalerats-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs098', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ernest-wade-lalancette-ma-berger-robaire-hales-effectsofchronicexposuretoanenvironmentallyrelevantmixtureofbrominatedflameretardantsonthereproductiveandthyroidsysteminadultmalerats-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ernest-wade-lalancette-ma-berger-robaire-hales-effectsofchronicexposuretoanenvironmentallyrelevantmixtureofbrominatedflameretardantsonthereproductiveandthyroidsysteminadultmalerats-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ernest_effects_2012,\n\ttitle = {Effects of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants on the reproductive and thyroid system in adult male rats.},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3355309&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs098},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, are readily released into home and work environments, and are present in house dust. Studies using animal models have revealed that exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may impair adult male reproductive function and thyroid hormone physiology. Such studies have generally characterized the outcome of acute or chronic exposure to a single BFR technical mixture or congener but not the impact of environmentally relevant BFR mixtures. We tested whether exposure to the BFRs found in house dust would have an adverse impact on the adult male rat reproductive system and thyroid function. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a complex BFR mixture composed of three commercial brominated diphenyl ethers (52.1\\% DE-71, 0.4\\% DE-79, and 44.2\\% decaBDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (3.3\\%), formulated to mimic the relative congener levels in house dust. BFRs were delivered in the diet at target doses of 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg/day for 70 days. Compared with controls, males exposed to the highest dose of BFRs displayed a significant increase in the weights of the kidneys and liver, which was accompanied by induction of CYP1A and CYP2B P450 hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. BFR exposure did not affect reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular function, or sperm DNA integrity. The highest dose caused thyroid toxicity as indicated by decreased serum thyroxine (T4) and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland epithelium. At lower doses, the thickness of the thyroid gland epithelium was reduced, but no changes in hormone levels (T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone) were observed. Thus, exposure to BFRs affected liver and thyroid physiology but not male reproductive parameters.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Ernest, Sheila R and Wade, Michael G and Lalancette, Claudia and Ma, Yi-Qian and Berger, Robert G and Robaire, Bernard and Hales, Barbara F},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22387749},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chronic, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Hypertrophy, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: metabolism, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Toxicity Tests},\n\tpages = {496--507},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, are readily released into home and work environments, and are present in house dust. Studies using animal models have revealed that exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may impair adult male reproductive function and thyroid hormone physiology. Such studies have generally characterized the outcome of acute or chronic exposure to a single BFR technical mixture or congener but not the impact of environmentally relevant BFR mixtures. We tested whether exposure to the BFRs found in house dust would have an adverse impact on the adult male rat reproductive system and thyroid function. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a complex BFR mixture composed of three commercial brominated diphenyl ethers (52.1% DE-71, 0.4% DE-79, and 44.2% decaBDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (3.3%), formulated to mimic the relative congener levels in house dust. BFRs were delivered in the diet at target doses of 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg/day for 70 days. Compared with controls, males exposed to the highest dose of BFRs displayed a significant increase in the weights of the kidneys and liver, which was accompanied by induction of CYP1A and CYP2B P450 hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. BFR exposure did not affect reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular function, or sperm DNA integrity. The highest dose caused thyroid toxicity as indicated by decreased serum thyroxine (T4) and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland epithelium. At lower doses, the thickness of the thyroid gland epithelium was reduced, but no changes in hormone levels (T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone) were observed. Thus, exposure to BFRs affected liver and thyroid physiology but not male reproductive parameters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ezechi-svobodov-cajthaml-hormonalactivitiesofnewbrominatedflameretardants-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ezechi-svobodov-cajthaml-hormonalactivitiesofnewbrominatedflameretardants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593', event);\">\n    Hormonal activities of new brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ezechiáš, M; Svobodová, K;  and Cajthaml, T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 87(7): 820–4. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ezechi-svobodov-cajthaml-hormonalactivitiesofnewbrominatedflameretardants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hormonal activities of new brominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.049\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ezechi-svobodov-cajthaml-hormonalactivitiesofnewbrominatedflameretardants-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.049', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ezechi-svobodov-cajthaml-hormonalactivitiesofnewbrominatedflameretardants-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ezechi-svobodov-cajthaml-hormonalactivitiesofnewbrominatedflameretardants-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ezechias_hormonal_2012,\n\ttitle = {Hormonal activities of new brominated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {87},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236593},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.049},\n\tabstract = {After the phase-out of two commercial mixtures of brominated flame retardants, an increasing number of alternative flame retardants have been introduced in commercial applications. None of them, however, has been thoroughly tested for its hormonal activity. We used two yeast reporter-gene assays to determine the potential of eleven compounds to interfere with estrogenic and androgenic pathways. Our data demonstrate the ability of 2,4,6-tribromophenol to lower the transcriptional activity of human estrogen and androgen receptors. A nominal IC(50) value of 14.1 μM for anti-estrogenic and 3.9 μM for anti-androgenic activity was obtained using the luciferase reporter. An IC(50) value of 9.2 μM was calculated for the anti-estrogenic activity measured by the β-galactosidase assay. Of the tested chemicals, this study highlights the endocrine disrupting effects of 2,4,6-tribromophenol whose occurrence in the environment should be monitored.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ezechiáš, M and Svobodová, K and Cajthaml, T},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22236593},\n\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: toxicity, Androgen: metabolism, Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Estrogen Antagonists, Estrogen Antagonists: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Receptors},\n\tpages = {820--4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  After the phase-out of two commercial mixtures of brominated flame retardants, an increasing number of alternative flame retardants have been introduced in commercial applications. None of them, however, has been thoroughly tested for its hormonal activity. We used two yeast reporter-gene assays to determine the potential of eleven compounds to interfere with estrogenic and androgenic pathways. Our data demonstrate the ability of 2,4,6-tribromophenol to lower the transcriptional activity of human estrogen and androgen receptors. A nominal IC(50) value of 14.1 μM for anti-estrogenic and 3.9 μM for anti-androgenic activity was obtained using the luciferase reporter. An IC(50) value of 9.2 μM was calculated for the anti-estrogenic activity measured by the β-galactosidase assay. Of the tested chemicals, this study highlights the endocrine disrupting effects of 2,4,6-tribromophenol whose occurrence in the environment should be monitored.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eskenazi, B.; Chevrier, J.; Rauch, S. A; Kogut, K.; Harley, K. G; Johnson, C.; Trujillo, C.; Sjodin, A.;  and Bradman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, (November).  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eskenazi-chevrier-rauch-kogut-harley-johnson-trujillo-sjodin-etal-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eskenazi_utero_2012,\n\ttitle = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},\n\tabstract = {Objective: California children&#x27;s exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. Here, we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS, a California birth cohort. Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children&#x27;s attention, motor functioning, and cognition at ages 5 (N=323) and 7 years (N=310). Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at age 5 and maternal report at ages 5 and 7, with poorer fine motor coordination – particularly in the non-dominant hand – at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) at age 7. Child age 7 PBDE concentrations were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birthweight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.},\n\tnumber = {November},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Chevrier, Jonathan and Rauch, Stephen A and Kogut, Katherine and Harley, Kim G and Johnson, Caroline and Trujillo, Celina and Sjodin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Objective: California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. Here, we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS, a California birth cohort. Methods: We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at ages 5 (N=323) and 7 years (N=310). Results: Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at age 5 and maternal report at ages 5 and 7, with poorer fine motor coordination – particularly in the non-dominant hand – at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) at age 7. Child age 7 PBDE concentrations were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birthweight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. Conclusions: Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-analternativesassessmentfortheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherdecabde-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-analternativesassessmentfortheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherdecabde-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf', event);\">\n    An alternatives assessment for the flame retardant Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-analternativesassessmentfortheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherdecabde-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An alternatives assessment for the flame retardant Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-analternativesassessmentfortheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherdecabde-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-analternativesassessmentfortheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherdecabde-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_alternatives_2012,\n\ttitle = {An alternatives assessment for the flame retardant {Decabromodiphenyl} ether ({DecaBDE})},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA deca_fullreport.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-partnershiponflameretardantalternativesforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-partnershiponflameretardantalternativesforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012', 'http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm', event);\">\n    Partnership on Flame Retardant Alternatives for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-partnershiponflameretardantalternativesforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012', 'http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Partnership on Flame Retardant Alternatives for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-partnershiponflameretardantalternativesforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-partnershiponflameretardantalternativesforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_partnership_2012,\n\ttitle = {Partnership on {Flame} {Retardant} {Alternatives} for {Hexabromocyclododecane} ({HBCD})},\n\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/hbcd/index.htm},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-reanalysisofkeyissuesrelatedtodioxintoxicityandresponsetonascommentsvolume1-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-reanalysisofkeyissuesrelatedtodioxintoxicityandresponsetonascommentsvolume1-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf', event);\">\n    Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity and Response to NAS Comments, Volume 1.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-reanalysisofkeyissuesrelatedtodioxintoxicityandresponsetonascommentsvolume1-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity and Response to NAS Comments, Volume 1 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-reanalysisofkeyissuesrelatedtodioxintoxicityandresponsetonascommentsvolume1-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-reanalysisofkeyissuesrelatedtodioxintoxicityandresponsetonascommentsvolume1-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_reanalysis_2012,\n\ttitle = {Reanalysis of {Key} {Issues} {Related} to {Dioxin} {Toxicity} and {Response} to {NAS} {Comments}, {Volume} 1},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin.pdf},\n\tnumber = {1746},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eng-elliott-macdougallshackleton-letcher-williams-earlyexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherbde99affectsmatingbehaviorofzebrafinches-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eng-elliott-macdougallshackleton-letcher-williams-earlyexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherbde99affectsmatingbehaviorofzebrafinches-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513', event);\">\n    Early exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) affects mating behavior of zebra finches.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eng, M. L; Elliott, J. E; MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A; Letcher, R. J;  and Williams, T. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 127(1): 269–76. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eng-elliott-macdougallshackleton-letcher-williams-earlyexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherbde99affectsmatingbehaviorofzebrafinches-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Early exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) affects mating behavior of zebra finches. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs076\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eng-elliott-macdougallshackleton-letcher-williams-earlyexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherbde99affectsmatingbehaviorofzebrafinches-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs076', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eng-elliott-macdougallshackleton-letcher-williams-earlyexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherbde99affectsmatingbehaviorofzebrafinches-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eng-elliott-macdougallshackleton-letcher-williams-earlyexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherbde99affectsmatingbehaviorofzebrafinches-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eng_early_2012,\n\ttitle = {Early exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-99) affects mating behavior of zebra finches.},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323513},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs076},\n\tabstract = {2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) is a brominated flame retardant congener that has pervaded global food chains, being reported in avian egg and tissue samples throughout the world. Its effects on birds are not well known, but there is evidence in exposed mammals that it directly mediates and causes neurotoxicity, alters thyroid hormone homeostasis, and lowers sex steroid hormone concentrations. In birds, those processes could disrupt the song-control system and male mating behavior. In this study, the effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 were assessed in a model songbird species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). A tissue residue study in which zebra finch nestlings were orally exposed to 0, 2.5, 15.8, or 50.7 ng BDE-99/g body weight (bw) per day over the 21-day nesting period validated dosing methods and confirmed dose levels were environmentally relevant (332.7 ± 141.0 to 4450.2 ± 1396.2 ng/g plasma lipid). A full-scale study exposing nestlings to 0, 2.5, 15.8, 50.7, or 173.8 ng BDE-99/g bw/day was carried out to investigate long-term effects of BDE-99 on the adult song-control nuclei volumes, song quality, and male mating behavior. Early exposure to BDE-99 had significant effects on male mating behavior and the response of clean experienced females to exposed males. There was no effect on male song-control nuclei or song quality, and there were nondose-dependent effects on female song-control nuclei. The results demonstrate that early exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 affects the behavior of zebra finches.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Eng, Margaret L and Elliott, John E and MacDougall-Shackleton, Scott A and Letcher, Robert J and Williams, Tony D},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22323513},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Computer-Assisted, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finches, Finches: physiology, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Vocal Center, High Vocal Center: drug effects, High Vocal Center: pathology, Image Processing, Male, Nesting Behavior, Nesting Behavior: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Sexual Behavior, Songbirds, Songbirds: physiology, Vocalization},\n\tpages = {269--76},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) is a brominated flame retardant congener that has pervaded global food chains, being reported in avian egg and tissue samples throughout the world. Its effects on birds are not well known, but there is evidence in exposed mammals that it directly mediates and causes neurotoxicity, alters thyroid hormone homeostasis, and lowers sex steroid hormone concentrations. In birds, those processes could disrupt the song-control system and male mating behavior. In this study, the effects of nestling exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 were assessed in a model songbird species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). A tissue residue study in which zebra finch nestlings were orally exposed to 0, 2.5, 15.8, or 50.7 ng BDE-99/g body weight (bw) per day over the 21-day nesting period validated dosing methods and confirmed dose levels were environmentally relevant (332.7 ± 141.0 to 4450.2 ± 1396.2 ng/g plasma lipid). A full-scale study exposing nestlings to 0, 2.5, 15.8, 50.7, or 173.8 ng BDE-99/g bw/day was carried out to investigate long-term effects of BDE-99 on the adult song-control nuclei volumes, song quality, and male mating behavior. Early exposure to BDE-99 had significant effects on male mating behavior and the response of clean experienced females to exposed males. There was no effect on male song-control nuclei or song quality, and there were nondose-dependent effects on female song-control nuclei. The results demonstrate that early exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BDE-99 affects the behavior of zebra finches.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eguchi-nomiyama-devanathan-subramanian-bulbule-parthasarathy-takahashi-tanabe-differentprofilesofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogencompoundsinserumfromresidentslivingnearacoastalareaandewasterecyclingworkersinindia-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eguchi-nomiyama-devanathan-subramanian-bulbule-parthasarathy-takahashi-tanabe-differentprofilesofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogencompoundsinserumfromresidentslivingnearacoastalareaandewasterecyclingworkersinindia-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf', event);\">\n    Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in India.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eguchi, A.; Nomiyama, K.; Devanathan, G.; Subramanian, A.; Bulbule, K. a; Parthasarathy, P.; Takahashi, S.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 47: 8–16. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eguchi-nomiyama-devanathan-subramanian-bulbule-parthasarathy-takahashi-tanabe-differentprofilesofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogencompoundsinserumfromresidentslivingnearacoastalareaandewasterecyclingworkersinindia-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in India. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eguchi-nomiyama-devanathan-subramanian-bulbule-parthasarathy-takahashi-tanabe-differentprofilesofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogencompoundsinserumfromresidentslivingnearacoastalareaandewasterecyclingworkersinindia-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eguchi-nomiyama-devanathan-subramanian-bulbule-parthasarathy-takahashi-tanabe-differentprofilesofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogencompoundsinserumfromresidentslivingnearacoastalareaandewasterecyclingworkersinindia-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eguchi-nomiyama-devanathan-subramanian-bulbule-parthasarathy-takahashi-tanabe-differentprofilesofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogencompoundsinserumfromresidentslivingnearacoastalareaandewasterecyclingworkersinindia-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eguchi_different_2012,\n\ttitle = {Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in {India}.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717641 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Eguchi.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.003},\n\tabstract = {We determined the contamination status and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB congeners (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs) in serum from e-waste recycling workers and residents near a coastal area in India. Residue levels of penta- to octa-chlorinated PCBs, penta- to octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs, 6MeO-BDE47, 6OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tri-BPh in serum from residents living near the coastal area were significantly higher than those in serum from e-waste recycling workers. Residue levels of tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, tri- to tetra-chlorinated OH-PCBs, PBDEs, octa-brominated OH-PBDEs, and tetra-BPhs in serum from e-waste recycling workers were higher than those in serum from residents living near the coastal area. Principal component analysis revealed that residents living near the coastal area and e-waste recycling workers had different serum profiles of chlorinated and brominated compounds.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Eguchi, Akifumi and Nomiyama, Kei and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Subramanian, Annamalai and Bulbule, Kesav a and Parthasarathy, Peethambaram and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {E-waste, Fish consumption, Flame retardants, Hydroxylated metabolites, PBDEs, PCBs},\n\tpages = {8--16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We determined the contamination status and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB congeners (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs) in serum from e-waste recycling workers and residents near a coastal area in India. Residue levels of penta- to octa-chlorinated PCBs, penta- to octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs, 6MeO-BDE47, 6OH-BDE47, and 2,4,6-tri-BPh in serum from residents living near the coastal area were significantly higher than those in serum from e-waste recycling workers. Residue levels of tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, tri- to tetra-chlorinated OH-PCBs, PBDEs, octa-brominated OH-PBDEs, and tetra-BPhs in serum from e-waste recycling workers were higher than those in serum from residents living near the coastal area. Principal component analysis revealed that residents living near the coastal area and e-waste recycling workers had different serum profiles of chlorinated and brominated compounds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"efra-keepingfireincheck-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'efra-keepingfireincheck-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf', event);\">\n    Keeping fire in check.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EFRA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  European Flame Retardants Association, Brussels, Belgium,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('efra-keepingfireincheck-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Keeping fire in check [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/efra-keepingfireincheck-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('efra-keepingfireincheck-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{efra_keeping_2012,\n\taddress = {Brussels, Belgium},\n\ttitle = {Keeping fire in check},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2012_EFRA_upholsteredfurniture.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {European Flame Retardants Association},\n\tauthor = {{EFRA}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727', event);\">\n    Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eggen, T.; Heimstad, E. S; Stuanes, A. O;  and Norli, H. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science and pollution research international</i>. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eggen-heimstad-stuanes-norli-uptakeandtranslocationoforganophosphatesandotheremergingcontaminantsinfoodandforagecrops-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eggen_uptake_2012,\n\ttitle = {Uptake and translocation of organophosphates and other emerging contaminants in food and forage crops.},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250727},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-012-1363-5},\n\tabstract = {Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K (ow) 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K (ow) 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K (ow) 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K (ow) 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K (ow) 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6-1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10-20 and 1.7-4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015-0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K (ow) in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\n\tauthor = {Eggen, Trine and Heimstad, Eldbjørg S and Stuanes, Arne O and Norli, Hans Ragnar},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23250727},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Emerging contaminants in wastewater and sewage sludge spread on agricultural soil can be transferred to the human food web directly by uptake into food crops or indirectly following uptake into forage crops. This study determined uptake and translocation of the organophosphates tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (log K (ow) 2.59), triethyl-chloro-phosphate (TCEP) (log K (ow) 1.44), tributyl phosphate (TBP) (log K (ow) 4.0), the insect repellent N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET) (log K (ow) 2.18) and the plasticiser N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) (log K (ow) 2.31) in barley, wheat, oilseed rape, meadow fescue and four cultivars of carrot. All species were grown in pots of agricultural soil, freshly amended contaminants in the range of 0.6-1.0 mg/kg dry weight, in the greenhouse. The bioconcentration factors for root (RCF), leaf (LCF) and seed (SCF) were calculated as plant concentration in root, leaf or seed over measured initial soil concentration, both in dry weight. The chlorinated flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) displayed the highest bioconcentration factors for leaf and seed but did not show the same pattern for all crop species tested. For TCEP, which has been phased out due to toxicity but is still found in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was 3.9 in meadow fescue and 42.3 in carrot. For TCPP, which has replaced TCEP in many products and also occurs in higher residual levels in sewage sludge and wastewater, LCF was high for meadow fescue and carrot (25.9 and 17.5, respectively). For the four cultivars of carrot tested, the RCF range for TCPP and TCEP was 10-20 and 1.7-4.6, respectively. TCPP was detected in all three types of seeds tested (SCF, 0.015-0.110). Despite that DEET and NBBS have log K (ow) in same range as TCPP and TCEP, generally lower bioconcentration factors were measured. Based on the high translocation of TCPP and TCEP to leaves, especially TCPP, into meadow fescue (a forage crop for livestock animals), ongoing risk assessments should be conducted to investigate the potential effects of these compounds in the food web.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"domingo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfoodandhumandietaryexposureareviewoftherecentscientificliterature-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'domingo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfoodandhumandietaryexposureareviewoftherecentscientificliterature-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Domingo, J. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association</i>, 50(2): 238–49. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('domingo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfoodandhumandietaryexposureareviewoftherecentscientificliterature-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('domingo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfoodandhumandietaryexposureareviewoftherecentscientificliterature-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/domingo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfoodandhumandietaryexposureareviewoftherecentscientificliterature-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('domingo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfoodandhumandietaryexposureareviewoftherecentscientificliterature-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{domingo_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature.},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {1873-6351},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100397},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used to protect people from fires by reducing the flammability of combustible materials. In recent years, PBDEs have become widespread environmental pollutants, while body burden in the general population has been increasing. A number of studies have shown that, as for other persistent organic pollutants, dietary intake is one of the main routes of human exposure to PBDEs. The most recent scientific literature concerning the levels of PBDEs in foodstuffs and the human dietary exposure to these BFRs are here reviewed. It has been noted that the available information on human total daily intake through food consumption is basically limited to a number of European countries, USA, China, and Japan. In spite of the considerable methodological differences among studies, the results show notable coincidences such as the important contribution to the sum of total PBDEs of some congeners such as BDEs 47, 49, 99 and 209, the comparatively high contribution of fish and seafood, and dairy products, and the probably limited human health risks derived from dietary exposure to PBDEs. Various issues directly related to human exposure to PBDEs through the diet still need investigation.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},\n\tauthor = {Domingo, José L},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22100397},\n\tkeywords = {Diet, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans},\n\tpages = {238--49},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used to protect people from fires by reducing the flammability of combustible materials. In recent years, PBDEs have become widespread environmental pollutants, while body burden in the general population has been increasing. A number of studies have shown that, as for other persistent organic pollutants, dietary intake is one of the main routes of human exposure to PBDEs. The most recent scientific literature concerning the levels of PBDEs in foodstuffs and the human dietary exposure to these BFRs are here reviewed. It has been noted that the available information on human total daily intake through food consumption is basically limited to a number of European countries, USA, China, and Japan. In spite of the considerable methodological differences among studies, the results show notable coincidences such as the important contribution to the sum of total PBDEs of some congeners such as BDEs 47, 49, 99 and 209, the comparatively high contribution of fish and seafood, and dairy products, and the probably limited human health risks derived from dietary exposure to PBDEs. Various issues directly related to human exposure to PBDEs through the diet still need investigation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf', event);\">\n    After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dodson, R. E; Perovich, L. J; Covaci, A.; Van den Eede, N.; Ionas, A. C; Dirtu, A. C; Brody, J. G.;  and Rudel, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303879n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303879n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dodson_after_2012,\n\ttitle = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}: {A} {Broad} {Suite} of {Flame} {Retardants} in {Repeat} {House} {Dust} {Samples} from {California}.},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dodson dust 2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303879n},\n\tabstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state&#x27;s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California&#x27;s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated &quot;Tris,&quot; which was banned in children&#x27;s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Dirtu, Alin C and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated \"Tris,\" which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dodson, R. E; Perovich, L. J; Covaci, A.; Van den Eede, N.; Ionas, A. C; Dirtu, A. C; Brody, J. G.;  and Rudel, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(24): 13056–66. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303879n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303879n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dodson_after_2012,\n\ttitle = {After the {PBDE} phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from {California}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3525011&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303879n},\n\tabstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state&#x27;s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California&#x27;s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated &quot;Tris,&quot; which was banned in children&#x27;s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Dirtu, Alin C and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23185960},\n\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Health, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, california},\n\tpages = {13056--66},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state's furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California's Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated \"Tris,\" which was banned in children's sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"du-zhang-yan-zhang-developmentaltoxicityevaluationofthreehexabromocyclododecanediastereoisomersonzebrafishembryos-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'du-zhang-yan-zhang-developmentaltoxicityevaluationofthreehexabromocyclododecanediastereoisomersonzebrafishembryos-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937', event);\">\n    Developmental toxicity evaluation of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers on zebrafish embryos.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Du, M.; Zhang, D.; Yan, C.;  and Zhang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 112-113: 1–10. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('du-zhang-yan-zhang-developmentaltoxicityevaluationofthreehexabromocyclododecanediastereoisomersonzebrafishembryos-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental toxicity evaluation of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers on zebrafish embryos. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/du-zhang-yan-zhang-developmentaltoxicityevaluationofthreehexabromocyclododecanediastereoisomersonzebrafishembryos-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('du-zhang-yan-zhang-developmentaltoxicityevaluationofthreehexabromocyclododecanediastereoisomersonzebrafishembryos-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{du_developmental_2012,\n\ttitle = {Developmental toxicity evaluation of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers on zebrafish embryos.},\n\tvolume = {112-113},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360937},\n\tabstract = {Structural dissimilarities of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers could raise substantial differences in physicochemical, biological and toxicological properties. In order to fully assess the environmental safety and health risk of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the developmental toxicity of individual HBCD diastereoisomers (α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD). Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of HBCD diastereoisomers (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) until 120 hpf. The results showed that exposure to HBCDs can affect the development of zebrafish embryos/larvae in a dose-dependent and diastereoselective manner. The diastereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD at 0.01 mg/l had little effect on the development of zebrafish embryos except that exposure to 0.01 mg/l γ-HBCD significantly delayed hatching (P{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). At 0.1mg/l, α-HBCD resulted in depressed heart rate of larvae (96 hpf) and delayed hatching, whereas β- and γ-HBCD both caused significant hatching delay and growth inhibition (P{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). In addition, a remarkable and significant increase in mortality and malformation rate was noted at 0.1 mg/l γ-HBCD exposure groups (P{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). At 1.0 mg/l, α-, β- and γ-HBCD significantly affected all of the endpoints monitored (P{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Additionally, HBCD diastereoisomers could induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that HBCD diastereoisomers could cause developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos through inducing apoptosis by ROS formation. The overall results showed a good agreement confirming that the order of developmental toxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers in zebrafish is γ-HBCD{\\textbackslash}textgreaterβ-HBCD{\\textbackslash}textgreaterα-HBCD.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Du, Miaomiao and Zhang, Dandan and Yan, Changzhou and Zhang, Xian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Apoptosis, Apoptosis: drug effects, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heart Rate, Heart Rate: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Survival Analysis, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: physiology},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Structural dissimilarities of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers could raise substantial differences in physicochemical, biological and toxicological properties. In order to fully assess the environmental safety and health risk of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the developmental toxicity of individual HBCD diastereoisomers (α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD). Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of HBCD diastereoisomers (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l) until 120 hpf. The results showed that exposure to HBCDs can affect the development of zebrafish embryos/larvae in a dose-dependent and diastereoselective manner. The diastereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD at 0.01 mg/l had little effect on the development of zebrafish embryos except that exposure to 0.01 mg/l γ-HBCD significantly delayed hatching (P\\textless0.05). At 0.1mg/l, α-HBCD resulted in depressed heart rate of larvae (96 hpf) and delayed hatching, whereas β- and γ-HBCD both caused significant hatching delay and growth inhibition (P\\textless0.05). In addition, a remarkable and significant increase in mortality and malformation rate was noted at 0.1 mg/l γ-HBCD exposure groups (P\\textless0.05). At 1.0 mg/l, α-, β- and γ-HBCD significantly affected all of the endpoints monitored (P\\textless0.05). Additionally, HBCD diastereoisomers could induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that HBCD diastereoisomers could cause developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos through inducing apoptosis by ROS formation. The overall results showed a good agreement confirming that the order of developmental toxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers in zebrafish is γ-HBCD\\textgreaterβ-HBCD\\textgreaterα-HBCD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dirtu-ali-vandeneede-neels-covaci-countryspecificcomparisonforprofileofchlorinatedbrominatedandphosphateorganiccontaminantsinindoordustcasestudyforeasternromania2010-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dirtu-ali-vandeneede-neels-covaci-countryspecificcomparisonforprofileofchlorinatedbrominatedandphosphateorganiccontaminantsinindoordustcasestudyforeasternromania2010-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296', event);\">\n    Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. Case study for Eastern Romania, 2010.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dirtu, A. C; Ali, N.; Van den Eede, N.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 49: 1–8. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dirtu-ali-vandeneede-neels-covaci-countryspecificcomparisonforprofileofchlorinatedbrominatedandphosphateorganiccontaminantsinindoordustcasestudyforeasternromania2010-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. Case study for Eastern Romania, 2010. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dirtu-ali-vandeneede-neels-covaci-countryspecificcomparisonforprofileofchlorinatedbrominatedandphosphateorganiccontaminantsinindoordustcasestudyforeasternromania2010-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dirtu-ali-vandeneede-neels-covaci-countryspecificcomparisonforprofileofchlorinatedbrominatedandphosphateorganiccontaminantsinindoordustcasestudyforeasternromania2010-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dirtu-ali-vandeneede-neels-covaci-countryspecificcomparisonforprofileofchlorinatedbrominatedandphosphateorganiccontaminantsinindoordustcasestudyforeasternromania2010-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dirtu_country_2012,\n\ttitle = {Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. {Case} study for {Eastern} {Romania}, 2010.},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929296},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.002},\n\tabstract = {We have evaluated the levels and specific profiles of several organohalogenated contaminants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and flame retardants (FRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs), in 47 indoor dust samples collected in 2010 from urban locations from Iasi, Eastern Romania. The dominant contaminants found in the samples were OPFRs (median sum OPFRs 7890 ng/g). Surprisingly, OCPs were also measured at high levels (median 1300 ng/g). Except for BDE 209 (median 275 ng/g), PBDEs were present in dust samples at relatively low levels (median sum PBDEs 8 ng/g). PCBs were also measured at low levels (median sum PCBs 35 ng/g), while NBFRs were only occasionally detected, showing a low usage in goods present on the Romanian market. The results of the present study evidence the existence of a multitude of chemical formulations in indoor dust. FRs are usually associated to human exposure via ingestion of dust, but other chemicals, such as OCPs, are not commonly reported in such matrix. Although OCPs were found at comparable levels with OPFRs in Romanian dust, OCPs possess a higher risk to human health due to their considerably lower reference dose (RfD) values. Indeed, the OCP exposure calculated for various intake scenarios was only 2-fold lower than the corresponding RfD. Therefore, the inclusion of OCPs as target chemicals in the indoor environment becomes important for countries where elevated levels in other environmental compartments have been previously shown.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Dirtu, Alin C and Ali, Nadeem and Van den Eede, Nele and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22929296},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Romania},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We have evaluated the levels and specific profiles of several organohalogenated contaminants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and flame retardants (FRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs), in 47 indoor dust samples collected in 2010 from urban locations from Iasi, Eastern Romania. The dominant contaminants found in the samples were OPFRs (median sum OPFRs 7890 ng/g). Surprisingly, OCPs were also measured at high levels (median 1300 ng/g). Except for BDE 209 (median 275 ng/g), PBDEs were present in dust samples at relatively low levels (median sum PBDEs 8 ng/g). PCBs were also measured at low levels (median sum PCBs 35 ng/g), while NBFRs were only occasionally detected, showing a low usage in goods present on the Romanian market. The results of the present study evidence the existence of a multitude of chemical formulations in indoor dust. FRs are usually associated to human exposure via ingestion of dust, but other chemicals, such as OCPs, are not commonly reported in such matrix. Although OCPs were found at comparable levels with OPFRs in Romanian dust, OCPs possess a higher risk to human health due to their considerably lower reference dose (RfD) values. Indeed, the OCP exposure calculated for various intake scenarios was only 2-fold lower than the corresponding RfD. Therefore, the inclusion of OCPs as target chemicals in the indoor environment becomes important for countries where elevated levels in other environmental compartments have been previously shown.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dietz-rigt-sonne-born-bechshft-mckinney-drimmie-muir-etal-threedecades19832010ofcontaminanttrendsineastgreenlandpolarbearsursusmaritimuspart2brominatedflameretardants-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dietz-rigt-sonne-born-bechshft-mckinney-drimmie-muir-etal-threedecades19832010ofcontaminanttrendsineastgreenlandpolarbearsursusmaritimuspart2brominatedflameretardants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556', event);\">\n    Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Part 2: Brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dietz, R.; Rigét, F. F; Sonne, C.; Born, E. W; Bechshøft, T.; McKinney, M. A; Drimmie, R. J; Muir, D. C G;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dietz-rigt-sonne-born-bechshft-mckinney-drimmie-muir-etal-threedecades19832010ofcontaminanttrendsineastgreenlandpolarbearsursusmaritimuspart2brominatedflameretardants-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Part 2: Brominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dietz-rigt-sonne-born-bechshft-mckinney-drimmie-muir-etal-threedecades19832010ofcontaminanttrendsineastgreenlandpolarbearsursusmaritimuspart2brominatedflameretardants-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dietz-rigt-sonne-born-bechshft-mckinney-drimmie-muir-etal-threedecades19832010ofcontaminanttrendsineastgreenlandpolarbearsursusmaritimuspart2brominatedflameretardants-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dietz-rigt-sonne-born-bechshft-mckinney-drimmie-muir-etal-threedecades19832010ofcontaminanttrendsineastgreenlandpolarbearsursusmaritimuspart2brominatedflameretardants-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dietz_three_2012,\n\ttitle = {Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in {East} {Greenland} polar bears ({Ursus} maritimus). {Part} 2: {Brominated} flame retardants.},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23137556},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.008},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants were determined in adipose tissues from 294 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in East Greenland in 23 of the 28years between 1983 and 2010. Significant linear increases were found for sum polybrominated diphenyl ether (ΣPBDE), BDE100, BDE153, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Average increases of 5.0\\% per year (range: 2.9-7.6\\%/year) were found for the subadult polar bears. BDE47 and BDE99 concentrations did not show a significant linear trend over time, but rather a significant non-linear trend peaking between 2000 and 2004. The average ΣPBDE concentrations increased 2.3 fold from 25.0ng/g lw (95\\% C.I.: 15.3-34.7ng/g lw) in 1983-1986 to 58.5ng/g lw (95\\% C.I.: 43.6-73.4ng/g lw) in 2006-2010. Similar but fewer statistically significant trends were found for adult females and adult males likely due to smaller sample size and years. Analyses of δ(15)N and δ(13)C stable isotopes in hair revealed no clear linear temporal trends in trophic level or carbon source, respectively, and non-linear trends differed among sex and age groups. These increasing concentrations of organobromine contaminants contribute to complex organohalogen mixture, already causing health effects to the East Greenland polar bears.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Dietz, Rune and Rigét, Frank F and Sonne, Christian and Born, Erik W and Bechshøft, Thea and McKinney, Melissa A and Drimmie, Robert J and Muir, Derek C G and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {23137556},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants were determined in adipose tissues from 294 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in East Greenland in 23 of the 28years between 1983 and 2010. Significant linear increases were found for sum polybrominated diphenyl ether (ΣPBDE), BDE100, BDE153, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Average increases of 5.0% per year (range: 2.9-7.6%/year) were found for the subadult polar bears. BDE47 and BDE99 concentrations did not show a significant linear trend over time, but rather a significant non-linear trend peaking between 2000 and 2004. The average ΣPBDE concentrations increased 2.3 fold from 25.0ng/g lw (95% C.I.: 15.3-34.7ng/g lw) in 1983-1986 to 58.5ng/g lw (95% C.I.: 43.6-73.4ng/g lw) in 2006-2010. Similar but fewer statistically significant trends were found for adult females and adult males likely due to smaller sample size and years. Analyses of δ(15)N and δ(13)C stable isotopes in hair revealed no clear linear temporal trends in trophic level or carbon source, respectively, and non-linear trends differed among sex and age groups. These increasing concentrations of organobromine contaminants contribute to complex organohalogen mixture, already causing health effects to the East Greenland polar bears.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"devanathan-subramanian-sudaryanto-takahashi-isobe-tanabe-brominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkfromseverallocationsinindiapotentialcontaminantsourcesinamunicipaldumpingsite-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'devanathan-subramanian-sudaryanto-takahashi-isobe-tanabe-brominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkfromseverallocationsinindiapotentialcontaminantsourcesinamunicipaldumpingsite-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in India: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Devanathan, G.; Subramanian, A.; Sudaryanto, A.; Takahashi, S.; Isobe, T.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 39(1): 87–95. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('devanathan-subramanian-sudaryanto-takahashi-isobe-tanabe-brominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkfromseverallocationsinindiapotentialcontaminantsourcesinamunicipaldumpingsite-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in India: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('devanathan-subramanian-sudaryanto-takahashi-isobe-tanabe-brominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkfromseverallocationsinindiapotentialcontaminantsourcesinamunicipaldumpingsite-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/devanathan-subramanian-sudaryanto-takahashi-isobe-tanabe-brominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkfromseverallocationsinindiapotentialcontaminantsourcesinamunicipaldumpingsite-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('devanathan-subramanian-sudaryanto-takahashi-isobe-tanabe-brominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastmilkfromseverallocationsinindiapotentialcontaminantsourcesinamunicipaldumpingsite-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{devanathan_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in {India}: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208746},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.005},\n\tabstract = {This study investigated the status of contamination of organohalogen compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardant (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human milk samples from several locations in India. The levels of OCs were significantly higher in the milk of mothers living in and near municipal dumping site than other locations indicating that the open dumping sites for municipal wastes act as potential sources of these contaminants in India. The PCB concentrations observed in this study tended to decrease compared to those in the matched locations reported previously, probably due to the restriction of technical PCB usage in India. PBDE levels in human milk were two to three folds lower than those of PCBs in all the sampling locations investigated. Congener profiles of PCBs and PBDEs were different between samples from the dumping site mothers and general populations in other areas suggesting the presence of region-specific sources and pathways. HBCDs were detected in human milk from only two sites, with much lower concentrations and detection frequencies compared to PCBs and PBDEs. When hazard quotients (HQs) of PCBs and PBDEs were estimated for infant health risk, the HQs in some milk samples from the dumping site exceeded the threshold value (HQ{\\textbackslash}textgreater1) of PCBs, indicating the potential risk for infants in the specific site.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Subramanian, Annamalai and Sudaryanto, Agus and Takahashi, Shin and Isobe, Tomohiko and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22208746},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, India, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {87--95},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigated the status of contamination of organohalogen compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardant (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human milk samples from several locations in India. The levels of OCs were significantly higher in the milk of mothers living in and near municipal dumping site than other locations indicating that the open dumping sites for municipal wastes act as potential sources of these contaminants in India. The PCB concentrations observed in this study tended to decrease compared to those in the matched locations reported previously, probably due to the restriction of technical PCB usage in India. PBDE levels in human milk were two to three folds lower than those of PCBs in all the sampling locations investigated. Congener profiles of PCBs and PBDEs were different between samples from the dumping site mothers and general populations in other areas suggesting the presence of region-specific sources and pathways. HBCDs were detected in human milk from only two sites, with much lower concentrations and detection frequencies compared to PCBs and PBDEs. When hazard quotients (HQs) of PCBs and PBDEs were estimated for infant health risk, the HQs in some milk samples from the dumping site exceeded the threshold value (HQ\\textgreater1) of PCBs, indicating the potential risk for infants in the specific site.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"desforges-ross-loseto-transplacentaltransferofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinarcticbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'desforges-ross-loseto-transplacentaltransferofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinarcticbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624', event);\">\n    Transplacental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Desforges, J. W; Ross, P. S;  and Loseto, L. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 31(2): 296–300. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desforges-ross-loseto-transplacentaltransferofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinarcticbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transplacental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.750\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desforges-ross-loseto-transplacentaltransferofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinarcticbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.750', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/desforges-ross-loseto-transplacentaltransferofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinarcticbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('desforges-ross-loseto-transplacentaltransferofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinarcticbelugawhalesdelphinapterusleucas-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{desforges_transplacental_2012,\n\ttitle = {Transplacental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in arctic beluga whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas).},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095624},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.750},\n\tabstract = {This study found that arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) transferred, on average, 11.4\\% (7.5 mg) and 11.1\\% (0.1 mg) of their polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) blubber burden to their near-term fetuses. A single physicochemical parameter, log K(OW), largely explained this transplacental transfer for PCBs (r(2) =0.79, p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.00001) and PBDEs (r(2) = 0.37, p = 0.007), with congeners having a log K(OW) {\\textbackslash}textless 6.5 preferentially transferred to the fetus. Blubber concentrations of 257 ng/g lipid weight (lw) PCBs and 3.8 ng/g (lw) PBDEs in beluga fetuses highlights the exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds during a critical developmental stage. The implications of detecting these levels of legacy PCBs and the flame retardant PBDEs in unborn arctic beluga are unclear.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Desforges, Jean-Pierre W and Ross, Peter S and Loseto, Lisa L},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22095624},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {296--300},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study found that arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) transferred, on average, 11.4% (7.5 mg) and 11.1% (0.1 mg) of their polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) blubber burden to their near-term fetuses. A single physicochemical parameter, log K(OW), largely explained this transplacental transfer for PCBs (r(2) =0.79, p \\textless 0.00001) and PBDEs (r(2) = 0.37, p = 0.007), with congeners having a log K(OW) \\textless 6.5 preferentially transferred to the fetus. Blubber concentrations of 257 ng/g lipid weight (lw) PCBs and 3.8 ng/g (lw) PBDEs in beluga fetuses highlights the exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds during a critical developmental stage. The implications of detecting these levels of legacy PCBs and the flame retardant PBDEs in unborn arctic beluga are unclear.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dewit-bjrklund-thuresson-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments2indoorsourcesandhumanexposure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dewit-bjrklund-thuresson-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments2indoorsourcesandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754', event);\">\n    Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  de Wit, C. A; Björklund, J. A.;  and Thuresson, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 39(1): 141–7. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-bjrklund-thuresson-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments2indoorsourcesandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-bjrklund-thuresson-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments2indoorsourcesandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dewit-bjrklund-thuresson-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments2indoorsourcesandhumanexposure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dewit-bjrklund-thuresson-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments2indoorsourcesandhumanexposure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_wit_tri-decabrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208754},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.001},\n\tabstract = {Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and {\\textbackslash}textless1.6-2 pg/m(3) in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95\\% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A and Björklund, Justina Awasum and Thuresson, Kaj},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22208754},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Male, Preschool, Sweden},\n\tpages = {141--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and \\textless1.6-2 pg/m(3) in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"decoster-vanlarebeke-endocrinedisruptingchemicalsassociateddisordersandmechanismsofaction-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'decoster-vanlarebeke-endocrinedisruptingchemicalsassociateddisordersandmechanismsofaction-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  De Coster, S.;  and van Larebeke, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental and public health</i>, 2012: 713696. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('decoster-vanlarebeke-endocrinedisruptingchemicalsassociateddisordersandmechanismsofaction-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/713696\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('decoster-vanlarebeke-endocrinedisruptingchemicalsassociateddisordersandmechanismsofaction-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/713696', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/decoster-vanlarebeke-endocrinedisruptingchemicalsassociateddisordersandmechanismsofaction-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('decoster-vanlarebeke-endocrinedisruptingchemicalsassociateddisordersandmechanismsofaction-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_coster_endocrine-disrupting_2012,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action.},\n\tvolume = {2012},\n\tissn = {1687-9813},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3443608&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1155/2012/713696},\n\tabstract = {The incidence and/or prevalence of health problems associated with endocrine-disruption have increased. Many chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties, including bisphenol A, some organochlorines, polybrominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, solvents, and some household products including some cleaning products, air fresheners, hair dyes, cosmetics, and sunscreens. Even some metals were shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties. Many observations suggesting that endocrine disruptors do contribute to cancer, diabetes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility are listed in this paper. An overview is presented of mechanisms contributing to endocrine disruption. Endocrine disruptors can act through classical nuclear receptors, but also through estrogen-related receptors, membrane-bound estrogen-receptors, and interaction with targets in the cytosol resulting in activation of the Src/Ras/Erk pathway or modulation of nitric oxide. In addition, changes in metabolism of endogenous hormones, cross-talk between genomic and nongenomic pathways, cross talk with estrogen receptors after binding on other receptors, interference with feedback regulation and neuroendocrine cells, changes in DNA methylation or histone modifications, and genomic instability by interference with the spindle figure can play a role. Also it was found that effects of receptor activation can differ in function of the ligand.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental and public health},\n\tauthor = {De Coster, Sam and van Larebeke, Nicolas},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22991565},\n\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: adverse effects, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Humans, Receptors, estrogen},\n\tpages = {713696},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The incidence and/or prevalence of health problems associated with endocrine-disruption have increased. Many chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties, including bisphenol A, some organochlorines, polybrominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, solvents, and some household products including some cleaning products, air fresheners, hair dyes, cosmetics, and sunscreens. Even some metals were shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties. Many observations suggesting that endocrine disruptors do contribute to cancer, diabetes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility are listed in this paper. An overview is presented of mechanisms contributing to endocrine disruption. Endocrine disruptors can act through classical nuclear receptors, but also through estrogen-related receptors, membrane-bound estrogen-receptors, and interaction with targets in the cytosol resulting in activation of the Src/Ras/Erk pathway or modulation of nitric oxide. In addition, changes in metabolism of endogenous hormones, cross-talk between genomic and nongenomic pathways, cross talk with estrogen receptors after binding on other receptors, interference with feedback regulation and neuroendocrine cells, changes in DNA methylation or histone modifications, and genomic instability by interference with the spindle figure can play a role. Also it was found that effects of receptor activation can differ in function of the ligand.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"davis-klosterhaus-stapleton-measurementofflameretardantsandtriclosaninmunicipalsewagesludgeandbiosolids-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'davis-klosterhaus-stapleton-measurementofflameretardantsandtriclosaninmunicipalsewagesludgeandbiosolids-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921', event);\">\n    Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Davis, E. F; Klosterhaus, S. L;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 40: 1–7. April 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davis-klosterhaus-stapleton-measurementofflameretardantsandtriclosaninmunicipalsewagesludgeandbiosolids-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davis-klosterhaus-stapleton-measurementofflameretardantsandtriclosaninmunicipalsewagesludgeandbiosolids-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/davis-klosterhaus-stapleton-measurementofflameretardantsandtriclosaninmunicipalsewagesludgeandbiosolids-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('davis-klosterhaus-stapleton-measurementofflameretardantsandtriclosaninmunicipalsewagesludgeandbiosolids-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{davis_measurement_2012,\n\ttitle = {Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280921},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008},\n\tabstract = {As polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) face increasing restrictions worldwide, several alternate flame retardants are expected to see increased use as replacement compounds in consumer products. Chemical analysis of biosolids collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can help determine whether these flame retardants are migrating from the indoor environment to the outdoor environment, where little is known about their ultimate fate and effects. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of a suite of flame retardants, and the antimicrobial compound triclosan, in opportunistic samples of municipal biosolids and the domestic sludge Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2781. Grab samples of biosolids were collected from two WWTPs in North Carolina and two in California. Biosolids samples were also obtained during three subsequent collection events at one of the North Carolina WWTPs to evaluate fluctuations in contaminant levels within a given facility over a period of three years. The biosolids and SRM 2781 were analyzed for PBDEs, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), and the antimicrobial agent 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan). PBDEs were detected in every sample analyzed, and ΣPBDE concentrations ranged from 1750 to 6358ng/g dry weight. Additionally, the PBDE replacement chemicals TBB and TBPH were detected at concentrations ranging from 120 to 3749 ng/g dry weight and from 206 to 1631 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Triclosan concentrations ranged from 490 to 13,866 ng/g dry weight. The detection of these contaminants of emerging concern in biosolids suggests that these chemicals have the potential to migrate out of consumer products and enter the outdoor environment.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Davis, Elizabeth F and Klosterhaus, Susan L and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22280921},\n\tkeywords = {Anti-Infective Agents, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Local, Local: analysis, North Carolina, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Triclosan, Triclosan: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, california},\n\tpages = {1--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) face increasing restrictions worldwide, several alternate flame retardants are expected to see increased use as replacement compounds in consumer products. Chemical analysis of biosolids collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can help determine whether these flame retardants are migrating from the indoor environment to the outdoor environment, where little is known about their ultimate fate and effects. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of a suite of flame retardants, and the antimicrobial compound triclosan, in opportunistic samples of municipal biosolids and the domestic sludge Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2781. Grab samples of biosolids were collected from two WWTPs in North Carolina and two in California. Biosolids samples were also obtained during three subsequent collection events at one of the North Carolina WWTPs to evaluate fluctuations in contaminant levels within a given facility over a period of three years. The biosolids and SRM 2781 were analyzed for PBDEs, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), and the antimicrobial agent 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan). PBDEs were detected in every sample analyzed, and ΣPBDE concentrations ranged from 1750 to 6358ng/g dry weight. Additionally, the PBDE replacement chemicals TBB and TBPH were detected at concentrations ranging from 120 to 3749 ng/g dry weight and from 206 to 1631 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Triclosan concentrations ranged from 490 to 13,866 ng/g dry weight. The detection of these contaminants of emerging concern in biosolids suggests that these chemicals have the potential to migrate out of consumer products and enter the outdoor environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"davies-zou-polybrominateddiphenylethersdisruptmoltinginneonataldaphniamagna-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'davies-zou-polybrominateddiphenylethersdisruptmoltinginneonataldaphniamagna-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers disrupt molting in neonatal Daphnia magna.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Davies, R.;  and Zou, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology (London, England)</i>, 21(5): 1371–80. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davies-zou-polybrominateddiphenylethersdisruptmoltinginneonataldaphniamagna-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers disrupt molting in neonatal Daphnia magna. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0891-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('davies-zou-polybrominateddiphenylethersdisruptmoltinginneonataldaphniamagna-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0891-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/davies-zou-polybrominateddiphenylethersdisruptmoltinginneonataldaphniamagna-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('davies-zou-polybrominateddiphenylethersdisruptmoltinginneonataldaphniamagna-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{davies_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers disrupt molting in neonatal {Daphnia} magna.},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1573-3017},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476648},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-012-0891-6},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and are found worldwide despite their banned usage in some countries. In recent years, the possibility that PBDEs may disrupt endocrine functions in vertebrates has been well investigated, but little attention has been paid to the endocrine disrupting potential in aquatic invertebrates. The current study aimed to investigate whether PBDEs affect molting in neonatal Daphnia magna. Prior to molting studies, 48 h LC50 values were tested for several environmentally prevalent PBDEs: PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100 and -209. The 48 h LC50s determined were 110.7, 7.9, 2.6, and 11.1 μg/L for PBDEs-28, -47, -99, and -100, respectively, but the highest concentration of PBDEs-209 tested (2.5 mg/L) did not affect survival at 48 h. Sublethal concentrations of these were used to investigate their potential effects on molting, assessed by the time taken to reach 4 molts. Molting studies found that PBDE-28 at 12 μg/L significantly increased the time it took to complete 4 molts. PBDE-47 at 20 μg/L inhibited daphnid molting initially but such an inhibitory effect disappeared with the prolongation of exposure due to the death of sensitive individuals. No other PBDEs affected molting at the concentrations tested, while still maintaining relatively high survival rates. In conclusion, this study found that PBDEs-28 and -47 can delay molting at μg/L concentrations, which raises concern for disrupted molting in crustaceans exposed to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\n\tauthor = {Davies, Rebecca and Zou, Enmin},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22476648},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Daphnia, Daphnia: drug effects, Daphnia: growth \\&amp; development, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Molting, Molting: drug effects, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1371--80},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and are found worldwide despite their banned usage in some countries. In recent years, the possibility that PBDEs may disrupt endocrine functions in vertebrates has been well investigated, but little attention has been paid to the endocrine disrupting potential in aquatic invertebrates. The current study aimed to investigate whether PBDEs affect molting in neonatal Daphnia magna. Prior to molting studies, 48 h LC50 values were tested for several environmentally prevalent PBDEs: PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100 and -209. The 48 h LC50s determined were 110.7, 7.9, 2.6, and 11.1 μg/L for PBDEs-28, -47, -99, and -100, respectively, but the highest concentration of PBDEs-209 tested (2.5 mg/L) did not affect survival at 48 h. Sublethal concentrations of these were used to investigate their potential effects on molting, assessed by the time taken to reach 4 molts. Molting studies found that PBDE-28 at 12 μg/L significantly increased the time it took to complete 4 molts. PBDE-47 at 20 μg/L inhibited daphnid molting initially but such an inhibitory effect disappeared with the prolongation of exposure due to the death of sensitive individuals. No other PBDEs affected molting at the concentrations tested, while still maintaining relatively high survival rates. In conclusion, this study found that PBDEs-28 and -47 can delay molting at μg/L concentrations, which raises concern for disrupted molting in crustaceans exposed to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"daso-fatoki-odendaal-olujimi-occurrenceofselectedpolybrominateddiphenylethersand224455hexabromobiphenylbb153insewagesludgeandeffluentsamplesofawastewatertreatmentplantincapetownsouthafrica-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'daso-fatoki-odendaal-olujimi-occurrenceofselectedpolybrominateddiphenylethersand224455hexabromobiphenylbb153insewagesludgeandeffluentsamplesofawastewatertreatmentplantincapetownsouthafrica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787', event);\">\n    Occurrence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) in sewage sludge and effluent samples of a wastewater-treatment plant in Cape Town, South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Daso, A. P; Fatoki, O. S; Odendaal, J. P;  and Olujimi, O. O\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 62(3): 391–402. April 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daso-fatoki-odendaal-olujimi-occurrenceofselectedpolybrominateddiphenylethersand224455hexabromobiphenylbb153insewagesludgeandeffluentsamplesofawastewatertreatmentplantincapetownsouthafrica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) in sewage sludge and effluent samples of a wastewater-treatment plant in Cape Town, South Africa. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9720-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daso-fatoki-odendaal-olujimi-occurrenceofselectedpolybrominateddiphenylethersand224455hexabromobiphenylbb153insewagesludgeandeffluentsamplesofawastewatertreatmentplantincapetownsouthafrica-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9720-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/daso-fatoki-odendaal-olujimi-occurrenceofselectedpolybrominateddiphenylethersand224455hexabromobiphenylbb153insewagesludgeandeffluentsamplesofawastewatertreatmentplantincapetownsouthafrica-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('daso-fatoki-odendaal-olujimi-occurrenceofselectedpolybrominateddiphenylethersand224455hexabromobiphenylbb153insewagesludgeandeffluentsamplesofawastewatertreatmentplantincapetownsouthafrica-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{daso_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromobiphenyl ({BB}-153) in sewage sludge and effluent samples of a wastewater-treatment plant in {Cape} {Town}, {South} {Africa}.},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1432-0703},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002787},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9720-9},\n\tabstract = {The reuse of treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as alternative water source for sport-field or landscape irrigation, agricultural, and other industrial purposes is growing significantly. Similarly, the application of treated sludge (biosolid) to agricultural soils is now being considered globally as the most economic means of sludge disposal. However, the presence of emerging organic contaminants in these matrices, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are potential endocrine disruptors, portends a high health risk to humans and the environment in general. In this study, effluent and sewage sludge samples collected from a WWTP were analysed for some selected PBDE congeners (BDE congeners 28, 47, 99 100 153 154 183, and 209) as well as BB-153 using a high-capillary gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The sum of the eight PBDE congeners ranged from 369 to 4370, 19.2 to 2640, and 90.4 to 15,100 ng/l for raw water, secondary effluent, and final effluent, respectively. A similar result was observed for sewage sludge samples, which ranged between 13.1 and 652 ng/g dry weight (dw). The results obtained for BB-153 were generally lower compared with those found for most PBDE congeners. These ranged from ND to 18.4 ng/l and ND to 9.97 ng/g dw for effluents and sewage sludge, respectively. In both matrices, BDE 47 and 209 congeners were found to contribute significantly to the overall sum of PBDEs. The reuse of the treated effluent, particularly for agricultural purposes, could enhance the possibility of these contaminants entering into the food chain, thus causing undesirable health problems in exposed subjects.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Daso, Adegbenro P and Fatoki, Olalekan S and Odendaal, James P and Olujimi, Olanrewaju O},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22002787},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, South Africa, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {391--402},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The reuse of treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as alternative water source for sport-field or landscape irrigation, agricultural, and other industrial purposes is growing significantly. Similarly, the application of treated sludge (biosolid) to agricultural soils is now being considered globally as the most economic means of sludge disposal. However, the presence of emerging organic contaminants in these matrices, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are potential endocrine disruptors, portends a high health risk to humans and the environment in general. In this study, effluent and sewage sludge samples collected from a WWTP were analysed for some selected PBDE congeners (BDE congeners 28, 47, 99 100 153 154 183, and 209) as well as BB-153 using a high-capillary gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The sum of the eight PBDE congeners ranged from 369 to 4370, 19.2 to 2640, and 90.4 to 15,100 ng/l for raw water, secondary effluent, and final effluent, respectively. A similar result was observed for sewage sludge samples, which ranged between 13.1 and 652 ng/g dry weight (dw). The results obtained for BB-153 were generally lower compared with those found for most PBDE congeners. These ranged from ND to 18.4 ng/l and ND to 9.97 ng/g dw for effluents and sewage sludge, respectively. In both matrices, BDE 47 and 209 congeners were found to contribute significantly to the overall sum of PBDEs. The reuse of the treated effluent, particularly for agricultural purposes, could enhance the possibility of these contaminants entering into the food chain, thus causing undesirable health problems in exposed subjects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"crump-chiu-kennedy-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtris1chloropropylphosphateoncytotoxicityandmrnaexpressioninprimaryculturesofavianhepatocytesandneuronalcells-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'crump-chiu-kennedy-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtris1chloropropylphosphateoncytotoxicityandmrnaexpressioninprimaryculturesofavianhepatocytesandneuronalcells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003', event);\">\n    Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Crump, D.; Chiu, S.;  and Kennedy, S. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 126(1): 140–8. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('crump-chiu-kennedy-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtris1chloropropylphosphateoncytotoxicityandmrnaexpressioninprimaryculturesofavianhepatocytesandneuronalcells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('crump-chiu-kennedy-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtris1chloropropylphosphateoncytotoxicityandmrnaexpressioninprimaryculturesofavianhepatocytesandneuronalcells-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/crump-chiu-kennedy-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtris1chloropropylphosphateoncytotoxicityandmrnaexpressioninprimaryculturesofavianhepatocytesandneuronalcells-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('crump-chiu-kennedy-effectsoftris13dichloro2propylphosphateandtris1chloropropylphosphateoncytotoxicityandmrnaexpressioninprimaryculturesofavianhepatocytesandneuronalcells-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{crump_effects_2012,\n\ttitle = {Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate on cytotoxicity and {mRNA} expression in primary cultures of avian hepatocytes and neuronal cells.},\n\tvolume = {126},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268003},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfs015},\n\tabstract = {Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) belong to a group of chemicals collectively known as triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). OPFRs are used in a wide range of consumer products and have been detected in biota, including free-living avian species; however, data on toxicological and molecular effects of exposure are limited. An in vitro screening approach was used to compare concentration-dependent effects of TDCPP and TCPP on cytotoxicity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in cultured hepatocytes and neuronal cells derived from embryonic chickens. TDCPP was toxic to hepatocytes (LC₅₀ = 60.3 ± 45.8μM) and neuronal cells (LC₅₀ = 28.7 ± 19.1μM), whereas TCPP did not affect viability in either cell type up to the highest concentration administered, 300μM. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed alterations in mRNA abundance of genes associated with phase I and II metabolism, the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, lipid regulation, and growth in hepatocytes. None of the transcripts measured in neuronal cells (D2, D3, RC3, and Oct-1) varied in response to TDCPP or TCPP exposure. Exposure to ≥ 10μM TDCPP and TCPP resulted in significant upregulation of CYP2H1 (4- to 8-fold), CYP3A37 (13- to 127-fold), and UGT1A9 (3.5- to 7-fold) mRNA levels. Transthyretin was significantly downregulated more than twofold by TCPP at 100μM; however, TDCPP did not alter its expression. Liver fatty acid-binding protein, TH-responsive spot 14-α, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were all downregulated (up to 10-fold) in hepatocytes exposed to ≥ 0.01μM TDCPP and TCPP. Taken together, our results indicate that genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, the TH pathway, lipid regulation, and growth are vulnerable to TDCPP and TCPP administration in cultured avian hepatocytes. The mRNA expression data were similar to those from a previous study with hexabromocyclododecane.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Crump, Doug and Chiu, Suzanne and Kennedy, Sean W},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22268003},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: embryology, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Chick Embryo, Cultured, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: cytology, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Isoenzymes, Isoenzymes: genetics, Isoenzymes: metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: pharmacology, Organophosphates: toxicity, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: pharmacology, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: genetics, Prealbumin: metabolism, RNA},\n\tpages = {140--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) belong to a group of chemicals collectively known as triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). OPFRs are used in a wide range of consumer products and have been detected in biota, including free-living avian species; however, data on toxicological and molecular effects of exposure are limited. An in vitro screening approach was used to compare concentration-dependent effects of TDCPP and TCPP on cytotoxicity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in cultured hepatocytes and neuronal cells derived from embryonic chickens. TDCPP was toxic to hepatocytes (LC₅₀ = 60.3 ± 45.8μM) and neuronal cells (LC₅₀ = 28.7 ± 19.1μM), whereas TCPP did not affect viability in either cell type up to the highest concentration administered, 300μM. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed alterations in mRNA abundance of genes associated with phase I and II metabolism, the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway, lipid regulation, and growth in hepatocytes. None of the transcripts measured in neuronal cells (D2, D3, RC3, and Oct-1) varied in response to TDCPP or TCPP exposure. Exposure to ≥ 10μM TDCPP and TCPP resulted in significant upregulation of CYP2H1 (4- to 8-fold), CYP3A37 (13- to 127-fold), and UGT1A9 (3.5- to 7-fold) mRNA levels. Transthyretin was significantly downregulated more than twofold by TCPP at 100μM; however, TDCPP did not alter its expression. Liver fatty acid-binding protein, TH-responsive spot 14-α, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were all downregulated (up to 10-fold) in hepatocytes exposed to ≥ 0.01μM TDCPP and TCPP. Taken together, our results indicate that genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, the TH pathway, lipid regulation, and growth are vulnerable to TDCPP and TCPP administration in cultured avian hepatocytes. The mRNA expression data were similar to those from a previous study with hexabromocyclododecane.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"czgny-jakab-blazs-decompositionofpolymermixturesofpvcpetandabscontainingbrominatedflameretardantformationofchlorinatedandbrominatedorganiccompounds-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'czgny-jakab-blazs-decompositionofpolymermixturesofpvcpetandabscontainingbrominatedflameretardantformationofchlorinatedandbrominatedorganiccompounds-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf', event);\">\n    decomposition of polymer mixtures of PVC, PET and ABS containing brominated flame retardant: Formation of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Czégény, Z.; Jakab, E;  and Blazsó, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Analytical and \\ldots</i>, 96: 69–77.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('czgny-jakab-blazs-decompositionofpolymermixturesofpvcpetandabscontainingbrominatedflameretardantformationofchlorinatedandbrominatedorganiccompounds-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"decomposition of polymer mixtures of PVC, PET and ABS containing brominated flame retardant: Formation of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('czgny-jakab-blazs-decompositionofpolymermixturesofpvcpetandabscontainingbrominatedflameretardantformationofchlorinatedandbrominatedorganiccompounds-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/czgny-jakab-blazs-decompositionofpolymermixturesofpvcpetandabscontainingbrominatedflameretardantformationofchlorinatedandbrominatedorganiccompounds-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('czgny-jakab-blazs-decompositionofpolymermixturesofpvcpetandabscontainingbrominatedflameretardantformationofchlorinatedandbrominatedorganiccompounds-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{czegeny_decomposition_2012,\n\ttitle = {decomposition of polymer mixtures of {PVC}, {PET} and {ABS} containing brominated flame retardant: {Formation} of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012000551 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CzegenyZ2012.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.006},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Analytical and {\\textbackslash}ldots},\n\tauthor = {Czégény, Zs and Jakab, E and Blazsó, M},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {69--77},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535', event);\">\n    Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Croes, K; Colles, A; Koppen, G; Govarts, E; Bruckers, L; Van de Mieroop, E; Nelen, V; Covaci, A; Dirtu, A C; Thomsen, C; Haug, L S; Becher, G; Mampaey, M; Schoeters, G; Van Larebeke, N;  and Baeyens, W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 89(8): 988–94. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{croes_persistent_2012,\n\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of {Flanders} ({Belgium}).},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22840535},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058},\n\tabstract = {To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009-2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25\\% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94\\%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153\\%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p=0.01 for BDE 47, p=0.02 for BDE 99 and p=0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p=0.03) and oxychlordane (p=0.047) in their human milk samples.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Croes, K and Colles, A and Koppen, G and Govarts, E and Bruckers, L and Van de Mieroop, E and Nelen, V and Covaci, A and Dirtu, A C and Thomsen, C and Haug, L S and Becher, G and Mampaey, M and Schoeters, G and Van Larebeke, N and Baeyens, W},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22840535},\n\tkeywords = {Belgium, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Rural Population, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis},\n\tpages = {988--94},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009-2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p=0.01 for BDE 47, p=0.02 for BDE 99 and p=0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p=0.03) and oxychlordane (p=0.047) in their human milk samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cristale-quintana-chaler-ventura-lacorte-gaschromatographymassspectrometrycomprehensiveanalysisoforganophosphorusbrominatedflameretardantsbyproductsandformulationintermediatesinwater-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cristale-quintana-chaler-ventura-lacorte-gaschromatographymassspectrometrycomprehensiveanalysisoforganophosphorusbrominatedflameretardantsbyproductsandformulationintermediatesinwater-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203', event);\">\n    Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cristale, J.; Quintana, J.; Chaler, R.; Ventura, F.;  and Lacorte, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of chromatography. A</i>, 1241: 1–12. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cristale-quintana-chaler-ventura-lacorte-gaschromatographymassspectrometrycomprehensiveanalysisoforganophosphorusbrominatedflameretardantsbyproductsandformulationintermediatesinwater-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cristale-quintana-chaler-ventura-lacorte-gaschromatographymassspectrometrycomprehensiveanalysisoforganophosphorusbrominatedflameretardantsbyproductsandformulationintermediatesinwater-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cristale-quintana-chaler-ventura-lacorte-gaschromatographymassspectrometrycomprehensiveanalysisoforganophosphorusbrominatedflameretardantsbyproductsandformulationintermediatesinwater-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cristale-quintana-chaler-ventura-lacorte-gaschromatographymassspectrometrycomprehensiveanalysisoforganophosphorusbrominatedflameretardantsbyproductsandformulationintermediatesinwater-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cristale_gas_2012,\n\ttitle = {Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water.},\n\tvolume = {1241},\n\tissn = {1873-3778},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552203},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013},\n\tabstract = {A multiresidue method based on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to determine organophosphorus flame retardants, polybromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209), new brominated flame retardants, bromophenols, bromoanilines, bromotoluenes and bromoanisoles in water. Two ionization techniques (electron ionization–EI, and electron capture negative ionization–ECNI) and two acquisition modes (selected ion monitoring–SIM, and selected reaction monitoring–SRM) were compared as regards to mass spectral characterization, sensitivity and quantification capabilities. The highest sensitivity, at expenses of identification capacity, was obtained by GC-ECNI-MS/SIM for most of the compounds analyzed, mainly for PBDEs and decabromodiphenyl ethane while GC-EI-MS/MS in SRM was the most selective technique and permitted the identification of target compounds at the pg level, and identification capabilities increased when real samples were analyzed. This method was further used to evaluate the presence and behavior of flame retardants within a drinking water treatment facility. Organophosphorus flame retardants were the only compounds detected in influent waters at levels of 0.32-0.03 μg L⁻¹, and their elimination throughout the different treatment stages was evaluated.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\n\tauthor = {Cristale, Joyce and Quintana, Jordi and Chaler, Roser and Ventura, Francesc and Lacorte, Silvia},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22552203},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Drinking Water, Drinking Water: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Electrospray Ionization: metho, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {1--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A multiresidue method based on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to determine organophosphorus flame retardants, polybromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209), new brominated flame retardants, bromophenols, bromoanilines, bromotoluenes and bromoanisoles in water. Two ionization techniques (electron ionization–EI, and electron capture negative ionization–ECNI) and two acquisition modes (selected ion monitoring–SIM, and selected reaction monitoring–SRM) were compared as regards to mass spectral characterization, sensitivity and quantification capabilities. The highest sensitivity, at expenses of identification capacity, was obtained by GC-ECNI-MS/SIM for most of the compounds analyzed, mainly for PBDEs and decabromodiphenyl ethane while GC-EI-MS/MS in SRM was the most selective technique and permitted the identification of target compounds at the pg level, and identification capabilities increased when real samples were analyzed. This method was further used to evaluate the presence and behavior of flame retardants within a drinking water treatment facility. Organophosphorus flame retardants were the only compounds detected in influent waters at levels of 0.32-0.03 μg L⁻¹, and their elimination throughout the different treatment stages was evaluated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"covaci-geens-roosens-ali-vandeneede-ionas-malarvannan-dirtu-emergingorganiccontaminantsandhumanhealth-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'covaci-geens-roosens-ali-vandeneede-ionas-malarvannan-dirtu-emergingorganiccontaminantsandhumanhealth-2012', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf', event);\">\n    Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Covaci, A.; Geens, T.; Roosens, L.; Ali, N.; Van den Eede, N.; Ionas, A. C; Malarvannan, G.;  and Dirtu, A. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Barceló, D., editor(s), <i>The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 20</i>, volume 20, of The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, pages 243–305. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('covaci-geens-roosens-ali-vandeneede-ionas-malarvannan-dirtu-emergingorganiccontaminantsandhumanhealth-2012', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/covaci-geens-roosens-ali-vandeneede-ionas-malarvannan-dirtu-emergingorganiccontaminantsandhumanhealth-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('covaci-geens-roosens-ali-vandeneede-ionas-malarvannan-dirtu-emergingorganiccontaminantsandhumanhealth-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{covaci_emerging_2012,\n\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\n\tseries = {The {Handbook} of {Environmental} {Chemistry}},\n\ttitle = {Emerging {Organic} {Contaminants} and {Human} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/20458u17n72816x0/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Covaci Geens Roosens.pdf},\n\tabstract = {We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently.},\n\tbooktitle = {The {Handbook} of {Environmental} {Chemistry}, {Vol}. 20},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},\n\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Geens, Tinne and Roosens, Laurence and Ali, Nadeem and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C and Malarvannan, Govindan and Dirtu, Alin C},\n\teditor = {Barceló, Damià},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {243--305},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"commission-upholsteredfurniturevalidationmemoranda-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'commission-upholsteredfurniturevalidationmemoranda-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf', event);\">\n    Upholstered furniture validation memoranda.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Commission, C. P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bethesda, MD,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('commission-upholsteredfurniturevalidationmemoranda-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Upholstered furniture validation memoranda [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/commission-upholsteredfurniturevalidationmemoranda-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('commission-upholsteredfurniturevalidationmemoranda-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{commission_upholstered_2012,\n\taddress = {Bethesda, MD},\n\ttitle = {Upholstered furniture validation memoranda},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufmemos.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cincinelli-martellini-misuri-lanciotti-sweetman-laschi-palchetti-pbdesinitaliansewagesludgeandenvironmentalriskofusingsewagesludgeforlandapplication-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cincinelli-martellini-misuri-lanciotti-sweetman-laschi-palchetti-pbdesinitaliansewagesludgeandenvironmentalriskofusingsewagesludgeforlandapplication-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090', event);\">\n    PBDEs in Italian sewage sludge and environmental risk of using sewage sludge for land application.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cincinelli, A.; Martellini, T.; Misuri, L.; Lanciotti, E.; Sweetman, A.; Laschi, S.;  and Palchetti, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 161: 229–34. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cincinelli-martellini-misuri-lanciotti-sweetman-laschi-palchetti-pbdesinitaliansewagesludgeandenvironmentalriskofusingsewagesludgeforlandapplication-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in Italian sewage sludge and environmental risk of using sewage sludge for land application. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cincinelli-martellini-misuri-lanciotti-sweetman-laschi-palchetti-pbdesinitaliansewagesludgeandenvironmentalriskofusingsewagesludgeforlandapplication-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cincinelli-martellini-misuri-lanciotti-sweetman-laschi-palchetti-pbdesinitaliansewagesludgeandenvironmentalriskofusingsewagesludgeforlandapplication-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cincinelli-martellini-misuri-lanciotti-sweetman-laschi-palchetti-pbdesinitaliansewagesludgeandenvironmentalriskofusingsewagesludgeforlandapplication-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cincinelli_pbdes_2012,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in {Italian} sewage sludge and environmental risk of using sewage sludge for land application.},\n\tvolume = {161},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230090},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.001},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in sewage sludge samples collected from eight Italian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) between June 2009 and March 2010. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 158.3 to 9427 ng g(-1) dw, while deca-BDE (BDE-209) (concentrations ranging from 130.6 to 9411 ng g(-1) dw) dominated the congener profile in all the samples, contributing between 77\\% and 99.8\\% of total PBDE. The suitability of using a magnetic particle enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) to analyse PBDEs in sewage sludge was also tested. The ELISA results, expressed as BDE-47 equivalents, were well correlated with those obtained by GC-NCI-MS, with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.899 and 0.959, depending on the extraction procedure adopted. The risk assessment of PBDEs in sewage sludge addressed to land application was calculated. PEC(soil) values compared to the relative PNEC(soil) for penta and deca-BDE suggests that there is a low risk to the soil environment.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Cincinelli, Alessandra and Martellini, Tania and Misuri, Lorenza and Lanciotti, Eudes and Sweetman, Andy and Laschi, Serena and Palchetti, Ilaria},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22230090},\n\tkeywords = {Agriculture, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Italy, Risk Assessment, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {229--34},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in sewage sludge samples collected from eight Italian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) between June 2009 and March 2010. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 158.3 to 9427 ng g(-1) dw, while deca-BDE (BDE-209) (concentrations ranging from 130.6 to 9411 ng g(-1) dw) dominated the congener profile in all the samples, contributing between 77% and 99.8% of total PBDE. The suitability of using a magnetic particle enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) to analyse PBDEs in sewage sludge was also tested. The ELISA results, expressed as BDE-47 equivalents, were well correlated with those obtained by GC-NCI-MS, with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.899 and 0.959, depending on the extraction procedure adopted. The risk assessment of PBDEs in sewage sludge addressed to land application was calculated. PEC(soil) values compared to the relative PNEC(soil) for penta and deca-BDE suggests that there is a low risk to the soil environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"clement-reiner-bhavsar-organohalogencontaminantsofemergingconcerningreatlakesfishareview-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'clement-reiner-bhavsar-organohalogencontaminantsofemergingconcerningreatlakesfishareview-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127', event);\">\n    Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes fish: a review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Clement, R. E; Reiner, E. J;  and Bhavsar, S. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</i>, 404(9): 2639–58. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('clement-reiner-bhavsar-organohalogencontaminantsofemergingconcerningreatlakesfishareview-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes fish: a review. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('clement-reiner-bhavsar-organohalogencontaminantsofemergingconcerningreatlakesfishareview-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/clement-reiner-bhavsar-organohalogencontaminantsofemergingconcerningreatlakesfishareview-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('clement-reiner-bhavsar-organohalogencontaminantsofemergingconcerningreatlakesfishareview-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{clement_organohalogen_2012,\n\ttitle = {Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in {Great} {Lakes} fish: a review.},\n\tvolume = {404},\n\tissn = {1618-2650},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926127},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4},\n\tabstract = {Organohalogen chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) have attracted much attention during the past decade and are of special importance for the Great Lakes of North America, which are together the largest surface freshwater resource on the earth. In this paper we review and summarize detection and levels of legacy contaminants in Great Lakes fish, lessons learned from legacy contaminants in advancing the analytical detection of CECs, progress and challenges in measuring CECs, and levels of CECs in Great Lakes fish reported to date. The CECs considered include chlorinated paraffins, polychlorinated naphthalenes and other chlorinated aromatics, halogenated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Clement, Ray E and Reiner, Eric J and Bhavsar, Satyendra P},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22926127},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {2639--58},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organohalogen chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) have attracted much attention during the past decade and are of special importance for the Great Lakes of North America, which are together the largest surface freshwater resource on the earth. In this paper we review and summarize detection and levels of legacy contaminants in Great Lakes fish, lessons learned from legacy contaminants in advancing the analytical detection of CECs, progress and challenges in measuring CECs, and levels of CECs in Great Lakes fish reported to date. The CECs considered include chlorinated paraffins, polychlorinated naphthalenes and other chlorinated aromatics, halogenated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"clausen-liu-kofoedsrensen-little-wolkoff-influenceoftemperatureontheemissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatedehpfrompvcflooringintheemissioncellflec-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'clausen-liu-kofoedsrensen-little-wolkoff-influenceoftemperatureontheemissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatedehpfrompvcflooringintheemissioncellflec-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf', event);\">\n    Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Clausen, P. A.; Liu, Z.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Little, J.;  and Wolkoff, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(2): 909–915. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('clausen-liu-kofoedsrensen-little-wolkoff-influenceoftemperatureontheemissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatedehpfrompvcflooringintheemissioncellflec-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es2035625\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('clausen-liu-kofoedsrensen-little-wolkoff-influenceoftemperatureontheemissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatedehpfrompvcflooringintheemissioncellflec-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es2035625', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/clausen-liu-kofoedsrensen-little-wolkoff-influenceoftemperatureontheemissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatedehpfrompvcflooringintheemissioncellflec-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('clausen-liu-kofoedsrensen-little-wolkoff-influenceoftemperatureontheemissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatedehpfrompvcflooringintheemissioncellflec-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{clausen_influence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ({DEHP}) from {PVC} flooring in the emission cell {FLEC}.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191658 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/c3c95d5f7c24ee5e6bf9b058857eab9c9bb40550.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es2035625},\n\tabstract = {Emissions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from one type of polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring with approximately 13\\% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer were measured in the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The gas-phase concentrations of DEHP versus time were measured at air flow rate of 450 mL·min(-1) and five different temperatures: 23 °C, 35 °C, 47 °C, 55 °C, and 61 °C. The experiments were terminated two weeks to three months after steady-state was reached and the interior surface of the FLECs was rinsed with methanol to determine the surface concentration of DEHP. The most important findings are (1) DEHP steady-state concentrations increased greatly with increasing temperature (0.9 ± 0.1 μg·m(-3), 10 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 38 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 91 ± 4 μg·m(-3), and 198 ± 5 μg·m(-3), respectively), (2) adsorption to the chamber walls decreased greatly with increasing temperature (measured partition coefficient between FLEC air and interior surface are: 640 ± 146 m, 97 ± 20 m, 21 ± 5 m, 11 ± 2 m, and 2 ± 1 m, respectively), (3) gas-phase DEHP concentration in equilibrium with the vinyl flooring surface is close to the vapor pressure of pure DEHP, and (4) with an increase of temperature in a home from 23 to 35 °C, the amount of DEHP in the gas- and particle-phase combined is predicted to increase almost 10-fold. The amount in the gas-phase increases by a factor of 24 with a corresponding decrease in the amount on the airborne particles.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Clausen, Per Axel and Liu, Zhe and Kofoed-Sørensen, Vivi and Little, John and Wolkoff, Peder},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {909--915},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Emissions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from one type of polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring with approximately 13% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer were measured in the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The gas-phase concentrations of DEHP versus time were measured at air flow rate of 450 mL·min(-1) and five different temperatures: 23 °C, 35 °C, 47 °C, 55 °C, and 61 °C. The experiments were terminated two weeks to three months after steady-state was reached and the interior surface of the FLECs was rinsed with methanol to determine the surface concentration of DEHP. The most important findings are (1) DEHP steady-state concentrations increased greatly with increasing temperature (0.9 ± 0.1 μg·m(-3), 10 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 38 ± 1 μg·m(-3), 91 ± 4 μg·m(-3), and 198 ± 5 μg·m(-3), respectively), (2) adsorption to the chamber walls decreased greatly with increasing temperature (measured partition coefficient between FLEC air and interior surface are: 640 ± 146 m, 97 ± 20 m, 21 ± 5 m, 11 ± 2 m, and 2 ± 1 m, respectively), (3) gas-phase DEHP concentration in equilibrium with the vinyl flooring surface is close to the vapor pressure of pure DEHP, and (4) with an increase of temperature in a home from 23 to 35 °C, the amount of DEHP in the gas- and particle-phase combined is predicted to increase almost 10-fold. The amount in the gas-phase increases by a factor of 24 with a corresponding decrease in the amount on the airborne particles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chiu-lin-huang-shiea-liu-toxiceffectsoftwobrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde183onthesurvivalandproteinexpressionofthetubificidmonopylephoruslimosus-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chiu-lin-huang-shiea-liu-toxiceffectsoftwobrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde183onthesurvivalandproteinexpressionofthetubificidmonopylephoruslimosus-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847', event);\">\n    Toxic effects of two brominated flame retardants BDE-47 and BDE-183 on the survival and protein expression of the tubificid Monopylephorus limosus.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chiu, K H; Lin, C.; Huang, H.; Shiea, J;  and Liu, L L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</i>, 84: 46–53. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiu-lin-huang-shiea-liu-toxiceffectsoftwobrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde183onthesurvivalandproteinexpressionofthetubificidmonopylephoruslimosus-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxic effects of two brominated flame retardants BDE-47 and BDE-183 on the survival and protein expression of the tubificid Monopylephorus limosus. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiu-lin-huang-shiea-liu-toxiceffectsoftwobrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde183onthesurvivalandproteinexpressionofthetubificidmonopylephoruslimosus-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chiu-lin-huang-shiea-liu-toxiceffectsoftwobrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde183onthesurvivalandproteinexpressionofthetubificidmonopylephoruslimosus-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chiu-lin-huang-shiea-liu-toxiceffectsoftwobrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde183onthesurvivalandproteinexpressionofthetubificidmonopylephoruslimosus-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chiu_toxic_2012,\n\ttitle = {Toxic effects of two brominated flame retardants {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-183 on the survival and protein expression of the tubificid {Monopylephorus} limosus.},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1090-2414},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818847},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.022},\n\tabstract = {The toxic effects of two brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE), BDE-47, and BDE-183, on a benthic oligochaete tubificid, Monopylephorus limosus were studied under laboratory conditions. Investigated responses included survival, growth, and protein expression profiles, at BDE concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 700 ng/g on a dry soil weight basis, with isooctane as the carrier solvent. Body weight losses among treatments were insignificant after 8 weeks of exposure. The 8-wk LC(50) of BDE-47 and -183 were 2311 and 169 ng/g, respectively. By applying multivariate analysis techniques, protein expression patterns were compared and correlated with stressful sources of long-term culture, carrier solvent, BDE-47 and -183. The treatment of 8-wk 100 ng/g BDE-47 was most closely clustered to the 10 ng/g BDE-183 treatment, based on the 40 examined protein spots. This indicated that BDE-183 was more potent to M. limosus, than was BDE-47. The 2-wk and 8-wk controls clustered into different groups indicating the occurrence of physiological changes due to long-term laboratory culture. Additionally, solvent effect was shown by grouping the isooctane carrier to different clusters. With further characterization by principle component analysis, it was found that the separation was mainly contributed by the 2nd principal-component. And, the primarily inhibitory variation was at spots 2 (UMP-CMP kinase) and 40 (plasma retinol-binding protein precursor) in the 8-wk groups. On the contrary, protein spots 16 (cell division control protein 2 homolog) and 24 (mitochondrial DNA mismatch repair protein) showed stimulatory variation. In all, the observed proteomic responses suggest that BDEs disrupted metabolic function in M. limosus and multivariate analysis tool offers significant potential for the assessment of various stress sources at biochemical level.},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\n\tauthor = {Chiu, K H and Lin, C-R and Huang, H-W and Shiea, J and Liu, L L},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22818847},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cluster Analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lethal Dose 50, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Survival Analysis},\n\tpages = {46--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The toxic effects of two brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE), BDE-47, and BDE-183, on a benthic oligochaete tubificid, Monopylephorus limosus were studied under laboratory conditions. Investigated responses included survival, growth, and protein expression profiles, at BDE concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 700 ng/g on a dry soil weight basis, with isooctane as the carrier solvent. Body weight losses among treatments were insignificant after 8 weeks of exposure. The 8-wk LC(50) of BDE-47 and -183 were 2311 and 169 ng/g, respectively. By applying multivariate analysis techniques, protein expression patterns were compared and correlated with stressful sources of long-term culture, carrier solvent, BDE-47 and -183. The treatment of 8-wk 100 ng/g BDE-47 was most closely clustered to the 10 ng/g BDE-183 treatment, based on the 40 examined protein spots. This indicated that BDE-183 was more potent to M. limosus, than was BDE-47. The 2-wk and 8-wk controls clustered into different groups indicating the occurrence of physiological changes due to long-term laboratory culture. Additionally, solvent effect was shown by grouping the isooctane carrier to different clusters. With further characterization by principle component analysis, it was found that the separation was mainly contributed by the 2nd principal-component. And, the primarily inhibitory variation was at spots 2 (UMP-CMP kinase) and 40 (plasma retinol-binding protein precursor) in the 8-wk groups. On the contrary, protein spots 16 (cell division control protein 2 homolog) and 24 (mitochondrial DNA mismatch repair protein) showed stimulatory variation. In all, the observed proteomic responses suggest that BDEs disrupted metabolic function in M. limosus and multivariate analysis tool offers significant potential for the assessment of various stress sources at biochemical level.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-huang-wang-chen-bai-chen-chen-dong-etal-bde47disruptsaxonalgrowthandmotorbehaviorindevelopingzebrafish-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-huang-wang-chen-bai-chen-chen-dong-etal-bde47disruptsaxonalgrowthandmotorbehaviorindevelopingzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740', event);\">\n    BDE-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, X.; Huang, C.; Wang, X.; Chen, J.; Bai, C.; Chen, Y.; Chen, X.; Dong, Q.;  and Yang, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 120-121: 35–44. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-huang-wang-chen-bai-chen-chen-dong-etal-bde47disruptsaxonalgrowthandmotorbehaviorindevelopingzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"BDE-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-huang-wang-chen-bai-chen-chen-dong-etal-bde47disruptsaxonalgrowthandmotorbehaviorindevelopingzebrafish-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-huang-wang-chen-bai-chen-chen-dong-etal-bde47disruptsaxonalgrowthandmotorbehaviorindevelopingzebrafish-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-huang-wang-chen-bai-chen-chen-dong-etal-bde47disruptsaxonalgrowthandmotorbehaviorindevelopingzebrafish-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_bde-47_2012,\n\ttitle = {{BDE}-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish.},\n\tvolume = {120-121},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609740},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.014},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environmental matrixes and pose a significant public health concern. 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners in environmental media, biota and human tissues. However, few studies have explored the BDE-47 developmental neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were waterborne exposed to BDE-47 at 1.25, 5, 20 μM starting from 6h post-fertilization (hpf). Motor behavior development and swimming behavior in response to light-to-dark photoperiod stimulation were studied at various developmental stages. Our data indicate that BDE-47 exposure significantly affected spontaneous movement, decreased touch response and free swimming speed, altered larvae swimming behavior in response to light stimulation in developing zebrafish. Consistent with these motor deficits, BDE-47 significantly inhibited axonal growth of primary and secondary motor neurons during the early developmental stages, suggesting the functional relevance of structural changes. Our findings demonstrate that the altered patterns of neuronal connectivity may contribute to motor behavior deficits, indicating the relevance of zebrafish as a model for studying toxicant developmental neurotoxicity.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Xiaojuan and Huang, Changjiang and Wang, Xuechun and Chen, Jiangfei and Bai, Chenglian and Chen, Yuanhong and Chen, Xiangping and Dong, Qiaoxiang and Yang, Dongren},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22609740},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Axons, Axons: drug effects, Axons: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Immunohistochemistry, Larva, Larva: genetics, Larva: growth \\&amp; development, Larva: metabolism, Larva: physiology, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Motor Neurons: physiology, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: physiology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Random Allocation, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Swimming, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth \\&amp; development, Zebrafish: physiology},\n\tpages = {35--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environmental matrixes and pose a significant public health concern. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners in environmental media, biota and human tissues. However, few studies have explored the BDE-47 developmental neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were waterborne exposed to BDE-47 at 1.25, 5, 20 μM starting from 6h post-fertilization (hpf). Motor behavior development and swimming behavior in response to light-to-dark photoperiod stimulation were studied at various developmental stages. Our data indicate that BDE-47 exposure significantly affected spontaneous movement, decreased touch response and free swimming speed, altered larvae swimming behavior in response to light stimulation in developing zebrafish. Consistent with these motor deficits, BDE-47 significantly inhibited axonal growth of primary and secondary motor neurons during the early developmental stages, suggesting the functional relevance of structural changes. Our findings demonstrate that the altered patterns of neuronal connectivity may contribute to motor behavior deficits, indicating the relevance of zebrafish as a model for studying toxicant developmental neurotoxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chiu-po-chan-lam-qian-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesalterlarvalsettlementofmarineintertidalorganismsacrossthreephylaviareducingbacterialabundanceonthebiofilms-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chiu-po-chan-lam-qian-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesalterlarvalsettlementofmarineintertidalorganismsacrossthreephylaviareducingbacterialabundanceonthebiofilms-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) alter larval settlement of marine intertidal organisms across three phyla via reducing bacterial abundance on the biofilms.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chiu, J. M Y; Po, B. H K; Chan, C. Y S; Lam, M. H W; Qian, P.;  and Wu, R. S S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(14): 7772–81. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiu-po-chan-lam-qian-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesalterlarvalsettlementofmarineintertidalorganismsacrossthreephylaviareducingbacterialabundanceonthebiofilms-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) alter larval settlement of marine intertidal organisms across three phyla via reducing bacterial abundance on the biofilms. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es300261c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiu-po-chan-lam-qian-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesalterlarvalsettlementofmarineintertidalorganismsacrossthreephylaviareducingbacterialabundanceonthebiofilms-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es300261c', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chiu-po-chan-lam-qian-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesalterlarvalsettlementofmarineintertidalorganismsacrossthreephylaviareducingbacterialabundanceonthebiofilms-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chiu-po-chan-lam-qian-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesalterlarvalsettlementofmarineintertidalorganismsacrossthreephylaviareducingbacterialabundanceonthebiofilms-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chiu_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) alter larval settlement of marine intertidal organisms across three phyla via reducing bacterial abundance on the biofilms.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22697365},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es300261c},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants over the last three decades, and are now ubiquitous in the marine environment. While the harmful effects of PBDEs on the abnormal development and reproductive impairment in mammals and fish are well documented, the effects on marine invertebrates remain virtually unknown. Using three model intertidal species accross three phyla, including the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Phylum Annelida), the gastropod Crepidula onyx (Phylum Mollusca), and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Phylum Arthopoda), this study demonstrated that (a) chronic exposure to BDE-47 (at spiking concentrations up to 1000 ng L(-1)) throughout the entire larval stage did not affect settlement, development or growth of all three species per se, despite bioaccumulation was clearly evident (measured body burden ranging from approximately 7000 to 13 000 ng BDE-47 g(-1) lipid), and (b) BDE-47, at measured concentrations of 15 and 113 ng g(-1) lipid, reduced the bacterial abundance in biofilms and resulted in a concomitant change in larval settlement pattern of all the model intertidal species across three phyla.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Chiu, Jill M Y and Po, Beverly H K and Chan, Christine Y S and Lam, Michael H W and Qian, Pei-Yuan and Wu, Rudolf S S},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22697365},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: growth \\&amp; development, Aquatic Organisms: radiation effects, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth \\&amp; development, Biofilms, Biofilms: drug effects, Biofilms: growth \\&amp; development, Biofilms: radiation effects, Flame retardants, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: growth \\&amp; development, Larva: radiation effects, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Microbial Viability: radiation effects, Phylogeny, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Movements},\n\tpages = {7772--81},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants over the last three decades, and are now ubiquitous in the marine environment. While the harmful effects of PBDEs on the abnormal development and reproductive impairment in mammals and fish are well documented, the effects on marine invertebrates remain virtually unknown. Using three model intertidal species accross three phyla, including the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Phylum Annelida), the gastropod Crepidula onyx (Phylum Mollusca), and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Phylum Arthopoda), this study demonstrated that (a) chronic exposure to BDE-47 (at spiking concentrations up to 1000 ng L(-1)) throughout the entire larval stage did not affect settlement, development or growth of all three species per se, despite bioaccumulation was clearly evident (measured body burden ranging from approximately 7000 to 13 000 ng BDE-47 g(-1) lipid), and (b) BDE-47, at measured concentrations of 15 and 113 ng g(-1) lipid, reduced the bacterial abundance in biofilms and resulted in a concomitant change in larval settlement pattern of all the model intertidal species across three phyla.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cheng-mao-zhao-shen-zhang-huang-gao-bioaccumulationdepurationandbiotransformationof44dibromodiphenyletherincruciancarpcarassiusauratus-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cheng-mao-zhao-shen-zhang-huang-gao-bioaccumulationdepurationandbiotransformationof44dibromodiphenyletherincruciancarpcarassiusauratus-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp (Carassius auratus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cheng, J.; Mao, L.; Zhao, Z.; Shen, M.; Zhang, S.; Huang, Q.;  and Gao, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 86(5): 446–53. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheng-mao-zhao-shen-zhang-huang-gao-bioaccumulationdepurationandbiotransformationof44dibromodiphenyletherincruciancarpcarassiusauratus-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4&#x27;-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cheng-mao-zhao-shen-zhang-huang-gao-bioaccumulationdepurationandbiotransformationof44dibromodiphenyletherincruciancarpcarassiusauratus-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cheng-mao-zhao-shen-zhang-huang-gao-bioaccumulationdepurationandbiotransformationof44dibromodiphenyletherincruciancarpcarassiusauratus-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cheng-mao-zhao-shen-zhang-huang-gao-bioaccumulationdepurationandbiotransformationof44dibromodiphenyletherincruciancarpcarassiusauratus-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cheng_bioaccumulation_2012,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4&#x27;-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp ({Carassius} auratus).},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036552},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.038},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as a class of flame retardants and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Significant biotransformation of some PBDEs via reductive debromination has been observed. However, little is known about the fate of lower brominated BDEs in fish. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4&#x27;-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) which were exposed to spiked water solution at different concentrations for 50d, followed by a 14-d depuration period. Bioaccumulation parameters were calculated and the results showed that BDE 15 was mainly concentrated in the gill and liver. In particular, five biotransformation products of BDE 15 in carp were identified using GC-MS/MS. Besides two debrominated metabolites, three of the metabolites were mono-OH-BDE 15, diOH-BDE 15 and bromophenol. Our results unequivocally suggested that BDE 15 oxidation did occur via the formation of hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites in crucian carp exposed in vivo. These findings will be useful for determination of the metabolic pathways of PBDEs in freshwater fish, especially about their oxidation metabolism.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Cheng, Jie and Mao, Liang and Zhao, Zhigang and Shen, Mengnan and Zhang, Shenghu and Huang, Qingguo and Gao, Shixiang},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22036552},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Goldfish, Goldfish: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {446--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as a class of flame retardants and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Significant biotransformation of some PBDEs via reductive debromination has been observed. However, little is known about the fate of lower brominated BDEs in fish. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) which were exposed to spiked water solution at different concentrations for 50d, followed by a 14-d depuration period. Bioaccumulation parameters were calculated and the results showed that BDE 15 was mainly concentrated in the gill and liver. In particular, five biotransformation products of BDE 15 in carp were identified using GC-MS/MS. Besides two debrominated metabolites, three of the metabolites were mono-OH-BDE 15, diOH-BDE 15 and bromophenol. Our results unequivocally suggested that BDE 15 oxidation did occur via the formation of hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites in crucian carp exposed in vivo. These findings will be useful for determination of the metabolic pathways of PBDEs in freshwater fish, especially about their oxidation metabolism.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-li-liu-zhao-polybrominateddiphenylethersfateinchinaareviewwithanemphasisonenvironmentalcontaminationlevelshumanexposureandregulation-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-li-liu-zhao-polybrominateddiphenylethersfateinchinaareviewwithanemphasisonenvironmentalcontaminationlevelshumanexposureandregulation-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers fate in China: a review with an emphasis on environmental contamination levels, human exposure and regulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, Y.; Li, J.; Liu, L.;  and Zhao, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental management</i>, 113: 22–30. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-li-liu-zhao-polybrominateddiphenylethersfateinchinaareviewwithanemphasisonenvironmentalcontaminationlevelshumanexposureandregulation-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers fate in China: a review with an emphasis on environmental contamination levels, human exposure and regulation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-li-liu-zhao-polybrominateddiphenylethersfateinchinaareviewwithanemphasisonenvironmentalcontaminationlevelshumanexposureandregulation-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-li-liu-zhao-polybrominateddiphenylethersfateinchinaareviewwithanemphasisonenvironmentalcontaminationlevelshumanexposureandregulation-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-li-liu-zhao-polybrominateddiphenylethersfateinchinaareviewwithanemphasisonenvironmentalcontaminationlevelshumanexposureandregulation-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers fate in {China}: a review with an emphasis on environmental contamination levels, human exposure and regulation.},\n\tvolume = {113},\n\tissn = {1095-8630},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985711},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.003},\n\tabstract = {Because of their highly effective flame-retardant capability, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer goods. However, compelling evidence shows that many congeners of PBDEs have been accumulating in the environment, in biota and in human populations worldwide. In China, although octabrominated diphenyl ether (octaBDE) has never been produced or used, pentabrominated diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) have been produced and used in large quantities. In the face of increasing evidence about PBDE pollution and the adoption of international conventions, there is a growing push for China to develop more stringent methods of managing PBDE waste. This paper summarizes the information about PBDE production and application, describes the flame-retarding mechanism, and then reviews the toxicity and levels of PBDEs in China&#x27;s environmental media and human tissues. Based on international regulations on PBDEs, the paper finally puts forward some suggestions for Chinese policy making and for self-regulation within the flame retardant industry.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental management},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Yuan and Li, Jinhui and Liu, Lili and Zhao, Nana},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22985711},\n\tkeywords = {China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Environmental Pollution: legislation \\&amp; jurispruden, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans},\n\tpages = {22--30},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Because of their highly effective flame-retardant capability, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer goods. However, compelling evidence shows that many congeners of PBDEs have been accumulating in the environment, in biota and in human populations worldwide. In China, although octabrominated diphenyl ether (octaBDE) has never been produced or used, pentabrominated diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) have been produced and used in large quantities. In the face of increasing evidence about PBDE pollution and the adoption of international conventions, there is a growing push for China to develop more stringent methods of managing PBDE waste. This paper summarizes the information about PBDE production and application, describes the flame-retarding mechanism, and then reviews the toxicity and levels of PBDEs in China's environmental media and human tissues. Based on international regulations on PBDEs, the paper finally puts forward some suggestions for Chinese policy making and for self-regulation within the flame retardant industry.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-yu-huang-yu-zhu-lam-lam-zhou-prenataltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesresultsindevelopmentalneurotoxicityinzebrafishlarvae-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-yu-huang-yu-zhu-lam-lam-zhou-prenataltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesresultsindevelopmentalneurotoxicityinzebrafishlarvae-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812', event);\">\n    Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, L.; Yu, K.; Huang, C.; Yu, L.; Zhu, B.; Lam, P. K S; Lam, J. C W;  and Zhou, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(17): 9727–34. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-yu-huang-yu-zhu-lam-lam-zhou-prenataltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesresultsindevelopmentalneurotoxicityinzebrafishlarvae-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es302119g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-yu-huang-yu-zhu-lam-lam-zhou-prenataltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesresultsindevelopmentalneurotoxicityinzebrafishlarvae-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es302119g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-yu-huang-yu-zhu-lam-lam-zhou-prenataltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesresultsindevelopmentalneurotoxicityinzebrafishlarvae-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-yu-huang-yu-zhu-lam-lam-zhou-prenataltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesresultsindevelopmentalneurotoxicityinzebrafishlarvae-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_prenatal_2012,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22866812},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es302119g},\n\tabstract = {Parental exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in animals has been found to be transferred to the offspring. The environmental health risk and toxicity to the offspring are still unclear. The objective of the present study was to identify environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs for parental exposure that would cause developmental neurotoxicity in the offspring. Adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 (0.16, 0.8, 4.0 μg/L) via water. The results showed that PBDE exposure did not affect larvae hatching, malformation, or survival. The residue of PBDEs was detected in F1 eggs upon parental exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in F1 larvae. Genes of central nervous system development (e.g., myelin basic protein, synapsin IIa, α1-tubulin) were significantly downregulated in larvae. Protein levels of α1-tubulin and synapsin IIa were also reduced. Decreased locomotion activity was observed in the larvae. This study provides the first evidence that parental exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs could cause adverse effects on neurodevelopment in zebrafish offspring.},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Lianguo and Yu, Ke and Huang, Changjiang and Yu, Liqin and Zhu, Bingqing and Lam, Paul K S and Lam, James C W and Zhou, Bingsheng},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22866812},\n\tkeywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase: metabolism, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: growth \\&amp; development, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Larva: genetics, Larva: physiology, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: genetics, Zebrafish: growth \\&amp; development, Zebrafish: physiology},\n\tpages = {9727--34},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Parental exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in animals has been found to be transferred to the offspring. The environmental health risk and toxicity to the offspring are still unclear. The objective of the present study was to identify environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs for parental exposure that would cause developmental neurotoxicity in the offspring. Adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 (0.16, 0.8, 4.0 μg/L) via water. The results showed that PBDE exposure did not affect larvae hatching, malformation, or survival. The residue of PBDEs was detected in F1 eggs upon parental exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in F1 larvae. Genes of central nervous system development (e.g., myelin basic protein, synapsin IIa, α1-tubulin) were significantly downregulated in larvae. Protein levels of α1-tubulin and synapsin IIa were also reduced. Decreased locomotion activity was observed in the larvae. This study provides the first evidence that parental exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PBDEs could cause adverse effects on neurodevelopment in zebrafish offspring.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-letcher-martin-flameretardantsineggsofamericankestrelsandeuropeanstarlingsfromsouthernlakeontarioregionnorthamerica-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-letcher-martin-flameretardantsineggsofamericankestrelsandeuropeanstarlingsfromsouthernlakeontarioregionnorthamerica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373', event);\">\n    Flame retardants in eggs of American kestrels and European starlings from southern Lake Ontario region (North America).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.; Letcher, R. J;  and Martin, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 14(11): 2870–6. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-martin-flameretardantsineggsofamericankestrelsandeuropeanstarlingsfromsouthernlakeontarioregionnorthamerica-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants in eggs of American kestrels and European starlings from southern Lake Ontario region (North America). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30472d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-martin-flameretardantsineggsofamericankestrelsandeuropeanstarlingsfromsouthernlakeontarioregionnorthamerica-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30472d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-letcher-martin-flameretardantsineggsofamericankestrelsandeuropeanstarlingsfromsouthernlakeontarioregionnorthamerica-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-letcher-martin-flameretardantsineggsofamericankestrelsandeuropeanstarlingsfromsouthernlakeontarioregionnorthamerica-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_flame_2012,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants in eggs of {American} kestrels and {European} starlings from southern {Lake} {Ontario} region ({North} {America}).},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930373},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em30472d},\n\tabstract = {While a number of studies have extensively investigated flame retardant (FR) contamination in aquatic ecosystems from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, there remains a dearth of information for terrestrial ecosystems. In the current study, American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (AMKE) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (EUST) that are terrestrial ecosystem consumers, and from the southern Lake Ontario regions, were investigated as potential terrestrial bio-monitoring species. Egg homogenates were screened for sixteen PBDE congeners and nineteen non-PBDE FRs of established or emerging environmental importance. PBDE congeners dominated the FR burdens in eggs of AMKE and EUST, with total concentrations ranging from 3.4 to 39.8 (median: 13.5) and 1.5 to 117 (median: 4.9) ng g(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Although the production and application of the Firemaster FF-1 (a commercial hexabromobiphenyl PBB mixture) has been discontinued for over four decades, its major component, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), was still frequently detected in AMKE and EUST eggs. Two isomers of the chlorinated FR Dechlorane plus (DP) were mostly detected in eggs collected from Niagara-on-the-Lake in the western portion of Lake Ontario, approximately 15 km from the only North American DP manufacturing site, clearly reflecting point source influences. FR comparisons in eggs from AMKE, EUST and Great Lakes herring gulls revealed species-specific contamination burdens and PBDE congener profiles, likely due to influences from trophic levels and PBDE congener-specific bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities in terrestrial versus aquatic food chains. Insectivorous birds (e.g. great tit) and relatives of AMKE have also been used as bio-monitoring tools in European and Asian regions, allowing investigation of spatial distribution patterns on a more international scale. AMKE and EUST have also been used as model species for laboratory evaluation of FR toxic effects in birds. Therefore, AMKE and EUST are deemed valuable bio-monitoring species for investigating FR contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Martin, Pamela},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22930373},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ontario, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Starlings},\n\tpages = {2870--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  While a number of studies have extensively investigated flame retardant (FR) contamination in aquatic ecosystems from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, there remains a dearth of information for terrestrial ecosystems. In the current study, American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (AMKE) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (EUST) that are terrestrial ecosystem consumers, and from the southern Lake Ontario regions, were investigated as potential terrestrial bio-monitoring species. Egg homogenates were screened for sixteen PBDE congeners and nineteen non-PBDE FRs of established or emerging environmental importance. PBDE congeners dominated the FR burdens in eggs of AMKE and EUST, with total concentrations ranging from 3.4 to 39.8 (median: 13.5) and 1.5 to 117 (median: 4.9) ng g(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Although the production and application of the Firemaster FF-1 (a commercial hexabromobiphenyl PBB mixture) has been discontinued for over four decades, its major component, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), was still frequently detected in AMKE and EUST eggs. Two isomers of the chlorinated FR Dechlorane plus (DP) were mostly detected in eggs collected from Niagara-on-the-Lake in the western portion of Lake Ontario, approximately 15 km from the only North American DP manufacturing site, clearly reflecting point source influences. FR comparisons in eggs from AMKE, EUST and Great Lakes herring gulls revealed species-specific contamination burdens and PBDE congener profiles, likely due to influences from trophic levels and PBDE congener-specific bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities in terrestrial versus aquatic food chains. Insectivorous birds (e.g. great tit) and relatives of AMKE have also been used as bio-monitoring tools in European and Asian regions, allowing investigation of spatial distribution patterns on a more international scale. AMKE and EUST have also been used as model species for laboratory evaluation of FR toxic effects in birds. Therefore, AMKE and EUST are deemed valuable bio-monitoring species for investigating FR contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-letcher-chu-determinationofnonhalogenatedchlorinatedandbrominatedorganophosphateflameretardantsinherringgulleggsbasedonliquidchromatographytandemquadrupolemassspectrometry-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-letcher-chu-determinationofnonhalogenatedchlorinatedandbrominatedorganophosphateflameretardantsinherringgulleggsbasedonliquidchromatographytandemquadrupolemassspectrometry-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491', event);\">\n    Determination of non-halogenated, chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.; Letcher, R. J;  and Chu, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of chromatography. A</i>, 1220: 169–74. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-chu-determinationofnonhalogenatedchlorinatedandbrominatedorganophosphateflameretardantsinherringgulleggsbasedonliquidchromatographytandemquadrupolemassspectrometry-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of non-halogenated, chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.046\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-chu-determinationofnonhalogenatedchlorinatedandbrominatedorganophosphateflameretardantsinherringgulleggsbasedonliquidchromatographytandemquadrupolemassspectrometry-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.046', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-letcher-chu-determinationofnonhalogenatedchlorinatedandbrominatedorganophosphateflameretardantsinherringgulleggsbasedonliquidchromatographytandemquadrupolemassspectrometry-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-letcher-chu-determinationofnonhalogenatedchlorinatedandbrominatedorganophosphateflameretardantsinherringgulleggsbasedonliquidchromatographytandemquadrupolemassspectrometry-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_determination_2012,\n\ttitle = {Determination of non-halogenated, chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.},\n\tvolume = {1220},\n\tissn = {1873-3778},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186491},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.046},\n\tabstract = {Numerous triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been used for several decades and continue to be used in a variety of commercial products. We developed a sensitive quantitative method for the analysis of, seven non-halogenated, three chlorinated and two brominated OPFRs of known or possible environmental relevance in herring gull eggs. This method is based on a simple two-step sample extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization(+)-tandem mass spectrometry. Instrumental detection limits and method limits of quantification (MLOQs) among the 12 OPFRs ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 ng/mL and 0.06 to 0.20 ng/g, respectively. The mean OPFR recovery efficiencies of replicate analyses (n=6) were very quantitative and ranged from 89\\% to 104\\%, with the two brominated OPFRs being somewhat lower but reproducible, i.e., 67\\% and 72\\%, respectively. Essentially negligible matrix effects were indicated by a standard addition approach that revealed mean percent signal recoveries (n=5 replicates) of 89-106\\% for most OPFRs. In the analysis of n=13 herring gull eggs from the Channel-Shelter Island colony (Lake Huron), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate ({\\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 4.1 ng/g wet weight, ww), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate ({\\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 0.6 ng/g ww) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate ({\\textbackslash}textlessMLOQ - 2.2 ng/g ww) were detected and/or quantified.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Chu, Shaogang},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22186491},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Chemical, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Lakes, Limit of Detection, Liquid, Liquid: methods, Ontario, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {169--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Numerous triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been used for several decades and continue to be used in a variety of commercial products. We developed a sensitive quantitative method for the analysis of, seven non-halogenated, three chlorinated and two brominated OPFRs of known or possible environmental relevance in herring gull eggs. This method is based on a simple two-step sample extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization(+)-tandem mass spectrometry. Instrumental detection limits and method limits of quantification (MLOQs) among the 12 OPFRs ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 ng/mL and 0.06 to 0.20 ng/g, respectively. The mean OPFR recovery efficiencies of replicate analyses (n=6) were very quantitative and ranged from 89% to 104%, with the two brominated OPFRs being somewhat lower but reproducible, i.e., 67% and 72%, respectively. Essentially negligible matrix effects were indicated by a standard addition approach that revealed mean percent signal recoveries (n=5 replicates) of 89-106% for most OPFRs. In the analysis of n=13 herring gull eggs from the Channel-Shelter Island colony (Lake Huron), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (\\textlessMLOQ - 4.1 ng/g wet weight, ww), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (\\textlessMLOQ - 0.6 ng/g ww) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (\\textlessMLOQ - 2.2 ng/g ww) were detected and/or quantified.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-letcher-burgess-champoux-elliott-hebert-martin-wayland-etal-flameretardantsineggsoffourgullspecieslaridaefrombreedingsitesspanningatlantictopacificcanada-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-letcher-burgess-champoux-elliott-hebert-martin-wayland-etal-flameretardantsineggsoffourgullspecieslaridaefrombreedingsitesspanningatlantictopacificcanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795', event);\">\n    Flame retardants in eggs of four gull species (Laridae) from breeding sites spanning Atlantic to Pacific Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.; Letcher, R. J; Burgess, N. M; Champoux, L.; Elliott, J. E; Hebert, C. E; Martin, P.; Wayland, M.; Chip Weseloh, D V;  and Wilson, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 168: 1–9. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-burgess-champoux-elliott-hebert-martin-wayland-etal-flameretardantsineggsoffourgullspecieslaridaefrombreedingsitesspanningatlantictopacificcanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants in eggs of four gull species (Laridae) from breeding sites spanning Atlantic to Pacific Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.040\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-burgess-champoux-elliott-hebert-martin-wayland-etal-flameretardantsineggsoffourgullspecieslaridaefrombreedingsitesspanningatlantictopacificcanada-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.040', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-letcher-burgess-champoux-elliott-hebert-martin-wayland-etal-flameretardantsineggsoffourgullspecieslaridaefrombreedingsitesspanningatlantictopacificcanada-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-letcher-burgess-champoux-elliott-hebert-martin-wayland-etal-flameretardantsineggsoffourgullspecieslaridaefrombreedingsitesspanningatlantictopacificcanada-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_flame_2012,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants in eggs of four gull species ({Laridae}) from breeding sites spanning {Atlantic} to {Pacific} {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {168},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579795},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.040},\n\tabstract = {To compare legacy and emerging flame retardant (FR) contamination in Canadian marine and freshwater ecosystems, eggs of four gull species (Laridae) were collected from 26 colonies spanning Pacific to Atlantic Canada, including in the Great Lakes basin. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 20 non-PBDE FRs were analyzed, but BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -209, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) syn- and anti-isomers were common, and where concentrations of ∑PBDEs (37-610 ng/g wet weight, ww) ≫ HBCD (0.5-12 ng/g ww) {\\textbackslash}textgreater ∑DP (not quantifiable-5.5 ng/g ww). All other FRs were generally not detectable. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes used as dietary tracers provided insights into the diet choice influences on the exposure sources and contamination patterns (e.g., PBDE congener compositions) for individual gulls from the same colony. Eggs from gulls breeding near metropolitan regions of higher human densities showed greater PBDE burdens than from other ecosystems.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Burgess, Neil M and Champoux, Louise and Elliott, John E and Hebert, Craig E and Martin, Pamela and Wayland, Mark and Chip Weseloh, D V and Wilson, Laurie},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22579795},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Canada, Charadriiformes, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To compare legacy and emerging flame retardant (FR) contamination in Canadian marine and freshwater ecosystems, eggs of four gull species (Laridae) were collected from 26 colonies spanning Pacific to Atlantic Canada, including in the Great Lakes basin. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 20 non-PBDE FRs were analyzed, but BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -209, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) syn- and anti-isomers were common, and where concentrations of ∑PBDEs (37-610 ng/g wet weight, ww) ≫ HBCD (0.5-12 ng/g ww) \\textgreater ∑DP (not quantifiable-5.5 ng/g ww). All other FRs were generally not detectable. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes used as dietary tracers provided insights into the diet choice influences on the exposure sources and contamination patterns (e.g., PBDE congener compositions) for individual gulls from the same colony. Eggs from gulls breeding near metropolitan regions of higher human densities showed greater PBDE burdens than from other ecosystems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chan-chan-disruptionofthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisinzebrafishembryolarvaefollowingwaterborneexposuretobde47tbbpaandbpa-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chan-chan-disruptionofthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisinzebrafishembryolarvaefollowingwaterborneexposuretobde47tbbpaandbpa-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034', event);\">\n    Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryo-larvae following waterborne exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chan, W. K;  and Chan, K. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 108: 106–11. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-chan-disruptionofthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisinzebrafishembryolarvaefollowingwaterborneexposuretobde47tbbpaandbpa-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryo-larvae following waterborne exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-chan-disruptionofthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisinzebrafishembryolarvaefollowingwaterborneexposuretobde47tbbpaandbpa-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chan-chan-disruptionofthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisinzebrafishembryolarvaefollowingwaterborneexposuretobde47tbbpaandbpa-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chan-chan-disruptionofthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisinzebrafishembryolarvaefollowingwaterborneexposuretobde47tbbpaandbpa-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chan_disruption_2012,\n\ttitle = {Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryo-larvae following waterborne exposure to {BDE}-47, {TBBPA} and {BPA}.},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100034},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.013},\n\tabstract = {We performed waterborne exposures of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or bisphenol A (BPA) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larvae and quantitatively measured the expression of genes belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to assess for adverse thyroid function. For analysis on the effects of BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes, zebrafish embryo-larvae were acutely exposed to lethal concentrations of the chemical agents in order to determine the 96 h-LC50 (96 h lethal median concentration) and 96 h-EC50 (96 h effective median concentration) values. Further exposures at sub-lethal concentrations were then carried out and total RNA samples were extracted to quantify the mRNA expression levels of the genes of interest. In larvae, BDE-47 was found to have significantly induced many genes of interest, namely thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid receptors α and β, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin. TBBPA only significantly induced three genes of interest (thyroid receptor α, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin) while BPA only induced thyroid stimulating hormone. In embryos, BDE-47 significantly induced the sodium iodide symporter and thyroid stimulating hormone. TBBPA significantly induced thyroid receptor α and thyroid stimulating hormone, while BPA did not significantly induce any of the genes. Most genes were only induced at the 75\\% 96 h-LC50 or 96 h-EC50 value; however, thyroid peroxidase and thyroid stimulating hormone demonstrated upregulation in a level as little as the 10\\% 96 h-LC50 value. The present study provides a new set of data on zebrafish mRNA induction of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes from exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA, or BPA. This information would serve useful for elucidating the toxicological mechanism of brominated flame retardants, assessing appropriate safety levels in the environment for these compounds, as well as serve as a reference for other man-made contaminants.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Chan, Winson K and Chan, King Ming},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22100034},\n\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Embryo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Hypothalamus, Hypothalamus: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology, unsure},\n\tpages = {106--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We performed waterborne exposures of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) or bisphenol A (BPA) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larvae and quantitatively measured the expression of genes belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to assess for adverse thyroid function. For analysis on the effects of BDE-47, TBBPA and BPA on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes, zebrafish embryo-larvae were acutely exposed to lethal concentrations of the chemical agents in order to determine the 96 h-LC50 (96 h lethal median concentration) and 96 h-EC50 (96 h effective median concentration) values. Further exposures at sub-lethal concentrations were then carried out and total RNA samples were extracted to quantify the mRNA expression levels of the genes of interest. In larvae, BDE-47 was found to have significantly induced many genes of interest, namely thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, thyroid receptors α and β, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin. TBBPA only significantly induced three genes of interest (thyroid receptor α, thyroid stimulating hormone, and transthyretin) while BPA only induced thyroid stimulating hormone. In embryos, BDE-47 significantly induced the sodium iodide symporter and thyroid stimulating hormone. TBBPA significantly induced thyroid receptor α and thyroid stimulating hormone, while BPA did not significantly induce any of the genes. Most genes were only induced at the 75% 96 h-LC50 or 96 h-EC50 value; however, thyroid peroxidase and thyroid stimulating hormone demonstrated upregulation in a level as little as the 10% 96 h-LC50 value. The present study provides a new set of data on zebrafish mRNA induction of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid genes from exposure to BDE-47, TBBPA, or BPA. This information would serve useful for elucidating the toxicological mechanism of brominated flame retardants, assessing appropriate safety levels in the environment for these compounds, as well as serve as a reference for other man-made contaminants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chemtura-materialsafetydatasheetemeraldinnovation3000-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chemtura-materialsafetydatasheetemeraldinnovation3000-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf', event);\">\n    Material Safety Data Sheet Emerald Innovation ™ 3000.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chemtura\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  ,1–8.  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chemtura-materialsafetydatasheetemeraldinnovation3000-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Material Safety Data Sheet Emerald Innovation ™ 3000 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chemtura-materialsafetydatasheetemeraldinnovation3000-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chemtura-materialsafetydatasheetemeraldinnovation3000-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chemtura_material_2012,\n\ttitle = {Material {Safety} {Data} {Sheet} {Emerald} {Innovation} ™ 3000},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/emerald 3000 MSDS.pdf},\n\tauthor = {{Chemtura}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cao-zeng-song-li-yu-sheng-fu-levelsanddistributionsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinsedimentfromtaihulakechina-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cao-zeng-song-li-yu-sheng-fu-levelsanddistributionsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinsedimentfromtaihulakechina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152', event);\">\n    Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from Taihu Lake, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cao, S.; Zeng, X.; Song, H.; Li, H.; Yu, Z.; Sheng, G.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 31(7): 1478–84. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cao-zeng-song-li-yu-sheng-fu-levelsanddistributionsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinsedimentfromtaihulakechina-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from Taihu Lake, China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1872\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cao-zeng-song-li-yu-sheng-fu-levelsanddistributionsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinsedimentfromtaihulakechina-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1872', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cao-zeng-song-li-yu-sheng-fu-levelsanddistributionsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinsedimentfromtaihulakechina-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cao-zeng-song-li-yu-sheng-fu-levelsanddistributionsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinsedimentfromtaihulakechina-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cao_levels_2012,\n\ttitle = {Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from {Taihu} {Lake}, {China}.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553152},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.1872},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations and distribution of seven organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) were investigated in 28 sediment samples collected from Taihu Lake. The analytes were ultrasonically extracted, enriched using solid-phase extraction, and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the analytes were all detected in the sediments. The total concentrations of seven OPs ranged from 3.38 to 14.25 µg/kg, and tris (2-chloroiso-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) were the dominant compounds, with concentrations ranging from{\\textbackslash}textlesslimit of quantification to 2.27 µg/kg, 0.62 to 3.17 µg/kg, and 1.03 to 5.00 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentration of total assessed OPs (14.25 µg/kg) was found at GH-5, with tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) as the main component at the sampling site. This result implied that there is an obvious emission source nearby at Suzhou City; in addition, human activities also play an important role in the concentration of OPs in the sediment.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Cao, Shuxia and Zeng, Xiangying and Song, Han and Li, Huiru and Yu, Zhiqiang and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22553152},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Lakes, Lakes: chemistry, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Phosphines, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1478--84},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations and distribution of seven organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) were investigated in 28 sediment samples collected from Taihu Lake. The analytes were ultrasonically extracted, enriched using solid-phase extraction, and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the analytes were all detected in the sediments. The total concentrations of seven OPs ranged from 3.38 to 14.25 µg/kg, and tris (2-chloroiso-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) were the dominant compounds, with concentrations ranging from\\textlesslimit of quantification to 2.27 µg/kg, 0.62 to 3.17 µg/kg, and 1.03 to 5.00 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentration of total assessed OPs (14.25 µg/kg) was found at GH-5, with tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) as the main component at the sampling site. This result implied that there is an obvious emission source nearby at Suzhou City; in addition, human activities also play an important role in the concentration of OPs in the sediment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"can-proposedriskmanagementmeasureforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'can-proposedriskmanagementmeasureforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf', event);\">\n    Proposed Risk Management Measure for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Can, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Environment Canada, Health Canada, Chemicals Management Division, Gatineau. Quebec,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('can-proposedriskmanagementmeasureforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Proposed Risk Management Measure for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/can-proposedriskmanagementmeasureforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('can-proposedriskmanagementmeasureforhexabromocyclododecanehbcd-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{can_proposed_2012,\n\taddress = {Gatineau. Quebec},\n\ttitle = {Proposed {Risk} {Management} {Measure} for {Hexabromocyclododecane} ({HBCD})},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Consultation Document Canada.pdf},\n\tnumber = {October},\n\tpublisher = {Environment Canada, Health Canada, Chemicals Management Division},\n\tauthor = {Can, Env},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"callahan-roe-hawthorne-tribunewatchdogplayingwithfirechicagotribune-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'callahan-roe-hawthorne-tribunewatchdogplayingwithfirechicagotribune-2012', 'http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html', event);\">\n    Tribune watchdog: Playing with fire – Chicago Tribune.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Callahan, P.; Roe, S.;  and Hawthorne, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('callahan-roe-hawthorne-tribunewatchdogplayingwithfirechicagotribune-2012', 'http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tribune watchdog: Playing with fire – Chicago Tribune [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/callahan-roe-hawthorne-tribunewatchdogplayingwithfirechicagotribune-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('callahan-roe-hawthorne-tribunewatchdogplayingwithfirechicagotribune-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{callahan_tribune_2012,\n\ttitle = {Tribune watchdog: {Playing} with fire – {Chicago} {Tribune}},\n\turl = {http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html},\n\tauthor = {Callahan, Patricia and Roe, Samuel and Hawthorne, Michael},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"can-draftscreeningassessmentreportphenol441methylethylidenebis26dibromochemicalabstractsserviceregistrynumber79947-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'can-draftscreeningassessmentreportphenol441methylethylidenebis26dibromochemicalabstractsserviceregistrynumber79947-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf', event);\">\n    Draft Screening Assessment Report: Phenol, 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene) bis[2,6-dibromo- Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 79-94-7.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Can, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Environment Canada, Health Canada,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('can-draftscreeningassessmentreportphenol441methylethylidenebis26dibromochemicalabstractsserviceregistrynumber79947-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Draft Screening Assessment Report: Phenol, 4,4&#x27;-(1-methylethylidene) bis[2,6-dibromo- Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 79-94-7 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/can-draftscreeningassessmentreportphenol441methylethylidenebis26dibromochemicalabstractsserviceregistrynumber79947-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('can-draftscreeningassessmentreportphenol441methylethylidenebis26dibromochemicalabstractsserviceregistrynumber79947-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{can_draft_2012,\n\ttitle = {Draft {Screening} {Assessment} {Report}: {Phenol}, 4,4&#x27;-(1-methylethylidene) bis[2,6-dibromo- {Chemical} {Abstracts} {Service} {Registry} {Number} 79-94-7},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TBBPA_Canada_assessment.pdf},\n\tnumber = {79},\n\tpublisher = {Environment Canada, Health Canada},\n\tauthor = {Can, Env},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bradman-gaspar-castorina-tonglin-mckone-environmentalexposuresinearlychildhoodeducationenvironments-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bradman-gaspar-castorina-tonglin-mckone-environmentalexposuresinearlychildhoodeducationenvironments-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf', event);\">\n    Environmental Exposures in Early Childhood Education Environments.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bradman, A.; Gaspar, F.; Castorina, R.; Tong-Lin, E.;  and McKone, T. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California Berkeley for the California Air Resources Board, Berkeley, CA,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bradman-gaspar-castorina-tonglin-mckone-environmentalexposuresinearlychildhoodeducationenvironments-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental Exposures in Early Childhood Education Environments [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bradman-gaspar-castorina-tonglin-mckone-environmentalexposuresinearlychildhoodeducationenvironments-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bradman-gaspar-castorina-tonglin-mckone-environmentalexposuresinearlychildhoodeducationenvironments-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{bradman_environmental_2012,\n\taddress = {Berkeley, CA},\n\ttitle = {Environmental {Exposures} in {Early} {Childhood} {Education} {Environments}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/bradman 2012 nursery schools.pdf},\n\tnumber = {08},\n\tpublisher = {Center for Environmental Research and Children&#x27;s Health, University of California Berkeley for the California Air Resources Board},\n\tauthor = {Bradman, Asa and Gaspar, Fraser and Castorina, Rosemary and Tong-Lin, Elodie and McKone, Thomas E},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, air pollution research, arb, cal epa, carb, day care environment, health exposure, lbnl, randy maddalena, uc berkeley research},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bollmann-mller-xie-ebinghaus-einax-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersincoastalandmarinesurfacewaters-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bollmann-mller-xie-ebinghaus-einax-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersincoastalandmarinesurfacewaters-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598', event);\">\n    Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bollmann, U. E; Möller, A.; Xie, Z.; Ebinghaus, R.;  and Einax, J. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water research</i>, 46(2): 531–538. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bollmann-mller-xie-ebinghaus-einax-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersincoastalandmarinesurfacewaters-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bollmann-mller-xie-ebinghaus-einax-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersincoastalandmarinesurfacewaters-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bollmann-mller-xie-ebinghaus-einax-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersincoastalandmarinesurfacewaters-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bollmann_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142598},\n\tabstract = {This comprehensive study focused on the spatial and seasonal variations of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in surface water from the estuary of the River Elbe and the German Bight (North Sea). 100 surface water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with regard to 16 different OPs. The dominating substance was found to be tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (Elbe: 40-250 ng L(-1), German Bight: 3-28 ng L(-1)). Furthermore, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were detected in concentrations up to 180 ng L(-1). Seasonal trends were detected for the longitudinal profile of the Elbe estuary. Besides the dilution of river water with North Sea water toward the mouth, leading to decreasing concentrations at the four sampling cruises (March, May, August, and October, 2010), an additional depletion of non-halogenated OPs was observed in summer which is supposed to be due to biodegradation or photodegradation. In addition, a comparison of all important tributaries of the German Bight (Elbe, Ems, and Weser) as well as the indirect tributaries Meuse, Rhine, and Scheldt was done by multivariate statistical methods. It could be shown that the contribution of non-halogenated alkylated OPs in the Rhine was higher than in all other tributaries. The riverine input of OPs into the North Sea via the investigated tributaries was estimated to be about 50 tyr(-1).},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Water research},\n\tauthor = {Bollmann, Ulla E and Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Ebinghaus, Ralf and Einax, Jürgen W},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Multivariate Analysis, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: analysis, Solid Phase Extraction, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {531--538},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This comprehensive study focused on the spatial and seasonal variations of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in surface water from the estuary of the River Elbe and the German Bight (North Sea). 100 surface water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with regard to 16 different OPs. The dominating substance was found to be tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (Elbe: 40-250 ng L(-1), German Bight: 3-28 ng L(-1)). Furthermore, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were detected in concentrations up to 180 ng L(-1). Seasonal trends were detected for the longitudinal profile of the Elbe estuary. Besides the dilution of river water with North Sea water toward the mouth, leading to decreasing concentrations at the four sampling cruises (March, May, August, and October, 2010), an additional depletion of non-halogenated OPs was observed in summer which is supposed to be due to biodegradation or photodegradation. In addition, a comparison of all important tributaries of the German Bight (Elbe, Ems, and Weser) as well as the indirect tributaries Meuse, Rhine, and Scheldt was done by multivariate statistical methods. It could be shown that the contribution of non-halogenated alkylated OPs in the Rhine was higher than in all other tributaries. The riverine input of OPs into the North Sea via the investigated tributaries was estimated to be about 50 tyr(-1).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brommer-harrad-vandeneede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brommer-harrad-vandeneede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617', event);\">\n    Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brommer, S.; Harrad, S.; Van den Eede, N.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 14(9): 2482–7. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brommer-harrad-vandeneede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30303e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brommer-harrad-vandeneede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30303e', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brommer-harrad-vandeneede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brommer-harrad-vandeneede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brommer_concentrations_2012,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in {German} indoor dust samples.},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854617},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c2em30303e},\n\tabstract = {While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g(-1) dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g(-1)) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g(-1) dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g(-1) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g(-1) dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Brommer, Sandra and Harrad, Stuart and Van den Eede, Nele and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22854617},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Germany, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis},\n\tpages = {2482--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g(-1) dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g(-1)) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g(-1) dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g(-1) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g(-1) dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bradman-castorina-sjdin-fenster-jones-harley-chevrier-holland-etal-factorsassociatedwithserumpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsamongschoolagechildreninthechamacoscohort-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bradman-castorina-sjdin-fenster-jones-harley-chevrier-holland-etal-factorsassociatedwithserumpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsamongschoolagechildreninthechamacoscohort-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079', event);\">\n    Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among school-age children in the CHAMACOS cohort.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bradman, A.; Castorina, R.; Sjödin, A.; Fenster, L.; Jones, R. S; Harley, K. G; Chevrier, J.; Holland, N. T;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 46(13): 7373–81. July 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bradman-castorina-sjdin-fenster-jones-harley-chevrier-holland-etal-factorsassociatedwithserumpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsamongschoolagechildreninthechamacoscohort-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among school-age children in the CHAMACOS cohort. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es3003487\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bradman-castorina-sjdin-fenster-jones-harley-chevrier-holland-etal-factorsassociatedwithserumpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsamongschoolagechildreninthechamacoscohort-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es3003487', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bradman-castorina-sjdin-fenster-jones-harley-chevrier-holland-etal-factorsassociatedwithserumpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsamongschoolagechildreninthechamacoscohort-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bradman-castorina-sjdin-fenster-jones-harley-chevrier-holland-etal-factorsassociatedwithserumpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsamongschoolagechildreninthechamacoscohort-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bradman_factors_2012,\n\ttitle = {Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) levels among school-age children in the {CHAMACOS} cohort.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668079},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es3003487},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants historically used in textiles, furniture, and electronic products. Recent studies have documented widespread PBDE exposure to humans, with higher levels measured in children than adults. We analyzed 10 tri- to hepta-BDE congener levels in blood collected from 7-year old Mexican-American children living in an agriculture community in California (n = 272). The most frequently detected PBDE congeners in child serum were BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153, all of which were measured in {\\textbackslash}textgreater99\\% of the children. We used multiple linear regression models to examine associations between child total PBDE levels (ng/g lipid) and determinants of exposure. Factors positively associated with higher PBDE levels in the children were total PBDE levels in maternal serum during pregnancy, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and having no safe places to play in their neighborhood. Child BMI was inversely associated with serum PBDE levels (regression p-values {\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Our findings confirm that exposure to the penta-BDE mixture is ongoing, and that Mexican-American children living in California may be experiencing higher PBDE exposure from their environment compared to children sampled from the general U.S. population. Additional research is needed to assess the health impacts of these exposures.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Bradman, Asa and Castorina, Rosemary and Sjödin, Andreas and Fenster, Laura and Jones, Richard S and Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Holland, Nina T and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22668079},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Body Mass Index, Breast Feeding, Child, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Models, Molecular, Pregnancy, Preschool, Young Adult, california},\n\tpages = {7373--81},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants historically used in textiles, furniture, and electronic products. Recent studies have documented widespread PBDE exposure to humans, with higher levels measured in children than adults. We analyzed 10 tri- to hepta-BDE congener levels in blood collected from 7-year old Mexican-American children living in an agriculture community in California (n = 272). The most frequently detected PBDE congeners in child serum were BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153, all of which were measured in \\textgreater99% of the children. We used multiple linear regression models to examine associations between child total PBDE levels (ng/g lipid) and determinants of exposure. Factors positively associated with higher PBDE levels in the children were total PBDE levels in maternal serum during pregnancy, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and having no safe places to play in their neighborhood. Child BMI was inversely associated with serum PBDE levels (regression p-values \\textless0.05). Our findings confirm that exposure to the penta-BDE mixture is ongoing, and that Mexican-American children living in California may be experiencing higher PBDE exposure from their environment compared to children sampled from the general U.S. population. Additional research is needed to assess the health impacts of these exposures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737', event);\">\n    Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in Great skuas (Stercorarius skua) breeding at different geographical locations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bourgeon, S.; Leat, E. H K; Magnusdóttir, E.; Fisk, A. T; Furness, R. W; Strøm, H.; Hanssen, S. A.; Petersen, A.; Olafsdóttir, K.; Borg\\a a , K.; Gabrielsen, G. W;  and Bustnes, J. O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental research</i>, 118: 31–9. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in Great skuas (Stercorarius skua) breeding at different geographical locations. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bourgeon_individual_2012,\n\ttitle = {Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in {Great} skuas ({Stercorarius} skua) breeding at different geographical locations.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1096-0953},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004},\n\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25\\% higher) and oxidative stress (50\\% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15\\% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental research},\n\tauthor = {Bourgeon, Sophie and Leat, Eliza H K and Magnusdóttir, Ellen and Fisk, Aaron T and Furness, Robert W and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn Are and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdóttir, Kristin and Borg{\\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Bustnes, Jan Ove},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22921737},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Birds, Birds: physiology, Breeding, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Feathers, Feathers: chemistry, Flame retardants, Health Status, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulins: blood, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Oxidative Stress},\n\tpages = {31--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25% higher) and oxidative stress (50% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"boas-feldtrasmussen-main-thyroideffectsofendocrinedisruptingchemicals-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'boas-feldtrasmussen-main-thyroideffectsofendocrinedisruptingchemicals-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731', event);\">\n    Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Boas, M.; Feldt-Rasmussen, U.;  and Main, K. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular and cellular endocrinology</i>, 355(2): 240–8. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('boas-feldtrasmussen-main-thyroideffectsofendocrinedisruptingchemicals-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('boas-feldtrasmussen-main-thyroideffectsofendocrinedisruptingchemicals-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/boas-feldtrasmussen-main-thyroideffectsofendocrinedisruptingchemicals-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('boas-feldtrasmussen-main-thyroideffectsofendocrinedisruptingchemicals-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{boas_thyroid_2012,\n\ttitle = {Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.},\n\tvolume = {355},\n\tissn = {1872-8057},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939731},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.005},\n\tabstract = {In recent years, many studies of thyroid-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals have been published. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing organism may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some animal experiments and in vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mode of action of specific chemical compounds. Long-term human studies on effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid related outcomes such as growth and development are still lacking. The human exposure scenario with life long exposure to a vast mixture of chemicals in low doses and the large physiological variation in thyroid hormone levels between individuals render human studies very difficult. However, there is now reasonably firm evidence that PCBs have thyroid-disrupting effects, and there is emerging evidence that also phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals may have thyroid disrupting properties.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Molecular and cellular endocrinology},\n\tauthor = {Boas, Malene and Feldt-Rasmussen, Ulla and Main, Katharina M},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {21939731},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacology, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: pharmacology, Pesticides: toxicity, Pregnancy, Reproductive Health, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology},\n\tpages = {240--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In recent years, many studies of thyroid-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals have been published. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing organism may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some animal experiments and in vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mode of action of specific chemical compounds. Long-term human studies on effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid related outcomes such as growth and development are still lacking. The human exposure scenario with life long exposure to a vast mixture of chemicals in low doses and the large physiological variation in thyroid hormone levels between individuals render human studies very difficult. However, there is now reasonably firm evidence that PCBs have thyroid-disrupting effects, and there is emerging evidence that also phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals may have thyroid disrupting properties.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blais-theutilityofcatb117doestheregulationaddvalue-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blais-theutilityofcatb117doestheregulationaddvalue-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf', event);\">\n    The Utility of CA TB 117, Does the Regulation Add Value?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blais, M. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blais-theutilityofcatb117doestheregulationaddvalue-2012', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Utility of CA TB 117, Does the Regulation Add Value? [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blais-theutilityofcatb117doestheregulationaddvalue-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blais-theutilityofcatb117doestheregulationaddvalue-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{blais_utility_2012,\n\ttitle = {The {Utility} of {CA} {TB} 117, {Does} the {Regulation} {Add} {Value}?},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blais - CAL TB 117 paper final.pdf},\n\tauthor = {Blais, Matthew S},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bergman-rydn-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bergman-rydn-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf', event);\">\n    A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bergman, A.; Rydén, A.; Law, R. J; de Boer, J.; Covaci, A.; Alaee, M.; Birnbaum, L. S; Petreas, M.; Rose, M.; Sakai, S.; Van den Eede, N.;  and van der Veen, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 49C: 57–82. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergman-rydn-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergman-rydn-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bergman-rydn-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bergman-rydn-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bergman_novel_2012,\n\ttitle = {A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals.},\n\tvolume = {49C},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982223 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/dff54557be1278b8ab453458f82baf221be10d29.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003},\n\tabstract = {Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Bergman, Ake and Rydén, Andreas and Law, Robin J and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Alaee, Mehran and Birnbaum, Linda S and Petreas, Myrto and Rose, Martin and Sakai, Shinichi and Van den Eede, Nele and van der Veen, Ike},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Abbreviations, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chlorinated flame retardants, Flame retardants, Nomenclature, Phosphorus flame retardants, Physico-chemical properties},\n\tpages = {57--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments–a review on occurrence and human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Besis, A.;  and Samara, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 169: 217–29. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments–a review on occurrence and human exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('besis-samara-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorandoutdoorenvironmentsareviewonoccurrenceandhumanexposure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{besis_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor and outdoor environments–a review on occurrence and human exposure.},\n\tvolume = {169},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578798},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Besis, Athanasios and Samara, Constantini},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22578798},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: adverse effects, Air Pollution: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: adverse effects, Inhalation Exposure: analysis},\n\tpages = {217--29},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bearr-mitchelmore-roberts-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesintheinvitrometabolismoftheflameretardantmixturefiremasterbz54-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bearr-mitchelmore-roberts-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesintheinvitrometabolismoftheflameretardantmixturefiremasterbz54-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877', event);\">\n    Species specific differences in the in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant mixture, Firemaster® BZ-54.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bearr, J. S; Mitchelmore, C. L; Roberts, S. C;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 124-125: 41–7. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearr-mitchelmore-roberts-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesintheinvitrometabolismoftheflameretardantmixturefiremasterbz54-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Species specific differences in the in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant mixture, Firemaster® BZ-54. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearr-mitchelmore-roberts-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesintheinvitrometabolismoftheflameretardantmixturefiremasterbz54-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bearr-mitchelmore-roberts-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesintheinvitrometabolismoftheflameretardantmixturefiremasterbz54-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bearr-mitchelmore-roberts-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesintheinvitrometabolismoftheflameretardantmixturefiremasterbz54-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bearr_species_2012,\n\ttitle = {Species specific differences in the in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant mixture, {Firemaster}® {BZ}-54.},\n\tvolume = {124-125},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889877},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.006},\n\tabstract = {Firemaster(®) BZ-54 is a flame retardant additive and consists of a brominated benzoate (2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate; TBB) and a brominated phthalate (bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate; TBPH). Previous research has shown that fathead minnows exposed in vivo to Firemaster(®) BZ-54 accumulate TBB and TBPH. This study examined the in vitro biotransformation potential of TBB and TBPH in hepatic subcellular fractions (i.e., S9, microsomes and cytosol) in the fathead minnow, common carp, mouse and snapping turtle. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the loss of the parent TBB or TBPH and identifying potential metabolites in the sample extracts. Metabolic loss of TBPH was measured for all species, while TBB loss was observed for all species except for the snapping turtle. Several metabolites were observed in all of the incubations except for snapping turtle. Metabolites observed appeared to be derived from TBB, given their structures and lack of appearance in the snapping turtle incubations. One of these metabolites, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromomethylbenzoate has been identified for the first time in a biological system. When metabolized, TBB and TBPH loss was found in each subcellular fraction suggesting that the enzyme(s) involved are present in both soluble and membrane-bound forms. It can be concluded that a broad range of species are capable of metabolizing TBB and TBPH to various metabolites and further research should be carried out to ascertain the specific products formed from metabolism of TBB and TBPH.},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Bearr, Jonathan S and Mitchelmore, Carys L and Roberts, Simon C and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22889877},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzoates, Benzoates: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: metabolism, Species Specificity, Turtles, Turtles: metabolism},\n\tpages = {41--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Firemaster(®) BZ-54 is a flame retardant additive and consists of a brominated benzoate (2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate; TBB) and a brominated phthalate (bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate; TBPH). Previous research has shown that fathead minnows exposed in vivo to Firemaster(®) BZ-54 accumulate TBB and TBPH. This study examined the in vitro biotransformation potential of TBB and TBPH in hepatic subcellular fractions (i.e., S9, microsomes and cytosol) in the fathead minnow, common carp, mouse and snapping turtle. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the loss of the parent TBB or TBPH and identifying potential metabolites in the sample extracts. Metabolic loss of TBPH was measured for all species, while TBB loss was observed for all species except for the snapping turtle. Several metabolites were observed in all of the incubations except for snapping turtle. Metabolites observed appeared to be derived from TBB, given their structures and lack of appearance in the snapping turtle incubations. One of these metabolites, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromomethylbenzoate has been identified for the first time in a biological system. When metabolized, TBB and TBPH loss was found in each subcellular fraction suggesting that the enzyme(s) involved are present in both soluble and membrane-bound forms. It can be concluded that a broad range of species are capable of metabolizing TBB and TBPH to various metabolites and further research should be carried out to ascertain the specific products formed from metabolism of TBB and TBPH.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bartrons-grimalt-demendoza-catalan-pollutantdehalogenationcapabilitymaydependonthetrophicevolutionaryhistoryoftheorganismpbdesinfreshwaterfoodwebs-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bartrons-grimalt-demendoza-catalan-pollutantdehalogenationcapabilitymaydependonthetrophicevolutionaryhistoryoftheorganismpbdesinfreshwaterfoodwebs-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Pollutant dehalogenation capability may depend on the trophic evolutionary history of the organism: PBDEs in freshwater food webs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bartrons, M.; Grimalt, J. O; de Mendoza, G.;  and Catalan, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PloS one</i>, 7(7): e41829. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bartrons-grimalt-demendoza-catalan-pollutantdehalogenationcapabilitymaydependonthetrophicevolutionaryhistoryoftheorganismpbdesinfreshwaterfoodwebs-2012', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pollutant dehalogenation capability may depend on the trophic evolutionary history of the organism: PBDEs in freshwater food webs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041829\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bartrons-grimalt-demendoza-catalan-pollutantdehalogenationcapabilitymaydependonthetrophicevolutionaryhistoryoftheorganismpbdesinfreshwaterfoodwebs-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041829', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bartrons-grimalt-demendoza-catalan-pollutantdehalogenationcapabilitymaydependonthetrophicevolutionaryhistoryoftheorganismpbdesinfreshwaterfoodwebs-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bartrons-grimalt-demendoza-catalan-pollutantdehalogenationcapabilitymaydependonthetrophicevolutionaryhistoryoftheorganismpbdesinfreshwaterfoodwebs-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bartrons_pollutant_2012,\n\ttitle = {Pollutant dehalogenation capability may depend on the trophic evolutionary history of the organism: {PBDEs} in freshwater food webs.},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3407054&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0041829},\n\tabstract = {Organohalogen compounds are some of the most notorious persistent pollutants disturbing the Earth biosphere. Although human-made, these chemicals are not completely alien to living systems. A large number of natural organohalogens, part of the secondary metabolism, are involved in chemical trophic interactions. Surprisingly, the relationship between organisms&#x27; trophic position and synthetic organohalogen biotransformation capability has not been investigated. We studied the case for polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), a group of flame-retardants of widespread use in the recent years, in aquatic food webs from remote mountain lakes. These relatively simple ecosystems only receive pollution by atmospheric transport. A large predominance of the PBDE congener currently in use in Europe, BDE-209, largely dominated the PBDE composition of the basal resources of the food web. In contrast, primary consumers (herbivores and detritivores) showed a low proportion of BDE-209, and dominance of several less brominated congeners (e.g. BDE-100, BDE47). Secondary consumers (predators) showed large biomagnification of BDE-209 compare to other congeners. Finally, top predator fish characterized by low total PBDE concentrations. Examination of the bromine stable isotopic composition indicates that primary consumers showed higher PBDE biotransformation capability than secondary consumers. We suggest that the evolutionary response of primary consumers to feeding deterrents would have pre-adapted them for PBDE biotransformation. The observed few exceptions, some insect taxa, can be interpreted in the light of the trophic history of the evolutionary lineage of the organisms. Bromine isotopic composition in fish indicates that low PBDE values are due to not only biotransformation but also to some other process likely related to transport. Our finding illustrates that organohalogen compounds may strongly disturb ecosystems even at low concentrations, since the species lacking or having scarce biotransformation capability may be selectively more exposed to these halogenated hydrophobic semi-volatile organic pollutants due to their high bioaccumulation potential.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {PloS one},\n\tauthor = {Bartrons, Mireia and Grimalt, Joan O and de Mendoza, Guillermo and Catalan, Jordi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22848624},\n\tkeywords = {Adaptation, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Evolution, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Molecular, Physiological, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {e41829},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organohalogen compounds are some of the most notorious persistent pollutants disturbing the Earth biosphere. Although human-made, these chemicals are not completely alien to living systems. A large number of natural organohalogens, part of the secondary metabolism, are involved in chemical trophic interactions. Surprisingly, the relationship between organisms' trophic position and synthetic organohalogen biotransformation capability has not been investigated. We studied the case for polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), a group of flame-retardants of widespread use in the recent years, in aquatic food webs from remote mountain lakes. These relatively simple ecosystems only receive pollution by atmospheric transport. A large predominance of the PBDE congener currently in use in Europe, BDE-209, largely dominated the PBDE composition of the basal resources of the food web. In contrast, primary consumers (herbivores and detritivores) showed a low proportion of BDE-209, and dominance of several less brominated congeners (e.g. BDE-100, BDE47). Secondary consumers (predators) showed large biomagnification of BDE-209 compare to other congeners. Finally, top predator fish characterized by low total PBDE concentrations. Examination of the bromine stable isotopic composition indicates that primary consumers showed higher PBDE biotransformation capability than secondary consumers. We suggest that the evolutionary response of primary consumers to feeding deterrents would have pre-adapted them for PBDE biotransformation. The observed few exceptions, some insect taxa, can be interpreted in the light of the trophic history of the evolutionary lineage of the organisms. Bromine isotopic composition in fish indicates that low PBDE values are due to not only biotransformation but also to some other process likely related to transport. Our finding illustrates that organohalogen compounds may strongly disturb ecosystems even at low concentrations, since the species lacking or having scarce biotransformation capability may be selectively more exposed to these halogenated hydrophobic semi-volatile organic pollutants due to their high bioaccumulation potential.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-lucas-eisenberg-singla-dedeo-blum-flameretardantsinbuildinginsulationacaseforreevaluatingbuildingcodes-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-lucas-eisenberg-singla-dedeo-blum-flameretardantsinbuildinginsulationacaseforreevaluatingbuildingcodes-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf', event);\">\n    Flame retardants in building insulation: a case for re-evaluating building codes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.; Lucas, D.; Eisenberg, D.; Singla, V.; Dedeo, M.;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Building Research & Information</i>, 40(6): 738–755. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-lucas-eisenberg-singla-dedeo-blum-flameretardantsinbuildinginsulationacaseforreevaluatingbuildingcodes-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants in building insulation: a case for re-evaluating building codes [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-lucas-eisenberg-singla-dedeo-blum-flameretardantsinbuildinginsulationacaseforreevaluatingbuildingcodes-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-lucas-eisenberg-singla-dedeo-blum-flameretardantsinbuildinginsulationacaseforreevaluatingbuildingcodes-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-lucas-eisenberg-singla-dedeo-blum-flameretardantsinbuildinginsulationacaseforreevaluatingbuildingcodes-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babrauskas_flame_2012,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants in building insulation: a case for re-evaluating building codes},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.744533 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas insulation.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09613218.2012.744533},\n\tabstract = {US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d&#x27;isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l&#x27;essai en tunnel Steiner par l&#x27;ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l&#x27;essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d&#x27;utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l&#x27;utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n&#x27;apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l&#x27;environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d&#x27;environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l&#x27;essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d&#x27;utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l&#x27;environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d&#x27;isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l&#x27;essai en tunnel Steiner par l&#x27;ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l&#x27;essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d&#x27;utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l&#x27;utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n&#x27;apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l&#x27;environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d&#x27;environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l&#x27;essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d&#x27;utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l&#x27;environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Building Research \\&amp; Information},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Lucas, Donald and Eisenberg, David and Singla, Veena and Dedeo, Michel and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {738--755},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité US building codes balance the consideration of hazards to public safety, health and general welfare. Current codes require foam plastic insulation materials to have both protection by a thermal barrier and compliance with Steiner Tunnel test requirements. The Steiner Tunnel test is met by adding flame-retardant chemicals to the foam. Studies demonstrate that the Steiner Tunnel test does not give reliable fire safety results for foam plastic insulations. Foams that meet the Steiner Tunnel test still pose a fire hazard if used without a code-mandated thermal barrier. Insulations protected by a thermal barrier are fire safe and the use of flame retardants does not provide any additional benefit. Evidence is examined of the health and ecological impacts from the added flame-retardant chemicals. Changing the building codes could prevent health and environmental harm from the toxicity of these substances without a reduction in fire safety. Plastic foam insulations that are protected by a thermal barrier should be exempted from the Steiner Tunnel test and the need to use flame retardants. This change would align US codes with code regulations in Sweden and Norway and ensure the fire safety as well as improve health and environmental impacts. Les codes de construction américains prennent en compte de manière équilibrée les dangers pour la sécurité publique, la santé et le bien-être général. Les codes actuels exigent que les matériaux d'isolation en mousse de plastique possèdent à la fois une protection assurée par une barrière thermique et une conformité aux exigences des tests en tunnel Steiner. Il est satisfait à l'essai en tunnel Steiner par l'ajout à la mousse de produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme. Les études démontrent que l'essai en tunnel Steiner ne donne pas de résultats fiables en matière de sécurité incendie concernant les isolations en mousse de plastique. Les mousses qui satisfont à cet essai présentent encore un risque incendie en cas d'utilisation sans une barrière thermique prescrite par un code. Les isolations protégées par une barrière thermique sont ignifuges et l'utilisation de retardateurs de flamme n'apporte aucun avantage supplémentaire. Sont examinés les éléments probants relatifs aux incidences sur la santé et l'environnement des produits chimiques retardateurs de flamme qui sont ajoutés. La modification des codes de construction pourrait prévenir les dommages en matière de santé et d'environnement dus à la toxicité de ces substances sans réduction de la sécurité incendie. Les isolations en mousse de plastique qui sont protégées par une barrière thermique devraient être dispensées de l'essai en tunnel Steiner et de la nécessité d'utiliser des retardateurs de flamme. Ce changement alignerait les codes américains sur les règles des codes en vigueur en Suède et en Norvège et garantirait la sécurité incendie tout en améliorant les incidences sur la santé et l'environnement. Mots clés: codes de construction?sécurité incendie?retardateurs de flamme?inflammabilité?isolation?santé publique?Tunnel Steiner?barrière thermique?toxicité\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"astm-standardtestmethodforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofbuildingmaterialsastme8412a-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'astm-standardtestmethodforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofbuildingmaterialsastme8412a-2012', 'http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm', event);\">\n    Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (ASTM E84 - 12a).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ASTM\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,  2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('astm-standardtestmethodforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofbuildingmaterialsastme8412a-2012', 'http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (ASTM E84 - 12a) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/astm-standardtestmethodforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofbuildingmaterialsastme8412a-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('astm-standardtestmethodforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofbuildingmaterialsastme8412a-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{astm_standard_2012,\n\taddress = {West Conshohocken, PA},\n\ttitle = {Standard {Test} {Method} for {Surface} {Burning} {Characteristics} of {Building} {Materials} ({ASTM} {E84} - 12a)},\n\turl = {http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm},\n\tpublisher = {ASTM International},\n\tauthor = {{ASTM}},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {25 ft tunnel, E84, Flame retardants, Steiner tunnel, flame spread, flame spread index, smoke developed, smoke developed index, surface burning characteristics, tunnel test{\\textbackslash}textlessbrk{\\textbackslash}textgreater},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alonso-eljarrat-gorga-secchi-bassoi-barbosa-bertozzi-marigo-etal-naturalandanthropogenicallyproducedbrominatedcompoundsinendemicdolphinsfromwesternsouthatlanticanotherrisktoavulnerablespecies-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alonso-eljarrat-gorga-secchi-bassoi-barbosa-bertozzi-marigo-etal-naturalandanthropogenicallyproducedbrominatedcompoundsinendemicdolphinsfromwesternsouthatlanticanotherrisktoavulnerablespecies-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349', event);\">\n    Natural and anthropogenically-produced brominated compounds in endemic dolphins from Western South Atlantic: another risk to a vulnerable species.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Alonso, M. B; Eljarrat, E.; Gorga, M.; Secchi, E. R; Bassoi, M.; Barbosa, L.; Bertozzi, C. P; Marigo, J.; Cremer, M.; Domit, C.; Azevedo, A. F; Dorneles, P. R; Torres, J. P. M; Lailson-Brito, J.; Malm, O.;  and Barceló, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 170: 152–60. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alonso-eljarrat-gorga-secchi-bassoi-barbosa-bertozzi-marigo-etal-naturalandanthropogenicallyproducedbrominatedcompoundsinendemicdolphinsfromwesternsouthatlanticanotherrisktoavulnerablespecies-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Natural and anthropogenically-produced brominated compounds in endemic dolphins from Western South Atlantic: another risk to a vulnerable species. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alonso-eljarrat-gorga-secchi-bassoi-barbosa-bertozzi-marigo-etal-naturalandanthropogenicallyproducedbrominatedcompoundsinendemicdolphinsfromwesternsouthatlanticanotherrisktoavulnerablespecies-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alonso-eljarrat-gorga-secchi-bassoi-barbosa-bertozzi-marigo-etal-naturalandanthropogenicallyproducedbrominatedcompoundsinendemicdolphinsfromwesternsouthatlanticanotherrisktoavulnerablespecies-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alonso-eljarrat-gorga-secchi-bassoi-barbosa-bertozzi-marigo-etal-naturalandanthropogenicallyproducedbrominatedcompoundsinendemicdolphinsfromwesternsouthatlanticanotherrisktoavulnerablespecies-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{alonso_natural_2012,\n\ttitle = {Natural and anthropogenically-produced brominated compounds in endemic dolphins from {Western} {South} {Atlantic}: another risk to a vulnerable species.},\n\tvolume = {170},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797349},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.001},\n\tabstract = {Liver samples from 53 Franciscana dolphins along the Brazilian coast were analyzed for organobrominated compounds. Target substances included the following anthropogenic pollutants: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), as well as the naturally-generated methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). PBDE concentrations ranged from 6 to 1797 ng/g lw (mean 166 ± 298 ng/g lw) and were similar to those observed in cetaceans from Northern Hemisphere. PBBs were found in all sampling locations ({\\textbackslash}textlessLOQ to 57 ng/g lw). DBDPE was detected in 42\\% of the dolphins from the most industrialized Brazilian state and the concentrations ranging from {\\textbackslash}textlessLOQ to 352 ng/g lw. Franciscana dolphins from the tropical Brazilian shore presented the highest MeO-PBDE concentrations ever reported for coastal cetaceans (up to 14 μg/g lw). Eight MeO-PBDE congeners were detected and the present investigation constituted the first record of occurrence of six of them in marine mammal livers.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Alonso, Mariana B and Eljarrat, Ethel and Gorga, Marina and Secchi, Eduardo R and Bassoi, Manuela and Barbosa, Lupércio and Bertozzi, Carolina P and Marigo, Juliana and Cremer, Marta and Domit, Camila and Azevedo, Alexandre F and Dorneles, Paulo R and Torres, João Paulo M and Lailson-Brito, José and Malm, Olaf and Barceló, Damià},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22797349},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {152--60},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Liver samples from 53 Franciscana dolphins along the Brazilian coast were analyzed for organobrominated compounds. Target substances included the following anthropogenic pollutants: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), as well as the naturally-generated methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). PBDE concentrations ranged from 6 to 1797 ng/g lw (mean 166 ± 298 ng/g lw) and were similar to those observed in cetaceans from Northern Hemisphere. PBBs were found in all sampling locations (\\textlessLOQ to 57 ng/g lw). DBDPE was detected in 42% of the dolphins from the most industrialized Brazilian state and the concentrations ranging from \\textlessLOQ to 352 ng/g lw. Franciscana dolphins from the tropical Brazilian shore presented the highest MeO-PBDE concentrations ever reported for coastal cetaceans (up to 14 μg/g lw). Eight MeO-PBDE congeners were detected and the present investigation constituted the first record of occurrence of six of them in marine mammal livers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-dirtu-vandeneede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-dirtu-vandeneede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874', event);\">\n    Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: indoor sources and human exposure assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Dirtu, A. C; Van den Eede, N.; Goosey, E.; Harrad, S.; Neels, H.; 't Mannetje, A.; Coakley, J.; Douwes, J.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(11): 1276–82. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-dirtu-vandeneede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: indoor sources and human exposure assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-dirtu-vandeneede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-dirtu-vandeneede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-dirtu-vandeneede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}: indoor sources and human exposure assessment.},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551874},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100},\n\tabstract = {Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n=34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n=16). Concentrations (ngg(-1)) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) ({\\textbackslash}textless2-175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) ({\\textbackslash}textless5-1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) ({\\textbackslash}textless2-2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ({\\textbackslash}textless2-640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ngg(-1)) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) ({\\textbackslash}textless10-235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) ({\\textbackslash}textless20-7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) ({\\textbackslash}textless20-7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20-7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50-27325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20-16560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20-35190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) ({\\textbackslash}textless50-3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range {\\textbackslash}textless2-4100ngg(-1). BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n=16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin C and Van den Eede, Nele and Goosey, Emma and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and &#x27;t Mannetje, Andrea and Coakley, Jonathan and Douwes, Jeroen and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22551874},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, New Zealand, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis},\n\tpages = {1276--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n=34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n=16). Concentrations (ngg(-1)) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (\\textless2-175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (\\textless5-1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (\\textless2-2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (\\textless2-640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ngg(-1)) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (\\textless10-235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (\\textless20-7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (\\textless20-7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20-7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50-27325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20-16560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20-35190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (\\textless50-3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range \\textless2-4100ngg(-1). BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p\\textless0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n=16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"aleksa-carnevale-goodyer-koren-detectionofpolybrominatedbiphenyletherspbdesinpediatrichairasatoolfordetermininginuteroexposure-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'aleksa-carnevale-goodyer-koren-detectionofpolybrominatedbiphenyletherspbdesinpediatrichairasatoolfordetermininginuteroexposure-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498', event);\">\n    Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Aleksa, K.; Carnevale, A.; Goodyer, C.;  and Koren, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Forensic science international</i>, 218(1-3): 37–43. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aleksa-carnevale-goodyer-koren-detectionofpolybrominatedbiphenyletherspbdesinpediatrichairasatoolfordetermininginuteroexposure-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aleksa-carnevale-goodyer-koren-detectionofpolybrominatedbiphenyletherspbdesinpediatrichairasatoolfordetermininginuteroexposure-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/aleksa-carnevale-goodyer-koren-detectionofpolybrominatedbiphenyletherspbdesinpediatrichairasatoolfordetermininginuteroexposure-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('aleksa-carnevale-goodyer-koren-detectionofpolybrominatedbiphenyletherspbdesinpediatrichairasatoolfordetermininginuteroexposure-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{aleksa_detection_2012,\n\ttitle = {Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure.},\n\tvolume = {218},\n\tissn = {1872-6283},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079498},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.003},\n\tabstract = {Cryptorchidism, or undescended/maldescended testis, is the most common birth defect of male genitalia. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades. This may be due to an increase in the prevalence of anti-androgenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochloride pesticides, plasticizers and fungicides. A newer group of chemicals, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are being implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are used worldwide in polymers that are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e.g., textile, computers and televisions, insulating foam, electrical equipment and kitchen appliances). In order to quantify BFRs we introduce the use of hair levels of polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs) as biomarkers of systemic exposure. This approach will allow for the estimation of in utero BFR exposure, in the process of evaluating the potential link between the incidence of cryptorchidism in newborn males and level of exposure of the pregnant mother to environmentally relevant BFRs. For that end we have developed a GC/MS assay in which children&#x27;s hair is analyzed for the presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs).},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {Forensic science international},\n\tauthor = {Aleksa, Katarina and Carnevale, Amanda and Goodyer, Cynthia and Koren, Gideon},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22079498},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Child, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Limit of Detection, Male, Maternal Exposure, Newborn, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Preschool, Solid Phase Microextraction, Solid Phase Microextraction: methods},\n\tpages = {37--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cryptorchidism, or undescended/maldescended testis, is the most common birth defect of male genitalia. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades. This may be due to an increase in the prevalence of anti-androgenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochloride pesticides, plasticizers and fungicides. A newer group of chemicals, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are being implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are used worldwide in polymers that are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e.g., textile, computers and televisions, insulating foam, electrical equipment and kitchen appliances). In order to quantify BFRs we introduce the use of hair levels of polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs) as biomarkers of systemic exposure. This approach will allow for the estimation of in utero BFR exposure, in the process of evaluating the potential link between the incidence of cryptorchidism in newborn males and level of exposure of the pregnant mother to environmentally relevant BFRs. For that end we have developed a GC/MS assay in which children's hair is analyzed for the presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alava-lambourn-olesiuk-lance-jeffries-gobas-ross-pbdeflameretardantsandpcbsinmigratingstellersealionseumetopiasjubatusinthestraitofgeorgiabritishcolumbiacanada-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alava-lambourn-olesiuk-lance-jeffries-gobas-ross-pbdeflameretardantsandpcbsinmigratingstellersealionseumetopiasjubatusinthestraitofgeorgiabritishcolumbiacanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183', event);\">\n    PBDE flame retardants and PCBs in migrating Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Alava, J. J.; Lambourn, D.; Olesiuk, P.; Lance, M.; Jeffries, S. J; Gobas, F. A P C;  and Ross, P. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(7): 855–64. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alava-lambourn-olesiuk-lance-jeffries-gobas-ross-pbdeflameretardantsandpcbsinmigratingstellersealionseumetopiasjubatusinthestraitofgeorgiabritishcolumbiacanada-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDE flame retardants and PCBs in migrating Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.094\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alava-lambourn-olesiuk-lance-jeffries-gobas-ross-pbdeflameretardantsandpcbsinmigratingstellersealionseumetopiasjubatusinthestraitofgeorgiabritishcolumbiacanada-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.094', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alava-lambourn-olesiuk-lance-jeffries-gobas-ross-pbdeflameretardantsandpcbsinmigratingstellersealionseumetopiasjubatusinthestraitofgeorgiabritishcolumbiacanada-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alava-lambourn-olesiuk-lance-jeffries-gobas-ross-pbdeflameretardantsandpcbsinmigratingstellersealionseumetopiasjubatusinthestraitofgeorgiabritishcolumbiacanada-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{alava_pbde_2012,\n\ttitle = {{PBDE} flame retardants and {PCBs} in migrating {Steller} sea lions ({Eumetopias} jubatus) in the {Strait} of {Georgia}, {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560183},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.094},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in blubber biopsy samples from 22 live-captured Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) that had just entered the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, for their overwintering feeding season. ∑PBDE ranged from 50μgkg(-1) (lipid weight) in adult females to 3780μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. ∑PCBs ranged from 272μgkg(-1) in adult females to 14280μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. While most PBDE and PCB congeners were transferred through milk to pups, PCBs with logK(OW){\\textbackslash}textgreater7.0 (PCBs 206, 207, 208 and 209) appeared constrained, resulting in a lighter mixture in pups compared to adult females. The ratio of individual PCB congeners by metabolic group (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) to PCB-153 regressed against length of males suggested poor biotransformation of these compounds (slopes did not differ from zero, p{\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). PBDE congeners 49, 99, 153 and 183 appeared bioaccumulative (slopes of ratio BDE/PCB 153 versus length were higher than zero, p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05), but the dominance of the single congener, BDE-47 (64\\% of total PBDEs), likely due in part to debromination pathways, reduced our ability to explore congener-specific dynamics of PBDEs in these pinnipeds. With 80\\% of our Steller sea lions exceeding a recent toxicity reference value for PCBs, the fasting-associated mobilization of these contaminants raises concerns about a heightened vulnerability to adverse effects during annual migrations.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Alava, Juan José and Lambourn, Dyanna and Olesiuk, Peter and Lance, Monique and Jeffries, Steven J and Gobas, Frank A P C and Ross, Peter S},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22560183},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, British Columbia, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacology, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Population Dynamics, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: physiology, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {855--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in blubber biopsy samples from 22 live-captured Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) that had just entered the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, for their overwintering feeding season. ∑PBDE ranged from 50μgkg(-1) (lipid weight) in adult females to 3780μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. ∑PCBs ranged from 272μgkg(-1) in adult females to 14280μgkg(-1) in subadult individuals. While most PBDE and PCB congeners were transferred through milk to pups, PCBs with logK(OW)\\textgreater7.0 (PCBs 206, 207, 208 and 209) appeared constrained, resulting in a lighter mixture in pups compared to adult females. The ratio of individual PCB congeners by metabolic group (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) to PCB-153 regressed against length of males suggested poor biotransformation of these compounds (slopes did not differ from zero, p\\textgreater0.05). PBDE congeners 49, 99, 153 and 183 appeared bioaccumulative (slopes of ratio BDE/PCB 153 versus length were higher than zero, p\\textless0.05), but the dominance of the single congener, BDE-47 (64% of total PBDEs), likely due in part to debromination pathways, reduced our ability to explore congener-specific dynamics of PBDEs in these pinnipeds. With 80% of our Steller sea lions exceeding a recent toxicity reference value for PCBs, the fasting-associated mobilization of these contaminants raises concerns about a heightened vulnerability to adverse effects during annual migrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretoindoororganiccontaminantsviadustingestioninpakistan-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretoindoororganiccontaminantsviadustingestioninpakistan-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870', event);\">\n    Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in Pakistan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N; Van den Eede, N; Dirtu, A C; Neels, H;  and Covaci, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Indoor air</i>, 22(3): 200–11. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretoindoororganiccontaminantsviadustingestioninpakistan-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in Pakistan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretoindoororganiccontaminantsviadustingestioninpakistan-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretoindoororganiccontaminantsviadustingestioninpakistan-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretoindoororganiccontaminantsviadustingestioninpakistan-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_assessment_2012,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in {Pakistan}.},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1600-0668},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092870},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x},\n\tabstract = {Ingestion of indoor dust has been acknowledged as an important route of exposure to organic contaminants (OCs). We investigated the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in indoor floor dust from rural homes (N=31) and mosques (N=12) in Gujrat, Pakistan. Low concentrations were observed for most contaminants. OPFRs were the principle contaminants, with tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) and tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPP) having medians of 66 and 109 ng/g, respectively. PBDEs were only minor constituents in the investigated samples, with BDE 209 (median 40 ng/g) being the most important congener. Levels and profile of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑PCBs revealed no difference (P{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) between samples of dust from homes and mosques, indicating similar emission sources. Exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for both adult and toddlers. Typical high-end, using median levels and high dust ingestion, exposure for adults were 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, {\\textbackslash}textless0.01, and 0.65 ng/kg bw/day and for toddlers 0.39, 0.45, 0.69, 0.01, and 15.2 ng/kg bw/day for ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑OCPs, ∑PCBs, and ∑OPFRs, respectively. To the authors&#x27; knowledge, this is the first study to document the presence of indoor OCs in Pakistani dust.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Indoor air},\n\tauthor = {Ali, N and Van den Eede, N and Dirtu, A C and Neels, H and Covaci, A},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22092870},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Nonparametric, Pakistan, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Preschool, Rural Population, Statistics},\n\tpages = {200--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ingestion of indoor dust has been acknowledged as an important route of exposure to organic contaminants (OCs). We investigated the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in indoor floor dust from rural homes (N=31) and mosques (N=12) in Gujrat, Pakistan. Low concentrations were observed for most contaminants. OPFRs were the principle contaminants, with tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) and tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPP) having medians of 66 and 109 ng/g, respectively. PBDEs were only minor constituents in the investigated samples, with BDE 209 (median 40 ng/g) being the most important congener. Levels and profile of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑PCBs revealed no difference (P\\textless0.05) between samples of dust from homes and mosques, indicating similar emission sources. Exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for both adult and toddlers. Typical high-end, using median levels and high dust ingestion, exposure for adults were 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, \\textless0.01, and 0.65 ng/kg bw/day and for toddlers 0.39, 0.45, 0.69, 0.01, and 15.2 ng/kg bw/day for ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑OCPs, ∑PCBs, and ∑OPFRs, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to document the presence of indoor OCs in Pakistani dust.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract', event);\">\n    Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Saber, A. T.; Jacobsen, N. R.; Mortensen, A.; Szarek, J.; Jackson, P.; Madsen, A. M.; Jensen, K. A.; Koponen, I. K.; Brunborg, G.; Gützkow, K. B.; Vogel, U.;  and Wallin, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Particle and Fibre Toxicology</i>, 9(1): 4. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-9-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-9-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{saber_nanotitanium_2012,\n\ttitle = {Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tcopyright = {2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1743-8977},\n\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-9-4},\n\tabstract = {PMID: 22300483},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Saber, Anne T. and Jacobsen, Nicklas R. and Mortensen, Alicia and Szarek, Józef and Jackson, Petra and Madsen, Anne M. and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Brunborg, Gunnar and Gützkow, Kristine B. and Vogel, Ulla and Wallin, Håkan},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts},\n\tpages = {4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PMID: 22300483\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604', event);\">\n    Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mikkelsen, L.; Jensen, K. A.; Koponen, I. K.; Saber, A. T.; Wallin, H.; Loft, S.; Vogel, U.;  and Møller, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nanotoxicology</i>, 7(2): 117–134. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012,\n\ttitle = {Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {1743-5390},\n\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\n\tdoi = {10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Nanotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Mikkelsen, Lone and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Saber, Anne T. and Wallin, Håkan and Loft, Steffen and Vogel, Ulla and Møller, Peter},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {117--134},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612', event);\">\n    Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kalachova, K.; Hradkova, P.; Lankova, D.; Hajslova, J.;  and Pulkrabova, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 441: 182–193. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kalachova-hradkova-lankova-hajslova-pulkrabova-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdandcardustfromtheczechrepublic-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kalachova_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the {Czech} {Republic}},\n\tvolume = {441},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012612},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061},\n\tabstract = {The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six “alternative” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of “alternative” BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges {\\textless} 20–3567 and {\\textless} 0.3–950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70\\% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Kalachova, K. and Hradkova, P. and Lankova, D. and Hajslova, J. and Pulkrabova, J.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {BFR, Car, Dust, Household, Human exposure},\n\tpages = {182--193},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels and profiles of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other six “alternative” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust collected in 25 Czech households and 27 car interiors were investigated. The Σ16 PBDEs contents varied widely with maximum concentrations reaching up to 5896 and 33728 μg/kg in house and car dust, respectively. The highest concentrations of PBDEs were observed for BDE 209, which was found almost in all samples and exceeded concentrations of other PBDEs even by one order of magnitude. The profile and levels of Penta-, Octa-, and DecaBDE obtained within this study were comparable to those presented in other studies worldwide and confirmed lower contamination of dust from Europe compared to North America. From the group of “alternative” BFRs, suitable for commercial applications as an alternative to banned PBDEs, mainly decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and HBCD were detected in the concentration ranges \\textless 20–3567 and \\textless 0.3–950 μg/kg, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominating, forming up to 70% of ΣHBCD. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates it was estimated that toddlers had a higher exposure than adults for all compounds investigated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604', event);\">\n    Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mikkelsen, L.; Jensen, K. A.; Koponen, I. K.; Saber, A. T.; Wallin, H.; Loft, S.; Vogel, U.;  and Møller, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nanotoxicology</i>, 7(2): 117–134. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mikkelsen-jensen-koponen-saber-wallin-loft-vogel-mller-cytotoxicityoxidativestressandexpressionofadhesionmoleculesinhumanumbilicalveinendothelialcellsexposedtodustfrompaintswithorwithoutnanoparticles-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mikkelsen_cytotoxicity_2012,\n\ttitle = {Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to dust from paints with or without nanoparticles},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {1743-5390},\n\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\n\tdoi = {10.3109/17435390.2011.641604},\n\tabstract = {Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2015-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Nanotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Mikkelsen, Lone and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Saber, Anne T. and Wallin, Håkan and Loft, Steffen and Vogel, Ulla and Møller, Peter},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {117--134},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Nanoparticles in primary form and nanoproducts might elicit different toxicological responses. We compared paint-related nanoparticles with respect to effects on endothelial oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion molecule expression. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to primary nanoparticles (fine, photocatalytic or nanosized TiO2, aluminium silicate, carbon black, nano-silicasol or axilate) and dust from sanding reference- or nanoparticle-containing paints. Most of the samples increased cell surface expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but paint sanding dust samples generally generated less response than primary particles of TiO2 and carbon black. We found no relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paint did not generate more oxidative stress or expression of cell adhesion molecules than sanding dust from paint without nanoparticles, whereas the primary particles had the largest effect on mass basis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract', event);\">\n    Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Saber, A. T.; Jacobsen, N. R.; Mortensen, A.; Szarek, J.; Jackson, P.; Madsen, A. M.; Jensen, K. A.; Koponen, I. K.; Brunborg, G.; Gützkow, K. B.; Vogel, U.;  and Wallin, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Particle and Fibre Toxicology</i>, 9(1): 4. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012', 'http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-9-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-9-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('saber-jacobsen-mortensen-szarek-jackson-madsen-jensen-koponen-etal-nanotitaniumdioxidetoxicityinmouselungisreducedinsandingdustfrompaint-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{saber_nanotitanium_2012,\n\ttitle = {Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tcopyright = {2012 Saber et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1743-8977},\n\turl = {http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/9/1/4/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1743-8977-9-4},\n\tabstract = {PMID: 22300483},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2015-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Particle and Fibre Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Saber, Anne T. and Jacobsen, Nicklas R. and Mortensen, Alicia and Szarek, Józef and Jackson, Petra and Madsen, Anne M. and Jensen, Keld A. and Koponen, Ismo K. and Brunborg, Gunnar and Gützkow, Kristine B. and Vogel, Ulla and Wallin, Håkan},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22300483},\n\tkeywords = {DNA damage, Nano titanium dioxide, Nanoparticles, UV-Titan L181, inflammation, liver histology, paint matrix, sanding dusts},\n\tpages = {4},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PMID: 22300483\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690', event);\">\n    Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, X.; Ji, K.;  and Choi, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic Toxicology</i>, 114–115: 173–181. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-ji-choi-endocrinedisruptionpotentialsoforganophosphateflameretardantsandrelatedmechanismsinh295randmvlncelllinesandinzebrafish-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_endocrine_2012,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in {H295R} and {MVLN} cell lines and in zebrafish},\n\tvolume = {114–115},\n\tissn = {0166-445X},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12000690},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.019},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14 d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14 d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Xiaoshan and Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Endocrine disruption, H295R, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Sex steroid hormone, Steroidogenesis gene transcription, Zebrafish},\n\tpages = {173--181},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in environment and biota. However, knowledge on their potential toxicological effects is limited. Endocrine disrupting potentials of six OPFRs, i.e., tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated using human cell lines as well as zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenic gene transcriptions were measured using H295R cells. With MVLN cells, estrogen receptor binding activities of OPFRs were evaluated. In zebrafish, sex hormones and related gene transcriptions were determined for each sex after 14 d exposure to OPFRs. All six OPFRs increased both 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations in H295R cells. In addition, transcription of four major steroidogenic genes was up-regulated and that of two sulfotransferase genes was down-regulated. In MVLN cells, no OPFRs acted as estrogen receptor agonists, while TDCPP, TPP, and TCP acted as antagonists inhibiting binding of E2 to estrogen receptor. After 14 d of zebrafish exposure, TCP, TDCPP, or TPP significantly increased plasma T and E2 concentrations, but did not change 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) among female fish. Among males, both T and 11-KT decreased and E2 increased. In general, transcription of CYP17 and CYP19a genes was significantly up-regulated in both sexes, while vitellogenin (VTG) 1 gene was down- and up-regulated in female and male fish, respectively. The results of this study showed that OPFRs could alter sex hormone balance through several mechanisms including alterations of steroidogenesis or estrogen metabolism.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brommer-harrad-eede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brommer-harrad-eede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e', event);\">\n    Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brommer, S.; Harrad, S.; Eede, N. V. d.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Environmental Monitoring</i>, 14(9): 2482–2487. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brommer-harrad-eede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30303E\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brommer-harrad-eede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30303E', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brommer-harrad-eede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brommer-harrad-eede-covaci-concentrationsoforganophosphateestersandbrominatedflameretardantsingermanindoordustsamples-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brommer_concentrations_2012,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in {German} indoor dust samples},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/em/c2em30303e},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/C2EM30303E},\n\tabstract = {While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g−1 dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g−1) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g−1 dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g−1 and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g−1 dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},\n\tauthor = {Brommer, Sandra and Harrad, Stuart and Eede, Nele Van den and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {2482--2487},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  While it is known that the ingestion of indoor dust contributes substantially to human exposure to the recently restricted polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the situation for one class of potential replacements, i.e. organophosphate esters (OPEs), used in a variety of applications including as flame retardants has yet to be fully characterised. In this study, surface dust from twelve different cars from various locations throughout Germany were analysed for eight OPEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and eight PBDEs. In five cars, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was the dominant compound with concentrations up to 620 μg g−1 dust. High concentrations of tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP) (up to 150 μg g−1) were also detected in two samples of car dust. Dust from ten offices in the same building in Ludwigsburg, Germany was also analysed. In these samples, tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) predominated with an average concentration of 7.0 μg g−1 dust, followed by tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) at 3.0 μg g−1 and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) at 2.5 μg g−1 dust. Although caution must be exercised given the relatively small database reported here; this study provides evidence that cars and offices from Germany are significantly more contaminated with OPEs than PBDEs. Average concentrations of ΣOPEs were ten times higher in car than in office dust. This is the first study to provide data on a wide range of OPE concentrations in German indoor dust samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993–2009.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Toms, L. L.; Guerra, P.; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D.; Harden, F. A.; Hobson, P.; Sjodin, A.; Ryan, E.;  and Mueller, J. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 89(4): 398–403. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993–2009 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{toms_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993–2009},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period.\n\nSamples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A. and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {398--403},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C.; La Guardia, M. J.; Harvey, E.; Chen, D.; Mainor, T. M.; Luellen, D. R.;  and Hundal, L. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 46(4): 2055–2063. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203149g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203149g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203149g},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M. and Luellen, Drew R. and Hundal, Lakhwinder S.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22295899},\n\tkeywords = {Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays},\n\tpages = {2055--2063},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667', event);\">\n    Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — Missing links in EU chemical management.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Molander, L.; Breitholtz, M.; Andersson, P. L.; Rybacka, A.;  and Rudén, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 435–436: 280–289. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — Missing links in EU chemical management [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{molander_are_2012,\n\ttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — {Missing} links in {EU} chemical management},\n\tvolume = {435–436},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021},\n\tabstract = {It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments.\n\nThe primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals.\n\nThe results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed.\n\nOnly a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH.\n\nIn summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Molander, Linda and Breitholtz, Magnus and Andersson, Patrik L. and Rybacka, Aleksandra and Rudén, Christina},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive},\n\tpages = {280--289},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments. The primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals. The results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed. Only a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH. In summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645', event);\">\n    Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ross, S. M.; McManus, I. C.; Harrison, V.;  and Mason, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Critical Reviews in Toxicology</i>, 43(1): 21–44. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ross_neurobehavioral_2012,\n\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1040-8444},\n\tshorttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides},\n\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\n\tdoi = {10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\n\tabstract = {Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Critical Reviews in Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Ross, Sarah Mackenzie and McManus, I. C. and Harrison, Virginia and Mason, Oliver},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {21--44},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-impactofdustfrommultiplemicroenvironmentsanddietonpentabdebodyburden-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-impactofdustfrommultiplemicroenvironmentsanddietonpentabdebodyburden-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e', event);\">\n    Impact of Dust from Multiple Microenvironments and Diet on PentaBDE Body Burden.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Watkins, D. J.; McClean, M. D.; Fraser, A. J.; Weinberg, J.; Stapleton, H. M.; Sjödin, A.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 46(2): 1192–1200. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-impactofdustfrommultiplemicroenvironmentsanddietonpentabdebodyburden-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impact of Dust from Multiple Microenvironments and Diet on PentaBDE Body Burden [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203314e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-impactofdustfrommultiplemicroenvironmentsanddietonpentabdebodyburden-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203314e', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-impactofdustfrommultiplemicroenvironmentsanddietonpentabdebodyburden-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-impactofdustfrommultiplemicroenvironmentsanddietonpentabdebodyburden-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{watkins_impact_2012,\n\ttitle = {Impact of {Dust} from {Multiple} {Microenvironments} and {Diet} on {PentaBDE} {Body} {Burden}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203314e},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203314e},\n\tabstract = {Our objectives were to determine relative contributions of diet and dust exposure from multiple microenvironments to PentaBDE body burden, and to explore the role of handwipes as a measure of personal exposure to PentaBDE. We administered a food frequency questionnaire and collected serum, dust (office, main living area, bedroom, and vehicle), and handwipe samples from 31 participants. ΣPentaBDEs (sum of BDE 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) in handwipes collected in the office environment were weakly correlated with dust collected from offices (r = 0.35, p = 0.06) and bedrooms (r = 0.39, p = 0.04), but not with dust from main living areas (r = ?0.05, p = 0.77) or vehicles (r = 0.17, p = 0.47). ΣPentaBDEs in serum were correlated with dust from main living areas (r = 0.42, p = 0.02) and bedrooms (r = 0.49, p = 0.008), but not with dust from offices (r = 0.22, p = 0.25) or vehicles (r = 0.20, p = 0.41). Our final regression model included variables for main living area dust and handwipes, and predicted 55\\% of the variation in serum ΣPentaBDE concentrations (p = 0.0004). Diet variables were not significant predictors of ΣPentaBDEs in serum. Our research suggests that exposure to dust in the home environment may be the most important factor in predicting PentaBDE body burden in North Americans, and potential exposure pathways may involve PBDE residues on hands.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Fraser, Alicia J. and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M. and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {1192--1200},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Our objectives were to determine relative contributions of diet and dust exposure from multiple microenvironments to PentaBDE body burden, and to explore the role of handwipes as a measure of personal exposure to PentaBDE. We administered a food frequency questionnaire and collected serum, dust (office, main living area, bedroom, and vehicle), and handwipe samples from 31 participants. ΣPentaBDEs (sum of BDE 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) in handwipes collected in the office environment were weakly correlated with dust collected from offices (r = 0.35, p = 0.06) and bedrooms (r = 0.39, p = 0.04), but not with dust from main living areas (r = ?0.05, p = 0.77) or vehicles (r = 0.17, p = 0.47). ΣPentaBDEs in serum were correlated with dust from main living areas (r = 0.42, p = 0.02) and bedrooms (r = 0.49, p = 0.008), but not with dust from offices (r = 0.22, p = 0.25) or vehicles (r = 0.20, p = 0.41). Our final regression model included variables for main living area dust and handwipes, and predicted 55% of the variation in serum ΣPentaBDE concentrations (p = 0.0004). Diet variables were not significant predictors of ΣPentaBDEs in serum. Our research suggests that exposure to dust in the home environment may be the most important factor in predicting PentaBDE body burden in North Americans, and potential exposure pathways may involve PBDE residues on hands.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C.; La Guardia, M. J.; Harvey, E.; Chen, D.; Mainor, T. M.; Luellen, D. R.;  and Hundal, L. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 46(4): 2055–2063. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203149g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203149g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-chen-mainor-luellen-hundal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinussewagesludgesandbiosolidstemporalandgeographicaltrendsanduptakebycornfollowinglandapplication-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids: temporal and geographical trends and uptake by corn following land application},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {U}.{S}. sewage sludges and biosolids},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203149g},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da and Mainor, Thomas M. and Luellen, Drew R. and Hundal, Lakhwinder S.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22295899},\n\tkeywords = {Cereals, Environmental Monitoring, Fertilizers, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Plant Roots, Sewage, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zea mays},\n\tpages = {2055--2063},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively to flame-retard polymers and textiles. These persistent chemicals enter wastewater streams following manufacture, use, and disposal, concentrating in the settled solids during treatment. Land application of stabilized sewage sludge (known as biosolids) can contribute PBDEs to terrestrial systems. Monitoring sludge/biosolids contaminant burdens may be valuable in revealing trends in societal chemical usage and environmental release. In archived Chicago area sludges/biosolids from 1975 to 2008, penta-BDE concentrations increased and then plateaued after about 2000. Penta-BDE manufacture in the United States ended in December 2004. Deca-BDE concentrations in biosolids rose from 1995 to 2008, doubling on a 5-year interval. Evaluation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey data from 2006 to 2007 revealed highest penta-BDE biosolids levels from western and lowest from northeastern wastewater treatment plants (2120 and 1530 μg/kg, respectively), consistent with patterns reported in some recent indoor dust and human blood studies. No significant regional trends were observed for deca-BDE concentrations. Congener patterns in contemporary Chicago biosolids support the contention that BDE-209 can be dehalogenated to less brominated congeners. Biosolids application on agricultural fields increased PBDE soil concentrations. However, corn grown thereon did not exhibit measurable PBDE uptake; perhaps due to low bioavailability of the biosolids-associated flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal PBDE exposure and Mecp2308 mutation.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Woods, R.; Vallero, R. O.; Golub, M. S.; Suarez, J. K.; Ta, T. A.; Yasui, D. H.; Chi, L.; Kostyniak, P. J.; Pessah, I. N.; Berman, R. F.;  and LaSalle, J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Human Molecular Genetics</i>, 21(11): 2399–2411. June 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds046\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds046', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('woods-vallero-golub-suarez-ta-yasui-chi-kostyniak-etal-longlivedepigeneticinteractionsbetweenperinatalpbdeexposureandmecp2308mutation-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{woods_long-lived_2012,\n\ttitle = {Long-lived epigenetic interactions between perinatal {PBDE} exposure and {Mecp2308} mutation},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1460-2083},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/hmg/dds046},\n\tabstract = {The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Human Molecular Genetics},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Rima and Vallero, Roxanne O. and Golub, Mari S. and Suarez, Joanne K. and Ta, Tram Anh and Yasui, Dag H. and Chi, Lai-Har and Kostyniak, Paul J. and Pessah, Isaac N. and Berman, Robert F. and LaSalle, Janine M.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22343140},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3349420},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Brain, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase, Environmental pollutants, Epigenomics, Female, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maze Learning, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mutation, Polybrominated Biphenyls},\n\tpages = {2399--2411},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The widespread use of persistent organic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as commercial flame retardants has raised concern about potential long-lived effects on human health. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to environmental influences and have long-lasting consequences. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have complex neurodevelopmental origins whereby both genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Rett syndrome is an X-linked ASD caused by mutations in the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). In this study, an Mecp2 truncation mutant mouse (Mecp2(308)) with social behavioral defects was used to explore the long-lasting effects of PBDE exposure in a genetically and epigenetically susceptible model. Mecp2(308/+) dams were perinatally exposed daily to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and bred to wild-type C57BL/6J males, and the offspring of each sex and genotype were examined for developmental, behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Perinatal BDE-47 exposure negatively impacted fertility of Mecp2(308/+) dams and preweaning weights of females. Global hypomethylation of adult brain DNA was observed specifically in female offspring perinatally exposed to BDE-47 and it coincided with reduced sociability in a genotype-independent manner. A reversing interaction of Mecp2 genotype on BDE-47 exposure was observed in a short-term memory test of social novelty that corresponded to increased Dnmt3a levels specifically in BDE-47-exposed Mecp2(308/+) offspring. In contrast, learning and long-term memory in the Morris water maze was impaired by BDE-47 exposure in female Mecp2(308/+) offspring. These results demonstrate that a genetic and environmental interaction relevant to social and cognitive behaviors shows sexual dimorphism, epigenetic dysregulation, compensatory molecular mechanisms and specific behavioral deficits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/', event);\">\n    In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 121(2): 257–262. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205597', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-inuteroandchildhoodpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeexposuresandneurodevelopmentinthechamacosstudy-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noauthor_utero_2012,\n\ttitle = {In {Utero} and {Childhood} {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} ({PBDE}) {Exposures} and {Neurodevelopment} in the {CHAMACOS} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2013/02/1205597/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1205597},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {257--262},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645', event);\">\n    Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ross, S. M.; McManus, I. C.; Harrison, V.;  and Mason, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Critical Reviews in Toxicology</i>, 43(1): 21–44. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012', 'http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ross-mcmanus-harrison-mason-neurobehavioralproblemsfollowinglowlevelexposuretoorganophosphatepesticidesasystematicandmetaanalyticreview-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ross_neurobehavioral_2012,\n\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1040-8444},\n\tshorttitle = {Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides},\n\turl = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\n\tdoi = {10.3109/10408444.2012.738645},\n\tabstract = {Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-09-06},\n\tjournal = {Critical Reviews in Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Ross, Sarah Mackenzie and McManus, I. C. and Harrison, Virginia and Mason, Oliver},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {21--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the neurotoxic effects of long-term exposure to low levels of organophosphates (OPs) in occupational settings. Concern about the effects of OPs on human health has been growing as they are increasingly used throughout the world for a variety of agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. The neurotoxic effects of acute poisoning are well established but the possibility that low-level exposure causes ill health is controversial. It is important to get a clear answer to this question as more individuals are at risk of low-level exposure than acute poisoning. Although a number of reviews on this topic have been published in the past, authors have come to conflicting conclusions. To date, none of these reviews have attempted quantitative evaluation of study findings using meta-analysis. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the neurotoxicity of low-level occupational exposure to OPs and goes on to report the results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies which fulfilled criteria for this type of statistical analysis (means and standard deviations of dependant variables reported). Data were assimilated from more than 1600 participants. The majority of well designed studies found a significant association between low-level exposure to OPs and impaired neurobehavioral function which is consistent, small to moderate in magnitude and concerned primarily with cognitive functions such as psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial ability, working and visual memory. Unresolved issues in the literature which should become the focus of further studies are highlighted and discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/', event);\">\n    Rodent Thyroid, Liver, and Fetal Testis Toxicity of the Monoester Metabolite of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) Tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), a Novel Brominated Flame Retardant Present in Indoor Dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Springer, C.; Dere, E.; Hall, S. J.; McDonnell, E. V.; Roberts, S. C.; Butt, C.; Stapleton, H. M.; Watkins, D. J.; McClean, M. D.; Webster, T. F.; Schlezinger, J. J.;  and Boekelheide, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rodent Thyroid, Liver, and Fetal Testis Toxicity of the Monoester Metabolite of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) Tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), a Novel Brominated Flame Retardant Present in Indoor Dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1204932\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1204932', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('springer-dere-hall-mcdonnell-roberts-butt-stapleton-watkins-etal-rodentthyroidliverandfetaltestistoxicityofthemonoestermetaboliteofbis2ethylhexyltetrabromophthalatetbphanovelbrominatedflameretardantpresentinindoordust-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{springer_rodent_2012,\n\ttitle = {Rodent {Thyroid}, {Liver}, and {Fetal} {Testis} {Toxicity} of the {Monoester} {Metabolite} of {Bis}-(2-ethylhexyl) {Tetrabromophthalate} ({TBPH}), a {Novel} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardant} {Present} in {Indoor} {Dust}},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/2012/12/1204932/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1204932},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Springer, Cecilia and Dere, Edward and Hall, Susan J. and McDonnell, Elizabeth V. and Roberts, Simon C. and Butt, Craig and Stapleton, Heather M. and Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F. and Schlezinger, Jennifer J. and Boekelheide, Kim},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667', event);\">\n    Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — Missing links in EU chemical management.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Molander, L.; Breitholtz, M.; Andersson, P. L.; Rybacka, A.;  and Rudén, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 435–436: 280–289. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — Missing links in EU chemical management [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('molander-breitholtz-andersson-rybacka-rudn-arechemicalsinarticlesanobstacleforreachingenvironmentalgoalsmissinglinksineuchemicalmanagement-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{molander_are_2012,\n\ttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals? — {Missing} links in {EU} chemical management},\n\tvolume = {435–436},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Are chemicals in articles an obstacle for reaching environmental goals?},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009667},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.021},\n\tabstract = {It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments.\n\nThe primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals.\n\nThe results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed.\n\nOnly a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH.\n\nIn summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Molander, Linda and Breitholtz, Magnus and Andersson, Patrik L. and Rybacka, Aleksandra and Rudén, Christina},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Consumer articles, EU environmental policy, Priority substances, REACH, The Sewage Sludge Directive, The Water Framework Directive},\n\tpages = {280--289},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  It is widely acknowledged that the management of risks associated with chemicals in articles needs to be improved. The EU environmental policy states that environmental damage should be rectified at source. It is therefore motivated that the risk management of substances in articles also takes particular consideration to those substances identified as posing a risk in different environmental compartments. The primary aim of the present study was to empirically analyze to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also analyzed the chemical variation of the organic substances regulated under these legislations in relation to the most heavily used chemicals. The results show that 16 of 24 substances used in or potentially present in articles and regulated by the SSD or the WFD are also identified under REACH either as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) or subject to some restrictions. However, for these substances we conclude that there is limited coherence between the legislations, since the identification as an SVHC does not in itself encompass any use restrictions, and the restrictions in REACH are in many cases limited to a particular use, and thus all other uses are allowed. Only a minor part of chemicals in commerce is regulated and these show a chemical variation that deviates from classical legacy pollutants. This warrants new tools to identify potentially hazardous chemicals in articles. We also noted that chemicals monitored in the environment under the WFD deviate in their chemistry from the ones regulated by REACH. In summary, we argue that to obtain improved resource efficiency and a sustainable development it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cui-tian-zhang-gao-jin-wang-ding-wang-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersexposureinbreastmilkinshanghaichinalevelsinfluencingfactorsandpotentialhealthriskforinfants-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cui-tian-zhang-gao-jin-wang-ding-wang-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersexposureinbreastmilkinshanghaichinalevelsinfluencingfactorsandpotentialhealthriskforinfants-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in Shanghai, China: Levels, influencing factors and potential health risk for infants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cui, C.; Tian, Y.; Zhang, L.; Gao, Y.; Jin, J.; Wang, P.; Ding, W.; Wang, X.; Shi, R.;  and Wang, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 433: 331–335. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cui-tian-zhang-gao-jin-wang-ding-wang-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersexposureinbreastmilkinshanghaichinalevelsinfluencingfactorsandpotentialhealthriskforinfants-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in Shanghai, China: Levels, influencing factors and potential health risk for infants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.075\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cui-tian-zhang-gao-jin-wang-ding-wang-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersexposureinbreastmilkinshanghaichinalevelsinfluencingfactorsandpotentialhealthriskforinfants-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.075', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cui-tian-zhang-gao-jin-wang-ding-wang-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersexposureinbreastmilkinshanghaichinalevelsinfluencingfactorsandpotentialhealthriskforinfants-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cui-tian-zhang-gao-jin-wang-ding-wang-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersexposureinbreastmilkinshanghaichinalevelsinfluencingfactorsandpotentialhealthriskforinfants-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cui_polybrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in {Shanghai}, {China}: {Levels}, influencing factors and potential health risk for infants},\n\tvolume = {433},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure in breast milk in {Shanghai}, {China}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712009084},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.075},\n\tabstract = {The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is increasing annually in China. Although several studies have reported significant contamination by these compounds in biological samples in China, little is known about the factors that may influence the levels of exposure and the potential health risk for infants. We investigated PBDE exposure levels in breast milk, its influencing factors and the potential health risk for infants in Shanghai, China by enrolling 48 healthy women between September 2006 and April 2007. PBDE exposure was assessed by analyses of seven PBDE congeners in breast milk. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by infants via breastfeeding was determined for evaluating the potential health risk for infants. The median (range) of total PBDE content in breast milk was 8.81 (1.92–41.55) ng/g lipid. 34 (71\\%) of the 48 samples tested positive for all seven congeners. Maternal education level and household monthly salary were positively associated with PBDE concentration in breast milk (r = 0.337, p = 0.019 and r = 0.436, p = 0.004, respectively). The median of estimated daily intake of BDE-99 (6.67 ng/kg/day) by infants via breastfeeding was below the human no adverse effect level (NAEL) set for BDE-99 for neurodevelopmental toxicity (18.8 ng/kg/day). However, 3 (6\\%) of the samples exceeded the human NAEL. Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk together with 6\\% of their EDI higher than NAEL in Shanghai, more studies on the effects of maternal PBDE exposure on fetal growth and child neurodevelopment are warranted.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Cui, Chang and Tian, Ying and Zhang, Lin and Gao, Yu and Jin, Jun and Wang, Pei and Ding, Wenwei and Wang, Xiaojin and Shi, Rong and Wang, Ying},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Estimated daily intake, Influencing factors, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {331--335},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is increasing annually in China. Although several studies have reported significant contamination by these compounds in biological samples in China, little is known about the factors that may influence the levels of exposure and the potential health risk for infants. We investigated PBDE exposure levels in breast milk, its influencing factors and the potential health risk for infants in Shanghai, China by enrolling 48 healthy women between September 2006 and April 2007. PBDE exposure was assessed by analyses of seven PBDE congeners in breast milk. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by infants via breastfeeding was determined for evaluating the potential health risk for infants. The median (range) of total PBDE content in breast milk was 8.81 (1.92–41.55) ng/g lipid. 34 (71%) of the 48 samples tested positive for all seven congeners. Maternal education level and household monthly salary were positively associated with PBDE concentration in breast milk (r = 0.337, p = 0.019 and r = 0.436, p = 0.004, respectively). The median of estimated daily intake of BDE-99 (6.67 ng/kg/day) by infants via breastfeeding was below the human no adverse effect level (NAEL) set for BDE-99 for neurodevelopmental toxicity (18.8 ng/kg/day). However, 3 (6%) of the samples exceeded the human NAEL. Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk together with 6% of their EDI higher than NAEL in Shanghai, more studies on the effects of maternal PBDE exposure on fetal growth and child neurodevelopment are warranted.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203', event);\">\n    Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miller, M. F.; Chernyak, S. M.; Domino, S. E.; Batterman, S. A.;  and Loch-Caruso, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 417–418: 294–298. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('miller-chernyak-domino-batterman-lochcaruso-concentrationsandspeciationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanamnioticfluid-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{miller_concentrations_2012,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations and speciation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human amniotic fluid},\n\tvolume = {417–418},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711014203},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.088},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337–21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6\\%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Miller, Mark F. and Chernyak, Sergei M. and Domino, Steven E. and Batterman, Stuart A. and Loch-Caruso, Rita},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Amniotic fluid, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Pregnancy},\n\tpages = {294--298},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics, and consumer products. Although PBDE accumulation in humans has been noted since the 1970s, few studies have investigated PBDEs within the gestational compartment, and none to date has identified levels in amniotic fluid. The present study reports congener-specific brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) concentrations in second-trimester clinical amniotic fluid samples collected in 2009 from fifteen women in southeast Michigan, USA. Twenty-one BDE congeners were measured by GC/MS/NCI. The average total PBDE concentration was 3795 pg/ml amniotic fluid (range: 337–21,842 pg/ml). BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified in all samples. Based on median concentrations, the dominant congeners were BDE-208, 209, 203, 206, 207, and 47 representing 23, 16, 12, 10, 9 and 6%, respectively, of the total detected PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were identified in all amniotic fluid samples from southeast Michigan, supporting a need for further investigations of fetal exposure pathways and potential impacts on perinatal health.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thuresson-bjrklund-dewit-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments1levelsandprofiles-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thuresson-bjrklund-dewit-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments1levelsandprofiles-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812', event);\">\n    Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 1: Levels and profiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thuresson, K.; Björklund, J. A.;  and de Wit, C. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 414: 713–721. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thuresson-bjrklund-dewit-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments1levelsandprofiles-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 1: Levels and profiles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thuresson-bjrklund-dewit-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments1levelsandprofiles-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thuresson-bjrklund-dewit-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments1levelsandprofiles-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thuresson-bjrklund-dewit-tridecabrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinindoorairanddustfromstockholmmicroenvironments1levelsandprofiles-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thuresson_tri-decabrominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 1: {Levels} and profiles},\n\tvolume = {414},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from {Stockholm} microenvironments 1},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012812},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016},\n\tabstract = {Indoor air (gas and particle phase) and dust samples were collected from 10 houses, 44 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, 17 new cars and two car dealership halls from Stockholm, Sweden, and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Median ΣPBDE concentrations in air were 330, 58, 4000, 14 000 and 510 pg/m3 in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. Median ΣPBDE concentrations in dust were 510, 1400, 1200, 1200 and 1400 ng/g in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. HBCD was detected in most dust samples (median range, 45–340 ng/g) but only in a few air samples (median range, \\&amp;lt; 1.6–2.0 pg/m3). For all microenvironments, the brominated flame retardant (BFR) found in highest concentration in air was ΣDecaBDE, primarily BDE-209, followed by ΣPentaBDE, and in dust, ΣDecaBDE, followed by HBCD (offices, day care centers, cars) or ΣPentaBDE (houses, apartments). Positive correlations were found between matched air and dust samples for ΣPentaBDE, but not for ΣDecaBDE.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Thuresson, Kaj and Björklund, Justina Awasum and de Wit, Cynthia A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, House dust, Indoor air, Polybrominated diphenyl ether},\n\tpages = {713--721},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Indoor air (gas and particle phase) and dust samples were collected from 10 houses, 44 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, 17 new cars and two car dealership halls from Stockholm, Sweden, and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Median ΣPBDE concentrations in air were 330, 58, 4000, 14 000 and 510 pg/m3 in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. Median ΣPBDE concentrations in dust were 510, 1400, 1200, 1200 and 1400 ng/g in houses, apartments, day care centers, offices and cars, respectively. HBCD was detected in most dust samples (median range, 45–340 ng/g) but only in a few air samples (median range, &lt; 1.6–2.0 pg/m3). For all microenvironments, the brominated flame retardant (BFR) found in highest concentration in air was ΣDecaBDE, primarily BDE-209, followed by ΣPentaBDE, and in dust, ΣDecaBDE, followed by HBCD (offices, day care centers, cars) or ΣPentaBDE (houses, apartments). Positive correlations were found between matched air and dust samples for ΣPentaBDE, but not for ΣDecaBDE.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bergkvist-aune-nilsson-sandanger-hamadani-tofail-oyvindodland-kabir-etal-occurrenceandlevelsoforganochlorinecompoundsinhumanbreastmilkinbangladesh-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bergkvist-aune-nilsson-sandanger-hamadani-tofail-oyvindodland-kabir-etal-occurrenceandlevelsoforganochlorinecompoundsinhumanbreastmilkinbangladesh-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638', event);\">\n    Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in Bangladesh.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bergkvist, C.; Aune, M.; Nilsson, I.; Sandanger, T. M.; Hamadani, J. D.; Tofail, F.; Oyvind-Odland, J.; Kabir, I.;  and Vahter, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(7): 784–790. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergkvist-aune-nilsson-sandanger-hamadani-tofail-oyvindodland-kabir-etal-occurrenceandlevelsoforganochlorinecompoundsinhumanbreastmilkinbangladesh-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in Bangladesh [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergkvist-aune-nilsson-sandanger-hamadani-tofail-oyvindodland-kabir-etal-occurrenceandlevelsoforganochlorinecompoundsinhumanbreastmilkinbangladesh-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bergkvist-aune-nilsson-sandanger-hamadani-tofail-oyvindodland-kabir-etal-occurrenceandlevelsoforganochlorinecompoundsinhumanbreastmilkinbangladesh-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bergkvist-aune-nilsson-sandanger-hamadani-tofail-oyvindodland-kabir-etal-occurrenceandlevelsoforganochlorinecompoundsinhumanbreastmilkinbangladesh-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bergkvist_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and levels of organochlorine compounds in human breast milk in {Bangladesh}},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004638},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.083},\n\tabstract = {In low-income countries, the use of some organochlorine pesticides is still common in order to increase food production. Monitoring the chemical exposure is an important step in risk-reducing strategies. This is the first study to report concentrations of organochlorines in breast milk of women from Bangladesh where farming is the main income source.\n\nOrganochlorines such as p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (i.e., ∑DDT), HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (CB 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 128, 138, 141, 149, 153, 156, 157, 163, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194) were analyzed in breast milk collected in 2002 from 72 first-time mothers (median age 20 years) living in the rural area Matlab, Bangladesh.\n\nWhile the concentrations of PCBs and many of the pesticides were low, the concentrations of p,p′-DDT and its metabolite p,p′-DDE were high (median 349 and 1645 ng g−1 lipid, respectively) in comparison to other countries. The median value of ∑DDT was 2123 ng g−1 lipid. The estimated daily exposure to p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and ∑DDTs was 10, 30 and 42 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively, in 3 months old infants. The p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT ratio ranged from 1 to 23, where 58\\% of the mothers had a ratio below 5 indicating recent or ongoing DDT exposure.\n\nThis study reports infant exposure and maternal body burden of organochlorines through breast milk. Although the findings give no reason to limit breast-feeding, it is essential to identify the main exposure sources and find means to decrease the exposure.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Bergkvist, Charlotte and Aune, Marie and Nilsson, Ingrid and Sandanger, Torkjel M. and Hamadani, Jena Derakhshani and Tofail, Fahmida and Oyvind-Odland, Jon and Kabir, Iqbal and Vahter, Marie},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Bangladesh, Breast milk, DDTs, Infant exposure, Organochlorines, PCBs},\n\tpages = {784--790},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In low-income countries, the use of some organochlorine pesticides is still common in order to increase food production. Monitoring the chemical exposure is an important step in risk-reducing strategies. This is the first study to report concentrations of organochlorines in breast milk of women from Bangladesh where farming is the main income source. Organochlorines such as p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (i.e., ∑DDT), HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (CB 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 128, 138, 141, 149, 153, 156, 157, 163, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194) were analyzed in breast milk collected in 2002 from 72 first-time mothers (median age 20 years) living in the rural area Matlab, Bangladesh. While the concentrations of PCBs and many of the pesticides were low, the concentrations of p,p′-DDT and its metabolite p,p′-DDE were high (median 349 and 1645 ng g−1 lipid, respectively) in comparison to other countries. The median value of ∑DDT was 2123 ng g−1 lipid. The estimated daily exposure to p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and ∑DDTs was 10, 30 and 42 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively, in 3 months old infants. The p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT ratio ranged from 1 to 23, where 58% of the mothers had a ratio below 5 indicating recent or ongoing DDT exposure. This study reports infant exposure and maternal body burden of organochlorines through breast milk. Although the findings give no reason to limit breast-feeding, it is essential to identify the main exposure sources and find means to decrease the exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chovancov-onka-fabiikov-sejkov-dmtrov-drobn-wimmerov-pcddpcdfdlpcbandpbdeserumlevelsofslovakgeneralpopulation-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chovancov-onka-fabiikov-sejkov-dmtrov-drobn-wimmerov-pcddpcdfdlpcbandpbdeserumlevelsofslovakgeneralpopulation-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819', event);\">\n    PCDD/PCDF, dl-PCB and PBDE serum levels of Slovak general population.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chovancová, J.; Čonka, K.; Fabišiková, A.; Sejáková, Z. S.; Dömötörová, M.; Drobná, B.;  and Wimmerová, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(11): 1383–1389. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chovancov-onka-fabiikov-sejkov-dmtrov-drobn-wimmerov-pcddpcdfdlpcbandpbdeserumlevelsofslovakgeneralpopulation-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PCDD/PCDF, dl-PCB and PBDE serum levels of Slovak general population [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.060\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chovancov-onka-fabiikov-sejkov-dmtrov-drobn-wimmerov-pcddpcdfdlpcbandpbdeserumlevelsofslovakgeneralpopulation-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.060', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chovancov-onka-fabiikov-sejkov-dmtrov-drobn-wimmerov-pcddpcdfdlpcbandpbdeserumlevelsofslovakgeneralpopulation-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chovancov-onka-fabiikov-sejkov-dmtrov-drobn-wimmerov-pcddpcdfdlpcbandpbdeserumlevelsofslovakgeneralpopulation-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chovancova_pcdd/pcdf_2012,\n\ttitle = {{PCDD}/{PCDF}, dl-{PCB} and {PBDE} serum levels of {Slovak} general population},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006819},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.060},\n\tabstract = {Blood serum specimens from 81 non-occupationally exposed adults residing in four areas close to municipal and waste incinerators as well as metallurgical industry plant and 44 adult subjects coming from control area of Slovakia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs).\n\nThe concentration of total WHO98TEQ PCDD/F/dl-PCBs in whole group of donors from areas where known sources causing dioxin contamination are present was significantly higher than in control group of donors (p \\&amp;lt; 0.001). Correlation between the age of donors and PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels was confirmed (Spearman’s rPCDD/Fs = 0.543, rdl-PCBs = 0.521, p \\&amp;lt; 0.001).\n\nFurthermore, this study presents first results concerning the PBDE congeners in human serum of Slovak general population. The total concentration (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) in control group was approximately 1.5-times higher in comparison to that of residents coming from areas with supposed environmental pollution. The most abundant congeners in all samples were BDE-47 and BDE-153 with median values of 0.24 ng g−1 lipid and 0.23 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The positive association between PBDE values and age of donors was not found.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Chovancová, Jana and Čonka, Kamil and Fabišiková, Anna and Sejáková, Zuzana Stachová and Dömötörová, Milena and Drobná, Beáta and Wimmerová, Soňa},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Blood serum, PBDEs, PCDDs, PCDFs, Slovakia, dl-PCBs},\n\tpages = {1383--1389},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Blood serum specimens from 81 non-occupationally exposed adults residing in four areas close to municipal and waste incinerators as well as metallurgical industry plant and 44 adult subjects coming from control area of Slovakia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). The concentration of total WHO98TEQ PCDD/F/dl-PCBs in whole group of donors from areas where known sources causing dioxin contamination are present was significantly higher than in control group of donors (p &lt; 0.001). Correlation between the age of donors and PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels was confirmed (Spearman’s rPCDD/Fs = 0.543, rdl-PCBs = 0.521, p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the PBDE congeners in human serum of Slovak general population. The total concentration (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) in control group was approximately 1.5-times higher in comparison to that of residents coming from areas with supposed environmental pollution. The most abundant congeners in all samples were BDE-47 and BDE-153 with median values of 0.24 ng g−1 lipid and 0.23 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The positive association between PBDE values and age of donors was not found.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kefeni-okonkwo-analysisofmajorcongenersofpolybromobiphenylsandpolybromodiphenylethersinofficedustusinghighresolutiongaschromatographymassspectrometry-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kefeni-okonkwo-analysisofmajorcongenersofpolybromobiphenylsandpolybromodiphenylethersinofficedustusinghighresolutiongaschromatographymassspectrometry-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044', event);\">\n    Analysis of major congeners of polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenyl ethers in office dust using high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kefeni, K. K.;  and Okonkwo, J. O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 87(9): 1070–1075. May 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kefeni-okonkwo-analysisofmajorcongenersofpolybromobiphenylsandpolybromodiphenylethersinofficedustusinghighresolutiongaschromatographymassspectrometry-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of major congeners of polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenyl ethers in office dust using high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kefeni-okonkwo-analysisofmajorcongenersofpolybromobiphenylsandpolybromodiphenylethersinofficedustusinghighresolutiongaschromatographymassspectrometry-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kefeni-okonkwo-analysisofmajorcongenersofpolybromobiphenylsandpolybromodiphenylethersinofficedustusinghighresolutiongaschromatographymassspectrometry-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kefeni-okonkwo-analysisofmajorcongenersofpolybromobiphenylsandpolybromodiphenylethersinofficedustusinghighresolutiongaschromatographymassspectrometry-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kefeni_analysis_2012,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of major congeners of polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenyl ethers in office dust using high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry},\n\tvolume = {87},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512002044},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.014},\n\tabstract = {The study focused on analysis of polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners in office dust obtained in Pretoria, South Africa. Of the 32 congeners considered for identification, (BB-1, 2, 4, 10, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 49, 80, 103, 153, 155, 209 and BDE-3, 15, 17, 28, 47, 66, 77, 85, 99, 100, 126, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) only BB-2, 4, 30, 153, 209 and BDE-47, 66, 85, 99, 153 and 209 congeners were detected. The sum of PBBs concentration detected in office dust ranged from \\&amp;lt;dl − 196 ng g−1 dry weight (dw) with a median and mean of 11.4 and 38.2 ng g−1, respectively. On the other hand, the sum of PBDEs concentration detected ranged from 21.6 to 578.6 ng g−1 dw with a median and mean of 162 and 169 ng g−1 dw, respectively. A Spearman rank correlation between ∑5PBBs and ∑6PBDEs (rs = 0.55, p = 0.003), indicated a statistical significant positive correlation for the similarity of pollution sources for both compound classes. However, no correlation was observed between the number of electronic materials and summation of concentrations of PBBs and PBDEs congeners detected. Concentrations of PBDEs detected in this study are substantially lower than reported in office dust in developed countries.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kefeni, Kebede K. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Concentrations, Office dust, PBBs, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {1070--1075},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The study focused on analysis of polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners in office dust obtained in Pretoria, South Africa. Of the 32 congeners considered for identification, (BB-1, 2, 4, 10, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 49, 80, 103, 153, 155, 209 and BDE-3, 15, 17, 28, 47, 66, 77, 85, 99, 100, 126, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) only BB-2, 4, 30, 153, 209 and BDE-47, 66, 85, 99, 153 and 209 congeners were detected. The sum of PBBs concentration detected in office dust ranged from &lt;dl − 196 ng g−1 dry weight (dw) with a median and mean of 11.4 and 38.2 ng g−1, respectively. On the other hand, the sum of PBDEs concentration detected ranged from 21.6 to 578.6 ng g−1 dw with a median and mean of 162 and 169 ng g−1 dw, respectively. A Spearman rank correlation between ∑5PBBs and ∑6PBDEs (rs = 0.55, p = 0.003), indicated a statistical significant positive correlation for the similarity of pollution sources for both compound classes. However, no correlation was observed between the number of electronic materials and summation of concentrations of PBBs and PBDEs congeners detected. Concentrations of PBDEs detected in this study are substantially lower than reported in office dust in developed countries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-bang-lim-jinwon-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-bang-lim-jinwon-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X', event);\">\n    Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, T. H.; Bang, D. Y.; Lim, H. J.; Jin Won, A.; Ahn, M. Y.; Patra, N.; Chung, K. K.; Kwack, S. J.; Park, K. L.; Han, S. Y.; Choi, W. S.; Han, J. Y.; Lee, B. M.; Oh, J.; Yoon, J.; Lee, J.;  and Kim, H. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 87(1): 97–104. March 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-bang-lim-jinwon-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-bang-lim-jinwon-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-bang-lim-jinwon-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-bang-lim-jinwon-ahn-patra-chung-kwack-etal-comparisonsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherslevelsinpairedsouthkoreancordbloodmaternalbloodandbreastmilksamples-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_comparisons_2012,\n\ttitle = {Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired {South} {Korean} cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples},\n\tvolume = {87},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101366X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman’s Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7 ± 5.1 ng g−1 lipid, 7.7 ± 4.2 ng g−1 lipid, and 3.0 ± 1.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28–30.94 ng g−1 lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8–17.66 ng g−1 lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08–8.66 ng g−1 lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45–73\\% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Tae Hyung and Bang, Du Yeon and Lim, Hyun Jung and Jin Won, A. and Ahn, Mee Young and Patra, Nabanita and Chung, Ki Kyung and Kwack, Seung Jun and Park, Kui Lea and Han, Soon Young and Choi, Wahn Soo and Han, Jung Yeol and Lee, Byung Mu and Oh, Jeong-Eun and Yoon, Jeong-Hyun and Lee, Jaewon and Kim, Hyung Sik},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Cord blood, Maternal blood, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Thyroid hormones},\n\tpages = {97--104},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used flame retardants, have been reported as potential endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicants, thus giving rise to the public health concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk concentrations of PBDEs in South Korean. We assessed PBDE levels in paired samples of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. The levels of seven PBDE congeners were measured in 21 paired samples collected from the Cheil Woman’s Hospital (Seoul, Korea) in 2008. We also measured thyroid hormones levels in maternal and cord blood to assess the association between PBDEs exposure and thyroid hormone levels. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroxin (T4) and total PBDEs concentrations. The total PBDEs concentrations in the umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk were 10.7 ± 5.1 ng g−1 lipid, 7.7 ± 4.2 ng g−1 lipid, and 3.0 ± 1.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The ranges of total PBDE concentrations observed were 2.28–30.94 ng g−1 lipid in umbilical cord blood, 1.8–17.66 ng g−1 lipid in maternal blood, and 1.08–8.66 ng g−1 lipid in breast milk. BDE-47 (45–73% of total PBDEs) was observed to be present dominantly in all samples, followed by BDE-153. A strong correlation was found for major BDE-congeners between breast milk and cord blood or maternal blood and cord blood samples. The measurement of PBDEs concentrations in maternal blood or breast milk may help to determine the concentration of PBDEs in infant.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673', event);\">\n    Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: A biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Croes, K.; Colles, A.; Koppen, G.; Govarts, E.; Bruckers, L.; Van de Mieroop, E.; Nelen, V.; Covaci, A.; Dirtu, A. C.; Thomsen, C.; Haug, L. S.; Becher, G.; Mampaey, M.; Schoeters, G.; Van Larebeke, N.;  and Baeyens, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 89(8): 988–994. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: A biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('croes-colles-koppen-govarts-bruckers-vandemieroop-nelen-covaci-etal-persistentorganicpollutantspopsinhumanmilkabiomonitoringstudyinruralareasofflandersbelgium-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{croes_persistent_2012,\n\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk: {A} biomonitoring study in rural areas of {Flanders} ({Belgium})},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) in human milk},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512008673},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058},\n\tabstract = {To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009–2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25\\% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94\\%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153\\%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p = 0.01 for BDE 47, p = 0.02 for BDE 99 and p = 0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p = 0.03) and oxychlordane (p = 0.047) in their human milk samples.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Croes, K. and Colles, A. and Koppen, G. and Govarts, E. and Bruckers, L. and Van de Mieroop, E. and Nelen, V. and Covaci, A. and Dirtu, A. C. and Thomsen, C. and Haug, L. S. and Becher, G. and Mampaey, M. and Schoeters, G. and Van Larebeke, N. and Baeyens, W.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {BMI, Biomonitoring, HBCD, Human milk, PFOS, POPs},\n\tpages = {988--994},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To collect information on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the rural areas in Flanders (Belgium), 84 breastfeeding mothers were recruited in rural communities in East and West Flanders and Flemish Brabant in 2009–2010. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like PCBs were measured in individual milk samples and in a pooled milk sample, while some additional pollutants were only measured in the pooled sample. For most pollutants, the concentrations in this study were lower or comparable to the concentrations measured in the pooled Belgian sample of the WHO human milk study of 2006, except for the pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (+25% for ΣDDT and metabolites) and trans-nonachlor (+94%), and for the brominated flame retardant hexachlorocyclododecane HBCD (+153%). Perfluorinated compounds were for the first time determined in human milk samples from Belgium and the concentrations were comparable to those from other European countries. Also, interesting associations were found between the concentrations of POPs measured in human milk and personal characteristics as well as dietary habits of the study population. PFOS en PFOA concentrations were significantly higher in milk of primiparous participants compared to mothers who gave birth to their second child. Lower brominated PBDE congeners increased with increasing BMI of the mothers (p = 0.01 for BDE 47, p = 0.02 for BDE 99 and p = 0.02 for BDE 100). Participants consuming milk or dairy products daily had significant higher concentrations of ΣDDTs (p = 0.03) and oxychlordane (p = 0.047) in their human milk samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556', event);\">\n    House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gaylor, M. O.; Harvey, E.;  and Hale, R. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 86(5): 500–505. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gaylor-harvey-hale-housecricketscanaccumulatepolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesdirectlyfrompolyurethanefoamcommoninconsumerproducts-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gaylor_house_2012,\n\ttitle = {House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511011556},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mg kg−1 burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7\\% dry wt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg−1 lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg−1 lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10−4–10−3, suggesting that polymer–PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect’s movements and/or predation.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Gaylor, Michael O. and Harvey, Ellen and Hale, Robert C.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Bioaccumulation, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crickets, Insects, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polyurethane foam},\n\tpages = {500--505},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are added at percent levels to many polymers and textiles abundant in human spaces and vehicles, wherein they have been long assumed to be tightly sequestered. However, the mg kg−1 burdens recently detected in indoor dust testify to substantial releases. The bulk of released PBDEs remain in the terrestrial environment, yet comparatively little research focuses on this compartment. There, insects/arthropods, such as crickets, are the most abundant invertebrate organisms and facilitate the trophic transfer of contaminants by breaking down complex organic matter (including discarded polymers) and serving as food for other organisms. Our experiments revealed that house crickets (Acheta domesticus) provided uncontaminated food and free access to PUF containing Penta-BDE (8.7% dry wt) for 28 d accumulated substantial PBDE body burdens. Crickets allowed to depurate gut contents exhibited whole body burdens of up to 13.4 mg kg−1 lipid ΣPenta-BDE, 1000-fold higher than typically reported in humans. Non-depurated crickets and molted exoskeletons incurred even higher ΣPenta-BDE, up to 80.6 and 63.3 mg kg−1 lipid, respectively. Congener patterns of whole crickets and molts resembled those of PUF and the commercial Penta-BDE formulation, DE-71, indicative of minimal discrimination or biotransformation. Accumulation factor (AF) calculations were hampered by uncertainties in determining actual PUF ingestion. However, estimated AFs were low, in the range of 10−4–10−3, suggesting that polymer–PBDE interactions limited uptake. Nonetheless, results indicate that substantial PBDE burdens may be incurred by insects in contact with current-use and derelict treated polymers within human spaces and solid waste disposal sites (e.g. landfills, automotive dumps, etc.). Once ingested, even burdens not absorbed across the gut wall may be dispersed within proximate terrestrial food webs via the insect’s movements and/or predation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rydn-nestor-jakobsson-marsh-synthesisandtentativeidentificationofnovelpolybrominateddiphenylethermetabolitesinhumanblood-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rydn-nestor-jakobsson-marsh-synthesisandtentativeidentificationofnovelpolybrominateddiphenylethermetabolitesinhumanblood-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444', event);\">\n    Synthesis and tentative identification of novel polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in human blood.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rydén, A.; Nestor, G.; Jakobsson, K.;  and Marsh, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(10): 1227–1234. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rydn-nestor-jakobsson-marsh-synthesisandtentativeidentificationofnovelpolybrominateddiphenylethermetabolitesinhumanblood-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Synthesis and tentative identification of novel polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in human blood [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.076\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rydn-nestor-jakobsson-marsh-synthesisandtentativeidentificationofnovelpolybrominateddiphenylethermetabolitesinhumanblood-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.076', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rydn-nestor-jakobsson-marsh-synthesisandtentativeidentificationofnovelpolybrominateddiphenylethermetabolitesinhumanblood-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rydn-nestor-jakobsson-marsh-synthesisandtentativeidentificationofnovelpolybrominateddiphenylethermetabolitesinhumanblood-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ryden_synthesis_2012,\n\ttitle = {Synthesis and tentative identification of novel polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in human blood},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004444},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.076},\n\tabstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PDBEs) are exogenous, bioactive compounds that originate, to a large extent, from anthropogenic activities, although they are also naturally produced in the environment. In the present study nine new authentic OH-PBDE reference standards and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives (MeO-PBDEs) were synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Seven of the authentic reference standards prepared were thereafter tentatively identified in a pooled human blood sample. The tentatively identified OH-PBDEs were 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether and 4-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,5,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether. An additional seven OH-PBDEs were tentatively identified in the pooled human blood sample, of which one OH-PBDE, 4′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,5,5′-pentabromodiphenyl ether, has not been identified in human blood before. The identification was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) recording the bromine ions m/z 79, 81. The tentative identification was supported by the peaks relative retention times (RRTs) compared to authentic references on two GC columns of different polarities for the hexa-, and heptabrominated OH-PBDEs, and three different GC columns for the pentabrominated OH-PBDEs. The OH-PBDE congeners most likely originate from human metabolism of a flame retardant, i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to the relatively high concentrations of PBDEs in the same human blood sample and the fact that these PBDEs could form the tentatively identified OH-PBDEs via metabolic direct hydroxylation or via 1,2-shift.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Rydén, Andreas and Nestor, Gustav and Jakobsson, Kristina and Marsh, Göran},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenylethers (OH-PBDEs), Metabolites, Synthesis},\n\tpages = {1227--1234},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PDBEs) are exogenous, bioactive compounds that originate, to a large extent, from anthropogenic activities, although they are also naturally produced in the environment. In the present study nine new authentic OH-PBDE reference standards and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives (MeO-PBDEs) were synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Seven of the authentic reference standards prepared were thereafter tentatively identified in a pooled human blood sample. The tentatively identified OH-PBDEs were 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether and 4-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,5,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether. An additional seven OH-PBDEs were tentatively identified in the pooled human blood sample, of which one OH-PBDE, 4′-hydroxy-2,2′,4,5,5′-pentabromodiphenyl ether, has not been identified in human blood before. The identification was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) recording the bromine ions m/z 79, 81. The tentative identification was supported by the peaks relative retention times (RRTs) compared to authentic references on two GC columns of different polarities for the hexa-, and heptabrominated OH-PBDEs, and three different GC columns for the pentabrominated OH-PBDEs. The OH-PBDE congeners most likely originate from human metabolism of a flame retardant, i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to the relatively high concentrations of PBDEs in the same human blood sample and the fact that these PBDEs could form the tentatively identified OH-PBDEs via metabolic direct hydroxylation or via 1,2-shift.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"egebck-sellstrm-mclachlan-decabromodiphenylethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherinswedishbackgroundair-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'egebck-sellstrm-mclachlan-decabromodiphenylethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherinswedishbackgroundair-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X', event);\">\n    Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in Swedish background air.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Egebäck, A.; Sellström, U.;  and McLachlan, M. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 86(3): 264–269. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('egebck-sellstrm-mclachlan-decabromodiphenylethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherinswedishbackgroundair-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in Swedish background air [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.041\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('egebck-sellstrm-mclachlan-decabromodiphenylethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherinswedishbackgroundair-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.041', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/egebck-sellstrm-mclachlan-decabromodiphenylethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherinswedishbackgroundair-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('egebck-sellstrm-mclachlan-decabromodiphenylethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherinswedishbackgroundair-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{egeback_decabromodiphenyl_2012,\n\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in {Swedish} background air},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351101085X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.041},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DPDPE) is a flame retardant that has been on the market for more than 20 years and is used as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environmental data on DPDPE are scarce but for BDE-209, studies have shown that long-range transport in the atmosphere leads to contamination of remote regions. Given their similar physical–chemical properties, we hypothesized that this is also true for DPDPE. In this study we explored the European continent as a source for DBDPE by collecting air samples at a back-ground location in southern Sweden. Twelve samples with stable air mass back trajectories over the 24 h sampling period were analysed. BDE-209 and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also included in the study. The concentration ranges of DBDPE and BDE-209 were similar, 0.077–7.9 and 0.093–1.8 pg m−3 air, respectively. The highest concentrations were detected when the air originated from the European continent and the lowest during periods with rather stagnant air over southern Scandinavia. The concentrations of DBDPE and BDE-209 did not co-vary, indicating that there are different major sources of the two compounds. In air, the compounds measured in this study are predominantly associated with particles. PAHs in the atmosphere are known to originate primarily from combustion processes and their concentrations were highly correlated with several measures of atmospheric particle concentration, i.e. PM 10, PM 2.5, soot, and N 450 (number of particles in the size range approximately 420–450 nm). No clear correlations were found between the concentrations of DBDPE or BDE-209 and any of the measures of particle concentrations, indicating that the emissions of these are not related to the major sources of emissions of soot or small particles.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Egebäck, Anna-Lena and Sellström, Ulla and McLachlan, Michael S.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Atmospheric transport, BDE-209, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), DPDPE},\n\tpages = {264--269},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DPDPE) is a flame retardant that has been on the market for more than 20 years and is used as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environmental data on DPDPE are scarce but for BDE-209, studies have shown that long-range transport in the atmosphere leads to contamination of remote regions. Given their similar physical–chemical properties, we hypothesized that this is also true for DPDPE. In this study we explored the European continent as a source for DBDPE by collecting air samples at a back-ground location in southern Sweden. Twelve samples with stable air mass back trajectories over the 24 h sampling period were analysed. BDE-209 and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also included in the study. The concentration ranges of DBDPE and BDE-209 were similar, 0.077–7.9 and 0.093–1.8 pg m−3 air, respectively. The highest concentrations were detected when the air originated from the European continent and the lowest during periods with rather stagnant air over southern Scandinavia. The concentrations of DBDPE and BDE-209 did not co-vary, indicating that there are different major sources of the two compounds. In air, the compounds measured in this study are predominantly associated with particles. PAHs in the atmosphere are known to originate primarily from combustion processes and their concentrations were highly correlated with several measures of atmospheric particle concentration, i.e. PM 10, PM 2.5, soot, and N 450 (number of particles in the size range approximately 420–450 nm). No clear correlations were found between the concentrations of DBDPE or BDE-209 and any of the measures of particle concentrations, indicating that the emissions of these are not related to the major sources of emissions of soot or small particles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993–2009.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Toms, L. L.; Guerra, P.; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D.; Harden, F. A.; Hobson, P.; Sjodin, A.; Ryan, E.;  and Mueller, J. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 89(4): 398–403. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993–2009 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('toms-guerra-eljarrat-barcel-harden-hobson-sjodin-ryan-etal-brominatedflameretardantsintheaustralianpopulation19932009-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{toms_brominated_2012,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population: 1993–2009},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Australian} population},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006741},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period.\n\nSamples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-08-20},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Guerra, Paula and Eljarrat, Ethel and Barceló, Damià and Harden, Fiona A. and Hobson, Peter and Sjodin, Andreas and Ryan, Elizabeth and Mueller, Jochen F.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Blood serum, Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {398--403},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used to reduce the flammability of a multitude of electrical and electronic products, textiles and foams. The use of selected PBDEs has ceased, however, use of decaBDE and HBCD continues. While elevated concentrations of PBDEs in humans have been observed in Australia, no data is available on other BFRs such as HBCD. This study aimed to provide background HBCD concentrations from a representative sample of the Australian population and to assess temporal trends of HBCD and compare with PBDE concentrations over a 16 year period. Samples of human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009, primarily from primiparae mothers were combined into 12 pools from 1993 (2 pools); 2001; 2002/2003 (4 pools); 2003/2004; 2006; 2007/2008 (2 pools); and 2009. Concentrations of ∑HBCD ranged from not quantified (nq) to 19 ng g−1 lipid while α-HBCD and γ-HBCD ranged from nq to 10 ng g−1 lipid and nq to 9.2 ng g−1 lipid. β-HBCD was detected in only one sample at 3.6 ng g−1 lipid while ∑4PBDE ranged from 2.5 to 15.8 ng g−1 lipid. No temporal trend was apparent in HBCD concentrations in human milk collected in Australia from 1993 to 2009. In comparison, PBDE concentrations in human milk show a peak around 2002/03 (mean ∑4PBDEs = 9.6 ng g−1 lipid) and 2003/04 (12.4 ng g−1 lipid) followed by a decrease in 2007/08 (2.7 ng g−1 lipid) and 2009 (2.6 ng g−1 lipid). In human blood serum samples collected from the Australian population, PBDE concentrations did not vary greatly (p = 0.441) from 2002/03 to 2008/09. Continued monitoring including both human milk and serum for HBCD and PBDEs is required to observe trends in human body burden of HBCD and PBDEs body burden following changes to usage.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vandeneede-dirtu-ali-neels-covaci-multiresiduemethodforthedeterminationofbrominatedandorganophosphateflameretardantsinindoordust-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Multi-residue method for the determination of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van den Eede, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Ali, N.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Talanta</i>, 89: 292–300. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandeneede-dirtu-ali-neels-covaci-multiresiduemethodforthedeterminationofbrominatedandorganophosphateflameretardantsinindoordust-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.031', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vandeneede-dirtu-ali-neels-covaci-multiresiduemethodforthedeterminationofbrominatedandorganophosphateflameretardantsinindoordust-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vandeneede-dirtu-ali-neels-covaci-multiresiduemethodforthedeterminationofbrominatedandorganophosphateflameretardantsinindoordust-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_den_eede_multi-residue_2012,\n\ttitle = {Multi-residue method for the determination of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {1873-3573},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.031},\n\tabstract = {A new method was optimized for the simultaneous determination of several flame retardants (FRs) in indoor dust, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs). The method was based on two previously validated analytical methods for NBFRs and OPFRs, which were combined in order to include even a large number of FRs. An ultrasonic extraction method and two-stage clean-up by adsorption chromatography was optimized using an indoor dust standard reference material (SRM 2584). The 1st cleanup step was essential for fractionation of analytes in the dust extracts, while the 2nd step was important for the further removal of interferences. Analysis of cleaned dust extracts was performed with gas chromatography electron impact ionization mass spectrometry for OPFRs, gas chromatography electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry for PBDEs and NBFRs and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for HBCDs. Method validation by matrix spiking demonstrated good accuracy ranging from 81 to 130\\%. Matrix effects were investigated by spiking sodium sulfate and dust with analyte standards. Typical recoveries ranged between 80 and 110\\% at both spiking levels, though occasional deviations were observed at low spiking concentrations. Precision between different days was generally below 24\\% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low concentrations and below 11\\% RSD at high concentrations. Method limits of quantification for BFRs ranged between 0.04 (BDE 28) and 17 ng/g (BDE 209), 6 ng/g for sum HBCDs, and for OPFRs between 10 (triphenyl phosphate) and 370 ng/g (tri-isobutyl phosphate). The method was applied to SRM 2585 and to a set of indoor dust samples from various countries. The newly developed method will be employed for the monitoring of human exposure via dust ingestion to phased-out and alternate FRs.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Talanta},\n\tauthor = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C. and Ali, Nadeem and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22284495},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Indoor, Chromatography, Liquid, Dust, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Limit of Detection, Organophosphates, Solid Phase Extraction, Sonication, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization},\n\tpages = {292--300},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A new method was optimized for the simultaneous determination of several flame retardants (FRs) in indoor dust, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs). The method was based on two previously validated analytical methods for NBFRs and OPFRs, which were combined in order to include even a large number of FRs. An ultrasonic extraction method and two-stage clean-up by adsorption chromatography was optimized using an indoor dust standard reference material (SRM 2584). The 1st cleanup step was essential for fractionation of analytes in the dust extracts, while the 2nd step was important for the further removal of interferences. Analysis of cleaned dust extracts was performed with gas chromatography electron impact ionization mass spectrometry for OPFRs, gas chromatography electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry for PBDEs and NBFRs and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for HBCDs. Method validation by matrix spiking demonstrated good accuracy ranging from 81 to 130%. Matrix effects were investigated by spiking sodium sulfate and dust with analyte standards. Typical recoveries ranged between 80 and 110% at both spiking levels, though occasional deviations were observed at low spiking concentrations. Precision between different days was generally below 24% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low concentrations and below 11% RSD at high concentrations. Method limits of quantification for BFRs ranged between 0.04 (BDE 28) and 17 ng/g (BDE 209), 6 ng/g for sum HBCDs, and for OPFRs between 10 (triphenyl phosphate) and 370 ng/g (tri-isobutyl phosphate). The method was applied to SRM 2585 and to a set of indoor dust samples from various countries. The newly developed method will be employed for the monitoring of human exposure via dust ingestion to phased-out and alternate FRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bergman-ryden-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bergman-ryden-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/', event);\">\n    A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bergman, A.; Ryden, A.; Law, R. J.; de Boer, J.; Covaci, A.; Alaee, M.; Birnbaum, L.; Petreas, M.; Rose, M.; Sakai, S.; Van den Eede, N.;  and van der Veen, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 49C: 57–82. November 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergman-ryden-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergman-ryden-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bergman-ryden-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bergman-ryden-law-deboer-covaci-alaee-birnbaum-petreas-etal-anovelabbreviationstandardfororganobromineorganochlorineandorganophosphorusflameretardantsandsomecharacteristicsofthechemicals-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bergman_novel_2012,\n\ttitle = {A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals},\n\tvolume = {49C},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483428/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003},\n\tabstract = {Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-17},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Bergman, Ake and Ryden, Andreas and Law, Robin J. and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Alaee, Mehran and Birnbaum, Linda and Petreas, Myrto and Rose, Martin and Sakai, Shinichi and Van den Eede, Nele and van der Veen, Ike},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22982223},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3483428},\n\tpages = {57--82},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event);\">\n    Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M.; Sharma, S.; Getzinger, G.; Ferguson, P. L.; Gabriel, M.; Webster, T. F.;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 46(24): 13432–13439. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel and High Volume Use Flame Retardants in US Couches Reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE Phase Out [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303471d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-sharma-getzinger-ferguson-gabriel-webster-blum-novelandhighvolumeuseflameretardantsinuscouchesreflectiveofthe2005pentabdephaseout-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_novel_2012,\n\ttitle = {Novel and {High} {Volume} {Use} {Flame} {Retardants} in {US} {Couches} {Reflective} of the 2005 {PentaBDE} {Phase} {Out}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303471d},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303471d},\n\tabstract = {California?s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85\\% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39\\%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24\\%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52\\%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18\\%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13\\% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\turldate = {2014-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Sharma, Smriti and Getzinger, Gordon and Ferguson, P. Lee and Gabriel, Michelle and Webster, Thomas F. and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {13432--13439},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  California?s furniture flammability standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is believed to be a major driver of chemical flame retardant (FR) use in residential furniture in the United States. With the phase-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) FR mixture PentaBDE in 2005, alternative FRs are increasingly being used to meet TB 117; however, it was unclear which chemicals were being used and how frequently. To address this data gap, we collected and analyzed 102 samples of polyurethane foam from residential couches purchased in the United States from 1985 to 2010. Overall, we detected chemical flame retardants in 85% of the couches. In samples purchased prior to 2005 (n = 41) PBDEs associated with the PentaBDE mixture including BDEs 47, 99, and 100 (PentaBDE) were the most common FR detected (39%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 24%), which is a suspected human carcinogen. In samples purchased in 2005 or later (n = 61) the most common FRs detected were TDCPP (52%) and components associated with the Firemaster550 (FM 550) mixture (18%). Since the 2005 phase-out of PentaBDE, the use of TDCPP increased significantly. In addition, a mixture of nonhalogenated organophosphate FRs that included triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(4-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPP), and a mix of butylphenyl phosphate isomers were observed in 13% of the couch samples purchased in 2005 or later. Overall the prevalence of flame retardants (and PentaBDE) was higher in couches bought in California compared to elsewhere, although the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.054 for PentaBDE). The difference was greater before 2005 than after, suggesting that TB 117 is becoming a de facto standard across the U.S. We determined that the presence of a TB 117 label did predict the presence of a FR; however, lack of a label did not predict the absence of a flame retardant. Following the PentaBDE phase out, we also found an increased number of flame retardants on the market. Given these results, and the potential for human exposure to FRs, health studies should be conducted on the types of FRs identified here.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nazar-davis-areviewoffireblockingtechnologiesforsoftfurnishings-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nazar-davis-areviewoffireblockingtechnologiesforsoftfurnishings-2012', 'http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract', event);\">\n    A review of fire blocking technologies for soft furnishings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nazaré, S.;  and Davis, R. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Science Reviews</i>, 1(1): 1. April 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nazar-davis-areviewoffireblockingtechnologiesforsoftfurnishings-2012', 'http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A review of fire blocking technologies for soft furnishings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/2193-0414-1-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nazar-davis-areviewoffireblockingtechnologiesforsoftfurnishings-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/2193-0414-1-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nazar-davis-areviewoffireblockingtechnologiesforsoftfurnishings-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nazar-davis-areviewoffireblockingtechnologiesforsoftfurnishings-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nazare_review_2012,\n\ttitle = {A review of fire blocking technologies for soft furnishings},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tcopyright = {2012 Nazare and Davis; licensee Springer.},\n\tissn = {2193-0414},\n\turl = {http://www.firesciencereviews.com/content/1/1/1/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/2193-0414-1-1},\n\tabstract = {Fire barrier fabrics are expected to play an increasingly important role in complying with existing and proposed soft furnishing flammability regulations in the US. The number of commercial fire blocking technologies is large in order to accommodate the vast requirements of the consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Generally, highloft, nonwoven fiber battings are used in residential mattress applications, whereas coated or laminated textiles are more common in institutional and upholstered furnishing applications. Successfully achieving the desired level of fire protection requires appropriate matching of the barrier fabric to the desired characteristics of the soft furnishing. Barrier material selection for soft furnishings is generally a process of trial and error due to significant measurement science gaps.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-07-02},\n\tjournal = {Fire Science Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Nazaré, Shonali and Davis, Rick D.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Barrier fabrics, Mattress, Regulations, Review, Soft furnishings, Upholstered furniture, flammability},\n\tpages = {1},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fire barrier fabrics are expected to play an increasingly important role in complying with existing and proposed soft furnishing flammability regulations in the US. The number of commercial fire blocking technologies is large in order to accommodate the vast requirements of the consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. Generally, highloft, nonwoven fiber battings are used in residential mattress applications, whereas coated or laminated textiles are more common in institutional and upholstered furnishing applications. Successfully achieving the desired level of fire protection requires appropriate matching of the barrier fabric to the desired characteristics of the soft furnishing. Barrier material selection for soft furnishings is generally a process of trial and error due to significant measurement science gaps.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n', event);\">\n    After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dodson, R. E.; Perovich, L. J.; Covaci, A.; Van den Eede, N.; Ionas, A. C.; Dirtu, A. C.; Brody, J. G.;  and Rudel, R. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 46(24): 13056–13066. December 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples from California [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es303879n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es303879n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dodson-perovich-covaci-vandeneede-ionas-dirtu-brody-rudel-afterthepbdephaseoutabroadsuiteofflameretardantsinrepeathousedustsamplesfromcalifornia-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dodson_after_2012,\n\ttitle = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}: {A} {Broad} {Suite} of {Flame} {Retardants} in {Repeat} {House} {Dust} {Samples} from {California}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {After the {PBDE} {Phase}-{Out}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303879n},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es303879n},\n\tabstract = {Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state?s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50\\% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California?s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01\\% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75\\% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated ?Tris,? which was banned in children?s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Dodson, Robin E. and Perovich, Laura J. and Covaci, Adrian and Van den Eede, Nele and Ionas, Alin C. and Dirtu, Alin C. and Brody, Julia Green and Rudel, Ruthann A.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {13056--13066},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state?s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California?s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated ?Tris,? which was banned in children?s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, and TPHP) were higher in 2011 than 2006, consistent with its use as a PentaBDE replacement. Results highlight the evolving nature of FR exposures and suggest that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-dirtu-eede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-dirtu-eede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833', event);\">\n    Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: Indoor sources and human exposure assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Eede, N. V. d.; Goosey, E.; Harrad, S.; Neels, H.; ’t Mannetje, A.; Coakley, J.; Douwes, J.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(11): 1276–1282. September 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-dirtu-eede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: Indoor sources and human exposure assessment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-dirtu-eede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-dirtu-eede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-dirtu-eede-goosey-harrad-neels-tmannetje-coakley-etal-occurrenceofalternativeflameretardantsinindoordustfromnewzealandindoorsourcesandhumanexposureassessment-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_occurrence_2012,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}: {Indoor} sources and human exposure assessment},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from {New} {Zealand}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004833},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100},\n\tabstract = {Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n = 34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n = 16). Concentrations (ng g−1) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (\\&amp;lt;2–175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (\\&amp;lt;5–1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (\\&amp;lt;2–2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (\\&amp;lt;2–640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ng g−1) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (\\&amp;lt;10–235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (\\&amp;lt;20–7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (\\&amp;lt;20–7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20–7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50–27 325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20–16 560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20–35 190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (\\&amp;lt;50–3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range \\&amp;lt;2–4100 ng g−1. BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n = 16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Dirtu, Alin C. and Eede, Nele Van den and Goosey, Emma and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and ’t Mannetje, Andrea and Coakley, Jonathan and Douwes, Jeroen and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, New Zealand, Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)},\n\tpages = {1276--1282},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n = 34) and from mattresses of the same houses (n = 16). Concentrations (ng g−1) of NBFRs were: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (&lt;2–175), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (&lt;5–1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (&lt;2–2285) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (&lt;2–640). For OPFRs, concentrations (ng g−1) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (&lt;10–235), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (&lt;20–7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (&lt;20–7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20–7615), tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50–27 325), tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20–16 560), tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) (20–35 190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (&lt;50–3760). HBCD concentrations fell in the range &lt;2–4100 ng g−1. BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed significant positive correlation (p &lt; 0.05) between their concentrations in mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n = 16). These data were used to derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353', event);\">\n    Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  van der Veen, I.;  and de Boer, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 88(10): 1119–1153. August 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanderveen-deboer-phosphorusflameretardantspropertiesproductionenvironmentaloccurrencetoxicityandanalysis-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_der_veen_phosphorus_2012,\n\ttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants: {Properties}, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Phosphorus flame retardants},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512004353},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067},\n\tabstract = {Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20\\% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m−3, in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg−1 were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L−1. In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg−1, with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air.\n\nOnly the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs.\n\nInformation on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME).\n\nFor extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67–105\\%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (\\&amp;lt;20\\%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78–105\\%) and RSDs (3–8\\%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods.\n\nFor the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC–FPD), GC-nitrogen–phosphorus detection (NPD), GC–atomic emission detection (AED), GC–mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS and GC–Inductively-coupled plasma–MS (ICP–MS) are used. GC–ICP–MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5–10 ng mL−1) compared to GC–NPD and GC–MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC–MS offers a higher selectivity than GC–NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {van der Veen, Ike and de Boer, Jacob},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Analysis, Occurrence, PFR, Phosphorus flame retardants, Properties, Toxicity},\n\tpages = {1119--1153},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m−3, in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg−1 were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L−1. In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg−1, with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67–105%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (&lt;20%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78–105%) and RSDs (3–8%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC–FPD), GC-nitrogen–phosphorus detection (NPD), GC–atomic emission detection (AED), GC–mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS and GC–Inductively-coupled plasma–MS (ICP–MS) are used. GC–ICP–MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5–10 ng mL−1) compared to GC–NPD and GC–MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC–MS offers a higher selectivity than GC–NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607', event);\">\n    Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shoeib, M.; Harner, T.; Webster, G. M.; Sverko, E.;  and Cheng, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Pollution</i>, 169: 175–182. October 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shoeib-harner-webster-sverko-cheng-legacyandcurrentuseflameretardantsinhousedustfromvancouvercanada-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shoeib_legacy_2012,\n\tseries = {Interactions {Between} {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Air} {Pollution} - {Trends} and {Scientific} {Challenges} {Ozone}, {Climate} {Change} and {Forests}},\n\ttitle = {Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from {Vancouver}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {169},\n\tissn = {0269-7491},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112000607},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043},\n\tabstract = {Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007–2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81\\% and 100\\% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\n\tauthor = {Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Webster, Glenys M. and Sverko, Ed and Cheng, Yu},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Alternative flame retardants, Flame retardants, Human exposure, Indoor dust, Non-PBDE, PBDE},\n\tpages = {175--182},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eighteen non-PBDEs were measured in 116 dust samples collected from homes in Vancouver, Canada during 2007–2008 as part of the Chemicals Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in house dust were observed for BDE 209, with a median concentration of 1350 ng/g. This is about two times greater than the median concentration of the PentaBDE (represented by the most abundant compounds in this formulation, ΣBDE 47, 99 and 100). In the case of non-PBDE FRs, a detection frequency between 81% and 100% was observed for nine analytes including: HBCD, BTBPE, BEHTBP, EHTBB, HBB, PBTO, PBBe, ATE and DP. The high detection of new FRs in indoor environments reflects their ubiquitous presence in indoor environment due to regulation of the PBDEs. Exposure to FRs are estimated based on these data for adults and toddlers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ishizaki-fleming-quantumcoherenceinphotosyntheticlightharvesting-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ishizaki-fleming-quantumcoherenceinphotosyntheticlightharvesting-2012', 'http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126', event);\">\n    Quantum Coherence in Photosynthetic Light Harvesting.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ishizaki, A.;  and Fleming, G. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Condensed Matter Physics</i>, 3: 333–361. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ishizaki-fleming-quantumcoherenceinphotosyntheticlightharvesting-2012', 'http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Quantum Coherence in Photosynthetic Light Harvesting [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ishizaki-fleming-quantumcoherenceinphotosyntheticlightharvesting-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ishizaki-fleming-quantumcoherenceinphotosyntheticlightharvesting-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ishizaki_quantum_2012,\n\ttitle = {Quantum {Coherence} in {Photosynthetic} {Light} {Harvesting}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\turl = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125126},\n\tabstract = {Recent two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopic experiments revealed that electronic energy transfer in photosynthetic light harvesting involves long-lived quantum coherence among electronic excitations of pigments. These findings have led to the suggestion that quantum coherence might play a role in achieving the remarkable quantum efficiency of photosynthetic light harvesting. Further, this speculation has led to much effort being devoted to elucidation of the quantum mechanisms of the photosynthetic excitation energy transfer (EET). In this review, we provide an overview of recent experimental and theoretical investigations of photosynthetic electronic energy transfer, specifically addressing underlying mechanisms of the observed long-lived coherence and its potential roles in photosynthetic light harvesting. We close with some thoughts on directions for future developments in this area.},\n\tjournal = {Condensed Matter Physics},\n\tauthor = {Ishizaki, Akihito and Fleming, Graham R.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {electronic energy transfer, non-Markovian interplay between electronic excitat, pigment-protein complexes, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy},\n\tpages = {333--361},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopic experiments revealed that electronic energy transfer in photosynthetic light harvesting involves long-lived quantum coherence among electronic excitations of pigments. These findings have led to the suggestion that quantum coherence might play a role in achieving the remarkable quantum efficiency of photosynthetic light harvesting. Further, this speculation has led to much effort being devoted to elucidation of the quantum mechanisms of the photosynthetic excitation energy transfer (EET). In this review, we provide an overview of recent experimental and theoretical investigations of photosynthetic electronic energy transfer, specifically addressing underlying mechanisms of the observed long-lived coherence and its potential roles in photosynthetic light harvesting. We close with some thoughts on directions for future developments in this area.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chappazgillot-marek-blaive-canard-brck-garab-hahn-jvorfi-etal-anisotropicorganizationandmicroscopicmanipulationofselfassemblingsyntheticporphyrinmicrorodsthatmimicchlorosomesbacteriallightharvestingsystems-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chappazgillot-marek-blaive-canard-brck-garab-hahn-jvorfi-etal-anisotropicorganizationandmicroscopicmanipulationofselfassemblingsyntheticporphyrinmicrorodsthatmimicchlorosomesbacteriallightharvestingsystems-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p', event);\">\n    Anisotropic organization and microscopic manipulation of self-assembling synthetic porphyrin microrods that mimic chlorosomes: bacterial light-harvesting systems.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chappaz-Gillot, C.; Marek, P. L; Blaive, B. J; Canard, G.; Bürck, J.; Garab, G.; Hahn, H.; Jávorfi, T.; Kelemen, L.; Krupke, R.; Mössinger, D.; Ormos, P.; Reddy, C. M.; Roussel, C.; Steinbach, G.; Szabó, M.; Ulrich, A. S; Vanthuyne, N.; Vijayaraghavan, A.; Zupcanova, A.;  and Balaban, T. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 134(2): 944–54. January 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chappazgillot-marek-blaive-canard-brck-garab-hahn-jvorfi-etal-anisotropicorganizationandmicroscopicmanipulationofselfassemblingsyntheticporphyrinmicrorodsthatmimicchlorosomesbacteriallightharvestingsystems-2012', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Anisotropic organization and microscopic manipulation of self-assembling synthetic porphyrin microrods that mimic chlorosomes: bacterial light-harvesting systems. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chappazgillot-marek-blaive-canard-brck-garab-hahn-jvorfi-etal-anisotropicorganizationandmicroscopicmanipulationofselfassemblingsyntheticporphyrinmicrorodsthatmimicchlorosomesbacteriallightharvestingsystems-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chappazgillot-marek-blaive-canard-brck-garab-hahn-jvorfi-etal-anisotropicorganizationandmicroscopicmanipulationofselfassemblingsyntheticporphyrinmicrorodsthatmimicchlorosomesbacteriallightharvestingsystems-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chappazgillot-marek-blaive-canard-brck-garab-hahn-jvorfi-etal-anisotropicorganizationandmicroscopicmanipulationofselfassemblingsyntheticporphyrinmicrorodsthatmimicchlorosomesbacteriallightharvestingsystems-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chappaz-gillot_anisotropic_2012,\n\ttitle = {Anisotropic organization and microscopic manipulation of self-assembling synthetic porphyrin microrods that mimic chlorosomes: bacterial light-harvesting systems.},\n\tvolume = {134},\n\tissn = {1520-5126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja203838p},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja203838p},\n\tabstract = {Being able to control in time and space the positioning, orientation, movement, and sense of rotation of nano- to microscale objects is currently an active research area in nanoscience, having diverse nanotechnological applications. In this paper, we demonstrate unprecedented control and maneuvering of rod-shaped or tubular nanostructures with high aspect ratios which are formed by self-assembling synthetic porphyrins. The self-assembly algorithm, encoded by appended chemical-recognition groups on the periphery of these porphyrins, is the same as the one operating for chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls (BChl&#x27;s). Chlorosomes, rod-shaped organelles with relatively long-range molecular order, are the most efficient naturally occurring light-harvesting systems. They are used by green photosynthetic bacteria to trap visible and infrared light of minute intensities even at great depths, e.g., 100 m below water surface or in volcanic vents in the absence of solar radiation. In contrast to most other natural light-harvesting systems, the chlorosomal antennae are devoid of a protein scaffold to orient the BChl&#x27;s; thus, they are an attractive goal for mimicry by synthetic chemists, who are able to engineer more robust chromophores to self-assemble. Functional devices with environmentally friendly chromophores-which should be able to act as photosensitizers within hybrid solar cells, leading to high photon-to-current conversion efficiencies even under low illumination conditions-have yet to be fabricated. The orderly manner in which the BChl&#x27;s and their synthetic counterparts self-assemble imparts strong diamagnetic and optical anisotropies and flow/shear characteristics to their nanostructured assemblies, allowing them to be manipulated by electrical, magnetic, or tribomechanical forces.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Chappaz-Gillot, Cyril and Marek, Peter L and Blaive, Bruno J and Canard, Gabriel and Bürck, Jochen and Garab, Gyozo and Hahn, Horst and Jávorfi, Tamás and Kelemen, Loránd and Krupke, Ralph and Mössinger, Dennis and Ormos, Pál and Reddy, Chilla Malla and Roussel, Christian and Steinbach, Gábor and Szabó, Milán and Ulrich, Anne S and Vanthuyne, Nicolas and Vijayaraghavan, Aravind and Zupcanova, Anita and Balaban, Teodor Silviu},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {944--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Being able to control in time and space the positioning, orientation, movement, and sense of rotation of nano- to microscale objects is currently an active research area in nanoscience, having diverse nanotechnological applications. In this paper, we demonstrate unprecedented control and maneuvering of rod-shaped or tubular nanostructures with high aspect ratios which are formed by self-assembling synthetic porphyrins. The self-assembly algorithm, encoded by appended chemical-recognition groups on the periphery of these porphyrins, is the same as the one operating for chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls (BChl's). Chlorosomes, rod-shaped organelles with relatively long-range molecular order, are the most efficient naturally occurring light-harvesting systems. They are used by green photosynthetic bacteria to trap visible and infrared light of minute intensities even at great depths, e.g., 100 m below water surface or in volcanic vents in the absence of solar radiation. In contrast to most other natural light-harvesting systems, the chlorosomal antennae are devoid of a protein scaffold to orient the BChl's; thus, they are an attractive goal for mimicry by synthetic chemists, who are able to engineer more robust chromophores to self-assemble. Functional devices with environmentally friendly chromophores-which should be able to act as photosensitizers within hybrid solar cells, leading to high photon-to-current conversion efficiencies even under low illumination conditions-have yet to be fabricated. The orderly manner in which the BChl's and their synthetic counterparts self-assemble imparts strong diamagnetic and optical anisotropies and flow/shear characteristics to their nanostructured assemblies, allowing them to be manipulated by electrical, magnetic, or tribomechanical forces.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kimura-nomoto-masaki-mori-dyemoleculesforsimplecosensitizationprocessfabricationofmixeddyesensitizedsolarcells-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kimura-nomoto-masaki-mori-dyemoleculesforsimplecosensitizationprocessfabricationofmixeddyesensitizedsolarcells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011', event);\">\n    Dye Molecules for Simple Co-Sensitization Process: Fabrication of Mixed-Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kimura, M.; Nomoto, H.; Masaki, N.;  and Mori, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kimura-nomoto-masaki-mori-dyemoleculesforsimplecosensitizationprocessfabricationofmixeddyesensitizedsolarcells-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dye Molecules for Simple Co-Sensitization Process: Fabrication of Mixed-Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201108610\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kimura-nomoto-masaki-mori-dyemoleculesforsimplecosensitizationprocessfabricationofmixeddyesensitizedsolarcells-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201108610', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kimura-nomoto-masaki-mori-dyemoleculesforsimplecosensitizationprocessfabricationofmixeddyesensitizedsolarcells-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kimura-nomoto-masaki-mori-dyemoleculesforsimplecosensitizationprocessfabricationofmixeddyesensitizedsolarcells-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kimura_dye_2012,\n\ttitle = {Dye {Molecules} for {Simple} {Co}-{Sensitization} {Process}: {Fabrication} of {Mixed}-{Dye}-{Sensitized} {Solar} {Cells}.},\n\tissn = {1521-3773},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22319011},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.201108610},\n\tabstract = {Sensitive kind of dye: Co-sensitization of the TiO(2) electrode using PcS15 and the dye D131 results in a dramatic enhancement of the photocurrent response for the entire visible-light region. This method provides a simple design for accessing dye-sensitized solar cells.},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Kimura, Mutsumi and Nomoto, Hirotaka and Masaki, Naruhiko and Mori, Shogo},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Sensitive kind of dye: Co-sensitization of the TiO(2) electrode using PcS15 and the dye D131 results in a dramatic enhancement of the photocurrent response for the entire visible-light region. This method provides a simple design for accessing dye-sensitized solar cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"peng-chen-zhao-yang-wu-tung-zhang-tong-artificiallightharvestingsystembasedonmultifunctionalsurfacecrosslinkedmicelles-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'peng-chen-zhao-yang-wu-tung-zhang-tong-artificiallightharvestingsystembasedonmultifunctionalsurfacecrosslinkedmicelles-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404', event);\">\n    Artificial light-harvesting system based on multifunctional surface-cross-linked micelles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Peng, H.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, Q.; Wu, L.; Tung, C.; Zhang, L.;  and Tong, Q.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 51(9): 2088–92. February 2012.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peng-chen-zhao-yang-wu-tung-zhang-tong-artificiallightharvestingsystembasedonmultifunctionalsurfacecrosslinkedmicelles-2012', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Artificial light-harvesting system based on multifunctional surface-cross-linked micelles. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201107723\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peng-chen-zhao-yang-wu-tung-zhang-tong-artificiallightharvestingsystembasedonmultifunctionalsurfacecrosslinkedmicelles-2012', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201107723', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/peng-chen-zhao-yang-wu-tung-zhang-tong-artificiallightharvestingsystembasedonmultifunctionalsurfacecrosslinkedmicelles-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('peng-chen-zhao-yang-wu-tung-zhang-tong-artificiallightharvestingsystembasedonmultifunctionalsurfacecrosslinkedmicelles-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{peng_artificial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Artificial light-harvesting system based on multifunctional surface-cross-linked micelles.},\n\tvolume = {51},\n\tissn = {1521-3773},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282404},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.201107723},\n\tabstract = {A good harvest: Two self-assembling strategies (micellization and electrostatic attraction) and covalent capture were employed to construct a robust, inexpensive, efficient artificial light-harvesting system. The synthesis was achieved by a one-pot reaction. A high density of the antenna chromophores was achieved without self-quenching and excimer formation, thus affording extremely efficient energy transfer.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Peng, Hui-Qing and Chen, Yu-Zhe and Zhao, Yan and Yang, Qing-Zheng and Wu, Li-Zhu and Tung, Chen-Ho and Zhang, Li-Ping and Tong, Qing-Xiao},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {2088--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A good harvest: Two self-assembling strategies (micellization and electrostatic attraction) and covalent capture were employed to construct a robust, inexpensive, efficient artificial light-harvesting system. The synthesis was achieved by a one-pot reaction. A high density of the antenna chromophores was achieved without self-quenching and excimer formation, thus affording extremely efficient energy transfer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2011\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2011</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (217)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"duleba-ahmed-sun-gao-villanueva-conley-turgeon-benirschke-etal-effectsoftriclocarbanonintactimmaturemalerataugmentationofandrogenaction-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'duleba-ahmed-sun-gao-villanueva-conley-turgeon-benirschke-etal-effectsoftriclocarbanonintactimmaturemalerataugmentationofandrogenaction-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Effects of triclocarban on intact immature male rat: augmentation of androgen action.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Duleba, A. J; Ahmed, M. I; Sun, M.; Gao, A. C; Villanueva, J.; Conley, A. J; Turgeon, J. L; Benirschke, K.; Gee, N. A; Chen, J.; Green, P. G;  and Lasley, B. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reproductive sciences</i>, 18(2): 119–127.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('duleba-ahmed-sun-gao-villanueva-conley-turgeon-benirschke-etal-effectsoftriclocarbanonintactimmaturemalerataugmentationofandrogenaction-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of triclocarban on intact immature male rat: augmentation of androgen action [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1933719110382581\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('duleba-ahmed-sun-gao-villanueva-conley-turgeon-benirschke-etal-effectsoftriclocarbanonintactimmaturemalerataugmentationofandrogenaction-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1933719110382581', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/duleba-ahmed-sun-gao-villanueva-conley-turgeon-benirschke-etal-effectsoftriclocarbanonintactimmaturemalerataugmentationofandrogenaction-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('duleba-ahmed-sun-gao-villanueva-conley-turgeon-benirschke-etal-effectsoftriclocarbanonintactimmaturemalerataugmentationofandrogenaction-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{duleba_effects_2011,\n\ttitle = {Effects of triclocarban on intact immature male rat: augmentation of androgen action},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1933-7205},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3031453&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1933719110382581},\n\tabstract = {Triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4&#x27;-trichlorocarbanilide) is an antimicrobial agent used widely in various personal hygiene products including soaps. Recently, TCC has been shown to enhance testosterone-induced effects in vitro and to enlarge accessory sex organs in castrated male rats. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of TCC on intact age-matched male rats and on human prostate LNCaP and C4-2B cells. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a normal diet or a diet supplemented with TCC (0.25\\% in diet) for 10 days. Triclocarban induced hyperplasia of accessory sex organs in the absence of significant qualitative histological changes. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were not significantly altered by TCC treatment. In prostate cancer-derived LNCaP and C4-2B cells, TCC potentiated androgen actions via androgen receptor-dependent actions. In conclusion, TCC significantly affects intact male reproductive organs and potentiates androgen effects in prostate cancer cells.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Reproductive sciences},\n\tauthor = {Duleba, Antoni J and Ahmed, Mohamed I and Sun, Meng and Gao, Allen C and Villanueva, Jesus and Conley, Alan J and Turgeon, Judith L and Benirschke, Kurt and Gee, Nancy A and Chen, Jiangang and Green, Peter G and Lasley, Bill L},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20889956},\n\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Antimicrobial, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Florence, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Humans, Local, Local: toxicity, Luteinizing Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone: blood, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Prostate, Prostate: drug effects, Prostate: pathology, Prostate: physiopathology, Prostatic Neoplasms, Prostatic Neoplasms: pathology, Prostatic Neoplasms: physiopathology, Rats, Receptors, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, TCC, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood, Transcription, Tumor, Water: metabolism, cell line, water},\n\tpages = {119--127},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide) is an antimicrobial agent used widely in various personal hygiene products including soaps. Recently, TCC has been shown to enhance testosterone-induced effects in vitro and to enlarge accessory sex organs in castrated male rats. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of TCC on intact age-matched male rats and on human prostate LNCaP and C4-2B cells. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a normal diet or a diet supplemented with TCC (0.25% in diet) for 10 days. Triclocarban induced hyperplasia of accessory sex organs in the absence of significant qualitative histological changes. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were not significantly altered by TCC treatment. In prostate cancer-derived LNCaP and C4-2B cells, TCC potentiated androgen actions via androgen receptor-dependent actions. In conclusion, TCC significantly affects intact male reproductive organs and potentiates androgen effects in prostate cancer cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dann-hontela-triclosanenvironmentalexposuretoxicityandmechanismsofaction-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan: Environmental exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dann, A. B.;  and Hontela, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Applied Toxicology</i>, 31(4): 285–311.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1660\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dann-hontela-triclosanenvironmentalexposuretoxicityandmechanismsofaction-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1660', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dann-hontela-triclosanenvironmentalexposuretoxicityandmechanismsofaction-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dann-hontela-triclosanenvironmentalexposuretoxicityandmechanismsofaction-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dann_triclosan:_2011,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan: {Environmental} exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0260437X},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jat.1660},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS&#x27;s potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Dann, A. B. and Hontela, Alice},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21462230},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic species, Effects, Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Florence, Human, Irgasan, Levels, Mammals, Reproduction, TCS, Toxicity, Triclosan, review},\n\tpages = {285--311},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS's potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"clayton-todd-dowd-aiello-theimpactofbisphenolaandtriclosanonimmuneparametersintheuspopulationnhanes20032006-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The impact of bisphenol A and triclosan on immune parameters in the U.S. population, NHANES 2003-2006.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Clayton, E. M. R.; Todd, M.; Dowd, J. B.;  and Aiello, A. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 119(3): 390–396.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002883\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('clayton-todd-dowd-aiello-theimpactofbisphenolaandtriclosanonimmuneparametersintheuspopulationnhanes20032006-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002883', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/clayton-todd-dowd-aiello-theimpactofbisphenolaandtriclosanonimmuneparametersintheuspopulationnhanes20032006-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('clayton-todd-dowd-aiello-theimpactofbisphenolaandtriclosanonimmuneparametersintheuspopulationnhanes20032006-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{clayton_impact_2011,\n\ttitle = {The impact of bisphenol {A} and triclosan on immune parameters in the {U}.{S}. population, {NHANES} 2003-2006},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {00916765},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002883},\n\tabstract = {Exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with numerous disease outcomes, many of which involve underlying immune and inflammatory dysfunction.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Clayton, Erin M. Rees and Todd, Megan and Dowd, Jennifer Beam and Aiello, Allison E.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21062687},\n\tkeywords = {Allergies, Antimicrobial, Bisphenol a, Cytomegalovirus, Endocrine-disrupting compounds, Florence, Human exposure, NHANES, TCS, Triclosan},\n\tpages = {390--396},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with numerous disease outcomes, many of which involve underlying immune and inflammatory dysfunction.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"buth-ross-mcneill-arnold-removalandformationofchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesinwastewatertreatmentplantsusingchlorineanduvdisinfection-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'buth-ross-mcneill-arnold-removalandformationofchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesinwastewatertreatmentplantsusingchlorineanduvdisinfection-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017', event);\">\n    Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Buth, J. M.; Ross, M. R.; McNeill, K.;  and Arnold, W. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 84: 1238–1243.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buth-ross-mcneill-arnold-removalandformationofchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesinwastewatertreatmentplantsusingchlorineanduvdisinfection-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buth-ross-mcneill-arnold-removalandformationofchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesinwastewatertreatmentplantsusingchlorineanduvdisinfection-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/buth-ross-mcneill-arnold-removalandformationofchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesinwastewatertreatmentplantsusingchlorineanduvdisinfection-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('buth-ross-mcneill-arnold-removalandformationofchlorinatedtriclosanderivativesinwastewatertreatmentplantsusingchlorineanduvdisinfection-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{buth_removal_2011,\n\ttitle = {Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and {UV} disinfection},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.017},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.003},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98ngL-1, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212ngL-1, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1ngL-1) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22ngL-1 in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Buth, Jeffrey M. and Ross, Michael R. and McNeill, Kristopher and Arnold, William A.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21652055},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Chlorination, Florence, TCS, Triclosan, UV, Wastewater, sewage treatment},\n\tpages = {1238--1243},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98ngL-1, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212ngL-1, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1ngL-1) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22ngL-1 in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"aryal-reinhold-phytoaccumulationofantimicrobialsfrombiosolidsimpactsonenvironmentalfateandrelevancetohumanexposure-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'aryal-reinhold-phytoaccumulationofantimicrobialsfrombiosolidsimpactsonenvironmentalfateandrelevancetohumanexposure-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027', event);\">\n    Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: Impacts on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Aryal, N.;  and Reinhold, D. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water Research</i>, 45(17): 5545–5552.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aryal-reinhold-phytoaccumulationofantimicrobialsfrombiosolidsimpactsonenvironmentalfateandrelevancetohumanexposure-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: Impacts on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aryal-reinhold-phytoaccumulationofantimicrobialsfrombiosolidsimpactsonenvironmentalfateandrelevancetohumanexposure-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/aryal-reinhold-phytoaccumulationofantimicrobialsfrombiosolidsimpactsonenvironmentalfateandrelevancetohumanexposure-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('aryal-reinhold-phytoaccumulationofantimicrobialsfrombiosolidsimpactsonenvironmentalfateandrelevancetohumanexposure-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{aryal_phytoaccumulation_2011,\n\ttitle = {Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: {Impacts} on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {00431354},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027},\n\tabstract = {Triclocarban and triclosan, two antimicrobials widely used in consumer products, can adversely affect ecosystems and potentially impact human health. The application of biosolids to agricultural fields introduces triclocarban and triclosan to soil and water resources. This research examined the phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials, effects of plant growth on migration of antimicrobials to water resources, and relevance of phytoaccumulation in human exposure to antimicrobials. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass were grown in soil columns to which biosolids were applied. Leachate from soil columns was assessed every other week for triclocarban and triclosan. At the end of the trial, concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan were determined for soil, roots, stems, and leaves. Results indicated that plants can reduce leaching of antimicrobials to water resources. Pumpkin and zucchini growth significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclosan to less than 0.001 mg/kg, while zucchini significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclocarban to 0.04 mg/kg. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass accumulated triclocarban and triclosan in mg per kg (dry) concentrations. Potential human exposure to triclocarban from consumption of pumpkin or zucchini was substantially less than exposure from product use, but was greater than exposure from drinking water consumption. Consequently, research indicated that pumpkin and zucchini may beneficially impact the fate of antimicrobials in agricultural fields, while presenting minimal acute risk to human health. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tjournal = {Water Research},\n\tauthor = {Aryal, Niroj and Reinhold, Dawn M.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21903237},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Phytoremediation, Plant uptake, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, Triclosan, terrestrial},\n\tpages = {5545--5552},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclocarban and triclosan, two antimicrobials widely used in consumer products, can adversely affect ecosystems and potentially impact human health. The application of biosolids to agricultural fields introduces triclocarban and triclosan to soil and water resources. This research examined the phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials, effects of plant growth on migration of antimicrobials to water resources, and relevance of phytoaccumulation in human exposure to antimicrobials. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass were grown in soil columns to which biosolids were applied. Leachate from soil columns was assessed every other week for triclocarban and triclosan. At the end of the trial, concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan were determined for soil, roots, stems, and leaves. Results indicated that plants can reduce leaching of antimicrobials to water resources. Pumpkin and zucchini growth significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclosan to less than 0.001 mg/kg, while zucchini significantly reduced soil concentrations of triclocarban to 0.04 mg/kg. Pumpkin, zucchini, and switch grass accumulated triclocarban and triclosan in mg per kg (dry) concentrations. Potential human exposure to triclocarban from consumption of pumpkin or zucchini was substantially less than exposure from product use, but was greater than exposure from drinking water consumption. Consequently, research indicated that pumpkin and zucchini may beneficially impact the fate of antimicrobials in agricultural fields, while presenting minimal acute risk to human health. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"trier-granby-christensen-polyfluorinatedsurfactantspfsinpaperandboardcoatingsforfoodpackaging-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) in paper and board coatings for food packaging.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Trier, X.; Granby, K.;  and Christensen, J. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>, 18(7): 1108–1120.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0439-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trier-granby-christensen-polyfluorinatedsurfactantspfsinpaperandboardcoatingsforfoodpackaging-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0439-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/trier-granby-christensen-polyfluorinatedsurfactantspfsinpaperandboardcoatingsforfoodpackaging-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('trier-granby-christensen-polyfluorinatedsurfactantspfsinpaperandboardcoatingsforfoodpackaging-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{trier_polyfluorinated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polyfluorinated surfactants ({PFS}) in paper and board coatings for food packaging},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {09441344},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-010-0439-3},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: In this study, we explore the identity of a range of polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) used for food contact materials, primarily to impart oil and water repellency on paper and board. PFS are of interest, as they can be precursors of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), of which several are persistent and are found worldwide in human blood and in the environment.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the elemental composition of PFS, we combined information from patents, chemical suppliers and analyses of industrial blends using ultra performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nRESULTS: At a high pH of 9.7, both non-ionic and anionic PFS were ionised and were recognised by negative mass defects of exact masses, and neutral fragment losses of n × 20 or n × 100 Da. More than 115 molecular structures were found in industrial blends from the EU, US and China, belonging to the groups of polyfluoroalkyl-mono- and di-ester phosphates (monoPAPS, diPAPS and S-diPAPS), -ethoxylates, -acrylates, -amino acids, -sulfonamide phosphates and -thio acids, together with residuals and synthesis byproducts. In addition, a number of starting materials such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide N-alkyl esters were analysed. Di- and trialkylated PAPS and S-diPAPS were found in migrates from European food contact materials.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nCONCLUSION: This study highlights the need to monitor for more types of PFS in order to map the sources of PFAS in humans and the environment.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Trier, Xenia and Granby, Kit and Christensen, Jan H.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21327544},\n\tkeywords = {Accurate mass spectrometry, Fluorinated surfactants, Food contact materials, Identification, Screening, UPLC-ESI-QTOF, migration},\n\tpages = {1108--1120},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: In this study, we explore the identity of a range of polyfluorinated surfactants (PFS) used for food contact materials, primarily to impart oil and water repellency on paper and board. PFS are of interest, as they can be precursors of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), of which several are persistent and are found worldwide in human blood and in the environment.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the elemental composition of PFS, we combined information from patents, chemical suppliers and analyses of industrial blends using ultra performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nRESULTS: At a high pH of 9.7, both non-ionic and anionic PFS were ionised and were recognised by negative mass defects of exact masses, and neutral fragment losses of n × 20 or n × 100 Da. More than 115 molecular structures were found in industrial blends from the EU, US and China, belonging to the groups of polyfluoroalkyl-mono- and di-ester phosphates (monoPAPS, diPAPS and S-diPAPS), -ethoxylates, -acrylates, -amino acids, -sulfonamide phosphates and -thio acids, together with residuals and synthesis byproducts. In addition, a number of starting materials such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide N-alkyl esters were analysed. Di- and trialkylated PAPS and S-diPAPS were found in migrates from European food contact materials.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nCONCLUSION: This study highlights the need to monitor for more types of PFS in order to map the sources of PFAS in humans and the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sepulvado-blaine-hundal-higgins-occurrenceandfateofperfluorinatedcompoundsinsoilfollowinglandapplicationofmunicipalbiosolids-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Occurrence and fate of perfluorinated compounds in soil following land application of municipal biosolids.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sepulvado, J. G; Blaine, A. C; Hundal, L. S;  and Higgins, C. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45: 8106–8112.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es103903d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sepulvado-blaine-hundal-higgins-occurrenceandfateofperfluorinatedcompoundsinsoilfollowinglandapplicationofmunicipalbiosolids-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es103903d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sepulvado-blaine-hundal-higgins-occurrenceandfateofperfluorinatedcompoundsinsoilfollowinglandapplicationofmunicipalbiosolids-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sepulvado-blaine-hundal-higgins-occurrenceandfateofperfluorinatedcompoundsinsoilfollowinglandapplicationofmunicipalbiosolids-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sepulvado_occurrence_2011,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and fate of perfluorinated compounds in soil following land application of municipal biosolids},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es103903d},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Sepulvado, Jennifer G and Blaine, Andrea C and Hundal, Lakhwinder S and Higgins, Christopher P},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {8106--8112},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"houde-desilva-muir-letcher-monitoringofperfluorinatedcompoundsinaquaticbiotaanupdatedreview-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: An updated review.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Houde, M.; De Silva, A. O.; Muir, D. C G;  and Letcher, R. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 45(19): 7962–7973.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es104326w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('houde-desilva-muir-letcher-monitoringofperfluorinatedcompoundsinaquaticbiotaanupdatedreview-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es104326w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/houde-desilva-muir-letcher-monitoringofperfluorinatedcompoundsinaquaticbiotaanupdatedreview-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('houde-desilva-muir-letcher-monitoringofperfluorinatedcompoundsinaquaticbiotaanupdatedreview-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{houde_monitoring_2011,\n\ttitle = {Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: {An} updated review},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es104326w},\n\tabstract = {The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to our critical review published in 2006. A wider range of geographical locations (e.g., South America, Russia, Antarctica) and habitats (e.g., high-mountain lakes, deep-ocean, and offshore waters) have been investigated in recent years enabling a better understanding of the global distribution of PFCs in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of PFCs continue to be detected in invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals worldwide. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is still the predominant PFC detected (mean concentrations up to 1900 ng/g ww) in addition to important concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; sum PFCAs up to 400 ng/g ww). More studies have evaluated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these compounds in both freshwater and marine food webs. Several reports have indicated a decrease in PFOS levels over time in contrast to PFCA concentrations that have tended to increase in tissues of aquatic organisms at many locations. The detection of precursor metabolites and isomers has become more frequently reported in environmental assessments yielding important information on the sources and distribution of these contaminants. The integration of environmental/ecological characteristics (e.g., latitude/longitude, salinity, and/or trophic status at sampling locations) and biological variables (e.g., age, gender, life cycle, migration, diet composition, growth rate, food chain length, metabolism, and elimination) are essential elements in order to adequately study the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and should be more frequently considered in study design.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Houde, Magali and De Silva, Amila O. and Muir, Derek C G and Letcher, Robert J.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21542574},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {7962--7973},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to our critical review published in 2006. A wider range of geographical locations (e.g., South America, Russia, Antarctica) and habitats (e.g., high-mountain lakes, deep-ocean, and offshore waters) have been investigated in recent years enabling a better understanding of the global distribution of PFCs in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of PFCs continue to be detected in invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals worldwide. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is still the predominant PFC detected (mean concentrations up to 1900 ng/g ww) in addition to important concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; sum PFCAs up to 400 ng/g ww). More studies have evaluated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these compounds in both freshwater and marine food webs. Several reports have indicated a decrease in PFOS levels over time in contrast to PFCA concentrations that have tended to increase in tissues of aquatic organisms at many locations. The detection of precursor metabolites and isomers has become more frequently reported in environmental assessments yielding important information on the sources and distribution of these contaminants. The integration of environmental/ecological characteristics (e.g., latitude/longitude, salinity, and/or trophic status at sampling locations) and biological variables (e.g., age, gender, life cycle, migration, diet composition, growth rate, food chain length, metabolism, and elimination) are essential elements in order to adequately study the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and should be more frequently considered in study design.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kato-wong-jia-kuklenyik-calafat-trendsinexposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulation19992008-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: 1999-2008.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kato, K.; Wong, L. Y.; Jia, L. T.; Kuklenyik, Z.;  and Calafat, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 45(19): 8037–8045.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1043613\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kato-wong-jia-kuklenyik-calafat-trendsinexposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulation19992008-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1043613', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kato-wong-jia-kuklenyik-calafat-trendsinexposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulation19992008-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kato-wong-jia-kuklenyik-calafat-trendsinexposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulation19992008-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kato_trends_2011,\n\ttitle = {Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the {U}.{S}. population: 1999-2008},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1043613},\n\tabstract = {Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999-2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999-2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95\\% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999-2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999-2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003-2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007-2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Kato, Kayoko and Wong, Lee Yang and Jia, Lily T. and Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna and Calafat, Antonia M.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21469664},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {8037--8045},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999-2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999-2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999-2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999-2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003-2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007-2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"buck-franklin-berger-conder-cousins-voogt-jensen-kannan-etal-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesintheenvironmentterminologyclassificationandorigins-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Buck, R. C.; Franklin, J.; Berger, U.; Conder, J. M.; Cousins, I. T.; Voogt, P. D.; Jensen, A. A.; Kannan, K.; Mabury, S. A.;  and van Leeuwen, S. P J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management</i>, 7(4): 513–541.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.258\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buck-franklin-berger-conder-cousins-voogt-jensen-kannan-etal-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesintheenvironmentterminologyclassificationandorigins-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.258', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/buck-franklin-berger-conder-cousins-voogt-jensen-kannan-etal-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesintheenvironmentterminologyclassificationandorigins-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('buck-franklin-berger-conder-cousins-voogt-jensen-kannan-etal-perfluoroalkylandpolyfluoroalkylsubstancesintheenvironmentterminologyclassificationandorigins-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{buck_perfluoroalkyl_2011,\n\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: {Terminology}, classification, and origins},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {15513793},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/ieam.258},\n\tabstract = {The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management},\n\tauthor = {Buck, Robert C. and Franklin, James and Berger, Urs and Conder, Jason M. and Cousins, Ian T. and Voogt, Pim De and Jensen, Allan Astrup and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Mabury, Scott A. and van Leeuwen, Stefan P J},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21793199},\n\tkeywords = {Acronyms, PFAS, Perfluoroalkyl, Polyfluoroalkyl, Terminology},\n\tpages = {513--541},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahrens-shoeib-harner-lee-guo-reiner-wastewatertreatmentplantandlandfillsassourcesofpolyfluoroalkylcompoundstotheatmosphere-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahrens, L.; Shoeib, M.; Harner, T.; Lee, S. C.; Guo, R.;  and Reiner, E. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 45(19): 8098–8105.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1036173\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahrens-shoeib-harner-lee-guo-reiner-wastewatertreatmentplantandlandfillsassourcesofpolyfluoroalkylcompoundstotheatmosphere-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1036173', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahrens-shoeib-harner-lee-guo-reiner-wastewatertreatmentplantandlandfillsassourcesofpolyfluoroalkylcompoundstotheatmosphere-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahrens-shoeib-harner-lee-guo-reiner-wastewatertreatmentplantandlandfillsassourcesofpolyfluoroalkylcompoundstotheatmosphere-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahrens_wastewater_2011,\n\ttitle = {Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1036173},\n\tabstract = {Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were determined in air around a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and two landfill sites using sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers in summer 2009. The samples were analyzed for five PFC classes (i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)) to investigate their concentration in air, composition and emissions to the atmosphere. summation operatorPFC concentrations in air were 3-15 times higher within the WWTP (2280-24 040 pg/m(3)) and 5-30 times higher at the landfill sites (2780-26 430 pg/m(3)) compared to the reference sites (597-1600 pg/m3). Variations in the PFC pattern were observed between the WWTP and landfill sites and even within the WWTP site. For example, FTOHs were the predominant PFC class in air for all WWTP and landfill sites, with 6:2 FTOH as the dominant compound at the WWTP (895-12 290 pg/m(3)) and 8:2 FTOH dominating at the landfill sites (1290-17 380 pg/m(3)). Furthermore, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was dominant within the WWTP (43-171 pg/m(3)), followed by perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (55-116 pg/m(3)), while PFBA was dominant at the landfill sites (101-102 pg/m(3)). It is also noteworthy that the PFCA concentrations decreased with increasing chain length and that the emissions for the even chain length PFCAs outweighed emissions for the odd chain length compounds. Furthermore, highly elevated PFC concentrations were found near the aeration tanks compared to the other tanks (i.e., primary and secondary clarifier) and likely associated with increased volatilization during aeration that may be further enhanced through aqueous aerosol-mediated transport. summation operatorPFC yearly emissions estimated using a simplified dispersion model were 2560 g/year for the WWTP, 99 g/year for landfill site 1, and 1000 g/year for landfill site 2. These results highlight the important role of WWTPs and landfills as emission sources of PFCs to the atmosphere.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Ahrens, Lutz and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom and Lee, Sum Chi and Guo, Rui and Reiner, Eric J.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21466185},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {8098--8105},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were determined in air around a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and two landfill sites using sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers in summer 2009. The samples were analyzed for five PFC classes (i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)) to investigate their concentration in air, composition and emissions to the atmosphere. summation operatorPFC concentrations in air were 3-15 times higher within the WWTP (2280-24 040 pg/m(3)) and 5-30 times higher at the landfill sites (2780-26 430 pg/m(3)) compared to the reference sites (597-1600 pg/m3). Variations in the PFC pattern were observed between the WWTP and landfill sites and even within the WWTP site. For example, FTOHs were the predominant PFC class in air for all WWTP and landfill sites, with 6:2 FTOH as the dominant compound at the WWTP (895-12 290 pg/m(3)) and 8:2 FTOH dominating at the landfill sites (1290-17 380 pg/m(3)). Furthermore, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was dominant within the WWTP (43-171 pg/m(3)), followed by perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (55-116 pg/m(3)), while PFBA was dominant at the landfill sites (101-102 pg/m(3)). It is also noteworthy that the PFCA concentrations decreased with increasing chain length and that the emissions for the even chain length PFCAs outweighed emissions for the odd chain length compounds. Furthermore, highly elevated PFC concentrations were found near the aeration tanks compared to the other tanks (i.e., primary and secondary clarifier) and likely associated with increased volatilization during aeration that may be further enhanced through aqueous aerosol-mediated transport. summation operatorPFC yearly emissions estimated using a simplified dispersion model were 2560 g/year for the WWTP, 99 g/year for landfill site 1, and 1000 g/year for landfill site 2. These results highlight the important role of WWTPs and landfills as emission sources of PFCs to the atmosphere.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-chemturacorptoinvest100150mnnext5yrsinindia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-chemturacorptoinvest100150mnnext5yrsinindia-2011', 'http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html', event);\">\n    Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in {India}.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-chemturacorptoinvest100150mnnext5yrsinindia-2011', 'http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in {India} [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-chemturacorptoinvest100150mnnext5yrsinindia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-chemturacorptoinvest100150mnnext5yrsinindia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{noauthor_chemtura_2011,\n\ttitle = {Chemtura {Corp} to invest \\$100-150 mn next 5 yrs in {India}},\n\turl = {http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news/29417573_1_specialty-chemicals-crop-protection-manufacturing file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Chemtura Corp to invest $100-150 mn next 5 yrs in India - Economic Times.html},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, news},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-tris23dibromopropylphosphate-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-tris23dibromopropylphosphate-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116', event);\">\n    Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Report on carcinogens : carcinogen profiles / U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program</i>, 12: 428–9. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-tris23dibromopropylphosphate-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-tris23dibromopropylphosphate-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-tris23dibromopropylphosphate-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noauthor_tris23-dibromopropyl_2011,\n\ttitle = {Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1551-8280},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863116},\n\tjournal = {Report on carcinogens : carcinogen profiles / U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21863116},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Carcinogens, Carcinogens: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: legislation \\&amp; jurisprudenc, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: toxicity, unsure},\n\tpages = {428--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zota, A. R; Park, J.; Wang, Y.; Petreas, M.; Zoeller, R T.;  and Woodruff, T. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(18): 7896–7905. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es200422b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es200422b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zota_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in {California}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zota et al. - 2011 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es200422b},\n\tabstract = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4&#x27;-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Petreas, Myrto and Zoeller, R Thomas and Woodruff, Tracey J},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california},\n\tpages = {7896--7905},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zota, A. R; Park, J.; Wang, Y.; Petreas, M.; Zoeller, R T.;  and Woodruff, T. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(18): 7896–905. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in California. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es200422b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es200422b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zota-park-wang-petreas-zoeller-woodruff-polybrominateddiphenylethershydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmeasuresofthyroidfunctioninsecondtrimesterpregnantwomenincalifornia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zota_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and measures of thyroid function in second trimester pregnant women in {California}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3191110&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es200422b},\n\tabstract = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4&#x27;-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Park, June-Soo and Wang, Yunzhu and Petreas, Myrto and Zoeller, R Thomas and Woodruff, Tracey J},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21830753},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Pregnancy: blood, Second, Second: blood, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Young Adult, california},\n\tpages = {7896--905},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid function and contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a pilot study to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs (BDE-17 to -154), higher-brominated PBDEs (BDE-183 to -209), and hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs) with measures of thyroid function in pregnant women. Concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T(4)), and free T(4) were measured in serum samples collected between 2008 and 2009 from 25 second trimester pregnant women in California. Median concentrations of lower-brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were the highest reported to date in pregnant women. Median concentrations of BDE-47 and the sum of lower-brominated PBDEs (ΣPBDE(5)) were 43.1 ng/g lipid and 85.8 ng/g lipid, respectively, and the sum of OH-PBDEs (ΣOH-PBDE(4)) was 0.084 ng/mL. We observed a positive association between the weighted sum of chemicals known to bind to transthyretin (ΣTTR binders) and TSH levels. We also found positive associations between TSH and ΣPBDE(5), ΣOH-PBDE(4), BDE-47, BDE-85, 5-OH-BDE47, and 4'-OH-BDE49, and an inverse association with BDE-207. Relationships with free and total T(4) were weak and inconsistent. Our results indicate that PBDE exposures are elevated in pregnant women in California and suggest a relationship with thyroid function. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the risks of PBDE exposures during pregnancy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zimmer-montao-olsaker-dahl-berg-karlsson-murk-skaare-etal-invitrosteroidogeniceffectsofmixturesofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsextractedfromburbotlotalotacaughtintwonorwegianlakes-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zimmer-montao-olsaker-dahl-berg-karlsson-murk-skaare-etal-invitrosteroidogeniceffectsofmixturesofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsextractedfromburbotlotalotacaughtintwonorwegianlakes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147', event);\">\n    In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) extracted from burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zimmer, K. E; Montaño, M.; Olsaker, I.; Dahl, E.; Berg, V.; Karlsson, C.; Murk, A. J; Skaare, J. U; Ropstad, E.;  and Verhaegen, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 409(11): 2040–8. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zimmer-montao-olsaker-dahl-berg-karlsson-murk-skaare-etal-invitrosteroidogeniceffectsofmixturesofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsextractedfromburbotlotalotacaughtintwonorwegianlakes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) extracted from burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zimmer-montao-olsaker-dahl-berg-karlsson-murk-skaare-etal-invitrosteroidogeniceffectsofmixturesofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsextractedfromburbotlotalotacaughtintwonorwegianlakes-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zimmer-montao-olsaker-dahl-berg-karlsson-murk-skaare-etal-invitrosteroidogeniceffectsofmixturesofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsextractedfromburbotlotalotacaughtintwonorwegianlakes-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zimmer-montao-olsaker-dahl-berg-karlsson-murk-skaare-etal-invitrosteroidogeniceffectsofmixturesofpersistentorganicpollutantspopsextractedfromburbotlotalotacaughtintwonorwegianlakes-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zimmer_vitro_2011,\n\ttitle = {In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants ({POPs}) extracted from burbot ({Lota} lota) caught in two {Norwegian} lakes.},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420147},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.055},\n\tabstract = {This study investigated the effects of two mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. The two mixtures were obtained from the livers of burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes (Mjøsa and Losna) with different contaminant profiles. Steroid hormone levels in the cell culture medium and mRNA levels of 16 genes involved in steroidogenesis were investigated. The crude Lake Mjøsa extract had to be diluted ten times more than the Lake Losna extract in order to prevent cytotoxicity. The ten times diluted Lake Mjøsa mixture had higher levels of DDT and derivates (∑DDTs, 1.7 times) and brominated flame retardants (∑BDEs and HBCD, 15-25 times) than the Lake Losna mixture, which, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of ∑PCBs (1.5 times higher) and also of HCB, ∑HCH isomers and ∑chlordane isomers (5-20 times higher). In the cell culture media, only cortisol levels were increased at the highest exposure concentration to the Lake Mjøsa mixture, while both cortisol and estradiol levels were increased following exposure to the two highest Lake Losna mixture exposure concentrations. Testosterone levels decreased only at the highest exposure concentration of the Lake Losna mixture. Multivariate models suggested that ∑PCBs, and to a lesser extent ∑DDTs, were responsible for the cortisol responses, while estradiol and testosterone alterations were best explained by HCB and ∑PCBs, respectively. Exposure to the mixtures generally increased mRNA levels, with smaller effects exerted by the Lake Mjøsa mixture than the Lake Losna mixture. It was concluded that both mixtures affected steroidogenesis in the H295R cells. Small differences in mixture composition, rather than the high content of brominated flame retardants in the Lake Mjøsa mixture, were suggested to be the most probable reason for the apparent differences in potencies of the two mixtures.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Zimmer, Karin E and Montaño, Mauricio and Olsaker, Ingrid and Dahl, Ellen and Berg, Vidar and Karlsson, Camilla and Murk, Albertinka J and Skaare, Janneche U and Ropstad, Erik and Verhaegen, Steven},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21420147},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: blood, Gadiformes: metabolism, Gadiformes: physiology, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Water Pollutants, cell line},\n\tpages = {2040--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigated the effects of two mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. The two mixtures were obtained from the livers of burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes (Mjøsa and Losna) with different contaminant profiles. Steroid hormone levels in the cell culture medium and mRNA levels of 16 genes involved in steroidogenesis were investigated. The crude Lake Mjøsa extract had to be diluted ten times more than the Lake Losna extract in order to prevent cytotoxicity. The ten times diluted Lake Mjøsa mixture had higher levels of DDT and derivates (∑DDTs, 1.7 times) and brominated flame retardants (∑BDEs and HBCD, 15-25 times) than the Lake Losna mixture, which, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of ∑PCBs (1.5 times higher) and also of HCB, ∑HCH isomers and ∑chlordane isomers (5-20 times higher). In the cell culture media, only cortisol levels were increased at the highest exposure concentration to the Lake Mjøsa mixture, while both cortisol and estradiol levels were increased following exposure to the two highest Lake Losna mixture exposure concentrations. Testosterone levels decreased only at the highest exposure concentration of the Lake Losna mixture. Multivariate models suggested that ∑PCBs, and to a lesser extent ∑DDTs, were responsible for the cortisol responses, while estradiol and testosterone alterations were best explained by HCB and ∑PCBs, respectively. Exposure to the mixtures generally increased mRNA levels, with smaller effects exerted by the Lake Mjøsa mixture than the Lake Losna mixture. It was concluded that both mixtures affected steroidogenesis in the H295R cells. Small differences in mixture composition, rather than the high content of brominated flame retardants in the Lake Mjøsa mixture, were suggested to be the most probable reason for the apparent differences in potencies of the two mixtures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zheng-luo-yuan-wang-wang-chen-mai-yang-levelsandsourcesofbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanhairfromurbanewasteandruralareasinsouthchina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zheng-luo-yuan-wang-wang-chen-mai-yang-levelsandsourcesofbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanhairfromurbanewasteandruralareasinsouthchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093', event);\">\n    Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zheng, J.; Luo, X.; Yuan, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Chen, S.; Mai, B.;  and Yang, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 159(12): 3706–13. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zheng-luo-yuan-wang-wang-chen-mai-yang-levelsandsourcesofbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanhairfromurbanewasteandruralareasinsouthchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zheng-luo-yuan-wang-wang-chen-mai-yang-levelsandsourcesofbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanhairfromurbanewasteandruralareasinsouthchina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zheng-luo-yuan-wang-wang-chen-mai-yang-levelsandsourcesofbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanhairfromurbanewasteandruralareasinsouthchina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zheng-luo-yuan-wang-wang-chen-mai-yang-levelsandsourcesofbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanhairfromurbanewasteandruralareasinsouthchina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zheng_levels_2011,\n\ttitle = {Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840093},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.009},\n\tabstract = {Human hair and indoor dust from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in south China were collected and analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs concentrations in hair from occupational e-waste recycling workers were higher than those from non-occupational exposed residents in other sampling areas. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two major BFRs in hair samples. The PBDE congener profiles in hair from the e-waste area are different from those from urban and rural areas with relatively higher contribution of lower brominated congeners. DBDPE, instead of BDE209, has become the major BFR in non-e-waste recycling areas. Significant correlations were found between hair level and dust level for DBDPE and BTBPE but not for PBDEs. The different PBDE congener profiles between dust and hair may suggest that exogenous exposure to the PBDE adsorbed on dust is not a major source of hair PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Zheng, Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yuan, Jian-Gang and Wang, Jing and Wang, Yu-Tao and Chen, Shen-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian and Yang, Zhong-Yi},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21840093},\n\tkeywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hair, Hair: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Rural Health, Urban Health, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {3706--13},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human hair and indoor dust from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in south China were collected and analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs concentrations in hair from occupational e-waste recycling workers were higher than those from non-occupational exposed residents in other sampling areas. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two major BFRs in hair samples. The PBDE congener profiles in hair from the e-waste area are different from those from urban and rural areas with relatively higher contribution of lower brominated congeners. DBDPE, instead of BDE209, has become the major BFR in non-e-waste recycling areas. Significant correlations were found between hair level and dust level for DBDPE and BTBPE but not for PBDEs. The different PBDE congener profiles between dust and hair may suggest that exogenous exposure to the PBDE adsorbed on dust is not a major source of hair PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhao-zhang-ni-lu-zhang-su-fan-guan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsofthedaliaoriverestuarychinalevelsdistributionandtheirinfluencingfactors-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhao-zhang-ni-lu-zhang-su-fan-guan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsofthedaliaoriverestuarychinalevelsdistributionandtheirinfluencingfactors-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: levels, distribution and their influencing factors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhao, X.; Zhang, H.; Ni, Y.; Lu, X.; Zhang, X.; Su, F.; Fan, J.; Guan, D.;  and Chen, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 82(9): 1262–7. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhao-zhang-ni-lu-zhang-su-fan-guan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsofthedaliaoriverestuarychinalevelsdistributionandtheirinfluencingfactors-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: levels, distribution and their influencing factors. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhao-zhang-ni-lu-zhang-su-fan-guan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsofthedaliaoriverestuarychinalevelsdistributionandtheirinfluencingfactors-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.032', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhao-zhang-ni-lu-zhang-su-fan-guan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsofthedaliaoriverestuarychinalevelsdistributionandtheirinfluencingfactors-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhao-zhang-ni-lu-zhang-su-fan-guan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsofthedaliaoriverestuarychinalevelsdistributionandtheirinfluencingfactors-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhao_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the {Daliao} {River} {Estuary}, {China}: levels, distribution and their influencing factors.},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208636},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.032},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g(-1)d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Zhao, Xiaofeng and Zhang, Haijun and Ni, Yuwen and Lu, Xianbo and Zhang, Xueping and Su, Fan and Fan, Jingfeng and Guan, Daoming and Chen, Jiping},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21208636},\n\tkeywords = {Carbon, Carbon: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Kinetics, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {1262--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g(-1)d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhao-ao-chen-sottas-ge-zhang-effectofbrominatedflameretardantbde47onandrogenproductionofadultratleydigcells-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhao-ao-chen-sottas-ge-zhang-effectofbrominatedflameretardantbde47onandrogenproductionofadultratleydigcells-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137', event);\">\n    Effect of brominated flame retardant BDE-47 on androgen production of adult rat Leydig cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhao, Y.; Ao, H.; Chen, L.; Sottas, C. M; Ge, R.;  and Zhang, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 205(2): 209–14. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhao-ao-chen-sottas-ge-zhang-effectofbrominatedflameretardantbde47onandrogenproductionofadultratleydigcells-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effect of brominated flame retardant BDE-47 on androgen production of adult rat Leydig cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhao-ao-chen-sottas-ge-zhang-effectofbrominatedflameretardantbde47onandrogenproductionofadultratleydigcells-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhao-ao-chen-sottas-ge-zhang-effectofbrominatedflameretardantbde47onandrogenproductionofadultratleydigcells-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhao-ao-chen-sottas-ge-zhang-effectofbrominatedflameretardantbde47onandrogenproductionofadultratleydigcells-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhao_effect_2011,\n\ttitle = {Effect of brominated flame retardant {BDE}-47 on androgen production of adult rat {Leydig} cells.},\n\tvolume = {205},\n\tissn = {1879-3169},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704137},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.011},\n\tabstract = {As one of the most abundant polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) detected in adipose tissue and breast milk of humans, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is considered as a potential endocrine disruptor. The objective of this study is to explore whether environment-related level of BDE-47 could affect the androgen production in rat Leydig cells. Rat adult Leydig cells (ALCs) were treated with 10(-8) to 10(-4)M BDE-47 in vitro, the production of testosterone (T) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein level were determined. BDE-47 significantly increased basal T production and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level of ALCs after treatment with 10(-4)M BED-47. Overall, LH (0.1ng/ml) stimulated T production in ALCs by 6 folds, however it did not increase T production in BDE-47-treated ALCs when compared to untreated ALC. Both 8-Br-cAMP (for cAMP signaling) and 22R-hydroxycholesterol (22-diol, for P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme P450scc activity) significantly increased T production in ALCs treated with BDE-47 from 10(-7) to 10(-5)M. The results of this study indicate that environment-related level of BDE-47 in vitro increased T production in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulated effects of BDE-47 on StAR and P450scc might play key roles in BDE-47-mediated stimulation of T production.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Zhao, Yan and Ao, Hong and Chen, Li and Sottas, Chantal M and Ge, Ren-Shan and Zhang, Yunhui},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21704137},\n\tkeywords = {Aging, Aging: metabolism, Animals, Cell Culture Techniques, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis},\n\tpages = {209--14},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As one of the most abundant polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) detected in adipose tissue and breast milk of humans, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is considered as a potential endocrine disruptor. The objective of this study is to explore whether environment-related level of BDE-47 could affect the androgen production in rat Leydig cells. Rat adult Leydig cells (ALCs) were treated with 10(-8) to 10(-4)M BDE-47 in vitro, the production of testosterone (T) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein level were determined. BDE-47 significantly increased basal T production and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level of ALCs after treatment with 10(-4)M BED-47. Overall, LH (0.1ng/ml) stimulated T production in ALCs by 6 folds, however it did not increase T production in BDE-47-treated ALCs when compared to untreated ALC. Both 8-Br-cAMP (for cAMP signaling) and 22R-hydroxycholesterol (22-diol, for P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme P450scc activity) significantly increased T production in ALCs treated with BDE-47 from 10(-7) to 10(-5)M. The results of this study indicate that environment-related level of BDE-47 in vitro increased T production in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulated effects of BDE-47 on StAR and P450scc might play key roles in BDE-47-mediated stimulation of T production.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-cai-sheng-chen-fu-tissuedistributionofdecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209anditsmetabolitesinsuckingratpupsafterprenatalandorpostnatalexposure-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-cai-sheng-chen-fu-tissuedistributionofdecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209anditsmetabolitesinsuckingratpupsafterprenatalandorpostnatalexposure-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361', event);\">\n    Tissue distribution of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its metabolites in sucking rat pups after prenatal and/or postnatal exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, W.; Cai, Y.; Sheng, G.; Chen, D.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 283(1): 49–54. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-cai-sheng-chen-fu-tissuedistributionofdecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209anditsmetabolitesinsuckingratpupsafterprenatalandorpostnatalexposure-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tissue distribution of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its metabolites in sucking rat pups after prenatal and/or postnatal exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-cai-sheng-chen-fu-tissuedistributionofdecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209anditsmetabolitesinsuckingratpupsafterprenatalandorpostnatalexposure-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-cai-sheng-chen-fu-tissuedistributionofdecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209anditsmetabolitesinsuckingratpupsafterprenatalandorpostnatalexposure-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-cai-sheng-chen-fu-tissuedistributionofdecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209anditsmetabolitesinsuckingratpupsafterprenatalandorpostnatalexposure-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_tissue_2011,\n\ttitle = {Tissue distribution of decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) and its metabolites in sucking rat pups after prenatal and/or postnatal exposure.},\n\tvolume = {283},\n\tissn = {1879-3185},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345361},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.02.003},\n\tabstract = {Growing evidence has shown that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) can disrupt thyroid hormones and induce neurological and developmental effects, especially for the fetuses and neonates after prenatal or postnatal exposure. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to BDE-209 on the absorption and tissue distribution of BDE-209 and its metabolites in offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5μmol/kg b.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil during gestational and lactational period or during lactational period only. BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners were analyzed in several maternal tissues, offspring carcass and neonatal tissues. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their time profiles in maternal blood, placenta and fetuses/sucking pups indicated that BDE-209 and its debrominated products can be transferred from mother to offspring via in utero or lactational exposure. Nona-BDEs were the predominant congeners in the analyzed pup tissues, and BDE-206 was the most abundant congener while BDE-197/204 was the major congener of octa-BDE. Then the contributions of transplacental and lactational transfer were compared for BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners. The levels of PBDEs in tissues of sucking pups of the in utero and lactational exposure group were much higher than those of only lactationally exposed group. BDE-197/204 was the debrominated congener with the most significant difference between these two groups and the pup brain was the tissue with the most significant difference of the levels of debrominated congeners. The results provide a basis for understanding the possible adverse effects caused by maternal transfer of BDE-209 during the critical periods of development of fetuses and sucking neonates.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Wenbing and Cai, Yunmei and Sheng, Guoying and Chen, Dunjin and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21345361},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Female, Fetus, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Pregnancy, Random Allocation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Tissue Distribution},\n\tpages = {49--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Growing evidence has shown that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) can disrupt thyroid hormones and induce neurological and developmental effects, especially for the fetuses and neonates after prenatal or postnatal exposure. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to BDE-209 on the absorption and tissue distribution of BDE-209 and its metabolites in offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5μmol/kg b.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil during gestational and lactational period or during lactational period only. BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners were analyzed in several maternal tissues, offspring carcass and neonatal tissues. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their time profiles in maternal blood, placenta and fetuses/sucking pups indicated that BDE-209 and its debrominated products can be transferred from mother to offspring via in utero or lactational exposure. Nona-BDEs were the predominant congeners in the analyzed pup tissues, and BDE-206 was the most abundant congener while BDE-197/204 was the major congener of octa-BDE. Then the contributions of transplacental and lactational transfer were compared for BDE-209 and its debrominated congeners. The levels of PBDEs in tissues of sucking pups of the in utero and lactational exposure group were much higher than those of only lactationally exposed group. BDE-197/204 was the debrominated congener with the most significant difference between these two groups and the pup brain was the tissue with the most significant difference of the levels of debrominated congeners. The results provide a basis for understanding the possible adverse effects caused by maternal transfer of BDE-209 during the critical periods of development of fetuses and sucking neonates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-lam-guo-wu-lam-zhou-parentaltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandthyroidendocrinedisruptioninzebrafish-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-lam-guo-wu-lam-zhou-parentaltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandthyroidendocrinedisruptioninzebrafish-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834', event);\">\n    Parental transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, L.; Lam, J. C W; Guo, Y.; Wu, R. S S; Lam, P. K S;  and Zhou, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(24): 10652–9. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-lam-guo-wu-lam-zhou-parentaltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandthyroidendocrinedisruptioninzebrafish-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Parental transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es2026592\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-lam-guo-wu-lam-zhou-parentaltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandthyroidendocrinedisruptioninzebrafish-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es2026592', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-lam-guo-wu-lam-zhou-parentaltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandthyroidendocrinedisruptioninzebrafish-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-lam-guo-wu-lam-zhou-parentaltransferofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandthyroidendocrinedisruptioninzebrafish-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_parental_2011,\n\ttitle = {Parental transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039834},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es2026592},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system. The objective of the present study was to characterize the disrupting effects of long-term exposure on the thyroid endocrine system in adult fish and their progeny following parental exposure to PBDEs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 3, and 10 μg/L) of the PBDE mixture DE-71 for 5 months until sexual maturation. In the F0 generation, exposure to DE-71 significantly increased plasma thyroxine (T4) but not 3,5,3&#x27;-triiodothyronine (T3) in females. This increased T4 was accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyrotropin β-subunit (TSHβ) in the brain. The F1 generation was further examined with or without continued DE-71 treatment conditions. Exposure to DE-71 in the F0 fish caused significant increases in T4 and T3 levels in the F1 larvae and modified gene expressions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) under both conditions. Decreased hatching and inhibition of growth in the F1 offspring were observed in the condition without DE-71 treatment. Continued DE-71 treatment in the F1 embryos/larvae resulted in further decreased hatching, and increased malformation rates compared with those without DE-71 exposure. Analysis of F1 eggs indicated that parental exposure to DE-71 could result in a transfer of PBDEs and thyroid hormones (THs) to their offspring. For the first time, we demonstrated that parental exposure to low concentrations of PBDEs could affect THs in the offspring and the transgenerational PBDE-induced toxicity in subsequent nonexposed generations.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Liqin and Lam, James C W and Guo, Yongyong and Wu, Rudolf S S and Lam, Paul K S and Zhou, Bingsheng},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22039834},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish},\n\tpages = {10652--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system. The objective of the present study was to characterize the disrupting effects of long-term exposure on the thyroid endocrine system in adult fish and their progeny following parental exposure to PBDEs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 3, and 10 μg/L) of the PBDE mixture DE-71 for 5 months until sexual maturation. In the F0 generation, exposure to DE-71 significantly increased plasma thyroxine (T4) but not 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in females. This increased T4 was accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyrotropin β-subunit (TSHβ) in the brain. The F1 generation was further examined with or without continued DE-71 treatment conditions. Exposure to DE-71 in the F0 fish caused significant increases in T4 and T3 levels in the F1 larvae and modified gene expressions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis) under both conditions. Decreased hatching and inhibition of growth in the F1 offspring were observed in the condition without DE-71 treatment. Continued DE-71 treatment in the F1 embryos/larvae resulted in further decreased hatching, and increased malformation rates compared with those without DE-71 exposure. Analysis of F1 eggs indicated that parental exposure to DE-71 could result in a transfer of PBDEs and thyroid hormones (THs) to their offspring. For the first time, we demonstrated that parental exposure to low concentrations of PBDEs could affect THs in the offspring and the transgenerational PBDE-induced toxicity in subsequent nonexposed generations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-hu-yu-sun-shen-wang-liu-lam-etal-endocrinedisruptioneffectsof22446pentabromodiphenyletherbde100inreportergeneassays-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-hu-yu-sun-shen-wang-liu-lam-etal-endocrinedisruptioneffectsof22446pentabromodiphenyletherbde100inreportergeneassays-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402', event);\">\n    Endocrine disruption effects of 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) in reporter gene assays.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, F.; Hu, W.; Yu, H.; Sun, H.; Shen, O.; Wang, X.; Liu, H.; Lam, M. H W; Giesy, J. P;  and Zhang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 13(4): 850–4. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-hu-yu-sun-shen-wang-liu-lam-etal-endocrinedisruptioneffectsof22446pentabromodiphenyletherbde100inreportergeneassays-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine disruption effects of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) in reporter gene assays. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00654h\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-hu-yu-sun-shen-wang-liu-lam-etal-endocrinedisruptioneffectsof22446pentabromodiphenyletherbde100inreportergeneassays-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00654h', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-hu-yu-sun-shen-wang-liu-lam-etal-endocrinedisruptioneffectsof22446pentabromodiphenyletherbde100inreportergeneassays-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-hu-yu-sun-shen-wang-liu-lam-etal-endocrinedisruptioneffectsof22446pentabromodiphenyletherbde100inreportergeneassays-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_endocrine_2011,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine disruption effects of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-pentabromodiphenylether ({BDE100}) in reporter gene assays.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390402},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c0em00654h},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of flame retardants. 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-Pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) is a prominent PBDE congener in some human populations. The potential of BDE100 to modulate responses mediated by the estrogen (ER), thyroid hormone (ThR) or androgen receptors (AR) were investigated by use of transactivation reporter gene assays. The African green monkey kidney CV-1 cell transiently transfected with the constructed reporter gene plasmid ERE-TATA-Luc and pUAS-tk-Luc with luciferase (Luc) under control of the estrogen response (ERE), or thyroid hormone response (ThRE) elements were used to evaluate (anti)estrogen and thyroid effects of BDE100. The (anti)androgenic potency of BDE100 was also evaluated by use of MDA-kb2 cells, which were stably transfected with MMTV-luciferase. The assays displayed appropriate responses to known natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), ThR ligand triiodothyronine (T3), and the AR agonist 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). 10 or 50 μM BDE100 significantly up-regulated expression of Luc under control of the ER. Antiestrogenic potency was observed for BDE100 (IC50 = 6.21 μM). Co-exposure to 50 μM BDE100 significantly enhanced expression of Luc caused by 5 nM T3. BDE100 was antiandrogenic at 10 and 50 μM with an IC50 of 28.60 μM BDE100. These results suggest that BDE100 can modulate the endocrine system in multiple ways by interfering with several hormonal signaling pathways simultaneously.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Fengxian and Hu, Wei and Yu, Hongxia and Sun, Hong and Shen, Ouxi and Wang, Xinru and Liu, Hongling and Lam, Michael H W and Giesy, John P and Zhang, Xiaowei},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21390402},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cercopithecus aethiops, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genes, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reporter, Tumor, cell line},\n\tpages = {850--4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of flame retardants. 2,2',4,4',6-Pentabromodiphenylether (BDE100) is a prominent PBDE congener in some human populations. The potential of BDE100 to modulate responses mediated by the estrogen (ER), thyroid hormone (ThR) or androgen receptors (AR) were investigated by use of transactivation reporter gene assays. The African green monkey kidney CV-1 cell transiently transfected with the constructed reporter gene plasmid ERE-TATA-Luc and pUAS-tk-Luc with luciferase (Luc) under control of the estrogen response (ERE), or thyroid hormone response (ThRE) elements were used to evaluate (anti)estrogen and thyroid effects of BDE100. The (anti)androgenic potency of BDE100 was also evaluated by use of MDA-kb2 cells, which were stably transfected with MMTV-luciferase. The assays displayed appropriate responses to known natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), ThR ligand triiodothyronine (T3), and the AR agonist 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). 10 or 50 μM BDE100 significantly up-regulated expression of Luc under control of the ER. Antiestrogenic potency was observed for BDE100 (IC50 = 6.21 μM). Co-exposure to 50 μM BDE100 significantly enhanced expression of Luc caused by 5 nM T3. BDE100 was antiandrogenic at 10 and 50 μM with an IC50 of 28.60 μM BDE100. These results suggest that BDE100 can modulate the endocrine system in multiple ways by interfering with several hormonal signaling pathways simultaneously.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-liao-li-mo-zeng-sheng-fu-particlebounddechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinambientairaroundshanghaichina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-liao-li-mo-zeng-sheng-fu-particlebounddechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinambientairaroundshanghaichina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692', event);\">\n    Particle-bound Dechlorane Plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around Shanghai, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, Z.; Liao, R.; Li, H.; Mo, L.; Zeng, X.; Sheng, G.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 159(10): 2982–8. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-liao-li-mo-zeng-sheng-fu-particlebounddechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinambientairaroundshanghaichina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Particle-bound Dechlorane Plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around Shanghai, China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.024\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-liao-li-mo-zeng-sheng-fu-particlebounddechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinambientairaroundshanghaichina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.024', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-liao-li-mo-zeng-sheng-fu-particlebounddechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinambientairaroundshanghaichina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-liao-li-mo-zeng-sheng-fu-particlebounddechloraneplusandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinambientairaroundshanghaichina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_particle-bound_2011,\n\ttitle = {Particle-bound {Dechlorane} {Plus} and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air around {Shanghai}, {China}.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561692},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.024},\n\tabstract = {In present study, atmospheric particles from Shanghai, the biggest city and the most important industrial base in China, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of ∑(20)PBDEs and DP both exhibited the changing trend of industrial area {\\textbackslash}textgreater urban areas. Jiading District had the highest levels of particulate PBDEs and DP with values of 744 ± 152 pg/m(3) and 5.48 ± 1.28 pg/m(3), respectively. Compared with similar data in other areas of the world, PBDEs in Shanghai were at medium pollution level, while DP was at lower level, which reflected their different production and use in Shanghai. The results from multiple linear regression analysis suggested that deca-BDE mixture was the most important contributor of particulate PBDEs in Shanghai. The fractions of anti-DP showed no significant differences to those of the technical mixtures (p {\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.05), which suggested that no obviously stereoselective process occurred in ambient air around Shanghai.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Zhiqiang and Liao, Ru&#x27;e and Li, Huiru and Mo, Ligui and Zeng, Xiangying and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21561692},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particle Size, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis},\n\tpages = {2982--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In present study, atmospheric particles from Shanghai, the biggest city and the most important industrial base in China, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of ∑(20)PBDEs and DP both exhibited the changing trend of industrial area \\textgreater urban areas. Jiading District had the highest levels of particulate PBDEs and DP with values of 744 ± 152 pg/m(3) and 5.48 ± 1.28 pg/m(3), respectively. Compared with similar data in other areas of the world, PBDEs in Shanghai were at medium pollution level, while DP was at lower level, which reflected their different production and use in Shanghai. The results from multiple linear regression analysis suggested that deca-BDE mixture was the most important contributor of particulate PBDEs in Shanghai. The fractions of anti-DP showed no significant differences to those of the technical mixtures (p \\textgreater 0.05), which suggested that no obviously stereoselective process occurred in ambient air around Shanghai.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-luo-wu-liu-song-sun-zhang-chen-etal-biomagnificationofhigherbrominatedpbdecongenersinanurbanterrestrialfoodwebinnorthchinabasedonfieldobservationofpreydeliveries-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-luo-wu-liu-song-sun-zhang-chen-etal-biomagnificationofhigherbrominatedpbdecongenersinanurbanterrestrialfoodwebinnorthchinabasedonfieldobservationofpreydeliveries-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266', event);\">\n    Biomagnification of higher brominated PBDE congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north China based on field observation of prey deliveries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, L.; Luo, X.; Wu, J.; Liu, L.; Song, J.; Sun, Q.; Zhang, X.; Chen, D.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(12): 5125–31. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-luo-wu-liu-song-sun-zhang-chen-etal-biomagnificationofhigherbrominatedpbdecongenersinanurbanterrestrialfoodwebinnorthchinabasedonfieldobservationofpreydeliveries-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Biomagnification of higher brominated PBDE congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north China based on field observation of prey deliveries. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es200030z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-luo-wu-liu-song-sun-zhang-chen-etal-biomagnificationofhigherbrominatedpbdecongenersinanurbanterrestrialfoodwebinnorthchinabasedonfieldobservationofpreydeliveries-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es200030z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-luo-wu-liu-song-sun-zhang-chen-etal-biomagnificationofhigherbrominatedpbdecongenersinanurbanterrestrialfoodwebinnorthchinabasedonfieldobservationofpreydeliveries-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-luo-wu-liu-song-sun-zhang-chen-etal-biomagnificationofhigherbrominatedpbdecongenersinanurbanterrestrialfoodwebinnorthchinabasedonfieldobservationofpreydeliveries-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_biomagnification_2011,\n\ttitle = {Biomagnification of higher brominated {PBDE} congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north {China} based on field observation of prey deliveries.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612266},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es200030z},\n\tabstract = {As an important group of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) persist in the wildlife food webs. However, the biomagnification of PBDEs has not been adequately studied in the terrestrial food webs. In this study, a terrestrial food web composed of common kestrels, sparrows, rats, grasshoppers, and dragonflies in the urban environment from northern China was obtained. A field prey delivery study, reinforced by δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, indicates that sparrows are the primary prey items of common kestrels. Concentrations of PBDEs were in the following order: common kestrel {\\textbackslash}textgreater sparrow {\\textbackslash}textgreater rat {\\textbackslash}textgreater grasshopper and dragonfly with BDE-209 as the dominant congener. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated as the ratio between the lipid normalized concentrations in the predator and prey. The highest BMF (6.9) was determined for BDE-153 in sparrow/common kestrel food chain. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-202, -203, -154, -183, -197, and -209, were also biomagnified in this terrestrial food chain with BMF of 1.3-4.7. BDE-47, -99, and -100 were found to be biodiluted from sparrow to common kestrel (BMFs {\\textbackslash}textless 1). Measured BMF values for BDE-153, -47, -99, and -100 were consistent with predicted values from a nonsteady-state model in American kestrels from another study. Retention factors and metabolism of BDE congeners may be confounding factors influencing the measured BMFs in this current study.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Le-Huan and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Liu, Li-Yu and Song, Jie and Sun, Quan-Hui and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21612266},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Carbon Isotopes, China, Cities, Diet, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geography, Nitrogen Isotopes, Poaceae, Poaceae: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Predatory Behavior, Predatory Behavior: physiology, Rats, Soil, Soil: chemistry, Species Specificity},\n\tpages = {5125--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As an important group of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) persist in the wildlife food webs. However, the biomagnification of PBDEs has not been adequately studied in the terrestrial food webs. In this study, a terrestrial food web composed of common kestrels, sparrows, rats, grasshoppers, and dragonflies in the urban environment from northern China was obtained. A field prey delivery study, reinforced by δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, indicates that sparrows are the primary prey items of common kestrels. Concentrations of PBDEs were in the following order: common kestrel \\textgreater sparrow \\textgreater rat \\textgreater grasshopper and dragonfly with BDE-209 as the dominant congener. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated as the ratio between the lipid normalized concentrations in the predator and prey. The highest BMF (6.9) was determined for BDE-153 in sparrow/common kestrel food chain. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-202, -203, -154, -183, -197, and -209, were also biomagnified in this terrestrial food chain with BMF of 1.3-4.7. BDE-47, -99, and -100 were found to be biodiluted from sparrow to common kestrel (BMFs \\textless 1). Measured BMF values for BDE-153, -47, -99, and -100 were consistent with predicted values from a nonsteady-state model in American kestrels from another study. Retention factors and metabolism of BDE congeners may be confounding factors influencing the measured BMFs in this current study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-zhang-giesy-zeng-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinaquacultureenvironmentsofsouthchinaimplicationsforglobalconsumershealthriskviafishconsumption-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-zhang-giesy-zeng-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinaquacultureenvironmentsofsouthchinaimplicationsforglobalconsumershealthriskviafishconsumption-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724', event);\">\n    Persistent halogenated compounds in aquaculture environments of South China: implications for global consumers' health risk via fish consumption.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, H.; Zhang, B.; Giesy, J. P;  and Zeng, E. Y\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(7): 1190–5. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-zhang-giesy-zeng-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinaquacultureenvironmentsofsouthchinaimplicationsforglobalconsumershealthriskviafishconsumption-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistent halogenated compounds in aquaculture environments of South China: implications for global consumers&#x27; health risk via fish consumption. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-zhang-giesy-zeng-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinaquacultureenvironmentsofsouthchinaimplicationsforglobalconsumershealthriskviafishconsumption-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-zhang-giesy-zeng-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinaquacultureenvironmentsofsouthchinaimplicationsforglobalconsumershealthriskviafishconsumption-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-zhang-giesy-zeng-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinaquacultureenvironmentsofsouthchinaimplicationsforglobalconsumershealthriskviafishconsumption-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_persistent_2011,\n\ttitle = {Persistent halogenated compounds in aquaculture environments of {South} {China}: implications for global consumers&#x27; health risk via fish consumption.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570724},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.012},\n\tabstract = {This study examined the potential sources of persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), including organochlorine pesticides, mainly DDXs (sum of o,p&#x27;- and p,p&#x27;-DDT, -DDD, and -DDE and p,p&#x27;-DDMU) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, to typical aquaculture environments of South China, determined the relative importance of gill diffusion and fish feeding for exposure of fish to these contaminants and assessed potential health risk for global consumers via consumption of fish from South China. Fish feed is generally a direct and important source of PHCs in both freshwater and seawater aquaculture. In addition, gill diffusion is the predominant uptake route for PHCs (except p,p&#x27;-DDMU, o,p&#x27;-DDD and -DDT) in farmed freshwater fish, whereas accumulation from the diet is the major route for farmed marine fish. Risks to health of global consumers via consumption of fish from South China are minimal. However, increased risk can be foreseen due to continuous use of brominated fire retardants and electronic waste importation to China.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Huan-Yun and Zhang, Bao-Zhong and Giesy, John P and Zeng, Eddy Y},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21570724},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquaculture, Aquaculture: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analogs \\&amp; deriv, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seafood, Seafood: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {1190--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study examined the potential sources of persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), including organochlorine pesticides, mainly DDXs (sum of o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, -DDD, and -DDE and p,p'-DDMU) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, to typical aquaculture environments of South China, determined the relative importance of gill diffusion and fish feeding for exposure of fish to these contaminants and assessed potential health risk for global consumers via consumption of fish from South China. Fish feed is generally a direct and important source of PHCs in both freshwater and seawater aquaculture. In addition, gill diffusion is the predominant uptake route for PHCs (except p,p'-DDMU, o,p'-DDD and -DDT) in farmed freshwater fish, whereas accumulation from the diet is the major route for farmed marine fish. Risks to health of global consumers via consumption of fish from South China are minimal. However, increased risk can be foreseen due to continuous use of brominated fire retardants and electronic waste importation to China.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yogui-santos-bertozzi-sericano-montone-pbdesintheblubberofmarinemammalsfromcoastalareasofsopaulobrazilsouthwesternatlantic-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yogui-santos-bertozzi-sericano-montone-pbdesintheblubberofmarinemammalsfromcoastalareasofsopaulobrazilsouthwesternatlantic-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918', event);\">\n    PBDEs in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of São Paulo, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yogui, G T; Santos, M C O; Bertozzi, C P; Sericano, J L;  and Montone, R C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 62(12): 2666–70. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yogui-santos-bertozzi-sericano-montone-pbdesintheblubberofmarinemammalsfromcoastalareasofsopaulobrazilsouthwesternatlantic-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of São Paulo, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.024\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yogui-santos-bertozzi-sericano-montone-pbdesintheblubberofmarinemammalsfromcoastalareasofsopaulobrazilsouthwesternatlantic-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.024', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yogui-santos-bertozzi-sericano-montone-pbdesintheblubberofmarinemammalsfromcoastalareasofsopaulobrazilsouthwesternatlantic-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yogui-santos-bertozzi-sericano-montone-pbdesintheblubberofmarinemammalsfromcoastalareasofsopaulobrazilsouthwesternatlantic-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yogui_pbdes_2011,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of {São} {Paulo}, {Brazil}, southwestern {Atlantic}.},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014918},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.024},\n\tabstract = {Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenella frontalis (770 ng g(-1) lipid) followed by Steno bredanensis (475 ng g(-1) lipid), Sotalia guianensis (65.6 ng g(-1) lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g(-1) lipid) and Pontoporia blainvillei (60.3 ng g(-1) lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Yogui, G T and Santos, M C O and Bertozzi, C P and Sericano, J L and Montone, R C},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22014918},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brazil, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Dolphins, Ecosystem, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Sex Distribution, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {2666--70},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenella frontalis (770 ng g(-1) lipid) followed by Steno bredanensis (475 ng g(-1) lipid), Sotalia guianensis (65.6 ng g(-1) lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g(-1) lipid) and Pontoporia blainvillei (60.3 ng g(-1) lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yang-li-fu-zhao-specialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbraintissuesoffreerangedomestichensandducksfromavillagenearanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yang-li-fu-zhao-specialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbraintissuesoffreerangedomestichensandducksfromavillagenearanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098', event);\">\n    Special distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in brain tissues of free-range domestic hens and ducks from a village near an electronic waste recycling site in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yang, Z.; Li, Y.; Fu, S.;  and Zhao, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 86(3): 283–8. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-li-fu-zhao-specialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbraintissuesoffreerangedomestichensandducksfromavillagenearanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Special distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in brain tissues of free-range domestic hens and ducks from a village near an electronic waste recycling site in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0209-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-li-fu-zhao-specialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbraintissuesoffreerangedomestichensandducksfromavillagenearanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0209-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yang-li-fu-zhao-specialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbraintissuesoffreerangedomestichensandducksfromavillagenearanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yang-li-fu-zhao-specialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbraintissuesoffreerangedomestichensandducksfromavillagenearanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsouthchina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yang_special_2011,\n\ttitle = {Special distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in brain tissues of free-range domestic hens and ducks from a village near an electronic waste recycling site in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {1432-0800},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290098},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-011-0209-z},\n\tabstract = {The rural village, Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, had been exposed to e-waste recycling for years, the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in hens and ducks were high. The concentration of ∑PBDEs in the brain was the lowest among tissues of individual hens and ducks after correction for the respective lipid content. Also, the concentration ratio of BDE-153 versus BDE-154 (153/154) of brain was the highest among tissues of individual hens and ducks. Our results indicate that the hindrance of blood-brain barrier to compounds, such as high molecular weight and non-planar conformation (steric hindrance), contributed to the low concentration of PBDEs in the brain tissue of hens and ducks, especially in cases exposed to high levels of PBDE.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Zhong-Zhi and Li, Yong-Fang and Fu, Shan and Zhao, Xing-Ru},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21290098},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Chickens, Chickens: blood, Chickens: metabolism, China, Ducks, Ducks: blood, Ducks: metabolism, Electronic Waste, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Waste Management},\n\tpages = {283--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The rural village, Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, had been exposed to e-waste recycling for years, the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in hens and ducks were high. The concentration of ∑PBDEs in the brain was the lowest among tissues of individual hens and ducks after correction for the respective lipid content. Also, the concentration ratio of BDE-153 versus BDE-154 (153/154) of brain was the highest among tissues of individual hens and ducks. Our results indicate that the hindrance of blood-brain barrier to compounds, such as high molecular weight and non-planar conformation (steric hindrance), contributed to the low concentration of PBDEs in the brain tissue of hens and ducks, especially in cases exposed to high levels of PBDE.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yang-wei-liu-yu-insightsintothestructuralandconformationalrequirementsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmetabolitesaspotentialestrogensbasedonmoleculardocking-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yang-wei-liu-yu-insightsintothestructuralandconformationalrequirementsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmetabolitesaspotentialestrogensbasedonmoleculardocking-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234', event);\">\n    Insights into the structural and conformational requirements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites as potential estrogens based on molecular docking.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yang, W.; Wei, S.; Liu, H.;  and Yu, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 84(3): 328–35. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-wei-liu-yu-insightsintothestructuralandconformationalrequirementsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmetabolitesaspotentialestrogensbasedonmoleculardocking-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Insights into the structural and conformational requirements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites as potential estrogens based on molecular docking. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yang-wei-liu-yu-insightsintothestructuralandconformationalrequirementsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmetabolitesaspotentialestrogensbasedonmoleculardocking-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yang-wei-liu-yu-insightsintothestructuralandconformationalrequirementsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmetabolitesaspotentialestrogensbasedonmoleculardocking-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yang-wei-liu-yu-insightsintothestructuralandconformationalrequirementsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandmetabolitesaspotentialestrogensbasedonmoleculardocking-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yang_insights_2011,\n\ttitle = {Insights into the structural and conformational requirements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites as potential estrogens based on molecular docking.},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601234},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.010},\n\tabstract = {PBDEs and their metabolites are of concern due to their increasing concentrations in the environment and their toxic effects. Knowledge about the toxicological mechanisms of PBDEs and metabolites is urgently needed for further screening. The objective of the present study was to explore the structural and conformational requirements of PBDE compounds as human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα) agonists, and further screened out hERα agonists from PBDE compounds. Molecular docking and postdocking analysis were adopted to attain the aim. The obtained results revealed that PBDEs can be primarily screened for their estrogenicity using score values, hydrogen bonds interaction with amino acid residues Glu353 and/or Arg394 might be important for HO-PBDEs&#x27; estrogenicity. For most MeO-PBDEs, hydrophobic interaction might be the key factor affecting their estrogenic activity. The current study suggested that molecular docking and postdocking analysis can serve as an efficient pre-screening technique for identifying potential estrogens.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Weihua and Wei, Si and Liu, Hongling and Yu, Hongxia},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21601234},\n\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor alpha: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: chemistry, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Molecular Structure, unsure},\n\tpages = {328--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PBDEs and their metabolites are of concern due to their increasing concentrations in the environment and their toxic effects. Knowledge about the toxicological mechanisms of PBDEs and metabolites is urgently needed for further screening. The objective of the present study was to explore the structural and conformational requirements of PBDE compounds as human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα) agonists, and further screened out hERα agonists from PBDE compounds. Molecular docking and postdocking analysis were adopted to attain the aim. The obtained results revealed that PBDEs can be primarily screened for their estrogenicity using score values, hydrogen bonds interaction with amino acid residues Glu353 and/or Arg394 might be important for HO-PBDEs' estrogenicity. For most MeO-PBDEs, hydrophobic interaction might be the key factor affecting their estrogenic activity. The current study suggested that molecular docking and postdocking analysis can serve as an efficient pre-screening technique for identifying potential estrogens.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"xie-mller-ahrens-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsinseawaterandatmosphereoftheatlanticandthesouthernocean-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'xie-mller-ahrens-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsinseawaterandatmosphereoftheatlanticandthesouthernocean-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Xie, Z.; Möller, A.; Ahrens, L.; Sturm, R.;  and Ebinghaus, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(5): 1820–6. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xie-mller-ahrens-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsinseawaterandatmosphereoftheatlanticandthesouthernocean-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es103803t\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xie-mller-ahrens-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsinseawaterandatmosphereoftheatlanticandthesouthernocean-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es103803t', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/xie-mller-ahrens-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsinseawaterandatmosphereoftheatlanticandthesouthernocean-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('xie-mller-ahrens-sturm-ebinghaus-brominatedflameretardantsinseawaterandatmosphereoftheatlanticandthesouthernocean-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{xie_brominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the {Atlantic} and the {Southern} {Ocean}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291232},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es103803t},\n\tabstract = {Seawater and air samples were collected aboard the FS Polarstern during the cruises ANT-XXV/1 + 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean in 2008. The particulate and dissolved phase in water and particulate and gaseous phase in air were analyzed separately for nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and six non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Air concentrations of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) in the gaseous and particulate phase (median = 0.56 pg m(-3) for DPTE and 0.92 pg m(-3) for HBB) were comparable to ∑(9)PBDEs (1.0 pg m(-3)). Pentabromotoluene (PBT) was detectable in ∼30\\% of the gaseous phase samples, whereas concentration of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allylether (ATE), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) were below their method detection limits. DPTE, and PBDEs were also found in seawater at low pg per liter levels. Elevated seawater concentrations of PBDEs and DPTE were measured in the English Channel and close to South African coast. Concentrations of DPTE, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in the atmosphere generally decreased from Europe toward the Southern Ocean, whereas no latitudinal trend was observed in seawater. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition dominates for all selected substances. The medians of net deposition fluxes for the air-water gas exchange were 83, 21, 69, 20, and 781 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB, whereas medians of dry deposition fluxes were 2.0, 0.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB. Overall, these results highlight the important role of the long-range atmospheric transport of PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs to remote regions.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Xie, Zhiyong and Möller, Axel and Ahrens, Lutz and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21291232},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Antarctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {1820--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seawater and air samples were collected aboard the FS Polarstern during the cruises ANT-XXV/1 + 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean in 2008. The particulate and dissolved phase in water and particulate and gaseous phase in air were analyzed separately for nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and six non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Air concentrations of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) in the gaseous and particulate phase (median = 0.56 pg m(-3) for DPTE and 0.92 pg m(-3) for HBB) were comparable to ∑(9)PBDEs (1.0 pg m(-3)). Pentabromotoluene (PBT) was detectable in ∼30% of the gaseous phase samples, whereas concentration of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allylether (ATE), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) were below their method detection limits. DPTE, and PBDEs were also found in seawater at low pg per liter levels. Elevated seawater concentrations of PBDEs and DPTE were measured in the English Channel and close to South African coast. Concentrations of DPTE, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in the atmosphere generally decreased from Europe toward the Southern Ocean, whereas no latitudinal trend was observed in seawater. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition dominates for all selected substances. The medians of net deposition fluxes for the air-water gas exchange were 83, 21, 69, 20, and 781 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB, whereas medians of dry deposition fluxes were 2.0, 0.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB. Overall, these results highlight the important role of the long-range atmospheric transport of PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs to remote regions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"xu-zhang-li-liu-li-atmosphericpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpbisotopesataremotesiteinsouthwesternchinaimplicationsformonsoonassociatedtransport-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'xu-zhang-li-liu-li-atmosphericpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpbisotopesataremotesiteinsouthwesternchinaimplicationsformonsoonassociatedtransport-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958', event);\">\n    Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Pb isotopes at a remote site in Southwestern China: implications for monsoon-associated transport.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Xu, Y.; Zhang, G.; Li, J.; Liu, X.;  and Li, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 409(21): 4564–71. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xu-zhang-li-liu-li-atmosphericpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpbisotopesataremotesiteinsouthwesternchinaimplicationsformonsoonassociatedtransport-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Pb isotopes at a remote site in Southwestern China: implications for monsoon-associated transport. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xu-zhang-li-liu-li-atmosphericpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpbisotopesataremotesiteinsouthwesternchinaimplicationsformonsoonassociatedtransport-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/xu-zhang-li-liu-li-atmosphericpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpbisotopesataremotesiteinsouthwesternchinaimplicationsformonsoonassociatedtransport-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('xu-zhang-li-liu-li-atmosphericpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpbisotopesataremotesiteinsouthwesternchinaimplicationsformonsoonassociatedtransport-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{xu_atmospheric_2011,\n\ttitle = {Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and {Pb} isotopes at a remote site in {Southwestern} {China}: implications for monsoon-associated transport.},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855958},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.035},\n\tabstract = {A 13-month sampling campaign was conducted at a remote site in southwestern China from October, 2005 to December, 2006. An integrated approach with lead isotopes and air back trajectory analysis was used to investigate the monsoon-associated atmospheric transport of PBDEs in tropical/subtropical Asia regions. The air concentration of PBDEs ranged from 1.6 to 57.5 pgm(-3) (15.9±12.0 pgm(-3)), comparable to reported levels at other remote sites in the world. BDE-209, followed by BDE-47 and -99 dominated the PBDE compositions, indicating a mixed deca- and penta-BDE source. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed that the major potential source regions of BDE-47 and -99 could be southern China and Thailand, while those of BDE-209 are widely distributed in industrialized and urbanized areas in tropical Asia. The different lead isotope compositions of aerosols between trajectory clusters further substantiated the observation that the South Asian monsoon from spring to summer could penetrate deep into southwestern China, and facilitate long-range transport of airborne pollutants from South Asia.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Xu, Yue and Zhang, Gan and Li, Jun and Liu, Xiang and Li, Xiangdong},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21855958},\n\tkeywords = {Aerosols, Aerosols: analysis, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, China, Cyclonic Storms, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Isotopes, Isotopes: analysis, Lead, Lead: analysis, Seasons},\n\tpages = {4564--71},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A 13-month sampling campaign was conducted at a remote site in southwestern China from October, 2005 to December, 2006. An integrated approach with lead isotopes and air back trajectory analysis was used to investigate the monsoon-associated atmospheric transport of PBDEs in tropical/subtropical Asia regions. The air concentration of PBDEs ranged from 1.6 to 57.5 pgm(-3) (15.9±12.0 pgm(-3)), comparable to reported levels at other remote sites in the world. BDE-209, followed by BDE-47 and -99 dominated the PBDE compositions, indicating a mixed deca- and penta-BDE source. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed that the major potential source regions of BDE-47 and -99 could be southern China and Thailand, while those of BDE-209 are widely distributed in industrialized and urbanized areas in tropical Asia. The different lead isotope compositions of aerosols between trajectory clusters further substantiated the observation that the South Asian monsoon from spring to summer could penetrate deep into southwestern China, and facilitate long-range transport of airborne pollutants from South Asia.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wiseman-wan-chang-zhang-hecker-jones-giesy-polybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedmethoxylatedanalogsenvironmentalsourcesmetabolicrelationshipsandrelativetoxicities-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wiseman-wan-chang-zhang-hecker-jones-giesy-polybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedmethoxylatedanalogsenvironmentalsourcesmetabolicrelationshipsandrelativetoxicities-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs: environmental sources, metabolic relationships, and relative toxicities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wiseman, S. B; Wan, Y.; Chang, H.; Zhang, X.; Hecker, M.; Jones, P. D;  and Giesy, J. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 63(5-12): 179–88. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wiseman-wan-chang-zhang-hecker-jones-giesy-polybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedmethoxylatedanalogsenvironmentalsourcesmetabolicrelationshipsandrelativetoxicities-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs: environmental sources, metabolic relationships, and relative toxicities. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wiseman-wan-chang-zhang-hecker-jones-giesy-polybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedmethoxylatedanalogsenvironmentalsourcesmetabolicrelationshipsandrelativetoxicities-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wiseman-wan-chang-zhang-hecker-jones-giesy-polybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedmethoxylatedanalogsenvironmentalsourcesmetabolicrelationshipsandrelativetoxicities-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wiseman-wan-chang-zhang-hecker-jones-giesy-polybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedmethoxylatedanalogsenvironmentalsourcesmetabolicrelationshipsandrelativetoxicities-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wiseman_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs: environmental sources, metabolic relationships, and relative toxicities.},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439595},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.008},\n\tabstract = {Brominated compounds are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are anthropogenic compounds of concern. Studies suggest that PBDEs can be biotransformed to hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDE). However, the rate of OH-BDE formation observed has been extremely small. OH-BDEs have also been identified as natural compounds produced by some marine invertebrates. Another class of compounds, the methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs), has also been identified as natural compounds in the marine environment. Both the OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs bioaccumulate in higher marine organisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that MeO-BDEs can be biotransformed to OH-BDEs and this generates greater amounts of OH-BDEs than could be generated from PBDEs. Consequently, MeO-BDEs likely represent the primary source of metabolically derived OH-BDEs. Given that for some endpoints OH-BDEs often exhibit greater toxicity compared to PBDEs, it is prudent to consider OH-BDEs as chemicals of concern, despite their seemingly &quot;natural&quot; origins.},\n\tnumber = {5-12},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Wiseman, Steve B and Wan, Yi and Chang, Hong and Zhang, Xiaowei and Hecker, Markus and Jones, Paul D and Giesy, John P},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21439595},\n\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation},\n\tpages = {179--88},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated compounds are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are anthropogenic compounds of concern. Studies suggest that PBDEs can be biotransformed to hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDE). However, the rate of OH-BDE formation observed has been extremely small. OH-BDEs have also been identified as natural compounds produced by some marine invertebrates. Another class of compounds, the methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs), has also been identified as natural compounds in the marine environment. Both the OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs bioaccumulate in higher marine organisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that MeO-BDEs can be biotransformed to OH-BDEs and this generates greater amounts of OH-BDEs than could be generated from PBDEs. Consequently, MeO-BDEs likely represent the primary source of metabolically derived OH-BDEs. Given that for some endpoints OH-BDEs often exhibit greater toxicity compared to PBDEs, it is prudent to consider OH-BDEs as chemicals of concern, despite their seemingly \"natural\" origins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wen-gong-li-shi-zhao-wu-particleboundpcddfsintheatmosphereofanelectronicwastedismantlingareainchina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wen-gong-li-shi-zhao-wu-particleboundpcddfsintheatmosphereofanelectronicwastedismantlingareainchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680', event);\">\n    Particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wen, S.; Gong, Y.; Li, J.; Shi, T.; Zhao, Y.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES</i>, 24(2): 102–11. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wen-gong-li-shi-zhao-wu-particleboundpcddfsintheatmosphereofanelectronicwastedismantlingareainchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2011.02.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wen-gong-li-shi-zhao-wu-particleboundpcddfsintheatmosphereofanelectronicwastedismantlingareainchina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2011.02.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wen-gong-li-shi-zhao-wu-particleboundpcddfsintheatmosphereofanelectronicwastedismantlingareainchina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wen-gong-li-shi-zhao-wu-particleboundpcddfsintheatmosphereofanelectronicwastedismantlingareainchina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wen_particle-bound_2011,\n\ttitle = {Particle-bound {PCDD}/{Fs} in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in {China}.},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {0895-3988},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565680},\n\tdoi = {10.3967/0895-3988.2011.02.003},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). METHODS: Particulate samples including total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter {\\textbackslash}textless2.5 μm diameter (PM(2.5)) were collected on selected non-rainy days in summer (Jul 10-12, 2006) and winter (Jan 11-13, 2007) from Fengjiang (FJ), an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao (LQ). The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution - high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). RESULTS: In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations (mean TEQ values) were 280.6 pg Nm(-3) (3.432 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm(-3) (3.180 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the PM(2.5) samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM(2.5) samples were about 66.8\\%-108.0\\% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for adults and 110.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO (1998) tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg of WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1). CONCLUSION: The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e-waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES},\n\tauthor = {Wen, Sheng and Gong, Yan and Li, Jingguang and Shi, Tingming and Zhao, Yunfeng and Wu, Yongning},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21565680},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Atmosphere, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Occupational Exposure, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Seasons, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry},\n\tpages = {102--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). METHODS: Particulate samples including total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter \\textless2.5 μm diameter (PM(2.5)) were collected on selected non-rainy days in summer (Jul 10-12, 2006) and winter (Jan 11-13, 2007) from Fengjiang (FJ), an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao (LQ). The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution - high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). RESULTS: In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations (mean TEQ values) were 280.6 pg Nm(-3) (3.432 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm(-3) (3.180 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the PM(2.5) samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM(2.5) samples were about 66.8%-108.0% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for adults and 110.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO (1998) tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg of WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1). CONCLUSION: The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e-waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf', event);\">\n    Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Watkins, D. J; McClean, M. D; Fraser, A. J; Weinberg, J.; Stapleton, H. M; Sjödin, A.;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(9): 1247–1252. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{watkins_exposure_2011,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Watkins et al. - 2011 - Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Fraser, Alicia J and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Handwashing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires},\n\tpages = {1247--1252},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-liu-yin-developmentofanultrahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodforhighthroughputdeterminationoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinenvironmentalwater-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-liu-yin-developmentofanultrahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodforhighthroughputdeterminationoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinenvironmentalwater-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412', event);\">\n    Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, X.; Liu, J.;  and Yin, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of chromatography. A</i>, 1218(38): 6705–11. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-liu-yin-developmentofanultrahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodforhighthroughputdeterminationoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinenvironmentalwater-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-liu-yin-developmentofanultrahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodforhighthroughputdeterminationoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinenvironmentalwater-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-liu-yin-developmentofanultrahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodforhighthroughputdeterminationoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinenvironmentalwater-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-liu-yin-developmentofanultrahighperformanceliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometrymethodforhighthroughputdeterminationoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinenvironmentalwater-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_development_2011,\n\ttitle = {Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water.},\n\tvolume = {1218},\n\tissn = {1873-3778},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835412},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067},\n\tabstract = {Widely used as flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are now broadly present in the indoor and outdoor environments. Currently available liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods share some drawbacks with gas chromatography (GC) methods, including time consuming, limited target OPEs, incomplete separation capability for some OPEs and low throughput. In this study, a fast and high throughput LC-MS/MS method was developed. For the first time, all the twelve OPEs that have been studied in literature, ranging from the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate to the very hydrophobic and non-volatile tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, were separated within 11 min. Different from previous studies, we found that the blank contamination was mainly from organic mobile phase rather than the enrichment process, and it can be efficiently eliminated by using acetonitrile rather than methanol as the organic phase of the mobile phase. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) was significantly improved by using 0.1\\% formic acid as an organic modifier. The method exhibited high throughput and sensitivity and can baseline separate 11 of the 12 OPEs studied within 11 min with LOQs ranging from 2 to 6 ng/L. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 2-10\\%. For both reagent water and river water, the spiked recoveries of OPEs ranged from 70 to 110\\%, except for the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate that has recovery below 10\\%. The developed procedure was successfully applied to study the OPE contamination of the Songhua River, and it was found that all the target OPEs were detected with total concentrations of around 1 μg/L in the river waters.},\n\tnumber = {38},\n\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Xiao-wei and Liu, Jing-fu and Yin, Yong-guang},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21835412},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {6705--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Widely used as flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are now broadly present in the indoor and outdoor environments. Currently available liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods share some drawbacks with gas chromatography (GC) methods, including time consuming, limited target OPEs, incomplete separation capability for some OPEs and low throughput. In this study, a fast and high throughput LC-MS/MS method was developed. For the first time, all the twelve OPEs that have been studied in literature, ranging from the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate to the very hydrophobic and non-volatile tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, were separated within 11 min. Different from previous studies, we found that the blank contamination was mainly from organic mobile phase rather than the enrichment process, and it can be efficiently eliminated by using acetonitrile rather than methanol as the organic phase of the mobile phase. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) was significantly improved by using 0.1% formic acid as an organic modifier. The method exhibited high throughput and sensitivity and can baseline separate 11 of the 12 OPEs studied within 11 min with LOQs ranging from 2 to 6 ng/L. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 2-10%. For both reagent water and river water, the spiked recoveries of OPEs ranged from 70 to 110%, except for the very polar and volatile trimethyl phosphate that has recovery below 10%. The developed procedure was successfully applied to study the OPE contamination of the Songhua River, and it was found that all the target OPEs were detected with total concentrations of around 1 μg/L in the river waters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-delgadomoreno-ye-gan-improvedmeasurementsofpartitioncoefficientsforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-delgadomoreno-ye-gan-improvedmeasurementsofpartitioncoefficientsforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679', event);\">\n    Improved measurements of partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, W.; Delgado-Moreno, L.; Ye, Q.;  and Gan, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(4): 1521–7. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-delgadomoreno-ye-gan-improvedmeasurementsofpartitioncoefficientsforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Improved measurements of partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es103087a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-delgadomoreno-ye-gan-improvedmeasurementsofpartitioncoefficientsforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es103087a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-delgadomoreno-ye-gan-improvedmeasurementsofpartitioncoefficientsforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-delgadomoreno-ye-gan-improvedmeasurementsofpartitioncoefficientsforpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_improved_2011,\n\ttitle = {Improved measurements of partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21210679},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es103087a},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants with strong hydrophobicity. Due to their strong affinity for organic matter, accurate measurement of adsorption coefficients for PBDEs using conventional batch methods can be confounded by biases caused by their sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this study, sorption isotherms were constructed for BDE-47 and BDE-99 in sediments by using different methods to measure the aqueous phase concentration Cw. Upon centrifugation, Cw measured by automated solid-phase microextraction (Cw-SPME) was consistently smaller than by liquid-liquid extraction (Cw-LLE), suggesting substantial association of PBDEs with DOC. Significant underestimations (1.2-106-fold) of sediment-water partition coefficient Kd occurred when Cw was measured by LLE. The log KDOC values derived from the SPME measurements ranged from 5.10 to 8.02 for eight congeners from BDE-28 to BDE-183, suggesting a strong tendency for PBDEs to complex with DOC. This study showed that PBDE congeners have larger sorption coefficients than would be measured by the conventional method. The high affinity to DOC also means a potential for DOC-facilitated transport, thus enhancing the environmental mobility of PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Wei and Delgado-Moreno, Laura and Ye, Qingfu and Gan, Jay},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21210679},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {1521--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants with strong hydrophobicity. Due to their strong affinity for organic matter, accurate measurement of adsorption coefficients for PBDEs using conventional batch methods can be confounded by biases caused by their sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this study, sorption isotherms were constructed for BDE-47 and BDE-99 in sediments by using different methods to measure the aqueous phase concentration Cw. Upon centrifugation, Cw measured by automated solid-phase microextraction (Cw-SPME) was consistently smaller than by liquid-liquid extraction (Cw-LLE), suggesting substantial association of PBDEs with DOC. Significant underestimations (1.2-106-fold) of sediment-water partition coefficient Kd occurred when Cw was measured by LLE. The log KDOC values derived from the SPME measurements ranged from 5.10 to 8.02 for eight congeners from BDE-28 to BDE-183, suggesting a strong tendency for PBDEs to complex with DOC. This study showed that PBDE congeners have larger sorption coefficients than would be measured by the conventional method. The high affinity to DOC also means a potential for DOC-facilitated transport, thus enhancing the environmental mobility of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Watkins, D. J; McClean, M. D; Fraser, A. J; Weinberg, J.; Stapleton, H. M; Sjödin, A.;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(9): 1247–52. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003271\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003271', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjdin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{watkins_exposure_2011,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230398&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003271},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J and McClean, Michael D and Fraser, Alicia J and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21715243},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hand, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Questionnaires},\n\tpages = {1247--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-zhang-huang-christie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209insoileffectsofrhizosphereandmycorrhizalcolonizationofryegrassroots-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-zhang-huang-christie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209insoileffectsofrhizosphereandmycorrhizalcolonizationofryegrassroots-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262', event);\">\n    Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, S.; Zhang, S.; Huang, H.;  and Christie, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 159(3): 749–53. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-zhang-huang-christie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209insoileffectsofrhizosphereandmycorrhizalcolonizationofryegrassroots-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-zhang-huang-christie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209insoileffectsofrhizosphereandmycorrhizalcolonizationofryegrassroots-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-zhang-huang-christie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209insoileffectsofrhizosphereandmycorrhizalcolonizationofryegrassroots-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-zhang-huang-christie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209insoileffectsofrhizosphereandmycorrhizalcolonizationofryegrassroots-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_behavior_2011,\n\ttitle = {Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183262},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.035},\n\tabstract = {A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass and the influence of root colonization with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. BDE-209 dissipation in soil varied with its proximity to the roots and was enhanced by AM inoculation. A negative correlation (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.66) was found between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and soil microbial biomass estimated as the total phospholipid fatty acids, suggesting a contribution of microbial degradation to BDE-209 dissipation. Twelve and twenty-four lower brominated PBDEs were detected in soil and plant samples, respectively, with a higher proportion of di- through hepta-BDE congeners in the plant tissues than in the soils, indicating the occurrence of BDE-209 debromination in the soil-plant system. AM inoculation increased the levels of lower brominated PBDEs in ryegrass. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Sen and Zhang, Shuzhen and Huang, Honglin and Christie, Peter},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21183262},\n\tkeywords = {Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fungi, Fungi: drug effects, Fungi: metabolism, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycota: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: metabolism, Lolium: microbiology, Mycorrhizae, Mycorrhizae: drug effects, Mycorrhizae: metabolism, Plant Roots, Plant Roots: metabolism, Plant Shoots, Plant Shoots: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rhizosphere, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism},\n\tpages = {749--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass and the influence of root colonization with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. BDE-209 dissipation in soil varied with its proximity to the roots and was enhanced by AM inoculation. A negative correlation (P \\textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.66) was found between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and soil microbial biomass estimated as the total phospholipid fatty acids, suggesting a contribution of microbial degradation to BDE-209 dissipation. Twelve and twenty-four lower brominated PBDEs were detected in soil and plant samples, respectively, with a higher proportion of di- through hepta-BDE congeners in the plant tissues than in the soils, indicating the occurrence of BDE-209 debromination in the soil-plant system. AM inoculation increased the levels of lower brominated PBDEs in ryegrass. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-hsia-mao-chen-wang-wang-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersonsteroidogenesisinratleydigcells-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-hsia-mao-chen-wang-wang-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersonsteroidogenesisinratleydigcells-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635', event);\">\n    Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, K.; Hsia, S.; Mao, I.; Chen, M.; Wang, S.;  and Wang, P. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Human reproduction (Oxford, England)</i>, 26(8): 2209–17. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-hsia-mao-chen-wang-wang-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersonsteroidogenesisinratleydigcells-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der165\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-hsia-mao-chen-wang-wang-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersonsteroidogenesisinratleydigcells-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der165', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-hsia-mao-chen-wang-wang-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersonsteroidogenesisinratleydigcells-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-hsia-mao-chen-wang-wang-effectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersonsteroidogenesisinratleydigcells-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_effects_2011,\n\ttitle = {Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on steroidogenesis in rat {Leydig} cells.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1460-2350},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642635},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/humrep/der165},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that have been defined as major environmental pollutants. While previous studies have found that PBDEs may enhance the levels of sex-steroid hormones, their effects on testosterone secretion from rat Leydig cells are unclear. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of PBDE-710, a mixture of tetra- and penta-PBDEs, on testosterone biosynthesis in rat Leydig cells.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Human reproduction (Oxford, England)},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Kai-Lee and Hsia, Shih-Min and Mao, I-Fang and Chen, Mei-Lien and Wang, Shyi-Wu and Wang, Paulus S},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21642635},\n\tkeywords = {8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: pharmacolo, Adenine, Adenine: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Adenine: pharmacology, Animals, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: drug effec, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: metabolism, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin: pharmacology, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Leydig Cells, Leydig Cells: drug effects, Leydig Cells: metabolism, Male, Phosphoproteins, Phosphoproteins: biosynthesis, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Testosterone, Testosterone: biosynthesis},\n\tpages = {2209--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that have been defined as major environmental pollutants. While previous studies have found that PBDEs may enhance the levels of sex-steroid hormones, their effects on testosterone secretion from rat Leydig cells are unclear. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of PBDE-710, a mixture of tetra- and penta-PBDEs, on testosterone biosynthesis in rat Leydig cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-alaee-sverko-li-reiner-shen-analysisandoccurrenceofemergingchlorinatedandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurficialsedimentofthedaliancoastalareainchina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-alaee-sverko-li-reiner-shen-analysisandoccurrenceofemergingchlorinatedandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurficialsedimentofthedaliancoastalareainchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524', event);\">\n    Analysis and occurrence of emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in surficial sediment of the Dalian coastal area in China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, D.; Alaee, M.; Sverko, E.; Li, Y.; Reiner, E. J;  and Shen, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 13(11): 3104–10. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-alaee-sverko-li-reiner-shen-analysisandoccurrenceofemergingchlorinatedandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurficialsedimentofthedaliancoastalareainchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis and occurrence of emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in surficial sediment of the Dalian coastal area in China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10241a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-alaee-sverko-li-reiner-shen-analysisandoccurrenceofemergingchlorinatedandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurficialsedimentofthedaliancoastalareainchina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10241a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-alaee-sverko-li-reiner-shen-analysisandoccurrenceofemergingchlorinatedandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurficialsedimentofthedaliancoastalareainchina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-alaee-sverko-li-reiner-shen-analysisandoccurrenceofemergingchlorinatedandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurficialsedimentofthedaliancoastalareainchina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_analysis_2011,\n\ttitle = {Analysis and occurrence of emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in surficial sediment of the {Dalian} coastal area in {China}.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956524},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10241a},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations and distributions of some typical chlorinated flame retardants (Dechlorane or Mirex, Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) and brominated FRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)) were analyzed in surficial sediment collected from the Dalian coastal area in northeast China. Dec 603, Dec 604, and BTBPE were below their respective limits of detection (LOD) in all sediment samples, while Dechlorane, Dec 602, DP, Σ13BDE (tri- to hepta-BDEs), BDE 209, and PBEB were identified in the ranges {\\textbackslash}textless0.015-39.9 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), {\\textbackslash}textless0.011-0.156 ng g(-1) dw, 0.69-7.00 ng g(-1) dw, 0.017-1.33 ng g(-1) dw, 3.94-103 ng g(-1) dw, and {\\textbackslash}textless0.073-1.9 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Relationships between these chlorinated and brominated FRs were analyzed using Pearson&#x27;s correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). DP, Dechlorane, Σ13BDE, and BDE 209 showed significantly positive correlation (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05), and these relationships showed excellent agreement with PCA results. The spatial trends for Dechlorane, DP, BDE 209, and Σ13BDE showed that high concentrations were found in the industrial zone and lower concentrations in residential and garden zones. The results imply that these FRs are originating from a common source, and support the view that direct input from the effluent of sewage outlets is a major source of these compounds in Dalian sediment.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Wang, De-Gao and Alaee, Mehran and Sverko, Ed and Li, Yi-Fan and Reiner, Eric J and Shen, Li},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21956524},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Limit of Detection, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Quality Control, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {3104--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations and distributions of some typical chlorinated flame retardants (Dechlorane or Mirex, Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec 604) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) and brominated FRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)) were analyzed in surficial sediment collected from the Dalian coastal area in northeast China. Dec 603, Dec 604, and BTBPE were below their respective limits of detection (LOD) in all sediment samples, while Dechlorane, Dec 602, DP, Σ13BDE (tri- to hepta-BDEs), BDE 209, and PBEB were identified in the ranges \\textless0.015-39.9 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), \\textless0.011-0.156 ng g(-1) dw, 0.69-7.00 ng g(-1) dw, 0.017-1.33 ng g(-1) dw, 3.94-103 ng g(-1) dw, and \\textless0.073-1.9 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Relationships between these chlorinated and brominated FRs were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). DP, Dechlorane, Σ13BDE, and BDE 209 showed significantly positive correlation (p\\textless0.05), and these relationships showed excellent agreement with PCA results. The spatial trends for Dechlorane, DP, BDE 209, and Σ13BDE showed that high concentrations were found in the industrial zone and lower concentrations in residential and garden zones. The results imply that these FRs are originating from a common source, and support the view that direct input from the effluent of sewage outlets is a major source of these compounds in Dalian sediment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vorkamp-thomsen-frederiksen-pedersen-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorenvironmentandassociationswithprenatalexposure-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vorkamp-thomsen-frederiksen-pedersen-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorenvironmentandassociationswithprenatalexposure-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vorkamp, K.; Thomsen, M.; Frederiksen, M.; Pedersen, M.;  and Knudsen, L. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(1): 1–10. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vorkamp-thomsen-frederiksen-pedersen-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorenvironmentandassociationswithprenatalexposure-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vorkamp-thomsen-frederiksen-pedersen-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorenvironmentandassociationswithprenatalexposure-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vorkamp-thomsen-frederiksen-pedersen-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorenvironmentandassociationswithprenatalexposure-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vorkamp-thomsen-frederiksen-pedersen-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheindoorenvironmentandassociationswithprenatalexposure-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vorkamp_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609475},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001},\n\tabstract = {As part of a larger exposure study, samples of dust and indoor air were collected in the homes of 43 pregnant women living in the Copenhagen area (Denmark) and analysed for 12 polybrominated diphenyl ethers using GC-MS. A second dust sample collected after delivery was analysed for BDE-183 and BDE-209, which were highly correlated with the pre-delivery samples, but did not reproduce the actual values. Concentrations as high as 80 μg/g were measured for the dominant BDE congener BDE-209, with median concentrations of 332 and 432 ng/g, respectively, in pre- and post-delivery dust samples. In 12\\% of the dust samples, the concentration of BDE-209 was lower than that of the summed concentration of PentaBDE congeners. The median concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in dust were 16.9 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively. The dust concentrations were in line with other European studies and confirmed previously established geographical differences between continental Europe and North America. Additional octa- and nonaBDE congeners (BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-206, BDE-207, and BDE-208) were analysed in dust and analytical issues were discussed as these congeners also can be a product of thermal degradation of BDE-209 in gas chromatographic analysis. BDE-206 was the dominating nonaBDE, with median and maximum concentrations of 12.8 and 2217 ng/g, respectively, but the ratio of nonaBDEs to the sum of nona- and decaBDEs was relatively constant, despite a large range in absolute dust concentrations. While the congeners of the PentaBDE mixture were highly inter-correlated for both dust and air, no correlation was found with BDE-209 in either matrix. Air concentrations were relatively high in an international context, with median concentrations of 134, 63.7 and 119 pg/m³ for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209, respectively, and not correlated with dust concentrations. Additional placenta data were available for the study group and found to correlate significantly with dust concentrations for some PentaBDE congeners, but not BDE-209, indicating that dust may be an important exposure pathway for PentaBDE congeners. While BDE-209 also was present in placenta, it did not exceed the other congeners by the same factors as in dust. This might be caused by a combination of the compound&#x27;s physical-chemical properties affecting bioavailability, uptake, partitioning and metabolisation, and other sources of exposure, but was not investigated further in this study. For all matrices, the PBDE profile resembled that of the technical product Bromkal 70-5DE, but air contained higher percentages of the lower brominated congeners and placenta tissue was dominated by BDE-153. The predominance of BDE-153 has been described in other studies on human samples and related to the highest retention in the body, but further research into toxicokinetics will be required to clarify mechanisms.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Frederiksen, Marie and Pedersen, Marie and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20609475},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As part of a larger exposure study, samples of dust and indoor air were collected in the homes of 43 pregnant women living in the Copenhagen area (Denmark) and analysed for 12 polybrominated diphenyl ethers using GC-MS. A second dust sample collected after delivery was analysed for BDE-183 and BDE-209, which were highly correlated with the pre-delivery samples, but did not reproduce the actual values. Concentrations as high as 80 μg/g were measured for the dominant BDE congener BDE-209, with median concentrations of 332 and 432 ng/g, respectively, in pre- and post-delivery dust samples. In 12% of the dust samples, the concentration of BDE-209 was lower than that of the summed concentration of PentaBDE congeners. The median concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in dust were 16.9 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively. The dust concentrations were in line with other European studies and confirmed previously established geographical differences between continental Europe and North America. Additional octa- and nonaBDE congeners (BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-206, BDE-207, and BDE-208) were analysed in dust and analytical issues were discussed as these congeners also can be a product of thermal degradation of BDE-209 in gas chromatographic analysis. BDE-206 was the dominating nonaBDE, with median and maximum concentrations of 12.8 and 2217 ng/g, respectively, but the ratio of nonaBDEs to the sum of nona- and decaBDEs was relatively constant, despite a large range in absolute dust concentrations. While the congeners of the PentaBDE mixture were highly inter-correlated for both dust and air, no correlation was found with BDE-209 in either matrix. Air concentrations were relatively high in an international context, with median concentrations of 134, 63.7 and 119 pg/m³ for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209, respectively, and not correlated with dust concentrations. Additional placenta data were available for the study group and found to correlate significantly with dust concentrations for some PentaBDE congeners, but not BDE-209, indicating that dust may be an important exposure pathway for PentaBDE congeners. While BDE-209 also was present in placenta, it did not exceed the other congeners by the same factors as in dust. This might be caused by a combination of the compound's physical-chemical properties affecting bioavailability, uptake, partitioning and metabolisation, and other sources of exposure, but was not investigated further in this study. For all matrices, the PBDE profile resembled that of the technical product Bromkal 70-5DE, but air contained higher percentages of the lower brominated congeners and placenta tissue was dominated by BDE-153. The predominance of BDE-153 has been described in other studies on human samples and related to the highest retention in the body, but further research into toxicokinetics will be required to clarify mechanisms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vizcaino-grimalt-lopezespinosa-llop-rebagliato-ballester-polybromodiphenylethersinmothersandtheirnewbornsfromanonoccupationallyexposedpopulationvalenciaspain-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vizcaino-grimalt-lopezespinosa-llop-rebagliato-ballester-polybromodiphenylethersinmothersandtheirnewbornsfromanonoccupationallyexposedpopulationvalenciaspain-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175', event);\">\n    Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vizcaino, E.; Grimalt, J. O; Lopez-Espinosa, M.; Llop, S.; Rebagliato, M.;  and Ballester, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(1): 152–7. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vizcaino-grimalt-lopezespinosa-llop-rebagliato-ballester-polybromodiphenylethersinmothersandtheirnewbornsfromanonoccupationallyexposedpopulationvalenciaspain-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vizcaino-grimalt-lopezespinosa-llop-rebagliato-ballester-polybromodiphenylethersinmothersandtheirnewbornsfromanonoccupationallyexposedpopulationvalenciaspain-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vizcaino-grimalt-lopezespinosa-llop-rebagliato-ballester-polybromodiphenylethersinmothersandtheirnewbornsfromanonoccupationallyexposedpopulationvalenciaspain-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vizcaino-grimalt-lopezespinosa-llop-rebagliato-ballester-polybromodiphenylethersinmothersandtheirnewbornsfromanonoccupationallyexposedpopulationvalenciaspain-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vizcaino_polybromodiphenyl_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population ({Valencia}, {Spain}).},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864175},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.011},\n\tabstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blood serum of pregnant women and in cord blood serum of their newborns from a general population cohort (n = 174; Valencia, Spain). The most abundant PBDE congeners identified were BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 209. Their cord blood serum concentrations were about 45\\% of those in maternal serum but after lipid normalization about the same concentrations were observed in both types of samples. Thus, median of total PBDEs was 9.6 ng/g lipid in cord serum (range between not detected and 140 ng/g lipid) and 9.6 ng/g lipid in maternal serum (range between not detected and 120 ng/g lipid). The distributions of these compounds were dominated by BDE 47 in both cases. In cord blood serum the decreasing order of abundance was BDE 47{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 99{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 209{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 153{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 154. The congener composition in maternal serum followed a similar trend: BDE 47{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 153{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 154{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 209{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE 99. The congener concentrations exhibited a higher degree of correlation in cord blood than in maternal serum. Use of the maternal determinants for categorization of the observed maternal and fetal PBDE concentrations only showed significant associations for the levels in umbilical cord. Neonates from rural areas exhibited statistically significantly lower concentrations than those from urban, semi-urban or metropolitan sites. Maternal serum also showed this difference but the higher dispersion of the concentrations in maternal serum did not afford its recognition with statistical significance. The lower qualitative and quantitative variability in the PBDE concentrations of cord blood serum than maternal serum suggest that the latter is reflecting PBDE contributions from a wider diversity of sources than the former whereas cord blood sera seem to represent the long term standing stock of these compounds accumulated in the maternal tissues.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Vizcaino, Esther and Grimalt, Joan O and Lopez-Espinosa, Maria-José and Llop, Sabrina and Rebagliato, Marisa and Ballester, Ferran},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20864175},\n\tkeywords = {Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Newborn: blood, Pregnancy, Spain},\n\tpages = {152--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blood serum of pregnant women and in cord blood serum of their newborns from a general population cohort (n = 174; Valencia, Spain). The most abundant PBDE congeners identified were BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 209. Their cord blood serum concentrations were about 45% of those in maternal serum but after lipid normalization about the same concentrations were observed in both types of samples. Thus, median of total PBDEs was 9.6 ng/g lipid in cord serum (range between not detected and 140 ng/g lipid) and 9.6 ng/g lipid in maternal serum (range between not detected and 120 ng/g lipid). The distributions of these compounds were dominated by BDE 47 in both cases. In cord blood serum the decreasing order of abundance was BDE 47\\textgreaterBDE 99\\textgreaterBDE 209\\textgreaterBDE 153\\textgreaterBDE 154. The congener composition in maternal serum followed a similar trend: BDE 47\\textgreaterBDE 153\\textgreaterBDE 154\\textgreaterBDE 209\\textgreaterBDE 99. The congener concentrations exhibited a higher degree of correlation in cord blood than in maternal serum. Use of the maternal determinants for categorization of the observed maternal and fetal PBDE concentrations only showed significant associations for the levels in umbilical cord. Neonates from rural areas exhibited statistically significantly lower concentrations than those from urban, semi-urban or metropolitan sites. Maternal serum also showed this difference but the higher dispersion of the concentrations in maternal serum did not afford its recognition with statistical significance. The lower qualitative and quantitative variability in the PBDE concentrations of cord blood serum than maternal serum suggest that the latter is reflecting PBDE contributions from a wider diversity of sources than the former whereas cord blood sera seem to represent the long term standing stock of these compounds accumulated in the maternal tissues.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villanger-lydersen-kovacs-lie-skaare-jenssen-disruptiveeffectsofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsonthyroidfunctioninwhitewhalesdelphinapterusleucasfromsvalbard-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villanger-lydersen-kovacs-lie-skaare-jenssen-disruptiveeffectsofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsonthyroidfunctioninwhitewhalesdelphinapterusleucasfromsvalbard-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377', event);\">\n    Disruptive effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants on thyroid function in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villanger, G D; Lydersen, C; Kovacs, K M; Lie, E; Skaare, J U;  and Jenssen, B M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 409(13): 2511–24. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villanger-lydersen-kovacs-lie-skaare-jenssen-disruptiveeffectsofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsonthyroidfunctioninwhitewhalesdelphinapterusleucasfromsvalbard-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Disruptive effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants on thyroid function in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villanger-lydersen-kovacs-lie-skaare-jenssen-disruptiveeffectsofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsonthyroidfunctioninwhitewhalesdelphinapterusleucasfromsvalbard-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villanger-lydersen-kovacs-lie-skaare-jenssen-disruptiveeffectsofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsonthyroidfunctioninwhitewhalesdelphinapterusleucasfromsvalbard-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villanger-lydersen-kovacs-lie-skaare-jenssen-disruptiveeffectsofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsonthyroidfunctioninwhitewhalesdelphinapterusleucasfromsvalbard-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villanger_disruptive_2011,\n\ttitle = {Disruptive effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants on thyroid function in white whales ({Delphinapterus} leucas) from {Svalbard}.},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497377},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.014},\n\tabstract = {We analysed levels of 56 organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) including brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides in the blubber of white (beluga) whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway (N=12; 6 adults [5 males and 1 female] and 6 subadults [4 males and 2 females]) collected in 1996-2001. We also measured circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the whales. The results confirm that OHC levels in these white whales are among the highest levels recorded in wildlife from Svalbard, and at the high end of the range when compared to white whales from the North American Arctic. A projection to latent structure (PLS) model (subadults and adult males grouped together) revealed that known or suspected thyroid disruptive contaminants (polybrominated diphenylether [PBDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154, hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and PCB-105) were negatively correlated with circulating levels of total thyroxin (TT4), free T4 (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Most of these negative relationships were also confirmed using partial correlations controlling for length (and thus age) of the whales. The positive correlations of TT4, FT4 and FT3 with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), chlorinated bornanes CHB-40 and CHB-62 revealed by the PLS model were not confirmed by partial correlations. TH levels in the present study appeared to be somewhat lower than levels measured in beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic. However, we were not able to determine if this was caused by different levels of OHCs, or differences in biological factors (e.g. age, sex, moulting status, and season) and analytical methods between the studies. Although the sample sizes were low and statistical models cannot depict the biological cause-effect relationships, this study suggests negative influences of specific OHCs, particularly PBDEs, on thyroid hormone levels in white whales. The impact this might have on individual and population health is unknown.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Villanger, G D and Lydersen, C and Kovacs, K M and Lie, E and Skaare, J U and Jenssen, B M},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21497377},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: metabolism, Halogenated: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Svalbard, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {2511--24},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We analysed levels of 56 organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) including brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides in the blubber of white (beluga) whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway (N=12; 6 adults [5 males and 1 female] and 6 subadults [4 males and 2 females]) collected in 1996-2001. We also measured circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the whales. The results confirm that OHC levels in these white whales are among the highest levels recorded in wildlife from Svalbard, and at the high end of the range when compared to white whales from the North American Arctic. A projection to latent structure (PLS) model (subadults and adult males grouped together) revealed that known or suspected thyroid disruptive contaminants (polybrominated diphenylether [PBDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154, hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and PCB-105) were negatively correlated with circulating levels of total thyroxin (TT4), free T4 (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Most of these negative relationships were also confirmed using partial correlations controlling for length (and thus age) of the whales. The positive correlations of TT4, FT4 and FT3 with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), chlorinated bornanes CHB-40 and CHB-62 revealed by the PLS model were not confirmed by partial correlations. TH levels in the present study appeared to be somewhat lower than levels measured in beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic. However, we were not able to determine if this was caused by different levels of OHCs, or differences in biological factors (e.g. age, sex, moulting status, and season) and analytical methods between the studies. Although the sample sizes were low and statistical models cannot depict the biological cause-effect relationships, this study suggests negative influences of specific OHCs, particularly PBDEs, on thyroid hormone levels in white whales. The impact this might have on individual and population health is unknown.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vigan-roscioli-guzzella-decabromodiphenyletherbde209entersthefoodweboftheriverpoandismetabolicallydebrominatedinresidentcyprinidfishes-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vigan-roscioli-guzzella-decabromodiphenyletherbde209entersthefoodweboftheriverpoandismetabolicallydebrominatedinresidentcyprinidfishes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710', event);\">\n    Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) enters the food web of the River Po and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Viganò, L.; Roscioli, C.;  and Guzzella, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 409(23): 4966–72. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vigan-roscioli-guzzella-decabromodiphenyletherbde209entersthefoodweboftheriverpoandismetabolicallydebrominatedinresidentcyprinidfishes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) enters the food web of the River Po and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vigan-roscioli-guzzella-decabromodiphenyletherbde209entersthefoodweboftheriverpoandismetabolicallydebrominatedinresidentcyprinidfishes-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vigan-roscioli-guzzella-decabromodiphenyletherbde209entersthefoodweboftheriverpoandismetabolicallydebrominatedinresidentcyprinidfishes-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vigan-roscioli-guzzella-decabromodiphenyletherbde209entersthefoodweboftheriverpoandismetabolicallydebrominatedinresidentcyprinidfishes-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vigano_decabromodiphenyl_2011,\n\ttitle = {Decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) enters the food web of the {River} {Po} and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes.},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925710},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the primary constituent of a widely used flame retardant formulation, is present at relatively high levels in sediments and macroinvertebrates of the River Po. Since it was demonstrated that BDE-209 can be biotransformed to smaller and more toxic polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), the main objective of this study was to assess whether the large quantities of BDE-209 present in the River Po are bioavailable to the higher levels of the food web and are biotransformed in feral fishes. To this aim, 23 cyprinids, mainly common carp, were analysed for the hepatic contents of PBDEs. Contrary to sediments and invertebrates of the same area, no fish sample contained detectable levels of BDE-209. All fishes contained typical PBDE representatives, e.g. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154, but more importantly they contained three congeners, i.e. BDE-179, BDE-188 and BDE-202, which are not present in any technical formulations and are known products of BDE-209 debromination in fish. The age of carps had no effects on the bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Conversely, the contents of PCBs, which also were determined in the same fish samples, showed a positive correlation with age. Both groups of chemicals displayed a tendency to a higher contamination in male fish. This study shows that BDE-209 enters the food web of the River Po contributing to the load of lower brominated PBDEs and thus to the load of chemical stressors threatening the aquatic life of the major Italian watercourse.},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Viganò, Luigi and Roscioli, Claudio and Guzzella, Licia},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21925710},\n\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\&amp; numerical d, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenation, Italy, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Male, Rivers, Sex Factors, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {4966--72},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the primary constituent of a widely used flame retardant formulation, is present at relatively high levels in sediments and macroinvertebrates of the River Po. Since it was demonstrated that BDE-209 can be biotransformed to smaller and more toxic polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), the main objective of this study was to assess whether the large quantities of BDE-209 present in the River Po are bioavailable to the higher levels of the food web and are biotransformed in feral fishes. To this aim, 23 cyprinids, mainly common carp, were analysed for the hepatic contents of PBDEs. Contrary to sediments and invertebrates of the same area, no fish sample contained detectable levels of BDE-209. All fishes contained typical PBDE representatives, e.g. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154, but more importantly they contained three congeners, i.e. BDE-179, BDE-188 and BDE-202, which are not present in any technical formulations and are known products of BDE-209 debromination in fish. The age of carps had no effects on the bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Conversely, the contents of PCBs, which also were determined in the same fish samples, showed a positive correlation with age. Both groups of chemicals displayed a tendency to a higher contamination in male fish. This study shows that BDE-209 enters the food web of the River Po contributing to the load of lower brominated PBDEs and thus to the load of chemical stressors threatening the aquatic life of the major Italian watercourse.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"viberg-eriksson-differencesinneonatalneurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantspbde99andtbbpainmice-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'viberg-eriksson-differencesinneonatalneurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantspbde99andtbbpainmice-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030', event);\">\n    Differences in neonatal neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, PBDE 99 and TBBPA, in mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Viberg, H.;  and Eriksson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 289(1): 59–65. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-eriksson-differencesinneonatalneurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantspbde99andtbbpainmice-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Differences in neonatal neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, PBDE 99 and TBBPA, in mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-eriksson-differencesinneonatalneurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantspbde99andtbbpainmice-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/viberg-eriksson-differencesinneonatalneurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantspbde99andtbbpainmice-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('viberg-eriksson-differencesinneonatalneurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantspbde99andtbbpainmice-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{viberg_differences_2011,\n\ttitle = {Differences in neonatal neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, {PBDE} 99 and {TBBPA}, in mice.},\n\tvolume = {289},\n\tissn = {1879-3185},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21820030},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.010},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A are used as flame retardants and detected in the environmental, wildlife species and human tissues. Exposure to PBDEs during the neonatal development of the brain has been shown to affect behavior and learning and memory in adult mice, while neonatal exposure to TBBPA (another brominated flame retardant) did not affect behavioral variables in the adult. In this study, we hypothesized that the effects of these compounds could be reflected by changes in biochemical substrates and cholinergic receptors and have examined the levels of four proteins involved in maturation of the brain, neuronal growth and synaptogenesis and the densities of both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. We measured the levels of radioactivity in the brain after administration of (14)C-labelled TBBPA at different time points and saw that levels of TBBA peaked earlier and decreased faster than the earlier reported levels of PBDE 99. The protein analysis in the neonatal brain showed changes in the levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin following neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 (21 μmol/kg body weight), but not following exposure TBBPA. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and TBBPA caused a decrease in binding sites of the nicotinic ligand cytisine in frontal cortex. These results confirm earlier reported data that PBDE 99 can act as a developmental neurotoxicant, possibly due to its different uptake and retention in the brain compared to TBBPA. In addition, the changes in protein levels are interesting leads in the search for mechanisms behind the developmental neonatal neurotoxicity of PBDEs in general and PBDE 99 in particular, since also other compounds inducing similar adult behavioral disturbances as PBDE 99, affect these proteins during the period of rapid brain development.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Eriksson, Per},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21820030},\n\tkeywords = {Alkaloids, Alkaloids: metabolism, Animals, Azocines, Azocines: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunoblotting, Male, Mice, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: metabolism, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Quinolizines, Quinolizines: metabolism, Synaptophysin, Synaptophysin: metabolism, unsure},\n\tpages = {59--65},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A are used as flame retardants and detected in the environmental, wildlife species and human tissues. Exposure to PBDEs during the neonatal development of the brain has been shown to affect behavior and learning and memory in adult mice, while neonatal exposure to TBBPA (another brominated flame retardant) did not affect behavioral variables in the adult. In this study, we hypothesized that the effects of these compounds could be reflected by changes in biochemical substrates and cholinergic receptors and have examined the levels of four proteins involved in maturation of the brain, neuronal growth and synaptogenesis and the densities of both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. We measured the levels of radioactivity in the brain after administration of (14)C-labelled TBBPA at different time points and saw that levels of TBBA peaked earlier and decreased faster than the earlier reported levels of PBDE 99. The protein analysis in the neonatal brain showed changes in the levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin following neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 (21 μmol/kg body weight), but not following exposure TBBPA. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and TBBPA caused a decrease in binding sites of the nicotinic ligand cytisine in frontal cortex. These results confirm earlier reported data that PBDE 99 can act as a developmental neurotoxicant, possibly due to its different uptake and retention in the brain compared to TBBPA. In addition, the changes in protein levels are interesting leads in the search for mechanisms behind the developmental neonatal neurotoxicity of PBDEs in general and PBDE 99 in particular, since also other compounds inducing similar adult behavioral disturbances as PBDE 99, affect these proteins during the period of rapid brain development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"verner-bouchard-fritsche-charbonneau-haddad-invitroneurotoxicitydatainhumanriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesoverviewandperspectives-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'verner-bouchard-fritsche-charbonneau-haddad-invitroneurotoxicitydatainhumanriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesoverviewandperspectives-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695', event);\">\n    In vitro neurotoxicity data in human risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): overview and perspectives.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Verner, M.; Bouchard, M.; Fritsche, E.; Charbonneau, M.;  and Haddad, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA</i>, 25(8): 1509–15. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verner-bouchard-fritsche-charbonneau-haddad-invitroneurotoxicitydatainhumanriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesoverviewandperspectives-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro neurotoxicity data in human risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): overview and perspectives. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verner-bouchard-fritsche-charbonneau-haddad-invitroneurotoxicitydatainhumanriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesoverviewandperspectives-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/verner-bouchard-fritsche-charbonneau-haddad-invitroneurotoxicitydatainhumanriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesoverviewandperspectives-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('verner-bouchard-fritsche-charbonneau-haddad-invitroneurotoxicitydatainhumanriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesoverviewandperspectives-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{verner_vitro_2011,\n\ttitle = {In vitro neurotoxicity data in human risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}): overview and perspectives.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1879-3177},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704695},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.007},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants routinely detected in samples of cord blood and breast milk. Concerns have been raised with regard to the toxicity of both pre- and postnatal exposures towards the developing nervous system. Although there is an increasing body of literature on the disruption of brain cell functions by certain PBDE congeners in vitro, some challenges have yet to be tackled to enable the translation of in vitro findings into their in vivo counterparts. In this paper, we review findings on the PBDE neurotoxicity in human cells and discuss the research gaps to be addressed. Moreover, we propose a scheme for the incorporation of in vitro data in human risk assessment, namely through (i) the determination of in vitro cell benchmark levels; (ii) the consideration of uncertainties in establishing equivalency between the in vitro and the in vivo tissue benchmark levels (e.g., chronic vs. acute exposure, interactions with other chemicals); and (iii) relating tissue benchmark levels to surrogate levels of internal exposure. Alongside the assessment of brain dosimetry following exposure to PBDEs, in vitro neurotoxicity data provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the risks of prenatal and early life exposures on children neurodevelopment.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},\n\tauthor = {Verner, Marc-André and Bouchard, Michèle and Fritsche, Ellen and Charbonneau, Michel and Haddad, Sami},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21704695},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: physiology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Risk Assessment, cell line},\n\tpages = {1509--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants routinely detected in samples of cord blood and breast milk. Concerns have been raised with regard to the toxicity of both pre- and postnatal exposures towards the developing nervous system. Although there is an increasing body of literature on the disruption of brain cell functions by certain PBDE congeners in vitro, some challenges have yet to be tackled to enable the translation of in vitro findings into their in vivo counterparts. In this paper, we review findings on the PBDE neurotoxicity in human cells and discuss the research gaps to be addressed. Moreover, we propose a scheme for the incorporation of in vitro data in human risk assessment, namely through (i) the determination of in vitro cell benchmark levels; (ii) the consideration of uncertainties in establishing equivalency between the in vitro and the in vivo tissue benchmark levels (e.g., chronic vs. acute exposure, interactions with other chemicals); and (iii) relating tissue benchmark levels to surrogate levels of internal exposure. Alongside the assessment of brain dosimetry following exposure to PBDEs, in vitro neurotoxicity data provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the risks of prenatal and early life exposures on children neurodevelopment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"venier-hites-flameretardantsintheserumofpetdogsandintheirfood-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'venier-hites-flameretardantsintheserumofpetdogsandintheirfood-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827', event);\">\n    Flame retardants in the serum of pet dogs and in their food.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Venier, M.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(10): 4602–8. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('venier-hites-flameretardantsintheserumofpetdogsandintheirfood-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants in the serum of pet dogs and in their food. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1043529\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('venier-hites-flameretardantsintheserumofpetdogsandintheirfood-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1043529', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/venier-hites-flameretardantsintheserumofpetdogsandintheirfood-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('venier-hites-flameretardantsintheserumofpetdogsandintheirfood-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{venier_flame_2011,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants in the serum of pet dogs and in their food.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500827},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1043529},\n\tabstract = {A previous study from our laboratory showed that pet cats had much higher serum levels of flame retardants compared to humans, despite sharing the same household environment. Dogs, on the other hand, are expected to have lower serum levels of flame retardants because they are metabolically better equipped to degrade these compounds. Thus, we hypothesized that dogs might be more similar to humans in their response to these environmental stressors and be better indicators of human exposures to these contaminants. Serum samples and their food were collected from 18 dogs and analyzed for PBDEs and other emerging flame retardants. The concentrations of PBDEs in dog serum and dog food averaged 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 1.1 ± 0.2 ng/g ww, respectively. While the dog serum samples were dominated by the tetra to hepta BDE congeners, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in the dog food. This difference in congener pattern was analyzed in terms of half-lives. Assuming food as the main exposure source, the average half-life in dog serum was 450 ± 170 days for the less brominated congeners and 2.3 ± 0.5 days for BDE-209. Dust was also considered as an additional exposure source, giving unreasonable residence times. In addition to PBDEs, other flame retardants, including Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenylethane, and hexabromocyclododecane, were identified in these samples.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Venier, Marta and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21500827},\n\tkeywords = {Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Dogs, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Pets, Pets: blood},\n\tpages = {4602--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A previous study from our laboratory showed that pet cats had much higher serum levels of flame retardants compared to humans, despite sharing the same household environment. Dogs, on the other hand, are expected to have lower serum levels of flame retardants because they are metabolically better equipped to degrade these compounds. Thus, we hypothesized that dogs might be more similar to humans in their response to these environmental stressors and be better indicators of human exposures to these contaminants. Serum samples and their food were collected from 18 dogs and analyzed for PBDEs and other emerging flame retardants. The concentrations of PBDEs in dog serum and dog food averaged 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 1.1 ± 0.2 ng/g ww, respectively. While the dog serum samples were dominated by the tetra to hepta BDE congeners, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in the dog food. This difference in congener pattern was analyzed in terms of half-lives. Assuming food as the main exposure source, the average half-life in dog serum was 450 ± 170 days for the less brominated congeners and 2.3 ± 0.5 days for BDE-209. Dust was also considered as an additional exposure source, giving unreasonable residence times. In addition to PBDEs, other flame retardants, including Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenylethane, and hexabromocyclododecane, were identified in these samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966', event);\">\n    Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van den Eede, N.; Dirtu, A. C; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(2): 454–61. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_den_eede_analytical_2011,\n\ttitle = {Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176966},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010},\n\tabstract = {A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127\\%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was {\\textbackslash}textless14\\% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between {\\textbackslash}textless1 and 50ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor {\\textbackslash}textgreater5.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21176966},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\n\tpages = {454--61},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was \\textless14% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between \\textless1 and 50ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor \\textgreater5.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uk-firestatisticsgreatbritain20102011-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uk-firestatisticsgreatbritain20102011-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire Statistics Great Britain, 2010 - 2011.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UK, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Department for Communities and Local Government, London,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uk-firestatisticsgreatbritain20102011-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire Statistics Great Britain, 2010 - 2011 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uk-firestatisticsgreatbritain20102011-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uk-firestatisticsgreatbritain20102011-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{uk_fire_2011,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Fire {Statistics} {Great} {Britain}, 2010 - 2011},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2011.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},\n\tauthor = {UK, DCLG},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vagula-kubeldis-nelatury-effectsofbde85ontheoxidativestatusandnerveconductioninrodents-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vagula-kubeldis-nelatury-effectsofbde85ontheoxidativestatusandnerveconductioninrodents-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022', event);\">\n    Effects of BDE-85 on the oxidative status and nerve conduction in rodents.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vagula, M. C; Kubeldis, N.;  and Nelatury, C. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of toxicology</i>, 30(4): 428–34. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vagula-kubeldis-nelatury-effectsofbde85ontheoxidativestatusandnerveconductioninrodents-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of BDE-85 on the oxidative status and nerve conduction in rodents. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1091581811411109\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vagula-kubeldis-nelatury-effectsofbde85ontheoxidativestatusandnerveconductioninrodents-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1091581811411109', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vagula-kubeldis-nelatury-effectsofbde85ontheoxidativestatusandnerveconductioninrodents-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vagula-kubeldis-nelatury-effectsofbde85ontheoxidativestatusandnerveconductioninrodents-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vagula_effects_2011,\n\ttitle = {Effects of {BDE}-85 on the oxidative status and nerve conduction in rodents.},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1092-874X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772022},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1091581811411109},\n\tabstract = {BDE-85 is a congener of a class of flame-retardant compounds called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although there are some studies on other congeners of PBDEs, there are none on the toxicity potential of this penta-BDE member. This study, therefore, reports the oxidative status and sciatic nerve conduction properties following BDE-85 treatment in rodents. The oxidative stress markers, lipid hydroperoxides, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase, in the exposed mice liver and brain tissues showed tissue-specific alterations following intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mg/kg body weight of BDE-85 for 4 days. The results indicate a significant disruption in the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and setting in of oxidative stress. Isolated sciatic nerves of rats exposed to 5 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL of BDE-85 showed a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity and compound action potential amplitudes, indicating physiological damage to the sciatic nerves.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {International journal of toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Vagula, Mary C and Kubeldis, Nathan and Nelatury, Charles F},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21772022},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Antioxidants, Antioxidants: metabolism, Biological Markers, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxides, Lipid Peroxides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Male, Mice, Neural Conduction, Neural Conduction: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism},\n\tpages = {428--34},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BDE-85 is a congener of a class of flame-retardant compounds called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although there are some studies on other congeners of PBDEs, there are none on the toxicity potential of this penta-BDE member. This study, therefore, reports the oxidative status and sciatic nerve conduction properties following BDE-85 treatment in rodents. The oxidative stress markers, lipid hydroperoxides, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase, in the exposed mice liver and brain tissues showed tissue-specific alterations following intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mg/kg body weight of BDE-85 for 4 days. The results indicate a significant disruption in the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and setting in of oxidative stress. Isolated sciatic nerves of rats exposed to 5 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL of BDE-85 showed a significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity and compound action potential amplitudes, indicating physiological damage to the sciatic nerves.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tseng-hsu-lee-tsai-pan-li-developmentalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209effectsonspermoxidativestressandchromatindnadamageinmouseoffspring-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tseng-hsu-lee-tsai-pan-li-developmentalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209effectsonspermoxidativestressandchromatindnadamageinmouseoffspring-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651', event);\">\n    Developmental exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209): Effects on sperm oxidative stress and chromatin dna damage in mouse offspring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tseng, L.; Hsu, P.; Lee, C.; Tsai, S.; Pan, M.;  and Li, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology</i>. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tseng-hsu-lee-tsai-pan-li-developmentalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209effectsonspermoxidativestressandchromatindnadamageinmouseoffspring-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209): Effects on sperm oxidative stress and chromatin dna damage in mouse offspring. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20729\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tseng-hsu-lee-tsai-pan-li-developmentalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209effectsonspermoxidativestressandchromatindnadamageinmouseoffspring-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20729', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tseng-hsu-lee-tsai-pan-li-developmentalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209effectsonspermoxidativestressandchromatindnadamageinmouseoffspring-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tseng-hsu-lee-tsai-pan-li-developmentalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209effectsonspermoxidativestressandchromatindnadamageinmouseoffspring-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tseng_developmental_2011,\n\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209): {Effects} on sperm oxidative stress and chromatin dna damage in mouse offspring.},\n\tissn = {1522-7278},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626651},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20729},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as brominated flame retardants and have been found in human milk in recent years. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) induces sperm dysfunction in male offspring. Pregnant CD-1 mice were gavaged once daily with corn oil (control), 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) body weight of BDE-209 from day 0 of gestation to day 17. The outcomes of male reproductive parameters were assessed on postnatal day 71. Anogenital distance, sperm-head abnormalities, and testicular histopathology were significantly affected in male offspring prenatally exposed to 1500 mg kg(-1) . Significant increases in the tendency for sperm DNA denaturation (αT) induction and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were found in those exposed to 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). We observed a significant increase of sperm hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) generation in the 10 and 1500 mg/kg/day groups compared to the control group (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). Although our findings suggested that the mechanisms underlying BDE-209-induced sperm DNA damage and H(2) O(2) generation might not be represented as a dose-response relationship, we found that the greater the excess production of sperm H(2) O(2) , the greater the sperm αT (r = 0.65, P = 0.0155) and DFI (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). In conclusion, developmental exposure to BDE-209 induced sperm-head abnormality, oxidative stress, chromatin DNA damage, and testicular histopathological changes. These findings suggest that BDE-209-induced male reproductive effects might involve the formation of sperm H(2) O(2) which attacks nucleic acids via H(2) O(2) generation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Tseng, Li-Ho and Hsu, Ping-Chi and Lee, Chia-Wei and Tsai, Shinn-Shyong and Pan, Min-Hsiung and Li, Mei-Hui},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21626651},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as brominated flame retardants and have been found in human milk in recent years. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) induces sperm dysfunction in male offspring. Pregnant CD-1 mice were gavaged once daily with corn oil (control), 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) body weight of BDE-209 from day 0 of gestation to day 17. The outcomes of male reproductive parameters were assessed on postnatal day 71. Anogenital distance, sperm-head abnormalities, and testicular histopathology were significantly affected in male offspring prenatally exposed to 1500 mg kg(-1) . Significant increases in the tendency for sperm DNA denaturation (αT) induction and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were found in those exposed to 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg(-1) (P \\textless 0.05). We observed a significant increase of sperm hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) generation in the 10 and 1500 mg/kg/day groups compared to the control group (P \\textless 0.05). Although our findings suggested that the mechanisms underlying BDE-209-induced sperm DNA damage and H(2) O(2) generation might not be represented as a dose-response relationship, we found that the greater the excess production of sperm H(2) O(2) , the greater the sperm αT (r = 0.65, P = 0.0155) and DFI (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). In conclusion, developmental exposure to BDE-209 induced sperm-head abnormality, oxidative stress, chromatin DNA damage, and testicular histopathological changes. These findings suggest that BDE-209-induced male reproductive effects might involve the formation of sperm H(2) O(2) which attacks nucleic acids via H(2) O(2) generation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-reichert-hungerbuhler-exposureoftheirishpopulationtopbdesinfoodconsiderationofparameteruncertaintyandvariabilityforriskassessment-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-reichert-hungerbuhler-exposureoftheirishpopulationtopbdesinfoodconsiderationofparameteruncertaintyandvariabilityforriskassessment-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413', event);\">\n    Exposure of the Irish population to PBDEs in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Trudel, D.; Tlustos, C.; von Goetz, N.; Scheringer, M.; Reichert, P.;  and Hungerbuhler, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment</i>,1–13. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-reichert-hungerbuhler-exposureoftheirishpopulationtopbdesinfoodconsiderationofparameteruncertaintyandvariabilityforriskassessment-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure of the Irish population to PBDEs in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.572082\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-reichert-hungerbuhler-exposureoftheirishpopulationtopbdesinfoodconsiderationofparameteruncertaintyandvariabilityforriskassessment-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.572082', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-reichert-hungerbuhler-exposureoftheirishpopulationtopbdesinfoodconsiderationofparameteruncertaintyandvariabilityforriskassessment-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-reichert-hungerbuhler-exposureoftheirishpopulationtopbdesinfoodconsiderationofparameteruncertaintyandvariabilityforriskassessment-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{trudel_exposure_2011,\n\ttitle = {Exposure of the {Irish} population to {PBDEs} in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment.},\n\tissn = {1944-0057},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656413},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/19440049.2011.572082},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants used to retard the ignition and/or spread of fire. PBDEs are used in various consumer products, such as textiles, mattresses and TV screens. This study presents a chemical risk assessment for the Irish population based on exposure to PBDEs from food. Special regard is given to the influence of parameter uncertainty and variability on the margins of safety. To quantitatively model uncertainty and variability in concentration data and variability in consumer behavior, a hierarchical probabilistic model was constructed. This model was evaluated using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D-MCS) approach. By considering uncertainty and variability in concentration data, margins of safety (MOS) were derived that are lower by a factor of ∼2 compared to MOS based on dose estimates that only consider variability. The lowest MOS is 7.5 × 10(4) for BDE-99, with impaired spermatogenesis as toxic endpoint. Assuming an MOS of 10(4) as acceptable, we conclude that there is no significant risk for human health through intake of contaminated food. To investigate whether additional measurements could improve the quality of dose estimates, the statistic &quot;uncertainty-to-variability (UVR)&quot; was developed. By applying the UVR to our dose estimates, we show that, in our case, the datasets contain little uncertainty and additional measurements would not significantly improve the quality of dose estimates.},\n\tjournal = {Food additives \\&amp; contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure \\&amp; risk assessment},\n\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Tlustos, Christina and von Goetz, Natalie and Scheringer, Martin and Reichert, Peter and Hungerbuhler, Konrad},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21656413},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1--13},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants used to retard the ignition and/or spread of fire. PBDEs are used in various consumer products, such as textiles, mattresses and TV screens. This study presents a chemical risk assessment for the Irish population based on exposure to PBDEs from food. Special regard is given to the influence of parameter uncertainty and variability on the margins of safety. To quantitatively model uncertainty and variability in concentration data and variability in consumer behavior, a hierarchical probabilistic model was constructed. This model was evaluated using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D-MCS) approach. By considering uncertainty and variability in concentration data, margins of safety (MOS) were derived that are lower by a factor of ∼2 compared to MOS based on dose estimates that only consider variability. The lowest MOS is 7.5 × 10(4) for BDE-99, with impaired spermatogenesis as toxic endpoint. Assuming an MOS of 10(4) as acceptable, we conclude that there is no significant risk for human health through intake of contaminated food. To investigate whether additional measurements could improve the quality of dose estimates, the statistic \"uncertainty-to-variability (UVR)\" was developed. By applying the UVR to our dose estimates, we show that, in our case, the datasets contain little uncertainty and additional measurements would not significantly improve the quality of dose estimates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"trudel-scheringer-vongoetz-hungerbhler-totalconsumerexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinnorthamericaandeurope-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'trudel-scheringer-vongoetz-hungerbhler-totalconsumerexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinnorthamericaandeurope-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481', event);\">\n    Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in North America and Europe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Trudel, D.; Scheringer, M.; von Goetz, N.;  and Hungerbühler, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(6): 2391–7. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trudel-scheringer-vongoetz-hungerbhler-totalconsumerexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinnorthamericaandeurope-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in North America and Europe. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1035046\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trudel-scheringer-vongoetz-hungerbhler-totalconsumerexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinnorthamericaandeurope-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1035046', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/trudel-scheringer-vongoetz-hungerbhler-totalconsumerexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinnorthamericaandeurope-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('trudel-scheringer-vongoetz-hungerbhler-totalconsumerexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinnorthamericaandeurope-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{trudel_total_2011,\n\ttitle = {Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {North} {America} and {Europe}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348481},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1035046},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, polyurethane foams, and plastics. PBDEs exert toxic effects in various organisms, including humans, and are ubiquitous in the outdoor and indoor environment. Here we estimate total daily PBDE doses received by consumers in North America and Europe, along with the most important pathways and congeners, and derive PBDE elimination half-lives for chronic exposure. We estimate distributions for all parameters (PBDE concentrations in exposure media, food consumption rates, etc.) and conduct a probabilistic exposure assessment. We find that Americans are exposed the most, likely due to stricter fire regulations, followed by consumers from the UK and Continental Europe. In the central quantiles of the exposure distributions derived, food is the dominant pathway; in the upper quantiles either food or oral and dermal exposure to dust. This reflects the lipophilic and persistent nature of PBDEs and their use in products for indoor-use. Median elimination half-lives are in a range of 1-3 years except for BDE-153 with about seven years and BDE-209 with 4-7 days.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Scheringer, Martin and von Goetz, Natalie and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21348481},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diet, Diet: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Half-Life, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, North America, Preschool, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {2391--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, polyurethane foams, and plastics. PBDEs exert toxic effects in various organisms, including humans, and are ubiquitous in the outdoor and indoor environment. Here we estimate total daily PBDE doses received by consumers in North America and Europe, along with the most important pathways and congeners, and derive PBDE elimination half-lives for chronic exposure. We estimate distributions for all parameters (PBDE concentrations in exposure media, food consumption rates, etc.) and conduct a probabilistic exposure assessment. We find that Americans are exposed the most, likely due to stricter fire regulations, followed by consumers from the UK and Continental Europe. In the central quantiles of the exposure distributions derived, food is the dominant pathway; in the upper quantiles either food or oral and dermal exposure to dust. This reflects the lipophilic and persistent nature of PBDEs and their use in products for indoor-use. Median elimination half-lives are in a range of 1-3 years except for BDE-153 with about seven years and BDE-209 with 4-7 days.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tian-chen-wang-zheng-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereofewasteandruralsitesinsouthernchinaseasonalvariationtemperaturedependenceandgasparticlepartitioning-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tian-chen-wang-zheng-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereofewasteandruralsitesinsouthernchinaseasonalvariationtemperaturedependenceandgasparticlepartitioning-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of E-waste and rural sites in southern China: seasonal variation, temperature dependence, and gas-particle partitioning.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tian, M.; Chen, S.; Wang, J.; Zheng, X.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(20): 8819–25. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-wang-zheng-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereofewasteandruralsitesinsouthernchinaseasonalvariationtemperaturedependenceandgasparticlepartitioning-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of E-waste and rural sites in southern China: seasonal variation, temperature dependence, and gas-particle partitioning. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es202284p\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-wang-zheng-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereofewasteandruralsitesinsouthernchinaseasonalvariationtemperaturedependenceandgasparticlepartitioning-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es202284p', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tian-chen-wang-zheng-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereofewasteandruralsitesinsouthernchinaseasonalvariationtemperaturedependenceandgasparticlepartitioning-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tian-chen-wang-zheng-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereofewasteandruralsitesinsouthernchinaseasonalvariationtemperaturedependenceandgasparticlepartitioning-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tian_brominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of {E}-waste and rural sites in southern {China}: seasonal variation, temperature dependence, and gas-particle partitioning.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902255},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es202284p},\n\tabstract = {The recycling of electrical and electronic waste(e-waste) in developing countries has attracted much attention as a significant source of brominated flame retardants (BFRs).Gaseous and particle-bound BFRs were measured in the atmosphere at e-waste and rural sites in southern China during 2007-2008. The annual average concentrations in the air were 3260 ± 3370 and 219 ± 192 pg/m³ for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and were 546 ± 547 and 165 ± 144 pg/m³ for non-PBDE BFRs at the e-waste and rural sites,respectively. PBDEs had unusually high relative concentrations of di- and tribrominated congeners at the e-waste site. The Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots showed that the gaseous concentrations of less brominated BFRs (di- through hexa-BFRs) were strongly controlled by temperature-driven evaporation from contaminated surfaces (e.g., e-waste, soils, and recycled e-waste remains) except for winter. However, weak temperature dependence at the rural site suggests that regional or long-range atmospheric transport was largely responsible for the air concentrations. Gas-particle partitioning (KP) of PBDEs correlated well with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (PL(o)) for most sampling events. The varied slopes of log KP versus log PL(o) plots for the e-waste site (-0.59 to -1.29) indicated an influence of ambient temperature and atmospheric particle properties on the partitioning behavior of BFRs. The flat slopes (-0.23 to -0.80) for the rural site implied an absorption-dominant partitioning. This paper suggests that e-waste recycling in Asian low-latitude regions is a significant source of less brominated BFRs and has important implications for their global transport from warm to colder climate},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Zheng, Xiao-Bo and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21902255},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seasons, Temperature},\n\tpages = {8819--25},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The recycling of electrical and electronic waste(e-waste) in developing countries has attracted much attention as a significant source of brominated flame retardants (BFRs).Gaseous and particle-bound BFRs were measured in the atmosphere at e-waste and rural sites in southern China during 2007-2008. The annual average concentrations in the air were 3260 ± 3370 and 219 ± 192 pg/m³ for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and were 546 ± 547 and 165 ± 144 pg/m³ for non-PBDE BFRs at the e-waste and rural sites,respectively. PBDEs had unusually high relative concentrations of di- and tribrominated congeners at the e-waste site. The Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots showed that the gaseous concentrations of less brominated BFRs (di- through hexa-BFRs) were strongly controlled by temperature-driven evaporation from contaminated surfaces (e.g., e-waste, soils, and recycled e-waste remains) except for winter. However, weak temperature dependence at the rural site suggests that regional or long-range atmospheric transport was largely responsible for the air concentrations. Gas-particle partitioning (KP) of PBDEs correlated well with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (PL(o)) for most sampling events. The varied slopes of log KP versus log PL(o) plots for the e-waste site (-0.59 to -1.29) indicated an influence of ambient temperature and atmospheric particle properties on the partitioning behavior of BFRs. The flat slopes (-0.23 to -0.80) for the rural site implied an absorption-dominant partitioning. This paper suggests that e-waste recycling in Asian low-latitude regions is a significant source of less brominated BFRs and has important implications for their global transport from warm to colder climate\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tian-chen-wang-shi-luo-mai-atmosphericdepositionofhalogenatedflameretardantsaturbanewasteandrurallocationsinsouthernchina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tian-chen-wang-shi-luo-mai-atmosphericdepositionofhalogenatedflameretardantsaturbanewasteandrurallocationsinsouthernchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623', event);\">\n    Atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants at urban, e-waste, and rural locations in southern China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tian, M.; Chen, S.; Wang, J.; Shi, T.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(11): 4696–701. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-wang-shi-luo-mai-atmosphericdepositionofhalogenatedflameretardantsaturbanewasteandrurallocationsinsouthernchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants at urban, e-waste, and rural locations in southern China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es200112m\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tian-chen-wang-shi-luo-mai-atmosphericdepositionofhalogenatedflameretardantsaturbanewasteandrurallocationsinsouthernchina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es200112m', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tian-chen-wang-shi-luo-mai-atmosphericdepositionofhalogenatedflameretardantsaturbanewasteandrurallocationsinsouthernchina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tian-chen-wang-shi-luo-mai-atmosphericdepositionofhalogenatedflameretardantsaturbanewasteandrurallocationsinsouthernchina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tian_atmospheric_2011,\n\ttitle = {Atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants at urban, e-waste, and rural locations in southern {China}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542623},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es200112m},\n\tabstract = {Measurements of atmospheric deposition fluxes and temporal variation of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) from 2007 to 2008 at urban, electronic waste (e-waste), and rural sites in southern China are presented. The deposition fluxes of total HFRs at the urban (99.3-1327 ng m(-2) day(-1)) and e-waste (79.1-1200 ng m(-2) day(-1)) sites were much higher than at the rural site (9.27-79.5 ng m(-2) day(-1)), demonstrating that e-waste recycling and industrial activities in southern China are two important sources of HFRs in the environment. The urban deposition profile was dominated by current-use HFRs (decabrominated diphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane), whereas the profile at the e-waste site reflects the past when significant amounts of PBDEs and Dechlorane Plus were used. Source apportionment estimated by principal component analyses with multiple linear regression analysis showed that deposition HFRs at the rural site were primarily contributed by the urban and e-waste sources (45\\% and 38\\%, respectively) compared to the contribution from local emission (17\\%). Our results suggest that the HFRs that are readily present in gas or sorbed onto fine particle phases have enhanced potential for long-range atmospheric transport.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Tian, Mi and Chen, She-Jun and Wang, Jing and Shi, Tian and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21542623},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis},\n\tpages = {4696--701},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Measurements of atmospheric deposition fluxes and temporal variation of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) from 2007 to 2008 at urban, electronic waste (e-waste), and rural sites in southern China are presented. The deposition fluxes of total HFRs at the urban (99.3-1327 ng m(-2) day(-1)) and e-waste (79.1-1200 ng m(-2) day(-1)) sites were much higher than at the rural site (9.27-79.5 ng m(-2) day(-1)), demonstrating that e-waste recycling and industrial activities in southern China are two important sources of HFRs in the environment. The urban deposition profile was dominated by current-use HFRs (decabrominated diphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane), whereas the profile at the e-waste site reflects the past when significant amounts of PBDEs and Dechlorane Plus were used. Source apportionment estimated by principal component analyses with multiple linear regression analysis showed that deposition HFRs at the rural site were primarily contributed by the urban and e-waste sources (45% and 38%, respectively) compared to the contribution from local emission (17%). Our results suggest that the HFRs that are readily present in gas or sorbed onto fine particle phases have enhanced potential for long-range atmospheric transport.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event);\">\n    Getting Started with Mendeley.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  The Mendeley Support Team\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Mendeley Ltd., London,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Getting Started with Mendeley [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\n\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\n\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\n\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\n\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event);\">\n    Getting Started with Mendeley.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  The Mendeley Support Team\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Mendeley Ltd., London,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Getting Started with Mendeley [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\n\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\n\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\n\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\n\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"team-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'team-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event);\">\n    Getting Started with Mendeley.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Team, T. M. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Mendeley Ltd., London,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('team-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Getting Started with Mendeley [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/team-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('team-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{team_getting_2011,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\n\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\n\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\n\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\n\tauthor = {Team, The Mendeley Support},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tapie-lemenach-pasquaud-elie-devier-budzinski-pbdeandpcbcontaminationofeelsfromthegirondeestuaryfromglasseelstosilvereels-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tapie-lemenach-pasquaud-elie-devier-budzinski-pbdeandpcbcontaminationofeelsfromthegirondeestuaryfromglasseelstosilvereels-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534', event);\">\n    PBDE and PCB contamination of eels from the Gironde estuary: from glass eels to silver eels.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tapie, N.; Le Menach, K.; Pasquaud, S.; Elie, P.; Devier, M. H.;  and Budzinski, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(2): 175–85. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tapie-lemenach-pasquaud-elie-devier-budzinski-pbdeandpcbcontaminationofeelsfromthegirondeestuaryfromglasseelstosilvereels-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDE and PCB contamination of eels from the Gironde estuary: from glass eels to silver eels. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tapie-lemenach-pasquaud-elie-devier-budzinski-pbdeandpcbcontaminationofeelsfromthegirondeestuaryfromglasseelstosilvereels-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tapie-lemenach-pasquaud-elie-devier-budzinski-pbdeandpcbcontaminationofeelsfromthegirondeestuaryfromglasseelstosilvereels-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tapie-lemenach-pasquaud-elie-devier-budzinski-pbdeandpcbcontaminationofeelsfromthegirondeestuaryfromglasseelstosilvereels-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tapie_pbde_2011,\n\ttitle = {{PBDE} and {PCB} contamination of eels from the {Gironde} estuary: from glass eels to silver eels.},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256534},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.044},\n\tabstract = {Since the 1980s, the eel population has been decreasing dangerously. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the suspected causes of this decline. A preliminary study of PCB contamination carried out on different fish from the Gironde estuary (southwest of France, Europe) has shown a relatively high level of contamination of eel muscles. In order to characterize the contamination level of PCBs and PBDEs (PolyBrominated Diphenyl-Ethers) in eels from this estuary more than 240 eels were collected during the years 2004-2005 in the Gironde estuarine system, from glass eels to silver eels. Individual European eels were grouped according to length and localization sites. The results have shown a low contamination level of glass eels: respectively 28±11 ng g(-1)dw for PCBs and 5±3 ng g(-1)dw for PBDEs. The contamination level in eels (expressed in ng g(-1)dw) increases from glass eels to silver eels up to 3399 ng g(-1)dw of PCBs for the most contaminated silver eel. Such levels of PCBs similar to those observed in Northern Europe, could raise sanitary problems connected with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. These results are worrying for the local people who regularly eat eels caught in the Gironde estuary.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Tapie, Nathalie and Le Menach, Karyn and Pasquaud, Stéphanie and Elie, Pierre and Devier, Marie Hélène and Budzinski, Hélène},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21256534},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Eels, Eels: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, France, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {175--85},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since the 1980s, the eel population has been decreasing dangerously. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the suspected causes of this decline. A preliminary study of PCB contamination carried out on different fish from the Gironde estuary (southwest of France, Europe) has shown a relatively high level of contamination of eel muscles. In order to characterize the contamination level of PCBs and PBDEs (PolyBrominated Diphenyl-Ethers) in eels from this estuary more than 240 eels were collected during the years 2004-2005 in the Gironde estuarine system, from glass eels to silver eels. Individual European eels were grouped according to length and localization sites. The results have shown a low contamination level of glass eels: respectively 28±11 ng g(-1)dw for PCBs and 5±3 ng g(-1)dw for PBDEs. The contamination level in eels (expressed in ng g(-1)dw) increases from glass eels to silver eels up to 3399 ng g(-1)dw of PCBs for the most contaminated silver eel. Such levels of PCBs similar to those observed in Northern Europe, could raise sanitary problems connected with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. These results are worrying for the local people who regularly eat eels caught in the Gironde estuary.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event);\">\n    Getting Started with Mendeley.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  The Mendeley Support Team\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Mendeley Ltd., London,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Getting Started with Mendeley [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2011,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\n\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\n\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\n\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\n\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suvorov-takser-delayedresponseintheratfrontallobetranscriptometoperinatalexposuretotheflameretardantbde47-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suvorov-takser-delayedresponseintheratfrontallobetranscriptometoperinatalexposuretotheflameretardantbde47-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737', event);\">\n    Delayed response in the rat frontal lobe transcriptome to perinatal exposure to the flame retardant BDE-47.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suvorov, A.;  and Takser, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of applied toxicology : JAT</i>, 31(5): 477–83. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suvorov-takser-delayedresponseintheratfrontallobetranscriptometoperinatalexposuretotheflameretardantbde47-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Delayed response in the rat frontal lobe transcriptome to perinatal exposure to the flame retardant BDE-47. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1667\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suvorov-takser-delayedresponseintheratfrontallobetranscriptometoperinatalexposuretotheflameretardantbde47-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1667', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suvorov-takser-delayedresponseintheratfrontallobetranscriptometoperinatalexposuretotheflameretardantbde47-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suvorov-takser-delayedresponseintheratfrontallobetranscriptometoperinatalexposuretotheflameretardantbde47-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suvorov_delayed_2011,\n\ttitle = {Delayed response in the rat frontal lobe transcriptome to perinatal exposure to the flame retardant {BDE}-47.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1099-1263},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394737},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jat.1667},\n\tabstract = {BDE-47 is the most prevalent congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which are widely used flame retardants, and is known for endocrine and behavioral disrupting properties in animals. Transient effect on spontaneous motor activity in rats following perinatal exposure to BDE-47 at low doses, relevant to human exposure, was reported in our previous study. The objective of this study was to screen for the long-term effects on gene expression in the brain of rats perinatally exposed to BDE-47. Wistar dams were exposed to BDE-47 (0.002 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) body weight) from gestation day 15 to postnatal day (PND) 20. Total RNA was extracted from the whole brain at PND10 and the brain frontal lobes at PND41 and hybridized to whole-genome RNA expression microarrays. The genes, differentially expressed 1.5-fold, were analyzed with the DAVID bioinformatics resources for cluster and gene-term enrichment. At PND41, clusters of genes involved in nerve impulse transmission, nervous system development and functioning, and core biosynthetic process were altered, including several downregulated genes of cation channels. Representation of LINE1 RNA was decreased significantly. Altered expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment occured at least 3 weeks after the last exposure and the behavioral manifestation of low dose BDE-47 toxicity.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Journal of applied toxicology : JAT},\n\tauthor = {Suvorov, Alexander and Takser, Larissa},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21394737},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animal: physiology, Animals, Behavior, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Frontal Lobe, Frontal Lobe: drug effects, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression: drug effects, Genome-Wide Association Study, Maternal Exposure, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Neurogenesis: genetics, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar},\n\tpages = {477--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BDE-47 is the most prevalent congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which are widely used flame retardants, and is known for endocrine and behavioral disrupting properties in animals. Transient effect on spontaneous motor activity in rats following perinatal exposure to BDE-47 at low doses, relevant to human exposure, was reported in our previous study. The objective of this study was to screen for the long-term effects on gene expression in the brain of rats perinatally exposed to BDE-47. Wistar dams were exposed to BDE-47 (0.002 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) body weight) from gestation day 15 to postnatal day (PND) 20. Total RNA was extracted from the whole brain at PND10 and the brain frontal lobes at PND41 and hybridized to whole-genome RNA expression microarrays. The genes, differentially expressed 1.5-fold, were analyzed with the DAVID bioinformatics resources for cluster and gene-term enrichment. At PND41, clusters of genes involved in nerve impulse transmission, nervous system development and functioning, and core biosynthetic process were altered, including several downregulated genes of cation channels. Representation of LINE1 RNA was decreased significantly. Altered expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment occured at least 3 weeks after the last exposure and the behavioral manifestation of low dose BDE-47 toxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suutari-ruokojrvi-kiviranta-verta-korhonen-nieminen-laaksonen-polychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddsdibenzofuranspcdfspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfinnishsemidomesticatedreindeerrangifertarandustarandusl-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suutari-ruokojrvi-kiviranta-verta-korhonen-nieminen-laaksonen-polychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddsdibenzofuranspcdfspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfinnishsemidomesticatedreindeerrangifertarandustarandusl-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976', event);\">\n    Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suutari, A.; Ruokojärvi, P.; Kiviranta, H.; Verta, M.; Korhonen, M.; Nieminen, M.;  and Laaksonen, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(2): 335–41. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suutari-ruokojrvi-kiviranta-verta-korhonen-nieminen-laaksonen-polychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddsdibenzofuranspcdfspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfinnishsemidomesticatedreindeerrangifertarandustarandusl-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suutari-ruokojrvi-kiviranta-verta-korhonen-nieminen-laaksonen-polychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddsdibenzofuranspcdfspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfinnishsemidomesticatedreindeerrangifertarandustarandusl-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suutari-ruokojrvi-kiviranta-verta-korhonen-nieminen-laaksonen-polychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddsdibenzofuranspcdfspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfinnishsemidomesticatedreindeerrangifertarandustarandusl-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suutari-ruokojrvi-kiviranta-verta-korhonen-nieminen-laaksonen-polychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddsdibenzofuranspcdfspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfinnishsemidomesticatedreindeerrangifertarandustarandusl-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suutari_polychlorinated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PCDDs}), dibenzofurans ({PCDFs}), polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Finnish} semi-domesticated reindeer ({Rangifer} tarandus tarandus {L}.).},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040976},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.003},\n\tabstract = {To explore the concentrations and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) the reindeer milk and tissue samples were collected from the sub-arctic northern Finland. Reindeer milk&#x27;s PCB sum (1.20ng g(-1) wet weight) and PCDD/F sum (0.70pg g(-1) ww) in autumn were higher than in summer (PCBs 0.50ng g(-1) ww and PCDD/Fs 0.20pg g(-1) ww). The mean fat content in autumn milk (26\\%) was significantly higher than in summer (10\\%). Concentrations in reindeer milk were generally far below 50\\% of that in adult reindeer body burden. However, the bioaccumulation factors were multiple in milk/reindeer calf ratio and that aroused the question of other important exposure routes than lactation. The muscle and liver of reindeer calves had higher PCDD/F and PCB concentrations than adult animals that possibly indicate the significance of transfer of these compounds from dam to calf through lactation and placenta. However, PBDE concentrations were higher in adult reindeer, especially in liver. In addition, reindeer liver seems to have a special feature to collect highly toxic PCDD/Fs, although the PCB sum concentrations (range from 0.33 to 1.69ng g(-1) wet weight) were clearly higher than the sums of PCDD/Fs (range from 3.78 to 39.2pg g(-1) ww). Stillborn reindeer calves represented individuals who had got their PCDD/F, PCB and PBDE load only via the placenta. Concentrations in muscle and brown adipose tissue samples did not indicate dependency on fat content. Obviously effective placental transfer of PCBs and PBDEs from reindeer dam to foetus was seen in this study.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Suutari, Anniina and Ruokojärvi, Päivi and Kiviranta, Hannu and Verta, Matti and Korhonen, Markku and Nieminen, Mauri and Laaksonen, Sauli},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21040976},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, waa},\n\tpages = {335--41},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To explore the concentrations and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) the reindeer milk and tissue samples were collected from the sub-arctic northern Finland. Reindeer milk's PCB sum (1.20ng g(-1) wet weight) and PCDD/F sum (0.70pg g(-1) ww) in autumn were higher than in summer (PCBs 0.50ng g(-1) ww and PCDD/Fs 0.20pg g(-1) ww). The mean fat content in autumn milk (26%) was significantly higher than in summer (10%). Concentrations in reindeer milk were generally far below 50% of that in adult reindeer body burden. However, the bioaccumulation factors were multiple in milk/reindeer calf ratio and that aroused the question of other important exposure routes than lactation. The muscle and liver of reindeer calves had higher PCDD/F and PCB concentrations than adult animals that possibly indicate the significance of transfer of these compounds from dam to calf through lactation and placenta. However, PBDE concentrations were higher in adult reindeer, especially in liver. In addition, reindeer liver seems to have a special feature to collect highly toxic PCDD/Fs, although the PCB sum concentrations (range from 0.33 to 1.69ng g(-1) wet weight) were clearly higher than the sums of PCDD/Fs (range from 3.78 to 39.2pg g(-1) ww). Stillborn reindeer calves represented individuals who had got their PCDD/F, PCB and PBDE load only via the placenta. Concentrations in muscle and brown adipose tissue samples did not indicate dependency on fat content. Obviously effective placental transfer of PCBs and PBDEs from reindeer dam to foetus was seen in this study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stec-hull-assessmentofthefiretoxicityofbuildinginsulationmaterials-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stec-hull-assessmentofthefiretoxicityofbuildinginsulationmaterials-2011', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf', event);\">\n    Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stec, A. A;  and Hull, T R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Energy and Buildings</i>, 43(2-3): 498–506. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stec-hull-assessmentofthefiretoxicityofbuildinginsulationmaterials-2011', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stec-hull-assessmentofthefiretoxicityofbuildinginsulationmaterials-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stec-hull-assessmentofthefiretoxicityofbuildinginsulationmaterials-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stec-hull-assessmentofthefiretoxicityofbuildinginsulationmaterials-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stec_assessment_2011,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810003671 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stec_Hull_Insulation_AuthorCopyENB.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.015},\n\tnumber = {2-3},\n\tjournal = {Energy and Buildings},\n\tauthor = {Stec, Anna A and Hull, T Richard},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {498--506},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf', event);\">\n    Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Klosterhaus, S.; Keller, A.; Ferguson, P L.; van Bergen, S.; Cooper, E.; Webster, T. F;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(12): 5323–5331. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_identification_2011,\n\ttitle = {Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Stapleton 2011.pdf},\n\tabstract = {With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36\\%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17\\%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15\\%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Keller, Alex and Ferguson, P Lee and van Bergen, Saskia and Cooper, Ellen and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission},\n\tpages = {5323--5331},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Klosterhaus, S.; Keller, A.; Ferguson, P L.; van Bergen, S.; Cooper, E.; Webster, T. F;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(12): 5323–31. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es2007462\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es2007462', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-klosterhaus-keller-ferguson-vanbergen-cooper-webster-blum-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_identification_2011,\n\ttitle = {Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3113369&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es2007462},\n\tabstract = {With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36\\%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17\\%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15\\%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Keller, Alex and Ferguson, P Lee and van Bergen, Saskia and Cooper, Ellen and Webster, Thomas F and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21591615},\n\tkeywords = {Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Infant, Infant Equipment, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission},\n\tpages = {5323--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  With the phase-out of PentaBDE in 2004, alternative flame retardants are being used in polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards. However, insufficient information is available on the identity of the flame retardants currently in use. Baby products containing polyurethane foam must meet California state furniture flammability standards, which likely affects the use of flame retardants in baby products throughout the U.S. However, it is unclear which products contain flame retardants and at what concentrations. In this study we surveyed baby products containing polyurethane foam to investigate how often flame retardants were used in these products. Information on when the products were purchased and whether they contained a label indicating that the product meets requirements for a California flammability standard were recorded. When possible, we identified the flame retardants being used and their concentrations in the foam. Foam samples collected from 101 commonly used baby products were analyzed. Eighty samples contained an identifiable flame retardant additive, and all but one of these was either chlorinated or brominated. The most common flame retardant detected was tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP; detection frequency 36%), followed by components typically found in the Firemaster550 commercial mixture (detection frequency 17%). Five samples contained PBDE congeners commonly associated with PentaBDE, suggesting products with PentaBDE are still in-use. Two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) not previously documented in the environment were also identified, one of which is commercially sold as V6 (detection frequency 15%) and contains tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an impurity. As an addition to this study, we used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to estimate the bromine and chlorine content of the foam and investigate whether XRF is a useful method for predicting the presence of halogenated flame retardant additives in these products. A significant correlation was observed for bromine; however, there was no significant relationship observed for chlorine. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to report on flame retardants in baby products. In addition, we have identified two chlorinated OPFRs not previously documented in the environment or in consumer products. Based on exposure estimates conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), we predict that infants may receive greater exposure to TDCPP from these products compared to the average child or adult from upholstered furniture, all of which are higher than acceptable daily intake levels of TDCPP set by the CPSC. Future studies are therefore warranted to specifically measure infants exposure to these flame retardants from intimate contact with these products and to determine if there are any associated health concerns.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"srmo-lie-ruus-gaustad-skaare-jenssen-trophicleveldetermineslevelsofbrominatedflameretardantsincoastalherringgulls-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'srmo-lie-ruus-gaustad-skaare-jenssen-trophicleveldetermineslevelsofbrominatedflameretardantsincoastalherringgulls-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987', event);\">\n    Trophic level determines levels of brominated flame-retardants in coastal herring gulls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sørmo, E G; Lie, E; Ruus, A; Gaustad, H; Skaare, J U;  and Jenssen, B M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</i>, 74(7): 2091–8. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('srmo-lie-ruus-gaustad-skaare-jenssen-trophicleveldetermineslevelsofbrominatedflameretardantsincoastalherringgulls-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Trophic level determines levels of brominated flame-retardants in coastal herring gulls. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('srmo-lie-ruus-gaustad-skaare-jenssen-trophicleveldetermineslevelsofbrominatedflameretardantsincoastalherringgulls-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/srmo-lie-ruus-gaustad-skaare-jenssen-trophicleveldetermineslevelsofbrominatedflameretardantsincoastalherringgulls-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('srmo-lie-ruus-gaustad-skaare-jenssen-trophicleveldetermineslevelsofbrominatedflameretardantsincoastalherringgulls-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sormo_trophic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Trophic level determines levels of brominated flame-retardants in coastal herring gulls.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1090-2414},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762987},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.012},\n\tabstract = {Liver concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs: sum of brominated diphenyl ethers [BDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) ranged from 135 to 985 ngg(-1) lipid weight (lw) in coastal herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the marine Hvaler Archipelago (The Glomma River Estuary), Norway. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations ranged from 10 to 698 ngg(-1)lw. High range in δ(13)C indicates that gulls were subject to a diversity of carbon sources, likely reflecting their mixed feeding on terrestrial and marine organisms, or diversity of autochthonous and allochthonous (watershed) energy sources at the bases of their marine/estuarial food chains. Inverse relationships of HBCD, and to somewhat lesser extent of BDE-209, with δ(13)C values suggest higher abundance of these compounds in the land-derived energy-sources of the gulls. Inverse relationships of BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-209 with δ(15)N suggest that trophic relationships affect bioaccumulation of these compounds in the herring gulls, with greater bioaccumulation from lower trophic level prey species. This may be because these PBDE congeners are subject of debromination in higher trophic levels prey species of the gulls (e.g., teleost fish). Levels of BDE-209 (up to 95 ng/g lipid) of these herring gulls from 1998 were in the higher range reported in European birds, and not matched by other reports in North Sea seabirds. The present study suggests that the currently used brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), BDE-209 and HBCD relate to changing nutrient allocation in the herring gulls, and represent a risk to seabirds exploiting near-shore and estuary ecosystems.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\n\tauthor = {Sørmo, E G and Lie, E and Ruus, A and Gaustad, H and Skaare, J U and Jenssen, B M},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21762987},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Charadriiformes, Female, Fishes, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, North Sea, Norway},\n\tpages = {2091--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Liver concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs: sum of brominated diphenyl ethers [BDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) ranged from 135 to 985 ngg(-1) lipid weight (lw) in coastal herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the marine Hvaler Archipelago (The Glomma River Estuary), Norway. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations ranged from 10 to 698 ngg(-1)lw. High range in δ(13)C indicates that gulls were subject to a diversity of carbon sources, likely reflecting their mixed feeding on terrestrial and marine organisms, or diversity of autochthonous and allochthonous (watershed) energy sources at the bases of their marine/estuarial food chains. Inverse relationships of HBCD, and to somewhat lesser extent of BDE-209, with δ(13)C values suggest higher abundance of these compounds in the land-derived energy-sources of the gulls. Inverse relationships of BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-209 with δ(15)N suggest that trophic relationships affect bioaccumulation of these compounds in the herring gulls, with greater bioaccumulation from lower trophic level prey species. This may be because these PBDE congeners are subject of debromination in higher trophic levels prey species of the gulls (e.g., teleost fish). Levels of BDE-209 (up to 95 ng/g lipid) of these herring gulls from 1998 were in the higher range reported in European birds, and not matched by other reports in North Sea seabirds. The present study suggests that the currently used brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), BDE-209 and HBCD relate to changing nutrient allocation in the herring gulls, and represent a risk to seabirds exploiting near-shore and estuary ecosystems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-eagle-anthopolos-wolkin-miranda-associationsbetweenpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsphenolicmetabolitesandthyroidhormonesduringpregnancy-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-eagle-anthopolos-wolkin-miranda-associationsbetweenpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsphenolicmetabolitesandthyroidhormonesduringpregnancy-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, phenolic metabolites, and thyroid hormones during pregnancy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Eagle, S.; Anthopolos, R.; Wolkin, A.;  and Miranda, M. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(10): 1454–9. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-eagle-anthopolos-wolkin-miranda-associationsbetweenpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsphenolicmetabolitesandthyroidhormonesduringpregnancy-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, phenolic metabolites, and thyroid hormones during pregnancy. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003235\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-eagle-anthopolos-wolkin-miranda-associationsbetweenpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsphenolicmetabolitesandthyroidhormonesduringpregnancy-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003235', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-eagle-anthopolos-wolkin-miranda-associationsbetweenpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsphenolicmetabolitesandthyroidhormonesduringpregnancy-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-eagle-anthopolos-wolkin-miranda-associationsbetweenpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsphenolicmetabolitesandthyroidhormonesduringpregnancy-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_associations_2011,\n\ttitle = {Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants, phenolic metabolites, and thyroid hormones during pregnancy.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003235},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are chemical additives used as flame retardants in commercial products. PBDEs are bioaccumulative and persistent and have been linked to several adverse health outcomes.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Eagle, Sarah and Anthopolos, Rebecca and Wolkin, Amy and Miranda, Marie Lynn},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21715241},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {1454--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are chemical additives used as flame retardants in commercial products. PBDEs are bioaccumulative and persistent and have been linked to several adverse health outcomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"small-murray-terrell-marcus-reproductiveoutcomesamongwomenexposedtoabrominatedflameretardantinutero-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'small-murray-terrell-marcus-reproductiveoutcomesamongwomenexposedtoabrominatedflameretardantinutero-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192', event);\">\n    Reproductive outcomes among women exposed to a brominated flame retardant in utero.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Small, C. M; Murray, D.; Terrell, M. L;  and Marcus, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of environmental & occupational health</i>, 66(4): 201–8. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('small-murray-terrell-marcus-reproductiveoutcomesamongwomenexposedtoabrominatedflameretardantinutero-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Reproductive outcomes among women exposed to a brominated flame retardant in utero. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2010.539640\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('small-murray-terrell-marcus-reproductiveoutcomesamongwomenexposedtoabrominatedflameretardantinutero-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2010.539640', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/small-murray-terrell-marcus-reproductiveoutcomesamongwomenexposedtoabrominatedflameretardantinutero-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('small-murray-terrell-marcus-reproductiveoutcomesamongwomenexposedtoabrominatedflameretardantinutero-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{small_reproductive_2011,\n\ttitle = {Reproductive outcomes among women exposed to a brominated flame retardant in utero.},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {1933-8244},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014192},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/19338244.2010.539640},\n\tabstract = {The authors studied 194 women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in utero when their mothers consumed products accidentally contaminated in Michigan in 1973. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effect of in utero PBB exposure on adult pregnancy-related outcomes. Compared to those with the lowest exposure (≤1 ppb), those with mid-range ({\\textbackslash}textgreater1-3.16 ppb) and high (≥3.17 ppb) PBB exposure had increased odds of spontaneous abortion with wide confidence intervals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.75, 95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-11.79, OR = 4.08, 95\\% CI = 0.94-17.70; respectively; p for trend = .05). Exposure during infancy to PBB-contaminated breast milk further increased this risk. Time to pregnancy and infertility were not associated with in utero exposure to PBB. Future studies should examine the suggested relationship between spontaneous abortion and other brominated flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Archives of environmental \\&amp; occupational health},\n\tauthor = {Small, Chanley M and Murray, Deanna and Terrell, Metrecia L and Marcus, Michele},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22014192},\n\tkeywords = {Abortion, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infertility, Infertility: chemically induced, Infertility: epidemiology, Limit of Detection, Michigan, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Spontaneous, Spontaneous: chemically induced, Spontaneous: epidemiology, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {201--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The authors studied 194 women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in utero when their mothers consumed products accidentally contaminated in Michigan in 1973. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effect of in utero PBB exposure on adult pregnancy-related outcomes. Compared to those with the lowest exposure (≤1 ppb), those with mid-range (\\textgreater1-3.16 ppb) and high (≥3.17 ppb) PBB exposure had increased odds of spontaneous abortion with wide confidence intervals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-11.79, OR = 4.08, 95% CI = 0.94-17.70; respectively; p for trend = .05). Exposure during infancy to PBB-contaminated breast milk further increased this risk. Time to pregnancy and infertility were not associated with in utero exposure to PBB. Future studies should examine the suggested relationship between spontaneous abortion and other brominated flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sfteland-petersen-stavrum-wu-olsvik-hepaticinvitrotoxicityassessmentofpbdecongenersbde47bde153andbde154inatlanticsalmonsalmosalarl-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sfteland-petersen-stavrum-wu-olsvik-hepaticinvitrotoxicityassessmentofpbdecongenersbde47bde153andbde154inatlanticsalmonsalmosalarl-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471', event);\">\n    Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of PBDE congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Søfteland, L.; Petersen, K.; Stavrum, A.; Wu, T.;  and Olsvik, P. a. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 105(3-4): 246–63. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sfteland-petersen-stavrum-wu-olsvik-hepaticinvitrotoxicityassessmentofpbdecongenersbde47bde153andbde154inatlanticsalmonsalmosalarl-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of PBDE congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sfteland-petersen-stavrum-wu-olsvik-hepaticinvitrotoxicityassessmentofpbdecongenersbde47bde153andbde154inatlanticsalmonsalmosalarl-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sfteland-petersen-stavrum-wu-olsvik-hepaticinvitrotoxicityassessmentofpbdecongenersbde47bde153andbde154inatlanticsalmonsalmosalarl-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sfteland-petersen-stavrum-wu-olsvik-hepaticinvitrotoxicityassessmentofpbdecongenersbde47bde153andbde154inatlanticsalmonsalmosalarl-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{softeland_hepatic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of {PBDE} congeners {BDE47}, {BDE153} and {BDE154} in {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar {L}.).},\n\tvolume = {105},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767471},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.012},\n\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 are among the congeners accumulating to the highest degree in fish. In order to gain knowledge about the toxicological effects of PBDEs in fish, microarray-based transcriptomic and 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomic approaches were used to screen for effects in primary Atlantic salmon hepatocytes exposed to these congeners alone or in combination (PBDE-MIX). A small set of stress related transcripts and proteins were differentially expressed in the PBDE exposed hepatocytes. The PBDE-MIX, and BDE153 to a lesser degree, seems to have induced metabolic disturbances by affecting several pathways related to glucose homeostasis. Further, effects on cell cycle control and proliferation signal pathways in PBDE-MIX-exposed hepatocytes clearly suggest that the PBDE exposure affected cell proliferation processes. CYP1A was 7.41- and 7.37-fold up-regulated in hepatocytes exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX, respectively, and was the only biotransformation pathway affected by the PBDE exposure. The factorial design and PLS regression analyses of the effect of the PBDE-MIX indicated that BDE47 contributed the most to the observed CYP1A response, suggesting that this congener should be incorporated in the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concept in future risk assessment of dioxin-like chemicals. Additionally, a significant up-regulation of the ER-responsive genes VTG and ZP3 was observed in cells exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX. Further analyses suggested that BDE47 and BDE154 have an estrogenic effect in male fish. The data also suggested an antagonistic interaction between BDE153 and BDE154. In conclusion, this study shows that PBDEs can affect several biological systems in Atlantic salmon cells, and demonstrates the need for more studies on the simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures to identify combined effects of chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Søfteland, Liv and Petersen, Kjell and Stavrum, Anne-Kristin and Wu, Terence and Olsvik, P{\\textbackslash}a al A},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21767471},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Electrophoresis, Fish Proteins, Fish Proteins: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Male, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorpti, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein Array Analysis, Proteome, Proteome: drug effects, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Regression Analysis, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: genetics, Salmo salar: metabolism, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests, Transcriptome, Transcriptome: drug effects, Two-Dimensional, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {246--63},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The brominated flame retardant congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 are among the congeners accumulating to the highest degree in fish. In order to gain knowledge about the toxicological effects of PBDEs in fish, microarray-based transcriptomic and 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomic approaches were used to screen for effects in primary Atlantic salmon hepatocytes exposed to these congeners alone or in combination (PBDE-MIX). A small set of stress related transcripts and proteins were differentially expressed in the PBDE exposed hepatocytes. The PBDE-MIX, and BDE153 to a lesser degree, seems to have induced metabolic disturbances by affecting several pathways related to glucose homeostasis. Further, effects on cell cycle control and proliferation signal pathways in PBDE-MIX-exposed hepatocytes clearly suggest that the PBDE exposure affected cell proliferation processes. CYP1A was 7.41- and 7.37-fold up-regulated in hepatocytes exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX, respectively, and was the only biotransformation pathway affected by the PBDE exposure. The factorial design and PLS regression analyses of the effect of the PBDE-MIX indicated that BDE47 contributed the most to the observed CYP1A response, suggesting that this congener should be incorporated in the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concept in future risk assessment of dioxin-like chemicals. Additionally, a significant up-regulation of the ER-responsive genes VTG and ZP3 was observed in cells exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX. Further analyses suggested that BDE47 and BDE154 have an estrogenic effect in male fish. The data also suggested an antagonistic interaction between BDE153 and BDE154. In conclusion, this study shows that PBDEs can affect several biological systems in Atlantic salmon cells, and demonstrates the need for more studies on the simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures to identify combined effects of chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"salamova-hites-discontinuedandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereandprecipitationfromthegreatlakesbasin-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'salamova-hites-discontinuedandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereandprecipitationfromthegreatlakesbasin-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402', event);\">\n    Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the great lakes basin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Salamova, A.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(20): 8698–706. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-discontinuedandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereandprecipitationfromthegreatlakesbasin-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the great lakes basin. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es2020378\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-discontinuedandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereandprecipitationfromthegreatlakesbasin-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es2020378', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/salamova-hites-discontinuedandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereandprecipitationfromthegreatlakesbasin-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('salamova-hites-discontinuedandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsintheatmosphereandprecipitationfromthegreatlakesbasin-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{salamova_discontinued_2011,\n\ttitle = {Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the great lakes basin.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942402},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es2020378},\n\tabstract = {Air (vapor and particle) and precipitation samples were collected at five sites (two urban, one rural, and two remote) around the Great Lakes during 2005-2009 as a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were measured in these samples. The highest concentrations of these compounds were generally observed at the two urban sites-Chicago and Cleveland-with a few exceptions: The remote site at Eagle Harbor had particularly high levels of PBEB in all three phases, and the rural Sturgeon Point site had the highest HBB concentrations in the vapor phase. The sources of HBB and PBEB to these sites are unknown. A multiple linear regression model was applied to the concentrations of these compounds in the vapor phase, particle phase, precipitation, and the three phases combined. This regression resulted in overall (three phases combined) halving times for total PBDE concentrations of 6.3 ± 1.1 years. The overall halving times for HBB and BTBPE were 9.5 ± 4.6 years and 9.8 ± 2.8 years, respectively. For PBEB and DBDPE, the regression was not statistically significant for the combined phases, indicating that the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds have not changed between 2005 and 2009.},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21942402},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chicago, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Ohio},\n\tpages = {8698--706},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Air (vapor and particle) and precipitation samples were collected at five sites (two urban, one rural, and two remote) around the Great Lakes during 2005-2009 as a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were measured in these samples. The highest concentrations of these compounds were generally observed at the two urban sites-Chicago and Cleveland-with a few exceptions: The remote site at Eagle Harbor had particularly high levels of PBEB in all three phases, and the rural Sturgeon Point site had the highest HBB concentrations in the vapor phase. The sources of HBB and PBEB to these sites are unknown. A multiple linear regression model was applied to the concentrations of these compounds in the vapor phase, particle phase, precipitation, and the three phases combined. This regression resulted in overall (three phases combined) halving times for total PBDE concentrations of 6.3 ± 1.1 years. The overall halving times for HBB and BTBPE were 9.5 ± 4.6 years and 9.8 ± 2.8 years, respectively. For PBEB and DBDPE, the regression was not statistically significant for the combined phases, indicating that the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds have not changed between 2005 and 2009.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roberts-noyes-gallagher-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesandstructureactivityrelationshipsinthedebrominationofpbdecongenersinthreefishspecies-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roberts-noyes-gallagher-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesandstructureactivityrelationshipsinthedebrominationofpbdecongenersinthreefishspecies-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of PBDE congeners in three fish species.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roberts, S. C; Noyes, P. D; Gallagher, E. P;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(5): 1999–2005. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roberts-noyes-gallagher-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesandstructureactivityrelationshipsinthedebrominationofpbdecongenersinthreefishspecies-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of PBDE congeners in three fish species. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es103934x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roberts-noyes-gallagher-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesandstructureactivityrelationshipsinthedebrominationofpbdecongenersinthreefishspecies-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es103934x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roberts-noyes-gallagher-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesandstructureactivityrelationshipsinthedebrominationofpbdecongenersinthreefishspecies-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roberts-noyes-gallagher-stapleton-speciesspecificdifferencesandstructureactivityrelationshipsinthedebrominationofpbdecongenersinthreefishspecies-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{roberts_species-specific_2011,\n\ttitle = {Species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of {PBDE} congeners in three fish species.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3047442&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es103934x},\n\tabstract = {Previous studies have suggested that there may be species-specific differences in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among different fish species. In this study, we investigated the in vitro hepatic metabolism of eleven individual PBDE congeners (tri- through decaBDEs) in three different fish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Chinook salmon (O. tschwatcha). In addition, we evaluated the influence of PBDE structural characteristics (i.e., bromine substitution patterns) on metabolism. Six of the eleven congeners we evaluated, BDEs 99, 153, 183, 203, 208, and 209, were metabolically debrominated to lower brominated congeners. All of the congeners that were metabolized contained at least one meta-substituted bromine. Metabolites were not detected for congeners without one meta-substituted bromine (e.g., BDEs 28, 47, and 100). Metabolite formation rates were generally 10 to 100 times faster in carp than in trout and salmon. BDEs 47, 49, 101, 154, and 183 were the major metabolites observed in all three species with the exception of BDE 47, which was only detected in carp. Carp demonstrated a preference toward meta-debromination, while trout and salmon debrominated meta- and para-bromine atoms to an equal extent. We compared glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and deiodinase (DI) activity among all three species as these enzyme systems have been hypothesized to play a role in PBDE debromination in teleosts. Carp exhibited a preference for meta-deiodination of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which was consistent with the preference for meta-debromination of PBDEs observed in carp.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Roberts, Simon C and Noyes, Pamela D and Gallagher, Evan P and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21291240},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenation, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Salmon, Salmon: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1999--2005},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous studies have suggested that there may be species-specific differences in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among different fish species. In this study, we investigated the in vitro hepatic metabolism of eleven individual PBDE congeners (tri- through decaBDEs) in three different fish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Chinook salmon (O. tschwatcha). In addition, we evaluated the influence of PBDE structural characteristics (i.e., bromine substitution patterns) on metabolism. Six of the eleven congeners we evaluated, BDEs 99, 153, 183, 203, 208, and 209, were metabolically debrominated to lower brominated congeners. All of the congeners that were metabolized contained at least one meta-substituted bromine. Metabolites were not detected for congeners without one meta-substituted bromine (e.g., BDEs 28, 47, and 100). Metabolite formation rates were generally 10 to 100 times faster in carp than in trout and salmon. BDEs 47, 49, 101, 154, and 183 were the major metabolites observed in all three species with the exception of BDE 47, which was only detected in carp. Carp demonstrated a preference toward meta-debromination, while trout and salmon debrominated meta- and para-bromine atoms to an equal extent. We compared glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and deiodinase (DI) activity among all three species as these enzyme systems have been hypothesized to play a role in PBDE debromination in teleosts. Carp exhibited a preference for meta-deiodination of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which was consistent with the preference for meta-debromination of PBDEs observed in carp.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ren-zhou-peng-chen-cai-atmosphericdepositionofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinguangzhouchinaseasonalvariationsandsources-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ren-zhou-peng-chen-cai-atmosphericdepositionofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinguangzhouchinaseasonalvariationsandsources-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013', event);\">\n    Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Guangzhou, China: seasonal variations and sources.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ren, M.; Zhou, L.; Peng, P.; Chen, D. Y.;  and Cai, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 13(10): 2880–5. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ren-zhou-peng-chen-cai-atmosphericdepositionofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinguangzhouchinaseasonalvariationsandsources-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Guangzhou, China: seasonal variations and sources. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10195a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ren-zhou-peng-chen-cai-atmosphericdepositionofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinguangzhouchinaseasonalvariationsandsources-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10195a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ren-zhou-peng-chen-cai-atmosphericdepositionofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinguangzhouchinaseasonalvariationsandsources-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ren-zhou-peng-chen-cai-atmosphericdepositionofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinguangzhouchinaseasonalvariationsandsources-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ren_atmospheric_2011,\n\ttitle = {Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in {Guangzhou}, {China}: seasonal variations and sources.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870013},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10195a},\n\tabstract = {The atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) was investigated at four locations in different suburban and urban functional districts of Guangzhou City. The annual deposition fluxes of total PBDD/Fs (eight 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to hexa-BDD/Fs) were in the range of 36-51 (mean 46) pg m(-2) day(-1), and the corresponding TEQ fluxes were estimated to range between 7.9 and 11.3 (mean 10.3) pg I-TEQ m(-2) day(-1), indicating a noticeable pollution level. The deposition fluxes of PBDD/Fs during the wet season were 2-4 times as high as those during the dry season. Both rainfall and temperature positively correlated with PBDD/F deposition fluxes. Ambient gas/particle partition coefficients (K(p)) were predicted with SPARC. It appears seasonal variations of PBDD/F deposition fluxes were influenced by meteorological parameters and the local usage of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The congener profiles of PBDD/Fs at four locations were similar either spatially or temporally, indicating that the main PBDD/F emission sources were similar to one another. Seasonal variations and congener patterns of PBDD/Fs indicated the possible sources included electronic waste recycling, industrial waste incinerators and products containing BFRs.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Ren, Man and Zhou, Lin and Peng, Ping&#x27;an and Chen, De Yi and Cai, Ying},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21870013},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, China, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Seasons},\n\tpages = {2880--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) was investigated at four locations in different suburban and urban functional districts of Guangzhou City. The annual deposition fluxes of total PBDD/Fs (eight 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to hexa-BDD/Fs) were in the range of 36-51 (mean 46) pg m(-2) day(-1), and the corresponding TEQ fluxes were estimated to range between 7.9 and 11.3 (mean 10.3) pg I-TEQ m(-2) day(-1), indicating a noticeable pollution level. The deposition fluxes of PBDD/Fs during the wet season were 2-4 times as high as those during the dry season. Both rainfall and temperature positively correlated with PBDD/F deposition fluxes. Ambient gas/particle partition coefficients (K(p)) were predicted with SPARC. It appears seasonal variations of PBDD/F deposition fluxes were influenced by meteorological parameters and the local usage of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The congener profiles of PBDD/Fs at four locations were similar either spatially or temporally, indicating that the main PBDD/F emission sources were similar to one another. Seasonal variations and congener patterns of PBDD/Fs indicated the possible sources included electronic waste recycling, industrial waste incinerators and products containing BFRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"regnery-pttmann-merz-berthold-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinanthropogenicallyaffectedgroundwater-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'regnery-pttmann-merz-berthold-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinanthropogenicallyaffectedgroundwater-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162', event);\">\n    Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Regnery, J; Püttmann, W; Merz, C;  and Berthold, G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 13(2): 347–54. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('regnery-pttmann-merz-berthold-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinanthropogenicallyaffectedgroundwater-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00419g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('regnery-pttmann-merz-berthold-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinanthropogenicallyaffectedgroundwater-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00419g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/regnery-pttmann-merz-berthold-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinanthropogenicallyaffectedgroundwater-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('regnery-pttmann-merz-berthold-occurrenceanddistributionoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinanthropogenicallyaffectedgroundwater-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{regnery_occurrence_2011,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132162},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c0em00419g},\n\tabstract = {Occurrence and distribution of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates in 72 groundwater samples from Germany under different recharge/infiltration conditions were investigated. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most frequently detected organophosphates in groundwater samples. Highest individual organophosphate concentrations ({\\textbackslash}textgreater0.1 µg L(-1)) were determined in groundwater polluted by infiltrating leachate and groundwater recharged via riverbank filtration of organophosphate-loaded recipients. In samples from springs and deep groundwater monitoring wells that are not affected by surface waters, organophosphate concentrations were mostly below the limit of detection. The occurrence (3-9 ng L(-1)) of TCPP and TCEP in samples from aquifers with groundwater ages between 20 and 45 years indicates the persistence of both compounds within the aquifer. At urban sites organophosphate-loaded precipitation, surface runoff, and leakage of wastewater influenced groundwater quality. For rural sites, where groundwater recharge is only influenced by precipitation, organophosphates were very rarely detectable in groundwater.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Regnery, J and Püttmann, W and Merz, C and Berthold, G},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21132162},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water: analysis, water},\n\tpages = {347--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Occurrence and distribution of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates in 72 groundwater samples from Germany under different recharge/infiltration conditions were investigated. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most frequently detected organophosphates in groundwater samples. Highest individual organophosphate concentrations (\\textgreater0.1 µg L(-1)) were determined in groundwater polluted by infiltrating leachate and groundwater recharged via riverbank filtration of organophosphate-loaded recipients. In samples from springs and deep groundwater monitoring wells that are not affected by surface waters, organophosphate concentrations were mostly below the limit of detection. The occurrence (3-9 ng L(-1)) of TCPP and TCEP in samples from aquifers with groundwater ages between 20 and 45 years indicates the persistence of both compounds within the aquifer. At urban sites organophosphate-loaded precipitation, surface runoff, and leakage of wastewater influenced groundwater quality. For rural sites, where groundwater recharge is only influenced by precipitation, organophosphates were very rarely detectable in groundwater.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"quirsalcal-bradman-nishioka-harnly-hubbard-mckone-eskenazi-concentrationsandloadingsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersindustfromlowincomehouseholdsincalifornia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'quirsalcal-bradman-nishioka-harnly-hubbard-mckone-eskenazi-concentrationsandloadingsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersindustfromlowincomehouseholdsincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062', event);\">\n    Concentrations and loadings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from low-income households in California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Quirós-Alcalá, L.; Bradman, A.; Nishioka, M.; Harnly, M. E; Hubbard, A.; McKone, T. E;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('quirsalcal-bradman-nishioka-harnly-hubbard-mckone-eskenazi-concentrationsandloadingsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersindustfromlowincomehouseholdsincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations and loadings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from low-income households in California. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('quirsalcal-bradman-nishioka-harnly-hubbard-mckone-eskenazi-concentrationsandloadingsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersindustfromlowincomehouseholdsincalifornia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/quirsalcal-bradman-nishioka-harnly-hubbard-mckone-eskenazi-concentrationsandloadingsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersindustfromlowincomehouseholdsincalifornia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('quirsalcal-bradman-nishioka-harnly-hubbard-mckone-eskenazi-concentrationsandloadingsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersindustfromlowincomehouseholdsincalifornia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{quiros-alcala_concentrations_2011,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations and loadings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from low-income households in {California}.},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.003},\n\tabstract = {California residents may experience the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant exposures in the United States, the nation with the highest body burdens worldwide. It is hypothesized that Californians&#x27; high exposures are due to the state&#x27;s strict furniture flammability standards. Ingestion of PBDE-contaminated dust, to which children may be particularly susceptible, is a dominant exposure pathway. Low-income populations may also face disparately high exposures due to the presence of older, deteriorated or poorly manufactured furniture treated with PBDEs. We collected up to two dust samples per home (54 samples total), several days apart, from low-income California households in the urban community of Oakland (n=13 homes) and the agricultural community of Salinas (n=15 homes). We measured BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, the major constituents of the penta-PBDE flame retardant formulation commonly used in furniture. All three PBDE congeners were detected in every sample with concentrations (loadings) ranging from 185 to 126,000ng/g (621-264,000ng/m(2)), 367-220,000ng/g (1550-457,000ng/m(2)), and 84-41,100ng/g (257-85,700ng/m(2)) for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. Median concentrations (loadings) observed in Salinas homes for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 were 3100ng/g (10,800ng/m(2)), 5480ng/g (19,500ng/m(2)), and 1060ng/g (3810ng/m(2)), respectively, and in Oakland homes 2780ng/g (10,700ng/m(2)), 4450ng/g (19,100ng/m(2)), and 1050ng/g (4000ng/m(2)), respectively. Maximum concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-99 are the highest reported to date. Indoor concentrations and loadings did not significantly differ between communities; concentrations and loadings were strongly correlated between collections for all three congeners (Spearman rho=0.79-0.97, p{\\textbackslash}textless0.002). We estimated non-dietary ingestion of each congener for one child in each home (n=28 children) and found that estimated intake for BDE-47 and BDE-99 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&#x27;s recommended chronic reference dose for three and five children, respectively. Children&#x27;s estimated intake via dust ranged from 1.0 to 599ng/kg/day, 2.0-1065ng/kg/day and 0.5-196ng/kg/day for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. In order to mitigate these exposures, future research must address the factors that contribute to PBDE exposures in low-income homes.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Quirós-Alcalá, Lesliam and Bradman, Asa and Nishioka, Marcia and Harnly, Martha E and Hubbard, Alan and McKone, Thomas E and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21239062},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  California residents may experience the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant exposures in the United States, the nation with the highest body burdens worldwide. It is hypothesized that Californians' high exposures are due to the state's strict furniture flammability standards. Ingestion of PBDE-contaminated dust, to which children may be particularly susceptible, is a dominant exposure pathway. Low-income populations may also face disparately high exposures due to the presence of older, deteriorated or poorly manufactured furniture treated with PBDEs. We collected up to two dust samples per home (54 samples total), several days apart, from low-income California households in the urban community of Oakland (n=13 homes) and the agricultural community of Salinas (n=15 homes). We measured BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, the major constituents of the penta-PBDE flame retardant formulation commonly used in furniture. All three PBDE congeners were detected in every sample with concentrations (loadings) ranging from 185 to 126,000ng/g (621-264,000ng/m(2)), 367-220,000ng/g (1550-457,000ng/m(2)), and 84-41,100ng/g (257-85,700ng/m(2)) for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. Median concentrations (loadings) observed in Salinas homes for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 were 3100ng/g (10,800ng/m(2)), 5480ng/g (19,500ng/m(2)), and 1060ng/g (3810ng/m(2)), respectively, and in Oakland homes 2780ng/g (10,700ng/m(2)), 4450ng/g (19,100ng/m(2)), and 1050ng/g (4000ng/m(2)), respectively. Maximum concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-99 are the highest reported to date. Indoor concentrations and loadings did not significantly differ between communities; concentrations and loadings were strongly correlated between collections for all three congeners (Spearman rho=0.79-0.97, p\\textless0.002). We estimated non-dietary ingestion of each congener for one child in each home (n=28 children) and found that estimated intake for BDE-47 and BDE-99 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended chronic reference dose for three and five children, respectively. Children's estimated intake via dust ranged from 1.0 to 599ng/kg/day, 2.0-1065ng/kg/day and 0.5-196ng/kg/day for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. In order to mitigate these exposures, future research must address the factors that contribute to PBDE exposures in low-income homes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rawn-sadler-quade-sun-lau-kosarac-hayward-ryan-brominatedflameretardantsincanadianchickeneggyolks-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rawn-sadler-quade-sun-lau-kosarac-hayward-ryan-brominatedflameretardantsincanadianchickeneggyolks-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in Canadian chicken egg yolks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rawn, D F K; Sadler, A; Quade, S C; Sun, W.; Lau, B P.; Kosarac, I; Hayward, S;  and Ryan, J J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment</i>, 28(6): 807–15. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rawn-sadler-quade-sun-lau-kosarac-hayward-ryan-brominatedflameretardantsincanadianchickeneggyolks-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in Canadian chicken egg yolks. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.545443\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rawn-sadler-quade-sun-lau-kosarac-hayward-ryan-brominatedflameretardantsincanadianchickeneggyolks-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.545443', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rawn-sadler-quade-sun-lau-kosarac-hayward-ryan-brominatedflameretardantsincanadianchickeneggyolks-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rawn-sadler-quade-sun-lau-kosarac-hayward-ryan-brominatedflameretardantsincanadianchickeneggyolks-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rawn_brominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in {Canadian} chicken egg yolks.},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {1944-0057},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118488&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/19440049.2010.545443},\n\tabstract = {Chicken eggs categorised as conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range and organic were collected at grading stations in three regions of Canada between 2005 and 2006. Free run eggs, which were only available for collection from two regions, were also sampled during this time frame. Egg yolks from each of these egg types (n = 162) were analysed to determine brominated flame retardant levels, specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). PBDEs were detected in 100\\% of the 162 samples tested, while HBCD was observed in 85\\% of the egg yolks. Total PBDE concentrations in egg yolks ranged from 0.018 to 20.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 3.03 ng g(-1) lipid), with PBDE 209 identified as being the major contributor to ΣPBDE concentrations. In addition to PBDE 209, PBDE 99, 47, 100, 183 and 153 were important contributors to ΣPBDE concentrations. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to a maximum concentration of 71.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 0.053 ng g(-1) lipid). The α-isomer was the dominant contributor to ΣHBCD levels in Canadian egg yolks and was the most frequently detected HBCD isomer. ΣPBDE levels exhibited large differences in variability between combinations of region and type. ΣHBCD concentrations were not significantly different among regions, although differences were observed between the different types of egg yolks analysed in the present study.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Food additives \\&amp; contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure \\&amp; risk assessment},\n\tauthor = {Rawn, D F K and Sadler, A and Quade, S C and Sun, W-F and Lau, B P-Y and Kosarac, I and Hayward, S and Ryan, J J},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21623506},\n\tkeywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animal Husbandry: methods, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Canada, Chickens, Diet, Egg Yolk, Egg Yolk: chemistry, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fatty Acids, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Isomerism, Limit of Detection, Mass, Omega-3, Omega-3: administration \\&amp; dosage, Organic, Organic: analysis, Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {807--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chicken eggs categorised as conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range and organic were collected at grading stations in three regions of Canada between 2005 and 2006. Free run eggs, which were only available for collection from two regions, were also sampled during this time frame. Egg yolks from each of these egg types (n = 162) were analysed to determine brominated flame retardant levels, specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). PBDEs were detected in 100% of the 162 samples tested, while HBCD was observed in 85% of the egg yolks. Total PBDE concentrations in egg yolks ranged from 0.018 to 20.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 3.03 ng g(-1) lipid), with PBDE 209 identified as being the major contributor to ΣPBDE concentrations. In addition to PBDE 209, PBDE 99, 47, 100, 183 and 153 were important contributors to ΣPBDE concentrations. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to a maximum concentration of 71.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 0.053 ng g(-1) lipid). The α-isomer was the dominant contributor to ΣHBCD levels in Canadian egg yolks and was the most frequently detected HBCD isomer. ΣPBDE levels exhibited large differences in variability between combinations of region and type. ΣHBCD concentrations were not significantly different among regions, although differences were observed between the different types of egg yolks analysed in the present study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"raach-lebeuf-pelletier-pbdesandpcbsintheliverofthestlawrenceestuarybelugadelphinapterusleucasacomparisonoflevelsandtemporaltrendswiththeblubber-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'raach-lebeuf-pelletier-pbdesandpcbsintheliverofthestlawrenceestuarybelugadelphinapterusleucasacomparisonoflevelsandtemporaltrendswiththeblubber-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998', event);\">\n    PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of the St Lawrence Estuary beluga (Delphinapterus leucas): a comparison of levels and temporal trends with the blubber.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Raach, M.; Lebeuf, M.;  and Pelletier, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('raach-lebeuf-pelletier-pbdesandpcbsintheliverofthestlawrenceestuarybelugadelphinapterusleucasacomparisonoflevelsandtemporaltrendswiththeblubber-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of the St Lawrence Estuary beluga (Delphinapterus leucas): a comparison of levels and temporal trends with the blubber. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00310g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('raach-lebeuf-pelletier-pbdesandpcbsintheliverofthestlawrenceestuarybelugadelphinapterusleucasacomparisonoflevelsandtemporaltrendswiththeblubber-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00310g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/raach-lebeuf-pelletier-pbdesandpcbsintheliverofthestlawrenceestuarybelugadelphinapterusleucasacomparisonoflevelsandtemporaltrendswiththeblubber-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('raach-lebeuf-pelletier-pbdesandpcbsintheliverofthestlawrenceestuarybelugadelphinapterusleucasacomparisonoflevelsandtemporaltrendswiththeblubber-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{raach_pbdes_2011,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PCBs} in the liver of the {St} {Lawrence} {Estuary} beluga ({Delphinapterus} leucas): a comparison of levels and temporal trends with the blubber.},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270998},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c0em00310g},\n\tabstract = {Due to their lipophilic properties, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are commonly assessed using the blubber of marine mammals. However, these chemicals are also accumulating in other tissues including the liver. Some pollutants, namely perfluorinated alkyl acids, are found predominately in the liver and blood of marine mammals, and thus monitored in those tissues. This raises the question whether any tissue would represent an identical trend of POPs in the SLE beluga. The current study reports the first temporal trends of PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of 65 SLE belugas. Neither ∑(7)PBDEs nor major individual PBDE-homolog group concentrations showed significant trends between 1993 and 2007. Also, ∑(32)PCBs did not change over years, although, tetra-, penta- and hepta-PCB decreased by 7.1, 6.8 and 8.5\\%, respectively, in males, whereas tetra-, penta- and octa-PCBs declined by 11, 12 and 12.9\\%, respectively, in females. In order to compare the distribution of POPs between liver and blubber, a lipid normalised concentration ratio R (blubber/liver) for PBDEs and PCBs was calculated for each individual beluga. For all PBDE and several PCB homolog groups, mean R values were not statistically different from unity indicating that the partitioning of these POPs is governed by the tissue lipid-content. Temporal trends of R ratios of PBDEs and PCBs were also examined. There were generally no significant temporal trends except for PBDEs in males where R increased in average by 12.7 ± 2.9\\% yearly. The stratification of the blubber into a metabolically active (inner) and less active layers (outer blubber) may result in a slower response time of the blubber (full depth) than the liver to the recent change of contamination in the environment and explain the time trend differences between both tissues. This study suggests that the liver is more representative of recent exposure to lipophilic contaminants.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Raach, Meriem and Lebeuf, Michel and Pelletier, Emilien},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21270998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Due to their lipophilic properties, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are commonly assessed using the blubber of marine mammals. However, these chemicals are also accumulating in other tissues including the liver. Some pollutants, namely perfluorinated alkyl acids, are found predominately in the liver and blood of marine mammals, and thus monitored in those tissues. This raises the question whether any tissue would represent an identical trend of POPs in the SLE beluga. The current study reports the first temporal trends of PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of 65 SLE belugas. Neither ∑(7)PBDEs nor major individual PBDE-homolog group concentrations showed significant trends between 1993 and 2007. Also, ∑(32)PCBs did not change over years, although, tetra-, penta- and hepta-PCB decreased by 7.1, 6.8 and 8.5%, respectively, in males, whereas tetra-, penta- and octa-PCBs declined by 11, 12 and 12.9%, respectively, in females. In order to compare the distribution of POPs between liver and blubber, a lipid normalised concentration ratio R (blubber/liver) for PBDEs and PCBs was calculated for each individual beluga. For all PBDE and several PCB homolog groups, mean R values were not statistically different from unity indicating that the partitioning of these POPs is governed by the tissue lipid-content. Temporal trends of R ratios of PBDEs and PCBs were also examined. There were generally no significant temporal trends except for PBDEs in males where R increased in average by 12.7 ± 2.9% yearly. The stratification of the blubber into a metabolically active (inner) and less active layers (outer blubber) may result in a slower response time of the blubber (full depth) than the liver to the recent change of contamination in the environment and explain the time trend differences between both tissues. This study suggests that the liver is more representative of recent exposure to lipophilic contaminants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"poprc-uneppopspoprc719add1addendumriskmanagementevaluationonhexabromocyclododecane-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'poprc-uneppopspoprc719add1addendumriskmanagementevaluationonhexabromocyclododecane-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf', event);\">\n    UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/19/Add.1 Addendum: Risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, Geneva, Switzerland,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poprc-uneppopspoprc719add1addendumriskmanagementevaluationonhexabromocyclododecane-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/19/Add.1 Addendum: Risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/poprc-uneppopspoprc719add1addendumriskmanagementevaluationonhexabromocyclododecane-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('poprc-uneppopspoprc719add1addendumriskmanagementevaluationonhexabromocyclododecane-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.7/19/add.1_2011,\n\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\n\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.7/19/{Add}.1 {Addendum}: {Risk} management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Mgt Evaluation UNEP-POPS-POPRC.7-19-Add.1.English.pdf},\n\tabstract = {At its seventh meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane on the basis of the draft contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/5, as amended. The text of the risk management evaluation is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.},\n\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\n\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  At its seventh meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk management evaluation on hexabromocyclododecane on the basis of the draft contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.7/5, as amended. The text of the risk management evaluation is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"petreas-nelson-brown-goldberg-hurley-reynolds-highconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastadiposetissueofcaliforniawomen-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'petreas-nelson-brown-goldberg-hurley-reynolds-highconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastadiposetissueofcaliforniawomen-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435', event);\">\n    High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in breast adipose tissue of California women.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Petreas, M.; Nelson, D.; Brown, F R.; Goldberg, D.; Hurley, S.;  and Reynolds, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(1): 190–7. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petreas-nelson-brown-goldberg-hurley-reynolds-highconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastadiposetissueofcaliforniawomen-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in breast adipose tissue of California women. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petreas-nelson-brown-goldberg-hurley-reynolds-highconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastadiposetissueofcaliforniawomen-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/petreas-nelson-brown-goldberg-hurley-reynolds-highconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastadiposetissueofcaliforniawomen-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('petreas-nelson-brown-goldberg-hurley-reynolds-highconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastadiposetissueofcaliforniawomen-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{petreas_high_2011,\n\ttitle = {High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers ({PBDEs}) in breast adipose tissue of {California} women.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951435},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.001},\n\tabstract = {We measured major PBDEs and PCBs in breast adipose tissues of California women participating in a breast cancer study in the late 1990s. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact ionization and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The congener profile observed was: BDE47{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE99{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE153{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE100{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE154 and PCB153{\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB180{\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB138{\\textbackslash}textgreaterPCB118. Whereas high correlations were observed within each chemical class, very weak correlations appeared between classes, pointing to different exposure pathways. Weak negative associations were observed for PBDE congeners and age. Our PBDE data are among the highest reported, exceeding data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and consistent with the high use of PBDEs in California. These data may be helpful in establishing a baseline for PBDE body burdens to gauge changes over time as a result of restrictions in the use of PBDE formulations.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Petreas, Myrto and Nelson, David and Brown, F Reber and Goldberg, Debbie and Hurley, Susan and Reynolds, Peggy},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20951435},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {190--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We measured major PBDEs and PCBs in breast adipose tissues of California women participating in a breast cancer study in the late 1990s. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact ionization and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The congener profile observed was: BDE47\\textgreaterBDE99\\textgreaterBDE153\\textgreaterBDE100\\textgreaterBDE154 and PCB153\\textgreaterPCB180\\textgreaterPCB138\\textgreaterPCB118. Whereas high correlations were observed within each chemical class, very weak correlations appeared between classes, pointing to different exposure pathways. Weak negative associations were observed for PBDE congeners and age. Our PBDE data are among the highest reported, exceeding data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and consistent with the high use of PBDEs in California. These data may be helpful in establishing a baseline for PBDE body burdens to gauge changes over time as a result of restrictions in the use of PBDE formulations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"penaabaurrea-covaci-ramos-comprehensivetwodimensionalgaschromatographytimeofflightmassspectrometryfortheidentificationoforganobrominatedcompoundsinbluefintuna-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'penaabaurrea-covaci-ramos-comprehensivetwodimensionalgaschromatographytimeofflightmassspectrometryfortheidentificationoforganobrominatedcompoundsinbluefintuna-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866', event);\">\n    Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pena-Abaurrea, M.; Covaci, A.;  and Ramos, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of chromatography. A</i>, 1218(39): 6995–7002. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('penaabaurrea-covaci-ramos-comprehensivetwodimensionalgaschromatographytimeofflightmassspectrometryfortheidentificationoforganobrominatedcompoundsinbluefintuna-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('penaabaurrea-covaci-ramos-comprehensivetwodimensionalgaschromatographytimeofflightmassspectrometryfortheidentificationoforganobrominatedcompoundsinbluefintuna-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.031', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/penaabaurrea-covaci-ramos-comprehensivetwodimensionalgaschromatographytimeofflightmassspectrometryfortheidentificationoforganobrominatedcompoundsinbluefintuna-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('penaabaurrea-covaci-ramos-comprehensivetwodimensionalgaschromatographytimeofflightmassspectrometryfortheidentificationoforganobrominatedcompoundsinbluefintuna-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pena-abaurrea_comprehensive_2011,\n\ttitle = {Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna.},\n\tvolume = {1218},\n\tissn = {1873-3778},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872866},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.031},\n\tabstract = {This study evaluates comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToF MS) for the simultaneous analysis of several classes of organobromines (OBs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), several halogenated naturally produced compounds (HNPs) and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole and a mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1), in bluefin tuna muscles. The proposed methodology maximised separation of both within and among OB families, and among these and other halogenated micropollutants detected in these samples and co-extracted matrix components. Special attention has been paid to solve co-elution problems observed during the analysis of OBs with one-dimensional GC-based techniques. Satisfactory separation among several relevant PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs has been obtained allowing their unambiguous determination in a single run. Additional studies were conducted to identify selected NBFRs and HNPs. 2,4-Dibromoanisole, a dibromophenol isomer and hexabromobenzene were identified in the investigated samples. Several new tri- and tetra-BHD derivates were also identified, indicating that these compounds could apparently exist as structured families in nature. In addition, a tetrabrominated diMeO-biphenyl and two tetrabrominated diMeO-BDEs were also tentatively identified.},\n\tnumber = {39},\n\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. A},\n\tauthor = {Pena-Abaurrea, Miren and Covaci, Adrian and Ramos, Lourdes},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21872866},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Male, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Tuna, unsure},\n\tpages = {6995--7002},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study evaluates comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToF MS) for the simultaneous analysis of several classes of organobromines (OBs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), several halogenated naturally produced compounds (HNPs) and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole and a mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1), in bluefin tuna muscles. The proposed methodology maximised separation of both within and among OB families, and among these and other halogenated micropollutants detected in these samples and co-extracted matrix components. Special attention has been paid to solve co-elution problems observed during the analysis of OBs with one-dimensional GC-based techniques. Satisfactory separation among several relevant PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs has been obtained allowing their unambiguous determination in a single run. Additional studies were conducted to identify selected NBFRs and HNPs. 2,4-Dibromoanisole, a dibromophenol isomer and hexabromobenzene were identified in the investigated samples. Several new tri- and tetra-BHD derivates were also identified, indicating that these compounds could apparently exist as structured families in nature. In addition, a tetrabrominated diMeO-biphenyl and two tetrabrominated diMeO-BDEs were also tentatively identified.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pan-tang-li-zhong-chen-zhang-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheriverineandmarinesedimentsofthelaizhoubayareanorthchina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pan-tang-li-zhong-chen-zhang-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheriverineandmarinesedimentsofthelaizhoubayareanorthchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pan, X.; Tang, J.; Li, J.; Zhong, G.; Chen, Y.;  and Zhang, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 13(4): 886–93. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pan-tang-li-zhong-chen-zhang-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheriverineandmarinesedimentsofthelaizhoubayareanorthchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10169b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pan-tang-li-zhong-chen-zhang-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheriverineandmarinesedimentsofthelaizhoubayareanorthchina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10169b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pan-tang-li-zhong-chen-zhang-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheriverineandmarinesedimentsofthelaizhoubayareanorthchina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pan-tang-li-zhong-chen-zhang-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheriverineandmarinesedimentsofthelaizhoubayareanorthchina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pan_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the riverine and marine sediments of the {Laizhou} {Bay} area, {North} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423921},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10169b},\n\tabstract = {62 riverine and marine sediments were collected from the Laizhou Bay area, where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia is located. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed to investigate the impact of rapidly-developed bromine industries on the regional aquatic system. PBDE concentrations varied largely in riverine sediments. Σ(7)PBDEs (including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) and BDE 209 ranged from 0.01 to 53 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.74 to 285 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 4.5 ng g(-1) dw and 54 ng g(-1) dw, respectively, indicating a strong influence of direct pollution discharges from local factories. In marine sediments, Σ(7)PBDEs and BDE 209 ranged from not detected (nd) to 0.66 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.66 to 12 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 0.32 ng g(-1) dw and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. PBDE concentrations were mostly {\\textbackslash}textless10 ng g(-1) dw for Σ(7)PBDEs and {\\textbackslash}textless50 ng g(-1) dw for BDE 209, which are at a relatively low level for monitored riverine and coastal sediments around the world. Even at the most contaminated sites in Laizhou Bay area, PBDE concentrations were not among the highest concentrations reported in the literature. Congener compositions were dominated by BDE 209 (57.2-99.9\\% of the sum of BDE congeners), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDE products. Tri- to octa-BDE congeners were well correlated among each other (r {\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.75) and thus sources from similar mixing of penta- and octa-BDE products were suggested in this area. Compared with riverine sediments, a much better correlation between PBDE concentrations with TOC was observed in marine environment. The congener pattern changed and their correlation coefficients among each other were remarkably reduced. Contributions of BDE 28, 47 and 99 to Σ(7)PBDEs were generally the same in almost all the marine sites, while it was distinctively higher for BDE 153. These are probably attributable to several reasons, such as contributions by atmospheric deposition and/or redistribution between particles of various sizes during and/or after fluvial transportation combined with the difference of physiochemical properties of BDE congeners.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Pan, Xiaohui and Tang, Jianhui and Li, Jun and Zhong, Guangcai and Chen, Yingjun and Zhang, Gan},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21423921},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Quality Control, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {886--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  62 riverine and marine sediments were collected from the Laizhou Bay area, where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia is located. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed to investigate the impact of rapidly-developed bromine industries on the regional aquatic system. PBDE concentrations varied largely in riverine sediments. Σ(7)PBDEs (including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) and BDE 209 ranged from 0.01 to 53 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.74 to 285 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 4.5 ng g(-1) dw and 54 ng g(-1) dw, respectively, indicating a strong influence of direct pollution discharges from local factories. In marine sediments, Σ(7)PBDEs and BDE 209 ranged from not detected (nd) to 0.66 ng g(-1) dw and from 0.66 to 12 ng g(-1) dw with a mean value of 0.32 ng g(-1) dw and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. PBDE concentrations were mostly \\textless10 ng g(-1) dw for Σ(7)PBDEs and \\textless50 ng g(-1) dw for BDE 209, which are at a relatively low level for monitored riverine and coastal sediments around the world. Even at the most contaminated sites in Laizhou Bay area, PBDE concentrations were not among the highest concentrations reported in the literature. Congener compositions were dominated by BDE 209 (57.2-99.9% of the sum of BDE congeners), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDE products. Tri- to octa-BDE congeners were well correlated among each other (r \\textgreater 0.75) and thus sources from similar mixing of penta- and octa-BDE products were suggested in this area. Compared with riverine sediments, a much better correlation between PBDE concentrations with TOC was observed in marine environment. The congener pattern changed and their correlation coefficients among each other were remarkably reduced. Contributions of BDE 28, 47 and 99 to Σ(7)PBDEs were generally the same in almost all the marine sites, while it was distinctively higher for BDE 153. These are probably attributable to several reasons, such as contributions by atmospheric deposition and/or redistribution between particles of various sizes during and/or after fluvial transportation combined with the difference of physiochemical properties of BDE congeners.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"olshansky-polubesova-vetter-chefetz-sorptiondesorptionbehaviorofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoils-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'olshansky-polubesova-vetter-chefetz-sorptiondesorptionbehaviorofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoils-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286', event);\">\n    Sorption-desorption behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Olshansky, Y.; Polubesova, T.; Vetter, W.;  and Chefetz, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 159(10): 2375–9. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('olshansky-polubesova-vetter-chefetz-sorptiondesorptionbehaviorofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoils-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Sorption-desorption behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('olshansky-polubesova-vetter-chefetz-sorptiondesorptionbehaviorofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoils-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/olshansky-polubesova-vetter-chefetz-sorptiondesorptionbehaviorofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoils-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('olshansky-polubesova-vetter-chefetz-sorptiondesorptionbehaviorofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoils-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{olshansky_sorption-desorption_2011,\n\ttitle = {Sorption-desorption behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783286},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.003},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that are commonly found in commercial and household products. These compounds are considered persistent organic pollutants. In this study, we used 4,4&#x27;-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15) as a model compound to elucidate the sorption and desorption behavior of PBDEs in soils. The organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (K(OC)) of BDE-15 was more than three times higher for humin than for bulk soils. However, pronounced desorption hysteresis was obtained mainly for bulk soils. For humin, increasing concentration of sorbed BDE-15 resulted in decreased desorption. Our data illustrate that BDE-15 and probably other PBDEs exhibit high sorption affinity to soils. Moreover, sorption is irreversible and thus PBDEs can potentially accumulate in the topsoil layer. We also suggest that although humin is probably a major sorbent for PBDEs in soils, other humic materials are also responsible for their sequestration.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Olshansky, Yaniv and Polubesova, Tamara and Vetter, Walter and Chefetz, Benny},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21783286},\n\tkeywords = {Adsorption, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Models, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: chemistry},\n\tpages = {2375--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that are commonly found in commercial and household products. These compounds are considered persistent organic pollutants. In this study, we used 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15) as a model compound to elucidate the sorption and desorption behavior of PBDEs in soils. The organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient (K(OC)) of BDE-15 was more than three times higher for humin than for bulk soils. However, pronounced desorption hysteresis was obtained mainly for bulk soils. For humin, increasing concentration of sorbed BDE-15 resulted in decreased desorption. Our data illustrate that BDE-15 and probably other PBDEs exhibit high sorption affinity to soils. Moreover, sorption is irreversible and thus PBDEs can potentially accumulate in the topsoil layer. We also suggest that although humin is probably a major sorbent for PBDEs in soils, other humic materials are also responsible for their sequestration.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oehha-oehhaproposition65tris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcpp-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oehha-oehhaproposition65tris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcpp-2011', 'http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html', event);\">\n    OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  OEHHA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oehha-oehhaproposition65tris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcpp-2011', 'http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oehha-oehhaproposition65tris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcpp-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oehha-oehhaproposition65tris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcpp-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{oehha_oehha_2011,\n\ttitle = {{OEHHA} {Proposition} 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP})},\n\turl = {http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - OEHHA Proposition 65 tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP).html},\n\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Health, Pesticides, Public Health, Safe Drinking Water and Toxics Enforcement Act, chemical exposures, children&#x27;s health, proposition 65, toxics, water},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"noyes-hinton-stapleton-accumulationanddebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209injuvenilefatheadminnowspimephalespromelasinducesthyroiddisruptionandliveralterations-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'noyes-hinton-stapleton-accumulationanddebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209injuvenilefatheadminnowspimephalespromelasinducesthyroiddisruptionandliveralterations-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Noyes, P. D; Hinton, D. E;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 122(2): 265–74. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noyes-hinton-stapleton-accumulationanddebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209injuvenilefatheadminnowspimephalespromelasinducesthyroiddisruptionandliveralterations-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr105\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noyes-hinton-stapleton-accumulationanddebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209injuvenilefatheadminnowspimephalespromelasinducesthyroiddisruptionandliveralterations-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr105', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/noyes-hinton-stapleton-accumulationanddebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209injuvenilefatheadminnowspimephalespromelasinducesthyroiddisruptionandliveralterations-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('noyes-hinton-stapleton-accumulationanddebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209injuvenilefatheadminnowspimephalespromelasinducesthyroiddisruptionandliveralterations-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noyes_accumulation_2011,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in juvenile fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations.},\n\tvolume = {122},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3155082&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr105},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are known to affect thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. The TH-regulating deiodinases have been implicated in these impacts; however, PBDE effects on the fish thyroid system are largely unknown. Moreover, the liver as a potential target of PBDE toxicity has not been explored in young fish. This study measured decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) effects on TH regulation by measuring deiodinase activity in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Dietary accumulations and debromination of BDE-209 were also measured, and the morphology of thyroid and liver tissues was examined. Juvenile fathead minnows (28 days old) received a 28-day dietary treatment of BDE-209 at 9.8 ± 0.16 μg/g of food at 5\\% of their body weight per day followed by a 14-day depuration period in which they were fed clean food. Chemical analysis revealed that BDE-209 accumulated in tissues and was metabolized to reductive products ranging from penta- to octaBDEs with 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,6&#x27;-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154) being the most accumulative metabolite. By day 28 of the exposure, rates of outer and inner ring deiodination (ORD and IRD, respectively) of thyroxine (T4) were each reduced by ∼74\\% among treatments. Effects on T4-ORD and T4-IRD remained significant even after the 14-day depuration period. Histological examination of treated fish showed significantly increased thyroid follicular epithelial cell heights and vacuolated hepatocyte nuclei. Enlarged biliary passageways may be the cause of the distinctive liver phenotype observed, although further testing is needed. Altogether, these results suggest that juvenile fish may be uniquely susceptible to thyroid disruptors like PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Noyes, Pamela D and Hinton, David E and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21546348},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: analysis, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: analysis, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism},\n\tpages = {265--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are known to affect thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. The TH-regulating deiodinases have been implicated in these impacts; however, PBDE effects on the fish thyroid system are largely unknown. Moreover, the liver as a potential target of PBDE toxicity has not been explored in young fish. This study measured decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) effects on TH regulation by measuring deiodinase activity in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Dietary accumulations and debromination of BDE-209 were also measured, and the morphology of thyroid and liver tissues was examined. Juvenile fathead minnows (28 days old) received a 28-day dietary treatment of BDE-209 at 9.8 ± 0.16 μg/g of food at 5% of their body weight per day followed by a 14-day depuration period in which they were fed clean food. Chemical analysis revealed that BDE-209 accumulated in tissues and was metabolized to reductive products ranging from penta- to octaBDEs with 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154) being the most accumulative metabolite. By day 28 of the exposure, rates of outer and inner ring deiodination (ORD and IRD, respectively) of thyroxine (T4) were each reduced by ∼74% among treatments. Effects on T4-ORD and T4-IRD remained significant even after the 14-day depuration period. Histological examination of treated fish showed significantly increased thyroid follicular epithelial cell heights and vacuolated hepatocyte nuclei. Enlarged biliary passageways may be the cause of the distinctive liver phenotype observed, although further testing is needed. Altogether, these results suggest that juvenile fish may be uniquely susceptible to thyroid disruptors like PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"muozarnanz-sez-aguirre-hiraldo-baos-pacepavicius-alaee-jimnez-predominanceofbde209andotherhigherbrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitestorkciconiaciconiacoloniesfromspain-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'muozarnanz-sez-aguirre-hiraldo-baos-pacepavicius-alaee-jimnez-predominanceofbde209andotherhigherbrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitestorkciconiaciconiacoloniesfromspain-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230', event);\">\n    Predominance of BDE-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) colonies from Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Muñoz-Arnanz, J.; Sáez, M.; Aguirre, J. I; Hiraldo, F.; Baos, R.; Pacepavicius, G.; Alaee, M.;  and Jiménez, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(3): 572–6. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('muozarnanz-sez-aguirre-hiraldo-baos-pacepavicius-alaee-jimnez-predominanceofbde209andotherhigherbrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitestorkciconiaciconiacoloniesfromspain-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Predominance of BDE-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) colonies from Spain. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('muozarnanz-sez-aguirre-hiraldo-baos-pacepavicius-alaee-jimnez-predominanceofbde209andotherhigherbrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitestorkciconiaciconiacoloniesfromspain-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/muozarnanz-sez-aguirre-hiraldo-baos-pacepavicius-alaee-jimnez-predominanceofbde209andotherhigherbrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitestorkciconiaciconiacoloniesfromspain-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('muozarnanz-sez-aguirre-hiraldo-baos-pacepavicius-alaee-jimnez-predominanceofbde209andotherhigherbrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitestorkciconiaciconiacoloniesfromspain-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{munoz-arnanz_predominance_2011,\n\ttitle = {Predominance of {BDE}-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork ({Ciconia} ciconia) colonies from {Spain}.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193230},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants for which there is still a lack of knowledge about the environmental behavior and fate of the higher brominated congeners (octa- to deca-BDEs). In this study, the PBDE content and congener profiles in failed eggs from two colonies of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain were studied. The average total PBDE concentration was 1.64ng/g (wet weight, w.w.) for the rural colony and 9.08ng/g (w.w.) for the urban colony. Higher brominated BDEs dominated the congener profiles of both colonies. Of particular interest was the determination of BDE-209 as the dominant congener accounting for 44.1\\% and 38.6\\% of the total PBDE content in the rural and urban colonies, respectively. BDE-202, considered an indicator of BDE 209 debromination, was detected in 83\\% and all of the samples from rural and urban colonies, respectively. The observed congener profile in which BDE-207{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-208{\\textbackslash}textgreaterBDE-206 does not correspond to any known technical PBDE mixture and is evidence for possible BDE-209 degradation.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Muñoz-Arnanz, Juan and Sáez, Mónica and Aguirre, José I and Hiraldo, Fernando and Baos, Raquel and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Alaee, Mehran and Jiménez, Begoña},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21193230},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Spain},\n\tpages = {572--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants for which there is still a lack of knowledge about the environmental behavior and fate of the higher brominated congeners (octa- to deca-BDEs). In this study, the PBDE content and congener profiles in failed eggs from two colonies of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain were studied. The average total PBDE concentration was 1.64ng/g (wet weight, w.w.) for the rural colony and 9.08ng/g (w.w.) for the urban colony. Higher brominated BDEs dominated the congener profiles of both colonies. Of particular interest was the determination of BDE-209 as the dominant congener accounting for 44.1% and 38.6% of the total PBDE content in the rural and urban colonies, respectively. BDE-202, considered an indicator of BDE 209 debromination, was detected in 83% and all of the samples from rural and urban colonies, respectively. The observed congener profile in which BDE-207\\textgreaterBDE-208\\textgreaterBDE-206 does not correspond to any known technical PBDE mixture and is evidence for possible BDE-209 degradation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"munschy-hasmoisan-tixier-boulesteix-morin-classicandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsbfrsincommonsolesoleasolealfrommainnurseryzonesalongthefrenchcoasts-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'munschy-hasmoisan-tixier-boulesteix-morin-classicandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsbfrsincommonsolesoleasolealfrommainnurseryzonesalongthefrenchcoasts-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959', event);\">\n    Classic and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in common sole (Solea solea L.) from main nursery zones along the French coasts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Munschy, C; Héas-Moisan, K; Tixier, C; Boulesteix, L;  and Morin, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 409(21): 4618–27. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('munschy-hasmoisan-tixier-boulesteix-morin-classicandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsbfrsincommonsolesoleasolealfrommainnurseryzonesalongthefrenchcoasts-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Classic and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in common sole (Solea solea L.) from main nursery zones along the French coasts. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('munschy-hasmoisan-tixier-boulesteix-morin-classicandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsbfrsincommonsolesoleasolealfrommainnurseryzonesalongthefrenchcoasts-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/munschy-hasmoisan-tixier-boulesteix-morin-classicandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsbfrsincommonsolesoleasolealfrommainnurseryzonesalongthefrenchcoasts-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('munschy-hasmoisan-tixier-boulesteix-morin-classicandnovelbrominatedflameretardantsbfrsincommonsolesoleasolealfrommainnurseryzonesalongthefrenchcoasts-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{munschy_classic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Classic and novel brominated flame retardants ({BFRs}) in common sole ({Solea} solea {L}.) from main nursery zones along the {French} coasts.},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855959},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.021},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in juvenile common sole from nursery zones situated along the French coast in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Extensive identification was performed with regard to PBDEs, novel BFRs 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and other non-PBDE BFRs, namely, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (Σ 14 congeners) ranged from 0.01 ng/g to 0.16 ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle, and 0.07 ng/g to 2.8 ng/g ww in liver. Concentrations were in the lower range of those reported in the literature in other European locations. Lower PBDE concentrations, condition indices and lipid contents were observed in the Seine estuary in 2009, possibly in relation to a lower water flow. The PBDE patterns and ratios we observed suggested that juvenile sole have a relative high metabolic degradation capacity. Non-PBDE BFRs were detected at lower levels than PBDEs, i.e., within the {\\textbackslash}textless method detection limit - 0.005 ng/g ww range in muscle, and {\\textbackslash}textless method detection limit - 0.2 ng/g ww range in liver. The data obtained is of particular interest for the future monitoring of these compounds in the environment.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Munschy, C and Héas-Moisan, K and Tixier, C and Boulesteix, L and Morin, J},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21855959},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzene Derivatives, Benzene Derivatives: analysis, Benzene Derivatives: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flatfishes, Flatfishes: metabolism, France, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Muscles, Muscles: chemistry, Seasons, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {4618--27},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in juvenile common sole from nursery zones situated along the French coast in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Extensive identification was performed with regard to PBDEs, novel BFRs 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and other non-PBDE BFRs, namely, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (Σ 14 congeners) ranged from 0.01 ng/g to 0.16 ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle, and 0.07 ng/g to 2.8 ng/g ww in liver. Concentrations were in the lower range of those reported in the literature in other European locations. Lower PBDE concentrations, condition indices and lipid contents were observed in the Seine estuary in 2009, possibly in relation to a lower water flow. The PBDE patterns and ratios we observed suggested that juvenile sole have a relative high metabolic degradation capacity. Non-PBDE BFRs were detected at lower levels than PBDEs, i.e., within the \\textless method detection limit - 0.005 ng/g ww range in muscle, and \\textless method detection limit - 0.2 ng/g ww range in liver. The data obtained is of particular interest for the future monitoring of these compounds in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mller-xie-sturm-ebinghaus-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinairandseawateroftheeuropeanarctic-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mller-xie-sturm-ebinghaus-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinairandseawateroftheeuropeanarctic-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Möller, A.; Xie, Z.; Sturm, R.;  and Ebinghaus, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 159(6): 1577–83. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-sturm-ebinghaus-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinairandseawateroftheeuropeanarctic-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-sturm-ebinghaus-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinairandseawateroftheeuropeanarctic-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.054', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mller-xie-sturm-ebinghaus-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinairandseawateroftheeuropeanarctic-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mller-xie-sturm-ebinghaus-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandalternativebrominatedflameretardantsinairandseawateroftheeuropeanarctic-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{moller_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the {European} {Arctic}.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421283},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.054},\n\tabstract = {The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to -492 and -1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21421283},\n\tkeywords = {Air Movements, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Toluene, Toluene: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Toluene: analysis, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1577--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to -492 and -1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mller-xie-cai-zhong-huang-cai-sturm-he-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersvsalternatebrominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesfromeastasiatothearctic-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mller-xie-cai-zhong-huang-cai-sturm-he-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersvsalternatebrominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesfromeastasiatothearctic-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers vs alternate brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes from East Asia to the Arctic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Möller, A.; Xie, Z.; Cai, M.; Zhong, G.; Huang, P.; Cai, M.; Sturm, R.; He, J.;  and Ebinghaus, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(16): 6793–9. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-cai-zhong-huang-cai-sturm-he-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersvsalternatebrominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesfromeastasiatothearctic-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers vs alternate brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes from East Asia to the Arctic. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es201850n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-cai-zhong-huang-cai-sturm-he-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersvsalternatebrominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesfromeastasiatothearctic-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es201850n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mller-xie-cai-zhong-huang-cai-sturm-he-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersvsalternatebrominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesfromeastasiatothearctic-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mller-xie-cai-zhong-huang-cai-sturm-he-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersvsalternatebrominatedflameretardantsanddechloranesfromeastasiatothearctic-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{moller_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers vs alternate brominated flame retardants and {Dechloranes} from {East} {Asia} to the {Arctic}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21751774},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es201850n},\n\tabstract = {Marine boundary layer air and seawater samples taken during a polar expedition cruise from East China Sea to the Arctic were analyzed in order to compare the occurrence, distribution, and fate of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with their brominated alternatives as well as the chlorinated Dechloranes. The sum of PBDEs (∑(10)PBDEs) in the atmosphere ranged from 0.07 to 8.1 pg m(-3) with BDE-209 being the dominating congener and from not detected (n.d.) to 0.6 pg L(-1) in seawater. Alternate brominated flame retardants (BFRs), especially hexabromobenzene (HBB), (2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in higher concentrations than PBDEs, even in the high Arctic (0.6 to 15.4 pg m(-3) for sum of alternate BFRs), indicating the change of PBDEs toward alternate BFRs in the environmental predominance. In addition, Dechlorane Plus (DP) as well as Dechlorane 602, 603, and 604 were detected both in the atmosphere and in seawater. The highest concentrations as well as the highest compound variability were observed in East Asian samples suggesting the Asian continent as source of these compounds in the marine environment. The air-seawater exchange indicates strong deposition, especially of alternate BFRs, as well as dry particle-bound deposition of BDE-209 into the ocean.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Cai, Minghong and Zhong, Guangcai and Huang, Peng and Cai, Minggang and Sturm, Renate and He, Jianfeng and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21751774},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Arctic Regions, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Gases: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Ships},\n\tpages = {6793--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Marine boundary layer air and seawater samples taken during a polar expedition cruise from East China Sea to the Arctic were analyzed in order to compare the occurrence, distribution, and fate of the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with their brominated alternatives as well as the chlorinated Dechloranes. The sum of PBDEs (∑(10)PBDEs) in the atmosphere ranged from 0.07 to 8.1 pg m(-3) with BDE-209 being the dominating congener and from not detected (n.d.) to 0.6 pg L(-1) in seawater. Alternate brominated flame retardants (BFRs), especially hexabromobenzene (HBB), (2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in higher concentrations than PBDEs, even in the high Arctic (0.6 to 15.4 pg m(-3) for sum of alternate BFRs), indicating the change of PBDEs toward alternate BFRs in the environmental predominance. In addition, Dechlorane Plus (DP) as well as Dechlorane 602, 603, and 604 were detected both in the atmosphere and in seawater. The highest concentrations as well as the highest compound variability were observed in East Asian samples suggesting the Asian continent as source of these compounds in the marine environment. The air-seawater exchange indicates strong deposition, especially of alternate BFRs, as well as dry particle-bound deposition of BDE-209 into the ocean.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mller-xie-caba-sturm-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersintheatmosphereofthenorthsea-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mller-xie-caba-sturm-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersintheatmosphereofthenorthsea-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the atmosphere of the North Sea.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Möller, A.; Xie, Z.; Caba, A.; Sturm, R.;  and Ebinghaus, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 159(12): 3660–5. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-caba-sturm-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersintheatmosphereofthenorthsea-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the atmosphere of the North Sea. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mller-xie-caba-sturm-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersintheatmosphereofthenorthsea-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mller-xie-caba-sturm-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersintheatmosphereofthenorthsea-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mller-xie-caba-sturm-ebinghaus-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersintheatmosphereofthenorthsea-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{moller_organophosphorus_2011,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the atmosphere of the {North} {Sea}.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840096},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.022},\n\tabstract = {Air samples collected in the German part of the North Sea from March to July 2010 were investigated for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers. The ∑(8)OPs concentration ranged from 110 to 1400 pg m(-3) while tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated all samples with individual concentrations up to 1200 pg m(-3). The highest concentrations were observed in continental air masses showing the high influence of industrialized regions including production sites on atmospheric emissions and concentrations. The occurrence of OPs even in oceanic/Arctic air masses shows that OPs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. Dry particle-bound deposition fluxes from 9 to 240 ng m(-2) d(-1) for ∑(8)OPs were estimated leading to a minimum annual flux of 710 ± 580 kg y(-1) OPs into the German North Sea. This study presents the first occurrence of OPs in the marine atmosphere together with important information on their long-range transport potential.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Möller, Axel and Xie, Zhiyong and Caba, Armando and Sturm, Renate and Ebinghaus, Ralf},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21840096},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, North Sea, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis},\n\tpages = {3660--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Air samples collected in the German part of the North Sea from March to July 2010 were investigated for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers. The ∑(8)OPs concentration ranged from 110 to 1400 pg m(-3) while tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated all samples with individual concentrations up to 1200 pg m(-3). The highest concentrations were observed in continental air masses showing the high influence of industrialized regions including production sites on atmospheric emissions and concentrations. The occurrence of OPs even in oceanic/Arctic air masses shows that OPs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. Dry particle-bound deposition fluxes from 9 to 240 ng m(-2) d(-1) for ∑(8)OPs were estimated leading to a minimum annual flux of 710 ± 580 kg y(-1) OPs into the German North Sea. This study presents the first occurrence of OPs in the marine atmosphere together with important information on their long-range transport potential.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-flameretardantsandlegacycontaminantsinpolarbearsfromalaskacanadaeastgreenlandandsvalbard20052008-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-flameretardantsandlegacycontaminantsinpolarbearsfromalaskacanadaeastgreenlandandsvalbard20052008-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049', event);\">\n    Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland and Svalbard, 2005-2008.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McKinney, M. A; Letcher, R. J; Aars, J.; Born, E. W; Branigan, M.; Dietz, R.; Evans, T. J; Gabrielsen, G. W; Peacock, E.;  and Sonne, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(2): 365–74. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-flameretardantsandlegacycontaminantsinpolarbearsfromalaskacanadaeastgreenlandandsvalbard20052008-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland and Svalbard, 2005-2008. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-flameretardantsandlegacycontaminantsinpolarbearsfromalaskacanadaeastgreenlandandsvalbard20052008-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-flameretardantsandlegacycontaminantsinpolarbearsfromalaskacanadaeastgreenlandandsvalbard20052008-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-flameretardantsandlegacycontaminantsinpolarbearsfromalaskacanadaeastgreenlandandsvalbard20052008-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mckinney_flame_2011,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from {Alaska}, {Canada}, {East} {Greenland} and {Svalbard}, 2005-2008.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131049},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.008},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(α)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(α-)HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean ΣPBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(α)-HBCD levels ({\\textbackslash}textless0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than ΣPBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. ΣPCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). ΣCHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). ΣDDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p&#x27;-DDT to ΣDDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, ΣPBDE, total-(α)-HBCD, p,p&#x27;-DDE and ΣCHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of &quot;new&quot; chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Letcher, Robert J and Aars, Jon and Born, Erik W and Branigan, Marsha and Dietz, Rune and Evans, Thomas J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Peacock, Elizabeth and Sonne, Christian},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21131049},\n\tkeywords = {Alaska, Animals, Arctic Regions, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Canada, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},\n\tpages = {365--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(α)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(α-)HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean ΣPBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(α)-HBCD levels (\\textless0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than ΣPBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. ΣPCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). ΣCHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). ΣDDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p'-DDT to ΣDDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, ΣPBDE, total-(α)-HBCD, p,p'-DDE and ΣCHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of \"new\" chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-regionalcontaminationversusregionaldietarydifferencesunderstandinggeographicvariationinbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantlevelsinpolarbears-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-regionalcontaminationversusregionaldietarydifferencesunderstandinggeographicvariationinbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantlevelsinpolarbears-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451', event);\">\n    Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McKinney, M. A; Letcher, R. J; Aars, J.; Born, E. W; Branigan, M.; Dietz, R.; Evans, T. J; Gabrielsen, G. W; Muir, D. C G; Peacock, E.;  and Sonne, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(3): 896–902. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-regionalcontaminationversusregionaldietarydifferencesunderstandinggeographicvariationinbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantlevelsinpolarbears-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es102781b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-regionalcontaminationversusregionaldietarydifferencesunderstandinggeographicvariationinbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantlevelsinpolarbears-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es102781b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-regionalcontaminationversusregionaldietarydifferencesunderstandinggeographicvariationinbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantlevelsinpolarbears-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mckinney-letcher-aars-born-branigan-dietz-evans-gabrielsen-etal-regionalcontaminationversusregionaldietarydifferencesunderstandinggeographicvariationinbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantlevelsinpolarbears-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mckinney_regional_2011,\n\ttitle = {Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166451},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es102781b},\n\tabstract = {The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted δ(15)N and δ(13)C, lower proportions of C(20) and C(22) monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C(18) and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan and Canadian Arctic signatures were intermediate. Between-subpopulation dietary differences predominated over interannual, seasonal, sex, or age variation. Among various brominated and chlorinated contaminants, diet signatures significantly explained variation in adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (14-15\\%) and legacy PCBs (18-21\\%). However, dietary influence was contaminant class-specific, since only low or nonsignificant proportions of variation in organochlorine pesticide (e.g., chlordane) levels were explained by diet. Hudson Bay diet signatures were associated with lower PCB and PBDE levels, whereas East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were associated with higher levels. Understanding diet/food web factors is important to accurately interpret contaminant trends, particularly in a changing Arctic.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Letcher, Robert J and Aars, Jon and Born, Erik W and Branigan, Marsha and Dietz, Rune and Evans, Thomas J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Muir, Derek C G and Peacock, Elizabeth and Sonne, Christian},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21166451},\n\tkeywords = {Alaska, Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Canada, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Svalbard, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},\n\tpages = {896--902},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted δ(15)N and δ(13)C, lower proportions of C(20) and C(22) monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C(18) and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan and Canadian Arctic signatures were intermediate. Between-subpopulation dietary differences predominated over interannual, seasonal, sex, or age variation. Among various brominated and chlorinated contaminants, diet signatures significantly explained variation in adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (14-15%) and legacy PCBs (18-21%). However, dietary influence was contaminant class-specific, since only low or nonsignificant proportions of variation in organochlorine pesticide (e.g., chlordane) levels were explained by diet. Hudson Bay diet signatures were associated with lower PCB and PBDE levels, whereas East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were associated with higher levels. Understanding diet/food web factors is important to accurately interpret contaminant trends, particularly in a changing Arctic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mckinney-dietz-sonne-deguise-skirnisson-karlsson-steingrmsson-letcher-comparativehepaticmicrosomalbiotransformationofselectedpbdesincludingdecabromodiphenyletheranddecabromodiphenylethaneflameretardantsinarcticmarinefeedingmammals-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mckinney-dietz-sonne-deguise-skirnisson-karlsson-steingrmsson-letcher-comparativehepaticmicrosomalbiotransformationofselectedpbdesincludingdecabromodiphenyletheranddecabromodiphenylethaneflameretardantsinarcticmarinefeedingmammals-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940', event);\">\n    Comparative hepatic microsomal biotransformation of selected PBDEs, including decabromodiphenyl ether, and decabromodiphenyl ethane flame retardants in Arctic marine-feeding mammals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McKinney, M. A; Dietz, R.; Sonne, C.; De Guise, S.; Skirnisson, K.; Karlsson, K.; Steingrímsson, E.;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 30(7): 1506–14. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-dietz-sonne-deguise-skirnisson-karlsson-steingrmsson-letcher-comparativehepaticmicrosomalbiotransformationofselectedpbdesincludingdecabromodiphenyletheranddecabromodiphenylethaneflameretardantsinarcticmarinefeedingmammals-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparative hepatic microsomal biotransformation of selected PBDEs, including decabromodiphenyl ether, and decabromodiphenyl ethane flame retardants in Arctic marine-feeding mammals. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.535\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-dietz-sonne-deguise-skirnisson-karlsson-steingrmsson-letcher-comparativehepaticmicrosomalbiotransformationofselectedpbdesincludingdecabromodiphenyletheranddecabromodiphenylethaneflameretardantsinarcticmarinefeedingmammals-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.535', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mckinney-dietz-sonne-deguise-skirnisson-karlsson-steingrmsson-letcher-comparativehepaticmicrosomalbiotransformationofselectedpbdesincludingdecabromodiphenyletheranddecabromodiphenylethaneflameretardantsinarcticmarinefeedingmammals-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mckinney-dietz-sonne-deguise-skirnisson-karlsson-steingrmsson-letcher-comparativehepaticmicrosomalbiotransformationofselectedpbdesincludingdecabromodiphenyletheranddecabromodiphenylethaneflameretardantsinarcticmarinefeedingmammals-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mckinney_comparative_2011,\n\ttitle = {Comparative hepatic microsomal biotransformation of selected {PBDEs}, including decabromodiphenyl ether, and decabromodiphenyl ethane flame retardants in {Arctic} marine-feeding mammals.},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437940},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.535},\n\tabstract = {The present study assessed and compared the oxidative and reductive biotransformation of brominated flame retardants, including established polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using an in vitro system based on liver microsomes from various arctic marine-feeding mammals: polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat as a mammalian model species. Greater depletion of fully brominated BDE209 (14-25\\% of 30 pmol) and DBDPE (44-74\\% of 90 pmol) occurred in individuals from all species relative to depletion of lower brominated PBDEs (BDEs 99, 100, and 154; 0-3\\% of 30 pmol). No evidence of simply debrominated metabolites was observed. Investigation of phenolic metabolites in rat and polar bear revealed formation of two phenolic, likely multiply debrominated, DBDPE metabolites in polar bear and one phenolic BDE154 metabolite in polar bear and rat microsomes. For BDE209 and DBDPE, observed metabolite concentrations were low to nondetectable, despite substantial parent depletion. These findings suggested possible underestimation of the ecosystem burden of total-BDE209, as well as its transformation products, and a need for research to identify and characterize the persistence and toxicity of major BDE209 metabolites. Similar cause for concern may exist regarding DBDPE, given similarities of physicochemical and environmental behavior to BDE209, current evidence of biotransformation, and increasing use of DBDPE as a replacement for BDE209.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Dietz, Rune and Sonne, Christian and De Guise, Sylvain and Skirnisson, Karl and Karlsson, Karl and Steingrímsson, Egill and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21437940},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale: metabolism, Biotransformation, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Rats, Seals, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Wistar},\n\tpages = {1506--14},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study assessed and compared the oxidative and reductive biotransformation of brominated flame retardants, including established polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using an in vitro system based on liver microsomes from various arctic marine-feeding mammals: polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat as a mammalian model species. Greater depletion of fully brominated BDE209 (14-25% of 30 pmol) and DBDPE (44-74% of 90 pmol) occurred in individuals from all species relative to depletion of lower brominated PBDEs (BDEs 99, 100, and 154; 0-3% of 30 pmol). No evidence of simply debrominated metabolites was observed. Investigation of phenolic metabolites in rat and polar bear revealed formation of two phenolic, likely multiply debrominated, DBDPE metabolites in polar bear and one phenolic BDE154 metabolite in polar bear and rat microsomes. For BDE209 and DBDPE, observed metabolite concentrations were low to nondetectable, despite substantial parent depletion. These findings suggested possible underestimation of the ecosystem burden of total-BDE209, as well as its transformation products, and a need for research to identify and characterize the persistence and toxicity of major BDE209 metabolites. Similar cause for concern may exist regarding DBDPE, given similarities of physicochemical and environmental behavior to BDE209, current evidence of biotransformation, and increasing use of DBDPE as a replacement for BDE209.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marvin-tomy-armitage-arnot-mccarty-covaci-palace-hexabromocyclododecanecurrentunderstandingofchemistryenvironmentalfateandtoxicologyandimplicationsforglobalmanagement-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marvin-tomy-armitage-arnot-mccarty-covaci-palace-hexabromocyclododecanecurrentunderstandingofchemistryenvironmentalfateandtoxicologyandimplicationsforglobalmanagement-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marvin, C. H; Tomy, G. T; Armitage, J. M; Arnot, J. A; McCarty, L.; Covaci, A.;  and Palace, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(20): 8613–8623. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marvin-tomy-armitage-arnot-mccarty-covaci-palace-hexabromocyclododecanecurrentunderstandingofchemistryenvironmentalfateandtoxicologyandimplicationsforglobalmanagement-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marvin-tomy-armitage-arnot-mccarty-covaci-palace-hexabromocyclododecanecurrentunderstandingofchemistryenvironmentalfateandtoxicologyandimplicationsforglobalmanagement-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marvin-tomy-armitage-arnot-mccarty-covaci-palace-hexabromocyclododecanecurrentunderstandingofchemistryenvironmentalfateandtoxicologyandimplicationsforglobalmanagement-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marvin_hexabromocyclododecane:_2011,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Marvin HBCD.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information.},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Marvin, Christopher H and Tomy, Gregg T and Armitage, James M and Arnot, Jon A and McCarty, Lynn and Covaci, Adrian and Palace, Vince},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons},\n\tpages = {8613--8623},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marteinson-kimmins-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-embryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71affectstestesandcirculatingtestosteroneconcentrationsinadultamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marteinson-kimmins-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-embryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71affectstestesandcirculatingtestosteroneconcentrationsinadultamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710', event);\">\n    Embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, affects testes and circulating testosterone concentrations in adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marteinson, S. C; Kimmins, S.; Bird, D. M; Shutt, J L.; Letcher, R. J; Ritchie, I. J;  and Fernie, K. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 121(1): 168–76. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marteinson-kimmins-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-embryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71affectstestesandcirculatingtestosteroneconcentrationsinadultamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, affects testes and circulating testosterone concentrations in adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marteinson-kimmins-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-embryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71affectstestesandcirculatingtestosteroneconcentrationsinadultamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr027', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marteinson-kimmins-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-embryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71affectstestesandcirculatingtestosteroneconcentrationsinadultamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marteinson-kimmins-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-embryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71affectstestesandcirculatingtestosteroneconcentrationsinadultamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marteinson_embryonic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71, affects testes and circulating testosterone concentrations in adult {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius).},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282710},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr027},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are additive flame retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on male reproductive physiology in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) was determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 at three mean concentrations of 289 ng/g ww (low exposure), 1131 ng/g ww (high-exposure), or background levels of 3 ng/g ww (control). As adults, males were paired with unexposed females for breeding and, 1 year later, sacrificed for testes evaluation. While breeding, high-exposure males demonstrated a trend of reduced circulating testosterone levels when their female mate commenced egg laying when compared with controls (p = 0.056). No differences in circulating free T₄ or T₃ were detected. Sperm numbers were elevated on the perivitelline layer of the first egg of both high- and low-exposure males when compared with controls (p = 0.021). High-exposure males had a higher gonadosomatic index (p = 0.046) and heavier right testis than controls (p = 0.034) with a similar trend for their left testis (p = 0.055). High-exposure males had more seminiferous tubules containing lumen than controls (p = 0.030), and in proportion to the total number of tubules, low-exposure males had more tubules containing lumen than did controls (p = 0.016). Only high-exposure males had fewer than half of tubules containing final spermatids (43\\%). The results of the present study demonstrate that embryonic exposure to technical DE-71 affects the reproductive tract of adult male kestrels.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Marteinson, Sarah C and Kimmins, Sarah and Bird, David M and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Fernie, Kim J},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21282710},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: blood, Falconiformes: embryology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Sperm Count, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testosterone, Testosterone: blood},\n\tpages = {168--76},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are additive flame retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on male reproductive physiology in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) was determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 at three mean concentrations of 289 ng/g ww (low exposure), 1131 ng/g ww (high-exposure), or background levels of 3 ng/g ww (control). As adults, males were paired with unexposed females for breeding and, 1 year later, sacrificed for testes evaluation. While breeding, high-exposure males demonstrated a trend of reduced circulating testosterone levels when their female mate commenced egg laying when compared with controls (p = 0.056). No differences in circulating free T₄ or T₃ were detected. Sperm numbers were elevated on the perivitelline layer of the first egg of both high- and low-exposure males when compared with controls (p = 0.021). High-exposure males had a higher gonadosomatic index (p = 0.046) and heavier right testis than controls (p = 0.034) with a similar trend for their left testis (p = 0.055). High-exposure males had more seminiferous tubules containing lumen than controls (p = 0.030), and in proportion to the total number of tubules, low-exposure males had more tubules containing lumen than did controls (p = 0.016). Only high-exposure males had fewer than half of tubules containing final spermatids (43%). The results of the present study demonstrate that embryonic exposure to technical DE-71 affects the reproductive tract of adult male kestrels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lpez-brandsma-leonards-deboer-optimizationanddevelopmentofanalyticalmethodsforthedeterminationofnewbrominatedflameretardantsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsandsuspendedparticulatematter-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lpez-brandsma-leonards-deboer-optimizationanddevelopmentofanalyticalmethodsforthedeterminationofnewbrominatedflameretardantsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsandsuspendedparticulatematter-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  López, P; Brandsma, S A; Leonards, P E G;  and de Boer, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</i>, 400(3): 871–83. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lpez-brandsma-leonards-deboer-optimizationanddevelopmentofanalyticalmethodsforthedeterminationofnewbrominatedflameretardantsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsandsuspendedparticulatematter-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4807-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lpez-brandsma-leonards-deboer-optimizationanddevelopmentofanalyticalmethodsforthedeterminationofnewbrominatedflameretardantsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsandsuspendedparticulatematter-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4807-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lpez-brandsma-leonards-deboer-optimizationanddevelopmentofanalyticalmethodsforthedeterminationofnewbrominatedflameretardantsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsandsuspendedparticulatematter-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lpez-brandsma-leonards-deboer-optimizationanddevelopmentofanalyticalmethodsforthedeterminationofnewbrominatedflameretardantsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsedimentsandsuspendedparticulatematter-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lopez_optimization_2011,\n\ttitle = {Optimization and development of analytical methods for the determination of new brominated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and suspended particulate matter.},\n\tvolume = {400},\n\tissn = {1618-2650},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073050&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4807-8},\n\tabstract = {With more stringent legislation on brominated flame retardants, it is expected that increasing amounts of substitutes would replace polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Therefore, the development and optimization of analytical methodologies that allow their identification and quantification are of paramount relevance. This work describes the optimization of an analytical procedure to determine pentabromochlorocyclohexane, tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, decabromodiphenylethane and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane together with PBDEs in sediments and in suspended particulate matter. This method comprises a pressurized liquid extraction followed by three cleanup steps (gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction on Oasis™ HLB and on silica cartridges). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using electron capture negative chemical ionization, is used for the final analysis. The proposed method provides recoveries {\\textbackslash}textgreater85\\%. The method was applied to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from different locations in the Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the occurrence of the additive flame retardants 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromochlorocyclohexane is reported in the literature. The concentrations of these new flame retardants ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 μg/kg dry weight.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {López, P and Brandsma, S A and Leonards, P E G and de Boer, J},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21369755},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {871--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  With more stringent legislation on brominated flame retardants, it is expected that increasing amounts of substitutes would replace polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Therefore, the development and optimization of analytical methodologies that allow their identification and quantification are of paramount relevance. This work describes the optimization of an analytical procedure to determine pentabromochlorocyclohexane, tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, decabromodiphenylethane and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane together with PBDEs in sediments and in suspended particulate matter. This method comprises a pressurized liquid extraction followed by three cleanup steps (gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction on Oasis™ HLB and on silica cartridges). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using electron capture negative chemical ionization, is used for the final analysis. The proposed method provides recoveries \\textgreater85%. The method was applied to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from different locations in the Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the occurrence of the additive flame retardants 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromochlorocyclohexane is reported in the literature. The concentrations of these new flame retardants ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 μg/kg dry weight.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-li-zhao-wen-huang-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinmarinefishfromfourareasofchina-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-li-zhao-wen-huang-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinmarinefishfromfourareasofchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in marine fish from four areas of China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Zhao, Y.; Wen, S.; Huang, F.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(2): 168–74. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-li-zhao-wen-huang-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinmarinefishfromfourareasofchina-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in marine fish from four areas of China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-li-zhao-wen-huang-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinmarinefishfromfourareasofchina-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.045', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-li-zhao-wen-huang-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinmarinefishfromfourareasofchina-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-li-zhao-wen-huang-wu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinmarinefishfromfourareasofchina-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in marine fish from four areas of {China}.},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220147},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.045},\n\tabstract = {The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in marine fish from four areas of China (South China Sea, Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea) using GC/NCI-MS and GC/ITMS, respectively. Total concentrations of eight PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) in all samples ranged from 0.3ngg(-1)ww (wet weight) to 700 ng g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 85 ng g(-1)ww and 200 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the major congeners in all samples, contributing 54\\% and 19\\% to the total concentration, respectively. The sum of seven indicator PCB levels (CB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) ranged from 0.3 ng g(-1)ww to 3.1 μg g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 6.4 ng g(-1)ww and 398 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. High contributions of CB-138 (32\\%) and CB-153 (25\\%) were found in all samples. In general, pollutants measured in this study were at high levels when compared with previous studies from other regions in the world. The relative abundance of BDE-209 may suggest that deca-BDE sources existed in studied area. And principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there were other PBDE sources in Yellow Sea. The pattern and PCA showed that PCB pollutions came from similar sources in the studied areas. In addition, concentrations of ∑(7)PBDEs (u/209) were strongly correlated with those of ∑(7)PCBs in all fish (r=0.907, n=44).},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Yin-ping and Li, Jing-guang and Zhao, Yun-feng and Wen, Sheng and Huang, Fei-fei and Wu, Yong-ning},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21220147},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, China, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {168--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in marine fish from four areas of China (South China Sea, Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea) using GC/NCI-MS and GC/ITMS, respectively. Total concentrations of eight PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) in all samples ranged from 0.3ngg(-1)ww (wet weight) to 700 ng g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 85 ng g(-1)ww and 200 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the major congeners in all samples, contributing 54% and 19% to the total concentration, respectively. The sum of seven indicator PCB levels (CB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) ranged from 0.3 ng g(-1)ww to 3.1 μg g(-1)ww, with median and mean values of 6.4 ng g(-1)ww and 398 ng g(-1)ww, respectively. High contributions of CB-138 (32%) and CB-153 (25%) were found in all samples. In general, pollutants measured in this study were at high levels when compared with previous studies from other regions in the world. The relative abundance of BDE-209 may suggest that deca-BDE sources existed in studied area. And principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there were other PBDE sources in Yellow Sea. The pattern and PCA showed that PCB pollutions came from similar sources in the studied areas. In addition, concentrations of ∑(7)PBDEs (u/209) were strongly correlated with those of ∑(7)PCBs in all fish (r=0.907, n=44).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-du-zhao-mu-zhang-qin-zhang-yan-etal-bioaccumulationmaternaltransferandeliminationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinwildfrogs-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-du-zhao-mu-zhang-qin-zhang-yan-etal-bioaccumulationmaternaltransferandeliminationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinwildfrogs-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wild frogs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, P.; Du, G.; Zhao, Y.; Mu, Y.; Zhang, A.; Qin, Z.; Zhang, X.; Yan, S.; Li, Y.; Wei, R.; Qin, X.;  and Yang, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 84(7): 972–8. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-du-zhao-mu-zhang-qin-zhang-yan-etal-bioaccumulationmaternaltransferandeliminationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinwildfrogs-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wild frogs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.042\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-du-zhao-mu-zhang-qin-zhang-yan-etal-bioaccumulationmaternaltransferandeliminationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinwildfrogs-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.042', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-du-zhao-mu-zhang-qin-zhang-yan-etal-bioaccumulationmaternaltransferandeliminationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinwildfrogs-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-du-zhao-mu-zhang-qin-zhang-yan-etal-bioaccumulationmaternaltransferandeliminationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinwildfrogs-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_bioaccumulation_2011,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wild frogs.},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676430},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.042},\n\tabstract = {To investigate bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in amphibians, we collected adult frogs (Rana limnocharis) from a rice field in an e-waste recycling site in China. We found that ∑PBDEs in the whole frogs and various tissues (brain, liver, testis and egg) ranged from 17.10 to 141.11 ng g(-1) wet weight. Various tissues exhibited a similar PBDE congener profile, which was characterized by intermediate brominated congeners (BDE-99 and BDE-153) as the largest contributors, with less lower brominated congeners (BDE-28 and BDE-47) and higher brominated congeners (BDE-209). The maternal transfer capacity of PBDEs declined with the increase in bromine numbers of PBDE congeners. We suggest that the bromine atom number (the molecular size, to some degree) might be a determining factor for the maternal transport of a PBDE congener rather than K(ow) (Octanol-Water partition coefficient), which expresses a compound&#x27;s lipophilicity. ∑PBDEs concentrations in frogs decreased over time during a depuration period of 54 days when these wild frogs were brought to the lab from the e-waste recycling site. The half-life of ∑PBDEs was 35 days, with about 14 days for BDE-47, and 36 and 81 days for BDE-99 and BDE-153, respectively. The data shows that the elimination of PBDEs has no essential difference from aquatic and terrestrial species.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Peng-Yan and Du, Guo-Dong and Zhao, Ya-Xian and Mu, Yun-Song and Zhang, Ai-Qian and Qin, Zhan-Fen and Zhang, Xiao-You and Yan, Shi-Shuai and Li, Yan and Wei, Rong-Guo and Qin, Xiao-Fei and Yang, Yong-Jian},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21676430},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Ranidae, Ranidae: metabolism, Tissue Distribution},\n\tpages = {972--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To investigate bioaccumulation, maternal transfer and elimination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in amphibians, we collected adult frogs (Rana limnocharis) from a rice field in an e-waste recycling site in China. We found that ∑PBDEs in the whole frogs and various tissues (brain, liver, testis and egg) ranged from 17.10 to 141.11 ng g(-1) wet weight. Various tissues exhibited a similar PBDE congener profile, which was characterized by intermediate brominated congeners (BDE-99 and BDE-153) as the largest contributors, with less lower brominated congeners (BDE-28 and BDE-47) and higher brominated congeners (BDE-209). The maternal transfer capacity of PBDEs declined with the increase in bromine numbers of PBDE congeners. We suggest that the bromine atom number (the molecular size, to some degree) might be a determining factor for the maternal transport of a PBDE congener rather than K(ow) (Octanol-Water partition coefficient), which expresses a compound's lipophilicity. ∑PBDEs concentrations in frogs decreased over time during a depuration period of 54 days when these wild frogs were brought to the lab from the e-waste recycling site. The half-life of ∑PBDEs was 35 days, with about 14 days for BDE-47, and 36 and 81 days for BDE-99 and BDE-153, respectively. The data shows that the elimination of PBDEs has no essential difference from aquatic and terrestrial species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-zhu-zha-wang-effectsofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209onmrnatranscriptionofthyroidhormonepathwayandspermatogenesisassociatedgenesinchineserareminnowgobiocyprisrarus-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-zhu-zha-wang-effectsofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209onmrnatranscriptionofthyroidhormonepathwayandspermatogenesisassociatedgenesinchineserareminnowgobiocyprisrarus-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812', event);\">\n    Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on mRNA transcription of thyroid hormone pathway and spermatogenesis associated genes in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, W.; Zhu, L.; Zha, J.;  and Wang, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology</i>. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-zhu-zha-wang-effectsofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209onmrnatranscriptionofthyroidhormonepathwayandspermatogenesisassociatedgenesinchineserareminnowgobiocyprisrarus-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on mRNA transcription of thyroid hormone pathway and spermatogenesis associated genes in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20767\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-zhu-zha-wang-effectsofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209onmrnatranscriptionofthyroidhormonepathwayandspermatogenesisassociatedgenesinchineserareminnowgobiocyprisrarus-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20767', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-zhu-zha-wang-effectsofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209onmrnatranscriptionofthyroidhormonepathwayandspermatogenesisassociatedgenesinchineserareminnowgobiocyprisrarus-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-zhu-zha-wang-effectsofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209onmrnatranscriptionofthyroidhormonepathwayandspermatogenesisassociatedgenesinchineserareminnowgobiocyprisrarus-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_effects_2011,\n\ttitle = {Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) on {mRNA} transcription of thyroid hormone pathway and spermatogenesis associated genes in {Chinese} rare minnow ({Gobiocypris} rarus).},\n\tissn = {1522-7278},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901812},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20767},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants, which are ubiquitous environmental contaminant found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) is the principal component, which is currently used worldwide. In this study, the effect of BDE-209 on the mRNA levels of thyroid hormone (TH) related genes and spermatogenesis associated genes were determined from larvae and adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to concentrations 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L for 21 days. The results showed that the type II deiodinase (dio2) and sodium iodide symporter (nis) mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the larvae at 10 μg/L treatment. In adult, histopathological observations showed that liver of female fish were degenerated at 10 μg/L treatment, and inhibition of spermatogenesis were observed in testis of male fish. In addition, the thyroid hormone receptor α (trα), dio2, and nis mRNA levels in the liver of male and female fish were significantly up-regulated, whereas dio2 and nis mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated in the brain. These results indicate that exposure to BDE-209 could result in tissue-specific alternations of TH-related genes expression in adults. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the testis-specific apoptosis genes, the spermatogenesis-associated 4 (spata4) and spermatogenesis-associated 17 (spata17), were down-regulated at 10 μg/L treatment in testis of male fish. Our results suggest that BDE-209 may pose threat to normal thyroid and reproductive function in fish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Li, Wei and Zhu, Lifei and Zha, Jinmiao and Wang, Zijian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21901812},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants, which are ubiquitous environmental contaminant found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) is the principal component, which is currently used worldwide. In this study, the effect of BDE-209 on the mRNA levels of thyroid hormone (TH) related genes and spermatogenesis associated genes were determined from larvae and adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to concentrations 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L for 21 days. The results showed that the type II deiodinase (dio2) and sodium iodide symporter (nis) mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the larvae at 10 μg/L treatment. In adult, histopathological observations showed that liver of female fish were degenerated at 10 μg/L treatment, and inhibition of spermatogenesis were observed in testis of male fish. In addition, the thyroid hormone receptor α (trα), dio2, and nis mRNA levels in the liver of male and female fish were significantly up-regulated, whereas dio2 and nis mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated in the brain. These results indicate that exposure to BDE-209 could result in tissue-specific alternations of TH-related genes expression in adults. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the testis-specific apoptosis genes, the spermatogenesis-associated 4 (spata4) and spermatogenesis-associated 17 (spata17), were down-regulated at 10 μg/L treatment in testis of male fish. Our results suggest that BDE-209 may pose threat to normal thyroid and reproductive function in fish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liberda-wainman-leblanc-dumas-martin-tsuji-dietaryexposureofpbdesresultingfromasubsistencedietinthreefirstnationcommunitiesinthejamesbayregionofcanada-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liberda-wainman-leblanc-dumas-martin-tsuji-dietaryexposureofpbdesresultingfromasubsistencedietinthreefirstnationcommunitiesinthejamesbayregionofcanada-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843', event);\">\n    Dietary exposure of PBDEs resulting from a subsistence diet in three First Nation communities in the James Bay Region of Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liberda, E. N; Wainman, B. C; Leblanc, A.; Dumas, P.; Martin, I.;  and Tsuji, L. J S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liberda-wainman-leblanc-dumas-martin-tsuji-dietaryexposureofpbdesresultingfromasubsistencedietinthreefirstnationcommunitiesinthejamesbayregionofcanada-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dietary exposure of PBDEs resulting from a subsistence diet in three First Nation communities in the James Bay Region of Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liberda-wainman-leblanc-dumas-martin-tsuji-dietaryexposureofpbdesresultingfromasubsistencedietinthreefirstnationcommunitiesinthejamesbayregionofcanada-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liberda-wainman-leblanc-dumas-martin-tsuji-dietaryexposureofpbdesresultingfromasubsistencedietinthreefirstnationcommunitiesinthejamesbayregionofcanada-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liberda-wainman-leblanc-dumas-martin-tsuji-dietaryexposureofpbdesresultingfromasubsistencedietinthreefirstnationcommunitiesinthejamesbayregionofcanada-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liberda_dietary_2011,\n\ttitle = {Dietary exposure of {PBDEs} resulting from a subsistence diet in three {First} {Nation} communities in the {James} {Bay} {Region} of {Canada}.},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255843},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.008},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse health effects of polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently come to light. PBDEs may potentially be of concern to indigenous (First Nations) people of Canada who subsist on traditional foods, but there is a paucity of information on this topic. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To investigate whether the traditional diet is a major source of PBDEs in sub-Arctic First Nations populations of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (James and Hudson Bay),Ontario, Canada, a variety of tissues from wild game and fish were analyzed for PBDE content (n=147) and dietary exposure assessed and compared to the US EPA reference doses (RfDs). In addition, to examine the effect of isolation/industrialization on PBDE body burdens, the blood plasma from three First Nations (Cree Nation of Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec; Fort Albany First Nation, Ontario; and Weenusk First Nation [Peawanuck], Ontario, Canada) were collected (n=54) and analyzed using a log-linear contingency model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean values of PBDEs in wild meats and fish adjusted for standard consumption values and body weight, did not exceed the US EPA RfD. Log linear modeling of the human PBDE body burden showed that PBDE body burden increases as access to manufactured goods increases. Thus, household dust from material goods containing PBDEs is likely responsible for the human exposure; the traditional First Nations diet appears to be a minor source of PBDEs.},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Liberda, Eric N and Wainman, Bruce C and Leblanc, Alain and Dumas, Pierre and Martin, Ian and Tsuji, Leonard J S},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21255843},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Food, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse health effects of polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently come to light. PBDEs may potentially be of concern to indigenous (First Nations) people of Canada who subsist on traditional foods, but there is a paucity of information on this topic. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To investigate whether the traditional diet is a major source of PBDEs in sub-Arctic First Nations populations of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (James and Hudson Bay),Ontario, Canada, a variety of tissues from wild game and fish were analyzed for PBDE content (n=147) and dietary exposure assessed and compared to the US EPA reference doses (RfDs). In addition, to examine the effect of isolation/industrialization on PBDE body burdens, the blood plasma from three First Nations (Cree Nation of Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec; Fort Albany First Nation, Ontario; and Weenusk First Nation [Peawanuck], Ontario, Canada) were collected (n=54) and analyzed using a log-linear contingency model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean values of PBDEs in wild meats and fish adjusted for standard consumption values and body weight, did not exceed the US EPA RfD. Log linear modeling of the human PBDE body burden showed that PBDE body burden increases as access to manufactured goods increases. Thus, household dust from material goods containing PBDEs is likely responsible for the human exposure; the traditional First Nations diet appears to be a minor source of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-liang-zhang-lu-zhang-ruan-zhou-jiang-impairedgasbladderinflationinzebrafishexposedtoanovelheterocyclicbrominatedflameretardanttris23dibromopropylisocyanurate-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-liang-zhang-lu-zhang-ruan-zhou-jiang-impairedgasbladderinflationinzebrafishexposedtoanovelheterocyclicbrominatedflameretardanttris23dibromopropylisocyanurate-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643', event);\">\n    Impaired gas bladder inflation in zebrafish exposed to a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, J.; Liang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lu, J.; Zhang, J.; Ruan, T.; Zhou, Q.;  and Jiang, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(22): 9750–7. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-liang-zhang-lu-zhang-ruan-zhou-jiang-impairedgasbladderinflationinzebrafishexposedtoanovelheterocyclicbrominatedflameretardanttris23dibromopropylisocyanurate-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impaired gas bladder inflation in zebrafish exposed to a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es202420g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-liang-zhang-lu-zhang-ruan-zhou-jiang-impairedgasbladderinflationinzebrafishexposedtoanovelheterocyclicbrominatedflameretardanttris23dibromopropylisocyanurate-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es202420g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-liang-zhang-lu-zhang-ruan-zhou-jiang-impairedgasbladderinflationinzebrafishexposedtoanovelheterocyclicbrominatedflameretardanttris23dibromopropylisocyanurate-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-liang-zhang-lu-zhang-ruan-zhou-jiang-impairedgasbladderinflationinzebrafishexposedtoanovelheterocyclicbrominatedflameretardanttris23dibromopropylisocyanurate-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_impaired_2011,\n\ttitle = {Impaired gas bladder inflation in zebrafish exposed to a novel heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961643},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es202420g},\n\tabstract = {The teleost gas bladder is a gas-filled internal organ that processes gas exchange and controls buoyancy. Here we report that an emerging heterocyclic brominated flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), causes defects in the inflation of the gas bladder of zebrafish larvae. This could cause impaired motility, which can ultimately lead to their death. Exposure to zebrafish embryos revealed that TBC had the most significant influence on the larvae at 72-96 h postfertilization, which coincided with the time that the gas bladder first inflates. Critical factors involved in early zebrafish gas bladder development remained at normal levels, which indicated that TBC caused defects in the inflation of the gas bladder without disrupting early organogenesis. However, the ultrastructure of the gas bladder was altered in the TBC-treated groups: the electron density of cytoplasmic vesicles was changed and the mitochondria were damaged. We deduce that TBC causes damage to mitochondria that influences the secretion of mucus-like material, resulting in defects in gas bladder inflation. For the first time, we report that the gas bladder could be a primary target organ for TBC, and assessment of the gas bladder should be included in toxicity testing protocols of zebrafish embryos.},\n\tnumber = {22},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Li, Juan and Liang, Yong and Zhang, Xu and Lu, Jingyi and Zhang, Jie and Ruan, Ting and Zhou, Qunfang and Jiang, Guibin},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21961643},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Developmental, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Larva, Larva: anatomy \\&amp; histology, Larva: physiology, Triazines, Triazines: toxicity, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: anatomy \\&amp; histology, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: physiology},\n\tpages = {9750--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The teleost gas bladder is a gas-filled internal organ that processes gas exchange and controls buoyancy. Here we report that an emerging heterocyclic brominated flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), causes defects in the inflation of the gas bladder of zebrafish larvae. This could cause impaired motility, which can ultimately lead to their death. Exposure to zebrafish embryos revealed that TBC had the most significant influence on the larvae at 72-96 h postfertilization, which coincided with the time that the gas bladder first inflates. Critical factors involved in early zebrafish gas bladder development remained at normal levels, which indicated that TBC caused defects in the inflation of the gas bladder without disrupting early organogenesis. However, the ultrastructure of the gas bladder was altered in the TBC-treated groups: the electron density of cytoplasmic vesicles was changed and the mitochondria were damaged. We deduce that TBC causes damage to mitochondria that influences the secretion of mucus-like material, resulting in defects in gas bladder inflation. For the first time, we report that the gas bladder could be a primary target organ for TBC, and assessment of the gas bladder should be included in toxicity testing protocols of zebrafish embryos.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"legler-hamers-vaneckvandersluijsvandebor-schoeters-vanderven-eggesbo-koppe-feinberg-etal-theobelixprojectearlylifeexposuretoendocrinedisruptorsandobesity-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'legler-hamers-vaneckvandersluijsvandebor-schoeters-vanderven-eggesbo-koppe-feinberg-etal-theobelixprojectearlylifeexposuretoendocrinedisruptorsandobesity-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539', event);\">\n    The OBELIX project: early life exposure to endocrine disruptors and obesity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Legler, J.; Hamers, T.; van Eck van der Sluijs-van de Bor, M.; Schoeters, G.; van der Ven, L.; Eggesbo, M.; Koppe, J.; Feinberg, M.;  and Trnovec, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The American journal of clinical nutrition</i>, 94(6 Suppl): 1933S–1938S. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('legler-hamers-vaneckvandersluijsvandebor-schoeters-vanderven-eggesbo-koppe-feinberg-etal-theobelixprojectearlylifeexposuretoendocrinedisruptorsandobesity-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The OBELIX project: early life exposure to endocrine disruptors and obesity. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.001669\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('legler-hamers-vaneckvandersluijsvandebor-schoeters-vanderven-eggesbo-koppe-feinberg-etal-theobelixprojectearlylifeexposuretoendocrinedisruptorsandobesity-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.001669', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/legler-hamers-vaneckvandersluijsvandebor-schoeters-vanderven-eggesbo-koppe-feinberg-etal-theobelixprojectearlylifeexposuretoendocrinedisruptorsandobesity-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('legler-hamers-vaneckvandersluijsvandebor-schoeters-vanderven-eggesbo-koppe-feinberg-etal-theobelixprojectearlylifeexposuretoendocrinedisruptorsandobesity-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{legler_obelix_2011,\n\ttitle = {The {OBELIX} project: early life exposure to endocrine disruptors and obesity.},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {1938-3207},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543539},\n\tdoi = {10.3945/ajcn.110.001669},\n\tabstract = {The hypothesis of whether early life exposure (both pre- and early postnatal) to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be a risk factor for obesity and related metabolic diseases later in life will be tested in the European research project OBELIX (OBesogenic Endocrine disrupting chemicals: LInking prenatal eXposure to the development of obesity later in life). OBELIX is a 4-y project that started in May 2009 and which has the following 5 main objectives: 1) to assess early life exposure in humans to major classes of EDCs identified as potential inducers of obesity (ie, dioxin-like compounds, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, and perfluorinated compounds) by using mother-child cohorts from 4 European regions with different food-contaminant exposure patterns; 2) to relate early life exposure to EDCs with clinical markers, novel biomarkers, and health-effect data related to obesity; 3) to perform hazard characterization of early life exposure to EDCs for the development of obesity later in life by using a mouse model; 4) to determine mechanisms of action of obesogenic EDCs on developmental programming with in vivo and in vitro genomics and epigenetic analyses; and 5) to perform risk assessments of prenatal exposure to obesogenic EDCs in food by integrating maternal exposure through food-contaminant exposure and health-effect data in children and hazard data in animal studies.},\n\tnumber = {6 Suppl},\n\tjournal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},\n\tauthor = {Legler, Juliette and Hamers, Timo and van Eck van der Sluijs-van de Bor, Margot and Schoeters, Greet and van der Ven, Leo and Eggesbo, Merete and Koppe, Janna and Feinberg, Max and Trnovec, Tomas},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21543539},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Biological Markers, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cohort Studies, Disease Models, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Europe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Follow-Up Studies, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Mice, Milk, Obesity, Obesity: epidemiology, Obesity: etiology, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors},\n\tpages = {1933S--1938S},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The hypothesis of whether early life exposure (both pre- and early postnatal) to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be a risk factor for obesity and related metabolic diseases later in life will be tested in the European research project OBELIX (OBesogenic Endocrine disrupting chemicals: LInking prenatal eXposure to the development of obesity later in life). OBELIX is a 4-y project that started in May 2009 and which has the following 5 main objectives: 1) to assess early life exposure in humans to major classes of EDCs identified as potential inducers of obesity (ie, dioxin-like compounds, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, and perfluorinated compounds) by using mother-child cohorts from 4 European regions with different food-contaminant exposure patterns; 2) to relate early life exposure to EDCs with clinical markers, novel biomarkers, and health-effect data related to obesity; 3) to perform hazard characterization of early life exposure to EDCs for the development of obesity later in life by using a mouse model; 4) to determine mechanisms of action of obesogenic EDCs on developmental programming with in vivo and in vitro genomics and epigenetic analyses; and 5) to perform risk assessments of prenatal exposure to obesogenic EDCs in food by integrating maternal exposure through food-contaminant exposure and health-effect data in children and hazard data in animal studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lai-lu-gao-wu-cai-newevidencefortoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdnaadductformationfromquinonemetabolites-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lai-lu-gao-wu-cai-newevidencefortoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdnaadductformationfromquinonemetabolites-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977', event);\">\n    New evidence for toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: DNA adduct formation from quinone metabolites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lai, Y.; Lu, M.; Gao, X.; Wu, H.;  and Cai, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(24): 10720–7. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lai-lu-gao-wu-cai-newevidencefortoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdnaadductformationfromquinonemetabolites-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New evidence for toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: DNA adduct formation from quinone metabolites. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es203068f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lai-lu-gao-wu-cai-newevidencefortoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdnaadductformationfromquinonemetabolites-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es203068f', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lai-lu-gao-wu-cai-newevidencefortoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdnaadductformationfromquinonemetabolites-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lai-lu-gao-wu-cai-newevidencefortoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersdnaadductformationfromquinonemetabolites-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lai_new_2011,\n\ttitle = {New evidence for toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: {DNA} adduct formation from quinone metabolites.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049977},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es203068f},\n\tabstract = {This study investigated the formation of DNA adducts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the possible mechanisms. DNA adduction was conducted by in vitro reaction of deoxyguanosine (dG) and DNA with PBDE-quinone (PBDE-Q) metabolites, and DNA adducts were characterized by using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The results suggested DNA adduction involved Michael Addition between the exocyclic NH(2) group at the N-2 position of dG and the electron-deficient carbon of quinone, followed by reductive cyclization with loss of (bromo-)1-hydroperoxy-benzene or water to form a type I or type II adduct. PBDE-Q with substituted bromine on the quinone ring was proven to be a favorable structure to form a type I adduct, while the absence of bromine on the quinone ring resulted in a type II adduct. Lower reactivity of adduction was also observed with increasing the number of bromine atoms on the phenoxyl ring. Our data clearly demonstrated PBDEs could covalently bind to DNA mediated by quinone metabolites, depending on the degree of bromine substitution. This study opened a new view on the mechanism of toxicity of PBDEs and reported the structure of PBDE-DNA adducts, which might be valuable for the evaluation on potential in vivo formation of PBDE-DNA adducts.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Lai, Yongquan and Lu, Minghua and Gao, Xiang and Wu, Hanzhi and Cai, Zongwei},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22049977},\n\tkeywords = {Benzoquinones, Benzoquinones: metabolism, Benzoquinones: toxicity, DNA Adducts, Electrospray Ionization, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Risk Assessment, Spectrometry, Toxicity Tests},\n\tpages = {10720--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigated the formation of DNA adducts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the possible mechanisms. DNA adduction was conducted by in vitro reaction of deoxyguanosine (dG) and DNA with PBDE-quinone (PBDE-Q) metabolites, and DNA adducts were characterized by using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The results suggested DNA adduction involved Michael Addition between the exocyclic NH(2) group at the N-2 position of dG and the electron-deficient carbon of quinone, followed by reductive cyclization with loss of (bromo-)1-hydroperoxy-benzene or water to form a type I or type II adduct. PBDE-Q with substituted bromine on the quinone ring was proven to be a favorable structure to form a type I adduct, while the absence of bromine on the quinone ring resulted in a type II adduct. Lower reactivity of adduction was also observed with increasing the number of bromine atoms on the phenoxyl ring. Our data clearly demonstrated PBDEs could covalently bind to DNA mediated by quinone metabolites, depending on the degree of bromine substitution. This study opened a new view on the mechanism of toxicity of PBDEs and reported the structure of PBDE-DNA adducts, which might be valuable for the evaluation on potential in vivo formation of PBDE-DNA adducts.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lassen-maag-hibye-vesterlykke-lundegaard-alternativestotheuseofflameretardedepsinbuildings-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lassen-maag-hibye-vesterlykke-lundegaard-alternativestotheuseofflameretardedepsinbuildings-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf', event);\">\n    Alternatives to the use of flame retarded EPS in buildings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lassen, C.; Maag, J.; Høibye, L.; Vesterlykke, M.;  and Lundegaard, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (KLIF) and COWI A/S, Oslo, Norway,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lassen-maag-hibye-vesterlykke-lundegaard-alternativestotheuseofflameretardedepsinbuildings-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Alternatives to the use of flame retarded EPS in buildings [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lassen-maag-hibye-vesterlykke-lundegaard-alternativestotheuseofflameretardedepsinbuildings-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lassen-maag-hibye-vesterlykke-lundegaard-alternativestotheuseofflameretardedepsinbuildings-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{lassen_alternatives_2011,\n\taddress = {Oslo, Norway},\n\ttitle = {Alternatives to the use of flame retarded {EPS} in buildings},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/COWI nonFR EPS.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (KLIF) and COWI A/S},\n\tauthor = {Lassen, Carsten and Maag, Jakob and Høibye, Linda and Vesterlykke, Michael and Lundegaard, Tommy},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kucklick-schwacke-wells-hohn-guichard-yordy-hansen-zolman-etal-bottlenosedolphinsasindicatorsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinthewesternnorthatlanticoceanandnortherngulfofmexico-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kucklick-schwacke-wells-hohn-guichard-yordy-hansen-zolman-etal-bottlenosedolphinsasindicatorsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinthewesternnorthatlanticoceanandnortherngulfofmexico-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819', event);\">\n    Bottlenose dolphins as indicators of persistent organic pollutants in the western North Atlantic Ocean and northern Gulf of Mexico.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kucklick, J.; Schwacke, L.; Wells, R.; Hohn, A.; Guichard, A.; Yordy, J.; Hansen, L.; Zolman, E.; Wilson, R.; Litz, J.; Nowacek, D.; Rowles, T.; Pugh, R.; Balmer, B.; Sinclair, C.;  and Rosel, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(10): 4270–7. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kucklick-schwacke-wells-hohn-guichard-yordy-hansen-zolman-etal-bottlenosedolphinsasindicatorsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinthewesternnorthatlanticoceanandnortherngulfofmexico-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bottlenose dolphins as indicators of persistent organic pollutants in the western North Atlantic Ocean and northern Gulf of Mexico. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1042244\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kucklick-schwacke-wells-hohn-guichard-yordy-hansen-zolman-etal-bottlenosedolphinsasindicatorsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinthewesternnorthatlanticoceanandnortherngulfofmexico-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1042244', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kucklick-schwacke-wells-hohn-guichard-yordy-hansen-zolman-etal-bottlenosedolphinsasindicatorsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinthewesternnorthatlanticoceanandnortherngulfofmexico-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kucklick-schwacke-wells-hohn-guichard-yordy-hansen-zolman-etal-bottlenosedolphinsasindicatorsofpersistentorganicpollutantsinthewesternnorthatlanticoceanandnortherngulfofmexico-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kucklick_bottlenose_2011,\n\ttitle = {Bottlenose dolphins as indicators of persistent organic pollutants in the western {North} {Atlantic} {Ocean} and northern {Gulf} of {Mexico}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526819},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1042244},\n\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including legacy POPs (PCBs, chlordanes, mirex, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in 300 blubber biopsy samples from coastal and near shore/estuarine male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled along the U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico coasts and Bermuda. Samples were from 14 locations including urban and rural estuaries and near a Superfund site (Brunswick, Georgia) contaminated with the PCB formulation Aroclor 1268. All classes of legacy POPs in estuarine stocks varied significantly (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) among sampling locations. POP profiles in blubber varied by location with the most characteristic profile observed in bottlenose dolphins sampled near the Brunswick and Sapelo estuaries along the Georgia coast which differed significantly (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.001) from other sites. Here and in Sapelo, PCB congeners from Aroclor 1268 dominated indicating widespread food web contamination by this PCB mixture. PCB 153, which is associated with non-Aroclor 1268 PCB formulations, correlated significantly to human population indicating contamination from a general urban PCB source. Factors influencing regional differences of other POPs were less clear and warrant further study. This work puts into geographical context POP contamination in dolphins to help prioritize efforts examining health effects from POP exposure in bottlenose dolphins.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Kucklick, John and Schwacke, Lori and Wells, Randy and Hohn, Aleta and Guichard, Aurore and Yordy, Jennifer and Hansen, Larry and Zolman, Eric and Wilson, Rachel and Litz, Jenny and Nowacek, Doug and Rowles, Teri and Pugh, Rebecca and Balmer, Brian and Sinclair, Carrie and Rosel, Patricia},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21526819},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Chlordan, Chlordan: metabolism, DDT, DDT: metabolism, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: metabolism, Mirex, Mirex: metabolism, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {4270--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including legacy POPs (PCBs, chlordanes, mirex, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in 300 blubber biopsy samples from coastal and near shore/estuarine male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled along the U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico coasts and Bermuda. Samples were from 14 locations including urban and rural estuaries and near a Superfund site (Brunswick, Georgia) contaminated with the PCB formulation Aroclor 1268. All classes of legacy POPs in estuarine stocks varied significantly (p \\textless 0.05) among sampling locations. POP profiles in blubber varied by location with the most characteristic profile observed in bottlenose dolphins sampled near the Brunswick and Sapelo estuaries along the Georgia coast which differed significantly (p \\textless 0.001) from other sites. Here and in Sapelo, PCB congeners from Aroclor 1268 dominated indicating widespread food web contamination by this PCB mixture. PCB 153, which is associated with non-Aroclor 1268 PCB formulations, correlated significantly to human population indicating contamination from a general urban PCB source. Factors influencing regional differences of other POPs were less clear and warrant further study. This work puts into geographical context POP contamination in dolphins to help prioritize efforts examining health effects from POP exposure in bottlenose dolphins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"krl-zabiegala-namienik-monitoringandanalyticsofsemivolatileorganiccompoundssvocsinindoorair-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'krl-zabiegala-namienik-monitoringandanalyticsofsemivolatileorganiccompoundssvocsinindoorair-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf', event);\">\n    Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor air.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Król, S.; Zabiega\\la, B.;  and Namieśnik, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</i>, 400(6): 1751–1769. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krl-zabiegala-namienik-monitoringandanalyticsofsemivolatileorganiccompoundssvocsinindoorair-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor air. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4910-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krl-zabiegala-namienik-monitoringandanalyticsofsemivolatileorganiccompoundssvocsinindoorair-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4910-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/krl-zabiegala-namienik-monitoringandanalyticsofsemivolatileorganiccompoundssvocsinindoorair-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('krl-zabiegala-namienik-monitoringandanalyticsofsemivolatileorganiccompoundssvocsinindoorair-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{krol_monitoring_2011,\n\ttitle = {Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds ({SVOCs}) in indoor air.},\n\tvolume = {400},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21567333 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Krol 2011.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4910-x},\n\tabstract = {This paper reviews literature information on the behaviour of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment, as well as the most likely emission sources. The consecutive stages of analytical procedures used for monitoring SVOCs in indoor environments are described. The most common approaches used for collecting samples from the gas and particulate phases are mentioned. The paper discusses and compares various types of sorbents and filters applied in dynamic, passive and denudational techniques, as well as the techniques used to liberate the SVOCs, including Soxhlet, sonication and microwave extraction. The main advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, together with possible future trends. The approaches commonly used during the final determination step, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are presented together with their possible drawbacks, and ways of eliminating them are suggested. The review makes brief reference to the effects of human exposure to SVOCs in house dust and discusses the main aspects of the analytical procedures used to monitor the presence of SVOCs in this medium.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Król, Sylwia and Zabiega{\\textbackslash}la, Bo{\\textbackslash}.zena and Namieśnik, Jacek},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollution, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis},\n\tpages = {1751--1769},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper reviews literature information on the behaviour of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment, as well as the most likely emission sources. The consecutive stages of analytical procedures used for monitoring SVOCs in indoor environments are described. The most common approaches used for collecting samples from the gas and particulate phases are mentioned. The paper discusses and compares various types of sorbents and filters applied in dynamic, passive and denudational techniques, as well as the techniques used to liberate the SVOCs, including Soxhlet, sonication and microwave extraction. The main advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, together with possible future trends. The approaches commonly used during the final determination step, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are presented together with their possible drawbacks, and ways of eliminating them are suggested. The review makes brief reference to the effects of human exposure to SVOCs in house dust and discusses the main aspects of the analytical procedures used to monitor the presence of SVOCs in this medium.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kong-kuester-gallegos-sipes-inductionofdnadamageinhumanurothelialcellsbythebrominatedflameretardant22bisbromomethyl13propanediolroleofoxidativestress-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kong-kuester-gallegos-sipes-inductionofdnadamageinhumanurothelialcellsbythebrominatedflameretardant22bisbromomethyl13propanediolroleofoxidativestress-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Induction of DNA damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: role of oxidative stress.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kong, W.; Kuester, R. K; Gallegos, A.;  and Sipes, I G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 290(2-3): 271–7. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kong-kuester-gallegos-sipes-inductionofdnadamageinhumanurothelialcellsbythebrominatedflameretardant22bisbromomethyl13propanediolroleofoxidativestress-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Induction of DNA damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: role of oxidative stress. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kong-kuester-gallegos-sipes-inductionofdnadamageinhumanurothelialcellsbythebrominatedflameretardant22bisbromomethyl13propanediolroleofoxidativestress-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kong-kuester-gallegos-sipes-inductionofdnadamageinhumanurothelialcellsbythebrominatedflameretardant22bisbromomethyl13propanediolroleofoxidativestress-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kong-kuester-gallegos-sipes-inductionofdnadamageinhumanurothelialcellsbythebrominatedflameretardant22bisbromomethyl13propanediolroleofoxidativestress-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kong_induction_2011,\n\ttitle = {Induction of {DNA} damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: role of oxidative stress.},\n\tvolume = {290},\n\tissn = {1879-3185},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3248618&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.006},\n\tabstract = {2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (BMP) is an extensively used brominated flame retardant found in urethane foams and polyester resins. In a 2-year dietary study conducted by the National Toxicology Program, BMP caused neoplastic lesions at multiple sites including the urinary bladder in both rats and mice. The mechanism of its carcinogenic effect is unknown. In the present study, using SV-40 immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa), endpoints associated with BMP induced DNA damage and oxidative stress were investigated. The effects of time (1-24h) and concentration (5-100 μM) on BMP induced DNA strand breaks were assessed via the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed evidence of DNA strand breaks at 1 and 3h following incubation of cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of BMP. Strand breaks were not present after 6h of incubation. Evidences for BMP associated oxidative stress include: an elevation of intracellular ROS formation as well as induction of Nrf2 and HSP70 protein levels. In addition, DNA strand breaks were attenuated when cells were pre-treated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and oxidative base modifications were revealed when a lesion specific endonuclease, human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) was introduced into the comet assay. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BMP induces DNA strand breaks and oxidative base damage in UROtsa cells. Oxidative stress is a significant, determinant factor in mediating these DNA lesions. These early genotoxic events may, in part, contribute to BMP-induced carcinogenesis observed in rodents.},\n\tnumber = {2-3},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Kong, Weixi and Kuester, Robert K and Gallegos, Alfred and Sipes, I Glenn},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22019925},\n\tkeywords = {Cells, Comet Assay, Cultured, DNA Breaks, DNA Breaks: drug effects, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Propylene Glycols, Propylene Glycols: administration \\&amp; dosage, Propylene Glycols: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Time Factors, Urothelium, Urothelium: cytology, Urothelium: drug effects, Urothelium: pathology},\n\tpages = {271--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (BMP) is an extensively used brominated flame retardant found in urethane foams and polyester resins. In a 2-year dietary study conducted by the National Toxicology Program, BMP caused neoplastic lesions at multiple sites including the urinary bladder in both rats and mice. The mechanism of its carcinogenic effect is unknown. In the present study, using SV-40 immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa), endpoints associated with BMP induced DNA damage and oxidative stress were investigated. The effects of time (1-24h) and concentration (5-100 μM) on BMP induced DNA strand breaks were assessed via the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed evidence of DNA strand breaks at 1 and 3h following incubation of cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of BMP. Strand breaks were not present after 6h of incubation. Evidences for BMP associated oxidative stress include: an elevation of intracellular ROS formation as well as induction of Nrf2 and HSP70 protein levels. In addition, DNA strand breaks were attenuated when cells were pre-treated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and oxidative base modifications were revealed when a lesion specific endonuclease, human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) was introduced into the comet assay. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BMP induces DNA strand breaks and oxidative base damage in UROtsa cells. Oxidative stress is a significant, determinant factor in mediating these DNA lesions. These early genotoxic events may, in part, contribute to BMP-induced carcinogenesis observed in rodents.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"klosterhaus-dreis-baker-bioaccumulationkineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromestuarinesedimentstothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'klosterhaus-dreis-baker-bioaccumulationkineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromestuarinesedimentstothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from estuarine sediments to the marine polychaete, Nereis virens.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Klosterhaus, S. L; Dreis, E.;  and Baker, J. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 30(5): 1204–12. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klosterhaus-dreis-baker-bioaccumulationkineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromestuarinesedimentstothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from estuarine sediments to the marine polychaete, Nereis virens. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.497\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klosterhaus-dreis-baker-bioaccumulationkineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromestuarinesedimentstothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.497', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/klosterhaus-dreis-baker-bioaccumulationkineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromestuarinesedimentstothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('klosterhaus-dreis-baker-bioaccumulationkineticsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromestuarinesedimentstothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{klosterhaus_bioaccumulation_2011,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from estuarine sediments to the marine polychaete, {Nereis} virens.},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337608},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.497},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Polybrominated diphenyl ether no-uptake rates from estuarine or marine sediments to deposit-feeding organisms have not yet been reported. In the present study, the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to field-contaminated and spiked sediments containing the penta- and deca-BDE commercial mixtures in a 28-d experiment to characterize the relative bioavailability of PBDE congeners from estuarine sediments. A time series sampling regimen was conducted to estimate uptake rate constants. In both field-collected and laboratory-spiked sediment exposures, worms selectively accumulated congeners in the penta-BDE mixture over BDE 209 and other components of the deca-BDE mixture, supporting the prevalence of these congeners in higher trophic level species. Brominated diphenyl ether 209 was not bioavailable to N. virens from field sediment and was only minimally detected in worms exposed to spiked sediments in which bioavailability was maximized. Chemical hydrophobicity was not a good predictor of bioavailability for congeners in the penta-BDE mixture. Direct comparison of bioavailability from the spiked and field sediments for the predominant congeners in the penta-BDE mixture was confounded by the considerable difference in exposure concentration between treatments. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for N. virens after 28 d of exposure to the field sediment were lower than the BSAFs for Nereis succinea collected from the field site, indicating that 28-d bioaccumulation tests using N. virens may underestimate the in situ concentration of PBDEs in deposit-feeding species. The bioavailability of PBDEs to N. virens indicates that these chemicals can be remobilized from estuarine sediments and transferred to aquatic food webs.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Dreis, Erin and Baker, Joel E},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21337608},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: drug effects, Polychaeta: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1204--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Polybrominated diphenyl ether no-uptake rates from estuarine or marine sediments to deposit-feeding organisms have not yet been reported. In the present study, the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to field-contaminated and spiked sediments containing the penta- and deca-BDE commercial mixtures in a 28-d experiment to characterize the relative bioavailability of PBDE congeners from estuarine sediments. A time series sampling regimen was conducted to estimate uptake rate constants. In both field-collected and laboratory-spiked sediment exposures, worms selectively accumulated congeners in the penta-BDE mixture over BDE 209 and other components of the deca-BDE mixture, supporting the prevalence of these congeners in higher trophic level species. Brominated diphenyl ether 209 was not bioavailable to N. virens from field sediment and was only minimally detected in worms exposed to spiked sediments in which bioavailability was maximized. Chemical hydrophobicity was not a good predictor of bioavailability for congeners in the penta-BDE mixture. Direct comparison of bioavailability from the spiked and field sediments for the predominant congeners in the penta-BDE mixture was confounded by the considerable difference in exposure concentration between treatments. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for N. virens after 28 d of exposure to the field sediment were lower than the BSAFs for Nereis succinea collected from the field site, indicating that 28-d bioaccumulation tests using N. virens may underestimate the in situ concentration of PBDEs in deposit-feeding species. The bioavailability of PBDEs to N. virens indicates that these chemicals can be remobilized from estuarine sediments and transferred to aquatic food webs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-bose-ghogha-riehl-zhang-barnhart-lein-pessah-paraandorthosubstitutionsarekeydeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenyletheractivitytowardryanodinereceptorsandneurotoxicity-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-bose-ghogha-riehl-zhang-barnhart-lein-pessah-paraandorthosubstitutionsarekeydeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenyletheractivitytowardryanodinereceptorsandneurotoxicity-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Para- and ortho-substitutions are key determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ether activity toward ryanodine receptors and neurotoxicity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, K. H.; Bose, D. D; Ghogha, A.; Riehl, J.; Zhang, R.; Barnhart, C. D; Lein, P. J;  and Pessah, I. N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(4): 519–26. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-bose-ghogha-riehl-zhang-barnhart-lein-pessah-paraandorthosubstitutionsarekeydeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenyletheractivitytowardryanodinereceptorsandneurotoxicity-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Para- and ortho-substitutions are key determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ether activity toward ryanodine receptors and neurotoxicity. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002728\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-bose-ghogha-riehl-zhang-barnhart-lein-pessah-paraandorthosubstitutionsarekeydeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenyletheractivitytowardryanodinereceptorsandneurotoxicity-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002728', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-bose-ghogha-riehl-zhang-barnhart-lein-pessah-paraandorthosubstitutionsarekeydeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenyletheractivitytowardryanodinereceptorsandneurotoxicity-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-bose-ghogha-riehl-zhang-barnhart-lein-pessah-paraandorthosubstitutionsarekeydeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenyletheractivitytowardryanodinereceptorsandneurotoxicity-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_para-_2011,\n\ttitle = {Para- and ortho-substitutions are key determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ether activity toward ryanodine receptors and neurotoxicity.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3080935&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002728},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that bioaccumulate in human tissues. Their neurotoxicity involves dysregulation of calcium ion (Ca(2+))signaling; however, specific mechanisms have yet to be defined.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Kyung Ho and Bose, Diptiman D and Ghogha, Atefeh and Riehl, Joyce and Zhang, Rui and Barnhart, Christopher D and Lein, Pamela J and Pessah, Isaac N},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21106467},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Calcium, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: metabolism, Rats, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel, Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel: metabo, Sprague-Dawley, Structure-Activity Relationship, cell line},\n\tpages = {519--26},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that bioaccumulate in human tissues. Their neurotoxicity involves dysregulation of calcium ion (Ca(2+))signaling; however, specific mechanisms have yet to be defined.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kalantzi-geens-covaci-siskos-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanserumfromgreece-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kalantzi-geens-covaci-siskos-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanserumfromgreece-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472', event);\">\n    Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kalantzi, O. I; Geens, T.; Covaci, A.;  and Siskos, P. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(2): 349–53. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalantzi-geens-covaci-siskos-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanserumfromgreece-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalantzi-geens-covaci-siskos-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanserumfromgreece-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kalantzi-geens-covaci-siskos-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanserumfromgreece-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kalantzi-geens-covaci-siskos-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherpersistentorganicpollutantsinhumanserumfromgreece-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kalantzi_distribution_2011,\n\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from {Greece}.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059472},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.005},\n\tabstract = {Human serum samples (n=61) were collected in Attika, Greece between June and October 2007 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Thirty samples were collected from computer clerks of a large computer company in Athens working full-time with computers, and thirty-one from a control population in the Attika region with no computer use. Σ(5)PBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 0.68 to 13.3ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 1.07ngg(-1) lipid. These concentrations are on the lower end of those reported from other countries, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. Individual and ∑(5)PBDE concentrations did not statistically differ between the two groups of computer clerks and non-computer users (p{\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05), with the exception of BDE 153 (p=0.033). The predominant congener was BDE 153, followed by BDEs 47, 100, 99, 183, 154 and 28. HBCD was also detected in 70\\% of the samples. BDE 209 was detected in 8 out 61 samples (13\\%), with concentrations ranging from 1.18 to 19.1ngg(-1) lipid, and a median of 2.94ngg(-1) lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs. Σ(11)PCB (sum of PCBs 74, 99, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183 and 187,) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 36 to 402ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 110ngg(-1) lipid. pp&#x27;-DDE concentrations ranged from 53.8 to 1649ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 268ngg(-1) lipid. This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in a possibly occupationally exposed subset of the Greek population.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Kalantzi, Olga I and Geens, Tinne and Covaci, Adrian and Siskos, Panayiotis A},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21059472},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {349--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human serum samples (n=61) were collected in Attika, Greece between June and October 2007 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Thirty samples were collected from computer clerks of a large computer company in Athens working full-time with computers, and thirty-one from a control population in the Attika region with no computer use. Σ(5)PBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 0.68 to 13.3ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 1.07ngg(-1) lipid. These concentrations are on the lower end of those reported from other countries, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. Individual and ∑(5)PBDE concentrations did not statistically differ between the two groups of computer clerks and non-computer users (p\\textgreater0.05), with the exception of BDE 153 (p=0.033). The predominant congener was BDE 153, followed by BDEs 47, 100, 99, 183, 154 and 28. HBCD was also detected in 70% of the samples. BDE 209 was detected in 8 out 61 samples (13%), with concentrations ranging from 1.18 to 19.1ngg(-1) lipid, and a median of 2.94ngg(-1) lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs. Σ(11)PCB (sum of PCBs 74, 99, 118, 138, 146, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183 and 187,) in all samples (n=61) ranged from 36 to 402ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 110ngg(-1) lipid. pp'-DDE concentrations ranged from 53.8 to 1649ngg(-1) lipid, with a median of 268ngg(-1) lipid. This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in a possibly occupationally exposed subset of the Greek population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewit-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinswedishperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusperegrinuseggs-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewit-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinswedishperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusperegrinuseggs-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716', event);\">\n    Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in Swedish Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus) eggs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johansson, A.; Sellström, U.; Lindberg, P.; Bignert, A.;  and de Wit, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(4): 678–86. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewit-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinswedishperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusperegrinuseggs-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in Swedish Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus) eggs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewit-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinswedishperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusperegrinuseggs-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewit-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinswedishperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusperegrinuseggs-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewit-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinswedishperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusperegrinuseggs-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johansson_temporal_2011,\n\ttitle = {Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in {Swedish} {Peregrine} {Falcon} ({Falco} peregrinus peregrinus) eggs.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396716},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.010},\n\tabstract = {A temporal trend study of brominated flame retardants in eggs from peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus), a terrestrial bird of prey, is presented. Eggs collected between 1974 and 2007 were analyzed for the major constituents of the Penta-, Octa- and Decabromodiphenyl ether technical products (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -183 and -209), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Concentrations of BDE-99, -100, -153, -183, -209 and HBCD increased from 1974 to 2000. After the early 2000s, BDE-99, -100, -153 and -183 concentrations decreased, whereas BDE-209 and HBCD concentrations continued to increase. No temporal trend was detected for BDE-47. Rates of increase also differed, with BDE-99 and -100 increasing 3-fold between the 1980s and mid-1990s, and BDE-153 and -183 increasing approximately 10-fold during the same period. The average yearly increase was 15\\% and 11\\% for BDE-209 and HBCD, respectively, based on log-linear regression trends. There is a change in BDE congener patterns over time, with a shift from the predominance of BDE-99 and -47 until the late 1980s, to BDE-153 becoming the predominant congener later on. BFR temporal trends in Swedish peregrine falcon eggs reflect European BFR usage patterns.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Johansson, Anna-Karin and Sellström, Ulla and Lindberg, Peter and Bignert, Anders and de Wit, Cynthia A},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21396716},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Sweden},\n\tpages = {678--86},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A temporal trend study of brominated flame retardants in eggs from peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinus), a terrestrial bird of prey, is presented. Eggs collected between 1974 and 2007 were analyzed for the major constituents of the Penta-, Octa- and Decabromodiphenyl ether technical products (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -183 and -209), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Concentrations of BDE-99, -100, -153, -183, -209 and HBCD increased from 1974 to 2000. After the early 2000s, BDE-99, -100, -153 and -183 concentrations decreased, whereas BDE-209 and HBCD concentrations continued to increase. No temporal trend was detected for BDE-47. Rates of increase also differed, with BDE-99 and -100 increasing 3-fold between the 1980s and mid-1990s, and BDE-153 and -183 increasing approximately 10-fold during the same period. The average yearly increase was 15% and 11% for BDE-209 and HBCD, respectively, based on log-linear regression trends. There is a change in BDE congener patterns over time, with a shift from the predominance of BDE-99 and -47 until the late 1980s, to BDE-153 becoming the predominant congener later on. BFR temporal trends in Swedish peregrine falcon eggs reflect European BFR usage patterns.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ji-choi-giesy-musarrat-takeda-genotoxicityofseveralpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhydroxylatedpbdesandtheirmechanismsoftoxicity-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ji-choi-giesy-musarrat-takeda-genotoxicityofseveralpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhydroxylatedpbdesandtheirmechanismsoftoxicity-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137', event);\">\n    Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs, and their mechanisms of toxicity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ji, K.; Choi, K.; Giesy, J. P; Musarrat, J.;  and Takeda, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(11): 5003–8. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ji-choi-giesy-musarrat-takeda-genotoxicityofseveralpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhydroxylatedpbdesandtheirmechanismsoftoxicity-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs, and their mechanisms of toxicity. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es104344e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ji-choi-giesy-musarrat-takeda-genotoxicityofseveralpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhydroxylatedpbdesandtheirmechanismsoftoxicity-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es104344e', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ji-choi-giesy-musarrat-takeda-genotoxicityofseveralpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhydroxylatedpbdesandtheirmechanismsoftoxicity-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ji-choi-giesy-musarrat-takeda-genotoxicityofseveralpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhydroxylatedpbdesandtheirmechanismsoftoxicity-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ji_genotoxicity_2011,\n\ttitle = {Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hydroxylated {PBDEs}, and their mechanisms of toxicity.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21545137},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es104344e},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively utilized as flame retardants, and recently there has been concern about potential adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Their hydroxylated analogs (OH-BDEs) have received increasing attention due to their potential for endocrine and neurological toxicities. However, the potentials and mechanisms of genotoxicity of these brominated compounds have scarcely been investigated. In the present study, genotoxicity of tetra-BDEs, penta BDE, octa-BDE, deca-BDE, and tetra-OH-BDEs were investigated by use of chicken DT40 cell lines including wild-type cells and a panel of mutant cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways. Tetra-BDEs have greater genotoxic potential than do the other BDEs tested. OH-tetra-BDEs were more genotoxic than tetra-BDEs. DT40 cells, deficient in base excision repair (Polβ(-/-)) and translesion DNA synthesis (REV3(-/-)) pathways, were hypersensitive to the genotoxic effects of tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs. The observation of chromosomal aberrations and gamma-H2AX assay confirmed that the studied brominated compounds caused double strand breaks. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly rescued the Polβ(-/-) and REV3(-/-) mutants, which is consistent with the hypothesis that PBDEs and OH-BDEs cause DNA damage mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs caused base damage through ROS leading to replication blockage and subsequent chromosomal breaks.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ji, Kyunghee and Choi, Kyungho and Giesy, John P and Musarrat, Javed and Takeda, Shunichi},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21545137},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chickens, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydroxylation, Mutagenicity Tests, cell line},\n\tpages = {5003--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively utilized as flame retardants, and recently there has been concern about potential adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Their hydroxylated analogs (OH-BDEs) have received increasing attention due to their potential for endocrine and neurological toxicities. However, the potentials and mechanisms of genotoxicity of these brominated compounds have scarcely been investigated. In the present study, genotoxicity of tetra-BDEs, penta BDE, octa-BDE, deca-BDE, and tetra-OH-BDEs were investigated by use of chicken DT40 cell lines including wild-type cells and a panel of mutant cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways. Tetra-BDEs have greater genotoxic potential than do the other BDEs tested. OH-tetra-BDEs were more genotoxic than tetra-BDEs. DT40 cells, deficient in base excision repair (Polβ(-/-)) and translesion DNA synthesis (REV3(-/-)) pathways, were hypersensitive to the genotoxic effects of tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs. The observation of chromosomal aberrations and gamma-H2AX assay confirmed that the studied brominated compounds caused double strand breaks. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly rescued the Polβ(-/-) and REV3(-/-) mutants, which is consistent with the hypothesis that PBDEs and OH-BDEs cause DNA damage mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs caused base damage through ROS leading to replication blockage and subsequent chromosomal breaks.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"isobe-oshihoi-hamada-nakayama-yamada-tajima-amano-tanabe-contaminationstatusofpopsandbfrsandrelationshipwithparasiticinfectioninfinlessporpoisesneophocaenaphocaenoidesfromsetoinlandseaandomurabayjapan-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'isobe-oshihoi-hamada-nakayama-yamada-tajima-amano-tanabe-contaminationstatusofpopsandbfrsandrelationshipwithparasiticinfectioninfinlessporpoisesneophocaenaphocaenoidesfromsetoinlandseaandomurabayjapan-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693', event);\">\n    Contamination status of POPs and BFRs and relationship with parasitic infection in finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay, Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Isobe, T.; Oshihoi, T.; Hamada, H.; Nakayama, K.; Yamada, T. K; Tajima, Y.; Amano, M.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 63(5-12): 564–71. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('isobe-oshihoi-hamada-nakayama-yamada-tajima-amano-tanabe-contaminationstatusofpopsandbfrsandrelationshipwithparasiticinfectioninfinlessporpoisesneophocaenaphocaenoidesfromsetoinlandseaandomurabayjapan-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Contamination status of POPs and BFRs and relationship with parasitic infection in finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay, Japan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('isobe-oshihoi-hamada-nakayama-yamada-tajima-amano-tanabe-contaminationstatusofpopsandbfrsandrelationshipwithparasiticinfectioninfinlessporpoisesneophocaenaphocaenoidesfromsetoinlandseaandomurabayjapan-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/isobe-oshihoi-hamada-nakayama-yamada-tajima-amano-tanabe-contaminationstatusofpopsandbfrsandrelationshipwithparasiticinfectioninfinlessporpoisesneophocaenaphocaenoidesfromsetoinlandseaandomurabayjapan-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('isobe-oshihoi-hamada-nakayama-yamada-tajima-amano-tanabe-contaminationstatusofpopsandbfrsandrelationshipwithparasiticinfectioninfinlessporpoisesneophocaenaphocaenoidesfromsetoinlandseaandomurabayjapan-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{isobe_contamination_2011,\n\ttitle = {Contamination status of {POPs} and {BFRs} and relationship with parasitic infection in finless porpoises ({Neophocaena} phocaenoides) from {Seto} {Inland} {Sea} and {Omura} {Bay}, {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334693},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.014},\n\tabstract = {Contamination status of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blubber of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) stranded along the coasts of Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay in Japan were investigated. Levels of PCBs, DDTs and CHLs were significantly higher than those of HCHs, HCB, PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs, as well as organochlorine compounds in males increased with body length (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). Among 14 PBDE congeners analyzed, BDE-47 was the predominant, which is similar to those generally reported in biota. PBDEs, HBCDs and PCBs showed no obvious temporal trend in concentrations during the study period, suggesting continuous environmental release of these chemicals. On the other hand, levels of DDT, CHLs and HCHs have decreased. Concentrations of PCBs in liver trematode infected individuals were significantly higher than those in not infected individuals, implying there could be a relationship between contaminant levels and parasitic infection.},\n\tnumber = {5-12},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Isobe, Tomohiko and Oshihoi, Tomoko and Hamada, Hiroki and Nakayama, Kei and Yamada, Tadasu K and Tajima, Yuko and Amano, Masao and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21334693},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animal, Animal: epidemiology, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Male, Oceans and Seas, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Parasitic Diseases, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Porpoises: parasitology, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {564--71},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Contamination status of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blubber of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) stranded along the coasts of Seto Inland Sea and Omura Bay in Japan were investigated. Levels of PCBs, DDTs and CHLs were significantly higher than those of HCHs, HCB, PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs, as well as organochlorine compounds in males increased with body length (p\\textless0.05). Among 14 PBDE congeners analyzed, BDE-47 was the predominant, which is similar to those generally reported in biota. PBDEs, HBCDs and PCBs showed no obvious temporal trend in concentrations during the study period, suggesting continuous environmental release of these chemicals. On the other hand, levels of DDT, CHLs and HCHs have decreased. Concentrations of PCBs in liver trematode infected individuals were significantly higher than those in not infected individuals, implying there could be a relationship between contaminant levels and parasitic infection.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-ogawa-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurfacesoilsfromsurabayaindonesia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-ogawa-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurfacesoilsfromsurabayaindonesia-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558', event);\">\n    Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface soils from Surabaya, Indonesia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ilyas, M.; Sudaryanto, A.; Setiawan, I. E.; Riyadi, A. S.; Isobe, T.; Ogawa, S.; Takahashi, S.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(6): 783–91. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-ogawa-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurfacesoilsfromsurabayaindonesia-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface soils from Surabaya, Indonesia. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-ogawa-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurfacesoilsfromsurabayaindonesia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.067', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-ogawa-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurfacesoilsfromsurabayaindonesia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-ogawa-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsurfacesoilsfromsurabayaindonesia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ilyas_characterization_2011,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface soils from {Surabaya}, {Indonesia}.},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429558},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.067},\n\tabstract = {In this study, soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs and two novel BFRs such as 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromopenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in various locations such as industrial, urban, rural, dumping site and agricultural areas of Surabaya, Indonesia has been characterized in order to evaluate their contamination status, profiles, potential sources, fate and behavior. Range and median concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs, BTBPE and DBDPE were ND - 9.6 (1.2), 0.069 - 24 (7.4), ND - 1.8 (0.48), ND - 1.7 (0.14) and ND - 7.6 (2.2) ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Industrial, urban and dumping areas were inventoried as the main sources of these pollutants. Decreasing gradient levels were observed for these contaminants from industrial district, urban, dumping site, rural and agricultural areas, in that order. Furthermore, organic carbon contents and proximity to the point sources were found as the major controlling factors. Contaminant profiles were characterized by the predominance of hexa-, hepta- and penta-homologues for PCBs; deca-, nona- and octa- for PBDEs and α-isomer for HBCDs. Product mixtures such as Ar1260/KC600 and Ar1254/KC500 for PCBs, deca- and octa-BDEs for PBDEs were the possible common formulations used in study area. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study on characterization of soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs together with two novel BFRs in a highly industrialized city located in tropical region. This study provides baseline information for establishing national monitoring programs in Indonesia.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ilyas, Muhammad and Sudaryanto, Agus and Setiawan, Iwan Eka and Riyadi, Adi Slamet and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ogawa, Shohei and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21429558},\n\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry},\n\tpages = {783--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs and two novel BFRs such as 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromopenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in various locations such as industrial, urban, rural, dumping site and agricultural areas of Surabaya, Indonesia has been characterized in order to evaluate their contamination status, profiles, potential sources, fate and behavior. Range and median concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs, BTBPE and DBDPE were ND - 9.6 (1.2), 0.069 - 24 (7.4), ND - 1.8 (0.48), ND - 1.7 (0.14) and ND - 7.6 (2.2) ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Industrial, urban and dumping areas were inventoried as the main sources of these pollutants. Decreasing gradient levels were observed for these contaminants from industrial district, urban, dumping site, rural and agricultural areas, in that order. Furthermore, organic carbon contents and proximity to the point sources were found as the major controlling factors. Contaminant profiles were characterized by the predominance of hexa-, hepta- and penta-homologues for PCBs; deca-, nona- and octa- for PBDEs and α-isomer for HBCDs. Product mixtures such as Ar1260/KC600 and Ar1254/KC500 for PCBs, deca- and octa-BDEs for PBDEs were the possible common formulations used in study area. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study on characterization of soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs together with two novel BFRs in a highly industrialized city located in tropical region. This study provides baseline information for establishing national monitoring programs in Indonesia.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-okanouchida-shimokawa-ishizaki-koibuchi-suppressionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionanddisruptionofthyroidhormoneinducedcerebellarmorphogenesisbythepolybrominatedbiphenylmixturebp6-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-okanouchida-shimokawa-ishizaki-koibuchi-suppressionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionanddisruptionofthyroidhormoneinducedcerebellarmorphogenesisbythepolybrominatedbiphenylmixturebp6-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401', event);\">\n    Suppression of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and disruption of thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar morphogenesis by the polybrominated biphenyl mixture, BP-6.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ibhazehiebo, K.; Iwasaki, T.; Okano-Uchida, T.; Shimokawa, N.; Ishizaki, Y.;  and Koibuchi, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology</i>, 32(4): 400–9. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-okanouchida-shimokawa-ishizaki-koibuchi-suppressionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionanddisruptionofthyroidhormoneinducedcerebellarmorphogenesisbythepolybrominatedbiphenylmixturebp6-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Suppression of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and disruption of thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar morphogenesis by the polybrominated biphenyl mixture, BP-6. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-okanouchida-shimokawa-ishizaki-koibuchi-suppressionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionanddisruptionofthyroidhormoneinducedcerebellarmorphogenesisbythepolybrominatedbiphenylmixturebp6-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-okanouchida-shimokawa-ishizaki-koibuchi-suppressionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionanddisruptionofthyroidhormoneinducedcerebellarmorphogenesisbythepolybrominatedbiphenylmixturebp6-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-okanouchida-shimokawa-ishizaki-koibuchi-suppressionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionanddisruptionofthyroidhormoneinducedcerebellarmorphogenesisbythepolybrominatedbiphenylmixturebp6-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ibhazehiebo_suppression_2011,\n\ttitle = {Suppression of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and disruption of thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar morphogenesis by the polybrominated biphenyl mixture, {BP}-6.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1872-9711},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396401},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.008},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are polyhalogenated, bioaccumulative flame retardant chemicals, which have been used in a variety of consumer and household products. They were accidentally introduced into the food chain in Michigan in 1973 and have remained a source of health concern. Studies have shown that exposure to PBB may cause adverse neurotoxic effects. We therefore examined the effects of BP-6, a PBB mixture, on thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription, on TH-induced Purkinje cell dendritogenesis, and on TH-induced cerebellar granule cell neurite extension. Our study shows that BP-6 suppressed TR-mediated transcription in CV-1 cells. Mammalian two-hybrid studies revealed that BP-6 did not inhibit coactivator binding to TR nor did it recruit corepressors to TR. Further examination using the liquid chemiluminescent DNA pull down assay revealed partial dissociation of TR from TH response element (TRE). In primary rat cerebellar culture, BP-6 significantly suppressed TH-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells, and in reaggregate rat granule cell culture, impaired TH-induced neurite extension of granule cells. Taken together, our results indicate that BP-6 may disrupt TH homeostasis and consequently impair normal neuronal development.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Ibhazehiebo, Kingsley and Iwasaki, Toshiharu and Okano-Uchida, Takayuki and Shimokawa, Noriaki and Ishizaki, Yasuki and Koibuchi, Noriyuki},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21396401},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding Sites, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebellum: growth \\&amp; development, Cerebellum: metabolism, Cerebellum: pathology, Dendrites, Dendrites: drug effects, Dendrites: metabolism, Dendrites: pathology, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Glucocorticoid, Glucocorticoid: drug effects, Glucocorticoid: metabolism, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: metabolism, Neurites: pathology, Neurogenesis, Neurogenesis: drug effects, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Purkinje Cells: pathology, Rats, Receptors, Response Elements, Response Elements: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: genetics, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Transcription, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Wistar, cell line},\n\tpages = {400--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are polyhalogenated, bioaccumulative flame retardant chemicals, which have been used in a variety of consumer and household products. They were accidentally introduced into the food chain in Michigan in 1973 and have remained a source of health concern. Studies have shown that exposure to PBB may cause adverse neurotoxic effects. We therefore examined the effects of BP-6, a PBB mixture, on thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription, on TH-induced Purkinje cell dendritogenesis, and on TH-induced cerebellar granule cell neurite extension. Our study shows that BP-6 suppressed TR-mediated transcription in CV-1 cells. Mammalian two-hybrid studies revealed that BP-6 did not inhibit coactivator binding to TR nor did it recruit corepressors to TR. Further examination using the liquid chemiluminescent DNA pull down assay revealed partial dissociation of TR from TH response element (TRE). In primary rat cerebellar culture, BP-6 significantly suppressed TH-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells, and in reaggregate rat granule cell culture, impaired TH-induced neurite extension of granule cells. Taken together, our results indicate that BP-6 may disrupt TH homeostasis and consequently impair normal neuronal development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsedimentsfromriverineandcoastalwatersofsurabayaindonesia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsedimentsfromriverineandcoastalwatersofsurabayaindonesia-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653', event);\">\n    Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of Surabaya, Indonesia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ilyas, M.; Sudaryanto, A.; Setiawan, I. E.; Riyadi, A. S.; Isobe, T.; Takahashi, S.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 62(1): 89–98. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsedimentsfromriverineandcoastalwatersofsurabayaindonesia-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of Surabaya, Indonesia. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsedimentsfromriverineandcoastalwatersofsurabayaindonesia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsedimentsfromriverineandcoastalwatersofsurabayaindonesia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ilyas-sudaryanto-setiawan-riyadi-isobe-takahashi-tanabe-characterizationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinsedimentsfromriverineandcoastalwatersofsurabayaindonesia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ilyas_characterization_2011,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of {Surabaya}, {Indonesia}.},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875653},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.006},\n\tabstract = {A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from {\\textbackslash}textlessDL-420, {\\textbackslash}textlessDL-35 and {\\textbackslash}textlessDL-5.4 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Ilyas, Muhammad and Sudaryanto, Agus and Setiawan, Iwan Eka and Riyadi, Adi Slamet and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20875653},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indonesia, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {89--98},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from \\textlessDL-420, \\textlessDL-35 and \\textlessDL-5.4 ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-kimurakuroda-miyazaki-shimokawa-koibuchi-disruptionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionandthyroidhormoneinducedpurkinjecelldendritearborizationbypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-kimurakuroda-miyazaki-shimokawa-koibuchi-disruptionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionandthyroidhormoneinducedpurkinjecelldendritearborizationbypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Disruption of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and thyroid hormone-induced Purkinje cell dendrite arborization by polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ibhazehiebo, K.; Iwasaki, T.; Kimura-Kuroda, J.; Miyazaki, W.; Shimokawa, N.;  and Koibuchi, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(2): 168–75. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-kimurakuroda-miyazaki-shimokawa-koibuchi-disruptionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionandthyroidhormoneinducedpurkinjecelldendritearborizationbypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Disruption of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and thyroid hormone-induced Purkinje cell dendrite arborization by polybrominated diphenyl ethers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002065\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-kimurakuroda-miyazaki-shimokawa-koibuchi-disruptionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionandthyroidhormoneinducedpurkinjecelldendritearborizationbypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002065', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-kimurakuroda-miyazaki-shimokawa-koibuchi-disruptionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionandthyroidhormoneinducedpurkinjecelldendritearborizationbypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ibhazehiebo-iwasaki-kimurakuroda-miyazaki-shimokawa-koibuchi-disruptionofthyroidhormonereceptormediatedtranscriptionandthyroidhormoneinducedpurkinjecelldendritearborizationbypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ibhazehiebo_disruption_2011,\n\ttitle = {Disruption of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and thyroid hormone-induced {Purkinje} cell dendrite arborization by polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002065},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants and are becoming a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Adverse effects in the developing brain are of great health concern.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Ibhazehiebo, Kingsley and Iwasaki, Toshiharu and Kimura-Kuroda, Junko and Miyazaki, Wataru and Shimokawa, Noriaki and Koibuchi, Noriyuki},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20870570},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cells, Cultured, Female, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Haplorhini, Immunohistochemistry, Pregnancy, Purkinje Cells, Purkinje Cells: drug effects, Purkinje Cells: metabolism, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Transcription, Wistar, cell line},\n\tpages = {168--75},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants and are becoming a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Adverse effects in the developing brain are of great health concern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hsu-guo-wang-liao-liao-anoccupationalexposureassessmentofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinanddibenzofuransinfirefighters-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hsu-guo-wang-liao-liao-anoccupationalexposureassessmentofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinanddibenzofuransinfirefighters-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf', event);\">\n    An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hsu, J.; Guo, H.; Wang, H. W.; Liao, C.;  and Liao, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(10): 1353–1359. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hsu-guo-wang-liao-liao-anoccupationalexposureassessmentofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinanddibenzofuransinfirefighters-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.079\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hsu-guo-wang-liao-liao-anoccupationalexposureassessmentofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinanddibenzofuransinfirefighters-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.079', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hsu-guo-wang-liao-liao-anoccupationalexposureassessmentofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinanddibenzofuransinfirefighters-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hsu-guo-wang-liao-liao-anoccupationalexposureassessmentofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinanddibenzofuransinfirefighters-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hsu_occupational_2011,\n\ttitle = {An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458022 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hsu_2011_Chemos_An occupational exposure assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in firefighters.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.079},\n\tabstract = {Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are unintentional byproducts of combustion and industrial processes. Firefighters face the risk of occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs. Congener-specific analyses of 17 PCDD/Fs were performed on 20 serum samples collected from firefighters and fire scene investigators, and four soot samples that had deposited on the surfaces of the fire helmets and were collected after the firefighters had fought fires. The PCDD/F concentrations on the helmets that were contaminated by being worn at the fire scenes were 63-285 times higher than those on a clean helmet. The median serum PCDD/F concentration of the 16 firefighters (12 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1)lipid) was not different from those of the males from the general Taiwanese population (9.4 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid). However, the median PCDD/F level in the four fire scene investigators (15 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid) was higher than those in the male from the general Taiwanese population (Mann-Whitney U test, p{\\textbackslash}textless0.01). Furthermore, the serum samples from the firefighters and fire scene investigators, and the soot samples from the fire scenes presented similarly distinctive PCDD/F profiles that had elevated proportions for 10 PCDF congeners. Limited data indicated that the fire scene investigators were occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes. We suggested that the firefighters were not occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes due to appropriate protection. However, the fire scene investigators may have had more occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs due to poor protection, and further research must be performed to confirm this.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hsu, Jing-Fang and Guo, How-Ran and Wang, Hsueh Wen and Liao, Chin-Kun and Liao, Pao-Chi},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: blood, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Fires, Fires: prevention \\&amp; control, Flame retardants, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Occupational Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Protective Clothing, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood},\n\tpages = {1353--1359},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are unintentional byproducts of combustion and industrial processes. Firefighters face the risk of occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs. Congener-specific analyses of 17 PCDD/Fs were performed on 20 serum samples collected from firefighters and fire scene investigators, and four soot samples that had deposited on the surfaces of the fire helmets and were collected after the firefighters had fought fires. The PCDD/F concentrations on the helmets that were contaminated by being worn at the fire scenes were 63-285 times higher than those on a clean helmet. The median serum PCDD/F concentration of the 16 firefighters (12 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1)lipid) was not different from those of the males from the general Taiwanese population (9.4 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid). However, the median PCDD/F level in the four fire scene investigators (15 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ g(-1) lipid) was higher than those in the male from the general Taiwanese population (Mann-Whitney U test, p\\textless0.01). Furthermore, the serum samples from the firefighters and fire scene investigators, and the soot samples from the fire scenes presented similarly distinctive PCDD/F profiles that had elevated proportions for 10 PCDF congeners. Limited data indicated that the fire scene investigators were occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes. We suggested that the firefighters were not occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs at the fire scenes due to appropriate protection. However, the fire scene investigators may have had more occupational exposure to PCDD/Fs due to poor protection, and further research must be performed to confirm this.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hites-dioxinsanoverviewandhistory-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hites-dioxinsanoverviewandhistory-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf', event);\">\n    Dioxins: an overview and history.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(1): 16–20. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hites-dioxinsanoverviewandhistory-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dioxins: an overview and history. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hites-dioxinsanoverviewandhistory-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hites-dioxinsanoverviewandhistory-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hites_dioxins:_2011,\n\ttitle = {Dioxins: an overview and history.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1013664 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hites - 2011 - Dioxins an overview and history.pdf},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {2, 20th Century, 4, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: chemistry, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: history, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: toxicity, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: history, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: history, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: history, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: history, Flame retardants, History, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: history, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity},\n\tpages = {16--20},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hertzpicciotto-bergman-fngstrm-rose-krakowiak-pessah-hansen-bennett-polybrominateddiphenylethersinrelationtoautismanddevelopmentaldelayacasecontrolstudy-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hertzpicciotto-bergman-fngstrm-rose-krakowiak-pessah-hansen-bennett-polybrominateddiphenylethersinrelationtoautismanddevelopmentaldelayacasecontrolstudy-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hertz-Picciotto, I.; Bergman, A.; Fängström, B.; Rose, M.; Krakowiak, P.; Pessah, I.; Hansen, R.;  and Bennett, D. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 10(1): 1. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hertzpicciotto-bergman-fngstrm-rose-krakowiak-pessah-hansen-bennett-polybrominateddiphenylethersinrelationtoautismanddevelopmentaldelayacasecontrolstudy-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hertzpicciotto-bergman-fngstrm-rose-krakowiak-pessah-hansen-bennett-polybrominateddiphenylethersinrelationtoautismanddevelopmentaldelayacasecontrolstudy-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hertzpicciotto-bergman-fngstrm-rose-krakowiak-pessah-hansen-bennett-polybrominateddiphenylethersinrelationtoautismanddevelopmentaldelayacasecontrolstudy-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hertzpicciotto-bergman-fngstrm-rose-krakowiak-pessah-hansen-bennett-polybrominateddiphenylethersinrelationtoautismanddevelopmentaldelayacasecontrolstudy-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hertz-picciotto_polybrominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study.},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {1476-069X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3029221&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-10-1},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used widely and in increasing amounts in the U.S. over the last few decades. PBDEs and their metabolites cross the placenta and studies in rodents demonstrate neurodevelopmental toxicity from prenatal exposures. PBDE exposures occur both via breastfeeding and hand-to-mouth activities in small children.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Hertz-Picciotto, Irva and Bergman, Ake and Fängström, Britta and Rose, Melissa and Krakowiak, Paula and Pessah, Isaac and Hansen, Robin and Bennett, Deborah H},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21205326},\n\tkeywords = {Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: epidemiology, California: epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Preschool, california},\n\tpages = {1},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used widely and in increasing amounts in the U.S. over the last few decades. PBDEs and their metabolites cross the placenta and studies in rodents demonstrate neurodevelopmental toxicity from prenatal exposures. PBDE exposures occur both via breastfeeding and hand-to-mouth activities in small children.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"he-wang-niu-guo-xia-chen-toxiceffectofpbde47onthyroiddevelopmentlearningandmemoryandtheinteractionbetweenpbde47andpcb153thatenhancestoxicityinrats-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'he-wang-niu-guo-xia-chen-toxiceffectofpbde47onthyroiddevelopmentlearningandmemoryandtheinteractionbetweenpbde47andpcb153thatenhancestoxicityinrats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653', event);\">\n    Toxic effect of PBDE-47 on thyroid development, learning, and memory, and the interaction between PBDE-47 and PCB153 that enhances toxicity in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  He, P.; Wang, A.; Niu, Q.; Guo, L.; Xia, T.;  and Chen, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and industrial health</i>, 27(3): 279–88. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-wang-niu-guo-xia-chen-toxiceffectofpbde47onthyroiddevelopmentlearningandmemoryandtheinteractionbetweenpbde47andpcb153thatenhancestoxicityinrats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxic effect of PBDE-47 on thyroid development, learning, and memory, and the interaction between PBDE-47 and PCB153 that enhances toxicity in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0748233710387002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-wang-niu-guo-xia-chen-toxiceffectofpbde47onthyroiddevelopmentlearningandmemoryandtheinteractionbetweenpbde47andpcb153thatenhancestoxicityinrats-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0748233710387002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/he-wang-niu-guo-xia-chen-toxiceffectofpbde47onthyroiddevelopmentlearningandmemoryandtheinteractionbetweenpbde47andpcb153thatenhancestoxicityinrats-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('he-wang-niu-guo-xia-chen-toxiceffectofpbde47onthyroiddevelopmentlearningandmemoryandtheinteractionbetweenpbde47andpcb153thatenhancestoxicityinrats-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{he_toxic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Toxic effect of {PBDE}-47 on thyroid development, learning, and memory, and the interaction between {PBDE}-47 and {PCB153} that enhances toxicity in rats.},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1477-0393},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947653},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0748233710387002},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. There are potential interactive effects between PBDEs and PCBs, as these compounds share similar structures. The developmental neurotoxicity of 2, 2&#x27;, 4, 4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) and the interaction of PBDE-47 with 2, 2&#x27;, 4, 4&#x27;, 5, 5&#x27;-hexachlorobipheny (PCB153) were investigated herein, as the dominant congener forms of PBDEs and PCBs, respectively. SD rats were exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 (1, 5, and 10 μg/g) and/or PCB153 (5 μg/g) on post-natal day (PND) 10. Concentrations of PBDE-47, triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum; organ-to-body weight ratios; as well as long-term learning and memory were measured in 2-month-old rats. The present study found that some doses of PBDE-47 decreased the organ-to-body weight ratios of the thyroid and uterus, decreased the concentration of T(4) in serum, and increased the organ-to-body weight ratio of the ovaries (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). PCB153 could increase the action of PBDE-47 during combined exposure, but this interaction was not found between PBDE-47 and PCB153. In a Morris water maze experiment, the latency periods were significantly prolonged and time ratios were obviously depressed in all PBDE-47-treated groups compared to the control (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05); furthermore, significant interactions between PBDE-47 and PCB153 were observed (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). In conclusion, PBDE-47 may depress thyroid development as well as the long-term learning and memory capabilities in adult rats exposed to PBDE-47 on PND 10. PCB153 can interact with PBDE-47, resulting in an increase in developmental neurotoxicity.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and industrial health},\n\tauthor = {He, Ping and Wang, Aiguo and Niu, Qiang and Guo, Lijuan and Xia, Tao and Chen, Xuemin},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20947653},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Combination, Drug Synergism, Drug Therapy, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Maze Learning: physiology, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Memory: physiology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: pathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Suckling, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: growth \\&amp; development, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Uterus, Uterus: drug effects, Uterus: pathology},\n\tpages = {279--88},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. There are potential interactive effects between PBDEs and PCBs, as these compounds share similar structures. The developmental neurotoxicity of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) and the interaction of PBDE-47 with 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'-hexachlorobipheny (PCB153) were investigated herein, as the dominant congener forms of PBDEs and PCBs, respectively. SD rats were exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 (1, 5, and 10 μg/g) and/or PCB153 (5 μg/g) on post-natal day (PND) 10. Concentrations of PBDE-47, triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum; organ-to-body weight ratios; as well as long-term learning and memory were measured in 2-month-old rats. The present study found that some doses of PBDE-47 decreased the organ-to-body weight ratios of the thyroid and uterus, decreased the concentration of T(4) in serum, and increased the organ-to-body weight ratio of the ovaries (p \\textless 0.05). PCB153 could increase the action of PBDE-47 during combined exposure, but this interaction was not found between PBDE-47 and PCB153. In a Morris water maze experiment, the latency periods were significantly prolonged and time ratios were obviously depressed in all PBDE-47-treated groups compared to the control (p \\textless 0.05); furthermore, significant interactions between PBDE-47 and PCB153 were observed (p \\textless 0.05). In conclusion, PBDE-47 may depress thyroid development as well as the long-term learning and memory capabilities in adult rats exposed to PBDE-47 on PND 10. PCB153 can interact with PBDE-47, resulting in an increase in developmental neurotoxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"henny-grove-kaiser-johnson-furl-letcher-wastewaterdilutionindexpartiallyexplainsobservedpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantconcentrationsinospreyeggsfromcolumbiariverbasin20082009-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'henny-grove-kaiser-johnson-furl-letcher-wastewaterdilutionindexpartiallyexplainsobservedpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantconcentrationsinospreyeggsfromcolumbiariverbasin20082009-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556', event);\">\n    Wastewater dilution index partially explains observed polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant concentrations in osprey eggs from Columbia River Basin, 2008-2009.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Henny, C. J; Grove, R. A; Kaiser, J. L; Johnson, B. L; Furl, C. V;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology (London, England)</i>, 20(4): 682–97. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('henny-grove-kaiser-johnson-furl-letcher-wastewaterdilutionindexpartiallyexplainsobservedpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantconcentrationsinospreyeggsfromcolumbiariverbasin20082009-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Wastewater dilution index partially explains observed polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant concentrations in osprey eggs from Columbia River Basin, 2008-2009. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0608-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('henny-grove-kaiser-johnson-furl-letcher-wastewaterdilutionindexpartiallyexplainsobservedpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantconcentrationsinospreyeggsfromcolumbiariverbasin20082009-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0608-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/henny-grove-kaiser-johnson-furl-letcher-wastewaterdilutionindexpartiallyexplainsobservedpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantconcentrationsinospreyeggsfromcolumbiariverbasin20082009-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('henny-grove-kaiser-johnson-furl-letcher-wastewaterdilutionindexpartiallyexplainsobservedpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantconcentrationsinospreyeggsfromcolumbiariverbasin20082009-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{henny_wastewater_2011,\n\ttitle = {Wastewater dilution index partially explains observed polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant concentrations in osprey eggs from {Columbia} {River} {Basin}, 2008-2009.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1573-3017},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340556},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-011-0608-2},\n\tabstract = {Several polybrominated biphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were found in all 175 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected from the Columbia River Basin between 2002 and 2009. ΣPBDE concentrations in 2008-2009 were highest in osprey eggs from the two lowest flow rivers studied; however, each river flowed through relatively large and populous metropolitan areas (Boise, Idaho and Spokane, Washington). We used the volume of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) discharge, a known source of PBDEs, as a measure of human activity at a location, and combined with river flow (both converted to millions of gallons/day) created a novel approach (an approximate Dilution Index) to relate waterborne contaminants to levels of these contaminants that reach avian eggs. This approach provided a useful understanding of the spatial osprey egg concentration patterns observed. Individual osprey egg concentrations along the Upper Willamette River co-varied with the Dilution Index, while combined egg data (geometric means) from rivers or segments of rivers showed a strong, significant relationship to the Dilution Index with one exception, the Boise River. There, we believe osprey egg concentrations were lower than expected because Boise River ospreys foraged perhaps 50-75\\% of the time off the river at ponds and lakes stocked with fish that contained relatively low ΣPBDE concentrations. Our limited temporal data at specific localities (2004-2009) suggests that ΣPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs peaked between 2005 and 2007, and then decreased, perhaps in response to penta- and octa-PBDE technical mixtures no longer being used in the USA after 2004. Empirical estimates of biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to osprey eggs were 3.76-7.52 on a wet weight (ww) basis or 4.37-11.0 lipid weight. Our earlier osprey study suggested that ΣPBDE egg concentrations {\\textbackslash}textgreater1,000 ng/g ww may reduce osprey reproductive success. Only two of the study areas sampled in 2008-2009 contained individual eggs with ΣPBDE concentrations {\\textbackslash}textgreater1,000 ng/g, and non-significant (P {\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.30) negative relationships were found between ΣPBDEs and reproductive success. Additional monitoring is required to confirm not only the apparent decline in PBDE concentrations in osprey eggs that occurred during this study, but also to better understand the relationship between PBDEs in eggs and reproductive success.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\n\tauthor = {Henny, Charles J and Grove, Robert A and Kaiser, James L and Johnson, Branden L and Furl, Chad V and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21340556},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Washington, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {682--97},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Several polybrominated biphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were found in all 175 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected from the Columbia River Basin between 2002 and 2009. ΣPBDE concentrations in 2008-2009 were highest in osprey eggs from the two lowest flow rivers studied; however, each river flowed through relatively large and populous metropolitan areas (Boise, Idaho and Spokane, Washington). We used the volume of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) discharge, a known source of PBDEs, as a measure of human activity at a location, and combined with river flow (both converted to millions of gallons/day) created a novel approach (an approximate Dilution Index) to relate waterborne contaminants to levels of these contaminants that reach avian eggs. This approach provided a useful understanding of the spatial osprey egg concentration patterns observed. Individual osprey egg concentrations along the Upper Willamette River co-varied with the Dilution Index, while combined egg data (geometric means) from rivers or segments of rivers showed a strong, significant relationship to the Dilution Index with one exception, the Boise River. There, we believe osprey egg concentrations were lower than expected because Boise River ospreys foraged perhaps 50-75% of the time off the river at ponds and lakes stocked with fish that contained relatively low ΣPBDE concentrations. Our limited temporal data at specific localities (2004-2009) suggests that ΣPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs peaked between 2005 and 2007, and then decreased, perhaps in response to penta- and octa-PBDE technical mixtures no longer being used in the USA after 2004. Empirical estimates of biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to osprey eggs were 3.76-7.52 on a wet weight (ww) basis or 4.37-11.0 lipid weight. Our earlier osprey study suggested that ΣPBDE egg concentrations \\textgreater1,000 ng/g ww may reduce osprey reproductive success. Only two of the study areas sampled in 2008-2009 contained individual eggs with ΣPBDE concentrations \\textgreater1,000 ng/g, and non-significant (P \\textgreater 0.30) negative relationships were found between ΣPBDEs and reproductive success. Additional monitoring is required to confirm not only the apparent decline in PBDE concentrations in osprey eggs that occurred during this study, but also to better understand the relationship between PBDEs in eggs and reproductive success.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"he-yang-wang-liu-liao-xu-bai-chen-etal-chroniczebrafishlowdosedecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209exposureaffectedparentalgonaddevelopmentandlocomotioninf1offspring-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'he-yang-wang-liu-liao-xu-bai-chen-etal-chroniczebrafishlowdosedecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209exposureaffectedparentalgonaddevelopmentandlocomotioninf1offspring-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510', event);\">\n    Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in F1 offspring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  He, J.; Yang, D.; Wang, C.; Liu, W.; Liao, J.; Xu, T.; Bai, C.; Chen, J.; Lin, K.; Huang, C.;  and Dong, Q.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology (London, England)</i>, 20(8): 1813–22. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-yang-wang-liu-liao-xu-bai-chen-etal-chroniczebrafishlowdosedecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209exposureaffectedparentalgonaddevelopmentandlocomotioninf1offspring-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in F1 offspring. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0720-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-yang-wang-liu-liao-xu-bai-chen-etal-chroniczebrafishlowdosedecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209exposureaffectedparentalgonaddevelopmentandlocomotioninf1offspring-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0720-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/he-yang-wang-liu-liao-xu-bai-chen-etal-chroniczebrafishlowdosedecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209exposureaffectedparentalgonaddevelopmentandlocomotioninf1offspring-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('he-yang-wang-liu-liao-xu-bai-chen-etal-chroniczebrafishlowdosedecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209exposureaffectedparentalgonaddevelopmentandlocomotioninf1offspring-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{he_chronic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in {F1} offspring.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1573-3017},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695510},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-011-0720-3},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants around the world. Because of large production volumes, widespread usage and persistence, PBDEs are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environment media and human samples and therefore pose a significant public health concern. Deca-PBDE (BDE-209) is the only commercial PBDE mixture still allowed for use at present, and has been recently detected at high levels in human samples. However, few studies explore its effect on development, reproduction or neurobehavior with animal models. In particular, studies with long-term chronic exposure at relatively low doses are lacking. In this study, we utilize the zebrafish model to explore the developmental, reproductive, and behavioral toxicities associated with long-term chronic exposure to deca-PBDE (BDE-209). Our findings revealed that long-term chronic exposure to low dose of deca-BDE (ranging from 0.001 to 1 μM) affected overall fitness (measured by condition factor), gonad development, male gamete quantity and quality in F0 parental fish. For F1 offspring without continuous exposure to BDE-209, parental BDE treatment led to delayed hatch and motor neuron development, loose muscle fiber, slow locomotion behavior in normal conditions, and hyperactivity when subjected to light-dark photoperiod stimulation. In conclusion, parental chronic low dose BDE-209 exposure not only affects F0 growth and reproduction, but also elicits neurobehavior alternations in F1 offspring.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\n\tauthor = {He, Jianhui and Yang, Dongren and Wang, Chunyan and Liu, Wei and Liao, Junhua and Xu, Tao and Bai, Chenglian and Chen, Jiangfei and Lin, Kuanfei and Huang, Changjiang and Dong, Qiaoxiang},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21695510},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Chronic, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Embryo Loss, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons: drug effects, Muscle, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: growth \\&amp; development, Skeletal, Skeletal: growth \\&amp; development, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: growth \\&amp; development, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology},\n\tpages = {1813--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants around the world. Because of large production volumes, widespread usage and persistence, PBDEs are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected in a wide variety of environment media and human samples and therefore pose a significant public health concern. Deca-PBDE (BDE-209) is the only commercial PBDE mixture still allowed for use at present, and has been recently detected at high levels in human samples. However, few studies explore its effect on development, reproduction or neurobehavior with animal models. In particular, studies with long-term chronic exposure at relatively low doses are lacking. In this study, we utilize the zebrafish model to explore the developmental, reproductive, and behavioral toxicities associated with long-term chronic exposure to deca-PBDE (BDE-209). Our findings revealed that long-term chronic exposure to low dose of deca-BDE (ranging from 0.001 to 1 μM) affected overall fitness (measured by condition factor), gonad development, male gamete quantity and quality in F0 parental fish. For F1 offspring without continuous exposure to BDE-209, parental BDE treatment led to delayed hatch and motor neuron development, loose muscle fiber, slow locomotion behavior in normal conditions, and hyperactivity when subjected to light-dark photoperiod stimulation. In conclusion, parental chronic low dose BDE-209 exposure not only affects F0 growth and reproduction, but also elicits neurobehavior alternations in F1 offspring.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011', 'http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf', event);\">\n    Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harley, K. G; Chevrier, J.; Schall, R. A.; Sjödin, A.; Bradman, A.;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American journal of epidemiology</i>, 174(8): 885–892. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011', 'http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr212\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr212', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harley_association_2011,\n\ttitle = {Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.},\n\tvolume = {174},\n\turl = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/8/885.long file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Harley et al. - 2011 - Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/aje/kwr212},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95\\% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95\\% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95\\% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {American journal of epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Schall, Raul Aguilar and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california},\n\tpages = {885--892},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harley, K. G; Chevrier, J.; Schall, R. A.; Sjödin, A.; Bradman, A.;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American journal of epidemiology</i>, 174(8): 885–92. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr212\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr212', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harley-chevrier-schall-sjdin-bradman-eskenazi-associationofprenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandinfantbirthweight-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harley_association_2011,\n\ttitle = {Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight.},\n\tvolume = {174},\n\tissn = {1476-6256},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3218633&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/aje/kwr212},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95\\% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95\\% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95\\% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {American journal of epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G and Chevrier, Jonathan and Schall, Raul Aguilar and Sjödin, Andreas and Bradman, Asa and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21878423},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Mexican Americans, Mexican Americans: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Poverty, Pregnancy, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: blood, Young Adult, california},\n\tpages = {885--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hardy-aufderheide-krueger-mathews-porch-schaefer-stenzel-stedeford-terrestrialtoxicityevaluationofdecabromodiphenylethaneonorganismsfromthreetrophiclevels-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hardy-aufderheide-krueger-mathews-porch-schaefer-stenzel-stedeford-terrestrialtoxicityevaluationofdecabromodiphenylethaneonorganismsfromthreetrophiclevels-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479', event);\">\n    Terrestrial toxicity evaluation of decabromodiphenyl ethane on organisms from three trophic levels.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hardy, M L; Aufderheide, J; Krueger, H O; Mathews, M E; Porch, J R; Schaefer, E C; Stenzel, J I;  and Stedeford, T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</i>, 74(4): 703–10. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardy-aufderheide-krueger-mathews-porch-schaefer-stenzel-stedeford-terrestrialtoxicityevaluationofdecabromodiphenylethaneonorganismsfromthreetrophiclevels-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Terrestrial toxicity evaluation of decabromodiphenyl ethane on organisms from three trophic levels. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardy-aufderheide-krueger-mathews-porch-schaefer-stenzel-stedeford-terrestrialtoxicityevaluationofdecabromodiphenylethaneonorganismsfromthreetrophiclevels-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.027', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hardy-aufderheide-krueger-mathews-porch-schaefer-stenzel-stedeford-terrestrialtoxicityevaluationofdecabromodiphenylethaneonorganismsfromthreetrophiclevels-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hardy-aufderheide-krueger-mathews-porch-schaefer-stenzel-stedeford-terrestrialtoxicityevaluationofdecabromodiphenylethaneonorganismsfromthreetrophiclevels-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hardy_terrestrial_2011,\n\ttitle = {Terrestrial toxicity evaluation of decabromodiphenyl ethane on organisms from three trophic levels.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1090-2414},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111479},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.027},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDP-Ethane) was evaluated for its potential to effect sewage sludge respiration, soil nitrification, survival and reproduction in Eisenia fetida, and seedling emergence and growth in Zea mays, Lolium perenne, Glycine max, Allium cepa, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Cucumis sativa. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were identified at the limit concentration level for sewage sludge respiration ({\\textbackslash}textgreater10 mg DBDP-Ethane/kg dry soil), {\\textbackslash}textgreater2500 mg/kg dry soil for soil nitrification, {\\textbackslash}textgreater3720 mg/kg dry soil for earthworm survival, and {\\textbackslash}textgreater6250 mg/kg dry soil for seedling emergence and growth in Z. mays, L. perenne, and G. max . Treatment-related effects were identified for E. fetida reproduction, C. sativa survival, and L. esculentum and A. cepa height and dry weight. The most sensitive endpoints were decreased height and dry weight for A. cepa and decreased reproduction for E. fetida with NOECs of 1563(nominal) (1540(measured)) and 2210(nominal) (1907(mean measured)) mg/kg dry soil. The NOEC for soil nitrification and the lowest NOEC identified for soil (i.e., A. cepa) were used to derive predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) values of 2500 mg/kg for sewage sludge and 156 mg/kg for soil. The calculated PNECs indicate DBDP-Ethane presents little risk to organisms in the sewage sludge and soil compartments.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\n\tauthor = {Hardy, M L and Aufderheide, J and Krueger, H O and Mathews, M E and Porch, J R and Schaefer, E C and Stenzel, J I and Stedeford, T},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21111479},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cucumis sativus, Cucumis sativus: drug effects, Cucumis sativus: growth \\&amp; development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Lolium, Lolium: drug effects, Lolium: growth \\&amp; development, Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon esculentum: drug effects, Lycopersicon esculentum: growth \\&amp; development, Nitrification, Nitrification: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: drug effects, Oligochaeta: growth \\&amp; development, Oligochaeta: physiology, Onions, Onions: drug effects, Onions: growth \\&amp; development, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Seedling, Seedling: drug effects, Seedling: growth \\&amp; development, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: toxicity, Soil: chemistry, Zea mays, Zea mays: drug effects, Zea mays: growth \\&amp; development},\n\tpages = {703--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDP-Ethane) was evaluated for its potential to effect sewage sludge respiration, soil nitrification, survival and reproduction in Eisenia fetida, and seedling emergence and growth in Zea mays, Lolium perenne, Glycine max, Allium cepa, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Cucumis sativa. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were identified at the limit concentration level for sewage sludge respiration (\\textgreater10 mg DBDP-Ethane/kg dry soil), \\textgreater2500 mg/kg dry soil for soil nitrification, \\textgreater3720 mg/kg dry soil for earthworm survival, and \\textgreater6250 mg/kg dry soil for seedling emergence and growth in Z. mays, L. perenne, and G. max . Treatment-related effects were identified for E. fetida reproduction, C. sativa survival, and L. esculentum and A. cepa height and dry weight. The most sensitive endpoints were decreased height and dry weight for A. cepa and decreased reproduction for E. fetida with NOECs of 1563(nominal) (1540(measured)) and 2210(nominal) (1907(mean measured)) mg/kg dry soil. The NOEC for soil nitrification and the lowest NOEC identified for soil (i.e., A. cepa) were used to derive predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) values of 2500 mg/kg for sewage sludge and 156 mg/kg for soil. The calculated PNECs indicate DBDP-Ethane presents little risk to organisms in the sewage sludge and soil compartments.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hallanger-warner-ruus-evenset-christensen-herzke-gabrielsen-borgaa-seasonalityincontaminantaccumulationinarcticmarinepelagicfoodwebsusingtrophicmagnificationfactorasameasureofbioaccumulation-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hallanger-warner-ruus-evenset-christensen-herzke-gabrielsen-borgaa-seasonalityincontaminantaccumulationinarcticmarinepelagicfoodwebsusingtrophicmagnificationfactorasameasureofbioaccumulation-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250', event);\">\n    Seasonality in contaminant accumulation in Arctic marine pelagic food webs using trophic magnification factor as a measure of bioaccumulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hallanger, I. G; Warner, N. A; Ruus, A.; Evenset, A.; Christensen, G.; Herzke, D.; Gabrielsen, G. W;  and Borg\\a a , K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 30(5): 1026–35. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hallanger-warner-ruus-evenset-christensen-herzke-gabrielsen-borgaa-seasonalityincontaminantaccumulationinarcticmarinepelagicfoodwebsusingtrophicmagnificationfactorasameasureofbioaccumulation-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Seasonality in contaminant accumulation in Arctic marine pelagic food webs using trophic magnification factor as a measure of bioaccumulation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.488\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hallanger-warner-ruus-evenset-christensen-herzke-gabrielsen-borgaa-seasonalityincontaminantaccumulationinarcticmarinepelagicfoodwebsusingtrophicmagnificationfactorasameasureofbioaccumulation-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.488', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hallanger-warner-ruus-evenset-christensen-herzke-gabrielsen-borgaa-seasonalityincontaminantaccumulationinarcticmarinepelagicfoodwebsusingtrophicmagnificationfactorasameasureofbioaccumulation-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hallanger-warner-ruus-evenset-christensen-herzke-gabrielsen-borgaa-seasonalityincontaminantaccumulationinarcticmarinepelagicfoodwebsusingtrophicmagnificationfactorasameasureofbioaccumulation-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hallanger_seasonality_2011,\n\ttitle = {Seasonality in contaminant accumulation in {Arctic} marine pelagic food webs using trophic magnification factor as a measure of bioaccumulation.},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21312250},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.488},\n\tabstract = {Seasonality in biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs; polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants) in Arctic marine pelagic food webs was investigated in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs; average factor change in concentration between two trophic levels) were used to measure food web biomagnification in biota in May, July, and October 2007. Pelagic zooplankton (seven species), fish (five species), and seabirds (two species) were included in the study. For most POP compounds, highest TMFs were found in July and lowest were in May. Seasonally changing TMFs were a result of seasonally changing POP concentrations and the δ¹⁵N-derived trophic positions of the species included in the food web. These seasonal differences in TMFs were independent of inclusion/exclusion of organisms based on physiology (i.e., warm- versus cold-blooded organisms) in the food web. The higher TMFs in July, when the food web consisted of a higher degree of boreal species, suggest that future warming of the Arctic and increased invasion by boreal species can result in increased food web magnification. Knowledge of the seasonal variation in POP biomagnification is a prerequisite for understanding changes in POP biomagnification caused by climate change.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Hallanger, Ingeborg G and Warner, Nicholas A and Ruus, Anders and Evenset, Anita and Christensen, Guttorm and Herzke, Dorte and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Borg{\\textbackslash}a a, Katrine},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21312250},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Aquatic Organisms: physiology, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Climate Change, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: metabolism, Zooplankton: physiology, unsure},\n\tpages = {1026--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seasonality in biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs; polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants) in Arctic marine pelagic food webs was investigated in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs; average factor change in concentration between two trophic levels) were used to measure food web biomagnification in biota in May, July, and October 2007. Pelagic zooplankton (seven species), fish (five species), and seabirds (two species) were included in the study. For most POP compounds, highest TMFs were found in July and lowest were in May. Seasonally changing TMFs were a result of seasonally changing POP concentrations and the δ¹⁵N-derived trophic positions of the species included in the food web. These seasonal differences in TMFs were independent of inclusion/exclusion of organisms based on physiology (i.e., warm- versus cold-blooded organisms) in the food web. The higher TMFs in July, when the food web consisted of a higher degree of boreal species, suggest that future warming of the Arctic and increased invasion by boreal species can result in increased food web magnification. Knowledge of the seasonal variation in POP biomagnification is a prerequisite for understanding changes in POP biomagnification caused by climate change.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011', 'http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire', event);\">\n    Fatal effects of fire.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall Jr., J. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report National Fire Protection Agency, Quincy, MA,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011', 'http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fatal effects of fire [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{hall_jr._fatal_2011,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {Fatal effects of fire},\n\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/research/statistical-reports/overall-fire-statistics/fatal-effects-of-fire},\n\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&amp;itemID=57921&amp;URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011', 'http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&amp;itemID=57921&amp;URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf', event);\">\n    Fatal Effects of Fire.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall Jr., J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&amp;itemID=57921&amp;URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011', 'http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&amp;itemID=57921&amp;URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fatal Effects of Fire [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halljr-fataleffectsoffire-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{hall_jr._fatal_2011,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {Fatal {Effects} of {Fire}},\n\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2624&amp;itemID=57921&amp;URL=Research/Statistical reports/Overall fire statistics/ file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OSFatalEffects.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gross-specialreportflameretardantindustryspent23milliononlobbyingcampaigndonationsenvironmentalhealthnews-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gross-specialreportflameretardantindustryspent23milliononlobbyingcampaigndonationsenvironmentalhealthnews-2011', 'http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html', event);\">\n    Special Report: Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — {Environmental} {Health} {News}.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gross, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gross-specialreportflameretardantindustryspent23milliononlobbyingcampaigndonationsenvironmentalhealthnews-2011', 'http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Special Report: Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — {Environmental} {Health} {News} [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gross-specialreportflameretardantindustryspent23milliononlobbyingcampaigndonationsenvironmentalhealthnews-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gross-specialreportflameretardantindustryspent23milliononlobbyingcampaigndonationsenvironmentalhealthnews-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{gross_special_2011,\n\ttitle = {Special {Report}: {Flame} retardant industry spent \\$23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — {Environmental} {Health} {News}},\n\turl = {http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Unknown - Unknown - Special Report Flame retardant industry spent $23 million on lobbying, campaign donations — Environmental Health News.html},\n\tauthor = {Gross, Liza},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gee-moser-mcdanie-herr-neurochemicalchangesfollowingasingledoseofpolybrominateddiphenylether47inmice-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gee-moser-mcdanie-herr-neurochemicalchangesfollowingasingledoseofpolybrominateddiphenylether47inmice-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472', event);\">\n    Neurochemical changes following a single dose of polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 in mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gee, J. R; Moser, V. C; McDanie, K. L;  and Herr, D. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug and chemical toxicology</i>, 34(2): 213–9. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gee-moser-mcdanie-herr-neurochemicalchangesfollowingasingledoseofpolybrominateddiphenylether47inmice-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurochemical changes following a single dose of polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 in mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2010.536768\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gee-moser-mcdanie-herr-neurochemicalchangesfollowingasingledoseofpolybrominateddiphenylether47inmice-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2010.536768', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gee-moser-mcdanie-herr-neurochemicalchangesfollowingasingledoseofpolybrominateddiphenylether47inmice-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gee-moser-mcdanie-herr-neurochemicalchangesfollowingasingledoseofpolybrominateddiphenylether47inmice-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gee_neurochemical_2011,\n\ttitle = {Neurochemical changes following a single dose of polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 in mice.},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {1525-6014},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314472},\n\tdoi = {10.3109/01480545.2010.536768},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as commercial flame retardants in a variety of products, including plastics and textiles. Previous studies in our laboratory, and in the literature, showed that exposure to a specific PBDE congener (PBDE 47) during a critical period of brain development may lead to developmental delays and hyperactivity in adulthood. To date, the underlying causes of these behavioral alterations are unknown, although in vitro studies linked PBDEs with potential alterations in neurotransmitter levels, particularly acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA). Alterations in DA function have also been noted in cases of hyperactivity in rodents and humans. The current study examined monoamine levels in male mice acutely exposed to corn oil vehicle or PBDE 47 (1, 10, or 30 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 10. Animals were sacrificed on PND 15, PND 20, and in adulthood (131-159 days old). The cortex, striatum, and cerebellum were isolated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentration of monoamines within each brain region. A statistically significant increase in DA levels was seen within the cortex, regardless of age, but only in the 10-mg/kg PBDE treatment group. While these effects did not show a monotonic dose response, we previously reported hyperactivity in littermates in the same dose group, but not at the lower or higher dose. Thus, early developmental exposure to PBDE 47 alters the levels of cortical DA in male mice, which may correlate with behavioral observations in littermates.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Drug and chemical toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Gee, Jillian R and Moser, Virginia C and McDanie, Katherine L and Herr, David W},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21314472},\n\tkeywords = {Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: analysis, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acute, Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: chemistry, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: chemistry, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Chromatography, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: chemistry, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Dopamine, Dopamine: analysis, Dopamine: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, High Pressure Liquid, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Suckling, Toxicity Tests},\n\tpages = {213--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as commercial flame retardants in a variety of products, including plastics and textiles. Previous studies in our laboratory, and in the literature, showed that exposure to a specific PBDE congener (PBDE 47) during a critical period of brain development may lead to developmental delays and hyperactivity in adulthood. To date, the underlying causes of these behavioral alterations are unknown, although in vitro studies linked PBDEs with potential alterations in neurotransmitter levels, particularly acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA). Alterations in DA function have also been noted in cases of hyperactivity in rodents and humans. The current study examined monoamine levels in male mice acutely exposed to corn oil vehicle or PBDE 47 (1, 10, or 30 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 10. Animals were sacrificed on PND 15, PND 20, and in adulthood (131-159 days old). The cortex, striatum, and cerebellum were isolated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentration of monoamines within each brain region. A statistically significant increase in DA levels was seen within the cortex, regardless of age, but only in the 10-mg/kg PBDE treatment group. While these effects did not show a monotonic dose response, we previously reported hyperactivity in littermates in the same dose group, but not at the lower or higher dose. Thus, early developmental exposure to PBDE 47 alters the levels of cortical DA in male mice, which may correlate with behavioral observations in littermates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gascon-vrijheid-martnez-forns-grimalt-torrent-sunyer-effectsofpreandpostnatalexposuretolowlevelsofpolybromodiphenylethersonneurodevelopmentandthyroidhormonelevelsat4yearsofage-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gascon-vrijheid-martnez-forns-grimalt-torrent-sunyer-effectsofpreandpostnatalexposuretolowlevelsofpolybromodiphenylethersonneurodevelopmentandthyroidhormonelevelsat4yearsofage-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513', event);\">\n    Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gascon, M.; Vrijheid, M.; Martínez, D.; Forns, J.; Grimalt, J. O; Torrent, M.;  and Sunyer, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(3): 605–11. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gascon-vrijheid-martnez-forns-grimalt-torrent-sunyer-effectsofpreandpostnatalexposuretolowlevelsofpolybromodiphenylethersonneurodevelopmentandthyroidhormonelevelsat4yearsofage-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gascon-vrijheid-martnez-forns-grimalt-torrent-sunyer-effectsofpreandpostnatalexposuretolowlevelsofpolybromodiphenylethersonneurodevelopmentandthyroidhormonelevelsat4yearsofage-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gascon-vrijheid-martnez-forns-grimalt-torrent-sunyer-effectsofpreandpostnatalexposuretolowlevelsofpolybromodiphenylethersonneurodevelopmentandthyroidhormonelevelsat4yearsofage-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gascon-vrijheid-martnez-forns-grimalt-torrent-sunyer-effectsofpreandpostnatalexposuretolowlevelsofpolybromodiphenylethersonneurodevelopmentandthyroidhormonelevelsat4yearsofage-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gascon_effects_2011,\n\ttitle = {Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237513},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.005},\n\tabstract = {There are at present very few studies of the effects of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in consumer products, on neurodevelopment or thyroid hormone levels in humans. The present study aims to examine the association between pre and postnatal PBDE concentrations and neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels in children at age 4years and isolate the effects of PBDEs from those of PCBs, DDT, DDE and HCB. A prospective birth cohort in Menorca (Spain) enrolled 482 pregnant mothers between 1997 and 1998. At 4years, children were assessed for motor and cognitive function (McCarthy Scales of Children&#x27;s Abilities), attention-deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (ADHD-DSM-IV) and social competence (California Preschool Social Competence Scale). PBDE concentrations were measured in cord blood (N=88) and in serum of 4years olds (N=244). Among all congeners analyzed only PBDE 47 was quantified in a reasonable number of samples (LOQ=0.002ng/ml). Exposure to PBDE 47 was analyzed as a dichotomous variable: concentrations above the LOQ (exposed) and concentrations below (referents). Scores for cognitive and motor functions were always lower in children pre and postnatally exposed to PBDE47 than in referents, but none of these associations was statistically significant (β coefficient (95\\%CI) of the total cognition score: -2.7 (-7.0, 1.6) for postnatal exposure, and -1.4 (-9.2, 6.5) for prenatal exposure). Postnatal exposure to PBDE 47 was statistically significantly related to an increased risk of symptoms on the attention deficit subscale of ADHD symptoms (RR (95\\%CI)=1.8 (1.0, 3.2)) but not to hyperactivity symptoms. A statistically significant higher risk of poor social competence symptoms was observed as a consequence of postnatal PBDE 47 exposure (RR (95\\%CI)=2.6 (1.2, 5.9)). Adjustment for other organochlorine compounds did not influence the results. Levels of thyroid hormones were not associated to PBDE exposure. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of PBDE exposure not just prenatally but also during the early years of life. In the light of current evidence a precautionary approach towards PBDE exposure of both mothers and children seems warranted.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Gascon, Mireia and Vrijheid, Martine and Martínez, David and Forns, Joan and Grimalt, Joan O and Torrent, Maties and Sunyer, Jordi},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21237513},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: epi, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \\&amp; development, Nervous System: metabolism, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Preschool, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {605--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There are at present very few studies of the effects of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in consumer products, on neurodevelopment or thyroid hormone levels in humans. The present study aims to examine the association between pre and postnatal PBDE concentrations and neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels in children at age 4years and isolate the effects of PBDEs from those of PCBs, DDT, DDE and HCB. A prospective birth cohort in Menorca (Spain) enrolled 482 pregnant mothers between 1997 and 1998. At 4years, children were assessed for motor and cognitive function (McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities), attention-deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (ADHD-DSM-IV) and social competence (California Preschool Social Competence Scale). PBDE concentrations were measured in cord blood (N=88) and in serum of 4years olds (N=244). Among all congeners analyzed only PBDE 47 was quantified in a reasonable number of samples (LOQ=0.002ng/ml). Exposure to PBDE 47 was analyzed as a dichotomous variable: concentrations above the LOQ (exposed) and concentrations below (referents). Scores for cognitive and motor functions were always lower in children pre and postnatally exposed to PBDE47 than in referents, but none of these associations was statistically significant (β coefficient (95%CI) of the total cognition score: -2.7 (-7.0, 1.6) for postnatal exposure, and -1.4 (-9.2, 6.5) for prenatal exposure). Postnatal exposure to PBDE 47 was statistically significantly related to an increased risk of symptoms on the attention deficit subscale of ADHD symptoms (RR (95%CI)=1.8 (1.0, 3.2)) but not to hyperactivity symptoms. A statistically significant higher risk of poor social competence symptoms was observed as a consequence of postnatal PBDE 47 exposure (RR (95%CI)=2.6 (1.2, 5.9)). Adjustment for other organochlorine compounds did not influence the results. Levels of thyroid hormones were not associated to PBDE exposure. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of PBDE exposure not just prenatally but also during the early years of life. In the light of current evidence a precautionary approach towards PBDE exposure of both mothers and children seems warranted.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fujimoto-woo-inoue-takahashi-hirose-nishikawa-shibutani-impairedoligodendroglialdevelopmentbydecabromodiphenyletherinratoffspringaftermaternalexposurefrommidgestationthroughlactation-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fujimoto-woo-inoue-takahashi-hirose-nishikawa-shibutani-impairedoligodendroglialdevelopmentbydecabromodiphenyletherinratoffspringaftermaternalexposurefrommidgestationthroughlactation-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758', event);\">\n    Impaired oligodendroglial development by decabromodiphenyl ether in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fujimoto, H.; Woo, G.; Inoue, K.; Takahashi, M.; Hirose, M.; Nishikawa, A.;  and Shibutani, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)</i>, 31(1): 86–94. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fujimoto-woo-inoue-takahashi-hirose-nishikawa-shibutani-impairedoligodendroglialdevelopmentbydecabromodiphenyletherinratoffspringaftermaternalexposurefrommidgestationthroughlactation-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impaired oligodendroglial development by decabromodiphenyl ether in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fujimoto-woo-inoue-takahashi-hirose-nishikawa-shibutani-impairedoligodendroglialdevelopmentbydecabromodiphenyletherinratoffspringaftermaternalexposurefrommidgestationthroughlactation-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fujimoto-woo-inoue-takahashi-hirose-nishikawa-shibutani-impairedoligodendroglialdevelopmentbydecabromodiphenyletherinratoffspringaftermaternalexposurefrommidgestationthroughlactation-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fujimoto-woo-inoue-takahashi-hirose-nishikawa-shibutani-impairedoligodendroglialdevelopmentbydecabromodiphenyletherinratoffspringaftermaternalexposurefrommidgestationthroughlactation-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fujimoto_impaired_2011,\n\ttitle = {Impaired oligodendroglial development by decabromodiphenyl ether in rat offspring after maternal exposure from mid-gestation through lactation.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1873-1708},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851758},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.003},\n\tabstract = {Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given diet containing decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) either at 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm from gestation day (GD) 10 until day 20 after delivery (PND 20). No significant alterations were observed in maternal and offspring reproductive parameters. At PND 20, serum triiodothyronine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (84.2\\% of the control value), and incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was increased in both sexes with significant difference in males at 1000 ppm. Diffuse liver cell hypertrophy accompanying increased relative liver weight and increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia of the renal proximal tubules were observed in both sexes with significant difference from 10 ppm in males and females, respectively. At postnatal week 11, serum thyroxine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (85.9\\% of the control value), and the incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was non-significantly increased from 10 ppm in males. There were reductions in the corpus callosum area and density of 2&#x27;,3&#x27;-cyclic nucleotide 3&#x27;-phosphodiesterase-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the cingulate deep cortex in males from 100 ppm. Conversely, NeuN-immunoreactive neuronal distribution in the hippocampal CA1 was unchanged. This suggests that developmental DBDE-exposure caused irreversible white matter hypoplasia targeting oligodendrocytes from 100 ppm, accompanied with developmental hypothyroidism. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of DBDE was determined to be 10 ppm (0.7-2.4 mg/kg-body weight-d).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)},\n\tauthor = {Fujimoto, Hitoshi and Woo, Gye-Hyeong and Inoue, Kaoru and Takahashi, Miwa and Hirose, Masao and Nishikawa, Akiyoshi and Shibutani, Makoto},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20851758},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal Feed, Animals, Corpus Callosum, Corpus Callosum: drug effects, Corpus Callosum: embryology, Corpus Callosum: growth \\&amp; development, Diet, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gyrus Cinguli, Gyrus Cinguli: drug effects, Gyrus Cinguli: embryology, Gyrus Cinguli: growth \\&amp; development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Oligodendroglia, Oligodendroglia: drug effects, Oligodendroglia: physiology, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\n\tpages = {86--94},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given diet containing decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) either at 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm from gestation day (GD) 10 until day 20 after delivery (PND 20). No significant alterations were observed in maternal and offspring reproductive parameters. At PND 20, serum triiodothyronine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (84.2% of the control value), and incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was increased in both sexes with significant difference in males at 1000 ppm. Diffuse liver cell hypertrophy accompanying increased relative liver weight and increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia of the renal proximal tubules were observed in both sexes with significant difference from 10 ppm in males and females, respectively. At postnatal week 11, serum thyroxine concentrations examined in males were slightly reduced at 1000 ppm (85.9% of the control value), and the incidence of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was non-significantly increased from 10 ppm in males. There were reductions in the corpus callosum area and density of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the cingulate deep cortex in males from 100 ppm. Conversely, NeuN-immunoreactive neuronal distribution in the hippocampal CA1 was unchanged. This suggests that developmental DBDE-exposure caused irreversible white matter hypoplasia targeting oligodendrocytes from 100 ppm, accompanied with developmental hypothyroidism. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of DBDE was determined to be 10 ppm (0.7-2.4 mg/kg-body weight-d).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"frouin-lebeuf-hammill-sjare-fournier-pbdesinserumandblubberofharborgreyandharpsealpupsfromeasterncanada-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'frouin-lebeuf-hammill-sjare-fournier-pbdesinserumandblubberofharborgreyandharpsealpupsfromeasterncanada-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068', event);\">\n    PBDEs in serum and blubber of harbor, grey and harp seal pups from Eastern Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Frouin, H.; Lebeuf, M.; Hammill, M.; Sjare, B.;  and Fournier, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 82(5): 663–9. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frouin-lebeuf-hammill-sjare-fournier-pbdesinserumandblubberofharborgreyandharpsealpupsfromeasterncanada-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in serum and blubber of harbor, grey and harp seal pups from Eastern Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frouin-lebeuf-hammill-sjare-fournier-pbdesinserumandblubberofharborgreyandharpsealpupsfromeasterncanada-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/frouin-lebeuf-hammill-sjare-fournier-pbdesinserumandblubberofharborgreyandharpsealpupsfromeasterncanada-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('frouin-lebeuf-hammill-sjare-fournier-pbdesinserumandblubberofharborgreyandharpsealpupsfromeasterncanada-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{frouin_pbdes_2011,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in serum and blubber of harbor, grey and harp seal pups from {Eastern} {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112068},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.007},\n\tabstract = {Serum and blubber of pup harbor (Phoca vitulina), grey (Halichoerus grypus) and harp (Phoca groenlandica) seals from the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of ∑PBDEs (on lipid weight basis) in tissues of harbor seal pups inhabiting the St. Lawrence Estuary were about five times higher than in those from a colony located in the northern Gulf. Harp seal pups have the lowest levels of ∑PBDEs among the seal species born in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lipid normalized concentrations of ∑PBDEs in serum and blubber were strongly correlated, suggesting that the blood collection as a less invasive method could be used to monitor ∑PBDEs in pups. This study shows that fluvial inputs of PBDEs are important to the St. Lawrence marine ecosystem and that inhabiting harbor seal pups have a substantial exposure to PBDEs at a critical developmental stage. In addition, the observed difference in PBDE levels between harp and grey or harbor seal pups from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is explained by the difference in diets of their mothers which is linked with their residency time in the Gulf and their seasonal migration pattern.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Frouin, Héloïse and Lebeuf, Michel and Hammill, Mike and Sjare, Becky and Fournier, Michel},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21112068},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {663--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Serum and blubber of pup harbor (Phoca vitulina), grey (Halichoerus grypus) and harp (Phoca groenlandica) seals from the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of ∑PBDEs (on lipid weight basis) in tissues of harbor seal pups inhabiting the St. Lawrence Estuary were about five times higher than in those from a colony located in the northern Gulf. Harp seal pups have the lowest levels of ∑PBDEs among the seal species born in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lipid normalized concentrations of ∑PBDEs in serum and blubber were strongly correlated, suggesting that the blood collection as a less invasive method could be used to monitor ∑PBDEs in pups. This study shows that fluvial inputs of PBDEs are important to the St. Lawrence marine ecosystem and that inhabiting harbor seal pups have a substantial exposure to PBDEs at a critical developmental stage. In addition, the observed difference in PBDE levels between harp and grey or harbor seal pups from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is explained by the difference in diets of their mothers which is linked with their residency time in the Gulf and their seasonal migration pattern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fries-mihajlovi-pollutionofsoilswithorganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizers-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fries-mihajlovi-pollutionofsoilswithorganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizers-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985', event);\">\n    Pollution of soils with organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fries, E.;  and Mihajlović, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 13(10): 2692–4. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fries-mihajlovi-pollutionofsoilswithorganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizers-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pollution of soils with organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10538h\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fries-mihajlovi-pollutionofsoilswithorganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizers-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10538h', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fries-mihajlovi-pollutionofsoilswithorganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizers-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fries-mihajlovi-pollutionofsoilswithorganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizers-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fries_pollution_2011,\n\ttitle = {Pollution of soils with organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869985},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10538h},\n\tabstract = {The detection of the three organophosphate esters TCEP, TCPP and TBEP in soil samples indicates that pollution of soils from diffuse atmospheric sources has to be considered in risk assessments.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Fries, Elke and Mihajlović, Ivana},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21869985},\n\tkeywords = {Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Risk Assessment, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: chemistry},\n\tpages = {2692--4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The detection of the three organophosphate esters TCEP, TCPP and TBEP in soil samples indicates that pollution of soils from diffuse atmospheric sources has to be considered in risk assessments.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933', event);\">\n    Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Foster, W. G; Gregorovich, S.; Morrison, K. M; Atkinson, S. A; Kubwabo, C.; Stewart, B.;  and Teo, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 84(10): 1301–9. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{foster_human_2011,\n\ttitle = {Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663933},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1±0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean=26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM=56.0 ng g(-1) lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β=-49.860, p=0.032, and β=-3.645, p=0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β=-3.951 and p=0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Foster, Warren G and Gregorovich, Sandra and Morrison, Katherine M and Atkinson, Stephanie A and Kubwabo, Cariton and Stewart, Brian and Teo, Koon},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21663933},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Birth Weight, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Newborn, Ontario, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Complications: epidemiology, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Outcome: epidemiology, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {1301--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1±0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean=26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM=56.0 ng g(-1) lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p\\textless0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β=-49.860, p=0.032, and β=-3.645, p=0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β=-3.951 and p=0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"faust-august-evidenceonthecarcinogenicityoftris13dichloro2propylphosphate-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'faust-august-evidenceonthecarcinogenicityoftris13dichloro2propylphosphate-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf', event);\">\n    Evidence on the carcinogenicity of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Faust, J. B;  and August, L. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment, Sacramento, CA,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('faust-august-evidenceonthecarcinogenicityoftris13dichloro2propylphosphate-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evidence on the carcinogenicity of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/faust-august-evidenceonthecarcinogenicityoftris13dichloro2propylphosphate-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('faust-august-evidenceonthecarcinogenicityoftris13dichloro2propylphosphate-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{faust_evidence_2011,\n\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\n\ttitle = {Evidence on the carcinogenicity of {Tris}(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/OEHHA July 2011 TDCPP070811.pdf},\n\tnumber = {July},\n\tpublisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},\n\tauthor = {Faust, John B and August, Laura Meehan},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    A comparison of PBDE serum concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American children living in California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eskenazi, B.; Fenster, L.; Castorina, R.; Marks, A. R; Sjödin, A.; Rosas, L. G.; Holland, N.; Guerra, A. G.; Lopez-Carillo, L.;  and Bradman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(10): 1442–8. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A comparison of PBDE serum concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American children living in California. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002874\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002874', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,\n\ttitle = {A comparison of {PBDE} serum concentrations in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} children living in {California}.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3230428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002874},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), which are used as flame retardants, have been found to be higher in residents of California than of other parts of the United States.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21498147},\n\tkeywords = {Child, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mexican Americans, Pregnancy, Preschool, california},\n\tpages = {1442--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), which are used as flame retardants, have been found to be higher in residents of California than of other parts of the United States.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf', event);\">\n    A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eskenazi, B.; Fenster, L.; Castorina, R.; Marks, A. R; Sjödin, A.; Rosas, L. G.; Holland, N.; Guerra, A. G.; Lopez-Carillo, L.;  and Bradman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 119(10). April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,\n\ttitle = {A {Comparison} of {PBDE} {Serum} {Concentrations} in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} {Children} {Living} in {California}},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\turl = {http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info:doi/10.1289/ehp.1002874 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eskenazi et al. - 2011 - A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.pdf},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"erratico-moffatt-bandiera-comparativeoxidativemetabolismofbde47andbde99byrathepaticmicrosomes-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'erratico-moffatt-bandiera-comparativeoxidativemetabolismofbde47andbde99byrathepaticmicrosomes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328', event);\">\n    Comparative oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 by rat hepatic microsomes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Erratico, C. A; Moffatt, S. C;  and Bandiera, S. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 123(1): 37–47. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('erratico-moffatt-bandiera-comparativeoxidativemetabolismofbde47andbde99byrathepaticmicrosomes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparative oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 by rat hepatic microsomes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr155\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('erratico-moffatt-bandiera-comparativeoxidativemetabolismofbde47andbde99byrathepaticmicrosomes-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr155', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/erratico-moffatt-bandiera-comparativeoxidativemetabolismofbde47andbde99byrathepaticmicrosomes-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('erratico-moffatt-bandiera-comparativeoxidativemetabolismofbde47andbde99byrathepaticmicrosomes-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{erratico_comparative_2011,\n\ttitle = {Comparative oxidative metabolism of {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 by rat hepatic microsomes.},\n\tvolume = {123},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673328},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr155},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) are among the most prevalent PBDEs detected in humans, wildlife, and abiotic environmental matrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in rat hepatic microsomes by comparing metabolite formation rates, kinetic parameters associated with metabolite formation, and the effects of prototypical cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers. The CYP enzymes involved were also identified. Incubation of BDE-47 with hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats generated a total of five hydroxylated (OH-BDE) metabolites, among which 4&#x27;-hydroxy-2,2&#x27;,4,5&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4&#x27;-OH-BDE-49) and 3-hydroxy-2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47) were the major metabolites, as identified using authentic standards and quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Incubations of BDE-99 with hepatic microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats produced a total of seven hydroxylated metabolites, among which 4-hydroxy-2,2&#x27;,3,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-90) and 6&#x27;-hydroxy-2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (6&#x27;-OH-BDE-99) were the major metabolites. Although the overall rate of oxidative metabolism of BDE-99 by hepatic microsomes was greater than that of BDE-47, para-hydroxylation involving a National Institutes of Health shift mechanism represented a major metabolic pathway for both PBDE congeners. Among the rat recombinant CYP enzymes tested, CYP2A2 and CYP3A1 were the most active in BDE-47 and BDE-99 metabolism, respectively. However, CYP1A1 exhibited the highest activity for 4&#x27;-OH-BDE-49 and 6&#x27;-OH-BDE-99 formation, and CYP3A1 exhibited the highest activity for 3-OH-BDE-47 and 4-OH-BDE-90 formation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 is mediated by distinct but overlapping sets of CYP enzymes and represents a key process that determines the bioaccumulation of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in mammals.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Erratico, Claudio A and Moffatt, Sarah C and Bandiera, Stelvio M},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21673328},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Enzyme Induction, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Long-Evans, Male, Metabolic Detoxication, Microsomes, Phase I, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats},\n\tpages = {37--47},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) are among the most prevalent PBDEs detected in humans, wildlife, and abiotic environmental matrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in rat hepatic microsomes by comparing metabolite formation rates, kinetic parameters associated with metabolite formation, and the effects of prototypical cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers. The CYP enzymes involved were also identified. Incubation of BDE-47 with hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats generated a total of five hydroxylated (OH-BDE) metabolites, among which 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-49) and 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47) were the major metabolites, as identified using authentic standards and quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Incubations of BDE-99 with hepatic microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats produced a total of seven hydroxylated metabolites, among which 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-90) and 6'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (6'-OH-BDE-99) were the major metabolites. Although the overall rate of oxidative metabolism of BDE-99 by hepatic microsomes was greater than that of BDE-47, para-hydroxylation involving a National Institutes of Health shift mechanism represented a major metabolic pathway for both PBDE congeners. Among the rat recombinant CYP enzymes tested, CYP2A2 and CYP3A1 were the most active in BDE-47 and BDE-99 metabolism, respectively. However, CYP1A1 exhibited the highest activity for 4'-OH-BDE-49 and 6'-OH-BDE-99 formation, and CYP3A1 exhibited the highest activity for 3-OH-BDE-47 and 4-OH-BDE-90 formation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that oxidative metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 is mediated by distinct but overlapping sets of CYP enzymes and represents a key process that determines the bioaccumulation of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in mammals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-premanufacturenoticepmnforp10476-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-premanufacturenoticepmnforp10476-2011', 'http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm', event);\">\n    Premanufacture Notice (PMN) for P-10-476.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-premanufacturenoticepmnforp10476-2011', 'http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Premanufacture Notice (PMN) for P-10-476 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-premanufacturenoticepmnforp10476-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-premanufacturenoticepmnforp10476-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_premanufacture_2011,\n\ttitle = {Premanufacture {Notice} ({PMN}) for {P}-10-476},\n\turl = {http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-28/html/2011-33261.htm},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ec-commissionregulationeuno1432011of17february2011-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ec-commissionregulationeuno1432011of17february2011-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf', event);\">\n    Commission Regulation (EU) No 143/2011 of 17 February 2011.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Official Journal of the European Union</i>, L44(54): 2–6.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ec-commissionregulationeuno1432011of17february2011-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Commission Regulation (EU) No 143/2011 of 17 February 2011 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ec-commissionregulationeuno1432011of17february2011-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ec-commissionregulationeuno1432011of17february2011-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ec_commission_2011,\n\ttitle = {Commission {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 143/2011 of 17 {February} 2011},\n\tvolume = {L44},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD REACH reg.pdf},\n\tnumber = {54},\n\tjournal = {Official Journal of the European Union},\n\tauthor = {{EC}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {2--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eggesb-thomsen-jrgensen-becher-odland-longnecker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanmilkandthyroidstimulatinghormonetshinneonates-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eggesb-thomsen-jrgensen-becher-odland-longnecker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanmilkandthyroidstimulatinghormonetshinneonates-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in neonates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eggesbø, M.; Thomsen, C.; Jørgensen, J. V; Becher, G.; Odland, J. Ø.;  and Longnecker, M. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental research</i>, 111(6): 737–43. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eggesb-thomsen-jrgensen-becher-odland-longnecker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanmilkandthyroidstimulatinghormonetshinneonates-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in neonates. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eggesb-thomsen-jrgensen-becher-odland-longnecker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanmilkandthyroidstimulatinghormonetshinneonates-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eggesb-thomsen-jrgensen-becher-odland-longnecker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanmilkandthyroidstimulatinghormonetshinneonates-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eggesb-thomsen-jrgensen-becher-odland-longnecker-associationsbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanmilkandthyroidstimulatinghormonetshinneonates-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eggesbo_associations_2011,\n\ttitle = {Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone ({TSH}) in neonates.},\n\tvolume = {111},\n\tissn = {1096-0953},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143212&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.004},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been in widespread use in a vast array of consumer products since the 1970s. The metabolites of some BFRs show a structural similarity to thyroid hormones and experimental animal studies have confirmed that they may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. A major concern has been whether intrauterine exposure to BFRs may disturb thyroid homeostasis since the fetal brain is particularly susceptible to alterations in thyroid hormones. However, few reports on newborns have been published to date.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental research},\n\tauthor = {Eggesbø, Merete and Thomsen, Cathrine and Jørgensen, Jens V and Becher, Georg and Odland, Jon Øyvind and Longnecker, Matthew P},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21601188},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Newborn, Norway, Norway: epidemiology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Thyrotropin: drug effects},\n\tpages = {737--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been in widespread use in a vast array of consumer products since the 1970s. The metabolites of some BFRs show a structural similarity to thyroid hormones and experimental animal studies have confirmed that they may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. A major concern has been whether intrauterine exposure to BFRs may disturb thyroid homeostasis since the fetal brain is particularly susceptible to alterations in thyroid hormones. However, few reports on newborns have been published to date.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595', event);\">\n    Is the PentaBDE Replacement, Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP), a Developmental Neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 Cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dishaw, L. V.; Powers, C. M.; Ryde, I. T.; Roberts, S. C.; Seidler, F. J.; Slotkin, T. A.;  and Stapleton, H. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</i>. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is the PentaBDE Replacement, Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP), a Developmental Neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 Cells [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dishaw_is_2011,\n\ttitle = {Is the {PentaBDE} {Replacement}, {Tris} (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) {Phosphate} ({TDCPP}), a {Developmental} {Neurotoxicant}? {Studies} in {PC12} {Cells}},\n\tissn = {0041008X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255595},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (1,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number, and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Dishaw, Laura V. and Powers, Christina M. and Ryde, Ian T. and Roberts, Simon C. and Seidler, Frederic J. and Slotkin, Theodore A. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21255595},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (1,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number, and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dingemans-vandenberg-westerink-neurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsindirecteffectsofparentandhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dingemans-vandenberg-westerink-neurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsindirecteffectsofparentandhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dingemans, M. M L; van den Berg, M.;  and Westerink, R. H S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(7): 900–7. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dingemans-vandenberg-westerink-neurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsindirecteffectsofparentandhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dingemans-vandenberg-westerink-neurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsindirecteffectsofparentandhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dingemans-vandenberg-westerink-neurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsindirecteffectsofparentandhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dingemans-vandenberg-westerink-neurotoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsindirecteffectsofparentandhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dingemans_neurotoxicity_2011,\n\ttitle = {Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3223008&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003035},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (OH-) or methoxylated forms have been detected in humans. Because this raises concern about adverse effects on the developing brain, we reviewed the scientific literature on these mechanisms.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Dingemans, Milou M L and van den Berg, Martin and Westerink, Remco H S},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21245014},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydroxylation, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment},\n\tpages = {900--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (OH-) or methoxylated forms have been detected in humans. Because this raises concern about adverse effects on the developing brain, we reviewed the scientific literature on these mechanisms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"daubi-bisson-lalonde-schroeder-rychen-neurobehavioralandphysiologicaleffectsoflowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde99inmaleadultrats-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'daubi-bisson-lalonde-schroeder-rychen-neurobehavioralandphysiologicaleffectsoflowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde99inmaleadultrats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696', event);\">\n    Neurobehavioral and physiological effects of low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-99 in male adult rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Daubié, S.; Bisson, J.; Lalonde, R.; Schroeder, H.;  and Rychen, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 204(1): 57–63. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daubi-bisson-lalonde-schroeder-rychen-neurobehavioralandphysiologicaleffectsoflowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde99inmaleadultrats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurobehavioral and physiological effects of low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-99 in male adult rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daubi-bisson-lalonde-schroeder-rychen-neurobehavioralandphysiologicaleffectsoflowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde99inmaleadultrats-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/daubi-bisson-lalonde-schroeder-rychen-neurobehavioralandphysiologicaleffectsoflowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde99inmaleadultrats-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('daubi-bisson-lalonde-schroeder-rychen-neurobehavioralandphysiologicaleffectsoflowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde99inmaleadultrats-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{daubie_neurobehavioral_2011,\n\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral and physiological effects of low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE})-99 in male adult rats.},\n\tvolume = {204},\n\tissn = {1879-3169},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524696},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.009},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants. Because of their high lipophilicity and persistence, PBDEs bioaccumulate in all abiotic and biological matrices. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term neurobehavioral and physiological effects of exposure to environmental doses of PBDE-99 in adult rats. Rats received a daily administration of PBDE-99 for 90 days by oral gavage at 0.15, 1.5 and 15μg/kg, doses which are relevant of human exposure. Before and after the 90 days of exposure, behavioral tests including the open-field and the elevated plus-maze tests for locomotor activity and anxiety, and the Morris water maze for spatial learning were conducted. Physiological measures such as body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels and PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue were also evaluated at the end of exposure. There was no effect on body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels despite rising PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue with the doses tested. Moreover, there was no effect on locomotor activity and exploration, and spatial learning. Deleterious effects of PBDE-99 at high doses have often been highlighted in many studies after an acute dose whereas exposure during 90 days at realistic doses would have no significant effect in adult rats.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Daubié, Stéphanie and Bisson, Jean-François and Lalonde, Robert and Schroeder, Henri and Rychen, Guido},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21524696},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drinking, Drinking: drug effects, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},\n\tpages = {57--63},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants. Because of their high lipophilicity and persistence, PBDEs bioaccumulate in all abiotic and biological matrices. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term neurobehavioral and physiological effects of exposure to environmental doses of PBDE-99 in adult rats. Rats received a daily administration of PBDE-99 for 90 days by oral gavage at 0.15, 1.5 and 15μg/kg, doses which are relevant of human exposure. Before and after the 90 days of exposure, behavioral tests including the open-field and the elevated plus-maze tests for locomotor activity and anxiety, and the Morris water maze for spatial learning were conducted. Physiological measures such as body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels and PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue were also evaluated at the end of exposure. There was no effect on body weight, food and water consumption, organs weight, hepatic enzymes levels despite rising PBDE-99 concentration in adipose tissue with the doses tested. Moreover, there was no effect on locomotor activity and exploration, and spatial learning. Deleterious effects of PBDE-99 at high doses have often been highlighted in many studies after an acute dose whereas exposure during 90 days at realistic doses would have no significant effect in adult rats.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397', event);\">\n    Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo Province, South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Darnerud, P. O.; Aune, M.; Larsson, L.; Lignell, S.; Mutshatshi, T.; Okonkwo, J.; Botha, B.;  and Agyei, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 409(19): 4048–53. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo Province, South Africa. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{darnerud_levels_2011,\n\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from {Limpopo} {Province}, {South} {Africa}.},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708397},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054},\n\tabstract = {The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n=28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n=14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4600 and over 20,000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n=28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Darnerud, Per Ola and Aune, Marie and Larsson, Lotta and Lignell, Sanna and Mutshatshi, Tshinanne and Okonkwo, Jonathan and Botha, Ben and Agyei, Nana},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21708397},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, South Africa},\n\tpages = {4048--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n=28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n=14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4600 and over 20,000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n=28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"costa-giordano-isdecabromodiphenyletherbde209adevelopmentalneurotoxicant-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'costa-giordano-isdecabromodiphenyletherbde209adevelopmentalneurotoxicant-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Is decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) a developmental neurotoxicant?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Costa, L. G;  and Giordano, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology</i>, 32(1): 9–24. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('costa-giordano-isdecabromodiphenyletherbde209adevelopmentalneurotoxicant-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) a developmental neurotoxicant? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('costa-giordano-isdecabromodiphenyletherbde209adevelopmentalneurotoxicant-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/costa-giordano-isdecabromodiphenyletherbde209adevelopmentalneurotoxicant-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('costa-giordano-isdecabromodiphenyletherbde209adevelopmentalneurotoxicant-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{costa_is_2011,\n\ttitle = {Is decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) a developmental neurotoxicant?},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1872-9711},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3046405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.010},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The relatively higher body burden in toddlers and children has raised concern for their potential developmental neurotoxicity, which has been suggested by animal studies, in vitro experiments, and recent human epidemiological evidence. While lower brominated PBDEs have been banned in several countries, the fully brominated decaBDE (BDE-209) is still utilized, though manufacturers will discontinue production in the U.S.A. in 2013. The recent decision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to base the reference dose (RfD) for BDE-209 on a developmental neurotoxicity study has generated some controversy. Because of its bulky configuration, BDE-209 is poorly absorbed and does not easily penetrate the cell wall. Its acute and chronic toxicities are relatively low, with the liver and the thyroid as the primary targets, though there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. A few animal studies have indicated that BDE-209 may cause developmental neurotoxicity, affecting motor and cognitive domains, as seen for other PBDEs. Limited in vivo and in vitro studies have also evidenced effects of BDE-209 on thyroid hormone homeostasis and direct effects on nervous cells, again similar to what found with other lower brominated PBDEs. In contrast, a recent developmental neurotoxicity study, carried out according to international guidelines, has provided no evidence of adverse effects on neurodevelopment, and this should be considered in a future re-evaluation of BDE-209. While estimated exposure to BDE-209 in children is believed to be several orders of magnitude below the most conservative RfD proposed by the USEPA, questions remain on the extent and relevance of BDE-209 metabolism to lower brominated PBDEs in the environment and in humans.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Costa, Lucio G and Giordano, Gennaro},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21182867},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Developmental Disabilities: diagnosis, Developmental Disabilities: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans},\n\tpages = {9--24},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The relatively higher body burden in toddlers and children has raised concern for their potential developmental neurotoxicity, which has been suggested by animal studies, in vitro experiments, and recent human epidemiological evidence. While lower brominated PBDEs have been banned in several countries, the fully brominated decaBDE (BDE-209) is still utilized, though manufacturers will discontinue production in the U.S.A. in 2013. The recent decision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to base the reference dose (RfD) for BDE-209 on a developmental neurotoxicity study has generated some controversy. Because of its bulky configuration, BDE-209 is poorly absorbed and does not easily penetrate the cell wall. Its acute and chronic toxicities are relatively low, with the liver and the thyroid as the primary targets, though there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. A few animal studies have indicated that BDE-209 may cause developmental neurotoxicity, affecting motor and cognitive domains, as seen for other PBDEs. Limited in vivo and in vitro studies have also evidenced effects of BDE-209 on thyroid hormone homeostasis and direct effects on nervous cells, again similar to what found with other lower brominated PBDEs. In contrast, a recent developmental neurotoxicity study, carried out according to international guidelines, has provided no evidence of adverse effects on neurodevelopment, and this should be considered in a future re-evaluation of BDE-209. While estimated exposure to BDE-209 in children is believed to be several orders of magnitude below the most conservative RfD proposed by the USEPA, questions remain on the extent and relevance of BDE-209 metabolism to lower brominated PBDEs in the environment and in humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"covaci-harrad-abdallah-ali-law-herzke-dewit-novelbrominatedflameretardantsareviewoftheiranalysisenvironmentalfateandbehaviour-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'covaci-harrad-abdallah-ali-law-herzke-dewit-novelbrominatedflameretardantsareviewoftheiranalysisenvironmentalfateandbehaviour-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217', event);\">\n    Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Covaci, A.; Harrad, S.; Abdallah, M. A.; Ali, N.; Law, R. J; Herzke, D.;  and de Wit, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(2): 532–56. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('covaci-harrad-abdallah-ali-law-herzke-dewit-novelbrominatedflameretardantsareviewoftheiranalysisenvironmentalfateandbehaviour-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('covaci-harrad-abdallah-ali-law-herzke-dewit-novelbrominatedflameretardantsareviewoftheiranalysisenvironmentalfateandbehaviour-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/covaci-harrad-abdallah-ali-law-herzke-dewit-novelbrominatedflameretardantsareviewoftheiranalysisenvironmentalfateandbehaviour-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('covaci-harrad-abdallah-ali-law-herzke-dewit-novelbrominatedflameretardantsareviewoftheiranalysisenvironmentalfateandbehaviour-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{covaci_novel_2011,\n\ttitle = {Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168217},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007},\n\tabstract = {This review summarises current knowledge about production volumes, physico-chemical properties, analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and behaviour and human exposure to the &quot;novel&quot; brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). We define the term NBFRs as relating to BFRs which are new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. Restrictions and bans on the use of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, in many jurisdictions, have created a market for the use of NBFRs. To date, most data on NBFRs have arisen as additional information generated by research designed principally to study more &quot;traditional&quot; BFRs, such as PBDEs. This has led to a wide variety of analytical approaches for sample extraction, extract purification and instrumental analysis of NBFRs. An overview of environmental occurrence in abiotic matrices, aquatic biota, terrestrial biota and birds is presented. Evidence concerning the metabolism and absorption of different NBFRs is reviewed. Human exposure to NBFRs via different exposure pathways is discussed, and research gaps related to analysis, environmental sources, fate, and behaviour and human exposure are identified.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Harrad, Stuart and Abdallah, Mohamed A-E and Ali, Nadeem and Law, Robin J and Herzke, Dorte and de Wit, Cynthia A},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21168217},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aquatic Organisms, Aquatic Organisms: drug effects, Aquatic Organisms: metabolism, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil, Soil: chemistry},\n\tpages = {532--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This review summarises current knowledge about production volumes, physico-chemical properties, analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and behaviour and human exposure to the \"novel\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). We define the term NBFRs as relating to BFRs which are new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. Restrictions and bans on the use of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, in many jurisdictions, have created a market for the use of NBFRs. To date, most data on NBFRs have arisen as additional information generated by research designed principally to study more \"traditional\" BFRs, such as PBDEs. This has led to a wide variety of analytical approaches for sample extraction, extract purification and instrumental analysis of NBFRs. An overview of environmental occurrence in abiotic matrices, aquatic biota, terrestrial biota and birds is presented. Evidence concerning the metabolism and absorption of different NBFRs is reviewed. Human exposure to NBFRs via different exposure pathways is discussed, and research gaps related to analysis, environmental sources, fate, and behaviour and human exposure are identified.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-covaci-vannuijs-webster-stapleton-analysisoftheflameretardantmetabolitesbis13dichloro2propylphosphatebdcppanddiphenylphosphatedppinurineusingliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cooper-covaci-vannuijs-webster-stapleton-analysisoftheflameretardantmetabolitesbis13dichloro2propylphosphatebdcppanddiphenylphosphatedppinurineusingliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137', event);\">\n    Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, E M; Covaci, A.; van Nuijs, A L N; Webster, T F;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</i>, 401(7): 2123–2132. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-covaci-vannuijs-webster-stapleton-analysisoftheflameretardantmetabolitesbis13dichloro2propylphosphatebdcppanddiphenylphosphatedppinurineusingliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-covaci-vannuijs-webster-stapleton-analysisoftheflameretardantmetabolitesbis13dichloro2propylphosphatebdcppanddiphenylphosphatedppinurineusingliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-covaci-vannuijs-webster-stapleton-analysisoftheflameretardantmetabolitesbis13dichloro2propylphosphatebdcppanddiphenylphosphatedppinurineusingliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-covaci-vannuijs-webster-stapleton-analysisoftheflameretardantmetabolitesbis13dichloro2propylphosphatebdcppanddiphenylphosphatedppinurineusingliquidchromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_analysis_2011,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({BDCPP}) and diphenyl phosphate ({DPP}) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.},\n\tvolume = {401},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830137},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate triesters tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate are widely used flame retardants (FRs) present in many products common to human environments, yet understanding of human exposure and health effects of these compounds is limited. Monitoring urinary metabolites as biomarkers of exposure can be a valuable aid for improving this understanding; however, no previously published method exists for the analysis of the primary TDCPP metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), in human urine. Here, we present a method to extract the metabolites BDCPP and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in human urine using mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction and mass-labeled internal standards with analysis by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limit was 8 pg mL(-1) urine for BDCPP and 204 pg mL(-1) for DPP. Recoveries of analytes spiked into urine ranged from 82 ± 10\\% to 91 ± 4\\% for BDCPP and from 72 ± 12\\% to 76 ± 8\\% for DPP. Analysis of a small number of urine samples (n=9) randomly collected from non-occupationally exposed adults revealed the presence of both BDCPP and DPP in all samples. Non-normalized urinary concentrations ranged from 46-1,662 pg BDCPP mL(-1) to 287-7,443 pg DPP mL(-1), with geometric means of 147 pg BDCPP mL(-1) and 1,074 pg DPP mL(-1). Levels of DPP were higher than those of BDCPP in 89\\% of samples. The presented method is simple and sufficiently sensitive to detect these FR metabolites in humans and may be applied to future studies to increase our understanding of exposure to and potential health effects from FRs.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, E M and Covaci, Adrian and van Nuijs, A L N and Webster, T F and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Liquid, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {2123--2132},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate triesters tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate are widely used flame retardants (FRs) present in many products common to human environments, yet understanding of human exposure and health effects of these compounds is limited. Monitoring urinary metabolites as biomarkers of exposure can be a valuable aid for improving this understanding; however, no previously published method exists for the analysis of the primary TDCPP metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), in human urine. Here, we present a method to extract the metabolites BDCPP and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in human urine using mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction and mass-labeled internal standards with analysis by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limit was 8 pg mL(-1) urine for BDCPP and 204 pg mL(-1) for DPP. Recoveries of analytes spiked into urine ranged from 82 ± 10% to 91 ± 4% for BDCPP and from 72 ± 12% to 76 ± 8% for DPP. Analysis of a small number of urine samples (n=9) randomly collected from non-occupationally exposed adults revealed the presence of both BDCPP and DPP in all samples. Non-normalized urinary concentrations ranged from 46-1,662 pg BDCPP mL(-1) to 287-7,443 pg DPP mL(-1), with geometric means of 147 pg BDCPP mL(-1) and 1,074 pg DPP mL(-1). Levels of DPP were higher than those of BDCPP in 89% of samples. The presented method is simple and sufficiently sensitive to detect these FR metabolites in humans and may be applied to future studies to increase our understanding of exposure to and potential health effects from FRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chevrier-harley-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-prenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsandneonatalthyroidstimulatinghormonelevelsinthechamacosstudy-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chevrier-harley-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-prenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsandneonatalthyroidstimulatinghormonelevelsinthechamacosstudy-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the CHAMACOS study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chevrier, J.; Harley, K. G; Bradman, A.; Sjödin, A.;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American journal of epidemiology</i>, 174(10): 1166–74. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chevrier-harley-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-prenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsandneonatalthyroidstimulatinghormonelevelsinthechamacosstudy-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the CHAMACOS study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr223\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chevrier-harley-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-prenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsandneonatalthyroidstimulatinghormonelevelsinthechamacosstudy-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr223', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chevrier-harley-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-prenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsandneonatalthyroidstimulatinghormonelevelsinthechamacosstudy-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chevrier-harley-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-prenatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsandneonatalthyroidstimulatinghormonelevelsinthechamacosstudy-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chevrier_prenatal_2011,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the {CHAMACOS} study.},\n\tvolume = {174},\n\tissn = {1476-6256},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3246686&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/aje/kwr223},\n\tabstract = {Studies published in the last 3 decades have demonstrated global human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. A growing body of literature suggests that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. Although thyroid hormones play an essential role in brain development, few studies have investigated relations between prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neonatal thyroid hormone levels, and none have measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in neonates. The authors measured 10 PBDE congeners in serum collected between October 1999 and October 2000 from 289 pregnant women living in California&#x27;s Salinas Valley and abstracted TSH levels from their children&#x27;s medical records. Individual PBDE congeners showed null or weak nonsignificant inverse relations with neonatal TSH. Total serum PBDE was not associated with neonatal TSH (β = 0.00, 95\\% confidence interval: -0.06, 0.06). Except for brominated diphenyl ether 153, a higher serum PBDE level was related to elevated odds of high TSH (≥80th percentile), but associations were not statistically significant. Associations were not modified by infant sex, age at TSH measurement, maternal serum polychlorinated biphenyl concentration, or mode of delivery. Results were robust to sensitivity analysis. The authors found no conclusive evidence that prenatal exposure to PBDEs at levels similar to those of the general US population is related to neonatal TSH.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {American journal of epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21984658},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Socioeconomic Factors, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Young Adult, california},\n\tpages = {1166--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Studies published in the last 3 decades have demonstrated global human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. A growing body of literature suggests that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. Although thyroid hormones play an essential role in brain development, few studies have investigated relations between prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neonatal thyroid hormone levels, and none have measured thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in neonates. The authors measured 10 PBDE congeners in serum collected between October 1999 and October 2000 from 289 pregnant women living in California's Salinas Valley and abstracted TSH levels from their children's medical records. Individual PBDE congeners showed null or weak nonsignificant inverse relations with neonatal TSH. Total serum PBDE was not associated with neonatal TSH (β = 0.00, 95% confidence interval: -0.06, 0.06). Except for brominated diphenyl ether 153, a higher serum PBDE level was related to elevated odds of high TSH (≥80th percentile), but associations were not statistically significant. Associations were not modified by infant sex, age at TSH measurement, maternal serum polychlorinated biphenyl concentration, or mode of delivery. Results were robust to sensitivity analysis. The authors found no conclusive evidence that prenatal exposure to PBDEs at levels similar to those of the general US population is related to neonatal TSH.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-letcher-gauthier-chu-mccrindle-potter-novelmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenoxybenzenecongenersandpossiblesourcesinherringgulleggsfromthelaurentiangreatlakesofnorthamerica-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-letcher-gauthier-chu-mccrindle-potter-novelmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenoxybenzenecongenersandpossiblesourcesinherringgulleggsfromthelaurentiangreatlakesofnorthamerica-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880', event);\">\n    Novel methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene congeners and possible sources in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.; Letcher, R. J; Gauthier, L. T; Chu, S.; McCrindle, R.;  and Potter, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(22): 9523–30. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-gauthier-chu-mccrindle-potter-novelmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenoxybenzenecongenersandpossiblesourcesinherringgulleggsfromthelaurentiangreatlakesofnorthamerica-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene congeners and possible sources in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es201325g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-letcher-gauthier-chu-mccrindle-potter-novelmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenoxybenzenecongenersandpossiblesourcesinherringgulleggsfromthelaurentiangreatlakesofnorthamerica-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es201325g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-letcher-gauthier-chu-mccrindle-potter-novelmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenoxybenzenecongenersandpossiblesourcesinherringgulleggsfromthelaurentiangreatlakesofnorthamerica-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-letcher-gauthier-chu-mccrindle-potter-novelmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenoxybenzenecongenersandpossiblesourcesinherringgulleggsfromthelaurentiangreatlakesofnorthamerica-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_novel_2011,\n\ttitle = {Novel methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene congeners and possible sources in herring gull eggs from the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes} of {North} {America}.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966880},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es201325g},\n\tabstract = {An increasing number of brominated flame retardants and other brominated substances are being reported in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Yet, in extracts from gulls&#x27; eggs, numerous bromide anion response peaks in electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mass chromatograms remain unidentified. Using archived herring gull egg homogenates, we characterize the structures of three major and three minor, new and unique brominated substances. After extensive cleanup and separation to isolate these substances from the extracts, high-quality ECNI and electron impact (EI) mass spectra revealed fragmentation patterns consistent with congeners of methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene (MeO-PBDPB), where four congeners contained five bromines and the other two contain four and six bromines, respectively. Optimized, semiquantitative analysis revealed sum concentrations of the MeO-PBDBP congeners ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless0.2 to 36.8 ng/g ww in pooled egg homogenates (collected in 2009) from fourteen herring gull colony sites across the Great Lakes, with the highest concentration being for Channel-Shelter Island in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron). To our knowledge, there are no published reports on the environmental presence and sources of MeO-PBDPBs. We hypothesize that these MeO-PBDPBs are degradation products of the polybrominated diphenoxybenzenes, for example, tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene (currently marketed as SAYTEX 120) or polybromo 3P2E. MeO-PBDPBs in Great Lakes herring gull eggs indicates their bioaccumulation potential, and raises concerns about their origin, environmental behavior and influences on wildlife and environmental health.},\n\tnumber = {22},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Letcher, Robert J and Gauthier, Lewis T and Chu, Shaogang and McCrindle, Robert and Potter, Dave},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21966880},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Lakes, Lakes: analysis, North America, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {9523--30},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An increasing number of brominated flame retardants and other brominated substances are being reported in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Yet, in extracts from gulls' eggs, numerous bromide anion response peaks in electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mass chromatograms remain unidentified. Using archived herring gull egg homogenates, we characterize the structures of three major and three minor, new and unique brominated substances. After extensive cleanup and separation to isolate these substances from the extracts, high-quality ECNI and electron impact (EI) mass spectra revealed fragmentation patterns consistent with congeners of methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene (MeO-PBDPB), where four congeners contained five bromines and the other two contain four and six bromines, respectively. Optimized, semiquantitative analysis revealed sum concentrations of the MeO-PBDBP congeners ranged from \\textless0.2 to 36.8 ng/g ww in pooled egg homogenates (collected in 2009) from fourteen herring gull colony sites across the Great Lakes, with the highest concentration being for Channel-Shelter Island in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron). To our knowledge, there are no published reports on the environmental presence and sources of MeO-PBDPBs. We hypothesize that these MeO-PBDPBs are degradation products of the polybrominated diphenoxybenzenes, for example, tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene (currently marketed as SAYTEX 120) or polybromo 3P2E. MeO-PBDPBs in Great Lakes herring gull eggs indicates their bioaccumulation potential, and raises concerns about their origin, environmental behavior and influences on wildlife and environmental health.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-bi-liu-huang-sheng-fu-phasepartitioningconcentrationvariationandriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheatmosphereofanewasterecyclingsite-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-bi-liu-huang-sheng-fu-phasepartitioningconcentrationvariationandriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheatmosphereofanewasterecyclingsite-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432', event);\">\n    Phase partitioning, concentration variation and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of an e-waste recycling site.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.; Bi, X.; Liu, M.; Huang, B.; Sheng, G.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-bi-liu-huang-sheng-fu-phasepartitioningconcentrationvariationandriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheatmosphereofanewasterecyclingsite-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phase partitioning, concentration variation and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of an e-waste recycling site. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-bi-liu-huang-sheng-fu-phasepartitioningconcentrationvariationandriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheatmosphereofanewasterecyclingsite-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-bi-liu-huang-sheng-fu-phasepartitioningconcentrationvariationandriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheatmosphereofanewasterecyclingsite-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-bi-liu-huang-sheng-fu-phasepartitioningconcentrationvariationandriskassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesintheatmosphereofanewasterecyclingsite-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_phase_2011,\n\ttitle = {Phase partitioning, concentration variation and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in the atmosphere of an e-waste recycling site.},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216432},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.035},\n\tabstract = {The daytime and nighttime air samples were collected from an e-waste recycling site in Guiyu (GY) and its upwind and downwind direction sites in Chendian (CD) and Gurao (GR), respectively, during September and December 2005 to determine the phase partitioning, seasonal and diurnal variation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The three sites showed similar congener compositions with BDEs-28, -47, -99, -207 and -209 as the dominant congeners. The gas phase contribution ranged from 42.1\\%±17.1\\% of the total PBDEs in summer to 9.0\\%±8.6\\% in winter. Partitioning of PBDEs between gas and particulate phases was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) for all samples. Both Junge-Pankow adsorption model and K(OA)-based absorption model fitted well the PBDEs data in winter but overestimated the sorption of PBDEs in summer. The mean atmospheric concentrations of BDEs-47 (2748pgm(-3) in summer and 6146pgm(-3) in winter) and -99 (1656pgm(-3) in summer and 4911pgm(-3) in winter) in GY were much higher than those from other places around the world. Additionally, the time series of PBDEs in GY demonstrated a pronounced diurnal variation pattern, but not CD and GR, where PBDEs appeared partly associated with regional accumulation. Source characterization from local emissions may be the major factor controlling the diurnal variation of PBDEs in GY air. The risk assessment showed that the total daily intakes of BDE-99 in GY was 9.0-34.9ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1), which is higher than the maximal allowed intake level (0.26ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1)) with factors of 35-135, indicating possible health risk for GY residents with exposure to PBDEs.},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Duohong and Bi, Xinhui and Liu, Ming and Huang, Bo and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21216432},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The daytime and nighttime air samples were collected from an e-waste recycling site in Guiyu (GY) and its upwind and downwind direction sites in Chendian (CD) and Gurao (GR), respectively, during September and December 2005 to determine the phase partitioning, seasonal and diurnal variation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The three sites showed similar congener compositions with BDEs-28, -47, -99, -207 and -209 as the dominant congeners. The gas phase contribution ranged from 42.1%±17.1% of the total PBDEs in summer to 9.0%±8.6% in winter. Partitioning of PBDEs between gas and particulate phases was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) for all samples. Both Junge-Pankow adsorption model and K(OA)-based absorption model fitted well the PBDEs data in winter but overestimated the sorption of PBDEs in summer. The mean atmospheric concentrations of BDEs-47 (2748pgm(-3) in summer and 6146pgm(-3) in winter) and -99 (1656pgm(-3) in summer and 4911pgm(-3) in winter) in GY were much higher than those from other places around the world. Additionally, the time series of PBDEs in GY demonstrated a pronounced diurnal variation pattern, but not CD and GR, where PBDEs appeared partly associated with regional accumulation. Source characterization from local emissions may be the major factor controlling the diurnal variation of PBDEs in GY air. The risk assessment showed that the total daily intakes of BDE-99 in GY was 9.0-34.9ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1), which is higher than the maximal allowed intake level (0.26ngkg(-1)-bwd(-1)) with factors of 35-135, indicating possible health risk for GY residents with exposure to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-laguardia-luellen-harvey-mainor-hale-dotemporalandgeographicalpatternsofhbcdandpbdeflameretardantsinusfishreflectevolvingindustrialusage-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-laguardia-luellen-harvey-mainor-hale-dotemporalandgeographicalpatternsofhbcdandpbdeflameretardantsinusfishreflectevolvingindustrialusage-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854', event);\">\n    Do temporal and geographical patterns of HBCD and PBDE flame retardants in U.S. fish reflect evolving industrial usage?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.; La Guardia, M. J; Luellen, D. R; Harvey, E.; Mainor, T M.;  and Hale, R. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(19): 8254–61. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-laguardia-luellen-harvey-mainor-hale-dotemporalandgeographicalpatternsofhbcdandpbdeflameretardantsinusfishreflectevolvingindustrialusage-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Do temporal and geographical patterns of HBCD and PBDE flame retardants in U.S. fish reflect evolving industrial usage? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es201444w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-laguardia-luellen-harvey-mainor-hale-dotemporalandgeographicalpatternsofhbcdandpbdeflameretardantsinusfishreflectevolvingindustrialusage-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es201444w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-laguardia-luellen-harvey-mainor-hale-dotemporalandgeographicalpatternsofhbcdandpbdeflameretardantsinusfishreflectevolvingindustrialusage-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-laguardia-luellen-harvey-mainor-hale-dotemporalandgeographicalpatternsofhbcdandpbdeflameretardantsinusfishreflectevolvingindustrialusage-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_temporal_2011,\n\ttitle = {Do temporal and geographical patterns of {HBCD} and {PBDE} flame retardants in {U}.{S}. fish reflect evolving industrial usage?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863854},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es201444w},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are common flame retardants in polymers and textiles. Recognition of the persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of PBDEs has prompted reductions in their use. In contrast, HBCD has received less scrutiny. The U.S has historically been a dominant BFR consumer. However, the few publications on HBCD in wildlife here suggest modest levels compared to Asian and European studies. In contrast, the HBCD concentrations we detected in U.S. fish are among the highest reported in the world. The temporal trends observed suggest that HBCD use may have risen, and that of Penta-BDE declined, following the 2004 termination of its U.S. manufacture. For example, Hyco River carp collected in 1999-2002 exhibited a mean ∑HBCD (sum of α-, β- and γ-HBCD) concentration of only 13 ng/g (lipid weight basis), but was 4640 ng/g in fish collected in 2006-2007. In contrast, the mean ∑PBDE level in these same fish decreased from 40,700 ng/g in 1999-2002 to 9140 ng/g in 2006-2007. Concentrations of HBCD and PBDEs in several Hyco River fish species exceeded those from rivers less influenced by manufacturing outfalls. Results support the contention that textile-related production, relative to its BFR market share, may release disproportionately large amounts of HBCD to the environment.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Da and La Guardia, Mark J and Luellen, Drew R and Harvey, Ellen and Mainor, T Matteson and Hale, Robert C},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21863854},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Industry, Mid-Atlantic Region, Organ Specificity, Rivers, Stereoisomerism, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution},\n\tpages = {8254--61},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are common flame retardants in polymers and textiles. Recognition of the persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of PBDEs has prompted reductions in their use. In contrast, HBCD has received less scrutiny. The U.S has historically been a dominant BFR consumer. However, the few publications on HBCD in wildlife here suggest modest levels compared to Asian and European studies. In contrast, the HBCD concentrations we detected in U.S. fish are among the highest reported in the world. The temporal trends observed suggest that HBCD use may have risen, and that of Penta-BDE declined, following the 2004 termination of its U.S. manufacture. For example, Hyco River carp collected in 1999-2002 exhibited a mean ∑HBCD (sum of α-, β- and γ-HBCD) concentration of only 13 ng/g (lipid weight basis), but was 4640 ng/g in fish collected in 2006-2007. In contrast, the mean ∑PBDE level in these same fish decreased from 40,700 ng/g in 1999-2002 to 9140 ng/g in 2006-2007. Concentrations of HBCD and PBDEs in several Hyco River fish species exceeded those from rivers less influenced by manufacturing outfalls. Results support the contention that textile-related production, relative to its BFR market share, may release disproportionately large amounts of HBCD to the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chemtura-chemturalaunchesgreatlakessolutionsbrandwiththreenewflameretardants-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chemtura-chemturalaunchesgreatlakessolutionsbrandwiththreenewflameretardants-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf', event);\">\n    Chemtura launches Great Lakes Solutions brand with three new flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chemtura\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Additives for Polymers</i>, (January): 2–3.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chemtura-chemturalaunchesgreatlakessolutionsbrandwiththreenewflameretardants-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chemtura launches Great Lakes Solutions brand with three new flame retardants [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3747(11)70002-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chemtura-chemturalaunchesgreatlakessolutionsbrandwiththreenewflameretardants-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3747(11)70002-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chemtura-chemturalaunchesgreatlakessolutionsbrandwiththreenewflameretardants-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chemtura-chemturalaunchesgreatlakessolutionsbrandwiththreenewflameretardants-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chemtura_chemtura_2011,\n\ttitle = {Chemtura launches {Great} {Lakes} {Solutions} brand with three new flame retardants},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/chemtura emerald line.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0306-3747(11)70002-1},\n\tabstract = {Chemtura Corp used the K 2010 show to launch the Great Lakes Solutions brand for its flame retardants, brominated performance products and fumigants business. In addition, the business introduced its new EmeraldTM series of greener flame-retardant products, presenting three new products for the global electrical \\&amp; electronics and building \\&amp; construction industries.},\n\tnumber = {January},\n\tjournal = {Additives for Polymers},\n\tauthor = {{Chemtura}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {2--3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chemtura Corp used the K 2010 show to launch the Great Lakes Solutions brand for its flame retardants, brominated performance products and fumigants business. In addition, the business introduced its new EmeraldTM series of greener flame-retardant products, presenting three new products for the global electrical & electronics and building & construction industries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"caserta-mantovani-marci-fazi-ciardo-larocca-maranghi-moscarini-environmentandwomensreproductivehealth-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'caserta-mantovani-marci-fazi-ciardo-larocca-maranghi-moscarini-environmentandwomensreproductivehealth-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373', event);\">\n    Environment and women's reproductive health.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Caserta, D; Mantovani, A; Marci, R; Fazi, A; Ciardo, F; La Rocca, C; Maranghi, F;  and Moscarini, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Human reproduction update</i>, 17(3): 418–33.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('caserta-mantovani-marci-fazi-ciardo-larocca-maranghi-moscarini-environmentandwomensreproductivehealth-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environment and women&#x27;s reproductive health. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmq061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('caserta-mantovani-marci-fazi-ciardo-larocca-maranghi-moscarini-environmentandwomensreproductivehealth-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmq061', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/caserta-mantovani-marci-fazi-ciardo-larocca-maranghi-moscarini-environmentandwomensreproductivehealth-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('caserta-mantovani-marci-fazi-ciardo-larocca-maranghi-moscarini-environmentandwomensreproductivehealth-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{caserta_environment_2011,\n\ttitle = {Environment and women&#x27;s reproductive health.},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1460-2369},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266373},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/humupd/dmq061},\n\tabstract = {There is significant evidence that continuous and prolonged exposure to several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) is a risk factor for reduced fertility and fecundity in women. There is also evidence that ED exposure has trans-generational effects. In this systematic review, we evaluate the evidence for an association between EDC exposure and women&#x27;s reproductive health.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Human reproduction update},\n\tauthor = {Caserta, D and Mantovani, A and Marci, R and Fazi, A and Ciardo, F and La Rocca, C and Maranghi, F and Moscarini, M},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21266373},\n\tkeywords = {Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Female: chemically induced, Female: epidemiology, Flame retardants, Humans, Infertility, Maternal Exposure, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors},\n\tpages = {418--33},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is significant evidence that continuous and prolonged exposure to several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) is a risk factor for reduced fertility and fecundity in women. There is also evidence that ED exposure has trans-generational effects. In this systematic review, we evaluate the evidence for an association between EDC exposure and women's reproductive health.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-chung-defranco-pinney-dietrich-serumpbdesandageatmenarcheinadolescentgirlsanalysisofthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20032004-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-chung-defranco-pinney-dietrich-serumpbdesandageatmenarcheinadolescentgirlsanalysisofthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20032004-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Serum PBDEs and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, A.; Chung, E.; DeFranco, E. A; Pinney, S. M;  and Dietrich, K. N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental research</i>, 111(6): 831–7. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-chung-defranco-pinney-dietrich-serumpbdesandageatmenarcheinadolescentgirlsanalysisofthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20032004-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Serum PBDEs and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-chung-defranco-pinney-dietrich-serumpbdesandageatmenarcheinadolescentgirlsanalysisofthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20032004-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-chung-defranco-pinney-dietrich-serumpbdesandageatmenarcheinadolescentgirlsanalysisofthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20032004-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-chung-defranco-pinney-dietrich-serumpbdesandageatmenarcheinadolescentgirlsanalysisofthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20032004-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_serum_2011,\n\ttitle = {Serum {PBDEs} and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the {National} {Health} and {Nutrition} {Examination} {Survey} 2003-2004.},\n\tvolume = {111},\n\tissn = {1096-0953},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3143295&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.016},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants since the 1970s, have exhibited endocrine disruption in experimental studies. Tetra- to hexa-BDE congeners are estrogenic, while hepta-BDE and 6-OH-BDE-47 are antiestrogenic. Most PBDEs also have antiandrogenic activity. It is not clear, however, whether PBDEs affect human reproduction.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental research},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Aimin and Chung, Ethan and DeFranco, Emily A and Pinney, Susan M and Dietrich, Kim N},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21663902},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Menarche, Menarche: blood, Menarche: drug effects, Nutrition Surveys, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {831--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants since the 1970s, have exhibited endocrine disruption in experimental studies. Tetra- to hexa-BDE congeners are estrogenic, while hepta-BDE and 6-OH-BDE-47 are antiestrogenic. Most PBDEs also have antiandrogenic activity. It is not clear, however, whether PBDEs affect human reproduction.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"casalscasas-desvergne-endocrinedisruptorsfromendocrinetometabolicdisruption-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'casalscasas-desvergne-endocrinedisruptorsfromendocrinetometabolicdisruption-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169', event);\">\n    Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Casals-Casas, C.;  and Desvergne, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Annual review of physiology</i>, 73: 135–62. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('casalscasas-desvergne-endocrinedisruptorsfromendocrinetometabolicdisruption-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('casalscasas-desvergne-endocrinedisruptorsfromendocrinetometabolicdisruption-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/casalscasas-desvergne-endocrinedisruptorsfromendocrinetometabolicdisruption-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('casalscasas-desvergne-endocrinedisruptorsfromendocrinetometabolicdisruption-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{casals-casas_endocrine_2011,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {1545-1585},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054169},\n\tdoi = {10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200},\n\tabstract = {Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.},\n\tjournal = {Annual review of physiology},\n\tauthor = {Casals-Casas, Cristina and Desvergne, Béatrice},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21054169},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: drug effects, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Mice, Obesity, Obesity: chemically induced, Rats, Receptors, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Type 2, Type 2: chemically induced},\n\tpages = {135--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carpenter-healtheffectsofpersistentorganicpollutantsthechallengeforthepacificbasinandfortheworld-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carpenter-healtheffectsofpersistentorganicpollutantsthechallengeforthepacificbasinandfortheworld-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383', event);\">\n    Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the Pacific Basin and for the world.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carpenter, D. O\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reviews on environmental health</i>, 26(1): 61–9. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carpenter-healtheffectsofpersistentorganicpollutantsthechallengeforthepacificbasinandfortheworld-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the Pacific Basin and for the world. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carpenter-healtheffectsofpersistentorganicpollutantsthechallengeforthepacificbasinandfortheworld-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carpenter-healtheffectsofpersistentorganicpollutantsthechallengeforthepacificbasinandfortheworld-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carpenter_health_2011,\n\ttitle = {Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the {Pacific} {Basin} and for the world.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {0048-7554},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714383},\n\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants include some organo-metals, such as methylmercury; lipophilic halogenated organics, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated flame retardants; and perfluorinated compounds used as repellants. These compounds are resistant to degradation both in the environment and in the human body and tend to bioaccumulate within the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, immune system suppression, decrements in cognitive and neurobehavioral function, disruption of sex steroid and thyroid function, and at least some of them increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Some compounds are byproducts of industry and combustion. Although the manufacture and use of most man-made chemicals has been reduced in recent years, the levels currently present in the population are still associated with an elevated risk of human disease. Others are still manufactured and used. These are dangerous chemicals that have contaminated even areas remote from the industrialized world, such as the polar regions.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Reviews on environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Carpenter, David O},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21714383},\n\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: poisoning, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: poisoning},\n\tpages = {61--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent organic pollutants include some organo-metals, such as methylmercury; lipophilic halogenated organics, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated flame retardants; and perfluorinated compounds used as repellants. These compounds are resistant to degradation both in the environment and in the human body and tend to bioaccumulate within the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, immune system suppression, decrements in cognitive and neurobehavioral function, disruption of sex steroid and thyroid function, and at least some of them increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Some compounds are byproducts of industry and combustion. Although the manufacture and use of most man-made chemicals has been reduced in recent years, the levels currently present in the population are still associated with an elevated risk of human disease. Others are still manufactured and used. These are dangerous chemicals that have contaminated even areas remote from the industrialized world, such as the polar regions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carlsson-herzke-wedborg-gabrielsen-environmentalpollutantsintheswedishmarineecosystemwithspecialemphasisonpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbde-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carlsson-herzke-wedborg-gabrielsen-environmentalpollutantsintheswedishmarineecosystemwithspecialemphasisonpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbde-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151', event);\">\n    Environmental pollutants in the Swedish marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carlsson, P.; Herzke, D.; Wedborg, M.;  and Gabrielsen, G. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 82(9): 1286–92. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carlsson-herzke-wedborg-gabrielsen-environmentalpollutantsintheswedishmarineecosystemwithspecialemphasisonpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbde-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental pollutants in the Swedish marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carlsson-herzke-wedborg-gabrielsen-environmentalpollutantsintheswedishmarineecosystemwithspecialemphasisonpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbde-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.029', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carlsson-herzke-wedborg-gabrielsen-environmentalpollutantsintheswedishmarineecosystemwithspecialemphasisonpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbde-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carlsson-herzke-wedborg-gabrielsen-environmentalpollutantsintheswedishmarineecosystemwithspecialemphasisonpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbde-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carlsson_environmental_2011,\n\ttitle = {Environmental pollutants in the {Swedish} marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDE}).},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220151},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.029},\n\tabstract = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) were analysed in whole herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), eggs from common eider (Somateria mollissima) and eggs and livers from herring gull (Larus argentatus) from the Swedish west coast. The contaminant values obtained were compared with published values from the Arctic marine ecosystem. Tetra- and penta-brominated PBDEs were detected at low levels in herring, sprat and common eider (ΣPBDE 0.3-2.0 ng g(-1) ww), while the levels were higher in the herring gull samples (ΣPBDE 1.3-29.9 ng g(-1) ww). Hexa-decaBDEs were also found in samples from herring gulls. Eggs from herring gulls from the sub-Arctic contained four times more PBDE than the Swedish herring gulls eggs. Fish samples from the Arctic had two times higher levels of PBDEs and DDTs than similar samples from Sweden. The higher levels of contaminants in fish and seabirds from the Arctic reflect differences in transport processes, feeding ecology (reflected by trophic levels) and metabolism. PBDEs contributed to {\\textbackslash}textless10\\% of the total contaminant load in all investigated samples. The relative contribution of DDTs was higher in fish and bird samples from the Arctic when compared to Swedish samples, e.g. 65\\% in glaucous gull livers compared to 10\\% in herring gull livers. This study shows that even though the Swedish west coast is more urban than the Arctic, higher pollutants levels are found in seabird species from the Arctic.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Carlsson, Pernilla and Herzke, Dorte and Wedborg, Margareta and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21220151},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Anseriformes, Anseriformes: metabolism, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, DDT, DDT: analysis, Ecosystem, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {1286--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) were analysed in whole herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), eggs from common eider (Somateria mollissima) and eggs and livers from herring gull (Larus argentatus) from the Swedish west coast. The contaminant values obtained were compared with published values from the Arctic marine ecosystem. Tetra- and penta-brominated PBDEs were detected at low levels in herring, sprat and common eider (ΣPBDE 0.3-2.0 ng g(-1) ww), while the levels were higher in the herring gull samples (ΣPBDE 1.3-29.9 ng g(-1) ww). Hexa-decaBDEs were also found in samples from herring gulls. Eggs from herring gulls from the sub-Arctic contained four times more PBDE than the Swedish herring gulls eggs. Fish samples from the Arctic had two times higher levels of PBDEs and DDTs than similar samples from Sweden. The higher levels of contaminants in fish and seabirds from the Arctic reflect differences in transport processes, feeding ecology (reflected by trophic levels) and metabolism. PBDEs contributed to \\textless10% of the total contaminant load in all investigated samples. The relative contribution of DDTs was higher in fish and bird samples from the Arctic when compared to Swedish samples, e.g. 65% in glaucous gull livers compared to 10% in herring gull livers. This study shows that even though the Swedish west coast is more urban than the Arctic, higher pollutants levels are found in seabird species from the Arctic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cai-zhang-hu-sheng-chen-fu-characterizationofmaternaltransferofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209administeredtopregnantspraguedawleyrats-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cai-zhang-hu-sheng-chen-fu-characterizationofmaternaltransferofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209administeredtopregnantspraguedawleyrats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178', event);\">\n    Characterization of maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cai, Y.; Zhang, W.; Hu, J.; Sheng, G.; Chen, D.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)</i>, 31(1): 106–10. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cai-zhang-hu-sheng-chen-fu-characterizationofmaternaltransferofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209administeredtopregnantspraguedawleyrats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterization of maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cai-zhang-hu-sheng-chen-fu-characterizationofmaternaltransferofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209administeredtopregnantspraguedawleyrats-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cai-zhang-hu-sheng-chen-fu-characterizationofmaternaltransferofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209administeredtopregnantspraguedawleyrats-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cai-zhang-hu-sheng-chen-fu-characterizationofmaternaltransferofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209administeredtopregnantspraguedawleyrats-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cai_characterization_2011,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) administered to pregnant {Sprague}-{Dawley} rats.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1873-1708},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851178},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.005},\n\tabstract = {To evaluate maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5 μmol/kgb.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil from gestation day (GD) 7 to postpartum day (PD) 4. BDE-209 was increased temporally in maternal blood, placenta, fetuses and neonates. Furthermore, more BDE-209 was found in neonate whole-body samples obtained during lactational period (PD 4) than in that of fetal whole-body samples during pregnancy GD 15 and 21. Overall an increase was observed over time for nona-BDE levels in maternal blood and placenta, but these congeners were decreased in fetuses or neonates. Slight changes were observed for octa-BDEs in both maternal blood and placenta while a significant decrease was observed in the fetuses or neonates for BDE-196 and 198/203. These results demonstrated that BDE-209 and its metabolites can transport to the placenta and milk, and eventually enter the fetuses and/or the neonates.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)},\n\tauthor = {Cai, Yunmei and Zhang, Wenbing and Hu, Junjie and Sheng, Guoying and Chen, Dunjin and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20851178},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Fetus: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: drug effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange: physiology, Milk, Newborn, Oral, Placenta, Placenta: drug effects, Placenta: metabolism, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},\n\tpages = {106--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To evaluate maternal transfer of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily oral doses of 5 μmol/kgb.w. BDE-209 in peanut oil from gestation day (GD) 7 to postpartum day (PD) 4. BDE-209 was increased temporally in maternal blood, placenta, fetuses and neonates. Furthermore, more BDE-209 was found in neonate whole-body samples obtained during lactational period (PD 4) than in that of fetal whole-body samples during pregnancy GD 15 and 21. Overall an increase was observed over time for nona-BDE levels in maternal blood and placenta, but these congeners were decreased in fetuses or neonates. Slight changes were observed for octa-BDEs in both maternal blood and placenta while a significant decrease was observed in the fetuses or neonates for BDE-196 and 198/203. These results demonstrated that BDE-209 and its metabolites can transport to the placenta and milk, and eventually enter the fetuses and/or the neonates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brown-cordner-lessonslearnedfromflameretardantuseandregulationcouldenhancefuturecontrolofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brown-cordner-lessonslearnedfromflameretardantuseandregulationcouldenhancefuturecontrolofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf', event);\">\n    Lessons learned from flame retardant use and regulation could enhance future control of potentially hazardous chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brown, P.;  and Cordner, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Health affairs (Project Hope)</i>, 30(5): 906–914. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brown-cordner-lessonslearnedfromflameretardantuseandregulationcouldenhancefuturecontrolofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lessons learned from flame retardant use and regulation could enhance future control of potentially hazardous chemicals. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1228\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brown-cordner-lessonslearnedfromflameretardantuseandregulationcouldenhancefuturecontrolofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1228', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brown-cordner-lessonslearnedfromflameretardantuseandregulationcouldenhancefuturecontrolofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brown-cordner-lessonslearnedfromflameretardantuseandregulationcouldenhancefuturecontrolofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brown_lessons_2011,\n\ttitle = {Lessons learned from flame retardant use and regulation could enhance future control of potentially hazardous chemicals.},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555474 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/policy on flame retardants.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1228},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardant chemicals, used in many furniture and electronic products to slow combustion, are an example of science and policy problems related to chemical usage. Drawing on a literature review and interviews with stakeholders, we argue that early warnings of the health hazards some flame retardants pose were not heeded as their use expanded to different products. Continued use of flame retardants coincides with their increased presence in people and adverse human health effects. We recommend policy changes applicable to oversight of chemicals in general: examining classes of chemicals rather than individual ones, assessing alternative methods and materials, product labeling, and stronger regulation.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Health affairs (Project Hope)},\n\tauthor = {Brown, Phil and Cordner, Alissa},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Consumer Product Safety, Consumer Product Safety: legislation \\&amp; jurispruden, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: legislation \\&amp; jurisprude, Environmental Policy, Environmental Policy: legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Government Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: analysis, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Humans, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: analysis, Phosphoric Acid Esters: toxicity},\n\tpages = {906--914},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardant chemicals, used in many furniture and electronic products to slow combustion, are an example of science and policy problems related to chemical usage. Drawing on a literature review and interviews with stakeholders, we argue that early warnings of the health hazards some flame retardants pose were not heeded as their use expanded to different products. Continued use of flame retardants coincides with their increased presence in people and adverse human health effects. We recommend policy changes applicable to oversight of chemicals in general: examining classes of chemicals rather than individual ones, assessing alternative methods and materials, product labeling, and stronger regulation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"butt-wang-stapleton-halogenatedphenoliccontaminantsinhibittheinvitroactivityofthethyroidregulatingdeiodinasesinhumanliver-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'butt-wang-stapleton-halogenatedphenoliccontaminantsinhibittheinvitroactivityofthethyroidregulatingdeiodinasesinhumanliver-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Halogenated phenolic contaminants inhibit the in vitro activity of the thyroid-regulating deiodinases in human liver.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Butt, C. M; Wang, D.;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 124(2): 339–47. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('butt-wang-stapleton-halogenatedphenoliccontaminantsinhibittheinvitroactivityofthethyroidregulatingdeiodinasesinhumanliver-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Halogenated phenolic contaminants inhibit the in vitro activity of the thyroid-regulating deiodinases in human liver. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr117\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('butt-wang-stapleton-halogenatedphenoliccontaminantsinhibittheinvitroactivityofthethyroidregulatingdeiodinasesinhumanliver-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr117', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/butt-wang-stapleton-halogenatedphenoliccontaminantsinhibittheinvitroactivityofthethyroidregulatingdeiodinasesinhumanliver-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('butt-wang-stapleton-halogenatedphenoliccontaminantsinhibittheinvitroactivityofthethyroidregulatingdeiodinasesinhumanliver-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{butt_halogenated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Halogenated phenolic contaminants inhibit the in vitro activity of the thyroid-regulating deiodinases in human liver.},\n\tvolume = {124},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216408&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfr117},\n\tabstract = {Halogenated contaminants, particularly brominated flame retardants, disrupt circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs), potentially affecting growth and development. Disruption may be mediated by impacts on deiodinase (DI) activity, which regulate the levels of active hormones available to bind to nuclear receptors. The goal of this study was to develop a mass spectrometry-based method for measuring the activity of DIs in human liver microsomes and to examine the effect of halogenated phenolic contaminants on DI activity. Thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) deiodination kinetics were measured by incubating pooled human liver microsomes with T4 or rT3 and monitoring the production of T3, rT3, 3,3&#x27;-diiodothyronine, and 3-monoiodothyronine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we examined the effects of several halogenated contaminants, including 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99), several hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs), tribromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triclosan, on DI activity. The Michaelis constants (K(M)) of rT3 and T4 deiodination were determined to be 3.2 ± 0.7 and 17.3 ± 2.3μM. The V(max) was 160 ± 5.8 and 2.8 ± 0.10 pmol/min.mg protein, respectively. All studied contaminants inhibited DI activity in a dose-response manner, with the exception of BDE 99 and two OH-BDEs. 5&#x27;-Hydroxy 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether was found to be the most potent inhibitor of DI activity, and phenolic structures containing iodine were generally more potent inhibitors of DI activity relative to brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated analogues. This study suggests that some halogenated phenolics, including current use compounds such as plastic monomers, flame retardants, and their metabolites, may disrupt TH homeostasis through the inhibition of DI activity in vivo.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Butt, Craig M and Wang, Dongli and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21565810},\n\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Diiodothyronines, Diiodothyronines: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Iodide Peroxidase, Iodide Peroxidase: metabolism, Liquid, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reverse, Reverse: metabolism, Reverse: pharmacology, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Thyroxine: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine},\n\tpages = {339--47},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Halogenated contaminants, particularly brominated flame retardants, disrupt circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs), potentially affecting growth and development. Disruption may be mediated by impacts on deiodinase (DI) activity, which regulate the levels of active hormones available to bind to nuclear receptors. The goal of this study was to develop a mass spectrometry-based method for measuring the activity of DIs in human liver microsomes and to examine the effect of halogenated phenolic contaminants on DI activity. Thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) deiodination kinetics were measured by incubating pooled human liver microsomes with T4 or rT3 and monitoring the production of T3, rT3, 3,3'-diiodothyronine, and 3-monoiodothyronine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we examined the effects of several halogenated contaminants, including 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99), several hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs), tribromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triclosan, on DI activity. The Michaelis constants (K(M)) of rT3 and T4 deiodination were determined to be 3.2 ± 0.7 and 17.3 ± 2.3μM. The V(max) was 160 ± 5.8 and 2.8 ± 0.10 pmol/min.mg protein, respectively. All studied contaminants inhibited DI activity in a dose-response manner, with the exception of BDE 99 and two OH-BDEs. 5'-Hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether was found to be the most potent inhibitor of DI activity, and phenolic structures containing iodine were generally more potent inhibitors of DI activity relative to brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated analogues. This study suggests that some halogenated phenolics, including current use compounds such as plastic monomers, flame retardants, and their metabolites, may disrupt TH homeostasis through the inhibition of DI activity in vivo.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-theeffectofshorttermintoxicationofratswithpentabromodiphenyletherinmixturemimiccommercialproducts-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-theeffectofshorttermintoxicationofratswithpentabromodiphenyletherinmixturemimiccommercialproducts-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850', event);\">\n    The effect of short-term intoxication of rats with pentabromodiphenyl ether (in mixture mimic commercial products).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bruchajzer, E.; Frydrych, B.; Sporny, S.;  and Szymańska, J. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Human & experimental toxicology</i>, 30(5): 363–78. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-theeffectofshorttermintoxicationofratswithpentabromodiphenyletherinmixturemimiccommercialproducts-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The effect of short-term intoxication of rats with pentabromodiphenyl ether (in mixture mimic commercial products). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110371261\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-theeffectofshorttermintoxicationofratswithpentabromodiphenyletherinmixturemimiccommercialproducts-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110371261', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-theeffectofshorttermintoxicationofratswithpentabromodiphenyletherinmixturemimiccommercialproducts-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-theeffectofshorttermintoxicationofratswithpentabromodiphenyletherinmixturemimiccommercialproducts-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bruchajzer_effect_2011,\n\ttitle = {The effect of short-term intoxication of rats with pentabromodiphenyl ether (in mixture mimic commercial products).},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1477-0903},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488850},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0960327110371261},\n\tabstract = {Until quite recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. Due to the considerably long atmospheric half-life of PentaBDE and its contribution to environmental pollution, it is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). As the data on the toxicity of PentaBDE is rather scarce, its potential acute toxicity was the subject of this study. PentaBDE was administered intragastrically to female rats, in a single dose (25, 200 or 2000 mg/kg b.w.). PentaBDE administered to rats disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum and by higher liver glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration. The toxic effect of PentaBDE intensified lipid peroxidation. On histopathological examination, administration of the highest PentaBDE dose (2000 mg/kg b.w.) was seen to induce symptoms of fatty liver. PentaBDE caused an increase in relative liver mass, cytochromes P-450 (after two highest doses), a dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP lA (12-26 fold) and CYP 2B (5-6 fold) as well as the levels of CYP lAl (16-50 fold) and CYP 4A (2-3 fold) in liver.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Human \\&amp; experimental toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Bruchajzer, Elzbieta and Frydrych, Barbara and Sporny, Stanislaw and Szymańska, Jadwiga A},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20488850},\n\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fatty Liver, Fatty Liver: chemically induced, Fatty Liver: enzymology, Fatty Liver: pathology, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Oxidation-Reduction, Rats, Toxicity Tests, Wistar},\n\tpages = {363--78},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Until quite recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. Due to the considerably long atmospheric half-life of PentaBDE and its contribution to environmental pollution, it is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). As the data on the toxicity of PentaBDE is rather scarce, its potential acute toxicity was the subject of this study. PentaBDE was administered intragastrically to female rats, in a single dose (25, 200 or 2000 mg/kg b.w.). PentaBDE administered to rats disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum and by higher liver glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration. The toxic effect of PentaBDE intensified lipid peroxidation. On histopathological examination, administration of the highest PentaBDE dose (2000 mg/kg b.w.) was seen to induce symptoms of fatty liver. PentaBDE caused an increase in relative liver mass, cytochromes P-450 (after two highest doses), a dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP lA (12-26 fold) and CYP 2B (5-6 fold) as well as the levels of CYP lAl (16-50 fold) and CYP 4A (2-3 fold) in liver.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bruchajzer-porphyrogeniceffectofpentabromodiphenyletherafterrepeatedadministrationtorats-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bruchajzer-porphyrogeniceffectofpentabromodiphenyletherafterrepeatedadministrationtorats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805', event);\">\n    Porphyrogenic effect of pentabromodiphenyl ether after repeated administration to rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bruchajzer, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of toxicology</i>, 85(8): 965–74. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruchajzer-porphyrogeniceffectofpentabromodiphenyletherafterrepeatedadministrationtorats-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Porphyrogenic effect of pentabromodiphenyl ether after repeated administration to rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0621-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruchajzer-porphyrogeniceffectofpentabromodiphenyletherafterrepeatedadministrationtorats-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0621-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruchajzer-porphyrogeniceffectofpentabromodiphenyletherafterrepeatedadministrationtorats-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruchajzer-porphyrogeniceffectofpentabromodiphenyletherafterrepeatedadministrationtorats-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bruchajzer_porphyrogenic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Porphyrogenic effect of pentabromodiphenyl ether after repeated administration to rats.},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {1432-0738},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113805},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-010-0621-x},\n\tabstract = {Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. On account of the hazardous effect of PentaBDE on the environment, its use was discontinued some years ago. The toxicity of this compound has been well documented in the literature, especially with regard to the endocrine system, induction of liver microsomal enzymes, and disturbance of redox homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE after its repeated administration to rats at doses of 2, 8, 40, or 200 mg/kg/day. After a 28-day exposure, a dose-dependent increase (maximum 2.5-fold) in ALA-S activity in the liver was observed. The enhanced concentration of total porphyrins in the liver (3- to 19-fold after doses of 8-200 mg/kg/day) was also found. The most pronounced changes in liver concentrations of porphyrins were shown by high carboxylated porphyrins (a 19-fold increase for octacarboxyporphyrins and a 36-fold increase for heptacarboxyporphyrins). They made over 95\\% of total porphyrins accumulated in the liver. The porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE was also evidenced by the augmented urinary excretion of total porphyrins. After 28 days of exposure, the observed changes (2- to 7-fold increase) were found to be dose-dependent. Tetracarboxyporphyrins predominated in urine; their urinary concentrations were 4-12 times higher, and their daily urinary excretion is 2-9 times higher. A dose of 2 mg/kg/day was the lowest dose that caused changes in the levels of porphyrins (LOAEL). The experiment revealed the effect of PentaBDE on the heme biosynthesis and porphyrin concentrations, which indicates its porphyrogenic effect.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Bruchajzer, El{\\textbackslash}.zbieta},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21113805},\n\tkeywords = {5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: drug effects, 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase: metabolism, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Heme, Heme: biosynthesis, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Porphyrias, Porphyrias: chemically induced, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: metabolism, Porphyrins: urine, Rats, Time Factors, Wistar},\n\tpages = {965--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) was most commonly used as a flame retardant. On account of the hazardous effect of PentaBDE on the environment, its use was discontinued some years ago. The toxicity of this compound has been well documented in the literature, especially with regard to the endocrine system, induction of liver microsomal enzymes, and disturbance of redox homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE after its repeated administration to rats at doses of 2, 8, 40, or 200 mg/kg/day. After a 28-day exposure, a dose-dependent increase (maximum 2.5-fold) in ALA-S activity in the liver was observed. The enhanced concentration of total porphyrins in the liver (3- to 19-fold after doses of 8-200 mg/kg/day) was also found. The most pronounced changes in liver concentrations of porphyrins were shown by high carboxylated porphyrins (a 19-fold increase for octacarboxyporphyrins and a 36-fold increase for heptacarboxyporphyrins). They made over 95% of total porphyrins accumulated in the liver. The porphyrogenic effect of PentaBDE was also evidenced by the augmented urinary excretion of total porphyrins. After 28 days of exposure, the observed changes (2- to 7-fold increase) were found to be dose-dependent. Tetracarboxyporphyrins predominated in urine; their urinary concentrations were 4-12 times higher, and their daily urinary excretion is 2-9 times higher. A dose of 2 mg/kg/day was the lowest dose that caused changes in the levels of porphyrins (LOAEL). The experiment revealed the effect of PentaBDE on the heme biosynthesis and porphyrin concentrations, which indicates its porphyrogenic effect.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"breivik-gioia-chakraborty-zhang-jones-arereductionsinindustrialorganiccontaminantsemissionsinrichcountriesachievedpartlybyexportoftoxicwastes-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'breivik-gioia-chakraborty-zhang-jones-arereductionsinindustrialorganiccontaminantsemissionsinrichcountriesachievedpartlybyexportoftoxicwastes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155', event);\">\n    Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Breivik, K.; Gioia, R.; Chakraborty, P.; Zhang, G.;  and Jones, K. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 45(21): 9154–60. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('breivik-gioia-chakraborty-zhang-jones-arereductionsinindustrialorganiccontaminantsemissionsinrichcountriesachievedpartlybyexportoftoxicwastes-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es202320c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('breivik-gioia-chakraborty-zhang-jones-arereductionsinindustrialorganiccontaminantsemissionsinrichcountriesachievedpartlybyexportoftoxicwastes-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es202320c', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/breivik-gioia-chakraborty-zhang-jones-arereductionsinindustrialorganiccontaminantsemissionsinrichcountriesachievedpartlybyexportoftoxicwastes-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('breivik-gioia-chakraborty-zhang-jones-arereductionsinindustrialorganiccontaminantsemissionsinrichcountriesachievedpartlybyexportoftoxicwastes-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{breivik_are_2011,\n\ttitle = {Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958155},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es202320c},\n\tabstract = {Recent studies show that PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) air concentrations remain surprisingly high in parts of Africa and Asia. These are regions where PCBs were never extensively used, but which are implicated as recipients of obsolete products and wastes containing PCBs and other industrial organic contaminants, such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). We hypothesize that there may be different trends in emissions across the globe, whereby emissions of some industrial organic contaminants may be decreasing faster in former use regions (due to emission reductions combined with uncontrolled export), at the expense of regions receiving these substances as obsolete products and wastes. We conclude that the potential for detrimental effects on the environment and human health due to long-range transport by air, water, or wastes should be of equal concern when managing and regulating industrial organic contaminants. This calls for a better integration of life-cycle approaches in the management and regulation of industrial organic contaminants in order to protect environmental and human health on a global scale. Yet, little remains known about the amounts of industrial organic contaminants exported outside former use regions as different types of wastes because of the often illicit nature of these operations.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Breivik, Knut and Gioia, Rosalinda and Chakraborty, Paromita and Zhang, Gan and Jones, Kevin C},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21958155},\n\tkeywords = {Africa, Asia, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis},\n\tpages = {9154--60},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent studies show that PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) air concentrations remain surprisingly high in parts of Africa and Asia. These are regions where PCBs were never extensively used, but which are implicated as recipients of obsolete products and wastes containing PCBs and other industrial organic contaminants, such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). We hypothesize that there may be different trends in emissions across the globe, whereby emissions of some industrial organic contaminants may be decreasing faster in former use regions (due to emission reductions combined with uncontrolled export), at the expense of regions receiving these substances as obsolete products and wastes. We conclude that the potential for detrimental effects on the environment and human health due to long-range transport by air, water, or wastes should be of equal concern when managing and regulating industrial organic contaminants. This calls for a better integration of life-cycle approaches in the management and regulation of industrial organic contaminants in order to protect environmental and human health on a global scale. Yet, little remains known about the amounts of industrial organic contaminants exported outside former use regions as different types of wastes because of the often illicit nature of these operations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brambilla-defilippis-iamiceli-iacovella-abate-aronica-dimarco-didomenico-bioaccumulationofdioxinlikesubstancesandselectedbrominatedflameretardantcongenersinthefatandliversofblackpigsfarmedwithinthenebrodiregionalparkofsicily-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brambilla-defilippis-iamiceli-iacovella-abate-aronica-dimarco-didomenico-bioaccumulationofdioxinlikesubstancesandselectedbrominatedflameretardantcongenersinthefatandliversofblackpigsfarmedwithinthenebrodiregionalparkofsicily-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation of dioxin-like substances and selected brominated flame retardant congeners in the fat and livers of black pigs farmed within the Nebrodi Regional Park of Sicily.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brambilla, G.; De Filippis, S. P.; Iamiceli, A. L.; Iacovella, N.; Abate, V.; Aronica, V.; Di Marco, V.;  and di Domenico, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of food protection</i>, 74(2): 261–9. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brambilla-defilippis-iamiceli-iacovella-abate-aronica-dimarco-didomenico-bioaccumulationofdioxinlikesubstancesandselectedbrominatedflameretardantcongenersinthefatandliversofblackpigsfarmedwithinthenebrodiregionalparkofsicily-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation of dioxin-like substances and selected brominated flame retardant congeners in the fat and livers of black pigs farmed within the Nebrodi Regional Park of Sicily. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-176\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brambilla-defilippis-iamiceli-iacovella-abate-aronica-dimarco-didomenico-bioaccumulationofdioxinlikesubstancesandselectedbrominatedflameretardantcongenersinthefatandliversofblackpigsfarmedwithinthenebrodiregionalparkofsicily-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-176', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brambilla-defilippis-iamiceli-iacovella-abate-aronica-dimarco-didomenico-bioaccumulationofdioxinlikesubstancesandselectedbrominatedflameretardantcongenersinthefatandliversofblackpigsfarmedwithinthenebrodiregionalparkofsicily-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brambilla-defilippis-iamiceli-iacovella-abate-aronica-dimarco-didomenico-bioaccumulationofdioxinlikesubstancesandselectedbrominatedflameretardantcongenersinthefatandliversofblackpigsfarmedwithinthenebrodiregionalparkofsicily-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brambilla_bioaccumulation_2011,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of dioxin-like substances and selected brominated flame retardant congeners in the fat and livers of black pigs farmed within the {Nebrodi} {Regional} {Park} of {Sicily}.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1944-9097},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333146},\n\tdoi = {10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-176},\n\tabstract = {An observational study was designed to assess the bioaccumulation of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCB), and 13 selected polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in autochthonous pigs reared in the Nebrodi Park of Sicily (Italy). Perirenal fat and liver samples were drawn from animals representative of three different outdoor farming systems and from wild pigs and then analyzed for the chemicals mentioned previously. The highest concentrations of PCDD + PCDF and DL-PCB were detected in the fat (0.45 and 0.35 pg World Health Organization toxicity equivalents [WHO-TE] per g of fat base [FB], respectively) and livers (12.7 and 3.28 pg WHO-TE per g FB) of the wild group, whereas the free-ranging group showed the lowest levels (0.05 and 0.03 pg WHO-TE per g FB in fat and 0.78 and 0.27 pg WHO-TE per g FB in livers). The sum of PBDE congeners was highest in wild pigs (0.52 ng/g FB in fat and 5.64 ng/g FB in livers) and lowest in the farmed group (0.14 ng/g FB in fat and 0.28 ng/g FB in livers). The contamination levels in fat and livers of outdoor pigs had mean concentration values lower than those levels reported for intensively indoor-farmed animals. In wild pigs, bioaccumulation was associated with their free grazing in areas characterized by bush fires. The results of this study aid to emphasize the quality of the environment as a factor to guarantee food safety in typical processed pig meat products, specifically from outdoor and extensive Nebrodi farming systems.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of food protection},\n\tauthor = {Brambilla, Gianfranco and De Filippis, Stefania Paola and Iamiceli, Anna Laura and Iacovella, Nicola and Abate, Vittorio and Aronica, Vincenzo and Di Marco, Vincenzo and di Domenico, Alessandro},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21333146},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: metabolism, Domestic, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention \\&amp; control, Humans, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Liver: metabolism, Risk Assessment, Sicily, Swine, Wild},\n\tpages = {261--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An observational study was designed to assess the bioaccumulation of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCB), and 13 selected polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in autochthonous pigs reared in the Nebrodi Park of Sicily (Italy). Perirenal fat and liver samples were drawn from animals representative of three different outdoor farming systems and from wild pigs and then analyzed for the chemicals mentioned previously. The highest concentrations of PCDD + PCDF and DL-PCB were detected in the fat (0.45 and 0.35 pg World Health Organization toxicity equivalents [WHO-TE] per g of fat base [FB], respectively) and livers (12.7 and 3.28 pg WHO-TE per g FB) of the wild group, whereas the free-ranging group showed the lowest levels (0.05 and 0.03 pg WHO-TE per g FB in fat and 0.78 and 0.27 pg WHO-TE per g FB in livers). The sum of PBDE congeners was highest in wild pigs (0.52 ng/g FB in fat and 5.64 ng/g FB in livers) and lowest in the farmed group (0.14 ng/g FB in fat and 0.28 ng/g FB in livers). The contamination levels in fat and livers of outdoor pigs had mean concentration values lower than those levels reported for intensively indoor-farmed animals. In wild pigs, bioaccumulation was associated with their free grazing in areas characterized by bush fires. The results of this study aid to emphasize the quality of the environment as a factor to guarantee food safety in typical processed pig meat products, specifically from outdoor and extensive Nebrodi farming systems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bondy-gaertner-cherry-maclellan-coady-arnold-doucet-rowsell-brominateddiphenyletherbdelevelsinliveradiposeandmilkfromadultandjuvenileratsexposedbygavagetothede71technicalmixture-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bondy-gaertner-cherry-maclellan-coady-arnold-doucet-rowsell-brominateddiphenyletherbdelevelsinliveradiposeandmilkfromadultandjuvenileratsexposedbygavagetothede71technicalmixture-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633', event);\">\n    Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the DE-71 technical mixture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bondy, G S; Gaertner, D; Cherry, W; MacLellan, E; Coady, L; Arnold, D L; Doucet, J;  and Rowsell, P R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology</i>, 26(6): 677–90. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bondy-gaertner-cherry-maclellan-coady-arnold-doucet-rowsell-brominateddiphenyletherbdelevelsinliveradiposeandmilkfromadultandjuvenileratsexposedbygavagetothede71technicalmixture-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the DE-71 technical mixture. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20603\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bondy-gaertner-cherry-maclellan-coady-arnold-doucet-rowsell-brominateddiphenyletherbdelevelsinliveradiposeandmilkfromadultandjuvenileratsexposedbygavagetothede71technicalmixture-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20603', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bondy-gaertner-cherry-maclellan-coady-arnold-doucet-rowsell-brominateddiphenyletherbdelevelsinliveradiposeandmilkfromadultandjuvenileratsexposedbygavagetothede71technicalmixture-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bondy-gaertner-cherry-maclellan-coady-arnold-doucet-rowsell-brominateddiphenyletherbdelevelsinliveradiposeandmilkfromadultandjuvenileratsexposedbygavagetothede71technicalmixture-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bondy_brominated_2011,\n\ttitle = {Brominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the {DE}-71 technical mixture.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1522-7278},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549633},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20603},\n\tabstract = {Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are used as flame retardants in consumer products. Rodent studies indicate that the liver, thyroid, and nervous system of developing animals are targets of BDEs. To explore the relationship between exposure and health in developing animals, BDE accumulation in adult and juvenile rats was examined in conjunction with changes in liver weight and serum thyroxine (T4). Adult (F0) rats received the commercial BDE mixture DE-71 by gavage at doses of 0.5, 5, and 25 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw)/day for 21 weeks. F0 rats were mated and exposure continued throughout breeding, pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning until the pups (F1 generation) reached postnatal day (PND) 42. Milk was collected from lactating dams. Adipose and liver samples were collected from F0 and F1 males and females for BDE congener analysis. Congener prevalence in rat tissues mimicked congener prevalence in wildlife and humans. Tissue concentrations of all congeners except BDE-153 were lower than would be expected based on dose proportionality, confirming that BDE-153 has a high capacity for bioaccumulation. BDEs were transferred from maternal tissues to milk during lactation. Milk congener profiles differed from maternal tissue profiles indicating that degree of bromination and maternal sequestration influenced BDE transfer to milk. Female F1 rats accumulated more BDEs than F1 males, indicating that female rats were less able to metabolize and/or excrete BDEs. Significant effects on liver weight and serum T4 levels were observed in adults and juveniles in the middle and high dose groups, corresponding to BDE levels in the μg g(-1) range. Although it remains to be determined how human liver and thyroid are affected by exposure to much lower BDE levels, the present study confirmed that gender and reproductive status influence BDE accumulation in tissues and BDE transfer to the neonate via milk.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Bondy, G S and Gaertner, D and Cherry, W and MacLellan, E and Coady, L and Arnold, D L and Doucet, J and Rowsell, P R},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20549633},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: metabolism},\n\tpages = {677--90},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are used as flame retardants in consumer products. Rodent studies indicate that the liver, thyroid, and nervous system of developing animals are targets of BDEs. To explore the relationship between exposure and health in developing animals, BDE accumulation in adult and juvenile rats was examined in conjunction with changes in liver weight and serum thyroxine (T4). Adult (F0) rats received the commercial BDE mixture DE-71 by gavage at doses of 0.5, 5, and 25 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw)/day for 21 weeks. F0 rats were mated and exposure continued throughout breeding, pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning until the pups (F1 generation) reached postnatal day (PND) 42. Milk was collected from lactating dams. Adipose and liver samples were collected from F0 and F1 males and females for BDE congener analysis. Congener prevalence in rat tissues mimicked congener prevalence in wildlife and humans. Tissue concentrations of all congeners except BDE-153 were lower than would be expected based on dose proportionality, confirming that BDE-153 has a high capacity for bioaccumulation. BDEs were transferred from maternal tissues to milk during lactation. Milk congener profiles differed from maternal tissue profiles indicating that degree of bromination and maternal sequestration influenced BDE transfer to milk. Female F1 rats accumulated more BDEs than F1 males, indicating that female rats were less able to metabolize and/or excrete BDEs. Significant effects on liver weight and serum T4 levels were observed in adults and juveniles in the middle and high dose groups, corresponding to BDE levels in the μg g(-1) range. Although it remains to be determined how human liver and thyroid are affected by exposure to much lower BDE levels, the present study confirmed that gender and reproductive status influence BDE accumulation in tissues and BDE transfer to the neonate via milk.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blomqvist-mcnamee-thureson-compilationofinternationalbuildingregulationsfirerelevantforepsxpssptechnicalnote201010revised20111130-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blomqvist-mcnamee-thureson-compilationofinternationalbuildingregulationsfirerelevantforepsxpssptechnicalnote201010revised20111130-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf', event);\">\n    Compilation of International Building Regulations (Fire) Relevant for EPS/XPS: SP Technical Note 2010:10, revised 2011-11-30.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blomqvist, P.; McNamee, M. S.;  and Thureson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 10 SP Technical Insitute, Bor\\a as, Sweden,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blomqvist-mcnamee-thureson-compilationofinternationalbuildingregulationsfirerelevantforepsxpssptechnicalnote201010revised20111130-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Compilation of International Building Regulations (Fire) Relevant for EPS/XPS: SP Technical Note 2010:10, revised 2011-11-30 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blomqvist-mcnamee-thureson-compilationofinternationalbuildingregulationsfirerelevantforepsxpssptechnicalnote201010revised20111130-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blomqvist-mcnamee-thureson-compilationofinternationalbuildingregulationsfirerelevantforepsxpssptechnicalnote201010revised20111130-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{blomqvist_compilation_2011,\n\taddress = {Bor{\\textbackslash}a as, Sweden},\n\ttitle = {Compilation of {International} {Building} {Regulations} ({Fire}) {Relevant} for {EPS}/{XPS}: {SP} {Technical} {Note} 2010:10, revised 2011-11-30},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/SP_Technical_note.pdf},\n\tabstract = {A compilation of international building regulations has been attempted. An undertaking of this kind is, by its very nature, nebulous and difficult to say the least due to the minutiae of differences in interpretation of seemingly similar regulations in their individual application. We have attempted to approach the topic in a systematic manner that has at times posed questions which have defied a single answer. This is particularly true in the EU where the CPD and associated harmonized Euroclass system seems straightforward at first glance, at least for those products where product standards exist (which is true for insulation materials). As the project has proceeded it has become painfully clear that the devil is in the detail, with application of the harmonized European approach differing significantly in the different member states, e.g. from essentially no material requirements in Sweden to stringent material requirements in Germany. Nonetheless, it is clear from the compilation that the use of flame retardants in EPS/XPS is widespread, both in cases where this is a strict regulatory requirement (e.g., Germany) and in those where it is not (e.g., Australia). The report is presented divided into European countries and non-European countries for the simple reason that the European countries have an overriding system (the CPD and Euroclass system) upon which they base their national regulations while those outside of Europe each have national codes. The regulations themselves are summarized in Chapter 3 while their implications for European countries and non-European countries are summarized in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively. Note: SP Technical Note 2010:10 has been revised 2011-11-30 and this version supersedes previous versions of this document .},\n\tpublisher = {SP Technical Insitute},\n\tauthor = {Blomqvist, Per and McNamee, Margaret Simonson and Thureson, Per},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A compilation of international building regulations has been attempted. An undertaking of this kind is, by its very nature, nebulous and difficult to say the least due to the minutiae of differences in interpretation of seemingly similar regulations in their individual application. We have attempted to approach the topic in a systematic manner that has at times posed questions which have defied a single answer. This is particularly true in the EU where the CPD and associated harmonized Euroclass system seems straightforward at first glance, at least for those products where product standards exist (which is true for insulation materials). As the project has proceeded it has become painfully clear that the devil is in the detail, with application of the harmonized European approach differing significantly in the different member states, e.g. from essentially no material requirements in Sweden to stringent material requirements in Germany. Nonetheless, it is clear from the compilation that the use of flame retardants in EPS/XPS is widespread, both in cases where this is a strict regulatory requirement (e.g., Germany) and in those where it is not (e.g., Australia). The report is presented divided into European countries and non-European countries for the simple reason that the European countries have an overriding system (the CPD and Euroclass system) upon which they base their national regulations while those outside of Europe each have national codes. The regulations themselves are summarized in Chapter 3 while their implications for European countries and non-European countries are summarized in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively. Note: SP Technical Note 2010:10 has been revised 2011-11-30 and this version supersedes previous versions of this document .\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"biesemeier-ariano-banasik-smith-senegal-stedeford-samplecharacterizationaprioritoevaluatingabsorptiondistributionandmetabolism-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'biesemeier-ariano-banasik-smith-senegal-stedeford-samplecharacterizationaprioritoevaluatingabsorptiondistributionandmetabolism-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248', event);\">\n    Sample characterization: a priori to evaluating absorption, distribution, and metabolism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Biesemeier, J. A; Ariano, J. M; Banasik, M.; Smith, C. J; Senegal, T. W;  and Stedeford, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 287(1-3): 160–1; author reply 162–3. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('biesemeier-ariano-banasik-smith-senegal-stedeford-samplecharacterizationaprioritoevaluatingabsorptiondistributionandmetabolism-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Sample characterization: a priori to evaluating absorption, distribution, and metabolism. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('biesemeier-ariano-banasik-smith-senegal-stedeford-samplecharacterizationaprioritoevaluatingabsorptiondistributionandmetabolism-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/biesemeier-ariano-banasik-smith-senegal-stedeford-samplecharacterizationaprioritoevaluatingabsorptiondistributionandmetabolism-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('biesemeier-ariano-banasik-smith-senegal-stedeford-samplecharacterizationaprioritoevaluatingabsorptiondistributionandmetabolism-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{biesemeier_sample_2011,\n\ttitle = {Sample characterization: a priori to evaluating absorption, distribution, and metabolism.},\n\tvolume = {287},\n\tissn = {1879-3185},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669248},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.016},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Biesemeier, John A and Ariano, John M and Banasik, Marek and Smith, Carr J and Senegal, Tristan W and Stedeford, Todd},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21669248},\n\tkeywords = {Absorption, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy, Rats, Tissue Distribution},\n\tpages = {160--1; author reply 162--3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blake-mccoy-hui-lavoie-perinatalexposuretolowdosede71increasesserumthyroidhormonesandgonadalosteopontingeneexpression-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blake-mccoy-hui-lavoie-perinatalexposuretolowdosede71increasesserumthyroidhormonesandgonadalosteopontingeneexpression-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881', event);\">\n    Perinatal exposure to low-dose DE-71 increases serum thyroid hormones and gonadal osteopontin gene expression.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blake, C. A; McCoy, G. L; Hui, Y. Y;  and LaVoie, H. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)</i>, 236(4): 445–55. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blake-mccoy-hui-lavoie-perinatalexposuretolowdosede71increasesserumthyroidhormonesandgonadalosteopontingeneexpression-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Perinatal exposure to low-dose DE-71 increases serum thyroid hormones and gonadal osteopontin gene expression. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.010334\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blake-mccoy-hui-lavoie-perinatalexposuretolowdosede71increasesserumthyroidhormonesandgonadalosteopontingeneexpression-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.010334', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blake-mccoy-hui-lavoie-perinatalexposuretolowdosede71increasesserumthyroidhormonesandgonadalosteopontingeneexpression-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blake-mccoy-hui-lavoie-perinatalexposuretolowdosede71increasesserumthyroidhormonesandgonadalosteopontingeneexpression-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blake_perinatal_2011,\n\ttitle = {Perinatal exposure to low-dose {DE}-71 increases serum thyroid hormones and gonadal osteopontin gene expression.},\n\tvolume = {236},\n\tissn = {1535-3699},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367881},\n\tdoi = {10.1258/ebm.2010.010334},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that have been widely used in manufacturing. They are major household and environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate. Humans are exposed primarily through dust inhalation and dietary ingestion of animal products. In animal studies, high doses of penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (penta-BDEs) in the mg/kg body weight (BW) range negatively impact brain development, behavior, memory, circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, the reproductive system and bone development. We investigated the effects of ingestion of a relatively low dose of the penta-BDE mixture DE-71 by pregnant and lactating rats on reproductive and thyroid parameters of the F1 offspring. F0 mothers received 60 μg/kg BW of DE-71 or vehicle daily by gavage from Day 1.5 of pregnancy through lactation (except the day of parturition). F1 pups were sacrificed at 21 d of age or outbred at approximately 80 d of age. Bred F1 females were sacrificed at Day 14.5 of pregnancy or at five months of age. Bred F1 males were sacrificed at five months of age. DE-71 treatment of the mothers affected the F1 females as evidenced by lower body weights at 80 d and five months of age, elevated serum T3 and T4 concentrations at Day 14.5 of pregnancy and increased thyroid gland weight and ovarian osteopontin mRNA at five months of age. Perinatal DE-71 exposure also increased testicular osteopontin mRNA in 21-day-old F1 males. Utilizing a granulosa cell in vitro model, we demonstrated that DE-71 activated the rat osteopontin gene promoter. Our results are the first to demonstrate that PBDEs increase rodent circulating T3 and T4 concentrations and gonadal osteopontin mRNA, and activate the osteopontin gene promoter. These changes may have clinical implications as others have shown associations between human exposure to PBDEs and subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overexpression of ovarian osteopontin has been associated with ovarian cancer.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)},\n\tauthor = {Blake, Charles A and McCoy, George L and Hui, Yvonne Y and LaVoie, Holly A},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21367881},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression, Gene Expression: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Maternal Exposure, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Osteopontin, Osteopontin: genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\n\tpages = {445--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants that have been widely used in manufacturing. They are major household and environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate. Humans are exposed primarily through dust inhalation and dietary ingestion of animal products. In animal studies, high doses of penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (penta-BDEs) in the mg/kg body weight (BW) range negatively impact brain development, behavior, memory, circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, the reproductive system and bone development. We investigated the effects of ingestion of a relatively low dose of the penta-BDE mixture DE-71 by pregnant and lactating rats on reproductive and thyroid parameters of the F1 offspring. F0 mothers received 60 μg/kg BW of DE-71 or vehicle daily by gavage from Day 1.5 of pregnancy through lactation (except the day of parturition). F1 pups were sacrificed at 21 d of age or outbred at approximately 80 d of age. Bred F1 females were sacrificed at Day 14.5 of pregnancy or at five months of age. Bred F1 males were sacrificed at five months of age. DE-71 treatment of the mothers affected the F1 females as evidenced by lower body weights at 80 d and five months of age, elevated serum T3 and T4 concentrations at Day 14.5 of pregnancy and increased thyroid gland weight and ovarian osteopontin mRNA at five months of age. Perinatal DE-71 exposure also increased testicular osteopontin mRNA in 21-day-old F1 males. Utilizing a granulosa cell in vitro model, we demonstrated that DE-71 activated the rat osteopontin gene promoter. Our results are the first to demonstrate that PBDEs increase rodent circulating T3 and T4 concentrations and gonadal osteopontin mRNA, and activate the osteopontin gene promoter. These changes may have clinical implications as others have shown associations between human exposure to PBDEs and subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overexpression of ovarian osteopontin has been associated with ovarian cancer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bjrklund-strmvall-malmqvist-screeningoforganiccontaminantsinurbansnow-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bjrklund-strmvall-malmqvist-screeningoforganiccontaminantsinurbansnow-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476', event);\">\n    Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Björklund, K.; Strömvall, A.;  and Malmqvist, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research</i>, 64(1): 206–13. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bjrklund-strmvall-malmqvist-screeningoforganiccontaminantsinurbansnow-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bjrklund-strmvall-malmqvist-screeningoforganiccontaminantsinurbansnow-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bjrklund-strmvall-malmqvist-screeningoforganiccontaminantsinurbansnow-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bjorklund_screening_2011,\n\ttitle = {Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow.},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0273-1223},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053476},\n\tabstract = {Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Björklund, Karin and Strömvall, Ann-Margret and Malmqvist, Per-Arne},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22053476},\n\tkeywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cities, Environment, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Seasons, Snow, Snow: chemistry, Sweden, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Quality, Water Quality: standards, unsure},\n\tpages = {206--13},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"berntssen-maage-julshamn-oeye-lundebye-carryoverofdietaryorganochlorinepesticidespcddfspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantstoatlanticsalmonsalmosalarlfillets-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'berntssen-maage-julshamn-oeye-lundebye-carryoverofdietaryorganochlorinepesticidespcddfspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantstoatlanticsalmonsalmosalarlfillets-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993', event);\">\n    Carry-over of dietary organochlorine pesticides, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Berntssen, M. H G; Maage, A; Julshamn, K; Oeye, B E;  and Lundebye, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(2): 95–103. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berntssen-maage-julshamn-oeye-lundebye-carryoverofdietaryorganochlorinepesticidespcddfspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantstoatlanticsalmonsalmosalarlfillets-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Carry-over of dietary organochlorine pesticides, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berntssen-maage-julshamn-oeye-lundebye-carryoverofdietaryorganochlorinepesticidespcddfspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantstoatlanticsalmonsalmosalarlfillets-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/berntssen-maage-julshamn-oeye-lundebye-carryoverofdietaryorganochlorinepesticidespcddfspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantstoatlanticsalmonsalmosalarlfillets-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('berntssen-maage-julshamn-oeye-lundebye-carryoverofdietaryorganochlorinepesticidespcddfspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantstoatlanticsalmonsalmosalarlfillets-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{berntssen_carry-over_2011,\n\ttitle = {Carry-over of dietary organochlorine pesticides, {PCDD}/{Fs}, {PCBs}, and brominated flame retardants to {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar {L}.) fillets.},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284993},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.017},\n\tabstract = {Information on carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal food products is essential for appropriate human risk assessment of feed contaminants. The carry-over of potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from feed to fillet was assessed in consumption sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Relative carry-over (defined as the fraction of a certain dietary POP retained in the fillet) was assessed in a controlled feeding trial, which provided fillet retention of dietary organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), dioxins (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Highest retention was found for OCPs, BFRs and PCBs (31-58\\%), and the lowest retentions were observed for PCDD/Fs congeners (10-34\\%). National monitoring data on commercial fish feed and farmed Atlantic salmon on the Norwegian market were used to provide commercially relevant feed-to-fillet transfer factors (calculated as fillet POP level divided by feed POP level), which ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, which is a factor 5-10 times higher than reported for terrestrial meat products. For the OCP with one of the highest relative carry-over, toxaphene, uptake and elimination kinetics were established. Model simulations that are based on the uptake and elimination kinetics gave predicted levels that were in agreement with the measured values. Application of the model to the current EU upper limit for toxaphene in feed (50 μg kg(-1)) gave maximum fillet levels of 22 μg kg(-1), which exceeds the estimated permissible level (21 μg kg(-1)) for toxaphene in fish food samples in Norway.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Berntssen, Marc H G and Maage, A and Julshamn, K and Oeye, B E and Lundebye, A-K},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21284993},\n\tkeywords = {Animal Feed, Animal Feed: analysis, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: metabolism, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Diet: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Salmo salar, Salmo salar: metabolism, Seafood, Seafood: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {95--103},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Information on carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal food products is essential for appropriate human risk assessment of feed contaminants. The carry-over of potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from feed to fillet was assessed in consumption sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Relative carry-over (defined as the fraction of a certain dietary POP retained in the fillet) was assessed in a controlled feeding trial, which provided fillet retention of dietary organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), dioxins (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Highest retention was found for OCPs, BFRs and PCBs (31-58%), and the lowest retentions were observed for PCDD/Fs congeners (10-34%). National monitoring data on commercial fish feed and farmed Atlantic salmon on the Norwegian market were used to provide commercially relevant feed-to-fillet transfer factors (calculated as fillet POP level divided by feed POP level), which ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, which is a factor 5-10 times higher than reported for terrestrial meat products. For the OCP with one of the highest relative carry-over, toxaphene, uptake and elimination kinetics were established. Model simulations that are based on the uptake and elimination kinetics gave predicted levels that were in agreement with the measured values. Application of the model to the current EU upper limit for toxaphene in feed (50 μg kg(-1)) gave maximum fillet levels of 22 μg kg(-1), which exceeds the estimated permissible level (21 μg kg(-1)) for toxaphene in fish food samples in Norway.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bergh-magnusaaberg-svartengren-emenius-stman-organophosphateandphthalateestersinindoorairacomparisonbetweenmultistoreybuildingswithhighandlowprevalenceofsickbuildingsymptoms-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bergh-magnusaaberg-svartengren-emenius-stman-organophosphateandphthalateestersinindoorairacomparisonbetweenmultistoreybuildingswithhighandlowprevalenceofsickbuildingsymptoms-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379', event);\">\n    Organophosphate and phthalate esters in indoor air: a comparison between multi-storey buildings with high and low prevalence of sick building symptoms.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bergh, C.; Magnus \\AAberg, K; Svartengren, M.; Emenius, G.;  and Östman, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 13(7): 2001–9. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergh-magnusaaberg-svartengren-emenius-stman-organophosphateandphthalateestersinindoorairacomparisonbetweenmultistoreybuildingswithhighandlowprevalenceofsickbuildingsymptoms-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphate and phthalate esters in indoor air: a comparison between multi-storey buildings with high and low prevalence of sick building symptoms. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10152h\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergh-magnusaaberg-svartengren-emenius-stman-organophosphateandphthalateestersinindoorairacomparisonbetweenmultistoreybuildingswithhighandlowprevalenceofsickbuildingsymptoms-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10152h', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bergh-magnusaaberg-svartengren-emenius-stman-organophosphateandphthalateestersinindoorairacomparisonbetweenmultistoreybuildingswithhighandlowprevalenceofsickbuildingsymptoms-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bergh-magnusaaberg-svartengren-emenius-stman-organophosphateandphthalateestersinindoorairacomparisonbetweenmultistoreybuildingswithhighandlowprevalenceofsickbuildingsymptoms-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bergh_organophosphate_2011,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphate and phthalate esters in indoor air: a comparison between multi-storey buildings with high and low prevalence of sick building symptoms.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614379},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c1em10152h},\n\tabstract = {An extensive study has been conducted on the prevalence of organophosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers and phthalate ester plasticizers in indoor air. The targeted substances were measured in 45 multi-storey apartment buildings in Stockholm, Sweden. The apartment buildings were classified as high or low risk with regard to the reporting of sick building symptoms (SBS) within the project Healthy Sustainable Houses in Stockholm (3H). Air samples were taken from two to four apartments per building (in total 169 apartments) to facilitate comparison within and between buildings. Association with building characteristics has been examined as well as association with specific sources by combining chemical analysis and exploratory uni- and multivariate data analysis. The study contributes to the overall perspective of levels of organophosphate and phthalate ester in indoor air enabling comparison with other studies. The results indicated little or no difference in the concentrations of the target substances between the two risk classifications of the buildings. The differences between the apartments sampled within (intra) buildings were greater than the differences between (inter) buildings. The concentrations measured in air ranged up to 1200 ng m(-3) for organophosphate esters and up to 11 000 ng m(-3) for phthalate esters. Results in terms of sources were discerned e.g. PVC flooring is a major source of benzylbutyl phthalate in indoor air.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Bergh, Caroline and Magnus {\\textbackslash}AAberg, K and Svartengren, Magnus and Emenius, Gunnel and Östman, Conny},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21614379},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Construction Materials, Construction Materials: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Esters, Esters: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Housing: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: epidemiology, Sweden},\n\tpages = {2001--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An extensive study has been conducted on the prevalence of organophosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers and phthalate ester plasticizers in indoor air. The targeted substances were measured in 45 multi-storey apartment buildings in Stockholm, Sweden. The apartment buildings were classified as high or low risk with regard to the reporting of sick building symptoms (SBS) within the project Healthy Sustainable Houses in Stockholm (3H). Air samples were taken from two to four apartments per building (in total 169 apartments) to facilitate comparison within and between buildings. Association with building characteristics has been examined as well as association with specific sources by combining chemical analysis and exploratory uni- and multivariate data analysis. The study contributes to the overall perspective of levels of organophosphate and phthalate ester in indoor air enabling comparison with other studies. The results indicated little or no difference in the concentrations of the target substances between the two risk classifications of the buildings. The differences between the apartments sampled within (intra) buildings were greater than the differences between (inter) buildings. The concentrations measured in air ranged up to 1200 ng m(-3) for organophosphate esters and up to 11 000 ng m(-3) for phthalate esters. Results in terms of sources were discerned e.g. PVC flooring is a major source of benzylbutyl phthalate in indoor air.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"belgium-identificationandevaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'belgium-identificationandevaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf', event);\">\n    Identification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Belgium, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  European Comission DG Health and Consumers, Brussels, Belgium,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('belgium-identificationandevaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/belgium-identificationandevaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('belgium-identificationandevaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{belgium_identification_2011,\n\taddress = {Brussels, Belgium},\n\ttitle = {Identification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECflame_retardant_substances_study_en.pdf},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tpublisher = {European Comission DG Health and Consumers},\n\tauthor = {Belgium, ARCADIS},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"banasik-suchecka-neurotoxicityofpbdesonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'banasik-suchecka-neurotoxicityofpbdesonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Neurotoxicity of PBDEs on the developing nervous system.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Banasik, M.;  and Suchecka, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 119(8): A331; author reply A331–2. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('banasik-suchecka-neurotoxicityofpbdesonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurotoxicity of PBDEs on the developing nervous system. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103907\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('banasik-suchecka-neurotoxicityofpbdesonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103907', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/banasik-suchecka-neurotoxicityofpbdesonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('banasik-suchecka-neurotoxicityofpbdesonthedevelopingnervoussystem-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{banasik_neurotoxicity_2011,\n\ttitle = {Neurotoxicity of {PBDEs} on the developing nervous system.},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3237368&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1103907},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Banasik, Marek and Suchecka, Dominika},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21807586},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning, Pregnancy},\n\tpages = {A331; author reply A331--2},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-blum-daley-birnbaum-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam: Benefits and Risks.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.; Blum, A.; Daley, R.;  and Birnbaum, L. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Safety Science</i>, 10: 265–278.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3801/IAFFS.FSS.10-265\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-blum-daley-birnbaum-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.3801/IAFFS.FSS.10-265', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-blum-daley-birnbaum-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-blum-daley-birnbaum-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babrauskas_flame_2011,\n\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam}: {Benefits} and {Risks}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tdoi = {10.3801/IAFFS.FSS.10-265},\n\tabstract = {The extensive use of chemical flame retardants to meet the California Furniture Flammability Standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117)provides an example of the need for consideration of environmental impacts of fire safety interventions before they are widely implemented. Flame retardants are currently being used in products with high levels of human exposure without adequate toxicological testing. For example, flame retardants commercially used to meet TB117 have been found to have negative consequences in the environment. And notably, the TB117 standard has not been shown to have a measurable fire safety benefit. Both the unintended adverse environmental and health impacts and the lack of fire safety benefits of California TB117 are discussed in detail.},\n\tjournal = {Fire Safety Science},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Blum, Arlene and Daley, Rebecca and Birnbaum, Linda S},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, flammability, halogens, pbde},\n\tpages = {265--278},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The extensive use of chemical flame retardants to meet the California Furniture Flammability Standard Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117)provides an example of the need for consideration of environmental impacts of fire safety interventions before they are widely implemented. Flame retardants are currently being used in products with high levels of human exposure without adequate toxicological testing. For example, flame retardants commercially used to meet TB117 have been found to have negative consequences in the environment. And notably, the TB117 standard has not been shown to have a measurable fire safety benefit. Both the unintended adverse environmental and health impacts and the lack of fire safety benefits of California TB117 are discussed in detail.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-blum-r-l-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-blum-r-l-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011', 'http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/', event);\">\n    Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam: Benefits and Risks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.; Blum, A.; R., D.;  and L., B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Safety Science</i>, 10: 265–278.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-blum-r-l-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011', 'http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam: Benefits and Risks [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-blum-r-l-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-blum-r-l-flameretardantsinfurniturefoambenefitsandrisks-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babrauskas_flame_2011,\n\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam}: {Benefits} and {Risks}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\turl = {http://www.iafss.org/publications/fss/10/265/},\n\tjournal = {Fire Safety Science},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, V. and Blum, A. and R., Daley and L., Birnbaum},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {265--278},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"asante-adukumi-nakahiro-takahashi-isobe-sudaryanto-devanathan-clarke-etal-humanexposuretopcbspbdesandhbcdsinghanatemporalvariationsourcesofexposureandestimationofdailyintakesbyinfants-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'asante-adukumi-nakahiro-takahashi-isobe-sudaryanto-devanathan-clarke-etal-humanexposuretopcbspbdesandhbcdsinghanatemporalvariationsourcesofexposureandestimationofdailyintakesbyinfants-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682', event);\">\n    Human exposure to PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in Ghana: Temporal variation, sources of exposure and estimation of daily intakes by infants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Asante, K. A.; Adu-Kumi, S.; Nakahiro, K.; Takahashi, S.; Isobe, T.; Sudaryanto, A.; Devanathan, G.; Clarke, E.; Ansa-Asare, O. D.; Dapaah-Siakwan, S.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 37(5): 921–8. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('asante-adukumi-nakahiro-takahashi-isobe-sudaryanto-devanathan-clarke-etal-humanexposuretopcbspbdesandhbcdsinghanatemporalvariationsourcesofexposureandestimationofdailyintakesbyinfants-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human exposure to PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in Ghana: Temporal variation, sources of exposure and estimation of daily intakes by infants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('asante-adukumi-nakahiro-takahashi-isobe-sudaryanto-devanathan-clarke-etal-humanexposuretopcbspbdesandhbcdsinghanatemporalvariationsourcesofexposureandestimationofdailyintakesbyinfants-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/asante-adukumi-nakahiro-takahashi-isobe-sudaryanto-devanathan-clarke-etal-humanexposuretopcbspbdesandhbcdsinghanatemporalvariationsourcesofexposureandestimationofdailyintakesbyinfants-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('asante-adukumi-nakahiro-takahashi-isobe-sudaryanto-devanathan-clarke-etal-humanexposuretopcbspbdesandhbcdsinghanatemporalvariationsourcesofexposureandestimationofdailyintakesbyinfants-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{asante_human_2011,\n\ttitle = {Human exposure to {PCBs}, {PBDEs} and {HBCDs} in {Ghana}: {Temporal} variation, sources of exposure and estimation of daily intakes by infants.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470682},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.011},\n\tabstract = {Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was evaluated in Ghana using breast milk samples collected in 2004 and 2009. Mean levels and ranges of PBDEs (4.5; 0.86-18 ng/g lw) and PCBs (62; 15-160 ng/g lw) observed in the present study were unexpectedly high, in spite of the fact that Ghana is a non-industrialized country when compared with many of the Asian and European countries. Significant increases were found in the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs over the years, while no significant increase was observed for HBCDs. Estimated hazard quotient (HQ) showed that all the mothers had HQ values exceeding the threshold of 1 for PCBs, indicating potential health risk for their children. PCBs in dirty oils and obsolete equipment should be of concern as potential sources in Ghana, and e-waste recycling with little or no experience in safe handling could be a threat to this sub-region noted for unregulated disposal of e-waste. The results may point towards an increase in trends in human milk in Ghana, especially in the larger cities but further analysis would be required to confirm this upward trend in levels. This is the first study to report BFRs in human breast milk from Africa, and undoubtedly from Ghana.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Asante, Kwadwo Ansong and Adu-Kumi, Sam and Nakahiro, Kenta and Takahashi, Shin and Isobe, Tomohiko and Sudaryanto, Agus and Devanathan, Gnanasekaran and Clarke, Edith and Ansa-Asare, Osmund Duodu and Dapaah-Siakwan, Stephen and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21470682},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ghana, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {921--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was evaluated in Ghana using breast milk samples collected in 2004 and 2009. Mean levels and ranges of PBDEs (4.5; 0.86-18 ng/g lw) and PCBs (62; 15-160 ng/g lw) observed in the present study were unexpectedly high, in spite of the fact that Ghana is a non-industrialized country when compared with many of the Asian and European countries. Significant increases were found in the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs over the years, while no significant increase was observed for HBCDs. Estimated hazard quotient (HQ) showed that all the mothers had HQ values exceeding the threshold of 1 for PCBs, indicating potential health risk for their children. PCBs in dirty oils and obsolete equipment should be of concern as potential sources in Ghana, and e-waste recycling with little or no experience in safe handling could be a threat to this sub-region noted for unregulated disposal of e-waste. The results may point towards an increase in trends in human milk in Ghana, especially in the larger cities but further analysis would be required to confirm this upward trend in levels. This is the first study to report BFRs in human breast milk from Africa, and undoubtedly from Ghana.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"arcadisebrc-evaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'arcadisebrc-evaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf', event);\">\n    Evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ARCADIS-EBRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  European Commission,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('arcadisebrc-evaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/arcadisebrc-evaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('arcadisebrc-evaluationofdataonflameretardantsinconsumerproducts-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{arcadis-ebrc_evaluation_2011,\n\ttitle = {Evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer products},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Arcadis EBRC_2011_Overview Flame retardant substances study.pdf},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tpublisher = {European Commission},\n\tauthor = {{ARCADIS-EBRC}},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"an-zhang-li-mai-fu-onsiteandoffsiteatmosphericpbdesinanelectronicdismantlingworkshopinsouthchinagasparticlepartitioningandhumanexposureassessment-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'an-zhang-li-mai-fu-onsiteandoffsiteatmosphericpbdesinanelectronicdismantlingworkshopinsouthchinagasparticlepartitioningandhumanexposureassessment-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700', event);\">\n    On-site and off-site atmospheric PBDEs in an electronic dismantling workshop in south China: gas-particle partitioning and human exposure assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  An, T.; Zhang, D.; Li, G.; Mai, B.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 159(12): 3529–35. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('an-zhang-li-mai-fu-onsiteandoffsiteatmosphericpbdesinanelectronicdismantlingworkshopinsouthchinagasparticlepartitioningandhumanexposureassessment-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"On-site and off-site atmospheric PBDEs in an electronic dismantling workshop in south China: gas-particle partitioning and human exposure assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('an-zhang-li-mai-fu-onsiteandoffsiteatmosphericpbdesinanelectronicdismantlingworkshopinsouthchinagasparticlepartitioningandhumanexposureassessment-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/an-zhang-li-mai-fu-onsiteandoffsiteatmosphericpbdesinanelectronicdismantlingworkshopinsouthchinagasparticlepartitioningandhumanexposureassessment-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('an-zhang-li-mai-fu-onsiteandoffsiteatmosphericpbdesinanelectronicdismantlingworkshopinsouthchinagasparticlepartitioningandhumanexposureassessment-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{an_-site_2011,\n\ttitle = {On-site and off-site atmospheric {PBDEs} in an electronic dismantling workshop in south {China}: gas-particle partitioning and human exposure assessment.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871700},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.014},\n\tabstract = {Gas samples and total suspended particle during work and off work time were investigated on-site and off-site electronic waste dismantling workshop (I- and O-EWDW), then compared with plastic recycling workshop (PRW) and waste incineration plant (WIP). TSP concentrations and total PBDE were 0.36-2.21 mg/m(3) and 27-2975 ng/m(3) at different workshops, respectively. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were major ∑PBDE congeners at I-EWDW and WIP, while BDE-209 was only dominant congener in PRW and control sites during work time and all sites during off work time. The gas-particle partitioning result was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure for all samples, except for WIP and I-EDWD, at park during work time, and residential area during off work time. The predicted urban curve fitted well with measured ϕ values at O-DEWD during work time, whereas it was slightly overestimated or underestimated for others. Exposure assessment revealed the highest exposure site was I-EDWD.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {An, Taicheng and Zhang, Delin and Li, Guiying and Mai, Bixian and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21871700},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, China, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Refuse Disposal},\n\tpages = {3529--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Gas samples and total suspended particle during work and off work time were investigated on-site and off-site electronic waste dismantling workshop (I- and O-EWDW), then compared with plastic recycling workshop (PRW) and waste incineration plant (WIP). TSP concentrations and total PBDE were 0.36-2.21 mg/m(3) and 27-2975 ng/m(3) at different workshops, respectively. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were major ∑PBDE congeners at I-EWDW and WIP, while BDE-209 was only dominant congener in PRW and control sites during work time and all sites during off work time. The gas-particle partitioning result was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure for all samples, except for WIP and I-EDWD, at park during work time, and residential area during off work time. The predicted urban curve fitted well with measured ϕ values at O-DEWD during work time, whereas it was slightly overestimated or underestimated for others. Exposure assessment revealed the highest exposure site was I-EDWD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"an-li-zhong-wang-zhen-zhang-wang-wu-etal-thecytotoxiceffectsofsynthetic6hydroxylatedand6methoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylether47bde47-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'an-li-zhong-wang-zhen-zhang-wang-wu-etal-thecytotoxiceffectsofsynthetic6hydroxylatedand6methoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylether47bde47-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613', event);\">\n    The cytotoxic effects of synthetic 6-hydroxylated and 6-methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE47).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  An, J.; Li, S.; Zhong, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhen, K.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wu, M.; Yu, Z.; Sheng, G.; Fu, J.;  and Huang, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology</i>, 26(6): 591–9. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('an-li-zhong-wang-zhen-zhang-wang-wu-etal-thecytotoxiceffectsofsynthetic6hydroxylatedand6methoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylether47bde47-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The cytotoxic effects of synthetic 6-hydroxylated and 6-methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE47). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20582\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('an-li-zhong-wang-zhen-zhang-wang-wu-etal-thecytotoxiceffectsofsynthetic6hydroxylatedand6methoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylether47bde47-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20582', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/an-li-zhong-wang-zhen-zhang-wang-wu-etal-thecytotoxiceffectsofsynthetic6hydroxylatedand6methoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylether47bde47-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('an-li-zhong-wang-zhen-zhang-wang-wu-etal-thecytotoxiceffectsofsynthetic6hydroxylatedand6methoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylether47bde47-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{an_cytotoxic_2011,\n\ttitle = {The cytotoxic effects of synthetic 6-hydroxylated and 6-methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 ({BDE47}).},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1522-7278},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549613},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20582},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been widely applied as flame retardants in plastics, polyurethane foam, paints, and synthetic fabrics. The rising PBDE level in human tissues and environment has led to concern about the health impact of exposure to PBDE. The 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), the dominant PBDE congener found in the environment and human tissues, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor. It has also been reported to cause liver and neurodevelopmental toxicity. BDE47 can be metabolized to 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. So far little has been reported on the cytotoxicity of the metabolites. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the two metabolites was investigated by exposing human hepatoma cell line HepG2 to different doses of 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. The cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage, micronucleus levels, and oxidative stress response were studied. The results indicated that both metabolites could markedly inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells with 6-OH-BDE47 showing a stronger effect, and significantly increase the micronucleus level and apoptosis rate in a dose-dependant manner. Moreover, treatment with 6-OH-BDE47 (≥0.5 μM) resulted in a marked cell cycle block. The SCGE experiments revealed that both metabolites could cause DNA damage in a dose-dependant manner. Analysis of the oxidative stress response showed that 6-OH-BDE47 treatment (≥2.0 μM) significantly increased intracellular ROS levels as indicated by GSH depletion and elevation of SOD level, whereas 6-MeO-BDE47 showed a weaker effect, suggesting that oxidative stress might play a role in the cytotoxic effects. We concluded that 6-OH-BDE47 or 6-MeO-BDE47 exposure was able to induce inhibition of cell viability, increase of apoptosis rate, cell cycle block, and DNA damages, which might involve the alterated oxidative stress response due to the elevated free radicals and impaired antioxidative system.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\n\tauthor = {An, Jing and Li, Shuhui and Zhong, Yufang and Wang, Yipei and Zhen, Kewen and Zhang, Xinyu and Wang, Yangjun and Wu, Minghong and Yu, Zhiqiang and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo and Huang, Yuecheng},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {20549613},\n\tkeywords = {Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hep G2 Cells, Humans, Hydroxylation, Oxidative Stress, Polybrominated Biphenyls},\n\tpages = {591--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been widely applied as flame retardants in plastics, polyurethane foam, paints, and synthetic fabrics. The rising PBDE level in human tissues and environment has led to concern about the health impact of exposure to PBDE. The 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), the dominant PBDE congener found in the environment and human tissues, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor. It has also been reported to cause liver and neurodevelopmental toxicity. BDE47 can be metabolized to 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. So far little has been reported on the cytotoxicity of the metabolites. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the two metabolites was investigated by exposing human hepatoma cell line HepG2 to different doses of 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47. The cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage, micronucleus levels, and oxidative stress response were studied. The results indicated that both metabolites could markedly inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells with 6-OH-BDE47 showing a stronger effect, and significantly increase the micronucleus level and apoptosis rate in a dose-dependant manner. Moreover, treatment with 6-OH-BDE47 (≥0.5 μM) resulted in a marked cell cycle block. The SCGE experiments revealed that both metabolites could cause DNA damage in a dose-dependant manner. Analysis of the oxidative stress response showed that 6-OH-BDE47 treatment (≥2.0 μM) significantly increased intracellular ROS levels as indicated by GSH depletion and elevation of SOD level, whereas 6-MeO-BDE47 showed a weaker effect, suggesting that oxidative stress might play a role in the cytotoxic effects. We concluded that 6-OH-BDE47 or 6-MeO-BDE47 exposure was able to induce inhibition of cell viability, increase of apoptosis rate, cell cycle block, and DNA damages, which might involve the alterated oxidative stress response due to the elevated free radicals and impaired antioxidative system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020', event);\">\n    \"Novel\" brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: implications for human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Harrad, S.; Goosey, E.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(10): 1360–5. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"&quot;Novel&quot; brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: implications for human exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_novel_2011,\n\ttitle = {&quot;{Novel}&quot; brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: implications for human exposure.},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458020},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of several &quot;novel&quot; brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n=39) and offices (n=6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n=36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range {\\textbackslash}textless20-2470 ng g(-1)), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range {\\textbackslash}textless0.5-1740 ng g(-1)), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range {\\textbackslash}textless20-9960 ng g(-1)), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range {\\textbackslash}textless2-436 ng g(-1)) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range {\\textbackslash}textless2-6175 ng g(-1)). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g(-1) dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH=4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults=20 mg d(-1); for toddlers=50 mg d(-1)) and high dust ingestion (adults=50 mg d(-1); for toddlers=200 mg d(-1)). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21458020},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Belgium, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child Day Care Centers: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Housing, Housing: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Preschool, Workplace, Workplace: statistics \\&amp; numerical data},\n\tpages = {1360--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of several \"novel\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n=39) and offices (n=6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n=36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \\textless20-2470 ng g(-1)), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \\textless0.5-1740 ng g(-1)), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \\textless20-9960 ng g(-1)), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \\textless2-436 ng g(-1)) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \\textless2-6175 ng g(-1)). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g(-1) dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH=4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults=20 mg d(-1); for toddlers=50 mg d(-1)) and high dust ingestion (adults=50 mg d(-1); for toddlers=200 mg d(-1)). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-harrad-muenhor-neels-covaci-analyticalcharacteristicsanddeterminationofmajornovelbrominatedflameretardantsnbfrsinindoordust-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-harrad-muenhor-neels-covaci-analyticalcharacteristicsanddeterminationofmajornovelbrominatedflameretardantsnbfrsinindoordust-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791', event);\">\n    Analytical characteristics and determination of major novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Harrad, S.; Muenhor, D.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</i>, 400(9): 3073–83. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-muenhor-neels-covaci-analyticalcharacteristicsanddeterminationofmajornovelbrominatedflameretardantsnbfrsinindoordust-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analytical characteristics and determination of major novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4966-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-muenhor-neels-covaci-analyticalcharacteristicsanddeterminationofmajornovelbrominatedflameretardantsnbfrsinindoordust-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4966-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-harrad-muenhor-neels-covaci-analyticalcharacteristicsanddeterminationofmajornovelbrominatedflameretardantsnbfrsinindoordust-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-harrad-muenhor-neels-covaci-analyticalcharacteristicsanddeterminationofmajornovelbrominatedflameretardantsnbfrsinindoordust-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_analytical_2011,\n\ttitle = {Analytical characteristics and determination of major novel brominated flame retardants ({NBFRs}) in indoor dust.},\n\tvolume = {400},\n\tissn = {1618-2650},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479791},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-011-4966-7},\n\tabstract = {A new method was developed and optimized for the detection of major &quot;novel&quot; brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which included decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO). Several solid phase sorbents were tested, and finally, a two-step cleanup procedure was established. The first step on activated silica was used to fractionate the dust extracts, while the second step on acidified silica (silica gel impregnated with sulphuric acid 44\\% w/w) and on Florisil(®), respectively, was essential for advanced cleanup. High recoveries for NBFRs (range, 75-94\\%) were achieved. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization using a DB-5ms (15 m × 0.25 mm × 0.1 μm) capillary column. Quantification of DBDPE, BTBPE and TBBPA-DBPE was based on ion m/z 79, while characteristic ions were used for quantification of TBB (m/z 359), HCDBCO (m/z 310) and TBPH (m/z 384). The method provided good repeatability; within- and between-day precision were ≤14\\% for all NBFRs. Method limits of quantification ranged between 1 and 20 ng g(-1); dust and NBFRs were not detected in blanks. The method was further applied to indoor dust (n = 21) collected from e-waste facilities in Thailand. Except for HCDBCO, all NBFRs were detected in the e-waste dust with concentrations up to 44,000 and 22,600 ng g(-1) DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The dust profile was dominated by DBDPE (50\\%) {\\textbackslash}textgreater BTBPE (45\\%) {\\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA-DBPE (3\\%) {\\textbackslash}textgreater TBPH (1.9\\%) {\\textbackslash}textgreater TBB (0.1\\%). Significant correlations (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) were found between the concentrations of BTBPE and BDE 183 or BDE 197 on the one hand, between TBPH and BDE 47 or BDE 99, and between DBDPE and BDE 209, on the other hand. Concentrations of TBB were not positively correlated with TBPH, which suggests different emission sources.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Muenhor, Dudsadee and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21479791},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {3073--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A new method was developed and optimized for the detection of major \"novel\" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which included decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO). Several solid phase sorbents were tested, and finally, a two-step cleanup procedure was established. The first step on activated silica was used to fractionate the dust extracts, while the second step on acidified silica (silica gel impregnated with sulphuric acid 44% w/w) and on Florisil(®), respectively, was essential for advanced cleanup. High recoveries for NBFRs (range, 75-94%) were achieved. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization using a DB-5ms (15 m × 0.25 mm × 0.1 μm) capillary column. Quantification of DBDPE, BTBPE and TBBPA-DBPE was based on ion m/z 79, while characteristic ions were used for quantification of TBB (m/z 359), HCDBCO (m/z 310) and TBPH (m/z 384). The method provided good repeatability; within- and between-day precision were ≤14% for all NBFRs. Method limits of quantification ranged between 1 and 20 ng g(-1); dust and NBFRs were not detected in blanks. The method was further applied to indoor dust (n = 21) collected from e-waste facilities in Thailand. Except for HCDBCO, all NBFRs were detected in the e-waste dust with concentrations up to 44,000 and 22,600 ng g(-1) DBDPE and BTBPE, respectively. The dust profile was dominated by DBDPE (50%) \\textgreater BTBPE (45%) \\textgreater TBBPA-DBPE (3%) \\textgreater TBPH (1.9%) \\textgreater TBB (0.1%). Significant correlations (p \\textless 0.05) were found between the concentrations of BTBPE and BDE 183 or BDE 197 on the one hand, between TBPH and BDE 47 or BDE 99, and between DBDPE and BDE 209, on the other hand. Concentrations of TBB were not positively correlated with TBPH, which suggests different emission sources.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011', 'http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html', event);\">\n    Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koponen, I. K.; Jensen, K. A.;  and Schneider, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology</i>, 21(4): 408–418. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011', 'http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.32\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.32', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koponen_comparison_2011,\n\ttitle = {Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tcopyright = {© 2010 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {1559-0631},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2010.32},\n\tabstract = {Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Koponen, Ismo Kalevi and Jensen, Keld Alstrup and Schneider, Thomas},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health},\n\tpages = {408--418},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011', 'http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html', event);\">\n    Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koponen, I. K.; Jensen, K. A.;  and Schneider, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology</i>, 21(4): 408–418. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011', 'http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.32\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.32', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koponen-jensen-schneider-comparisonofdustreleasedfromsandingconventionalandnanoparticledopedwallandwoodcoatings-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koponen_comparison_2011,\n\ttitle = {Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tcopyright = {© 2010 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {1559-0631},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n4/abs/jes201032a.html},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2010.32},\n\tabstract = {Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2015-05-06},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Koponen, Ismo Kalevi and Jensen, Keld Alstrup and Schneider, Thomas},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Nanotechnology, aerosol size distributions, nanomaterial, occupational health},\n\tpages = {408--418},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into traditional surface coatings (e.g., paints, lacquers, fillers) may result in new exposures to both workers and consumers and possibly also a new risk to their health. During finishing and renovation, such products may also be a substantial source of exposure to ENPs or aggregates thereof. This study investigates the particle size distributions (5.6 nm–19.8 μm) and the total number of dust particles generated during sanding of ENP-doped paints, lacquers, and fillers as compared to their conventional counterparts. In all products, the dust emissions from sanding were found to consist of five size modes: three modes under 1 μm and two modes around 1 and 2 μm. Corrected for the emission from the sanding machine, the sanding dust, was dominated by 100–300 nm size particles, whereas the mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the micrometer modes. Adding ENPs to the studied products only vaguely affected the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes in the sanding dust when compared to their reference products. However, we observed considerable differences in the number concentrations in the different size modes, but still without revealing a clear effect of ENPs on dust emissions from sanding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147', event);\">\n    Is the PentaBDE replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a developmental neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dishaw, L. V.; Powers, C. M.; Ryde, I. T.; Roberts, S. C.; Seidler, F. J.; Slotkin, T. A.;  and Stapleton, H. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</i>, 256(3): 281–289. November 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is the PentaBDE replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a developmental neurotoxicant? Studies in PC12 cells [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dishaw-powers-ryde-roberts-seidler-slotkin-stapleton-isthepentabdereplacementtris13dichloro2propylphosphatetdcppadevelopmentalneurotoxicantstudiesinpc12cells-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dishaw_is_2011,\n\tseries = {Environmental {Chemicals} and {Neurotoxicity}},\n\ttitle = {Is the {PentaBDE} replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP}), a developmental neurotoxicant? {Studies} in {PC12} cells},\n\tvolume = {256},\n\tissn = {0041-008X},\n\tshorttitle = {Is the {PentaBDE} replacement, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ({TDCPP}), a developmental neurotoxicant?},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X11000147},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.005},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Dishaw, Laura V. and Powers, Christina M. and Ryde, Ian T. and Roberts, Simon C. and Seidler, Frederic J. and Slotkin, Theodore A. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Neurotoxicity, Organophosphate, PC12 cells, TDCPP},\n\tpages = {281--289},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used as replacements for the commercial PentaBDE mixture that was phased out in 2004. OPFRs are ubiquitous in the environment and detected at high concentrations in residential dust, suggesting widespread human exposure. OPFRs are structurally similar to neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, raising concerns about exposure and toxicity to humans. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) compared to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known developmental neurotoxicant. We also tested the neurotoxicity of three structurally similar OPFRs, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a major component of PentaBDE. Using undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells, changes in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, differentiation into dopaminergic or cholinergic neurophenotypes, cell number, cell growth and neurite growth were assessed. TDCPP displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, often with effects equivalent to or greater than equimolar concentrations of CPF. TDCPP inhibited DNA synthesis, and all OPFRs decreased cell number and altered neurodifferentiation. Although TDCPP elevated oxidative stress, there was no adverse effect on cell viability or growth. TDCPP and TDBPP promoted differentiation into both neuronal phenotypes, while TCEP and TCPP promoted only the cholinergic phenotype. BDE-47 had no effect on cell number, cell growth or neurite growth. Our results demonstrate that different OPFRs show divergent effects on neurodifferentiation, suggesting the participation of multiple mechanisms of toxicity. Additionally, these data suggest that OPFRs may affect neurodevelopment with similar or greater potency compared to known and suspected neurotoxicants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426', event);\">\n    “Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: Implications for human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Harrad, S.; Goosey, E.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(10): 1360–1365. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: Implications for human exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_novel_2011,\n\ttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: {Implications} for human exposure},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \\&amp;lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \\&amp;lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \\&amp;lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \\&amp;lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \\&amp;lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)},\n\tpages = {1360--1365},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range &lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range &lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range &lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range &lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range &lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400', event);\">\n    Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van den Eede, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 37(2): 454–461. February 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vandeneede-dirtu-neels-covaci-analyticaldevelopmentsandpreliminaryassessmentofhumanexposuretoorganophosphateflameretardantsfromindoordust-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_den_eede_analytical_2011,\n\ttitle = {Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010002400},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010},\n\tabstract = {A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127\\%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was \\&amp;lt; 14\\% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02 μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50 μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38 μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94 μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between \\&amp;lt; 1 and 50 ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor \\&amp;gt; 5.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Van den Eede, Nele and Dirtu, Alin C. and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Belgium, Dust, Flanders, Human exposure, OPFRs, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)},\n\tpages = {454--461},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A new and efficient analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust samples. This method involves an extraction step by ultrasonication and vortex, followed by extract clean-up with Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges and analysis of the purified extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Method recoveries ranged between 76 and 127%, except for volatile OPFRs, such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tri-(n-propyl) phosphate (TnPP), which were partially lost during evaporation steps. The between day precision on spiked dust samples was &lt; 14% for individual OPFRs, except for TEP, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) and tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Method limit of quantifications (LOQ) ranged between 0.02 μg/g (TnPP and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP)) and 0.50 μg/g (TiBP). The method was further applied for the analysis of indoor dust samples taken from Flemish homes and stores. TiBP, TBEP and TCPP were most abundant OPFR with median concentrations of 2.99, 2.03 and 1.38 μg/g in house dust and of 1.04, 3.61, and 2.94 μg/g in store dust, respectively. The concentration of all OPFRs was at least 20 to 30 times higher compared to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Estimated exposure to OPFRs from dust ingestion ranged for individual OPFRs between &lt; 1 and 50 ng/kg body weight for adults and toddlers, respectively. The estimated body burdens were 1000 to 100 times below reference dose (RfD) values, except for the scenario with high dust ingestion and high concentrations of TBEP in toddlers, where intake was only 5 times below RfD. Exposure of non-working and working adults to OPFRs appeared to be similar, but in specific work environments, exposure to some OPFRs (e.g. TDCPP) was increased by a factor &gt; 5.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268', event);\">\n    Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lithner, D.; Larsson, Å.;  and Dave, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 409(18): 3309–3324. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lithner_environmental_2011,\n\ttitle = {Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038},\n\tabstract = {Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model&#x27;s five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Lithner, Delilah and Larsson, Åke and Dave, Göran},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity},\n\tpages = {3309--3324},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X', event);\">\n    Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women from Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gómara, B.; Herrero, L.; Pacepavicius, G.; Ohta, S.; Alaee, M.;  and González, M. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(6): 799–805. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women from Spain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gomara_occurrence_2011,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls ({PXBs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk of women from {Spain}},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080},\n\tabstract = {In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported.\n\nA concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Gómara, B. and Herrero, L. and Pacepavicius, G. and Ohta, S. and Alaee, M. and González, M. J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs},\n\tpages = {799--805},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported. A concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjodin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjodin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/', event);\">\n    Exposure to PBDEs in the Office Environment: Evaluating the Relationships Between Dust, Handwipes, and Serum.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Watkins, D. J.; McClean, M. D.; Fraser, A. J.; Weinberg, J.; Stapleton, H. M.; Sjodin, A.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 119(9): 1247–1252. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjodin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to PBDEs in the Office Environment: Evaluating the Relationships Between Dust, Handwipes, and Serum [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003271\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjodin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003271', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjodin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('watkins-mcclean-fraser-weinberg-stapleton-sjodin-webster-exposuretopbdesintheofficeenvironmentevaluatingtherelationshipsbetweendusthandwipesandserum-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{watkins_exposure_2011,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the {Office} {Environment}: {Evaluating} the {Relationships} {Between} {Dust}, {Handwipes}, and {Serum}},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\tshorttitle = {Exposure to {PBDEs} in the {Office} {Environment}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230398/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003271},\n\tabstract = {Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment., Objectives: We examined relationships between PBDE concentrations in the office environment and internal exposure using concurrent measurements of PBDEs in serum, handwipes, and office dust., Methods: We collected serum, dust, and handwipe samples from 31 participants who spent at least 20 hr/week in an office. We used a questionnaire to collect information about work and personal habits., Results: We found positive associations between PBDEs in room dust, handwipes (a measure of personal exposure), and serum. PBDE office dust concentrations were weakly correlated with measurements in handwipes: r = 0.35 (p = 0.06) for pentaBDE (sum of BDE congeners 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) and 0.33 (p = 0.07) for BDE-209. Hand washing also predicted pentaBDE levels in handwipes: low hand-washers had 3.3 times the pentaBDE levels in their handwipes than did high hand-washers (p = 0.02). PentaBDE in handwipes predicted pentaBDE levels in serum (p = 0.03): Serum concentrations in the highest handwipe tertile were on average 3.5 times the lowest handwipe tertile. The geometric mean concentration of pentaBDEs in serum was 27 ng/g lipid. We detected BDE-209 in 20\\% of serum samples, at levels ranging from {\\textless} 4.8 to 9.7 ng/g lipid., Conclusion: Our research suggests that exposure to pentaBDE in the office environment contributes to pentaBDE body burden, with exposure likely linked to PBDE residues on hands. In addition, hand washing may decrease exposure to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-09-17},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Watkins, Deborah J. and McClean, Michael D. and Fraser, Alicia J. and Weinberg, Janice and Stapleton, Heather M. and Sjodin, Andreas and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {21715243},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3230398},\n\tpages = {1247--1252},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products and are ubiquitous in residential indoor air and dust. However, little is known about exposure in the office environment., Objectives: We examined relationships between PBDE concentrations in the office environment and internal exposure using concurrent measurements of PBDEs in serum, handwipes, and office dust., Methods: We collected serum, dust, and handwipe samples from 31 participants who spent at least 20 hr/week in an office. We used a questionnaire to collect information about work and personal habits., Results: We found positive associations between PBDEs in room dust, handwipes (a measure of personal exposure), and serum. PBDE office dust concentrations were weakly correlated with measurements in handwipes: r = 0.35 (p = 0.06) for pentaBDE (sum of BDE congeners 28/33, 47, 99, 100, and 153) and 0.33 (p = 0.07) for BDE-209. Hand washing also predicted pentaBDE levels in handwipes: low hand-washers had 3.3 times the pentaBDE levels in their handwipes than did high hand-washers (p = 0.02). PentaBDE in handwipes predicted pentaBDE levels in serum (p = 0.03): Serum concentrations in the highest handwipe tertile were on average 3.5 times the lowest handwipe tertile. The geometric mean concentration of pentaBDEs in serum was 27 ng/g lipid. We detected BDE-209 in 20% of serum samples, at levels ranging from \\textless 4.8 to 9.7 ng/g lipid., Conclusion: Our research suggests that exposure to pentaBDE in the office environment contributes to pentaBDE body burden, with exposure likely linked to PBDE residues on hands. In addition, hand washing may decrease exposure to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874', event);\">\n    A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eskenazi, B.; Fenster, L.; Castorina, R.; Marks, A. R.; Sjödin, A.; Rosas, L. G.; Holland, N.; Guerra, A. G.; Lopez-Carillo, L.;  and Bradman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 119(10): 1442–1448. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Comparison of PBDE Serum Concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American Children Living in California [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002874\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002874', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eskenazi-fenster-castorina-marks-sjdin-rosas-holland-guerra-etal-acomparisonofpbdeserumconcentrationsinmexicanandmexicanamericanchildrenlivingincalifornia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eskenazi_comparison_2011,\n\ttitle = {A {Comparison} of {PBDE} {Serum} {Concentrations} in {Mexican} and {Mexican}-{American} {Children} {Living} in {California}},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002874},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1002874},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eskenazi, Brenda and Fenster, Laura and Castorina, Rosemary and Marks, Amy R. and Sjödin, Andreas and Rosas, Lisa Goldman and Holland, Nina and Guerra, Armando Garcia and Lopez-Carillo, Lizbeth and Bradman, Asa},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {1442--1448},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268', event);\">\n    Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lithner, D.; Larsson, Å.;  and Dave, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 409(18): 3309–3324. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lithner-larsson-dave-environmentalandhealthhazardrankingandassessmentofplasticpolymersbasedonchemicalcomposition-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lithner_environmental_2011,\n\ttitle = {Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004268},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038},\n\tabstract = {Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model&#x27;s five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Lithner, Delilah and Larsson, Åke and Dave, Göran},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Environment, Hazardous substances, Health, Plastic polymers, Plastics, Toxicity},\n\tpages = {3309--3324},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X', event);\">\n    Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo province, South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Darnerud, P. O.; Aune, M.; Larsson, L.; Lignell, S.; Mutshatshi, T.; Okonkwo, J.; Botha, B.;  and Agyei, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 409(19): 4048–4053. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo province, South Africa [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('darnerud-aune-larsson-lignell-mutshatshi-okonkwo-botha-agyei-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpesistentorganicpollutantsinbreastmilksamplesfromlimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{darnerud_levels_2011,\n\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from {Limpopo} province, {South} {Africa}},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971100578X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054},\n\tabstract = {The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n = 28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n = 14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4 600 and over 20 000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n = 28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Darnerud, Per Ola and Aune, Marie and Larsson, Lotta and Lignell, Sanna and Mutshatshi, Tshinanne and Okonkwo, Jonathan and Botha, Ben and Agyei, Nana},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, DDT, HBCD, PBDEs, PCBs, South Africa},\n\tpages = {4048--4053},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n = 28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n = 14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4 600 and over 20 000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n = 28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chovancov-onka-koan-sejkov-pcddpcdfpcbandpbdeconcentrationsinbreastmilkofmothersresidinginselectedareasofslovakia-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chovancov-onka-koan-sejkov-pcddpcdfpcbandpbdeconcentrationsinbreastmilkofmothersresidinginselectedareasofslovakia-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347', event);\">\n    PCDD, PCDF, PCB and PBDE concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of Slovakia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chovancová, J.; Čonka, K.; Kočan, A.;  and Sejáková, Z. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(10): 1383–1390. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chovancov-onka-koan-sejkov-pcddpcdfpcbandpbdeconcentrationsinbreastmilkofmothersresidinginselectedareasofslovakia-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PCDD, PCDF, PCB and PBDE concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of Slovakia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.070\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chovancov-onka-koan-sejkov-pcddpcdfpcbandpbdeconcentrationsinbreastmilkofmothersresidinginselectedareasofslovakia-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.070', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chovancov-onka-koan-sejkov-pcddpcdfpcbandpbdeconcentrationsinbreastmilkofmothersresidinginselectedareasofslovakia-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chovancov-onka-koan-sejkov-pcddpcdfpcbandpbdeconcentrationsinbreastmilkofmothersresidinginselectedareasofslovakia-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chovancova_pcdd_2011,\n\ttitle = {{PCDD}, {PCDF}, {PCB} and {PBDE} concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of {Slovakia}},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002347},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.070},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in 33 breast milk samples collected in 2006–2007 from primipara mothers close to four industrial areas of Slovak Republic were determined. The total PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs expressed as TEQ based on WHO TEFs 1998 in breast milk samples varied from 5.0 to 51.8 pg g−1 fat (median: 13.1 pg g−1 fat; mean: 18.0 pg g−1 fat). The measurements of seven PBDE congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were performed for the first time in human milk from Slovakia. PBDE levels ranged between 0.22 and 1.62 ng g−1 fat, with median and mean value of 0.43 ng g−1 fat and 0.57 ng g−1 fat respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between studied areas in total PBDE concentrations.\n\nFurthermore, this study presents first results concerning the daily intake (DI) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like compounds for the most vulnerable breast-fed infant population in Slovakia. The total PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB DI for an infant during the first 2 months of life was estimated in a range from 14.4 to 230 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w., with a median value of 58.9 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w.. The DI values substantially exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) 1–4 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w. recommended by WHO. The dietary infant intake concerning PBDEs was estimated to be between 0.69 and 7.1 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1, with median value of 1.7 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Chovancová, Jana and Čonka, Kamil and Kočan, Anton and Sejáková, Zuzana Stachová},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Polybrominated diphenylethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Slovakia},\n\tpages = {1383--1390},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in 33 breast milk samples collected in 2006–2007 from primipara mothers close to four industrial areas of Slovak Republic were determined. The total PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs expressed as TEQ based on WHO TEFs 1998 in breast milk samples varied from 5.0 to 51.8 pg g−1 fat (median: 13.1 pg g−1 fat; mean: 18.0 pg g−1 fat). The measurements of seven PBDE congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were performed for the first time in human milk from Slovakia. PBDE levels ranged between 0.22 and 1.62 ng g−1 fat, with median and mean value of 0.43 ng g−1 fat and 0.57 ng g−1 fat respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between studied areas in total PBDE concentrations. Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the daily intake (DI) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like compounds for the most vulnerable breast-fed infant population in Slovakia. The total PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB DI for an infant during the first 2 months of life was estimated in a range from 14.4 to 230 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w., with a median value of 58.9 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w.. The DI values substantially exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) 1–4 pg TEQ kg−1 b.w. recommended by WHO. The dietary infant intake concerning PBDEs was estimated to be between 0.69 and 7.1 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1, with median value of 1.7 ng kg−1 b.w. d−1.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ulaszewska-zuccato-capri-iovine-colombo-rotella-generoso-grassi-etal-theeffectofwastecombustionontheoccurrenceofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddspolychlorinateddibenzofuranspcdfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkinitaly-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ulaszewska-zuccato-capri-iovine-colombo-rotella-generoso-grassi-etal-theeffectofwastecombustionontheoccurrenceofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddspolychlorinateddibenzofuranspcdfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkinitaly-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872', event);\">\n    The effect of waste combustion on the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk in Italy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ulaszewska, M. M.; Zuccato, E.; Capri, E.; Iovine, R.; Colombo, A.; Rotella, G.; Generoso, C.; Grassi, P.; Melis, M.;  and Fanelli, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 82(1): 1–8. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ulaszewska-zuccato-capri-iovine-colombo-rotella-generoso-grassi-etal-theeffectofwastecombustionontheoccurrenceofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddspolychlorinateddibenzofuranspcdfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkinitaly-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The effect of waste combustion on the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk in Italy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ulaszewska-zuccato-capri-iovine-colombo-rotella-generoso-grassi-etal-theeffectofwastecombustionontheoccurrenceofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddspolychlorinateddibenzofuranspcdfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkinitaly-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ulaszewska-zuccato-capri-iovine-colombo-rotella-generoso-grassi-etal-theeffectofwastecombustionontheoccurrenceofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddspolychlorinateddibenzofuranspcdfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkinitaly-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ulaszewska-zuccato-capri-iovine-colombo-rotella-generoso-grassi-etal-theeffectofwastecombustionontheoccurrenceofpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinspcddspolychlorinateddibenzofuranspcdfsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkinitaly-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ulaszewska_effect_2011,\n\ttitle = {The effect of waste combustion on the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PCDDs}), polychlorinated dibenzofurans ({PCDFs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk in {Italy}},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510011872},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.044},\n\tabstract = {Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in the breast milk of mothers living in Giugliano (Campania, Italy), an area at increased risk of PCDD and PCDF exposure caused by recent and serious open-air waste-combustion accidents. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in milk samples were also studied. Breast milk was also monitored in two cities in northern Italy, Milan and Piacenza, which were selected as controls. Other variables, such as diet and age of the mothers, were also studied. PCDD/F and PCB levels and congener profiles in breast-milk samples were similar in all these cities, though total PCDD/F and DL-PCB TEQs in samples from Giugliano were significantly lower than those in Milan and Piacenza (8.65 pg WHO-TEQ in Giugliano vs. 11.0 and 9.94 pg WHO-TEQ in Milan and Piacenza respectively). Thus no direct correlations were found between PCDD/F and PCB levels in breast milk and the suspected increased exposure through open-air waste combustion in Giugliano. Diet did not seem to affect PCDD/F and PCB levels, whereas a significant correlation was observed between the mother’s age and an increased concentration of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs in milk. Comparison of these findings with those of previous surveys in Italy in 2000–2001 showed a marked reduction of PCDD/F (about 60\\%) and DL-PCB (about 20\\%) levels in breast milk occurring over the last 10 years. This might well be a result of well functioning legislation, for example European Directives on of the reduction of the emission limits of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs from waste incineration set by EU Directive 2000/76/EC implemented in 2000, or Commission Regulations such as (EC) No. 466/2001 and 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ulaszewska, Maria M. and Zuccato, Ettore and Capri, Ettore and Iovine, Reginaldo and Colombo, Andrea and Rotella, Giuseppe and Generoso, Caterina and Grassi, Paola and Melis, Manuela and Fanelli, Roberto},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Accidental exposure, Human biomonitoring, Principal component analysis, Waste combustion},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in the breast milk of mothers living in Giugliano (Campania, Italy), an area at increased risk of PCDD and PCDF exposure caused by recent and serious open-air waste-combustion accidents. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in milk samples were also studied. Breast milk was also monitored in two cities in northern Italy, Milan and Piacenza, which were selected as controls. Other variables, such as diet and age of the mothers, were also studied. PCDD/F and PCB levels and congener profiles in breast-milk samples were similar in all these cities, though total PCDD/F and DL-PCB TEQs in samples from Giugliano were significantly lower than those in Milan and Piacenza (8.65 pg WHO-TEQ in Giugliano vs. 11.0 and 9.94 pg WHO-TEQ in Milan and Piacenza respectively). Thus no direct correlations were found between PCDD/F and PCB levels in breast milk and the suspected increased exposure through open-air waste combustion in Giugliano. Diet did not seem to affect PCDD/F and PCB levels, whereas a significant correlation was observed between the mother’s age and an increased concentration of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs in milk. Comparison of these findings with those of previous surveys in Italy in 2000–2001 showed a marked reduction of PCDD/F (about 60%) and DL-PCB (about 20%) levels in breast milk occurring over the last 10 years. This might well be a result of well functioning legislation, for example European Directives on of the reduction of the emission limits of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs from waste incineration set by EU Directive 2000/76/EC implemented in 2000, or Commission Regulations such as (EC) No. 466/2001 and 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X', event);\">\n    Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women from Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gómara, B.; Herrero, L.; Pacepavicius, G.; Ohta, S.; Alaee, M.;  and González, M. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(6): 799–805. April 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women from Spain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gmara-herrero-pacepavicius-ohta-alaee-gonzlez-occurrenceofcoplanarpolybrominatedchlorinatedbiphenylspxbspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinbreastmilkofwomenfromspain-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gomara_occurrence_2011,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls ({PXBs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in breast milk of women from {Spain}},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100244X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080},\n\tabstract = {In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported.\n\nA concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Gómara, B. and Herrero, L. and Pacepavicius, G. and Ohta, S. and Alaee, M. and González, M. J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Human breast milk, PBDEs, PCBs, co-PCBs, co-PXBs},\n\tpages = {799--805},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported. A concentration of 0.45 pg g−1 lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g−1 lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"font-molt-egea-conesa-thermogravimetrickineticanalysisandpollutantevolutionduringthepyrolysisandcombustionofmobilephonecase-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'font-molt-egea-conesa-thermogravimetrickineticanalysisandpollutantevolutionduringthepyrolysisandcombustionofmobilephonecase-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X', event);\">\n    Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis and pollutant evolution during the pyrolysis and combustion of mobile phone case.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Font, R.; Moltó, J.; Egea, S.;  and Conesa, J. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 85(3): 516–524. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('font-molt-egea-conesa-thermogravimetrickineticanalysisandpollutantevolutionduringthepyrolysisandcombustionofmobilephonecase-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis and pollutant evolution during the pyrolysis and combustion of mobile phone case [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('font-molt-egea-conesa-thermogravimetrickineticanalysisandpollutantevolutionduringthepyrolysisandcombustionofmobilephonecase-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/font-molt-egea-conesa-thermogravimetrickineticanalysisandpollutantevolutionduringthepyrolysisandcombustionofmobilephonecase-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('font-molt-egea-conesa-thermogravimetrickineticanalysisandpollutantevolutionduringthepyrolysisandcombustionofmobilephonecase-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{font_thermogravimetric_2011,\n\ttitle = {Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis and pollutant evolution during the pyrolysis and combustion of mobile phone case},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100960X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.013},\n\tabstract = {The increase in electronic waste, including cellular telephones, worldwide is a worrying reality. For this reason, urgent action on the management of these wastes is necessary within a framework that respects the environment and human health. Mobile phone components can be physically segregated through grinding at the dismantling sites, in order to reuse or reprocess (via chemical or physical recycling) the recovered plastics and valuable metals.\n\nA kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case has been carried out under different conditions by thermogravimetry. Several experiments were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere (pyrolysis runs) and also in an oxidative atmosphere with two different oxygen concentrations (10\\% and 20\\% oxygen in nitrogen). Dynamic runs and dynamic + isothermal runs have been carried out to obtain much decomposition data under different operating conditions. Moreover some TG–MS runs were performed in order to better understand the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case and identify some compounds emitted during the controlled heating of this material. A scheme of two independent reactions for pseudocomponents has been proposed for the pyrolysis process. For the combustion runs, the scheme proposed includes two pyrolytic reactions competing with other two reactions with formation of an intermediate residue, and finally the reaction of oxidation/burning of the intermediate residue.\n\nFurthermore, pyrolysis and combustion runs at 500 °C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out. More than 50 compounds, including carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified and quantified. The main semivolatile compounds detected were phenol and styrene. Furthermore, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs produced were analyzed. In the combustion run, PCDDs were obtained in higher amounts than PCDFs and HxCDD was the most emitted homologue.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Font, R. and Moltó, J. and Egea, S. and Conesa, J. A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Dioxins, Electronic waste, Kinetics, Semivolatile compounds, Thermogravimetry},\n\tpages = {516--524},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The increase in electronic waste, including cellular telephones, worldwide is a worrying reality. For this reason, urgent action on the management of these wastes is necessary within a framework that respects the environment and human health. Mobile phone components can be physically segregated through grinding at the dismantling sites, in order to reuse or reprocess (via chemical or physical recycling) the recovered plastics and valuable metals. A kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case has been carried out under different conditions by thermogravimetry. Several experiments were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere (pyrolysis runs) and also in an oxidative atmosphere with two different oxygen concentrations (10% and 20% oxygen in nitrogen). Dynamic runs and dynamic + isothermal runs have been carried out to obtain much decomposition data under different operating conditions. Moreover some TG–MS runs were performed in order to better understand the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case and identify some compounds emitted during the controlled heating of this material. A scheme of two independent reactions for pseudocomponents has been proposed for the pyrolysis process. For the combustion runs, the scheme proposed includes two pyrolytic reactions competing with other two reactions with formation of an intermediate residue, and finally the reaction of oxidation/burning of the intermediate residue. Furthermore, pyrolysis and combustion runs at 500 °C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out. More than 50 compounds, including carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified and quantified. The main semivolatile compounds detected were phenol and styrene. Furthermore, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs produced were analyzed. In the combustion run, PCDDs were obtained in higher amounts than PCDFs and HxCDD was the most emitted homologue.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-lee-kim-oh-monitoringofpbdesconcentrationinumbilicalcordbloodandbreastmilkfromkoreanpopulationandestimatingtheeffectsofvariousparametersonaccumulationinhumans-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-lee-kim-oh-monitoringofpbdesconcentrationinumbilicalcordbloodandbreastmilkfromkoreanpopulationandestimatingtheeffectsofvariousparametersonaccumulationinhumans-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556', event);\">\n    Monitoring of PBDEs concentration in umbilical cord blood and breast milk from Korean population and estimating the effects of various parameters on accumulation in humans.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, U.; Lee, I.; Kim, H. S.;  and Oh, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 85(3): 487–493. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-lee-kim-oh-monitoringofpbdesconcentrationinumbilicalcordbloodandbreastmilkfromkoreanpopulationandestimatingtheeffectsofvariousparametersonaccumulationinhumans-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Monitoring of PBDEs concentration in umbilical cord blood and breast milk from Korean population and estimating the effects of various parameters on accumulation in humans [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-lee-kim-oh-monitoringofpbdesconcentrationinumbilicalcordbloodandbreastmilkfromkoreanpopulationandestimatingtheeffectsofvariousparametersonaccumulationinhumans-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-lee-kim-oh-monitoringofpbdesconcentrationinumbilicalcordbloodandbreastmilkfromkoreanpopulationandestimatingtheeffectsofvariousparametersonaccumulationinhumans-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-lee-kim-oh-monitoringofpbdesconcentrationinumbilicalcordbloodandbreastmilkfromkoreanpopulationandestimatingtheeffectsofvariousparametersonaccumulationinhumans-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_monitoring_2011,\n\ttitle = {Monitoring of {PBDEs} concentration in umbilical cord blood and breast milk from {Korean} population and estimating the effects of various parameters on accumulation in humans},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511009556},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.008},\n\tabstract = {In this study, we investigated concentration, congener distribution pattern, and effects of potential environmental factors that affect PBDE accumulation. We also estimated correlation between PBDE concentration and health status or thyroid function by analyzing 90 cord blood and 21 breast milk samples obtained from Korean population. Seven from tri- to hepta-BDEs were analyzed by solid phase extraction-high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-HRGC/HRMS). The total concentration of 7 PBDEs in cord blood was 2.786–94.64 ng g−1 lipid and that in breast milk was 1.076–8.664 ng g−1 lipid. Tetra-BDE (\\#47) was the predominant type of PBDE and was present at concentrations of over 40\\% in both sample types. A weak correlation was observed between the concentration of BDE28 and 153 and thyroid hormone concentration only in the breast milk samples. In children, a weak negative correlation was observed between free thyroxine (FT4) concentration and BDE28 concentration (0.302, p \\&amp;lt; 0.05), while in mothers, a weak positive correlation was observed between thyroid hormone concentration and BDE153 concentration (0.403, p \\&amp;lt; 0.05). No significant correlations between PBDE concentration and work and residential environments were found in this study, but a weak correlation between BDE concentration in cord blood and potential PBDE sources was confirmed by investigating the frequency of oil paint usage (0.510, p \\&amp;lt; 0.001). A weak correlation was also found between PBDE concentration in breast milk during pregnancy and dietary habits such as green tea drinking (0.541, p = 0.025) and Trichiuridae intake (0.565, p = 0.015).},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Un-Jung and Lee, In-Seok and Kim, Hyung Sik and Oh, Jeong-Eun},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Cord blood, Environmental factors, Korea, PBDEs, Thyroid hormone},\n\tpages = {487--493},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, we investigated concentration, congener distribution pattern, and effects of potential environmental factors that affect PBDE accumulation. We also estimated correlation between PBDE concentration and health status or thyroid function by analyzing 90 cord blood and 21 breast milk samples obtained from Korean population. Seven from tri- to hepta-BDEs were analyzed by solid phase extraction-high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-HRGC/HRMS). The total concentration of 7 PBDEs in cord blood was 2.786–94.64 ng g−1 lipid and that in breast milk was 1.076–8.664 ng g−1 lipid. Tetra-BDE (#47) was the predominant type of PBDE and was present at concentrations of over 40% in both sample types. A weak correlation was observed between the concentration of BDE28 and 153 and thyroid hormone concentration only in the breast milk samples. In children, a weak negative correlation was observed between free thyroxine (FT4) concentration and BDE28 concentration (0.302, p &lt; 0.05), while in mothers, a weak positive correlation was observed between thyroid hormone concentration and BDE153 concentration (0.403, p &lt; 0.05). No significant correlations between PBDE concentration and work and residential environments were found in this study, but a weak correlation between BDE concentration in cord blood and potential PBDE sources was confirmed by investigating the frequency of oil paint usage (0.510, p &lt; 0.001). A weak correlation was also found between PBDE concentration in breast milk during pregnancy and dietary habits such as green tea drinking (0.541, p = 0.025) and Trichiuridae intake (0.565, p = 0.015).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-li-zhao-li-yang-wen-cai-wu-anationalsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinchinesemothersmilk-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-li-zhao-li-yang-wen-cai-wu-anationalsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinchinesemothersmilk-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365', event);\">\n    A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Chinese mothers’ milk.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, L.; Li, J.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X.; Yang, X.; Wen, S.; Cai, Z.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 84(5): 625–633. July 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-li-zhao-li-yang-wen-cai-wu-anationalsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinchinesemothersmilk-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Chinese mothers’ milk [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.041\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-li-zhao-li-yang-wen-cai-wu-anationalsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinchinesemothersmilk-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.041', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-li-zhao-li-yang-wen-cai-wu-anationalsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinchinesemothersmilk-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-li-zhao-li-yang-wen-cai-wu-anationalsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinchinesemothersmilk-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_national_2011,\n\ttitle = {A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in {Chinese} mothers’ milk},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511003365},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.041},\n\tabstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (CB-28, CB-52, CB-101, CB-138, CB-153 and CB-180) were measured in 24 pooled human milk samples comprised of 1237 individual samples from 12 provinces in China. The samples were taken to estimate the background body burden of general population and assess nursing infant exposure via human milk in China. The median concentrations of ∑7PBDEs and ∑6PCBs were 1.49 and 10.50 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively. BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-153 were predominant PBDE congeners accounting for nearly 70\\% of ∑7PBDEs. As for indicator PCBs, CB-153 was the most abundant congener, followed by CB-138. In our study, there was no significantly statistical relationship between concentrations of PBDEs in milk samples and maternal age as well as dietary habits. ∑7PBDEs did not correlate to ∑6PCBs in Chinese mothers’ milk. The human exposure to indicator PCBs in China was found to be significantly determined by maternal age, dietary habits and geographical factors. It is suggested that Chinese general population is probably exposed to PBDEs with multiple sources and pathways. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-153 for the Chinese nursing infant were much lower than corresponding threshold reference values suggested by USEPA.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Lei and Li, Jingguang and Zhao, Yunfeng and Li, Xiaowei and Yang, Xin and Wen, Sheng and Cai, Zongwei and Wu, Yongning},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Body burden, Human milk, Indicator polychlorinated biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Risk assessment},\n\tpages = {625--633},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (CB-28, CB-52, CB-101, CB-138, CB-153 and CB-180) were measured in 24 pooled human milk samples comprised of 1237 individual samples from 12 provinces in China. The samples were taken to estimate the background body burden of general population and assess nursing infant exposure via human milk in China. The median concentrations of ∑7PBDEs and ∑6PCBs were 1.49 and 10.50 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively. BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-153 were predominant PBDE congeners accounting for nearly 70% of ∑7PBDEs. As for indicator PCBs, CB-153 was the most abundant congener, followed by CB-138. In our study, there was no significantly statistical relationship between concentrations of PBDEs in milk samples and maternal age as well as dietary habits. ∑7PBDEs did not correlate to ∑6PCBs in Chinese mothers’ milk. The human exposure to indicator PCBs in China was found to be significantly determined by maternal age, dietary habits and geographical factors. It is suggested that Chinese general population is probably exposed to PBDEs with multiple sources and pathways. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-153 for the Chinese nursing infant were much lower than corresponding threshold reference values suggested by USEPA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698', event);\">\n    Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Foster, W. G.; Gregorovich, S.; Morrison, K. M.; Atkinson, S. A.; Kubwabo, C.; Stewart, B.;  and Teo, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 84(10): 1301–1309. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('foster-gregorovich-morrison-atkinson-kubwabo-stewart-teo-humanmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{foster_human_2011,\n\ttitle = {Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511005698},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1 ± 0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean = 26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM = 56.0 ng g−1 lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p \\&amp;lt; 0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β = −49.860, p = 0.032, and β = −3.645, p = 0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β = −3.951 and p = 0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Foster, Warren G. and Gregorovich, Sandra and Morrison, Katherine M. and Atkinson, Stephanie A. and Kubwabo, Cariton and Stewart, Brian and Teo, Koon},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Birth weight, Exposure, Fetus, Polybrominated diphenyl ether, Pregnancy},\n\tpages = {1301--1309},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1 ± 0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean = 26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM = 56.0 ng g−1 lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p &lt; 0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β = −49.860, p = 0.032, and β = −3.645, p = 0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β = −3.951 and p = 0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"abb-stahl-lorenz-analysisofbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedust-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'abb-stahl-lorenz-analysisofbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedust-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655', event);\">\n    Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Abb, M.; Stahl, B.;  and Lorenz, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 85(11): 1657–1663. December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abb-stahl-lorenz-analysisofbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedust-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abb-stahl-lorenz-analysisofbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedust-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/abb-stahl-lorenz-analysisofbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedust-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('abb-stahl-lorenz-analysisofbrominatedflameretardantsinhousedust-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{abb_analysis_2011,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511006655},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.022},\n\tabstract = {The main objective of this study was to create a robust analytical method to analyse the flame retardants decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in house dust in order to estimate the degree of contamination of indoor environment. A liquid chromatography method equipped with a UV-detector and electro spray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to achieve this result. Applying an external calibration for BDE-209, an internal calibration for TBBPA, and a standard addition method for HBCD low limits of quantification were obtained. The analytical procedure was carried out under exclusion of UV-light as the target compounds potentially degrade when being exposed to UV-light. Empirical data were obtained in addition to the dust samples to estimate potential influences of apartment characteristics. A weak correlation between the number of electric devices and TBBPA was found.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Abb, Magdalena and Stahl, Beate and Lorenz, Wilhelm},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {BFR, HBCD, Liquid chromatography, PBDE, TBBPA},\n\tpages = {1657--1663},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The main objective of this study was to create a robust analytical method to analyse the flame retardants decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in house dust in order to estimate the degree of contamination of indoor environment. A liquid chromatography method equipped with a UV-detector and electro spray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to achieve this result. Applying an external calibration for BDE-209, an internal calibration for TBBPA, and a standard addition method for HBCD low limits of quantification were obtained. The analytical procedure was carried out under exclusion of UV-light as the target compounds potentially degrade when being exposed to UV-light. Empirical data were obtained in addition to the dust samples to estimate potential influences of apartment characteristics. A weak correlation between the number of electric devices and TBBPA was found.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426', event);\">\n    “Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: Implications for human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ali, N.; Harrad, S.; Goosey, E.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 83(10): 1360–1365. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"“Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: Implications for human exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ali-harrad-goosey-neels-covaci-novelbrominatedflameretardantsinbelgianandukindoordustimplicationsforhumanexposure-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ali_novel_2011,\n\ttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust: {Implications} for human exposure},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {“{Novel}” brominated flame retardants in {Belgian} and {UK} indoor dust},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653511002426},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range \\&amp;lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range \\&amp;lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range \\&amp;lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range \\&amp;lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range \\&amp;lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100\\% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-06-30},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ali, Nadeem and Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Human exposure, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Toddler, “Novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs)},\n\tpages = {1360--1365},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range &lt;20–2470 ng g−1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range &lt;0.5–1740 ng g−1), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range &lt;20–9960 ng g−1), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range &lt;2–436 ng g−1) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range &lt;2–6175 ng g−1). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g−1 dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d−1; for toddlers = 50 mg d−1) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d−1; for toddlers = 200 mg d−1). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg−1 bw d−1 and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg−1 bw d−1 for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yasui-kitago-beppu-kohno-morishita-gomi-nagae-hattori-etal-functionalimportanceofcovalenthomodimerofreelinproteinlinkedviaitscentralregion-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yasui-kitago-beppu-kohno-morishita-gomi-nagae-hattori-etal-functionalimportanceofcovalenthomodimerofreelinproteinlinkedviaitscentralregion-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191', event);\">\n    Functional importance of covalent homodimer of reelin protein linked via its central region.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yasui, N.; Kitago, Y.; Beppu, A.; Kohno, T.; Morishita, S.; Gomi, H.; Nagae, M.; Hattori, M.;  and Takagi, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of biological chemistry</i>, 286(40): 35247–56. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yasui-kitago-beppu-kohno-morishita-gomi-nagae-hattori-etal-functionalimportanceofcovalenthomodimerofreelinproteinlinkedviaitscentralregion-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Functional importance of covalent homodimer of reelin protein linked via its central region. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.242719\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yasui-kitago-beppu-kohno-morishita-gomi-nagae-hattori-etal-functionalimportanceofcovalenthomodimerofreelinproteinlinkedviaitscentralregion-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.242719', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yasui-kitago-beppu-kohno-morishita-gomi-nagae-hattori-etal-functionalimportanceofcovalenthomodimerofreelinproteinlinkedviaitscentralregion-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yasui-kitago-beppu-kohno-morishita-gomi-nagae-hattori-etal-functionalimportanceofcovalenthomodimerofreelinproteinlinkedviaitscentralregion-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yasui_functional_2011,\n\ttitle = {Functional importance of covalent homodimer of reelin protein linked via its central region.},\n\tvolume = {286},\n\tissn = {1083-351X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844191},\n\tdoi = {10.1074/jbc.M111.242719},\n\tabstract = {Reelin is a 3461-residue secreted glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development through its action on target neurons. Although it is known that functional reelin protein exists as multimer formed by interchain disulfide bond(s) as well as through non-covalent interactions, the chemical nature of the multimer assembly has been elusive. In the present study, we identified, among 122 cysteines present in full-length reelin, the single critical cysteine residue (Cys(2101)) responsible for the covalent multimerization. C2101A mutant reelin failed to assemble into disulfide-bonded multimers, whereas it still exhibited non-covalently associated high molecular weight oligomeric states in solution. Detailed analysis of tryptic fragments produced from the purified reelin proteins revealed that the minimum unit of the multimer is a homodimeric reelin linked via Cys(2101) present in the central region and that this cysteine does not connect to the N-terminal region of reelin, which had been postulated as the primary oligomerization domain. A surface plasmon resonance binding assay confirmed that C2101A mutant reelin retained binding capability toward two neuronal receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low density lipoprotein receptor. However, it failed to show signaling activity in the assay using the cultured neurons. These results indicate that an intact higher order architecture of reelin multimer maintained by both Cys(2101)-mediated homodimerization and other non-covalent association present elsewhere in the reelin primary structure are essential for exerting its full biological activity.},\n\tnumber = {40},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Yasui, Norihisa and Kitago, Yu and Beppu, Ayako and Kohno, Takao and Morishita, Shunsuke and Gomi, Hiroki and Nagae, Masamichi and Hattori, Mitsuharu and Takagi, Junichi},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, CHO Cells, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Dimerization, Disulfides, Disulfides: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: chemistry, Extracellular Matrix Proteins: metabolism, Humans, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: chemistry, Nerve Tissue Proteins: metabolism, Neuronal, Neuronal: chemistry, Neuronal: metabolism, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Phosphorylation, Protein Binding, Protein Structure, Sequence Homology, Serine Endopeptidases, Serine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Serine Endopeptidases: metabolism, Signal Transduction, Tertiary, cell line},\n\tpages = {35247--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Reelin is a 3461-residue secreted glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development through its action on target neurons. Although it is known that functional reelin protein exists as multimer formed by interchain disulfide bond(s) as well as through non-covalent interactions, the chemical nature of the multimer assembly has been elusive. In the present study, we identified, among 122 cysteines present in full-length reelin, the single critical cysteine residue (Cys(2101)) responsible for the covalent multimerization. C2101A mutant reelin failed to assemble into disulfide-bonded multimers, whereas it still exhibited non-covalently associated high molecular weight oligomeric states in solution. Detailed analysis of tryptic fragments produced from the purified reelin proteins revealed that the minimum unit of the multimer is a homodimeric reelin linked via Cys(2101) present in the central region and that this cysteine does not connect to the N-terminal region of reelin, which had been postulated as the primary oligomerization domain. A surface plasmon resonance binding assay confirmed that C2101A mutant reelin retained binding capability toward two neuronal receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low density lipoprotein receptor. However, it failed to show signaling activity in the assay using the cultured neurons. These results indicate that an intact higher order architecture of reelin multimer maintained by both Cys(2101)-mediated homodimerization and other non-covalent association present elsewhere in the reelin primary structure are essential for exerting its full biological activity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"levary-parthasarathy-boder-ackerman-proteinproteinfusioncatalyzedbysortasea-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'levary-parthasarathy-boder-ackerman-proteinproteinfusioncatalyzedbysortasea-2011', 'http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342', event);\">\n    Protein-protein fusion catalyzed by sortase A.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Levary, D. A; Parthasarathy, R.; Boder, E. T;  and Ackerman, M. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PloS one</i>, 6(4): e18342. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levary-parthasarathy-boder-ackerman-proteinproteinfusioncatalyzedbysortasea-2011', 'http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Protein-protein fusion catalyzed by sortase A. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levary-parthasarathy-boder-ackerman-proteinproteinfusioncatalyzedbysortasea-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/levary-parthasarathy-boder-ackerman-proteinproteinfusioncatalyzedbysortasea-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('levary-parthasarathy-boder-ackerman-proteinproteinfusioncatalyzedbysortasea-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{levary_protein-protein_2011,\n\ttitle = {Protein-protein fusion catalyzed by sortase {A}.},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018342},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018342},\n\tabstract = {Chimeric proteins boast widespread use in areas ranging from cell biology to drug delivery. Post-translational protein fusion using the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A provides an attractive alternative when traditional gene fusion fails. We describe use of this enzyme for in vitro protein ligation and report the successful fusion of 10 pairs of protein domains with preserved functionality–demonstrating the robust and facile nature of this reaction.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {PloS one},\n\tauthor = {Levary, David A and Parthasarathy, Ranganath and Boder, Eric T and Ackerman, Margaret E},\n\teditor = {Najbauer, Joseph},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Aminoacyltransferases, Aminoacyltransferases: chemistry, Aminoacyltransferases: metabolism, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: chemistry, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Biocatalysis, Cysteine Endopeptidases, Cysteine Endopeptidases: chemistry, Cysteine Endopeptidases: metabolism, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Structure, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Tertiary},\n\tpages = {e18342},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chimeric proteins boast widespread use in areas ranging from cell biology to drug delivery. Post-translational protein fusion using the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A provides an attractive alternative when traditional gene fusion fails. We describe use of this enzyme for in vitro protein ligation and report the successful fusion of 10 pairs of protein domains with preserved functionality–demonstrating the robust and facile nature of this reaction.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"beyer-ullrich-kudera-gardiner-cogdell-khler-hybridnanostructuresforenhancedlightharvestingplasmoninducedincreaseinfluorescencefromindividualphotosyntheticpigmentproteincomplexes-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'beyer-ullrich-kudera-gardiner-cogdell-khler-hybridnanostructuresforenhancedlightharvestingplasmoninducedincreaseinfluorescencefromindividualphotosyntheticpigmentproteincomplexes-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h', event);\">\n    Hybrid Nanostructures for Enhanced Light-Harvesting: Plasmon Induced Increase in Fluorescence from Individual Photosynthetic Pigment–Protein Complexes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Beyer, S. R.; Ullrich, S.; Kudera, S.; Gardiner, A. T.; Cogdell, R. J.;  and Köhler, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nano Lett.</i>, 11(11): 4897–4901.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beyer-ullrich-kudera-gardiner-cogdell-khler-hybridnanostructuresforenhancedlightharvestingplasmoninducedincreaseinfluorescencefromindividualphotosyntheticpigmentproteincomplexes-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hybrid Nanostructures for Enhanced Light-Harvesting: Plasmon Induced Increase in Fluorescence from Individual Photosynthetic Pigment–Protein Complexes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beyer-ullrich-kudera-gardiner-cogdell-khler-hybridnanostructuresforenhancedlightharvestingplasmoninducedincreaseinfluorescencefromindividualphotosyntheticpigmentproteincomplexes-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/beyer-ullrich-kudera-gardiner-cogdell-khler-hybridnanostructuresforenhancedlightharvestingplasmoninducedincreaseinfluorescencefromindividualphotosyntheticpigmentproteincomplexes-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('beyer-ullrich-kudera-gardiner-cogdell-khler-hybridnanostructuresforenhancedlightharvestingplasmoninducedincreaseinfluorescencefromindividualphotosyntheticpigmentproteincomplexes-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{beyer_hybrid_2011,\n\ttitle = {Hybrid {Nanostructures} for {Enhanced} {Light}-{Harvesting}: {Plasmon} {Induced} {Increase} in {Fluorescence} from {Individual} {Photosynthetic} {Pigment}–{Protein} {Complexes}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1530-6984},\n\tshorttitle = {Hybrid {Nanostructures} for {Enhanced} {Light}-{Harvesting}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202772h},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nl202772h},\n\tabstract = {We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.\nWe studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\n\tauthor = {Beyer, Sebastian R. and Ullrich, Simon and Kudera, Stefan and Gardiner, Alastair T. and Cogdell, Richard J. and Köhler, Jürgen},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {4897--4901},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices. We studied the optical response from more than 13?000 individual photosynthetic pigment?protein complexes interacting with spherical gold nanoparticles. The nanodots were arranged in a quasi-hexagonal array by diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography. Exciting the proteins within the spectral range of the nanoparticles? plasmon resonance yields a clear enhancement of the protein fluorescence intensity, whereas excitation far out of the plasmon resonance features no effect. This result indicates a strategy for the construction of efficient hybrid light-harvesting devices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mayer-hafner-localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancesensors-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mayer-hafner-localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancesensors-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v', event);\">\n    Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mayer, K. M;  and Hafner, J. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical reviews</i>, 111(6): 3828–57. June 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mayer-hafner-localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancesensors-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mayer-hafner-localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancesensors-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mayer-hafner-localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancesensors-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mayer-hafner-localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancesensors-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mayer_localized_2011,\n\ttitle = {Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors.},\n\tvolume = {111},\n\tissn = {1520-6890},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100313v},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/cr100313v},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Chemical reviews},\n\tauthor = {Mayer, Kathryn M and Hafner, Jason H},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {3828--57},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dutta-varghese-nangreave-lin-yan-liu-dnadirectedartificiallightharvestingantenna-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dutta-varghese-nangreave-lin-yan-liu-dnadirectedartificiallightharvestingantenna-2011', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138', event);\">\n    DNA-Directed Artificial Light-Harvesting Antenna.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dutta, P. K.; Varghese, R.; Nangreave, J.; Lin, S.; Yan, H.;  and Liu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 133(31): 11985–11993.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dutta-varghese-nangreave-lin-yan-liu-dnadirectedartificiallightharvestingantenna-2011', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"DNA-Directed Artificial Light-Harvesting Antenna [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja1115138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dutta-varghese-nangreave-lin-yan-liu-dnadirectedartificiallightharvestingantenna-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja1115138', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dutta-varghese-nangreave-lin-yan-liu-dnadirectedartificiallightharvestingantenna-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dutta-varghese-nangreave-lin-yan-liu-dnadirectedartificiallightharvestingantenna-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dutta_dna-directed_2011,\n\ttitle = {{DNA}-{Directed} {Artificial} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Antenna}},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1115138 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1115138},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja1115138},\n\tabstract = {Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy. Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy.},\n\tnumber = {31},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Dutta, Palash K. and Varghese, Reji and Nangreave, Jeanette and Lin, Su and Yan, Hao and Liu, Yan},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {11985--11993},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy. Designing and constructing multichromophoric, artificial light-harvesting antennas with controlled interchromophore distances, orientations, and defined donor?acceptor ratios to facilitate efficient unidirectional energy transfer is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of a series of structurally well-defined artificial light-harvesting triads based on the principles of structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology offers addressable scaffolds for the organization of various functional molecules with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The triads are organized by a self-assembled seven-helix DNA bundle (7HB) into cyclic arrays of three distinct chromophores, reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The scaffold accommodates a primary donor array (Py), secondary donor array (Cy3) and an acceptor (AF) with defined interchromophore distances. Steady-state fluorescence analyses of the triads revealed an efficient, stepwise funneling of the excitation energy from the primary donor array to the acceptor core through the intermediate donor. The efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the light-harvesting ability (antenna effect) of the triads was greatly affected by the relative ratio of the primary to the intermediate donors, as well as on the interchromophore distance. Time-resolved fluorescence analyses by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and streak camera techniques further confirmed the cascading energy transfer processes on the picosecond time scale. Our results clearly show that DNA nanoscaffolds are promising templates for the design of artificial photonic antennas with structural characteristics that are ideal for the efficient harvesting and transport of energy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dedeo-finley-francis-viralcapsidsasselfassemblingtemplatesfornewmaterials-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dedeo-finley-francis-viralcapsidsasselfassemblingtemplatesfornewmaterials-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9', event);\">\n    Viral capsids as self-assembling templates for new materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dedeo, M. T; Finley, D. T;  and Francis, M. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Progress in molecular biology and translational science</i>, 103: 353–92. January 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dedeo-finley-francis-viralcapsidsasselfassemblingtemplatesfornewmaterials-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Viral capsids as self-assembling templates for new materials. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dedeo-finley-francis-viralcapsidsasselfassemblingtemplatesfornewmaterials-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dedeo-finley-francis-viralcapsidsasselfassemblingtemplatesfornewmaterials-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dedeo-finley-francis-viralcapsidsasselfassemblingtemplatesfornewmaterials-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dedeo_viral_2011,\n\ttitle = {Viral capsids as self-assembling templates for new materials.},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1878-0814},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-415906-8.00002-9},\n\tabstract = {The self-assembling protein shells of viruses have provided convenient scaffolds for the construction of many new materials with well-defined nanoscale architectures. In some cases, the native amino acid functional groups have served as nucleation sites for the deposition of metals and semiconductors, leading to organic-inorganic composites with interesting electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. Other approaches have involved the covalent modification of the protein monomers, typically with the goal of generating targeting delivery vehicles for drug and imaging cargo. Covalently modified capsid proteins have also been used to generate periodic arrays of chromophores for use in light harvesting and photocatalytic applications. All of these research areas have taken advantage of the low polydispersity, high chemical stability, and intrinsically multivalent properties that are uniquely offered by these biological building blocks.},\n\tjournal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},\n\tauthor = {Dedeo, Michel T and Finley, Daniel T and Francis, Matthew B},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Catalysis, Photosynthesis, Proteins, bioconjugation, capsids, drug delivery, light harvesting, medical imaging, nanoparticles, self-assembly, viruses},\n\tpages = {353--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The self-assembling protein shells of viruses have provided convenient scaffolds for the construction of many new materials with well-defined nanoscale architectures. In some cases, the native amino acid functional groups have served as nucleation sites for the deposition of metals and semiconductors, leading to organic-inorganic composites with interesting electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. Other approaches have involved the covalent modification of the protein monomers, typically with the goal of generating targeting delivery vehicles for drug and imaging cargo. Covalently modified capsid proteins have also been used to generate periodic arrays of chromophores for use in light harvesting and photocatalytic applications. All of these research areas have taken advantage of the low polydispersity, high chemical stability, and intrinsically multivalent properties that are uniquely offered by these biological building blocks.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stein-steinhauer-tinnefeld-singlemoleculefourcolorfretvisualizesenergytransferpathsondnaorigami-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stein-steinhauer-tinnefeld-singlemoleculefourcolorfretvisualizesenergytransferpathsondnaorigami-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464', event);\">\n    Single-Molecule Four-Color FRET Visualizes Energy-Transfer Paths on DNA Origami.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stein, I. H.; Steinhauer, C.;  and Tinnefeld, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 133(12): 4193–4195.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stein-steinhauer-tinnefeld-singlemoleculefourcolorfretvisualizesenergytransferpathsondnaorigami-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Single-Molecule Four-Color FRET Visualizes Energy-Transfer Paths on DNA Origami [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stein-steinhauer-tinnefeld-singlemoleculefourcolorfretvisualizesenergytransferpathsondnaorigami-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stein-steinhauer-tinnefeld-singlemoleculefourcolorfretvisualizesenergytransferpathsondnaorigami-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stein-steinhauer-tinnefeld-singlemoleculefourcolorfretvisualizesenergytransferpathsondnaorigami-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stein_single-molecule_2011,\n\ttitle = {Single-{Molecule} {Four}-{Color} {FRET} {Visualizes} {Energy}-{Transfer} {Paths} on {DNA} {Origami}},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1105464 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja1105464},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja1105464},\n\tabstract = {Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Stein, Ingo H. and Steinhauer, Christian and Tinnefeld, Philip},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {4193--4195},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) represents a mechanism to transport light energy at the nanoscale, as exemplified by nature?s light-harvesting complexes. Here we used DNA origami to arrange fluorophores that transport excited-state energy from an input dye to an output dye. We demonstrate that energy-transfer paths can be controlled on the single-molecule level by the presence of a ?jumper? dye that directs the excited-state energy either to a red or to an IR output dye. We used single-molecule four-color FRET with alternating laser excitation to sort subpopulations and to visualize the control of energy transfer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"scholes-fleming-olayacastro-vangrondelle-lessonsfromnatureaboutsolarlightharvesting-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'scholes-fleming-olayacastro-vangrondelle-lessonsfromnatureaboutsolarlightharvesting-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145', event);\">\n    Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Scholes, G. D; Fleming, G. R; Olaya-Castro, A.;  and van Grondelle, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature chemistry</i>, 3(10): 763–74. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scholes-fleming-olayacastro-vangrondelle-lessonsfromnatureaboutsolarlightharvesting-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scholes-fleming-olayacastro-vangrondelle-lessonsfromnatureaboutsolarlightharvesting-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/scholes-fleming-olayacastro-vangrondelle-lessonsfromnatureaboutsolarlightharvesting-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('scholes-fleming-olayacastro-vangrondelle-lessonsfromnatureaboutsolarlightharvesting-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{scholes_lessons_2011,\n\ttitle = {Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting.},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1755-4349},\n\tshorttitle = {Nat {Chem}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1145},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/nchem.1145},\n\tabstract = {Solar fuel production often starts with the energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. For example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centres that then carry out the associated chemistry. In this Review, we describe the principles learned from studies of various natural antenna complexes and suggest how to elucidate strategies for designing light-harvesting systems. We envisage that such systems will be used for solar fuel production, to direct and regulate excitation energy flow using molecular organizations that facilitate feedback and control, or to transfer excitons over long distances. Also described are the notable properties of light-harvesting chromophores, spatial-energetic landscapes, the roles of excitonic states and quantum coherence, as well as how antennas are regulated and photoprotected.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Nature chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Scholes, Gregory D and Fleming, Graham R and Olaya-Castro, Alexandra and van Grondelle, Rienk},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photosystem I Protein Complex, Photosystem I Protein Complex: chemistry, Photosystem II Protein Complex, Photosystem II Protein Complex: chemistry, Quantum Theory, Solar Energy, Sunlight},\n\tpages = {763--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Solar fuel production often starts with the energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. For example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centres that then carry out the associated chemistry. In this Review, we describe the principles learned from studies of various natural antenna complexes and suggest how to elucidate strategies for designing light-harvesting systems. We envisage that such systems will be used for solar fuel production, to direct and regulate excitation energy flow using molecular organizations that facilitate feedback and control, or to transfer excitons over long distances. Also described are the notable properties of light-harvesting chromophores, spatial-energetic landscapes, the roles of excitonic states and quantum coherence, as well as how antennas are regulated and photoprotected.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-farha-hong-sarjeant-nguyen-hupp-lightharvestingmetalorganicframeworksmofsefficientstruttostrutenergytransferinbodipyandporphyrinbasedmofs-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-farha-hong-sarjeant-nguyen-hupp-lightharvestingmetalorganicframeworksmofsefficientstruttostrutenergytransferinbodipyandporphyrinbasedmofs-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a', event);\">\n    Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based MOFs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, C. Y.; Farha, O. K; Hong, B. J.; Sarjeant, A. A; Nguyen, S. T;  and Hupp, J. T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 133(40): 15858–61. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-farha-hong-sarjeant-nguyen-hupp-lightharvestingmetalorganicframeworksmofsefficientstruttostrutenergytransferinbodipyandporphyrinbasedmofs-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based MOFs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-farha-hong-sarjeant-nguyen-hupp-lightharvestingmetalorganicframeworksmofsefficientstruttostrutenergytransferinbodipyandporphyrinbasedmofs-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-farha-hong-sarjeant-nguyen-hupp-lightharvestingmetalorganicframeworksmofsefficientstruttostrutenergytransferinbodipyandporphyrinbasedmofs-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-farha-hong-sarjeant-nguyen-hupp-lightharvestingmetalorganicframeworksmofsefficientstruttostrutenergytransferinbodipyandporphyrinbasedmofs-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_light-harvesting_2011,\n\ttitle = {Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks ({MOFs}): efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based {MOFs}.},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {1520-5126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja206029a},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja206029a},\n\tabstract = {A pillared-paddlewheel type metal-organic framework material featuring bodipy- and porphyrin-based struts, and capable of harvesting light across the entire visible spectrum, has been synthesized. Efficient-essentially quantitative-strut-to-strut energy transfer (antenna behavior) was observed for the well-organized donor-acceptor assembly consituting the ordered MOF structure.},\n\tnumber = {40},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Chang Yeon and Farha, Omar K and Hong, Bong Jin and Sarjeant, Amy A and Nguyen, SonBinh T and Hupp, Joseph T},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Boron Compounds, Boron Compounds: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Models, Molecular, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry},\n\tpages = {15858--61},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A pillared-paddlewheel type metal-organic framework material featuring bodipy- and porphyrin-based struts, and capable of harvesting light across the entire visible spectrum, has been synthesized. Efficient-essentially quantitative-strut-to-strut energy transfer (antenna behavior) was observed for the well-organized donor-acceptor assembly consituting the ordered MOF structure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uetomo-kozaki-suzuki-yamanaka-ito-okada-efficientlightharvestingantennawithamultiporphyrincascade-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uetomo-kozaki-suzuki-yamanaka-ito-okada-efficientlightharvestingantennawithamultiporphyrincascade-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343', event);\">\n    Efficient light-harvesting antenna with a multi-porphyrin cascade.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Uetomo, A.; Kozaki, M.; Suzuki, S.; Yamanaka, K.; Ito, O.;  and Okada, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 133(34): 13276–9. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uetomo-kozaki-suzuki-yamanaka-ito-okada-efficientlightharvestingantennawithamultiporphyrincascade-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Efficient light-harvesting antenna with a multi-porphyrin cascade. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uetomo-kozaki-suzuki-yamanaka-ito-okada-efficientlightharvestingantennawithamultiporphyrincascade-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uetomo-kozaki-suzuki-yamanaka-ito-okada-efficientlightharvestingantennawithamultiporphyrincascade-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uetomo-kozaki-suzuki-yamanaka-ito-okada-efficientlightharvestingantennawithamultiporphyrincascade-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{uetomo_efficient_2011,\n\ttitle = {Efficient light-harvesting antenna with a multi-porphyrin cascade.},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {1520-5126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2050343},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja2050343},\n\tabstract = {A light-harvesting antenna 1 comprising three varieties of porphyrins, each having a different number of ethynyl groups at its meso positions, was designed and synthesized. Antenna 1 exhibits intense absorption throughout the visible region up to 700 nm. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies showed that singlet-excited-state energy transfer occurs from the peripheral porphyrins to the central porphyrin with {\\textgreater}90\\% efficiency and rate constants on the order of 10(10) s(-1).},\n\tnumber = {34},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Uetomo, Atsuhiro and Kozaki, Masatoshi and Suzuki, Shuichi and Yamanaka, Ken-ichi and Ito, Osamu and Okada, Keiji},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {13276--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A light-harvesting antenna 1 comprising three varieties of porphyrins, each having a different number of ethynyl groups at its meso positions, was designed and synthesized. Antenna 1 exhibits intense absorption throughout the visible region up to 700 nm. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies showed that singlet-excited-state energy transfer occurs from the peripheral porphyrins to the central porphyrin with \\textgreater90% efficiency and rate constants on the order of 10(10) s(-1).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ishida-shimada-masui-tachibana-inoue-takagi-efficientexcitedenergytransferreactioninclayporphyrincomplextowardanartificiallightharvestingsystem-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ishida-shimada-masui-tachibana-inoue-takagi-efficientexcitedenergytransferreactioninclayporphyrincomplextowardanartificiallightharvestingsystem-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u', event);\">\n    Efficient excited energy transfer reaction in clay/porphyrin complex toward an artificial light-harvesting system.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ishida, Y.; Shimada, T.; Masui, D.; Tachibana, H.; Inoue, H.;  and Takagi, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 133(36): 14280–6. September 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ishida-shimada-masui-tachibana-inoue-takagi-efficientexcitedenergytransferreactioninclayporphyrincomplextowardanartificiallightharvestingsystem-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Efficient excited energy transfer reaction in clay/porphyrin complex toward an artificial light-harvesting system. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ishida-shimada-masui-tachibana-inoue-takagi-efficientexcitedenergytransferreactioninclayporphyrincomplextowardanartificiallightharvestingsystem-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ishida-shimada-masui-tachibana-inoue-takagi-efficientexcitedenergytransferreactioninclayporphyrincomplextowardanartificiallightharvestingsystem-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ishida-shimada-masui-tachibana-inoue-takagi-efficientexcitedenergytransferreactioninclayporphyrincomplextowardanartificiallightharvestingsystem-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ishida_efficient_2011,\n\ttitle = {Efficient excited energy transfer reaction in clay/porphyrin complex toward an artificial light-harvesting system.},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {1520-5126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204425u},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja204425u},\n\tabstract = {The quantitative excited energy transfer reaction between cationic porphyrins on an anionic clay surface was successfully achieved. The efficiency reached up to ca. 100\\% owing to the &quot;Size-Matching Rule&quot; as described in the text. It was revealed that the important factors for the efficient energy transfer reaction are (i) suppression of the self-quenching between adjacent dyes, and (ii) suppression of the segregated adsorption structure of two kinds of dyes on the clay surface. By examining many different kinds of porphyrins, we found that tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin (m-TMPyP) and tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (p-TMPyP) are the suitable porphyrins to accomplish a quantitative energy transfer reaction. These findings indicate that the clay/porphyrin complexes are promising and prospective candidates to be used for construction of an efficient artificial light-harvesting system.},\n\tnumber = {36},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Ishida, Yohei and Shimada, Tetsuya and Masui, Dai and Tachibana, Hiroshi and Inoue, Haruo and Takagi, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {14280--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The quantitative excited energy transfer reaction between cationic porphyrins on an anionic clay surface was successfully achieved. The efficiency reached up to ca. 100% owing to the \"Size-Matching Rule\" as described in the text. It was revealed that the important factors for the efficient energy transfer reaction are (i) suppression of the self-quenching between adjacent dyes, and (ii) suppression of the segregated adsorption structure of two kinds of dyes on the clay surface. By examining many different kinds of porphyrins, we found that tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin (m-TMPyP) and tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (p-TMPyP) are the suitable porphyrins to accomplish a quantitative energy transfer reaction. These findings indicate that the clay/porphyrin complexes are promising and prospective candidates to be used for construction of an efficient artificial light-harvesting system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288', event);\">\n    Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, M.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, S. H.; Lee, S. H.;  and Park, C. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ChemSusChem</i>, 4(5): 581–6. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_biomimetic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {1864-564X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/cssc.201100074},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {ChemSusChem},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Minah and Kim, Jae Hong and Lee, Sang Hyun and Lee, Sahng Ha and Park, Chan Beum},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism},\n\tpages = {581--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719', event);\">\n    Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bruckman, M. A; Soto, C. M; McDowell, H.; Liu, J. L; Ratna, B. R; Korpany, K. V; Zahr, O. K;  and Blum, A. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS nano</i>, 5(3): 1606–16. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bruckman_role_2011,\n\ttitle = {Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {1936-086X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nn1025719},\n\tabstract = {A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {ACS nano},\n\tauthor = {Bruckman, Michael A and Soto, Carissa M and McDowell, Heather and Liu, Jinny L and Ratna, Banahalli R and Korpany, Katalin V and Zahr, Omar K and Blum, Amy Szuchmacher},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties},\n\tpages = {1606--16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719', event);\">\n    Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bruckman, M. A; Soto, C. M; McDowell, H.; Liu, J. L; Ratna, B. R; Korpany, K. V; Zahr, O. K;  and Blum, A. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS nano</i>, 5(3): 1606–16. March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruckman-soto-mcdowell-liu-ratna-korpany-zahr-blum-roleofhexahistidineindirectednanoassembliesoftobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bruckman_role_2011,\n\ttitle = {Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {1936-086X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1025719},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nn1025719},\n\tabstract = {A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {ACS nano},\n\tauthor = {Bruckman, Michael A and Soto, Carissa M and McDowell, Heather and Liu, Jinny L and Ratna, Banahalli R and Korpany, Katalin V and Zahr, Omar K and Blum, Amy Szuchmacher},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Capsid Proteins: ultrastructure, Crystallization, Crystallization: methods, Histidine, Histidine: chemistry, Macromolecular Substances, Macromolecular Substances: chemistry, Materials Testing, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Oligopeptides, Oligopeptides: chemistry, Particle Size, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Surface Properties},\n\tpages = {1606--16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288', event);\">\n    Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, M.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, S. H.; Lee, S. H.;  and Park, C. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ChemSusChem</i>, 4(5): 581–6. May 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-kim-lee-lee-park-biomimeticartificialphotosynthesisbylightharvestingsyntheticwood-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_biomimetic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Biomimetic artificial photosynthesis by light-harvesting synthetic wood.},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {1864-564X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21506288},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/cssc.201100074},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {ChemSusChem},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Minah and Kim, Jae Hong and Lee, Sang Hyun and Lee, Sahng Ha and Park, Chan Beum},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: metabolism, Cellulose, Cellulose: metabolism, Light, NAD, NAD: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Wood, Wood: metabolism},\n\tpages = {581--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vaughan-coward-bast-berchuck-berek-brenton-coukos-crum-etal-rethinkingovariancancerrecommendationsforimprovingoutcomes-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vaughan-coward-bast-berchuck-berek-brenton-coukos-crum-etal-rethinkingovariancancerrecommendationsforimprovingoutcomes-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144', event);\">\n    Rethinking ovarian cancer: recommendations for improving outcomes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vaughan, S.; Coward, J. I.; Bast, R. C.; Berchuck, A.; Berek, J. S.; Brenton, J. D.; Coukos, G.; Crum, C. C.; Drapkin, R.; Etemadmoghadam, D.; Friedlander, M.; Gabra, H.; Kaye, S. B.; Lord, C. J.; Lengyel, E.; Levine, D. A.; McNeish, I. A.; Menon, U.; Mills, G. B.; Nephew, K. P.; Oza, A. M.; Sood, A. K.; Stronach, E. A.; Walczak, H.; Bowtell, D. D.;  and Balkwill, F. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nat Rev Cancer</i>, 11(10): 719–725. October 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vaughan-coward-bast-berchuck-berek-brenton-coukos-crum-etal-rethinkingovariancancerrecommendationsforimprovingoutcomes-2011', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rethinking ovarian cancer: recommendations for improving outcomes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vaughan-coward-bast-berchuck-berek-brenton-coukos-crum-etal-rethinkingovariancancerrecommendationsforimprovingoutcomes-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vaughan-coward-bast-berchuck-berek-brenton-coukos-crum-etal-rethinkingovariancancerrecommendationsforimprovingoutcomes-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vaughan-coward-bast-berchuck-berek-brenton-coukos-crum-etal-rethinkingovariancancerrecommendationsforimprovingoutcomes-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vaughan_rethinking_2011,\n\ttitle = {Rethinking ovarian cancer: recommendations for improving outcomes},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1474-175X},\n\tshorttitle = {Rethinking ovarian cancer},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3144},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/nrc3144},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2011-12-01},\n\tjournal = {Nat Rev Cancer},\n\tauthor = {Vaughan, Sebastian and Coward, Jermaine I. and Bast, Robert C. and Berchuck, Andy and Berek, Jonathan S. and Brenton, James D. and Coukos, George and Crum, Christopher C. and Drapkin, Ronny and Etemadmoghadam, Dariush and Friedlander, Michael and Gabra, Hani and Kaye, Stan B. and Lord, Chris J. and Lengyel, Ernst and Levine, Douglas A. and McNeish, Iain A. and Menon, Usha and Mills, Gordon B. and Nephew, Kenneth P. and Oza, Amit M. and Sood, Anil K. and Stronach, Euan A. and Walczak, Henning and Bowtell, David D. and Balkwill, Frances R.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {719--725},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2010\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2010</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (192)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-jonesotazo-simultaneousquantitationofparabenstriclosanandmethyltriclosaninindoorhousedustusingsolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographymassspectrometry-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Simultaneous quantitation of parabens, triclosan, and methyl triclosan in indoor house dust using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fan, X.; Kubwabo, C.; Rasmussen, P.;  and Jones-Otazo, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Environmental Monitoring</i>, 12(10): 1891–1897.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-jonesotazo-simultaneousquantitationofparabenstriclosanandmethyltriclosaninindoorhousedustusingsolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographymassspectrometry-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fan-kubwabo-rasmussen-jonesotazo-simultaneousquantitationofparabenstriclosanandmethyltriclosaninindoorhousedustusingsolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographymassspectrometry-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fan_simultaneous_2010,\n\ttitle = {Simultaneous quantitation of parabens, triclosan, and methyl triclosan in indoor house dust using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring},\n\tauthor = {Fan, Xinghua and Kubwabo, Cariton and Rasmussen, Pat and Jones-Otazo, Heather},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Indoor, TCS, mtcs},\n\tpages = {1891--1897},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"doudrick-jones-kalinowski-hartmann-halden-assessmentofthecontributionoftriclosantodioxinemissionsfromsludgeincinerationintheususingamathematicalmodel-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Assessment of the contribution of triclosan to dioxin emissions from sludge incineration in the U.S. Using a mathematical model.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Doudrick, K. D.; Jones, D. B.; Kalinowski, T.; Hartmann, E. M.;  and Halden, R. U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS Symposium Series</i>, 1048: 469–481.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('doudrick-jones-kalinowski-hartmann-halden-assessmentofthecontributionoftriclosantodioxinemissionsfromsludgeincinerationintheususingamathematicalmodel-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch023', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/doudrick-jones-kalinowski-hartmann-halden-assessmentofthecontributionoftriclosantodioxinemissionsfromsludgeincinerationintheususingamathematicalmodel-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('doudrick-jones-kalinowski-hartmann-halden-assessmentofthecontributionoftriclosantodioxinemissionsfromsludgeincinerationintheususingamathematicalmodel-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{doudrick_assessment_2010,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of the contribution of triclosan to dioxin emissions from sludge incineration in the {U}.{S}. {Using} a mathematical model},\n\tvolume = {1048},\n\tissn = {19475918},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch023},\n\tjournal = {ACS Symposium Series},\n\tauthor = {Doudrick, K. D. and Jones, D. B. and Kalinowski, T. and Hartmann, E. M. and Halden, R. U.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, dioxin, sewage treatment},\n\tpages = {469--481},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cantwell-wilson-zhu-wallace-king-olsen-burgess-smith-temporaltrendsoftriclosancontaminationindatedsedimentcoresfromfoururbanizedestuariesevidenceofpreservationandaccumulation-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cantwell-wilson-zhu-wallace-king-olsen-burgess-smith-temporaltrendsoftriclosancontaminationindatedsedimentcoresfromfoururbanizedestuariesevidenceofpreservationandaccumulation-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021', event);\">\n    Temporal trends of triclosan contamination in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries: Evidence of preservation and accumulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cantwell, M. G.; Wilson, B. A.; Zhu, J.; Wallace, G. T.; King, J. W.; Olsen, C. R.; Burgess, R. M.;  and Smith, J. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(4): 347–352.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cantwell-wilson-zhu-wallace-king-olsen-burgess-smith-temporaltrendsoftriclosancontaminationindatedsedimentcoresfromfoururbanizedestuariesevidenceofpreservationandaccumulation-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Temporal trends of triclosan contamination in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries: Evidence of preservation and accumulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cantwell-wilson-zhu-wallace-king-olsen-burgess-smith-temporaltrendsoftriclosancontaminationindatedsedimentcoresfromfoururbanizedestuariesevidenceofpreservationandaccumulation-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cantwell-wilson-zhu-wallace-king-olsen-burgess-smith-temporaltrendsoftriclosancontaminationindatedsedimentcoresfromfoururbanizedestuariesevidenceofpreservationandaccumulation-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cantwell-wilson-zhu-wallace-king-olsen-burgess-smith-temporaltrendsoftriclosancontaminationindatedsedimentcoresfromfoururbanizedestuariesevidenceofpreservationandaccumulation-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cantwell_temporal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Temporal trends of triclosan contamination in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries: {Evidence} of preservation and accumulation},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.021},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent added to a wide array of consumer goods and personal care products. Through its use, it is introduced into municipal sewer systems where it is only partially removed during wastewater treatment. In this study, triclosan was measured in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries in order to reconstruct temporal and spatial trends of accumulation. Measurable concentrations of triclosan first appeared in each of the sediment cores near 1964, which corresponds with the US patent issuance date of triclosan. The presence of triclosan at each of the study sites at or near the patent date indicates that long-term preservation is occurring in estuarine sediments. Temporal trends of triclosan at each location are unique, reflecting between site variability. Concentrations at one site climbed to as high as 400 ng g-1, due in part, to local commercial production of triclosan. At two locations, levels of triclosan rise towards the surface of each core, suggesting increasing usage in recent years. One location adjacent to a major combined sewer overflow had high sediment concentrations of triclosan, confirming their potential as a source of triclosan to estuaries.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Cantwell, Mark G. and Wilson, Brittan A. and Zhu, Jun and Wallace, Gordon T. and King, John W. and Olsen, Curtis R. and Burgess, Robert M. and Smith, Joseph P.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20006371},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Emerging contaminant, Florence, Personal care products, Sediment, TCS, Triclosan, marine},\n\tpages = {347--352},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent added to a wide array of consumer goods and personal care products. Through its use, it is introduced into municipal sewer systems where it is only partially removed during wastewater treatment. In this study, triclosan was measured in dated sediment cores from four urbanized estuaries in order to reconstruct temporal and spatial trends of accumulation. Measurable concentrations of triclosan first appeared in each of the sediment cores near 1964, which corresponds with the US patent issuance date of triclosan. The presence of triclosan at each of the study sites at or near the patent date indicates that long-term preservation is occurring in estuarine sediments. Temporal trends of triclosan at each location are unique, reflecting between site variability. Concentrations at one site climbed to as high as 400 ng g-1, due in part, to local commercial production of triclosan. At two locations, levels of triclosan rise towards the surface of each core, suggesting increasing usage in recent years. One location adjacent to a major combined sewer overflow had high sediment concentrations of triclosan, confirming their potential as a source of triclosan to estuaries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"steenland-fletcher-savitz-epidemiologicevidenceonthehealtheffectsofperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Steenland, K.; Fletcher, T.;  and Savitz, D. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 118(8): 1100–1108.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901827\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('steenland-fletcher-savitz-epidemiologicevidenceonthehealtheffectsofperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901827', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/steenland-fletcher-savitz-epidemiologicevidenceonthehealtheffectsofperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('steenland-fletcher-savitz-epidemiologicevidenceonthehealtheffectsofperfluorooctanoicacidpfoa-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{steenland_epidemiologic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid ({PFOA})},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {00916765},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901827},\n\tabstract = {UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE AND SOURCES: We reviewed the epidemiologic literature for PFOA.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nDATA SYNTHESIS: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) does not occur naturally but is present in the serum of most residents of industrialized countries (U.S. median, 4 ng/mL). Drinking water is the primary route of exposure in some populations, but exposure sources are not well understood. PFOA has been used to manufacture such products as Gore-Tex and Teflon. PFOA does not break down in the environment; the human half-life is estimated at about 3 years. PFOA is not metabolized in the body; it is not lipophilic. PFOA is not directly genotoxic; animal data indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. Data on the human health effects of PFOA are sparse. There is relatively consistent evidence of modest positive associations with cholesterol and uric acid, although the magnitude of the cholesterol effect is inconsistent across different exposure levels. There is some but much less consistent evidence of a modest positive correlation with liver enzymes. Most findings come from cross-sectional studies, limiting conclusions. Two occupational cohort studies do not provide consistent evidence for chronic disease; both are limited by sample size and reliance on mortality data. Reproductive data have increased recently but are inconsistent, and any observed adverse effects are modest.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nCONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic evidence remains limited, and to date data are insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding the role of PFOA for any of the diseases of concern.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Steenland, Kyle and Fletcher, Tony and Savitz, David A.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20423814},\n\tkeywords = {Health effects, PFOA, epidemiology},\n\tpages = {1100--1108},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE AND SOURCES: We reviewed the epidemiologic literature for PFOA.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nDATA SYNTHESIS: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) does not occur naturally but is present in the serum of most residents of industrialized countries (U.S. median, 4 ng/mL). Drinking water is the primary route of exposure in some populations, but exposure sources are not well understood. PFOA has been used to manufacture such products as Gore-Tex and Teflon. PFOA does not break down in the environment; the human half-life is estimated at about 3 years. PFOA is not metabolized in the body; it is not lipophilic. PFOA is not directly genotoxic; animal data indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. Data on the human health effects of PFOA are sparse. There is relatively consistent evidence of modest positive associations with cholesterol and uric acid, although the magnitude of the cholesterol effect is inconsistent across different exposure levels. There is some but much less consistent evidence of a modest positive correlation with liver enzymes. Most findings come from cross-sectional studies, limiting conclusions. Two occupational cohort studies do not provide consistent evidence for chronic disease; both are limited by sample size and reliance on mortality data. Reproductive data have increased recently but are inconsistent, and any observed adverse effects are modest.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic evidence remains limited, and to date data are insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding the role of PFOA for any of the diseases of concern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nelson-hatch-webster-exposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsandcholesterolbodyweightandinsulinresistanceinthegeneraluspopulation-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general U.S. population.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nelson, J. W.; Hatch, E. E.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 118(2): 197–202.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901165\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nelson-hatch-webster-exposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsandcholesterolbodyweightandinsulinresistanceinthegeneraluspopulation-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901165', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nelson-hatch-webster-exposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsandcholesterolbodyweightandinsulinresistanceinthegeneraluspopulation-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nelson-hatch-webster-exposuretopolyfluoroalkylchemicalsandcholesterolbodyweightandinsulinresistanceinthegeneraluspopulation-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nelson_exposure_2010,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general {U}.{S}. population},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {00916765},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901165},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are used commonly in commercial applications and are detected in humans and the environment worldwide. Concern has been raised that they may disrupt lipid and weight regulation.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between PFC serum concentrations and lipid and weight outcomes in a large publicly available data set.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nMETHODS: We analyzed data from the 20032004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for participants 1280 years of age. Using linear regression to control for covariates, we studied the association between serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and measures of cholesterol, body size, and insulin resistance.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nRESULTS: We observed a positive association between concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA and total and non-high-density cholesterol. We found the opposite for PFHxS. Those in the highest quartile of PFOS exposure had total cholesterol levels 13.4 mg/dL [95\\% confidence interval (CI), 3.823.0] higher than those in the lowest quartile. For PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, effect estimates were 9.8 (95\\% CI, 0.2 to 19.7), 13.9 (95\\% CI, 1.925.9), and 7.0 (95\\% CI, 13.2 to 0.8), respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We saw little evidence of a consistent association with body size or insulin resistance.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nCONCLUSIONS: This exploratory cross-sectional study is consistent with other epidemiologic studies in finding a positive association between PFOS and PFOA and cholesterol, despite much lower exposures in NHANES. Results for PFNA and PFHxS are novel, emphasizing the need to study PFCs other than PFOS and PFOA.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Nelson, Jessica W. and Hatch, Elizabeth E. and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20123614},\n\tkeywords = {Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, Insulin Resistance, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PFAS, Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, Perfluorononanoic acid, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, Waist circumference},\n\tpages = {197--202},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are used commonly in commercial applications and are detected in humans and the environment worldwide. Concern has been raised that they may disrupt lipid and weight regulation.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between PFC serum concentrations and lipid and weight outcomes in a large publicly available data set.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nMETHODS: We analyzed data from the 20032004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for participants 1280 years of age. Using linear regression to control for covariates, we studied the association between serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and measures of cholesterol, body size, and insulin resistance.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nRESULTS: We observed a positive association between concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA and total and non-high-density cholesterol. We found the opposite for PFHxS. Those in the highest quartile of PFOS exposure had total cholesterol levels 13.4 mg/dL [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.823.0] higher than those in the lowest quartile. For PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, effect estimates were 9.8 (95% CI, 0.2 to 19.7), 13.9 (95% CI, 1.925.9), and 7.0 (95% CI, 13.2 to 0.8), respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We saw little evidence of a consistent association with body size or insulin resistance.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: This exploratory cross-sectional study is consistent with other epidemiologic studies in finding a positive association between PFOS and PFOA and cholesterol, despite much lower exposures in NHANES. Results for PFNA and PFHxS are novel, emphasizing the need to study PFCs other than PFOS and PFOA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dhollander-devoogt-decoen-bervoets-perfluorinatedsubstancesinhumanfoodandothersourcesofhumanexposure-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluorinated substances in human food and other sources of human exposure.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  D'Hollander, W.; De Voogt, P.; De Coen, W.;  and Bervoets, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology</i>, volume 208, pages 179–215.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dhollander-devoogt-decoen-bervoets-perfluorinatedsubstancesinhumanfoodandothersourcesofhumanexposure-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dhollander-devoogt-decoen-bervoets-perfluorinatedsubstancesinhumanfoodandothersourcesofhumanexposure-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{dhollander_perfluorinated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Perfluorinated substances in human food and other sources of human exposure},\n\tvolume = {208},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4419-6879-1},\n\tabstract = {Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides detailed review articles concerned with aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total environment with toxicological considerations and consequences.},\n\tbooktitle = {Reviews of {Environmental} {Contamination} and {Toxicology}},\n\tauthor = {D&#x27;Hollander, Wendy and De Voogt, Pim and De Coen, Wim and Bervoets, Lieven},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20811865},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {179--215},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides detailed review articles concerned with aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total environment with toxicological considerations and consequences.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bartell-calafat-lyu-kato-ryan-steenland-rateofdeclineinserumpfoaconcentrationsaftergranularactivatedcarbonfiltrationattwopublicwatersystemsinohioandwestvirginia-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Rate of decline in serum PFOA concentrations after granular activated carbon filtration at two public water systems in Ohio and West Virginia.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bartell, S. M.; Calafat, A. M.; Lyu, C.; Kato, K.; Ryan, P. B.;  and Steenland, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 118(2): 222–228.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901252\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bartell-calafat-lyu-kato-ryan-steenland-rateofdeclineinserumpfoaconcentrationsaftergranularactivatedcarbonfiltrationattwopublicwatersystemsinohioandwestvirginia-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901252', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bartell-calafat-lyu-kato-ryan-steenland-rateofdeclineinserumpfoaconcentrationsaftergranularactivatedcarbonfiltrationattwopublicwatersystemsinohioandwestvirginia-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bartell-calafat-lyu-kato-ryan-steenland-rateofdeclineinserumpfoaconcentrationsaftergranularactivatedcarbonfiltrationattwopublicwatersystemsinohioandwestvirginia-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bartell_rate_2010,\n\ttitle = {Rate of decline in serum {PFOA} concentrations after granular activated carbon filtration at two public water systems in {Ohio} and {West} {Virginia}},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {00916765},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901252},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Drinking water in multiple water districts in the Mid-Ohio Valley has been contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was released by a nearby DuPont chemical plant. Two highly contaminated water districts began granular activated carbon filtration in 2007.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nOBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of decline in serum PFOA, and its corresponding half-life, during the first year after filtration.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nMETHODS: Up to six blood samples were collected from each of 200 participants from May 2007 until August 2008. The primary source of drinking water varied over time for some participants; our analyses were grouped according to water source at baseline in May-June 2007.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nRESULTS: For Lubeck Public Service District customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between May-June 2007 and May-August 2008 was 32 ng/mL (26\\%) for those primarily consuming public water at home (n = 130), and 16 ng/mL (28\\%) for those primarily consuming bottled water at home (n = 17). For Little Hocking Water Association customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between November-December 2007 and May-June 2008 was 39 ng/mL (11\\%) for consumers of public water (n = 39) and 28 ng/mL (20\\%) for consumers of bottled water (n = 11). The covariate-adjusted average rate of decrease in serum PFOA concentration after water filtration was 26\\% per year (95\\% confidence interval, 2528\\% per year).\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nCONCLUSIONS: The observed data are consistent with first-order elimination and a median serum PFOA half-life of 2.3 years. Ongoing follow-up will lead to improved half-life estimation.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Bartell, Scott M. and Calafat, Antonia M. and Lyu, Christopher and Kato, Kayoko and Ryan, P. Barry and Steenland, Kyle},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20123620},\n\tkeywords = {Exposure, Half-Life, Intervention, PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid},\n\tpages = {222--228},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Drinking water in multiple water districts in the Mid-Ohio Valley has been contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was released by a nearby DuPont chemical plant. Two highly contaminated water districts began granular activated carbon filtration in 2007.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of decline in serum PFOA, and its corresponding half-life, during the first year after filtration.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nMETHODS: Up to six blood samples were collected from each of 200 participants from May 2007 until August 2008. The primary source of drinking water varied over time for some participants; our analyses were grouped according to water source at baseline in May-June 2007.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nRESULTS: For Lubeck Public Service District customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between May-June 2007 and May-August 2008 was 32 ng/mL (26%) for those primarily consuming public water at home (n = 130), and 16 ng/mL (28%) for those primarily consuming bottled water at home (n = 17). For Little Hocking Water Association customers, the average decrease in serum PFOA concentrations between November-December 2007 and May-June 2008 was 39 ng/mL (11%) for consumers of public water (n = 39) and 28 ng/mL (20%) for consumers of bottled water (n = 11). The covariate-adjusted average rate of decrease in serum PFOA concentration after water filtration was 26% per year (95% confidence interval, 2528% per year).${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The observed data are consistent with first-order elimination and a median serum PFOA half-life of 2.3 years. Ongoing follow-up will lead to improved half-life estimation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-chemturacorporationannouncespriceincreaseonbrominebasedproducts-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-chemturacorporationannouncespriceincreaseonbrominebasedproducts-2010', 'http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products', event);\">\n    Chemtura Corporation Announces Price Increase on Bromine-Based Products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-chemturacorporationannouncespriceincreaseonbrominebasedproducts-2010', 'http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chemtura Corporation Announces Price Increase on Bromine-Based Products [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-chemturacorporationannouncespriceincreaseonbrominebasedproducts-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-chemturacorporationannouncespriceincreaseonbrominebasedproducts-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{noauthor_chemtura_2010,\n\ttitle = {Chemtura {Corporation} {Announces} {Price} {Increase} on {Bromine}-{Based} {Products}},\n\turl = {http://investor.chemtura.com/press-release/company-news/chemtura-corporation-announces-price-increase-bromine-based-products},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {CHMT, Flame retardants, NYSE:CHMT, investor center, investors, news},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zota-adamkiewicz-morellofrosch-arepbdesanenvironmentalequityconcernexposuredisparitiesbysocioeconomicstatus-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zota-adamkiewicz-morellofrosch-arepbdesanenvironmentalequityconcernexposuredisparitiesbysocioeconomicstatus-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734', event);\">\n    Are PBDEs an environmental equity concern? Exposure disparities by socioeconomic status.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zota, A. R; Adamkiewicz, G.;  and Morello-Frosch, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(15): 5691–2. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zota-adamkiewicz-morellofrosch-arepbdesanenvironmentalequityconcernexposuredisparitiesbysocioeconomicstatus-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Are PBDEs an environmental equity concern? Exposure disparities by socioeconomic status. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es101723d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zota-adamkiewicz-morellofrosch-arepbdesanenvironmentalequityconcernexposuredisparitiesbysocioeconomicstatus-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es101723d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zota-adamkiewicz-morellofrosch-arepbdesanenvironmentalequityconcernexposuredisparitiesbysocioeconomicstatus-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zota-adamkiewicz-morellofrosch-arepbdesanenvironmentalequityconcernexposuredisparitiesbysocioeconomicstatus-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zota_are_2010,\n\ttitle = {Are {PBDEs} an environmental equity concern? {Exposure} disparities by socioeconomic status.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578734},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es101723d},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Adamkiewicz, Gary and Morello-Frosch, Rachel A},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20578734},\n\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Income, Income: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Male, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors},\n\tpages = {5691--2},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-luo-wu-liu-wang-chen-mai-contaminantpatternandbioaccumulationoflegacyandemergingorganhalogenpollutantsintheaquaticbiotafromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-luo-wu-liu-wang-chen-mai-contaminantpatternandbioaccumulationoflegacyandemergingorganhalogenpollutantsintheaquaticbiotafromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514', event);\">\n    Contaminant pattern and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging organhalogen pollutants in the aquatic biota from an e-waste recycling region in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, Y.; Luo, X.; Wu, J.; Liu, J.; Wang, J.; Chen, S.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 29(4): 852–9. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-luo-wu-liu-wang-chen-mai-contaminantpatternandbioaccumulationoflegacyandemergingorganhalogenpollutantsintheaquaticbiotafromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Contaminant pattern and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging organhalogen pollutants in the aquatic biota from an e-waste recycling region in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.122\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-luo-wu-liu-wang-chen-mai-contaminantpatternandbioaccumulationoflegacyandemergingorganhalogenpollutantsintheaquaticbiotafromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.122', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-luo-wu-liu-wang-chen-mai-contaminantpatternandbioaccumulationoflegacyandemergingorganhalogenpollutantsintheaquaticbiotafromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-luo-wu-liu-wang-chen-mai-contaminantpatternandbioaccumulationoflegacyandemergingorganhalogenpollutantsintheaquaticbiotafromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_contaminant_2010,\n\ttitle = {Contaminant pattern and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging organhalogen pollutants in the aquatic biota from an e-waste recycling region in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821514},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.122},\n\tabstract = {Legacy pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), and some emerging organhalogen pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and dechlorane plus (DP), were detected in an aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from an e-waste recycling region in South China. Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, PBDEs, and HBB were detected in more than 90\\% of the samples, with respective concentrations ranging from not detected (ND)-32,000 ng/g lipid weight, ND-850 ng/g lipid weight, 8 to 1,300 ng/g lipid weight, and 0.28 to 240 ng/g lipid weight. Pentabromotoluene, PBEB, BTBPE, and DP were also quantifiable in collected samples with a concentration range of ND-40 ng/g lipid weight. The elevated levels of PCBs and PBDEs in the organisms, compared with those in non-e-waste regions in South China, suggest that these two kinds of pollutants derived mainly from e-waste recycling practices. Hexabromobenzene was significantly correlated with PBDEs, implying that HBB come from the release of e-waste along with PBDEs and/or the pyrolysis of BDE209. Most of the compounds whose trophic magnification factor (TMF) could be calculated were found to biomagnify (TMF {\\textbackslash}textgreater 1). Hexabromobenzene was also found, for the first time, to biomagnify in the present food web, with a TMF of 2.1.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Ying and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Liu, Juan and Wang, Jing and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20821514},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, DDT, DDT: pharmacokinetics, Electronics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {852--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Legacy pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), and some emerging organhalogen pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and dechlorane plus (DP), were detected in an aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from an e-waste recycling region in South China. Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, PBDEs, and HBB were detected in more than 90% of the samples, with respective concentrations ranging from not detected (ND)-32,000 ng/g lipid weight, ND-850 ng/g lipid weight, 8 to 1,300 ng/g lipid weight, and 0.28 to 240 ng/g lipid weight. Pentabromotoluene, PBEB, BTBPE, and DP were also quantifiable in collected samples with a concentration range of ND-40 ng/g lipid weight. The elevated levels of PCBs and PBDEs in the organisms, compared with those in non-e-waste regions in South China, suggest that these two kinds of pollutants derived mainly from e-waste recycling practices. Hexabromobenzene was significantly correlated with PBDEs, implying that HBB come from the release of e-waste along with PBDEs and/or the pyrolysis of BDE209. Most of the compounds whose trophic magnification factor (TMF) could be calculated were found to biomagnify (TMF \\textgreater 1). Hexabromobenzene was also found, for the first time, to biomagnify in the present food web, with a TMF of 2.1.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-liu-chen-roleofbrominateddiphenlyether209inthedifferentiationofneuralstemcellsinvitro-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-liu-chen-roleofbrominateddiphenlyether209inthedifferentiationofneuralstemcellsinvitro-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791', event);\">\n    Role of brominated diphenly ether-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, C.; Liu, X.;  and Chen, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience</i>, 28(6): 497–502. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-liu-chen-roleofbrominateddiphenlyether209inthedifferentiationofneuralstemcellsinvitro-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Role of brominated diphenly ether-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-liu-chen-roleofbrominateddiphenlyether209inthedifferentiationofneuralstemcellsinvitro-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-liu-chen-roleofbrominateddiphenlyether209inthedifferentiationofneuralstemcellsinvitro-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-liu-chen-roleofbrominateddiphenlyether209inthedifferentiationofneuralstemcellsinvitro-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_role_2010,\n\ttitle = {Role of brominated diphenly ether-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro.},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {1873-474X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600791},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.002},\n\tabstract = {Brominated diphenly ether-209 (BDE-209, decaBDE) is among the most common flame retardants. In a previous study, it was confirmed that exposure to BDE-209 can decrease learning and memory in mice. However, it is still unknown whether BDE-209 has an effect on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). To analyse the role of BDE-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells, NSCs obtained from neonatal rats were cultured as neurospheres in DMEM/F12 medium that contained different concentrations of BDE-209 for 7 days. BDE-209 was found to inhibit neurite outgrowth and the differentiation of NSCs into neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. BDE-209 also enhanced the ratio of differentiation of NSCs into glial cells.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Chunfang and Liu, Xianbao and Chen, Dunjin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20600791},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Differentiation: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Hippocampus: physiology, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells: cytology, Neural Stem Cells: drug effects, Neural Stem Cells: physiology, Neurites, Neurites: drug effects, Neurites: physiology, Neurites: ultrastructure, Neurons, Neurons: cytology, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: physiology, Newborn, Rats, Sprague-Dawley},\n\tpages = {497--502},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated diphenly ether-209 (BDE-209, decaBDE) is among the most common flame retardants. In a previous study, it was confirmed that exposure to BDE-209 can decrease learning and memory in mice. However, it is still unknown whether BDE-209 has an effect on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). To analyse the role of BDE-209 in the differentiation of neural stem cells, NSCs obtained from neonatal rats were cultured as neurospheres in DMEM/F12 medium that contained different concentrations of BDE-209 for 7 days. BDE-209 was found to inhibit neurite outgrowth and the differentiation of NSCs into neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. BDE-209 also enhanced the ratio of differentiation of NSCs into glial cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-lu-gao-wang-li-zeng-sheng-fu-levelsandisomerprofilesofdechloraneplusinthesurfacesoilsfromewasterecyclingareasandindustrialareasinsouthchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-lu-gao-wang-li-zeng-sheng-fu-levelsandisomerprofilesofdechloraneplusinthesurfacesoilsfromewasterecyclingareasandindustrialareasinsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636', event);\">\n    Levels and isomer profiles of Dechlorane Plus in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, Z.; Lu, S.; Gao, S.; Wang, J.; Li, H.; Zeng, X.; Sheng, G.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 158(9): 2920–2925. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-lu-gao-wang-li-zeng-sheng-fu-levelsandisomerprofilesofdechloraneplusinthesurfacesoilsfromewasterecyclingareasandindustrialareasinsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and isomer profiles of Dechlorane Plus in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-lu-gao-wang-li-zeng-sheng-fu-levelsandisomerprofilesofdechloraneplusinthesurfacesoilsfromewasterecyclingareasandindustrialareasinsouthchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-lu-gao-wang-li-zeng-sheng-fu-levelsandisomerprofilesofdechloraneplusinthesurfacesoilsfromewasterecyclingareasandindustrialareasinsouthchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-lu-gao-wang-li-zeng-sheng-fu-levelsandisomerprofilesofdechloraneplusinthesurfacesoilsfromewasterecyclingareasandindustrialareasinsouthchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_levels_2010,\n\ttitle = {Levels and isomer profiles of {Dechlorane} {Plus} in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {158},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630636},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.003},\n\tabstract = {Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p{\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). Further intensive studies are needed to investigate the process of DP degradation and its degradation products.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Zhiqiang and Lu, Shaoyou and Gao, Shutao and Wang, Jingzhi and Li, Huiru and Zeng, Xiangying and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis},\n\tpages = {2920--2925},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p\\textgreater0.05). Further intensive studies are needed to investigate the process of DP degradation and its degradation products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-deng-shi-liu-yu-zhou-exposuretode71altersthyroidhormonelevelsandgenetranscriptioninthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisofzebrafishlarvae-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-deng-shi-liu-yu-zhou-exposuretode71altersthyroidhormonelevelsandgenetranscriptioninthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisofzebrafishlarvae-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756', event);\">\n    Exposure to DE-71 alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, L.; Deng, J.; Shi, X.; Liu, C.; Yu, K.;  and Zhou, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 97(3): 226–33. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-deng-shi-liu-yu-zhou-exposuretode71altersthyroidhormonelevelsandgenetranscriptioninthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisofzebrafishlarvae-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to DE-71 alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-deng-shi-liu-yu-zhou-exposuretode71altersthyroidhormonelevelsandgenetranscriptioninthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisofzebrafishlarvae-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-deng-shi-liu-yu-zhou-exposuretode71altersthyroidhormonelevelsandgenetranscriptioninthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisofzebrafishlarvae-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-deng-shi-liu-yu-zhou-exposuretode71altersthyroidhormonelevelsandgenetranscriptioninthehypothalamicpituitarythyroidaxisofzebrafishlarvae-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_exposure_2010,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to {DE}-71 alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae.},\n\tvolume = {97},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945756},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.022},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have not yet been clarified. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to a low concentration (0, 1, 3, and 10microg/L) of DE-71 from fertilization to 14 days thereafter. The whole-body content of thyroid hormone and transcription of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. Exposure to up to 10microg/L of DE-71 significantly reduced thyroxine (T4) levels and significantly upregulated the transcription of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHbeta) genes in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of TH proteins, sodium/iodide symporter (Slc5a5), and thyroglobulin (TG) and the transcription of marker genes associated with early thyroid development (Pax8 and Nkx2.1) were significantly upregulated upon DE-71 exposure. The expression of thyronine deiodinase (Deio1 and Deio2) mRNAs was also significantly upregulated, possibly as a compensatory response to the decreased T4 levels. However, DE-71 exposure resulted in the downregulation of transthyretin (TTR) gene transcription and did not affect the transcription of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Exposure to DE-71 significantly induced the transcription of the uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1ab) gene. The results of our study confirmed the reliability of the zebrafish larvae as models for assessment of the developmental toxicity of PBDEs and transcription of genes of the HPT axis can evaluate the potential mechanisms of thyroid disruption.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Liqin and Deng, Jun and Shi, Xiongjie and Liu, Chunsheng and Yu, Ke and Zhou, Bingsheng},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19945756},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: drug effects, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: metabolism, Larva, Messenger, Messenger: genetics, Messenger: metabolism, RNA, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Transcription, Zebrafish, Zebrafish Proteins, Zebrafish Proteins: genetics, Zebrafish Proteins: metabolism, Zebrafish: metabolism},\n\tpages = {226--33},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have not yet been clarified. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to a low concentration (0, 1, 3, and 10microg/L) of DE-71 from fertilization to 14 days thereafter. The whole-body content of thyroid hormone and transcription of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. Exposure to up to 10microg/L of DE-71 significantly reduced thyroxine (T4) levels and significantly upregulated the transcription of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHbeta) genes in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of TH proteins, sodium/iodide symporter (Slc5a5), and thyroglobulin (TG) and the transcription of marker genes associated with early thyroid development (Pax8 and Nkx2.1) were significantly upregulated upon DE-71 exposure. The expression of thyronine deiodinase (Deio1 and Deio2) mRNAs was also significantly upregulated, possibly as a compensatory response to the decreased T4 levels. However, DE-71 exposure resulted in the downregulation of transthyretin (TTR) gene transcription and did not affect the transcription of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Exposure to DE-71 significantly induced the transcription of the uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1ab) gene. The results of our study confirmed the reliability of the zebrafish larvae as models for assessment of the developmental toxicity of PBDEs and transcription of genes of the HPT axis can evaluate the potential mechanisms of thyroid disruption.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-xu-liu-guo-li-huo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinumbilicalcordbloodandrelevantfactorsinneonatesfromguiyuchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-xu-liu-guo-li-huo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinumbilicalcordbloodandrelevantfactorsinneonatesfromguiyuchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from Guiyu, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, K.; Xu, X.; Liu, J.; Guo, Y.; Li, Y.;  and Huo, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(2): 813–9. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-xu-liu-guo-li-huo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinumbilicalcordbloodandrelevantfactorsinneonatesfromguiyuchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from Guiyu, China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es9024518\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-xu-liu-guo-li-huo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinumbilicalcordbloodandrelevantfactorsinneonatesfromguiyuchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es9024518', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-xu-liu-guo-li-huo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinumbilicalcordbloodandrelevantfactorsinneonatesfromguiyuchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-xu-liu-guo-li-huo-polybrominateddiphenylethersinumbilicalcordbloodandrelevantfactorsinneonatesfromguiyuchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from {Guiyu}, {China}.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000818},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es9024518},\n\tabstract = {We aimed to evaluate the exposure of neonates to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from a primitive e-waste (obsolete electrical and electronic devices) recycling area, in Guiyu, China, and a control area, Chaonan, China, through umbilical cord blood (UCB), the health effects, and relevant factors. Questionnaires were addressed, and UCB was collected shortly after birth from 153 pregnant women between May and July 2007. Blood samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extracting methods. PBDE concentration was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ionization mode. The total PBDE concentration was higher in UCB samples from Guiyu than in Chaonan samples (median 13.84, range 1.14-504.97 ng g(-1) lipid, vs 5.23, range 0.29-363.70 ng g(-1) lipid) (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). BDE-209 was the dominant PBDE congener, followed by BDE-47, -153, and -99. Residence in Guiyu, which is a site for e-waste recycling, involvement in e-waste recycling, and the residence also being used as a family workshop were significant factors contributing to PBDE exposure. PBDE levels significantly differed in neonates by normal birth and adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature delivery (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). The neonates from Guiyu are exposed to high levels of PBDEs. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs may affect neonates&#x27; health in Guiyu, which still needs to be evaluated in larger epidemiological studies.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Kusheng and Xu, Xijin and Liu, Junxiao and Guo, Yongyong and Li, Yan and Huo, Xia},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20000818},\n\tkeywords = {China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {813--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We aimed to evaluate the exposure of neonates to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from a primitive e-waste (obsolete electrical and electronic devices) recycling area, in Guiyu, China, and a control area, Chaonan, China, through umbilical cord blood (UCB), the health effects, and relevant factors. Questionnaires were addressed, and UCB was collected shortly after birth from 153 pregnant women between May and July 2007. Blood samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extracting methods. PBDE concentration was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ionization mode. The total PBDE concentration was higher in UCB samples from Guiyu than in Chaonan samples (median 13.84, range 1.14-504.97 ng g(-1) lipid, vs 5.23, range 0.29-363.70 ng g(-1) lipid) (p \\textless 0.05). BDE-209 was the dominant PBDE congener, followed by BDE-47, -153, and -99. Residence in Guiyu, which is a site for e-waste recycling, involvement in e-waste recycling, and the residence also being used as a family workshop were significant factors contributing to PBDE exposure. PBDE levels significantly differed in neonates by normal birth and adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature delivery (p \\textless 0.05). The neonates from Guiyu are exposed to high levels of PBDEs. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs may affect neonates' health in Guiyu, which still needs to be evaluated in larger epidemiological studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"windham-pinney-sjodin-lum-jones-needham-biro-hiatt-etal-bodyburdensofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpersistentorganohalogenatedcompoundsandtheirdescriptorsinusgirls-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'windham-pinney-sjodin-lum-jones-needham-biro-hiatt-etal-bodyburdensofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpersistentorganohalogenatedcompoundsandtheirdescriptorsinusgirls-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Body burdens of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organo-halogenated compounds and their descriptors in US girls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Windham, G. C; Pinney, S. M; Sjodin, A.; Lum, R.; Jones, R. S; Needham, L. L; Biro, F. M; Hiatt, R. A;  and Kushi, L. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental research</i>, 110(3): 251–7. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('windham-pinney-sjodin-lum-jones-needham-biro-hiatt-etal-bodyburdensofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpersistentorganohalogenatedcompoundsandtheirdescriptorsinusgirls-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Body burdens of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organo-halogenated compounds and their descriptors in US girls. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('windham-pinney-sjodin-lum-jones-needham-biro-hiatt-etal-bodyburdensofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpersistentorganohalogenatedcompoundsandtheirdescriptorsinusgirls-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/windham-pinney-sjodin-lum-jones-needham-biro-hiatt-etal-bodyburdensofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpersistentorganohalogenatedcompoundsandtheirdescriptorsinusgirls-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('windham-pinney-sjodin-lum-jones-needham-biro-hiatt-etal-bodyburdensofbrominatedflameretardantsandotherpersistentorganohalogenatedcompoundsandtheirdescriptorsinusgirls-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{windham_body_2010,\n\ttitle = {Body burdens of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organo-halogenated compounds and their descriptors in {US} girls.},\n\tvolume = {110},\n\tissn = {1096-0953},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2844779&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.004},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Levels of brominated flame retardants are increasing in US populations, yet little data are available on body burdens of these and other persistent hormonally active agents (HAAs) in school-aged children. Exposures to such chemicals may affect a number of health outcomes related to development and reproductive function. OBJECTIVE: Determine the distribution of biomarkers of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organo-chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT/DDE, in children, and their variation by key descriptor variables. METHODS: Ethnically diverse cohorts of girls 6-8 y old at baseline are being followed for growth and pubertal development in a multi-site, longitudinal study. Nearly 600 serum samples from the California and Ohio sites were analyzed for lipids, 35 PCB congeners, 11 PBDE congeners, and 9 OCPs. The biomarker distributions were examined and geometric means compared for selected analytes across categories of age, race, site, body mass index (BMI), parental education, maternal age at delivery, and breast feeding in adjusted models. RESULTS: Six PBDE congeners were detected among greater than 70\\% of samples, with BDE-47 having the highest concentration (median 42.2, range 4.9-855 ng/g lipid). Girls in California had adjusted geometric mean (GM) PBDE levels significantly higher than girls in Ohio. Furthermore, Blacks had significantly higher adjusted GMs of all six PBDE congeners than Whites, and Hispanics had intermediate values. GMs tended to be lower among more obese girls, while other variables were not strongly associated. In contrast, GMs of the six PCB congeners most frequently detected were significantly lower among Blacks and Hispanics than Whites. PCBs and the three pesticides most frequently detected were also consistently lower among girls with high BMI, who were not breast-fed, whose mothers were younger, or whose care-givers (usually parents) were less educated. Girls in California had higher GMs than in Ohio for the pesticides and most PCB congeners, but the opposite for CB-99 and -118. CONCLUSIONS: Several of these potential HAAs were detected in nearly all of these young girls, some at relatively high levels, with variation by geographic location and other demographic factors that may reflect exposure pathways. The higher PBDE levels in California likely reflect differences in fire regulation and safety codes, with potential policy implications.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental research},\n\tauthor = {Windham, Gayle C and Pinney, Susan M and Sjodin, Andreas and Lum, Raymond and Jones, Richard S and Needham, Larry L and Biro, Frank M and Hiatt, Robert A and Kushi, Lawrence H},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20129604},\n\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Child, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, DDT, DDT: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Ohio, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, United States, california, ffr, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {251--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Levels of brominated flame retardants are increasing in US populations, yet little data are available on body burdens of these and other persistent hormonally active agents (HAAs) in school-aged children. Exposures to such chemicals may affect a number of health outcomes related to development and reproductive function. OBJECTIVE: Determine the distribution of biomarkers of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organo-chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT/DDE, in children, and their variation by key descriptor variables. METHODS: Ethnically diverse cohorts of girls 6-8 y old at baseline are being followed for growth and pubertal development in a multi-site, longitudinal study. Nearly 600 serum samples from the California and Ohio sites were analyzed for lipids, 35 PCB congeners, 11 PBDE congeners, and 9 OCPs. The biomarker distributions were examined and geometric means compared for selected analytes across categories of age, race, site, body mass index (BMI), parental education, maternal age at delivery, and breast feeding in adjusted models. RESULTS: Six PBDE congeners were detected among greater than 70% of samples, with BDE-47 having the highest concentration (median 42.2, range 4.9-855 ng/g lipid). Girls in California had adjusted geometric mean (GM) PBDE levels significantly higher than girls in Ohio. Furthermore, Blacks had significantly higher adjusted GMs of all six PBDE congeners than Whites, and Hispanics had intermediate values. GMs tended to be lower among more obese girls, while other variables were not strongly associated. In contrast, GMs of the six PCB congeners most frequently detected were significantly lower among Blacks and Hispanics than Whites. PCBs and the three pesticides most frequently detected were also consistently lower among girls with high BMI, who were not breast-fed, whose mothers were younger, or whose care-givers (usually parents) were less educated. Girls in California had higher GMs than in Ohio for the pesticides and most PCB congeners, but the opposite for CB-99 and -118. CONCLUSIONS: Several of these potential HAAs were detected in nearly all of these young girls, some at relatively high levels, with variation by geographic location and other demographic factors that may reflect exposure pathways. The higher PBDE levels in California likely reflect differences in fire regulation and safety codes, with potential policy implications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"williams-desesso-thepotentialofselectedbrominatedflameretardantstoaffectneurologicaldevelopment-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'williams-desesso-thepotentialofselectedbrominatedflameretardantstoaffectneurologicaldevelopment-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854', event);\">\n    The potential of selected brominated flame retardants to affect neurological development.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Williams, A. L.;  and DeSesso, J. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews</i>, 13(5): 411–48. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('williams-desesso-thepotentialofselectedbrominatedflameretardantstoaffectneurologicaldevelopment-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The potential of selected brominated flame retardants to affect neurological development. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10937401003751630\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('williams-desesso-thepotentialofselectedbrominatedflameretardantstoaffectneurologicaldevelopment-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10937401003751630', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/williams-desesso-thepotentialofselectedbrominatedflameretardantstoaffectneurologicaldevelopment-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('williams-desesso-thepotentialofselectedbrominatedflameretardantstoaffectneurologicaldevelopment-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{williams_potential_2010,\n\ttitle = {The potential of selected brominated flame retardants to affect neurological development.},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1521-6950},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582854},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10937401003751630},\n\tabstract = {Various brominated flame retardants (BFR), including polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are commonly used in household items and electronics and have been detected in the environment and/or the bodily fluids of people, including children. Some studies in animals suggest that exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA during the perinatal period may affect locomotor activity and/or memory and learning. Epidemiological studies showing similar effects in humans, however, are lacking. To assess whether an association exists between perinatal exposure and development of consistent neurobehavioral alterations, published animal studies investigating perinatal exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA with specific neurobehavioral evaluations-particularly, assessments of motor activity-were reviewed for consistency of results. Our analysis shows that although the majority of studies suggest that perinatal exposure affects motor activity, the effects observed were not consistent. This lack of consistency includes the type of motor activity (locomotion, rearing, or total activity) affected, the direction (increase or decrease) and pattern of change associated with exposure, the existence of a dose response, the permanency of findings, and the possibility of gender differences in response. Interestingly, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)-compliant studies that followed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing found no adverse effects associated with exposure to PBDE209, HBCD, or TBBPA at doses that were orders of magnitude higher and administered over longer durations than those used in the other studies examined herein. The lack of consistency across studies precludes establishment of a causal relationship between perinatal exposure to these substances and alterations in motor activity.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Amy Lavin and DeSesso, John M},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20582854},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Risk Assessment},\n\tpages = {411--48},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Various brominated flame retardants (BFR), including polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are commonly used in household items and electronics and have been detected in the environment and/or the bodily fluids of people, including children. Some studies in animals suggest that exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA during the perinatal period may affect locomotor activity and/or memory and learning. Epidemiological studies showing similar effects in humans, however, are lacking. To assess whether an association exists between perinatal exposure and development of consistent neurobehavioral alterations, published animal studies investigating perinatal exposure to PBDE congeners, HBCD, or TBBPA with specific neurobehavioral evaluations-particularly, assessments of motor activity-were reviewed for consistency of results. Our analysis shows that although the majority of studies suggest that perinatal exposure affects motor activity, the effects observed were not consistent. This lack of consistency includes the type of motor activity (locomotion, rearing, or total activity) affected, the direction (increase or decrease) and pattern of change associated with exposure, the existence of a dose response, the permanency of findings, and the possibility of gender differences in response. Interestingly, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)-compliant studies that followed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity testing found no adverse effects associated with exposure to PBDE209, HBCD, or TBBPA at doses that were orders of magnitude higher and administered over longer durations than those used in the other studies examined herein. The lack of consistency across studies precludes establishment of a causal relationship between perinatal exposure to these substances and alterations in motor activity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weschler-nazaroff-svocpartitioningbetweenthegasphaseandsettleddustindoors-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weschler-nazaroff-svocpartitioningbetweenthegasphaseandsettleddustindoors-2010', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf', event);\">\n    SVOC partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weschler, C. J;  and Nazaroff, W. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>, 44(30): 3609–3620. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weschler-nazaroff-svocpartitioningbetweenthegasphaseandsettleddustindoors-2010', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"SVOC partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weschler-nazaroff-svocpartitioningbetweenthegasphaseandsettleddustindoors-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weschler-nazaroff-svocpartitioningbetweenthegasphaseandsettleddustindoors-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weschler-nazaroff-svocpartitioningbetweenthegasphaseandsettleddustindoors-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weschler_svoc_2010,\n\ttitle = {{SVOC} partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231010004991 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Weschler 2010.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029},\n\tnumber = {30},\n\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\n\tauthor = {Weschler, Charles J and Nazaroff, William W},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {3609--3620},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weijs-das-neels-blust-covaci-occurrenceofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogenatedcompoundsintissuesofblackseaharbourporpoises-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weijs-das-neels-blust-covaci-occurrenceofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogenatedcompoundsintissuesofblackseaharbourporpoises-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175', event);\">\n    Occurrence of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organohalogenated compounds in tissues of Black Sea harbour porpoises.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weijs, L.; Das, K.; Neels, H.; Blust, R.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 60(5): 725–31. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weijs-das-neels-blust-covaci-occurrenceofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogenatedcompoundsintissuesofblackseaharbourporpoises-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organohalogenated compounds in tissues of Black Sea harbour porpoises. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weijs-das-neels-blust-covaci-occurrenceofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogenatedcompoundsintissuesofblackseaharbourporpoises-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weijs-das-neels-blust-covaci-occurrenceofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogenatedcompoundsintissuesofblackseaharbourporpoises-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weijs-das-neels-blust-covaci-occurrenceofanthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganohalogenatedcompoundsintissuesofblackseaharbourporpoises-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weijs_occurrence_2010,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organohalogenated compounds in tissues of {Black} {Sea} harbour porpoises.},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031175},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.022},\n\tabstract = {Harbour porpoises are one of the three cetacean species inhabiting the Black Sea. This is the first study to report on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced compounds, methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs), in tissues (kidney, brain, blubber, liver, muscle) of male harbour porpoises (11 adults, 9 juveniles) from the Black Sea. Lipid-normalized concentrations decreased from muscle{\\textbackslash}textgreaterblubber{\\textbackslash}textgreaterliver{\\textbackslash}textgreaterkidney{\\textbackslash}textgreaterbrain for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and for the sum of PBDEs. Among the naturally-produced compounds, levels of PBHDs were higher than of MeO-PBDEs, with tri-BHD and 6-MeO-BDE 47 being the dominant compounds for both groups, respectively. Concentrations of naturally-produced compounds decreased from blubber to brain, similarly to the sum of DDT and metabolites (DDXs). Concentrations of DDXs were highest, followed by PCBs, HCB, PBHDs, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. Levels of PCBs and PBDEs in blubber were lower than concentrations reported for harbour porpoises from the North Sea, while concentrations of DDXs were higher.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Weijs, Liesbeth and Das, Krishna and Neels, Hugo and Blust, Ronny and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20031175},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Eastern, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Oceans and Seas, Phocoena, Phocoena: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Xanthenes, Xanthenes: analysis, Xanthenes: pharmacokinetics},\n\tpages = {725--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Harbour porpoises are one of the three cetacean species inhabiting the Black Sea. This is the first study to report on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced compounds, methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs), in tissues (kidney, brain, blubber, liver, muscle) of male harbour porpoises (11 adults, 9 juveniles) from the Black Sea. Lipid-normalized concentrations decreased from muscle\\textgreaterblubber\\textgreaterliver\\textgreaterkidney\\textgreaterbrain for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and for the sum of PBDEs. Among the naturally-produced compounds, levels of PBHDs were higher than of MeO-PBDEs, with tri-BHD and 6-MeO-BDE 47 being the dominant compounds for both groups, respectively. Concentrations of naturally-produced compounds decreased from blubber to brain, similarly to the sum of DDT and metabolites (DDXs). Concentrations of DDXs were highest, followed by PCBs, HCB, PBHDs, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. Levels of PCBs and PBDEs in blubber were lower than concentrations reported for harbour porpoises from the North Sea, while concentrations of DDXs were higher.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"webster-watkins-walker-fraser-heigerbernays-stapleton-mcclean-pentabdealternativesinhomesofficesandcars-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'webster-watkins-walker-fraser-heigerbernays-stapleton-mcclean-pentabdealternativesinhomesofficesandcars-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf', event);\">\n    PentaBDE alternatives in homes, offices and cars.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Webster, T.; Watkins, D.; Walker, C; Fraser, A.; Heiger-Bernays, W; Stapleton, H.;  and McClean, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, Kyoto, Japan,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('webster-watkins-walker-fraser-heigerbernays-stapleton-mcclean-pentabdealternativesinhomesofficesandcars-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PentaBDE alternatives in homes, offices and cars. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/webster-watkins-walker-fraser-heigerbernays-stapleton-mcclean-pentabdealternativesinhomesofficesandcars-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('webster-watkins-walker-fraser-heigerbernays-stapleton-mcclean-pentabdealternativesinhomesofficesandcars-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{webster_pentabde_2010,\n\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\n\ttitle = {{PentaBDE} alternatives in homes, offices and cars.},\n\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90044.pdf},\n\tabstract = {PentaBDE was phased out of production in the USA in 2004 and was recently added to the Stockholm Convention. Nevertheless, large quantities remain in use in polyurethane foam furniture in North America. At least two major replacements for pentaBDE are used in the USA. Firemaster 550 (FM550) consists of approximately 50\\% triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and isopropylated triaryl phosphate and 50\\% brominated flame retardants. We previously identified the two brominated components as bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5- tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (Stapleton et al 2008b). TBPH has also been used separately as a product called DP-45, e.g., in wires and cables containing polyvinylchloride. A second major pentaBDE replacement is tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). TDCPP and TPP have been used for decades as flame retardants or plasticizers (TPP only) in a wide variety of applications (Stapleton et al 2009a). As discussed elsewhere at this meeting, TDCPP is fairly well metabolized in humans; TDCPP or its metabolites may be developmentally neurotoxic (Stapleton et al 2010). We recently reported on the presence of pentaBDE replacements in house dust as well as foam samples (Stapleton et al 2008b, 2009a). However, no data are available on the concentrations of these compounds in dust from offices or cars. As fire codes can be stricter for office furniture than for residential furniture, dust concentrations of pentaBDE and its replacements may be higher in offices than homes. Furthermore, no data are available on time trends of these compounds in dust. We therefore collected dust from homes, offices and cars in the Boston, MA area and compared our results with our earlier work. In these offices we also collected air samples and handwipes. Materials},\n\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Webster, TF and Watkins, DJ and Walker, C and Fraser, AJ and Heiger-Bernays, W and Stapleton, HM and McClean, MD},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PentaBDE was phased out of production in the USA in 2004 and was recently added to the Stockholm Convention. Nevertheless, large quantities remain in use in polyurethane foam furniture in North America. At least two major replacements for pentaBDE are used in the USA. Firemaster 550 (FM550) consists of approximately 50% triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and isopropylated triaryl phosphate and 50% brominated flame retardants. We previously identified the two brominated components as bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5- tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (Stapleton et al 2008b). TBPH has also been used separately as a product called DP-45, e.g., in wires and cables containing polyvinylchloride. A second major pentaBDE replacement is tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). TDCPP and TPP have been used for decades as flame retardants or plasticizers (TPP only) in a wide variety of applications (Stapleton et al 2009a). As discussed elsewhere at this meeting, TDCPP is fairly well metabolized in humans; TDCPP or its metabolites may be developmentally neurotoxic (Stapleton et al 2010). We recently reported on the presence of pentaBDE replacements in house dust as well as foam samples (Stapleton et al 2008b, 2009a). However, no data are available on the concentrations of these compounds in dust from offices or cars. As fire codes can be stricter for office furniture than for residential furniture, dust concentrations of pentaBDE and its replacements may be higher in offices than homes. Furthermore, no data are available on time trends of these compounds in dust. We therefore collected dust from homes, offices and cars in the Boston, MA area and compared our results with our earlier work. In these offices we also collected air samples and handwipes. Materials\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weber-watson-webster-newpopstheuniquechallengeofcontrollingpbdesunderthestockholmconvention-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weber-watson-webster-newpopstheuniquechallengeofcontrollingpbdesunderthestockholmconvention-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf', event);\">\n    New POPs- The unique challenge of controlling PBDEs under the Stockholm Convention.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weber, R; Watson, A;  and Webster, T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, Kyoto, Japan,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weber-watson-webster-newpopstheuniquechallengeofcontrollingpbdesunderthestockholmconvention-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New POPs- The unique challenge of controlling PBDEs under the Stockholm Convention. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weber-watson-webster-newpopstheuniquechallengeofcontrollingpbdesunderthestockholmconvention-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weber-watson-webster-newpopstheuniquechallengeofcontrollingpbdesunderthestockholmconvention-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{weber_new_2010,\n\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\n\ttitle = {New {POPs}- {The} unique challenge of controlling {PBDEs} under the {Stockholm} {Convention}.},\n\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90149.pdf},\n\tabstract = {In May 2009 certain congeners contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether 1 (‘PentaBDE&#x27;) and octabromodiphenyl ethers2 (‘OctaBDE&#x27;) were added to Annex A of the Stockholm Convention3 by the fourth Conference of the Parties in Geneva. As a consequence of this these chemicals are officially recognised as persistent organic pollutants (‘POPs&#x27;) and may no longer be produced. Furthermore Article 6 of the Convention requires that wastes containing POPs be managed in a manner protective of human health and the environment (Stockholm Convention 2001). The new listing therefore requires each party of the Stockholm Convention to take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate releases of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from stockpiles and wastes.4 The listing of these PBDEs5, unlike the original Stockholm POPs, includes specific exemptions allowing for recycling and the use in articles of recycled materials containing these chemicals (Textbox 1) (Stockholm Convention 2009a,b). This exemption generated significant discussion about whether it could be considered to be consistent with the principal objective6 of the Stockholm Convention which is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. Recycling of POPs inevitably increases the possibilities of generating new environmental and health risks. The possibility to include POPs in recycled products lead to exposure in the recycling stage (and future recycling cycles) and even generates the possibility that the ‘second life&#x27; exposure may be greater than in previous uses. The long-term implications of allowing POPs to be released in what is likely to be an uncontrolled fashion also raises serious questions about whether the exemptions compromise the objectives of the Convention. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee was therefore requested to make recommendations to the Conference of the Parties to address the above concerns. These recommendations will be based on information gathered from Parties and observers, and informed by a technical report provided by external consultants.},\n\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Weber, R and Watson, A and Webster, T},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In May 2009 certain congeners contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether 1 (‘PentaBDE') and octabromodiphenyl ethers2 (‘OctaBDE') were added to Annex A of the Stockholm Convention3 by the fourth Conference of the Parties in Geneva. As a consequence of this these chemicals are officially recognised as persistent organic pollutants (‘POPs') and may no longer be produced. Furthermore Article 6 of the Convention requires that wastes containing POPs be managed in a manner protective of human health and the environment (Stockholm Convention 2001). The new listing therefore requires each party of the Stockholm Convention to take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate releases of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from stockpiles and wastes.4 The listing of these PBDEs5, unlike the original Stockholm POPs, includes specific exemptions allowing for recycling and the use in articles of recycled materials containing these chemicals (Textbox 1) (Stockholm Convention 2009a,b). This exemption generated significant discussion about whether it could be considered to be consistent with the principal objective6 of the Stockholm Convention which is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. Recycling of POPs inevitably increases the possibilities of generating new environmental and health risks. The possibility to include POPs in recycled products lead to exposure in the recycling stage (and future recycling cycles) and even generates the possibility that the ‘second life' exposure may be greater than in previous uses. The long-term implications of allowing POPs to be released in what is likely to be an uncontrolled fashion also raises serious questions about whether the exemptions compromise the objectives of the Convention. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee was therefore requested to make recommendations to the Conference of the Parties to address the above concerns. These recommendations will be based on information gathered from Parties and observers, and informed by a technical report provided by external consultants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"watanabe-shimizu-sawamura-hino-konno-kurokawa-functionaldisorderofprimaryimmunityrespondingtorespiratorysyncytialvirusinfectioninoffspringmiceexposedtoaflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherperinatally-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'watanabe-shimizu-sawamura-hino-konno-kurokawa-functionaldisorderofprimaryimmunityrespondingtorespiratorysyncytialvirusinfectioninoffspringmiceexposedtoaflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherperinatally-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825', event);\">\n    Functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Watanabe, W.; Shimizu, T.; Sawamura, R.; Hino, A.; Konno, K.;  and Kurokawa, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of medical virology</i>, 82(6): 1075–82. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watanabe-shimizu-sawamura-hino-konno-kurokawa-functionaldisorderofprimaryimmunityrespondingtorespiratorysyncytialvirusinfectioninoffspringmiceexposedtoaflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherperinatally-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21770\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watanabe-shimizu-sawamura-hino-konno-kurokawa-functionaldisorderofprimaryimmunityrespondingtorespiratorysyncytialvirusinfectioninoffspringmiceexposedtoaflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherperinatally-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21770', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/watanabe-shimizu-sawamura-hino-konno-kurokawa-functionaldisorderofprimaryimmunityrespondingtorespiratorysyncytialvirusinfectioninoffspringmiceexposedtoaflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherperinatally-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('watanabe-shimizu-sawamura-hino-konno-kurokawa-functionaldisorderofprimaryimmunityrespondingtorespiratorysyncytialvirusinfectioninoffspringmiceexposedtoaflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherperinatally-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{watanabe_functional_2010,\n\ttitle = {Functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally.},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {1096-9071},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419825},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jmv.21770},\n\tabstract = {Perinatal exposure to a representative flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), was shown previously to increase viral titers in the lungs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected offspring on day 5 post-infection, resulting in exacerbation of pneumonia. In this study, the significant increase of pulmonary viral titers was confirmed even on day 1 post-infection and the effect on the primary immune response to RSV infection were examined to assess a mode of DBDE action on developmental immunotoxicity. On day 1 after infection, the secretion of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased significantly in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid prepared from RSV-infected offspring exposed to DBDE perinatally, but IL-1beta increased. However, in ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation test, the productivity of TNF-alpha in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells, which are mainly primary immune cells responding to RSV infection, prepared from offspring mice exposed to DBDE perinatally was not lower than that in the control. The primary immune cells retained normally the ability of cytokine production after the DBDE exposure. Gene expressions of innate pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptor 3 and 4, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I) in lung tissues were not affected by DBDE exposure. Because the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta are known to be elevated in the lungs of RSV-infected mice, these irregular productions due to perinatal DBDE exposure indicate a disorder of the primary immune response to RSV infection. Thus, perinatal exposure to DBDE was suggested to cause a functional disorder of primary immunity responding to RSV infection.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of medical virology},\n\tauthor = {Watanabe, Wataru and Shimizu, Tomomi and Sawamura, Rie and Hino, Akane and Konno, Katsuhiko and Kurokawa, Masahiko},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20419825},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: chemistry, Cytokines, Cytokines: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Immunity, Immunologic Factors, Immunologic Factors: toxicity, Inbred BALB C, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lung, Lung: immunology, Lung: pathology, Lung: virology, Male, Mice, Organ Culture Techniques, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: immunology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: pathology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: virology, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses: immunology, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {1075--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perinatal exposure to a representative flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), was shown previously to increase viral titers in the lungs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected offspring on day 5 post-infection, resulting in exacerbation of pneumonia. In this study, the significant increase of pulmonary viral titers was confirmed even on day 1 post-infection and the effect on the primary immune response to RSV infection were examined to assess a mode of DBDE action on developmental immunotoxicity. On day 1 after infection, the secretion of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased significantly in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid prepared from RSV-infected offspring exposed to DBDE perinatally, but IL-1beta increased. However, in ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation test, the productivity of TNF-alpha in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells, which are mainly primary immune cells responding to RSV infection, prepared from offspring mice exposed to DBDE perinatally was not lower than that in the control. The primary immune cells retained normally the ability of cytokine production after the DBDE exposure. Gene expressions of innate pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptor 3 and 4, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I) in lung tissues were not affected by DBDE exposure. Because the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta are known to be elevated in the lungs of RSV-infected mice, these irregular productions due to perinatal DBDE exposure indicate a disorder of the primary immune response to RSV infection. Thus, perinatal exposure to DBDE was suggested to cause a functional disorder of primary immunity responding to RSV infection.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-wang-hsi-changchien-characterizingtheemissionsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsfrommetallurgicalprocesses-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-wang-hsi-changchien-characterizingtheemissionsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsfrommetallurgicalprocesses-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211', event);\">\n    Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from metallurgical processes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Hsi, H.;  and Chang-Chien, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(4): 1240–6. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-wang-hsi-changchien-characterizingtheemissionsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsfrommetallurgicalprocesses-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from metallurgical processes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es903128e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-wang-hsi-changchien-characterizingtheemissionsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsfrommetallurgicalprocesses-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es903128e', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-wang-hsi-changchien-characterizingtheemissionsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsfrommetallurgicalprocesses-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-wang-hsi-changchien-characterizingtheemissionsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsfrommetallurgicalprocesses-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_characterizing_2010,\n\ttitle = {Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) from metallurgical processes.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102211},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es903128e},\n\tabstract = {This study investigated the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the stack flue gases of the metallurgical processes. An examination of the PBDEs existing in the stack flue gases of sinter plants revealed that PBDEs can form during the combustion processes through the similar formation conditions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PBDD/F and PBDE emission rates of the metallurgical facilities were 0.446-3.19 microg TEQ/h and 4470-27000 microg/h, correspondingly. Both emission rates could reach several orders higher than those of the reported sources, revealing that the metallurgical facilities are not only important PCDD/F but also significant PBDD/F and PBDE emission sources to the environment. BDE-209 is the most abundant PBDE congener in the emissions of metallurgical facilities and is found to be dominant in the atmosphere and soils. However, few studies have considered metallurgical facilities as potential PBDE contributors to the environment. Because PBDEs could form or not be completely destroyed in the feeding materials in the combustion system, PBDE contributions from combustion emission sources to the atmosphere should not be ignored and need further investigation.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Lin-Chi and Wang, Ya-Fen and Hsi, Hsing-Cheng and Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20102211},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy},\n\tpages = {1240--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigated the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the stack flue gases of the metallurgical processes. An examination of the PBDEs existing in the stack flue gases of sinter plants revealed that PBDEs can form during the combustion processes through the similar formation conditions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PBDD/F and PBDE emission rates of the metallurgical facilities were 0.446-3.19 microg TEQ/h and 4470-27000 microg/h, correspondingly. Both emission rates could reach several orders higher than those of the reported sources, revealing that the metallurgical facilities are not only important PCDD/F but also significant PBDD/F and PBDE emission sources to the environment. BDE-209 is the most abundant PBDE congener in the emissions of metallurgical facilities and is found to be dominant in the atmosphere and soils. However, few studies have considered metallurgical facilities as potential PBDE contributors to the environment. Because PBDEs could form or not be completely destroyed in the feeding materials in the combustion system, PBDE contributions from combustion emission sources to the atmosphere should not be ignored and need further investigation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-hsi-wang-lin-changchien-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsinmunicipalsolidwasteincinerators-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-hsi-wang-lin-changchien-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsinmunicipalsolidwasteincinerators-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781', event);\">\n    Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, L.; Hsi, H.; Wang, Y.; Lin, S.;  and Chang-Chien, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution</i>, 158(5): 1595–602. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-hsi-wang-lin-changchien-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsinmunicipalsolidwasteincinerators-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-hsi-wang-lin-changchien-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsinmunicipalsolidwasteincinerators-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-hsi-wang-lin-changchien-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsinmunicipalsolidwasteincinerators-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-hsi-wang-lin-changchien-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuranspbddfsinmunicipalsolidwasteincinerators-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_distribution_2010,\n\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in municipal solid waste incinerators.},\n\tvolume = {158},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047781},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.016},\n\tabstract = {The stack flue gases and the ashes in different units of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are sampled to investigate the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Bottom ashes (BA) exhibited much higher PBDD/F (8.11-52.2 pg TEQ/g) and PBDE contents (20.4-186 ng/g) than those of fly ashes (0.0932-2.02 pg TEQ/g and 0.332-25.5 ng/g), revealing that the PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the feeding waste may not be completely destroyed. The PBDE concentrations/contents in the stack flue gases (26.1-109 ng/Nm(3)) and in the BA (20.4-186 ng/g) of the MSWIs could reach three orders higher than those in the atmosphere and reference soils. PBDE contributions to the environment from the stack flue gases or the reutilization of BA of MSWIs should not be ignored from the developing PBDE inventory.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Lin-Chi and Hsi, Hsing-Cheng and Wang, Ya-Fen and Lin, Sheng-Lun and Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20047781},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Waste Products, Waste Products: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {1595--602},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The stack flue gases and the ashes in different units of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are sampled to investigate the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Bottom ashes (BA) exhibited much higher PBDD/F (8.11-52.2 pg TEQ/g) and PBDE contents (20.4-186 ng/g) than those of fly ashes (0.0932-2.02 pg TEQ/g and 0.332-25.5 ng/g), revealing that the PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the feeding waste may not be completely destroyed. The PBDE concentrations/contents in the stack flue gases (26.1-109 ng/Nm(3)) and in the BA (20.4-186 ng/g) of the MSWIs could reach three orders higher than those in the atmosphere and reference soils. PBDE contributions to the environment from the stack flue gases or the reutilization of BA of MSWIs should not be ignored from the developing PBDE inventory.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-kliks-jun-li-residuesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhoneysfromdifferentgeographicregions-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-kliks-jun-li-residuesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhoneysfromdifferentgeographicregions-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322', event);\">\n    Residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in honeys from different geographic regions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, J.; Kliks, M. M; Jun, S.;  and Li, Q. X\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of agricultural and food chemistry</i>, 58(6): 3495–501. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-kliks-jun-li-residuesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhoneysfromdifferentgeographicregions-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in honeys from different geographic regions. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/jf904490g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-kliks-jun-li-residuesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhoneysfromdifferentgeographicregions-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/jf904490g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-kliks-jun-li-residuesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhoneysfromdifferentgeographicregions-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-kliks-jun-li-residuesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhoneysfromdifferentgeographicregions-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_residues_2010,\n\ttitle = {Residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in honeys from different geographic regions.},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\tissn = {1520-5118},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184322},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/jf904490g},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame-retardants. Fifty honey samples labeled as being from different countries and regions were analyzed for 27 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of the 26 PBDEs, excluding BDE-209, ranged from 300 to 10,550 pg/g while the concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from nondetected to 9,260 pg/g. The honey samples labeled as originating in developed countries generally displayed higher concentrations of the total 27 PBDEs than those labeled as being from developing countries. Concentrations of 26 PBDEs ranged from 2,720 to 10,550 pg/g in honeys originating in developed countries and ranged from 1,030 to 3,470 pg/g in those from developing countries. BDE-209 was a dominant PBDE congener in all honey samples, on average accounting for 16\\% and 65\\% of the total 27 PBDEs in honeys from developed and developing countries, respectively. Honeys originating in developing countries, however, showed much higher BDE-209 levels and higher ratios of BDE-209 relative to the other PBDE congeners. In addition, some highly brominated PBDE congeners such as BDE-196, -197, -206, and -207 showed elevated concentrations in honeys from developing countries. The findings were in agreement with the long, heavy historical uses of PBDE products in developed countries and the current, heavy uses of BDE-209 in developing countries. When BDE-209 was fortified in honey and incubated in the dark for four weeks at 25 or 60 degrees C, BDE-153, -183, -206, and -207 were detected as debromination products of BDE-209. Less brominated congeners in honeys may primarily come from the environment. Debromination of BDE-209 is also a source of less brominated congeners in honeys. The detection of PBDEs in honeys suggests that human exposure to PBDEs occurs as a result of honey consumption.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Jun and Kliks, Michael M and Jun, Soojin and Li, Qing X},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20184322},\n\tkeywords = {Developing Countries, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Honey, Honey: analysis},\n\tpages = {3495--501},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame-retardants. Fifty honey samples labeled as being from different countries and regions were analyzed for 27 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of the 26 PBDEs, excluding BDE-209, ranged from 300 to 10,550 pg/g while the concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from nondetected to 9,260 pg/g. The honey samples labeled as originating in developed countries generally displayed higher concentrations of the total 27 PBDEs than those labeled as being from developing countries. Concentrations of 26 PBDEs ranged from 2,720 to 10,550 pg/g in honeys originating in developed countries and ranged from 1,030 to 3,470 pg/g in those from developing countries. BDE-209 was a dominant PBDE congener in all honey samples, on average accounting for 16% and 65% of the total 27 PBDEs in honeys from developed and developing countries, respectively. Honeys originating in developing countries, however, showed much higher BDE-209 levels and higher ratios of BDE-209 relative to the other PBDE congeners. In addition, some highly brominated PBDE congeners such as BDE-196, -197, -206, and -207 showed elevated concentrations in honeys from developing countries. The findings were in agreement with the long, heavy historical uses of PBDE products in developed countries and the current, heavy uses of BDE-209 in developing countries. When BDE-209 was fortified in honey and incubated in the dark for four weeks at 25 or 60 degrees C, BDE-153, -183, -206, and -207 were detected as debromination products of BDE-209. Less brominated congeners in honeys may primarily come from the environment. Debromination of BDE-209 is also a source of less brominated congeners in honeys. The detection of PBDEs in honeys suggests that human exposure to PBDEs occurs as a result of honey consumption.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-ma-chen-tian-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinhousedustfromewasterecyclingandurbanareasinsouthchinaimplicationsonhumanexposure-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-ma-chen-tian-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinhousedustfromewasterecyclingandurbanareasinsouthchinaimplicationsonhumanexposure-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in South China: implications on human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, J.; Ma, Y.; Chen, S.; Tian, M.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 36(6): 535–41. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-ma-chen-tian-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinhousedustfromewasterecyclingandurbanareasinsouthchinaimplicationsonhumanexposure-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in South China: implications on human exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-ma-chen-tian-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinhousedustfromewasterecyclingandurbanareasinsouthchinaimplicationsonhumanexposure-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-ma-chen-tian-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinhousedustfromewasterecyclingandurbanareasinsouthchinaimplicationsonhumanexposure-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-ma-chen-tian-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinhousedustfromewasterecyclingandurbanareasinsouthchinaimplicationsonhumanexposure-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in {South} {China}: implications on human exposure.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452672},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.005},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000 ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000 ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000 ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304 ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6 ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Jing and Ma, Yun-Juan and Chen, She-Jun and Tian, Mi and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20452672},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Child, China, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Preschool, Waste Management},\n\tpages = {535--41},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000 ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000 ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000 ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304 ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6 ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wang-zhang-liu-wang-nie-qian-examiningtherelationshipbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsbfrexposureandchangesofthyroidhormonelevelsaroundewastedismantlingsites-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wang-zhang-liu-wang-nie-qian-examiningtherelationshipbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsbfrexposureandchangesofthyroidhormonelevelsaroundewastedismantlingsites-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942', event);\">\n    Examining the relationship between brominated flame retardants (BFR) exposure and changes of thyroid hormone levels around e-waste dismantling sites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Wang, F.; Nie, J.;  and Qian, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</i>, 213(5): 369–80. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-zhang-liu-wang-nie-qian-examiningtherelationshipbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsbfrexposureandchangesofthyroidhormonelevelsaroundewastedismantlingsites-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Examining the relationship between brominated flame retardants (BFR) exposure and changes of thyroid hormone levels around e-waste dismantling sites. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wang-zhang-liu-wang-nie-qian-examiningtherelationshipbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsbfrexposureandchangesofthyroidhormonelevelsaroundewastedismantlingsites-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wang-zhang-liu-wang-nie-qian-examiningtherelationshipbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsbfrexposureandchangesofthyroidhormonelevelsaroundewastedismantlingsites-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wang-zhang-liu-wang-nie-qian-examiningtherelationshipbetweenbrominatedflameretardantsbfrexposureandchangesofthyroidhormonelevelsaroundewastedismantlingsites-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wang_examining_2010,\n\ttitle = {Examining the relationship between brominated flame retardants ({BFR}) exposure and changes of thyroid hormone levels around e-waste dismantling sites.},\n\tvolume = {213},\n\tissn = {1618-131X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598942},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.004},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) released from e-waste related activities may affect the health of local people. Assessing the impact of e-waste exposure during recycling and dismantling activities on local people&#x27;s thyroid hormone levels is an area of ongoing research. During November and December 2008, the process of e-waste recycling and dismantling was investigated, and 236 occupation-exposed people and 89 non-occupation-exposed people approximate to the e-waste recycling sites were surveyed; their thyroid hormone levels (THs), thyrotropins (TSH) and BFRs levels in serum were assayed. Multiple regression models were constructed to analyze the changes of serum THs and TSH in the people living in the exposure area (exposure group) and the people in the control group. Covariates known to be or likely to be associated with THs, TSH and BFRs levels were analyzed. Lower level of Triiodothyronine (T(3)) in both occupation-exposed and non-occupation-exposed group were observed (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.01), when compared with the control group, and the same trend was obtained for free triiodothyronine (fT(3)) and free thyroxine (fT4) (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.01). However, no significant difference in thyroxine (T(4)) was found between the two groups. The level of TSH in the e-waste recycling occupational-exposed group ranged from 0.00 to 5.00microIU/ml with a mean of 1.26microIU/ml, whereas the level of TSH in the control group was from 0.03 to 5.54microIU/ml with a mean of 1.57microIU/ml. This study revealed that people having worked on e-waste recycling and dismantling had significantly lower TSH compared with the control group (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.01). Moreover, the level of BDE-205 is positively associated with the level of T4, as confirmed by the linear regression model (unstandardized regression coefficient, beta=0.25, rho=0.001) and a weaker positive relation was also found between the levels of BDE-126 and T4. Meanwhile, a weak negative relation was found between the levels of PBB 103 and T3, and between the levels of fT3 and fT4. These results suggest that exposure to BFRs released from primitive e-waste handling may contribute to the changes of THs and TSH levels.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Hongmei and Zhang, Yuan and Liu, Qian and Wang, Feifei and Nie, Jing and Qian, Yan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20598942},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\&amp; numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Waste Management, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {369--80},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) released from e-waste related activities may affect the health of local people. Assessing the impact of e-waste exposure during recycling and dismantling activities on local people's thyroid hormone levels is an area of ongoing research. During November and December 2008, the process of e-waste recycling and dismantling was investigated, and 236 occupation-exposed people and 89 non-occupation-exposed people approximate to the e-waste recycling sites were surveyed; their thyroid hormone levels (THs), thyrotropins (TSH) and BFRs levels in serum were assayed. Multiple regression models were constructed to analyze the changes of serum THs and TSH in the people living in the exposure area (exposure group) and the people in the control group. Covariates known to be or likely to be associated with THs, TSH and BFRs levels were analyzed. Lower level of Triiodothyronine (T(3)) in both occupation-exposed and non-occupation-exposed group were observed (p\\textless0.01), when compared with the control group, and the same trend was obtained for free triiodothyronine (fT(3)) and free thyroxine (fT4) (p\\textless0.01). However, no significant difference in thyroxine (T(4)) was found between the two groups. The level of TSH in the e-waste recycling occupational-exposed group ranged from 0.00 to 5.00microIU/ml with a mean of 1.26microIU/ml, whereas the level of TSH in the control group was from 0.03 to 5.54microIU/ml with a mean of 1.57microIU/ml. This study revealed that people having worked on e-waste recycling and dismantling had significantly lower TSH compared with the control group (p\\textless0.01). Moreover, the level of BDE-205 is positively associated with the level of T4, as confirmed by the linear regression model (unstandardized regression coefficient, beta=0.25, rho=0.001) and a weaker positive relation was also found between the levels of BDE-126 and T4. Meanwhile, a weak negative relation was found between the levels of PBB 103 and T3, and between the levels of fT3 and fT4. These results suggest that exposure to BFRs released from primitive e-waste handling may contribute to the changes of THs and TSH levels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vrkoslavov-demnerov-mackov-zemanov-macek-hajslov-pulkrabov-hrdkov-etal-absorptionandtranslocationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesbyplantsfromcontaminatedsewagesludge-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vrkoslavov-demnerov-mackov-zemanov-macek-hajslov-pulkrabov-hrdkov-etal-absorptionandtranslocationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesbyplantsfromcontaminatedsewagesludge-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973', event);\">\n    Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vrkoslavová, J.; Demnerová, K.; Macková, M.; Zemanová, T.; Macek, T.; Hajslová, J.; Pulkrabová, J.; Hrádková, P.;  and Stiborová, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 81(3): 381–6. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vrkoslavov-demnerov-mackov-zemanov-macek-hajslov-pulkrabov-hrdkov-etal-absorptionandtranslocationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesbyplantsfromcontaminatedsewagesludge-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vrkoslavov-demnerov-mackov-zemanov-macek-hajslov-pulkrabov-hrdkov-etal-absorptionandtranslocationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesbyplantsfromcontaminatedsewagesludge-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vrkoslavov-demnerov-mackov-zemanov-macek-hajslov-pulkrabov-hrdkov-etal-absorptionandtranslocationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesbyplantsfromcontaminatedsewagesludge-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vrkoslavov-demnerov-mackov-zemanov-macek-hajslov-pulkrabov-hrdkov-etal-absorptionandtranslocationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesbyplantsfromcontaminatedsewagesludge-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vrkoslavova_absorption_2010,\n\ttitle = {Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge.},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684973},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.010},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants. PBDEs are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic compounds. They are often detected in sewage sludge which is applied on agricultural soils as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to find out whether plants are able to accumulate and translocate PBDEs. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and nightshade (Solanum nigrum) were planted in pots containing contaminated sewage sludge and uncontaminated substrate. After 6 months of plant cultivation in sewage sludge up to 15.4 ng g(-1) dw and 76.6 ng g(-1) dw of PBDE congeners–BDE 47, BDE 99 and BDE 100—were accumulated in the nightshade and tobacco tissue, respectively. Corresponding values in plants vegetated in the control garden substrate were 10 times lower. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of accumulated congeners were calculated. Tobacco exhibited higher BCFs values and for both plants BCFs values of BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100 and BDE 209 negatively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (logK(ow)). The exception was decaBDE (BDE 209) which was accumulated only in tobacco tissue in the concentration of 116.8 ng g(-1) dw. The majority of PBDEs was detected in above-ground plant biomass indicating that both plants have the ability to translocate PBDEs. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies reporting the accumulation of both lower PBDEs and BDE 209 in plants. Our results suggest that absorption, accumulation and translocation of PBDEs by plants and their transfer to the food chain could represent another possible risk for human exposure.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Vrkoslavová, Jana and Demnerová, Katerina and Macková, Martina and Zemanová, Tereza and Macek, Tomás and Hajslová, Jana and Pulkrabová, Jana and Hrádková, Petra and Stiborová, Hana},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20684973},\n\tkeywords = {Biodegradation, Environmental, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Plant Development, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Solanum, Solanum: growth \\&amp; development, Solanum: metabolism, Tobacco, Tobacco: growth \\&amp; development, Tobacco: metabolism},\n\tpages = {381--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants. PBDEs are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic compounds. They are often detected in sewage sludge which is applied on agricultural soils as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to find out whether plants are able to accumulate and translocate PBDEs. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and nightshade (Solanum nigrum) were planted in pots containing contaminated sewage sludge and uncontaminated substrate. After 6 months of plant cultivation in sewage sludge up to 15.4 ng g(-1) dw and 76.6 ng g(-1) dw of PBDE congeners–BDE 47, BDE 99 and BDE 100—were accumulated in the nightshade and tobacco tissue, respectively. Corresponding values in plants vegetated in the control garden substrate were 10 times lower. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of accumulated congeners were calculated. Tobacco exhibited higher BCFs values and for both plants BCFs values of BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100 and BDE 209 negatively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (logK(ow)). The exception was decaBDE (BDE 209) which was accumulated only in tobacco tissue in the concentration of 116.8 ng g(-1) dw. The majority of PBDEs was detected in above-ground plant biomass indicating that both plants have the ability to translocate PBDEs. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies reporting the accumulation of both lower PBDEs and BDE 209 in plants. Our results suggest that absorption, accumulation and translocation of PBDEs by plants and their transfer to the food chain could represent another possible risk for human exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"verboven-verreault-letcher-gabrielsen-evans-adrenocorticalfunctionofarcticbreedingglaucousgullsinrelationtopersistentorganicpollutants-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'verboven-verreault-letcher-gabrielsen-evans-adrenocorticalfunctionofarcticbreedingglaucousgullsinrelationtopersistentorganicpollutants-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109', event);\">\n    Adrenocortical function of Arctic-breeding glaucous gulls in relation to persistent organic pollutants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Verboven, N.; Verreault, J.; Letcher, R. J; Gabrielsen, G. W;  and Evans, N. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>General and comparative endocrinology</i>, 166(1): 25–32. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verboven-verreault-letcher-gabrielsen-evans-adrenocorticalfunctionofarcticbreedingglaucousgullsinrelationtopersistentorganicpollutants-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Adrenocortical function of Arctic-breeding glaucous gulls in relation to persistent organic pollutants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verboven-verreault-letcher-gabrielsen-evans-adrenocorticalfunctionofarcticbreedingglaucousgullsinrelationtopersistentorganicpollutants-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/verboven-verreault-letcher-gabrielsen-evans-adrenocorticalfunctionofarcticbreedingglaucousgullsinrelationtopersistentorganicpollutants-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('verboven-verreault-letcher-gabrielsen-evans-adrenocorticalfunctionofarcticbreedingglaucousgullsinrelationtopersistentorganicpollutants-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{verboven_adrenocortical_2010,\n\ttitle = {Adrenocortical function of {Arctic}-breeding glaucous gulls in relation to persistent organic pollutants.},\n\tvolume = {166},\n\tissn = {1095-6840},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932109},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.013},\n\tabstract = {Unpredictable changes in the environment stimulate the avian hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce corticosterone, which induces behavioural and metabolic changes that enhance survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions. In addition to profound environmental perturbations, such as severe weather conditions and unpredictable food shortages, many Arctic-breeding birds are also confronted with chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), some of which are known to disrupt endocrine processes. This study investigated the adrenocortical function of a top predator in the Arctic marine environment, the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus). High concentrations of organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and metabolically-derived products in blood plasma of incubating glaucous gulls were associated with high baseline corticosterone concentrations in both sexes and a reduced stress response in males. Contaminant-related changes in corticosterone concentration occurred over and above differences in body condition and seasonal variation. Chronically high corticosterone concentrations and/or a compromised adrenocortical response to stress can have negative effects on the health of an individual. The results of the present study suggest that exposure to POPs may increase the vulnerability of glaucous gulls to environmental stressors and thus could potentially compromise their ability to adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions associated with climate change that are currently seen in the Arctic.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {General and comparative endocrinology},\n\tauthor = {Verboven, Nanette and Verreault, Jonathan and Letcher, Robert J and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Evans, Neil P},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19932109},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Breeding, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: adverse effects, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oceans and Seas, Physiological, Stress, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {25--32},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Unpredictable changes in the environment stimulate the avian hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce corticosterone, which induces behavioural and metabolic changes that enhance survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions. In addition to profound environmental perturbations, such as severe weather conditions and unpredictable food shortages, many Arctic-breeding birds are also confronted with chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), some of which are known to disrupt endocrine processes. This study investigated the adrenocortical function of a top predator in the Arctic marine environment, the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus). High concentrations of organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and metabolically-derived products in blood plasma of incubating glaucous gulls were associated with high baseline corticosterone concentrations in both sexes and a reduced stress response in males. Contaminant-related changes in corticosterone concentration occurred over and above differences in body condition and seasonal variation. Chronically high corticosterone concentrations and/or a compromised adrenocortical response to stress can have negative effects on the health of an individual. The results of the present study suggest that exposure to POPs may increase the vulnerability of glaucous gulls to environmental stressors and thus could potentially compromise their ability to adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions associated with climate change that are currently seen in the Arctic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"venier-wierda-bowerman-hites-flameretardantsandorganochlorinepollutantsinbaldeagleplasmafromthegreatlakesregion-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'venier-wierda-bowerman-hites-flameretardantsandorganochlorinepollutantsinbaldeagleplasmafromthegreatlakesregion-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684', event);\">\n    Flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in bald eagle plasma from the Great Lakes region.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Venier, M.; Wierda, M.; Bowerman, W. W;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(10): 1234–40. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('venier-wierda-bowerman-hites-flameretardantsandorganochlorinepollutantsinbaldeagleplasmafromthegreatlakesregion-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in bald eagle plasma from the Great Lakes region. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('venier-wierda-bowerman-hites-flameretardantsandorganochlorinepollutantsinbaldeagleplasmafromthegreatlakesregion-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.043', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/venier-wierda-bowerman-hites-flameretardantsandorganochlorinepollutantsinbaldeagleplasmafromthegreatlakesregion-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('venier-wierda-bowerman-hites-flameretardantsandorganochlorinepollutantsinbaldeagleplasmafromthegreatlakesregion-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{venier_flame_2010,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in bald eagle plasma from the {Great} {Lakes} region.},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579684},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.043},\n\tabstract = {We report measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and of emerging flame retardants in the plasma of nestling bald eagles sampled from early May to late June of 2005. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 0.35 ng g(-1) ww to 29.3 ng g(-1) ww (average=5.7+/-1.9 ng g(-1) ww). The most abundant congeners were BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100. The fully brominated congener, BDE-209, was detected in approximately one third of the samples at an average concentration of 1.2+/-0.72 ng g(-1) ww. Several emerging flame retardants, such as pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DP), were detected in these samples. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides were also detected at levels close to those previously published. A statistically significant relationship was found between total PBDE concentrations and total PCB and p,p&#x27;-DDE concentrations, suggesting that these compounds share a common source, which is most likely the eagle&#x27;s food.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Venier, Marta and Wierda, Michael and Bowerman, William W and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20579684},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Eagles, Eagles: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood},\n\tpages = {1234--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We report measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and of emerging flame retardants in the plasma of nestling bald eagles sampled from early May to late June of 2005. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 0.35 ng g(-1) ww to 29.3 ng g(-1) ww (average=5.7+/-1.9 ng g(-1) ww). The most abundant congeners were BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100. The fully brominated congener, BDE-209, was detected in approximately one third of the samples at an average concentration of 1.2+/-0.72 ng g(-1) ww. Several emerging flame retardants, such as pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DP), were detected in these samples. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides were also detected at levels close to those previously published. A statistically significant relationship was found between total PBDE concentrations and total PCB and p,p'-DDE concentrations, suggesting that these compounds share a common source, which is most likely the eagle's food.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vane-ma-chen-mai-increasingpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdecontaminationinsedimentcoresfromtheinnerclydeestuaryuk-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vane-ma-chen-mai-increasingpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdecontaminationinsedimentcoresfromtheinnerclydeestuaryuk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590', event);\">\n    Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in sediment cores from the inner Clyde Estuary, UK.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vane, C. H; Ma, Y.; Chen, S.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental geochemistry and health</i>, 32(1): 13–21. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vane-ma-chen-mai-increasingpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdecontaminationinsedimentcoresfromtheinnerclydeestuaryuk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in sediment cores from the inner Clyde Estuary, UK. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vane-ma-chen-mai-increasingpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdecontaminationinsedimentcoresfromtheinnerclydeestuaryuk-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vane-ma-chen-mai-increasingpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdecontaminationinsedimentcoresfromtheinnerclydeestuaryuk-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vane-ma-chen-mai-increasingpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdecontaminationinsedimentcoresfromtheinnerclydeestuaryuk-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vane_increasing_2010,\n\ttitle = {Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) contamination in sediment cores from the inner {Clyde} {Estuary}, {UK}.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1573-2983},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19347590},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10653-009-9261-6},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 mug/kg and the average concentration was 287 mug/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 mug/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental geochemistry and health},\n\tauthor = {Vane, Christopher H and Ma, Yun-Juan and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19347590},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {13--21},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 mug/kg and the average concentration was 287 mug/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 mug/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uneppopspoprc-technicalreviewoftheimplicationsofrecyclingcommercialpentabromodiphenyletherandcommercialoctabromodiphenylether-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uneppopspoprc-technicalreviewoftheimplicationsofrecyclingcommercialpentabromodiphenyletherandcommercialoctabromodiphenylether-2010', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx', event);\">\n    Technical review of the implications of recycling commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether and commercial octabromodiphenyl ether.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP/POPS/POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Stockholm Convention POPs Review Committee,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uneppopspoprc-technicalreviewoftheimplicationsofrecyclingcommercialpentabromodiphenyletherandcommercialoctabromodiphenylether-2010', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Technical review of the implications of recycling commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether and commercial octabromodiphenyl ether. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uneppopspoprc-technicalreviewoftheimplicationsofrecyclingcommercialpentabromodiphenyletherandcommercialoctabromodiphenylether-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uneppopspoprc-technicalreviewoftheimplicationsofrecyclingcommercialpentabromodiphenyletherandcommercialoctabromodiphenylether-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_technical_2010,\n\ttitle = {Technical review of the implications of recycling commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether and commercial octabromodiphenyl ether.},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC6/POPRC6 Documents/tabid/783/language/en-US/Default.aspx},\n\tinstitution = {Stockholm Convention POPs Review Committee},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2008-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2008-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire Statistics, United Kingdom, 2008.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UK, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Department for Communities and Local Government, London,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2008-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire Statistics, United Kingdom, 2008 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2008-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2008-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{uk_fire_2010,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Fire {Statistics}, {United} {Kingdom}, 2008},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4098-2660-6},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2008.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},\n\tauthor = {UK, DCLG},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ueno-isobe-ramu-tanabe-alaee-marvin-inoue-someya-etal-spatialdistributionofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandorganochlorinesinbivalvesfromjapanesecoastalwaters-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ueno-isobe-ramu-tanabe-alaee-marvin-inoue-someya-etal-spatialdistributionofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandorganochlorinesinbivalvesfromjapanesecoastalwaters-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439', event);\">\n    Spatial distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines in bivalves from Japanese coastal waters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ueno, D; Isobe, T; Ramu, K; Tanabe, S; Alaee, M; Marvin, C; Inoue, K; Someya, T; Miyajima, T; Kodama, H;  and Nakata, H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(10): 1213–9. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ueno-isobe-ramu-tanabe-alaee-marvin-inoue-someya-etal-spatialdistributionofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandorganochlorinesinbivalvesfromjapanesecoastalwaters-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Spatial distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines in bivalves from Japanese coastal waters. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.058\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ueno-isobe-ramu-tanabe-alaee-marvin-inoue-someya-etal-spatialdistributionofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandorganochlorinesinbivalvesfromjapanesecoastalwaters-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.058', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ueno-isobe-ramu-tanabe-alaee-marvin-inoue-someya-etal-spatialdistributionofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandorganochlorinesinbivalvesfromjapanesecoastalwaters-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ueno-isobe-ramu-tanabe-alaee-marvin-inoue-someya-etal-spatialdistributionofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdspolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandorganochlorinesinbivalvesfromjapanesecoastalwaters-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ueno_spatial_2010,\n\ttitle = {Spatial distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}), polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and organochlorines in bivalves from {Japanese} coastal waters.},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096439},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.058},\n\tabstract = {In order to elucidate the spatial distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the Japanese coastal environment, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines (OCs: PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB) were determined in bivalves (oysters and mussels) collected from Japanese coastal waters. HBCDs and PBDEs were detected in all samples analyzed. Concentration ranges of HBCDs were 12-5200 ng g(-1) lipid wt., followed by PCBs (20-3100 ng g(-1)){\\textbackslash}textgreaterPBDEs (3.1-86 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). The highest concentration of HBCDs was found in the Osaka region. This result indicates that HBCDs are ubiquitous and predominant compounds in bivalves from the Japanese coastal waters. Since no species differences between oysters and mussels were observed for the bioaccumulation properties of HBCDs and PBDEs, oysters could be utilized for BFR contamination monitoring worldwide as an alternative to mussels. Global comparisons between oysters and mussels showed that HBCD concentrations in Japan are among the highest levels reported from Asia and Europe. Estimated dietary exposures of HBCDs and PBDEs through seafood were 0.45-34 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), and 0.054-6.8 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), respectively. These exposure levels were more than 1000 times lower than the lowest observable effects or no observable adverse effects levels for HBCDs and PBDEs, respectively.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ueno, D and Isobe, T and Ramu, K and Tanabe, S and Alaee, M and Marvin, C and Inoue, K and Someya, T and Miyajima, T and Kodama, H and Nakata, H},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20096439},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1213--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In order to elucidate the spatial distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the Japanese coastal environment, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines (OCs: PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB) were determined in bivalves (oysters and mussels) collected from Japanese coastal waters. HBCDs and PBDEs were detected in all samples analyzed. Concentration ranges of HBCDs were 12-5200 ng g(-1) lipid wt., followed by PCBs (20-3100 ng g(-1))\\textgreaterPBDEs (3.1-86 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). The highest concentration of HBCDs was found in the Osaka region. This result indicates that HBCDs are ubiquitous and predominant compounds in bivalves from the Japanese coastal waters. Since no species differences between oysters and mussels were observed for the bioaccumulation properties of HBCDs and PBDEs, oysters could be utilized for BFR contamination monitoring worldwide as an alternative to mussels. Global comparisons between oysters and mussels showed that HBCD concentrations in Japan are among the highest levels reported from Asia and Europe. Estimated dietary exposures of HBCDs and PBDEs through seafood were 0.45-34 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), and 0.054-6.8 ng kg body weight(-1)d(-1), respectively. These exposure levels were more than 1000 times lower than the lowest observable effects or no observable adverse effects levels for HBCDs and PBDEs, respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tue-sudaryanto-minh-isobe-takahashi-viet-tanabe-accumulationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromwomenlivinginvietnameseewasterecyclingsites-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tue-sudaryanto-minh-isobe-takahashi-viet-tanabe-accumulationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromwomenlivinginvietnameseewasterecyclingsites-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831', event);\">\n    Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in breast milk from women living in Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tue, N. M.; Sudaryanto, A.; Minh, T. B.; Isobe, T.; Takahashi, S.; Viet, P. H.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 408(9): 2155–62. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tue-sudaryanto-minh-isobe-takahashi-viet-tanabe-accumulationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromwomenlivinginvietnameseewasterecyclingsites-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in breast milk from women living in Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tue-sudaryanto-minh-isobe-takahashi-viet-tanabe-accumulationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromwomenlivinginvietnameseewasterecyclingsites-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tue-sudaryanto-minh-isobe-takahashi-viet-tanabe-accumulationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromwomenlivinginvietnameseewasterecyclingsites-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tue-sudaryanto-minh-isobe-takahashi-viet-tanabe-accumulationofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromwomenlivinginvietnameseewasterecyclingsites-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tue_accumulation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in breast milk from women living in {Vietnamese} e-waste recycling sites.},\n\tvolume = {408},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116831},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.012},\n\tabstract = {This study investigated the contamination status of PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in human and possible exposure pathways in three Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites: Trang Minh (suburb of Hai Phong city), Dong Mai and Bui Dau (Hung Yen province), and one reference site (capital city Hanoi) by analysing human breast milk samples and examining the relationships between contaminant levels and lifestyle factors. Levels of PBDEs, but not PCBs and HBCDs, were significantly higher in Trang Minh and Bui Dau than in the reference site. The recyclers from Bui Dau had the highest levels of PBDEs (20-250 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), higher than in the reference group by two orders of magnitude and more abundant than PCBs (28-59 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), and were also the only group with significant exposure to HBCDs (1.4-7.6 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). A specific accumulation, unrelated to diet, of low-chlorinated PCBs and high-brominated PBDEs was observed in e-waste recyclers, suggesting extensive exposure to these compounds during e-waste recycling activities, possibly through inhalation and ingestion of dust. The estimated infant intake dose of PBDEs from breast milk of some mothers occupationally involved in e-waste recycling were close to or higher than the reference doses issued by the U.S. EPA.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Tue, Nguyen Minh and Sudaryanto, Agus and Minh, Tu Binh and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin and Viet, Pham Hung and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20116831},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Breast Feeding, Breast Feeding: adverse effects, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: chemistry, Human: drug effects, Human: metabolism, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Infant, Lactation, Lactation: drug effects, Lactation: metabolism, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Vietnam, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {2155--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigated the contamination status of PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in human and possible exposure pathways in three Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites: Trang Minh (suburb of Hai Phong city), Dong Mai and Bui Dau (Hung Yen province), and one reference site (capital city Hanoi) by analysing human breast milk samples and examining the relationships between contaminant levels and lifestyle factors. Levels of PBDEs, but not PCBs and HBCDs, were significantly higher in Trang Minh and Bui Dau than in the reference site. The recyclers from Bui Dau had the highest levels of PBDEs (20-250 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), higher than in the reference group by two orders of magnitude and more abundant than PCBs (28-59 ng g(-1) lipid wt.), and were also the only group with significant exposure to HBCDs (1.4-7.6 ng g(-1) lipid wt.). A specific accumulation, unrelated to diet, of low-chlorinated PCBs and high-brominated PBDEs was observed in e-waste recyclers, suggesting extensive exposure to these compounds during e-waste recycling activities, possibly through inhalation and ingestion of dust. The estimated infant intake dose of PBDEs from breast milk of some mothers occupationally involved in e-waste recycling were close to or higher than the reference doses issued by the U.S. EPA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2010', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event);\">\n    Getting Started with Mendeley.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  The Mendeley Support Team\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Mendeley Ltd., London,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.mendeley.com\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2010', 'http://www.mendeley.com', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Getting Started with Mendeley [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('themendeleysupportteam-gettingstartedwithmendeley-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{the_mendeley_support_team_getting_2010,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Getting {Started} with {Mendeley}},\n\turl = {http://www.mendeley.com},\n\tabstract = {A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.},\n\tpublisher = {Mendeley Ltd.},\n\tauthor = {{The Mendeley Support Team}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Mendeley, how-to, user manual},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A quick introduction to Mendeley. Learn how Mendeley creates your personal digital library, how to organize and annotate documents, how to collaborate and share with colleagues, and how to generate citations and bibliographies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thomsen-stigum-frshaug-broadwell-becher-eggesb-determinantsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromalargescalenorwegianstudy-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thomsen-stigum-frshaug-broadwell-becher-eggesb-determinantsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromalargescalenorwegianstudy-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457', event);\">\n    Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thomsen, C.; Stigum, H.; Frøshaug, M.; Broadwell, S. L; Becher, G.;  and Eggesbø, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 36(1): 68–74. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thomsen-stigum-frshaug-broadwell-becher-eggesb-determinantsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromalargescalenorwegianstudy-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thomsen-stigum-frshaug-broadwell-becher-eggesb-determinantsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromalargescalenorwegianstudy-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thomsen-stigum-frshaug-broadwell-becher-eggesb-determinantsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromalargescalenorwegianstudy-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thomsen-stigum-frshaug-broadwell-becher-eggesb-determinantsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbreastmilkfromalargescalenorwegianstudy-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thomsen_determinants_2010,\n\ttitle = {Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale {Norwegian} study.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889457},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.002},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are widely present in human populations. In order to investigate human exposure pathways and associations with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, 393 breast milk samples from mothers living in various regions throughout Norway were analyzed. Up to ten PBDE congeners were measured in all the samples, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 in subsets of 310 and 46, respectively. The median concentrations of the sum of the seven most prominent PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183), BDE-209 and HBCD were 2.1, 0.32 and 0.86ng/g lipids, respectively. These concentrations are comparable to the levels generally observed in human populations in Europe. The frequency distributions were quite skewed with long tails towards higher concentrations. Maternal age, parity, education, having a cohabitant employed as electrician, and ventilation were factors significantly associated with some of the BFRs, although these factors only explained a small amount of the variability (R(2) 0.04-0.16). The mothers&#x27; diet was not found to influence the breast milk PBDE and HBCD levels. Our results show that sources other than the diet are important for the variability seen in breast milk BFR concentrations and that exposure from the indoor atmosphere should be emphasized in future studies.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Thomsen, Cathrine and Stigum, Hein and Frøshaug, May and Broadwell, Sharon L and Becher, Georg and Eggesbø, Merete},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19889457},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Demography, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Norway, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {68--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are widely present in human populations. In order to investigate human exposure pathways and associations with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, 393 breast milk samples from mothers living in various regions throughout Norway were analyzed. Up to ten PBDE congeners were measured in all the samples, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 in subsets of 310 and 46, respectively. The median concentrations of the sum of the seven most prominent PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183), BDE-209 and HBCD were 2.1, 0.32 and 0.86ng/g lipids, respectively. These concentrations are comparable to the levels generally observed in human populations in Europe. The frequency distributions were quite skewed with long tails towards higher concentrations. Maternal age, parity, education, having a cohabitant employed as electrician, and ventilation were factors significantly associated with some of the BFRs, although these factors only explained a small amount of the variability (R(2) 0.04-0.16). The mothers' diet was not found to influence the breast milk PBDE and HBCD levels. Our results show that sources other than the diet are important for the variability seen in breast milk BFR concentrations and that exposure from the indoor atmosphere should be emphasized in future studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takahashi-oshihoi-ramu-isobe-ohmori-kubodera-tanabe-organohalogencompoundsindeepseafishesfromthewesternnorthpacificofftohokujapancontaminationstatusandbioaccumulationprofiles-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takahashi-oshihoi-ramu-isobe-ohmori-kubodera-tanabe-organohalogencompoundsindeepseafishesfromthewesternnorthpacificofftohokujapancontaminationstatusandbioaccumulationprofiles-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437', event);\">\n    Organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan: Contamination status and bioaccumulation profiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takahashi, S.; Oshihoi, T.; Ramu, K.; Isobe, T.; Ohmori, K.; Kubodera, T.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 60(2): 187–96. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takahashi-oshihoi-ramu-isobe-ohmori-kubodera-tanabe-organohalogencompoundsindeepseafishesfromthewesternnorthpacificofftohokujapancontaminationstatusandbioaccumulationprofiles-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan: Contamination status and bioaccumulation profiles. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takahashi-oshihoi-ramu-isobe-ohmori-kubodera-tanabe-organohalogencompoundsindeepseafishesfromthewesternnorthpacificofftohokujapancontaminationstatusandbioaccumulationprofiles-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.027', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takahashi-oshihoi-ramu-isobe-ohmori-kubodera-tanabe-organohalogencompoundsindeepseafishesfromthewesternnorthpacificofftohokujapancontaminationstatusandbioaccumulationprofiles-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takahashi-oshihoi-ramu-isobe-ohmori-kubodera-tanabe-organohalogencompoundsindeepseafishesfromthewesternnorthpacificofftohokujapancontaminationstatusandbioaccumulationprofiles-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takahashi_organohalogen_2010,\n\ttitle = {Organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes from the western {North} {Pacific}, off-{Tohoku}, {Japan}: {Contamination} status and bioaccumulation profiles.},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837437},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.027},\n\tabstract = {Twelve species of deep-sea fishes collected in 2005 from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan were analyzed for organohalogen compounds. Among the compounds analyzed, concentrations of DDTs and PCBs (up to 23,000 and 12,400 ng/g lipid wt, respectively) were the highest. The present study is the foremost to report the occurrence of brominated flame retardants such as PBDEs and HBCDs in deep-sea organisms from the North Pacific region. Significant positive correlations found between delta(15)N ( per thousand) and PCBs, DDTs and PBDEs suggest the high biomagnification potential of these contaminants in food web. The large variation in delta(13)C (per thousand) values observed between the species indicate multiple sources of carbon in the food web and specific accumulation of hydrophobic organohalogen compounds in benthic dwelling carnivore species like snubnosed eel. The results obtained in this study highlight the usefulness of deep-sea fishes as sentinel species to monitor the deep-sea environment.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Takahashi, Shin and Oshihoi, Tomoko and Ramu, Karri and Isobe, Tomohiko and Ohmori, Koji and Kubodera, Tsunemi and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19837437},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogens: analysis, Halogens: metabolism, Japan, Pacific Ocean, Species Specificity, Water Pollutants, halogens},\n\tpages = {187--96},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Twelve species of deep-sea fishes collected in 2005 from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan were analyzed for organohalogen compounds. Among the compounds analyzed, concentrations of DDTs and PCBs (up to 23,000 and 12,400 ng/g lipid wt, respectively) were the highest. The present study is the foremost to report the occurrence of brominated flame retardants such as PBDEs and HBCDs in deep-sea organisms from the North Pacific region. Significant positive correlations found between delta(15)N ( per thousand) and PCBs, DDTs and PBDEs suggest the high biomagnification potential of these contaminants in food web. The large variation in delta(13)C (per thousand) values observed between the species indicate multiple sources of carbon in the food web and specific accumulation of hydrophobic organohalogen compounds in benthic dwelling carnivore species like snubnosed eel. The results obtained in this study highlight the usefulness of deep-sea fishes as sentinel species to monitor the deep-sea environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tagliaferri-caglieri-goldoni-pinelli-alinovi-poli-pellacani-giordano-etal-lowconcentrationsofthebrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde99inducesynergisticoxidativestressmediatedneurotoxicityinhumanneuroblastomacells-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tagliaferri-caglieri-goldoni-pinelli-alinovi-poli-pellacani-giordano-etal-lowconcentrationsofthebrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde99inducesynergisticoxidativestressmediatedneurotoxicityinhumanneuroblastomacells-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130', event);\">\n    Low concentrations of the brominated flame retardants BDE-47 and BDE-99 induce synergistic oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tagliaferri, S.; Caglieri, A.; Goldoni, M.; Pinelli, S.; Alinovi, R.; Poli, D.; Pellacani, C.; Giordano, G.; Mutti, A.;  and Costa, L. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA</i>, 24(1): 116–22. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tagliaferri-caglieri-goldoni-pinelli-alinovi-poli-pellacani-giordano-etal-lowconcentrationsofthebrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde99inducesynergisticoxidativestressmediatedneurotoxicityinhumanneuroblastomacells-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Low concentrations of the brominated flame retardants BDE-47 and BDE-99 induce synergistic oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tagliaferri-caglieri-goldoni-pinelli-alinovi-poli-pellacani-giordano-etal-lowconcentrationsofthebrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde99inducesynergisticoxidativestressmediatedneurotoxicityinhumanneuroblastomacells-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tagliaferri-caglieri-goldoni-pinelli-alinovi-poli-pellacani-giordano-etal-lowconcentrationsofthebrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde99inducesynergisticoxidativestressmediatedneurotoxicityinhumanneuroblastomacells-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tagliaferri-caglieri-goldoni-pinelli-alinovi-poli-pellacani-giordano-etal-lowconcentrationsofthebrominatedflameretardantsbde47andbde99inducesynergisticoxidativestressmediatedneurotoxicityinhumanneuroblastomacells-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tagliaferri_low_2010,\n\ttitle = {Low concentrations of the brominated flame retardants {BDE}-47 and {BDE}-99 induce synergistic oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells.},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {1879-3177},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720130},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.020},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become widespread environmental contaminants. The highest body burden has been found in toddlers and infants, due to their exposure through breast milk and house dust, and the current concern for potential adverse health effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of PBDEs are largely not understood, though there is evidence that PBDEs may elicit oxidative stress. In this study, two different mathematical models were used to evaluate the interaction between BDE-47 and BDE-99 on viability of neuronal cells. The combined exposure to these compounds induced synergistic effects at concentrations of BDE-47 below its threshold doses, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations below its IC(50). In contrast, at concentrations of BDE-47 near its IC(50) value, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations, antagonistic effects were observed. The interactions observed on cell viability were confirmed by an assessment of induction of oxidative stress. The finding that co-exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-99 could induce synergistic neurotoxic effects, in particular at low doses of BDE-47, is of much toxicological interest, as humans are exposed to mixtures of PBDEs, most notably tetra- and penta-BDE congeners.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA},\n\tauthor = {Tagliaferri, Sara and Caglieri, Andrea and Goldoni, Matteo and Pinelli, Silvana and Alinovi, Rossella and Poli, Diana and Pellacani, Claudia and Giordano, Gennaro and Mutti, Antonio and Costa, Lucio G},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19720130},\n\tkeywords = {Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Synergism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipid Peroxidation: drug effects, Models, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: metabolism, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Neurons, Neurons: metabolism, Neurons: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reactive Oxygen Species, Statistical, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances: metabolis, Trypan Blue, Tumor, cell line},\n\tpages = {116--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become widespread environmental contaminants. The highest body burden has been found in toddlers and infants, due to their exposure through breast milk and house dust, and the current concern for potential adverse health effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of PBDEs are largely not understood, though there is evidence that PBDEs may elicit oxidative stress. In this study, two different mathematical models were used to evaluate the interaction between BDE-47 and BDE-99 on viability of neuronal cells. The combined exposure to these compounds induced synergistic effects at concentrations of BDE-47 below its threshold doses, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations below its IC(50). In contrast, at concentrations of BDE-47 near its IC(50) value, and in a wide range of BDE-99 concentrations, antagonistic effects were observed. The interactions observed on cell viability were confirmed by an assessment of induction of oxidative stress. The finding that co-exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-99 could induce synergistic neurotoxic effects, in particular at low doses of BDE-47, is of much toxicological interest, as humans are exposed to mixtures of PBDEs, most notably tetra- and penta-BDE congeners.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suzuki-someya-takahashi-takigami-sakai-dioxinlikecompoundsinjapaneseindoordustsbrominateddibenzofuransstronglycontributetodioxinlikeactivityevaluatedbyinvitrobioassay-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suzuki-someya-takahashi-takigami-sakai-dioxinlikecompoundsinjapaneseindoordustsbrominateddibenzofuransstronglycontributetodioxinlikeactivityevaluatedbyinvitrobioassay-2010', 'http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/', event);\">\n    Dioxin-like compounds in Japanese indoor dusts: Brominated dibenzo-furans strongly contribute to dioxin-like activity evaluated by In Vitro bioassay.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suzuki, G; Someya, M; Takahashi, S; Takigami, H;  and Sakai, S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, Kyoto, Japan,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-someya-takahashi-takigami-sakai-dioxinlikecompoundsinjapaneseindoordustsbrominateddibenzofuransstronglycontributetodioxinlikeactivityevaluatedbyinvitrobioassay-2010', 'http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dioxin-like compounds in Japanese indoor dusts: Brominated dibenzo-furans strongly contribute to dioxin-like activity evaluated by In Vitro bioassay. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suzuki-someya-takahashi-takigami-sakai-dioxinlikecompoundsinjapaneseindoordustsbrominateddibenzofuransstronglycontributetodioxinlikeactivityevaluatedbyinvitrobioassay-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suzuki-someya-takahashi-takigami-sakai-dioxinlikecompoundsinjapaneseindoordustsbrominateddibenzofuransstronglycontributetodioxinlikeactivityevaluatedbyinvitrobioassay-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{suzuki_dioxin-like_2010,\n\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\n\ttitle = {Dioxin-like compounds in {Japanese} indoor dusts: {Brominated} dibenzo-furans strongly contribute to dioxin-like activity evaluated by {In} {Vitro} bioassay.},\n\turl = {http://bfr2010.com/ja/abstract-download/2010/},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Suzuki, G and Someya, M and Takahashi, S and Takigami, H and Sakai, S},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sverko-reiner-tomy-mccrindle-shen-arsenault-zaruk-macpherson-etal-compoundsstructurallyrelatedtodechloraneplusinsedimentandbiotafromlakeontariocanada-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sverko-reiner-tomy-mccrindle-shen-arsenault-zaruk-macpherson-etal-compoundsstructurallyrelatedtodechloraneplusinsedimentandbiotafromlakeontariocanada-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285', event);\">\n    Compounds structurally related to Dechlorane Plus in sediment and biota from Lake Ontario (Canada).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sverko, E.; Reiner, E. J; Tomy, G. T; McCrindle, R.; Shen, L.; Arsenault, G.; Zaruk, D.; MacPherson, K. A; Marvin, C. H; Helm, P. A;  and McCarry, B. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(2): 574–9. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sverko-reiner-tomy-mccrindle-shen-arsenault-zaruk-macpherson-etal-compoundsstructurallyrelatedtodechloraneplusinsedimentandbiotafromlakeontariocanada-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Compounds structurally related to Dechlorane Plus in sediment and biota from Lake Ontario (Canada). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es9025535\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sverko-reiner-tomy-mccrindle-shen-arsenault-zaruk-macpherson-etal-compoundsstructurallyrelatedtodechloraneplusinsedimentandbiotafromlakeontariocanada-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es9025535', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sverko-reiner-tomy-mccrindle-shen-arsenault-zaruk-macpherson-etal-compoundsstructurallyrelatedtodechloraneplusinsedimentandbiotafromlakeontariocanada-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sverko-reiner-tomy-mccrindle-shen-arsenault-zaruk-macpherson-etal-compoundsstructurallyrelatedtodechloraneplusinsedimentandbiotafromlakeontariocanada-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sverko_compounds_2010,\n\ttitle = {Compounds structurally related to {Dechlorane} {Plus} in sediment and biota from {Lake} {Ontario} ({Canada}).},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025285},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es9025535},\n\tabstract = {The historical occurrence of Dechlorane Plus (DP) and detection of novel compounds structurally related to DP is described in a dated Lake Ontario sediment core. Our core was collected near the mouth of the Niagara River, which is known to be a major source of DP to the lake. Maximum DP concentrations (920 ng g(-1), dry weight) were observed between 1976 and 1980, the highest reported to date. Following that time, we observed a dramatic decrease in DP concentration which coincided with the enactment of United States federal and state laws to mitigate free release of chemicals into the Niagara River and installation of an industrial wastewater treatment facility. During the course of our research, four new substances structurally related to DP were also identified. These compounds were thought to arise from the Diels-Alder reactions resulting from impurities present in 1,5-cyclooctadiene, a feedstock used in production of DP. To confirm our hypothesis, Diels-Alder reactions were performed on the individual impurities. Using different stationary-phase capillary gas chromatography columns and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we were able to positively identify some of these novel compounds in the core. Interestingly, we also were able to identify a monoadduct compound, formed by addition of 1 mol of hexachlorocyclopentadiene to 2 mol of 1,3-cyclooctadiene, in lake trout. The concentration of this monoadduct was approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of DP, suggesting that it is more bioaccumulative.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Sverko, Ed and Reiner, Eric J and Tomy, Gregg T and McCrindle, Robert and Shen, Li and Arsenault, Gilles and Zaruk, Donna and MacPherson, Karen A and Marvin, Chris H and Helm, Paul A and McCarry, Brian E},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20025285},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Trout, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {574--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The historical occurrence of Dechlorane Plus (DP) and detection of novel compounds structurally related to DP is described in a dated Lake Ontario sediment core. Our core was collected near the mouth of the Niagara River, which is known to be a major source of DP to the lake. Maximum DP concentrations (920 ng g(-1), dry weight) were observed between 1976 and 1980, the highest reported to date. Following that time, we observed a dramatic decrease in DP concentration which coincided with the enactment of United States federal and state laws to mitigate free release of chemicals into the Niagara River and installation of an industrial wastewater treatment facility. During the course of our research, four new substances structurally related to DP were also identified. These compounds were thought to arise from the Diels-Alder reactions resulting from impurities present in 1,5-cyclooctadiene, a feedstock used in production of DP. To confirm our hypothesis, Diels-Alder reactions were performed on the individual impurities. Using different stationary-phase capillary gas chromatography columns and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we were able to positively identify some of these novel compounds in the core. Interestingly, we also were able to identify a monoadduct compound, formed by addition of 1 mol of hexachlorocyclopentadiene to 2 mol of 1,3-cyclooctadiene, in lake trout. The concentration of this monoadduct was approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of DP, suggesting that it is more bioaccumulative.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suzuki-someya-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-takigami-dioxinlikeactivityinjapaneseindoordustsevaluatedbymeansofinvitrobioassayandinstrumentalanalysisbrominateddibenzofuransareanimportantcontributor-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suzuki-someya-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-takigami-dioxinlikeactivityinjapaneseindoordustsevaluatedbymeansofinvitrobioassayandinstrumentalanalysisbrominateddibenzofuransareanimportantcontributor-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407', event);\">\n    Dioxin-like activity in Japanese indoor dusts evaluated by means of in vitro bioassay and instrumental analysis: brominated dibenzofurans are an important contributor.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suzuki, G.; Someya, M.; Takahashi, S.; Tanabe, S.; Sakai, S.;  and Takigami, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(21): 8330–6. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-someya-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-takigami-dioxinlikeactivityinjapaneseindoordustsevaluatedbymeansofinvitrobioassayandinstrumentalanalysisbrominateddibenzofuransareanimportantcontributor-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dioxin-like activity in Japanese indoor dusts evaluated by means of in vitro bioassay and instrumental analysis: brominated dibenzofurans are an important contributor. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es102021c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-someya-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-takigami-dioxinlikeactivityinjapaneseindoordustsevaluatedbymeansofinvitrobioassayandinstrumentalanalysisbrominateddibenzofuransareanimportantcontributor-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es102021c', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suzuki-someya-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-takigami-dioxinlikeactivityinjapaneseindoordustsevaluatedbymeansofinvitrobioassayandinstrumentalanalysisbrominateddibenzofuransareanimportantcontributor-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suzuki-someya-takahashi-tanabe-sakai-takigami-dioxinlikeactivityinjapaneseindoordustsevaluatedbymeansofinvitrobioassayandinstrumentalanalysisbrominateddibenzofuransareanimportantcontributor-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suzuki_dioxin-like_2010,\n\ttitle = {Dioxin-like activity in {Japanese} indoor dusts evaluated by means of in vitro bioassay and instrumental analysis: brominated dibenzofurans are an important contributor.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860407},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es102021c},\n\tabstract = {In our previous study, we demonstrated that dioxin-like activity in sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of Japanese indoor dust was higher than the activity in contaminated sediments. In the current study, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation in combination with the dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (DR-CALUX) assay and gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) to quantitatively evaluate dioxin-like compounds in indoor dusts. Selected four sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of indoor dusts were fractionated into seven fractions by means of HPLC with a nitrophenylpropylsilica column, and the activity in the first fraction of each extract was much higher than the activities in the other fractions. Therefore, each of the first fractions was further fractionated into 90 fractions by HPLC with an octadecylsilica column, and all the fractions were analyzed by means of the DR-CALUX assay. On the basis of elution characteristics, the active compounds in the fractions showing high activity were determined to be polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), or supposed to be polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). These compounds in the 33 dusts extracts were quantified by means of GC-HRMS, and their median-based contributions of the theoretical CALUX-TEQs [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetraCDD) equivalent] chemically calculated for PBDFs, PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho Co-PCBs, PCNs, and mono-ortho Co-PCBs to the experimental values (38-1400 pg/g, median 160 pg/g) were 17\\%, 14\\%, 8.8\\%, 0.98\\%, 0.10\\%, and 0.019\\%, respectively. Our results indicate that PBDFs, which are not internationally regulated dioxins, were important contributors to dioxin-like activity in Japanese dust and that further analysis of PBDFs in indoor dust is required so that the risk of exposure to these compounds via dust can be assessed.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Someya, Masayuki and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Takigami, Hidetaka},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20860407},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {8330--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In our previous study, we demonstrated that dioxin-like activity in sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of Japanese indoor dust was higher than the activity in contaminated sediments. In the current study, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation in combination with the dioxin-responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (DR-CALUX) assay and gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) to quantitatively evaluate dioxin-like compounds in indoor dusts. Selected four sulfuric-acid-treated extracts of indoor dusts were fractionated into seven fractions by means of HPLC with a nitrophenylpropylsilica column, and the activity in the first fraction of each extract was much higher than the activities in the other fractions. Therefore, each of the first fractions was further fractionated into 90 fractions by HPLC with an octadecylsilica column, and all the fractions were analyzed by means of the DR-CALUX assay. On the basis of elution characteristics, the active compounds in the fractions showing high activity were determined to be polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), or supposed to be polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). These compounds in the 33 dusts extracts were quantified by means of GC-HRMS, and their median-based contributions of the theoretical CALUX-TEQs [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetraCDD) equivalent] chemically calculated for PBDFs, PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho Co-PCBs, PCNs, and mono-ortho Co-PCBs to the experimental values (38-1400 pg/g, median 160 pg/g) were 17%, 14%, 8.8%, 0.98%, 0.10%, and 0.019%, respectively. Our results indicate that PBDFs, which are not internationally regulated dioxins, were important contributors to dioxin-like activity in Japanese dust and that further analysis of PBDFs in indoor dust is required so that the risk of exposure to these compounds via dust can be assessed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sundkvist-olofsson-haglund-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinmarineandfreshwaterbiotaandinhumanmilk-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sundkvist-olofsson-haglund-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinmarineandfreshwaterbiotaandinhumanmilk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sundkvist, A. M.; Olofsson, U.;  and Haglund, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 12(4): 943–51. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sundkvist-olofsson-haglund-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinmarineandfreshwaterbiotaandinhumanmilk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/b921910b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sundkvist-olofsson-haglund-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinmarineandfreshwaterbiotaandinhumanmilk-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/b921910b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sundkvist-olofsson-haglund-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinmarineandfreshwaterbiotaandinhumanmilk-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sundkvist-olofsson-haglund-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinmarineandfreshwaterbiotaandinhumanmilk-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sundkvist_organophosphorus_2010,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383376},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/b921910b},\n\tabstract = {The levels and relative proportions of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs), some of which are reportedly toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in human breast milk and samples of fish and mussels from Swedish lakes and coastal areas in order to assess spatial differences in environmental exposure and spatial and temporal differences in human exposure. Some of the biota samples were collected at locations with known potential sources of OPs, but most were collected in background locations. Tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) dominated in the biota with levels ranging from 170 to 770 ng g(-1) for TCPP in perch and between 21 and 180 ng g(-1) for TPP. In milk samples, TCPP (median 45 ng g(-1)) and tributyl phosphate (median 12 ng g(-1)) were the most frequently occurring OPs. Among samples of fish from background locations, the concentrations and profiles of most OPs were quite similar, indicating that their sources were diffuse. However, in fish from sample locations near known sources, there were marked differences in OP concentrations and profiles. Fish from a stream receiving surface water from Arlanda airport displayed high levels of OPs (10 200 ng g(-1)) that are commonly used in aircraft hydraulic fluids. Fish collected at points 1 or 2 km downstream of sewage treatment plants showed significantly higher levels of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), one of the most typically abundant OP in effluents from such plants. In the milk samples obtained from women in different towns no distinct differences were detected in OP concentrations or profiles. However, the levels of TBEP tended to be higher in milk collected 10 years ago than in milk collected more recently. However, human exposure to OPs through eating fish or to breastfeeding babies seems to be of minor importance in relation to other potential sources, such as indoor dust inhalation and ingestion.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Sundkvist, Anneli Marklund and Olofsson, Ulrika and Haglund, Peter},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20383376},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Mytilus, Mytilus: chemistry, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Sweden},\n\tpages = {943--51},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels and relative proportions of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs), some of which are reportedly toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in human breast milk and samples of fish and mussels from Swedish lakes and coastal areas in order to assess spatial differences in environmental exposure and spatial and temporal differences in human exposure. Some of the biota samples were collected at locations with known potential sources of OPs, but most were collected in background locations. Tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) dominated in the biota with levels ranging from 170 to 770 ng g(-1) for TCPP in perch and between 21 and 180 ng g(-1) for TPP. In milk samples, TCPP (median 45 ng g(-1)) and tributyl phosphate (median 12 ng g(-1)) were the most frequently occurring OPs. Among samples of fish from background locations, the concentrations and profiles of most OPs were quite similar, indicating that their sources were diffuse. However, in fish from sample locations near known sources, there were marked differences in OP concentrations and profiles. Fish from a stream receiving surface water from Arlanda airport displayed high levels of OPs (10 200 ng g(-1)) that are commonly used in aircraft hydraulic fluids. Fish collected at points 1 or 2 km downstream of sewage treatment plants showed significantly higher levels of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), one of the most typically abundant OP in effluents from such plants. In the milk samples obtained from women in different towns no distinct differences were detected in OP concentrations or profiles. However, the levels of TBEP tended to be higher in milk collected 10 years ago than in milk collected more recently. However, human exposure to OPs through eating fish or to breastfeeding babies seems to be of minor importance in relation to other potential sources, such as indoor dust inhalation and ingestion.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sullivan-bird-ritchie-shutt-letcher-fernie-changesinplasmaretinolofamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusinresponsetodietaryorinovoexposuretoenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofapentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sullivan-bird-ritchie-shutt-letcher-fernie-changesinplasmaretinolofamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusinresponsetodietaryorinovoexposuretoenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofapentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677', event);\">\n    Changes in plasma retinol of American kestrels (Falco sparverius) in response to dietary or in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a penta-brominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sullivan, K. M; Bird, D. M; Ritchie, J I.; Shutt, J L.; Letcher, R. J;  and Fernie, K. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A</i>, 73(23): 1645–54. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sullivan-bird-ritchie-shutt-letcher-fernie-changesinplasmaretinolofamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusinresponsetodietaryorinovoexposuretoenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofapentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changes in plasma retinol of American kestrels (Falco sparverius) in response to dietary or in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a penta-brominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.501720\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sullivan-bird-ritchie-shutt-letcher-fernie-changesinplasmaretinolofamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusinresponsetodietaryorinovoexposuretoenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofapentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.501720', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sullivan-bird-ritchie-shutt-letcher-fernie-changesinplasmaretinolofamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusinresponsetodietaryorinovoexposuretoenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofapentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sullivan-bird-ritchie-shutt-letcher-fernie-changesinplasmaretinolofamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusinresponsetodietaryorinovoexposuretoenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofapentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sullivan_changes_2010,\n\ttitle = {Changes in plasma retinol of {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) in response to dietary or in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a penta-brominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {1528-7394},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967677},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15287394.2010.501720},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are ubiquitous, lipophilic, and bioaccumulative brominated flame retardants. Plasma retinol concentrations of captive adult American kestrels were assessed at the beginning of the breeding season following 3 wk of daily dietary exposure to vehicle (control), low (0.3 ng/g wet weight [ww]), or high (1.6 ng/g ww) concentrations of DE-71 and in their 25-d-old nestlings following embryonic exposure by maternal deposition to environmentally relevant low (291 ± 48 ng/g ww) or high (1111 ± 160 ng/g ww) sum (Σ) PBDE concentrations. Unexpectedly, low in ovo concentrations of total-α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were detected. Plasma retinol concentrations of adult males exposed to higher DE-71 concentrations were negatively correlated with in ovo ΣPBDE, BDE-100, and HBCD levels. Maternal (13\\%) and nestling (11\\%) retinol levels were lower in the low-exposure group compared to respective controls, and biologically significant since their retinol levels were correlated with hatching success and growth, respectively. Maternal retinol levels were also correlated with BDE-153. The underlying mechanisms may involve (1) PBDE exposure, hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites, and subsequent changes in retinol mobilization; (2) decreased maternal food consumption; and (3) reduced maternal retinol yolk deposits. The apparent lack of retinol changes in the high-exposure kestrel may reflect compensation occurring, either by increased mobilization and transportation of retinol, and/or higher food consumption in these birds. When highly mobile as evidenced during reproduction or development, retinol concentrations of adult and nestling kestrels are sensitive to environmentally relevant PBDE and HBCD levels.},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A},\n\tauthor = {Sullivan, Katrina M and Bird, David M and Ritchie, J Ian and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Fernie, Kim J},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20967677},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacology, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Male, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: blood, Vitamin A: metabolism},\n\tpages = {1645--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are ubiquitous, lipophilic, and bioaccumulative brominated flame retardants. Plasma retinol concentrations of captive adult American kestrels were assessed at the beginning of the breeding season following 3 wk of daily dietary exposure to vehicle (control), low (0.3 ng/g wet weight [ww]), or high (1.6 ng/g ww) concentrations of DE-71 and in their 25-d-old nestlings following embryonic exposure by maternal deposition to environmentally relevant low (291 ± 48 ng/g ww) or high (1111 ± 160 ng/g ww) sum (Σ) PBDE concentrations. Unexpectedly, low in ovo concentrations of total-α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were detected. Plasma retinol concentrations of adult males exposed to higher DE-71 concentrations were negatively correlated with in ovo ΣPBDE, BDE-100, and HBCD levels. Maternal (13%) and nestling (11%) retinol levels were lower in the low-exposure group compared to respective controls, and biologically significant since their retinol levels were correlated with hatching success and growth, respectively. Maternal retinol levels were also correlated with BDE-153. The underlying mechanisms may involve (1) PBDE exposure, hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites, and subsequent changes in retinol mobilization; (2) decreased maternal food consumption; and (3) reduced maternal retinol yolk deposits. The apparent lack of retinol changes in the high-exposure kestrel may reflect compensation occurring, either by increased mobilization and transportation of retinol, and/or higher food consumption in these birds. When highly mobile as evidenced during reproduction or development, retinol concentrations of adult and nestling kestrels are sensitive to environmentally relevant PBDE and HBCD levels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-klosterhaus-blum-webster-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-klosterhaus-blum-webster-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf', event);\">\n    IDENTIFICATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYURETHANE FOAM COLLECTED FROM BABY PRODUCTS.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H.; Klosterhaus, S; Blum, A;  and Webster, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 72.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-klosterhaus-blum-webster-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"IDENTIFICATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYURETHANE FOAM COLLECTED FROM BABY PRODUCTS. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-klosterhaus-blum-webster-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-klosterhaus-blum-webster-identificationofflameretardantsinpolyurethanefoamcollectedfrombabyproducts-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_identification_2010,\n\ttitle = {{IDENTIFICATION} {OF} {FLAME} {RETARDANTS} {IN} {POLYURETHANE} {FOAM} {COLLECTED} {FROM} {BABY} {PRODUCTS}.},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1310.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Prior to 2004, PentaBDE was a flame retardant mixture frequently added to the polyurethane foam in consumer products (e.g. furniture). Due to concerns over the persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) present in this commercial mixture, chemical companies voluntarily phased out the use of PentaBDE in the United States. Today, alternative types of chemical flame retardants are added to polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards for furniture. The flammability standard which primarily drives this use is California&#x27;s Department of Consumer Affairs Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117). Despite the fact that TB117 is only required for residential upholstered furniture sold in the state of California, a large number of products sold elsewhere in the U.S. also comply with TB117 and therefore contain additive flame retardants. In addition to furniture, these products include baby products such as strollers, car seats, mattresses, and nursing pillows. There are currently no data available regarding the types of chemicals commonly added to foam found in baby products. This study was undertaken to determine how frequently flame retardant additives are found in specific types of baby products, identify the most common chemicals used, and determine whether the presence of a TB117 label on the product could be used as an indicator for the presence of these flame retardant chemicals in the foam.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, HM and Klosterhaus, S and Blum, A and Webster, TF},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, use},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Prior to 2004, PentaBDE was a flame retardant mixture frequently added to the polyurethane foam in consumer products (e.g. furniture). Due to concerns over the persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) present in this commercial mixture, chemical companies voluntarily phased out the use of PentaBDE in the United States. Today, alternative types of chemical flame retardants are added to polyurethane foam to meet flammability standards for furniture. The flammability standard which primarily drives this use is California's Department of Consumer Affairs Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117). Despite the fact that TB117 is only required for residential upholstered furniture sold in the state of California, a large number of products sold elsewhere in the U.S. also comply with TB117 and therefore contain additive flame retardants. In addition to furniture, these products include baby products such as strollers, car seats, mattresses, and nursing pillows. There are currently no data available regarding the types of chemicals commonly added to foam found in baby products. This study was undertaken to determine how frequently flame retardant additives are found in specific types of baby products, identify the most common chemicals used, and determine whether the presence of a TB117 label on the product could be used as an indicator for the presence of these flame retardant chemicals in the foam.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stec-hull-firetoxicity-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Fire toxicity.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stec, A;  and Hull, R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Oxford,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stec-hull-firetoxicity-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stec-hull-firetoxicity-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{stec_fire_2010,\n\taddress = {Oxford},\n\ttitle = {Fire toxicity.},\n\tpublisher = {Woodhead Publishing Ltd.},\n\tauthor = {Stec, A and Hull, R},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sonne-bustnes-herzke-jaspers-covaci-halley-moum-eulaers-etal-relationshipsbetweenorganohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinchicksofthreeraptorspeciesfromnorthernnorway-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sonne-bustnes-herzke-jaspers-covaci-halley-moum-eulaers-etal-relationshipsbetweenorganohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinchicksofthreeraptorspeciesfromnorthernnorway-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686', event);\">\n    Relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from Northern Norway.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sonne, C.; Bustnes, J. O.; Herzke, D.; Jaspers, V. L B; Covaci, A.; Halley, D. J; Moum, T.; Eulaers, I.; Eens, M.; Ims, R. A; Hanssen, S. A; Einar Erikstad, K.; Johnsen, T.; Schnug, L.; Rigét, F. F;  and Jensen, A. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</i>, 73(1): 7–17. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sonne-bustnes-herzke-jaspers-covaci-halley-moum-eulaers-etal-relationshipsbetweenorganohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinchicksofthreeraptorspeciesfromnorthernnorway-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from Northern Norway. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sonne-bustnes-herzke-jaspers-covaci-halley-moum-eulaers-etal-relationshipsbetweenorganohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinchicksofthreeraptorspeciesfromnorthernnorway-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sonne-bustnes-herzke-jaspers-covaci-halley-moum-eulaers-etal-relationshipsbetweenorganohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinchicksofthreeraptorspeciesfromnorthernnorway-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sonne-bustnes-herzke-jaspers-covaci-halley-moum-eulaers-etal-relationshipsbetweenorganohalogencontaminantsandbloodplasmaclinicalchemicalparametersinchicksofthreeraptorspeciesfromnorthernnorway-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sonne_relationships_2010,\n\ttitle = {Relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from {Northern} {Norway}.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {1090-2414},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800686},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.017},\n\tabstract = {Organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. We therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and OHCs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from Northern Norway. Correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various OHCs (all: p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05; r: -0.43 to -0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), total protein, cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, ratios protein:creatinine and uric acid:creatinine were significantly positively correlated to various OHCs (all: p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05; r: 0.43-0.96). Based on these relationships, we suggest that the OHC concentrations found in certain raptor chicks of Northern Scandinavia may impact blood plasma biochemistry in a way that indicates impacts on liver, kidney, bone, endocrinology and metabolism. In order to elaborate further on these relationships and mechanisms, we recommend that a larger study should take place in the near future.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},\n\tauthor = {Sonne, Christian and Bustnes, Jan Ove and Herzke, Dorte and Jaspers, Veerle L B and Covaci, Adrian and Halley, Duncan J and Moum, Truls and Eulaers, Igor and Eens, Marcel and Ims, Rolf A and Hanssen, Sveinn A and Einar Erikstad, Kjell and Johnsen, Trond and Schnug, Lisbeth and Rigét, Frank F and Jensen, Asger L},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19800686},\n\tkeywords = {Alkaline Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase: blood, Animals, Bilirubin, Bilirubin: blood, Blood Chemical Analysis, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose: analysis, Blood Proteins, Blood Proteins: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Creatinine, Creatinine: blood, Eagles, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: toxicity, Hawks, Hydrocarbons, Norway, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Principal Component Analysis, Uric Acid, Uric Acid: blood},\n\tpages = {7--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. We therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and OHCs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from Northern Norway. Correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various OHCs (all: p\\textless0.05; r: -0.43 to -0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), total protein, cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, ratios protein:creatinine and uric acid:creatinine were significantly positively correlated to various OHCs (all: p\\textless0.05; r: 0.43-0.96). Based on these relationships, we suggest that the OHC concentrations found in certain raptor chicks of Northern Scandinavia may impact blood plasma biochemistry in a way that indicates impacts on liver, kidney, bone, endocrinology and metabolism. In order to elaborate further on these relationships and mechanisms, we recommend that a larger study should take place in the near future.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shen-reiner-macpherson-kolic-sverko-helm-bhavsar-brindle-etal-identificationandscreeninganalysisofhalogenatednorborneneflameretardantsinthelaurentiangreatlakesdechloranes602603and604-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shen-reiner-macpherson-kolic-sverko-helm-bhavsar-brindle-etal-identificationandscreeninganalysisofhalogenatednorborneneflameretardantsinthelaurentiangreatlakesdechloranes602603and604-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816', event);\">\n    Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Dechloranes 602, 603, and 604.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shen, L.; Reiner, E. J; MacPherson, K. A; Kolic, T. M; Sverko, E.; Helm, P. A; Bhavsar, S. P; Brindle, I. D;  and Marvin, C. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(2): 760–6. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shen-reiner-macpherson-kolic-sverko-helm-bhavsar-brindle-etal-identificationandscreeninganalysisofhalogenatednorborneneflameretardantsinthelaurentiangreatlakesdechloranes602603and604-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Dechloranes 602, 603, and 604. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es902482b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shen-reiner-macpherson-kolic-sverko-helm-bhavsar-brindle-etal-identificationandscreeninganalysisofhalogenatednorborneneflameretardantsinthelaurentiangreatlakesdechloranes602603and604-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es902482b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shen-reiner-macpherson-kolic-sverko-helm-bhavsar-brindle-etal-identificationandscreeninganalysisofhalogenatednorborneneflameretardantsinthelaurentiangreatlakesdechloranes602603and604-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shen-reiner-macpherson-kolic-sverko-helm-bhavsar-brindle-etal-identificationandscreeninganalysisofhalogenatednorborneneflameretardantsinthelaurentiangreatlakesdechloranes602603and604-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shen_identification_2010,\n\ttitle = {Identification and screening analysis of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes}: {Dechloranes} 602, 603, and 604.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000816},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es902482b},\n\tabstract = {Dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dechlorane (Dec) 603, Dechlorane (Dec) 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP) are flame retardant substitutes for mirex. Dec 602, 603, and 604 were detected in sediment and fish from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lake Ontario surface sediments had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 6.0 and 4.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Temporal analysis of a Lake Ontario sediment core indicates that Dec 602 and 604 trends are similar to DP peaking in the early 1980s. Lake trout and whitefish from Lake Ontario also had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 34 and 1.2 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of Dec 602 were higher than those of DP in all fish samples, indicating that Dec 602 is likely more bioavailable and/or more readily bioaccumulates than DP. Spatial trends for Dec 602 and 604 in sediment and fish indicate that manufacturing plants along the Niagara River upstream of Lake Ontario were important sources of Dec 602 and 604 to the Great Lakes, while Dec 603 in the Great Lakes is likely from atmospheric deposition. The findings of this first report of Dec 602, 603, and 604 in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin suggests further investigation of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the environment is merited.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Shen, Li and Reiner, Eric J and MacPherson, Karen A and Kolic, Terry M and Sverko, Ed and Helm, Paul A and Bhavsar, Satyendra P and Brindle, Ian D and Marvin, Chris H},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20000816},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Molecular Structure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {760--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dechlorane (Dec) 603, Dechlorane (Dec) 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP) are flame retardant substitutes for mirex. Dec 602, 603, and 604 were detected in sediment and fish from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lake Ontario surface sediments had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 6.0 and 4.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Temporal analysis of a Lake Ontario sediment core indicates that Dec 602 and 604 trends are similar to DP peaking in the early 1980s. Lake trout and whitefish from Lake Ontario also had the highest concentrations of Dec 602 and 604 at 34 and 1.2 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of Dec 602 were higher than those of DP in all fish samples, indicating that Dec 602 is likely more bioavailable and/or more readily bioaccumulates than DP. Spatial trends for Dec 602 and 604 in sediment and fish indicate that manufacturing plants along the Niagara River upstream of Lake Ontario were important sources of Dec 602 and 604 to the Great Lakes, while Dec 603 in the Great Lakes is likely from atmospheric deposition. The findings of this first report of Dec 602, 603, and 604 in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin suggests further investigation of halogenated norbornene flame retardants in the environment is merited.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shaw-blum-weber-kannan-rich-lucas-koshland-dobraca-etal-halogenatedflameretardantsdothefiresafetybenefitsjustifytherisks-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shaw-blum-weber-kannan-rich-lucas-koshland-dobraca-etal-halogenatedflameretardantsdothefiresafetybenefitsjustifytherisks-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442', event);\">\n    Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shaw, S. D; Blum, A.; Weber, R.; Kannan, K.; Rich, D.; Lucas, D.; Koshland, C. P; Dobraca, D.; Hanson, S.;  and Birnbaum, L. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reviews on environmental health</i>, 25(4): 261–305.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-blum-weber-kannan-rich-lucas-koshland-dobraca-etal-halogenatedflameretardantsdothefiresafetybenefitsjustifytherisks-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shaw-blum-weber-kannan-rich-lucas-koshland-dobraca-etal-halogenatedflameretardantsdothefiresafetybenefitsjustifytherisks-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shaw-blum-weber-kannan-rich-lucas-koshland-dobraca-etal-halogenatedflameretardantsdothefiresafetybenefitsjustifytherisks-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shaw_halogenated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Halogenated flame retardants: do the fire safety benefits justify the risks?},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {0048-7554},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268442},\n\tabstract = {Since the 1970s, an increasing number of regulations have expanded the use of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. Many of these chemicals are now recognized as global contaminants and are associated with adverse health effects in animals and humans, including endocrine and thyroid disruption, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cancer, and adverse effects on fetal and child development and neurologic function. Some flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned or voluntarily phased out by manufacturers because of their environmental persistence and toxicity, only to be replaced by other organohalogens of unknown toxicity. Despite restrictions on further production in some countries, consumer products previously treated with banned retardants are still in use and continue to release toxic chemicals into the environment, and the worldwide use of organohalogen retardants continues to increase. This paper examines major uses and known toxic effects of commonly-used organohalogen flame retardants, replacements for those that have been phased out, their combustion by-products, and their effectiveness at reducing fire hazard. Policy and other solutions to maintain fire safety while reducing toxicity are suggested. The major conclusions are: (1) Flammability regulations can cause greater adverse environmental and health impacts than fire safety benefits. (2) The current options for end-of-life disposal of products treated with organohalogens retardants are problematic. (3) Life-cycle analyses evaluating benefits and risks should consider the health and environmental effects of the chemicals, as well as their fire safety impacts. (4) Most fire deaths and most fire injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide, irritant gases, and soot. The incorporation of organohalogens can increase the yield of these toxic by-products during combustion. (5) Fire-safe cigarettes, fire-safe candles, child-resistant lighters, sprinklers, and smoke detectors can prevent fires without the potential adverse effects of flame retardant chemicals. (6) Alternatives to organohalogen flame retardant chemicals include using less flammable materials, design changes, and safer chemicals. To date, before evaluating their health and environmental impacts, many flame retardant chemicals have been produced and used, resulting in high levels of human exposure. As a growing literature continues to find adverse impacts from such chemicals, a more systematic approach to their regulation is needed. Before implementing new flammability standards, decision-makers should evaluate the potential fire safety benefit versus the health and environmental impacts of the chemicals, materials, or technologies likely to be used to meet the standard. Reducing the use of toxic or untested flame retardant chemicals in consumer products can protect human and animal health and the global environment without compromising fire safety.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Reviews on environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Blum, Arlene and Weber, Roland and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Rich, David and Lucas, Donald and Koshland, Catherine P and Dobraca, Dina and Hanson, Sarah and Birnbaum, Linda S},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {21268442},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: adverse effects, Environmental Pollution: legislation \\&amp; jurispruden, Fires, Fires: prevention \\&amp; control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Policy, Refuse Disposal},\n\tpages = {261--305},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since the 1970s, an increasing number of regulations have expanded the use of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. Many of these chemicals are now recognized as global contaminants and are associated with adverse health effects in animals and humans, including endocrine and thyroid disruption, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cancer, and adverse effects on fetal and child development and neurologic function. Some flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned or voluntarily phased out by manufacturers because of their environmental persistence and toxicity, only to be replaced by other organohalogens of unknown toxicity. Despite restrictions on further production in some countries, consumer products previously treated with banned retardants are still in use and continue to release toxic chemicals into the environment, and the worldwide use of organohalogen retardants continues to increase. This paper examines major uses and known toxic effects of commonly-used organohalogen flame retardants, replacements for those that have been phased out, their combustion by-products, and their effectiveness at reducing fire hazard. Policy and other solutions to maintain fire safety while reducing toxicity are suggested. The major conclusions are: (1) Flammability regulations can cause greater adverse environmental and health impacts than fire safety benefits. (2) The current options for end-of-life disposal of products treated with organohalogens retardants are problematic. (3) Life-cycle analyses evaluating benefits and risks should consider the health and environmental effects of the chemicals, as well as their fire safety impacts. (4) Most fire deaths and most fire injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide, irritant gases, and soot. The incorporation of organohalogens can increase the yield of these toxic by-products during combustion. (5) Fire-safe cigarettes, fire-safe candles, child-resistant lighters, sprinklers, and smoke detectors can prevent fires without the potential adverse effects of flame retardant chemicals. (6) Alternatives to organohalogen flame retardant chemicals include using less flammable materials, design changes, and safer chemicals. To date, before evaluating their health and environmental impacts, many flame retardant chemicals have been produced and used, resulting in high levels of human exposure. As a growing literature continues to find adverse impacts from such chemicals, a more systematic approach to their regulation is needed. Before implementing new flammability standards, decision-makers should evaluate the potential fire safety benefit versus the health and environmental impacts of the chemicals, materials, or technologies likely to be used to meet the standard. Reducing the use of toxic or untested flame retardant chemicals in consumer products can protect human and animal health and the global environment without compromising fire safety.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"seyer-riu-debrauwer-bourgsabella-brunelle-laprvote-zalko-timeofflightsecondaryionmassspectrometryimagingdemonstratesthespecificlocalizationofdecabromodiphenyletherresiduesintheovariesandadrenalglandsofexposedrats-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'seyer-riu-debrauwer-bourgsabella-brunelle-laprvote-zalko-timeofflightsecondaryionmassspectrometryimagingdemonstratesthespecificlocalizationofdecabromodiphenyletherresiduesintheovariesandadrenalglandsofexposedrats-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151', event);\">\n    Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Seyer, A.; Riu, A.; Debrauwer, L.; Bourgès-Abella, N.; Brunelle, A.; Laprévote, O.;  and Zalko, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry</i>, 21(11): 1836–45. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seyer-riu-debrauwer-bourgsabella-brunelle-laprvote-zalko-timeofflightsecondaryionmassspectrometryimagingdemonstratesthespecificlocalizationofdecabromodiphenyletherresiduesintheovariesandadrenalglandsofexposedrats-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seyer-riu-debrauwer-bourgsabella-brunelle-laprvote-zalko-timeofflightsecondaryionmassspectrometryimagingdemonstratesthespecificlocalizationofdecabromodiphenyletherresiduesintheovariesandadrenalglandsofexposedrats-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/seyer-riu-debrauwer-bourgsabella-brunelle-laprvote-zalko-timeofflightsecondaryionmassspectrometryimagingdemonstratesthespecificlocalizationofdecabromodiphenyletherresiduesintheovariesandadrenalglandsofexposedrats-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('seyer-riu-debrauwer-bourgsabella-brunelle-laprvote-zalko-timeofflightsecondaryionmassspectrometryimagingdemonstratesthespecificlocalizationofdecabromodiphenyletherresiduesintheovariesandadrenalglandsofexposedrats-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{seyer_time--flight_2010,\n\ttitle = {Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats.},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1879-1123},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675151},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.019},\n\tabstract = {Deca-bromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) is one of the most efficient brominated flame retardant (BFR) available on the market. We recently demonstrated that when administered to female rat by oral route, DBDE is efficiently absorbed, with the highest residual concentrations found in two endocrine glands, namely the adrenal glands and the ovaries. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging, a technique usually used for the study of endogenous compounds, was applied for the first time to a persistent organic pollutant, allowing to detect and to precisely localize DBDE residues in these two target tissues. The detection of the bromide ion ((81)Br isotope) by TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to demonstrate a marked cortical tropism of DBDE residues for the adrenal glands in female rats dosed per os 2 mg·kg(-1) DBDE, daily, over 96 h. In ovaries, DBDE residues were found to be concentrated in spots corresponding to part of the corpora lutea. Hepatic residues of DBDE were found to be homogeneously distributed. Due to the intrinsic toxicity of DBDE, its accumulation in the adrenal glands and the ovaries may be connected to the mechanisms of actions by which DBDE could trigger endocrine disruption in mammals.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry},\n\tauthor = {Seyer, Alexandre and Riu, Anne and Debrauwer, Laurent and Bourgès-Abella, Nathalie and Brunelle, Alain and Laprévote, Olivier and Zalko, Daniel},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20675151},\n\tkeywords = {Adrenal Glands, Adrenal Glands: chemistry, Adrenal Glands: metabolism, Animals, Bromides, Bromides: chemistry, Computer-Assisted, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Histocytochemistry, Image Processing, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Ovary, Ovary: chemistry, Ovary: metabolism, Rats, Tissue Distribution, Wistar},\n\tpages = {1836--45},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Deca-bromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) is one of the most efficient brominated flame retardant (BFR) available on the market. We recently demonstrated that when administered to female rat by oral route, DBDE is efficiently absorbed, with the highest residual concentrations found in two endocrine glands, namely the adrenal glands and the ovaries. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging, a technique usually used for the study of endogenous compounds, was applied for the first time to a persistent organic pollutant, allowing to detect and to precisely localize DBDE residues in these two target tissues. The detection of the bromide ion ((81)Br isotope) by TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to demonstrate a marked cortical tropism of DBDE residues for the adrenal glands in female rats dosed per os 2 mg·kg(-1) DBDE, daily, over 96 h. In ovaries, DBDE residues were found to be concentrated in spots corresponding to part of the corpora lutea. Hepatic residues of DBDE were found to be homogeneously distributed. Due to the intrinsic toxicity of DBDE, its accumulation in the adrenal glands and the ovaries may be connected to the mechanisms of actions by which DBDE could trigger endocrine disruption in mammals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schreiber-gassmann-gtz-hbenthal-moors-krause-merk-nguyen-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinducedevelopmentalneurotoxicityinahumaninvitromodelevidenceforendocrinedisruption-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schreiber-gassmann-gtz-hbenthal-moors-krause-merk-nguyen-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinducedevelopmentalneurotoxicityinahumaninvitromodelevidenceforendocrinedisruption-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers induce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitro model: evidence for endocrine disruption.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schreiber, T.; Gassmann, K.; Götz, C.; Hübenthal, U.; Moors, M.; Krause, G.; Merk, H. F; Nguyen, N.; Scanlan, T. S; Abel, J.; Rose, C. R;  and Fritsche, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(4): 572–8. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schreiber-gassmann-gtz-hbenthal-moors-krause-merk-nguyen-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinducedevelopmentalneurotoxicityinahumaninvitromodelevidenceforendocrinedisruption-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers induce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitro model: evidence for endocrine disruption. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901435\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schreiber-gassmann-gtz-hbenthal-moors-krause-merk-nguyen-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinducedevelopmentalneurotoxicityinahumaninvitromodelevidenceforendocrinedisruption-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901435', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schreiber-gassmann-gtz-hbenthal-moors-krause-merk-nguyen-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinducedevelopmentalneurotoxicityinahumaninvitromodelevidenceforendocrinedisruption-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schreiber-gassmann-gtz-hbenthal-moors-krause-merk-nguyen-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersinducedevelopmentalneurotoxicityinahumaninvitromodelevidenceforendocrinedisruption-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schreiber_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers induce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitro model: evidence for endocrine disruption.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854737&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901435},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants, which are found in rising concentrations in human tissues. They are of concern for human health because animal studies have shown that they possess the potential to be developmentally neurotoxic.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Schreiber, Timm and Gassmann, Kathrin and Götz, Christine and Hübenthal, Ulrike and Moors, Michaela and Krause, Guido and Merk, Hans F and Nguyen, Ngoc-Ha and Scanlan, Thomas S and Abel, Josef and Rose, Christine R and Fritsche, Ellen},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20368126},\n\tkeywords = {Brain, Brain: cytology, Brain: drug effects, Cell Movement, Cell Movement: drug effects, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {572--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants, which are found in rising concentrations in human tissues. They are of concern for human health because animal studies have shown that they possess the potential to be developmentally neurotoxic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Haffner, D.; Colacino, J.; Patel, K.; Päpke, O.; Opel, M.;  and Birnbaum, L. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(3): 357–362. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hexabromocyclodecane ({HBCD}) in composite {U}.{S}. food samples.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schecter et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.pdf},\n\tabstract = {This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Haffner, Darrah and Colacino, Justin and Patel, Keyur and Päpke, Olaf and Opel, Matthias and Birnbaum, Linda S},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States},\n\tpages = {357--362},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Haffner, D.; Colacino, J.; Patel, K.; Päpke, O.; Opel, M.;  and Birnbaum, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(3): 357–62. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901345\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901345', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-haffner-colacino-patel-ppke-opel-birnbaum-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandhexabromocyclodecanehbcdincompositeusfoodsamples-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and hexabromocyclodecane ({HBCD}) in composite {U}.{S}. food samples.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854763&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901345},\n\tabstract = {This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Haffner, Darrah and Colacino, Justin and Patel, Keyur and Päpke, Olaf and Opel, Matthias and Birnbaum, Linda},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20064778},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Data Collection, Diet, Diet: classification, Fish Products, Fish Products: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Meat Products, Meat Products: analysis, United States},\n\tpages = {357--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was designed to update previous U.S. market basket surveys of levels and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) dietary intake calculations. This study also quantifies hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) levels in U.S.-purchased foods for the first time and estimates U.S. dietary intake of HBCD. This is part of a larger market basket study reported in two companion articles, of current levels of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) PBDEs, HBCD, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in composite food samples collected in 2008-2009.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522', event);\">\n    Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Colacino, J.; Sjödin, A.; Needham, L.;  and Birnbaum, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(10): 1279–84. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_partitioning_2010,\n\ttitle = {Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum and milk from the same mothers.},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016},\n\tabstract = {We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g(-1) lipid (range 6.7-501.6 ng g(-1) lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g(-1) lipid (range 12.9-580.3 ng g(-1) lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g(-1) lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Colacino, Justin and Sjödin, Andreas and Needham, Larry and Birnbaum, Linda},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20079522},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Chemical Fractionation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Milk, Texas},\n\tpages = {1279--84},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g(-1) lipid (range 6.7-501.6 ng g(-1) lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g(-1) lipid (range 12.9-580.3 ng g(-1) lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g(-1) lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"salamova-hites-evaluationoftreebarkasapassiveatmosphericsamplerforflameretardantspcbsandorganochlorinepesticides-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'salamova-hites-evaluationoftreebarkasapassiveatmosphericsamplerforflameretardantspcbsandorganochlorinepesticides-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217', event);\">\n    Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Salamova, A.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(16): 6196–201. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-evaluationoftreebarkasapassiveatmosphericsamplerforflameretardantspcbsandorganochlorinepesticides-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es101599h\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('salamova-hites-evaluationoftreebarkasapassiveatmosphericsamplerforflameretardantspcbsandorganochlorinepesticides-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es101599h', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/salamova-hites-evaluationoftreebarkasapassiveatmosphericsamplerforflameretardantspcbsandorganochlorinepesticides-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('salamova-hites-evaluationoftreebarkasapassiveatmosphericsamplerforflameretardantspcbsandorganochlorinepesticides-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{salamova_evaluation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, {PCBs}, and organochlorine pesticides.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20704217},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es101599h},\n\tabstract = {To investigate the relationship between the levels of persistent organic pollutants in tree bark (a passive sampler) and those in air and precipitation, tree bark and air and precipitation samples were collected during the same time period at the five U.S. Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites located in Great Lakes basin. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenyl ethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, and chlordanes were measured in these samples. Overall, the pollutant concentrations in tree bark are significantly related to the concentrations of these compounds in the air and precipitation collected where the tree was growing. Generally, the highest tree bark and air pollutant concentrations were observed at urban sites, and the lowest concentrations were observed at remote sites. The overall correlation between bark and atmospheric and precipitation concentrations for all the compounds measured in this study was highly significant (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001) over 3-4 orders of magnitude. In addition, bark-air partition coefficients, measured for all the chemical categories in this study, were about 10(6), which was in good agreement with previously estimated bark-air partition coefficients for corresponding pollutant groups.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Salamova, Amina and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20704217},\n\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Chemical Precipitation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, Volatilization},\n\tpages = {6196--201},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To investigate the relationship between the levels of persistent organic pollutants in tree bark (a passive sampler) and those in air and precipitation, tree bark and air and precipitation samples were collected during the same time period at the five U.S. Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites located in Great Lakes basin. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Dechlorane Plus, decabromodiphenyl ethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs, and chlordanes were measured in these samples. Overall, the pollutant concentrations in tree bark are significantly related to the concentrations of these compounds in the air and precipitation collected where the tree was growing. Generally, the highest tree bark and air pollutant concentrations were observed at urban sites, and the lowest concentrations were observed at remote sites. The overall correlation between bark and atmospheric and precipitation concentrations for all the compounds measured in this study was highly significant (P \\textless 0.0001) over 3-4 orders of magnitude. In addition, bark-air partition coefficients, measured for all the chemical categories in this study, were about 10(6), which was in good agreement with previously estimated bark-air partition coefficients for corresponding pollutant groups.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sagerup-herzke-harju-evenset-christensen-routti-fuglei-aars-etal-newbrominatedflameretardantsinarcticbiotata26302010-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sagerup-herzke-harju-evenset-christensen-routti-fuglei-aars-etal-newbrominatedflameretardantsinarcticbiotata26302010-2010', 'http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf', event);\">\n    New brominated flame retardants in Arctic biota (TA-2630-2010).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sagerup, K; Herzke, D; Harju, M; Evenset, A; Christensen, G.; Routti, H; Fuglei, E; Aars, J; Strom, H;  and Gabrielsen, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (Klif)</i>.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sagerup-herzke-harju-evenset-christensen-routti-fuglei-aars-etal-newbrominatedflameretardantsinarcticbiotata26302010-2010', 'http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New brominated flame retardants in Arctic biota (TA-2630-2010) [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sagerup-herzke-harju-evenset-christensen-routti-fuglei-aars-etal-newbrominatedflameretardantsinarcticbiotata26302010-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sagerup-herzke-harju-evenset-christensen-routti-fuglei-aars-etal-newbrominatedflameretardantsinarcticbiotata26302010-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sagerup_new_2010,\n\ttitle = {New brominated flame retardants in {Arctic} biota ({TA}-2630-2010)},\n\turl = {http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2630/ta2630.pdf},\n\tabstract = {As part of the work related to international conventions, harmful chemicals should be removed from the market if they fulfill the following criteria; persistency, volatility (potential for long-range transport), bimagnification (accumulate in the food chain) and toxicity (show toxic effects). The main goal of the present study was to screen for ”new” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in seven animal species from Svalbard. Detection of these BFRs in Arctic biota implies long-range transport, because local sources are not present. Contaminants that are detected in the Arctic environment, that accumulate in the food web and have toxic effects will be high on the priority list of chemicals that need to be phased out and substituted by less harmful compounds. The study includes one fish species; capelin (Mallotus villosus), three seabird species; common eider (Somateria mollissima), Brünnich&#x27;s guillemot (Uria lomvia) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and three mammalian species; ringed seal (Phoca hispida), arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The samples from these species were collected in collaboration with other research projects to optimize use of time and resources. Two of the 14 compounds were not analyzed due to analytical problems. Seven BFRs were not detected in the biota samples. The compound 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) was detected in all the seven species and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was found in five of the seven species. Due to a lack of data points above detection limits no statistical analysis could be performed. The lipid normalized concentrations of TBB indicate that this compound may biomagnify in the marine food chain. BEHTBP do not show the same ability. The results from the present study indicate that two of the 12 analyzed BFRs undergo long-range transport to the Arctic and that one compound (TBB) may undergo biomagnification in the Arctic marine food chain. Three other BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP)) are found at very low levels (mean 0.05-0.7 ng/g wet weight) and should be included in future analyses of BFRs in Arctic biota. It is recommended that TBB and BEHTBP are monitored in these and other Arctic species, or in similar species at lower latitudes to clarify their distribution and bio-accumulation capacity.},\n\tjournal = {Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (Klif)},\n\tauthor = {Sagerup, K and Herzke, D and Harju, M and Evenset, A and Christensen, GN and Routti, H and Fuglei, E and Aars, J and Strom, H and Gabrielsen, GW},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, unsure, waa},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As part of the work related to international conventions, harmful chemicals should be removed from the market if they fulfill the following criteria; persistency, volatility (potential for long-range transport), bimagnification (accumulate in the food chain) and toxicity (show toxic effects). The main goal of the present study was to screen for ”new” brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in seven animal species from Svalbard. Detection of these BFRs in Arctic biota implies long-range transport, because local sources are not present. Contaminants that are detected in the Arctic environment, that accumulate in the food web and have toxic effects will be high on the priority list of chemicals that need to be phased out and substituted by less harmful compounds. The study includes one fish species; capelin (Mallotus villosus), three seabird species; common eider (Somateria mollissima), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and three mammalian species; ringed seal (Phoca hispida), arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The samples from these species were collected in collaboration with other research projects to optimize use of time and resources. Two of the 14 compounds were not analyzed due to analytical problems. Seven BFRs were not detected in the biota samples. The compound 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) was detected in all the seven species and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was found in five of the seven species. Due to a lack of data points above detection limits no statistical analysis could be performed. The lipid normalized concentrations of TBB indicate that this compound may biomagnify in the marine food chain. BEHTBP do not show the same ability. The results from the present study indicate that two of the 12 analyzed BFRs undergo long-range transport to the Arctic and that one compound (TBB) may undergo biomagnification in the Arctic marine food chain. Three other BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP)) are found at very low levels (mean 0.05-0.7 ng/g wet weight) and should be included in future analyses of BFRs in Arctic biota. It is recommended that TBB and BEHTBP are monitored in these and other Arctic species, or in similar species at lower latitudes to clarify their distribution and bio-accumulation capacity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rudel-dodson-perovich-morellofrosch-camann-zuniga-yau-just-etal-semivolatileendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinpairedindoorandoutdoorairintwonortherncaliforniacommunities-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rudel-dodson-perovich-morellofrosch-camann-zuniga-yau-just-etal-semivolatileendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinpairedindoorandoutdoorairintwonortherncaliforniacommunities-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Semivolatile endocrine-disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two northern California communities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rudel, R. A; Dodson, R. E; Perovich, L. J; Morello-Frosch, R.; Camann, D. E; Zuniga, M. M; Yau, A. Y; Just, A. C;  and Brody, J. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(17): 6583–90. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rudel-dodson-perovich-morellofrosch-camann-zuniga-yau-just-etal-semivolatileendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinpairedindoorandoutdoorairintwonortherncaliforniacommunities-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Semivolatile endocrine-disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two northern California communities. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es100159c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rudel-dodson-perovich-morellofrosch-camann-zuniga-yau-just-etal-semivolatileendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinpairedindoorandoutdoorairintwonortherncaliforniacommunities-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es100159c', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rudel-dodson-perovich-morellofrosch-camann-zuniga-yau-just-etal-semivolatileendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinpairedindoorandoutdoorairintwonortherncaliforniacommunities-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rudel-dodson-perovich-morellofrosch-camann-zuniga-yau-just-etal-semivolatileendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinpairedindoorandoutdoorairintwonortherncaliforniacommunities-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rudel_semivolatile_2010,\n\ttitle = {Semivolatile endocrine-disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two northern {California} communities.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930400&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es100159c},\n\tabstract = {Interest in the health effects of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are high production volume chemicals used in consumer products has made exposure assessment and source identification a priority. We collected paired indoor and outdoor air samples in 40 nonsmoking homes in urban, industrial Richmond, CA, and 10 in rural Bolinas, CA. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS for 104 analytes, including phthalates (11), alkylphenols (3), parabens (3), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (3), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (24), pesticides (38), and phenolic compounds (19). We detected 39 analytes in outdoor air and 63 in indoor air. For many of the phenolic compounds, alkylphenols, phthalates, and PBDEs, these represent some of the first outdoor measures and the first analysis of the relative importance of indoor and outdoor sources in paired samples. Data demonstrate higher indoor concentrations for 32 analytes, suggesting primarily indoor sources, as compared with only 2 that were higher outdoors. Outdoor air concentrations were higher in Richmond than Bolinas for 3 phthalates, 10 PAHs, and o-phenylphenol, while indoor air levels were more similar between communities, except that differences observed outdoors were also seen indoors. Indoor concentrations of the most ubiquitous chemicals were generally correlated with each other (4-t-butylphenol, o-phenylphenol, nonylphenol, several phthalates, and methyl phenanthrenes; Kendall correlation coefficients 0.2-0.6, p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05), indicating possible shared sources and highlighting the importance of considering mixtures in health studies.},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Rudel, Ruthann A and Dodson, Robin E and Perovich, Laura J and Morello-Frosch, Rachel and Camann, David E and Zuniga, Michelle M and Yau, Alice Y and Just, Allan C and Brody, Julia Green},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20681565},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air: analysis, Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Residence Characteristics, Volatilization, california},\n\tpages = {6583--90},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Interest in the health effects of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are high production volume chemicals used in consumer products has made exposure assessment and source identification a priority. We collected paired indoor and outdoor air samples in 40 nonsmoking homes in urban, industrial Richmond, CA, and 10 in rural Bolinas, CA. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS for 104 analytes, including phthalates (11), alkylphenols (3), parabens (3), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (3), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (24), pesticides (38), and phenolic compounds (19). We detected 39 analytes in outdoor air and 63 in indoor air. For many of the phenolic compounds, alkylphenols, phthalates, and PBDEs, these represent some of the first outdoor measures and the first analysis of the relative importance of indoor and outdoor sources in paired samples. Data demonstrate higher indoor concentrations for 32 analytes, suggesting primarily indoor sources, as compared with only 2 that were higher outdoors. Outdoor air concentrations were higher in Richmond than Bolinas for 3 phthalates, 10 PAHs, and o-phenylphenol, while indoor air levels were more similar between communities, except that differences observed outdoors were also seen indoors. Indoor concentrations of the most ubiquitous chemicals were generally correlated with each other (4-t-butylphenol, o-phenylphenol, nonylphenol, several phthalates, and methyl phenanthrenes; Kendall correlation coefficients 0.2-0.6, p\\textless0.05), indicating possible shared sources and highlighting the importance of considering mixtures in health studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rose-bennett-bergman-fngstrm-pessah-hertzpicciotto-pbdesin25yearoldchildrenfromcaliforniaandassociationswithdietandindoorenvironment-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rose-bennett-bergman-fngstrm-pessah-hertzpicciotto-pbdesin25yearoldchildrenfromcaliforniaandassociationswithdietandindoorenvironment-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589', event);\">\n    PBDEs in 2-5 year-old children from California and associations with diet and indoor environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rose, M.; Bennett, D. H; Bergman, A.; Fängström, B.; Pessah, I. N;  and Hertz-Picciotto, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(7): 2648–53. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rose-bennett-bergman-fngstrm-pessah-hertzpicciotto-pbdesin25yearoldchildrenfromcaliforniaandassociationswithdietandindoorenvironment-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in 2-5 year-old children from California and associations with diet and indoor environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es903240g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rose-bennett-bergman-fngstrm-pessah-hertzpicciotto-pbdesin25yearoldchildrenfromcaliforniaandassociationswithdietandindoorenvironment-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es903240g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rose-bennett-bergman-fngstrm-pessah-hertzpicciotto-pbdesin25yearoldchildrenfromcaliforniaandassociationswithdietandindoorenvironment-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rose-bennett-bergman-fngstrm-pessah-hertzpicciotto-pbdesin25yearoldchildrenfromcaliforniaandassociationswithdietandindoorenvironment-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rose_pbdes_2010,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in 2-5 year-old children from {California} and associations with diet and indoor environment.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196589},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es903240g},\n\tabstract = {This study determined the body burden of PBDEs in 100 California children, and evaluated associations with sociodemographic, household, and dietary factors. In national and international comparisons, California dust, breast milk, and human serum samples contain higher concentrations of PBDEs. Higher levels in children suggest exposure pathways depend upon age. Plasma samples were analyzed for PBDEs using GC/MS. Circulating levels of PBDEs were 10-to 1000-fold higher than similar aged populations in Mexico and Europe, 5-times higher than similar aged children across the U.S., and 2- to 10-fold higher than U.S. adults. Increased levels of higher-brominated congeners were associated with the recent purchase of new upholstered furniture or mattresses and consumption of pork. Concentrations of lower-brominated congeners increased with frequency of poultry consumption. Lower maternal education was independently and significantly associated with higher levels of most congeners in the children.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Rose, Melissa and Bennett, Deborah H and Bergman, Ake and Fängström, Britta and Pessah, Isaac N and Hertz-Picciotto, Irva},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20196589},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Child, Demography, Diet, Dust, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Male, Motor Vehicles, california, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {2648--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study determined the body burden of PBDEs in 100 California children, and evaluated associations with sociodemographic, household, and dietary factors. In national and international comparisons, California dust, breast milk, and human serum samples contain higher concentrations of PBDEs. Higher levels in children suggest exposure pathways depend upon age. Plasma samples were analyzed for PBDEs using GC/MS. Circulating levels of PBDEs were 10-to 1000-fold higher than similar aged populations in Mexico and Europe, 5-times higher than similar aged children across the U.S., and 2- to 10-fold higher than U.S. adults. Increased levels of higher-brominated congeners were associated with the recent purchase of new upholstered furniture or mattresses and consumption of pork. Concentrations of lower-brominated congeners increased with frequency of poultry consumption. Lower maternal education was independently and significantly associated with higher levels of most congeners in the children.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rose-fernandes-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rose-fernandes-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf', event);\">\n    Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in foods- a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rose, M;  and Fernandes, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 72.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rose-fernandes-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in foods- a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rose-fernandes-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rose-fernandes-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rose_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in foods- a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1531.pdf},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Rose, M and Fernandes, A},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rose-fernandes-arebfrsresponsibleforbrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfood-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rose-fernandes-arebfrsresponsibleforbrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfood-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf', event);\">\n    Are BFRs responsible for brominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in food?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rose, M;  and Fernandes, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, Kyoto, Japan,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rose-fernandes-arebfrsresponsibleforbrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfood-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Are BFRs responsible for brominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in food? [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rose-fernandes-arebfrsresponsibleforbrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfood-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rose-fernandes-arebfrsresponsibleforbrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfood-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{rose_are_2010,\n\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\n\ttitle = {Are {BFRs} responsible for brominated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{Fs}) in food?},\n\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90029.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Relatively little is known about the environmental and toxicological significance of polybromodibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), polybromodibenzofurans (PBDFs) and mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBrClDD/Fs). Chlorinated analogues have been studied intensively whereas brominated and mixed bromochloro analogues have been studied to a much smaller extent. Theoretically, there are a total of 5020 brominated, chlorinated or mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxin or furan congeners (Table 1). All of these compounds resist chemical transformations, have a low biological degradation rate, are lipophilic, stable and persistent (D&#x27;Silva et al, 2004).},\n\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Rose, M and Fernandes, A},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Relatively little is known about the environmental and toxicological significance of polybromodibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), polybromodibenzofurans (PBDFs) and mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBrClDD/Fs). Chlorinated analogues have been studied intensively whereas brominated and mixed bromochloro analogues have been studied to a much smaller extent. Theoretically, there are a total of 5020 brominated, chlorinated or mixed bromochloro dibenzo-p-dioxin or furan congeners (Table 1). All of these compounds resist chemical transformations, have a low biological degradation rate, are lipophilic, stable and persistent (D'Silva et al, 2004).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roosens-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-cornelis-vandenheuvel-koppen-etal-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedchemicalstwogroupsofpersistentcontaminantsinbelgianhumanbloodandmilk-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roosens-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-cornelis-vandenheuvel-koppen-etal-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedchemicalstwogroupsofpersistentcontaminantsinbelgianhumanbloodandmilk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roosens, L.; D'Hollander, W.; Bervoets, L.; Reynders, H.; Van Campenhout, K.; Cornelis, C.; Van Den Heuvel, R.; Koppen, G.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 158(8): 2546–52. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roosens-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-cornelis-vandenheuvel-koppen-etal-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedchemicalstwogroupsofpersistentcontaminantsinbelgianhumanbloodandmilk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roosens-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-cornelis-vandenheuvel-koppen-etal-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedchemicalstwogroupsofpersistentcontaminantsinbelgianhumanbloodandmilk-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roosens-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-cornelis-vandenheuvel-koppen-etal-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedchemicalstwogroupsofpersistentcontaminantsinbelgianhumanbloodandmilk-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roosens-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-cornelis-vandenheuvel-koppen-etal-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedchemicalstwogroupsofpersistentcontaminantsinbelgianhumanbloodandmilk-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{roosens_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in {Belgian} human blood and milk.},\n\tvolume = {158},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573431},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.022},\n\tabstract = {We assessed the exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) by analysis of pooled cord blood, adolescent and adult serum, and human milk. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blood (range 1.6-6.5 ng/g lipid weight, lw) and milk (range 2.0-6.4 ng/g lw) agreed with European data. Hexabromocyclododecane ranged between {\\textbackslash}textless2.1-5.7 ng/g lw in milk. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated in blood and ranged between 1 and 171 ng/mL and {\\textbackslash}textless0.9-9.5 ng/mL, respectively. Total PFC levels in milk ranged between {\\textbackslash}textless0.5-29 ng/mL. A significant increase in PBDE concentrations was detected from newborns (median 2.1) to the adolescents and adults (medians 3.8 and 4.6 ng/g lw, respectively). An identical trend was observed for PFOS, but not for PFOA. We estimated that newborn exposure to BFRs and PFCs occurs predominantly post-natally, whereas placental transfer has a minor impact on the body burden.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Roosens, Laurence and D&#x27;Hollander, Wendy and Bervoets, Lieven and Reynders, Hans and Van Campenhout, Karen and Cornelis, Christa and Van Den Heuvel, Rosette and Koppen, Gudrun and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20573431},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: blood, Brominated: metabolism, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: blood, Fluorinated: metabolism, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Human, Human: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {2546--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We assessed the exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) by analysis of pooled cord blood, adolescent and adult serum, and human milk. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blood (range 1.6-6.5 ng/g lipid weight, lw) and milk (range 2.0-6.4 ng/g lw) agreed with European data. Hexabromocyclododecane ranged between \\textless2.1-5.7 ng/g lw in milk. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated in blood and ranged between 1 and 171 ng/mL and \\textless0.9-9.5 ng/mL, respectively. Total PFC levels in milk ranged between \\textless0.5-29 ng/mL. A significant increase in PBDE concentrations was detected from newborns (median 2.1) to the adolescents and adults (medians 3.8 and 4.6 ng/g lw, respectively). An identical trend was observed for PFOS, but not for PFOA. We estimated that newborn exposure to BFRs and PFCs occurs predominantly post-natally, whereas placental transfer has a minor impact on the body burden.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roosens-cornelis-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-vandenheuvel-neels-etal-exposureoftheflemishpopulationtobrominatedflameretardantsmodelandriskassessment-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roosens-cornelis-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-vandenheuvel-neels-etal-exposureoftheflemishpopulationtobrominatedflameretardantsmodelandriskassessment-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530', event);\">\n    Exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roosens, L.; Cornelis, C.; D'Hollander, W.; Bervoets, L.; Reynders, H.; Van Campenhout, K.; Van Den Heuvel, R.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 36(4): 368–76. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roosens-cornelis-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-vandenheuvel-neels-etal-exposureoftheflemishpopulationtobrominatedflameretardantsmodelandriskassessment-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roosens-cornelis-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-vandenheuvel-neels-etal-exposureoftheflemishpopulationtobrominatedflameretardantsmodelandriskassessment-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roosens-cornelis-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-vandenheuvel-neels-etal-exposureoftheflemishpopulationtobrominatedflameretardantsmodelandriskassessment-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roosens-cornelis-dhollander-bervoets-reynders-vancampenhout-vandenheuvel-neels-etal-exposureoftheflemishpopulationtobrominatedflameretardantsmodelandriskassessment-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{roosens_exposure_2010,\n\ttitle = {Exposure of the {Flemish} population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226530},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.005},\n\tabstract = {Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) varies widely throughout the world as it depends on country-related usage, production and legislation of these chemicals. US and UK exposure assessments show very diverse levels and patterns which in turn, are likely to differ from those in background exposed countries such as Belgium, where levels tend to be about an order of magnitude lower. The current study assessed human exposure to BFRs through the indoor and outdoor environment (e.g. dust, soil, and air) and food for all age groups in Flanders, Belgium. Most relevant food groups were identified based on a national food consumption survey and food items with Flemish origin were collected. Dust samples were collected using a standardized protocol in 43 homes and 10 offices throughout Flanders. Food, human milk and dust samples were analysed for their polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) content using GC/MS and LC/MS-MS. An exposure model was developed including all analysed data, complemented with literature data. The model covered human exposure of infants, children and adults through human milk, food, dust/soil ingestion and air inhalation. Total human exposure was compared to the existing toxicological criteria and previous exposure estimates. In general, the exposure levels through human milk are consistent with those of a background exposed European population, whereas dust and food intake are at the low end of what has been reported in previous European intake assessments. Total average intake of SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5) at 50th percentile (P50) levels by newborns equals 3.1 and 12.0ng/kg body weight (bw) day, respectively. This intake increases to 15.2 and 20.9ng/kgbwday for SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5), for higher exposed newborns (95th percentile=P95 levels). Due to the limited database on health-based limit values for PBDEs and HBCD, it is difficult to assess the immediate health concern for any of the age groups, although the higher intake of newborns indicates the need for ongoing monitoring. For median exposed individuals, the average SigmaHBCD intake peaked at the age 3 to 6years with an intake of 6.59ng/kgbwday and declines to approximately 1ng/kgbwday at later age. SigmaBDE(5) intake exhibited a different profile compared to SigmaHBCD with maximal levels for newborns and a decline to approximately 0.7ng/kgbwday at adulthood.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Roosens, Laurence and Cornelis, Christa and D&#x27;Hollander, Wendy and Bervoets, Lieven and Reynders, Hans and Van Campenhout, Karen and Van Den Heuvel, Rosette and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20226530},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Models, Newborn, Preschool, Risk Assessment, Statistical, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {368--76},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) varies widely throughout the world as it depends on country-related usage, production and legislation of these chemicals. US and UK exposure assessments show very diverse levels and patterns which in turn, are likely to differ from those in background exposed countries such as Belgium, where levels tend to be about an order of magnitude lower. The current study assessed human exposure to BFRs through the indoor and outdoor environment (e.g. dust, soil, and air) and food for all age groups in Flanders, Belgium. Most relevant food groups were identified based on a national food consumption survey and food items with Flemish origin were collected. Dust samples were collected using a standardized protocol in 43 homes and 10 offices throughout Flanders. Food, human milk and dust samples were analysed for their polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) content using GC/MS and LC/MS-MS. An exposure model was developed including all analysed data, complemented with literature data. The model covered human exposure of infants, children and adults through human milk, food, dust/soil ingestion and air inhalation. Total human exposure was compared to the existing toxicological criteria and previous exposure estimates. In general, the exposure levels through human milk are consistent with those of a background exposed European population, whereas dust and food intake are at the low end of what has been reported in previous European intake assessments. Total average intake of SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5) at 50th percentile (P50) levels by newborns equals 3.1 and 12.0ng/kg body weight (bw) day, respectively. This intake increases to 15.2 and 20.9ng/kgbwday for SigmaHBCD and SigmaBDE(5), for higher exposed newborns (95th percentile=P95 levels). Due to the limited database on health-based limit values for PBDEs and HBCD, it is difficult to assess the immediate health concern for any of the age groups, although the higher intake of newborns indicates the need for ongoing monitoring. For median exposed individuals, the average SigmaHBCD intake peaked at the age 3 to 6years with an intake of 6.59ng/kgbwday and declines to approximately 1ng/kgbwday at later age. SigmaBDE(5) intake exhibited a different profile compared to SigmaHBCD with maximal levels for newborns and a decline to approximately 0.7ng/kgbwday at adulthood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-levelsandpotentialsourcesofdecabromodiphenylethanedbdpeanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinlakeandmarinesedimentsinsweden-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-levelsandpotentialsourcesofdecabromodiphenylethanedbdpeanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinlakeandmarinesedimentsinsweden-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463', event);\">\n    Levels and potential sources of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in lake and marine sediments in Sweden.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ricklund, N.; Kierkegaard, A.;  and McLachlan, M. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(6): 1987–91. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-levelsandpotentialsourcesofdecabromodiphenylethanedbdpeanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinlakeandmarinesedimentsinsweden-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and potential sources of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in lake and marine sediments in Sweden. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es903701q\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-levelsandpotentialsourcesofdecabromodiphenylethanedbdpeanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinlakeandmarinesedimentsinsweden-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es903701q', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-levelsandpotentialsourcesofdecabromodiphenylethanedbdpeanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinlakeandmarinesedimentsinsweden-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-levelsandpotentialsourcesofdecabromodiphenylethanedbdpeanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinlakeandmarinesedimentsinsweden-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ricklund_levels_2010,\n\ttitle = {Levels and potential sources of decabromodiphenyl ethane ({DBDPE}) and decabromodiphenyl ether ({DecaBDE}) in lake and marine sediments in {Sweden}.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146463},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es903701q},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) used as a replacement for the structurally similar decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), which is a regulated environmental contaminant of concern. DBDPE has been found in indoor dust, sewage sludge, sediment, and biota, but little is known about its occurrence and distribution in the environment In this paper, sediment was analyzed from 11 isolated Swedish lakes and along a transect running from central Stockholm through the Stockholm archipelago to the Baltic Sea. DBDPE was present in all samples. In lake sediment, the levels ranged from 0.23 to 11 ng/g d.wt. and were very similar to the levels of decaBDE (0.48-11 ng/g d.wt.). Since the lakes have no known point sources of BFRs, their presence in the sediments provides evidence for long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. In the marine sediment, the DBDPE and decaBDE levels decreased by a factor of 20-50 over 40 km from the inner harbor to the outer archipelago. There the DBDPE and decaBDE levels were similar to the levels in nearby isolated lakes. The results indicate that contamination of the Swedish environment with DBDPE has already approached that of decaBDE, and that this contamination is primarily occurring via the atmosphere.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ricklund, Niklas and Kierkegaard, Amelie and McLachlan, Michael S},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20146463},\n\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Sweden, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1987--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) used as a replacement for the structurally similar decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), which is a regulated environmental contaminant of concern. DBDPE has been found in indoor dust, sewage sludge, sediment, and biota, but little is known about its occurrence and distribution in the environment In this paper, sediment was analyzed from 11 isolated Swedish lakes and along a transect running from central Stockholm through the Stockholm archipelago to the Baltic Sea. DBDPE was present in all samples. In lake sediment, the levels ranged from 0.23 to 11 ng/g d.wt. and were very similar to the levels of decaBDE (0.48-11 ng/g d.wt.). Since the lakes have no known point sources of BFRs, their presence in the sediments provides evidence for long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. In the marine sediment, the DBDPE and decaBDE levels decreased by a factor of 20-50 over 40 km from the inner harbor to the outer archipelago. There the DBDPE and decaBDE levels were similar to the levels in nearby isolated lakes. The results indicate that contamination of the Swedish environment with DBDPE has already approached that of decaBDE, and that this contamination is primarily occurring via the atmosphere.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"regnery-pttmann-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinurbanandremotesurfacewatersingermany-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'regnery-pttmann-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinurbanandremotesurfacewatersingermany-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098', event);\">\n    Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in urban and remote surface waters in Germany.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Regnery, J.;  and Püttmann, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water research</i>, 44(14): 4097–104. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('regnery-pttmann-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinurbanandremotesurfacewatersingermany-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in urban and remote surface waters in Germany. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.024\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('regnery-pttmann-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinurbanandremotesurfacewatersingermany-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.024', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/regnery-pttmann-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinurbanandremotesurfacewatersingermany-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('regnery-pttmann-occurrenceandfateoforganophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinurbanandremotesurfacewatersingermany-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{regnery_occurrence_2010,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in urban and remote surface waters in {Germany}.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1879-2448},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20599098},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.024},\n\tabstract = {Within this study, concentration levels and distribution of the organophosphates tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were investigated at nine lentic surface waters under different anthropogenic impact between June 2007 and October 2009. Furthermore, the possibility of in-lake photochemical degradation of the analytes was studied in laboratory experiments using spiked ultrapure water and lake water samples incubated in Teflon bottles (which transmit sunlight). TBEP, TiBP, and TnBP were photochemically degraded in spiked lake water samples upon exposure to sunlight. Organophosphate concentrations in the more remote lakes were often below or close to the limits of quantification (LOQ). TCPP was the substance with the highest median concentration in rural volcanic lakes (7-18ngL(-1)) indicating an atmospheric transport of the compound. At urban lakes their median concentrations were in the range of 23-61ngL(-1) (TCEP), 85-126ngL(-1) (TCPP), {\\textbackslash}textlessLOQ-53ngL(-1) (TBEP), 8-10ngL(-1) (TiBP), and 17-32ngL(-1) (TnBP). High variability but no significant seasonal trends were observed for all five organophosphates in urban lake water samples.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Water research},\n\tauthor = {Regnery, Julia and Püttmann, Wilhelm},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20599098},\n\tkeywords = {Cities, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Plasticizers, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis},\n\tpages = {4097--104},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Within this study, concentration levels and distribution of the organophosphates tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were investigated at nine lentic surface waters under different anthropogenic impact between June 2007 and October 2009. Furthermore, the possibility of in-lake photochemical degradation of the analytes was studied in laboratory experiments using spiked ultrapure water and lake water samples incubated in Teflon bottles (which transmit sunlight). TBEP, TiBP, and TnBP were photochemically degraded in spiked lake water samples upon exposure to sunlight. Organophosphate concentrations in the more remote lakes were often below or close to the limits of quantification (LOQ). TCPP was the substance with the highest median concentration in rural volcanic lakes (7-18ngL(-1)) indicating an atmospheric transport of the compound. At urban lakes their median concentrations were in the range of 23-61ngL(-1) (TCEP), 85-126ngL(-1) (TCPP), \\textlessLOQ-53ngL(-1) (TBEP), 8-10ngL(-1) (TiBP), and 17-32ngL(-1) (TnBP). High variability but no significant seasonal trends were observed for all five organophosphates in urban lake water samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"regnery-pttmann-seasonalfluctuationsoforganophosphateconcentrationsinprecipitationandstormwaterrunoff-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'regnery-pttmann-seasonalfluctuationsoforganophosphateconcentrationsinprecipitationandstormwaterrunoff-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776', event);\">\n    Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Regnery, J.;  and Püttmann, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(8): 958–64. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('regnery-pttmann-seasonalfluctuationsoforganophosphateconcentrationsinprecipitationandstormwaterrunoff-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('regnery-pttmann-seasonalfluctuationsoforganophosphateconcentrationsinprecipitationandstormwaterrunoff-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.027', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/regnery-pttmann-seasonalfluctuationsoforganophosphateconcentrationsinprecipitationandstormwaterrunoff-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('regnery-pttmann-seasonalfluctuationsoforganophosphateconcentrationsinprecipitationandstormwaterrunoff-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{regnery_seasonal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff.},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074776},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.027},\n\tabstract = {To investigate seasonal fluctuations and trends of organophosphate (flame retardants, plasticizers) concentrations in rain and snow, precipitation samples were collected in 2007-2009 period at a densely populated urban sampling site and two sparsely populated rural sampling sites in middle Germany. In addition, storm water runoff was sampled from May 2008 to April 2009 at an urban storm water holding tank (SWHT). Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Among the six analyzed organophosphates (OPs), TCPP dominated in all precipitation and SWHT water samples with maximum concentrations exceeding 1000ngL(-1). For all analytes, no seasonal trends were observed at the urban precipitation sampling site, although atmospheric photooxidation was expected to reduce particularly concentrations of non-chlorinated OPs during transport from urban to remote areas in summer months with higher global irradiation. In the SWHT a seasonal trend with decreasing concentrations in summer/autumn is evident for the non-chlorinated OPs due to in-lake degradation but not for the chlorinated OPs. Furthermore, an accumulation of OPs deposited in SWHTs was observed with concentrations often exceeding those observed in wet precipitation. Median concentrations of TCPP (880ngL(-1)), TDCP (13ngL(-1)) and TBEP (77ngL(-1)) at the SWHT were more than twice as high as median concentrations measured at the urban precipitation sampling site (403ngL(-1), 5ngL(-1), and 21ngL(-1) respectively).},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Regnery, Julia and Püttmann, Wilhelm},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20074776},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: analysis, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: analysis, Plasticizers, Plasticizers: analysis, Rain, Rain: chemistry, Seasons},\n\tpages = {958--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To investigate seasonal fluctuations and trends of organophosphate (flame retardants, plasticizers) concentrations in rain and snow, precipitation samples were collected in 2007-2009 period at a densely populated urban sampling site and two sparsely populated rural sampling sites in middle Germany. In addition, storm water runoff was sampled from May 2008 to April 2009 at an urban storm water holding tank (SWHT). Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Among the six analyzed organophosphates (OPs), TCPP dominated in all precipitation and SWHT water samples with maximum concentrations exceeding 1000ngL(-1). For all analytes, no seasonal trends were observed at the urban precipitation sampling site, although atmospheric photooxidation was expected to reduce particularly concentrations of non-chlorinated OPs during transport from urban to remote areas in summer months with higher global irradiation. In the SWHT a seasonal trend with decreasing concentrations in summer/autumn is evident for the non-chlorinated OPs due to in-lake degradation but not for the chlorinated OPs. Furthermore, an accumulation of OPs deposited in SWHTs was observed with concentrations often exceeding those observed in wet precipitation. Median concentrations of TCPP (880ngL(-1)), TDCP (13ngL(-1)) and TBEP (77ngL(-1)) at the SWHT were more than twice as high as median concentrations measured at the urban precipitation sampling site (403ngL(-1), 5ngL(-1), and 21ngL(-1) respectively).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"qiu-zhu-hu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherflameretardantsintheatmosphereandwaterfromtaihulakeeastchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'qiu-zhu-hu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherflameretardantsintheatmosphereandwaterfromtaihulakeeastchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from Taihu Lake, East China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Qiu, X.; Zhu, T.;  and Hu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(10): 1207–12. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('qiu-zhu-hu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherflameretardantsintheatmosphereandwaterfromtaihulakeeastchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from Taihu Lake, East China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('qiu-zhu-hu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherflameretardantsintheatmosphereandwaterfromtaihulakeeastchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/qiu-zhu-hu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherflameretardantsintheatmosphereandwaterfromtaihulakeeastchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('qiu-zhu-hu-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandotherflameretardantsintheatmosphereandwaterfromtaihulakeeastchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{qiu_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and other flame retardants in the atmosphere and water from {Taihu} {Lake}, {East} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594579},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.013},\n\tabstract = {Air and water samples were collected from Taihu Lake, East China through 2004 and analyzed for 33 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and other seven brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. The annual concentration of total atmospheric PBDEs was 220 pg m(-3); BDE-209 was most abundant (average 41\\% of total PBDEs), followed by BDE-47 (17\\%) and BDE-28 (15\\%). The relative abundance of tetra- and tri-BDE congeners (including BDE-47, -28, -49, -66, and -17) instead of BDE-99 indicated that a specific penta-BDE formulation might be produced and/or consumed in this region. The source was confirmed by the analysis of air-water gas exchange, which was nearly at equilibrium in spring and summer but displayed strong volatilization flux in autumn and winter, especially for BDE-28, indicating the potential wastewater discharge of PBDEs into the lake. In addition to PBDEs, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, decabromodiphenylethane, and Dechlorane Plus were detected in air samples, with an annual mean concentration of 23 pg m(-3) for decabromodiphenylethane, and {\\textbackslash}textless4 pg m(-3) for the others.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Qiu, Xinghua and Zhu, Tong and Hu, Jianxin},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20594579},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1207--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Air and water samples were collected from Taihu Lake, East China through 2004 and analyzed for 33 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and other seven brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. The annual concentration of total atmospheric PBDEs was 220 pg m(-3); BDE-209 was most abundant (average 41% of total PBDEs), followed by BDE-47 (17%) and BDE-28 (15%). The relative abundance of tetra- and tri-BDE congeners (including BDE-47, -28, -49, -66, and -17) instead of BDE-99 indicated that a specific penta-BDE formulation might be produced and/or consumed in this region. The source was confirmed by the analysis of air-water gas exchange, which was nearly at equilibrium in spring and summer but displayed strong volatilization flux in autumn and winter, especially for BDE-28, indicating the potential wastewater discharge of PBDEs into the lake. In addition to PBDEs, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, decabromodiphenylethane, and Dechlorane Plus were detected in air samples, with an annual mean concentration of 23 pg m(-3) for decabromodiphenylethane, and \\textless4 pg m(-3) for the others.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"posner-roos-olsson-explorationofmanagementoptionsforhbcd-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'posner-roos-olsson-explorationofmanagementoptionsforhbcd-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf', event);\">\n    Exploration of Management options for HBCD.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Posner, S.; Roos, S.;  and Olsson, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Swerea IVF, Molndal, Sweden,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('posner-roos-olsson-explorationofmanagementoptionsforhbcd-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exploration of Management options for HBCD [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/posner-roos-olsson-explorationofmanagementoptionsforhbcd-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('posner-roos-olsson-explorationofmanagementoptionsforhbcd-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{posner_exploration_2010,\n\taddress = {Molndal, Sweden},\n\ttitle = {Exploration of {Management} options for {HBCD}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Exploration of management options for HBCD.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Swerea IVF},\n\tauthor = {Posner, Stefan and Roos, Sandra and Olsson, Elizabeth},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"poprc-uneppopspoprc6inf25supportingdocumentforthedraftriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'poprc-uneppopspoprc6inf25supportingdocumentforthedraftriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf', event);\">\n    UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/INF/25 Supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, Geneva, Switzerland,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poprc-uneppopspoprc6inf25supportingdocumentforthedraftriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/INF/25 Supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/poprc-uneppopspoprc6inf25supportingdocumentforthedraftriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('poprc-uneppopspoprc6inf25supportingdocumentforthedraftriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/inf/25_2010,\n\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\n\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.6/{INF}/25 {Supporting} document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile Annex UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-INF-25.English.pdf},\n\tabstract = {The annex to the present note contains a supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane prepared by the intersessional working group established at the fifth meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee. The draft risk profile is set out in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The annex is presented as prepared by the working group and has not been formally edited by the Secretariat.},\n\tnumber = {October},\n\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\n\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The annex to the present note contains a supporting document for the draft risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane prepared by the intersessional working group established at the fifth meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee. The draft risk profile is set out in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The annex is presented as prepared by the working group and has not been formally edited by the Secretariat.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"poprc-uneppopspoprc613add2addendumriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'poprc-uneppopspoprc613add2addendumriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf', event);\">\n    UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/13/Add.2 Addendum: Risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, Geneva, Switzerland,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poprc-uneppopspoprc613add2addendumriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/13/Add.2 Addendum: Risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/poprc-uneppopspoprc613add2addendumriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('poprc-uneppopspoprc613add2addendumriskprofileonhexabromocyclododecane-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{poprc_unep/pops/poprc.6/13/add.2_2010,\n\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\n\ttitle = {{UNEP}/{POPS}/{POPRC}.6/13/{Add}.2 {Addendum}: {Risk} profile on hexabromocyclododecane},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD Risk Profile UNEP-POPS-POPRC.6-13-Add.2.English.pdf},\n\tabstract = {At its sixth meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane, on the basis of the draft risk profile contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The text of the risk profile, as amended, is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.},\n\tpublisher = {United Nations Environment Programme Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee},\n\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  At its sixth meeting, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee adopted a risk profile on hexabromocyclododecane, on the basis of the draft risk profile contained in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/10. The text of the risk profile, as amended, is set out in the annex to the present addendum. It has not been formally edited.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pacyniak-roth-hagenbuch-guo-mechanismofpolybrominateddiphenyletheruptakeintotheliverpbdecongenersaresubstratesofhumanhepaticoatptransporters-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pacyniak-roth-hagenbuch-guo-mechanismofpolybrominateddiphenyletheruptakeintotheliverpbdecongenersaresubstratesofhumanhepaticoatptransporters-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ether uptake into the liver: PBDE congeners are substrates of human hepatic OATP transporters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pacyniak, E.; Roth, M.; Hagenbuch, B.;  and Guo, G. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 115(2): 344–53. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pacyniak-roth-hagenbuch-guo-mechanismofpolybrominateddiphenyletheruptakeintotheliverpbdecongenersaresubstratesofhumanhepaticoatptransporters-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ether uptake into the liver: PBDE congeners are substrates of human hepatic OATP transporters. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pacyniak-roth-hagenbuch-guo-mechanismofpolybrominateddiphenyletheruptakeintotheliverpbdecongenersaresubstratesofhumanhepaticoatptransporters-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pacyniak-roth-hagenbuch-guo-mechanismofpolybrominateddiphenyletheruptakeintotheliverpbdecongenersaresubstratesofhumanhepaticoatptransporters-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pacyniak-roth-hagenbuch-guo-mechanismofpolybrominateddiphenyletheruptakeintotheliverpbdecongenersaresubstratesofhumanhepaticoatptransporters-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pacyniak_mechanism_2010,\n\ttitle = {Mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ether uptake into the liver: {PBDE} congeners are substrates of human hepatic {OATP} transporters.},\n\tvolume = {115},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2871754&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfq059},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants that upon chronic exposure enter the liver where they are biotransformed to potentially toxic metabolites. The mechanism by which PBDEs enter the liver is not known. However, due to their large molecular weights (MWs approximately 485 to 1000 Da), they cannot enter hepatocytes by simple diffusion. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are responsible for hepatic uptake of a variety of amphipathic compounds of MWs larger than 350 Da. Therefore, in the present study, Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 were used to test the hypothesis that OATPs expressed in human hepatocytes would be responsible for the uptake of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 153. The results demonstrated that PBDE congeners inhibited OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated uptake of estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide as well as OATP2B1-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate in a concentration-dependent manner. Direct uptake studies confirmed that all three PBDE congeners are substrates for the three tested hepatic OATPs. Detailed kinetic analysis revealed that OATP1B1 transported 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) with the highest affinity (K(m) = 0.31 microM) followed by 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) (K(m) = 0.91 microM) and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153) (K(m) = 1.91 microM). For OATP1B3, the order was the same (BDE47: K(m) = 0.41 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.70 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 1.66 microM), while OATP2B1 transported all three congeners with similar affinities (BDE47: K(m) = 0.81 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.87 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 0.65 microM). These results clearly suggest that uptake of PBDEs via these OATPs is a mechanism responsible for liver-specific accumulation of PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Pacyniak, Erik and Roth, Megan and Hagenbuch, Bruno and Guo, Grace L},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20176623},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, CHO Cells, CHO Cells: metabolism, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Estradiol: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrone, Estrone: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Estrone: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: metabolism, Humans, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Organic Anion Transporters, Organic Anion Transporters: metabolism, estradiol},\n\tpages = {344--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants that upon chronic exposure enter the liver where they are biotransformed to potentially toxic metabolites. The mechanism by which PBDEs enter the liver is not known. However, due to their large molecular weights (MWs approximately 485 to 1000 Da), they cannot enter hepatocytes by simple diffusion. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are responsible for hepatic uptake of a variety of amphipathic compounds of MWs larger than 350 Da. Therefore, in the present study, Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 were used to test the hypothesis that OATPs expressed in human hepatocytes would be responsible for the uptake of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 153. The results demonstrated that PBDE congeners inhibited OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated uptake of estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide as well as OATP2B1-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate in a concentration-dependent manner. Direct uptake studies confirmed that all three PBDE congeners are substrates for the three tested hepatic OATPs. Detailed kinetic analysis revealed that OATP1B1 transported 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) with the highest affinity (K(m) = 0.31 microM) followed by 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) (K(m) = 0.91 microM) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153) (K(m) = 1.91 microM). For OATP1B3, the order was the same (BDE47: K(m) = 0.41 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.70 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 1.66 microM), while OATP2B1 transported all three congeners with similar affinities (BDE47: K(m) = 0.81 microM; BDE99: K(m) = 0.87 microM; BDE153: K(m) = 0.65 microM). These results clearly suggest that uptake of PBDEs via these OATPs is a mechanism responsible for liver-specific accumulation of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"berg-westerholm-fattore-stern-hanberg-haglund-wiberg-bergendorff-etal-toxicityofbromkal705deatechnicalmixtureofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfollowing28doforalexposureinratsandimpactofanalysedimpurities-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'berg-westerholm-fattore-stern-hanberg-haglund-wiberg-bergendorff-etal-toxicityofbromkal705deatechnicalmixtureofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfollowing28doforalexposureinratsandimpactofanalysedimpurities-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676', event);\">\n    Toxicity of Bromkal 70-5DE, a technical mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, following 28 d of oral exposure in rats and impact of analysed impurities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Öberg, M.; Westerholm, E.; Fattore, E.; Stern, N.; Hanberg, A.; Haglund, P.; Wiberg, K.; Bergendorff, A.;  and H\\a akansson , H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(2): 137–143. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berg-westerholm-fattore-stern-hanberg-haglund-wiberg-bergendorff-etal-toxicityofbromkal705deatechnicalmixtureofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfollowing28doforalexposureinratsandimpactofanalysedimpurities-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicity of Bromkal 70-5DE, a technical mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, following 28 d of oral exposure in rats and impact of analysed impurities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berg-westerholm-fattore-stern-hanberg-haglund-wiberg-bergendorff-etal-toxicityofbromkal705deatechnicalmixtureofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfollowing28doforalexposureinratsandimpactofanalysedimpurities-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/berg-westerholm-fattore-stern-hanberg-haglund-wiberg-bergendorff-etal-toxicityofbromkal705deatechnicalmixtureofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfollowing28doforalexposureinratsandimpactofanalysedimpurities-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('berg-westerholm-fattore-stern-hanberg-haglund-wiberg-bergendorff-etal-toxicityofbromkal705deatechnicalmixtureofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfollowing28doforalexposureinratsandimpactofanalysedimpurities-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{oberg_toxicity_2010,\n\ttitle = {Toxicity of {Bromkal} 70-{5DE}, a technical mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, following 28 d of oral exposure in rats and impact of analysed impurities},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447676},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.006},\n\tabstract = {The subacute toxicity of a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) preparation, Bromkal 70-5DE, was investigated. In addition to a vehicle control, the mixture was given orally to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 d at three dose levels; 2.5, 25 and 250 mg kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). The observed effects include increased hepatic EROD activity (from 2.5 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); increased liver weight (males), increased PROD activity and depletion of hepatic retinoids (from 25 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); and increased liver weight (females), marked histological changes in the liver and lungs, as well as increased serum parameters such as total protein, cholesterol and albumin (from 250 mg kg(-1)d(-1)). Chemical analysis of the PBDE mixture with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) showed impurities of polybrominated dibenzofurans and to a lesser extent dibenzodioxins, in total levels of about 7.0 microg g(-1) of Bromkal technical mixture. The animals were thereby exposed to an estimated dose of dioxin-like equivalents corresponding to 1.3-131 ng TEQ kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). It cannot be ruled out that this level of impurities can explain the hepatic EROD induction and hepatic retinoid depletion, which are considered typical markers of toxicity mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Öberg, Mattias and Westerholm, Emma and Fattore, Elena and Stern, Natalia and Hanberg, Annika and Haglund, Peter and Wiberg, Karin and Bergendorff, Anders and H{\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20447676},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Lung, Lung: drug effects, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Spleen, Spleen: metabolism, Sprague-Dawley, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, unsure},\n\tpages = {137--143},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The subacute toxicity of a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) preparation, Bromkal 70-5DE, was investigated. In addition to a vehicle control, the mixture was given orally to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 d at three dose levels; 2.5, 25 and 250 mg kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). The observed effects include increased hepatic EROD activity (from 2.5 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); increased liver weight (males), increased PROD activity and depletion of hepatic retinoids (from 25 mg kg(-1)d(-1)); and increased liver weight (females), marked histological changes in the liver and lungs, as well as increased serum parameters such as total protein, cholesterol and albumin (from 250 mg kg(-1)d(-1)). Chemical analysis of the PBDE mixture with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) showed impurities of polybrominated dibenzofurans and to a lesser extent dibenzodioxins, in total levels of about 7.0 microg g(-1) of Bromkal technical mixture. The animals were thereby exposed to an estimated dose of dioxin-like equivalents corresponding to 1.3-131 ng TEQ kg(-1) b.w.d(-1). It cannot be ruled out that this level of impurities can explain the hepatic EROD induction and hepatic retinoid depletion, which are considered typical markers of toxicity mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nyholm-lundberg-andersson-biodegradationkineticsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinaerobicandanaerobicsoil-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nyholm-lundberg-andersson-biodegradationkineticsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinaerobicandanaerobicsoil-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803', event);\">\n    Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nyholm, J. R.; Lundberg, C.;  and Andersson, P. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 158(6): 2235–40. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyholm-lundberg-andersson-biodegradationkineticsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinaerobicandanaerobicsoil-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyholm-lundberg-andersson-biodegradationkineticsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinaerobicandanaerobicsoil-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nyholm-lundberg-andersson-biodegradationkineticsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinaerobicandanaerobicsoil-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nyholm-lundberg-andersson-biodegradationkineticsofselectedbrominatedflameretardantsinaerobicandanaerobicsoil-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nyholm_biodegradation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Biodegradation kinetics of selected brominated flame retardants in aerobic and anaerobic soil.},\n\tvolume = {158},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227803},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.010},\n\tabstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biodegradation kinetics in aerobic and anaerobic soil of the following brominated flame retardants: 2,4,4&#x27;-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246BrPh), and hexabromobenzene (HxBrBz). For comparison, the biodegradation of the chlorinated compounds 2,4,4&#x27;-trichlorodiphenyl ether (CDE 28), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246ClPh), hexachlorobenzene (HxClBz), and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was also assessed. In aerobic soil, BDE 209 showed no significant degradation during the test period, but concentrations of the other BFRs declined, with half-lives decreasing in the following order: BDE 28 {\\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA {\\textbackslash}textgreater TBECH {\\textbackslash}textgreater HxBrBz {\\textbackslash}textgreater 246BrPh. Declines in almost the same order were observed in anaerobic soil: BDE 28, BDE 209 {\\textbackslash}textgreater TBBPA {\\textbackslash}textgreater HxBrBz {\\textbackslash}textgreater TBECH {\\textbackslash}textgreater 246BrPh.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Lundberg, Charlott and Andersson, Patrik L},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20227803},\n\tkeywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Biodegradation, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Kinetics, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Sweden},\n\tpages = {2235--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biodegradation kinetics in aerobic and anaerobic soil of the following brominated flame retardants: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246BrPh), and hexabromobenzene (HxBrBz). For comparison, the biodegradation of the chlorinated compounds 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether (CDE 28), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246ClPh), hexachlorobenzene (HxClBz), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was also assessed. In aerobic soil, BDE 209 showed no significant degradation during the test period, but concentrations of the other BFRs declined, with half-lives decreasing in the following order: BDE 28 \\textgreater TBBPA \\textgreater TBECH \\textgreater HxBrBz \\textgreater 246BrPh. Declines in almost the same order were observed in anaerobic soil: BDE 28, BDE 209 \\textgreater TBBPA \\textgreater HxBrBz \\textgreater TBECH \\textgreater 246BrPh.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"noyes-kelly-mitchelmore-stapleton-characterizingtheinvitrohepaticbiotransformationoftheflameretardantbde99bycommoncarp-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'noyes-kelly-mitchelmore-stapleton-characterizingtheinvitrohepaticbiotransformationoftheflameretardantbde99bycommoncarp-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Characterizing the in vitro hepatic biotransformation of the flame retardant BDE 99 by common carp.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Noyes, P. D; Kelly, S. M; Mitchelmore, C. L;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)</i>, 97(2): 142–50. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noyes-kelly-mitchelmore-stapleton-characterizingtheinvitrohepaticbiotransformationoftheflameretardantbde99bycommoncarp-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterizing the in vitro hepatic biotransformation of the flame retardant BDE 99 by common carp. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('noyes-kelly-mitchelmore-stapleton-characterizingtheinvitrohepaticbiotransformationoftheflameretardantbde99bycommoncarp-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/noyes-kelly-mitchelmore-stapleton-characterizingtheinvitrohepaticbiotransformationoftheflameretardantbde99bycommoncarp-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('noyes-kelly-mitchelmore-stapleton-characterizingtheinvitrohepaticbiotransformationoftheflameretardantbde99bycommoncarp-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noyes_characterizing_2010,\n\ttitle = {Characterizing the in vitro hepatic biotransformation of the flame retardant {BDE} 99 by common carp.},\n\tvolume = {97},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2847428&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.013},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardant chemicals known to biomagnify in aquatic foodwebs. However, significant biotransformation of some congeners via reductive dehalogenation has been observed during in vivo and in vitro laboratory exposures, particularly in fish models. Little information is available on the enzyme systems responsible for catalyzing this metabolic pathway in fish. This study was undertaken to characterize the biotransformation of one primary BDE congener, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), using in vitro techniques. Hepatic sub-cellular fractions were first prepared from individual adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to examine metabolism in both microsomal and cytosolic sub-cellular fractions. Debromination rates (i.e. BDE-99 biotransformation to BDE-47) were generally higher in the microsomal fraction than in the cytosolic fraction, and some intra-species variability was observed. Further experiments were conducted to determine the biotransformation kinetics and the influence of specific co-factors, inhibitors and competitive substrates on metabolism using pooled carp liver microsomes. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values were 19.4microM and 1120pmolesh(-1)mgprotein(-1), respectively. Iodoacetate (IaC) and the two thyroid hormones, reverse triodothyronine (rT3) and thyroxine (T4), significantly inhibited the debromination of BDE-99 in microsomal sub-cellular fractions with IC(50) values of 2.2microM, 0.83microM, and {\\textbackslash}textgreater1.0microM, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that deiodinase enzymes may be catalyzing the metabolism of PBDEs in fish liver tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate metabolic activity in other species and tissues that contain these enzymes.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},\n\tauthor = {Noyes, Pamela D and Kelly, Shannon M and Mitchelmore, Carys L and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20080306},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Iodoacetates, Iodoacetates: pharmacology, Kinetics, Linear Models, Liver, Liver: enzymology, Liver: metabolism, Male, Propylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil: pharmacology, Reverse, Reverse: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitor, Reverse: metabolism, Subcellular Fractions, Subcellular Fractions: enzymology, Subcellular Fractions: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Thyroxine: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {142--50},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardant chemicals known to biomagnify in aquatic foodwebs. However, significant biotransformation of some congeners via reductive dehalogenation has been observed during in vivo and in vitro laboratory exposures, particularly in fish models. Little information is available on the enzyme systems responsible for catalyzing this metabolic pathway in fish. This study was undertaken to characterize the biotransformation of one primary BDE congener, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), using in vitro techniques. Hepatic sub-cellular fractions were first prepared from individual adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to examine metabolism in both microsomal and cytosolic sub-cellular fractions. Debromination rates (i.e. BDE-99 biotransformation to BDE-47) were generally higher in the microsomal fraction than in the cytosolic fraction, and some intra-species variability was observed. Further experiments were conducted to determine the biotransformation kinetics and the influence of specific co-factors, inhibitors and competitive substrates on metabolism using pooled carp liver microsomes. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values were 19.4microM and 1120pmolesh(-1)mgprotein(-1), respectively. Iodoacetate (IaC) and the two thyroid hormones, reverse triodothyronine (rT3) and thyroxine (T4), significantly inhibited the debromination of BDE-99 in microsomal sub-cellular fractions with IC(50) values of 2.2microM, 0.83microM, and \\textgreater1.0microM, respectively. These results support our hypothesis that deiodinase enzymes may be catalyzing the metabolism of PBDEs in fish liver tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate metabolic activity in other species and tissues that contain these enzymes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nyholm-asamoah-vanderwal-danielsson-andersson-accumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethershexabromobenzeneand12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneinearthwormeiseniafetidaeffectsofsoiltypeandaging-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nyholm-asamoah-vanderwal-danielsson-andersson-accumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethershexabromobenzeneand12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneinearthwormeiseniafetidaeffectsofsoiltypeandaging-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802', event);\">\n    Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Effects of soil type and aging.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nyholm, J. R.; Asamoah, R. K.; van der Wal, L.; Danielsson, C.;  and Andersson, P. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(23): 9189–94. December 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyholm-asamoah-vanderwal-danielsson-andersson-accumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethershexabromobenzeneand12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneinearthwormeiseniafetidaeffectsofsoiltypeandaging-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Effects of soil type and aging. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1023288\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyholm-asamoah-vanderwal-danielsson-andersson-accumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethershexabromobenzeneand12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneinearthwormeiseniafetidaeffectsofsoiltypeandaging-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1023288', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nyholm-asamoah-vanderwal-danielsson-andersson-accumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethershexabromobenzeneand12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneinearthwormeiseniafetidaeffectsofsoiltypeandaging-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nyholm-asamoah-vanderwal-danielsson-andersson-accumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethershexabromobenzeneand12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneinearthwormeiseniafetidaeffectsofsoiltypeandaging-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nyholm_accumulation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm ({Eisenia} fetida). {Effects} of soil type and aging.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028802},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1023288},\n\tabstract = {In the present study the accumulation potentials in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated. The tested BFRs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), were found to be bioavailable to Eisenia fetida, and they accumulated in the earthworms. To our knowledge, this is the first published study to address the bioaccumulation potential of TBECH in terrestrial biota. Aging the soil resulted in decreased accumulation of TBECH, HBB, and PBDEs with six or less bromine atoms. However, no effect of soil aging was seen for BDEs 183 or 209, possibly due to their low mobility in soil. The use of different soils (artificial OECD soil and two natural Swedish soils) also affected the degree of accumulation in the worms. The results indicate that use of the generally accepted standard OECD soil may overestimate accumulation of organic contaminants by earthworms, due to high bioavailability of the contaminants and/or weight loss of the worms in it. Further, the accumulation of selected PBDEs and HBB was compared to the accumulation of their chlorinated analogues. Brominated compounds accumulated to the same or a lesser extent than their chlorinated counterparts.},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Nyholm, Jenny Rattfelt and Asamoah, Robert Kumah and van der Wal, Leon and Danielsson, Conny and Andersson, Patrik L},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {21028802},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: chemistry},\n\tpages = {9189--94},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study the accumulation potentials in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated. The tested BFRs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), were found to be bioavailable to Eisenia fetida, and they accumulated in the earthworms. To our knowledge, this is the first published study to address the bioaccumulation potential of TBECH in terrestrial biota. Aging the soil resulted in decreased accumulation of TBECH, HBB, and PBDEs with six or less bromine atoms. However, no effect of soil aging was seen for BDEs 183 or 209, possibly due to their low mobility in soil. The use of different soils (artificial OECD soil and two natural Swedish soils) also affected the degree of accumulation in the worms. The results indicate that use of the generally accepted standard OECD soil may overestimate accumulation of organic contaminants by earthworms, due to high bioavailability of the contaminants and/or weight loss of the worms in it. Further, the accumulation of selected PBDEs and HBB was compared to the accumulation of their chlorinated analogues. Brominated compounds accumulated to the same or a lesser extent than their chlorinated counterparts.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nordlf-helander-bignert-asplund-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitetailedseaeaglesbreedingindifferentregionsofsweden-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nordlf-helander-bignert-asplund-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitetailedseaeaglesbreedingindifferentregionsofsweden-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499', event);\">\n    Levels of brominated flame retardants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles breeding in different regions of Sweden.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nordlöf, U.; Helander, B.; Bignert, A.;  and Asplund, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 409(1): 238–46. December 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nordlf-helander-bignert-asplund-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitetailedseaeaglesbreedingindifferentregionsofsweden-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of brominated flame retardants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles breeding in different regions of Sweden. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.042\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nordlf-helander-bignert-asplund-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitetailedseaeaglesbreedingindifferentregionsofsweden-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.042', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nordlf-helander-bignert-asplund-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitetailedseaeaglesbreedingindifferentregionsofsweden-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nordlf-helander-bignert-asplund-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsandmethoxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersineggsofwhitetailedseaeaglesbreedingindifferentregionsofsweden-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nordlof_levels_2010,\n\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles breeding in different regions of {Sweden}.},\n\tvolume = {409},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20971499},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.042},\n\tabstract = {Forty-four unhatched eggs from white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), collected in four regions in Sweden in 1992-2005, were analysed for contents of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and naturally occurring methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs). Two freshwater areas-Lapland in the arctic zone (LAP) and inland lakes in central and southern Sweden (INL), and two brackish marine areas in the Baltic Sea-the south Bothnian Sea (SB) and the Baltic Proper (BP)-were chosen for comparison of the concentrations and congener distributions in white-tailed sea eagles with different diet and migratory patterns. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations (ng/g lipid weight (l.w.)) of ∑(5)PBDE (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) were 720 (LAP), 1500 (INL), 4 100 (SB) and 4 300 (BP), whereas BDE-209 was not detectable in any of the samples. The GM concentrations for HBCD content in LAP, INL, SB and BP were 60, 90, 150 and 140ng/g l.w., respectively, whereas the corresponding values for BB-153 were 20, 30, 100 and 120ng/g l.w. In general, the eggs from all four regions demonstrated similar patterns of PBDE congeners, with concentrations in descending order of BDE-47, -100, -99, -153 and -154. The ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs (6-MeO-BDE47, 2&#x27;-MeO-BDE68, 5-Cl-6-MeO-BDE47) for these same regions (as above) were 80, 40, 340 and 240ng/g l.w., respectively. ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs for LAP and INL (freshwaters) were significantly different, whereas those for SB and BP were not. The presence of MeO-PBDEs in all of the inland samples indicates that there is an as-yet-unidentified source of these compounds in the freshwater ecosystem. Between the two more contaminated subpopulations from the Baltic Sea coast, SB showed significantly lower productivity than BP, but no correlation was found between productivity and PBDE, PBB and HBCD at the concentrations found in this study.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Nordlöf, Ulrika and Helander, Björn and Bignert, Anders and Asplund, Lillemor},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20971499},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Eagles, Eagles: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sweden},\n\tpages = {238--46},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Forty-four unhatched eggs from white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), collected in four regions in Sweden in 1992-2005, were analysed for contents of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and naturally occurring methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs). Two freshwater areas-Lapland in the arctic zone (LAP) and inland lakes in central and southern Sweden (INL), and two brackish marine areas in the Baltic Sea-the south Bothnian Sea (SB) and the Baltic Proper (BP)-were chosen for comparison of the concentrations and congener distributions in white-tailed sea eagles with different diet and migratory patterns. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations (ng/g lipid weight (l.w.)) of ∑(5)PBDE (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) were 720 (LAP), 1500 (INL), 4 100 (SB) and 4 300 (BP), whereas BDE-209 was not detectable in any of the samples. The GM concentrations for HBCD content in LAP, INL, SB and BP were 60, 90, 150 and 140ng/g l.w., respectively, whereas the corresponding values for BB-153 were 20, 30, 100 and 120ng/g l.w. In general, the eggs from all four regions demonstrated similar patterns of PBDE congeners, with concentrations in descending order of BDE-47, -100, -99, -153 and -154. The ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs (6-MeO-BDE47, 2'-MeO-BDE68, 5-Cl-6-MeO-BDE47) for these same regions (as above) were 80, 40, 340 and 240ng/g l.w., respectively. ∑(3)-MeO-BDEs for LAP and INL (freshwaters) were significantly different, whereas those for SB and BP were not. The presence of MeO-PBDEs in all of the inland samples indicates that there is an as-yet-unidentified source of these compounds in the freshwater ecosystem. Between the two more contaminated subpopulations from the Baltic Sea coast, SB showed significantly lower productivity than BP, but no correlation was found between productivity and PBDE, PBB and HBCD at the concentrations found in this study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nfpa-demographicandothercharacteristicsrelatedtofiredeathsorinjuries-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nfpa-demographicandothercharacteristicsrelatedtofiredeathsorinjuries-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf', event);\">\n    Demographic and other characteristics related to fire deaths or injuries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  NFPA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nfpa-demographicandothercharacteristicsrelatedtofiredeathsorinjuries-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Demographic and other characteristics related to fire deaths or injuries [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nfpa-demographicandothercharacteristicsrelatedtofiredeathsorinjuries-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nfpa-demographicandothercharacteristicsrelatedtofiredeathsorinjuries-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{nfpa_demographic_2010,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {Demographic and other characteristics related to fire deaths or injuries},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA SocEc factors.pdf},\n\tabstract = {The risk of fire death and injury varies by age group, race, region, and community size. Children under five and adults 65 or older face the highest risk of fire death, although they do not account for the majority of fire fatalities. The risk of non-fatal fire injury is highest for those between 20 and 49. Higher fire death rates are seen in states with larger percentages of people who possess one or more of the following characteristics: are black, poor, smoke, have less formal education, or who live in rural areas. In more affluent areas, race played less of a role. The South and Midwest had the highest fire death rates per million population in 2004-2008. The rate in the rural South was the highest by far.},\n\tnumber = {March},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {{NFPA}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The risk of fire death and injury varies by age group, race, region, and community size. Children under five and adults 65 or older face the highest risk of fire death, although they do not account for the majority of fire fatalities. The risk of non-fatal fire injury is highest for those between 20 and 49. Higher fire death rates are seen in states with larger percentages of people who possess one or more of the following characteristics: are black, poor, smoke, have less formal education, or who live in rural areas. In more affluent areas, race played less of a role. The South and Midwest had the highest fire death rates per million population in 2004-2008. The rate in the rural South was the highest by far.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"newsome-park-henry-holden-fogel-linthicum-chu-hooper-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcaliforniacorrelatewithdietandhumanpopulationdensity-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'newsome-park-henry-holden-fogel-linthicum-chu-hooper-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcaliforniacorrelatewithdietandhumanpopulationdensity-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from California correlate with diet and human population density.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Newsome, S. D; Park, J.; Henry, B. W; Holden, A.; Fogel, M. L; Linthicum, J.; Chu, V.;  and Hooper, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(13): 5248–55. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('newsome-park-henry-holden-fogel-linthicum-chu-hooper-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcaliforniacorrelatewithdietandhumanpopulationdensity-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from California correlate with diet and human population density. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es100658e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('newsome-park-henry-holden-fogel-linthicum-chu-hooper-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcaliforniacorrelatewithdietandhumanpopulationdensity-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es100658e', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/newsome-park-henry-holden-fogel-linthicum-chu-hooper-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcaliforniacorrelatewithdietandhumanpopulationdensity-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('newsome-park-henry-holden-fogel-linthicum-chu-hooper-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdelevelsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinuseggsfromcaliforniacorrelatewithdietandhumanpopulationdensity-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{newsome_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) levels in peregrine falcon ({Falco} peregrinus) eggs from {California} correlate with diet and human population density.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540532},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es100658e},\n\tabstract = {Peregrine falcons are now considered a conservation success story due in part to the phasing out of harmful contaminants that adversely affected reproduction. Recent studies have shown that peregrine eggs collected from California cities, however, have high levels of the higher-brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (SigmaPBDE(183-209)), a class of industrial flame retardants, in comparison to published data for other wildlife. Sources of these high PBDE levels and unusual PBDE profiles are unknown. Here we analyzed the stable carbon (delta(13)C), hydrogen (deltaD), and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotope composition of peregrine eggs collected from urban and nonurban habitats. We found that delta(13)C values were significantly higher in urban versus nonurban eggs, suggesting that urban peregrines indirectly receive anthropogenic subsidies via their consumption of prey reliant on corn-based anthropogenic foods. delta(15)N and deltaD values were significantly lower in urban versus nonurban eggs, reflecting differences in dietary diversity and food/water sources available to peregrines in each habitat. These patterns suggest a link between an anthropogenic diet and high levels of SigmaPBDE(183-209) in California peregrines, and identify anthropogenic food as a potentially important PBDE exposure pathway for urban wildlife. If diet is an important PBDE exposure pathway for peregrines, continued high body burdens of SigmaPBDE(183-209) may be a potential risk to ongoing peregrine conservation efforts in California.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Newsome, Seth D and Park, June-Soo and Henry, Bill W and Holden, Arthur and Fogel, Marilyn L and Linthicum, Janet and Chu, Vivian and Hooper, Kim},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20540532},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: chemistry, Deuterium, Deuterium: chemistry, Diet, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Humans, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: chemistry, Population Density, california},\n\tpages = {5248--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Peregrine falcons are now considered a conservation success story due in part to the phasing out of harmful contaminants that adversely affected reproduction. Recent studies have shown that peregrine eggs collected from California cities, however, have high levels of the higher-brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (SigmaPBDE(183-209)), a class of industrial flame retardants, in comparison to published data for other wildlife. Sources of these high PBDE levels and unusual PBDE profiles are unknown. Here we analyzed the stable carbon (delta(13)C), hydrogen (deltaD), and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotope composition of peregrine eggs collected from urban and nonurban habitats. We found that delta(13)C values were significantly higher in urban versus nonurban eggs, suggesting that urban peregrines indirectly receive anthropogenic subsidies via their consumption of prey reliant on corn-based anthropogenic foods. delta(15)N and deltaD values were significantly lower in urban versus nonurban eggs, reflecting differences in dietary diversity and food/water sources available to peregrines in each habitat. These patterns suggest a link between an anthropogenic diet and high levels of SigmaPBDE(183-209) in California peregrines, and identify anthropogenic food as a potentially important PBDE exposure pathway for urban wildlife. If diet is an important PBDE exposure pathway for peregrines, continued high body burdens of SigmaPBDE(183-209) may be a potential risk to ongoing peregrine conservation efforts in California.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nakari-huhtala-invivoandinvitrotoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneaflameretardant-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nakari-huhtala-invivoandinvitrotoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneaflameretardant-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387', event);\">\n    In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nakari, T.;  and Huhtala, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology</i>, 25(4): 333–8. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakari-huhtala-invivoandinvitrotoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneaflameretardant-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20499\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakari-huhtala-invivoandinvitrotoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneaflameretardant-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20499', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nakari-huhtala-invivoandinvitrotoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneaflameretardant-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nakari-huhtala-invivoandinvitrotoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneaflameretardant-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nakari_vivo_2010,\n\ttitle = {In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1522-7278},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449387},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/tox.20499},\n\tabstract = {Toxicity of a relative new flame retardant, namely decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), marketed as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was assessed both in vivo and in vitro using the freshly separated fish hepatocyte assay and standardized water flea and zebrafish egg-larvae tests. The fish hepatocyte assay, based on the synthesis and secretion of vitellogenin from isolated male liver cells produced a clear dose-response curve in the presence of DBDPE. DBDPE induced the induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity at low test concentrations, but started to inhibit the activity at higher concentrations. Also, the induction of the hepatocyte conjugation activity, uridinediphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), was induced with no signs of inhibition even at the highest test concentration. The reduced EROD activity resulted in a drop in the production of vitellogenin by the cells. In vivo tests showed that DBDPE was acutely toxic to water fleas, the 48 h EC-50 value being 19 microg/L. Moreover, DBDPE reduced the hatching rates of exposed zebra-fish eggs and raised significantly the mortality of hatched larvae. Because there is hardly any information available on the effects of DBDPE on the aquatic environments, it is crucial to obtain more data on the effects and effective concentrations of DBDPE along with its occurrence in the environment. Such data would enable reliable assessments of the risks posed by this flame retardant.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Nakari, Tarja and Huhtala, Sami},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19449387},\n\tkeywords = {Acute, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Cladocera, Cladocera: drug effects, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Hepatocytes: physiology, Larva, Larva: drug effects, Male, Toxicity Tests, Vitellogenins, Vitellogenins: metabolism, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: metabolism},\n\tpages = {333--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Toxicity of a relative new flame retardant, namely decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), marketed as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was assessed both in vivo and in vitro using the freshly separated fish hepatocyte assay and standardized water flea and zebrafish egg-larvae tests. The fish hepatocyte assay, based on the synthesis and secretion of vitellogenin from isolated male liver cells produced a clear dose-response curve in the presence of DBDPE. DBDPE induced the induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity at low test concentrations, but started to inhibit the activity at higher concentrations. Also, the induction of the hepatocyte conjugation activity, uridinediphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), was induced with no signs of inhibition even at the highest test concentration. The reduced EROD activity resulted in a drop in the production of vitellogenin by the cells. In vivo tests showed that DBDPE was acutely toxic to water fleas, the 48 h EC-50 value being 19 microg/L. Moreover, DBDPE reduced the hatching rates of exposed zebra-fish eggs and raised significantly the mortality of hatched larvae. Because there is hardly any information available on the effects of DBDPE on the aquatic environments, it is crucial to obtain more data on the effects and effective concentrations of DBDPE along with its occurrence in the environment. Such data would enable reliable assessments of the risks posed by this flame retardant.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"muenhor-harrad-ali-covaci-brominatedflameretardantsbfrsinairanddustfromelectronicwastestoragefacilitiesinthailand-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'muenhor-harrad-ali-covaci-brominatedflameretardantsbfrsinairanddustfromelectronicwastestoragefacilitiesinthailand-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in Thailand.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Muenhor, D.; Harrad, S.; Ali, N.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 36(7): 690–8. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('muenhor-harrad-ali-covaci-brominatedflameretardantsbfrsinairanddustfromelectronicwastestoragefacilitiesinthailand-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in Thailand. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('muenhor-harrad-ali-covaci-brominatedflameretardantsbfrsinairanddustfromelectronicwastestoragefacilitiesinthailand-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/muenhor-harrad-ali-covaci-brominatedflameretardantsbfrsinairanddustfromelectronicwastestoragefacilitiesinthailand-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('muenhor-harrad-ali-covaci-brominatedflameretardantsbfrsinairanddustfromelectronicwastestoragefacilitiesinthailand-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{muenhor_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants ({BFRs}) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in {Thailand}.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605636},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.002},\n\tabstract = {This study reports concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust samples (n=25) and in indoor (n=5) and outdoor air (n=10) (using PUF disk passive air samplers) from 5 electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) storage facilities in Thailand. Concentrations of Sigma(10)PBDEs (BDEs 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153 and 154) in outdoor air in the vicinity of e-waste storage facilities ranged from 8 to 150 pg m(-3). Indoor air concentrations ranged from 46 to 350 pg m(-3), with highest concentrations found in a personal computer and printer waste storage room at an e-waste storage facility. These are lower than reported previously for electronic waste treatment facilities in China, Sweden, and the US. Concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs (Sigma(10)PBDEs+BDEs 181, 183, 184, 191, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) in dust were 320-290,000, 43-8700 and {\\textbackslash}textless20-2300 ng g(-1) respectively, with the highest concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs, BDE-209 and DBDPE in a room used to house discarded TVs, stereos and radios. PBDE concentrations in dust were slightly higher but within the range of those detected in workshop floor dust from an e-waste recycling centre in China. The highest concentration of BB-209 was detected in a room storing discarded personal computers and printers. Consistent with recent reports of elevated ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 and BDE-183:BDE-209 in household electronics from South China, percentage ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 (0.64-2.9\\%) and of BDE-208:BDE-183 (2.8-933\\%) in dust samples exceeded substantially those present in commercial deca-BDE and octa-BDE formulations. This suggests direct migration of BDE-208 and other nonabrominated BDEs from e-waste to the environment. Under realistic high-end scenarios of occupational exposure to BDE-99, workers in the facilities were exposed above a recently-published Health Based Limit Value for this congener. Reassuringly, estimated exposures to BDE-209 were below the USEPA&#x27;s reference dose for this congener.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Muenhor, Dudsadee and Harrad, Stuart and Ali, Nadeem and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20605636},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Thailand},\n\tpages = {690--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study reports concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust samples (n=25) and in indoor (n=5) and outdoor air (n=10) (using PUF disk passive air samplers) from 5 electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) storage facilities in Thailand. Concentrations of Sigma(10)PBDEs (BDEs 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153 and 154) in outdoor air in the vicinity of e-waste storage facilities ranged from 8 to 150 pg m(-3). Indoor air concentrations ranged from 46 to 350 pg m(-3), with highest concentrations found in a personal computer and printer waste storage room at an e-waste storage facility. These are lower than reported previously for electronic waste treatment facilities in China, Sweden, and the US. Concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs (Sigma(10)PBDEs+BDEs 181, 183, 184, 191, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209) in dust were 320-290,000, 43-8700 and \\textless20-2300 ng g(-1) respectively, with the highest concentrations of Sigma(21)PBDEs, BDE-209 and DBDPE in a room used to house discarded TVs, stereos and radios. PBDE concentrations in dust were slightly higher but within the range of those detected in workshop floor dust from an e-waste recycling centre in China. The highest concentration of BB-209 was detected in a room storing discarded personal computers and printers. Consistent with recent reports of elevated ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 and BDE-183:BDE-209 in household electronics from South China, percentage ratios of BDE-208:BDE-209 (0.64-2.9%) and of BDE-208:BDE-183 (2.8-933%) in dust samples exceeded substantially those present in commercial deca-BDE and octa-BDE formulations. This suggests direct migration of BDE-208 and other nonabrominated BDEs from e-waste to the environment. Under realistic high-end scenarios of occupational exposure to BDE-99, workers in the facilities were exposed above a recently-published Health Based Limit Value for this congener. Reassuringly, estimated exposures to BDE-209 were below the USEPA's reference dose for this congener.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"montie-letcher-reddy-moore-rubinstein-hahn-brominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinecontaminantsinwinterflounderharpandhoodedsealsandnorthatlanticrightwhalesfromthenorthwestatlanticocean-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'montie-letcher-reddy-moore-rubinstein-hahn-brominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinecontaminantsinwinterflounderharpandhoodedsealsandnorthatlanticrightwhalesfromthenorthwestatlanticocean-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine contaminants in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Montie, E. W; Letcher, R. J; Reddy, C. M; Moore, M. J; Rubinstein, B.;  and Hahn, M. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 60(8): 1160–9. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('montie-letcher-reddy-moore-rubinstein-hahn-brominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinecontaminantsinwinterflounderharpandhoodedsealsandnorthatlanticrightwhalesfromthenorthwestatlanticocean-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine contaminants in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('montie-letcher-reddy-moore-rubinstein-hahn-brominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinecontaminantsinwinterflounderharpandhoodedsealsandnorthatlanticrightwhalesfromthenorthwestatlanticocean-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/montie-letcher-reddy-moore-rubinstein-hahn-brominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinecontaminantsinwinterflounderharpandhoodedsealsandnorthatlanticrightwhalesfromthenorthwestatlanticocean-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('montie-letcher-reddy-moore-rubinstein-hahn-brominatedflameretardantsandorganochlorinecontaminantsinwinterflounderharpandhoodedsealsandnorthatlanticrightwhalesfromthenorthwestatlanticocean-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{montie_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine contaminants in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and {North} {Atlantic} right whales from the {Northwest} {Atlantic} {Ocean}.},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434733},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.002},\n\tabstract = {Various brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, as well as organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were measured in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Eastern United States and Canada. The concentrations of PBDEs in winter flounder and right whales were similar in magnitude to the levels of PCBs, which was unlike the pattern observed in seals. In these marine mammals, the levels of PBDEs were orders of magnitude lower than the levels of OCs and PCBs detected. Evidence existed for the accumulation of methoxylated (MeO)-PBDEs of natural origin in seals and right whales. Current-use, non-PBDE BFRs (including hexabromocyclododecane, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, and pentabromotoluene) were detected in winter flounder and marine mammals. Future research should focus on monitoring PBDEs, current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, and MeO-BDEs of natural origin in marine organisms from Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Montie, Eric W and Letcher, Robert J and Reddy, Christopher M and Moore, Michael J and Rubinstein, Belinda and Hahn, Mark E},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20434733},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Bromine Compounds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: metabolism, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Flounder, Flounder: metabolism, Fluid, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Seals, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Whales, Whales: metabolism},\n\tpages = {1160--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Various brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, as well as organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were measured in winter flounder, harp and hooded seals, and North Atlantic right whales from the Eastern United States and Canada. The concentrations of PBDEs in winter flounder and right whales were similar in magnitude to the levels of PCBs, which was unlike the pattern observed in seals. In these marine mammals, the levels of PBDEs were orders of magnitude lower than the levels of OCs and PCBs detected. Evidence existed for the accumulation of methoxylated (MeO)-PBDEs of natural origin in seals and right whales. Current-use, non-PBDE BFRs (including hexabromocyclododecane, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, and pentabromotoluene) were detected in winter flounder and marine mammals. Future research should focus on monitoring PBDEs, current-use, non-PBDE BFRs, and MeO-BDEs of natural origin in marine organisms from Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"moeckel-gasic-macleod-scheringer-jones-hungerbhler-estimationofthesourcestrengthofpolybrominateddiphenylethersbasedontheirdielvariabilityinairinzurichswitzerland-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'moeckel-gasic-macleod-scheringer-jones-hungerbhler-estimationofthesourcestrengthofpolybrominateddiphenylethersbasedontheirdielvariabilityinairinzurichswitzerland-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149', event);\">\n    Estimation of the source strength of polybrominated diphenyl ethers based on their diel variability in air in Zurich, Switzerland.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Moeckel, C.; Gasic, B.; MacLeod, M.; Scheringer, M.; Jones, K. C;  and Hungerbühler, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(11): 4225–31. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('moeckel-gasic-macleod-scheringer-jones-hungerbhler-estimationofthesourcestrengthofpolybrominateddiphenylethersbasedontheirdielvariabilityinairinzurichswitzerland-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Estimation of the source strength of polybrominated diphenyl ethers based on their diel variability in air in Zurich, Switzerland. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1001049\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('moeckel-gasic-macleod-scheringer-jones-hungerbhler-estimationofthesourcestrengthofpolybrominateddiphenylethersbasedontheirdielvariabilityinairinzurichswitzerland-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1001049', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/moeckel-gasic-macleod-scheringer-jones-hungerbhler-estimationofthesourcestrengthofpolybrominateddiphenylethersbasedontheirdielvariabilityinairinzurichswitzerland-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('moeckel-gasic-macleod-scheringer-jones-hungerbhler-estimationofthesourcestrengthofpolybrominateddiphenylethersbasedontheirdielvariabilityinairinzurichswitzerland-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{moeckel_estimation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Estimation of the source strength of polybrominated diphenyl ethers based on their diel variability in air in {Zurich}, {Switzerland}.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441149},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1001049},\n\tabstract = {Diel (24-h) concentration variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in air were measured in the center of Zurich, Switzerland, and on Uetliberg, a hill about 5 km from the city center. Air samples were collected simultaneously at both sites over 4 h time periods for 3 consecutive days during a stable high pressure system in August 2007. Higher PBDE concentrations in the city compared to the Uetliberg site indicate that Zurich is a likely source of PBDEs to the atmosphere. A multimedia mass balance model was used to (i) explain the diel cycling pattern of PBDE concentrations observed at both sites in terms of dominant processes and (ii) estimate emission rates of PBDEs from the city to the atmosphere. We estimate that Zurich emits 0.4, 6.2, 1.6, and 0.4 kg year(-1) of the PBDE congeners 28, 47, 99, and 100, respectively. On a per-capita basis, these estimates are within the range or somewhat above those obtained in other studies using approaches based on emission factors (EF) and PBDE production, usage, and disposal data, or concentration measurements. The present approach complements emission estimates based on the EF approach and can also be applied to source areas where EFs and PBDE material flows are poorly characterized or unknown, such as electronic waste processing plants.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Moeckel, Claudia and Gasic, Bojan and MacLeod, Matthew and Scheringer, Martin and Jones, Kevin C and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20441149},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Quality Control, Switzerland, Uncertainty, env, ffr},\n\tpages = {4225--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Diel (24-h) concentration variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in air were measured in the center of Zurich, Switzerland, and on Uetliberg, a hill about 5 km from the city center. Air samples were collected simultaneously at both sites over 4 h time periods for 3 consecutive days during a stable high pressure system in August 2007. Higher PBDE concentrations in the city compared to the Uetliberg site indicate that Zurich is a likely source of PBDEs to the atmosphere. A multimedia mass balance model was used to (i) explain the diel cycling pattern of PBDE concentrations observed at both sites in terms of dominant processes and (ii) estimate emission rates of PBDEs from the city to the atmosphere. We estimate that Zurich emits 0.4, 6.2, 1.6, and 0.4 kg year(-1) of the PBDE congeners 28, 47, 99, and 100, respectively. On a per-capita basis, these estimates are within the range or somewhat above those obtained in other studies using approaches based on emission factors (EF) and PBDE production, usage, and disposal data, or concentration measurements. The present approach complements emission estimates based on the EF approach and can also be applied to source areas where EFs and PBDE material flows are poorly characterized or unknown, such as electronic waste processing plants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meeker, J. D;  and Stapleton, H. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(3): 318–23. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901332\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901332', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meeker_house_2010,\n\ttitle = {House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854757&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901332},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of materials. Although widespread human exposure to OP flame retardants is likely, there is a lack of human and animal data on potential health effects. OBJECTIVE: We explored relationships of TDCPP and TPP concentrations in house dust with hormone levels and semen quality parameters. METHODS: We analyzed house dust from 50 men recruited through a U.S. infertility clinic for TDCPP and TPP. Relationships with reproductive and thyroid hormone levels, as well as semen quality parameters, were assessed using crude and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: TDCPP and TPP were detected in 96\\% and 98\\% of samples, respectively, with widely varying concentrations up to 1.8 mg/g. In models adjusted for age and body mass index, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in TDCPP was associated with a 3\\% [95\\% confidence interval (CI), 5\\% to 1\\%) decline in free thyroxine and a 17\\% (95\\% CI, 432\\%) increase in prolactin. There was a suggestive inverse association between TDCPP and free androgen index that became less evident in adjusted models. In the adjusted models, an IQR increase in TPP was associated with a 10\\% (95\\% CI, 219\\%) increase in prolactin and a 19\\% (95\\% CI, 30\\% to 5\\%) decrease in sperm concentration. CONCLUSION: OP flame retardants may be associated with altered hormone levels and decreased semen quality in men. More research on sources and levels of human exposure to OP flame retardants and associated health outcomes are needed.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Meeker, John D and Stapleton, Heather M},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20194068},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {318--23},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of materials. Although widespread human exposure to OP flame retardants is likely, there is a lack of human and animal data on potential health effects. OBJECTIVE: We explored relationships of TDCPP and TPP concentrations in house dust with hormone levels and semen quality parameters. METHODS: We analyzed house dust from 50 men recruited through a U.S. infertility clinic for TDCPP and TPP. Relationships with reproductive and thyroid hormone levels, as well as semen quality parameters, were assessed using crude and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: TDCPP and TPP were detected in 96% and 98% of samples, respectively, with widely varying concentrations up to 1.8 mg/g. In models adjusted for age and body mass index, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in TDCPP was associated with a 3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 5% to 1%) decline in free thyroxine and a 17% (95% CI, 432%) increase in prolactin. There was a suggestive inverse association between TDCPP and free androgen index that became less evident in adjusted models. In the adjusted models, an IQR increase in TPP was associated with a 10% (95% CI, 219%) increase in prolactin and a 19% (95% CI, 30% to 5%) decrease in sperm concentration. CONCLUSION: OP flame retardants may be associated with altered hormone levels and decreased semen quality in men. More research on sources and levels of human exposure to OP flame retardants and associated health outcomes are needed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"messer-minireviewpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsaspotentialautismriskfactors-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'messer-minireviewpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsaspotentialautismriskfactors-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501', event);\">\n    Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Messer, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Physiology & behavior</i>, 100(3): 245–9. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('messer-minireviewpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsaspotentialautismriskfactors-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('messer-minireviewpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsaspotentialautismriskfactors-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/messer-minireviewpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsaspotentialautismriskfactors-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('messer-minireviewpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsaspotentialautismriskfactors-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{messer_mini-review:_2010,\n\ttitle = {Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors.},\n\tvolume = {100},\n\tissn = {1873-507X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100501},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants, including Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used at increasing levels in home furnishings and electronics over the past 25 years. They have also become widespread environmental pollutants. High PBDE levels have been detected in food, household dust, and indoor air, with subsequent appearance in animal and human tissues. This minireview summarizes studies on the extent to which these compounds can act as potent thyroid hormone mimetics, and emerging studies on long-term neurological effects of acute administration of PBDEs during development. When these data are considered in combination with the extensive literature on stage-dependent effects of thyroid hormone on aspects of brain development that are also implicated in autistic brains, a hypothesis that PBDEs might also serve as autism risk factors emerges. Studies designed to explicitly test this hypothesis will require chronic exposure paradigms, and specific body burden and behavioral monitoring in animal models. Such testing may help to prioritize extensive human epidemiological studies, as well as offer protocols for evaluation of future compounds.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Physiology \\&amp; behavior},\n\tauthor = {Messer, Anne},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20100501},\n\tkeywords = {Autistic Disorder, Autistic Disorder: chemically induced, Autistic Disorder: metabolism, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {245--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants, including Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used at increasing levels in home furnishings and electronics over the past 25 years. They have also become widespread environmental pollutants. High PBDE levels have been detected in food, household dust, and indoor air, with subsequent appearance in animal and human tissues. This minireview summarizes studies on the extent to which these compounds can act as potent thyroid hormone mimetics, and emerging studies on long-term neurological effects of acute administration of PBDEs during development. When these data are considered in combination with the extensive literature on stage-dependent effects of thyroid hormone on aspects of brain development that are also implicated in autistic brains, a hypothesis that PBDEs might also serve as autism risk factors emerges. Studies designed to explicitly test this hypothesis will require chronic exposure paradigms, and specific body burden and behavioral monitoring in animal models. Such testing may help to prioritize extensive human epidemiological studies, as well as offer protocols for evaluation of future compounds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mckinney-stirling-lunn-peacock-letcher-theroleofdietonlongtermconcentrationandpatterntrendsofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsinwesternhudsonbaypolarbears19912007-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mckinney-stirling-lunn-peacock-letcher-theroleofdietonlongtermconcentrationandpatterntrendsofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsinwesternhudsonbaypolarbears19912007-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269', event);\">\n    The role of diet on long-term concentration and pattern trends of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in western Hudson Bay polar bears, 1991-2007.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McKinney, M. A; Stirling, I.; Lunn, N. J; Peacock, E.;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 408(24): 6210–22. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-stirling-lunn-peacock-letcher-theroleofdietonlongtermconcentrationandpatterntrendsofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsinwesternhudsonbaypolarbears19912007-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The role of diet on long-term concentration and pattern trends of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in western Hudson Bay polar bears, 1991-2007. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.033\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckinney-stirling-lunn-peacock-letcher-theroleofdietonlongtermconcentrationandpatterntrendsofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsinwesternhudsonbaypolarbears19912007-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.033', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mckinney-stirling-lunn-peacock-letcher-theroleofdietonlongtermconcentrationandpatterntrendsofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsinwesternhudsonbaypolarbears19912007-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mckinney-stirling-lunn-peacock-letcher-theroleofdietonlongtermconcentrationandpatterntrendsofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsinwesternhudsonbaypolarbears19912007-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mckinney_role_2010,\n\ttitle = {The role of diet on long-term concentration and pattern trends of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in western {Hudson} {Bay} polar bears, 1991-2007.},\n\tvolume = {408},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870269},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.033},\n\tabstract = {Adipose tissue was sampled from the western Hudson Bay (WHB) subpopulation of polar bears at intervals from 1991 to 2007 to examine temporal trends of PCB and OCP levels both on an individual and sum-(∑-)contaminant basis. We also determined levels and temporal trends of emerging polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants. Over the 17-year period, ∑DDT (and p,p&#x27;-DDE, p,p&#x27;-DDD, p,p&#x27;-DDT) decreased (-8.4\\%/year); α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) decreased (-11\\%/year); β-HCH increased (+8.3\\%/year); and ∑PCB and ∑chlordane (CHL), both contaminants at highest concentrations in all years ({\\textbackslash}textgreater1ppm), showed no distinct trends even when compared to previous data for this subpopulation dating back to 1968. Some of the less persistent PCB congeners decreased significantly (-1.6\\%/year to -6.3\\%/year), whereas CB153 levels tended to increase (+3.3\\%/year). Parent CHLs (c-nonachlor, t-nonachlor) declined, whereas non-monotonic trends were detected for metabolites (heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane). ∑chlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene, ∑mirex, ∑MeSO(2)-PCB and dieldrin did not significantly change. Increasing ∑PBDE levels (+13\\%/year) matched increases in the four consistently detected congeners, BDE47, BDE99, BDE100 and BDE153. Although no trend was observed, total-(α)-HBCD was only detected post-2000. Levels of the highest concentration brominated contaminant, BB153, showed no temporal change. As long-term ecosystem changes affecting contaminant levels may also affect contaminant patterns, we examined the influence of year (i.e., aging or &quot;weathering&quot; of the contaminant pattern), dietary tracers (carbon stable isotope ratios, fatty acid patterns) and biological (age/sex) group on congener/metabolite profiles. Patterns of PCBs, CHLs and PBDEs were correlated with dietary tracers and biological group, but only PCB and CHL patterns were correlated with year. DDT patterns were not associated with any explanatory variables, possibly related to local DDT sources. Contaminant pattern trends may be useful in distinguishing the possible role of ecological/diet changes on contaminant burdens from expected dynamics due to atmospheric sources and weathering.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {McKinney, Melissa A and Stirling, Ian and Lunn, Nick J and Peacock, Elizabeth and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20870269},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism},\n\tpages = {6210--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Adipose tissue was sampled from the western Hudson Bay (WHB) subpopulation of polar bears at intervals from 1991 to 2007 to examine temporal trends of PCB and OCP levels both on an individual and sum-(∑-)contaminant basis. We also determined levels and temporal trends of emerging polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants. Over the 17-year period, ∑DDT (and p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT) decreased (-8.4%/year); α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) decreased (-11%/year); β-HCH increased (+8.3%/year); and ∑PCB and ∑chlordane (CHL), both contaminants at highest concentrations in all years (\\textgreater1ppm), showed no distinct trends even when compared to previous data for this subpopulation dating back to 1968. Some of the less persistent PCB congeners decreased significantly (-1.6%/year to -6.3%/year), whereas CB153 levels tended to increase (+3.3%/year). Parent CHLs (c-nonachlor, t-nonachlor) declined, whereas non-monotonic trends were detected for metabolites (heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane). ∑chlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene, ∑mirex, ∑MeSO(2)-PCB and dieldrin did not significantly change. Increasing ∑PBDE levels (+13%/year) matched increases in the four consistently detected congeners, BDE47, BDE99, BDE100 and BDE153. Although no trend was observed, total-(α)-HBCD was only detected post-2000. Levels of the highest concentration brominated contaminant, BB153, showed no temporal change. As long-term ecosystem changes affecting contaminant levels may also affect contaminant patterns, we examined the influence of year (i.e., aging or \"weathering\" of the contaminant pattern), dietary tracers (carbon stable isotope ratios, fatty acid patterns) and biological (age/sex) group on congener/metabolite profiles. Patterns of PCBs, CHLs and PBDEs were correlated with dietary tracers and biological group, but only PCB and CHL patterns were correlated with year. DDT patterns were not associated with any explanatory variables, possibly related to local DDT sources. Contaminant pattern trends may be useful in distinguishing the possible role of ecological/diet changes on contaminant burdens from expected dynamics due to atmospheric sources and weathering.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"matsuda-okimoto-yousuke-nakamura-handa-kawano-nose-estimationofpbdddftoxicityequivalencyfactorsfromahreceptorbindingaffinityandclearancerateinrat-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'matsuda-okimoto-yousuke-nakamura-handa-kawano-nose-estimationofpbdddftoxicityequivalencyfactorsfromahreceptorbindingaffinityandclearancerateinrat-2010', 'http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf', event);\">\n    Estimation of PBDD/DF toxicity equivalency factors from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Matsuda, M; Okimoto, M; Yousuke, T; Nakamura, M; Handa, H; Kawano, M;  and Nose, K\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, Kyoto, Japan,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('matsuda-okimoto-yousuke-nakamura-handa-kawano-nose-estimationofpbdddftoxicityequivalencyfactorsfromahreceptorbindingaffinityandclearancerateinrat-2010', 'http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Estimation of PBDD/DF toxicity equivalency factors from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/matsuda-okimoto-yousuke-nakamura-handa-kawano-nose-estimationofpbdddftoxicityequivalencyfactorsfromahreceptorbindingaffinityandclearancerateinrat-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('matsuda-okimoto-yousuke-nakamura-handa-kawano-nose-estimationofpbdddftoxicityequivalencyfactorsfromahreceptorbindingaffinityandclearancerateinrat-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{matsuda_estimation_2010,\n\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\n\ttitle = {Estimation of {PBDD}/{DF} toxicity equivalency factors from {Ah} receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.},\n\turl = {http://bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90086.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) are unintentionally produced during various combustion processes of plastics, textiles and other materials containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) or present as contaminants in technical mixtures of BFRs1. Additionally, human adipose tissue concentration levels of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD of the general Japanese were reported to be a median value of 1.7 pg/g with a range of 0.8-4.2 pg/g in 1970 and a median value of 0.5 pg/g with a range of 0.1-2.0 pg/g in 20082. The toxic properties of individual PBDD/DFs congeners strongly depend on the substitution numbers and position of bromine similarly to those of chlorinated analogues. Recently, a few data on the general toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD for experimental animals have been published as well as the results of studies on reproductive toxicity. Single oral and interperitoneal administrations of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD were reported to induce teratogenic effects in mice and thymic atrophy, body weight loss and induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in immature male rats3,4. However, PBDD/DFs are much less studied than the chlorinated congeners partly due to the lack of available standards and the difficulties in sensitive detection. Still it seems important to know the toxic effects of those chemicals as they are persistent and toxic. This study focused on Toxicity Equivalency Factor of PBDD/DFs estimated from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.},\n\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Matsuda, M and Okimoto, M and Yousuke, T and Nakamura, M and Handa, H and Kawano, M and Nose, K},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) are unintentionally produced during various combustion processes of plastics, textiles and other materials containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) or present as contaminants in technical mixtures of BFRs1. Additionally, human adipose tissue concentration levels of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD of the general Japanese were reported to be a median value of 1.7 pg/g with a range of 0.8-4.2 pg/g in 1970 and a median value of 0.5 pg/g with a range of 0.1-2.0 pg/g in 20082. The toxic properties of individual PBDD/DFs congeners strongly depend on the substitution numbers and position of bromine similarly to those of chlorinated analogues. Recently, a few data on the general toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD for experimental animals have been published as well as the results of studies on reproductive toxicity. Single oral and interperitoneal administrations of 2,3,7,8-TeBDD were reported to induce teratogenic effects in mice and thymic atrophy, body weight loss and induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in immature male rats3,4. However, PBDD/DFs are much less studied than the chlorinated congeners partly due to the lack of available standards and the difficulties in sensitive detection. Still it seems important to know the toxic effects of those chemicals as they are persistent and toxic. This study focused on Toxicity Equivalency Factor of PBDD/DFs estimated from Ah receptor binding affinity and clearance rate in rat.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"martinrose-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'martinrose-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010', 'http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit', event);\">\n    Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans (PBDD/FS) in foods – a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Martin Rose,Alwyn Fernandes\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 72: 1396 – 1401.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('martinrose-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010', 'http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans (PBDD/FS) in foods – a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/martinrose-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('martinrose-brominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinfoodsasignificantcontributiontooveralldioxinliketoxicityforsomefoods-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{martin_rosealwyn_fernandesdavid_mortimer_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{FS}) in foods – a significant contribution to overall dioxin-like toxicity for some foods.},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\turl = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229088122_Brominated_and_mixed_halogenated_dioxins_and_furans_(PBDDFS)_in_foods__a_significant_contribution_to_overall_dioxin-like_toxicity_for_some_foods?ev=pub_cit},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {{Martin Rose,Alwyn Fernandes,David Mortimer}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {1396 -- 1401},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marteinson-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-multigenerationaleffectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersexposureembryonicexposureofmaleamericankestrelsfalcosparveriustode71altersreproductivesuccessandbehaviors-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marteinson-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-multigenerationaleffectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersexposureembryonicexposureofmaleamericankestrelsfalcosparveriustode71altersreproductivesuccessandbehaviors-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627', event);\">\n    Multi-generational effects of polybrominated diphenylethers exposure: embryonic exposure of male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to DE-71 alters reproductive success and behaviors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marteinson, S. C; Bird, D. M; Shutt, J L.; Letcher, R. J; Ritchie, I. J;  and Fernie, K. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 29(8): 1740–7. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marteinson-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-multigenerationaleffectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersexposureembryonicexposureofmaleamericankestrelsfalcosparveriustode71altersreproductivesuccessandbehaviors-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Multi-generational effects of polybrominated diphenylethers exposure: embryonic exposure of male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to DE-71 alters reproductive success and behaviors. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.200\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marteinson-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-multigenerationaleffectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersexposureembryonicexposureofmaleamericankestrelsfalcosparveriustode71altersreproductivesuccessandbehaviors-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.200', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marteinson-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-multigenerationaleffectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersexposureembryonicexposureofmaleamericankestrelsfalcosparveriustode71altersreproductivesuccessandbehaviors-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marteinson-bird-shutt-letcher-ritchie-fernie-multigenerationaleffectsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersexposureembryonicexposureofmaleamericankestrelsfalcosparveriustode71altersreproductivesuccessandbehaviors-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marteinson_multi-generational_2010,\n\ttitle = {Multi-generational effects of polybrominated diphenylethers exposure: embryonic exposure of male {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) to {DE}-71 alters reproductive success and behaviors.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821627},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.200},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are additive flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative compounds of particular concern to species at high trophic levels, including predatory birds. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to male birds at environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on reproductive success and behaviors using captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 and unintentionally to low concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at three mean +/- standard error DE-71 concentrations of 288.60 +/- 33.35 ng/g wet weight (low-exposure), 1130.59 +/- 95.34 ng/g wet weight (high-exposure), or background levels of 3.01 +/- 0.46 ng/g wet weight (control). One year following exposure, males were paired with unexposed females. Reproductive success was lower in the high exposure pairs: 43\\% failed to lay eggs while all other pairs laid complete clutches; they also laid smaller clutches and produced smaller eggs with reduced fertility, parameters that were negatively correlated with paternal in ovo concentrations of all PBDEs, as well as individual congeners and HBCD. Throughout courtship, there were fewer copulations by all in ovo exposed males, fewer mate-calls made by high-exposure males, and decreasing trends in pair-bonding and nest-box behaviors across treatments that continued during brood rearing. The reductions in clutch size and fertility were associated with the reduced frequencies of male courtship behaviors, and were associated with increasing concentrations of the PBDE congeners BDE-47, -99, -100, -53, -138, and HBCD. The results of the present study confirm effects noted in the F(0) generation and demonstrate that exposure to DE-71 affects multiple generations of this predatory avian species at environmentally relevant levels of exposure.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Marteinson, Sarah C and Bird, David M and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Fernie, Kim J},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20821627},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: metabolism, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism},\n\tpages = {1740--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are additive flame-retardants that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative compounds of particular concern to species at high trophic levels, including predatory birds. The developmental effects of in ovo exposure to male birds at environmentally relevant levels of the PBDE technical mixture, DE-71, on reproductive success and behaviors using captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were determined. Males were exposed in ovo by direct maternal transfer to DE-71 and unintentionally to low concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at three mean +/- standard error DE-71 concentrations of 288.60 +/- 33.35 ng/g wet weight (low-exposure), 1130.59 +/- 95.34 ng/g wet weight (high-exposure), or background levels of 3.01 +/- 0.46 ng/g wet weight (control). One year following exposure, males were paired with unexposed females. Reproductive success was lower in the high exposure pairs: 43% failed to lay eggs while all other pairs laid complete clutches; they also laid smaller clutches and produced smaller eggs with reduced fertility, parameters that were negatively correlated with paternal in ovo concentrations of all PBDEs, as well as individual congeners and HBCD. Throughout courtship, there were fewer copulations by all in ovo exposed males, fewer mate-calls made by high-exposure males, and decreasing trends in pair-bonding and nest-box behaviors across treatments that continued during brood rearing. The reductions in clutch size and fertility were associated with the reduced frequencies of male courtship behaviors, and were associated with increasing concentrations of the PBDE congeners BDE-47, -99, -100, -53, -138, and HBCD. The results of the present study confirm effects noted in the F(0) generation and demonstrate that exposure to DE-71 affects multiple generations of this predatory avian species at environmentally relevant levels of exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"makris-snyder-screeningofpharmaceuticalsandendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinwatersuppliesofcyprus-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'makris-snyder-screeningofpharmaceuticalsandendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinwatersuppliesofcyprus-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061', event);\">\n    Screening of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in water supplies of Cyprus.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Makris, K. C;  and Snyder, S. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research</i>, 62(11): 2720–8. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makris-snyder-screeningofpharmaceuticalsandendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinwatersuppliesofcyprus-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Screening of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in water supplies of Cyprus. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.549\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('makris-snyder-screeningofpharmaceuticalsandendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinwatersuppliesofcyprus-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.549', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/makris-snyder-screeningofpharmaceuticalsandendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinwatersuppliesofcyprus-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('makris-snyder-screeningofpharmaceuticalsandendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinwatersuppliesofcyprus-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{makris_screening_2010,\n\ttitle = {Screening of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in water supplies of {Cyprus}.},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {0273-1223},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099061},\n\tdoi = {10.2166/wst.2010.549},\n\tabstract = {Cyprus is currently the leading country in antibiotic consumption among all European Union member countries and is likely to have a high consumption of pharmaceuticals overall. This reconnaissance type of project sought to investigate the occurrence of 16 pharmaceuticals, six known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), two flame retardants, one insect repellant, and one fragrance for the first time in water supplies of Cyprus. Groundwater samples from sites that were located beneath farms scattered around Cyprus, wastewater influent and tertiary-treated effluent, raw and finished surface water, and household potable water samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the tested compounds were {\\textbackslash}textless minimum reporting limit, except for ibuprofen (mean of 1.4 ng L⁻¹) and bisphenol A (mean of 50 ng L⁻¹), which were detected in more than one out of the five groundwater sampling sites. Certain compounds were found in large concentrations in the wastewater influent (caffeine 82,000 ng L⁻¹, sulfamethoxazole 240 ng L⁻¹, ibuprofen 4,300 ng L⁻¹, and triclosan 480 ng L⁻¹. However, several pharmaceuticals and EDCs were detected in the tertiary-treated effluent (recycled water). For the raw and finished surface water, and potable water samples, ibuprofen was detected, whereas, bisphenol-A was measured in only potable water. Overall, with a few notable exceptions, source, finished and potable water had rare detection or low concentration of target compounds, but further research is needed to elucidate the temporal and spatial distribution of the detected emerging contaminants along with the characterization of the related public health risk.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Makris, Konstantinos C and Snyder, Shane A},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {21099061},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Cyprus, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Flame retardants, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: chemistry, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, unsure},\n\tpages = {2720--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cyprus is currently the leading country in antibiotic consumption among all European Union member countries and is likely to have a high consumption of pharmaceuticals overall. This reconnaissance type of project sought to investigate the occurrence of 16 pharmaceuticals, six known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), two flame retardants, one insect repellant, and one fragrance for the first time in water supplies of Cyprus. Groundwater samples from sites that were located beneath farms scattered around Cyprus, wastewater influent and tertiary-treated effluent, raw and finished surface water, and household potable water samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the tested compounds were \\textless minimum reporting limit, except for ibuprofen (mean of 1.4 ng L⁻¹) and bisphenol A (mean of 50 ng L⁻¹), which were detected in more than one out of the five groundwater sampling sites. Certain compounds were found in large concentrations in the wastewater influent (caffeine 82,000 ng L⁻¹, sulfamethoxazole 240 ng L⁻¹, ibuprofen 4,300 ng L⁻¹, and triclosan 480 ng L⁻¹. However, several pharmaceuticals and EDCs were detected in the tertiary-treated effluent (recycled water). For the raw and finished surface water, and potable water samples, ibuprofen was detected, whereas, bisphenol-A was measured in only potable water. Overall, with a few notable exceptions, source, finished and potable water had rare detection or low concentration of target compounds, but further research is needed to elucidate the temporal and spatial distribution of the detected emerging contaminants along with the characterization of the related public health risk.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luo-zhang-chen-mai-freeandboundpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolainfreshwatersediments-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'luo-zhang-chen-mai-freeandboundpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolainfreshwatersediments-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203', event);\">\n    Free and bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in freshwater sediments.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luo, X.; Zhang, X.; Chen, S.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 60(5): 718–24. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luo-zhang-chen-mai-freeandboundpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolainfreshwatersediments-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Free and bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in freshwater sediments. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.023\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luo-zhang-chen-mai-freeandboundpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolainfreshwatersediments-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.023', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luo-zhang-chen-mai-freeandboundpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolainfreshwatersediments-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luo-zhang-chen-mai-freeandboundpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolainfreshwatersediments-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{luo_free_2010,\n\ttitle = {Free and bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} in freshwater sediments.},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\tissn = {1879-3363},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042203},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.023},\n\tabstract = {Both free and bound fractions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in sediment were examined. The free fraction was operationally defined as the fraction of each target compound extracted with a solvent mixture of hexane/acetone by Soxhlet extraction, while the bound fraction was the portion released from the sediments by alkaline hydrolysis following the solvent extractions. Tri- to hepta-BDEs and TBBPA were detected in the bound fraction. Bound PBDEs accounted for 0.2-2.8\\% of the total PBDEs and bound TBBPA accounted for 6.5-48\\% of the total TBBPA, in surface sediments. In sediment cores, these percentages ranged from 1.8\\% to 42\\% for bound PBDEs and 22-92\\% for bound TBBPA. The percentages of bound materials showed an increasing trend with the sediment depth. Sequestration of PBDEs and TBBPA within sediments might be an important geochemical fate of these brominated flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, She-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20042203},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geography, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrolysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Solvents, Solvents: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {718--24},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Both free and bound fractions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in sediment were examined. The free fraction was operationally defined as the fraction of each target compound extracted with a solvent mixture of hexane/acetone by Soxhlet extraction, while the bound fraction was the portion released from the sediments by alkaline hydrolysis following the solvent extractions. Tri- to hepta-BDEs and TBBPA were detected in the bound fraction. Bound PBDEs accounted for 0.2-2.8% of the total PBDEs and bound TBBPA accounted for 6.5-48% of the total TBBPA, in surface sediments. In sediment cores, these percentages ranged from 1.8% to 42% for bound PBDEs and 22-92% for bound TBBPA. The percentages of bound materials showed an increasing trend with the sediment depth. Sequestration of PBDEs and TBBPA within sediments might be an important geochemical fate of these brominated flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357', event);\">\n    Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lunder, S.; Hovander, L.; Athanassiadis, I.;  and Bergman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(13): 5256–62. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1009357\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1009357', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lunder_significantly_2010,\n\ttitle = {Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young {U}.{S}. children than in their mothers.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1009357},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1009357},\n\tabstract = {While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children&#x27;s increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Lunder, Sonya and Hovander, Lotta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20540541},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States},\n\tpages = {5256--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p \\textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541', event);\">\n    Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lunder, S.; Hovander, L.; Athanassiadis, I.;  and Bergman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(13): 5256–62. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1009357\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1009357', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lunder-hovander-athanassiadis-bergman-significantlyhigherpolybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsinyounguschildrenthanintheirmothers-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lunder_significantly_2010,\n\ttitle = {Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young {U}.{S}. children than in their mothers.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540541},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1009357},\n\tabstract = {While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children&#x27;s increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Lunder, Sonya and Hovander, Lotta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20540541},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Mothers, Preschool, Risk, Time Factors, United States},\n\tpages = {5256--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  While young children are rarely included in biomonitoring studies, they are presumed to be at greater risk of ingesting environmental contaminants-particularly those that accumulate in foods or shed from consumer products. The widely used fire retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment and are widely detected at higher levels in Americans than in individuals from other countries. However, there are only three studies of PBDEs in U.S. children. We hypothesized that PBDEs are present in higher concentrations in young children than their mothers. PBDEs were assessed in blood samples collected concurrently from 20 mothers and their children, ages 1.5 to 4 years. The chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS applying selected ion monitoring. The samples were analyzed for 20 PBDE congeners; 11 were detected. SigmaPBDEs for children were typically 2.8 times higher than for mothers, with median child:mother ratios varying from 2 to 4 for individual congeners. In 19 of 20 families studied, children had higher SigmaPBDE concentrations than their mothers with significant (p \\textless 0.01) concentration differences for five of the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was quantitated in 13 children and 9 mothers. Other studies indicate PBDEs are not elevated at birth, suggesting that early life is an intense period of PBDE intake. Children's increased hand-to-mouth activity, dietary preferences, and exposures from breast milk may result in greater ingestion of PBDEs than adults. These findings suggest that measurements from adults likely do not reflect exposures to young children despite sharing homes and similar diets.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lotufo-pickard-benthicbioaccumulationandbioavailabilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromsurficiallakeontariosedimentsnearrochesternewyorkusa-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lotufo-pickard-benthicbioaccumulationandbioavailabilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromsurficiallakeontariosedimentsnearrochesternewyorkusa-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224', event);\">\n    Benthic bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from surficial Lake Ontario sediments near Rochester, New York, USA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lotufo, G R;  and Pickard, S W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 85(3): 348–51. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lotufo-pickard-benthicbioaccumulationandbioavailabilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromsurficiallakeontariosedimentsnearrochesternewyorkusa-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Benthic bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from surficial Lake Ontario sediments near Rochester, New York, USA. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0088-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lotufo-pickard-benthicbioaccumulationandbioavailabilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromsurficiallakeontariosedimentsnearrochesternewyorkusa-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0088-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lotufo-pickard-benthicbioaccumulationandbioavailabilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromsurficiallakeontariosedimentsnearrochesternewyorkusa-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lotufo-pickard-benthicbioaccumulationandbioavailabilityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersfromsurficiallakeontariosedimentsnearrochesternewyorkusa-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lotufo_benthic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Benthic bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from surficial {Lake} {Ontario} sediments near {Rochester}, {New} {York}, {USA}.},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {1432-0800},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20658224},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-010-0088-8},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Lake Ontario watershed sediments were assessed for benthic bioavailability through the use of biota-sediment accumulation factors. Sediments from lake and Rochester Harbor (lower Genesee River) areas were investigated. Congeners 47, 66, 85, 99 and 100 were detected in tissues of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Biota-sediment accumulation factors ranged from 3.95 (congener 154) to 19.5 (congener 28) and were higher at the Lake Ontario area. The lower biota-sediment accumulation factors for the Rochester Harbor sediment may result from a higher fraction of black carbon generally expected in highly urbanized rivers. Degree of bromination may reduce bioavailability.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Lotufo, G R and Pickard, S W},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20658224},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, New York, Oligochaeta, Oligochaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {348--51},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Lake Ontario watershed sediments were assessed for benthic bioavailability through the use of biota-sediment accumulation factors. Sediments from lake and Rochester Harbor (lower Genesee River) areas were investigated. Congeners 47, 66, 85, 99 and 100 were detected in tissues of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Biota-sediment accumulation factors ranged from 3.95 (congener 154) to 19.5 (congener 28) and were higher at the Lake Ontario area. The lower biota-sediment accumulation factors for the Rochester Harbor sediment may result from a higher fraction of black carbon generally expected in highly urbanized rivers. Degree of bromination may reduce bioavailability.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liang-gao-zhao-ma-sun-effectsofrepeatedexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209onmicenervoussystemanditsselfrepair-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liang-gao-zhao-ma-sun-effectsofrepeatedexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209onmicenervoussystemanditsselfrepair-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616', event);\">\n    Effects of repeated exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) on mice nervous system and its self repair.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liang, S.; Gao, H.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, X.;  and Sun, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and pharmacology</i>, 29(3): 297–301. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liang-gao-zhao-ma-sun-effectsofrepeatedexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209onmicenervoussystemanditsselfrepair-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of repeated exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) on mice nervous system and its self repair. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2010.02.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liang-gao-zhao-ma-sun-effectsofrepeatedexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209onmicenervoussystemanditsselfrepair-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2010.02.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liang-gao-zhao-ma-sun-effectsofrepeatedexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209onmicenervoussystemanditsselfrepair-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liang-gao-zhao-ma-sun-effectsofrepeatedexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherbde209onmicenervoussystemanditsselfrepair-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liang_effects_2010,\n\ttitle = {Effects of repeated exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) on mice nervous system and its self repair.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1872-7077},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787616},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2010.02.005},\n\tabstract = {Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is widely used as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In order to investigate its direct neurotoxic effects on mice and its self repair, mice were repeatedly exposured to BDE-209. Different concentrations of BDE-209 (0, 0.1, 40, 80 and 160mg/kgbw/d) were administered daily to CD-1 Swiss mice by gavage for 15, 30 and 60 days. Body and brain weights were recorded after the exposure. And the self repair was studied. Levels of acetylcholinesterase (TchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) in brain were analyzed. Experimental results suggested that the nervous system was permanently damaged by BDE-209 through the cholinergic system enzyme.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Liang, Shu-Xuan and Gao, Hong-Xia and Zhao, Yan-Yan and Ma, Xiao-Mei and Sun, Han-Wen},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {21787616},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {297--301},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is widely used as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In order to investigate its direct neurotoxic effects on mice and its self repair, mice were repeatedly exposured to BDE-209. Different concentrations of BDE-209 (0, 0.1, 40, 80 and 160mg/kgbw/d) were administered daily to CD-1 Swiss mice by gavage for 15, 30 and 60 days. Body and brain weights were recorded after the exposure. And the self repair was studied. Levels of acetylcholinesterase (TchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) in brain were analyzed. Experimental results suggested that the nervous system was permanently damaged by BDE-209 through the cholinergic system enzyme.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-xie-li-li-chi-chen-wang-hao-hormoneactivityofhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonhumanthyroidreceptorbetainvitroandinsilicoinvestigations-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-xie-li-li-chi-chen-wang-hao-hormoneactivityofhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonhumanthyroidreceptorbetainvitroandinsilicoinvestigations-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Hormone activity of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on human thyroid receptor-beta: in vitro and in silico investigations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, F.; Xie, Q.; Li, X.; Li, N.; Chi, P.; Chen, J.; Wang, Z.;  and Hao, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(5): 602–6. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-xie-li-li-chi-chen-wang-hao-hormoneactivityofhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonhumanthyroidreceptorbetainvitroandinsilicoinvestigations-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hormone activity of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on human thyroid receptor-beta: in vitro and in silico investigations. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901457\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-xie-li-li-chi-chen-wang-hao-hormoneactivityofhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonhumanthyroidreceptorbetainvitroandinsilicoinvestigations-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901457', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-xie-li-li-chi-chen-wang-hao-hormoneactivityofhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonhumanthyroidreceptorbetainvitroandinsilicoinvestigations-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-xie-li-li-chi-chen-wang-hao-hormoneactivityofhydroxylatedpolybrominateddiphenylethersonhumanthyroidreceptorbetainvitroandinsilicoinvestigations-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_hormone_2010,\n\ttitle = {Hormone activity of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on human thyroid receptor-beta: in vitro and in silico investigations.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866673&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901457},\n\tabstract = {Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid hormone status because of their structural similarity to thyroid hormone. However, the molecular mechanisms of interactions with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are not fully understood.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Li, Fei and Xie, Qing and Li, Xuehua and Li, Na and Chi, Ping and Chen, Jingwen and Wang, Zijian and Hao, Ce},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20439171},\n\tkeywords = {Binding, Binding Sites, Competitive, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: metabolism, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydroxylation, Models, Molecular, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Recombinant Proteins, Recombinant Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Proteins: drug effects, Recombinant Proteins: metabolism, Static Electricity, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: chemistry, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: metabolism, Two-Hybrid System Techniques},\n\tpages = {602--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) may disrupt thyroid hormone status because of their structural similarity to thyroid hormone. However, the molecular mechanisms of interactions with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are not fully understood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-zhang-xu-liu-li-dryandwetparticledepositionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinguangzhouandhongkongsouthchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-zhang-xu-liu-li-dryandwetparticledepositionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinguangzhouandhongkongsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236', event);\">\n    Dry and wet particle deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, J.; Zhang, G.; Xu, Y.; Liu, X.;  and Li, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 12(9): 1730–6. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-zhang-xu-liu-li-dryandwetparticledepositionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinguangzhouandhongkongsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dry and wet particle deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/c001526a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-zhang-xu-liu-li-dryandwetparticledepositionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinguangzhouandhongkongsouthchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/c001526a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-zhang-xu-liu-li-dryandwetparticledepositionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinguangzhouandhongkongsouthchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-zhang-xu-liu-li-dryandwetparticledepositionofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinguangzhouandhongkongsouthchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_dry_2010,\n\ttitle = {Dry and wet particle deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Guangzhou} and {Hong} {Kong}, {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1464-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617236},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/c001526a},\n\tabstract = {PBDEs were measured in wet and dry particle deposition samples collected at the urban sites of Guangzhou and Hong Kong from December 2003 to December 2004. The depositional fluxes of BDE-209 ranged from 273 to 6000 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from 29.1 to 1100 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. The depositional fluxes for Sigma(9)PBDEs (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, 154, -153, -138 and -183) ranged from 0.96 to 604 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from {\\textbackslash}textlessLOD to 10.6 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, showing that deca-BDE accounts for most of the total PBDE emitted in the environment. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed in the PBDE depositional fluxes in Hong Kong, with higher depositional fluxes during the winter monsoon period and lower fluxes during the summer. The air mass back trajectory analysis showed that the high concentrations of PBDEs in deposition samples in Hong Kong originated from the inland of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. With the exception of the highest depositional flux of BDE-209 observed during the periods of haze, the seasonal variation in the BDE-209 depositional fluxes in Guangzhou was less strong, suggesting the importance of local sources. The average dry deposition velocities of BDE-47, -99, and -209 were 0.32 +/- 0.12 cm s(-1), 0.24 +/- 0.16 cm s(-1), and 0.28 +/- 0.01 cm s(-1), respectively. The particle washout ratios (W(p)) of PBDEs decreased with increasing rainfall frequency and reached a consistent level afterwards. The median washout ratios of BDE-47, -99 and -209 were 1.1 x 10(5), 3.1 x 10(5), and 5.1 x 10(5), respectively.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Li, Jun and Zhang, Gan and Xu, Yue and Liu, Xiang and Li, Xiang-Dong},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20617236},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Hong Kong, Models, Seasons, unsure},\n\tpages = {1730--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PBDEs were measured in wet and dry particle deposition samples collected at the urban sites of Guangzhou and Hong Kong from December 2003 to December 2004. The depositional fluxes of BDE-209 ranged from 273 to 6000 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from 29.1 to 1100 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. The depositional fluxes for Sigma(9)PBDEs (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, 154, -153, -138 and -183) ranged from 0.96 to 604 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Guangzhou and from \\textlessLOD to 10.6 ng m(-2) day(-1) in Hong Kong. BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, showing that deca-BDE accounts for most of the total PBDE emitted in the environment. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed in the PBDE depositional fluxes in Hong Kong, with higher depositional fluxes during the winter monsoon period and lower fluxes during the summer. The air mass back trajectory analysis showed that the high concentrations of PBDEs in deposition samples in Hong Kong originated from the inland of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. With the exception of the highest depositional flux of BDE-209 observed during the periods of haze, the seasonal variation in the BDE-209 depositional fluxes in Guangzhou was less strong, suggesting the importance of local sources. The average dry deposition velocities of BDE-47, -99, and -209 were 0.32 +/- 0.12 cm s(-1), 0.24 +/- 0.16 cm s(-1), and 0.28 +/- 0.01 cm s(-1), respectively. The particle washout ratios (W(p)) of PBDEs decreased with increasing rainfall frequency and reached a consistent level afterwards. The median washout ratios of BDE-47, -99 and -209 were 1.1 x 10(5), 3.1 x 10(5), and 5.1 x 10(5), respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"letcher-bustnes-dietz-jenssen-jrgensen-sonne-verreault-vijayan-etal-exposureandeffectsassessmentofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsinarcticwildlifeandfish-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'letcher-bustnes-dietz-jenssen-jrgensen-sonne-verreault-vijayan-etal-exposureandeffectsassessmentofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsinarcticwildlifeandfish-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021', event);\">\n    Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Letcher, R. J; Bustnes, J. O.; Dietz, R.; Jenssen, B. M; Jørgensen, E. H; Sonne, C.; Verreault, J.; Vijayan, M. M;  and Gabrielsen, G. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 408(15): 2995–3043. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letcher-bustnes-dietz-jenssen-jrgensen-sonne-verreault-vijayan-etal-exposureandeffectsassessmentofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsinarcticwildlifeandfish-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letcher-bustnes-dietz-jenssen-jrgensen-sonne-verreault-vijayan-etal-exposureandeffectsassessmentofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsinarcticwildlifeandfish-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/letcher-bustnes-dietz-jenssen-jrgensen-sonne-verreault-vijayan-etal-exposureandeffectsassessmentofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsinarcticwildlifeandfish-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('letcher-bustnes-dietz-jenssen-jrgensen-sonne-verreault-vijayan-etal-exposureandeffectsassessmentofpersistentorganohalogencontaminantsinarcticwildlifeandfish-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{letcher_exposure_2010,\n\ttitle = {Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish.},\n\tvolume = {408},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910021},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038},\n\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Letcher, Robert J and Bustnes, Jan Ove and Dietz, Rune and Jenssen, Bjørn M and Jørgensen, Even H and Sonne, Christian and Verreault, Jonathan and Vijayan, Mathilakath M and Gabrielsen, Geir W},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19910021},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Kidney, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Risk Assessment},\n\tpages = {2995--3043},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lehner-samsing-rumbeiha-organophosphateesterflameretardantinducedacuteintoxicationsindogs-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lehner-samsing-rumbeiha-organophosphateesterflameretardantinducedacuteintoxicationsindogs-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764', event);\">\n    Organophosphate ester flame retardant-induced acute intoxications in dogs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lehner, A. F; Samsing, F.;  and Rumbeiha, W. K\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology</i>, 6(4): 448–58. December 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lehner-samsing-rumbeiha-organophosphateesterflameretardantinducedacuteintoxicationsindogs-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphate ester flame retardant-induced acute intoxications in dogs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-010-0105-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lehner-samsing-rumbeiha-organophosphateesterflameretardantinducedacuteintoxicationsindogs-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-010-0105-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lehner-samsing-rumbeiha-organophosphateesterflameretardantinducedacuteintoxicationsindogs-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lehner-samsing-rumbeiha-organophosphateesterflameretardantinducedacuteintoxicationsindogs-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lehner_organophosphate_2010,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphate ester flame retardant-induced acute intoxications in dogs.},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1937-6995},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20717764},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s13181-010-0105-7},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardants have wide industrial applications and are incorporated into articles found in automobiles and home environments, including seat cushions. These compounds differ widely chemically and in their toxic potential. We report here two cases involving dogs following ingestion of car seat cushions impregnated with organophosphate ester fire retardants.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Lehner, Andreas F and Samsing, Francisca and Rumbeiha, Wilson K},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20717764},\n\tkeywords = {Acute Disease, Administration, Animals, Dog Diseases, Dog Diseases: chemically induced, Dogs, Esters, Fatal Outcome, Female, Flame Retardants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: veterinary, Oral, Phosphines, Phosphines: poisoning, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: veterinary, Seizures, Seizures: etiology, Seizures: veterinary},\n\tpages = {448--58},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardants have wide industrial applications and are incorporated into articles found in automobiles and home environments, including seat cushions. These compounds differ widely chemically and in their toxic potential. We report here two cases involving dogs following ingestion of car seat cushions impregnated with organophosphate ester fire retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lavoie-champoux-rail-lean-organochlorinesbrominatedflameretardantsandmercurylevelsinsixseabirdspeciesfromthegulfofstlawrencecanadarelationshipswithfeedingecologymigrationandmolt-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lavoie-champoux-rail-lean-organochlorinesbrominatedflameretardantsandmercurylevelsinsixseabirdspeciesfromthegulfofstlawrencecanadarelationshipswithfeedingecologymigrationandmolt-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539', event);\">\n    Organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and mercury levels in six seabird species from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada): relationships with feeding ecology, migration and molt.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lavoie, R. A; Champoux, L.; Rail, J.;  and Lean, D. R S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 158(6): 2189–99. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lavoie-champoux-rail-lean-organochlorinesbrominatedflameretardantsandmercurylevelsinsixseabirdspeciesfromthegulfofstlawrencecanadarelationshipswithfeedingecologymigrationandmolt-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and mercury levels in six seabird species from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada): relationships with feeding ecology, migration and molt. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lavoie-champoux-rail-lean-organochlorinesbrominatedflameretardantsandmercurylevelsinsixseabirdspeciesfromthegulfofstlawrencecanadarelationshipswithfeedingecologymigrationandmolt-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lavoie-champoux-rail-lean-organochlorinesbrominatedflameretardantsandmercurylevelsinsixseabirdspeciesfromthegulfofstlawrencecanadarelationshipswithfeedingecologymigrationandmolt-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lavoie-champoux-rail-lean-organochlorinesbrominatedflameretardantsandmercurylevelsinsixseabirdspeciesfromthegulfofstlawrencecanadarelationshipswithfeedingecologymigrationandmolt-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lavoie_organochlorines_2010,\n\ttitle = {Organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and mercury levels in six seabird species from the {Gulf} of {St}. {Lawrence} ({Canada}): relationships with feeding ecology, migration and molt.},\n\tvolume = {158},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363539},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.016},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of organochlorines (OCs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and mercury (Hg) were measured in eggs of six seabird species breeding in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Stable nitrogen (delta15N) and carbon (delta13C) isotopes were used as ecological tracers to measure trophic level and connectivity with benthos, respectively. Concentrations, patterns as well as ecological tracers varied significantly between species. The sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (SigmaPCBs) was the most important group measured in all seabird species based on concentration followed generally by the sum of chlorinated pesticides (SigmaCPs), the sum of brominated flame retardants (SigmaBFRs) and finally total Hg (THg). SigmaPCBs, SigmaCPs and SigmaBFRs increased with trophic level, whereas THg did not. Only SigmaBFRs increased with a higher connectivity with the benthos. Seabird species resident to the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence ecosystem showed higher Hg and BFR levels than migratory species. Molt patterns were used to explain variations of contaminant levels.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Lavoie, Raphael A and Champoux, Louise and Rail, Jean-François and Lean, David R S},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20363539},\n\tkeywords = {Animal Migration, Animal Migration: physiology, Animals, Birds, Birds: growth \\&amp; development, Birds: metabolism, Birds: physiology, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Canada, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Data Interpretation, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Feeding Behavior, Feeding Behavior: physiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Methylmercury Compounds, Methylmercury Compounds: analysis, Molting, Molting: physiology, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Species Specificity, Statistical},\n\tpages = {2189--99},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of organochlorines (OCs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and mercury (Hg) were measured in eggs of six seabird species breeding in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Stable nitrogen (delta15N) and carbon (delta13C) isotopes were used as ecological tracers to measure trophic level and connectivity with benthos, respectively. Concentrations, patterns as well as ecological tracers varied significantly between species. The sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (SigmaPCBs) was the most important group measured in all seabird species based on concentration followed generally by the sum of chlorinated pesticides (SigmaCPs), the sum of brominated flame retardants (SigmaBFRs) and finally total Hg (THg). SigmaPCBs, SigmaCPs and SigmaBFRs increased with trophic level, whereas THg did not. Only SigmaBFRs increased with a higher connectivity with the benthos. Seabird species resident to the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence ecosystem showed higher Hg and BFR levels than migratory species. Molt patterns were used to explain variations of contaminant levels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"laguardia-hale-harvey-chen-flameretardantsandotherorganohalogensdetectedinsewagesludgebyelectroncapturenegativeionmassspectrometry-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'laguardia-hale-harvey-chen-flameretardantsandotherorganohalogensdetectedinsewagesludgebyelectroncapturenegativeionmassspectrometry-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701', event);\">\n    Flame-retardants and other organohalogens detected in sewage sludge by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  La Guardia, M. J; Hale, R. C; Harvey, E.;  and Chen, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(12): 4658–64. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laguardia-hale-harvey-chen-flameretardantsandotherorganohalogensdetectedinsewagesludgebyelectroncapturenegativeionmassspectrometry-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame-retardants and other organohalogens detected in sewage sludge by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es9039264\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laguardia-hale-harvey-chen-flameretardantsandotherorganohalogensdetectedinsewagesludgebyelectroncapturenegativeionmassspectrometry-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es9039264', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/laguardia-hale-harvey-chen-flameretardantsandotherorganohalogensdetectedinsewagesludgebyelectroncapturenegativeionmassspectrometry-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('laguardia-hale-harvey-chen-flameretardantsandotherorganohalogensdetectedinsewagesludgebyelectroncapturenegativeionmassspectrometry-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{la_guardia_flame-retardants_2010,\n\ttitle = {Flame-retardants and other organohalogens detected in sewage sludge by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486701},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es9039264},\n\tabstract = {Numerous halogenated organic compounds have been identified as pollutants of concern. Those with high persistence and hydrophobicity may concentrate in biota, sediments, and wastewater sludge. Nonetheless, the release to the environment of many remains largely unrecognized. Stabilized sewage sludge (biosolids) is increasingly being land-applied as a soil amendment. However, understanding the risks of land application has been hampered by the compositional complexity of biosolids. Compound specific analytical approaches may also underestimate environmental impact of land application by overlooking additional contaminants. However, utilizing an alternative analytical approach based on compound functional group (i.e., alkyl halides) enhanced the information content of the analysis. To illustrate, 49 organohalogens were observed by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry in sewage sludge; 23 identified as flame-retardants: that is, PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate, decabromodiphenyl ethane, 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and Dechlorane Plus. Concentrations ranged from 25 to 1,600,000 ng g(-1) total organic carbon. An additional 16 compounds were tentatively identified as triclosan, chlorinated-methoxy triclosan, chlorinated pesticides, hexachlorobiphenyl, TBB degradation products, brominated furans and nonabromochlorodiphenyl ethers. Such an analytical approach may enhance evaluations of the risks associated with biosolids land-application and assist in prioritizing specific chemicals for future environmental fate and toxicology studies.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen and Chen, Da},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20486701},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chlorine, Chlorine: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Isotopes, Mass Spectrometry, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, unsure},\n\tpages = {4658--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Numerous halogenated organic compounds have been identified as pollutants of concern. Those with high persistence and hydrophobicity may concentrate in biota, sediments, and wastewater sludge. Nonetheless, the release to the environment of many remains largely unrecognized. Stabilized sewage sludge (biosolids) is increasingly being land-applied as a soil amendment. However, understanding the risks of land application has been hampered by the compositional complexity of biosolids. Compound specific analytical approaches may also underestimate environmental impact of land application by overlooking additional contaminants. However, utilizing an alternative analytical approach based on compound functional group (i.e., alkyl halides) enhanced the information content of the analysis. To illustrate, 49 organohalogens were observed by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry in sewage sludge; 23 identified as flame-retardants: that is, PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate, decabromodiphenyl ethane, 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and Dechlorane Plus. Concentrations ranged from 25 to 1,600,000 ng g(-1) total organic carbon. An additional 16 compounds were tentatively identified as triclosan, chlorinated-methoxy triclosan, chlorinated pesticides, hexachlorobiphenyl, TBB degradation products, brominated furans and nonabromochlorodiphenyl ethers. Such an analytical approach may enhance evaluations of the risks associated with biosolids land-application and assist in prioritizing specific chemicals for future environmental fate and toxicology studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuo-seplveda-sutton-ochoaacua-muir-miller-hua-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherandeffectsondailygrowthinjuvenilelakewhitefishcoregonusclupeaformis-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuo-seplveda-sutton-ochoaacua-muir-miller-hua-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherandeffectsondailygrowthinjuvenilelakewhitefishcoregonusclupeaformis-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether and effects on daily growth in juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuo, Y.; Sepúlveda, M. S; Sutton, T. M; Ochoa-Acuña, H. G; Muir, A. M; Miller, B.;  and Hua, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology (London, England)</i>, 19(4): 751–60. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuo-seplveda-sutton-ochoaacua-muir-miller-hua-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherandeffectsondailygrowthinjuvenilelakewhitefishcoregonusclupeaformis-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether and effects on daily growth in juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0451-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuo-seplveda-sutton-ochoaacua-muir-miller-hua-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherandeffectsondailygrowthinjuvenilelakewhitefishcoregonusclupeaformis-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0451-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuo-seplveda-sutton-ochoaacua-muir-miller-hua-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherandeffectsondailygrowthinjuvenilelakewhitefishcoregonusclupeaformis-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuo-seplveda-sutton-ochoaacua-muir-miller-hua-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofdecabromodiphenyletherandeffectsondailygrowthinjuvenilelakewhitefishcoregonusclupeaformis-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuo_bioaccumulation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether and effects on daily growth in juvenile lake whitefish ({Coregonus} clupeaformis).},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1573-3017},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033485},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0451-x},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the main congener in the commonly used commercial flame retardant mixture, &quot;deca-BDE&quot;. There is evidence showing that fish can debrominate BDE 209 into potentially more toxic congeners. The objective of this study was to evaluate BDE 209 uptake and its potential effects on juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Lake whitefish were fed BDE 209 at four nominal concentrations (control, 0.1, 1, and 2 microg/g-diet) for 30 days. Livers and carcasses were analyzed for 11 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, and 209) and daily otolith increment width was measured as an estimate of growth before and after exposure. Four congeners (BDE 206, 207, 208, and 209) were detected in livers and carcasses. Hepatic BDE 209 concentrations in the 1 and 2 microg/g treatments were significantly higher than in the control group (1.25 and 5.80 nmol/g-lipid compared to 0.183 nmol/g-lipid). The concentration of BDE 209 detected in the tissues of the control group resulted from BDE 209 in the base diets. Concentrations of all congeners from the 1 and 2 microg/g groups were higher in livers than carcasses, indicating the liver was the primary organ of BDE 209 accumulation. Compared to the fraction in diets, the molar fraction of BDE 209 was lower in livers and carcasses, whereas the fractions of BDE 206, 207, and 208 were higher. These different distributions of PBDE congeners resulted from differential adsorption and metabolism. One congener, BDE 206, could be a major metabolite from BDE 209 debromination. Otolith increment widths were narrower in fish from the highest diet concentration administered, suggesting BDE 209 may have affected growth rates. In conclusion, this in vivo study with lake whitefish showed that BDE 209 was debrominated into lower PBDE congeners and that exposure to 2 microg/g may have affected fish growth.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\n\tauthor = {Kuo, Yin-Ming and Sepúlveda, Maria S and Sutton, Trent M and Ochoa-Acuña, Hugo G and Muir, Andrew M and Miller, Benjamin and Hua, Inez},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20033485},\n\tkeywords = {Animal Feed, Animals, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Otolithic Membrane, Otolithic Membrane: drug effects, Otolithic Membrane: growth \\&amp; development, Salmonidae, Salmonidae: growth \\&amp; development, Salmonidae: metabolism, Time Factors, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {751--60},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the main congener in the commonly used commercial flame retardant mixture, \"deca-BDE\". There is evidence showing that fish can debrominate BDE 209 into potentially more toxic congeners. The objective of this study was to evaluate BDE 209 uptake and its potential effects on juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Lake whitefish were fed BDE 209 at four nominal concentrations (control, 0.1, 1, and 2 microg/g-diet) for 30 days. Livers and carcasses were analyzed for 11 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, and 209) and daily otolith increment width was measured as an estimate of growth before and after exposure. Four congeners (BDE 206, 207, 208, and 209) were detected in livers and carcasses. Hepatic BDE 209 concentrations in the 1 and 2 microg/g treatments were significantly higher than in the control group (1.25 and 5.80 nmol/g-lipid compared to 0.183 nmol/g-lipid). The concentration of BDE 209 detected in the tissues of the control group resulted from BDE 209 in the base diets. Concentrations of all congeners from the 1 and 2 microg/g groups were higher in livers than carcasses, indicating the liver was the primary organ of BDE 209 accumulation. Compared to the fraction in diets, the molar fraction of BDE 209 was lower in livers and carcasses, whereas the fractions of BDE 206, 207, and 208 were higher. These different distributions of PBDE congeners resulted from differential adsorption and metabolism. One congener, BDE 206, could be a major metabolite from BDE 209 debromination. Otolith increment widths were narrower in fish from the highest diet concentration administered, suggesting BDE 209 may have affected growth rates. In conclusion, this in vivo study with lake whitefish showed that BDE 209 was debrominated into lower PBDE congeners and that exposure to 2 microg/g may have affected fish growth.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuo-seplveda-hua-ochoaacua-sutton-bioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinafoodweboflakemichigan-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuo-seplveda-hua-ochoaacua-sutton-bioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinafoodweboflakemichigan-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuo, Y.; Sepúlveda, M. S; Hua, I.; Ochoa-Acuña, H. G;  and Sutton, T. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology (London, England)</i>, 19(4): 623–34. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuo-seplveda-hua-ochoaacua-sutton-bioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinafoodweboflakemichigan-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0431-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuo-seplveda-hua-ochoaacua-sutton-bioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinafoodweboflakemichigan-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0431-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuo-seplveda-hua-ochoaacua-sutton-bioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinafoodweboflakemichigan-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuo-seplveda-hua-ochoaacua-sutton-bioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinafoodweboflakemichigan-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuo_bioaccumulation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of {Lake} {Michigan}.},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1573-3017},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882349},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0431-1},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are hydrophobic chemicals and can biomagnify in food chains. Little is known about the biomagnification of PBDEs in the Lake Michigan food web. Plankton, Diporeia, lake whitefish, lake trout, and Chinook salmon were collected from Lake Michigan in 2006 between April and August. Fish liver and muscle and whole invertebrates were analyzed for six PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were also quantified in order to establish the trophic structure of the food web. Geometric means of Sigma PBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 0.562 to 1.61 microg/g-lipid. BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.184 to 1.23 microg/g-lipid in all three fish species. Sigma BDE-47, 99, and 209 comprised 80-94\\% of Sigma PBDE molar concentration. Within each fish species, there were no significant differences in PBDE concentrations between liver and muscle. The highest concentration of BDE-209 (144 microg/g-lipid) was detected in Diporeia. Based on analysis of delta(15)N and PBDE concentrations, BDE-47 and 100 were found to biomagnify, whereas BDE-209 did not. A significant negative correlation between BDE-209 and trophic level was found in this food web. Biomagnification factors were also calculated and again BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified between food web members whereas BDE-209 did not. Diporeia could be one of the main dietary sources of BDE-209 for fish in Lake Michigan; BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified within this food chain; the concentration of BDE-209 decreased at higher trophic levels, suggesting partial uptake and/or biotransformation of BDE-209 in the Lake Michigan food web.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)},\n\tauthor = {Kuo, Yin-Ming and Sepúlveda, Maria S and Hua, Inez and Ochoa-Acuña, Hugo G and Sutton, Trent M},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19882349},\n\tkeywords = {Amphipoda, Amphipoda: metabolism, Animals, Biodiversity, Biotransformation, Body Burden, Body Weight, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: growth \\&amp; development, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Michigan, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: metabolism, Plankton, Plankton: metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {623--34},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are hydrophobic chemicals and can biomagnify in food chains. Little is known about the biomagnification of PBDEs in the Lake Michigan food web. Plankton, Diporeia, lake whitefish, lake trout, and Chinook salmon were collected from Lake Michigan in 2006 between April and August. Fish liver and muscle and whole invertebrates were analyzed for six PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were also quantified in order to establish the trophic structure of the food web. Geometric means of Sigma PBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 0.562 to 1.61 microg/g-lipid. BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.184 to 1.23 microg/g-lipid in all three fish species. Sigma BDE-47, 99, and 209 comprised 80-94% of Sigma PBDE molar concentration. Within each fish species, there were no significant differences in PBDE concentrations between liver and muscle. The highest concentration of BDE-209 (144 microg/g-lipid) was detected in Diporeia. Based on analysis of delta(15)N and PBDE concentrations, BDE-47 and 100 were found to biomagnify, whereas BDE-209 did not. A significant negative correlation between BDE-209 and trophic level was found in this food web. Biomagnification factors were also calculated and again BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified between food web members whereas BDE-209 did not. Diporeia could be one of the main dietary sources of BDE-209 for fish in Lake Michigan; BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified within this food chain; the concentration of BDE-209 decreased at higher trophic levels, suggesting partial uptake and/or biotransformation of BDE-209 in the Lake Michigan food web.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"krysiakbaltyn-toppari-skakkebaek-jensen-virtanen-schramm-shen-vartiainen-etal-countryspecificchemicalsignaturesofpersistentenvironmentalcompoundsinbreastmilk-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'krysiakbaltyn-toppari-skakkebaek-jensen-virtanen-schramm-shen-vartiainen-etal-countryspecificchemicalsignaturesofpersistentenvironmentalcompoundsinbreastmilk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864', event);\">\n    Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Krysiak-Baltyn, K; Toppari, J; Skakkebaek, N E; Jensen, T S; Virtanen, H E; Schramm, K.; Shen, H; Vartiainen, T; Kiviranta, H; Taboureau, O; Brunak, S;  and Main, K M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of andrology</i>, 33(2): 270–8. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krysiakbaltyn-toppari-skakkebaek-jensen-virtanen-schramm-shen-vartiainen-etal-countryspecificchemicalsignaturesofpersistentenvironmentalcompoundsinbreastmilk-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00996.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krysiakbaltyn-toppari-skakkebaek-jensen-virtanen-schramm-shen-vartiainen-etal-countryspecificchemicalsignaturesofpersistentenvironmentalcompoundsinbreastmilk-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00996.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/krysiakbaltyn-toppari-skakkebaek-jensen-virtanen-schramm-shen-vartiainen-etal-countryspecificchemicalsignaturesofpersistentenvironmentalcompoundsinbreastmilk-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('krysiakbaltyn-toppari-skakkebaek-jensen-virtanen-schramm-shen-vartiainen-etal-countryspecificchemicalsignaturesofpersistentenvironmentalcompoundsinbreastmilk-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{krysiak-baltyn_country-specific_2010,\n\ttitle = {Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk.},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {1365-2605},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19780864},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00996.x},\n\tabstract = {Recent reports have confirmed a worldwide increasing trend of testicular cancer incidence, and a conspicuously high prevalence of this disease and other male reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias, in Denmark. In contrast, Finland, a similarly industrialized Nordic country, exhibits much lower incidences of these disorders. The reasons behind the observed trends are unexplained, but environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that affect foetal testis development are probably involved. Levels of persistent chemicals in breast milk can be considered a proxy for exposure of the foetus to such agents. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive ecological study of 121 EDCs, including the persistent compounds dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and flame retardants, and non-persistent phthalates, in 68 breast milk samples from Denmark and Finland to compare exposure of mothers to this environmental mixture of EDCs. Using sophisticated, bioinformatic tools in our analysis, we reveal, for the first time, distinct country-specific chemical signatures of EDCs with Danes having generally higher exposure than Finns to persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, whereas there was no country-specific pattern with regard to the non-persistent phthalates. Importantly, EDC levels, including some dioxins, PCBs and some pesticides (hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin) were significantly higher in Denmark than in Finland. As these classes of EDCs have been implicated in testicular cancer or in adversely affecting development of the foetal testis in humans and animals, our findings reinforce the view that environmental exposure to EDCs may explain some of the temporal and between-country differences in incidence of male reproductive disorders.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {International journal of andrology},\n\tauthor = {Krysiak-Baltyn, K and Toppari, J and Skakkebaek, N E and Jensen, T S and Virtanen, H E and Schramm, K-W and Shen, H and Vartiainen, T and Kiviranta, H and Taboureau, O and Brunak, S and Main, K M},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19780864},\n\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Denmark, Dieldrin, Dieldrin: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Finland, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Testicular Neoplasms, Testicular Neoplasms: chemically induced, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: embryology},\n\tpages = {270--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent reports have confirmed a worldwide increasing trend of testicular cancer incidence, and a conspicuously high prevalence of this disease and other male reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias, in Denmark. In contrast, Finland, a similarly industrialized Nordic country, exhibits much lower incidences of these disorders. The reasons behind the observed trends are unexplained, but environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that affect foetal testis development are probably involved. Levels of persistent chemicals in breast milk can be considered a proxy for exposure of the foetus to such agents. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive ecological study of 121 EDCs, including the persistent compounds dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and flame retardants, and non-persistent phthalates, in 68 breast milk samples from Denmark and Finland to compare exposure of mothers to this environmental mixture of EDCs. Using sophisticated, bioinformatic tools in our analysis, we reveal, for the first time, distinct country-specific chemical signatures of EDCs with Danes having generally higher exposure than Finns to persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, whereas there was no country-specific pattern with regard to the non-persistent phthalates. Importantly, EDC levels, including some dioxins, PCBs and some pesticides (hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin) were significantly higher in Denmark than in Finland. As these classes of EDCs have been implicated in testicular cancer or in adversely affecting development of the foetal testis in humans and animals, our findings reinforce the view that environmental exposure to EDCs may explain some of the temporal and between-country differences in incidence of male reproductive disorders.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koh-chihchengchen-changchien-lin-chen-chao-breastmilklevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinrelationtowomensageandprepregnantbodymassindex-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koh-chihchengchen-changchien-lin-chen-chao-breastmilklevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinrelationtowomensageandprepregnantbodymassindex-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992', event);\">\n    Breast-milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in relation to women's age and pre-pregnant body mass index.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koh, T.; Chih-Cheng Chen, S.; Chang-Chien, G.; Lin, D.; Chen, F.;  and Chao, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</i>, 213(1): 59–65. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koh-chihchengchen-changchien-lin-chen-chao-breastmilklevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinrelationtowomensageandprepregnantbodymassindex-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Breast-milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in relation to women&#x27;s age and pre-pregnant body mass index. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koh-chihchengchen-changchien-lin-chen-chao-breastmilklevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinrelationtowomensageandprepregnantbodymassindex-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koh-chihchengchen-changchien-lin-chen-chao-breastmilklevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinrelationtowomensageandprepregnantbodymassindex-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koh-chihchengchen-changchien-lin-chen-chao-breastmilklevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinrelationtowomensageandprepregnantbodymassindex-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koh_breast-milk_2010,\n\ttitle = {Breast-milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in relation to women&#x27;s age and pre-pregnant body mass index.},\n\tvolume = {213},\n\tissn = {1618-131X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781992},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.004},\n\tabstract = {The aim of the present study was to determine associations between the occurrence of PBDEs in breast milk of women and their demographic parameters. Participants were randomly recruited from the general population in southern Taiwan. Thirty two breast milk samples were collected and subsequently 30 congeners of PBDEs were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean and median of SigmaPBDEs were 3.54 and 3.31 ng/g lipid, respectively. SigmaPBDE levels in breast milk were not significantly correlated with age and pre-pregnant BMI of Taiwanese mothers. We did find, however, that the higher hexaBDE level was significantly related to older age ({\\textbackslash}textgreater29 years). Higher levels of SigmaPBDEs and higher brominated PBDEs, such as nonaBDEs and decaBDE, had slightly but not significantly negative correlations with lower pre-pregnant BMI ({\\textbackslash}textless or =21 kg/m(2)). There were no significant differences in PBDE levels among parity and ethnic groups. SigmaPBDE levels in Taiwanese breast milk were lower than those reported from the United States or Canada. SigmaPBDE levels of the present study (2007-2008) are significantly lower than those found in our previous report (2000-2001). Although our results were limited by the sampling size, preliminary results suggest the exploratory relations to show positive associations of PBDE homologues (e.g. triBDEs and hexaBDEs) with maternal age. PBDEs pattern of breast milk may have changed after pentaBDEs were stopped to use in Taiwan.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Koh, Teck-Wai and Chih-Cheng Chen, Solomon and Chang-Chien, Gou-Ping and Lin, Ding-Yan and Chen, Fu-An and Chao, How-Ran},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19781992},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Canada, Chromatography, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Pregnancy, Taiwan, United States, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {59--65},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The aim of the present study was to determine associations between the occurrence of PBDEs in breast milk of women and their demographic parameters. Participants were randomly recruited from the general population in southern Taiwan. Thirty two breast milk samples were collected and subsequently 30 congeners of PBDEs were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean and median of SigmaPBDEs were 3.54 and 3.31 ng/g lipid, respectively. SigmaPBDE levels in breast milk were not significantly correlated with age and pre-pregnant BMI of Taiwanese mothers. We did find, however, that the higher hexaBDE level was significantly related to older age (\\textgreater29 years). Higher levels of SigmaPBDEs and higher brominated PBDEs, such as nonaBDEs and decaBDE, had slightly but not significantly negative correlations with lower pre-pregnant BMI (\\textless or =21 kg/m(2)). There were no significant differences in PBDE levels among parity and ethnic groups. SigmaPBDE levels in Taiwanese breast milk were lower than those reported from the United States or Canada. SigmaPBDE levels of the present study (2007-2008) are significantly lower than those found in our previous report (2000-2001). Although our results were limited by the sampling size, preliminary results suggest the exploratory relations to show positive associations of PBDE homologues (e.g. triBDEs and hexaBDEs) with maternal age. PBDEs pattern of breast milk may have changed after pentaBDEs were stopped to use in Taiwan.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"klosterhaus-baker-bioavailabilityofdecabromodiphenylethertothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'klosterhaus-baker-bioavailabilityofdecabromodiphenylethertothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515', event);\">\n    Bioavailability of decabromodiphenyl ether to the marine polychaete Nereis virens.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Klosterhaus, S. L;  and Baker, J. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 29(4): 860–8. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klosterhaus-baker-bioavailabilityofdecabromodiphenylethertothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioavailability of decabromodiphenyl ether to the marine polychaete Nereis virens. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.103\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klosterhaus-baker-bioavailabilityofdecabromodiphenylethertothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.103', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/klosterhaus-baker-bioavailabilityofdecabromodiphenylethertothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('klosterhaus-baker-bioavailabilityofdecabromodiphenylethertothemarinepolychaetenereisvirens-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{klosterhaus_bioavailability_2010,\n\ttitle = {Bioavailability of decabromodiphenyl ether to the marine polychaete {Nereis} virens.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821515},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.103},\n\tabstract = {The flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) accumulates in humans and terrestrial food webs, but few studies have reported the accumulation of BDE 209 in aquatic biota. To investigate the mechanisms controlling the bioavailability of BDE 209, a 28-d bioaccumulation experiment was conducted in which the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to a decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) commercial mixture ({\\textbackslash}textgreater85\\% BDE 209) in spiked sediments, in spiked food, or in field sediments. Bioaccumulation from spiked substrate with maximum bioavailability demonstrated that BDE 209 accumulates in this species. Bioavailability depends on the exposure conditions, however, because BDE 209 in field sediments did not accumulate ({\\textbackslash}textless0.3 ng/g wet weight; 28-d biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs] {\\textbackslash}textless0.001). When exposed to deca-BDE in spiked sediments also containing lower brominated congeners (a penta-BDE mixture), bioaccumulation of BDE 209 was 30 times lower than when exposed to deca-BDE alone. Selective accumulation of the lower brominated congeners supports their prevalence in higher trophic level species. The mechanisms responsible for limited accumulation of BDE 209 may involve characteristics of the sediment matrix and low transfer efficiency in the digestive fluid.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan L and Baker, Joel E},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20821515},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Availability, Chemical, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polychaeta, Polychaeta: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {860--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) accumulates in humans and terrestrial food webs, but few studies have reported the accumulation of BDE 209 in aquatic biota. To investigate the mechanisms controlling the bioavailability of BDE 209, a 28-d bioaccumulation experiment was conducted in which the marine polychaete worm Nereis virens was exposed to a decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) commercial mixture (\\textgreater85% BDE 209) in spiked sediments, in spiked food, or in field sediments. Bioaccumulation from spiked substrate with maximum bioavailability demonstrated that BDE 209 accumulates in this species. Bioavailability depends on the exposure conditions, however, because BDE 209 in field sediments did not accumulate (\\textless0.3 ng/g wet weight; 28-d biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs] \\textless0.001). When exposed to deca-BDE in spiked sediments also containing lower brominated congeners (a penta-BDE mixture), bioaccumulation of BDE 209 was 30 times lower than when exposed to deca-BDE alone. Selective accumulation of the lower brominated congeners supports their prevalence in higher trophic level species. The mechanisms responsible for limited accumulation of BDE 209 may involve characteristics of the sediment matrix and low transfer efficiency in the digestive fluid.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"klecka-persoon-currie-chemicalsofemergingconcerninthegreatlakesbasinananalysisofenvironmentalexposures-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'klecka-persoon-currie-chemicalsofemergingconcerninthegreatlakesbasinananalysisofenvironmentalexposures-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664', event);\">\n    Chemicals of emerging concern in the Great Lakes Basin: an analysis of environmental exposures.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Klecka, G.; Persoon, C.;  and Currie, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 207: 1–93. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klecka-persoon-currie-chemicalsofemergingconcerninthegreatlakesbasinananalysisofenvironmentalexposures-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chemicals of emerging concern in the Great Lakes Basin: an analysis of environmental exposures. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9_1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klecka-persoon-currie-chemicalsofemergingconcerninthegreatlakesbasinananalysisofenvironmentalexposures-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9_1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/klecka-persoon-currie-chemicalsofemergingconcerninthegreatlakesbasinananalysisofenvironmentalexposures-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('klecka-persoon-currie-chemicalsofemergingconcerninthegreatlakesbasinananalysisofenvironmentalexposures-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{klecka_chemicals_2010,\n\ttitle = {Chemicals of emerging concern in the {Great} {Lakes} {Basin}: an analysis of environmental exposures.},\n\tvolume = {207},\n\tissn = {0179-5953},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652664},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9_1},\n\tabstract = {This review and statistical analysis was conducted to better understand the nature and significance of environmental exposures in the Great Lakes Basin and watershed to a variety of environmental contaminants. These contaminants of interest included current-use pesticides, pharmaceuticals, organic wastewater contaminants, alkylphenol ethoxylates, perfluorinated surfactants, flame retardants, and chlorinated paraffins. The available literature was critically reviewed and used to develop a database containing 19,611 residue values for 326 substances. In many papers, sampling locations were characterized as being downstream from municipal wastewater discharges, receiving waters for industrial facilities, areas susceptible to agricultural or urban contamination, or harbors and ports. To develop an initial assessment of their potential ecological significance, the contamination levels found were compared with currently available regulatory standards, guidelines, or criteria. This review was prepared for the IJC multi-board work group, and served as background material for an expert consultation, held in March, 2009, in which the significance of the contaminants found was discussed. Moreover, the consultation attempted to identify and assess opportunities for strengthening future actions that will protect the Great Lakes. Based on the findings and conclusions of the expert consultation, it is apparent that a wide variety of chemicals of emerging concern have been detected in environmental media (air, water, sediment, biota) from the Great Lakes Basin, although many are present at only trace levels. Although the presence of these contaminants raises concerns in the public and among the scientific community, the findings must be placed in context. Significant scientific interpretation is required to understand the extent to which these chemicals may pose a threat to the ecosystem and to human health. The ability to detect chemicals in environmental media greatly surpasses our ability to understand the implications of such findings. As advances in analytical technologies occur, it is probable that substances previously found to be non-detectable will be detected. However, their presence in environmental media should not be construed to mean that they are necessarily toxic or hazardous. Current-use pesticides are tightly regulated and extensive efforts have been made to analyze for their presence in surface waters from the Great Lakes Basin. The concentrations found in surface waters for many of the pesticides are below current regulatory criteria. However, the concentrations of certain pesticides exceeded current criteria in 6-32\\% of the samples analyzed. Detectable concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds were present in 34\\% of the surface water samples. Various prescription and non-prescription drugs were detected, most frequently at locations that were proximate to the point of discharge from wastewater treatment plants or agricultural operations. At present, there are no standards, guidelines, or criteria with which to compare these contaminant concentrations. Concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites have been well studied. All surface water nonylphenol concentrations were below US ambient water quality criteria. However, the concentrations reported for some locations exceeded Canadian guidelines for water or sediment. Only limited data were available for a wide variety of organic wastewater contaminants. Measured concentrations in Great Lakes waters were generally low. Where criteria exist for comparison, the concentrations found were generally below the associated regulatory standards. However, exceedences were noted for some classes of compounds, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The highest environmental concentrations were reported in biota for a number of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated surfactants). Various stewardship as well as government risk assessment and risk management programs have been implemented over the past years for many of these compounds. Because risk management strategies for some of these contaminants have been implemented only recently, their impact on environmental concentrations, to date, remains unclear. Current evidence suggests that the concentrations of some brominated flame retardants are trending downward, while the concentrations of others appear to be increasing. Regulatory criteria are not available for many of the chemicals of emerging concern that were detected in the Great Lakes Basin. When criteria do exist, it is important to recognize that they were developed based on the best available science at the time. As the science evolves, regulatory criteria must be reassessed in light of new findings (e.g., consideration of new endpoints and mechanisms of action). Further, there are significant scientific gaps in our ability to interpret environmental monitoring data, including the need for: (a) improving the understanding of the effects of mixtures, (b) information on use of, and the commercial life cycle of chemicals and products that contain them, (c) information on source contributions and exposure pathways, and (d) the need for thoughtful additional regulatory,environmental, and health criteria. Discharges from wastewater treatment plants were identified as an important source of contaminants to surface waters in the Great Lakes Basin. Combined sewer overflows and agricultural operations were also found to be important contributors to concentrations in surface waters. Concentrations of many of the chemicals were generally the highest in the vicinity of these sources, decline with increasing distance from sources, and were generally low or non-detectable in the open waters of the Great Lakes.},\n\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Klecka, Gary and Persoon, Carolyn and Currie, Rebecca},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20652664},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention \\&amp; control, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Humans, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This review and statistical analysis was conducted to better understand the nature and significance of environmental exposures in the Great Lakes Basin and watershed to a variety of environmental contaminants. These contaminants of interest included current-use pesticides, pharmaceuticals, organic wastewater contaminants, alkylphenol ethoxylates, perfluorinated surfactants, flame retardants, and chlorinated paraffins. The available literature was critically reviewed and used to develop a database containing 19,611 residue values for 326 substances. In many papers, sampling locations were characterized as being downstream from municipal wastewater discharges, receiving waters for industrial facilities, areas susceptible to agricultural or urban contamination, or harbors and ports. To develop an initial assessment of their potential ecological significance, the contamination levels found were compared with currently available regulatory standards, guidelines, or criteria. This review was prepared for the IJC multi-board work group, and served as background material for an expert consultation, held in March, 2009, in which the significance of the contaminants found was discussed. Moreover, the consultation attempted to identify and assess opportunities for strengthening future actions that will protect the Great Lakes. Based on the findings and conclusions of the expert consultation, it is apparent that a wide variety of chemicals of emerging concern have been detected in environmental media (air, water, sediment, biota) from the Great Lakes Basin, although many are present at only trace levels. Although the presence of these contaminants raises concerns in the public and among the scientific community, the findings must be placed in context. Significant scientific interpretation is required to understand the extent to which these chemicals may pose a threat to the ecosystem and to human health. The ability to detect chemicals in environmental media greatly surpasses our ability to understand the implications of such findings. As advances in analytical technologies occur, it is probable that substances previously found to be non-detectable will be detected. However, their presence in environmental media should not be construed to mean that they are necessarily toxic or hazardous. Current-use pesticides are tightly regulated and extensive efforts have been made to analyze for their presence in surface waters from the Great Lakes Basin. The concentrations found in surface waters for many of the pesticides are below current regulatory criteria. However, the concentrations of certain pesticides exceeded current criteria in 6-32% of the samples analyzed. Detectable concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds were present in 34% of the surface water samples. Various prescription and non-prescription drugs were detected, most frequently at locations that were proximate to the point of discharge from wastewater treatment plants or agricultural operations. At present, there are no standards, guidelines, or criteria with which to compare these contaminant concentrations. Concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites have been well studied. All surface water nonylphenol concentrations were below US ambient water quality criteria. However, the concentrations reported for some locations exceeded Canadian guidelines for water or sediment. Only limited data were available for a wide variety of organic wastewater contaminants. Measured concentrations in Great Lakes waters were generally low. Where criteria exist for comparison, the concentrations found were generally below the associated regulatory standards. However, exceedences were noted for some classes of compounds, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The highest environmental concentrations were reported in biota for a number of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated surfactants). Various stewardship as well as government risk assessment and risk management programs have been implemented over the past years for many of these compounds. Because risk management strategies for some of these contaminants have been implemented only recently, their impact on environmental concentrations, to date, remains unclear. Current evidence suggests that the concentrations of some brominated flame retardants are trending downward, while the concentrations of others appear to be increasing. Regulatory criteria are not available for many of the chemicals of emerging concern that were detected in the Great Lakes Basin. When criteria do exist, it is important to recognize that they were developed based on the best available science at the time. As the science evolves, regulatory criteria must be reassessed in light of new findings (e.g., consideration of new endpoints and mechanisms of action). Further, there are significant scientific gaps in our ability to interpret environmental monitoring data, including the need for: (a) improving the understanding of the effects of mixtures, (b) information on use of, and the commercial life cycle of chemicals and products that contain them, (c) information on source contributions and exposure pathways, and (d) the need for thoughtful additional regulatory,environmental, and health criteria. Discharges from wastewater treatment plants were identified as an important source of contaminants to surface waters in the Great Lakes Basin. Combined sewer overflows and agricultural operations were also found to be important contributors to concentrations in surface waters. Concentrations of many of the chemicals were generally the highest in the vicinity of these sources, decline with increasing distance from sources, and were generally low or non-detectable in the open waters of the Great Lakes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karpeta-gregoraszczuk-mixtureofdominantpbdecongenersbde4799100and209atlevelsnotedinhumanblooddramaticallyenhancesprogesteronesecretionbyovarianfollicles-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karpeta-gregoraszczuk-mixtureofdominantpbdecongenersbde4799100and209atlevelsnotedinhumanblooddramaticallyenhancesprogesteronesecretionbyovarianfollicles-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633', event);\">\n    Mixture of dominant PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) at levels noted in human blood dramatically enhances progesterone secretion by ovarian follicles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karpeta, A;  and Gregoraszczuk, E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Endocrine regulations</i>, 44(2): 49–55. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karpeta-gregoraszczuk-mixtureofdominantpbdecongenersbde4799100and209atlevelsnotedinhumanblooddramaticallyenhancesprogesteronesecretionbyovarianfollicles-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mixture of dominant PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) at levels noted in human blood dramatically enhances progesterone secretion by ovarian follicles. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karpeta-gregoraszczuk-mixtureofdominantpbdecongenersbde4799100and209atlevelsnotedinhumanblooddramaticallyenhancesprogesteronesecretionbyovarianfollicles-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karpeta-gregoraszczuk-mixtureofdominantpbdecongenersbde4799100and209atlevelsnotedinhumanblooddramaticallyenhancesprogesteronesecretionbyovarianfollicles-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karpeta_mixture_2010,\n\ttitle = {Mixture of dominant {PBDE} congeners ({BDE}-47, -99, -100 and -209) at levels noted in human blood dramatically enhances progesterone secretion by ovarian follicles.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1210-0668},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429633},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. They show an accumulation pattern similar to that of well-known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and others. So far, most of information showing adverse effects of various POPs was based on the exposure to single chemicals. However, in this study we intended to evaluate in vitro effect of the mixture of four most abundant PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) as usually found in wildlife and humans on the secretion of gonad hormones by ovarian follicles.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Endocrine regulations},\n\tauthor = {Karpeta, A and Gregoraszczuk, E},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20429633},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cells, Coculture Techniques, Complex Mixtures, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Estradiol: secretion, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Granulosa Cells, Granulosa Cells: drug effects, Granulosa Cells: secretion, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Progesterone, Progesterone: secretion, Swine, Testosterone, Testosterone: secretion, Theca Cells, Theca Cells: drug effects, Theca Cells: secretion, Time Factors, estradiol},\n\tpages = {49--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. They show an accumulation pattern similar to that of well-known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and others. So far, most of information showing adverse effects of various POPs was based on the exposure to single chemicals. However, in this study we intended to evaluate in vitro effect of the mixture of four most abundant PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -209) as usually found in wildlife and humans on the secretion of gonad hormones by ovarian follicles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kanazawa-saito-araki-takeda-ma-saijo-kishi-associationbetweenindoorexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsandbuildingrelatedsymptomsamongtheoccupantsofresidentialdwellings-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kanazawa-saito-araki-takeda-ma-saijo-kishi-associationbetweenindoorexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsandbuildingrelatedsymptomsamongtheoccupantsofresidentialdwellings-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434', event);\">\n    Association between indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds and building-related symptoms among the occupants of residential dwellings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kanazawa, A; Saito, I; Araki, A; Takeda, M; Ma, M; Saijo, Y;  and Kishi, R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Indoor air</i>, 20(1): 72–84. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kanazawa-saito-araki-takeda-ma-saijo-kishi-associationbetweenindoorexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsandbuildingrelatedsymptomsamongtheoccupantsofresidentialdwellings-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association between indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds and building-related symptoms among the occupants of residential dwellings. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00629.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kanazawa-saito-araki-takeda-ma-saijo-kishi-associationbetweenindoorexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsandbuildingrelatedsymptomsamongtheoccupantsofresidentialdwellings-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00629.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kanazawa-saito-araki-takeda-ma-saijo-kishi-associationbetweenindoorexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsandbuildingrelatedsymptomsamongtheoccupantsofresidentialdwellings-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kanazawa-saito-araki-takeda-ma-saijo-kishi-associationbetweenindoorexposuretosemivolatileorganiccompoundsandbuildingrelatedsymptomsamongtheoccupantsofresidentialdwellings-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kanazawa_association_2010,\n\ttitle = {Association between indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds and building-related symptoms among the occupants of residential dwellings.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1600-0668},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028434},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00629.x},\n\tabstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of semi-volatile compounds (SVOCs) in residential detached houses in Sapporo, Japan, and whether exposure to these SVOCs was associated with the development of building-related symptoms named &#x27;sick house syndrome&#x27; (SHS). The definition of SHS is fundamentally the same as that of the sick building syndrome (SBS). The presence of symptoms of SHS was evaluated using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Surveys and samplings of air and house dust in 41 dwellings were performed from October 2006 to January 2007, and 134 occupants responded to questionnaires. Samples were analyzed to quantify the concentrations of eight plasticizers, eleven phosphate triester flame retardants, two alkyl phenols used as anti-oxidants, and one organochlorine synergist called s-421, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame photometry. The compounds frequently detected were di-n-butylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and dibutylhydroxytoluene in air, and DEHP and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) in dust. Tributylphosphate was strongly and directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS; s-421 was also directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS. On the contrary, some chemicals such as diethylphthalate and TBEP were inversely associated with SHS. In future studies, we plan to assess these associations in a larger population.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Indoor air},\n\tauthor = {Kanazawa, A and Saito, I and Araki, A and Takeda, M and Ma, M and Saijo, Y and Kishi, R},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20028434},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Air Pollution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: adverse effects, Indoor: analysis, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Sick Building Syndrome, Sick Building Syndrome: physiopathology, Volatile Organic Compounds, Volatile Organic Compounds: adverse effects, Volatile Organic Compounds: analysis, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {72--84},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of semi-volatile compounds (SVOCs) in residential detached houses in Sapporo, Japan, and whether exposure to these SVOCs was associated with the development of building-related symptoms named 'sick house syndrome' (SHS). The definition of SHS is fundamentally the same as that of the sick building syndrome (SBS). The presence of symptoms of SHS was evaluated using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Surveys and samplings of air and house dust in 41 dwellings were performed from October 2006 to January 2007, and 134 occupants responded to questionnaires. Samples were analyzed to quantify the concentrations of eight plasticizers, eleven phosphate triester flame retardants, two alkyl phenols used as anti-oxidants, and one organochlorine synergist called s-421, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame photometry. The compounds frequently detected were di-n-butylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and dibutylhydroxytoluene in air, and DEHP and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) in dust. Tributylphosphate was strongly and directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS; s-421 was also directly associated with mucosal symptoms of SHS. On the contrary, some chemicals such as diethylphthalate and TBEP were inversely associated with SHS. In future studies, we plan to assess these associations in a larger population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jugan-levi-blondeau-endocrinedisruptorsandthyroidhormonephysiology-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jugan-levi-blondeau-endocrinedisruptorsandthyroidhormonephysiology-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515', event);\">\n    Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jugan, M.; Levi, Y.;  and Blondeau, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biochemical pharmacology</i>, 79(7): 939–47. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jugan-levi-blondeau-endocrinedisruptorsandthyroidhormonephysiology-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jugan-levi-blondeau-endocrinedisruptorsandthyroidhormonephysiology-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jugan-levi-blondeau-endocrinedisruptorsandthyroidhormonephysiology-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jugan-levi-blondeau-endocrinedisruptorsandthyroidhormonephysiology-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jugan_endocrine_2010,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology.},\n\tvolume = {79},\n\tissn = {1873-2968},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913515},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.006},\n\tabstract = {Endocrine disruptors are man-made chemicals that can disrupt the synthesis, circulating levels, and peripheral action of hormones. The disruption of sex hormones was subject of intensive research, but thyroid hormone synthesis and signaling are now also recognized as important targets of endocrine disruptors. The neurological development of mammals is largely dependent on normal thyroid hormone homeostasis, and it is likely to be particularly sensitive to disruption of the thyroid axis. Here, we survey the main thyroid-disrupting chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, perchlorates, and brominated flame-retardants, that are characteristic disruptors of thyroid hormone homeostasis, and look at their suspected relationships to impaired development of the human central nervous system. The review then focuses on disrupting mechanisms known to be directly or indirectly related to the transcriptional activity of the thyroid hormone receptors.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Biochemical pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Jugan, Mary-Line and Levi, Yves and Blondeau, Jean-Paul},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19913515},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding Sites, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Genetic, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Perchloric Acid, Perchloric Acid: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: physiology, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Transcription},\n\tpages = {939--47},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Endocrine disruptors are man-made chemicals that can disrupt the synthesis, circulating levels, and peripheral action of hormones. The disruption of sex hormones was subject of intensive research, but thyroid hormone synthesis and signaling are now also recognized as important targets of endocrine disruptors. The neurological development of mammals is largely dependent on normal thyroid hormone homeostasis, and it is likely to be particularly sensitive to disruption of the thyroid axis. Here, we survey the main thyroid-disrupting chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, perchlorates, and brominated flame-retardants, that are characteristic disruptors of thyroid hormone homeostasis, and look at their suspected relationships to impaired development of the human central nervous system. The review then focuses on disrupting mechanisms known to be directly or indirectly related to the transcriptional activity of the thyroid hormone receptors.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kajiwara-takigami-behaviorofadditivebrominatedflameretardantsintextileproducts-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kajiwara-takigami-behaviorofadditivebrominatedflameretardantsintextileproducts-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf', event);\">\n    Behavior of additive brominated flame retardants in textile products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kajiwara, N;  and Takigami, H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>5th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, Kyoto, Japan,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-takigami-behaviorofadditivebrominatedflameretardantsintextileproducts-2010', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Behavior of additive brominated flame retardants in textile products. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kajiwara-takigami-behaviorofadditivebrominatedflameretardantsintextileproducts-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kajiwara-takigami-behaviorofadditivebrominatedflameretardantsintextileproducts-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{kajiwara_behavior_2010,\n\taddress = {Kyoto, Japan},\n\ttitle = {Behavior of additive brominated flame retardants in textile products.},\n\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2010/90074.pdf},\n\tabstract = {We are exposed to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in daily life through multiple media including food products, air, and dusts; direct exposure to BFRs from treated goods is also of considerable importance. However, very little is known about behavior of BFRs in the consumer products. Since textile products such as curtains, carpet, and seat covers have high specific surface areas among household articles, BFRs added to textiles may be emitted to the indoor environment and thus contribute as sources of indoor air and dust pollution. As curtains are normally used under sunlight-exposed condition, photodegradation and isomerization potentials of BFRs in the products are of interest as well. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the most frequently added BFR for textiles in Japan, followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane. Recently, wide ranges of HBCD concentrations were found in house dust samples (Stapleton et al., 2004; Abdallah et al., 2008a; Takigami et al., 2009), and apparently higher HBCD levels were observed in indoor air than in outdoor air (Abdallah et al., 2008b), indicating that significant sources of HBCDs very possibly are present indoors. We demonstrated recently an increase of HBCD concentration of indoor air when flame-retarded curtain was hanged over the wall of a room (Kose et al., 2008). However, detail behaviors of BFR emission from textile products remain poorly understood because diastereomer-specific analysis of HBCDs was not conducted in the previous study. This study was designed to examine the behavior of BFRs including HBCDs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products, and to expand the existing knowledge base related to the contribution of these products/materials to contamination of the indoor environment. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the emission rates of HBCD diastereomers from flame-retarded curtains; and (b) to elucidate the potential of HBCD photolysis when exposed the curtains to natural sunlight, in comparison to PBDEs.},\n\tbooktitle = {5th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Kajiwara, N and Takigami, H},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, frbldg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We are exposed to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in daily life through multiple media including food products, air, and dusts; direct exposure to BFRs from treated goods is also of considerable importance. However, very little is known about behavior of BFRs in the consumer products. Since textile products such as curtains, carpet, and seat covers have high specific surface areas among household articles, BFRs added to textiles may be emitted to the indoor environment and thus contribute as sources of indoor air and dust pollution. As curtains are normally used under sunlight-exposed condition, photodegradation and isomerization potentials of BFRs in the products are of interest as well. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the most frequently added BFR for textiles in Japan, followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane. Recently, wide ranges of HBCD concentrations were found in house dust samples (Stapleton et al., 2004; Abdallah et al., 2008a; Takigami et al., 2009), and apparently higher HBCD levels were observed in indoor air than in outdoor air (Abdallah et al., 2008b), indicating that significant sources of HBCDs very possibly are present indoors. We demonstrated recently an increase of HBCD concentration of indoor air when flame-retarded curtain was hanged over the wall of a room (Kose et al., 2008). However, detail behaviors of BFR emission from textile products remain poorly understood because diastereomer-specific analysis of HBCDs was not conducted in the previous study. This study was designed to examine the behavior of BFRs including HBCDs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products, and to expand the existing knowledge base related to the contribution of these products/materials to contamination of the indoor environment. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the emission rates of HBCD diastereomers from flame-retarded curtains; and (b) to elucidate the potential of HBCD photolysis when exposed the curtains to natural sunlight, in comparison to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"iarc-iarcmonographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansfirefighting-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'iarc-iarcmonographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansfirefighting-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf', event);\">\n    IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: FIREFIGHTING.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  IARC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('iarc-iarcmonographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansfirefighting-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: FIREFIGHTING [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/iarc-iarcmonographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansfirefighting-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('iarc-iarcmonographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansfirefighting-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{iarc_iarc_2010,\n\taddress = {Lyon},\n\ttitle = {{IARC} {Monographs} on the {Evaluation} of {Carcinogenic} {Risks} to {Humans}: {FIREFIGHTING}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/IARC cancer.pdf},\n\tabstract = {This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of shiftwork, painting and firefighting. Shiftwork is estimated to involve about 15-20\\% of the total working population. It is most prevalent among workers in the health care, transportation, communication, leisure and hospitality sectors. Shiftwork involving work at night is the most disruptive for the circadian clock. Painters are potentially exposed to the chemicals found in paint products during their application and removal, and may also be exposed to other workplace hazards, such as asbestos or crystalline silica dust. Firefighters may be exposed at different intensity levels depending on crew assignment, tasks, and/or the time spent at fires. All fires generate a very large number of toxic combustion products, including known, probable or possible carcinogens. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays where appropriate, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard of these three exposure circumstances to humans.},\n\tpublisher = {International Agency for Research on Cancer},\n\tauthor = {{IARC}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of shiftwork, painting and firefighting. Shiftwork is estimated to involve about 15-20% of the total working population. It is most prevalent among workers in the health care, transportation, communication, leisure and hospitality sectors. Shiftwork involving work at night is the most disruptive for the circadian clock. Painters are potentially exposed to the chemicals found in paint products during their application and removal, and may also be exposed to other workplace hazards, such as asbestos or crystalline silica dust. Firefighters may be exposed at different intensity levels depending on crew assignment, tasks, and/or the time spent at fires. All fires generate a very large number of toxic combustion products, including known, probable or possible carcinogens. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays where appropriate, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard of these three exposure circumstances to humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huang-giordano-costa-comparativecytotoxicityandintracellularaccumulationoffivepolybrominateddiphenylethercongenersinmousecerebellargranuleneurons-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huang-giordano-costa-comparativecytotoxicityandintracellularaccumulationoffivepolybrominateddiphenylethercongenersinmousecerebellargranuleneurons-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Comparative cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of five polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in mouse cerebellar granule neurons.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huang, S. C; Giordano, G.;  and Costa, L. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 114(1): 124–32. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-giordano-costa-comparativecytotoxicityandintracellularaccumulationoffivepolybrominateddiphenylethercongenersinmousecerebellargranuleneurons-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparative cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of five polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in mouse cerebellar granule neurons. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp296\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-giordano-costa-comparativecytotoxicityandintracellularaccumulationoffivepolybrominateddiphenylethercongenersinmousecerebellargranuleneurons-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp296', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huang-giordano-costa-comparativecytotoxicityandintracellularaccumulationoffivepolybrominateddiphenylethercongenersinmousecerebellargranuleneurons-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huang-giordano-costa-comparativecytotoxicityandintracellularaccumulationoffivepolybrominateddiphenylethercongenersinmousecerebellargranuleneurons-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huang_comparative_2010,\n\ttitle = {Comparative cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of five polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in mouse cerebellar granule neurons.},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2819972&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfp296},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants comprising 209 congeners, have become widespread environmental pollutants. High levels of PBDEs have been detected in human tissues, particularly in North America, and body burden is especially high in infants and toddlers because of exposure through breast milk and house dust. Increasing evidence, provided by animal studies, suggests that PBDEs are developmental neurotoxicants, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Various PBDEs have been reported to cause oxidative stress and to induce apoptotic cell death in several cell types. In the present study, we investigated the comparative neurotoxicity in mouse cerebellar granule neurons of five brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, chosen among the most commonly found at the highest levels in human tissues. All BDE congener tested (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209) decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death, which was prevented by antioxidants. They also caused oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in reactive oxygen species and in lipid peroxidation. For all end points measured, the potency ranking of the congeners was BDE-100 {\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-47 {\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-99 {\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-153 {\\textbackslash}textgreater BDE-209. Measurement of BDE congener levels in neurons after exposure to different concentrations showed a significant accumulation in cells, which followed the same relative ranking. The findings suggest that all BDE congeners tested exhibit the same general mode of action (induction of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis) and that the ability of each isomer to elicit such effects is dependent upon their accumulation in neurons, particularly in the microsomal fraction and the mitochondria.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Huang, Suping C and Giordano, Gennaro and Costa, Lucio G},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19969594},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mice, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Toxicity Tests},\n\tpages = {124--32},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants comprising 209 congeners, have become widespread environmental pollutants. High levels of PBDEs have been detected in human tissues, particularly in North America, and body burden is especially high in infants and toddlers because of exposure through breast milk and house dust. Increasing evidence, provided by animal studies, suggests that PBDEs are developmental neurotoxicants, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Various PBDEs have been reported to cause oxidative stress and to induce apoptotic cell death in several cell types. In the present study, we investigated the comparative neurotoxicity in mouse cerebellar granule neurons of five brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, chosen among the most commonly found at the highest levels in human tissues. All BDE congener tested (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-209) decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death, which was prevented by antioxidants. They also caused oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in reactive oxygen species and in lipid peroxidation. For all end points measured, the potency ranking of the congeners was BDE-100 \\textgreater BDE-47 \\textgreater BDE-99 \\textgreater BDE-153 \\textgreater BDE-209. Measurement of BDE congener levels in neurons after exposure to different concentrations showed a significant accumulation in cells, which followed the same relative ranking. The findings suggest that all BDE congeners tested exhibit the same general mode of action (induction of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis) and that the ability of each isomer to elicit such effects is dependent upon their accumulation in neurons, particularly in the microsomal fraction and the mitochondria.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huang-zhang-christie-wang-xie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inthesoilplantsystemuptaketranslocationandmetabolisminplantsanddissipationinsoil-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huang-zhang-christie-wang-xie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inthesoilplantsystemuptaketranslocationandmetabolisminplantsanddissipationinsoil-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822', event);\">\n    Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the soil-plant system: uptake, translocation, and metabolism in plants and dissipation in soil.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huang, H.; Zhang, S.; Christie, P.; Wang, S.;  and Xie, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(2): 663–7. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-zhang-christie-wang-xie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inthesoilplantsystemuptaketranslocationandmetabolisminplantsanddissipationinsoil-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the soil-plant system: uptake, translocation, and metabolism in plants and dissipation in soil. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es901860r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-zhang-christie-wang-xie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inthesoilplantsystemuptaketranslocationandmetabolisminplantsanddissipationinsoil-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es901860r', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huang-zhang-christie-wang-xie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inthesoilplantsystemuptaketranslocationandmetabolisminplantsanddissipationinsoil-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huang-zhang-christie-wang-xie-behaviorofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inthesoilplantsystemuptaketranslocationandmetabolisminplantsanddissipationinsoil-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huang_behavior_2010,\n\ttitle = {Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in the soil-plant system: uptake, translocation, and metabolism in plants and dissipation in soil.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000822},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es901860r},\n\tabstract = {Deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is the major component of the commercial deca-BDE flame retardant. There is increasing concern over BDE-209 due to its increasing occurrence in the environment and in humans. In this study the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system was investigated. Accumulation of BDE-209 was observed in the roots and shoots of all the six plant species examined, namely ryegrass, alfalfa, pumpkin, summer squash, maize, and radish. Root uptake of BDE-209 was positively correlated with root lipid content (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.81). The translocation factor (TF, C(shoot)/C(root)) of BDE-209 was inversely related to its concentration in roots. Nineteen lower brominated (di- to nona-) PBDEs were detected in the soil and plant samples and five hydroxylated congeners were detected in the plant samples, indicating debromination and hydroxylation of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system. Evidence of a relatively higher proportion of penta- through di-BDE congeners in plant tissues than in the soil indicates that there is further debromination of PBDEs within plants or low brominated PBDEs are more readily taken up by plants. A significant negative correlation between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and the soil microbial biomass measured as the total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) (P {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05, R(2) = 0.74) suggests that microbial metabolism and degradation contribute to BDE-209 dissipation in soil. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Huang, Honglin and Zhang, Shuzhen and Christie, Peter and Wang, Sen and Xie, Mei},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20000822},\n\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Plants, Plants: metabolism, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil Pollutants: metabolism, Soil: analysis},\n\tpages = {663--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is the major component of the commercial deca-BDE flame retardant. There is increasing concern over BDE-209 due to its increasing occurrence in the environment and in humans. In this study the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system was investigated. Accumulation of BDE-209 was observed in the roots and shoots of all the six plant species examined, namely ryegrass, alfalfa, pumpkin, summer squash, maize, and radish. Root uptake of BDE-209 was positively correlated with root lipid content (P \\textless 0.001, R(2) = 0.81). The translocation factor (TF, C(shoot)/C(root)) of BDE-209 was inversely related to its concentration in roots. Nineteen lower brominated (di- to nona-) PBDEs were detected in the soil and plant samples and five hydroxylated congeners were detected in the plant samples, indicating debromination and hydroxylation of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system. Evidence of a relatively higher proportion of penta- through di-BDE congeners in plant tissues than in the soil indicates that there is further debromination of PBDEs within plants or low brominated PBDEs are more readily taken up by plants. A significant negative correlation between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and the soil microbial biomass measured as the total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) (P \\textless 0.05, R(2) = 0.74) suggests that microbial metabolism and degradation contribute to BDE-209 dissipation in soil. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huang-zhang-christie-plantuptakeanddissipationofpbdesinthesoilsofelectronicwasterecyclingsites-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huang-zhang-christie-plantuptakeanddissipationofpbdesinthesoilsofelectronicwasterecyclingsites-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797', event);\">\n    Plant uptake and dissipation of PBDEs in the soils of electronic waste recycling sites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huang, H.; Zhang, S.;  and Christie, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution</i>, 159(1): 238–43. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-zhang-christie-plantuptakeanddissipationofpbdesinthesoilsofelectronicwasterecyclingsites-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Plant uptake and dissipation of PBDEs in the soils of electronic waste recycling sites. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-zhang-christie-plantuptakeanddissipationofpbdesinthesoilsofelectronicwasterecyclingsites-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.034', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huang-zhang-christie-plantuptakeanddissipationofpbdesinthesoilsofelectronicwasterecyclingsites-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huang-zhang-christie-plantuptakeanddissipationofpbdesinthesoilsofelectronicwasterecyclingsites-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huang_plant_2010,\n\ttitle = {Plant uptake and dissipation of {PBDEs} in the soils of electronic waste recycling sites.},\n\tvolume = {159},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869797},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.034},\n\tabstract = {Plant uptake and dissipation of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites were investigated in a greenhouse study. Eighteen PBDE congeners (tri- through deca-) were detected in the plant tissues. The proportion of lower brominated PBDEs (mono- through hexa-) in plant roots was higher than that in the soils. A concentration gradient was observed of PBDEs in plants with the highest concentrations in the roots followed by the stems and lowest in the leaves. Reduction rates of the total PBDEs in the soils ranged from 13.3 to 21.7\\% after plant harvest and lower brominated PBDEs were associated with a higher tendency to dissipate than the higher brominated PBDEs. This study provides the first evidence for plant uptake of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites and planting contributes to the removal of PBDEs in e-waste contaminated soils.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\n\tauthor = {Huang, Honglin and Zhang, Shuzhen and Christie, Peter},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20869797},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr},\n\tpages = {238--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Plant uptake and dissipation of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites were investigated in a greenhouse study. Eighteen PBDE congeners (tri- through deca-) were detected in the plant tissues. The proportion of lower brominated PBDEs (mono- through hexa-) in plant roots was higher than that in the soils. A concentration gradient was observed of PBDEs in plants with the highest concentrations in the roots followed by the stems and lowest in the leaves. Reduction rates of the total PBDEs in the soils ranged from 13.3 to 21.7% after plant harvest and lower brominated PBDEs were associated with a higher tendency to dissipate than the higher brominated PBDEs. This study provides the first evidence for plant uptake of weathered PBDEs in the soils of e-waste recycling sites and planting contributes to the removal of PBDEs in e-waste contaminated soils.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"howard-muir-identifyingnewpersistentandbioaccumulativeorganicsamongchemicalsincommerce-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'howard-muir-identifyingnewpersistentandbioaccumulativeorganicsamongchemicalsincommerce-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179', event);\">\n    Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Howard, P. H;  and Muir, D. C G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(7): 2277–85. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('howard-muir-identifyingnewpersistentandbioaccumulativeorganicsamongchemicalsincommerce-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es903383a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('howard-muir-identifyingnewpersistentandbioaccumulativeorganicsamongchemicalsincommerce-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es903383a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/howard-muir-identifyingnewpersistentandbioaccumulativeorganicsamongchemicalsincommerce-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('howard-muir-identifyingnewpersistentandbioaccumulativeorganicsamongchemicalsincommerce-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{howard_identifying_2010,\n\ttitle = {Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163179},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es903383a},\n\tabstract = {The goal of this study was to identify commercial chemicals that might be persistent and bioaccumulative (P\\&amp;B) and that were not being considered in current Great Lakes, North American, and Arctic contaminant measurement programs. We combined the Canadian Domestic Substance List (DSL), a list of 3059 substances of &quot;unknown or variable composition complex reaction products and biological materials&quot; (UVCBs), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Update Rule (IUR) database for years 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 yielding a database of 22263 commercial chemicals. From that list, 610 chemicals were identified by estimates from U.S EPA EPISuite software and using expert judgment. This study has yielded some interesting and probable P\\&amp;B chemicals that should be considered for further study. Recent studies, following up our initial reports and presentations on this work, have confirmed the presence of many of these chemicals in the environment.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Howard, Philip H and Muir, Derek C G},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20163179},\n\tkeywords = {Commerce, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, North America, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry},\n\tpages = {2277--85},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The goal of this study was to identify commercial chemicals that might be persistent and bioaccumulative (P&B) and that were not being considered in current Great Lakes, North American, and Arctic contaminant measurement programs. We combined the Canadian Domestic Substance List (DSL), a list of 3059 substances of \"unknown or variable composition complex reaction products and biological materials\" (UVCBs), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Update Rule (IUR) database for years 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 yielding a database of 22263 commercial chemicals. From that list, 610 chemicals were identified by estimates from U.S EPA EPISuite software and using expert judgment. This study has yielded some interesting and probable P&B chemicals that should be considered for further study. Recent studies, following up our initial reports and presentations on this work, have confirmed the presence of many of these chemicals in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hermanson-isaksson-forsstrm-teixeira-muir-pohjola-vandewal-depositionhistoryofbrominatedflameretardantcompoundsinanicecorefromholtedahlfonnasvalbardnorway-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hermanson-isaksson-forsstrm-teixeira-muir-pohjola-vandewal-depositionhistoryofbrominatedflameretardantcompoundsinanicecorefromholtedahlfonnasvalbardnorway-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863', event);\">\n    Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in an ice core from Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard, Norway.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hermanson, M. H; Isaksson, E.; Forsström, S.; Teixeira, C.; Muir, D. C G; Pohjola, V. A;  and van de Wal, R. S V\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(19): 7405–10. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hermanson-isaksson-forsstrm-teixeira-muir-pohjola-vandewal-depositionhistoryofbrominatedflameretardantcompoundsinanicecorefromholtedahlfonnasvalbardnorway-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in an ice core from Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard, Norway. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es1016608\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hermanson-isaksson-forsstrm-teixeira-muir-pohjola-vandewal-depositionhistoryofbrominatedflameretardantcompoundsinanicecorefromholtedahlfonnasvalbardnorway-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es1016608', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hermanson-isaksson-forsstrm-teixeira-muir-pohjola-vandewal-depositionhistoryofbrominatedflameretardantcompoundsinanicecorefromholtedahlfonnasvalbardnorway-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hermanson-isaksson-forsstrm-teixeira-muir-pohjola-vandewal-depositionhistoryofbrominatedflameretardantcompoundsinanicecorefromholtedahlfonnasvalbardnorway-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hermanson_deposition_2010,\n\ttitle = {Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in an ice core from {Holtedahlfonna}, {Svalbard}, {Norway}.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839863},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es1016608},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been found in Arctic wildlife, lake sediment, and air. To identify the atmospheric BFR deposition history on Svalbard, Norway, we analyzed 19 BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDE) in the upper 34 m of an ice core (representing 1953-2005) from Holtedahlfonna, the western-most ice sheet on Svalbard. All of the non-PBDE compounds were detected in nearly continuous profiles in the core. Seven PBDEs were not observed above background (28, 47, 66, 100, 99, 154, 153), while 4 were found in 1 or 2 of 6 segments (17, 85, 138, 183). BDEs-49, 71, 190, 209 had nearly continuous profiles but only BDE-209 in large amounts. The greatest inputs were HBCD and BDE-209, 910, and 320 pg cm(-2) yr(-1) from 1995-2005. DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBEB show nearly continuous input growth in recent core segments, but all were {\\textbackslash}textless6 pg cm(-2) yr(-1). Long-range atmospheric processes may have moved these particle-bound BFRs to the site, probably during the Arctic haze season. Average air mass trajectories over 10 years show {\\textbackslash}textgreater75\\% of atmospheric flow to Holtedahlfonna coming from Eurasia during haze periods (March and April).},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hermanson, Mark H and Isaksson, Elisabeth and Forsström, Sanja and Teixeira, Camilla and Muir, Derek C G and Pohjola, Veijo A and van de Wal, Roderik S V},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20839863},\n\tkeywords = {Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Ice, Ice: analysis, Norway},\n\tpages = {7405--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been found in Arctic wildlife, lake sediment, and air. To identify the atmospheric BFR deposition history on Svalbard, Norway, we analyzed 19 BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDE) in the upper 34 m of an ice core (representing 1953-2005) from Holtedahlfonna, the western-most ice sheet on Svalbard. All of the non-PBDE compounds were detected in nearly continuous profiles in the core. Seven PBDEs were not observed above background (28, 47, 66, 100, 99, 154, 153), while 4 were found in 1 or 2 of 6 segments (17, 85, 138, 183). BDEs-49, 71, 190, 209 had nearly continuous profiles but only BDE-209 in large amounts. The greatest inputs were HBCD and BDE-209, 910, and 320 pg cm(-2) yr(-1) from 1995-2005. DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBEB show nearly continuous input growth in recent core segments, but all were \\textless6 pg cm(-2) yr(-1). Long-range atmospheric processes may have moved these particle-bound BFRs to the site, probably during the Arctic haze season. Average air mass trajectories over 10 years show \\textgreater75% of atmospheric flow to Holtedahlfonna coming from Eurasia during haze periods (March and April).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Herbstman, J. B; Sjödin, A.; Kurzon, M.; Lederman, S. A; Jones, R. S; Rauh, V.; Needham, L. L; Tang, D.; Niedzwiecki, M.; Wang, R. Y;  and Perera, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(5): 712–719. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to {PBDEs} and neurodevelopment.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Herbstman, Julie B and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A and Jones, Richard S and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y and Perera, Frederica},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {712--719},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Herbstman, J. B; Sjödin, A.; Kurzon, M.; Lederman, S. A; Jones, R. S; Rauh, V.; Needham, L. L; Tang, D.; Niedzwiecki, M.; Wang, R. Y;  and Perera, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(5): 712–9. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901340\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901340', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to {PBDEs} and neurodevelopment.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866690&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901340},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects. OBJECTIVE: In a longitudinal cohort initiated after 11 September 2001, including 329 mothers who delivered in one of three hospitals in lower Manhattan, New York, we examined prenatal PBDE exposure and neurodevelopment when their children were 12-48 and 72 months of age. METHODS: We analyzed 210 cord blood specimens for selected PBDE congeners and assessed neurodevelopmental effects in the children at 12-48 and 72 months of age; 118, 117, 114, 104, and 96 children with available cord PBDE measurements were assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months, respectively. We used multivariate regression analyses to evaluate the associations between concentrations of individual PBDE congeners and neurodevelopmental indices. RESULTS: Median cord blood concentrations of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 100 were 11.2, 3.2, and 1.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with higher concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, or 100 scored lower on tests of mental and physical development at 12-48 and 72 months. Associations were significant for 12-month Psychomotor Development Index (BDE-47), 24-month Mental Development Index (MDI) (BDE-47, 99, and 100), 36-month MDI (BDE-100), 48-month full-scale and verbal IQ (BDE-47, 99, and 100) and performance IQ (BDE-100), and 72-month performance IQ (BDE-100). CONCLUSIONS: This epidemiologic study demonstrates neurodevelopmental effects in relation to cord blood PBDE concentrations. Confirmation is needed in other longitudinal studies.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Herbstman, Julie B and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A and Jones, Richard S and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y and Perera, Frederica},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20056561},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Child Development, Child Development: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Intelligence: drug effects, Longitudinal Studies, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \\&amp; development, New York City, Newborn, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Preschool, September 11 Terrorist Attacks, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {712--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects. OBJECTIVE: In a longitudinal cohort initiated after 11 September 2001, including 329 mothers who delivered in one of three hospitals in lower Manhattan, New York, we examined prenatal PBDE exposure and neurodevelopment when their children were 12-48 and 72 months of age. METHODS: We analyzed 210 cord blood specimens for selected PBDE congeners and assessed neurodevelopmental effects in the children at 12-48 and 72 months of age; 118, 117, 114, 104, and 96 children with available cord PBDE measurements were assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months, respectively. We used multivariate regression analyses to evaluate the associations between concentrations of individual PBDE congeners and neurodevelopmental indices. RESULTS: Median cord blood concentrations of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 100 were 11.2, 3.2, and 1.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with higher concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, or 100 scored lower on tests of mental and physical development at 12-48 and 72 months. Associations were significant for 12-month Psychomotor Development Index (BDE-47), 24-month Mental Development Index (MDI) (BDE-47, 99, and 100), 36-month MDI (BDE-100), 48-month full-scale and verbal IQ (BDE-47, 99, and 100) and performance IQ (BDE-100), and 72-month performance IQ (BDE-100). CONCLUSIONS: This epidemiologic study demonstrates neurodevelopmental effects in relation to cord blood PBDE concentrations. Confirmation is needed in other longitudinal studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"he-luo-yu-liu-zhang-chen-chen-mai-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneinbirdsfromanewasteregioninsouthchinainfluenceofdietondiastereoisomerandenantiomerspecificdistributionandtrophodynamics-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'he-luo-yu-liu-zhang-chen-chen-mai-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneinbirdsfromanewasteregioninsouthchinainfluenceofdietondiastereoisomerandenantiomerspecificdistributionandtrophodynamics-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555', event);\">\n    Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in birds from an e-waste region in South China: influence of diet on diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution and trophodynamics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  He, M.; Luo, X.; Yu, L.; Liu, J.; Zhang, X.; Chen, S.; Chen, D.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(15): 5748–54. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-luo-yu-liu-zhang-chen-chen-mai-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneinbirdsfromanewasteregioninsouthchinainfluenceofdietondiastereoisomerandenantiomerspecificdistributionandtrophodynamics-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in birds from an e-waste region in South China: influence of diet on diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution and trophodynamics. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es101503r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-luo-yu-liu-zhang-chen-chen-mai-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneinbirdsfromanewasteregioninsouthchinainfluenceofdietondiastereoisomerandenantiomerspecificdistributionandtrophodynamics-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es101503r', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/he-luo-yu-liu-zhang-chen-chen-mai-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneinbirdsfromanewasteregioninsouthchinainfluenceofdietondiastereoisomerandenantiomerspecificdistributionandtrophodynamics-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('he-luo-yu-liu-zhang-chen-chen-mai-tetrabromobisphenolaandhexabromocyclododecaneinbirdsfromanewasteregioninsouthchinainfluenceofdietondiastereoisomerandenantiomerspecificdistributionandtrophodynamics-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{he_tetrabromobisphenol-and_2010,\n\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol-{A} and hexabromocyclododecane in birds from an e-waste region in {South} {China}: influence of diet on diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution and trophodynamics.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666555},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es101503r},\n\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and three diastereomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were examined in the muscles of six bird species and their diet collected from an e-waste recycling region (Qingyuan) in South China. Stable isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed to measure the diet source and trophic levels (TLs) of the birds. The median TBBPA and HBCD concentrations in the birds ranged from 28 to 173 and not detectable to 1995 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The diastereoisomeric pattern shows the predominance of alpha-HBCD in birds feeding in an aquatic environment and that of gamma-HBCD in birds feeding in a terrestrial environment, whereas no clear preference for alpha isomer or gamma isomer was found in birds that inhabited freshwater wetland. A significant positive correlation between delta13C and percentage of alpha-HBCD was observed, indicating the importance of diet exposure pathways in the determination of HBCD diastereoisomer pattern. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) for alpha-HBCD differed substantially between aquatic and terrestrial bird species with a significant enrichment of (+) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for aquatic birds and a preferential enrichment of (-) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for terrestrial birds. The similarity in diastereoisomer profiles of HBCD and the EFs of alpha-HBCD between prey (fish) and predator (Chinese pond heron) also suggested that dietary exposure is an important contributor for the observed diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution of HBCD in birds. Trophic magnification was observed for alpha-HBCD and TBBPA as concentrations increased with the TLs of the birds defined by delta15N, but only alpha-HBCD showed a strong positive relationship (p=0.001). The biomagnification factors for alpha- and gamma-HBCD and TBBPA were calculated based on individual predator/prey feeding relationships for two species.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {He, Ming-Jing and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yu, Le-Huan and Liu, Juan and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Chen, She-Jun and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20666555},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {5748--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and three diastereomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were examined in the muscles of six bird species and their diet collected from an e-waste recycling region (Qingyuan) in South China. Stable isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed to measure the diet source and trophic levels (TLs) of the birds. The median TBBPA and HBCD concentrations in the birds ranged from 28 to 173 and not detectable to 1995 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The diastereoisomeric pattern shows the predominance of alpha-HBCD in birds feeding in an aquatic environment and that of gamma-HBCD in birds feeding in a terrestrial environment, whereas no clear preference for alpha isomer or gamma isomer was found in birds that inhabited freshwater wetland. A significant positive correlation between delta13C and percentage of alpha-HBCD was observed, indicating the importance of diet exposure pathways in the determination of HBCD diastereoisomer pattern. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) for alpha-HBCD differed substantially between aquatic and terrestrial bird species with a significant enrichment of (+) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for aquatic birds and a preferential enrichment of (-) alpha-HBCD enantiomer for terrestrial birds. The similarity in diastereoisomer profiles of HBCD and the EFs of alpha-HBCD between prey (fish) and predator (Chinese pond heron) also suggested that dietary exposure is an important contributor for the observed diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution of HBCD in birds. Trophic magnification was observed for alpha-HBCD and TBBPA as concentrations increased with the TLs of the birds defined by delta15N, but only alpha-HBCD showed a strong positive relationship (p=0.001). The biomagnification factors for alpha- and gamma-HBCD and TBBPA were calculated based on individual predator/prey feeding relationships for two species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrad-goosey-desborough-abdallah-roosens-covaci-dustfromukprimaryschoolclassroomsanddaycarecentersthesignificanceofdustasapathwayofexposureofyoungukchildrentobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrad-goosey-desborough-abdallah-roosens-covaci-dustfromukprimaryschoolclassroomsanddaycarecentersthesignificanceofdustasapathwayofexposureofyoungukchildrentobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148', event);\">\n    Dust from U.K. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young U.K. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrad, S.; Goosey, E.; Desborough, J.; Abdallah, M. A.; Roosens, L.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(11): 4198–202. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-goosey-desborough-abdallah-roosens-covaci-dustfromukprimaryschoolclassroomsanddaycarecentersthesignificanceofdustasapathwayofexposureofyoungukchildrentobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dust from U.K. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young U.K. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es100750s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-goosey-desborough-abdallah-roosens-covaci-dustfromukprimaryschoolclassroomsanddaycarecentersthesignificanceofdustasapathwayofexposureofyoungukchildrentobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es100750s', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrad-goosey-desborough-abdallah-roosens-covaci-dustfromukprimaryschoolclassroomsanddaycarecentersthesignificanceofdustasapathwayofexposureofyoungukchildrentobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrad-goosey-desborough-abdallah-roosens-covaci-dustfromukprimaryschoolclassroomsanddaycarecentersthesignificanceofdustasapathwayofexposureofyoungukchildrentobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrad_dust_2010,\n\ttitle = {Dust from {U}.{K}. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young {U}.{K}. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441148},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es100750s},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in floor dust from U.K. child daycare center and primary school classrooms (n = 43, 36 for PCBs). Concentrations of HBCDs exceeded significantly (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) those reported previously for U.K. houses and offices, while those of TBBP-A exceeded significantly those in U.K. cars and offices. PCB concentrations were statistically indistinguishable from those in U.K. house dust but lower than in U.S. classroom dust, while BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 196, 197, 203, and 209 in classrooms were significantly below concentrations in U.K. cars. Exposure of young U.K. children via classroom dust exceeds that of U.K. adults via office dust for all contaminants monitored. Overall dust exposure of young U.K. children was estimated including car, classroom, and house dust. Exposure to TBBP-A was well below a U.K. health-based limit value (HBLV). Though no HBLVs exist for non-dioxin-like PCBs and HBCDs; dust exposure to PCBs fell well below U.K. dietary and inhalation exposure. Contrastingly, a high-end estimate of HBCD dust exposure exceeded U.K. dietary exposure substantially. Moreover, high-end estimates of dust exposure to BDE-99 and BDE-209 (4.3 and 13000 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) exceeded HBLVs of 0.23-0.30 and 7000 ng/kg bw/day respectively.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Goosey, Emma and Desborough, Jennifer and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20441148},\n\tkeywords = {Child, Child Day Care Centers, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Schools},\n\tpages = {4198--202},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in floor dust from U.K. child daycare center and primary school classrooms (n = 43, 36 for PCBs). Concentrations of HBCDs exceeded significantly (p \\textless 0.05) those reported previously for U.K. houses and offices, while those of TBBP-A exceeded significantly those in U.K. cars and offices. PCB concentrations were statistically indistinguishable from those in U.K. house dust but lower than in U.S. classroom dust, while BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 196, 197, 203, and 209 in classrooms were significantly below concentrations in U.K. cars. Exposure of young U.K. children via classroom dust exceeds that of U.K. adults via office dust for all contaminants monitored. Overall dust exposure of young U.K. children was estimated including car, classroom, and house dust. Exposure to TBBP-A was well below a U.K. health-based limit value (HBLV). Though no HBLVs exist for non-dioxin-like PCBs and HBCDs; dust exposure to PCBs fell well below U.K. dietary and inhalation exposure. Contrastingly, a high-end estimate of HBCD dust exposure exceeded U.K. dietary exposure substantially. Moreover, high-end estimates of dust exposure to BDE-99 and BDE-209 (4.3 and 13000 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) exceeded HBLVs of 0.23-0.30 and 7000 ng/kg bw/day respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrad-dewit-abdallah-bergh-bjrklund-covaci-darnerud-deboer-etal-indoorcontaminationwithhexabromocyclododecanespolybrominateddiphenylethersandperfluoroalkylcompoundsanimportantexposurepathwayforpeople-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrad-dewit-abdallah-bergh-bjrklund-covaci-darnerud-deboer-etal-indoorcontaminationwithhexabromocyclododecanespolybrominateddiphenylethersandperfluoroalkylcompoundsanimportantexposurepathwayforpeople-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882', event);\">\n    Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrad, S.; de Wit, C. A; Abdallah, M. A.; Bergh, C.; Björklund, J. A; Covaci, A.; Darnerud, P. O.; de Boer, J.; Diamond, M.; Huber, S.; Leonards, P.; Mandalakis, M.; Ostman, C.; Haug, L. S. a.; Thomsen, C.;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(9): 3221–31. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-dewit-abdallah-bergh-bjrklund-covaci-darnerud-deboer-etal-indoorcontaminationwithhexabromocyclododecanespolybrominateddiphenylethersandperfluoroalkylcompoundsanimportantexposurepathwayforpeople-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es903476t\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-dewit-abdallah-bergh-bjrklund-covaci-darnerud-deboer-etal-indoorcontaminationwithhexabromocyclododecanespolybrominateddiphenylethersandperfluoroalkylcompoundsanimportantexposurepathwayforpeople-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es903476t', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrad-dewit-abdallah-bergh-bjrklund-covaci-darnerud-deboer-etal-indoorcontaminationwithhexabromocyclododecanespolybrominateddiphenylethersandperfluoroalkylcompoundsanimportantexposurepathwayforpeople-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrad-dewit-abdallah-bergh-bjrklund-covaci-darnerud-deboer-etal-indoorcontaminationwithhexabromocyclododecanespolybrominateddiphenylethersandperfluoroalkylcompoundsanimportantexposurepathwayforpeople-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrad_indoor_2010,\n\ttitle = {Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people?},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387882},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es903476t},\n\tabstract = {This review underlines the importance of indoor contamination as a pathway of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). There is ample evidence of substantial contamination of indoor dust with these chemicals and that their concentrations in indoor air exceed substantially those outdoors. Studies examining the relationship between body burden and exposure via indoor dust are inconsistent; while some indicate a link between body burdens and PBDE and HBCD exposure via dust ingestion, others find no correlation. Likewise, while concentrations in indoor dust and human tissues are both highly skewed, this does not necessarily imply causality. Evidence suggests exposure via dust ingestion is higher for toddlers than adults. Research priorities include identifying means of reducing indoor concentrations and indoor monitoring methods that provide the most &quot;biologically-relevant&quot; measures of exposure as well as monitoring a wider range of microenvironment categories. Other gaps include studies to improve understanding of the following: emission rates and mechanisms via which these contaminants migrate from products into indoor air and dust; relationships between indoor exposures and human body burdens; relevant physicochemical properties; the gastrointestinal uptake by humans of these chemicals from indoor dust; and human dust ingestion rates.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and de Wit, Cynthia A and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Bergh, Caroline and Björklund, Justina A and Covaci, Adrian and Darnerud, Per Ola and de Boer, Jacob and Diamond, Miriam and Huber, Sandra and Leonards, Pim and Mandalakis, Manolis and Ostman, Conny and Haug, Line Sm{\\textbackslash}a astuen and Thomsen, Cathrine and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20387882},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame retardants, Fluorine Compounds, Fluorine Compounds: toxicity, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Inhalation Exposure, ffr, frbldg},\n\tpages = {3221--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This review underlines the importance of indoor contamination as a pathway of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). There is ample evidence of substantial contamination of indoor dust with these chemicals and that their concentrations in indoor air exceed substantially those outdoors. Studies examining the relationship between body burden and exposure via indoor dust are inconsistent; while some indicate a link between body burdens and PBDE and HBCD exposure via dust ingestion, others find no correlation. Likewise, while concentrations in indoor dust and human tissues are both highly skewed, this does not necessarily imply causality. Evidence suggests exposure via dust ingestion is higher for toddlers than adults. Research priorities include identifying means of reducing indoor concentrations and indoor monitoring methods that provide the most \"biologically-relevant\" measures of exposure as well as monitoring a wider range of microenvironment categories. Other gaps include studies to improve understanding of the following: emission rates and mechanisms via which these contaminants migrate from products into indoor air and dust; relationships between indoor exposures and human body burdens; relevant physicochemical properties; the gastrointestinal uptake by humans of these chemicals from indoor dust; and human dust ingestion rates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    PBDE concentrations in women's serum and fecundability.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harley, K. G; Marks, A. R; Chevrier, J.; Bradman, A.; Sjödin, A.;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(5): 699–704. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDE concentrations in women&#x27;s serum and fecundability. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901450\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901450', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjdin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harley_pbde_2010,\n\ttitle = {{PBDE} concentrations in women&#x27;s serum and fecundability.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2866688&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901450},\n\tabstract = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97\\% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G and Marks, Amy R and Chevrier, Jonathan and Bradman, Asa and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20103495},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Fertility, Fertility: drug effects, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Odds Ratio, Pregnancy, Time Factors, Young Adult, california, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {699--704},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hardy-mercieca-rodwell-stedeford-prenataldevelopmentaltoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneintheratandrabbit-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hardy-mercieca-rodwell-stedeford-prenataldevelopmentaltoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneintheratandrabbit-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473', event);\">\n    Prenatal developmental toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane in the rat and rabbit.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hardy, M. L; Mercieca, M. D; Rodwell, D. E;  and Stedeford, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology</i>, 89(2): 139–46. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardy-mercieca-rodwell-stedeford-prenataldevelopmentaltoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneintheratandrabbit-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal developmental toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane in the rat and rabbit. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardy-mercieca-rodwell-stedeford-prenataldevelopmentaltoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneintheratandrabbit-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20237', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hardy-mercieca-rodwell-stedeford-prenataldevelopmentaltoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneintheratandrabbit-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hardy-mercieca-rodwell-stedeford-prenataldevelopmentaltoxicityofdecabromodiphenylethaneintheratandrabbit-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hardy_prenatal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal developmental toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane in the rat and rabbit.},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {1542-9741},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437473},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/bdrb.20237},\n\tabstract = {The potential embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPEthane; CASRN 84852-53-9) were evaluated in prenatal developmental studies using rats and rabbits and performed in accordance with international guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice standards. Preliminary dose-range-finding studies were conducted, which indicated doses up to 1,250 mg/kg-day were well tolerated by both rats and rabbits.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Hardy, Marcia L and Mercieca, Michael D and Rodwell, Dean E and Stedeford, Todd},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20437473},\n\tkeywords = {Abnormalities, Administration, Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: classification, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Drug-Induced, Embryo, Embryonic Development, Embryonic Development: drug effects, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Mammalian: embryology, Maternal Exposure, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Oral, Pregnancy, Rabbits, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Teratogens, Teratogens: classification, Teratogens: toxicity},\n\tpages = {139--46},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The potential embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPEthane; CASRN 84852-53-9) were evaluated in prenatal developmental studies using rats and rabbits and performed in accordance with international guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice standards. Preliminary dose-range-finding studies were conducted, which indicated doses up to 1,250 mg/kg-day were well tolerated by both rats and rabbits.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2010', 'http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf', event);\">\n    The smoking-material fire problem.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report National Fire Protection Association,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2010', 'http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The smoking-material fire problem [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{hall_smoking-material_2010,\n\ttitle = {The smoking-material fire problem},\n\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/OS.Smoking.pdf},\n\tabstract = {In 2008, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 114,800 smoking-material fires in the U.S., down from 140,700 in 2007. These fires resulted in an estimated 680 civilian deaths, 1,520 civilian injuries and \\$737 million in direct property damage. Upholstered furniture and mattresses and bedding are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-material fires is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. Most deaths from smoking-material fires result from fires that started in living rooms, family rooms, and dens or in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and all U.S. states have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04. When these laws are fully implemented, it is currently projected that smokingmaterial structure fire deaths will be down by 56-77\\% from 2003, the last year before any state implemented the law.},\n\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Hall, JR},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In 2008, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 114,800 smoking-material fires in the U.S., down from 140,700 in 2007. These fires resulted in an estimated 680 civilian deaths, 1,520 civilian injuries and $737 million in direct property damage. Upholstered furniture and mattresses and bedding are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-material fires is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. Most deaths from smoking-material fires result from fires that started in living rooms, family rooms, and dens or in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and all U.S. states have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04. When these laws are fully implemented, it is currently projected that smokingmaterial structure fire deaths will be down by 56-77% from 2003, the last year before any state implemented the law.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hall-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  U.S. unintentional fire death rates by state.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report National Fire Protection Association,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hall-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hall-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{hall_u.s._2010,\n\ttitle = {U.{S}. unintentional fire death rates by state.},\n\tabstract = {The long-term trend in fire death rates per million population has been sloping substantially downward for nearly every state since 1980. In the five most recent years analyzed (2002-2006), Mississippi had the highest average fire death rate, and states of the southeast accounted for 10 of the 14 highest rates, with Rhode Island, South Dakota, and the states of Missouri and Oklahoma (which border the Southern states) as the other four. When these five-year average rates are compared to state differences, several factors show notable correlations, including poverty (38\\% of statistical variation explained), smoking (38\\%), race (34\\%), and education (34\\%). Alcohol use was negatively correlated; the more people proportionally who had consumed five or more alcoholic beverages on one occasion (the definition of binge drinking), the lower the fire death rate. All but this last finding is consistent with findings in other studies of socioeconomic and demographic factors related to measures of fire loss.},\n\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Hall, JR},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The long-term trend in fire death rates per million population has been sloping substantially downward for nearly every state since 1980. In the five most recent years analyzed (2002-2006), Mississippi had the highest average fire death rate, and states of the southeast accounted for 10 of the 14 highest rates, with Rhode Island, South Dakota, and the states of Missouri and Oklahoma (which border the Southern states) as the other four. When these five-year average rates are compared to state differences, several factors show notable correlations, including poverty (38% of statistical variation explained), smoking (38%), race (34%), and education (34%). Alcohol use was negatively correlated; the more people proportionally who had consumed five or more alcoholic beverages on one occasion (the definition of binge drinking), the lower the fire death rate. All but this last finding is consistent with findings in other studies of socioeconomic and demographic factors related to measures of fire loss.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gullett-wyrzykowska-grandesso-touati-tabor-ochoa-pcddfpbddfandpbdeemissionsfromopenburningofaresidentialwastedump-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gullett-wyrzykowska-grandesso-touati-tabor-ochoa-pcddfpbddfandpbdeemissionsfromopenburningofaresidentialwastedump-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929', event);\">\n    PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBDE emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gullett, B. K; Wyrzykowska, B.; Grandesso, E.; Touati, A.; Tabor, D. G;  and Ochoa, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(1): 394–9. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gullett-wyrzykowska-grandesso-touati-tabor-ochoa-pcddfpbddfandpbdeemissionsfromopenburningofaresidentialwastedump-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBDE emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es902676w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gullett-wyrzykowska-grandesso-touati-tabor-ochoa-pcddfpbddfandpbdeemissionsfromopenburningofaresidentialwastedump-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es902676w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gullett-wyrzykowska-grandesso-touati-tabor-ochoa-pcddfpbddfandpbdeemissionsfromopenburningofaresidentialwastedump-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gullett-wyrzykowska-grandesso-touati-tabor-ochoa-pcddfpbddfandpbdeemissionsfromopenburningofaresidentialwastedump-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gullett_pcdd/f_2010,\n\ttitle = {{PCDD}/{F}, {PBDD}/{F}, and {PBDE} emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950929},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es902676w},\n\tabstract = {This work reports on the first known field study determining emission factors for polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (P[C/B]DDs/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from open burning of domestic waste. Two burning waste dump sites in Mexico were sampled using high-volume samplers mounted to a mobile sampling boom. Concurrent measurements of CO and CO(2) allowed determination of emission factors via the carbon balance method. PCDD/F emission factors averaged 823 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg C(burned) (N = 8, 68\\% relative standard deviation, RSD), a value at least five times higher than those from previous tests with domestic waste burned in barrels and approximately 2000 times higher than those from stacks of modern municipal waste combustors. These emission factors appear to be related to combustion quality, as conditions conducive to smoldering combustion, rather than flaming combustion, resulted in higher emission factors. Emissions of 40 PBDE congeners, likely originating from brominated flame retardants, averaged 724 mug/kg C(burned) (RSD = 96\\%) and had congener patterns similar to those of reported atmospheric sampling. Emissions of PBDDs/Fs were similar in magnitude to their chlorinated counterparts, averaging 470 ng TEQ/kg C(burned) (RSD = 105\\%), and may originate as reaction products of PBDE combustion or as thermally desorbed impurities from the PBDE flame retardant.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Gullett, Brian K and Wyrzykowska, Barbara and Grandesso, Emanuela and Touati, Abderrahmane and Tabor, Dennis G and Ochoa, Gustavo Solórzano},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19950929},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Incineration, Mexico, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {394--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This work reports on the first known field study determining emission factors for polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (P[C/B]DDs/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from open burning of domestic waste. Two burning waste dump sites in Mexico were sampled using high-volume samplers mounted to a mobile sampling boom. Concurrent measurements of CO and CO(2) allowed determination of emission factors via the carbon balance method. PCDD/F emission factors averaged 823 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg C(burned) (N = 8, 68% relative standard deviation, RSD), a value at least five times higher than those from previous tests with domestic waste burned in barrels and approximately 2000 times higher than those from stacks of modern municipal waste combustors. These emission factors appear to be related to combustion quality, as conditions conducive to smoldering combustion, rather than flaming combustion, resulted in higher emission factors. Emissions of 40 PBDE congeners, likely originating from brominated flame retardants, averaged 724 mug/kg C(burned) (RSD = 96%) and had congener patterns similar to those of reported atmospheric sampling. Emissions of PBDDs/Fs were similar in magnitude to their chlorinated counterparts, averaging 470 ng TEQ/kg C(burned) (RSD = 105%), and may originate as reaction products of PBDE combustion or as thermally desorbed impurities from the PBDE flame retardant.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"grenier-davis-waterqualityinsouthsanfranciscobaycaliforniacurrentconditionandpotentialissuesforthesouthbaysaltpondrestorationproject-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'grenier-davis-waterqualityinsouthsanfranciscobaycaliforniacurrentconditionandpotentialissuesforthesouthbaysaltpondrestorationproject-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671', event);\">\n    Water quality in South San Francisco Bay, California: current condition and potential issues for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Grenier, J L.;  and Davis, J. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 206: 115–47. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('grenier-davis-waterqualityinsouthsanfranciscobaycaliforniacurrentconditionandpotentialissuesforthesouthbaysaltpondrestorationproject-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Water quality in South San Francisco Bay, California: current condition and potential issues for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6260-7_6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('grenier-davis-waterqualityinsouthsanfranciscobaycaliforniacurrentconditionandpotentialissuesforthesouthbaysaltpondrestorationproject-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6260-7_6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/grenier-davis-waterqualityinsouthsanfranciscobaycaliforniacurrentconditionandpotentialissuesforthesouthbaysaltpondrestorationproject-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('grenier-davis-waterqualityinsouthsanfranciscobaycaliforniacurrentconditionandpotentialissuesforthesouthbaysaltpondrestorationproject-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{grenier_water_2010,\n\ttitle = {Water quality in {South} {San} {Francisco} {Bay}, {California}: current condition and potential issues for the {South} {Bay} {Salt} {Pond} {Restoration} {Project}.},\n\tvolume = {206},\n\tissn = {0179-5953},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652671},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-6260-7_6},\n\tabstract = {The SBSPRP is an extensive tidal wetland restoration project that is underway at the margin of South San Francisco Bay, California. The Project, which aims to restore former salt ponds to tidal marsh and manage other ponds for water bird support, is taking place in the context of a highly urbanized watershed and an Estuary already impacted by chemical contaminants. There is an intimate relationship between water quality in the watershed, the Bay, and the transitional wetland areas where the Project is located. The Project seeks to restore habitat for endangered and endemic species and to provide recreational opportunities for people. Therefore, water quality and bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish and wildlife is an important concern for the success of the Project. Mercury, PCBs, and PBDEs are the persistent contaminants of greatest concern in the region. All of these contaminants are present at elevated concentrations both in the abiotic environment and in wildlife. Dioxins, pyrethroids, PAHs, and selenium are also problematic. Organochlorine insecticides have historically impacted the Bay, and they remain above thresholds for concern in a small proportion of samples. Emerging contaminants, such as PFCs and non-PBDE flame retardants, are also an important water quality issue. Beyond chemical pollutants, other concerns for water quality in South San Francisco Bay exist, and include biological constituents, especially invasive species, and chemical attributes, such as dissolved oxygen and salinity. Future changes, both from within the Project and from the Bay and watershed, are likely to influence water quality in the region. Project actions to restore wetlands could worsen, improve, or not affect the already impaired water quality in South Bay. Accelerated erosion of buried sediment as a consequence of Project restoration actions is a potentially serious regional threat to South Bay water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the planned restoration of salt ponds to tidal marsh has raised concerns about possible increased net production of methylmercury and its subsequent accumulation in the food web. This concern applies not only to the restored marshes, but also to the South Bay as a whole, which could be affected on a regional scale. The ponds that are converted to tidal marsh will sequester millions of cubic meters of sediment. Sequestration of sediment in marshes could remove contaminated sediment from the active zone of the Bay but could also create marshes with contaminated food webs. Some of the ponds will not be restored to marsh but will be managed for use by water birds. Therefore, the effect of dense avian populations on eutrophication and the introduction of pathogens should be considered. Water quality in the Project also could be affected by external changes, such as human population growth and climate change. To address these many concerns related to water quality, the SBSPRP managers, and others faced with management of wetland restoration at a regional scale, should practice adaptive management and ongoing monitoring for water quality, particularly monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the food web.},\n\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Grenier, J Letitia and Davis, Jay A},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20652671},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Remediation, Flame retardants, San Francisco, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {115--47},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The SBSPRP is an extensive tidal wetland restoration project that is underway at the margin of South San Francisco Bay, California. The Project, which aims to restore former salt ponds to tidal marsh and manage other ponds for water bird support, is taking place in the context of a highly urbanized watershed and an Estuary already impacted by chemical contaminants. There is an intimate relationship between water quality in the watershed, the Bay, and the transitional wetland areas where the Project is located. The Project seeks to restore habitat for endangered and endemic species and to provide recreational opportunities for people. Therefore, water quality and bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish and wildlife is an important concern for the success of the Project. Mercury, PCBs, and PBDEs are the persistent contaminants of greatest concern in the region. All of these contaminants are present at elevated concentrations both in the abiotic environment and in wildlife. Dioxins, pyrethroids, PAHs, and selenium are also problematic. Organochlorine insecticides have historically impacted the Bay, and they remain above thresholds for concern in a small proportion of samples. Emerging contaminants, such as PFCs and non-PBDE flame retardants, are also an important water quality issue. Beyond chemical pollutants, other concerns for water quality in South San Francisco Bay exist, and include biological constituents, especially invasive species, and chemical attributes, such as dissolved oxygen and salinity. Future changes, both from within the Project and from the Bay and watershed, are likely to influence water quality in the region. Project actions to restore wetlands could worsen, improve, or not affect the already impaired water quality in South Bay. Accelerated erosion of buried sediment as a consequence of Project restoration actions is a potentially serious regional threat to South Bay water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the planned restoration of salt ponds to tidal marsh has raised concerns about possible increased net production of methylmercury and its subsequent accumulation in the food web. This concern applies not only to the restored marshes, but also to the South Bay as a whole, which could be affected on a regional scale. The ponds that are converted to tidal marsh will sequester millions of cubic meters of sediment. Sequestration of sediment in marshes could remove contaminated sediment from the active zone of the Bay but could also create marshes with contaminated food webs. Some of the ponds will not be restored to marsh but will be managed for use by water birds. Therefore, the effect of dense avian populations on eutrophication and the introduction of pathogens should be considered. Water quality in the Project also could be affected by external changes, such as human population growth and climate change. To address these many concerns related to water quality, the SBSPRP managers, and others faced with management of wetland restoration at a regional scale, should practice adaptive management and ongoing monitoring for water quality, particularly monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the food web.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"greensciencepolicyinstitute-aboutus-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'greensciencepolicyinstitute-aboutus-2010', 'http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us', event);\">\n    About Us.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Green Science Policy Institute\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('greensciencepolicyinstitute-aboutus-2010', 'http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"About Us [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/greensciencepolicyinstitute-aboutus-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('greensciencepolicyinstitute-aboutus-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{green_science_policy_institute_about_2010,\n\ttitle = {About {Us}},\n\turl = {http://greensciencepolicy.org/about-us},\n\turldate = {2013-08-07},\n\tauthor = {{Green Science Policy Institute}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"frederiksen-thomsen-frshaug-vorkamp-thomsen-becher-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedsamplesofmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodplasmaandassociationswithhousedustinadanishcohort-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'frederiksen-thomsen-frshaug-vorkamp-thomsen-becher-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedsamplesofmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodplasmaandassociationswithhousedustinadanishcohort-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a Danish cohort.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Frederiksen, M.; Thomsen, C.; Frøshaug, M.; Vorkamp, K.; Thomsen, M.; Becher, G.;  and Knudsen, L. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</i>, 213(4): 233–42. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-thomsen-frshaug-vorkamp-thomsen-becher-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedsamplesofmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodplasmaandassociationswithhousedustinadanishcohort-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a Danish cohort. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-thomsen-frshaug-vorkamp-thomsen-becher-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedsamplesofmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodplasmaandassociationswithhousedustinadanishcohort-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/frederiksen-thomsen-frshaug-vorkamp-thomsen-becher-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedsamplesofmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodplasmaandassociationswithhousedustinadanishcohort-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('frederiksen-thomsen-frshaug-vorkamp-thomsen-becher-knudsen-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpairedsamplesofmaternalandumbilicalcordbloodplasmaandassociationswithhousedustinadanishcohort-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{frederiksen_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a {Danish} cohort.},\n\tvolume = {213},\n\tissn = {1618-131X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471317},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.008},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in particular the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been used in consumer products for many years to increase fire resistance. Recently, developmental neurotoxicity at very low levels has increased the concern about these compounds. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the maternal and fetal exposure to PBDEs on the basis of maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples and to study the extent of placental transfer for different PBDE congeners. The findings were also compared with previously observed PBDE levels and patterns determined in placental tissue from the same individuals, and the relationship with the external exposure from house dust from the participants&#x27; homes was explored. Samples of maternal and umbilical cord plasma from a cohort of 51 pregnant women from the Copenhagen area were collected. Paired maternal and umbilical cord plasma were analysed for BDE-28, 37, 47, 85, 99, 100, 119, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209 and the brominated biphenyl BB-153 using automated SPE extraction and GC-HRMS for the tri- to hepta-BDEs and GC-LRMS (ECNI) for BDE-209. PBDEs were detected in all maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples. The sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs (SigmaPBDE) in maternal plasma varied between 640 and 51,946 pg/g lipid weight (lw) with a median level of 1765 pg/g lw. In the umbilical cord samples SigmaPBDE varied between 213 and 54,346 pg/g lw with a median of 958 pg/g lw. The levels observed in fetal and maternal plasma were highly correlated, but the placental transport of PBDE congeners was found to decrease with increasing diphenyl ether bromination. Maternal concentrations were significantly correlated (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) for most congeners with the previously determined concentrations in placental tissue from the same individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) were found for BDE-28, 47, 100, 209 and SigmaPBDE in maternal plasma and house dust as well as for SigmaPBDE in umbilical cord plasma and house dust. The positive correlations for PBDEs for both maternal and umbilical cord plasma with house dust showed that domestic house dust is a significant source of human exposure to PBDEs in Denmark including in utero exposure.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Thomsen, Cathrine and Frøshaug, May and Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Becher, Georg and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20471317},\n\tkeywords = {Cohort Studies, Denmark, Dust, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pregnancy},\n\tpages = {233--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in particular the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been used in consumer products for many years to increase fire resistance. Recently, developmental neurotoxicity at very low levels has increased the concern about these compounds. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the maternal and fetal exposure to PBDEs on the basis of maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples and to study the extent of placental transfer for different PBDE congeners. The findings were also compared with previously observed PBDE levels and patterns determined in placental tissue from the same individuals, and the relationship with the external exposure from house dust from the participants' homes was explored. Samples of maternal and umbilical cord plasma from a cohort of 51 pregnant women from the Copenhagen area were collected. Paired maternal and umbilical cord plasma were analysed for BDE-28, 37, 47, 85, 99, 100, 119, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209 and the brominated biphenyl BB-153 using automated SPE extraction and GC-HRMS for the tri- to hepta-BDEs and GC-LRMS (ECNI) for BDE-209. PBDEs were detected in all maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples. The sum of tri- to hexa-BDEs (SigmaPBDE) in maternal plasma varied between 640 and 51,946 pg/g lipid weight (lw) with a median level of 1765 pg/g lw. In the umbilical cord samples SigmaPBDE varied between 213 and 54,346 pg/g lw with a median of 958 pg/g lw. The levels observed in fetal and maternal plasma were highly correlated, but the placental transport of PBDE congeners was found to decrease with increasing diphenyl ether bromination. Maternal concentrations were significantly correlated (p\\textless0.05) for most congeners with the previously determined concentrations in placental tissue from the same individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations (p\\textless0.05) were found for BDE-28, 47, 100, 209 and SigmaPBDE in maternal plasma and house dust as well as for SigmaPBDE in umbilical cord plasma and house dust. The positive correlations for PBDEs for both maternal and umbilical cord plasma with house dust showed that domestic house dust is a significant source of human exposure to PBDEs in Denmark including in utero exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"frederiksen-vorkamp-mathiesen-mose-knudsen-placentaltransferofthepolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47bde99andbde209inahumanplacentaperfusionsystemanexperimentalstudy-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'frederiksen-vorkamp-mathiesen-mose-knudsen-placentaltransferofthepolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47bde99andbde209inahumanplacentaperfusionsystemanexperimentalstudy-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Placental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Frederiksen, M.; Vorkamp, K.; Mathiesen, L.; Mose, T.;  and Knudsen, L. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health : a global access science source</i>, 9: 32. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-vorkamp-mathiesen-mose-knudsen-placentaltransferofthepolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47bde99andbde209inahumanplacentaperfusionsystemanexperimentalstudy-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Placental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-32\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-vorkamp-mathiesen-mose-knudsen-placentaltransferofthepolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47bde99andbde209inahumanplacentaperfusionsystemanexperimentalstudy-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-32', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/frederiksen-vorkamp-mathiesen-mose-knudsen-placentaltransferofthepolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47bde99andbde209inahumanplacentaperfusionsystemanexperimentalstudy-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('frederiksen-vorkamp-mathiesen-mose-knudsen-placentaltransferofthepolybrominateddiphenylethersbde47bde99andbde209inahumanplacentaperfusionsystemanexperimentalstudy-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{frederiksen_placental_2010,\n\ttitle = {Placental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers {BDE}-47, {BDE}-99 and {BDE}-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study.},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1476-069X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908602&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1476-069X-9-32},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis, which can result in irreversible damage of cognitive performance, motor skills and altered behaviour. Thus, in utero exposure is of very high concern due to critical windows in fetal development.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},\n\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Vorkamp, Katrin and Mathiesen, Line and Mose, Tina and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20598165},\n\tkeywords = {Antipyrine, Antipyrine: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Perfusion, Placenta, Placenta: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Pregnancy},\n\tpages = {32},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis, which can result in irreversible damage of cognitive performance, motor skills and altered behaviour. Thus, in utero exposure is of very high concern due to critical windows in fetal development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernie-letcher-historicalcontaminantsflameretardantsandhalogenatedphenoliccompoundsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusnestlingsinthecanadiangreatlakesbasin-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernie-letcher-historicalcontaminantsflameretardantsandhalogenatedphenoliccompoundsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusnestlingsinthecanadiangreatlakesbasin-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324', event);\">\n    Historical contaminants, flame retardants, and halogenated phenolic compounds in peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) nestlings in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernie, K. J;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(9): 3520–6. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernie-letcher-historicalcontaminantsflameretardantsandhalogenatedphenoliccompoundsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusnestlingsinthecanadiangreatlakesbasin-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Historical contaminants, flame retardants, and halogenated phenolic compounds in peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) nestlings in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es100400n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernie-letcher-historicalcontaminantsflameretardantsandhalogenatedphenoliccompoundsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusnestlingsinthecanadiangreatlakesbasin-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es100400n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernie-letcher-historicalcontaminantsflameretardantsandhalogenatedphenoliccompoundsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusnestlingsinthecanadiangreatlakesbasin-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernie-letcher-historicalcontaminantsflameretardantsandhalogenatedphenoliccompoundsinperegrinefalconfalcoperegrinusnestlingsinthecanadiangreatlakesbasin-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernie_historical_2010,\n\ttitle = {Historical contaminants, flame retardants, and halogenated phenolic compounds in peregrine {Falcon} ({Falco} peregrinus) nestlings in the {Canadian} {Great} {Lakes} {Basin}.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384324},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es100400n},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations and spatial patterns of persistent organic (chlorinated) pollutants (POPs), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), other flame retardants, and hydroxylated (OH) PBDE and PCB compounds were determined in nestling peregrine falcons across the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. The highest geometric mean plasma POP concentrations (ng/g ww) were sum (Sigma)PCBs (35.16), SigmaPBDEs (15.38), and SigmaOH-PCB (8.77) with the lowest mean levels in nestlings from urban versus remote nests. PBDE congeners derived from PentaBDE and OctaBDE technical mixtures had the highest concentrations, sometimes exceeding 100 ng/g wet weight (ww); BDE-99, -153, -47, -100, and -183 comprised 92.7\\% of the Sigma(14)PBDE levels. BDE-209 proportions were minimal ({\\textbackslash}textless1\\%). North Shore (Lake Superior) nestlings had the highest Sigma(14)PBDE concentrations, with BDE-99, -153, and -47 dominant. Urban nestlings had higher BDE-99:BDE-153 ratios, higher BDE-183 proportions, and the only detectable HBCD concentrations, suggesting greater and more localized exposure to HBCD and PBDEs derived from OctaBDEs. Spatial patterns reflected differences in diet, local contaminant sources, and/or atmospheric deposition. Metabolism of PCBs and PBDEs likely occurred in these nestlings: OH-PCB metabolites were detected, and 4-OH-CB187 was the most abundant of these metabolites. Low ppb levels of putative OH-PBDE metabolites, dominated by 6&#x27;-OH-BDE47, were also detected in the peregrine nestlings.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20384324},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Pesticide Residues, Pesticide Residues: metabolism, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {3520--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations and spatial patterns of persistent organic (chlorinated) pollutants (POPs), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), other flame retardants, and hydroxylated (OH) PBDE and PCB compounds were determined in nestling peregrine falcons across the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. The highest geometric mean plasma POP concentrations (ng/g ww) were sum (Sigma)PCBs (35.16), SigmaPBDEs (15.38), and SigmaOH-PCB (8.77) with the lowest mean levels in nestlings from urban versus remote nests. PBDE congeners derived from PentaBDE and OctaBDE technical mixtures had the highest concentrations, sometimes exceeding 100 ng/g wet weight (ww); BDE-99, -153, -47, -100, and -183 comprised 92.7% of the Sigma(14)PBDE levels. BDE-209 proportions were minimal (\\textless1%). North Shore (Lake Superior) nestlings had the highest Sigma(14)PBDE concentrations, with BDE-99, -153, and -47 dominant. Urban nestlings had higher BDE-99:BDE-153 ratios, higher BDE-183 proportions, and the only detectable HBCD concentrations, suggesting greater and more localized exposure to HBCD and PBDEs derived from OctaBDEs. Spatial patterns reflected differences in diet, local contaminant sources, and/or atmospheric deposition. Metabolism of PCBs and PBDEs likely occurred in these nestlings: OH-PCB metabolites were detected, and 4-OH-CB187 was the most abundant of these metabolites. Low ppb levels of putative OH-PBDE metabolites, dominated by 6'-OH-BDE47, were also detected in the peregrine nestlings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fan-besas-kodavanti-changesinmitogenactivatedproteinkinaseincerebellargranuleneuronsbypolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fan-besas-kodavanti-changesinmitogenactivatedproteinkinaseincerebellargranuleneuronsbypolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977', event);\">\n    Changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebellar granule neurons by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fan, C.; Besas, J.;  and Kodavanti, P. R. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</i>, 245(1): 1–8. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fan-besas-kodavanti-changesinmitogenactivatedproteinkinaseincerebellargranuleneuronsbypolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebellar granule neurons by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fan-besas-kodavanti-changesinmitogenactivatedproteinkinaseincerebellargranuleneuronsbypolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fan-besas-kodavanti-changesinmitogenactivatedproteinkinaseincerebellargranuleneuronsbypolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fan-besas-kodavanti-changesinmitogenactivatedproteinkinaseincerebellargranuleneuronsbypolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fan_changes_2010,\n\ttitle = {Changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebellar granule neurons by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls.},\n\tvolume = {245},\n\tissn = {1096-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171977},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.008},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants and have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue, and breast milk. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the effects of PBDEs are similar to the known human developmental neurotoxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on a molar basis. Previously, we reported that PBDE mixtures and congeners, perturbed calcium homeostasis which is critical for the development and function of the nervous system. In the present study, we tested whether environmentally relevant PBDE/PCB mixtures and congeners affected mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are down-stream events of calcium signaling in cerebellar granule neuronal cultures. In this study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2, a widely studied MAPK cascade and known to be involved in learning and memory, levels were quantitated using western blot technique with phospho-specific antibodies. Glutamate (a positive control) increased pERK1/2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner reaching maximum activation at 5-30min of exposure and at doses {\\textbackslash}textgreater or =10microM. Both Aroclor 1254 (a commercial penta PCB mixture) and DE-71 (a commercial penta PBDE mixture) elevated phospho-ERK1/2, producing maximum stimulation at 30min and at concentrations {\\textbackslash}textgreater or =3microg/ml; Aroclor 1254 was more efficacious than DE-71. DE-79 (an octabrominated diphenyl ether mixture) also elevated phospho-ERK1/2, but to a lesser extent than that of DE-71. PBDE congeners 47, 77, 99, and 153 also increased phospo-ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The data indicated that PBDE congeners are more potent than the commercial mixtures. PCB 47 also increased phospho-ERK1/2 like its structural analog PBDE 47, but to a lesser extent, suggesting that these chemicals affect similar pathways. Cytotoxicity, measured as \\%LDH release, data showed that higher concentrations ({\\textbackslash}textgreater30microM) and longer exposures ({\\textbackslash}textgreater30min) are required to see cell death. These results show that PBDE mixtures and congeners activate MAPK pathway at concentrations where no significant cytotoxicity was observed, suggesting that perturbed intracellular signaling including MAPK pathway might be involved in the initiation of adverse effects, including learning and memory, related to these persistent chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Fan, Chun-Yang and Besas, Jonathan and Kodavanti, Prasada Rao S},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20171977},\n\tkeywords = {Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cultured, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: metabo, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: enzymology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additive flame retardants and have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue, and breast milk. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the effects of PBDEs are similar to the known human developmental neurotoxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on a molar basis. Previously, we reported that PBDE mixtures and congeners, perturbed calcium homeostasis which is critical for the development and function of the nervous system. In the present study, we tested whether environmentally relevant PBDE/PCB mixtures and congeners affected mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are down-stream events of calcium signaling in cerebellar granule neuronal cultures. In this study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2, a widely studied MAPK cascade and known to be involved in learning and memory, levels were quantitated using western blot technique with phospho-specific antibodies. Glutamate (a positive control) increased pERK1/2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner reaching maximum activation at 5-30min of exposure and at doses \\textgreater or =10microM. Both Aroclor 1254 (a commercial penta PCB mixture) and DE-71 (a commercial penta PBDE mixture) elevated phospho-ERK1/2, producing maximum stimulation at 30min and at concentrations \\textgreater or =3microg/ml; Aroclor 1254 was more efficacious than DE-71. DE-79 (an octabrominated diphenyl ether mixture) also elevated phospho-ERK1/2, but to a lesser extent than that of DE-71. PBDE congeners 47, 77, 99, and 153 also increased phospo-ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The data indicated that PBDE congeners are more potent than the commercial mixtures. PCB 47 also increased phospho-ERK1/2 like its structural analog PBDE 47, but to a lesser extent, suggesting that these chemicals affect similar pathways. Cytotoxicity, measured as %LDH release, data showed that higher concentrations (\\textgreater30microM) and longer exposures (\\textgreater30min) are required to see cell death. These results show that PBDE mixtures and congeners activate MAPK pathway at concentrations where no significant cytotoxicity was observed, suggesting that perturbed intracellular signaling including MAPK pathway might be involved in the initiation of adverse effects, including learning and memory, related to these persistent chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eupsifi-europeanpolystyreneinsulationfoamsstatementonhbcdriskmanagement-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eupsifi-europeanpolystyreneinsulationfoamsstatementonhbcdriskmanagement-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf', event);\">\n    European Polystyrene Insulation Foams statement on HBCD Risk Management.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EUPSIFI\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  European Polystyrene Insulation Foams Industry,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eupsifi-europeanpolystyreneinsulationfoamsstatementonhbcdriskmanagement-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"European Polystyrene Insulation Foams statement on HBCD Risk Management [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eupsifi-europeanpolystyreneinsulationfoamsstatementonhbcdriskmanagement-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eupsifi-europeanpolystyreneinsulationfoamsstatementonhbcdriskmanagement-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{eupsifi_european_2010,\n\ttitle = {European {Polystyrene} {Insulation} {Foams} statement on {HBCD} {Risk} {Management}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/HBCD WGSR 26 Aug 10 PS Foam.pdf},\n\tnumber = {May},\n\tpublisher = {European Polystyrene Insulation Foams Industry},\n\tauthor = {{EUPSIFI}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-anexposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-anexposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF', event);\">\n    An Exposure Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington DC,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-anexposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An Exposure Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-anexposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-anexposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_exposure_2010,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {An {Exposure} {Assessment} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA Lorber PBDE_FINAL_MAY2010.PDF},\n\tabstract = {EPA/600/R-08/086F},\n\tnumber = {May},\n\tpublisher = {National Center for Environmental Assessment},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  EPA/600/R-08/086F\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ericsonjogsten-hagberg-lindstrm-bavel-analysisofpopsinhumansamplesrevealacontributionofbrominateddioxinofupto15ofthetotaldioxinteq-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ericsonjogsten-hagberg-lindstrm-bavel-analysisofpopsinhumansamplesrevealacontributionofbrominateddioxinofupto15ofthetotaldioxinteq-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226', event);\">\n    Analysis of POPs in human samples reveal a contribution of brominated dioxin of up to 15% of the total dioxin TEQ.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ericson Jogsten, I.; Hagberg, J.; Lindström, G.;  and Bavel, B. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(2): 113–20. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ericsonjogsten-hagberg-lindstrm-bavel-analysisofpopsinhumansamplesrevealacontributionofbrominateddioxinofupto15ofthetotaldioxinteq-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of POPs in human samples reveal a contribution of brominated dioxin of up to 15% of the total dioxin TEQ. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ericsonjogsten-hagberg-lindstrm-bavel-analysisofpopsinhumansamplesrevealacontributionofbrominateddioxinofupto15ofthetotaldioxinteq-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ericsonjogsten-hagberg-lindstrm-bavel-analysisofpopsinhumansamplesrevealacontributionofbrominateddioxinofupto15ofthetotaldioxinteq-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ericsonjogsten-hagberg-lindstrm-bavel-analysisofpopsinhumansamplesrevealacontributionofbrominateddioxinofupto15ofthetotaldioxinteq-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ericson_jogsten_analysis_2010,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of {POPs} in human samples reveal a contribution of brominated dioxin of up to 15\\% of the total dioxin {TEQ}.},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897226},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.012},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were analyzed in both human adipose tissue and plasma from nine individuals, from the Swedish general population, using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). In addition, several other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined in the same samples, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Polybrominated dibenzofurans were detected in all of the human adipose tissue samples confirming their presence in the Swedish population. The highest concentration was found for 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, ranging from 0.27 to 2.4 pg g(-1) lipid, followed by 1,2,3,7,8-PeBDF, 0.23-0.89pgg(-1) lipid, 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF, 0.44-0.54 pg g(-1) lipid, and 2,7/2,8-DiBDF, 0.19-0.30 pg g(-1) lipid. No PBDDs could be detected above the limit of detection ({\\textbackslash}textless0.02-{\\textbackslash}textless0.21 pg g(-1) lipid) in any of the samples. The levels of PCDD/Fs were in the range 1.79-31.5pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)g(-1) lipid, and PBDEs were found in the 1.16-7.46 ng g(-1) lipid range. The measured chlorinated dioxins indicate decreasing human concentrations in Sweden. The toxicity equivalents (TEQ) for PBDD/Fs (0.2-0.8 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) were found to contribute 1-15\\% of the total dioxin TEQ of the chlorinated dioxins and furans (5-18 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) depending on the individual. Also PBDEs concentrations are decreasing compared to 1997-2000, but most noteworthy a shift in BDE pattern where BDE\\#47 is surpassed by BDE\\#153. The levels of PFCs are in the same range as the highest levels of the traditional POPs (sum of 60 PCBs) based on volume. These findings illustrate the importance of continuous monitoring of brominated compounds in both human and the environment.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ericson Jogsten, Ingrid and Hagberg, Jessika and Lindström, Gunilla and Bavel, Bert Van},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19897226},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Benzofurans: toxicity, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dioxins: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: toxicity, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, ffr, hum, unsure},\n\tpages = {113--20},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were analyzed in both human adipose tissue and plasma from nine individuals, from the Swedish general population, using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). In addition, several other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined in the same samples, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Polybrominated dibenzofurans were detected in all of the human adipose tissue samples confirming their presence in the Swedish population. The highest concentration was found for 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, ranging from 0.27 to 2.4 pg g(-1) lipid, followed by 1,2,3,7,8-PeBDF, 0.23-0.89pgg(-1) lipid, 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF, 0.44-0.54 pg g(-1) lipid, and 2,7/2,8-DiBDF, 0.19-0.30 pg g(-1) lipid. No PBDDs could be detected above the limit of detection (\\textless0.02-\\textless0.21 pg g(-1) lipid) in any of the samples. The levels of PCDD/Fs were in the range 1.79-31.5pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)g(-1) lipid, and PBDEs were found in the 1.16-7.46 ng g(-1) lipid range. The measured chlorinated dioxins indicate decreasing human concentrations in Sweden. The toxicity equivalents (TEQ) for PBDD/Fs (0.2-0.8 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) were found to contribute 1-15% of the total dioxin TEQ of the chlorinated dioxins and furans (5-18 pg TEQg(-1) lipid) depending on the individual. Also PBDEs concentrations are decreasing compared to 1997-2000, but most noteworthy a shift in BDE pattern where BDE#47 is surpassed by BDE#153. The levels of PFCs are in the same range as the highest levels of the traditional POPs (sum of 60 PCBs) based on volume. These findings illustrate the importance of continuous monitoring of brominated compounds in both human and the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdactionplan-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdactionplan-2010', 'http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Action Plan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  US Environmental Protection Agency,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdactionplan-2010', 'http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Action Plan [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdactionplan-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-hexabromocyclododecanehbcdactionplan-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_hexabromocyclododecane_2010,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) {Action} {Plan}},\n\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/hbcd.html file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA_HBCD action plan_Final_2010-08-09.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) action Plan, Risk Assessment, TSCA, Toxic Substances Control Act, chemical hazard, chemical information, chemical risk, chemicals, exposure assessment, exposure characterization, hazard assessment, hazard characterization, hazard communication, risk characterization, risk communication, risk management},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eggen-moeder-arukwe-municipallandfillleachatesasignificantsourcefornewandemergingpollutants-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eggen-moeder-arukwe-municipallandfillleachatesasignificantsourcefornewandemergingpollutants-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466', event);\">\n    Municipal landfill leachates: a significant source for new and emerging pollutants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eggen, T.; Moeder, M.;  and Arukwe, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 408(21): 5147–5157. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eggen-moeder-arukwe-municipallandfillleachatesasignificantsourcefornewandemergingpollutants-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Municipal landfill leachates: a significant source for new and emerging pollutants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eggen-moeder-arukwe-municipallandfillleachatesasignificantsourcefornewandemergingpollutants-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eggen-moeder-arukwe-municipallandfillleachatesasignificantsourcefornewandemergingpollutants-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eggen_municipal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Municipal landfill leachates: a significant source for new and emerging pollutants.},\n\tvolume = {408},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696466},\n\tabstract = {Landfills have historically remained the most common methods of organized waste disposal and still remain so in many regions of the world. Thus, they may contain wastes resulting from several decades of disposal and decomposition with subsequent release of organic compounds that may have environmental, wildlife and human health consequences. Products containing different types of additives with unique beneficial improvement properties are in daily use. However, when these products are decomposed, additives are release into the environment, some of which have been shown to have negative environmental impacts, resulting in the ban or at least restricted application of some chemicals. New and emerging compounds are continuously discovered in the environment. Herein, we report qualitative and quantitative data on the occurrence of new and emerging compounds with increasing environmental and public health concern in water- and particle phase of landfill leachates. Under normal environmental conditions, several of these chemicals are persistent high-volume products. Identified chemicals in the leachates at nanogram (ng) or microgram (microg) per liter levels include - chlorinated alkylphosphates such as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), N-butyl benzensulfonamide (NBBS), the insect repellent diethyl toluamide (DEET) and personal care products such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and polycyclic musk compounds. Among new and emerging contaminants, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in the water phase at concentrations up to 6231 ng/L. Compared with the other chemicals, PFCs were primarily distributed in water phase. An effective removal method for PFCs and other polar and persistent compounds from landfill leachates has been a major challenge, since commonly used treatment technologies are based on aeration and sedimentation. Thus, the present study has shown that municipal landfill leachates may represent a significant source of concern for legacy, new and emerging chemicals in groundwater.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Eggen, Trine and Moeder, Monika and Arukwe, Augustine},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: statistics \\&amp; numerical, Cities, DEET, DEET: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Fluorinated, Fluorinated: analysis, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations: analysis, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: analysis, Refuse Disposal, Sulfonamides, Sulfonamides: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution},\n\tpages = {5147--5157},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Landfills have historically remained the most common methods of organized waste disposal and still remain so in many regions of the world. Thus, they may contain wastes resulting from several decades of disposal and decomposition with subsequent release of organic compounds that may have environmental, wildlife and human health consequences. Products containing different types of additives with unique beneficial improvement properties are in daily use. However, when these products are decomposed, additives are release into the environment, some of which have been shown to have negative environmental impacts, resulting in the ban or at least restricted application of some chemicals. New and emerging compounds are continuously discovered in the environment. Herein, we report qualitative and quantitative data on the occurrence of new and emerging compounds with increasing environmental and public health concern in water- and particle phase of landfill leachates. Under normal environmental conditions, several of these chemicals are persistent high-volume products. Identified chemicals in the leachates at nanogram (ng) or microgram (microg) per liter levels include - chlorinated alkylphosphates such as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), N-butyl benzensulfonamide (NBBS), the insect repellent diethyl toluamide (DEET) and personal care products such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and polycyclic musk compounds. Among new and emerging contaminants, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in the water phase at concentrations up to 6231 ng/L. Compared with the other chemicals, PFCs were primarily distributed in water phase. An effective removal method for PFCs and other polar and persistent compounds from landfill leachates has been a major challenge, since commonly used treatment technologies are based on aeration and sedimentation. Thus, the present study has shown that municipal landfill leachates may represent a significant source of concern for legacy, new and emerging chemicals in groundwater.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"duan-meng-yang-pan-chen-yu-li-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbackgroundsurfacesoilsfromtheyangtzeriverdeltayrdchinaoccurrencesourcesandinventory-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'duan-meng-yang-pan-chen-yu-li-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbackgroundsurfacesoilsfromtheyangtzeriverdeltayrdchinaoccurrencesourcesandinventory-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in background surface soils from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China: occurrence, sources, and inventory.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Duan, Y.; Meng, X.; Yang, C.; Pan, Z.; Chen, L.; Yu, R.;  and Li, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science and pollution research international</i>, 17(4): 948–56. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('duan-meng-yang-pan-chen-yu-li-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbackgroundsurfacesoilsfromtheyangtzeriverdeltayrdchinaoccurrencesourcesandinventory-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in background surface soils from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China: occurrence, sources, and inventory. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0295-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('duan-meng-yang-pan-chen-yu-li-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbackgroundsurfacesoilsfromtheyangtzeriverdeltayrdchinaoccurrencesourcesandinventory-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0295-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/duan-meng-yang-pan-chen-yu-li-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbackgroundsurfacesoilsfromtheyangtzeriverdeltayrdchinaoccurrencesourcesandinventory-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('duan-meng-yang-pan-chen-yu-li-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbackgroundsurfacesoilsfromtheyangtzeriverdeltayrdchinaoccurrencesourcesandinventory-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{duan_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in background surface soils from the {Yangtze} {River} {Delta} ({YRD}), {China}: occurrence, sources, and inventory.},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127420},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11356-010-0295-1},\n\tabstract = {Very few data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were available in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), one of the most developed and urbanized region in China. In this study, Chongming Island, located at the estuary of the Yangtze River, was selected as background area to investigate the occurrence, sources, and inventory of PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},\n\tauthor = {Duan, Yan-Ping and Meng, Xiang-Zhou and Yang, Chao and Pan, Zhao-Yu and Chen, Ling and Yu, Ran and Li, Feng-Ting},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20127420},\n\tkeywords = {China, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Soil: analysis, Water Supply},\n\tpages = {948--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Very few data for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were available in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), one of the most developed and urbanized region in China. In this study, Chongming Island, located at the estuary of the Yangtze River, was selected as background area to investigate the occurrence, sources, and inventory of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dorneles-lailsonbrito-dirtu-weijs-azevedo-torres-malm-neels-etal-anthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganobrominatedcompoundsinmarinemammalsfrombrazil-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dorneles-lailsonbrito-dirtu-weijs-azevedo-torres-malm-neels-etal-anthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganobrominatedcompoundsinmarinemammalsfrombrazil-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024', event);\">\n    Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in marine mammals from Brazil.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dorneles, P. R; Lailson-Brito, J.; Dirtu, A. C; Weijs, L.; Azevedo, A. F; Torres, J. P M; Malm, O.; Neels, H.; Blust, R.; Das, K.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 36(1): 60–7. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dorneles-lailsonbrito-dirtu-weijs-azevedo-torres-malm-neels-etal-anthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganobrominatedcompoundsinmarinemammalsfrombrazil-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in marine mammals from Brazil. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dorneles-lailsonbrito-dirtu-weijs-azevedo-torres-malm-neels-etal-anthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganobrominatedcompoundsinmarinemammalsfrombrazil-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dorneles-lailsonbrito-dirtu-weijs-azevedo-torres-malm-neels-etal-anthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganobrominatedcompoundsinmarinemammalsfrombrazil-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dorneles-lailsonbrito-dirtu-weijs-azevedo-torres-malm-neels-etal-anthropogenicandnaturallyproducedorganobrominatedcompoundsinmarinemammalsfrombrazil-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dorneles_anthropogenic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in marine mammals from {Brazil}.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864024},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.001},\n\tabstract = {Liver samples from 51 cetaceans, comprising 10 species, stranded between 1994 and 2006 in a highly industrialized and urbanized region in Southeast Brazil, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). A concentration range of PBDEs (3-5960ng/g lw) similar to that observed in Northern Hemisphere dolphins was found. MeO-PBDE concentrations in continental shelf (CS) dolphins from Brazil are among the highest detected to date in cetaceans (up to 250microg/g lw). Higher SigmaMeO-PBDE concentrations were measured in CS and oceanic dolphins than in estuarine dolphins. The SigmaPBDE/SigmaMeO-PBDE ratio varied significantly ranging from a mean value of 7.12 to 0.08 and 0.01 for estuarine, CS and oceanic species, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between SigmaPBDE and year of stranding of male estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis), which suggests temporal variation in the exposure. Placental transfer of organobrominated compounds was also evidenced in S. guianensis.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Dorneles, Paulo R and Lailson-Brito, José and Dirtu, Alin C and Weijs, Liesbeth and Azevedo, Alexandre F and Torres, João P M and Malm, Olaf and Neels, Hugo and Blust, Ronny and Das, Krishna and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19864024},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brazil, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maternal Exposure, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {60--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Liver samples from 51 cetaceans, comprising 10 species, stranded between 1994 and 2006 in a highly industrialized and urbanized region in Southeast Brazil, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). A concentration range of PBDEs (3-5960ng/g lw) similar to that observed in Northern Hemisphere dolphins was found. MeO-PBDE concentrations in continental shelf (CS) dolphins from Brazil are among the highest detected to date in cetaceans (up to 250microg/g lw). Higher SigmaMeO-PBDE concentrations were measured in CS and oceanic dolphins than in estuarine dolphins. The SigmaPBDE/SigmaMeO-PBDE ratio varied significantly ranging from a mean value of 7.12 to 0.08 and 0.01 for estuarine, CS and oceanic species, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between SigmaPBDE and year of stranding of male estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis), which suggests temporal variation in the exposure. Placental transfer of organobrominated compounds was also evidenced in S. guianensis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dreiem-okoniewski-brosch-miller-seegal-polychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersalterstriataldopamineneurochemistryinsynaptosomesfromdevelopingratsinanadditivemanner-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dreiem-okoniewski-brosch-miller-seegal-polychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersalterstriataldopamineneurochemistryinsynaptosomesfromdevelopingratsinanadditivemanner-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter striatal dopamine neurochemistry in synaptosomes from developing rats in an additive manner.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dreiem, A.; Okoniewski, R. J; Brosch, K. O; Miller, V. M;  and Seegal, R. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 118(1): 150–9. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dreiem-okoniewski-brosch-miller-seegal-polychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersalterstriataldopamineneurochemistryinsynaptosomesfromdevelopingratsinanadditivemanner-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter striatal dopamine neurochemistry in synaptosomes from developing rats in an additive manner. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq229\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dreiem-okoniewski-brosch-miller-seegal-polychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersalterstriataldopamineneurochemistryinsynaptosomesfromdevelopingratsinanadditivemanner-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq229', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dreiem-okoniewski-brosch-miller-seegal-polychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersalterstriataldopamineneurochemistryinsynaptosomesfromdevelopingratsinanadditivemanner-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dreiem-okoniewski-brosch-miller-seegal-polychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersalterstriataldopamineneurochemistryinsynaptosomesfromdevelopingratsinanadditivemanner-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dreiem_polychlorinated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter striatal dopamine neurochemistry in synaptosomes from developing rats in an additive manner.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2955208&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfq229},\n\tabstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread environmental contaminants associated with changes in behavior and neurochemical function in laboratory animals and behavioral deficits in children. PCBs and PBDEs are found in food, especially in seafood and dairy products, and coexposure to these contaminants is likely. We examined the effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs (Fox River Mix [FRM]) and a PBDE mixture (DE-71) alone and in combination on synaptosomal and medium dopamine (DA) levels and the levels of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in striatal synaptosomes derived from postnatal days (PND) 7, PND14, or PND21 rats. FRM elevated medium DA and reduced synaptosomal DA concentrations with greater potency than equimolar concentrations of DE-71. The effects of FRM, but not DE-71, were dependent on the age of the animals from which the synaptosomes were derived, with greater effects observed in synaptosomes from the youngest animals. We used Bliss&#x27; model of independence to assess the possible interaction(s) of a 1:1 mixture of FRM and DE-71 on synaptosomal DA function and found that the effects of the FRM/DE-71 mixture were additive. Furthermore, as for FRM alone, the effects of the FRM/DE71 mixture were greater in synaptosomes prepared from PND7 rats than in synaptosomes from PND14 and PND21 rats. Because the effects of these contaminants are additive, it is necessary to take into account the cumulative exposure to organohalogen contaminants such as PCBs and PBDEs during risk assessment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Dreiem, Anne and Okoniewski, Richard J and Brosch, Karl O and Miller, Veronica M and Seegal, Richard F},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20671024},\n\tkeywords = {3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: metabolism, Age Factors, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: drug effects, Corpus Striatum: metabolism, Dopamine, Dopamine: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Drug Synergism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Risk Assessment, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism},\n\tpages = {150--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread environmental contaminants associated with changes in behavior and neurochemical function in laboratory animals and behavioral deficits in children. PCBs and PBDEs are found in food, especially in seafood and dairy products, and coexposure to these contaminants is likely. We examined the effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs (Fox River Mix [FRM]) and a PBDE mixture (DE-71) alone and in combination on synaptosomal and medium dopamine (DA) levels and the levels of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in striatal synaptosomes derived from postnatal days (PND) 7, PND14, or PND21 rats. FRM elevated medium DA and reduced synaptosomal DA concentrations with greater potency than equimolar concentrations of DE-71. The effects of FRM, but not DE-71, were dependent on the age of the animals from which the synaptosomes were derived, with greater effects observed in synaptosomes from the youngest animals. We used Bliss' model of independence to assess the possible interaction(s) of a 1:1 mixture of FRM and DE-71 on synaptosomal DA function and found that the effects of the FRM/DE-71 mixture were additive. Furthermore, as for FRM alone, the effects of the FRM/DE71 mixture were greater in synaptosomes prepared from PND7 rats than in synaptosomes from PND14 and PND21 rats. Because the effects of these contaminants are additive, it is necessary to take into account the cumulative exposure to organohalogen contaminants such as PCBs and PBDEs during risk assessment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dingemans-vandenberg-bergman-westerink-calciumrelatedprocessesinvolvedintheinhibitionofdepolarizationevokedcalciumincreasebyhydroxylatedpbdesinpc12cells-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dingemans-vandenberg-bergman-westerink-calciumrelatedprocessesinvolvedintheinhibitionofdepolarizationevokedcalciumincreasebyhydroxylatedpbdesinpc12cells-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592', event);\">\n    Calcium-related processes involved in the inhibition of depolarization-evoked calcium increase by hydroxylated PBDEs in PC12 cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dingemans, M. M L; van den Berg, M.; Bergman, A.;  and Westerink, R. H S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 114(2): 302–9. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dingemans-vandenberg-bergman-westerink-calciumrelatedprocessesinvolvedintheinhibitionofdepolarizationevokedcalciumincreasebyhydroxylatedpbdesinpc12cells-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Calcium-related processes involved in the inhibition of depolarization-evoked calcium increase by hydroxylated PBDEs in PC12 cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp310\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dingemans-vandenberg-bergman-westerink-calciumrelatedprocessesinvolvedintheinhibitionofdepolarizationevokedcalciumincreasebyhydroxylatedpbdesinpc12cells-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp310', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dingemans-vandenberg-bergman-westerink-calciumrelatedprocessesinvolvedintheinhibitionofdepolarizationevokedcalciumincreasebyhydroxylatedpbdesinpc12cells-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dingemans-vandenberg-bergman-westerink-calciumrelatedprocessesinvolvedintheinhibitionofdepolarizationevokedcalciumincreasebyhydroxylatedpbdesinpc12cells-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dingemans_calcium-related_2010,\n\ttitle = {Calcium-related processes involved in the inhibition of depolarization-evoked calcium increase by hydroxylated {PBDEs} in {PC12} cells.},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044592},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfp310},\n\tabstract = {In vitro studies indicated that hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have an increased toxic potential compared to their parent congeners. An example is the OH-PBDE-induced increase of basal intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria and/or influx of extracellular Ca(2+). ER and mitochondria regulate Ca(2+) homeostasis in close association with voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs). Therefore, effects of (OH-)PBDEs on the depolarization-evoked (100 mM K(+)) net increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i)) were measured in neuroendocrine pheochromocytoma cells using the Ca(2+)-responsive dye Fura-2. OH-PBDEs dose dependently inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). This inhibition was potentiated by a preceding increase in basal [Ca(2+)](i). Especially at higher concentrations of OH-PBDEs (5-20 microM), large increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) strongly inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). The inhibition appeared more sensitive to increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores (by 3-OH-BDE-47 or 6&#x27;-OH-BDE-49) compared to those by influx of extracellular Ca(2+) (by 6-OH-BDE-47 or 5-OH-BDE-47). The expected [Ca(2+)](i) difference close to the membrane suggests involvement of Ca(2+)-dependent regulatory processes close to VGCCs. When coapplied with depolarization, some OH-PBDEs induced also moderate direct inhibition of depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxylated BDE-47 affected neither basal nor depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), except for BDE-47, which moderately increased fluctuations in basal [Ca(2+)](i) and depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). These findings demonstrate that OH-PBDEs inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) depending on preceding basal [Ca(2+)](i). Related environmental pollutants that affect Ca(2+) homeostasis (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) may thus also inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), justifying further investigation of possible mixture effects of environmental pollutants on Ca(2+) homeostasis.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Dingemans, Milou M L and van den Berg, Martin and Bergman, Ake and Westerink, Remco H S},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20044592},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Calcium, Calcium Channels, Calcium Signaling, Calcium Signaling: drug effects, Calcium: analysis, Calcium: metabolism, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Endoplasmic Reticulum: drug effects, Endoplasmic Reticulum: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fura-2, Fura-2: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Hydroxylation, Hydroxylation: drug effects, L-Type, L-Type: drug effects, L-Type: metabolism, Mitochondria, Mitochondria: drug effects, Mitochondria: metabolism, PC12 Cells, PC12 Cells: drug effects, PC12 Cells: metabolism, Rats},\n\tpages = {302--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In vitro studies indicated that hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have an increased toxic potential compared to their parent congeners. An example is the OH-PBDE-induced increase of basal intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria and/or influx of extracellular Ca(2+). ER and mitochondria regulate Ca(2+) homeostasis in close association with voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs). Therefore, effects of (OH-)PBDEs on the depolarization-evoked (100 mM K(+)) net increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i)) were measured in neuroendocrine pheochromocytoma cells using the Ca(2+)-responsive dye Fura-2. OH-PBDEs dose dependently inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). This inhibition was potentiated by a preceding increase in basal [Ca(2+)](i). Especially at higher concentrations of OH-PBDEs (5-20 microM), large increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) strongly inhibited depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). The inhibition appeared more sensitive to increases in basal [Ca(2+)](i) by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores (by 3-OH-BDE-47 or 6'-OH-BDE-49) compared to those by influx of extracellular Ca(2+) (by 6-OH-BDE-47 or 5-OH-BDE-47). The expected [Ca(2+)](i) difference close to the membrane suggests involvement of Ca(2+)-dependent regulatory processes close to VGCCs. When coapplied with depolarization, some OH-PBDEs induced also moderate direct inhibition of depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxylated BDE-47 affected neither basal nor depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), except for BDE-47, which moderately increased fluctuations in basal [Ca(2+)](i) and depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i). These findings demonstrate that OH-PBDEs inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) depending on preceding basal [Ca(2+)](i). Related environmental pollutants that affect Ca(2+) homeostasis (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) may thus also inhibit depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i), justifying further investigation of possible mixture effects of environmental pollutants on Ca(2+) homeostasis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  DiGangi, J.; Blum, A.; Bergman, A.; de Wit, C. A; Lucas, D.; Mortimer, D.; Schecter, A.; Scheringer, M.; Shaw, S. D;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(12): A516–8. December 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003089\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003089', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{digangi_san_2010,\n\ttitle = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003089},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {21123135},\n\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \\&amp; control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas},\n\tpages = {A516--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf', event);\">\n    San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  DiGangi, J.; Blum, A.; Bergman, A.; de Wit, C. A; Lucas, D.; Mortimer, D.; Schecter, A.; Scheringer, M.; Shaw, S. D;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(12): A516–8. December 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{digangi_san_2010,\n\ttitle = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3002202&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/DiGangi et al. - 2010 - San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants.pdf},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: toxicity, Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: toxicity, Consensus, Electronic Waste, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \\&amp; control, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Refuse Disposal, Texas},\n\tpages = {A516--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"daniels-pan-jones-anderson-patterson-needham-sjdin-individualcharacteristicsassociatedwithpbdelevelsinushumanmilksamples-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'daniels-pan-jones-anderson-patterson-needham-sjdin-individualcharacteristicsassociatedwithpbdelevelsinushumanmilksamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Individual characteristics associated with PBDE levels in U.S. human milk samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Daniels, J. L; Pan, I.; Jones, R.; Anderson, S.; Patterson, D. G; Needham, L. L;  and Sjödin, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(1): 155–60. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daniels-pan-jones-anderson-patterson-needham-sjdin-individualcharacteristicsassociatedwithpbdelevelsinushumanmilksamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Individual characteristics associated with PBDE levels in U.S. human milk samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900759\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daniels-pan-jones-anderson-patterson-needham-sjdin-individualcharacteristicsassociatedwithpbdelevelsinushumanmilksamples-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900759', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/daniels-pan-jones-anderson-patterson-needham-sjdin-individualcharacteristicsassociatedwithpbdelevelsinushumanmilksamples-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('daniels-pan-jones-anderson-patterson-needham-sjdin-individualcharacteristicsassociatedwithpbdelevelsinushumanmilksamples-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{daniels_individual_2010,\n\ttitle = {Individual characteristics associated with {PBDE} levels in {U}.{S}. human milk samples.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2831961&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900759},\n\tabstract = {Reported polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in human samples in the United States have been higher than in Europe and Asia. Little is known about factors that contribute to individual variability in body burden.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Daniels, Julie L and Pan, I-Jen and Jones, Richard and Anderson, Sarah and Patterson, Donald G and Needham, Larry L and Sjödin, Andreas},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20056574},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Parity, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {155--60},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Reported polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in human samples in the United States have been higher than in Europe and Asia. Little is known about factors that contribute to individual variability in body burden.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"danonschaffer-polybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillsfromelectronicwaste-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'danonschaffer-polybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillsfromelectronicwaste-2010', 'http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfills from electronic waste.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Danon-Schaffer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danonschaffer-polybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillsfromelectronicwaste-2010', 'http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfills from electronic waste. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/danonschaffer-polybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillsfromelectronicwaste-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('danonschaffer-polybrominateddiphenylethersinlandfillsfromelectronicwaste-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{danon-schaffer_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in landfills from electronic waste.},\n\turl = {http://erefdn.org/publications/uploads/Danon-SchafferReport.pdf},\n\tschool = {University of British Columbia},\n\tauthor = {Danon-Schaffer, MN},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-devoogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-devoogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  D'Hollander, W.; Roosens, L.; Covaci, A.; Cornelis, C.; Reynders, H.; Campenhout, K. V.; de Voogt, P.;  and Bervoets, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 81(4): 478–87. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-devoogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-devoogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-devoogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-devoogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}.},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709355},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},\n\tabstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4-1214 ng g(-1)dw (median 35) and {\\textbackslash}textless5-5295 ng g(-1)dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 4,2692 ng g(-1)dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between {\\textbackslash}textless3 and 419 ng g(-1)dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g(-1) (median 3.0 ng g(-1)). Levels in office dust were higher (p{\\textbackslash}textless0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g(-1) (median 10 ng g(-1)) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g(-1), respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {D&#x27;Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and de Voogt, Pim and Bervoets, Lieven},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20709355},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Belgium, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Housing, Housing: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis},\n\tpages = {478--87},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4-1214 ng g(-1)dw (median 35) and \\textless5-5295 ng g(-1)dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 4,2692 ng g(-1)dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \\textless3 and 419 ng g(-1)dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g(-1) (median 3.0 ng g(-1)). Levels in office dust were higher (p\\textless0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g(-1) (median 10 ng g(-1)) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g(-1), respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"daley-shaw-birnbaum-blum-itsallaboutpentainformingdecisionmakersaboutthepropertiesofpentabdeanditsreplacements-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'daley-shaw-birnbaum-blum-itsallaboutpentainformingdecisionmakersaboutthepropertiesofpentabdeanditsreplacements-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf', event);\">\n    It's all about penta: informing decision-makers about the properties of penta-bde and its replacements.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Daley, R. E; Shaw, S. D; Birnbaum, L. S;  and Blum, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 72: 1673–1678.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daley-shaw-birnbaum-blum-itsallaboutpentainformingdecisionmakersaboutthepropertiesofpentabdeanditsreplacements-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"It&#x27;s all about penta: informing decision-makers about the properties of penta-bde and its replacements [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/daley-shaw-birnbaum-blum-itsallaboutpentainformingdecisionmakersaboutthepropertiesofpentabdeanditsreplacements-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('daley-shaw-birnbaum-blum-itsallaboutpentainformingdecisionmakersaboutthepropertiesofpentabdeanditsreplacements-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{daley_its_2010,\n\ttitle = {It&#x27;s all about penta: informing decision-makers about the properties of penta-bde and its replacements},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1635.pdf},\n\tabstract = {An extensive body of scientific research over the last decades has documented the accumulation of halogenated flame retardants in humans, animals, and all media studied; adverse animal and human health effects; as well as the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of many chemicals in this class. There is not data to show whether these chemicals increase or decrease fire safety in various applications. While halogenated flame retardants slow ignition and reduce maximum heat release, they also increase carbon monoxide, soot, and other toxic effluents that are the most frequent cause of fire deaths. In spite of well-documented adverse health effects and unproven fire safety benefits, the use of halogenated flame retardants continues to grow, with brominated fire retardant (BFR) sales increasing 50\\% between 2005 and 20081. Decision-makers need access to comprehensible research results so they can make better decisions about the flammability standards that lead to the use of these chemicals. For example, many exposure and health research papers on pentabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) begin by saying that they save lives and that there are 209 congeners with a multitude of uses. Such statements leave the public and decision-makers uncertain how to proceed to reduce exposure. However, our review of exposure and health studies shows that most scientific research about PBDEs is actually about one commercial mixture, penta-BDE. Penta-BDE was primarily used in North American to treat polyurethane foam to comply with a California flammability regulation called Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117). As a consequence of TB117 compliance, penta-BDE was used for many years at levels of three to six percent by weight in furniture, baby products and carpet padding foam, all products with high levels of human contact. This high exposure has led to high human body burdens of penta-BDE and an association of exposure with adverse human health effects. However, when reporting results most studies refer to the penta-BDE congeners as “PBDEs” rather than specifying the penta-BDE mixture. If researchers were to explicitly relate their results to penta-BDE, a specific chemical mixture primarily used to meet a specific flammability standard, decision-makers might better understand the problem and try to solve it by modifying the standard to attain fire safety without such chemicals.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Daley, Rebecca E and Shaw, Susan D and Birnbaum, Linda S and Blum, A},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum, reg},\n\tpages = {1673--1678},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An extensive body of scientific research over the last decades has documented the accumulation of halogenated flame retardants in humans, animals, and all media studied; adverse animal and human health effects; as well as the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of many chemicals in this class. There is not data to show whether these chemicals increase or decrease fire safety in various applications. While halogenated flame retardants slow ignition and reduce maximum heat release, they also increase carbon monoxide, soot, and other toxic effluents that are the most frequent cause of fire deaths. In spite of well-documented adverse health effects and unproven fire safety benefits, the use of halogenated flame retardants continues to grow, with brominated fire retardant (BFR) sales increasing 50% between 2005 and 20081. Decision-makers need access to comprehensible research results so they can make better decisions about the flammability standards that lead to the use of these chemicals. For example, many exposure and health research papers on pentabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) begin by saying that they save lives and that there are 209 congeners with a multitude of uses. Such statements leave the public and decision-makers uncertain how to proceed to reduce exposure. However, our review of exposure and health studies shows that most scientific research about PBDEs is actually about one commercial mixture, penta-BDE. Penta-BDE was primarily used in North American to treat polyurethane foam to comply with a California flammability regulation called Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117). As a consequence of TB117 compliance, penta-BDE was used for many years at levels of three to six percent by weight in furniture, baby products and carpet padding foam, all products with high levels of human contact. This high exposure has led to high human body burdens of penta-BDE and an association of exposure with adverse human health effects. However, when reporting results most studies refer to the penta-BDE congeners as “PBDEs” rather than specifying the penta-BDE mixture. If researchers were to explicitly relate their results to penta-BDE, a specific chemical mixture primarily used to meet a specific flammability standard, decision-makers might better understand the problem and try to solve it by modifying the standard to attain fire safety without such chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cunha-kalachova-pulkrabova-fernandes-oliveira-alves-hajslova-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdescontentsinhouseandcardustofportugalbypressurizedliquidextractionpleandgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcms-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cunha-kalachova-pulkrabova-fernandes-oliveira-alves-hajslova-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdescontentsinhouseandcardustofportugalbypressurizedliquidextractionpleandgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcms-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contents in house and car dust of Portugal by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cunha, S C; Kalachova, K; Pulkrabova, J; Fernandes, J O; Oliveira, M B P P; Alves, A;  and Hajslova, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(10): 1263–71. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cunha-kalachova-pulkrabova-fernandes-oliveira-alves-hajslova-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdescontentsinhouseandcardustofportugalbypressurizedliquidextractionpleandgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcms-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contents in house and car dust of Portugal by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cunha-kalachova-pulkrabova-fernandes-oliveira-alves-hajslova-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdescontentsinhouseandcardustofportugalbypressurizedliquidextractionpleandgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcms-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cunha-kalachova-pulkrabova-fernandes-oliveira-alves-hajslova-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdescontentsinhouseandcardustofportugalbypressurizedliquidextractionpleandgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcms-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cunha-kalachova-pulkrabova-fernandes-oliveira-alves-hajslova-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdescontentsinhouseandcardustofportugalbypressurizedliquidextractionpleandgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcms-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cunha_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) contents in house and car dust of {Portugal} by pressurized liquid extraction ({PLE}) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ({GC}-{MS}).},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064652},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037},\n\tabstract = {Dust is the repository of various compounds including flame retardants. In this study an analytical method based on PLE extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was selected for the analysis of 16 PBDEs congeners in house and car dust samples collected in Portugal. The analytical performance of the method was validated using standard reference material (SRM); values from 90\\% to 109\\% and from 2\\% to 11\\% were obtained for recovery and precision, respectively. The PBDE congeners distribution in whole and sieved fractions of the dust samples, as well as influence of the source on the levels of these contaminants, were obtained. The wide range of PBDEs contents found in the dust samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in these matrices. The clearest feature of the results obtained was that Deca-BDE was the main PBDE in both house and car dust samples. The total PBDEs measured in house dust (ranging from 34 to 1928 ng g(-1)) was lower than those found in car dust (ranging from 193 to 22955 ng g(-1)). However, house dust provides a major contribution to human exposure due to the time spent there, much higher than in cars.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Cunha, S C and Kalachova, K and Pulkrabova, J and Fernandes, J O and Oliveira, M B P P and Alves, A and Hajslova, J},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20064652},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Automobiles, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: isolation \\&amp; purificat, Housing, Humans, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Portugal, Preschool},\n\tpages = {1263--71},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Dust is the repository of various compounds including flame retardants. In this study an analytical method based on PLE extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was selected for the analysis of 16 PBDEs congeners in house and car dust samples collected in Portugal. The analytical performance of the method was validated using standard reference material (SRM); values from 90% to 109% and from 2% to 11% were obtained for recovery and precision, respectively. The PBDE congeners distribution in whole and sieved fractions of the dust samples, as well as influence of the source on the levels of these contaminants, were obtained. The wide range of PBDEs contents found in the dust samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in these matrices. The clearest feature of the results obtained was that Deca-BDE was the main PBDE in both house and car dust samples. The total PBDEs measured in house dust (ranging from 34 to 1928 ng g(-1)) was lower than those found in car dust (ranging from 193 to 22955 ng g(-1)). However, house dust provides a major contribution to human exposure due to the time spent there, much higher than in cars.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chou-hsiao-ko-cheng-cheng-chen-chronicexposureof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherpbde47alterslocomotionbehaviorinjuvenilezebrafishdaniorerio-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chou-hsiao-ko-cheng-cheng-chen-chronicexposureof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherpbde47alterslocomotionbehaviorinjuvenilezebrafishdaniorerio-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957', event);\">\n    Chronic exposure of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chou, C.; Hsiao, Y.; Ko, F.; Cheng, J.; Cheng, Y.;  and Chen, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology</i>, 98(4): 388–95. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chou-hsiao-ko-cheng-cheng-chen-chronicexposureof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherpbde47alterslocomotionbehaviorinjuvenilezebrafishdaniorerio-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chronic exposure of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chou-hsiao-ko-cheng-cheng-chen-chronicexposureof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherpbde47alterslocomotionbehaviorinjuvenilezebrafishdaniorerio-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chou-hsiao-ko-cheng-cheng-chen-chronicexposureof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherpbde47alterslocomotionbehaviorinjuvenilezebrafishdaniorerio-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chou-hsiao-ko-cheng-cheng-chen-chronicexposureof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherpbde47alterslocomotionbehaviorinjuvenilezebrafishdaniorerio-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chou_chronic_2010,\n\ttitle = {Chronic exposure of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({PBDE}-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish ({Danio} rerio).},\n\tvolume = {98},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20416957},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.012},\n\tabstract = {In the present study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to address possible effects of chronic exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on locomotion behavior, body size, and gonad development in fish. Zebrafish were fed food dosed with PBDE-47 (control, solvent control, low, medium, and high dose groups) from 21 days post hatch (dph) to 90 dph. Fish locomotion parameters, including maximum swimming speed, total distance moved, and percent time active, were assessed using a video-based animal movement analysis system. At the end of the exposure, all fish were euthanized for length and weight measurement, and then subjected to either whole fish histological analysis or tissue PBDE-47 measurement. Survival, body size, and gonad histology were similar between the five groups. However, both total swimming distance and percent time active were negatively correlated with tissue PBDE-47 concentration and were significantly lower in the high dose group. Tissue levels of PBDE-47 in the exposed fish were comparable to that reported in previous field studies. In summary, this study showed that developmental exposure of PBDE-47 at an ecologically relevant level altered locomotion behavior without affecting body size or gonad development of zebrafish.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Chou, Chun-Ting and Hsiao, Yu-Chen and Ko, Fung-Chi and Cheng, Jing-O and Cheng, Ying-Ming and Chen, Te-Hao},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20416957},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Body Size, Body Size: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gametogenesis, Gametogenesis: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases: chemically induced, Swimming, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: growth \\&amp; development, Zebrafish: metabolism, Zebrafish: physiology, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {388--95},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to address possible effects of chronic exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on locomotion behavior, body size, and gonad development in fish. Zebrafish were fed food dosed with PBDE-47 (control, solvent control, low, medium, and high dose groups) from 21 days post hatch (dph) to 90 dph. Fish locomotion parameters, including maximum swimming speed, total distance moved, and percent time active, were assessed using a video-based animal movement analysis system. At the end of the exposure, all fish were euthanized for length and weight measurement, and then subjected to either whole fish histological analysis or tissue PBDE-47 measurement. Survival, body size, and gonad histology were similar between the five groups. However, both total swimming distance and percent time active were negatively correlated with tissue PBDE-47 concentration and were significantly lower in the high dose group. Tissue levels of PBDE-47 in the exposed fish were comparable to that reported in previous field studies. In summary, this study showed that developmental exposure of PBDE-47 at an ecologically relevant level altered locomotion behavior without affecting body size or gonad development of zebrafish.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"christen-crettaz-oberlischrmmli-fent-someflameretardantsandtheantimicrobialstriclosanandtriclocarbanenhancetheandrogenicactivityinvitro-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'christen-crettaz-oberlischrmmli-fent-someflameretardantsandtheantimicrobialstriclosanandtriclocarbanenhancetheandrogenicactivityinvitro-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248', event);\">\n    Some flame retardants and the antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban enhance the androgenic activity in vitro.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Christen, V.; Crettaz, P.; Oberli-Schrämmli, A.;  and Fent, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 81(10): 1245–52. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('christen-crettaz-oberlischrmmli-fent-someflameretardantsandtheantimicrobialstriclosanandtriclocarbanenhancetheandrogenicactivityinvitro-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Some flame retardants and the antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban enhance the androgenic activity in vitro. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('christen-crettaz-oberlischrmmli-fent-someflameretardantsandtheantimicrobialstriclosanandtriclocarbanenhancetheandrogenicactivityinvitro-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.031', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/christen-crettaz-oberlischrmmli-fent-someflameretardantsandtheantimicrobialstriclosanandtriclocarbanenhancetheandrogenicactivityinvitro-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('christen-crettaz-oberlischrmmli-fent-someflameretardantsandtheantimicrobialstriclosanandtriclocarbanenhancetheandrogenicactivityinvitro-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{christen_flame_2010,\n\ttitle = {Some flame retardants and the antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban enhance the androgenic activity in vitro.},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943248},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.031},\n\tabstract = {Contaminants including flame retardants, antimicrobial agents and phthalates, occurring as residues in human tissues were associated with altered endocrine function. In our study we analysed the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD), penta-bromodiphenylether (BDE-100) and hexa-BDE (BDE-155), the antimicrobial compounds triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) and eight phthalates for their androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro in the MDA-kb2 cell line. No or only weak androgenic activity was observed for all the tested compounds. TBBPA showed weak antiandrogenic activity, which was demonstrated for the first time. The flame retardants HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155 enhanced the dihydrotestosterone-dependent activation of androgen receptor-responsive gene expression but exhibited little or no agonistic activity. The enhancement reached 150\\%, which was similar to the antimicrobials (TCS up to 180\\%, and TCC up to 130\\%). This enhancement of androgenic activity represents a novel mode of action of the endocrine activity of flame retardants. In contrast, most phthalates showed antiandrogenic activity. Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) showed strong antiandrogenicity, whereas the action of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and the DEHP metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was lower. Our in vitro study demonstrates for the first time a weak antiandrogenic activity of TBBPA, and a significant enhancement of the androgenic activity of HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155, which represents a novel mechanism of hormonal activity of flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Christen, Verena and Crettaz, Pierre and Oberli-Schrämmli, Aurelia and Fent, Karl},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20943248},\n\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen: drug effects, Androgens, Androgens: toxicity, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Infective Agents: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Carbanilides, Carbanilides: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Triclosan, Triclosan: toxicity, Tumor, cell line},\n\tpages = {1245--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Contaminants including flame retardants, antimicrobial agents and phthalates, occurring as residues in human tissues were associated with altered endocrine function. In our study we analysed the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD), penta-bromodiphenylether (BDE-100) and hexa-BDE (BDE-155), the antimicrobial compounds triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) and eight phthalates for their androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro in the MDA-kb2 cell line. No or only weak androgenic activity was observed for all the tested compounds. TBBPA showed weak antiandrogenic activity, which was demonstrated for the first time. The flame retardants HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155 enhanced the dihydrotestosterone-dependent activation of androgen receptor-responsive gene expression but exhibited little or no agonistic activity. The enhancement reached 150%, which was similar to the antimicrobials (TCS up to 180%, and TCC up to 130%). This enhancement of androgenic activity represents a novel mode of action of the endocrine activity of flame retardants. In contrast, most phthalates showed antiandrogenic activity. Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) showed strong antiandrogenicity, whereas the action of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and the DEHP metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was lower. Our in vitro study demonstrates for the first time a weak antiandrogenic activity of TBBPA, and a significant enhancement of the androgenic activity of HBCD, BDE-100 and BDE-155, which represents a novel mechanism of hormonal activity of flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chevrier, J.; Harley, K. G; Bradman, A.; Gharbi, M.; Sjödin, A.;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(10): 1444–1449. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chevrier_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chevrier et al. - 2010 - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Gharbi, Myriam and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\n\tpages = {1444--1449},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chevrier, J.; Harley, K. G; Bradman, A.; Gharbi, M.; Sjödin, A.;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(10): 1444–9. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1001905\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1001905', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chevrier-harley-bradman-gharbi-sjdin-eskenazi-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardantsandthyroidhormoneduringpregnancy-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chevrier_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2957927&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1001905},\n\tabstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Chevrier, Jonathan and Harley, Kim G and Bradman, Asa and Gharbi, Myriam and Sjödin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20562054},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Pregnancy, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood},\n\tpages = {1444--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has increased exponentially over the last three decades. Animal and human studies suggest that PBDEs may disrupt thyroid function. Although thyroid hormone (TH) of maternal origin plays an essential role in normal fetal brain development, there is a paucity of human data regarding associations between exposure to PBDEs and maternal TH levels during pregnancy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-ma-wang-tian-luo-chen-mai-measurementandhumanexposureassessmentofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdproductsfromsouthchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-ma-wang-tian-luo-chen-mai-measurementandhumanexposureassessmentofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdproductsfromsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734', event);\">\n    Measurement and human exposure assessment of brominated flame retardants in household products from South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, S.; Ma, Y.; Wang, J.; Tian, M.; Luo, X.; Chen, D.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of hazardous materials</i>, 176(1-3): 979–84. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-ma-wang-tian-luo-chen-mai-measurementandhumanexposureassessmentofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdproductsfromsouthchina-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Measurement and human exposure assessment of brominated flame retardants in household products from South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.138\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-ma-wang-tian-luo-chen-mai-measurementandhumanexposureassessmentofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdproductsfromsouthchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.138', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-ma-wang-tian-luo-chen-mai-measurementandhumanexposureassessmentofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdproductsfromsouthchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-ma-wang-tian-luo-chen-mai-measurementandhumanexposureassessmentofbrominatedflameretardantsinhouseholdproductsfromsouthchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_measurement_2010,\n\ttitle = {Measurement and human exposure assessment of brominated flame retardants in household products from {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {176},\n\tissn = {1873-3336},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034734},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.138},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were examined in household products in the Pearl River Delta, South China, including electronic appliances, furniture and upholstery, car interiors, and raw materials for electronics. The concentrations of PBDEs derived from penta-BDE mixture were much lower ({\\textbackslash}textless111 ng/g) than those for octa- and deca-BDE commercially derived PBDEs, with maximum values of 15,107 and 1,603,343 ng/g, respectively, in all the household products. Our findings suggest the recycling of old electronic products and their reuse might be also a potential important source of discontinued PBDEs to the environment. DBDPE was found in 20.0\\% of all the samples, ranging from 311 to 268,230 ng/g. PBDE congener profiles in both the household products and raw materials suggest that some less brominated BDEs in the environment may be derived from the decomposition of higher brominated PBDEs in PBDE-containing products in process of the manufacturing, use and/or recycling. Human exposure to PBDEs from household products via inhalation ranged from 175 to 612 pg/kg bw day, accounting for a small proportion of the total daily exposure via indoor inhalation. Despite the low deleterious risk associated with household products with regard to PBDEs, they are of special concern because of the relatively higher exposures observed for young children and further work is required.},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of hazardous materials},\n\tauthor = {Chen, She-Jun and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wang, Jing and Tian, Mi and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Chen, Da and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20034734},\n\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, China, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Household Products, Household Products: analysis, Household Products: toxicity, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Inhalation Exposure: analysis, ffr, frelec, use},\n\tpages = {979--84},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were examined in household products in the Pearl River Delta, South China, including electronic appliances, furniture and upholstery, car interiors, and raw materials for electronics. The concentrations of PBDEs derived from penta-BDE mixture were much lower (\\textless111 ng/g) than those for octa- and deca-BDE commercially derived PBDEs, with maximum values of 15,107 and 1,603,343 ng/g, respectively, in all the household products. Our findings suggest the recycling of old electronic products and their reuse might be also a potential important source of discontinued PBDEs to the environment. DBDPE was found in 20.0% of all the samples, ranging from 311 to 268,230 ng/g. PBDE congener profiles in both the household products and raw materials suggest that some less brominated BDEs in the environment may be derived from the decomposition of higher brominated PBDEs in PBDE-containing products in process of the manufacturing, use and/or recycling. Human exposure to PBDEs from household products via inhalation ranged from 175 to 612 pg/kg bw day, accounting for a small proportion of the total daily exposure via indoor inhalation. Despite the low deleterious risk associated with household products with regard to PBDEs, they are of special concern because of the relatively higher exposures observed for young children and further work is required.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-hale-watts-laguardia-harvey-mojica-speciesspecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinbirdsofpreyfromthechesapeakebayregionusa-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-hale-watts-laguardia-harvey-mojica-speciesspecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinbirdsofpreyfromthechesapeakebayregionusa-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372', event);\">\n    Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in birds of prey from the Chesapeake Bay region, USA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.; Hale, R. C; Watts, B. D; La Guardia, M. J; Harvey, E.;  and Mojica, E. K\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</i>, 158(5): 1883–9. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-hale-watts-laguardia-harvey-mojica-speciesspecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinbirdsofpreyfromthechesapeakebayregionusa-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in birds of prey from the Chesapeake Bay region, USA. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.042\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-hale-watts-laguardia-harvey-mojica-speciesspecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinbirdsofpreyfromthechesapeakebayregionusa-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.042', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-hale-watts-laguardia-harvey-mojica-speciesspecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinbirdsofpreyfromthechesapeakebayregionusa-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-hale-watts-laguardia-harvey-mojica-speciesspecificaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinbirdsofpreyfromthechesapeakebayregionusa-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_species-specific_2010,\n\ttitle = {Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in birds of prey from the {Chesapeake} {Bay} region, {USA}.},\n\tvolume = {158},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948372},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.042},\n\tabstract = {Compared to organochlorines, little is known about polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of birds of prey breeding in the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the U.S. This study examined and compared PBDE contamination in eggs of osprey, double-crested cormorant, brown pelican and peregrine falcon from this area. Several legacy persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and DDE were also investigated. The level of urbanization of the landscape appeared to influence the level of PBDE exposure. PBDE congener distribution patterns varied between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds. This suggests individual congeners may be subject to differences in bioaccumulation, biomagnification or metabolism in the aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Biomagnification of PBDEs was studied in the Bay aquatic food chains for the first time. A biomagnification factor of 25.1 was estimated for SigmaPBDEs for the fish - osprey egg food chain. Hazard quotients, applied as a preliminary evaluation, indicated that PBDEs may pose a moderate hazard to ospreys and peregrine falcons through impairment of reproductive performance.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Hale, Robert C and Watts, Bryan D and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Mojica, Elizabeth K},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19948372},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Feeding Behavior, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Maryland, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Species Specificity},\n\tpages = {1883--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Compared to organochlorines, little is known about polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of birds of prey breeding in the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the U.S. This study examined and compared PBDE contamination in eggs of osprey, double-crested cormorant, brown pelican and peregrine falcon from this area. Several legacy persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and DDE were also investigated. The level of urbanization of the landscape appeared to influence the level of PBDE exposure. PBDE congener distribution patterns varied between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds. This suggests individual congeners may be subject to differences in bioaccumulation, biomagnification or metabolism in the aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Biomagnification of PBDEs was studied in the Bay aquatic food chains for the first time. A biomagnification factor of 25.1 was estimated for SigmaPBDEs for the fish - osprey egg food chain. Hazard quotients, applied as a preliminary evaluation, indicated that PBDEs may pose a moderate hazard to ospreys and peregrine falcons through impairment of reproductive performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-hale-aglobalreviewofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantcontaminationinbirds-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-hale-aglobalreviewofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantcontaminationinbirds-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935', event);\">\n    A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, D.;  and Hale, R. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 36(7): 800–11. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-hale-aglobalreviewofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantcontaminationinbirds-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-hale-aglobalreviewofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantcontaminationinbirds-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-hale-aglobalreviewofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantcontaminationinbirds-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-hale-aglobalreviewofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantcontaminationinbirds-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_global_2010,\n\ttitle = {A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557935},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.013},\n\tabstract = {As a consequence of substantial, long-term usage, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have contaminated humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed PBDE contamination in general, none have focused specifically on birds. Birds have long been recognized as invaluable monitoring species for organohalogen contamination. This review summarizes most available PBDE data in birds and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., inter-regional differences in PBDE contamination, the extent of BDE-209 contamination, differences in congener composition patterns between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds, trophic biomagnification and temporal changes in PBDE contamination. A meta-analysis of PBDE congener profiles reveals distinctly different patterns between birds utilizing terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Terrestrial-feeding birds appear to exhibit heightened Deca-BDE contamination. Inter-regional comparisons reveal elevated PBDE burdens in North American aquatic birds compared to those from the rest of the world, likely related to greater Penta-BDE demand there. Examination of North American and Chinese terrestrial birds also exhibited some of the highest BDE-209 concentrations ever reported in wildlife, and suggested that urban environments in general and some commercial activities (e.g., electronic recycling) may increase exposure of wildlife and humans to Deca-BDE. Summaries of temporal trend studies suggest that varying usage histories and regulations have influenced PBDE contamination patterns at different regions. As a consequence of continued usage of Deca-BDE around the world, significant increases in BDE-209 burdens have been observed in both North American and European birds. Examination of both wild and laboratory-exposed birds also indicated potential degradation of BDE-209 to less brominated, but more bioavailable/toxic congeners. Therefore, it would be wise to reduce releases of Deca-BDE, the only PBDE formulation remaining in production, to the environment.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Da and Hale, Robert C},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20557935},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity},\n\tpages = {800--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As a consequence of substantial, long-term usage, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have contaminated humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed PBDE contamination in general, none have focused specifically on birds. Birds have long been recognized as invaluable monitoring species for organohalogen contamination. This review summarizes most available PBDE data in birds and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., inter-regional differences in PBDE contamination, the extent of BDE-209 contamination, differences in congener composition patterns between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds, trophic biomagnification and temporal changes in PBDE contamination. A meta-analysis of PBDE congener profiles reveals distinctly different patterns between birds utilizing terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Terrestrial-feeding birds appear to exhibit heightened Deca-BDE contamination. Inter-regional comparisons reveal elevated PBDE burdens in North American aquatic birds compared to those from the rest of the world, likely related to greater Penta-BDE demand there. Examination of North American and Chinese terrestrial birds also exhibited some of the highest BDE-209 concentrations ever reported in wildlife, and suggested that urban environments in general and some commercial activities (e.g., electronic recycling) may increase exposure of wildlife and humans to Deca-BDE. Summaries of temporal trend studies suggest that varying usage histories and regulations have influenced PBDE contamination patterns at different regions. As a consequence of continued usage of Deca-BDE around the world, significant increases in BDE-209 burdens have been observed in both North American and European birds. Examination of both wild and laboratory-exposed birds also indicated potential degradation of BDE-209 to less brominated, but more bioavailable/toxic congeners. Therefore, it would be wise to reduce releases of Deca-BDE, the only PBDE formulation remaining in production, to the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"champoux-moisey-muir-polybrominateddiphenyletherstoxaphenesandotherhalogenatedorganicpollutantsingreatblueheroneggs-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'champoux-moisey-muir-polybrominateddiphenyletherstoxaphenesandotherhalogenatedorganicpollutantsingreatblueheroneggs-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, toxaphenes, and other halogenated organic pollutants in great blue heron eggs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Champoux, L.; Moisey, J.;  and Muir, D. C G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 29(2): 243–9. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('champoux-moisey-muir-polybrominateddiphenyletherstoxaphenesandotherhalogenatedorganicpollutantsingreatblueheroneggs-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, toxaphenes, and other halogenated organic pollutants in great blue heron eggs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.37\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('champoux-moisey-muir-polybrominateddiphenyletherstoxaphenesandotherhalogenatedorganicpollutantsingreatblueheroneggs-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.37', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/champoux-moisey-muir-polybrominateddiphenyletherstoxaphenesandotherhalogenatedorganicpollutantsingreatblueheroneggs-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('champoux-moisey-muir-polybrominateddiphenyletherstoxaphenesandotherhalogenatedorganicpollutantsingreatblueheroneggs-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{champoux_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, toxaphenes, and other halogenated organic pollutants in great blue heron eggs.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821441},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.37},\n\tabstract = {The great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been used as a bioindicator of the state of the St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) since 1996. At 5-year intervals, selected breeding colonies along the River and its estuary are visited to estimate reproductive success and determine levels of contamination. Brominated flame retardants are found in many ecosystems and are increasing in concentration in the Great Lakes, which is the source of much of the water for the St. Lawrence River. In 2001 and 2002, in addition to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) congeners and non-ortho-substituted PCBs were measured for the first time in pools of great blue heron eggs. The PBDE levels in great blue heron eggs (70-1,377 ng/g wet wt) were comparable to those measured in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from the Great Lakes. Toxaphene was detected in great blue heron eggs at levels comparable to those of other major chlorinated pesticides. Major toxaphene congeners were octachlorobornane P44 and the nonachlorobornane P50. Environ.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Champoux, Louise and Moisey, John and Muir, Derek C G},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20821441},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {243--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been used as a bioindicator of the state of the St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) since 1996. At 5-year intervals, selected breeding colonies along the River and its estuary are visited to estimate reproductive success and determine levels of contamination. Brominated flame retardants are found in many ecosystems and are increasing in concentration in the Great Lakes, which is the source of much of the water for the St. Lawrence River. In 2001 and 2002, in addition to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) congeners and non-ortho-substituted PCBs were measured for the first time in pools of great blue heron eggs. The PBDE levels in great blue heron eggs (70-1,377 ng/g wet wt) were comparable to those measured in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from the Great Lakes. Toxaphene was detected in great blue heron eggs at levels comparable to those of other major chlorinated pesticides. Major toxaphene congeners were octachlorobornane P44 and the nonachlorobornane P50. Environ.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cetin-odabasi-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinindoorandoutdoorwindoworganicfilmsinizmirturkey-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cetin-odabasi-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinindoorandoutdoorwindoworganicfilmsinizmirturkey-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir, Turkey.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cetin, B.;  and Odabasi, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of hazardous materials</i>, 185(2-3): 784–91. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cetin-odabasi-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinindoorandoutdoorwindoworganicfilmsinizmirturkey-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir, Turkey. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cetin-odabasi-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinindoorandoutdoorwindoworganicfilmsinizmirturkey-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cetin-odabasi-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinindoorandoutdoorwindoworganicfilmsinizmirturkey-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cetin-odabasi-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinindoorandoutdoorwindoworganicfilmsinizmirturkey-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cetin_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in {Izmir}, {Turkey}.},\n\tvolume = {185},\n\tissn = {1873-3336},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961684},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations of outdoor and indoor organic films on window glasses were measured at different locations (offices, laboratories, and homes in urban, suburban, rural, and industrial sites) in Izmir, Turkey. ∑(7)PBDE concentrations were dominated by technical penta and deca-BDE mixture components. Average total outdoor PBDE (∑(7)PBDE) concentrations for suburban, urban, and industrial sites were 43.5, 45.5, and 206ngm(-2), respectively. This spatial gradient (industrial{\\textbackslash}textgreaterurban{\\textbackslash}textgreatersuburban concentrations) was similar to one observed for ambient air concentrations recently in Izmir, Turkey. The highest concentrations measured in the industrial area were attributed to the significant PBDE emissions from several steel plants located in the area. Air-organic film partitioning modeling results have suggested that organic films can be used in conjunction with the dynamic uptake model to approximate the gas-phase ambient air concentrations. Modeling results have also indicated that congeners in the gas-phase with very large octanol-air partition coefficients (i.e., BDE-154, -153, and -209) will require several months to approach equilibrium with the surface films. This finding may have important implications for gas-particle and gas-film partitioning, transport, and photolytic degradation of atmospheric PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {2-3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of hazardous materials},\n\tauthor = {Cetin, Banu and Odabasi, Mustafa},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20961684},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\n\tpages = {784--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations of outdoor and indoor organic films on window glasses were measured at different locations (offices, laboratories, and homes in urban, suburban, rural, and industrial sites) in Izmir, Turkey. ∑(7)PBDE concentrations were dominated by technical penta and deca-BDE mixture components. Average total outdoor PBDE (∑(7)PBDE) concentrations for suburban, urban, and industrial sites were 43.5, 45.5, and 206ngm(-2), respectively. This spatial gradient (industrial\\textgreaterurban\\textgreatersuburban concentrations) was similar to one observed for ambient air concentrations recently in Izmir, Turkey. The highest concentrations measured in the industrial area were attributed to the significant PBDE emissions from several steel plants located in the area. Air-organic film partitioning modeling results have suggested that organic films can be used in conjunction with the dynamic uptake model to approximate the gas-phase ambient air concentrations. Modeling results have also indicated that congeners in the gas-phase with very large octanol-air partition coefficients (i.e., BDE-154, -153, and -209) will require several months to approach equilibrium with the surface films. This finding may have important implications for gas-particle and gas-film partitioning, transport, and photolytic degradation of atmospheric PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ca-standardmethodoftestforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofflooringfloorcoveringsandmiscellaneousmaterialsandassembliescanulcs102210-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Flooring, Floor Coverings, and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies (CAN/ULC-S102.2-10).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CA, U L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Underwriters Laboratories of Canada, Toronto,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ca-standardmethodoftestforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofflooringfloorcoveringsandmiscellaneousmaterialsandassembliescanulcs102210-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ca-standardmethodoftestforsurfaceburningcharacteristicsofflooringfloorcoveringsandmiscellaneousmaterialsandassembliescanulcs102210-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ca_standard_2010,\n\taddress = {Toronto},\n\ttitle = {Standard {Method} of {Test} for {Surface} {Burning} {Characteristics} of {Flooring}, {Floor} {Coverings}, and {Miscellaneous} {Materials} and {Assemblies} ({CAN}/{ULC}-{S102}.2-10)},\n\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories of Canada},\n\tauthor = {CA, U L},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carmichael-herring-sjdin-jones-needham-ma-ding-shaw-hypospadiasandhalogenatedorganicpollutantlevelsinmaternalmidpregnancyserumsamples-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carmichael-herring-sjdin-jones-needham-ma-ding-shaw-hypospadiasandhalogenatedorganicpollutantlevelsinmaternalmidpregnancyserumsamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Hypospadias and halogenated organic pollutant levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carmichael, S. L; Herring, A. H; Sjödin, A.; Jones, R.; Needham, L.; Ma, C.; Ding, K.;  and Shaw, G. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(6): 641–6. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carmichael-herring-sjdin-jones-needham-ma-ding-shaw-hypospadiasandhalogenatedorganicpollutantlevelsinmaternalmidpregnancyserumsamples-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hypospadias and halogenated organic pollutant levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carmichael-herring-sjdin-jones-needham-ma-ding-shaw-hypospadiasandhalogenatedorganicpollutantlevelsinmaternalmidpregnancyserumsamples-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carmichael-herring-sjdin-jones-needham-ma-ding-shaw-hypospadiasandhalogenatedorganicpollutantlevelsinmaternalmidpregnancyserumsamples-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carmichael-herring-sjdin-jones-needham-ma-ding-shaw-hypospadiasandhalogenatedorganicpollutantlevelsinmaternalmidpregnancyserumsamples-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carmichael_hypospadias_2010,\n\ttitle = {Hypospadias and halogenated organic pollutant levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples.},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2944405&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.055},\n\tabstract = {Environmental contaminants that disrupt endocrine function may contribute to hypospadias etiology.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Carmichael, Suzan L and Herring, Amy H and Sjödin, Andreas and Jones, Richard and Needham, Larry and Ma, Chen and Ding, Kai and Shaw, Gary M},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20494400},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: blood, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hypospadias, Hypospadias: etiology, Infant, Male, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy},\n\tpages = {641--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Environmental contaminants that disrupt endocrine function may contribute to hypospadias etiology.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bustnes-lie-herzke-dempster-bjrn-nygaard-uglem-salmonfarmsasasourceoforganohalogenatedcontaminantsinwildfish-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bustnes-lie-herzke-dempster-bjrn-nygaard-uglem-salmonfarmsasasourceoforganohalogenatedcontaminantsinwildfish-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203', event);\">\n    Salmon farms as a source of organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bustnes, J. O.; Lie, E.; Herzke, D.; Dempster, T.; Bjørn, P. a. A.; Nyg\\a ard , T.;  and Uglem, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 44(22): 8736–43. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bustnes-lie-herzke-dempster-bjrn-nygaard-uglem-salmonfarmsasasourceoforganohalogenatedcontaminantsinwildfish-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Salmon farms as a source of organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es102195d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bustnes-lie-herzke-dempster-bjrn-nygaard-uglem-salmonfarmsasasourceoforganohalogenatedcontaminantsinwildfish-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es102195d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bustnes-lie-herzke-dempster-bjrn-nygaard-uglem-salmonfarmsasasourceoforganohalogenatedcontaminantsinwildfish-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bustnes-lie-herzke-dempster-bjrn-nygaard-uglem-salmonfarmsasasourceoforganohalogenatedcontaminantsinwildfish-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bustnes_salmon_2010,\n\ttitle = {Salmon farms as a source of organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish.},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\tissn = {1520-5851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977203},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es102195d},\n\tabstract = {Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), including organochlorines (OCs; PCB, and OC-pesticides), brominated flame retardants (BFRs; polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDE], hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD]) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were measured in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) caught in the vicinity of salmon farms (n = 75) and control sites (n = 80) in three regions (59°-70°N) in Norway. Forty-five percent of the farm-associated (FA) fish (60\\% of the saithe and 30\\% of the cod) and none of the control fish had salmon feed (aquaculture food pellets) in their digestive tracts. Concentrations of OCs and BFRs were about 50\\% higher and dominated more by persistent compounds in Atlantic cod compared to saithe. After controlling for a set of confounding variables (location, sex, size, weight, gonads size, hepatosomatic index, and \\% lipids in the liver), the concentrations of ∑OC and ∑BDE were 50\\% higher in FA cod compared to control fish, whereas they were 20\\% higher in FA saithe than control fish. Hence, salmon farms are a source of lipid-soluble OHCs to wild marine fish, but variation in life-history and habitat use seems to affect the levels of OHCs in the different fish species. In contrast to the lipid-soluble OHCs, control fish had 67\\% higher PFOS levels than FA fish, which suggests that natural food contains higher loads of this compound than the commercial feed used in salmon farms. Some OHCs are known to act as endocrine disruptors, thus further work is required to determine if OHCs negatively affect reproductive processes of wild fish associated with salmon farms.},\n\tnumber = {22},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Bustnes, Jan Ove and Lie, Elisabeth and Herzke, Dorte and Dempster, Tim and Bjørn, P{\\textbackslash}a al Arne and Nyg{\\textbackslash}a ard, Torgeir and Uglem, Ingebrigt},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20977203},\n\tkeywords = {Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: metabolism, Animals, Aquaculture, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: metabolism, Gadiformes, Gadiformes: metabolism, Halogenated, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pesticides, Pesticides: metabolism, Salmon, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {8736--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs), including organochlorines (OCs; PCB, and OC-pesticides), brominated flame retardants (BFRs; polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDE], hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD]) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were measured in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) caught in the vicinity of salmon farms (n = 75) and control sites (n = 80) in three regions (59°-70°N) in Norway. Forty-five percent of the farm-associated (FA) fish (60% of the saithe and 30% of the cod) and none of the control fish had salmon feed (aquaculture food pellets) in their digestive tracts. Concentrations of OCs and BFRs were about 50% higher and dominated more by persistent compounds in Atlantic cod compared to saithe. After controlling for a set of confounding variables (location, sex, size, weight, gonads size, hepatosomatic index, and % lipids in the liver), the concentrations of ∑OC and ∑BDE were 50% higher in FA cod compared to control fish, whereas they were 20% higher in FA saithe than control fish. Hence, salmon farms are a source of lipid-soluble OHCs to wild marine fish, but variation in life-history and habitat use seems to affect the levels of OHCs in the different fish species. In contrast to the lipid-soluble OHCs, control fish had 67% higher PFOS levels than FA fish, which suggests that natural food contains higher loads of this compound than the commercial feed used in salmon farms. Some OHCs are known to act as endocrine disruptors, thus further work is required to determine if OHCs negatively affect reproductive processes of wild fish associated with salmon farms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-toxicityofpentaanddecabromodiphenylethersafterrepeatedadministrationtoratsacomparativestudy-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-toxicityofpentaanddecabromodiphenylethersafterrepeatedadministrationtoratsacomparativestudy-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105', event);\">\n    Toxicity of penta- and decabromodiphenyl ethers after repeated administration to rats: a comparative study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bruchajzer, E.; Frydrych, B.; Sporny, S.;  and Szymańska, J. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of toxicology</i>, 84(4): 287–99. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-toxicityofpentaanddecabromodiphenylethersafterrepeatedadministrationtoratsacomparativestudy-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicity of penta- and decabromodiphenyl ethers after repeated administration to rats: a comparative study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-009-0495-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-toxicityofpentaanddecabromodiphenylethersafterrepeatedadministrationtoratsacomparativestudy-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-009-0495-y', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-toxicityofpentaanddecabromodiphenylethersafterrepeatedadministrationtoratsacomparativestudy-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruchajzer-frydrych-sporny-szymaska-toxicityofpentaanddecabromodiphenylethersafterrepeatedadministrationtoratsacomparativestudy-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bruchajzer_toxicity_2010,\n\ttitle = {Toxicity of penta- and decabromodiphenyl ethers after repeated administration to rats: a comparative study.},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1432-0738},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20020105},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-009-0495-y},\n\tabstract = {Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl (PentaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl (DecaBDE) ethers were commonly used as flame retardants in a wide array of products, mostly in the production of plastics utilized in the electric, electronic and textile industries. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of PentaBDE and DecaBDE after their repeated (7-28 days) intragastric administration to rats. The compounds were given at doses of 2, 8, 40 or 200 mg/kg/day (PentaBDE) and 10, 100 or 1,000 mg/kg/day (DecaBDE). The repeated administration of PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status and increased activity of glutathione reductase in serum and higher concentrations of glutathione reduced and malondialdehyde in the liver. The occurrence of these effects was not observed after DecaBDE administration. The results of histopathological examination showed fatty degeneration after administration of the highest dose of PentaBDE. The repeated administration of PentaBDE also caused the increase in relative liver mass, dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP 1A (EROD) and CYP 2B (PROD), 7-12- and 2-8-fold, respectively, as well as enhanced level of CYP 1A1 (5-30-fold) and CYP 4A (2-4.5-fold). The administration of DecaBDE induced much less pronounced changes: a maximum 2.8-fold increase in the activity of CYP 1A, a twofold increase in CYP 2B, and no alterations in other parameters under study. Contrary to DecaBDE, PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, and induced liver microsomal enzymes. Fatty degeneration in liver caused by this compound was also found.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Bruchajzer, Elzbieta and Frydrych, Barbara and Sporny, Stanis{\\textbackslash}law and Szymańska, Jadwiga A},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20020105},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: blood, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Liver: pathology, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: metabolism, Rats, Toxicity Tests},\n\tpages = {287--99},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Until recently, pentabromodiphenyl (PentaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl (DecaBDE) ethers were commonly used as flame retardants in a wide array of products, mostly in the production of plastics utilized in the electric, electronic and textile industries. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of PentaBDE and DecaBDE after their repeated (7-28 days) intragastric administration to rats. The compounds were given at doses of 2, 8, 40 or 200 mg/kg/day (PentaBDE) and 10, 100 or 1,000 mg/kg/day (DecaBDE). The repeated administration of PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, which was manifested by lower total antioxidant status and increased activity of glutathione reductase in serum and higher concentrations of glutathione reduced and malondialdehyde in the liver. The occurrence of these effects was not observed after DecaBDE administration. The results of histopathological examination showed fatty degeneration after administration of the highest dose of PentaBDE. The repeated administration of PentaBDE also caused the increase in relative liver mass, dose-dependent increase in the activity of CYP 1A (EROD) and CYP 2B (PROD), 7-12- and 2-8-fold, respectively, as well as enhanced level of CYP 1A1 (5-30-fold) and CYP 4A (2-4.5-fold). The administration of DecaBDE induced much less pronounced changes: a maximum 2.8-fold increase in the activity of CYP 1A, a twofold increase in CYP 2B, and no alterations in other parameters under study. Contrary to DecaBDE, PentaBDE disturbed redox homeostasis, and induced liver microsomal enzymes. Fatty degeneration in liver caused by this compound was also found.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"biesemeier-beck-silberberg-myers-ariano-bodle-sved-jacobi-etal-effectsofdoseadministrationrouteandorvehicleondecabromodiphenyletherconcentrationsinplasmaofmaternalfetalandneonatalratsandinmilkofmaternalrats-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'biesemeier-beck-silberberg-myers-ariano-bodle-sved-jacobi-etal-effectsofdoseadministrationrouteandorvehicleondecabromodiphenyletherconcentrationsinplasmaofmaternalfetalandneonatalratsandinmilkofmaternalrats-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093', event);\">\n    Effects of dose, administration route, and/or vehicle on decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations in plasma of maternal, fetal, and neonatal rats and in milk of maternal rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Biesemeier, J. A; Beck, M. J; Silberberg, H.; Myers, N. R; Ariano, J. M; Bodle, E. S; Sved, D. W; Jacobi, S.; Stump, D. G; Hardy, M.;  and Stedeford, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals</i>, 38(10): 1648–54. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('biesemeier-beck-silberberg-myers-ariano-bodle-sved-jacobi-etal-effectsofdoseadministrationrouteandorvehicleondecabromodiphenyletherconcentrationsinplasmaofmaternalfetalandneonatalratsandinmilkofmaternalrats-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of dose, administration route, and/or vehicle on decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations in plasma of maternal, fetal, and neonatal rats and in milk of maternal rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.110.033431\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('biesemeier-beck-silberberg-myers-ariano-bodle-sved-jacobi-etal-effectsofdoseadministrationrouteandorvehicleondecabromodiphenyletherconcentrationsinplasmaofmaternalfetalandneonatalratsandinmilkofmaternalrats-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.110.033431', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/biesemeier-beck-silberberg-myers-ariano-bodle-sved-jacobi-etal-effectsofdoseadministrationrouteandorvehicleondecabromodiphenyletherconcentrationsinplasmaofmaternalfetalandneonatalratsandinmilkofmaternalrats-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('biesemeier-beck-silberberg-myers-ariano-bodle-sved-jacobi-etal-effectsofdoseadministrationrouteandorvehicleondecabromodiphenyletherconcentrationsinplasmaofmaternalfetalandneonatalratsandinmilkofmaternalrats-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{biesemeier_effects_2010,\n\ttitle = {Effects of dose, administration route, and/or vehicle on decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations in plasma of maternal, fetal, and neonatal rats and in milk of maternal rats.},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {1521-009X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581093},\n\tdoi = {10.1124/dmd.110.033431},\n\tabstract = {The effects of route and vehicle on blood and milk levels of decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE; CASRN 1163-19-5) were investigated in the rat to assist in the design and conduct of a developmental neurotoxicity study. Blood plasma and/or milk concentrations were determined in dams, fetuses, and/or nursing pups after repeated DecaBDE administration by gavage throughout gestation or gestation and lactation using corn oil (CO) or soyaphospholipon/Lutrol F 127-water (SPL) as the vehicle. The impact of vehicle on plasma levels was also investigated in pups derived from naive dams after a single postnatal dose. This study reports for the first time fetal and neonatal plasma concentrations concurrent with those of maternal plasma and/or milk. Higher concentrations of DecaBDE were achieved in plasma and in milk with CO than with SPL. Furthermore, pups derived from dams treated with only SPL were lower in body weight, compared with those from dams treated with either CO, CO and DecaBDE, or SPL and DecaBDE. The study further shows that exposure to DecaBDE is relatively consistent across the dose range of 100 to 1000 mg/(kg · day) when administered in CO.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals},\n\tauthor = {Biesemeier, John A and Beck, Melissa J and Silberberg, Hanna and Myers, Nicole R and Ariano, John M and Bodle, Eric S and Sved, Daniel W and Jacobi, Sylvia and Stump, Donald G and Hardy, Marcia and Stedeford, Todd},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20581093},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Corn Oil, Corn Oil: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Newborn, Oral, Polyethylenes, Polyethylenes: chemistry, Polypropylenes, Polypropylenes: chemistry, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, unsure},\n\tpages = {1648--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The effects of route and vehicle on blood and milk levels of decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE; CASRN 1163-19-5) were investigated in the rat to assist in the design and conduct of a developmental neurotoxicity study. Blood plasma and/or milk concentrations were determined in dams, fetuses, and/or nursing pups after repeated DecaBDE administration by gavage throughout gestation or gestation and lactation using corn oil (CO) or soyaphospholipon/Lutrol F 127-water (SPL) as the vehicle. The impact of vehicle on plasma levels was also investigated in pups derived from naive dams after a single postnatal dose. This study reports for the first time fetal and neonatal plasma concentrations concurrent with those of maternal plasma and/or milk. Higher concentrations of DecaBDE were achieved in plasma and in milk with CO than with SPL. Furthermore, pups derived from dams treated with only SPL were lower in body weight, compared with those from dams treated with either CO, CO and DecaBDE, or SPL and DecaBDE. The study further shows that exposure to DecaBDE is relatively consistent across the dose range of 100 to 1000 mg/(kg · day) when administered in CO.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"betts-endocrinedamperflameretardantslinkedtomalehormonespermcountchanges-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'betts-endocrinedamperflameretardantslinkedtomalehormonespermcountchanges-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Endocrine damper? Flame retardants linked to male hormone, sperm count changes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Betts, K. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 118(3): A 130. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('betts-endocrinedamperflameretardantslinkedtomalehormonespermcountchanges-2010', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine damper? Flame retardants linked to male hormone, sperm count changes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.118-a130b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('betts-endocrinedamperflameretardantslinkedtomalehormonespermcountchanges-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.118-a130b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/betts-endocrinedamperflameretardantslinkedtomalehormonespermcountchanges-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('betts-endocrinedamperflameretardantslinkedtomalehormonespermcountchanges-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{betts_endocrine_2010,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine damper? {Flame} retardants linked to male hormone, sperm count changes.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2854790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.118-a130b},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20194076},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {A 130},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bells-alonso-linares-albina-sirvent-domingo-snchez-behavioraleffectsandoxidativestatusinbrainregionsofadultratsexposedtobde99-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bells-alonso-linares-albina-sirvent-domingo-snchez-behavioraleffectsandoxidativestatusinbrainregionsofadultratsexposedtobde99-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757', event);\">\n    Behavioral effects and oxidative status in brain regions of adult rats exposed to BDE-99.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bellés, M.; Alonso, V.; Linares, V.; Albina, M. L; Sirvent, J. J; Domingo, J. L;  and Sánchez, D. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 194(1-2): 1–7. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bells-alonso-linares-albina-sirvent-domingo-snchez-behavioraleffectsandoxidativestatusinbrainregionsofadultratsexposedtobde99-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Behavioral effects and oxidative status in brain regions of adult rats exposed to BDE-99. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bells-alonso-linares-albina-sirvent-domingo-snchez-behavioraleffectsandoxidativestatusinbrainregionsofadultratsexposedtobde99-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bells-alonso-linares-albina-sirvent-domingo-snchez-behavioraleffectsandoxidativestatusinbrainregionsofadultratsexposedtobde99-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bells-alonso-linares-albina-sirvent-domingo-snchez-behavioraleffectsandoxidativestatusinbrainregionsofadultratsexposedtobde99-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{belles_behavioral_2010,\n\ttitle = {Behavioral effects and oxidative status in brain regions of adult rats exposed to {BDE}-99.},\n\tvolume = {194},\n\tissn = {1879-3169},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096757},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.010},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants. Although developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs has been already investigated, little is still known about their potential neurotoxic effects in adulthood. In this study, we assessed the oxidative damage in brain sections and the possible behavioral effects induced by exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99). Adult male rats (10/group) received BDE-99 by gavage at single doses of 0, 0.6 or 1.2mg/kg/body weight. Forty-five days after exposure, the following behavioral tests were conducted: open-field activity, passive avoidance and Morris water maze. Moreover, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were processed to examine the following oxidative stress (OS) markers: reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In cerebellum, BDE-99 significantly decreased SOD, CAT and GR activities at the highest BDE-99 dose. A decrease in CAT and SOD activities was also observed in cortex and hippocampus, respectively. In the behavioral tests, no BDE-99 effects were observed, while histopathological examination of the brain regions was normal. The current results show that the brain antioxidant capacity is affected by BDE-99 exposure, mainly in cerebellum. Oxidative damage could be a mechanism for BDE-99 neurotoxicity in adult rats.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Bellés, Montserrat and Alonso, Virginia and Linares, Victoria and Albina, Maria L and Sirvent, Juan J and Domingo, José L and Sánchez, Domènec J},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20096757},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: metabolism, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: enzymology, Brain: metabolism, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Peroxidase: metabolism, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Glutathione Transferase, Glutathione Transferase: metabolism, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Male, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: metabolism, Toxicity Tests},\n\tpages = {1--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants. Although developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs has been already investigated, little is still known about their potential neurotoxic effects in adulthood. In this study, we assessed the oxidative damage in brain sections and the possible behavioral effects induced by exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99). Adult male rats (10/group) received BDE-99 by gavage at single doses of 0, 0.6 or 1.2mg/kg/body weight. Forty-five days after exposure, the following behavioral tests were conducted: open-field activity, passive avoidance and Morris water maze. Moreover, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were processed to examine the following oxidative stress (OS) markers: reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In cerebellum, BDE-99 significantly decreased SOD, CAT and GR activities at the highest BDE-99 dose. A decrease in CAT and SOD activities was also observed in cortex and hippocampus, respectively. In the behavioral tests, no BDE-99 effects were observed, while histopathological examination of the brain regions was normal. The current results show that the brain antioxidant capacity is affected by BDE-99 exposure, mainly in cerebellum. Oxidative damage could be a mechanism for BDE-99 neurotoxicity in adult rats.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bergman-lindgren-smedje-jakobsson-athanassiadis-athanasiadou-meyer-pbdesandnonpbdesinaircraftcabinandcockpitairanddust-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bergman-lindgren-smedje-jakobsson-athanassiadis-athanasiadou-meyer-pbdesandnonpbdesinaircraftcabinandcockpitairanddust-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf', event);\">\n    PBDEs and non-PBDEs in aircraft cabin and cockpit air and dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bergman, A; Lindgren, T; Smedje, G; Jakobsson, K; Athanassiadis, I; Athanasiadou, M;  and Meyer, E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 72.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergman-lindgren-smedje-jakobsson-athanassiadis-athanasiadou-meyer-pbdesandnonpbdesinaircraftcabinandcockpitairanddust-2010', 'http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs and non-PBDEs in aircraft cabin and cockpit air and dust. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bergman-lindgren-smedje-jakobsson-athanassiadis-athanasiadou-meyer-pbdesandnonpbdesinaircraftcabinandcockpitairanddust-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bergman-lindgren-smedje-jakobsson-athanassiadis-athanasiadou-meyer-pbdesandnonpbdesinaircraftcabinandcockpitairanddust-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bergman_pbdes_2010,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and non-{PBDEs} in aircraft cabin and cockpit air and dust.},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\turl = {http://www.xcdtech.com/dioxin2010/pdf/1549.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been an issue related to health and the environment for the last three decades1,2,3. Even though BFRs are made up of around twenty groups of individual compounds and mixtures, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been in focus4. More recently also hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) has become of increasing interest5. An additional few non-PBDE BFRs, i.e. decabromo diphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) have been observed in wildlife. BTBPE was first identified in air from an electronics dismantling facility6 and DBDPE was first reported in sewage sludge7. An observation of increasing PBDE concentrations in Swedish mother&#x27;s milk8 in the 1990&#x27;s was followed by many other reports on PBDEs in humans as reviewed by Frederiksen9. Dust has emerged as an obvious source for BFRs in homes and offices10,9. Since there is a particular demand for fire protection in air planes there are reasons to possibly apply BFRs in the planes. A first indicative study showed significant elevations of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of passengers 11. In a study by Schecter and co-workers on cabin personnel, no elevated levels of PBDEs in their blood were observed compared to the normal US population12. In this study, air and dust have been sampled to assess the presence and levels of BFRs in aircraft cockpits and cabins.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Bergman, A and Lindgren, T and Smedje, G and Jakobsson, K and Athanassiadis, I and Athanasiadou, M and Meyer, E},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been an issue related to health and the environment for the last three decades1,2,3. Even though BFRs are made up of around twenty groups of individual compounds and mixtures, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been in focus4. More recently also hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) has become of increasing interest5. An additional few non-PBDE BFRs, i.e. decabromo diphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) have been observed in wildlife. BTBPE was first identified in air from an electronics dismantling facility6 and DBDPE was first reported in sewage sludge7. An observation of increasing PBDE concentrations in Swedish mother's milk8 in the 1990's was followed by many other reports on PBDEs in humans as reviewed by Frederiksen9. Dust has emerged as an obvious source for BFRs in homes and offices10,9. Since there is a particular demand for fire protection in air planes there are reasons to possibly apply BFRs in the planes. A first indicative study showed significant elevations of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of passengers 11. In a study by Schecter and co-workers on cabin personnel, no elevated levels of PBDEs in their blood were observed compared to the normal US population12. In this study, air and dust have been sampled to assess the presence and levels of BFRs in aircraft cockpits and cabins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bearhfti-exemptionofjuvenileproductsfromrequirementsoftechnicalbulletin117initialstatementofreasons-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bearhfti-exemptionofjuvenileproductsfromrequirementsoftechnicalbulletin117initialstatementofreasons-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf', event);\">\n    Exemption of juvenile products from requirements of Technical Bulletin 117: Initial Statement of Reasons.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  BEARHFTI\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 19161 California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, Sacramento, CA,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearhfti-exemptionofjuvenileproductsfromrequirementsoftechnicalbulletin117initialstatementofreasons-2010', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exemption of juvenile products from requirements of Technical Bulletin 117: Initial Statement of Reasons [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bearhfti-exemptionofjuvenileproductsfromrequirementsoftechnicalbulletin117initialstatementofreasons-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bearhfti-exemptionofjuvenileproductsfromrequirementsoftechnicalbulletin117initialstatementofreasons-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{bearhfti_exemption_2010,\n\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\n\ttitle = {Exemption of juvenile products from requirements of {Technical} {Bulletin} 117: {Initial} {Statement} of {Reasons}},\n\tvolume = {19161},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Safe Kids/statement of reasons juv prod exempt.pdf},\n\tnumber = {c},\n\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\n\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bearr-stapleton-mitchelmore-accumulationanddnadamageinfatheadminnowspimephalespromelasexposedto2brominatedflameretardantmixturesfiremaster550andfiremasterbz54-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bearr-stapleton-mitchelmore-accumulationanddnadamageinfatheadminnowspimephalespromelasexposedto2brominatedflameretardantmixturesfiremaster550andfiremasterbz54-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500', event);\">\n    Accumulation and DNA damage in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bearr, J. S; Stapleton, H. M;  and Mitchelmore, C. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 29(3): 722–9. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearr-stapleton-mitchelmore-accumulationanddnadamageinfatheadminnowspimephalespromelasexposedto2brominatedflameretardantmixturesfiremaster550andfiremasterbz54-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Accumulation and DNA damage in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.94\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearr-stapleton-mitchelmore-accumulationanddnadamageinfatheadminnowspimephalespromelasexposedto2brominatedflameretardantmixturesfiremaster550andfiremasterbz54-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/etc.94', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bearr-stapleton-mitchelmore-accumulationanddnadamageinfatheadminnowspimephalespromelasexposedto2brominatedflameretardantmixturesfiremaster550andfiremasterbz54-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bearr-stapleton-mitchelmore-accumulationanddnadamageinfatheadminnowspimephalespromelasexposedto2brominatedflameretardantmixturesfiremaster550andfiremasterbz54-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bearr_accumulation_2010,\n\ttitle = {Accumulation and {DNA} damage in fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, {Firemaster} 550 and {Firemaster} {BZ}-54.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821500},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/etc.94},\n\tabstract = {Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54 are two brominated formulations that are in use as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Two major components of these mixtures are 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-ethylhexylbenzoate (TBB) and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (TBPH). Both have been measured in environmental matrices; however, scant toxicological information exists. The present study aimed to determine if these brominated flame-retardant formulations are bioavailable and adversely affect DNA integrity in fish. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were orally exposed to either FM 550, FM BZ54, or the nonbrominated form of TBPH, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for 56 d and depurated (e.g., fed clean food) for 22 d. At several time points, liver and blood cells were collected and assessed for DNA damage. Homogenized fish tissues were extracted and analyzed on day 0 and day 56 to determine the residue of TBB and TBPH and the appearance of any metabolites using gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Significant increases (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) in DNA strand breaks from liver cells (but not blood cells) were observed during the exposure period compared with controls, although during depuration these levels returned to control. Both parent compounds, TBB and TBPH, were detected in tissues at approximately 1\\% of daily dosage along with brominated metabolites. The present study provides evidence for accumulation, metabolism, and genotoxicity of these new formulation flame retardants in fish and highlights the potential adverse effects of TBB- and TBPH-formulated fire retardants to aquatic species.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Bearr, Jonathan S and Stapleton, Heather M and Mitchelmore, Carys L},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20821500},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, DNA Damage, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, ffr, waa},\n\tpages = {722--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54 are two brominated formulations that are in use as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Two major components of these mixtures are 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-ethylhexylbenzoate (TBB) and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (TBPH). Both have been measured in environmental matrices; however, scant toxicological information exists. The present study aimed to determine if these brominated flame-retardant formulations are bioavailable and adversely affect DNA integrity in fish. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were orally exposed to either FM 550, FM BZ54, or the nonbrominated form of TBPH, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for 56 d and depurated (e.g., fed clean food) for 22 d. At several time points, liver and blood cells were collected and assessed for DNA damage. Homogenized fish tissues were extracted and analyzed on day 0 and day 56 to determine the residue of TBB and TBPH and the appearance of any metabolites using gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Significant increases (p \\textless 0.05) in DNA strand breaks from liver cells (but not blood cells) were observed during the exposure period compared with controls, although during depuration these levels returned to control. Both parent compounds, TBB and TBPH, were detected in tissues at approximately 1% of daily dosage along with brominated metabolites. The present study provides evidence for accumulation, metabolism, and genotoxicity of these new formulation flame retardants in fish and highlights the potential adverse effects of TBB- and TBPH-formulated fire retardants to aquatic species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"batterman-godwin-chernyak-jia-charles-brominatedflameretardantsinofficesinmichiganusa-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'batterman-godwin-chernyak-jia-charles-brominatedflameretardantsinofficesinmichiganusa-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in offices in Michigan, USA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Batterman, S.; Godwin, C.; Chernyak, S.; Jia, C.;  and Charles, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 36(6): 548–56. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('batterman-godwin-chernyak-jia-charles-brominatedflameretardantsinofficesinmichiganusa-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in offices in Michigan, USA. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('batterman-godwin-chernyak-jia-charles-brominatedflameretardantsinofficesinmichiganusa-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/batterman-godwin-chernyak-jia-charles-brominatedflameretardantsinofficesinmichiganusa-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('batterman-godwin-chernyak-jia-charles-brominatedflameretardantsinofficesinmichiganusa-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{batterman_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in offices in {Michigan}, {USA}.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483456},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.008},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are now ubiquitous contaminants with large reservoirs and high concentrations in buildings. Most of the information documenting BFR levels has been obtained in residences, and other environments that can lead to exposure have received relatively little attention, including offices that contain numerous BFR sources and where individuals spend considerable time. The aim of this study is to characterize BFR concentrations, potential emission sources, and migration pathways in office environments. We measure BFR levels in floor dust, indoor air, ventilation filter dust, and carpets in ten commercial and institutional buildings in Michigan, U.S.A. The median concentration of total BDEs in settled dust was 8754 ng g(-1), at the upper range of levels previously reported. Especially elevated levels were found in offices in buildings that contained known or likely BFR sources, e.g., computer servers. A trends analysis in a newly constructed building showed remarkable increases in concentrations of BFRs in settled dust and indoor air, and apparent steady-state levels were reached 5 to 8 months after building completion, a particularly striking finding given that the building was constructed and furnished several years after the voluntary phase-out of the penta- and octa-mixtures. Airborne particulate matter collected in a building&#x27;s HVAC system filters contained PBDEs, including BDE-209, at levels exceeding the concentration of floor dust. In conjunction with estimates of building air flow rates, filter efficiency and other parameters, mass balance calculations for this building were used to estimate the emission rates and reservoirs of PBDEs. The widespread distribution of BFRs found in offices in both new and old buildings suggests the significance of workplace exposures, the need for controls to minimize human exposure, intra-building migration, and environmental releases of these chemicals, and the need for monitoring in new buildings to confirm the effectiveness of the PBDE phase-out.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Batterman, Stuart and Godwin, Christopher and Chernyak, Sergei and Jia, Chunrong and Charles, Simone},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20483456},\n\tkeywords = {Air Conditioning, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Michigan, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\n\tpages = {548--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are now ubiquitous contaminants with large reservoirs and high concentrations in buildings. Most of the information documenting BFR levels has been obtained in residences, and other environments that can lead to exposure have received relatively little attention, including offices that contain numerous BFR sources and where individuals spend considerable time. The aim of this study is to characterize BFR concentrations, potential emission sources, and migration pathways in office environments. We measure BFR levels in floor dust, indoor air, ventilation filter dust, and carpets in ten commercial and institutional buildings in Michigan, U.S.A. The median concentration of total BDEs in settled dust was 8754 ng g(-1), at the upper range of levels previously reported. Especially elevated levels were found in offices in buildings that contained known or likely BFR sources, e.g., computer servers. A trends analysis in a newly constructed building showed remarkable increases in concentrations of BFRs in settled dust and indoor air, and apparent steady-state levels were reached 5 to 8 months after building completion, a particularly striking finding given that the building was constructed and furnished several years after the voluntary phase-out of the penta- and octa-mixtures. Airborne particulate matter collected in a building's HVAC system filters contained PBDEs, including BDE-209, at levels exceeding the concentration of floor dust. In conjunction with estimates of building air flow rates, filter efficiency and other parameters, mass balance calculations for this building were used to estimate the emission rates and reservoirs of PBDEs. The widespread distribution of BFRs found in offices in both new and old buildings suggests the significance of workplace exposures, the need for controls to minimize human exposure, intra-building migration, and environmental releases of these chemicals, and the need for monitoring in new buildings to confirm the effectiveness of the PBDE phase-out.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"arkoosh-boylen-dietrich-anulacion-ginaylitalo-bravo-johnson-loge-etal-diseasesusceptibilityofsalmonexposedtopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'arkoosh-boylen-dietrich-anulacion-ginaylitalo-bravo-johnson-loge-etal-diseasesusceptibilityofsalmonexposedtopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027', event);\">\n    Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Arkoosh, M. R; Boylen, D.; Dietrich, J.; Anulacion, B. F; Ginaylitalo; Bravo, C. F; Johnson, L. L; Loge, F. J;  and Collier, T. K\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology</i>, 98(1): 51–9. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('arkoosh-boylen-dietrich-anulacion-ginaylitalo-bravo-johnson-loge-etal-diseasesusceptibilityofsalmonexposedtopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('arkoosh-boylen-dietrich-anulacion-ginaylitalo-bravo-johnson-loge-etal-diseasesusceptibilityofsalmonexposedtopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/arkoosh-boylen-dietrich-anulacion-ginaylitalo-bravo-johnson-loge-etal-diseasesusceptibilityofsalmonexposedtopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('arkoosh-boylen-dietrich-anulacion-ginaylitalo-bravo-johnson-loge-etal-diseasesusceptibilityofsalmonexposedtopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdes-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{arkoosh_disease_2010,\n\ttitle = {Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}).},\n\tvolume = {98},\n\tissn = {1879-1514},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207027},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.013},\n\tabstract = {The health effects of the flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish are not well understood. To determine the potential effects of this ubiquitous contaminant class on fish health, juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were fed a diet that reflected the PBDE congeners found in the stomach contents of subyearling Chinook salmon collected from the highly urbanized and industrialized lower Willamette River in the Columbia River Basin of North America. The diet, consisting of five PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154), was fed to the salmon at 2\\% of their body weight in food per day for 40 days. Two concentrations of the diet (1x and 10x PBDE) were fed to the salmon. The 1x PBDE diet reflected the concentration of PBDEs (190 ng PBDEs/g food) found in the stomach contents of juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon; the 10x diet was prepared at 10 times that concentration. The fish were then exposed to the marine bacterial pathogen Listonella anguillarum to assess susceptibility to infectious disease. Juvenile Chinook salmon fed the 1x PBDE diet were more susceptible to L. anguillarum than salmon fed the control diet. This suggests that juvenile salmonids in the lower Willamette River exposed to PBDEs may be at greater risk for disease than nonexposed juvenile salmonids. In contrast, salmon that consumed the 10x PBDE diet were not more susceptible to the pathogen than salmon fed the control diet. The mechanisms for the dichotomous results observed in disease susceptibility between salmon fed the 1x and 10x PBDE diets are currently not known but have also been observed in other species exposed to PBDEs with respect to immune function.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Arkoosh, Mary R and Boylen, Deborah and Dietrich, Joseph and Anulacion, Bernadita F and {Ginaylitalo} and Bravo, Claudia F and Johnson, Lyndal L and Loge, Frank J and Collier, Tracy K},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20207027},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Constitution, Body Constitution: drug effects, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Fish Diseases, Fish Diseases: microbiology, Fish Diseases: mortality, Fish Diseases: transmission, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: mortality, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: veterinary, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Immunity, Innate, Innate: drug effects, Lethal Dose 50, Lipids, Lipids: chemistry, Listonella, Listonella: physiology, Salmon, Salmon: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa},\n\tpages = {51--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The health effects of the flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish are not well understood. To determine the potential effects of this ubiquitous contaminant class on fish health, juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were fed a diet that reflected the PBDE congeners found in the stomach contents of subyearling Chinook salmon collected from the highly urbanized and industrialized lower Willamette River in the Columbia River Basin of North America. The diet, consisting of five PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154), was fed to the salmon at 2% of their body weight in food per day for 40 days. Two concentrations of the diet (1x and 10x PBDE) were fed to the salmon. The 1x PBDE diet reflected the concentration of PBDEs (190 ng PBDEs/g food) found in the stomach contents of juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon; the 10x diet was prepared at 10 times that concentration. The fish were then exposed to the marine bacterial pathogen Listonella anguillarum to assess susceptibility to infectious disease. Juvenile Chinook salmon fed the 1x PBDE diet were more susceptible to L. anguillarum than salmon fed the control diet. This suggests that juvenile salmonids in the lower Willamette River exposed to PBDEs may be at greater risk for disease than nonexposed juvenile salmonids. In contrast, salmon that consumed the 10x PBDE diet were not more susceptible to the pathogen than salmon fed the control diet. The mechanisms for the dichotomous results observed in disease susceptibility between salmon fed the 1x and 10x PBDE diets are currently not known but have also been observed in other species exposed to PBDEs with respect to immune function.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alm-scholz-kultima-nilsson-andrn-savitski-bergman-stigson-etal-invitroneurotoxicityofpbde99immediateandconcentrationdependenteffectsonproteinexpressionincerebralcortexcells-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alm-scholz-kultima-nilsson-andrn-savitski-bergman-stigson-etal-invitroneurotoxicityofpbde99immediateandconcentrationdependenteffectsonproteinexpressionincerebralcortexcells-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255', event);\">\n    In vitro neurotoxicity of PBDE-99: immediate and concentration-dependent effects on protein expression in cerebral cortex cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Alm, H.; Scholz, B.; Kultima, K.; Nilsson, A.; Andrén, P. E; Savitski, M. M; Bergman, A.; Stigson, M.; Fex-Svenningsen, A.;  and Dencker, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of proteome research</i>, 9(3): 1226–35. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alm-scholz-kultima-nilsson-andrn-savitski-bergman-stigson-etal-invitroneurotoxicityofpbde99immediateandconcentrationdependenteffectsonproteinexpressionincerebralcortexcells-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro neurotoxicity of PBDE-99: immediate and concentration-dependent effects on protein expression in cerebral cortex cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/pr900723c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alm-scholz-kultima-nilsson-andrn-savitski-bergman-stigson-etal-invitroneurotoxicityofpbde99immediateandconcentrationdependenteffectsonproteinexpressionincerebralcortexcells-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/pr900723c', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alm-scholz-kultima-nilsson-andrn-savitski-bergman-stigson-etal-invitroneurotoxicityofpbde99immediateandconcentrationdependenteffectsonproteinexpressionincerebralcortexcells-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alm-scholz-kultima-nilsson-andrn-savitski-bergman-stigson-etal-invitroneurotoxicityofpbde99immediateandconcentrationdependenteffectsonproteinexpressionincerebralcortexcells-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{alm_vitro_2010,\n\ttitle = {In vitro neurotoxicity of {PBDE}-99: immediate and concentration-dependent effects on protein expression in cerebral cortex cells.},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1535-3907},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954255},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/pr900723c},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used flame retardants in various consumer products. Pre- and postnatal exposure to congeners of PBDEs disrupts normal brain development in rodents. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to analyze concentration-dependent differences in protein expression in cultured cortical cells isolated from rat fetuses (GD 21) after 24 h exposure to PBDE-99 (3, 10, or 30 microM). Changes on a post-translational level were studied using a 1 h exposure to 30 microM PBDE-99. The effects of 24 h exposure to 3 and 30 microM PBDE-99 on mRNA levels were measured using oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 62, 46, and 443 proteins were differentially expressed compared to controls after 24 h of exposure to 3, 10, and 30 microM PDBE-99, respectively. Of these, 48, 43, and 238 proteins were successfully identified, respectively. We propose that the biological effects of low-concentration PBDE-99 exposure are fundamentally different than effects of high-concentration exposure. Low-dose PBDE-99 exposure induced marked effects on cytoskeletal proteins, which was not correlated to cytotoxicity or major morphological effects, suggesting that other more regulatory aspects of cytoskeletal functions may be affected. Interestingly, 0.3 and 3 microM, but not 10 or 30 microM increased the expression of phosphorylated (active) Gap43, perhaps reflecting effects on neurite extension processes.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of proteome research},\n\tauthor = {Alm, Henrik and Scholz, Birger and Kultima, Kim and Nilsson, Anna and Andrén, Per E and Savitski, Mikhail M and Bergman, Ake and Stigson, Michael and Fex-Svenningsen, Asa and Dencker, Lennart},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19954255},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cells, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex: cytology, Cerebral Cortex: drug effects, Cerebral Cortex: metabolism, Cluster Analysis, Cultured, Developmental, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophoresis, Electrospray Ionization, Female, Fetus, Fetus: cytology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, GAP-43 Protein, GAP-43 Protein: genetics, GAP-43 Protein: metabolism, Gel, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mass, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins: biosynthesis, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Protein Biosynthesis, Protein Biosynthesis: drug effects, Rats, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, Two-Dimensional},\n\tpages = {1226--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used flame retardants in various consumer products. Pre- and postnatal exposure to congeners of PBDEs disrupts normal brain development in rodents. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to analyze concentration-dependent differences in protein expression in cultured cortical cells isolated from rat fetuses (GD 21) after 24 h exposure to PBDE-99 (3, 10, or 30 microM). Changes on a post-translational level were studied using a 1 h exposure to 30 microM PBDE-99. The effects of 24 h exposure to 3 and 30 microM PBDE-99 on mRNA levels were measured using oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 62, 46, and 443 proteins were differentially expressed compared to controls after 24 h of exposure to 3, 10, and 30 microM PDBE-99, respectively. Of these, 48, 43, and 238 proteins were successfully identified, respectively. We propose that the biological effects of low-concentration PBDE-99 exposure are fundamentally different than effects of high-concentration exposure. Low-dose PBDE-99 exposure induced marked effects on cytoskeletal proteins, which was not correlated to cytotoxicity or major morphological effects, suggesting that other more regulatory aspects of cytoskeletal functions may be affected. Interestingly, 0.3 and 3 microM, but not 10 or 30 microM increased the expression of phosphorylated (active) Gap43, perhaps reflecting effects on neurite extension processes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/', event);\">\n    San Antonio Statement on Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  DiGangi, J.; Blum, A.; Bergman, A.; de Wit, C. A.; Lucas, D.; Mortimer, D.; Schecter, A.; Scheringer, M.; Shaw, S. D.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 118(12): A516–A518. December 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"San Antonio Statement on Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003089\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003089', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('digangi-blum-bergman-dewit-lucas-mortimer-schecter-scheringer-etal-sanantoniostatementonbrominatedandchlorinatedflameretardants-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{digangi_san_2010,\n\ttitle = {San {Antonio} {Statement} on {Brominated} and {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002202/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.1003089},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {DiGangi, Joseph and Blum, Arlene and Bergman, Ake and de Wit, Cynthia A. and Lucas, Donald and Mortimer, David and Schecter, Arnold and Scheringer, Martin and Shaw, Susan D. and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {21123135},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3002202},\n\tpages = {A516--A518},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  D’Hollander, W.; Roosens, L.; Covaci, A.; Cornelis, C.; Reynders, H.; Campenhout, K. V.; Voogt, P. d.;  and Bervoets, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 81(4): 478–487. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},\n\tabstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and \\&amp;lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \\&amp;lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p \\&amp;lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {D’Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and Voogt, Pim de and Bervoets, Lieven},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds},\n\tpages = {478--487},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and &lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between &lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p &lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjodin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjodin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/', event);\">\n    PBDE Concentrations in Women's Serum and Fecundability.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harley, K. G.; Marks, A. R.; Chevrier, J.; Bradman, A.; Sjodin, A.;  and Eskenazi, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 118(5): 699–704. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjodin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDE Concentrations in Women&#x27;s Serum and Fecundability [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901450\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjodin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901450', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjodin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harley-marks-chevrier-bradman-sjodin-eskenazi-pbdeconcentrationsinwomensserumandfecundability-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harley_pbde_2010,\n\ttitle = {{PBDE} {Concentrations} in {Women}&#x27;s {Serum} and {Fecundability}},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866688/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901450},\n\tabstract = {Background\nExposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97\\% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility.\n\nObjectives\nThis study was designed to determine whether maternal concentrations of PBDEs in serum collected during pregnancy are associated with time to pregnancy and menstrual cycle characteristics.\n\nMethods\nPregnant women (n = 223) living in a low-income, predominantly Mexican-immigrant community in California were interviewed to determine how many months they took to become pregnant. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were lipid adjusted and log10 transformed. Analyses were limited to PBDE congeners detected in {\\textgreater} 75\\% of the population (BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153). Cox proportional hazards models modified for discrete time were used to obtain fecundability odds ratios (fORs) for the association of PBDEs and time to pregnancy.\n\nResults\nWe detected all four congeners in {\\textgreater} 97\\% of women. Increasing levels of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and the sum of these four congeners were all associated with longer time to pregnancy. We observed significantly reduced fORs for BDE-100 [adjusted fOR = 0.6; 95\\% confidence interval (CI), 0.4–0.9], BDE-153 (adjusted fOR = 0.5; 95\\% CI, 0.3–0.8), and the sum of the four congeners (adjusted fOR = 0.7; 95\\% CI, 0.5–1.0). PBDEs were not associated with menstrual cycle characteristics.\n\nConclusions\nWe found significant decreases in fecundability associated with PBDE exposure in women. Future studies are needed to replicate and confirm this finding.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-09-11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Harley, Kim G. and Marks, Amy R. and Chevrier, Jonathan and Bradman, Asa and Sjodin, Andreas and Eskenazi, Brenda},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {20103495},\n\tpmcid = {PMC2866688},\n\tpages = {699--704},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants is widespread, with 97% of Americans having detectable levels. Although PBDEs have been associated with reproductive and hormonal effects in animals, no human studies have examined their association with fertility. Objectives This study was designed to determine whether maternal concentrations of PBDEs in serum collected during pregnancy are associated with time to pregnancy and menstrual cycle characteristics. Methods Pregnant women (n = 223) living in a low-income, predominantly Mexican-immigrant community in California were interviewed to determine how many months they took to become pregnant. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for PBDEs. PBDE concentrations were lipid adjusted and log10 transformed. Analyses were limited to PBDE congeners detected in \\textgreater 75% of the population (BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153). Cox proportional hazards models modified for discrete time were used to obtain fecundability odds ratios (fORs) for the association of PBDEs and time to pregnancy. Results We detected all four congeners in \\textgreater 97% of women. Increasing levels of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and the sum of these four congeners were all associated with longer time to pregnancy. We observed significantly reduced fORs for BDE-100 [adjusted fOR = 0.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4–0.9], BDE-153 (adjusted fOR = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.8), and the sum of the four congeners (adjusted fOR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5–1.0). PBDEs were not associated with menstrual cycle characteristics. Conclusions We found significant decreases in fecundability associated with PBDE exposure in women. Future studies are needed to replicate and confirm this finding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment–trends and new candidates.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  de Wit, C. A.; Herzke, D.;  and Vorkamp, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>, 408(15): 2885–2918. July 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_wit_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Arctic} environment--trends and new candidates},\n\tvolume = {408},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A. and Herzke, Dorte and Vorkamp, Katrin},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpmid = {19815253},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Environmental pollutants, Fishes, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Invertebrates, Mammals, Seawater, Soil, Time},\n\tpages = {2885--2918},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340', event);\">\n    Prenatal Exposure to PBDEs and Neurodevelopment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Herbstman, J. B.; Sjödin, A.; Kurzon, M.; Lederman, S. A.; Jones, R. S.; Rauh, V.; Needham, L. L.; Tang, D.; Niedzwiecki, M.; Wang, R. Y.;  and Perera, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 118(5): 712–719. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal Exposure to PBDEs and Neurodevelopment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901340\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901340', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('herbstman-sjdin-kurzon-lederman-jones-rauh-needham-tang-etal-prenatalexposuretopbdesandneurodevelopment-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{herbstman_prenatal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal {Exposure} to {PBDEs} and {Neurodevelopment}},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901340},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901340},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Herbstman, Julie B. and Sjödin, Andreas and Kurzon, Matthew and Lederman, Sally A. and Jones, Richard S. and Rauh, Virginia and Needham, Larry L. and Tang, Deliang and Niedzwiecki, Megan and Wang, Richard Y. and Perera, Frederica},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {712--719},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sun-zhao-leng-wang-wang-fukatsu-liu-liu-etal-levelsofdioxinsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthreeregionsofnorthernchinaandpotentialdietaryriskfactors-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sun-zhao-leng-wang-wang-fukatsu-liu-liu-etal-levelsofdioxinsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthreeregionsofnorthernchinaandpotentialdietaryriskfactors-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958', event);\">\n    Levels of dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from three regions of northern China and potential dietary risk factors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sun, S.; Zhao, J.; Leng, J.; Wang, P.; Wang, Y.; Fukatsu, H.; Liu, D.; Liu, X.;  and Kayama, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(10): 1151–1159. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sun-zhao-leng-wang-wang-fukatsu-liu-liu-etal-levelsofdioxinsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthreeregionsofnorthernchinaandpotentialdietaryriskfactors-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from three regions of northern China and potential dietary risk factors [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sun-zhao-leng-wang-wang-fukatsu-liu-liu-etal-levelsofdioxinsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthreeregionsofnorthernchinaandpotentialdietaryriskfactors-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sun-zhao-leng-wang-wang-fukatsu-liu-liu-etal-levelsofdioxinsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthreeregionsofnorthernchinaandpotentialdietaryriskfactors-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sun-zhao-leng-wang-wang-fukatsu-liu-liu-etal-levelsofdioxinsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkfromthreeregionsofnorthernchinaandpotentialdietaryriskfactors-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sun_levels_2010,\n\ttitle = {Levels of dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from three regions of northern {China} and potential dietary risk factors},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006958},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.021},\n\tabstract = {Human milk samples were collected from 50 breast-feeding mothers in Shijiazhuang, 60 in Tianjin and 48 in Yantai from November 2006 to April 2007. The three areas are located in northern China. We selected randomly 20 samples from each area for detection of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/frans (PCDD/Fs), polycholorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Our results show the average concentrations of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were 6.24 TEQ pg g−1fat, 7.54 TEQ pg g−1fat and 6.69 TEQ pg g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. The average concentrations of PBDEs were 3.71 ng g−1 fat, 3.42 ng g−1 fat and 4.16 ng g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Among congeners of PBDEs, the high and low brominated congeners BDE209, BDE207, BDE197, BDE153, BDE15, BDE28 and BDE47 were the predominant PBDE congeners, accounting for 91\\%, 90\\% and 84\\% of total PBDEs in samples from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Based on the results of an in-person interview of mothers using a questionnaire, freshwater fish consumption was found to correlate with total mono-ortho dl-PCBs (mo-PCBs) and sea fish consumption was found to correlate with total non-ortho dl-PCBs (no-PCBs) of human milk in these areas. However, no correlation was found between concentrations of total PBDEs and total TEQ of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs and food consumption. Continuous surveillance on dioxins and dl-PCBs levels in human milk is needed to correctly evaluate both the environmental impact and human health risk in China.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Sun, Suju and Zhao, Jianhong and Leng, Junhong and Wang, Peiyu and Wang, Yan and Fukatsu, Hideo and Liu, Dianwu and Liu, Xuehui and Kayama, Fujio},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {China, Dietary exposure, Dioxin, Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ether},\n\tpages = {1151--1159},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human milk samples were collected from 50 breast-feeding mothers in Shijiazhuang, 60 in Tianjin and 48 in Yantai from November 2006 to April 2007. The three areas are located in northern China. We selected randomly 20 samples from each area for detection of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/frans (PCDD/Fs), polycholorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Our results show the average concentrations of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were 6.24 TEQ pg g−1fat, 7.54 TEQ pg g−1fat and 6.69 TEQ pg g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. The average concentrations of PBDEs were 3.71 ng g−1 fat, 3.42 ng g−1 fat and 4.16 ng g−1 fat in human milk from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Among congeners of PBDEs, the high and low brominated congeners BDE209, BDE207, BDE197, BDE153, BDE15, BDE28 and BDE47 were the predominant PBDE congeners, accounting for 91%, 90% and 84% of total PBDEs in samples from Shijiazhuang, Tianjin and Yantai, respectively. Based on the results of an in-person interview of mothers using a questionnaire, freshwater fish consumption was found to correlate with total mono-ortho dl-PCBs (mo-PCBs) and sea fish consumption was found to correlate with total non-ortho dl-PCBs (no-PCBs) of human milk in these areas. However, no correlation was found between concentrations of total PBDEs and total TEQ of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs and food consumption. Continuous surveillance on dioxins and dl-PCBs levels in human milk is needed to correctly evaluate both the environmental impact and human health risk in China.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shen-ding-han-wang-xu-han-lou-xu-etal-distributionofpcddfspcbspbdesandorganochlorineresiduesinchildrensbloodfromzhejiangchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shen-ding-han-wang-xu-han-lou-xu-etal-distributionofpcddfspcbspbdesandorganochlorineresiduesinchildrensbloodfromzhejiangchina-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X', event);\">\n    Distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in children’s blood from Zhejiang, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shen, H.; Ding, G.; Han, G.; Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Han, J.; Lou, X.; Xu, C.; Cai, D.; Song, Y.;  and Lu, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(2): 170–175. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shen-ding-han-wang-xu-han-lou-xu-etal-distributionofpcddfspcbspbdesandorganochlorineresiduesinchildrensbloodfromzhejiangchina-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in children’s blood from Zhejiang, China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shen-ding-han-wang-xu-han-lou-xu-etal-distributionofpcddfspcbspbdesandorganochlorineresiduesinchildrensbloodfromzhejiangchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shen-ding-han-wang-xu-han-lou-xu-etal-distributionofpcddfspcbspbdesandorganochlorineresiduesinchildrensbloodfromzhejiangchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shen-ding-han-wang-xu-han-lou-xu-etal-distributionofpcddfspcbspbdesandorganochlorineresiduesinchildrensbloodfromzhejiangchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shen_distribution_2010,\n\ttitle = {Distribution of {PCDD}/{Fs}, {PCBs}, {PBDEs} and organochlorine residues in children’s blood from {Zhejiang}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351000295X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.012},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations and congener specific profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues were measured in 22 pooled blood samples representing 66 children from both polluted areas (E-waste recycling region) and case control areas in Zhejiang province, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report on these pollutants in the blood of Chinese children. The mean concentrations of ∑PCDD/Fs, ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, HCB and pp′-DDE in pooled blood samples from polluted areas (Luqiao) were 206 ± 157 pg g−1 lipid, 40.6 ± 7.01 ng g−1 lipid, 32.1 ± 17.5 ng g−1 lipid, 14.6 ± 20.1 ng g−1 lipid and 108 ± 21.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. WHO-TEQ-2005 for PCBs and PCDD/Fs were 11.9 ± 4.62 pg g−1 lipid and 10.3 ± 6.39 pg g−1 lipid, respectively. The results showed that PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in the E-waste recycling area were significantly (P \\&amp;lt; 0.001) higher than the case control areas. High levels of PCDD/Fs were detected in the case control area (Longyou), where Na-PCP had been widely sprayed to prevent snailborne schistosomiasis. The contamination levels and profiles were compared with those documented in previous publications.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Shen, Haitao and Ding, Gangqiang and Han, Guangen and Wang, Xiaofeng and Xu, Xiaomin and Han, Jianlong and Lou, Xiaoming and Xu, Caiju and Cai, Delei and Song, Yanhua and Lu, Wei},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Children’s blood, China, Organochlorines, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs},\n\tpages = {170--175},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations and congener specific profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues were measured in 22 pooled blood samples representing 66 children from both polluted areas (E-waste recycling region) and case control areas in Zhejiang province, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report on these pollutants in the blood of Chinese children. The mean concentrations of ∑PCDD/Fs, ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, HCB and pp′-DDE in pooled blood samples from polluted areas (Luqiao) were 206 ± 157 pg g−1 lipid, 40.6 ± 7.01 ng g−1 lipid, 32.1 ± 17.5 ng g−1 lipid, 14.6 ± 20.1 ng g−1 lipid and 108 ± 21.8 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. WHO-TEQ-2005 for PCBs and PCDD/Fs were 11.9 ± 4.62 pg g−1 lipid and 10.3 ± 6.39 pg g−1 lipid, respectively. The results showed that PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in the E-waste recycling area were significantly (P &lt; 0.001) higher than the case control areas. High levels of PCDD/Fs were detected in the case control area (Longyou), where Na-PCP had been widely sprayed to prevent snailborne schistosomiasis. The contamination levels and profiles were compared with those documented in previous publications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhao-qin-yang-zhao-zhao-qin-zhang-ruan-etal-dualbodyburdensofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersamonglocalresidentsinanewasterecyclingregioninsoutheastchina-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhao-qin-yang-zhao-zhao-qin-zhang-ruan-etal-dualbodyburdensofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersamonglocalresidentsinanewasterecyclingregioninsoutheastchina-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222', event);\">\n    Dual body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers among local residents in an e-waste recycling region in Southeast China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhao, X.; Qin, Z.; Yang, Z.; Zhao, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Qin, X.; Zhang, Y.; Ruan, X.; Zhang, Y.;  and Xu, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(6): 659–666. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhao-qin-yang-zhao-zhao-qin-zhang-ruan-etal-dualbodyburdensofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersamonglocalresidentsinanewasterecyclingregioninsoutheastchina-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dual body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers among local residents in an e-waste recycling region in Southeast China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhao-qin-yang-zhao-zhao-qin-zhang-ruan-etal-dualbodyburdensofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersamonglocalresidentsinanewasterecyclingregioninsoutheastchina-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhao-qin-yang-zhao-zhao-qin-zhang-ruan-etal-dualbodyburdensofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersamonglocalresidentsinanewasterecyclingregioninsoutheastchina-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhao-qin-yang-zhao-zhao-qin-zhang-ruan-etal-dualbodyburdensofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandpolybrominateddiphenylethersamonglocalresidentsinanewasterecyclingregioninsoutheastchina-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhao_dual_2010,\n\ttitle = {Dual body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers among local residents in an e-waste recycling region in {Southeast} {China}},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014222},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.013},\n\tabstract = {E-waste recycling resulted in serious pollution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, China. The aims of this study were to assess dual body burdens of the two pollutants and potential health risk for local residents. Blood samples were collected from two e-waste recycling sites, Luqiao (where PCBs-containing e-wastes were recycled) and Wenling (where PBDEs-containing e-wastes were recycled). The mean ∑PCBs (CB-105, 118, 153, 183, and 180) and ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 180, and 209) were 204.20 and 117.58 ng g−1 lipid in the blood from Luqiao, respectively, while they were 83.80 and 357.44 ng g−1 lipid from Wenling, respectively. The PCBs levels among Luqiao residents were comparable to the values reported for US populations, while the PBDEs levels among two study populations were higher than the values from US populations. This is the first report to present dual body burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels. Based on previous epidemiologic data, it is suggested that dual burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels might pose health risk for local residents. In addition, no correlation between PCBs or PBDEs concentrations and the ages of the volunteers was observed in the two populations, which was explained by similar exposure time. No correlation of PBDEs with PCBs concentrations suggested different pathways of human exposures to PCBs and PBDEs. Our findings have raised concern about human health risk of dual exposure to PCBs and PBDEs resulting from e-waste recycling.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Zhao, Xing-Ru and Qin, Zhan-Fen and Yang, Zhong-Zhi and Zhao, Qian and Zhao, Ya-Xian and Qin, Xiao-Fei and Zhang, Yong-Chuan and Ruan, Xian-Li and Zhang, Yin-Feng and Xu, Xiao-Bai},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Body burden, E-waste recycling, Health risk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\n\tpages = {659--666},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  E-waste recycling resulted in serious pollution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, China. The aims of this study were to assess dual body burdens of the two pollutants and potential health risk for local residents. Blood samples were collected from two e-waste recycling sites, Luqiao (where PCBs-containing e-wastes were recycled) and Wenling (where PBDEs-containing e-wastes were recycled). The mean ∑PCBs (CB-105, 118, 153, 183, and 180) and ∑PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 180, and 209) were 204.20 and 117.58 ng g−1 lipid in the blood from Luqiao, respectively, while they were 83.80 and 357.44 ng g−1 lipid from Wenling, respectively. The PCBs levels among Luqiao residents were comparable to the values reported for US populations, while the PBDEs levels among two study populations were higher than the values from US populations. This is the first report to present dual body burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels. Based on previous epidemiologic data, it is suggested that dual burdens of PCBs and PBDEs at so high levels might pose health risk for local residents. In addition, no correlation between PCBs or PBDEs concentrations and the ages of the volunteers was observed in the two populations, which was explained by similar exposure time. No correlation of PBDEs with PCBs concentrations suggested different pathways of human exposures to PCBs and PBDEs. Our findings have raised concern about human health risk of dual exposure to PCBs and PBDEs resulting from e-waste recycling.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258', event);\">\n    Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Colacino, J.; Sjödin, A.; Needham, L.;  and Birnbaum, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(10): 1279–1284. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-colacino-sjdin-needham-birnbaum-partitioningofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinserumandmilkfromthesamemothers-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_partitioning_2010,\n\ttitle = {Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in serum and milk from the same mothers},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014258},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016},\n\tabstract = {We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g−1 lipid (range 6.7–501.6 ng g−1 lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g−1 lipid (range 12.9–580.3 ng g−1 lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g−1 lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Colacino, Justin and Sjödin, Andreas and Needham, Larry and Birnbaum, Linda},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Blood, Milk, PBDE, Partitioning, Serum},\n\tpages = {1279--1284},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We and others have previously described partitioning of chemicals, including polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in different types of human tissues and fluids, including blood and milk. Additionally, we previously reported the blood to milk partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a group of 11 women. Partitioning is of importance in understanding the toxicokinetics of these compounds and also in clinical medicine in improving estimates of levels in different matrices including blood and milk. In this study we extend these findings, describing the levels of PBDEs detected in the serum and milk of 29 women from Texas. The median sum of the levels of the four most detected congeners (BDE 47, 99, 100, and 153) in serum was 27.8 ng g−1 lipid (range 6.7–501.6 ng g−1 lipid). In milk, the median sum of the levels of the same congeners was 39.7 ng g−1 lipid (range 12.9–580.3 ng g−1 lipid). The levels detected in breast milk in this study are similar to those we reported in 2003, where a median total PBDE level of 34 ng g−1 lipid was reported. When congener specific blood to milk partitioning ratios were calculated for BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153, the relatively small tetrabrominated congener, BDE 47, was found in higher concentrations in milk compared to blood, while the higher molecular weight hexabrominated congener, BDE 153, was found in approximately equal quantities in blood and milk, on a lipid normalized basis. The reason for the differential partitioning of PBDE congeners in milk and blood could be due to variation in toxicokinetics, specifically distribution based on molecular size or molecular weight.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kang-lee-kim-lee-lee-park-yun-kannan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersandsyntheticmusksinumbilicalcordserummaternalserumandbreastmilkfromseoulsouthkorea-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kang-lee-kim-lee-lee-park-yun-kannan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersandsyntheticmusksinumbilicalcordserummaternalserumandbreastmilkfromseoulsouthkorea-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord Serum, maternal serum, and breast milk from Seoul, South Korea.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kang, C. S.; Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Lee, K.; Lee, J. S.; Park, P. S.; Yun, S. H.; Kannan, K.; Yoo, Y. W.; Ha, J. Y.;  and Lee, S. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(2): 116–122. June 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kang-lee-kim-lee-lee-park-yun-kannan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersandsyntheticmusksinumbilicalcordserummaternalserumandbreastmilkfromseoulsouthkorea-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord Serum, maternal serum, and breast milk from Seoul, South Korea [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kang-lee-kim-lee-lee-park-yun-kannan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersandsyntheticmusksinumbilicalcordserummaternalserumandbreastmilkfromseoulsouthkorea-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kang-lee-kim-lee-lee-park-yun-kannan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersandsyntheticmusksinumbilicalcordserummaternalserumandbreastmilkfromseoulsouthkorea-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kang-lee-kim-lee-lee-park-yun-kannan-etal-polybrominateddiphenylethersandsyntheticmusksinumbilicalcordserummaternalserumandbreastmilkfromseoulsouthkorea-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kang_polybrominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord {Serum}, maternal serum, and breast milk from {Seoul}, {South} {Korea}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510004169},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.009},\n\tabstract = {Fetal and maternal exposure levels of two emerging pollutants, polybrominated diephenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musks, were measured in Korean general population to assess prenatal and postnatal exposures in infants. For this purpose, paired samples of breast milk, maternal and cord blood were collected from 20 Korean women in 2007. In comparison to data from other countries and previous data from Korea, relatively higher and gradually increasing concentrations for PBDEs were found in Korean breast milk (\\&amp;lt;LOQ to 590 ng g−1 lipid wt; median = 90 ng g−1). Differences in PBDEs and musk concentrations were found among age groups and parity levels. PBDEs concentrations in breast milk were lower in the younger mothers and/or the mothers with multiple parities, while these trends were not found for musks. Compared with PBDEs, concentrations of musks were significantly lower in breast milk than in serum and a little correlation in concentrations among the three human biological matrices were observed. The differences in the profiles of musks relative to PBDEs were due to different clearance rates between these two compounds. The average hazard quotients (HQs) for daily intake of PBDEs by infants via lactation were 0.62, 0.42, and 0.19 for BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153, respectively.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kang, Chang Seong and Lee, Jong-Hyeon and Kim, Seung-Kyu and Lee, Kyu-Tae and Lee, Jung Suk and Park, Pan Soo and Yun, Se Hun and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Yoo, Yung Wook and Ha, Jeong Yi and Lee, Seung Wook},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Daily intake, Hazardous quotient, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polycyclic musks, Serum},\n\tpages = {116--122},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fetal and maternal exposure levels of two emerging pollutants, polybrominated diephenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musks, were measured in Korean general population to assess prenatal and postnatal exposures in infants. For this purpose, paired samples of breast milk, maternal and cord blood were collected from 20 Korean women in 2007. In comparison to data from other countries and previous data from Korea, relatively higher and gradually increasing concentrations for PBDEs were found in Korean breast milk (&lt;LOQ to 590 ng g−1 lipid wt; median = 90 ng g−1). Differences in PBDEs and musk concentrations were found among age groups and parity levels. PBDEs concentrations in breast milk were lower in the younger mothers and/or the mothers with multiple parities, while these trends were not found for musks. Compared with PBDEs, concentrations of musks were significantly lower in breast milk than in serum and a little correlation in concentrations among the three human biological matrices were observed. The differences in the profiles of musks relative to PBDEs were due to different clearance rates between these two compounds. The average hazard quotients (HQs) for daily intake of PBDEs by infants via lactation were 0.62, 0.42, and 0.19 for BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153, respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huang-chen-peng-xu-ye-pbdesinindoordustinsouthcentralchinacharacteristicsandimplications-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huang-chen-peng-xu-ye-pbdesinindoordustinsouthcentralchinacharacteristicsandimplications-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539', event);\">\n    PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China: Characteristics and implications.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huang, Y.; Chen, L.; Peng, X.; Xu, Z.;  and Ye, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(2): 169–174. January 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-chen-peng-xu-ye-pbdesinindoordustinsouthcentralchinacharacteristicsandimplications-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China: Characteristics and implications [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-chen-peng-xu-ye-pbdesinindoordustinsouthcentralchinacharacteristicsandimplications-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.061', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huang-chen-peng-xu-ye-pbdesinindoordustinsouthcentralchinacharacteristicsandimplications-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huang-chen-peng-xu-ye-pbdesinindoordustinsouthcentralchinacharacteristicsandimplications-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huang_pbdes_2010,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in indoor dust in {South}-{Central} {China}: {Characteristics} and implications},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {{PBDEs} in indoor dust in {South}-{Central} {China}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509011539},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.061},\n\tabstract = {Dust samples were collected randomly from 76 houses, 12 offices, 43 outdoor sites, two televisions and two computers in South-Central China. The indoor dust samples were analyzed for the concentrations, congener profiles, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and compared to similar data obtained for outdoor dusts. The concentrations of ∑10PBDEs (the sum of BDE28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) were 186.6–9654 ng g−1 (mean = 2662 ng g−1) and 1737–4408 ng g−1 (mean = 3179 ng g−1) for house dust and office dust, respectively. No significant differences were found among the congener profiles of PBDEs in house dust from three different cities. The dominant congener in all dust samples was BDE209, accounting for an average of 96.2\\%, 99.0\\% and 97.4\\% of ∑10PBDEs for house dust, office dust and outdoor dust, respectively. Unlike previous studies, this study found that BDE183 was present in high proportion to ∑9PBDEs (BDE209 excluded) in both indoor and outdoor dusts, in addition to the usually dominant congeners, BDE47 and 99. ∑10PBDEs concentrations in house dust were higher than those in outdoor dust for most comparison samples. Combined with the significantly higher ∑10PBDEs concentrations in television and computer dusts, PBDE-containing products used indoors, including televisions and computers, were important potential emission sources for PBDEs in indoor dusts. Further studies are required to detail the source of the high levels of BDE183 in Chinese indoor dusts.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Huang, Yumei and Chen, Laiguo and Peng, Xiaochun and Xu, Zhencheng and Ye, Zhixiang},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Congener profile, Indoor dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Source},\n\tpages = {169--174},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Dust samples were collected randomly from 76 houses, 12 offices, 43 outdoor sites, two televisions and two computers in South-Central China. The indoor dust samples were analyzed for the concentrations, congener profiles, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and compared to similar data obtained for outdoor dusts. The concentrations of ∑10PBDEs (the sum of BDE28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) were 186.6–9654 ng g−1 (mean = 2662 ng g−1) and 1737–4408 ng g−1 (mean = 3179 ng g−1) for house dust and office dust, respectively. No significant differences were found among the congener profiles of PBDEs in house dust from three different cities. The dominant congener in all dust samples was BDE209, accounting for an average of 96.2%, 99.0% and 97.4% of ∑10PBDEs for house dust, office dust and outdoor dust, respectively. Unlike previous studies, this study found that BDE183 was present in high proportion to ∑9PBDEs (BDE209 excluded) in both indoor and outdoor dusts, in addition to the usually dominant congeners, BDE47 and 99. ∑10PBDEs concentrations in house dust were higher than those in outdoor dust for most comparison samples. Combined with the significantly higher ∑10PBDEs concentrations in television and computer dusts, PBDE-containing products used indoors, including televisions and computers, were important potential emission sources for PBDEs in indoor dusts. Further studies are required to detail the source of the high levels of BDE183 in Chinese indoor dusts.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesibpbcdsanewclassofpolybrominatedcompounds-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesibpbcdsanewclassofpolybrominatedcompounds-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684', event);\">\n    Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs): A new class of polybrominated compounds.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heeb, N. V.; Graf, H.; Bernd Schweizer, W.;  and Lienemann, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 78(8): 950–957. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesibpbcdsanewclassofpolybrominatedcompounds-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs): A new class of polybrominated compounds [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesibpbcdsanewclassofpolybrominatedcompounds-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.045', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesibpbcdsanewclassofpolybrominatedcompounds-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesibpbcdsanewclassofpolybrominatedcompounds-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heeb_isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes_2010,\n\ttitle = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes ({iBPBCDs}): {A} new class of polybrominated compounds},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes ({iBPBCDs})},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509014684},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.045},\n\tabstract = {Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs) represent a new class of polybrominated compounds found in several flame-proofed polystyrene materials and in a technical mixture of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Of the 64 stereoisomers possible, we now have analytical evidence for 16 different stereoisomers. By reversed- and chiral-phase liquid chromatography we distinguished 8 diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, named α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε-, ξ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs in accordance with their chromatographic retention on a C18-RP-column. Crystal structure analysis revealed the stereochemistry of the most prominent θ-iBPBCD stereoisomers, which were determined to be (1R)-1-iso-butoxy-(2R,5R,6S,9S,10R)-2,5,6,9,10-pentabromocyclododecane and its enantiomer. The eight iBPBCD diastereomers were also found in several expanded (EPS) and extruded polystyrene materials (XPS). Stereoisomer pattern varied to a large extent with δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs dominating in EPS- and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-isomers in XPS-materials. The substitution of a bromine atom with an alkoxy group is expected to result in more lipophilic compounds than the parent HBCD compounds. The chromatographic retention on the reversed-phase column supports this assumption. Therefore, we expect that certain iBPBCD stereoisomers may also have the potential to accumulate in biota like e.g. α-HBCDs. The presented spectroscopic and chromatographic data allow the identification of 16 different iBPBCD stereoisomers in plastic materials, environmental samples, and biota. With this, the occurrence, fate, and toxicological relevance of this new class of polybrominated compounds can now be studied in more detail.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Heeb, Norbert V. and Graf, Heidi and Bernd Schweizer, W. and Lienemann, P.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Crystal structure, Diastereomers, Enantiomers, iBPBCDs},\n\tpages = {950--957},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs) represent a new class of polybrominated compounds found in several flame-proofed polystyrene materials and in a technical mixture of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Of the 64 stereoisomers possible, we now have analytical evidence for 16 different stereoisomers. By reversed- and chiral-phase liquid chromatography we distinguished 8 diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, named α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε-, ξ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs in accordance with their chromatographic retention on a C18-RP-column. Crystal structure analysis revealed the stereochemistry of the most prominent θ-iBPBCD stereoisomers, which were determined to be (1R)-1-iso-butoxy-(2R,5R,6S,9S,10R)-2,5,6,9,10-pentabromocyclododecane and its enantiomer. The eight iBPBCD diastereomers were also found in several expanded (EPS) and extruded polystyrene materials (XPS). Stereoisomer pattern varied to a large extent with δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs dominating in EPS- and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-isomers in XPS-materials. The substitution of a bromine atom with an alkoxy group is expected to result in more lipophilic compounds than the parent HBCD compounds. The chromatographic retention on the reversed-phase column supports this assumption. Therefore, we expect that certain iBPBCD stereoisomers may also have the potential to accumulate in biota like e.g. α-HBCDs. The presented spectroscopic and chromatographic data allow the identification of 16 different iBPBCD stereoisomers in plastic materials, environmental samples, and biota. With this, the occurrence, fate, and toxicological relevance of this new class of polybrominated compounds can now be studied in more detail.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uemura-arisawa-hiyoshi-dakeshita-kitayama-takami-sawachika-yamaguchi-etal-congenerspecificbodyburdenlevelsandpossibledeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinthegeneraljapanesepopulation-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uemura-arisawa-hiyoshi-dakeshita-kitayama-takami-sawachika-yamaguchi-etal-congenerspecificbodyburdenlevelsandpossibledeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinthegeneraljapanesepopulation-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316', event);\">\n    Congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the general Japanese population.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Uemura, H.; Arisawa, K.; Hiyoshi, M.; Dakeshita, S.; Kitayama, A.; Takami, H.; Sawachika, F.; Yamaguchi, M.;  and Sasai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 79(7): 706–712. April 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uemura-arisawa-hiyoshi-dakeshita-kitayama-takami-sawachika-yamaguchi-etal-congenerspecificbodyburdenlevelsandpossibledeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinthegeneraljapanesepopulation-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the general Japanese population [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uemura-arisawa-hiyoshi-dakeshita-kitayama-takami-sawachika-yamaguchi-etal-congenerspecificbodyburdenlevelsandpossibledeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinthegeneraljapanesepopulation-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.050', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uemura-arisawa-hiyoshi-dakeshita-kitayama-takami-sawachika-yamaguchi-etal-congenerspecificbodyburdenlevelsandpossibledeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinthegeneraljapanesepopulation-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uemura-arisawa-hiyoshi-dakeshita-kitayama-takami-sawachika-yamaguchi-etal-congenerspecificbodyburdenlevelsandpossibledeterminantsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinthegeneraljapanesepopulation-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{uemura_congener-specific_2010,\n\ttitle = {Congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the general {Japanese} population},\n\tvolume = {79},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510002316},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.050},\n\tabstract = {Objective\nOur objective was to investigate congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Japanese human population.\nMethods\nWe conducted a cross-sectional study on 72 participants aged 15–74 years; subjects were not occupationally exposed to PBDEs or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL–PCBs). Participants lived in two urban areas and two fishing villages. Twenty-seven PBDE congeners, PCB-126, PCB-118, PCB-156, and biochemical factors were determined in fasting blood. A questionnaire survey on life-style was also conducted.\nResults\nMore than half of the PBDE values for 14 congeners were below the levels of detection (LODs). The median concentration of total PBDEs was 3.6 ng g−1 lipid. The most abundant congener was BDE-209 (median concentration, 0.90 ng g−1 lipid), followed by BDE-153, BDE-207, and BDE-47 in the given order. Most PBDE congeners with ⩽ 6 bromine atoms had significant positive associations with the concentrations of the three DL–PCBs (suggesting common routes of exposure) and with plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), biological markers of fish intake. These associations did not change substantially after adjustment for age, sex, and log(body mass index). These positive associations with the concentrations of DL–PCBs or EPA/DHA were not found in analyses of high-brominated PBDE congeners with ⩾8 bromine atoms.\nConclusions\nFish consumption may be a major contributor to the accumulation of PBDE congeners with ⩽6 bromine atoms among the general Japanese population. In contrast, the main exposure routes to high-brominated PBDEs in humans are probably not associated with fish consumption.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Uemura, Hirokazu and Arisawa, Kokichi and Hiyoshi, Mineyoshi and Dakeshita, Satoru and Kitayama, Atsushi and Takami, Hidenobu and Sawachika, Fusakazu and Yamaguchi, Miwa and Sasai, Shuhei},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Cross-sectional study, Environmental exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {706--712},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Objective Our objective was to investigate congener-specific body burden levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Japanese human population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study on 72 participants aged 15–74 years; subjects were not occupationally exposed to PBDEs or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL–PCBs). Participants lived in two urban areas and two fishing villages. Twenty-seven PBDE congeners, PCB-126, PCB-118, PCB-156, and biochemical factors were determined in fasting blood. A questionnaire survey on life-style was also conducted. Results More than half of the PBDE values for 14 congeners were below the levels of detection (LODs). The median concentration of total PBDEs was 3.6 ng g−1 lipid. The most abundant congener was BDE-209 (median concentration, 0.90 ng g−1 lipid), followed by BDE-153, BDE-207, and BDE-47 in the given order. Most PBDE congeners with ⩽ 6 bromine atoms had significant positive associations with the concentrations of the three DL–PCBs (suggesting common routes of exposure) and with plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), biological markers of fish intake. These associations did not change substantially after adjustment for age, sex, and log(body mass index). These positive associations with the concentrations of DL–PCBs or EPA/DHA were not found in analyses of high-brominated PBDE congeners with ⩾8 bromine atoms. Conclusions Fish consumption may be a major contributor to the accumulation of PBDE congeners with ⩽6 bromine atoms among the general Japanese population. In contrast, the main exposure routes to high-brominated PBDEs in humans are probably not associated with fish consumption.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dunn-huwe-carey-biomonitoringpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkasafunctionofenvironmentdietaryintakeanddemographicsinnewhampshire-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dunn-huwe-carey-biomonitoringpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkasafunctionofenvironmentdietaryintakeanddemographicsinnewhampshire-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910', event);\">\n    Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in New Hampshire.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dunn, R. L.; Huwe, J. K.;  and Carey, G. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(10): 1175–1182. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dunn-huwe-carey-biomonitoringpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkasafunctionofenvironmentdietaryintakeanddemographicsinnewhampshire-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in New Hampshire [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dunn-huwe-carey-biomonitoringpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkasafunctionofenvironmentdietaryintakeanddemographicsinnewhampshire-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dunn-huwe-carey-biomonitoringpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkasafunctionofenvironmentdietaryintakeanddemographicsinnewhampshire-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dunn-huwe-carey-biomonitoringpolybrominateddiphenylethersinhumanmilkasafunctionofenvironmentdietaryintakeanddemographicsinnewhampshire-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dunn_biomonitoring_2010,\n\ttitle = {Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in {New} {Hampshire}},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006910},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017},\n\tabstract = {Human milk is a valuable biological specimen for biomonitoring lipid-soluble polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of PBDEs in human milk from New Hampshire and to examine potential relationships between PBDE levels in human milk and stage of lactation, maternal characteristics, living environment and dietary intake. Forty women provided up to three human milk samples at the end of their first, second and third month of breastfeeding for evaluation of day-to-day and month-to-month variation in PBDE levels. Participants completed four questionnaires, which provided maternal, living environment, and diet information. The ∑PBDE concentrations in human milk over the 3-month collection period ranged from 6.5 to 166.7 ng g−1 lipid. The median for the 3-month period was 29.7 ng g−1. BDE-47 was the predominant congener, however, BDE-153 predominated in 20\\% of the participants’ samples. Day-to-day variation in ∑PBDEs was negligible; there was no significant difference in mean PBDE levels from month-to-month. Positive associations were seen between BDE-153 and age, postpartum saturated fat consumption, and the home model. There was a negative association between PBDE levels and fruit consumption during the third trimester. Our results indicate that PBDE levels in human milk from New Hampshire are within the range that has been reported in the US, and levels are stable during the first 3-months of lactation. Our findings revealed a higher predominance pattern with BDE-153 compared to other studies, and indicate that PBDE levels are influenced by diet and the home environment.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Dunn, Rebecca L. and Huwe, Janice K. and Carey, Gale B.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Biomonitoring, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Depuration, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {1175--1182},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human milk is a valuable biological specimen for biomonitoring lipid-soluble polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of PBDEs in human milk from New Hampshire and to examine potential relationships between PBDE levels in human milk and stage of lactation, maternal characteristics, living environment and dietary intake. Forty women provided up to three human milk samples at the end of their first, second and third month of breastfeeding for evaluation of day-to-day and month-to-month variation in PBDE levels. Participants completed four questionnaires, which provided maternal, living environment, and diet information. The ∑PBDE concentrations in human milk over the 3-month collection period ranged from 6.5 to 166.7 ng g−1 lipid. The median for the 3-month period was 29.7 ng g−1. BDE-47 was the predominant congener, however, BDE-153 predominated in 20% of the participants’ samples. Day-to-day variation in ∑PBDEs was negligible; there was no significant difference in mean PBDE levels from month-to-month. Positive associations were seen between BDE-153 and age, postpartum saturated fat consumption, and the home model. There was a negative association between PBDE levels and fruit consumption during the third trimester. Our results indicate that PBDE levels in human milk from New Hampshire are within the range that has been reported in the US, and levels are stable during the first 3-months of lactation. Our findings revealed a higher predominance pattern with BDE-153 compared to other studies, and indicate that PBDE levels are influenced by diet and the home environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-thermallyinducedtransformationofhexabromocyclododecanesandisobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesinflameproofedpolystyrenematerials-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-thermallyinducedtransformationofhexabromocyclododecanesandisobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesinflameproofedpolystyrenematerials-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107', event);\">\n    Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes in flame-proofed polystyrene materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heeb, N. V.; Graf, H.; Bernd Schweizer, W.;  and Lienemann, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 80(7): 701–708. August 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-thermallyinducedtransformationofhexabromocyclododecanesandisobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesinflameproofedpolystyrenematerials-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes in flame-proofed polystyrene materials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-thermallyinducedtransformationofhexabromocyclododecanesandisobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesinflameproofedpolystyrenematerials-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.034', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-thermallyinducedtransformationofhexabromocyclododecanesandisobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesinflameproofedpolystyrenematerials-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heeb-graf-berndschweizer-lienemann-thermallyinducedtransformationofhexabromocyclododecanesandisobutoxypentabromocyclododecanesinflameproofedpolystyrenematerials-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heeb_thermally-induced_2010,\n\ttitle = {Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclo dodecanes and isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes in flame-proofed polystyrene materials},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006107},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.034},\n\tabstract = {Polystyrenes (PS) are produced in quantities exceeding 10 Mt y−1. They are used for insulation and packaging materials, often in flame-proofed forms with hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) added as flame retardants. Polystyrenes are also constituents of plastic debris found in the aquatic environment. HBCDs are now considered as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds. Lately, we reported that isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs), a formerly unknown class of polybrominated compounds, are also present in flame-proofed polystyrenes. It is therefore likely that iBPBCDs are released along with HBCDs from these materials. Herein, we report on changes of the HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns when exposing expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrenes at temperatures of 140–160 °C. Substantial transformation reactions were observed in EPS, which was rich in γ-HBCDs and δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs at the beginning, but changed to materials rich in α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs. Patterns of untreated XPS already resembled those of the thermally treated EPS. Upon thermal exposure, some further enrichment of α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs was also noticed for the XPS samples, indicating similar transformation mechanisms. Comparable apparent first-order transformation rate constants (ktrans) of −0.003, −0.008, and −0.020 min−1 and −0.004, −0.009, and −0.019 min−1 are found for γ-HBCD- and δ-iBPBCD-conversion at 140, 150, and 160 °C, respectively. We conclude that a thermal treatment of flame-proofed polystyrenes alters their HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns. Thus depending on the proportions of EPS and XPS materials reaching the environment, more of the lipophilic (late-eluting) or of the more polar (early-eluting) HBCD- and iBPBCD-stereoisomers will be released. Several properties such as partitioning coefficients, degradation rates, and bioaccumulation factors are stereoisomer-specific. Therefore, the environmental fate of individual HBCDs and iBPBCDs is expected to vary, the specific stereoisomer pattern in polystyrenes at a potential source is another important aspect to consider.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Heeb, Norbert V. and Graf, Heidi and Bernd Schweizer, W. and Lienemann, P.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), HBCDs, Persistent organic pollutants, Plastic debris, Transformation, iBPBCDs},\n\tpages = {701--708},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polystyrenes (PS) are produced in quantities exceeding 10 Mt y−1. They are used for insulation and packaging materials, often in flame-proofed forms with hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) added as flame retardants. Polystyrenes are also constituents of plastic debris found in the aquatic environment. HBCDs are now considered as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds. Lately, we reported that isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs), a formerly unknown class of polybrominated compounds, are also present in flame-proofed polystyrenes. It is therefore likely that iBPBCDs are released along with HBCDs from these materials. Herein, we report on changes of the HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns when exposing expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrenes at temperatures of 140–160 °C. Substantial transformation reactions were observed in EPS, which was rich in γ-HBCDs and δ-, η-, and θ-iBPBCDs at the beginning, but changed to materials rich in α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs. Patterns of untreated XPS already resembled those of the thermally treated EPS. Upon thermal exposure, some further enrichment of α-HBCDs and α-, β-, ε-, and ξ-iBPBCDs was also noticed for the XPS samples, indicating similar transformation mechanisms. Comparable apparent first-order transformation rate constants (ktrans) of −0.003, −0.008, and −0.020 min−1 and −0.004, −0.009, and −0.019 min−1 are found for γ-HBCD- and δ-iBPBCD-conversion at 140, 150, and 160 °C, respectively. We conclude that a thermal treatment of flame-proofed polystyrenes alters their HBCD- and iBPBCD-patterns. Thus depending on the proportions of EPS and XPS materials reaching the environment, more of the lipophilic (late-eluting) or of the more polar (early-eluting) HBCD- and iBPBCD-stereoisomers will be released. Several properties such as partitioning coefficients, degradation rates, and bioaccumulation factors are stereoisomer-specific. Therefore, the environmental fate of individual HBCDs and iBPBCDs is expected to vary, the specific stereoisomer pattern in polystyrenes at a potential source is another important aspect to consider.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  D’Hollander, W.; Roosens, L.; Covaci, A.; Cornelis, C.; Reynders, H.; Campenhout, K. V.; Voogt, P. d.;  and Bervoets, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 81(4): 478–487. September 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dhollander-roosens-covaci-cornelis-reynders-campenhout-voogt-bervoets-brominatedflameretardantsandperfluorinatedcompoundsinindoordustfromhomesandofficesinflandersbelgium-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dhollander_brominated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in {Flanders}, {Belgium}},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510008246},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043},\n\tabstract = {The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and \\&amp;lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59\\%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between \\&amp;lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p \\&amp;lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-06-30},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {D’Hollander, Wendy and Roosens, Laurence and Covaci, Adrian and Cornelis, Christa and Reynders, Hans and Campenhout, Karen Van and Voogt, Pim de and Bervoets, Lieven},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Human exposure, Indoor dust, Perfluorinated compounds},\n\tpages = {478--487},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The increasing time spent indoors combined with the abundant usage of diverse indoor chemicals led to concerns involving the impact of these compounds on human health. The current study focused on two groups of important indoor contaminants i.e. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Concentrations of both compound classes have been measured in Flemish indoor dust samples from homes and offices. ΣPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 197, 196 and 203) and BDE 209 in homes ranged between 4–1214 ng g−1 dw (median 35) and &lt;5–5295 ng g−1 dw (median 313), respectively. Hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD) levels ranged from 5 to 42 692 ng g−1 dw (median 130), with α-HBCD being the major isomer (mean 59%). In addition, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) ranged between &lt;3 and 419 ng g−1 dw (median 12). For all BFRs, median levels in office dust were up to an order of magnitude higher than in home dust. ΣPFCs (sum of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) concentrations in homes ranged from 0.2 to 336 ng g−1 (median 3.0 ng g−1). Levels in office dust were higher (p &lt; 0.01) than in house dust with ΣPFCs ranging between 2.2 and 647 ng g−1 (median 10 ng g−1) and median (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate values of 2.9 and 2.2 ng g−1, respectively. The congener pattern was dominated by PFOA, followed by PFOS. Calculated human exposure was below the reference dose values set by the US-EPA for BDE 209, HBCD and below the provisional tolerable daily intakes proposed by European Food Safety Authority for PFOS and PFOA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chapple-anandjiwala-flammabilityofnaturalfiberreinforcedcompositesandstrategiesforfireretardancyareview-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chapple-anandjiwala-flammabilityofnaturalfiberreinforcedcompositesandstrategiesforfireretardancyareview-2010', 'http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871', event);\">\n    Flammability of Natural Fiber-reinforced Composites and Strategies for Fire Retardancy: A Review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chapple, S.;  and Anandjiwala, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials</i>, 23(6): 871–893. November 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chapple-anandjiwala-flammabilityofnaturalfiberreinforcedcompositesandstrategiesforfireretardancyareview-2010', 'http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flammability of Natural Fiber-reinforced Composites and Strategies for Fire Retardancy: A Review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0892705709356338\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chapple-anandjiwala-flammabilityofnaturalfiberreinforcedcompositesandstrategiesforfireretardancyareview-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0892705709356338', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chapple-anandjiwala-flammabilityofnaturalfiberreinforcedcompositesandstrategiesforfireretardancyareview-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chapple-anandjiwala-flammabilityofnaturalfiberreinforcedcompositesandstrategiesforfireretardancyareview-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chapple_flammability_2010,\n\ttitle = {Flammability of {Natural} {Fiber}-reinforced {Composites} and {Strategies} for {Fire} {Retardancy}: {A} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {0892-7057, 1530-7980},\n\tshorttitle = {Flammability of {Natural} {Fiber}-reinforced {Composites} and {Strategies} for {Fire} {Retardancy}},\n\turl = {http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/23/6/871},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0892705709356338},\n\tabstract = {Natural fiber-reinforced composites are finding new applications in many sectors. In certain industries, such as building and transport, reduced material flammability is a key requirement. Knowledge of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and the methods used to improve their fire resistance is necessary to ensure their use in these industries. The purpose of this review is to examine important aspects of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and to outline some of the more recent strategies used to improve their fire performance.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-06-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials},\n\tauthor = {Chapple, S. and Anandjiwala, R.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {composite, fire retardant., flammability, natural fiber, polymer},\n\tpages = {871--893},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Natural fiber-reinforced composites are finding new applications in many sectors. In certain industries, such as building and transport, reduced material flammability is a key requirement. Knowledge of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and the methods used to improve their fire resistance is necessary to ensure their use in these industries. The purpose of this review is to examine important aspects of the flammability of natural fiber-reinforced composites and to outline some of the more recent strategies used to improve their fire performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"singh-strouse-involvementofthelsprspectraloverlapforenergytransferbetweenadyeandaunanoparticle-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'singh-strouse-involvementofthelsprspectraloverlapforenergytransferbetweenadyeandaunanoparticle-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128', event);\">\n    Involvement of the LSPR Spectral Overlap for Energy Transfer between a Dye and Au Nanoparticle.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Singh, M. P.;  and Strouse, G. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 132(27): 9383–9391.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('singh-strouse-involvementofthelsprspectraloverlapforenergytransferbetweenadyeandaunanoparticle-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Involvement of the LSPR Spectral Overlap for Energy Transfer between a Dye and Au Nanoparticle [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('singh-strouse-involvementofthelsprspectraloverlapforenergytransferbetweenadyeandaunanoparticle-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/singh-strouse-involvementofthelsprspectraloverlapforenergytransferbetweenadyeandaunanoparticle-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('singh-strouse-involvementofthelsprspectraloverlapforenergytransferbetweenadyeandaunanoparticle-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{singh_involvement_2010,\n\ttitle = {Involvement of the {LSPR} {Spectral} {Overlap} for {Energy} {Transfer} between a {Dye} and {Au} {Nanoparticle}},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1022128},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja1022128},\n\tabstract = {Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.\nNanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.},\n\tnumber = {27},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Singh, Mani Prabha and Strouse, Geoffrey F.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {9383--9391},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics. Nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) is a molecular ruler technique that has been utilized to optically probe long distances in biomolecular structures. We investigate the useful spectral range of donor dyes and the importance of overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the donor photoluminescence (520?780 nm) and provide a comprehensive study of the R0 values for the NSET processes from dyes to 2 nm Au NP (gold nanoparticle). The distance-dependent quenching results provide experimental evidence that the efficiency curve slope, R0 value, and distance of quenching is best modeled as a surface-mediated NSET process analogous to the predictions of Persson?Lang and Chance?Prock?Silbey (CPS). The results show that the LSPR plays a very important role in the observed quenching of excited-state donors at the surface of the nanometal, and the correlation to the NSET model allows a compilation of the necessary biophysical constants for application within the toolbox of biophysics.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fu-zhang-lakowicz-plasmonenhancedfluorescencefromsinglefluorophoresendlinkedtogoldnanorods-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fu-zhang-lakowicz-plasmonenhancedfluorescencefromsinglefluorophoresendlinkedtogoldnanorods-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237', event);\">\n    Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence from Single Fluorophores End-Linked to Gold Nanorods.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fu, Y.; Zhang, J.;  and Lakowicz, J. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 132(16): 5540–5541.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fu-zhang-lakowicz-plasmonenhancedfluorescencefromsinglefluorophoresendlinkedtogoldnanorods-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence from Single Fluorophores End-Linked to Gold Nanorods [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fu-zhang-lakowicz-plasmonenhancedfluorescencefromsinglefluorophoresendlinkedtogoldnanorods-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fu-zhang-lakowicz-plasmonenhancedfluorescencefromsinglefluorophoresendlinkedtogoldnanorods-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fu-zhang-lakowicz-plasmonenhancedfluorescencefromsinglefluorophoresendlinkedtogoldnanorods-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fu_plasmon-enhanced_2010,\n\ttitle = {Plasmon-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} from {Single} {Fluorophores} {End}-{Linked} to {Gold} {Nanorods}},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9096237},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja9096237},\n\tabstract = {We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.\nWe reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Fu, Yi and Zhang, Jian and Lakowicz, Joseph R.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {5540--5541},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications. We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"atwater-polman-plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaicdevices-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'atwater-polman-plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaicdevices-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629', event);\">\n    Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Atwater, H. A;  and Polman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature materials</i>, 9(3): 205–13. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('atwater-polman-plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaicdevices-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('atwater-polman-plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaicdevices-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/atwater-polman-plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaicdevices-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('atwater-polman-plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaicdevices-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{atwater_plasmonics_2010,\n\ttitle = {Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices.},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1476-1122},\n\tshorttitle = {Nat {Mater}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/nmat2629},\n\tabstract = {The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Nature materials},\n\tauthor = {Atwater, Harry A and Polman, Albert},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {205--13},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"miller-stephanopoulos-mcfarland-rosko-geissler-francis-impactofassemblystateonthedefecttoleranceoftmvbasedlightharvestingarrays-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'miller-stephanopoulos-mcfarland-rosko-geissler-francis-impactofassemblystateonthedefecttoleranceoftmvbasedlightharvestingarrays-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z', event);\">\n    Impact of assembly state on the defect tolerance of TMV-based light harvesting arrays.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Miller, R. A; Stephanopoulos, N.; McFarland, J. M; Rosko, A. S; Geissler, P. L;  and Francis, M. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 132(17): 6068–74. May 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miller-stephanopoulos-mcfarland-rosko-geissler-francis-impactofassemblystateonthedefecttoleranceoftmvbasedlightharvestingarrays-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impact of assembly state on the defect tolerance of TMV-based light harvesting arrays. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('miller-stephanopoulos-mcfarland-rosko-geissler-francis-impactofassemblystateonthedefecttoleranceoftmvbasedlightharvestingarrays-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/miller-stephanopoulos-mcfarland-rosko-geissler-francis-impactofassemblystateonthedefecttoleranceoftmvbasedlightharvestingarrays-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('miller-stephanopoulos-mcfarland-rosko-geissler-francis-impactofassemblystateonthedefecttoleranceoftmvbasedlightharvestingarrays-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{miller_impact_2010,\n\ttitle = {Impact of assembly state on the defect tolerance of {TMV}-based light harvesting arrays.},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {1520-5126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja909566z},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja909566z},\n\tabstract = {Self-assembling, light harvesting arrays of organic chromophores can be templated using the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP). The efficiency of energy transfer within systems containing a high ratio of donors to acceptors shows a strong dependence on the TMVP assembly state. Rod and disk assemblies derived from a single stock of chromophore-labeled protein exhibit drastically different levels of energy transfer, with rods significantly outperforming disks. The origin of the superior transfer efficiency was probed through the controlled introduction of photoinactive conjugates into the assemblies. The efficiency of the rods showed a linear dependence on the proportion of deactivated chromophores, suggesting the availability of redundant energy transfer pathways that can circumvent defect sites. Similar disk-based systems were markedly less efficient at all defect levels. To examine these differences further, the brightness of donor-only systems was measured as a function of defect incorporation. In rod assemblies, the photophysical properties of the donor chromophores showed a significant dependence on the number of defects. These differences can be partly attributed to vertical energy transfer events in rods that occur more rapidly than the horizontal transfers in disks. Using these geometries and the previously measured energy transfer rates, computational models were developed to understand this behavior in more detail and to guide the optimization of future systems. These simulations have revealed that significant differences in excited state dissipation rates likely also contribute to the greater efficiency of the rods and that statistical variations in the assembly process play a more minor role.},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Miller, Rebekah A and Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and McFarland, Jesse M and Rosko, Andrew S and Geissler, Phillip L and Francis, Matthew B},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Light, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Photobleaching, Protein Array Analysis, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry},\n\tpages = {6068--74},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Self-assembling, light harvesting arrays of organic chromophores can be templated using the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP). The efficiency of energy transfer within systems containing a high ratio of donors to acceptors shows a strong dependence on the TMVP assembly state. Rod and disk assemblies derived from a single stock of chromophore-labeled protein exhibit drastically different levels of energy transfer, with rods significantly outperforming disks. The origin of the superior transfer efficiency was probed through the controlled introduction of photoinactive conjugates into the assemblies. The efficiency of the rods showed a linear dependence on the proportion of deactivated chromophores, suggesting the availability of redundant energy transfer pathways that can circumvent defect sites. Similar disk-based systems were markedly less efficient at all defect levels. To examine these differences further, the brightness of donor-only systems was measured as a function of defect incorporation. In rod assemblies, the photophysical properties of the donor chromophores showed a significant dependence on the number of defects. These differences can be partly attributed to vertical energy transfer events in rods that occur more rapidly than the horizontal transfers in disks. Using these geometries and the previously measured energy transfer rates, computational models were developed to understand this behavior in more detail and to guide the optimization of future systems. These simulations have revealed that significant differences in excited state dissipation rates likely also contribute to the greater efficiency of the rods and that statistical variations in the assembly process play a more minor role.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nam-shin-park-magyar-choi-fantner-nelson-belcher-virustemplatedassemblyofporphyrinsintolightharvestingnanoantennae-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nam-shin-park-magyar-choi-fantner-nelson-belcher-virustemplatedassemblyofporphyrinsintolightharvestingnanoantennae-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b', event);\">\n    Virus-templated assembly of porphyrins into light-harvesting nanoantennae.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nam, Y. S.; Shin, T.; Park, H.; Magyar, A. P; Choi, K.; Fantner, G.; Nelson, K. A;  and Belcher, A. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 132(5): 1462–3. February 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nam-shin-park-magyar-choi-fantner-nelson-belcher-virustemplatedassemblyofporphyrinsintolightharvestingnanoantennae-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Virus-templated assembly of porphyrins into light-harvesting nanoantennae. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nam-shin-park-magyar-choi-fantner-nelson-belcher-virustemplatedassemblyofporphyrinsintolightharvestingnanoantennae-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nam-shin-park-magyar-choi-fantner-nelson-belcher-virustemplatedassemblyofporphyrinsintolightharvestingnanoantennae-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nam-shin-park-magyar-choi-fantner-nelson-belcher-virustemplatedassemblyofporphyrinsintolightharvestingnanoantennae-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nam_virus-templated_2010,\n\ttitle = {Virus-templated assembly of porphyrins into light-harvesting nanoantennae.},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {1520-5126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja908812b},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja908812b},\n\tabstract = {Biological molecules can be used as versatile templates for assembling nanoscale materials because of their unique structures and chemical diversities. Supramolecular organization of molecular pigments, as is found in the natural light-harvesting antenna, has drawn attention for its potential applications to sensors, photocatalytic systems, and photonic devices. Here we show the arrangement of molecular pigments into a one-dimensional light-harvesting antenna using M13 viruses as scaffolds. Chemical grafting of zinc porphyrins to M13 viruses induces distinctive spectroscopic changes, including fluorescence quenching, the extensive band broadening and small red shift of their absorption spectrum, and the shortened lifetime of the excited states. Based on these optical signatures we suggest a hypothetical model to explain the energy transfer occurring in the supramolecular porphyrin structures templated with the virus. We expect that further genetic engineering of M13 viruses can allow us to coassemble other functional materials (e.g., catalysts and electron transfer mediators) with pigments, implying potential applications to photochemical devices.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Nam, Yoon Sung and Shin, Taeho and Park, Heechul and Magyar, Andrew P and Choi, Katherine and Fantner, Georg and Nelson, Keith A and Belcher, Angela M},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Bacteriophage M13, Bacteriophage M13: chemistry, Energy Transfer, Fluorescence, Metalloporphyrins, Metalloporphyrins: analysis, Metalloporphyrins: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Photochemistry, Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {1462--3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Biological molecules can be used as versatile templates for assembling nanoscale materials because of their unique structures and chemical diversities. Supramolecular organization of molecular pigments, as is found in the natural light-harvesting antenna, has drawn attention for its potential applications to sensors, photocatalytic systems, and photonic devices. Here we show the arrangement of molecular pigments into a one-dimensional light-harvesting antenna using M13 viruses as scaffolds. Chemical grafting of zinc porphyrins to M13 viruses induces distinctive spectroscopic changes, including fluorescence quenching, the extensive band broadening and small red shift of their absorption spectrum, and the shortened lifetime of the excited states. Based on these optical signatures we suggest a hypothetical model to explain the energy transfer occurring in the supramolecular porphyrin structures templated with the virus. We expect that further genetic engineering of M13 viruses can allow us to coassemble other functional materials (e.g., catalysts and electron transfer mediators) with pigments, implying potential applications to photochemical devices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nangreave-han-liu-yan-dnaorigamiahistoryandcurrentperspective-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nangreave-han-liu-yan-dnaorigamiahistoryandcurrentperspective-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182', event);\">\n    DNA origami: a history and current perspective.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nangreave, J.; Han, D.; Liu, Y.;  and Yan, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current opinion in chemical biology</i>, 14(5): 608–15. October 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nangreave-han-liu-yan-dnaorigamiahistoryandcurrentperspective-2010', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"DNA origami: a history and current perspective. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nangreave-han-liu-yan-dnaorigamiahistoryandcurrentperspective-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nangreave-han-liu-yan-dnaorigamiahistoryandcurrentperspective-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nangreave-han-liu-yan-dnaorigamiahistoryandcurrentperspective-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nangreave_dna_2010,\n\ttitle = {{DNA} origami: a history and current perspective.},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1879-0402},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.182},\n\tabstract = {Researchers have been using DNA for the rational design and construction of nanoscale objects for nearly 30 years. Recently, &#x27;scaffolded DNA origami&#x27; has emerged as one of the most promising assembly techniques in DNA nanotechnology with a broad range of applications. In the past two years alone, DNA origami has been used to assemble water-soluble probe tiles for label-free RNA hybridization, to study single-molecule chemical reactions, to probe distance-dependent multivalent ligand-protein binding effects, and to organize a variety of relevant molecules including proteins, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles. This review will recount the origin, evolution, and current status of this extremely versatile assembly technique.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Current opinion in chemical biology},\n\tauthor = {Nangreave, Jeanette and Han, Dongran and Liu, Yan and Yan, Hao},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {DNA, DNA: chemistry, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Nucleic Acid Conformation},\n\tpages = {608--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Researchers have been using DNA for the rational design and construction of nanoscale objects for nearly 30 years. Recently, 'scaffolded DNA origami' has emerged as one of the most promising assembly techniques in DNA nanotechnology with a broad range of applications. In the past two years alone, DNA origami has been used to assemble water-soluble probe tiles for label-free RNA hybridization, to study single-molecule chemical reactions, to probe distance-dependent multivalent ligand-protein binding effects, and to organize a variety of relevant molecules including proteins, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles. This review will recount the origin, evolution, and current status of this extremely versatile assembly technique.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wechalekar-rischmueller-whittle-burnet-hill-prolongedremissionofchronicreactivearthritistreatedwiththreeinfusionsofinfliximab-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4e1a73d37e8c54b7bccef7797d0c03a2c2d85327aeb5b0e8df84a04c1f264ccd3a2042a2965be2d5a87696afac2a0ae8de53987863d458ee406bd05bd1f6f739e63df3833f9dc80a43811a93ee5f7c4ff0c792a78cd731ad42dd59b48d5631f5729d09bcd455cd38d554bad70a0b1fe49b561c90def5790a03e19b92e5938df02c6e644972d6a96d52a646dba2851ea5998dad44ad95034a35679c951b6440e8b79cd2a7a1795088bfde0c281169b4cf7b05a7ef10443227eb325e9662fab3bc6284e6d1b57309f15dc2c2586f1dce3cdd4a9de91ad6cc9c744f97d0421a253f4fe686e3908a5e7acbbbcc8eb39ccc9a93878f8d2abb21682ad759e3709091fede889d145a5e363f0c5d7d74cf984f865dbbee593ab016389eaef757dbd852e76f6741c46da959eb0cf52129b8ac1b2b2d70db4f51d1ace775f5705451da4c504d9c2f09c3ca4cd85955204ff8569a1e972a2e41e1daaeedb01e3c65bf4275de8d177fc086499f09c6ca440cb881ed6282ac35b848100a87256c99a9a36d71f8b99d9d911938a984e005b959cfeeeb05b4d074072a8f05f085909ec8036b\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wechalekar-rischmueller-whittle-burnet-hill-prolongedremissionofchronicreactivearthritistreatedwiththreeinfusionsofinfliximab-2010', 'http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4e1a73d37e8c54b7bccef7797d0c03a2c2d85327aeb5b0e8df84a04c1f264ccd3a2042a2965be2d5a87696afac2a0ae8de53987863d458ee406bd05bd1f6f739e63df3833f9dc80a43811a93ee5f7c4ff0c792a78cd731ad42dd59b48d5631f5729d09bcd455cd38d554bad70a0b1fe49b561c90def5790a03e19b92e5938df02c6e644972d6a96d52a646dba2851ea5998dad44ad95034a35679c951b6440e8b79cd2a7a1795088bfde0c281169b4cf7b05a7ef10443227eb325e9662fab3bc6284e6d1b57309f15dc2c2586f1dce3cdd4a9de91ad6cc9c744f97d0421a253f4fe686e3908a5e7acbbbcc8eb39ccc9a93878f8d2abb21682ad759e3709091fede889d145a5e363f0c5d7d74cf984f865dbbee593ab016389eaef757dbd852e76f6741c46da959eb0cf52129b8ac1b2b2d70db4f51d1ace775f5705451da4c504d9c2f09c3ca4cd85955204ff8569a1e972a2e41e1daaeedb01e3c65bf4275de8d177fc086499f09c6ca440cb881ed6282ac35b848100a87256c99a9a36d71f8b99d9d911938a984e005b959cfeeeb05b4d074072a8f05f085909ec8036b', event);\">\n    Prolonged Remission of Chronic Reactive Arthritis Treated With Three Infusions of Infliximab.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wechalekar, M. D.; Rischmueller, M.; Whittle, S.; Burnet, S.;  and Hill, C. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology</i>, 16(2): 79–80. March 2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=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\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wechalekar-rischmueller-whittle-burnet-hill-prolongedremissionofchronicreactivearthritistreatedwiththreeinfusionsofinfliximab-2010', 'http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=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', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prolonged Remission of Chronic Reactive Arthritis Treated With Three Infusions of Infliximab [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181d06f70\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wechalekar-rischmueller-whittle-burnet-hill-prolongedremissionofchronicreactivearthritistreatedwiththreeinfusionsofinfliximab-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181d06f70', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wechalekar-rischmueller-whittle-burnet-hill-prolongedremissionofchronicreactivearthritistreatedwiththreeinfusionsofinfliximab-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wechalekar-rischmueller-whittle-burnet-hill-prolongedremissionofchronicreactivearthritistreatedwiththreeinfusionsofinfliximab-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wechalekar_prolonged_2010,\n\ttitle = {Prolonged {Remission} of {Chronic} {Reactive} {Arthritis} {Treated} {With} {Three} {Infusions} of {Infliximab}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1076-1608},\n\turl = {http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.3.0b/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=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},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181d06f70},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2011-02-15},\n\tjournal = {JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology},\n\tauthor = {Wechalekar, Mihir D. and Rischmueller, Maureen and Whittle, Samuel and Burnet, Simon and Hill, Catherine L.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {79--80},\n}\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2009\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2009</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (120)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fair-lee-adams-darling-pacepavicius-alaee-bossart-henry-etal-occurrenceoftriclosaninplasmaofwildatlanticbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusandintheirenvironment-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fair-lee-adams-darling-pacepavicius-alaee-bossart-henry-etal-occurrenceoftriclosaninplasmaofwildatlanticbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusandintheirenvironment-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002', event);\">\n    Occurrence of triclosan in plasma of wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and in their environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fair, P. a; Lee, H.; Adams, J.; Darling, C.; Pacepavicius, G.; Alaee, M.; Bossart, G. D; Henry, N.;  and Muir, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution</i>, 157(8-9): 2248–2254.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fair-lee-adams-darling-pacepavicius-alaee-bossart-henry-etal-occurrenceoftriclosaninplasmaofwildatlanticbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusandintheirenvironment-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of triclosan in plasma of wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and in their environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fair-lee-adams-darling-pacepavicius-alaee-bossart-henry-etal-occurrenceoftriclosaninplasmaofwildatlanticbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusandintheirenvironment-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fair-lee-adams-darling-pacepavicius-alaee-bossart-henry-etal-occurrenceoftriclosaninplasmaofwildatlanticbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusandintheirenvironment-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fair-lee-adams-darling-pacepavicius-alaee-bossart-henry-etal-occurrenceoftriclosaninplasmaofwildatlanticbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusandintheirenvironment-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fair_occurrence_2009,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of triclosan in plasma of wild {Atlantic} bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} truncatus) and in their environment.},\n\tvolume = {157},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.002},\n\tabstract = {The presence of triclosan, a widely-used antibacterial chemical, is currently unknown in higher trophic-level species such as marine mammals. Blood plasma collected from wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Charleston, SC (CHS) (n = 13) and Indian River Lagoon, FL (IRL) (n = 13) in 2005 was analyzed for triclosan. Plasma concentrations in CHS dolphins ranged from 0.12 to 0.27 ng/g wet weight (mean 0.18 ng/g), with 31\\% of the sampled individuals having detectable triclosan. The mean IRL dolphin plasma concentrations were 0.072 ng/g wet weight (range 0.025-0.11 ng/g); 23\\% of the samples having detectable triclosan. In the CHS area, triclosan effluent values from two WWTP were both 190 ng/L and primary influents were 2800 ng/L and 3400 ng/L. Triclosan values in CHS estuarine surface water samples averaged 7.5 ng/L (n = 18) ranging from 4.9 to 14 ng/L. This is the first study to report bioaccumulation of anthropogenic triclosan in a marine mammal highlighting the need for further monitoring and assessment.},\n\tnumber = {8-9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\n\tauthor = {Fair, Patricia a and Lee, Hing-Biu and Adams, Jeff and Darling, Colin and Pacepavicius, Grazina and Alaee, Mehran and Bossart, Gregory D and Henry, Natasha and Muir, Derek},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19410343},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS, marine},\n\tpages = {2248--2254},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The presence of triclosan, a widely-used antibacterial chemical, is currently unknown in higher trophic-level species such as marine mammals. Blood plasma collected from wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Charleston, SC (CHS) (n = 13) and Indian River Lagoon, FL (IRL) (n = 13) in 2005 was analyzed for triclosan. Plasma concentrations in CHS dolphins ranged from 0.12 to 0.27 ng/g wet weight (mean 0.18 ng/g), with 31% of the sampled individuals having detectable triclosan. The mean IRL dolphin plasma concentrations were 0.072 ng/g wet weight (range 0.025-0.11 ng/g); 23% of the samples having detectable triclosan. In the CHS area, triclosan effluent values from two WWTP were both 190 ng/L and primary influents were 2800 ng/L and 3400 ng/L. Triclosan values in CHS estuarine surface water samples averaged 7.5 ng/L (n = 18) ranging from 4.9 to 14 ng/L. This is the first study to report bioaccumulation of anthropogenic triclosan in a marine mammal highlighting the need for further monitoring and assessment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"binelli-cogni-parolini-riva-provini-invivoexperimentsfortheevaluationofgenotoxicandcytotoxiceffectsoftriclosaninzebramusselhemocytes-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In vivo experiments for the evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Triclosan in Zebra mussel hemocytes.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Binelli, A.; Cogni, D.; Parolini, M.; Riva, C.;  and Provini, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic Toxicology</i>, 91(3): 238–244.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('binelli-cogni-parolini-riva-provini-invivoexperimentsfortheevaluationofgenotoxicandcytotoxiceffectsoftriclosaninzebramusselhemocytes-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/binelli-cogni-parolini-riva-provini-invivoexperimentsfortheevaluationofgenotoxicandcytotoxiceffectsoftriclosaninzebramusselhemocytes-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('binelli-cogni-parolini-riva-provini-invivoexperimentsfortheevaluationofgenotoxicandcytotoxiceffectsoftriclosaninzebramusselhemocytes-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{binelli_vivo_2009,\n\ttitle = {In vivo experiments for the evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of {Triclosan} in {Zebra} mussel hemocytes},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {0166445X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.008},\n\tabstract = {In this work, we investigated the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the antibacterial agent Triclosan in hemocytes of the freshwater bivalve Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). For this study, we used several biomarkers for in vivo experiments (96 h of exposure) carried out at three possible environmental Triclosan concentrations (1, 2, 3 nM). We used the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the micronucleus test (MN test) and the measure of the apoptotic frequency (Halo assay) to measure the genotoxic potential of Triclosan, and the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) as a measure of lysosomal membrane stability to identify general cellular stress. We observed significant increases in all of the genotoxic biomarkers examined as early as 24 h after initial exposure, as well as a clear destabilization of lysosomal membranes (after 48 h), indicating that this chemical is potentially dangerous for the entire aquatic biocoenosis. A comparison of these in vivo data with existing data from in vitro experiments allowed us to suggest possible mechanisms of action for Triclosan in this bivalve. Although further studies are needed to confirm the possible modes of action, our study is the first to report on the effects of this widespread antibiotic on freshwater invertebrates. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Binelli, A. and Cogni, D. and Parolini, M. and Riva, C. and Provini, A.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19117617},\n\tkeywords = {Antibacterial agent, Antimicrobial, Biomarkers, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, mussels},\n\tpages = {238--244},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this work, we investigated the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the antibacterial agent Triclosan in hemocytes of the freshwater bivalve Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). For this study, we used several biomarkers for in vivo experiments (96 h of exposure) carried out at three possible environmental Triclosan concentrations (1, 2, 3 nM). We used the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the micronucleus test (MN test) and the measure of the apoptotic frequency (Halo assay) to measure the genotoxic potential of Triclosan, and the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) as a measure of lysosomal membrane stability to identify general cellular stress. We observed significant increases in all of the genotoxic biomarkers examined as early as 24 h after initial exposure, as well as a clear destabilization of lysosomal membranes (after 48 h), indicating that this chemical is potentially dangerous for the entire aquatic biocoenosis. A comparison of these in vivo data with existing data from in vitro experiments allowed us to suggest possible mechanisms of action for Triclosan in this bivalve. Although further studies are needed to confirm the possible modes of action, our study is the first to report on the effects of this widespread antibiotic on freshwater invertebrates. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"allmyr-panagiotidis-sparve-diczfalusy-sandborghenglund-humanexposuretotriclosanviatoothpastedoesnotchangecyp3a4activityorplasmaconcentrationsofthyroidhormones-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Human exposure to triclosan via toothpaste does not change cyp3a4 activity or plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Allmyr, M.; Panagiotidis, G.; Sparve, E.; Diczfalusy, U.;  and Sandborgh-Englund, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology</i>, 105(5): 339–344.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00455.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allmyr-panagiotidis-sparve-diczfalusy-sandborghenglund-humanexposuretotriclosanviatoothpastedoesnotchangecyp3a4activityorplasmaconcentrationsofthyroidhormones-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00455.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/allmyr-panagiotidis-sparve-diczfalusy-sandborghenglund-humanexposuretotriclosanviatoothpastedoesnotchangecyp3a4activityorplasmaconcentrationsofthyroidhormones-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('allmyr-panagiotidis-sparve-diczfalusy-sandborghenglund-humanexposuretotriclosanviatoothpastedoesnotchangecyp3a4activityorplasmaconcentrationsofthyroidhormones-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{allmyr_human_2009,\n\ttitle = {Human exposure to triclosan via toothpaste does not change cyp3a4 activity or plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones},\n\tvolume = {105},\n\tissn = {17427835},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00455.x},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan is an antibacterial compound commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for everyday use. As previously shown, triclosan is found in the plasma, urine and milk from large parts of different human populations. Recent studies have revealed that triclosan is able to activate the human pregnane X receptor in vitro and thus possibly affecting metabolism of drugs in humans via the induction of CYP3A4. Besides, triclosan has been shown to affect thyroid hormonal levels in rats in vivo. In the present study, we investigated if an everyday exposure to triclosan via triclosan-containing toothpaste for 14 days in 12 adult humans caused an increase in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol, indicative of CYP3A4 induction, and/or alterations in thyroid hormonal status. The plasma triclosan concentrations increased from 0.009-0.81 ng/g to 26-296 ng/g (ranges) upon exposure. Despite this, there were no significant changes in plasma levels of either plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol or thyroid hormones during the exposure. This indicates that the normal use of triclosan-containing toothpaste is not likely to alter metabolism of drugs via CYP3A4 induction or cause adverse events because of thyroid disturbances in humans.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Allmyr, Mats and Panagiotidis, Georgios and Sparve, Erik and Diczfalusy, Ulf and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19686543},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\n\tpages = {339--344},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan is an antibacterial compound commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for everyday use. As previously shown, triclosan is found in the plasma, urine and milk from large parts of different human populations. Recent studies have revealed that triclosan is able to activate the human pregnane X receptor in vitro and thus possibly affecting metabolism of drugs in humans via the induction of CYP3A4. Besides, triclosan has been shown to affect thyroid hormonal levels in rats in vivo. In the present study, we investigated if an everyday exposure to triclosan via triclosan-containing toothpaste for 14 days in 12 adult humans caused an increase in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol, indicative of CYP3A4 induction, and/or alterations in thyroid hormonal status. The plasma triclosan concentrations increased from 0.009-0.81 ng/g to 26-296 ng/g (ranges) upon exposure. Despite this, there were no significant changes in plasma levels of either plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol or thyroid hormones during the exposure. This indicates that the normal use of triclosan-containing toothpaste is not likely to alter metabolism of drugs via CYP3A4 induction or cause adverse events because of thyroid disturbances in humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alrajab-sabourin-scott-lapen-topp-impactofbiosolidsonthepersistenceanddissipationpathwaysoftriclosanandtriclocarbaninanagriculturalsoil-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alrajab-sabourin-scott-lapen-topp-impactofbiosolidsonthepersistenceanddissipationpathwaysoftriclosanandtriclocarbaninanagriculturalsoil-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003', event);\">\n    Impact of biosolids on the persistence and dissipation pathways of triclosan and triclocarban in an agricultural soil.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Al-Rajab, A. J.; Sabourin, L.; Scott, A.; Lapen, D. R.;  and Topp, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, 407(23): 5978–5985.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alrajab-sabourin-scott-lapen-topp-impactofbiosolidsonthepersistenceanddissipationpathwaysoftriclosanandtriclocarbaninanagriculturalsoil-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impact of biosolids on the persistence and dissipation pathways of triclosan and triclocarban in an agricultural soil [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alrajab-sabourin-scott-lapen-topp-impactofbiosolidsonthepersistenceanddissipationpathwaysoftriclosanandtriclocarbaninanagriculturalsoil-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alrajab-sabourin-scott-lapen-topp-impactofbiosolidsonthepersistenceanddissipationpathwaysoftriclosanandtriclocarbaninanagriculturalsoil-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alrajab-sabourin-scott-lapen-topp-impactofbiosolidsonthepersistenceanddissipationpathwaysoftriclosanandtriclocarbaninanagriculturalsoil-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{al-rajab_impact_2009,\n\ttitle = {Impact of biosolids on the persistence and dissipation pathways of triclosan and triclocarban in an agricultural soil},\n\tvolume = {407},\n\tissn = {00489697},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.003},\n\tabstract = {The broad spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in many personal care products. Knowledge concerning the fate of these two compounds in different environmental matrices is scarce. In this study, the fate of TCS and TCC in soil following direct addition, or when residues were applied via either liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) or dewatered municipal biosolids (DMB) was investigated in laboratory dissipation experiments and under outdoor conditions using radioisotope methods. In laboratory incubations, 14C-TCC or 14C-TCS was added to microcosms containing a loam soil and the rate of 14CO2 accumulation and loss of solvent-extractable 14C were determined during incubation at 30 ??C. Compared to when TCC or TCS was added directly to soil, both chemicals were mineralized more rapidly when applied in LMB, and both were mineralized more slowly when applied in DMB. The application matrix had no effect on the rate of removal of extractable residues. In field experiments, parent compounds were incorporated directly in soil, incorporated via LMB, or a single aggregate of amended DMB was applied to the soil surface. During the experiment soil temperatures ranged from 20 ??C to 10 ??C. Dissipation was much slower in the field than in the laboratory experiments. Removal of non-extractable residues was faster in the presence of LMB than the other treatments. Recovery of extractable and non-extractable residues suggested that there was little atmospheric loss of 14C. Triclocarban readily formed non-extractable residues with DMB whereas TCS did not. Overall, this study has identified that both the pathways and the kinetics of TCS and TCC dissipation in soil are different when the chemicals are carried in biosolids compared to when these chemicals are added directly to the soil. Crown Copyright ?? 2009.},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Al-Rajab, Abdul Jabbar and Sabourin, Lyne and Scott, Andrew and Lapen, David R. and Topp, Edward},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19733902},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Biosolids, Dissipation, Fate, Soil, Triclocarban, Triclosan},\n\tpages = {5978--5985},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The broad spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in many personal care products. Knowledge concerning the fate of these two compounds in different environmental matrices is scarce. In this study, the fate of TCS and TCC in soil following direct addition, or when residues were applied via either liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) or dewatered municipal biosolids (DMB) was investigated in laboratory dissipation experiments and under outdoor conditions using radioisotope methods. In laboratory incubations, 14C-TCC or 14C-TCS was added to microcosms containing a loam soil and the rate of 14CO2 accumulation and loss of solvent-extractable 14C were determined during incubation at 30 ??C. Compared to when TCC or TCS was added directly to soil, both chemicals were mineralized more rapidly when applied in LMB, and both were mineralized more slowly when applied in DMB. The application matrix had no effect on the rate of removal of extractable residues. In field experiments, parent compounds were incorporated directly in soil, incorporated via LMB, or a single aggregate of amended DMB was applied to the soil surface. During the experiment soil temperatures ranged from 20 ??C to 10 ??C. Dissipation was much slower in the field than in the laboratory experiments. Removal of non-extractable residues was faster in the presence of LMB than the other treatments. Recovery of extractable and non-extractable residues suggested that there was little atmospheric loss of 14C. Triclocarban readily formed non-extractable residues with DMB whereas TCS did not. Overall, this study has identified that both the pathways and the kinetics of TCS and TCC dissipation in soil are different when the chemicals are carried in biosolids compared to when these chemicals are added directly to the soil. Crown Copyright ?? 2009.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jogsten-perell-llebaria-bigas-martcid-krrman-domingo-exposuretoperfluorinatedcompoundsincataloniaspainthroughconsumptionofvariousrawandcookedfoodstuffsincludingpackagedfood-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jogsten-perell-llebaria-bigas-martcid-krrman-domingo-exposuretoperfluorinatedcompoundsincataloniaspainthroughconsumptionofvariousrawandcookedfoodstuffsincludingpackagedfood-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004', event);\">\n    Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jogsten, I. E.; Perell??, G.; Llebaria, X.; Bigas, E.; Mart??-Cid, R.; K??rrman, A.;  and Domingo, J. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>, 47(7): 1577–1583.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jogsten-perell-llebaria-bigas-martcid-krrman-domingo-exposuretoperfluorinatedcompoundsincataloniaspainthroughconsumptionofvariousrawandcookedfoodstuffsincludingpackagedfood-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jogsten-perell-llebaria-bigas-martcid-krrman-domingo-exposuretoperfluorinatedcompoundsincataloniaspainthroughconsumptionofvariousrawandcookedfoodstuffsincludingpackagedfood-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jogsten-perell-llebaria-bigas-martcid-krrman-domingo-exposuretoperfluorinatedcompoundsincataloniaspainthroughconsumptionofvariousrawandcookedfoodstuffsincludingpackagedfood-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jogsten-perell-llebaria-bigas-martcid-krrman-domingo-exposuretoperfluorinatedcompoundsincataloniaspainthroughconsumptionofvariousrawandcookedfoodstuffsincludingpackagedfood-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jogsten_exposure_2009,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to perfluorinated compounds in {Catalonia}, {Spain}, through consumption of various raw and cooked foodstuffs, including packaged food},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {02786915},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.004},\n\tabstract = {In this study, the role that some food processing and packaging might play as a source of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) through the diet was assessed. The levels of PFCs were determined in composite samples of veal steak (raw, grilled, and fried), pork loin (raw, grilled, and fried), chicken breast (raw, grilled, and fried), black pudding (uncooked), liver lamb (raw), marinated salmon (home-made and packaged), lettuce (fresh and packaged), pate of pork liver, foie gras of duck, frankfurt, sausages, chicken nuggets (fried), and common salt. Among the 11 PFCs analyzed, only PFHxS, PFOS, PFHxA, and PFOA were detected in at least one composite sample, while the levels of the remaining PFCs (PFBuS, PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA) were under their respective detection limits. PFOS was the compound most frequently detected, being found in 8 of the 20 food items analyzed, while PFHxA was detected in samples of raw veal, chicken nuggets, frankfurt, sausages, and packaged lettuce. According to the results of the present study, it is not sufficiently clear if cooking with non-stick cookware, or packaging some foods, could contribute to a higher human exposure to PFCs. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Jogsten, Ingrid Ericson and Perell??, Gemma and Llebaria, Xavier and Bigas, Esther and Mart??-Cid, Roser and K??rrman, Anna and Domingo, Jos?? L.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19362113},\n\tkeywords = {Cooking, Dietary intake, Food, PFAS, Packaging, Perfluorinated chemicals},\n\tpages = {1577--1583},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, the role that some food processing and packaging might play as a source of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) through the diet was assessed. The levels of PFCs were determined in composite samples of veal steak (raw, grilled, and fried), pork loin (raw, grilled, and fried), chicken breast (raw, grilled, and fried), black pudding (uncooked), liver lamb (raw), marinated salmon (home-made and packaged), lettuce (fresh and packaged), pate of pork liver, foie gras of duck, frankfurt, sausages, chicken nuggets (fried), and common salt. Among the 11 PFCs analyzed, only PFHxS, PFOS, PFHxA, and PFOA were detected in at least one composite sample, while the levels of the remaining PFCs (PFBuS, PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA) were under their respective detection limits. PFOS was the compound most frequently detected, being found in 8 of the 20 food items analyzed, while PFHxA was detected in samples of raw veal, chicken nuggets, frankfurt, sausages, and packaged lettuce. According to the results of the present study, it is not sufficiently clear if cooking with non-stick cookware, or packaging some foods, could contribute to a higher human exposure to PFCs. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bjorklund-thuresson-dewit-perfluoroalkylcompoundspfcsinindoordustconcentrationshumanexposureestimatesandsources-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust: Concentrations, human exposure estimates, and sources.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bjorklund, J. A.; Thuresson, K.;  and De Wit, C. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 43(7): 2276–2281.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es803201a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bjorklund-thuresson-dewit-perfluoroalkylcompoundspfcsinindoordustconcentrationshumanexposureestimatesandsources-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es803201a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bjorklund-thuresson-dewit-perfluoroalkylcompoundspfcsinindoordustconcentrationshumanexposureestimatesandsources-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bjorklund-thuresson-dewit-perfluoroalkylcompoundspfcsinindoordustconcentrationshumanexposureestimatesandsources-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bjorklund_perfluoroalkyl_2009,\n\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl compounds ({PFCs}) in indoor dust: {Concentrations}, human exposure estimates, and sources},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es803201a},\n\tabstract = {Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are globally distributed, persistent, toxic, and are found in human blood and serum. Exposure pathways are not well characterized. To better understand indoor dust ingestion as a potential pathway for human exposure, we determined the concentrations of these compounds in dust collected from 10 houses, 38 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, and 5 cars. Samples were prepared using a rapid extraction and cleanup method and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. PFOS and PFOA were found in dust samples from all microenvironments and their concentrations were significantly positively correlated to each other. Highest median concentrations were seen in offices (PFOS: 110 ng/g dry weight) and apartments (PFOA: 93 ng/g dw). Adult and toddler dust ingestion exposures were estimated and compared to dietary exposure data from Canada and Spain. Results show that diet is the most important exposure route, but in a worst case scenario, dust ingestion may also be significant.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Bjorklund, Justina Awasum and Thuresson, Kaj and De Wit, Cynthia A.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19452874},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {2276--2281},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are globally distributed, persistent, toxic, and are found in human blood and serum. Exposure pathways are not well characterized. To better understand indoor dust ingestion as a potential pathway for human exposure, we determined the concentrations of these compounds in dust collected from 10 houses, 38 apartments, 10 day care centers, 10 offices, and 5 cars. Samples were prepared using a rapid extraction and cleanup method and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. PFOS and PFOA were found in dust samples from all microenvironments and their concentrations were significantly positively correlated to each other. Highest median concentrations were seen in offices (PFOS: 110 ng/g dry weight) and apartments (PFOA: 93 ng/g dw). Adult and toddler dust ingestion exposures were estimated and compared to dietary exposure data from Canada and Spain. Results show that diet is the most important exposure route, but in a worst case scenario, dust ingestion may also be significant.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ackerman-noonan-begley-assessingdirectanalysisinrealtimemassspectrometrydartmsfortherapididentificationofadditivesinfoodpackaging-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Assessing direct analysis in real-time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the rapid identification of additives in food packaging.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ackerman, L K; Noonan, G O;  and Begley, T H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food Additives and Contaminants</i>, 26(12): 1611–1618.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030903232753\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ackerman-noonan-begley-assessingdirectanalysisinrealtimemassspectrometrydartmsfortherapididentificationofadditivesinfoodpackaging-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030903232753', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ackerman-noonan-begley-assessingdirectanalysisinrealtimemassspectrometrydartmsfortherapididentificationofadditivesinfoodpackaging-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ackerman-noonan-begley-assessingdirectanalysisinrealtimemassspectrometrydartmsfortherapididentificationofadditivesinfoodpackaging-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ackerman_assessing_2009,\n\ttitle = {Assessing direct analysis in real-time-mass spectrometry ({DART}-{MS}) for the rapid identification of additives in food packaging.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1944-0049},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030903232753},\n\tabstract = {The ambient ionization technique direct analysis in real time (DART) was characterized and evaluated for the screening of food packaging for the presence of packaging additives using a benchtop mass spectrometer (MS). Approximate optimum conditions were determined for 13 common food-packaging additives, including plasticizers, anti-oxidants, colorants, grease-proofers, and ultraviolet light stabilizers. Method sensitivity and linearity were evaluated using solutions and characterized polymer samples. Additionally, the response of a model additive (di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate) was examined across a range of sample positions, DART, and MS conditions (temperature, voltage and helium flow). Under optimal conditions, molecular ion (M+H+) was the major ion for most additives. Additive responses were highly sensitive to sample and DART source orientation, as well as to DART flow rates, temperatures, and MS inlet voltages, respectively. DART-MS response was neither consistently linear nor quantitative in this setting, and sensitivity varied by additive. All additives studied were rapidly identified in multiple food-packaging materials by DART-MS/MS, suggesting this technique can be used to screen food packaging rapidly. However, method sensitivity and quantitation requires further study and improvement.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},\n\tauthor = {Ackerman, L K and Noonan, G O and Begley, T H},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19753496},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, Plastics, food-contact materials, in-house validation, packaging additives, paper, screening assays},\n\tpages = {1611--1618},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The ambient ionization technique direct analysis in real time (DART) was characterized and evaluated for the screening of food packaging for the presence of packaging additives using a benchtop mass spectrometer (MS). Approximate optimum conditions were determined for 13 common food-packaging additives, including plasticizers, anti-oxidants, colorants, grease-proofers, and ultraviolet light stabilizers. Method sensitivity and linearity were evaluated using solutions and characterized polymer samples. Additionally, the response of a model additive (di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate) was examined across a range of sample positions, DART, and MS conditions (temperature, voltage and helium flow). Under optimal conditions, molecular ion (M+H+) was the major ion for most additives. Additive responses were highly sensitive to sample and DART source orientation, as well as to DART flow rates, temperatures, and MS inlet voltages, respectively. DART-MS response was neither consistently linear nor quantitative in this setting, and sensitivity varied by additive. All additives studied were rapidly identified in multiple food-packaging materials by DART-MS/MS, suggesting this technique can be used to screen food packaging rapidly. However, method sensitivity and quantitation requires further study and improvement.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-ma-hites-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-ma-hites-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in northern China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, L.; Ma, B.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(18): 6963–8. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-ma-hites-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in northern China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-ma-hites-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-ma-hites-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromthegeneralpopulationinnorthernchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_brominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in northern {China}.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806728},\n\tabstract = {In 2006, 128 serum samples were collected from three populations in Tianjin, China: office cleaners, university students, and policemen. These samples were all analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and for other brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The median concentration of total PBDEs (sum of 41 congeners) was 7.1 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 1980 ng/g lipid. Among these PBDE congeners, the median sum of the tri- to hepta-PBDE (SigmaPBDE3-7) congener concentrations was 2.9 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 20 ng/g lipid. The most common tri- to heptabrominated congeners were BDE-47 (30\\% of total), BDE-99 (24\\%), BDE-183 (15\\%), BDE-153 (12\\%), BDE-28 (9.5\\%), and BDE-100 (6.2\\%). These levels of SigmaPBDE3-7 were similar to those observed in Europe and Asia but were much lower than those observed in North America. Highly brominated BDE congeners were detected in some serum samples. In particular, BDE-209 was detected in 28 samples; the median BDE-209 concentration in these samples was 42 ng/g lipid, ranging from ND to 1770 ng/g lipid. The total PBDE levels in office cleaners were significantly higher than in university students and policemen. In addition, we also measured several other BFRs. Hexabromobenzene (HBB) was identified in 26 samples with a median concentration of 0.27 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.11 to 1.50 ng/g lipid. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were not detected in any of these samples.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Lingyan and Ma, Baoling and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19806728},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, China, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {6963--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In 2006, 128 serum samples were collected from three populations in Tianjin, China: office cleaners, university students, and policemen. These samples were all analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and for other brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The median concentration of total PBDEs (sum of 41 congeners) was 7.1 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 1980 ng/g lipid. Among these PBDE congeners, the median sum of the tri- to hepta-PBDE (SigmaPBDE3-7) congener concentrations was 2.9 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.48 to 20 ng/g lipid. The most common tri- to heptabrominated congeners were BDE-47 (30% of total), BDE-99 (24%), BDE-183 (15%), BDE-153 (12%), BDE-28 (9.5%), and BDE-100 (6.2%). These levels of SigmaPBDE3-7 were similar to those observed in Europe and Asia but were much lower than those observed in North America. Highly brominated BDE congeners were detected in some serum samples. In particular, BDE-209 was detected in 28 samples; the median BDE-209 concentration in these samples was 42 ng/g lipid, ranging from ND to 1770 ng/g lipid. The total PBDE levels in office cleaners were significantly higher than in university students and policemen. In addition, we also measured several other BFRs. Hexabromobenzene (HBB) was identified in 26 samples with a median concentration of 0.27 ng/g lipid, ranging from 0.11 to 1.50 ng/g lipid. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were not detected in any of these samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-diamond-ibarra-harrad-multimediamodelingofpolybrominateddiphenyletheremissionsandfateindoors-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-diamond-ibarra-harrad-multimediamodelingofpolybrominateddiphenyletheremissionsandfateindoors-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960', event);\">\n    Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, X.; Diamond, M. L; Ibarra, C.;  and Harrad, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(8): 2845–2850. April 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-diamond-ibarra-harrad-multimediamodelingofpolybrominateddiphenyletheremissionsandfateindoors-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-diamond-ibarra-harrad-multimediamodelingofpolybrominateddiphenyletheremissionsandfateindoors-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-diamond-ibarra-harrad-multimediamodelingofpolybrominateddiphenyletheremissionsandfateindoors-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_multimedia_2009,\n\ttitle = {Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475960},\n\tabstract = {We adapted an indoor multimedia fugacity model to consider emissions and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and to understand the variability of indoor concentrations. The model was applied to an office in which an 80\\% decrease in PBDE air concentration was observed after an old computer was exchanged with a newer one. PBDE-impregnated polyurethane foam (PUF) and carpet were treated as pseudo-steady-state components with specified fugacities derived from measured concentrations of 173 and 2140 ng x g(-1), respectively. Emission rates of 35 and 5.4 ng x h(-1), for the old and new computers, respectively, were calculated using the pseudo-steady-state approach. Particle movement (deposition and resuspension) dominates within-room transport processes, and dust removal (vacuuming) and air advection (ventilation) are the main loss processes. The most sensitive parameters to air concentrations and estimated emission rates are room temperature, particle concentrations and deposition velocity, and air exchange rates. The air exchange rates and bouncing on PUF furniture can alter whether the PUF and carpet are sources or sinks of PBDEs. Model results suggest that exposure via air can be reduced by removing dust, having a high air exchange rate, and low indoor temperatures.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Xianming and Diamond, Miriam L and Ibarra, Catalina and Harrad, Stuart},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Chemical, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Models},\n\tpages = {2845--2850},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We adapted an indoor multimedia fugacity model to consider emissions and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and to understand the variability of indoor concentrations. The model was applied to an office in which an 80% decrease in PBDE air concentration was observed after an old computer was exchanged with a newer one. PBDE-impregnated polyurethane foam (PUF) and carpet were treated as pseudo-steady-state components with specified fugacities derived from measured concentrations of 173 and 2140 ng x g(-1), respectively. Emission rates of 35 and 5.4 ng x h(-1), for the old and new computers, respectively, were calculated using the pseudo-steady-state approach. Particle movement (deposition and resuspension) dominates within-room transport processes, and dust removal (vacuuming) and air advection (ventilation) are the main loss processes. The most sensitive parameters to air concentrations and estimated emission rates are room temperature, particle concentrations and deposition velocity, and air exchange rates. The air exchange rates and bouncing on PUF furniture can alter whether the PUF and carpet are sources or sinks of PBDEs. Model results suggest that exposure via air can be reduced by removing dust, having a high air exchange rate, and low indoor temperatures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zennegg-fingerprintsofchlorinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenaeddioxinsattwoewasterecyclingsitesinguiyuchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zennegg-fingerprintsofchlorinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenaeddioxinsattwoewasterecyclingsitesinguiyuchina-2009', 'http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints', event);\">\n    Fingerprints of chlorinated,brominated and mixed halogenaed dioxins at two e-waste recycling sites in guiyu/China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zennegg, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 71.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zennegg-fingerprintsofchlorinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenaeddioxinsattwoewasterecyclingsitesinguiyuchina-2009', 'http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fingerprints of chlorinated,brominated and mixed halogenaed dioxins at two e-waste recycling sites in guiyu/China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zennegg-fingerprintsofchlorinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenaeddioxinsattwoewasterecyclingsitesinguiyuchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zennegg-fingerprintsofchlorinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenaeddioxinsattwoewasterecyclingsitesinguiyuchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zennegg_fingerprints_2009,\n\ttitle = {Fingerprints of chlorinated,brominated and mixed halogenaed dioxins at two e-waste recycling sites in guiyu/{China}.},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\turl = {http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/fingerprints},\n\tabstract = {This study describes the fingerprints of chlorinated, brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins at two e-waste open burning/smouldering sites in Guiyu, China. The total concentrations of PXDD/PXDF in the soils were in ppm range. The total furan (PXDF) to dioxin (PXDD) ratios were around 100 revealing that PBDEsA as direct furan precursors were responsible for the formation of most of the dioxin-like compounds at the sites. The high levels of mixed chlorinated-brominated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins present as main contaminants at the open burning site reveal a significant bromine-chlorine exchange in PBDEA/PBDF most probably from PVC and chlorine containing additives (e-g. chlorinated paraffins, tetrachlorobisphenol A, etc.). The comparable concentrations of halogenated PXDF and precursor PBDEs at both sites indicate that a significant share of PBDEs was converted into PBDF/PXDF. When considering that several thousand tons of PBDEA are present in the 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste reaching the waste recycling sector every year, and that developing countries process a significant amount of e-waste utilizing rudimentary thermal processes, the load of halogenated PXDD/PXDF formed and released can be expected on the scale of tons and therefore possibly higher than all current inventoried PCDD/PCDF sources combined.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Zennegg, Markus},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study describes the fingerprints of chlorinated, brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins at two e-waste open burning/smouldering sites in Guiyu, China. The total concentrations of PXDD/PXDF in the soils were in ppm range. The total furan (PXDF) to dioxin (PXDD) ratios were around 100 revealing that PBDEsA as direct furan precursors were responsible for the formation of most of the dioxin-like compounds at the sites. The high levels of mixed chlorinated-brominated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins present as main contaminants at the open burning site reveal a significant bromine-chlorine exchange in PBDEA/PBDF most probably from PVC and chlorine containing additives (e-g. chlorinated paraffins, tetrachlorobisphenol A, etc.). The comparable concentrations of halogenated PXDF and precursor PBDEs at both sites indicate that a significant share of PBDEs was converted into PBDF/PXDF. When considering that several thousand tons of PBDEA are present in the 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste reaching the waste recycling sector every year, and that developing countries process a significant amount of e-waste utilizing rudimentary thermal processes, the load of halogenated PXDD/PXDF formed and released can be expected on the scale of tons and therefore possibly higher than all current inventoried PCDD/PCDF sources combined.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wilson-polystyreneinsulationdoesitbelonginagreenbuilding-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wilson-polystyreneinsulationdoesitbelonginagreenbuilding-2009', 'http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/', event);\">\n    Polystyrene insulation: Does it belong in a green building?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wilson, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Building News</i>, 18(8).  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wilson-polystyreneinsulationdoesitbelonginagreenbuilding-2009', 'http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polystyrene insulation: Does it belong in a green building? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wilson-polystyreneinsulationdoesitbelonginagreenbuilding-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wilson-polystyreneinsulationdoesitbelonginagreenbuilding-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wilson_polystyrene_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polystyrene insulation: {Does} it belong in a green building?},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\turl = {http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/7/30/Polystyrene-Insulation-Does-It-Belong-in-a-Green-Building/},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Building News},\n\tauthor = {Wilson, A},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"webster-harrad-millette-holbrook-davis-stapleton-allen-mcclean-etal-identifyingtransfermechanismsandsourcesofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inindoorenvironmentsusingenvironmentalforensicmicroscopy-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'webster-harrad-millette-holbrook-davis-stapleton-allen-mcclean-etal-identifyingtransfermechanismsandsourcesofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inindoorenvironmentsusingenvironmentalforensicmicroscopy-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf', event);\">\n    Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Webster, T. F; Harrad, S.; Millette, J. R; Holbrook, R D.; Davis, J. M; Stapleton, H. M; Allen, J. G; McClean, M. D; Ibarra, C.; Abdallah, M. A.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(9): 3067–3072. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('webster-harrad-millette-holbrook-davis-stapleton-allen-mcclean-etal-identifyingtransfermechanismsandsourcesofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inindoorenvironmentsusingenvironmentalforensicmicroscopy-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/webster-harrad-millette-holbrook-davis-stapleton-allen-mcclean-etal-identifyingtransfermechanismsandsourcesofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inindoorenvironmentsusingenvironmentalforensicmicroscopy-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('webster-harrad-millette-holbrook-davis-stapleton-allen-mcclean-etal-identifyingtransfermechanismsandsourcesofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inindoorenvironmentsusingenvironmentalforensicmicroscopy-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{webster_identifying_2009,\n\ttitle = {Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE} 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2722073&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Webster etal 2009.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Although the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust has been linked to consumer products, the mechanism of transfer remains poorly understood. We conjecture that volatilized PBDEs will be associated with dust particles containing organic matter and will be homogeneously distributed in house dust. In contrast, PBDEs arising from weathering or abrasion of polymers should remain bound to particles of the original polymer matrix and will be heterogeneously distributed within the dust. We used scanning electron microscopy and othertools of environmental forensic microscopy to investigate PBDEs in dust, examining U.S. and U.K. dust samples with extremely high levels of BDE 209 (260-2600 microg/g), a nonvolatile compound at room temperature. We found that the bromine in these samples was concentrated in widely scattered, highly contaminated particles. In the house dust samples from Boston (U.S.), bromine was associated with a polymer/organic matrix. These results suggest that the BDE 209 was transferred to dust via physical processes such as abrasion or weathering. In conjunction with more traditional tools of environmental chemistry, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), environmental forensic microscopy provides novel insights into the origins of BDE 209 in dust and their mechanisms of transfer from products.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Webster, Thomas F and Harrad, Stuart and Millette, James R and Holbrook, R David and Davis, Jeffrey M and Stapleton, Heather M and Allen, Joseph G and McClean, Michael D and Ibarra, Catalina and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electron, Environment, Flame retardants, Forensic Sciences, Forensic Sciences: instrumentation, Great Britain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infrared, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Scanning, Spectrophotometry},\n\tpages = {3067--3072},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Although the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust has been linked to consumer products, the mechanism of transfer remains poorly understood. We conjecture that volatilized PBDEs will be associated with dust particles containing organic matter and will be homogeneously distributed in house dust. In contrast, PBDEs arising from weathering or abrasion of polymers should remain bound to particles of the original polymer matrix and will be heterogeneously distributed within the dust. We used scanning electron microscopy and othertools of environmental forensic microscopy to investigate PBDEs in dust, examining U.S. and U.K. dust samples with extremely high levels of BDE 209 (260-2600 microg/g), a nonvolatile compound at room temperature. We found that the bromine in these samples was concentrated in widely scattered, highly contaminated particles. In the house dust samples from Boston (U.S.), bromine was associated with a polymer/organic matrix. These results suggest that the BDE 209 was transferred to dust via physical processes such as abrasion or weathering. In conjunction with more traditional tools of environmental chemistry, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), environmental forensic microscopy provides novel insights into the origins of BDE 209 in dust and their mechanisms of transfer from products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanderven-vandekuil-leonards-slob-lilienthal-litens-herlin-haakansson-etal-endocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanderven-vandekuil-leonards-slob-lilienthal-litens-herlin-haakansson-etal-endocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610', event);\">\n    Endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  van der Ven, L. T M; van De Kuil, T.; Leonards, P. E G; Slob, W.; Lilienthal, H.; Litens, S.; Herlin, M.; H\\a akansson , H.; Cantón, R. F; van Den Berg, M.; Visser, T. J; van Loveren, H.; Vos, J. G;  and Piersma, A. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 185(1): 51–62. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderven-vandekuil-leonards-slob-lilienthal-litens-herlin-haakansson-etal-endocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderven-vandekuil-leonards-slob-lilienthal-litens-herlin-haakansson-etal-endocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanderven-vandekuil-leonards-slob-lilienthal-litens-herlin-haakansson-etal-endocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanderven-vandekuil-leonards-slob-lilienthal-litens-herlin-haakansson-etal-endocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_der_ven_endocrine_2009,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) in a one-generation reproduction study in {Wistar} rats.},\n\tvolume = {185},\n\tissn = {0378-4274},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118610},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.003},\n\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane was tested in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats, enhanced for endocrine parameters. A solution of the compound in corn oil was mixed in the feed, targeting at dietary exposure of 0-0.1-0.3-1-3-10-30-100 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd) in parental rats during 10 (males) or 2 (females) weeks premating, during gestation and lactation, and in their F1 offspring from weaning until final necropsy. Effects were assessed in F1 animals. Livers of these animals showed increased HBCD concentrations, in a dose-dependent way. The trabecular bone mineral density of the tibia was dose-dependently decreased in females (BenchMark Dose Lower confidence bound, BMDL=0.056 mkd). The IgG response after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased in males (BMDL=0.46 mkd). Further sensitive effects were decreased weight of the testis (BMDL=1.5 mkd), increased fraction of neutrophilic granulocytes (BMDL=7.7 mkd), decreased concentration of apolar retinoids in female livers (BMDL=1.3 mkd), and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase in females (BMDL=8.6 mkd). CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary was correlated to the concentration of gamma-HBCD in the liver. A developmental origin of these effects is considered, and this is also true for sensitive effects observed in neurobehavioural testing in littermates from the same experiment, i.e. in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials and in a catalepsy test [Lilienthal, H., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G. Neurobehavioral effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure, in press]. The low BMDLs of these effects may raise concern for human health, particularly when based on body burdens of HBCD, which leads to critical margins of exposure particularly for the occupational setting.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {van der Ven, Leo T M and van De Kuil, Ton and Leonards, Pim E G and Slob, Wout and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Litens, Sabina and Herlin, Maria and H{\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Cantón, Rocío F and van Den Berg, Martin and Visser, Theo J and van Loveren, Henk and Vos, Josephus G and Piersma, Aldert H},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19118610},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Burden, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: physiology, Hydrocarbons, Immune System, Immune System: drug effects, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pregnancy, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Retinoids, Retinoids: metabolism, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {51--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane was tested in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats, enhanced for endocrine parameters. A solution of the compound in corn oil was mixed in the feed, targeting at dietary exposure of 0-0.1-0.3-1-3-10-30-100 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd) in parental rats during 10 (males) or 2 (females) weeks premating, during gestation and lactation, and in their F1 offspring from weaning until final necropsy. Effects were assessed in F1 animals. Livers of these animals showed increased HBCD concentrations, in a dose-dependent way. The trabecular bone mineral density of the tibia was dose-dependently decreased in females (BenchMark Dose Lower confidence bound, BMDL=0.056 mkd). The IgG response after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased in males (BMDL=0.46 mkd). Further sensitive effects were decreased weight of the testis (BMDL=1.5 mkd), increased fraction of neutrophilic granulocytes (BMDL=7.7 mkd), decreased concentration of apolar retinoids in female livers (BMDL=1.3 mkd), and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase in females (BMDL=8.6 mkd). CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary was correlated to the concentration of gamma-HBCD in the liver. A developmental origin of these effects is considered, and this is also true for sensitive effects observed in neurobehavioural testing in littermates from the same experiment, i.e. in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials and in a catalepsy test [Lilienthal, H., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G. Neurobehavioral effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure, in press]. The low BMDLs of these effects may raise concern for human health, particularly when based on body burdens of HBCD, which leads to critical margins of exposure particularly for the occupational setting.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vandensteen-eens-covaci-dirtu-jaspers-neels-pinxten-anexposurestudywithpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfemaleeuropeanstarlingssturnusvulgaristoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffects-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vandensteen-eens-covaci-dirtu-jaspers-neels-pinxten-anexposurestudywithpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfemaleeuropeanstarlingssturnusvulgaristoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffects-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567', event);\">\n    An exposure study with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): toxicokinetics and reproductive effects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van den Steen, E.; Eens, M.; Covaci, A.; Dirtu, A. C; Jaspers, V. L B; Neels, H.;  and Pinxten, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution</i>, 157(2): 430–6. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandensteen-eens-covaci-dirtu-jaspers-neels-pinxten-anexposurestudywithpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfemaleeuropeanstarlingssturnusvulgaristoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffects-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An exposure study with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): toxicokinetics and reproductive effects. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandensteen-eens-covaci-dirtu-jaspers-neels-pinxten-anexposurestudywithpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfemaleeuropeanstarlingssturnusvulgaristoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffects-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.031', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vandensteen-eens-covaci-dirtu-jaspers-neels-pinxten-anexposurestudywithpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfemaleeuropeanstarlingssturnusvulgaristoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffects-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vandensteen-eens-covaci-dirtu-jaspers-neels-pinxten-anexposurestudywithpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfemaleeuropeanstarlingssturnusvulgaristoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffects-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_den_steen_exposure_2009,\n\ttitle = {An exposure study with polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in female {European} starlings ({Sturnus} vulgaris): toxicokinetics and reproductive effects.},\n\tvolume = {157},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977567},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.031},\n\tabstract = {We exposed female European starlings to a pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE) mixture through subcutaneous implants, and examined levels and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) together with reproductive effects. Sum PBDE levels increased significantly in the serum of the exposed females from 218+/-43 to 23,400+/-2035 pg/ml. Sum PBDE concentrations in the eggs of the exposed group ranged from 130+/-12 to 220+/-37 ng/g wet weight (ww). The profile in serum after egg laying was very similar to that in eggs. There were no detectable levels of HO-PBDEs in both serum and eggs. Fewer females of the exposed group initiated egg laying compared to the control group, although the difference was not significant. In addition, egg weight and volume were significantly higher in the exposed group. These results suggest that, at the investigated exposure levels (150 microg sum PBDEs/bird), PBDEs may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\n\tauthor = {Van den Steen, Evi and Eens, Marcel and Covaci, Adrian and Dirtu, Alin C and Jaspers, Veerle L B and Neels, Hugo and Pinxten, Rianne},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {18977567},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Ovum, Ovum: metabolism, Ovum: pathology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Starlings, Starlings: metabolism, Starlings: physiology, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {430--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We exposed female European starlings to a pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE) mixture through subcutaneous implants, and examined levels and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) together with reproductive effects. Sum PBDE levels increased significantly in the serum of the exposed females from 218+/-43 to 23,400+/-2035 pg/ml. Sum PBDE concentrations in the eggs of the exposed group ranged from 130+/-12 to 220+/-37 ng/g wet weight (ww). The profile in serum after egg laying was very similar to that in eggs. There were no detectable levels of HO-PBDEs in both serum and eggs. Fewer females of the exposed group initiated egg laying compared to the control group, although the difference was not significant. In addition, egg weight and volume were significantly higher in the exposed group. These results suggest that, at the investigated exposure levels (150 microg sum PBDEs/bird), PBDEs may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uneppopspoprc-proposaltolisthexabromocyclododecaneinannexaofthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uneppopspoprc-proposaltolisthexabromocyclododecaneinannexaofthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png', event);\">\n    Proposal to list hexabromocyclododecane in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP/POPS/POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uneppopspoprc-proposaltolisthexabromocyclododecaneinannexaofthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/png.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Proposal to list hexabromocyclododecane in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. [png]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uneppopspoprc-proposaltolisthexabromocyclododecaneinannexaofthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uneppopspoprc-proposaltolisthexabromocyclododecaneinannexaofthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_proposal_2009,\n\taddress = {Copenhagen},\n\ttitle = {Proposal to list hexabromocyclododecane in {Annex} {A} of the {Stockholm} {Convention} on persistent organic pollutants.},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPs Review Committee/Chemicals/tabid/781/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/desktopmodules/MFilesDocs/images/pdf.png},\n\tinstitution = {Nordic Council of Ministers},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"unep-stockholmconventiontextandannexesasamendedin2009-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'unep-stockholmconventiontextandannexesasamendedin2009-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext', event);\">\n    Stockholm Convention text and annexes as amended in 2009.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report United Nations Environment Programme,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('unep-stockholmconventiontextandannexesasamendedin2009-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Stockholm Convention text and annexes as amended in 2009. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/unep-stockholmconventiontextandannexesasamendedin2009-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('unep-stockholmconventiontextandannexesasamendedin2009-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{unep_stockholm_2009,\n\ttitle = {Stockholm {Convention} text and annexes as amended in 2009.},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en- US/Default.aspx#convtext},\n\tinstitution = {United Nations Environment Programme},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"unep-thepops-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'unep-thepops-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx', event);\">\n    The POPs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('unep-thepops-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The POPs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/unep-thepops-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('unep-thepops-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{unep_pops_2009,\n\ttitle = {The {POPs}},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/The POPs/tabid/673/language/en-GB/Default.aspx},\n\turldate = {2010-12-30},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uneppopspoprc-generalguidanceonconsiderationsrelatedtoalternativesandsubstitutesforlistedpersistentorganicpollutantsandcandidatechemicals-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uneppopspoprc-generalguidanceonconsiderationsrelatedtoalternativesandsubstitutesforlistedpersistentorganicpollutantsandcandidatechemicals-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx', event);\">\n    General guidance on considerations related to alternatives and substitutes for listed persistent organic pollutants and candidate chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP/POPS/POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uneppopspoprc-generalguidanceonconsiderationsrelatedtoalternativesandsubstitutesforlistedpersistentorganicpollutantsandcandidatechemicals-2009', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"General guidance on considerations related to alternatives and substitutes for listed persistent organic pollutants and candidate chemicals. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uneppopspoprc-generalguidanceonconsiderationsrelatedtoalternativesandsubstitutesforlistedpersistentorganicpollutantsandcandidatechemicals-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uneppopspoprc-generalguidanceonconsiderationsrelatedtoalternativesandsubstitutesforlistedpersistentorganicpollutantsandcandidatechemicals-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{unep/pops/poprc_general_2009,\n\ttitle = {General guidance on considerations related to alternatives and substitutes for listed persistent organic pollutants and candidate chemicals.},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCMeetings/POPRC5/POPRC5 ReportandDecisions/tabid/719/language/en-US/Default.aspx},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP/POPS/POPRC}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"talsness-andrade-kuriyama-taylor-vomsaal-componentsofplasticexperimentalstudiesinanimalsandrelevanceforhumanhealth-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'talsness-andrade-kuriyama-taylor-vomsaal-componentsofplasticexperimentalstudiesinanimalsandrelevanceforhumanhealth-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Talsness, C. E; Andrade, A. J M; Kuriyama, S. N; Taylor, J. A;  and vom Saal, F. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences</i>, 364(1526): 2079–96. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('talsness-andrade-kuriyama-taylor-vomsaal-componentsofplasticexperimentalstudiesinanimalsandrelevanceforhumanhealth-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0281\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('talsness-andrade-kuriyama-taylor-vomsaal-componentsofplasticexperimentalstudiesinanimalsandrelevanceforhumanhealth-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0281', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/talsness-andrade-kuriyama-taylor-vomsaal-componentsofplasticexperimentalstudiesinanimalsandrelevanceforhumanhealth-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('talsness-andrade-kuriyama-taylor-vomsaal-componentsofplasticexperimentalstudiesinanimalsandrelevanceforhumanhealth-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{talsness_components_2009,\n\ttitle = {Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health.},\n\tvolume = {364},\n\tissn = {1471-2970},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2873015&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0281},\n\tabstract = {Components used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are detected in humans. In addition to their utility in plastics, an inadvertent characteristic of these chemicals is the ability to alter the endocrine system. Phthalates function as anti-androgens while the main action attributed to BPA is oestrogen-like activity. PBDE and TBBPA have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis while PBDEs also exhibit anti-androgen action. Experimental investigations in animals indicate a wide variety of effects associated with exposure to these compounds, causing concern regarding potential risk to human health. For example, the spectrum of effects following perinatal exposure of male rats to phthalates has remarkable similarities to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome in humans. Concentrations of BPA in the foetal mouse within the range of unconjugated BPA levels observed in human foetal blood have produced effects in animal experiments. Finally, thyroid hormones are essential for normal neurological development and reproductive function. Human body burdens of these chemicals are detected with high prevalence, and concentrations in young children, a group particularly sensitive to exogenous insults, are typically higher, indicating the need to decrease exposure to these compounds.},\n\tnumber = {1526},\n\tjournal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Talsness, Chris E and Andrade, Anderson J M and Kuriyama, Sergio N and Taylor, Julia A and vom Saal, Frederick S},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19528057},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Burden, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Growth and Development, Growth and Development: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Mice, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Phthalic Acids: toxicity, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {2079--96},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Components used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are detected in humans. In addition to their utility in plastics, an inadvertent characteristic of these chemicals is the ability to alter the endocrine system. Phthalates function as anti-androgens while the main action attributed to BPA is oestrogen-like activity. PBDE and TBBPA have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis while PBDEs also exhibit anti-androgen action. Experimental investigations in animals indicate a wide variety of effects associated with exposure to these compounds, causing concern regarding potential risk to human health. For example, the spectrum of effects following perinatal exposure of male rats to phthalates has remarkable similarities to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome in humans. Concentrations of BPA in the foetal mouse within the range of unconjugated BPA levels observed in human foetal blood have produced effects in animal experiments. Finally, thyroid hormones are essential for normal neurological development and reproductive function. Human body burdens of these chemicals are detected with high prevalence, and concentrations in young children, a group particularly sensitive to exogenous insults, are typically higher, indicating the need to decrease exposure to these compounds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takigami, H.; Suzuki, G.; Hirai, Y.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 76(2): 270–277. June 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takigami_brominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006},\n\tabstract = {This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 10(2)-10(3)pgm(-3) order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13000 ng g(-1)) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad {\\textbackslash}textlessor=0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs - decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants&#x27; exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {270--277},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 10(2)-10(3)pgm(-3) order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13000 ng g(-1)) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad \\textlessor=0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs - decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants' exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"szabo-richardson-ross-diliberto-kodavanti-birnbaum-effectsofperinatalpbdeexposureonhepaticphaseiphaseiiphaseiiianddeiodinase1geneexpressioninvolvedinthyroidhormonemetabolisminmaleratpups-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'szabo-richardson-ross-diliberto-kodavanti-birnbaum-effectsofperinatalpbdeexposureonhepaticphaseiphaseiiphaseiiianddeiodinase1geneexpressioninvolvedinthyroidhormonemetabolisminmaleratpups-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Effects of perinatal PBDE exposure on hepatic phase I, phase II, phase III, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Szabo, D. T; Richardson, V. M; Ross, D. G; Diliberto, J. J; Kodavanti, P. R S;  and Birnbaum, L. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 107(1): 27–39. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('szabo-richardson-ross-diliberto-kodavanti-birnbaum-effectsofperinatalpbdeexposureonhepaticphaseiphaseiiphaseiiianddeiodinase1geneexpressioninvolvedinthyroidhormonemetabolisminmaleratpups-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of perinatal PBDE exposure on hepatic phase I, phase II, phase III, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn230\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('szabo-richardson-ross-diliberto-kodavanti-birnbaum-effectsofperinatalpbdeexposureonhepaticphaseiphaseiiphaseiiianddeiodinase1geneexpressioninvolvedinthyroidhormonemetabolisminmaleratpups-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn230', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/szabo-richardson-ross-diliberto-kodavanti-birnbaum-effectsofperinatalpbdeexposureonhepaticphaseiphaseiiphaseiiianddeiodinase1geneexpressioninvolvedinthyroidhormonemetabolisminmaleratpups-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('szabo-richardson-ross-diliberto-kodavanti-birnbaum-effectsofperinatalpbdeexposureonhepaticphaseiphaseiiphaseiiianddeiodinase1geneexpressioninvolvedinthyroidhormonemetabolisminmaleratpups-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{szabo_effects_2009,\n\ttitle = {Effects of perinatal {PBDE} exposure on hepatic phase {I}, phase {II}, phase {III}, and deiodinase 1 gene expression involved in thyroid hormone metabolism in male rat pups.},\n\tvolume = {107},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638650&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfn230},\n\tabstract = {Previous studies demonstrated that perinatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of brominated flame retardants, may affect thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations by inducing hepatic uridinediphosphate-glucoronosyltransferases (UGTs). This study further examines effects of the commercial penta mixture, DE-71, on genes related to TH metabolism at different developmental time points in male rats. DE-71 is predominately composed of PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 with low levels of brominated dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were orally administered 1.7 (low), 10.2 (mid), or 30.6 (high) mg/kg/day of DE-71 in corn oil from gestational day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Serum and liver were collected from male pups at PND 4, 21, and 60. Total serum thyroxine (T(4)) decreased to 57\\% (mid) and 51\\% (high) on PND 4, and 46\\% (mid) dose and 25\\% (high) on PND 21. Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1/2, and Cyp3a1 enzyme and mRNA expression, regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane xenobiotic receptor, respectively, increased in a dose-dependent manner. UGT-T(4) enzymatic activity significantly increased, whereas age and dose-dependent effects were observed for Ugt1a6, 1a7, and 2b mRNA. Sult1b1 mRNA expression increased, whereas that of transthyretin (Ttr) decreased as did both the deiodinase I (D1) enzyme activity and mRNA expression. Hepatic efflux transporters Mdr1 (multidrug resistance), Mrp2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein), and Mrp3 and influx transporter Oatp1a4 mRNA expression increased. In this study the most sensitive responses to PBDEs following DE-71 exposure were CYP2B and D1 activities and Cyb2b1/2, d1, Mdr1, Mrp2, and Mrp3 gene expression. All responses were reversible by PND 60. In conclusion, deiodination, active transport, and sulfation, in addition to glucuronidation, may be involved in disruption of TH homeostasis due to perinatal exposure to DE-71 in male rat offspring.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Szabo, David T and Richardson, Vicki M and Ross, David G and Diliberto, Janet J and Kodavanti, Prasada R S and Birnbaum, Linda S},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {18978342},\n\tkeywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: genetics, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: metabolism, Developmental, Developmental: drug ef, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: genetics, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosa, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Long-Evans, Male, Microsomes, Newborn, Pregnancy, Rats, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: genetics, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: analysis, Thyroxine: blood, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: analysis, Triiodothyronine: blood, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {27--39},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous studies demonstrated that perinatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of brominated flame retardants, may affect thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations by inducing hepatic uridinediphosphate-glucoronosyltransferases (UGTs). This study further examines effects of the commercial penta mixture, DE-71, on genes related to TH metabolism at different developmental time points in male rats. DE-71 is predominately composed of PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 with low levels of brominated dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were orally administered 1.7 (low), 10.2 (mid), or 30.6 (high) mg/kg/day of DE-71 in corn oil from gestational day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Serum and liver were collected from male pups at PND 4, 21, and 60. Total serum thyroxine (T(4)) decreased to 57% (mid) and 51% (high) on PND 4, and 46% (mid) dose and 25% (high) on PND 21. Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1/2, and Cyp3a1 enzyme and mRNA expression, regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane xenobiotic receptor, respectively, increased in a dose-dependent manner. UGT-T(4) enzymatic activity significantly increased, whereas age and dose-dependent effects were observed for Ugt1a6, 1a7, and 2b mRNA. Sult1b1 mRNA expression increased, whereas that of transthyretin (Ttr) decreased as did both the deiodinase I (D1) enzyme activity and mRNA expression. Hepatic efflux transporters Mdr1 (multidrug resistance), Mrp2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein), and Mrp3 and influx transporter Oatp1a4 mRNA expression increased. In this study the most sensitive responses to PBDEs following DE-71 exposure were CYP2B and D1 activities and Cyb2b1/2, d1, Mdr1, Mrp2, and Mrp3 gene expression. All responses were reversible by PND 60. In conclusion, deiodination, active transport, and sulfation, in addition to glucuronidation, may be involved in disruption of TH homeostasis due to perinatal exposure to DE-71 in male rat offspring.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Klosterhaus, S.; Eagle, S.; Fuh, J.; Meeker, J. D; Blum, A;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(19): 7490–5. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_detection_2009,\n\ttitle = {Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and {U}.{S}. house dust.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2782704&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardanttris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1-5\\% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 -22\\% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2\\% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5\\% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam,we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were {\\textbackslash}textgreater 96\\% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24\\% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Klosterhaus, Susan and Eagle, Sarah and Fuh, Jennifer and Meeker, John D and Blum, A and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19848166},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Molecular Structure, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: chemistry, Phosphoric Acid Esters, Phosphoric Acid Esters: chemistry, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, United States, ffr, use},\n\tpages = {7490--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardanttris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1-5% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 -22% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam,we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were \\textgreater 96% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shi-chen-luo-zhang-tang-luo-ma-wu-etal-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsotherthanpolybrominateddiphenylethersinenvironmentalandbiotasamplesfromsouthernchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shi-chen-luo-zhang-tang-luo-ma-wu-etal-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsotherthanpolybrominateddiphenylethersinenvironmentalandbiotasamplesfromsouthernchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630', event);\">\n    Occurrence of brominated flame retardants other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental and biota samples from southern China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shi, T.; Chen, S.; Luo, X.; Zhang, X.; Tang, C.; Luo, Y.; Ma, Y.; Wu, J.; Peng, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(7): 910–6. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-chen-luo-zhang-tang-luo-ma-wu-etal-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsotherthanpolybrominateddiphenylethersinenvironmentalandbiotasamplesfromsouthernchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of brominated flame retardants other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental and biota samples from southern China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.047\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shi-chen-luo-zhang-tang-luo-ma-wu-etal-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsotherthanpolybrominateddiphenylethersinenvironmentalandbiotasamplesfromsouthernchina-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.047', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shi-chen-luo-zhang-tang-luo-ma-wu-etal-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsotherthanpolybrominateddiphenylethersinenvironmentalandbiotasamplesfromsouthernchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shi-chen-luo-zhang-tang-luo-ma-wu-etal-occurrenceofbrominatedflameretardantsotherthanpolybrominateddiphenylethersinenvironmentalandbiotasamplesfromsouthernchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shi_occurrence_2009,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of brominated flame retardants other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental and biota samples from southern {China}.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059630},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.047},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations of three currently used non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-DBPE), were examined in environmental and biota samples collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and an electronic waste (e-waste) area in southern China. We also examined deca-BDE (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners for comparison. The results indicate that these non-PBDE BFRs occur widely in the environment of the two study areas. We found a noticeable increase in the levels of TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in recent sediments, the concentrations of which even exceed those of BDE209 (deca-BDE) in some samples from the PRD. The BFR profiles of the two study areas are distinct. Relatively high proportions of DBDPE and TBBPA-DBPE were found in the PRD environment, whereas the levels of discontinued BFRs (penta-BDEs and BDE183) and BTBPE were higher in the e-waste area. Our results suggest that the industrial activities in the PRD and the recycling of e-waste have introduced distinct types of BFR contamination to the ambient environment and deca-BDE product has been partly replaced by the TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in the PRD. Furthermore, BTBPE and DBDPE were detected in bird tissues and BTBPE in the fish tissues collected from the e-waste area. This is the first report of the occurrence of TBBPA-DBPE in environmental samples worldwide. More studies are needed for reaching a better understanding of the behavior, bioaccumulation, and toxicology of these increasingly used BFRs in the environment.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Shi, Tian and Chen, She-Jun and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Tang, Cai-Ming and Luo, Yong and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wu, Jiang-Ping and Peng, Xian-Zhi and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19059630},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Birds, China, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, env, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {910--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations of three currently used non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-DBPE), were examined in environmental and biota samples collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and an electronic waste (e-waste) area in southern China. We also examined deca-BDE (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners for comparison. The results indicate that these non-PBDE BFRs occur widely in the environment of the two study areas. We found a noticeable increase in the levels of TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in recent sediments, the concentrations of which even exceed those of BDE209 (deca-BDE) in some samples from the PRD. The BFR profiles of the two study areas are distinct. Relatively high proportions of DBDPE and TBBPA-DBPE were found in the PRD environment, whereas the levels of discontinued BFRs (penta-BDEs and BDE183) and BTBPE were higher in the e-waste area. Our results suggest that the industrial activities in the PRD and the recycling of e-waste have introduced distinct types of BFR contamination to the ambient environment and deca-BDE product has been partly replaced by the TBBPA-DBPE and DBDPE in the PRD. Furthermore, BTBPE and DBDPE were detected in bird tissues and BTBPE in the fish tissues collected from the e-waste area. This is the first report of the occurrence of TBBPA-DBPE in environmental samples worldwide. More studies are needed for reaching a better understanding of the behavior, bioaccumulation, and toxicology of these increasingly used BFRs in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shaw-berger-brenner-kannan-lohmann-ppke-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinthenorthwestatlanticmarinefoodweb-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shaw-berger-brenner-kannan-lohmann-ppke-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinthenorthwestatlanticmarinefoodweb-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest Atlantic marine food web.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shaw, S. D; Berger, M. L; Brenner, D.; Kannan, K.; Lohmann, N.;  and Päpke, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 407(10): 3323–9. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-brenner-kannan-lohmann-ppke-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinthenorthwestatlanticmarinefoodweb-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest Atlantic marine food web. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.018\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-berger-brenner-kannan-lohmann-ppke-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinthenorthwestatlanticmarinefoodweb-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.018', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shaw-berger-brenner-kannan-lohmann-ppke-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinthenorthwestatlanticmarinefoodweb-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shaw-berger-brenner-kannan-lohmann-ppke-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinthenorthwestatlanticmarinefoodweb-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shaw_bioaccumulation_2009,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest {Atlantic} marine food web.},\n\tvolume = {407},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269019},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.018},\n\tabstract = {Seven species of teleost fishes comprising major prey of northwest Atlantic harbor seals were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDE concentrations in whole fish samples (n=87) were compared with those measured previously in harbor seal blubber to evaluate the transfer of PBDEs from prey to predator. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations were measured in three fish species to provide an initial estimation of HBCD contamination in this ecosystem. HBCD was detected in 87\\% of the fish samples at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 38.1 ng/g, lw (overall mean 17.2+/-10.2 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 17.9 to 94 ng/g, lw (overall mean 62+/-34 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in the harbor seals were two orders of magnitude higher than levels in the fish. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to seals averaged from 17 to 76, indicating that tetra- to hexa-BDEs are highly biomagnified in this marine food web. BDE-47 was the dominant congener in all samples, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE mixture. The presence of higher brominated congeners including BDE-209 at measurable levels in fish and seal tissue, along with the very high biomagnification of BDE-153, as well as -155, and -154, suggests recent exposure to the octa- and deca-BDE formulations in this US coastal marine food web, as well as the additional contribution of BDE-209 debromination in fish to the loading of persistent PBDEs in the seals. This is the first study to report the occurrence of BDE-209 and other higher BDEs in commercially important marine fishes from the northwest Atlantic.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Berger, Michelle L and Brenner, Diane and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Lohmann, Nina and Päpke, Olaf},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19269019},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Hydrocarbons, Phoca, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, frelec, mam, waa},\n\tpages = {3323--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seven species of teleost fishes comprising major prey of northwest Atlantic harbor seals were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDE concentrations in whole fish samples (n=87) were compared with those measured previously in harbor seal blubber to evaluate the transfer of PBDEs from prey to predator. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations were measured in three fish species to provide an initial estimation of HBCD contamination in this ecosystem. HBCD was detected in 87% of the fish samples at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 38.1 ng/g, lw (overall mean 17.2+/-10.2 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 17.9 to 94 ng/g, lw (overall mean 62+/-34 ng/g, lw). SigmaPBDE concentrations in the harbor seals were two orders of magnitude higher than levels in the fish. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) from fish to seals averaged from 17 to 76, indicating that tetra- to hexa-BDEs are highly biomagnified in this marine food web. BDE-47 was the dominant congener in all samples, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE mixture. The presence of higher brominated congeners including BDE-209 at measurable levels in fish and seal tissue, along with the very high biomagnification of BDE-153, as well as -155, and -154, suggests recent exposure to the octa- and deca-BDE formulations in this US coastal marine food web, as well as the additional contribution of BDE-209 debromination in fish to the loading of persistent PBDEs in the seals. This is the first study to report the occurrence of BDE-209 and other higher BDEs in commercially important marine fishes from the northwest Atlantic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schindler-frster-angerer-quantificationoftwourinarymetabolitesoforganophosphorusflameretardantsbysolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schindler-frster-angerer-quantificationoftwourinarymetabolitesoforganophosphorusflameretardantsbysolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2009', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/', event);\">\n    Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schindler, B. K.; Förster, K.;  and Angerer, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</i>, 395(4): 1167–1171. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schindler-frster-angerer-quantificationoftwourinarymetabolitesoforganophosphorusflameretardantsbysolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2009', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schindler-frster-angerer-quantificationoftwourinarymetabolitesoforganophosphorusflameretardantsbysolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schindler-frster-angerer-quantificationoftwourinarymetabolitesoforganophosphorusflameretardantsbysolidphaseextractionandgaschromatographytandemmassspectrometry-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schindler_quantification_2009,\n\ttitle = {Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.},\n\tvolume = {395},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/88161u622h504327/},\n\tabstract = {Trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid are widely used as flame retardants. The corresponding dialkylphosphates are formed as the main metabolites in animal experiments. We extended a previously published method for the determination of four organophosphorus flame retardant metabolites [bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, di-m-cresyl phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate] to be able to determine di-n-butyl phosphate (DBP) and bis(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (BCPP) in human urine samples additionally in one run. After solid-phase extraction, derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and further solid-phase cleanup, the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection were 0.25 microg/l for both analytes. Interday imprecisions were 2-6\\%. To show the applicability of the method, the internal burden of 25 persons of the population was determined. Twelve percent of the urine samples analysed tested positive for BCPP at concentrations from below the limit of detection to 0.85 microg/l; one sample contained 0.26 microg/l DBP.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Schindler, Birgit Karin and Förster, Katrin and Angerer, Jürgen},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Chromatography, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Organophosphorus Compounds: urine, Solid Phase Extraction, Tandem Mass Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {1167--1171},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid are widely used as flame retardants. The corresponding dialkylphosphates are formed as the main metabolites in animal experiments. We extended a previously published method for the determination of four organophosphorus flame retardant metabolites [bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, di-m-cresyl phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate] to be able to determine di-n-butyl phosphate (DBP) and bis(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (BCPP) in human urine samples additionally in one run. After solid-phase extraction, derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and further solid-phase cleanup, the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection were 0.25 microg/l for both analytes. Interday imprecisions were 2-6%. To show the applicability of the method, the internal burden of 25 persons of the population was determined. Twelve percent of the urine samples analysed tested positive for BCPP at concentrations from below the limit of detection to 0.85 microg/l; one sample contained 0.26 microg/l DBP.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"saicm-reportoftheinternationalconferenceonchemicalsmanagementontheworkofitssecondsession-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'saicm-reportoftheinternationalconferenceonchemicalsmanagementontheworkofitssecondsession-2009', 'http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf', event);\">\n    Report of the international conference on chemicals management on the work of its second session.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  SAICM\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('saicm-reportoftheinternationalconferenceonchemicalsmanagementontheworkofitssecondsession-2009', 'http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Report of the international conference on chemicals management on the work of its second session [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/saicm-reportoftheinternationalconferenceonchemicalsmanagementontheworkofitssecondsession-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('saicm-reportoftheinternationalconferenceonchemicalsmanagementontheworkofitssecondsession-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{saicm_report_2009,\n\ttitle = {Report of the international conference on chemicals management on the work of its second session},\n\turl = {http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/ICCM2 Report/ICCM2 15 FINAL REPORT E.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management},\n\tauthor = {{SAICM}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sca-chlreportforhexabromocyclododecaneproposalforharmonisedclassificationandlabelling-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sca-chlreportforhexabromocyclododecaneproposalforharmonisedclassificationandlabelling-2009', 'http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf', event);\">\n    CHL report for hexabromocyclododecane. Proposal for harmonised classification and labelling.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  SCA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Swedish Chemicals Agency,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sca-chlreportforhexabromocyclododecaneproposalforharmonisedclassificationandlabelling-2009', 'http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"CHL report for hexabromocyclododecane. Proposal for harmonised classification and labelling. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sca-chlreportforhexabromocyclododecaneproposalforharmonisedclassificationandlabelling-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sca-chlreportforhexabromocyclododecaneproposalforharmonisedclassificationandlabelling-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{sca_chl_2009,\n\ttitle = {{CHL} report for hexabromocyclododecane. {Proposal} for harmonised classification and labelling.},\n\turl = {http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/clh_axvrep_sweden_CD001435-70.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Swedish Chemicals Agency},\n\tauthor = {{SCA}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"samara-gullett-harrison-chu-clark-determinationofrelativeassayresponsefactorsfortoxicchlorinatedandbrominateddioxinsfuransusinganenzymeimmunoassayeiaandachemicallyactivatedluciferasegeneexpressioncellbioassaycalux-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'samara-gullett-harrison-chu-clark-determinationofrelativeassayresponsefactorsfortoxicchlorinatedandbrominateddioxinsfuransusinganenzymeimmunoassayeiaandachemicallyactivatedluciferasegeneexpressioncellbioassaycalux-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869', event);\">\n    Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay (CALUX).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Samara, F.; Gullett, B. K; Harrison, R. O; Chu, A.;  and Clark, G. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 35(3): 588–93. April 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('samara-gullett-harrison-chu-clark-determinationofrelativeassayresponsefactorsfortoxicchlorinatedandbrominateddioxinsfuransusinganenzymeimmunoassayeiaandachemicallyactivatedluciferasegeneexpressioncellbioassaycalux-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay (CALUX). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('samara-gullett-harrison-chu-clark-determinationofrelativeassayresponsefactorsfortoxicchlorinatedandbrominateddioxinsfuransusinganenzymeimmunoassayeiaandachemicallyactivatedluciferasegeneexpressioncellbioassaycalux-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/samara-gullett-harrison-chu-clark-determinationofrelativeassayresponsefactorsfortoxicchlorinatedandbrominateddioxinsfuransusinganenzymeimmunoassayeiaandachemicallyactivatedluciferasegeneexpressioncellbioassaycalux-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('samara-gullett-harrison-chu-clark-determinationofrelativeassayresponsefactorsfortoxicchlorinatedandbrominateddioxinsfuransusinganenzymeimmunoassayeiaandachemicallyactivatedluciferasegeneexpressioncellbioassaycalux-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{samara_determination_2009,\n\ttitle = {Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay ({EIA}) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay ({CALUX}).},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121869},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.003},\n\tabstract = {Determination of toxic activity requires knowledge of both the concentration and toxicity to evaluate the risk for adverse human health and environmental effects. A chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay system (CALUX) and an antibody-based method enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used to detect the dioxin-like response of several polybrominated, polychlorinated, and polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDDs/Fs, PCDDs/Fs, and PBCDDs/Fs, respectively). It has been suggested that the biological activity of the brominated and mixed bromo/chloro compounds is similar to their chlorinated analogues (measured by binding to the Ah receptor). PBDD/F, PCDD/F, and PBCDD/F laboratory standards exhibited biological activity ranging over three orders of magnitude. The highest relative potency (REP) values from CALUX analysis, when compared to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, were 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 0.99 (+/-0.07), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD at 0.69, and 2-Br-3,7,8-TriCDD at 0.72 (+/-0.02). Cross-reactivities were calculated using EIA for several PBDDs/Fs and PBCDDs. The highest percent cross-reactivity was found for 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 138 (+/-34\\%), and 2,3,7-TriBDD at 84 (+/-36\\%).},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Samara, Fatin and Gullett, Brian K and Harrison, Robert O and Chu, Andrew and Clark, George C},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19121869},\n\tkeywords = {Biological Assay, Biological Assay: methods, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Cross Reactions, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology: methods, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: analysis, Furans: toxicity, Gene Expression, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Immunoenzyme Techniques: methods, Luciferases, Luciferases: metabolism},\n\tpages = {588--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Determination of toxic activity requires knowledge of both the concentration and toxicity to evaluate the risk for adverse human health and environmental effects. A chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay system (CALUX) and an antibody-based method enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used to detect the dioxin-like response of several polybrominated, polychlorinated, and polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDDs/Fs, PCDDs/Fs, and PBCDDs/Fs, respectively). It has been suggested that the biological activity of the brominated and mixed bromo/chloro compounds is similar to their chlorinated analogues (measured by binding to the Ah receptor). PBDD/F, PCDD/F, and PBCDD/F laboratory standards exhibited biological activity ranging over three orders of magnitude. The highest relative potency (REP) values from CALUX analysis, when compared to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, were 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 0.99 (+/-0.07), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD at 0.69, and 2-Br-3,7,8-TriCDD at 0.72 (+/-0.02). Cross-reactivities were calculated using EIA for several PBDDs/Fs and PBCDDs. The highest percent cross-reactivity was found for 2,3,7,8-TBDD at 138 (+/-34%), and 2,3,7-TriBDD at 84 (+/-36%).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roze, E.; Meijer, L.; Bakker, A.; Van Braeckel, K. N J A; Sauer, P. J J;  and Bos, A. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 117(12): 1953–8. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{roze_prenatal_2009,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age.},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799472&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901015},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Organohalogen compounds (OHCs) are known to have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of prenatal exposure to OHCs, including brominated flame retardants, on motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcome in healthy children of school age. METHODS: This study was part of the prospective Groningen infant COMPARE (Comparison of Exposure-Effect Pathways to Improve the Assessment of Human Health Risks of Complex Environmental Mixtures of Organohalogens) study. It included 62 children in whose mothers the following compounds had been determined in the 35th week of pregnancy: 2,2&#x27;-bis-(4 chlorophenyl)-1,1&#x27;-dichloroethene, pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB-153), 4-hydroxy-2,3,3&#x27;,4&#x27;,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4OH-CB-107), 4OH-CB-146, 4OH-CB-187, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and hexabromocyclododecane. Thyroid hormones were determined in umbilical cord blood. When the children were 5-6 years of age, we assessed their neuropsychological functioning: motor performance (coordination, fine motor skills), cognition (intelligence, visual perception, visuomotor integration, inhibitory control, verbal memory, and attention), and behavior. RESULTS: Brominated flame retardants correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, worse attention, better coordination, better visual perception, and better behavior. Chlorinated OHCs correlated with less choreiform dyskinesia. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, better attention, and better visual perception. The wood protective agent (PCP) correlated with worse coordination, less sensory integrity, worse attention, and worse visuomotor integration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate for the first time that transplacental transfer of polybrominated flame retardants is associated with the development of children at school age. Because of the widespread use of these compounds, especially in the United States, where concentrations in the environment are four times higher than in Europe, these results cause serious concern.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Roze, Elise and Meijer, Lisethe and Bakker, Attie and Van Braeckel, Koenraad N J A and Sauer, Pieter J J and Bos, Arend F},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {20049217},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior: drug effects, Cognition, Cognition: drug effects, Cohort Studies, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, ffr, frbldg, hum},\n\tpages = {1953--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Organohalogen compounds (OHCs) are known to have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of prenatal exposure to OHCs, including brominated flame retardants, on motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcome in healthy children of school age. METHODS: This study was part of the prospective Groningen infant COMPARE (Comparison of Exposure-Effect Pathways to Improve the Assessment of Human Health Risks of Complex Environmental Mixtures of Organohalogens) study. It included 62 children in whose mothers the following compounds had been determined in the 35th week of pregnancy: 2,2'-bis-(4 chlorophenyl)-1,1'-dichloroethene, pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB-153), 4-hydroxy-2,3,3',4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4OH-CB-107), 4OH-CB-146, 4OH-CB-187, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and hexabromocyclododecane. Thyroid hormones were determined in umbilical cord blood. When the children were 5-6 years of age, we assessed their neuropsychological functioning: motor performance (coordination, fine motor skills), cognition (intelligence, visual perception, visuomotor integration, inhibitory control, verbal memory, and attention), and behavior. RESULTS: Brominated flame retardants correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, worse attention, better coordination, better visual perception, and better behavior. Chlorinated OHCs correlated with less choreiform dyskinesia. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls correlated with worse fine manipulative abilities, better attention, and better visual perception. The wood protective agent (PCP) correlated with worse coordination, less sensory integrity, worse attention, and worse visuomotor integration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate for the first time that transplacental transfer of polybrominated flame retardants is associated with the development of children at school age. Because of the widespread use of these compounds, especially in the United States, where concentrations in the environment are four times higher than in Europe, these results cause serious concern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ross-couillard-ikonomou-johannessen-lebeuf-macdonald-tomy-largeandgrowingenvironmentalreservoirsofdecabdepresentanemerginghealthriskforfishandmarinemammals-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ross-couillard-ikonomou-johannessen-lebeuf-macdonald-tomy-largeandgrowingenvironmentalreservoirsofdecabdepresentanemerginghealthriskforfishandmarinemammals-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373', event);\">\n    Large and growing environmental reservoirs of Deca-BDE present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ross, P. S; Couillard, C. M; Ikonomou, M. G; Johannessen, S. C; Lebeuf, M.; Macdonald, R. W;  and Tomy, G. T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 58(1): 7–10. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-couillard-ikonomou-johannessen-lebeuf-macdonald-tomy-largeandgrowingenvironmentalreservoirsofdecabdepresentanemerginghealthriskforfishandmarinemammals-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Large and growing environmental reservoirs of Deca-BDE present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-couillard-ikonomou-johannessen-lebeuf-macdonald-tomy-largeandgrowingenvironmentalreservoirsofdecabdepresentanemerginghealthriskforfishandmarinemammals-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ross-couillard-ikonomou-johannessen-lebeuf-macdonald-tomy-largeandgrowingenvironmentalreservoirsofdecabdepresentanemerginghealthriskforfishandmarinemammals-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ross-couillard-ikonomou-johannessen-lebeuf-macdonald-tomy-largeandgrowingenvironmentalreservoirsofdecabdepresentanemerginghealthriskforfishandmarinemammals-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ross_large_2009,\n\ttitle = {Large and growing environmental reservoirs of {Deca}-{BDE} present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals.},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\tissn = {0025-326X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929373},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.002},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been the subject of intense scientific and regulatory scrutiny during recent years. Of the three commercial forms (Penta, Octa and Deca) of PBDEs that have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture upholstery, plastics, and electronics, only Deca-BDE remains on the general market in North America, while a recent ruling of the European Court spells an impending end to its use in Europe. We review here highlights of aquatic research documenting the rapid emergence of PBDEs as a high priority environmental concern in Canada. PBDEs are being introduced in large quantities to the aquatic environment through sewage discharge and atmospheric deposition. In certain environmental compartments, the single congener BDE-209, the main ingredient in the Deca-BDE formulation, has surpassed the legacy PCBs and DDT as the top contaminant by concentration. Limited biomagnification of BDE-209 in aquatic food webs reflects its high log K(ow) and preferential partitioning into the particle phase. As a result, large environmental reservoirs of BDE-209 are being created in sediments, and these may present a long-term threat to biota: BDE-209 breaks down into more persistent, more bioaccumulative, more toxic, and more mobile PBDE congeners in the environment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Ross, Peter S and Couillard, Catherine M and Ikonomou, Michael G and Johannessen, Sophia C and Lebeuf, Michel and Macdonald, Robie W and Tomy, Gregg T},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {18929373},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Animals, Canada, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: toxicity, Fishes, Fishes: physiology, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Mammals, Mammals: physiology, Marine Biology, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, frelec, mam, waa},\n\tpages = {7--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been the subject of intense scientific and regulatory scrutiny during recent years. Of the three commercial forms (Penta, Octa and Deca) of PBDEs that have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture upholstery, plastics, and electronics, only Deca-BDE remains on the general market in North America, while a recent ruling of the European Court spells an impending end to its use in Europe. We review here highlights of aquatic research documenting the rapid emergence of PBDEs as a high priority environmental concern in Canada. PBDEs are being introduced in large quantities to the aquatic environment through sewage discharge and atmospheric deposition. In certain environmental compartments, the single congener BDE-209, the main ingredient in the Deca-BDE formulation, has surpassed the legacy PCBs and DDT as the top contaminant by concentration. Limited biomagnification of BDE-209 in aquatic food webs reflects its high log K(ow) and preferential partitioning into the particle phase. As a result, large environmental reservoirs of BDE-209 are being created in sediments, and these may present a long-term threat to biota: BDE-209 breaks down into more persistent, more bioaccumulative, more toxic, and more mobile PBDE congeners in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rice-thompson-reeve-onos-assadollahzadeh-markowski-behavioralchangesinagingbutnotyoungmiceafterneonatalexposuretothepolybrominatedflameretardantdecabde-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rice-thompson-reeve-onos-assadollahzadeh-markowski-behavioralchangesinagingbutnotyoungmiceafterneonatalexposuretothepolybrominatedflameretardantdecabde-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Behavioral changes in aging but not young mice after neonatal exposure to the polybrominated flame retardant decaBDE.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rice, D. C; Thompson, W D.; Reeve, E. A; Onos, K. D; Assadollahzadeh, M.;  and Markowski, V. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 117(12): 1903–11. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rice-thompson-reeve-onos-assadollahzadeh-markowski-behavioralchangesinagingbutnotyoungmiceafterneonatalexposuretothepolybrominatedflameretardantdecabde-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Behavioral changes in aging but not young mice after neonatal exposure to the polybrominated flame retardant decaBDE. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11814\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rice-thompson-reeve-onos-assadollahzadeh-markowski-behavioralchangesinagingbutnotyoungmiceafterneonatalexposuretothepolybrominatedflameretardantdecabde-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11814', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rice-thompson-reeve-onos-assadollahzadeh-markowski-behavioralchangesinagingbutnotyoungmiceafterneonatalexposuretothepolybrominatedflameretardantdecabde-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rice-thompson-reeve-onos-assadollahzadeh-markowski-behavioralchangesinagingbutnotyoungmiceafterneonatalexposuretothepolybrominatedflameretardantdecabde-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rice_behavioral_2009,\n\ttitle = {Behavioral changes in aging but not young mice after neonatal exposure to the polybrominated flame retardant {decaBDE}.},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799465&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.11814},\n\tabstract = {After several decades of commercial use, the flame-retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are pervasive environmental contaminants and are detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the only PBDE in production in the United States.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Rice, Deborah C and Thompson, W Douglas and Reeve, Elizabeth A and Onos, Kristen D and Assadollahzadeh, Mina and Markowski, Vincent P},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {20049210},\n\tkeywords = {Aging, Aging: psychology, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Conditioning, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Newborn, Operant, Operant: drug effects, Reinforcement Schedule, Sex Characteristics, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {1903--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  After several decades of commercial use, the flame-retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are pervasive environmental contaminants and are detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the only PBDE in production in the United States.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ren-yu-ma-li-peng-sheng-fu-determinationofdechloraneplusinserumfromelectronicsdismantlingworkersinsouthchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ren-yu-ma-li-peng-sheng-fu-determinationofdechloraneplusinserumfromelectronicsdismantlingworkersinsouthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543', event);\">\n    Determination of Dechlorane Plus in serum from electronics dismantling workers in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ren, G.; Yu, Z.; Ma, S.; Li, H.; Peng, P.; Sheng, G.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(24): 9453–9457. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ren-yu-ma-li-peng-sheng-fu-determinationofdechloraneplusinserumfromelectronicsdismantlingworkersinsouthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of Dechlorane Plus in serum from electronics dismantling workers in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es901672m\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ren-yu-ma-li-peng-sheng-fu-determinationofdechloraneplusinserumfromelectronicsdismantlingworkersinsouthchina-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es901672m', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ren-yu-ma-li-peng-sheng-fu-determinationofdechloraneplusinserumfromelectronicsdismantlingworkersinsouthchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ren-yu-ma-li-peng-sheng-fu-determinationofdechloraneplusinserumfromelectronicsdismantlingworkersinsouthchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ren_determination_2009,\n\ttitle = {Determination of {Dechlorane} {Plus} in serum from electronics dismantling workers in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000543},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es901672m},\n\tabstract = {Previous studies have reported high serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residents of an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling site in Guiyu town, South China. In this study, serum levels of Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant of growing concern, were measured in residents of this region, and compared to those of a matched cohort from a nearby region in Haojiang, where fishing is the dominant industry. DP was detected in all the serum samples, with concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 465 ng/g lipid (median: 42.6 ng/g) and 0.93 to 50.5 ng/g lipid (median: 13.7 ng/g) in Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively. The Pearson&#x27;s correlation coefficient between DP and decabromodiphenyl ether showed a positive relationship in Guiyu (r = 0.931, p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01), but no correlation in Haojiang (r = 0.321, p = 0.34). The average anti-DP fractional abundances (f(anti) ratio) were 0.58 +/- 0.11 and 0.64 +/- 0.05 for Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Tentatively identified dechlorination product ([-Cl + H]) was found in 19/40 serum samples (11/20 for Guiyu, 8/20 for Haojiang). These results suggest that the Guiyu and Haojiang cohorts experienced different dominant exposure routes. It is also possible that DP could bioaccumulate in a stereoselective manner, and undergo dechlorination metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report DP levels in human serum. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ren, Guofa and Yu, Zhiqiang and Ma, Shengtao and Li, Huiru and Peng, Pingan and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Animals, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: chemistry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: blood, Polycyclic Compounds: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {9453--9457},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous studies have reported high serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residents of an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling site in Guiyu town, South China. In this study, serum levels of Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant of growing concern, were measured in residents of this region, and compared to those of a matched cohort from a nearby region in Haojiang, where fishing is the dominant industry. DP was detected in all the serum samples, with concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 465 ng/g lipid (median: 42.6 ng/g) and 0.93 to 50.5 ng/g lipid (median: 13.7 ng/g) in Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between DP and decabromodiphenyl ether showed a positive relationship in Guiyu (r = 0.931, p \\textless 0.01), but no correlation in Haojiang (r = 0.321, p = 0.34). The average anti-DP fractional abundances (f(anti) ratio) were 0.58 +/- 0.11 and 0.64 +/- 0.05 for Guiyu and Haojiang, respectively (p \\textless 0.01). Tentatively identified dechlorination product ([-Cl + H]) was found in 19/40 serum samples (11/20 for Guiyu, 8/20 for Haojiang). These results suggest that the Guiyu and Haojiang cohorts experienced different dominant exposure routes. It is also possible that DP could bioaccumulate in a stereoselective manner, and undergo dechlorination metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report DP levels in human serum. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"petreas-oros-polybrominateddiphenylethersincaliforniawastestreams-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'petreas-oros-polybrominateddiphenylethersincaliforniawastestreams-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in California wastestreams.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Petreas, M.;  and Oros, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(7): 996–1001. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petreas-oros-polybrominateddiphenylethersincaliforniawastestreams-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in California wastestreams. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.093\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petreas-oros-polybrominateddiphenylethersincaliforniawastestreams-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.093', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/petreas-oros-polybrominateddiphenylethersincaliforniawastestreams-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('petreas-oros-polybrominateddiphenylethersincaliforniawastestreams-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{petreas_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {California} wastestreams.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027926},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.093},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in consumer products, including electronics, fabrics, and polyurethane foam. Exposures may occur during the products&#x27; useful lifetime and also after the products&#x27; disposal. A survey of California wastestreams (e-wastes, autoshredder waste and wastewater sewage sludge) attempted to assess the relative importance of these wastestreams as repositories of PBDEs. Based on measurements of PBDEs in samples of such wastestreams and on assumptions regarding use patterns, e-wastes appeared to be by far the predominant wastestream with 1200 metric tons (MT) of PBDEs year(-1), followed by autoshredder waste (31 MT of PBDEs year(-1)) and sewage sludge (2.3 MT of PBDEs year(-1)). When these estimates were compared with the reported use of PBDEs in California, about half of the PBDEs could not be accounted for in the wastestreams examined. This suggests that additional wastestreams, such as household wastes should be evaluated for their PBDE content. Information on the presence and fate of PBDEs in all wastestreams needs to be included in decision making practices for waste management to avoid public health and ecologic catastrophes.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Petreas, Myrto and Oros, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19027926},\n\tkeywords = {Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Waste Management, california, eol, ffr},\n\tpages = {996--1001},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in consumer products, including electronics, fabrics, and polyurethane foam. Exposures may occur during the products' useful lifetime and also after the products' disposal. A survey of California wastestreams (e-wastes, autoshredder waste and wastewater sewage sludge) attempted to assess the relative importance of these wastestreams as repositories of PBDEs. Based on measurements of PBDEs in samples of such wastestreams and on assumptions regarding use patterns, e-wastes appeared to be by far the predominant wastestream with 1200 metric tons (MT) of PBDEs year(-1), followed by autoshredder waste (31 MT of PBDEs year(-1)) and sewage sludge (2.3 MT of PBDEs year(-1)). When these estimates were compared with the reported use of PBDEs in California, about half of the PBDEs could not be accounted for in the wastestreams examined. This suggests that additional wastestreams, such as household wastes should be evaluated for their PBDE content. Information on the presence and fate of PBDEs in all wastestreams needs to be included in decision making practices for waste management to avoid public health and ecologic catastrophes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"patrick-thyroiddisruptionmechanismandclinicalimplicationsinhumanhealth-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'patrick-thyroiddisruptionmechanismandclinicalimplicationsinhumanhealth-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460', event);\">\n    Thyroid disruption: mechanism and clinical implications in human health.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Patrick, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic</i>, 14(4): 326–46. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('patrick-thyroiddisruptionmechanismandclinicalimplicationsinhumanhealth-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thyroid disruption: mechanism and clinical implications in human health. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/patrick-thyroiddisruptionmechanismandclinicalimplicationsinhumanhealth-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('patrick-thyroiddisruptionmechanismandclinicalimplicationsinhumanhealth-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{patrick_thyroid_2009,\n\ttitle = {Thyroid disruption: mechanism and clinical implications in human health.},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1089-5159},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030460},\n\tabstract = {Exposure to specific environmental toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines, has been shown to interfere with the production, transportation, and metabolism of thyroid hormones by a variety of mechanisms. A broad range of chemicals, with structural similarity to thyroid hormone, have been shown to bind to thyroid receptors with both agonist and antagonist effects on thyroid hormone signaling. The incidence of thyroid disease in the United States, particularly for thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease, is increasing substantially. The evidence for the significant effects of background levels of thyroid-disrupting chemicals, the known pathways for thyroid disruptors, and the evidence and implications for neurodevelopmental damage due to thyroid-disrupting chemicals is reviewed.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic},\n\tauthor = {Patrick, Lyn},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {20030460},\n\tkeywords = {Attitudes, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Knowledge, Humans, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Practice, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Diseases: chemically induced, Thyroid Diseases: epidemiology, Thyroid Diseases: prevention \\&amp; control, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Neoplasms, Thyroid Neoplasms: chemically induced, Thyroid Neoplasms: epidemiology, United States, United States: epidemiology},\n\tpages = {326--46},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Exposure to specific environmental toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and other halogenated organochlorines, has been shown to interfere with the production, transportation, and metabolism of thyroid hormones by a variety of mechanisms. A broad range of chemicals, with structural similarity to thyroid hormone, have been shown to bind to thyroid receptors with both agonist and antagonist effects on thyroid hormone signaling. The incidence of thyroid disease in the United States, particularly for thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease, is increasing substantially. The evidence for the significant effects of background levels of thyroid-disrupting chemicals, the known pathways for thyroid disruptors, and the evidence and implications for neurodevelopmental damage due to thyroid-disrupting chemicals is reviewed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001', event);\">\n    Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mexican children.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pérez-Maldonado, I. N; Ramírez-Jiménez, M. D. R.; Martínez-Arévalo, L. P; López-Guzmán, O D.; Athanasiadou, M.; Bergman, A.; Yarto-Ramírez, M.; Gavilán-García, A.; Yáñez, L.;  and Díaz-Barriga, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 75(9): 1215–20. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mexican children. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{perez-maldonado_exposure_2009,\n\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Mexican} children.},\n\tvolume = {75},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19269001},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6-13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g(-1) lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4-5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N and Ramírez-Jiménez, María Del Rocio and Martínez-Arévalo, Laura P and López-Guzmán, O Dania and Athanasiadou, Maria and Bergman, Ake and Yarto-Ramírez, Mario and Gavilán-García, Arturo and Yáñez, Leticia and Díaz-Barriga, Fernando},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19269001},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: blood, Child, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Mexico, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1215--20},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6-13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g(-1) lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4-5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ota-aitawa-kondo-takigami-hirai-sakai-currentstatusofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandfuranspbdddfsemissioninjapan-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ota-aitawa-kondo-takigami-hirai-sakai-currentstatusofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandfuranspbdddfsemissioninjapan-2009', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf', event);\">\n    Current status of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/DFs) emission in Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ota, S; Aitawa, H; Kondo, Y; Takigami, H; Hirai, Y;  and Sakai, S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 71: 1340–1345.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ota-aitawa-kondo-takigami-hirai-sakai-currentstatusofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandfuranspbdddfsemissioninjapan-2009', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Current status of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/DFs) emission in Japan. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ota-aitawa-kondo-takigami-hirai-sakai-currentstatusofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandfuranspbdddfsemissioninjapan-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ota-aitawa-kondo-takigami-hirai-sakai-currentstatusofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandfuranspbdddfsemissioninjapan-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ota_current_2009,\n\ttitle = {Current status of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans ({PBDD}/{DFs}) emission in {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2009/09-268.pdf},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Ota, S and Aitawa, H and Kondo, Y and Takigami, H and Hirai, Y and Sakai, S},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1340--1345},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"odabasi-bayram-elbir-seyfioglu-dumanoglu-bozlaker-demircioglu-altiok-etal-electricarcfurnacesforsteelmakinghotspotsforpersistentorganicpollutants-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'odabasi-bayram-elbir-seyfioglu-dumanoglu-bozlaker-demircioglu-altiok-etal-electricarcfurnacesforsteelmakinghotspotsforpersistentorganicpollutants-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342', event);\">\n    Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: hot spots for persistent organic pollutants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Odabasi, M.; Bayram, A.; Elbir, T.; Seyfioglu, R.; Dumanoglu, Y.; Bozlaker, A.; Demircioglu, H.; Altiok, H.; Yatkin, S.;  and Cetin, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(14): 5205–11. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('odabasi-bayram-elbir-seyfioglu-dumanoglu-bozlaker-demircioglu-altiok-etal-electricarcfurnacesforsteelmakinghotspotsforpersistentorganicpollutants-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: hot spots for persistent organic pollutants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/odabasi-bayram-elbir-seyfioglu-dumanoglu-bozlaker-demircioglu-altiok-etal-electricarcfurnacesforsteelmakinghotspotsforpersistentorganicpollutants-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('odabasi-bayram-elbir-seyfioglu-dumanoglu-bozlaker-demircioglu-altiok-etal-electricarcfurnacesforsteelmakinghotspotsforpersistentorganicpollutants-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{odabasi_electric_2009,\n\ttitle = {Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: hot spots for persistent organic pollutants.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342},\n\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n = 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n = 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 +/- 311, 165,000 +/- 285,000, and 33 +/- 3 ng m(-3), average +/- SD for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m(-3) for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n = 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 +/- 35, 320 +/- 134 ng m(-3), 1451 +/- 954 pg m(-3), for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are &quot;hot spots&quot; for POPs.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Odabasi, Mustafa and Bayram, Abdurrahman and Elbir, Tolga and Seyfioglu, Remzi and Dumanoglu, Yetkin and Bozlaker, Ayse and Demircioglu, Hulusi and Altiok, Hasan and Yatkin, Sinan and Cetin, Banu},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19708342},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Metallurgy, Metallurgy: instrumentation, Metallurgy: methods, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Steel, Steel: chemistry, Turkey, Volatilization, Wind, frelec, use},\n\tpages = {5205--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n = 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n = 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 +/- 311, 165,000 +/- 285,000, and 33 +/- 3 ng m(-3), average +/- SD for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m(-3) for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n = 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 +/- 35, 320 +/- 134 ng m(-3), 1451 +/- 954 pg m(-3), for sigma41PCBs, sigma16PAHs, and sigma7PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are \"hot spots\" for POPs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf', event);\">\n    Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants: additional information on four flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  OEHHA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment, Sacramento, CA,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants: additional information on four flame retardants [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{oehha_brominated_2009,\n\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\n\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants: additional information on four flame retardants},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FlameRetardants OEHHA _Four Additional.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},\n\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"odusanya-okonkwo-botha-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinleachatesfromselectedlandfillsitesinsouthafrica-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'odusanya-okonkwo-botha-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinleachatesfromselectedlandfillsitesinsouthafrica-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in leachates from selected landfill sites in South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Odusanya, D. O; Okonkwo, J. O;  and Botha, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Waste management</i>, 29(1): 96–102. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('odusanya-okonkwo-botha-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinleachatesfromselectedlandfillsitesinsouthafrica-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in leachates from selected landfill sites in South Africa. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('odusanya-okonkwo-botha-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinleachatesfromselectedlandfillsitesinsouthafrica-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/odusanya-okonkwo-botha-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinleachatesfromselectedlandfillsitesinsouthafrica-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('odusanya-okonkwo-botha-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinleachatesfromselectedlandfillsitesinsouthafrica-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{odusanya_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in leachates from selected landfill sites in {South} {Africa}.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0956-053X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406124},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.011},\n\tabstract = {The last few decades have seen dramatic growth in the scale of production and the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants. Consequently, PBDEs such as BDE -28, -47, -66, -71, -75, -77, -85, -99, -100, -119, -138, -153, -154, and -183 have been detected in various environmental matrices. Generally, in South Africa, once the products containing these chemicals have outlived their usefulness, they are discarded into landfill sites. Consequently, the levels of PBDEs in leachates from landfill sites may give an indication of the general exposure and use of these compounds. The present study was aimed at determining the occurrence and concentrations of most common PBDEs in leachates from selected landfill sites. The extraction capacities of the solvents were also tested. Spiked landfill leachate samples were used for the recovery tests. Separation and determination of the PBDE congeners were carried out with a gas chromatograph equipped with Ni63 electron capture detector. The mean percentage recoveries ranged from 63\\% to 108\\% (n=3) for landfill leachate samples with petroleum ether giving the highest percentage extraction. The mean concentrations of PBDEs obtained ranged from ND to 2670pgl(-1), ND to 6638pgl(-1), ND to 7230pgl(-1), 41 to 4009pgl(-1), 90 to 9793pgl(-1) for the Garankuwa, Hatherly, Kwaggarsrand, Soshanguve and Temba landfill sites, respectively. Also BDE -28, -47, -71 and BDE-77 were detected in the leachate samples from all the landfill sites; and all the congeners were detected in two of the oldest landfill sites. The peak concentrations were recorded for BDE-47 at three sites and BDE-71 and BDE-75 at two sites. The highest concentration, 9793+/-1.5pgl(-1), was obtained for the Temba landfill site with the highest BOD value. This may suggest some influence of organics on the level of PBDEs. Considering the leaching characteristics of brominated flame retardants, there is a high possibility that with time these compounds may infiltrate into the groundwater around the sites since most of the sites are not adequately lined.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Waste management},\n\tauthor = {Odusanya, David O and Okonkwo, Jonathan O and Botha, Ben},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {18406124},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chromatography, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, South Africa, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr},\n\tpages = {96--102},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The last few decades have seen dramatic growth in the scale of production and the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants. Consequently, PBDEs such as BDE -28, -47, -66, -71, -75, -77, -85, -99, -100, -119, -138, -153, -154, and -183 have been detected in various environmental matrices. Generally, in South Africa, once the products containing these chemicals have outlived their usefulness, they are discarded into landfill sites. Consequently, the levels of PBDEs in leachates from landfill sites may give an indication of the general exposure and use of these compounds. The present study was aimed at determining the occurrence and concentrations of most common PBDEs in leachates from selected landfill sites. The extraction capacities of the solvents were also tested. Spiked landfill leachate samples were used for the recovery tests. Separation and determination of the PBDE congeners were carried out with a gas chromatograph equipped with Ni63 electron capture detector. The mean percentage recoveries ranged from 63% to 108% (n=3) for landfill leachate samples with petroleum ether giving the highest percentage extraction. The mean concentrations of PBDEs obtained ranged from ND to 2670pgl(-1), ND to 6638pgl(-1), ND to 7230pgl(-1), 41 to 4009pgl(-1), 90 to 9793pgl(-1) for the Garankuwa, Hatherly, Kwaggarsrand, Soshanguve and Temba landfill sites, respectively. Also BDE -28, -47, -71 and BDE-77 were detected in the leachate samples from all the landfill sites; and all the congeners were detected in two of the oldest landfill sites. The peak concentrations were recorded for BDE-47 at three sites and BDE-71 and BDE-75 at two sites. The highest concentration, 9793+/-1.5pgl(-1), was obtained for the Temba landfill site with the highest BOD value. This may suggest some influence of organics on the level of PBDEs. Considering the leaching characteristics of brominated flame retardants, there is a high possibility that with time these compounds may infiltrate into the groundwater around the sites since most of the sites are not adequately lined.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nfpa-standardmethodoffiretestsfortheevaluationofthermalbarriersnfpa275-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Standard method of fire tests for the evaluation of thermal barriers (NFPA 275).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  NFPA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nfpa-standardmethodoffiretestsfortheevaluationofthermalbarriersnfpa275-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nfpa-standardmethodoffiretestsfortheevaluationofthermalbarriersnfpa275-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{nfpa_standard_2009,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {Standard method of fire tests for the evaluation of thermal barriers ({NFPA} 275)},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {{NFPA}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nakajima-saigusa-tetsu-yamakuni-tomioka-hishinuma-neurobehavioraleffectsoftetrabromobisphenolaabrominatedflameretardantinmice-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nakajima-saigusa-tetsu-yamakuni-tomioka-hishinuma-neurobehavioraleffectsoftetrabromobisphenolaabrominatedflameretardantinmice-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927', event);\">\n    Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A, a brominated flame retardant, in mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nakajima, A.; Saigusa, D.; Tetsu, N.; Yamakuni, T.; Tomioka, Y.;  and Hishinuma, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 189(1): 78–83. August 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakajima-saigusa-tetsu-yamakuni-tomioka-hishinuma-neurobehavioraleffectsoftetrabromobisphenolaabrominatedflameretardantinmice-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A, a brominated flame retardant, in mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakajima-saigusa-tetsu-yamakuni-tomioka-hishinuma-neurobehavioraleffectsoftetrabromobisphenolaabrominatedflameretardantinmice-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nakajima-saigusa-tetsu-yamakuni-tomioka-hishinuma-neurobehavioraleffectsoftetrabromobisphenolaabrominatedflameretardantinmice-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nakajima-saigusa-tetsu-yamakuni-tomioka-hishinuma-neurobehavioraleffectsoftetrabromobisphenolaabrominatedflameretardantinmice-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nakajima_neurobehavioral_2009,\n\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, a brominated flame retardant, in mice.},\n\tvolume = {189},\n\tissn = {1879-3169},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463927},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.003},\n\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral effects of TBBPA and measured the levels of TBBPA in the brain after oral administration in mice. Acute treatment with TBBPA (5mg/kg body weight) 3h before the open-field test induced an increase in the horizontal movement activities. In contextual fear conditioning paradigm, mice treated with TBBPA (0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight) showed more freezing behavior than vehicle-treated mice. In addition, TBBPA (0.1mg/kg body weight) significantly increased the spontaneous alternation behavior in the Y-maze test. The levels of TBBPA in the brain following TBBPA treatment were determined by using LC/ESI-MS/MS system. In the brain regions examined, high amounts of TBBPA were detected in the striatum after treatment with 0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight TBBPA, whereas non-specific accumulation of TBBPA in the brain was found after treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight TBBPA. These results suggest that TBBPA accumulates in brain regions including the striatum and induces the behavioral alterations. Together, the possibility of widespread human exposure to TBBPA warrants further studies to characterize its neurotoxicity.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Nakajima, Akira and Saigusa, Daisuke and Tetsu, Naomi and Yamakuni, Tohru and Tomioka, Yoshihisa and Hishinuma, Takanori},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19463927},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Chromatography, Conditioning (Psychology), Conditioning (Psychology): drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Inbred Strains, Liquid, Male, Mass, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrometry, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {78--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral effects of TBBPA and measured the levels of TBBPA in the brain after oral administration in mice. Acute treatment with TBBPA (5mg/kg body weight) 3h before the open-field test induced an increase in the horizontal movement activities. In contextual fear conditioning paradigm, mice treated with TBBPA (0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight) showed more freezing behavior than vehicle-treated mice. In addition, TBBPA (0.1mg/kg body weight) significantly increased the spontaneous alternation behavior in the Y-maze test. The levels of TBBPA in the brain following TBBPA treatment were determined by using LC/ESI-MS/MS system. In the brain regions examined, high amounts of TBBPA were detected in the striatum after treatment with 0.1mg/kg or 5mg/kg body weight TBBPA, whereas non-specific accumulation of TBBPA in the brain was found after treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight TBBPA. These results suggest that TBBPA accumulates in brain regions including the striatum and induces the behavioral alterations. Together, the possibility of widespread human exposure to TBBPA warrants further studies to characterize its neurotoxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meng-blasius-gossett-maruya-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpinnipedsstrandedalongthesoutherncaliforniacoast-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meng-blasius-gossett-maruya-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpinnipedsstrandedalongthesoutherncaliforniacoast-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern California coast.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meng, X.; Blasius, M. E.; Gossett, R. W;  and Maruya, K. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution</i>, 157(10): 2731–6. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meng-blasius-gossett-maruya-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpinnipedsstrandedalongthesoutherncaliforniacoast-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern California coast. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meng-blasius-gossett-maruya-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpinnipedsstrandedalongthesoutherncaliforniacoast-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.029', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meng-blasius-gossett-maruya-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpinnipedsstrandedalongthesoutherncaliforniacoast-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meng-blasius-gossett-maruya-polybrominateddiphenylethersinpinnipedsstrandedalongthesoutherncaliforniacoast-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meng_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern {California} coast.},\n\tvolume = {157},\n\tissn = {1873-6424},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487060},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.029},\n\tabstract = {Little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern California (USA) coast. Fourteen PBDE congeners were determined by GC-ECNI-MS in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. Total PBDE concentrations (SigmaPBDE) in California sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). To our knowledge, these are the highest reported PBDE levels in marine mammals to date. By comparison, mean SigmaPBDE in Pacific harbor seals (n = 9) and northern elephant seals (n = 16) were 0.96 and 0.09 microg/g, respectively. PBDEs in adult males were higher than for adult females, however, no age class differences or temporal trends were observed. As the first PBDE data reported for marine mammals in this region, the elevated levels underscore the need for additional studies on the sources, temporal trends, and potential effects of PBDEs in highly urbanized coastal zones.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\n\tauthor = {Meng, Xiang-Zhou and Blasius, Mary Ellen and Gossett, Richard W and Maruya, Keith A},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19487060},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {2731--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern California (USA) coast. Fourteen PBDE congeners were determined by GC-ECNI-MS in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. Total PBDE concentrations (SigmaPBDE) in California sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). To our knowledge, these are the highest reported PBDE levels in marine mammals to date. By comparison, mean SigmaPBDE in Pacific harbor seals (n = 9) and northern elephant seals (n = 16) were 0.96 and 0.09 microg/g, respectively. PBDEs in adult males were higher than for adult females, however, no age class differences or temporal trends were observed. As the first PBDE data reported for marine mammals in this region, the elevated levels underscore the need for additional studies on the sources, temporal trends, and potential effects of PBDEs in highly urbanized coastal zones.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meeker, J. D; Johnson, P. I; Camann, D.;  and Hauser, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 407(10): 3425–9. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meeker_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men.},\n\tvolume = {407},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2743070&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030},\n\tabstract = {Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100\\% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67\\% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Meeker, John D and Johnson, Paula I and Camann, David and Hauser, Russ},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19211133},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Androgens, Androgens: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male: blood, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Young Adult, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {3425--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mckernan-rattner-hale-ottinger-toxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersde71inchickengallusgallusmallardanasplatyrhynchosandamericankestrelfalcosparveriusembryosandhatchlings-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mckernan-rattner-hale-ottinger-toxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersde71inchickengallusgallusmallardanasplatyrhynchosandamericankestrelfalcosparveriusembryosandhatchlings-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936', event);\">\n    Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (DE-71) in chicken (Gallus gallus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrel (Falco sparverius) embryos and hatchlings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McKernan, M. A; Rattner, B. A; Hale, R. C;  and Ottinger, M. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 28(5): 1007–17. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckernan-rattner-hale-ottinger-toxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersde71inchickengallusgallusmallardanasplatyrhynchosandamericankestrelfalcosparveriusembryosandhatchlings-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (DE-71) in chicken (Gallus gallus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrel (Falco sparverius) embryos and hatchlings. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1897/08-318.1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mckernan-rattner-hale-ottinger-toxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersde71inchickengallusgallusmallardanasplatyrhynchosandamericankestrelfalcosparveriusembryosandhatchlings-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1897/08-318.1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mckernan-rattner-hale-ottinger-toxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersde71inchickengallusgallusmallardanasplatyrhynchosandamericankestrelfalcosparveriusembryosandhatchlings-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mckernan-rattner-hale-ottinger-toxicityofpolybrominateddiphenylethersde71inchickengallusgallusmallardanasplatyrhynchosandamericankestrelfalcosparveriusembryosandhatchlings-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mckernan_toxicity_2009,\n\ttitle = {Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({DE}-71) in chicken ({Gallus} gallus), mallard ({Anas} platyrhynchos), and {American} kestrel ({Falco} sparverius) embryos and hatchlings.},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19045936},\n\tdoi = {10.1897/08-318.1},\n\tabstract = {Embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01-20 microg/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 microg/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 microg/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 microg/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29\\% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18\\% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 microg total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {McKernan, Moira A and Rattner, Barnett A and Hale, Robert C and Ottinger, Mary Ann},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19045936},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Chick Embryo, Chick Embryo: drug effects, Chickens, Ducks, Ducks: embryology, Ducks: growth \\&amp; development, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: embryology, Falconiformes: growth \\&amp; development, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: pathology, Lymphoid Tissue, Lymphoid Tissue: drug effects, Lymphoid Tissue: growth \\&amp; development, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {1007--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (Gallus gallus), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE; DE-71) mixture (0.01-20 microg/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 microg/g egg). The penta-BDE decreased pipping and hatching success at concentrations of 10 and 20 microg/g egg in kestrels but had no effect on survival endpoints in chickens or mallards. Sublethal effects in hatchling chickens included ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) induction and histological changes in the bursa, but these responses were not observed in other species. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 (positive control) reduced survival endpoints in chicken and kestrel embryos and caused sublethal effects (EROD induction, reduced bursal mass and follicle size) in chickens. Mallards were clearly less sensitive than the other species to administered penta-BDE and PCB 126. In a second experiment, the absorption of penta-BDE (11.1 microg/g egg, air cell administered during early development) into the contents of chicken and kestrel eggs was determined at various intervals (24 h postinjection, midincubation, and pipping). By pipping, 29% of the penta-BDE administered dose was present in the egg contents in chickens, and 18% of the administered dose was present in kestrel egg contents. Based on uptake in kestrels, the lowest-observed-effect level on pipping and hatching success may be as low as 1.8 microg total penta-BDE/g egg, which approaches concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. Because some penta-BDE congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic effects observed in the present study are cause for concern in wildlife.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ma-addink-yun-cheng-wang-kannan-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoilvegetationworkshopfloordustandelectronicshredderresiduefromanelectronicwasterecyclingfacilityandinsoilsfromachemicalindustrialcomplexineas-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ma-addink-yun-cheng-wang-kannan-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoilvegetationworkshopfloordustandelectronicshredderresiduefromanelectronicwasterecyclingfacilityandinsoilsfromachemicalindustrialcomplexineas-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145', event);\">\n    Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, vegetation, workshop-floor dust, and electronic shredder residue from an electronic waste recycling facility and in soils from a chemical industrial complex in eas.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ma, J.; Addink, R.; Yun, S.; Cheng, J.; Wang, W.;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(19): 7350–6. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ma-addink-yun-cheng-wang-kannan-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoilvegetationworkshopfloordustandelectronicshredderresiduefromanelectronicwasterecyclingfacilityandinsoilsfromachemicalindustrialcomplexineas-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, vegetation, workshop-floor dust, and electronic shredder residue from an electronic waste recycling facility and in soils from a chemical industrial complex in eas [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ma-addink-yun-cheng-wang-kannan-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoilvegetationworkshopfloordustandelectronicshredderresiduefromanelectronicwasterecyclingfacilityandinsoilsfromachemicalindustrialcomplexineas-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ma-addink-yun-cheng-wang-kannan-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinsoilvegetationworkshopfloordustandelectronicshredderresiduefromanelectronicwasterecyclingfacilityandinsoilsfromachemicalindustrialcomplexineas-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ma_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, vegetation, workshop-floor dust, and electronic shredder residue from an electronic waste recycling facility and in soils from a chemical industrial complex in eas},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848145},\n\tabstract = {The formation and release of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the incineration of electronic wastes (e-waste) that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a concern. However, studies on the determination of PBDD/Fs in environmental samples collected from e-waste recycling facilities are scarce. In this study, 11 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs and 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were determined in electronic shredder waste, workshop-floor dust soil, and leaves (of plants on the grounds of the facility) from a large-scale e-waste recycling facility and in surface soil from a chemical-industrial complex (comprising a coke-oven plant, a coal-fired power plant, and a chlor-alkali plant) as well as agricultural areas in eastern China. Total PBDD/F concentrations in environmental samples were in the range of 113-818 pg/g dry wt (dw) for leaves, 392-18500 pg/g dw for electronic shredder residues, 716-800000 pg/g dw for soil samples, and 89600-pg/g dw for workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility and in a range from nondetect (ND) to 427 pg/g dw in soil from the chemical-industrial complex. The highest mean concentrations of total PBDD/Fs were found in soil samples and workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility. The dioxin-like toxic equivalent (measured as TEQ) concentrations of PBDD/Fs were greater than the TEQs of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) reported in our previous study for the same set of samples. The concentrations of PBDFs were several orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of PBDDs in samples from the e-waste facility or from soil from the chemical-industrial complex. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of sigmaPBDD/Fs and sigmaPBDEs (r = 0.769, p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) and between sigmaPBDD/Fs and the previously reported sigmaPCDD/F concentrations (r = 0.805, p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01). The estimated daily human intakes of TEQs contributed by PBDD/Fs via soil/dust ingestion and dermal exposures in e-waste recycling facilities were higher than the intakes of TEQs contributed by PCDD/ Fs, calculated in our previous study.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ma, Jing and Addink, Rudolf and Yun, Sehun and Cheng, Jinping and Wang, Wenhua and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19848145},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dust, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Indoor, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Plants, Plants: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, env, eol, frelec, unsure},\n\tpages = {7350--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The formation and release of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from the incineration of electronic wastes (e-waste) that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a concern. However, studies on the determination of PBDD/Fs in environmental samples collected from e-waste recycling facilities are scarce. In this study, 11 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs and 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were determined in electronic shredder waste, workshop-floor dust soil, and leaves (of plants on the grounds of the facility) from a large-scale e-waste recycling facility and in surface soil from a chemical-industrial complex (comprising a coke-oven plant, a coal-fired power plant, and a chlor-alkali plant) as well as agricultural areas in eastern China. Total PBDD/F concentrations in environmental samples were in the range of 113-818 pg/g dry wt (dw) for leaves, 392-18500 pg/g dw for electronic shredder residues, 716-800000 pg/g dw for soil samples, and 89600-pg/g dw for workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility and in a range from nondetect (ND) to 427 pg/g dw in soil from the chemical-industrial complex. The highest mean concentrations of total PBDD/Fs were found in soil samples and workshop-floor dust from the e-waste recycling facility. The dioxin-like toxic equivalent (measured as TEQ) concentrations of PBDD/Fs were greater than the TEQs of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) reported in our previous study for the same set of samples. The concentrations of PBDFs were several orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of PBDDs in samples from the e-waste facility or from soil from the chemical-industrial complex. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of sigmaPBDD/Fs and sigmaPBDEs (r = 0.769, p \\textless 0.01) and between sigmaPBDD/Fs and the previously reported sigmaPCDD/F concentrations (r = 0.805, p \\textless 0.01). The estimated daily human intakes of TEQs contributed by PBDD/Fs via soil/dust ingestion and dermal exposures in e-waste recycling facilities were higher than the intakes of TEQs contributed by PCDD/ Fs, calculated in our previous study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luo-zhang-liu-wu-luo-chen-mai-yang-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinwaterbirdsfromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'luo-zhang-liu-wu-luo-chen-mai-yang-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinwaterbirdsfromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956', event);\">\n    Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luo, X.; Zhang, X.; Liu, J.; Wu, J.; Luo, Y.; Chen, S.; Mai, B.;  and Yang, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(2): 306–311. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luo-zhang-liu-wu-luo-chen-mai-yang-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinwaterbirdsfromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luo-zhang-liu-wu-luo-chen-mai-yang-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinwaterbirdsfromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luo-zhang-liu-wu-luo-chen-mai-yang-persistenthalogenatedcompoundsinwaterbirdsfromanewasterecyclingregioninsouthchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{luo_persistent_2009,\n\ttitle = {Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238956},\n\tabstract = {Persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153), were quantified in muscles of five waterbird species collected from an extensive e-waste recycling region in the Pearl River Delta, South China. PCBs, at concentrations up to 1,400,000 ng/g lipid, were the dominant contaminants contributing to 80\\%-90\\% of PHCs. PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides (sum of DDTs and HCHs) contributed approximately equally to total PHCs with median concentrations ranging from 37-2200 and 530-4300 ng/g lipid, respectively. This contaminant distribution pattern was different from those acquired by most studies conducted in other regions. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in Chinese-pond heron from the present study were higher than those from most other previous studies with birds having similar trophic levels. The extensive e-waste recycling activities were probably the cause of the elevated PCB and PBDE levels in the bird samples. The median concentrations of PBB 153 and DBDPE ranged from 3-140 and 10-176 ng/g lipid, respectively. The frequent detection and high concentrations of DBDPE in piscivorous birds implicate a potential environmental concern for this &quot;new&quot; brominated flame retardant. Additionally, the interspecies differences in the levels of contaminants and species-specific PBDE congener patterns were also elucidated in the present study.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Luo, Xiao-jun and Zhang, Xiu-lan and Liu, Juan and Wu, Jiang-ping and Luo, Yong and Chen, She-jun and Mai, Bi-xian and Yang, Zhong-yi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Industrial Waste, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity},\n\tpages = {306--311},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153), were quantified in muscles of five waterbird species collected from an extensive e-waste recycling region in the Pearl River Delta, South China. PCBs, at concentrations up to 1,400,000 ng/g lipid, were the dominant contaminants contributing to 80%-90% of PHCs. PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides (sum of DDTs and HCHs) contributed approximately equally to total PHCs with median concentrations ranging from 37-2200 and 530-4300 ng/g lipid, respectively. This contaminant distribution pattern was different from those acquired by most studies conducted in other regions. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in Chinese-pond heron from the present study were higher than those from most other previous studies with birds having similar trophic levels. The extensive e-waste recycling activities were probably the cause of the elevated PCB and PBDE levels in the bird samples. The median concentrations of PBB 153 and DBDPE ranged from 3-140 and 10-176 ng/g lipid, respectively. The frequent detection and high concentrations of DBDPE in piscivorous birds implicate a potential environmental concern for this \"new\" brominated flame retardant. Additionally, the interspecies differences in the levels of contaminants and species-specific PBDE congener patterns were also elucidated in the present study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-hu-huang-wang-wang-determinationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinaquaticanimaltissueusingcleanupbyfreezingdispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractioncombinedwithgcms-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-hu-huang-wang-wang-determinationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinaquaticanimaltissueusingcleanupbyfreezingdispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractioncombinedwithgcms-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727', event);\">\n    Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC-MS.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, X.; Hu, J.; Huang, C.; Wang, H.;  and Wang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of separation science</i>, 32(23-24): 4213–9. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-hu-huang-wang-wang-determinationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinaquaticanimaltissueusingcleanupbyfreezingdispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractioncombinedwithgcms-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC-MS. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900480\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-hu-huang-wang-wang-determinationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinaquaticanimaltissueusingcleanupbyfreezingdispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractioncombinedwithgcms-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900480', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-hu-huang-wang-wang-determinationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinaquaticanimaltissueusingcleanupbyfreezingdispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractioncombinedwithgcms-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-hu-huang-wang-wang-determinationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinaquaticanimaltissueusingcleanupbyfreezingdispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractioncombinedwithgcms-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_determination_2009,\n\ttitle = {Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with {GC}-{MS}.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1615-9314},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924727},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jssc.200900480},\n\tabstract = {A method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic animal tissue was developed, and it is based on cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the pretreatment of samples with fat content. Aquatic animal tissue homogenate was extracted with acetone, and then frozen in a freezer at -80 degrees C. Fat in aquatic animal tissue was isolated from the analytes, i.e. PBDE congeners dissolved in acetone and fat formed floccules at low temperature. The supernatant was extracted using the DLLME technique. Under the optimum DLLME conditions, 0.75 mL supernatant with 33 microL chlorobenzene was added into 5.0 mL pure water, and subsequently cloudy solution was formed. After centrifuging, 1.0 microL lower phase was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Recovery test was performed at fortified concentrations of 5.0-2500 microg/kg. The detection results showed that the recoveries for each target analyte ranged from 75.3 to 127.8\\%. The repeatability of the proposed method by spiking aquatic animal samples at 10 microg/kg for PBDEs, expressed as RSD, n=5, varied between 4.3 and 10.3\\% (n=5). LOD of the proposed method for aquatic animal tissue samples were between 2.4 and 4.9 microg/kg for all the analytes.},\n\tnumber = {23-24},\n\tjournal = {Journal of separation science},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Xiujuan and Hu, Jia and Huang, Changjiang and Wang, Huili and Wang, Xuedong},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19924727},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Freezing, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Ranidae, Snails, Solvents},\n\tpages = {4213--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic animal tissue was developed, and it is based on cleanup by freezing-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the pretreatment of samples with fat content. Aquatic animal tissue homogenate was extracted with acetone, and then frozen in a freezer at -80 degrees C. Fat in aquatic animal tissue was isolated from the analytes, i.e. PBDE congeners dissolved in acetone and fat formed floccules at low temperature. The supernatant was extracted using the DLLME technique. Under the optimum DLLME conditions, 0.75 mL supernatant with 33 microL chlorobenzene was added into 5.0 mL pure water, and subsequently cloudy solution was formed. After centrifuging, 1.0 microL lower phase was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Recovery test was performed at fortified concentrations of 5.0-2500 microg/kg. The detection results showed that the recoveries for each target analyte ranged from 75.3 to 127.8%. The repeatability of the proposed method by spiking aquatic animal samples at 10 microg/kg for PBDEs, expressed as RSD, n=5, varied between 4.3 and 10.3% (n=5). LOD of the proposed method for aquatic animal tissue samples were between 2.4 and 4.9 microg/kg for all the analytes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lilienthal-vanderven-piersma-vos-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdondopaminedependentbehaviorandbrainstemauditoryevokedpotentialsinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lilienthal-vanderven-piersma-vos-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdondopaminedependentbehaviorandbrainstemauditoryevokedpotentialsinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915', event);\">\n    Effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on dopamine-dependent behavior and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lilienthal, H.; van Der Ven, L. T M; Piersma, A. H;  and Vos, J. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 185(1): 63–72. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lilienthal-vanderven-piersma-vos-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdondopaminedependentbehaviorandbrainstemauditoryevokedpotentialsinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on dopamine-dependent behavior and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a one-generation reproduction study in Wistar rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lilienthal-vanderven-piersma-vos-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdondopaminedependentbehaviorandbrainstemauditoryevokedpotentialsinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lilienthal-vanderven-piersma-vos-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdondopaminedependentbehaviorandbrainstemauditoryevokedpotentialsinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lilienthal-vanderven-piersma-vos-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanehbcdondopaminedependentbehaviorandbrainstemauditoryevokedpotentialsinaonegenerationreproductionstudyinwistarrats-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lilienthal_effects_2009,\n\ttitle = {Effects of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) on dopamine-dependent behavior and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a one-generation reproduction study in {Wistar} rats.},\n\tvolume = {185},\n\tissn = {0378-4274},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111915},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.002},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely used brominated flame retardant which has been recently detected in many environmental matrices. Data from a subacute toxicity study indicated dose-related effects particularly on the pituitary thyroid-axis and retinoids in female rats. Brominated and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are also reported to exert effects on the nervous system. Several investigations revealed a pronounced sensitivity of the dopaminergic system and auditory functions to polychlorinated biphenyls. Therefore, the present experiment should examine, whether or not HBCD affects these targets. Rats were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg HBCD/kg body weight via the diet. Exposure started before mating and was continued during mating, gestation, lactation, and after weaning in offspring. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were used to assess dopamine-dependent behavior and hearing function in adult male and female offspring. On the catalepsy test, reduced latencies to movement onset were observed mainly in female offspring, indicating influences on dopamine-dependent behavior. The overall pattern of BAEP alterations, with increased thresholds and prolonged latencies of early waves, suggested a predominant cochlear effect. Effects were dose-dependent with lower bounds of benchmark doses (BMDL) between {\\textbackslash}textless or =1 and 10 mg/kg body weight for both catalepsy and BAEP thresholds. Tissue concentrations at the BMDL values obtained in this study were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than current exposure levels in humans.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and van Der Ven, Leo T M and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19111915},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Behavior, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effe, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Catalepsy, Catalepsy: chemically induced, Dopamine, Dopamine: physiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Reaction Time, Reaction Time: drug effects, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Wistar, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {63--72},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely used brominated flame retardant which has been recently detected in many environmental matrices. Data from a subacute toxicity study indicated dose-related effects particularly on the pituitary thyroid-axis and retinoids in female rats. Brominated and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are also reported to exert effects on the nervous system. Several investigations revealed a pronounced sensitivity of the dopaminergic system and auditory functions to polychlorinated biphenyls. Therefore, the present experiment should examine, whether or not HBCD affects these targets. Rats were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg HBCD/kg body weight via the diet. Exposure started before mating and was continued during mating, gestation, lactation, and after weaning in offspring. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were used to assess dopamine-dependent behavior and hearing function in adult male and female offspring. On the catalepsy test, reduced latencies to movement onset were observed mainly in female offspring, indicating influences on dopamine-dependent behavior. The overall pattern of BAEP alterations, with increased thresholds and prolonged latencies of early waves, suggested a predominant cochlear effect. Effects were dose-dependent with lower bounds of benchmark doses (BMDL) between \\textless or =1 and 10 mg/kg body weight for both catalepsy and BAEP thresholds. Tissue concentrations at the BMDL values obtained in this study were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than current exposure levels in humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"letcher-gebbink-sonne-born-mckinney-dietz-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsandtheirmetabolitesinringedsealspusahispidaandpolarbearsursusmaritimusfromeastgreenland-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'letcher-gebbink-sonne-born-mckinney-dietz-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsandtheirmetabolitesinringedsealspusahispidaandpolarbearsursusmaritimusfromeastgreenland-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of brominated and chlorinated contaminants and their metabolites in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Letcher, R. J; Gebbink, W. A; Sonne, C.; Born, E. W; McKinney, M. A;  and Dietz, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 35(8): 1118–24. November 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letcher-gebbink-sonne-born-mckinney-dietz-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsandtheirmetabolitesinringedsealspusahispidaandpolarbearsursusmaritimusfromeastgreenland-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of brominated and chlorinated contaminants and their metabolites in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('letcher-gebbink-sonne-born-mckinney-dietz-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsandtheirmetabolitesinringedsealspusahispidaandpolarbearsursusmaritimusfromeastgreenland-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/letcher-gebbink-sonne-born-mckinney-dietz-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsandtheirmetabolitesinringedsealspusahispidaandpolarbearsursusmaritimusfromeastgreenland-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('letcher-gebbink-sonne-born-mckinney-dietz-bioaccumulationandbiotransformationofbrominatedandchlorinatedcontaminantsandtheirmetabolitesinringedsealspusahispidaandpolarbearsursusmaritimusfromeastgreenland-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{letcher_bioaccumulation_2009,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of brominated and chlorinated contaminants and their metabolites in ringed seals ({Pusa} hispida) and polar bears ({Ursus} maritimus) from {East} {Greenland}.},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683343},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.006},\n\tabstract = {We report on the comparative bioaccumulation, biotransformation and/or biomagnification from East Greenland ringed seal (Pusa hispida) blubber to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) tissues (adipose, liver and brain) of various classes and congeners of persistent chlorinated and brominated contaminants and metabolic by-products: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hydroxyl (OH-) and methylsulfonyl (MeSO(2)-) PCBs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), OH-PBBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants and OH- and methoxyl (MeO-) PBDEs, 2,2-dichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (p,p&#x27;-DDE), 3-MeSO(2)-p,p&#x27;-DDE, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 4-OH-heptachlorostyrene (4-OH-HpCS). We detected all of the investigated contaminants in ringed seal blubber with high frequency, the main diet of East Greenland bears, with the exception of OH-PCBs and 4-OH-HpCS, which indicated that these phenolic contaminants were likely of metabolic origin and formed in the bears from accumulated PCBs and octachlorostyrene (OCS), respectively, rather than being bioaccumulated from a seal blubber diet. For all of the detectable sum of classes or individual organohalogens, in general, the ringed seal to polar bear mean BMFs for SigmaPCBs, p,p&#x27;-DDE, SigmaCHLs, SigmaMeSO(2)-PCBs, 3-MeSO(2)-p,p&#x27;-DDE, PCP, SigmaPBDEs, total-(alpha)-HBCD, SigmaOH-PBDEs, SigmaMeO-PBDEs and SigmaOH-PBBs indicated that these organohalogens bioaccumulate, and in some cases there was tissue-specific biomagnification, e.g., BMFs for bear adipose and liver ranged from 2 to 570. The blood-brain barrier appeared to be effective in minimizing brain accumulation as BMFs were {\\textbackslash}textlessor=1 in the brain, with the exception of SigmaOH-PBBs (mean BMF=93+/-54). Unlike OH-PCB metabolites, OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues appeared to be mainly accumulated from the seal blubber rather than being metabolic formed from PBDEs in the bears. In vitro PBDE depletion assays using polar bear hepatic microsomes, wherein the rate of oxidative metabolism of PBDE congeners was very slow, supported the probability that accumulation from seals is the main source of OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues. Our findings demonstrated from ringed seal to polar bears that organohalogen biotransformation, bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification varied widely and depended on the contaminant in question. Our results show the increasing complexity of bioaccumulated and in some cases biomagnified, chlorinated and brominated contaminants and/or metabolites from the diet may be a contributing stress factor in the health of East Greenland polar bears.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Letcher, Robert J and Gebbink, Wouter A and Sonne, Christian and Born, Erik W and McKinney, Melissa A and Dietz, Rune},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19683343},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Biotransformation, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Greenland, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Insecticides, Insecticides: metabolism, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Pentachlorophenol, Pentachlorophenol: metabolism, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Ursidae, Ursidae: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, mam},\n\tpages = {1118--24},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We report on the comparative bioaccumulation, biotransformation and/or biomagnification from East Greenland ringed seal (Pusa hispida) blubber to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) tissues (adipose, liver and brain) of various classes and congeners of persistent chlorinated and brominated contaminants and metabolic by-products: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hydroxyl (OH-) and methylsulfonyl (MeSO(2)-) PCBs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), OH-PBBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants and OH- and methoxyl (MeO-) PBDEs, 2,2-dichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (p,p'-DDE), 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 4-OH-heptachlorostyrene (4-OH-HpCS). We detected all of the investigated contaminants in ringed seal blubber with high frequency, the main diet of East Greenland bears, with the exception of OH-PCBs and 4-OH-HpCS, which indicated that these phenolic contaminants were likely of metabolic origin and formed in the bears from accumulated PCBs and octachlorostyrene (OCS), respectively, rather than being bioaccumulated from a seal blubber diet. For all of the detectable sum of classes or individual organohalogens, in general, the ringed seal to polar bear mean BMFs for SigmaPCBs, p,p'-DDE, SigmaCHLs, SigmaMeSO(2)-PCBs, 3-MeSO(2)-p,p'-DDE, PCP, SigmaPBDEs, total-(alpha)-HBCD, SigmaOH-PBDEs, SigmaMeO-PBDEs and SigmaOH-PBBs indicated that these organohalogens bioaccumulate, and in some cases there was tissue-specific biomagnification, e.g., BMFs for bear adipose and liver ranged from 2 to 570. The blood-brain barrier appeared to be effective in minimizing brain accumulation as BMFs were \\textlessor=1 in the brain, with the exception of SigmaOH-PBBs (mean BMF=93+/-54). Unlike OH-PCB metabolites, OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues appeared to be mainly accumulated from the seal blubber rather than being metabolic formed from PBDEs in the bears. In vitro PBDE depletion assays using polar bear hepatic microsomes, wherein the rate of oxidative metabolism of PBDE congeners was very slow, supported the probability that accumulation from seals is the main source of OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues. Our findings demonstrated from ringed seal to polar bears that organohalogen biotransformation, bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification varied widely and depended on the contaminant in question. Our results show the increasing complexity of bioaccumulated and in some cases biomagnified, chlorinated and brominated contaminants and/or metabolites from the diet may be a contributing stress factor in the health of East Greenland polar bears.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lam-lau-murphy-lam-temporaltrendsofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesanddetectionoftwonovelflameretardantsinmarinemammalsfromhongkongsouthchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lam-lau-murphy-lam-temporaltrendsofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesanddetectionoftwonovelflameretardantsinmarinemammalsfromhongkongsouthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725', event);\">\n    Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and detection of two novel flame retardants in marine mammals from Hong Kong, South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lam, J. C W; Lau, R. K F; Murphy, M. B;  and Lam, P. K S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(18): 6944–9. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lam-lau-murphy-lam-temporaltrendsofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesanddetectionoftwonovelflameretardantsinmarinemammalsfromhongkongsouthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and detection of two novel flame retardants in marine mammals from Hong Kong, South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lam-lau-murphy-lam-temporaltrendsofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesanddetectionoftwonovelflameretardantsinmarinemammalsfromhongkongsouthchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lam-lau-murphy-lam-temporaltrendsofhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesanddetectionoftwonovelflameretardantsinmarinemammalsfromhongkongsouthchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lam_temporal_2009,\n\ttitle = {Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and detection of two novel flame retardants in marine mammals from {Hong} {Kong}, {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806725},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and three novel flame retardants, namely2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were determined in blubber samples of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides). The levels of HBCDs and PBDEs in cetacean samples ranged from 4.1 to 519 and 103 to 51,100 ng/g lw, respectively. A significant increasing trend of SigmaHBCDs was observed in dolphin samples from 1997 to 2007 with an estimated annual rate of 5\\%, whereas no significant temporal trends of SigmaPBDEs appeared over the sampling period. This pattern may be attributed to the increasing usage of HBCDs following the restriction/voluntary withdrawal of the production and use of PBDE commercial mixtures in several countries. HCDBCO was not found in the blubber samples. This is the first report of the presence of TBB and TBPH, two new flame retardants that have previously been identified in house dust from the U.S., in marine mammals; concentrations of these compounds in dolphins and porpoises ranged from the instrumental detection limit (IDL) ({\\textbackslash}textless0.04) to 70 and IDL ({\\textbackslash}textless0.04) to 3859 ng/g lw, respectively. Levels of TBPH were comparable to SigmaHBCDs in porpoise samples. The presence of these novel flame retardants in top-trophic-level marine organisms raises concern about their release into the environment and indicates the need for further monitoring of these compounds in other environmental matrices.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Lam, James C W and Lau, Ridge K F and Murphy, Margaret B and Lam, Paul K S},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19806725},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Cycloparaffins, Cycloparaffins: analysis, Dolphins, Dolphins: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Hong Kong, Mammals, Mammals: anatomy \\&amp; histology, Mammals: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Reproducibility of Results, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam},\n\tpages = {6944--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and three novel flame retardants, namely2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), were determined in blubber samples of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides). The levels of HBCDs and PBDEs in cetacean samples ranged from 4.1 to 519 and 103 to 51,100 ng/g lw, respectively. A significant increasing trend of SigmaHBCDs was observed in dolphin samples from 1997 to 2007 with an estimated annual rate of 5%, whereas no significant temporal trends of SigmaPBDEs appeared over the sampling period. This pattern may be attributed to the increasing usage of HBCDs following the restriction/voluntary withdrawal of the production and use of PBDE commercial mixtures in several countries. HCDBCO was not found in the blubber samples. This is the first report of the presence of TBB and TBPH, two new flame retardants that have previously been identified in house dust from the U.S., in marine mammals; concentrations of these compounds in dolphins and porpoises ranged from the instrumental detection limit (IDL) (\\textless0.04) to 70 and IDL (\\textless0.04) to 3859 ng/g lw, respectively. Levels of TBPH were comparable to SigmaHBCDs in porpoise samples. The presence of these novel flame retardants in top-trophic-level marine organisms raises concern about their release into the environment and indicates the need for further monitoring of these compounds in other environmental matrices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kirschner-blum-whenproductsafetyandtheenvironmentappeartocollidethedefeatofthecandleflameignitionrequirement-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kirschner-blum-whenproductsafetyandtheenvironmentappeartocollidethedefeatofthecandleflameignitionrequirement-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf', event);\">\n    When Product Safety and the Environment Appear to Collide: The Defeat of the Candle Flame Ignition Requirement.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kirschner, M.;  and Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Conformity</i>,12–16. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kirschner-blum-whenproductsafetyandtheenvironmentappeartocollidethedefeatofthecandleflameignitionrequirement-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"When Product Safety and the Environment Appear to Collide: The Defeat of the Candle Flame Ignition Requirement [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kirschner-blum-whenproductsafetyandtheenvironmentappeartocollidethedefeatofthecandleflameignitionrequirement-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kirschner-blum-whenproductsafetyandtheenvironmentappeartocollidethedefeatofthecandleflameignitionrequirement-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kirschner_when_2009,\n\ttitle = {When {Product} {Safety} and the {Environment} {Appear} to {Collide}: {The} {Defeat} of the {Candle} {Flame} {Ignition} {Requirement}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Conformity Defeat of the Candle Standard Jan 2009.pdf},\n\tjournal = {Conformity},\n\tauthor = {Kirschner, Michael and Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {12--16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kalantzi-brown-caleffi-gothgoldstein-petreas-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastadiposesamplesfrombrazil-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kalantzi-brown-caleffi-gothgoldstein-petreas-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastadiposesamplesfrombrazil-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose samples from Brazil.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kalantzi, O I; Brown, F R; Caleffi, M; Goth-Goldstein, R;  and Petreas, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 35(1): 113–7. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalantzi-brown-caleffi-gothgoldstein-petreas-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastadiposesamplesfrombrazil-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose samples from Brazil. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kalantzi-brown-caleffi-gothgoldstein-petreas-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastadiposesamplesfrombrazil-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kalantzi-brown-caleffi-gothgoldstein-petreas-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastadiposesamplesfrombrazil-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kalantzi-brown-caleffi-gothgoldstein-petreas-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbreastadiposesamplesfrombrazil-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kalantzi_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose samples from {Brazil}.},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952285},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.008},\n\tabstract = {Twenty five human breast adipose tissue samples were collected in Porto Alegre, Brazil during 2004-2005 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). SigmaPBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs) ranged from 0.19 to 132 ng/g lipid with a median of 1.51 ng/g lipid. These concentrations are 3- to 100-times lower than those reported from other countries, with the exception of Japan, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. The predominant congener was BDE-47, followed by BDEs 99, 183, 153 and 100. One individual in the dataset had about 70-times higher PBDE concentrations than the rest of the participants. SigmaPCB (sum of PCBs 118, 138, 153, 180) ranged from 30 to 339 ng/g lipid, with a median of 51 ng/g lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs (r=-0.800-0.374, p{\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05) or PCB 180 (r=0.278, p{\\textbackslash}textgreater0.05). On the other hand, PCBs 118, 138 and 153 did show age dependency (r=0.410-0.458, p{\\textbackslash}textless0.05). This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in human breast adipose from Brazil.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Kalantzi, O I and Brown, F R and Caleffi, M and Goth-Goldstein, R and Petreas, M},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {18952285},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Brazil, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {113--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Twenty five human breast adipose tissue samples were collected in Porto Alegre, Brazil during 2004-2005 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). SigmaPBDE concentrations (sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs) ranged from 0.19 to 132 ng/g lipid with a median of 1.51 ng/g lipid. These concentrations are 3- to 100-times lower than those reported from other countries, with the exception of Japan, probably reflecting lower usage of PBDE-containing products or lower exposures to these chemicals. The predominant congener was BDE-47, followed by BDEs 99, 183, 153 and 100. One individual in the dataset had about 70-times higher PBDE concentrations than the rest of the participants. SigmaPCB (sum of PCBs 118, 138, 153, 180) ranged from 30 to 339 ng/g lipid, with a median of 51 ng/g lipid. No age dependency was found for PBDEs (r=-0.800-0.374, p\\textgreater0.05) or PCB 180 (r=0.278, p\\textgreater0.05). On the other hand, PCBs 118, 138 and 153 did show age dependency (r=0.410-0.458, p\\textless0.05). This is the first study to report levels of PBDEs in human breast adipose from Brazil.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf', event);\">\n    Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kajiwara, N.; Sueoka, M.; Ohiwa, T.;  and Takigami, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(11): 1485–1489. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kajiwara_determination_2009,\n\ttitle = {Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124143 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Kajiwara, HBCD textiles Chemosphere, 2009.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046},\n\tabstract = {To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction-Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)-were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of alpha-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of gamma-HBCD decreased, indicating that gamma-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 degrees C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n=10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22000 to 43000 mg kg(-1) (i.e. 2.2-4.3\\%). We found a higher proportion of the alpha-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that gamma-HBCD isomerized to alpha-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the alpha-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Sueoka, Minekazu and Ohiwa, Toshio and Takigami, Hidetaka},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical Fractionation, Chemical Fractionation: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hot Temperature, Hydrocarbons, Methylene Chloride, Stereoisomerism, Textiles, Textiles: analysis, Ultrasonics},\n\tpages = {1485--1489},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction-Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)-were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of alpha-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of gamma-HBCD decreased, indicating that gamma-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 degrees C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n=10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22000 to 43000 mg kg(-1) (i.e. 2.2-4.3%). We found a higher proportion of the alpha-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that gamma-HBCD isomerized to alpha-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the alpha-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061', event);\">\n    An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson-Restrepo, B.;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 76(4): 542–8. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009,\n\ttitle = {An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the {United} {States}.},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349061},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205-1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515-1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243-8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants ({\\textbackslash}textless1yr), toddlers (1-5yr), children (6-11yr), teenagers (12-19yr), and adults (20yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency&#x27;s (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture&#x27;s (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91\\%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56-77\\% of the total PBDE intake.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19349061},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Infant, Inhalation Exposure, Milk, Preschool, United States, ffr},\n\tpages = {542--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205-1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515-1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243-8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants (\\textless1yr), toddlers (1-5yr), children (6-11yr), teenagers (12-19yr), and adults (20yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56-77% of the total PBDE intake.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewitt-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerpatternshexabromocyclododecaneandbrominatedbiphenyl153ineggsofperegrinefalconsfalcoperegrinusbreedinginsweden-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewitt-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerpatternshexabromocyclododecaneandbrominatedbiphenyl153ineggsofperegrinefalconsfalcoperegrinusbreedinginsweden-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johansson, A.; Sellström, U.; Lindberg, P.; Bignert, A.;  and De Witt, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 28(1): 9–17. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewitt-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerpatternshexabromocyclododecaneandbrominatedbiphenyl153ineggsofperegrinefalconsfalcoperegrinusbreedinginsweden-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1897/08-142.1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewitt-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerpatternshexabromocyclododecaneandbrominatedbiphenyl153ineggsofperegrinefalconsfalcoperegrinusbreedinginsweden-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1897/08-142.1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewitt-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerpatternshexabromocyclododecaneandbrominatedbiphenyl153ineggsofperegrinefalconsfalcoperegrinusbreedinginsweden-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johansson-sellstrm-lindberg-bignert-dewitt-polybrominateddiphenylethercongenerpatternshexabromocyclododecaneandbrominatedbiphenyl153ineggsofperegrinefalconsfalcoperegrinusbreedinginsweden-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johansson_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons ({Falco} peregrinus) breeding in {Sweden}.},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717624},\n\tdoi = {10.1897/08-142.1},\n\tabstract = {Previous analyses of 52 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs collected from two wild and one captive population in Sweden 1987 through 1999 were complemented by including additional polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE-35, -183, -184, -185, -196, -197, -203, and -207). In addition, 31 eggs not previously analyzed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 were analyzed for these. Geometric mean concentrations of BPBDEs, HBCD, and the hexabrominated biphenyl (BB-153) were 3,100, 140, and 81 ng/g of lipid weight for the southern population; 2,500, 110, and 84 ng/g of lipid weight for the northern population; and 47, not detected, and 8 ng/g of lipid weight for the captive population. The BDE congener pattern was dominated by BDE-153, -99, and -100. The results were used to investigate whether a difference in PBDE congener pattern could be distinguished between the two wild populations of peregrine falcons due to different diets, as the southern population preys mainly on birds belonging to the terrestrial food chain while the northern population preys more on aquatic birds. A multivariate t-test showed a subtle but significant (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.001) difference in PBDE congener pattern between the two populations. However, our hypothesis that higher-brominated congeners of PBDEs would be present to a greater extent in the terrestrial food chain was not supported by principal component analysis. The average brood size for individual females from the southern population decreased with increasing concentrations of IPBDE in the eggs (log-linear regression p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Johansson, Anna-Karin and Sellström, Ulla and Lindberg, Peter and Bignert, Anders and De Witt, Cynthia A},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {18717624},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Raptors, Raptors: physiology, Sweden, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {9--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous analyses of 52 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs collected from two wild and one captive population in Sweden 1987 through 1999 were complemented by including additional polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE-35, -183, -184, -185, -196, -197, -203, and -207). In addition, 31 eggs not previously analyzed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 were analyzed for these. Geometric mean concentrations of BPBDEs, HBCD, and the hexabrominated biphenyl (BB-153) were 3,100, 140, and 81 ng/g of lipid weight for the southern population; 2,500, 110, and 84 ng/g of lipid weight for the northern population; and 47, not detected, and 8 ng/g of lipid weight for the captive population. The BDE congener pattern was dominated by BDE-153, -99, and -100. The results were used to investigate whether a difference in PBDE congener pattern could be distinguished between the two wild populations of peregrine falcons due to different diets, as the southern population preys mainly on birds belonging to the terrestrial food chain while the northern population preys more on aquatic birds. A multivariate t-test showed a subtle but significant (p \\textless 0.001) difference in PBDE congener pattern between the two populations. However, our hypothesis that higher-brominated congeners of PBDEs would be present to a greater extent in the terrestrial food chain was not supported by principal component analysis. The average brood size for individual females from the southern population decreased with increasing concentrations of IPBDE in the eggs (log-linear regression p \\textless 0.01).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jin-wang-yang-hu-liu-cui-tang-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheserumandbreastmilkoftheresidentpopulationfromproductionareachina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jin-wang-yang-hu-liu-cui-tang-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheserumandbreastmilkoftheresidentpopulationfromproductionareachina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jin, J.; Wang, Y.; Yang, C.; Hu, J.; Liu, W.; Cui, J.;  and Tang, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 35(7): 1048–52. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jin-wang-yang-hu-liu-cui-tang-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheserumandbreastmilkoftheresidentpopulationfromproductionareachina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jin-wang-yang-hu-liu-cui-tang-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheserumandbreastmilkoftheresidentpopulationfromproductionareachina-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jin-wang-yang-hu-liu-cui-tang-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheserumandbreastmilkoftheresidentpopulationfromproductionareachina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jin-wang-yang-hu-liu-cui-tang-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheserumandbreastmilkoftheresidentpopulationfromproductionareachina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jin_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, {China}.},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1873-6750},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540593},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.006},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been produced in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province in China, but little is known about the PBDE exposure level of residents to these compounds. We set out to assess potential health risks of PBDEs in the south coast area of the Laizhou Bay by determining the concentrations of PBDEs in serum and breast milk. We measured concentrations of eight PBDE congeners in serum and breast milk. The arithmetic means of Sigma(8)PBDE in pooled serum and breast milk were 613 ng/g lipid and 81.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The highest concentration for Sigma(8)PBDE in all serum pools was 1830 ng/g lipid from the 41-50 year old female group. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, with the mean concentrations of 403 ng/g lipid in serum and 45.6 ng/g lipid in breast milk, respectively. BDE-209 averagely accounted for 65.8\\% and 54.2\\% of the total PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that high exposures to PBDEs have led to very high PBDE concentrations in serum and breast milk from the residents living in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay. High PBDE concentrations in human serum, particularly in women, pose a potential public health threat to local residents.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Jin, Jun and Wang, Ying and Yang, Congqiao and Hu, Jicheng and Liu, Weizhi and Cui, Jian and Tang, Xiaoyan},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19540593},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Maternal Exposure, Middle Aged, Milk, Risk Factors, Young Adult, ffr, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {1048--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been produced in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province in China, but little is known about the PBDE exposure level of residents to these compounds. We set out to assess potential health risks of PBDEs in the south coast area of the Laizhou Bay by determining the concentrations of PBDEs in serum and breast milk. We measured concentrations of eight PBDE congeners in serum and breast milk. The arithmetic means of Sigma(8)PBDE in pooled serum and breast milk were 613 ng/g lipid and 81.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The highest concentration for Sigma(8)PBDE in all serum pools was 1830 ng/g lipid from the 41-50 year old female group. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, with the mean concentrations of 403 ng/g lipid in serum and 45.6 ng/g lipid in breast milk, respectively. BDE-209 averagely accounted for 65.8% and 54.2% of the total PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that high exposures to PBDEs have led to very high PBDE concentrations in serum and breast milk from the residents living in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay. High PBDE concentrations in human serum, particularly in women, pose a potential public health threat to local residents.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Imm, P.; Knobeloch, L.; Buelow, C.;  and Anderson, H. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 117(12): 1890–5. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900839\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900839', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{imm_household_2009,\n\ttitle = {Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in a {Wisconsin} {Cohort}.},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2799463&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900839},\n\tabstract = {Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Buelow, Carol and Anderson, Henry A},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {20049208},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Air Pollution, Body Burden, Cohort Studies, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Indoor, Male, Middle Aged, Spectrometry, Time Factors, X-Ray Emission},\n\tpages = {1890--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf', event);\">\n    Household Exposures to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Imm, P.; Knobeloch, L.; Buelow, C.;  and Anderson, H. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 117(12): 1890–1895.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Household Exposures to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900839\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900839', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('imm-knobeloch-buelow-anderson-householdexposurestopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinawisconsincohort-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{imm_household_2009,\n\ttitle = {Household {Exposures} to {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) in a {Wisconsin} {Cohort}},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Imm pillows.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900839},\n\tabstract = {Background: Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood. oBjectives: This study was designed to assess current PBDE body burdens and identify residential sources of exposure among 29 men and 15 women in 38 households. Methods: Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers were used to measure bromine levels in upholstered furnishings, bedding, vehicle interiors, and electronic devices. Vacuum cleaner con- tents, indoor air samples, and blood sera were analyzed for PBDE congeners using conventional gas chromatograph methods. results: Bromine levels varied widely within similar household items. The greatest range for upholstered items was found among vehicle seat cushions (7–30,600 ppm). For electronic devices, television sets ranged from 4 ppm to 128,300 ppm. Based on mixed effects modeling, adjusting for couple households, the bromine content in the participants&#x27; sleeping pillows and primary vehicle seat cushions were the strongest predictors of log lipid-adjusted blood serum PBDE concentrations (p-values = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively). The total pentaBDE congener levels found in dust samples and in passive air samples were not significant predictors of blood sera levels. conclusions: This study demonstrates the usefulness of the portable XRF analyzer in identifying household items that may contribute to human exposure to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Buelow, Carol and Anderson, Henry A},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1890--1895},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood. oBjectives: This study was designed to assess current PBDE body burdens and identify residential sources of exposure among 29 men and 15 women in 38 households. Methods: Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers were used to measure bromine levels in upholstered furnishings, bedding, vehicle interiors, and electronic devices. Vacuum cleaner con- tents, indoor air samples, and blood sera were analyzed for PBDE congeners using conventional gas chromatograph methods. results: Bromine levels varied widely within similar household items. The greatest range for upholstered items was found among vehicle seat cushions (7–30,600 ppm). For electronic devices, television sets ranged from 4 ppm to 128,300 ppm. Based on mixed effects modeling, adjusting for couple households, the bromine content in the participants' sleeping pillows and primary vehicle seat cushions were the strongest predictors of log lipid-adjusted blood serum PBDE concentrations (p-values = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively). The total pentaBDE congener levels found in dust samples and in passive air samples were not significant predictors of blood sera levels. conclusions: This study demonstrates the usefulness of the portable XRF analyzer in identifying household items that may contribute to human exposure to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Residential Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalresidentialcode-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalresidentialcode-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2009,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Building Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalbuildingcode-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalbuildingcode-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2009,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"henny-kaiser-grove-johnson-letcher-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsineggsmayreducereproductivesuccessofospreysinoregonandwashingtonusa-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'henny-kaiser-grove-johnson-letcher-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsineggsmayreducereproductivesuccessofospreysinoregonandwashingtonusa-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in eggs may reduce reproductive success of ospreys in Oregon and Washington, USA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Henny, C. J; Kaiser, J. L; Grove, R. A; Johnson, B. L;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology</i>, 18(7): 802–13. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('henny-kaiser-grove-johnson-letcher-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsineggsmayreducereproductivesuccessofospreysinoregonandwashingtonusa-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in eggs may reduce reproductive success of ospreys in Oregon and Washington, USA. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0323-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('henny-kaiser-grove-johnson-letcher-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsineggsmayreducereproductivesuccessofospreysinoregonandwashingtonusa-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0323-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/henny-kaiser-grove-johnson-letcher-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsineggsmayreducereproductivesuccessofospreysinoregonandwashingtonusa-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('henny-kaiser-grove-johnson-letcher-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsineggsmayreducereproductivesuccessofospreysinoregonandwashingtonusa-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{henny_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in eggs may reduce reproductive success of ospreys in {Oregon} and {Washington}, {USA}.},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1573-3017},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19513829},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10646-009-0323-4},\n\tabstract = {Spatial and temporal assessments and reports of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in birds remain sparse. In the present study, PBDEs were detected in all 120 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected. The eggs were collected from nests along the Columbia, Willamette and Yakima rivers of Oregon (OR) and Washington (WA) and in Puget Sound (WA) between 2002 and 2007. PBDE congeners: 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154 (possible coelution with brominated biphenyl 153 [BB153]), 183, 190 (detected in one egg), 209 (not detected), and BB101 (only detected in 2006 and 2007) and total-alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (only detected in five eggs) were analyzed for in the egg samples. Eggs from reservoirs in the forested headwaters of the Willamette River (2002) contained the lowest concentrations of SigmaPBDEs (geometric mean [range], 98 [55.2-275] ng/g wet weight [ww]), while those from the middle Willamette River (2006) contained the highest (897 [507-1,880] ng/g ww). Concentrations in eggs from the Columbia River progressively increased downstream from Umatilla, OR (River Mile [RM] 286) to Skamokoa, WA (RM 29), which indicated additive PBDE sources along the river. In general, regardless of the year of egg collection, differences in PBDE concentrations reported in osprey eggs along the three major rivers studied (Columbia, Willamette and Yakima) seem to reflect differences in river flow (dilution effect) and the extent of human population and industry (source inputs) along the rivers. PBDE concentrations increased over time at two locations (Seattle, WA; Columbia River, RM 29-84) where temporal patterns could be evaluated. Only during 2006 (on the middle Willamette River, RM 61-157) and 2007 (on the lower Columbia River, RM 29-84) did SigmaPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs exceed 1,000 ng/g ww with negative relationships indicated at both locations between productivity and SigmaPBDE concentrations in eggs (P = 0.008, P = 0.057). Osprey eggs from Everett, WA contained nearly twice the SigmaPBDE concentration (geometric mean 239 vs. 141 ng/g ww, range 124-384 vs. 22.2-819 ng/g ww, P {\\textbackslash}textless or = 0.05) as double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected at the same location and time, which is likely due to dietary differences. No significant relationship (all Ps {\\textbackslash}textgreater 0.147) was indicated between PBDE congeners (including SigmaPBDEs) and eggshell thickness at the concentrations observed in this study.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Henny, Charles J and Kaiser, James L and Grove, Robert A and Johnson, Branden L and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19513829},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Egg Shell, Egg Shell: drug effects, Egg Shell: pathology, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Oregon, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: metabolism, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Washington, ffr, waa},\n\tpages = {802--13},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Spatial and temporal assessments and reports of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in birds remain sparse. In the present study, PBDEs were detected in all 120 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs collected. The eggs were collected from nests along the Columbia, Willamette and Yakima rivers of Oregon (OR) and Washington (WA) and in Puget Sound (WA) between 2002 and 2007. PBDE congeners: 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154 (possible coelution with brominated biphenyl 153 [BB153]), 183, 190 (detected in one egg), 209 (not detected), and BB101 (only detected in 2006 and 2007) and total-alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (only detected in five eggs) were analyzed for in the egg samples. Eggs from reservoirs in the forested headwaters of the Willamette River (2002) contained the lowest concentrations of SigmaPBDEs (geometric mean [range], 98 [55.2-275] ng/g wet weight [ww]), while those from the middle Willamette River (2006) contained the highest (897 [507-1,880] ng/g ww). Concentrations in eggs from the Columbia River progressively increased downstream from Umatilla, OR (River Mile [RM] 286) to Skamokoa, WA (RM 29), which indicated additive PBDE sources along the river. In general, regardless of the year of egg collection, differences in PBDE concentrations reported in osprey eggs along the three major rivers studied (Columbia, Willamette and Yakima) seem to reflect differences in river flow (dilution effect) and the extent of human population and industry (source inputs) along the rivers. PBDE concentrations increased over time at two locations (Seattle, WA; Columbia River, RM 29-84) where temporal patterns could be evaluated. Only during 2006 (on the middle Willamette River, RM 61-157) and 2007 (on the lower Columbia River, RM 29-84) did SigmaPBDE concentrations in osprey eggs exceed 1,000 ng/g ww with negative relationships indicated at both locations between productivity and SigmaPBDE concentrations in eggs (P = 0.008, P = 0.057). Osprey eggs from Everett, WA contained nearly twice the SigmaPBDE concentration (geometric mean 239 vs. 141 ng/g ww, range 124-384 vs. 22.2-819 ng/g ww, P \\textless or = 0.05) as double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected at the same location and time, which is likely due to dietary differences. No significant relationship (all Ps \\textgreater 0.147) was indicated between PBDE congeners (including SigmaPBDEs) and eggshell thickness at the concentrations observed in this study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"he-wang-xia-gao-niu-guo-chen-mechanismsunderlyingthedevelopmentalneurotoxiceffectofpbde47andtheenhancedtoxicityassociatedwithitscombinationwithpcb153inrats-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'he-wang-xia-gao-niu-guo-chen-mechanismsunderlyingthedevelopmentalneurotoxiceffectofpbde47andtheenhancedtoxicityassociatedwithitscombinationwithpcb153inrats-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244', event);\">\n    Mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and the enhanced toxicity associated with its combination with PCB153 in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  He, P.; Wang, A.; Xia, T.; Gao, P.; Niu, Q.; Guo, L.;  and Chen, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology</i>, 30(6): 1088–95. November 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-wang-xia-gao-niu-guo-chen-mechanismsunderlyingthedevelopmentalneurotoxiceffectofpbde47andtheenhancedtoxicityassociatedwithitscombinationwithpcb153inrats-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and the enhanced toxicity associated with its combination with PCB153 in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('he-wang-xia-gao-niu-guo-chen-mechanismsunderlyingthedevelopmentalneurotoxiceffectofpbde47andtheenhancedtoxicityassociatedwithitscombinationwithpcb153inrats-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/he-wang-xia-gao-niu-guo-chen-mechanismsunderlyingthedevelopmentalneurotoxiceffectofpbde47andtheenhancedtoxicityassociatedwithitscombinationwithpcb153inrats-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('he-wang-xia-gao-niu-guo-chen-mechanismsunderlyingthedevelopmentalneurotoxiceffectofpbde47andtheenhancedtoxicityassociatedwithitscombinationwithpcb153inrats-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{he_mechanisms_2009,\n\ttitle = {Mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of {PBDE}-47 and the enhanced toxicity associated with its combination with {PCB153} in rats.},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1872-9711},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576244},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.005},\n\tabstract = {To explore the mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and its interaction with PCB153, expression levels of mRNA and proteins of the x-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), death associated protein kinase (DAPK), caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C in the hippocampus of 2-month-old rats exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 and/or PCB153 on post natal day (PND) 10 were examined. Four levels of PBDE-47 (0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg) and two levels of PCB153 (0 and 5mg/kg) were added to corn oil in a 4 x 2 factorial completely randomized design study. Meanwhile, the ultrastructures of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region were observed and the learning and memory capacities were measured in these rats. The results suggested that the mRNA and protein expression levels of all examined genes (with the exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) were significantly changed at some doses (P{\\textbackslash}textless0.05); additionally, the total distance swam by rats to reach an escape platform was significantly increased and the ratio of distance taken in the platform quadrant to total distance was notably decreased in all treated groups in the water maze experiment (P{\\textbackslash}textless0.05) compared to the control. Numerous alterations were observed in the ultrastructure of neurons in PBDE-47 alone or combination of PBDE-47 and PCB153 groups. Furthermore, an interaction was found between PBDE-47 and PCB153 in lengthening the total distance taken to the platform and decreasing the platform quadrant ratios in the water maze experiment, as well as in the inducing of caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C mRNA and protein expression (with exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) in the hippocampus. We conclude that PBDE-47 may induce developmental neurotoxicity in rats via three classic apoptosis pathways, and it may interact with PCB153 to enhance developmental neurotoxicity.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {He, Ping and Wang, Ai-guo and Xia, Tao and Gao, Ping and Niu, Qiang and Guo, Li-juan and Chen, Xue-min},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19576244},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: genetics, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: metabolism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: gene, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: meta, Caspases, Caspases: genetics, Caspases: metabolism, Cytochromes c, Cytochromes c: genetics, Cytochromes c: metabolism, Disease Models, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Combinations, Electron, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: pathology, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microscopy, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: pathology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes: physiopathology, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: ultrastructure, RNA, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Transmission, Transmission: methods, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: genetics, X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: metabolis, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {1088--95},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To explore the mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxic effect of PBDE-47 and its interaction with PCB153, expression levels of mRNA and proteins of the x-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), death associated protein kinase (DAPK), caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C in the hippocampus of 2-month-old rats exposed to a single oral dose of PBDE-47 and/or PCB153 on post natal day (PND) 10 were examined. Four levels of PBDE-47 (0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg) and two levels of PCB153 (0 and 5mg/kg) were added to corn oil in a 4 x 2 factorial completely randomized design study. Meanwhile, the ultrastructures of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region were observed and the learning and memory capacities were measured in these rats. The results suggested that the mRNA and protein expression levels of all examined genes (with the exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) were significantly changed at some doses (P\\textless0.05); additionally, the total distance swam by rats to reach an escape platform was significantly increased and the ratio of distance taken in the platform quadrant to total distance was notably decreased in all treated groups in the water maze experiment (P\\textless0.05) compared to the control. Numerous alterations were observed in the ultrastructure of neurons in PBDE-47 alone or combination of PBDE-47 and PCB153 groups. Furthermore, an interaction was found between PBDE-47 and PCB153 in lengthening the total distance taken to the platform and decreasing the platform quadrant ratios in the water maze experiment, as well as in the inducing of caspase3, caspase12 and cytochrome C mRNA and protein expression (with exception of cytochrome C mRNA in female rats) in the hippocampus. We conclude that PBDE-47 may induce developmental neurotoxicity in rats via three classic apoptosis pathways, and it may interact with PCB153 to enhance developmental neurotoxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrad-abdallah-rose-turner-davidson-currentusebrominatedflameretardantsinwatersedimentandfishfromenglishlakes-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrad-abdallah-rose-turner-davidson-currentusebrominatedflameretardantsinwatersedimentandfishfromenglishlakes-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842', event);\">\n    Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from English lakes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrad, S.; Abdallah, M. A.; Rose, N. L; Turner, S. D;  and Davidson, T. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(24): 9077–83. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-abdallah-rose-turner-davidson-currentusebrominatedflameretardantsinwatersedimentandfishfromenglishlakes-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from English lakes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es902185u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-abdallah-rose-turner-davidson-currentusebrominatedflameretardantsinwatersedimentandfishfromenglishlakes-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es902185u', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrad-abdallah-rose-turner-davidson-currentusebrominatedflameretardantsinwatersedimentandfishfromenglishlakes-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrad-abdallah-rose-turner-davidson-currentusebrominatedflameretardantsinwatersedimentandfishfromenglishlakes-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrad_current-use_2009,\n\ttitle = {Current-use brominated flame retardants in water, sediment, and fish from {English} lakes.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921842},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es902185u},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations are reported of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) in water (n = 27), sediment (n = 9), and fish samples (n = 30) from nine English lakes. Seasonal variation in concentrations in water is minimal. Concentrations of TBBP-A range from 140 to 3200 pg L(-1) (water), 330 to 3800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and {\\textbackslash}textless0.29 to 1.7 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Those of SigmaHBCDs range between 80 and 270 pg L(-1) (water), 880 and 4800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and 14 and 290 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Aqueous concentrations of SigmaHBCDs and TBBP-A are significantly positively correlated, indicating a common source. Average +/-sigma(n) &quot;freely-dissolved&quot; phase proportions are 47 +/- 4.7\\% (SigmaHBCDs) and 61 +/- 2.9\\% (TBBP-A). Average field-derived bioaccumulation factors are 5900, 1300, 810, and 2100 for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and SigmaHBCDs, respectively. Tetrabromocyclododecadienes are detected in all sediments, with pentabromocyclododecenes present in some. This suggests HBCD degrades via sequential loss of HBr. The delta-HBCD meso form was quantified in 43\\% of fish samples (1.0-11\\% SigmaHBCDs). Its absence from temporally and spatially consistent water and sediment samples suggests it is formed via bioisomerization. While HBCD chiral signatures are racemic in water and sediment, our data reveal enantiomeric enrichment of (-)alpha-HBCD and (+)gamma-HBCD in fish.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Rose, Neil L and Turner, Simon D and Davidson, Thomas A},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19921842},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Chromatography, England, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Liquid, Seasons, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Water Pollutants, env, frbldg, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {9077--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations are reported of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) in water (n = 27), sediment (n = 9), and fish samples (n = 30) from nine English lakes. Seasonal variation in concentrations in water is minimal. Concentrations of TBBP-A range from 140 to 3200 pg L(-1) (water), 330 to 3800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and \\textless0.29 to 1.7 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Those of SigmaHBCDs range between 80 and 270 pg L(-1) (water), 880 and 4800 pg g(-1) dry weight (sediment), and 14 and 290 ng g(-1) lipid weight (fish). Aqueous concentrations of SigmaHBCDs and TBBP-A are significantly positively correlated, indicating a common source. Average +/-sigma(n) \"freely-dissolved\" phase proportions are 47 +/- 4.7% (SigmaHBCDs) and 61 +/- 2.9% (TBBP-A). Average field-derived bioaccumulation factors are 5900, 1300, 810, and 2100 for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and SigmaHBCDs, respectively. Tetrabromocyclododecadienes are detected in all sediments, with pentabromocyclododecenes present in some. This suggests HBCD degrades via sequential loss of HBr. The delta-HBCD meso form was quantified in 43% of fish samples (1.0-11% SigmaHBCDs). Its absence from temporally and spatially consistent water and sediment samples suggests it is formed via bioisomerization. While HBCD chiral signatures are racemic in water and sediment, our data reveal enantiomeric enrichment of (-)alpha-HBCD and (+)gamma-HBCD in fish.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harju-heimstad-herzke-sandanger-posner-wania-currentstateofknowledgeandmonitoringrequirementsemergingnewbrominatedflameretardantsinflameretardedproductsandtheenvironmentta24622008-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harju-heimstad-herzke-sandanger-posner-wania-currentstateofknowledgeandmonitoringrequirementsemergingnewbrominatedflameretardantsinflameretardedproductsandtheenvironmentta24622008-2009', 'http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf', event);\">\n    Current state of knowledge and monitoring requirements: Emerging \"new\" brominated flame retardants in flame retarded products and the environment (TA-2462/2008).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harju, M; Heimstad, E.; Herzke, D; Sandanger, T; Posner, S;  and Wania, F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)</i>.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harju-heimstad-herzke-sandanger-posner-wania-currentstateofknowledgeandmonitoringrequirementsemergingnewbrominatedflameretardantsinflameretardedproductsandtheenvironmentta24622008-2009', 'http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Current state of knowledge and monitoring requirements: Emerging &quot;new&quot; brominated flame retardants in flame retarded products and the environment (TA-2462/2008). [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harju-heimstad-herzke-sandanger-posner-wania-currentstateofknowledgeandmonitoringrequirementsemergingnewbrominatedflameretardantsinflameretardedproductsandtheenvironmentta24622008-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harju-heimstad-herzke-sandanger-posner-wania-currentstateofknowledgeandmonitoringrequirementsemergingnewbrominatedflameretardantsinflameretardedproductsandtheenvironmentta24622008-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harju_current_2009,\n\ttitle = {Current state of knowledge and monitoring requirements: {Emerging} &quot;new&quot; brominated flame retardants in flame retarded products and the environment ({TA}-2462/2008).},\n\turl = {http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2462/ta2462.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are a group of chemicals that inhibit combustion. They are extensively used in electrical and electronic equipment, transport equipment, building materials, paint and insulation foams. However, many of the brominated flame retardants have undesirable effects on the environment and on human health. Therefore it is a nationnal target to substantially reduce the release of five prioritized brominated flame retardants before 2010 and completely eliminate the discharge of these five substances before 2020. The overall aim of this study is to perform a review of the current state of the knowledge on emerging “new” brominated flame retardants. This includes the use of the selected substances, environmental levels, data on toxicity and ecotoxicity, potential to bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate in the food web, analytical possibilities, potential for long range transport and their persistence in the environment. Further, this information is used to select compounds that based on the current knowledge can be relevant for further monitoring. The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) has commissioned the environmental research institute NILU (Norway), Swerea IVF (Sweden) and WECC Wania Environmental Chemist Corp. (Canada) to perform this study.},\n\tjournal = {Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)},\n\tauthor = {Harju, M and Heimstad, ES and Herzke, D and Sandanger, T and Posner, S and Wania, F},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr, frelec, tox, unsure, use, waa},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants are a group of chemicals that inhibit combustion. They are extensively used in electrical and electronic equipment, transport equipment, building materials, paint and insulation foams. However, many of the brominated flame retardants have undesirable effects on the environment and on human health. Therefore it is a nationnal target to substantially reduce the release of five prioritized brominated flame retardants before 2010 and completely eliminate the discharge of these five substances before 2020. The overall aim of this study is to perform a review of the current state of the knowledge on emerging “new” brominated flame retardants. This includes the use of the selected substances, environmental levels, data on toxicity and ecotoxicity, potential to bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate in the food web, analytical possibilities, potential for long range transport and their persistence in the environment. Further, this information is used to select compounds that based on the current knowledge can be relevant for further monitoring. The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) has commissioned the environmental research institute NILU (Norway), Swerea IVF (Sweden) and WECC Wania Environmental Chemist Corp. (Canada) to perform this study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hardy-banasik-stedeford-toxicologyandhumanhealthassessmentofdecabromodiphenylether-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hardy-banasik-stedeford-toxicologyandhumanhealthassessmentofdecabromodiphenylether-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087', event);\">\n    Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hardy, M. L; Banasik, M.;  and Stedeford, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Critical reviews in toxicology</i>, 39 Suppl 3: 1–44. November 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardy-banasik-stedeford-toxicologyandhumanhealthassessmentofdecabromodiphenylether-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10408440902837967\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardy-banasik-stedeford-toxicologyandhumanhealthassessmentofdecabromodiphenylether-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10408440902837967', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hardy-banasik-stedeford-toxicologyandhumanhealthassessmentofdecabromodiphenylether-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hardy-banasik-stedeford-toxicologyandhumanhealthassessmentofdecabromodiphenylether-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hardy_toxicology_2009,\n\ttitle = {Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether.},\n\tvolume = {39 Suppl 3},\n\tissn = {1547-6898},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874087},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10408440902837967},\n\tabstract = {We evaluated the available pharmacokinetic data and human and animal toxicity data for 2,2&#x27;,3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6,6&#x27;-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (CASRN 1163-19-5) with the objective of deriving a reference dose (RfD) based on the best available science. The available studies for deriving an RfD were first screened using the Klimisch criteria and further evaluated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency&#x27;s general assessment factors for data quality and relevance (i.e., soundness, applicability and utility, clarity and completeness, uncertainty and variability, and evaluation and review). The chronic 2-year dietary feeding study conducted by the United States National Toxicology Program ( NTP, 1986 , Technical Report Series No. 309) was selected for RfD derivation. Hepatocellular degeneration in male rats was chosen as the critical endpoint in the development of an RfD. For dose-response characterization, we applied benchmark-dose modeling to animal data and determined a point of departure (the 95\\% lower confidence limit for a 10\\% increase in hepatocellular degeneration) of 419 mg/kg-day for oral exposures. Based on the similar pharmacokinetic characteristics of BDE-209 across species, this value was converted to a human equivalence dose of 113 mg/kg-day by applying a dosimetric adjustment factor based on body weight scaling to the (3/4) power. An oral RfD of 4 mg/kg-day was calculated by using a composite uncertainty factor of 30, which consisted of 10 for intraspecies uncertainty, 3 for interspecies uncertainty (i.e., 3 for toxicodynamics x 1 for toxicokinetics), and 1 for deficiencies with the database. We consider the RfD to be adequately protective of sensitive subpopulations, including women, their fetuses, children, and people with hepatocellular diseases.},\n\tjournal = {Critical reviews in toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Hardy, Marcia L and Banasik, Marek and Stedeford, Todd},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19874087},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Benchmarking, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: standards, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Health Status, Humans, Reference Standards, Risk Assessment, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {1--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We evaluated the available pharmacokinetic data and human and animal toxicity data for 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (CASRN 1163-19-5) with the objective of deriving a reference dose (RfD) based on the best available science. The available studies for deriving an RfD were first screened using the Klimisch criteria and further evaluated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency's general assessment factors for data quality and relevance (i.e., soundness, applicability and utility, clarity and completeness, uncertainty and variability, and evaluation and review). The chronic 2-year dietary feeding study conducted by the United States National Toxicology Program ( NTP, 1986 , Technical Report Series No. 309) was selected for RfD derivation. Hepatocellular degeneration in male rats was chosen as the critical endpoint in the development of an RfD. For dose-response characterization, we applied benchmark-dose modeling to animal data and determined a point of departure (the 95% lower confidence limit for a 10% increase in hepatocellular degeneration) of 419 mg/kg-day for oral exposures. Based on the similar pharmacokinetic characteristics of BDE-209 across species, this value was converted to a human equivalence dose of 113 mg/kg-day by applying a dosimetric adjustment factor based on body weight scaling to the (3/4) power. An oral RfD of 4 mg/kg-day was calculated by using a composite uncertainty factor of 30, which consisted of 10 for intraspecies uncertainty, 3 for interspecies uncertainty (i.e., 3 for toxicodynamics x 1 for toxicokinetics), and 1 for deficiencies with the database. We consider the RfD to be adequately protective of sensitive subpopulations, including women, their fetuses, children, and people with hepatocellular diseases.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"han-feng-gu-chen-wu-fu-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheatmosphereoftaizhouamajorewastedismantlingareainchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'han-feng-gu-chen-wu-fu-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheatmosphereoftaizhouamajorewastedismantlingareainchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Han, W.; Feng, J.; Gu, Z.; Chen, D.; Wu, M.;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 83(6): 783–8. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('han-feng-gu-chen-wu-fu-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheatmosphereoftaizhouamajorewastedismantlingareainchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9855-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('han-feng-gu-chen-wu-fu-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheatmosphereoftaizhouamajorewastedismantlingareainchina-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9855-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/han-feng-gu-chen-wu-fu-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheatmosphereoftaizhouamajorewastedismantlingareainchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('han-feng-gu-chen-wu-fu-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheatmosphereoftaizhouamajorewastedismantlingareainchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{han_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of {Taizhou}, a major e-waste dismantling area in {China}.},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1432-0800},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19760354},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00128-009-9855-9},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations, congener profiles, gas-particle partitioning and size distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of Taizhou were studied to evaluate the impact of e-waste recycling on the environment. Total concentration of 13 PBDEs near the e-waste dismantling area was 506 pg m(-3) in summer and 1,662 pg m(-3) in winter, about 7 times higher than that of the reference urban site, but much lower than that of Guiyu, another major e-waste dismantling area in China. This should be attributable to the centralized management measures taken in recent years in Taizhou. BDE-209 was the major congener and mainly in coarse particles.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Han, Wenliang and Feng, Jialiang and Gu, Zeping and Chen, Duohong and Wu, Minghong and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19760354},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Air Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, China, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Refuse Disposal},\n\tpages = {783--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations, congener profiles, gas-particle partitioning and size distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere of Taizhou were studied to evaluate the impact of e-waste recycling on the environment. Total concentration of 13 PBDEs near the e-waste dismantling area was 506 pg m(-3) in summer and 1,662 pg m(-3) in winter, about 7 times higher than that of the reference urban site, but much lower than that of Guiyu, another major e-waste dismantling area in China. This should be attributable to the centralized management measures taken in recent years in Taizhou. BDE-209 was the major congener and mainly in coarse particles.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hall-thomas-mcconnell-exposuretopersistentorganicpollutantsandfirstyearsurvivalprobabilityingraysealpups-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hall-thomas-mcconnell-exposuretopersistentorganicpollutantsandfirstyearsurvivalprobabilityingraysealpups-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738', event);\">\n    Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and first-year survival probability in gray seal pups.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall, A. J; Thomas, G. O;  and McConnell, B. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(16): 6364–9. August 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hall-thomas-mcconnell-exposuretopersistentorganicpollutantsandfirstyearsurvivalprobabilityingraysealpups-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and first-year survival probability in gray seal pups. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hall-thomas-mcconnell-exposuretopersistentorganicpollutantsandfirstyearsurvivalprobabilityingraysealpups-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hall-thomas-mcconnell-exposuretopersistentorganicpollutantsandfirstyearsurvivalprobabilityingraysealpups-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hall_exposure_2009,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and first-year survival probability in gray seal pups.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746738},\n\tabstract = {Many studies have demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants are transferred from mother to pup during lactation in phocid seals, but none have been able to determine the significance of these findings for survivorship. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between blubber contaminant concentrations and first-year survival in gray seal pups. A mark-recapture framework was used to estimate survival probabilities and animals were &quot;marked&quot; using novel mobile phone tags. Individual and group covariates (sex, condition, and blubber contaminants) were embedded within a live-resighting model. The most significant covariates remained condition at weaning and sex (males in poor condition had the lowest survival probability), as was found previously, but there was also evidence indicating that higher blubber contaminants additionally decreased survivorship. The models&#x27; Akaike&#x27;s Information Criteria (AICs) and their associated weights, point toward the tetrapolybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (dominated by BDE-47) as being the most important group of contaminants affecting survival probability, followed by the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and pentapolychlorinated biphenyl congeners. These compounds were not the most abundant in the blubber, suggesting further studies into their toxicological effects in this species are necessary. The specific mechanisms driving the reduction in survivorship remain unknown.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hall, Ailsa J and Thomas, Gareth O and McConnell, Bernie J},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19746738},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Confidence Intervals, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Likelihood Functions, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: poisoning, Probability, Seals, Survival Analysis, Weaning, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {6364--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many studies have demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants are transferred from mother to pup during lactation in phocid seals, but none have been able to determine the significance of these findings for survivorship. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between blubber contaminant concentrations and first-year survival in gray seal pups. A mark-recapture framework was used to estimate survival probabilities and animals were \"marked\" using novel mobile phone tags. Individual and group covariates (sex, condition, and blubber contaminants) were embedded within a live-resighting model. The most significant covariates remained condition at weaning and sex (males in poor condition had the lowest survival probability), as was found previously, but there was also evidence indicating that higher blubber contaminants additionally decreased survivorship. The models' Akaike's Information Criteria (AICs) and their associated weights, point toward the tetrapolybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (dominated by BDE-47) as being the most important group of contaminants affecting survival probability, followed by the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and pentapolychlorinated biphenyl congeners. These compounds were not the most abundant in the blubber, suggesting further studies into their toxicological effects in this species are necessary. The specific mechanisms driving the reduction in survivorship remain unknown.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gauthier-potter-hebert-letcher-temporaltrendsandspatialdistributionofnonpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsintheeggsofcolonialpopulationsofgreatlakesherringgulls-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gauthier-potter-hebert-letcher-temporaltrendsandspatialdistributionofnonpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsintheeggsofcolonialpopulationsofgreatlakesherringgulls-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957', event);\">\n    Temporal trends and spatial distribution of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the eggs of colonial populations of Great Lakes herring gulls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gauthier, L. T; Potter, D.; Hebert, C. E;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(2): 312–7. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gauthier-potter-hebert-letcher-temporaltrendsandspatialdistributionofnonpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsintheeggsofcolonialpopulationsofgreatlakesherringgulls-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Temporal trends and spatial distribution of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the eggs of colonial populations of Great Lakes herring gulls. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gauthier-potter-hebert-letcher-temporaltrendsandspatialdistributionofnonpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsintheeggsofcolonialpopulationsofgreatlakesherringgulls-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gauthier-potter-hebert-letcher-temporaltrendsandspatialdistributionofnonpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsintheeggsofcolonialpopulationsofgreatlakesherringgulls-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gauthier_temporal_2009,\n\ttitle = {Temporal trends and spatial distribution of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the eggs of colonial populations of {Great} {Lakes} herring gulls.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238957},\n\tabstract = {The production and use of nonpolybrominated diphenyl ether (non-PBDE), brominated flame retardant (BFR) alternatives have been on the rise, although their assessment in environmental samples is largely understudied. In the present study, several non-PBDE BFRs were found in the egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from seven colonies in the five Laurentian Great Lakes (collected in 1982 to 2006). Of the 19 BFRs monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophe-noxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-isomers of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoeth-yl)cyclohexane (TBECH) were present in eggs from all the colonies with the highest detection frequencies of 100\\%, 54\\%, 9\\% and 97\\%, respectively. In 2005 and 2006 eggs, the concentrations of DBDPE were highest at three of the seven colonies (1.3 to 288 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and surpassed decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). HBB (0.10 to 3.92 ng/g ww), BTBPE (1.82 to 0.06 ng/g ww), and Sigma-TBECH (0.04 to 3.44 ng/g ww; mainly the beta-isomer 52 to 100\\% of Sigma-TBECH) were detected at lower concentrations (and generally {\\textbackslash}textless{\\textbackslash}textlessSigmaPBDE concentrations). Spatial trends were observed, although temporal trends were not obvious in most cases. Regardless, over the past 25 years non-PBDE BFRs have accumulated variably in female herring gulls and have been transferred during ovogenesis to their eggs, indicating that there has been continual exposure and bioaccumulation of several BFRs in the Great Lakes.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Gauthier, Lewis T and Potter, Dave and Hebert, Craig E and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19238957},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes: metabolism, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: analysis, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Isomerism, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Population Dynamics, Time Factors, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {312--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The production and use of nonpolybrominated diphenyl ether (non-PBDE), brominated flame retardant (BFR) alternatives have been on the rise, although their assessment in environmental samples is largely understudied. In the present study, several non-PBDE BFRs were found in the egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from seven colonies in the five Laurentian Great Lakes (collected in 1982 to 2006). Of the 19 BFRs monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophe-noxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-isomers of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoeth-yl)cyclohexane (TBECH) were present in eggs from all the colonies with the highest detection frequencies of 100%, 54%, 9% and 97%, respectively. In 2005 and 2006 eggs, the concentrations of DBDPE were highest at three of the seven colonies (1.3 to 288 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and surpassed decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). HBB (0.10 to 3.92 ng/g ww), BTBPE (1.82 to 0.06 ng/g ww), and Sigma-TBECH (0.04 to 3.44 ng/g ww; mainly the beta-isomer 52 to 100% of Sigma-TBECH) were detected at lower concentrations (and generally \\textless\\textlessSigmaPBDE concentrations). Spatial trends were observed, although temporal trends were not obvious in most cases. Regardless, over the past 25 years non-PBDE BFRs have accumulated variably in female herring gulls and have been transferred during ovogenesis to their eggs, indicating that there has been continual exposure and bioaccumulation of several BFRs in the Great Lakes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gao-luo-yang-wang-mai-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbirdeggsfromtheyellowriverdeltanorthchina-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gao-luo-yang-wang-mai-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbirdeggsfromtheyellowriverdeltanorthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in bird eggs from the Yellow River Delta, North China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gao, F.; Luo, X.; Yang, Z.; Wang, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(18): 6956–62. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gao-luo-yang-wang-mai-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbirdeggsfromtheyellowriverdeltanorthchina-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in bird eggs from the Yellow River Delta, North China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gao-luo-yang-wang-mai-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbirdeggsfromtheyellowriverdeltanorthchina-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gao-luo-yang-wang-mai-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinbirdeggsfromtheyellowriverdeltanorthchina-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gao_brominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in bird eggs from the {Yellow} {River} {Delta}, {North} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806727},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of several persistent organohalogen compounds such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153) were measured in eggs of six species of wild aquatic birds, one species of wild terrestrial bird, and two species of captive birds from North China. Among the contaminants measured, DDTs were the dominant compounds, HCHs and PCBs were in nearly the same concentration range, and PBDEs exhibited lower concentrations than other compound groups. The median concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, PCBs, and PBDEs in all avian species ranged from 21 to 11034, 5.5 to 623, 1.0 to 613, and 4.6 to 146 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Median concentrations of DBDPE and PBB 153 in all avian species were in the range of not detectable (ND)-1.7 and ND-0.7 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Significant differences among species in contaminant profiles and contaminant levels were found depending on their feeding habits, habitat, and migration. The captive birds had the lowest contaminant levels and entirely different congener profiles in PCBs and PBDEs from those of wild birds, which can be attributed to differences in dietary compositions and reproduction rates. Octa- to deca-BDEs contributed more to the total PBDEs in wild terrestrial and captive birds than in wild aquatic birds, except for one insectivorous species, possibly due to greater exposure to terrestrial food sources. Preliminary risk assessment suggests that there is no risk of a reduction in offspring survival in avian species from North China due to organohalogen compounds, except for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), which would be expected to affect some proportion of the populations of several species of birds studied.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Gao, Fan and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Yang, Zhi-Feng and Wang, Xin-Ming and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19806727},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, DDT, DDT: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: analysis, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Lindane, Lindane: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Risk Assessment, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {6956--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of several persistent organohalogen compounds such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153) were measured in eggs of six species of wild aquatic birds, one species of wild terrestrial bird, and two species of captive birds from North China. Among the contaminants measured, DDTs were the dominant compounds, HCHs and PCBs were in nearly the same concentration range, and PBDEs exhibited lower concentrations than other compound groups. The median concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, PCBs, and PBDEs in all avian species ranged from 21 to 11034, 5.5 to 623, 1.0 to 613, and 4.6 to 146 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Median concentrations of DBDPE and PBB 153 in all avian species were in the range of not detectable (ND)-1.7 and ND-0.7 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. Significant differences among species in contaminant profiles and contaminant levels were found depending on their feeding habits, habitat, and migration. The captive birds had the lowest contaminant levels and entirely different congener profiles in PCBs and PBDEs from those of wild birds, which can be attributed to differences in dietary compositions and reproduction rates. Octa- to deca-BDEs contributed more to the total PBDEs in wild terrestrial and captive birds than in wild aquatic birds, except for one insectivorous species, possibly due to greater exposure to terrestrial food sources. Preliminary risk assessment suggests that there is no risk of a reduction in offspring survival in avian species from North China due to organohalogen compounds, except for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), which would be expected to affect some proportion of the populations of several species of birds studied.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"frederiksen-vorkamp-thomsen-knudsen-humaninternalandexternalexposuretopbdesareviewoflevelsandsources-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'frederiksen-vorkamp-thomsen-knudsen-humaninternalandexternalexposuretopbdesareviewoflevelsandsources-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980', event);\">\n    Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs–a review of levels and sources.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Frederiksen, M.; Vorkamp, K.; Thomsen, M.;  and Knudsen, L. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</i>, 212(2): 109–34. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-vorkamp-thomsen-knudsen-humaninternalandexternalexposuretopbdesareviewoflevelsandsources-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs–a review of levels and sources. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-vorkamp-thomsen-knudsen-humaninternalandexternalexposuretopbdesareviewoflevelsandsources-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/frederiksen-vorkamp-thomsen-knudsen-humaninternalandexternalexposuretopbdesareviewoflevelsandsources-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('frederiksen-vorkamp-thomsen-knudsen-humaninternalandexternalexposuretopbdesareviewoflevelsandsources-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{frederiksen_human_2009,\n\ttitle = {Human internal and external exposure to {PBDEs}–a review of levels and sources.},\n\tvolume = {212},\n\tissn = {1618-131X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554980},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005},\n\tabstract = {This paper reviews the existing literature on human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), with particular focus on external exposure routes (e.g. dust, diet, and air) and the resulting internal exposure to PBDEs (e.g. breast milk and blood). Being lipophilic and persistent organic compounds, PBDEs accumulate in lipid-rich tissues. Consequently, food items like fish from high trophic levels or lipid-rich oils have been found to contain relatively high concentrations of PBDEs, thus presenting an important exposure pathway to humans. The presence of PBDEs in various products of everyday use may lead to some additional exposure in the home environment. Dust seem to be an aggregate of the indoor source, and the ingestion of dust conveys the highest intake of BDE-209 of all sources, possibly also of other PBDE congeners. The PBDE exposure through dust is significant for toddlers who ingest more dust than adults. Infants are also exposed to PBDEs via breast milk. Internal human exposure has generally been found to be one order of magnitude larger in North America than in Europe and Asia. These differences cannot solely be explained by the dietary intake as meat products are the only food group where some differences has been observed. However, indoor air and dust concentrations have been found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher in North America than in Europe, possibly a result of different fire safety standards. Within Europe, higher PBDE concentrations in dust were found in the UK than in continental Europe. Recent studies have shown that BDE-209 also accumulates in humans. A shift in congener composition from maternal to umbilical cord blood has been observed in several cases. A shift has also been observed for BDE-209, which is present in larger ratios in umbilical cord blood and in particular in placenta than in maternal blood.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Vorkamp, Katrin and Thomsen, Marianne and Knudsen, Lisbeth E},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {18554980},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: adverse effects, Air Pollutants: chemistry, Diet, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Male, Milk, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, ffr, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {109--34},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper reviews the existing literature on human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), with particular focus on external exposure routes (e.g. dust, diet, and air) and the resulting internal exposure to PBDEs (e.g. breast milk and blood). Being lipophilic and persistent organic compounds, PBDEs accumulate in lipid-rich tissues. Consequently, food items like fish from high trophic levels or lipid-rich oils have been found to contain relatively high concentrations of PBDEs, thus presenting an important exposure pathway to humans. The presence of PBDEs in various products of everyday use may lead to some additional exposure in the home environment. Dust seem to be an aggregate of the indoor source, and the ingestion of dust conveys the highest intake of BDE-209 of all sources, possibly also of other PBDE congeners. The PBDE exposure through dust is significant for toddlers who ingest more dust than adults. Infants are also exposed to PBDEs via breast milk. Internal human exposure has generally been found to be one order of magnitude larger in North America than in Europe and Asia. These differences cannot solely be explained by the dietary intake as meat products are the only food group where some differences has been observed. However, indoor air and dust concentrations have been found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher in North America than in Europe, possibly a result of different fire safety standards. Within Europe, higher PBDE concentrations in dust were found in the UK than in continental Europe. Recent studies have shown that BDE-209 also accumulates in humans. A shift in congener composition from maternal to umbilical cord blood has been observed in several cases. A shift has also been observed for BDE-209, which is present in larger ratios in umbilical cord blood and in particular in placenta than in maternal blood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"franzblau-zwica-knutson-chen-lee-hong-adriaems-demond-etal-aninvestigationofhomeswithhighconcentrationsofpcddspcdfsandordioxinlikepcbsinhousedust-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'franzblau-zwica-knutson-chen-lee-hong-adriaems-demond-etal-aninvestigationofhomeswithhighconcentrationsofpcddspcdfsandordioxinlikepcbsinhousedust-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164', event);\">\n    An investigation of homes with high concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and/or dioxin-like PCBs in house dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Franzblau, A.; Zwica, L.; Knutson, K.; Chen, Q.; Lee, S.; Hong, B.; Adriaems, P.; Demond, A.; Garabrant, D.; Gillespie, B.; Lepkowski, J.; Luksemburg, W.; Maier, M.;  and Towey, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene</i>, 6(3): 188–99. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('franzblau-zwica-knutson-chen-lee-hong-adriaems-demond-etal-aninvestigationofhomeswithhighconcentrationsofpcddspcdfsandordioxinlikepcbsinhousedust-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An investigation of homes with high concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and/or dioxin-like PCBs in house dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15459620802694975\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('franzblau-zwica-knutson-chen-lee-hong-adriaems-demond-etal-aninvestigationofhomeswithhighconcentrationsofpcddspcdfsandordioxinlikepcbsinhousedust-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15459620802694975', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/franzblau-zwica-knutson-chen-lee-hong-adriaems-demond-etal-aninvestigationofhomeswithhighconcentrationsofpcddspcdfsandordioxinlikepcbsinhousedust-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('franzblau-zwica-knutson-chen-lee-hong-adriaems-demond-etal-aninvestigationofhomeswithhighconcentrationsofpcddspcdfsandordioxinlikepcbsinhousedust-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{franzblau_investigation_2009,\n\ttitle = {An investigation of homes with high concentrations of {PCDDs}, {PCDFs}, and/or dioxin-like {PCBs} in house dust.},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1545-9632},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152164},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15459620802694975},\n\tabstract = {As part of the University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study, the 29 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls that have World Health Organization consensus toxic equivalency factors were measured in house dust from 764 homes using a population-based sampling design over selected regions in five Michigan counties. Twenty homes had a total toxic equivalency in house dust that was more than 2.5 standard deviations above the mean (i.e., defined to be outliers). This follow-up investigation describes the outlier house dust measurements and corresponding soil measurements and explores possible sources of these toxins in house dust. The congener distributions in the house dust outliers varied and were dominated (i.e., {\\textbackslash}textgreater50\\% of the total toxic equivalency) by either polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (n = 9), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (n = 1), or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 9). Likely sources of contamination of house dust were identified in only three cases. In two cases, dust contamination appeared to be related to contaminated soil adjacent to the home; in one case, contamination was related to a source within the home (a carpet pad). In most cases, the source(s) of contamination of house dust could not be identified but appeared likely to be related to uncharacterized sources within the homes.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene},\n\tauthor = {Franzblau, Alfred and Zwica, Lynn and Knutson, Kristine and Chen, Qixuan and Lee, Shih-Yuan and Hong, Biling and Adriaems, Peter and Demond, Avery and Garabrant, David and Gillespie, Brenda and Lepkowski, James and Luksemburg, William and Maier, Martha and Towey, Tim},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19152164},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: blood, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: blood, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: blood},\n\tpages = {188--99},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As part of the University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study, the 29 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls that have World Health Organization consensus toxic equivalency factors were measured in house dust from 764 homes using a population-based sampling design over selected regions in five Michigan counties. Twenty homes had a total toxic equivalency in house dust that was more than 2.5 standard deviations above the mean (i.e., defined to be outliers). This follow-up investigation describes the outlier house dust measurements and corresponding soil measurements and explores possible sources of these toxins in house dust. The congener distributions in the house dust outliers varied and were dominated (i.e., \\textgreater50% of the total toxic equivalency) by either polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (n = 9), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (n = 1), or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 9). Likely sources of contamination of house dust were identified in only three cases. In two cases, dust contamination appeared to be related to contaminated soil adjacent to the home; in one case, contamination was related to a source within the home (a carpet pad). In most cases, the source(s) of contamination of house dust could not be identified but appeared likely to be related to uncharacterized sources within the homes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"flynn-usstructurefiresinnonresidentialproperties-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'flynn-usstructurefiresinnonresidentialproperties-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf', event);\">\n    U.S. structure fires in non-residential properties.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Flynn, J. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('flynn-usstructurefiresinnonresidentialproperties-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"U.S. structure fires in non-residential properties [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/flynn-usstructurefiresinnonresidentialproperties-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('flynn-usstructurefiresinnonresidentialproperties-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{flynn_u.s._2009,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {U.{S}. structure fires in non-residential properties},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NFPA nonresidential.pdf},\n\tnumber = {October},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Flynn, Jennifer D},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fonnum-mariussen-mechanismsinvolvedintheneurotoxiceffectsofenvironmentaltoxicantssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardants-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fonnum-mariussen-mechanismsinvolvedintheneurotoxiceffectsofenvironmentaltoxicantssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardants-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104', event);\">\n    Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fonnum, F.;  and Mariussen, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of neurochemistry</i>, 111(6): 1327–47. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fonnum-mariussen-mechanismsinvolvedintheneurotoxiceffectsofenvironmentaltoxicantssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardants-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06427.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fonnum-mariussen-mechanismsinvolvedintheneurotoxiceffectsofenvironmentaltoxicantssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardants-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06427.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fonnum-mariussen-mechanismsinvolvedintheneurotoxiceffectsofenvironmentaltoxicantssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardants-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fonnum-mariussen-mechanismsinvolvedintheneurotoxiceffectsofenvironmentaltoxicantssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardants-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fonnum_mechanisms_2009,\n\ttitle = {Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {111},\n\tissn = {1471-4159},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818104},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06427.x},\n\tabstract = {Many toxic substances have been distributed to the environment, some of which have properties that promote accumulation and biomagnification in living organisms. Approximately 1.2 million metric tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been produced and about 30\\% have been discharged to the environment. Approximately 200 000 metric tons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are produced annually, of which considerable amounts have been spread globally, even to the Polar Regions. Behavioral testing of animals has shown that these compounds may affect learning, memory and fine motor functions. Animals are most sensitive during early development. Several epidemiological studies have shown that PCBs and BFRs may be responsible for similar effects in humans. Of especially concern are possible effects of PCBs and BFRs in mixtures containing the highly neurotoxic methyl mercury. The compounds affect several targets in the nervous system that seem to be interconnected, and may be responsible for the observed behavioral deficits. It was shown early that PCBs affect dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Later studies showed that transport mechanisms of these neurotransmitters appear to be particularly sensitive to PCBs. Furthermore, PCBs affect intracellular calcium levels and induce formation of reactive oxygen species both in vivo and in vitro, and reduce cell viability in vitro. Neuroendocrine functions, particularly the thyroid hormone system, are also sensitive to disruption by PCBs and BFRs. Their metabolites, such as hydroxy-metabolites, appear to be particularly potent. We conclude that PCBs are particularly toxic during early development and that the toxic effects are a combination of several factors, including disturbance of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and influence on neurotransmitter transport. Monoaminergic cells appear to be particularly vulnerable.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of neurochemistry},\n\tauthor = {Fonnum, Frode and Mariussen, Espen},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19818104},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: poisoning, Calcium, Calcium: metabolism, Ecotoxicology, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: poisoning, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Homeostasis: physiology, Humans, Models, Neuronal Plasticity, Neuronal Plasticity: drug effects, Neuronal Plasticity: physiology, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Poisoning, Poisoning: etiology, Poisoning: pathology, Poisoning: physiopathology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: poisoning},\n\tpages = {1327--47},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many toxic substances have been distributed to the environment, some of which have properties that promote accumulation and biomagnification in living organisms. Approximately 1.2 million metric tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been produced and about 30% have been discharged to the environment. Approximately 200 000 metric tons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are produced annually, of which considerable amounts have been spread globally, even to the Polar Regions. Behavioral testing of animals has shown that these compounds may affect learning, memory and fine motor functions. Animals are most sensitive during early development. Several epidemiological studies have shown that PCBs and BFRs may be responsible for similar effects in humans. Of especially concern are possible effects of PCBs and BFRs in mixtures containing the highly neurotoxic methyl mercury. The compounds affect several targets in the nervous system that seem to be interconnected, and may be responsible for the observed behavioral deficits. It was shown early that PCBs affect dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Later studies showed that transport mechanisms of these neurotransmitters appear to be particularly sensitive to PCBs. Furthermore, PCBs affect intracellular calcium levels and induce formation of reactive oxygen species both in vivo and in vitro, and reduce cell viability in vitro. Neuroendocrine functions, particularly the thyroid hormone system, are also sensitive to disruption by PCBs and BFRs. Their metabolites, such as hydroxy-metabolites, appear to be particularly potent. We conclude that PCBs are particularly toxic during early development and that the toxic effects are a combination of several factors, including disturbance of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and influence on neurotransmitter transport. Monoaminergic cells appear to be particularly vulnerable.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-bird-environmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofde71andhbcdaltereggshellthicknessandreproductivesuccessofamericankestrels-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-bird-environmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofde71andhbcdaltereggshellthicknessandreproductivesuccessofamericankestrels-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224', event);\">\n    Environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and HBCD alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of American kestrels.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernie, K. J; Shutt, J L.; Letcher, R. J; Ritchie, I. J;  and Bird, D. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(6): 2124–30. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-bird-environmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofde71andhbcdaltereggshellthicknessandreproductivesuccessofamericankestrels-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and HBCD alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of American kestrels. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-bird-environmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofde71andhbcdaltereggshellthicknessandreproductivesuccessofamericankestrels-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-bird-environmentallyrelevantconcentrationsofde71andhbcdaltereggshellthicknessandreproductivesuccessofamericankestrels-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernie_environmentally_2009,\n\ttitle = {Environmentally relevant concentrations of {DE}-71 and {HBCD} alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of {American} kestrels.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19368224},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and total alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are flame-retardant additives that are commonly used in household and commercial applications. PBDE congeners, which are comprised of technical mixtures such as DE-71, are globally persistent and their concentrations are increasing in many species. Captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed by diet to vehicle (safflower oil), or one of two environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and unintentionally to HBCD. This exposure resulted in the birds laying eggs that contain PBDE and HBCD concentrations currently found in wild herring gull (Larus argentatus) and peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) eggs, and compared to control kestrels, resulted in delayed egg laying and smaller eggs being laid, caused thinner eggshells and differential weight loss during embryonic development, and reduced fertility and reproductive success. The thickness of the eggshell declined as the concentrations of all measured PBDE and the total amount of a-HBCD congeners (except BDE-183 and BDE-209) increased; increasing concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-28, BDE-17, delayed egg laying, reduced eggshell mass (plus sigmaPBDEs), and reduced fledging success (BDE-153 and BDE-154 only). BDE-153 is the dominant congener recently found in peregrine eggs. The results of this study are consistent with the PBDE-associated brood reduction in wild European peregrines and may partially explain the decline of kestrels in North America.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, J Laird and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, Ian J and Bird, David M},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19368224},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Male, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Ovum: physiology, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects},\n\tpages = {2124--30},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and total alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are flame-retardant additives that are commonly used in household and commercial applications. PBDE congeners, which are comprised of technical mixtures such as DE-71, are globally persistent and their concentrations are increasing in many species. Captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed by diet to vehicle (safflower oil), or one of two environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 and unintentionally to HBCD. This exposure resulted in the birds laying eggs that contain PBDE and HBCD concentrations currently found in wild herring gull (Larus argentatus) and peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) eggs, and compared to control kestrels, resulted in delayed egg laying and smaller eggs being laid, caused thinner eggshells and differential weight loss during embryonic development, and reduced fertility and reproductive success. The thickness of the eggshell declined as the concentrations of all measured PBDE and the total amount of a-HBCD congeners (except BDE-183 and BDE-209) increased; increasing concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-28, BDE-17, delayed egg laying, reduced eggshell mass (plus sigmaPBDEs), and reduced fledging success (BDE-153 and BDE-154 only). BDE-153 is the dominant congener recently found in peregrine eggs. The results of this study are consistent with the PBDE-associated brood reduction in wild European peregrines and may partially explain the decline of kestrels in North America.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-shortchainchlorinatedparaffinssccpsandotherchlorinatedparaffinsactionplan-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Other Chlorinated Paraffins Action Plan.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-shortchainchlorinatedparaffinssccpsandotherchlorinatedparaffinsactionplan-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-shortchainchlorinatedparaffinssccpsandotherchlorinatedparaffinsactionplan-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{epa_short-chain_2009,\n\ttitle = {Short-{Chain} {Chlorinated} {Paraffins} ({SCCPs}) and {Other} {Chlorinated} {Paraffins} {Action} {Plan}},\n\tauthor = {{EPA}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofhbcddaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofhbcddaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf', event);\">\n    Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of HBCDD as well as information on potential alternatives to its use.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ECHA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 2 European Chemicals Agency, IOM Consulting, Helsinki, Finland,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofhbcddaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of HBCDD as well as information on potential alternatives to its use [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofhbcddaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofhbcddaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{echa_data_2009,\n\taddress = {Helsinki, Finland},\n\ttitle = {Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of {HBCDD} as well as information on potential alternatives to its use},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ECHA HBCD release.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {European Chemicals Agency, IOM Consulting},\n\tauthor = {{ECHA}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dingemans-heusinkveld-degroot-bergman-vandenberg-westerink-hexabromocyclododecaneinhibitsdepolarizationinducedincreaseinintracellularcalciumlevelsandneurotransmitterreleaseinpc12cells-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dingemans-heusinkveld-degroot-bergman-vandenberg-westerink-hexabromocyclododecaneinhibitsdepolarizationinducedincreaseinintracellularcalciumlevelsandneurotransmitterreleaseinpc12cells-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecane inhibits depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in PC12 cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dingemans, M. M L; Heusinkveld, H. J; de Groot, A.; Bergman, A.; van Den Berg, M.;  and Westerink, R. H S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 107(2): 490–7. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dingemans-heusinkveld-degroot-bergman-vandenberg-westerink-hexabromocyclododecaneinhibitsdepolarizationinducedincreaseinintracellularcalciumlevelsandneurotransmitterreleaseinpc12cells-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecane inhibits depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in PC12 cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn249\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dingemans-heusinkveld-degroot-bergman-vandenberg-westerink-hexabromocyclododecaneinhibitsdepolarizationinducedincreaseinintracellularcalciumlevelsandneurotransmitterreleaseinpc12cells-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn249', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dingemans-heusinkveld-degroot-bergman-vandenberg-westerink-hexabromocyclododecaneinhibitsdepolarizationinducedincreaseinintracellularcalciumlevelsandneurotransmitterreleaseinpc12cells-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dingemans-heusinkveld-degroot-bergman-vandenberg-westerink-hexabromocyclododecaneinhibitsdepolarizationinducedincreaseinintracellularcalciumlevelsandneurotransmitterreleaseinpc12cells-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dingemans_hexabromocyclododecane_2009,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecane inhibits depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in {PC12} cells.},\n\tvolume = {107},\n\tissn = {1096-0929},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056936},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfn249},\n\tabstract = {Environmental levels of the brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been increasing. HBCD has been shown to cause adverse effects on learning and behavior in mice, as well as on dopamine uptake in rat synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles. For other BFRs, alterations in the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis have been observed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the technical HBCD mixture and individual stereoisomers affect the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a neuroendocrine in vitro model (PC12 cells). [Ca(2+)](i) and vesicular catecholamine release were measured using respectively single-cell Fura-2 imaging and amperometry. Exposure of PC12 cells to the technical HBCD mixture or individual stereoisomers did neither affect basal [Ca(2+)](i), nor the frequency of basal neurotransmitter release. However, exposure to HBCD (0-20 microM) did cause a dose-dependent reduction of a subsequent depolarization-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)](i). This effect was apparent only when HBCD was applied at least 5 min before depolarization (maximum effect after 20 min exposure). The effects of alpha- and beta-HBCD were comparable to that of the technical mixture, whereas the inhibitory effect of gamma-HBCD was larger. Using specific blockers of L-, N- or P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs) it was shown that the inhibitory effect of HBCD is not VGCC-specific. Additionally, the number of cells showing depolarization-evoked neurotransmitter release was markedly reduced following HBCD exposure. Summarizing, HBCD inhibits depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) and neurotransmitter release. As increasing HBCD levels should be anticipated, these findings justify additional efforts to establish an adequate exposure, hazard and risk assessment.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Dingemans, Milou M L and Heusinkveld, Harm J and de Groot, Aart and Bergman, Ake and van Den Berg, Martin and Westerink, Remco H S},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19056936},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Calcium, Calcium Channel Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers: pharmacology, Calcium: metabolism, Catecholamines, Catecholamines: metabolism, Cell Polarity, Cell Polarity: drug effects, Cell Polarity: physiology, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: drug effects, Cytoplasmic Vesicles: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: drug effects, Cytosol: metabolism, Data Interpretation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophysiology, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fluorescent Dyes, Fura-2, Hydrocarbons, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, PC12 Cells, Rats, Statistical, Stereoisomerism, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {490--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Environmental levels of the brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been increasing. HBCD has been shown to cause adverse effects on learning and behavior in mice, as well as on dopamine uptake in rat synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles. For other BFRs, alterations in the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis have been observed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the technical HBCD mixture and individual stereoisomers affect the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a neuroendocrine in vitro model (PC12 cells). [Ca(2+)](i) and vesicular catecholamine release were measured using respectively single-cell Fura-2 imaging and amperometry. Exposure of PC12 cells to the technical HBCD mixture or individual stereoisomers did neither affect basal [Ca(2+)](i), nor the frequency of basal neurotransmitter release. However, exposure to HBCD (0-20 microM) did cause a dose-dependent reduction of a subsequent depolarization-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)](i). This effect was apparent only when HBCD was applied at least 5 min before depolarization (maximum effect after 20 min exposure). The effects of alpha- and beta-HBCD were comparable to that of the technical mixture, whereas the inhibitory effect of gamma-HBCD was larger. Using specific blockers of L-, N- or P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs) it was shown that the inhibitory effect of HBCD is not VGCC-specific. Additionally, the number of cells showing depolarization-evoked neurotransmitter release was markedly reduced following HBCD exposure. Summarizing, HBCD inhibits depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) and neurotransmitter release. As increasing HBCD levels should be anticipated, these findings justify additional efforts to establish an adequate exposure, hazard and risk assessment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment - trends and new candidates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  de Wit, C. A; Herzke, D.;  and Vorkamp, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 408(15): 2885–918. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment - trends and new candidates. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dewit-herzke-vorkamp-brominatedflameretardantsinthearcticenvironmenttrendsandnewcandidates-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_wit_brominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the {Arctic} environment - trends and new candidates.},\n\tvolume = {408},\n\tissn = {1879-1026},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815253},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A and Herzke, Dorte and Vorkamp, Katrin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19815253},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Atmosphere: chemistry, Birds, Birds: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: statistics \\&amp; numerical da, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Invertebrates: metabolism, Mammals, Mammals: metabolism, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Soil, Soil: analysis, Time, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\n\tpages = {2885--918},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to increasing concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dallaire-dewailly-pereg-dery-ayotte-thyroidfunctionandplasmaconcentrationsofpolyhalogenatedcompoundsininuitadults-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dallaire-dewailly-pereg-dery-ayotte-thyroidfunctionandplasmaconcentrationsofpolyhalogenatedcompoundsininuitadults-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Thyroid function and plasma concentrations of polyhalogenated compounds in Inuit adults.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dallaire, R.; Dewailly, E.; Pereg, D.; Dery, S.;  and Ayotte, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 117(9): 1380–6. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dallaire-dewailly-pereg-dery-ayotte-thyroidfunctionandplasmaconcentrationsofpolyhalogenatedcompoundsininuitadults-2009', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thyroid function and plasma concentrations of polyhalogenated compounds in Inuit adults. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900633\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dallaire-dewailly-pereg-dery-ayotte-thyroidfunctionandplasmaconcentrationsofpolyhalogenatedcompoundsininuitadults-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900633', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dallaire-dewailly-pereg-dery-ayotte-thyroidfunctionandplasmaconcentrationsofpolyhalogenatedcompoundsininuitadults-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dallaire-dewailly-pereg-dery-ayotte-thyroidfunctionandplasmaconcentrationsofpolyhalogenatedcompoundsininuitadults-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dallaire_thyroid_2009,\n\ttitle = {Thyroid function and plasma concentrations of polyhalogenated compounds in {Inuit} adults.},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\tissn = {1552-9924},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2737013&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900633},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Several ubiquitous polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) have been shown to alter thyroid function in animal and in vitro studies. So far, epidemiologic studies have focused on the potential effect of a small number of them, namely, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorines (OCs), without paying attention to other important PHCs. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between exposure to several PHCs and thyroid hormone homeostasis in Inuit adults from Nunavik. METHODS: We measured thyroid parameters [thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT(4)), total triiodothyronine (tT(3)), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)] and concentrations of 41 contaminants, including PCBs and their metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and a measure of dioxin-like compounds, detected in plasma samples from Inuit adults (n = 623). RESULTS: We found negative associations between tT(3) concentrations and levels of 14 PCBs, 7 hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs), all methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO(2)-PCBs), and 2 OCPs. Moreover, we found negative associations between fT(4) levels and hexachlorobenzene concentrations. TBG concentrations were inversely related to 8 PCBs, 5 HO-PCBs, and 3 OCPs. Exposure to BDE-47 was positively related to tT (3), whereas PFOS concentrations were negatively associated with TSH, tT(3,) and TBG and positively with fT(4) concentrations. CONCLUSION: Exposure to several PHCs was associated with modifications of the thyroid parameters in adult Inuit, mainly by reducing tT(3) and TBG circulating concentrations. The effects of PFOS and BDE-47 on thyroid homeostasis require further investigation because other human populations display similar or higher concentrations of these chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Dallaire, Renée and Dewailly, Eric and Pereg, Daria and Dery, Serge and Ayotte, Pierre},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19750101},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Inuits, Male, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: blood, Quebec, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: physiology, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1380--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Several ubiquitous polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) have been shown to alter thyroid function in animal and in vitro studies. So far, epidemiologic studies have focused on the potential effect of a small number of them, namely, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorines (OCs), without paying attention to other important PHCs. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between exposure to several PHCs and thyroid hormone homeostasis in Inuit adults from Nunavik. METHODS: We measured thyroid parameters [thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT(4)), total triiodothyronine (tT(3)), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)] and concentrations of 41 contaminants, including PCBs and their metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and a measure of dioxin-like compounds, detected in plasma samples from Inuit adults (n = 623). RESULTS: We found negative associations between tT(3) concentrations and levels of 14 PCBs, 7 hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs), all methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO(2)-PCBs), and 2 OCPs. Moreover, we found negative associations between fT(4) levels and hexachlorobenzene concentrations. TBG concentrations were inversely related to 8 PCBs, 5 HO-PCBs, and 3 OCPs. Exposure to BDE-47 was positively related to tT (3), whereas PFOS concentrations were negatively associated with TSH, tT(3,) and TBG and positively with fT(4) concentrations. CONCLUSION: Exposure to several PHCs was associated with modifications of the thyroid parameters in adult Inuit, mainly by reducing tT(3) and TBG circulating concentrations. The effects of PFOS and BDE-47 on thyroid homeostasis require further investigation because other human populations display similar or higher concentrations of these chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chivas-guillaume-sainrat-barbosa-assessmentofrisksandbenefitsintheuseofflameretardantsinupholsteredfurnitureincontinentaleurope-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chivas-guillaume-sainrat-barbosa-assessmentofrisksandbenefitsintheuseofflameretardantsinupholsteredfurnitureincontinentaleurope-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009', event);\">\n    Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chivas, C; Guillaume, E; Sainrat, A;  and Barbosa, V\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Safety Journal</i>, 44(5): 801–807. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chivas-guillaume-sainrat-barbosa-assessmentofrisksandbenefitsintheuseofflameretardantsinupholsteredfurnitureincontinentaleurope-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chivas-guillaume-sainrat-barbosa-assessmentofrisksandbenefitsintheuseofflameretardantsinupholsteredfurnitureincontinentaleurope-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chivas-guillaume-sainrat-barbosa-assessmentofrisksandbenefitsintheuseofflameretardantsinupholsteredfurnitureincontinentaleurope-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chivas-guillaume-sainrat-barbosa-assessmentofrisksandbenefitsintheuseofflameretardantsinupholsteredfurnitureincontinentaleurope-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chivas_assessment_2009,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of risks and benefits in the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental {Europe}},\n\tvolume = {44},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.009},\n\tabstract = {The originality of this review is to evaluate the risks and benefits induced by the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe, throughout an assessment of the risks over the whole life cycle. This paper examines the currently available literature on the various risks linked to the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in the continental European market: •Risk linked to the exposure of workers to flame retardants during manufacture.•Risk of exposure to flame retardants in dwelling houses under normal living conditions, which mainly results in inhalation of accumulated flame retardants released in the interior air and/or in migration of substances as well as contamination by skin contact.•Risk of emission of toxic gases when manufactured products are recycled.•Risk of aggravated emissions of toxic gases in the case of accidental fires caused by cigarettes or matches on upholstered furniture, whether it is flame retarded or not. The CBUF program, as well as studies from the LNE and a European research program, has studied the emission and level of acute toxicants (CO, CO2, NOx, HCl, HBr, HCN, SO2) released by selected flame-retarded or not upholstered furniture during fire. A methodology has been proposed to estimate the risks and benefits of flame retardants used in upholstered furniture, within the life cycle risk assessment. For common flame retardants, data sheets have been written in order to evaluate the complete risk balance. This concerns the long-term impact on health of exposure to products containing flame retardants, as well as from exposure to their fire effluents.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Fire Safety Journal},\n\tauthor = {Chivas, C and Guillaume, E and Sainrat, A and Barbosa, V},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, fire safety, toxicity of fire effluents, upholstered furniture},\n\tpages = {801--807},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The originality of this review is to evaluate the risks and benefits induced by the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in continental Europe, throughout an assessment of the risks over the whole life cycle. This paper examines the currently available literature on the various risks linked to the use of flame retardants in upholstered furniture in the continental European market: •Risk linked to the exposure of workers to flame retardants during manufacture.•Risk of exposure to flame retardants in dwelling houses under normal living conditions, which mainly results in inhalation of accumulated flame retardants released in the interior air and/or in migration of substances as well as contamination by skin contact.•Risk of emission of toxic gases when manufactured products are recycled.•Risk of aggravated emissions of toxic gases in the case of accidental fires caused by cigarettes or matches on upholstered furniture, whether it is flame retarded or not. The CBUF program, as well as studies from the LNE and a European research program, has studied the emission and level of acute toxicants (CO, CO2, NOx, HCl, HBr, HCN, SO2) released by selected flame-retarded or not upholstered furniture during fire. A methodology has been proposed to estimate the risks and benefits of flame retardants used in upholstered furniture, within the life cycle risk assessment. For common flame retardants, data sheets have been written in order to evaluate the complete risk balance. This concerns the long-term impact on health of exposure to products containing flame retardants, as well as from exposure to their fire effluents.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessment-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessment-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in children's toys: concentration, composition, and children's exposure and risk assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, S.; Ma, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, D.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 43(11): 4200–6. June 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessment-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in children&#x27;s toys: concentration, composition, and children&#x27;s exposure and risk assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessment-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessment-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_brominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in children&#x27;s toys: concentration, composition, and children&#x27;s exposure and risk assessment.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569352},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were found in children&#x27;s toys purchased from South China. The median BFR concentrations in the hard plastic toys were 53,000, 5540 ng/g, 101.1 ng/g, and 27.9 ng/g, fortotal PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBBs, respectively,which were notably higher than values in other toys. The PBDE concentrations were below the threshold limit (1000 ppm) required bythe European Commission&#x27;s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives in all of the toys, except for one hard plastic toy with a total PBDE concentration of 5,344,000 ng/g. The BFR profiles in the toys were consistent with the patterns of their current production and consumption in China, where PBDEs, specifically decaBDE product, were the dominant BFR, followed by the emerging DBDPE. The relatively high concentrations of octa- and nonaBDEs in the foam toys and the results of principal component analysis (PCA) may suggest the decomposition of highly brominated BDEs during the manufacturing processes of the toys. Daily total PBDE exposures associated with toys via inhalation, mouthing, dermal contact, and oral ingestion ranged from 82.6 to 8992 pg/kg bw-day for children of 3 months to 14 years of age. Higher exposures, predominantly contributed through the mouthing pathway, were observed for infants and toddlers than for the other subgroups. In most cases, children&#x27;s BFR exposure via the toys likely accounts for a small proportion of their daily BFR exposure, and the hazard quotients for noncancer risk evaluation were far below 1. To the author&#x27;s knowledge, this is the first study to examine the concentrations of BFRs in toys, and the potential exposures to children.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, She-Jun and Ma, Yun-Juan and Wang, Jing and Chen, Da and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Mai, Bi-Xian},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpmid = {19569352},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Child, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Play and Playthings, Preschool, Risk Factors, ffr, frelec, use},\n\tpages = {4200--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were found in children's toys purchased from South China. The median BFR concentrations in the hard plastic toys were 53,000, 5540 ng/g, 101.1 ng/g, and 27.9 ng/g, fortotal PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, and PBBs, respectively,which were notably higher than values in other toys. The PBDE concentrations were below the threshold limit (1000 ppm) required bythe European Commission's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives in all of the toys, except for one hard plastic toy with a total PBDE concentration of 5,344,000 ng/g. The BFR profiles in the toys were consistent with the patterns of their current production and consumption in China, where PBDEs, specifically decaBDE product, were the dominant BFR, followed by the emerging DBDPE. The relatively high concentrations of octa- and nonaBDEs in the foam toys and the results of principal component analysis (PCA) may suggest the decomposition of highly brominated BDEs during the manufacturing processes of the toys. Daily total PBDE exposures associated with toys via inhalation, mouthing, dermal contact, and oral ingestion ranged from 82.6 to 8992 pg/kg bw-day for children of 3 months to 14 years of age. Higher exposures, predominantly contributed through the mouthing pathway, were observed for infants and toddlers than for the other subgroups. In most cases, children's BFR exposure via the toys likely accounts for a small proportion of their daily BFR exposure, and the hazard quotients for noncancer risk evaluation were far below 1. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to examine the concentrations of BFRs in toys, and the potential exposures to children.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessmentbrominated-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Brominated Flame Retardants in Children's Toys: Concentration, Composition, and Children's Exposure and Risk Assessment Brominated.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, S.; Ma, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, D.; Luo, X.;  and Mai, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science And Technology</i>, 43(11): 4200–4206.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessmentbrominated-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-ma-wang-chen-luo-mai-brominatedflameretardantsinchildrenstoysconcentrationcompositionandchildrensexposureandriskassessmentbrominated-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_brominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} in {Children}&#x27;s {Toys}: {Concentration}, {Composition}, and {Children}&#x27;s {Exposure} and {Risk} {Assessment} {Brominated}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science And Technology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, S.-J. and Ma, Y.-J. and Wang, J. and Chen, D. and Luo, X.-J. and Mai, B.-X.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {4200--4206},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bsef-hbcdfactsheet-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bsef-hbcdfactsheet-2009', 'http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf', event);\">\n    HBCD Fact Sheet.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  BSEF\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report June, BSEF, Brussels, Belgium,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bsef-hbcdfactsheet-2009', 'http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"HBCD Fact Sheet. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bsef-hbcdfactsheet-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bsef-hbcdfactsheet-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{bsef_hbcd_2009,\n\taddress = {Brussels, Belgium},\n\ttitle = {{HBCD} {Fact} {Sheet}.},\n\turl = {http://www.bsef.com/uploads/Documents/documents/HBCD_factsheet.pdf},\n\tnumber = {June},\n\tinstitution = {BSEF},\n\tauthor = {{BSEF}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"berman-astatisticalreporttoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'berman-astatisticalreporttoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf', event);\">\n    A statistical report to investigate the effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings ( Fire ) ( Safety ) Regulations 1988.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Berman, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, London,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berman-astatisticalreporttoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2009', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A statistical report to investigate the effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings ( Fire ) ( Safety ) Regulations 1988 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/berman-astatisticalreporttoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('berman-astatisticalreporttoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{berman_statistical_2009,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {A statistical report to investigate the effectiveness of the {Furniture} and {Furnishings} ( {Fire} ) ( {Safety} ) {Regulations} 1988},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK greenstreet report.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills},\n\tauthor = {Berman, Greenstreet},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"julander-hindsn-skare-lidn-cobaltcontainingalloysandtheirabilitytoreleasecobaltandcausedermatitis-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'julander-hindsn-skare-lidn-cobaltcontainingalloysandtheirabilitytoreleasecobaltandcausedermatitis-2009', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract', event);\">\n    Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Julander, A.; Hindsén, M.; Skare, L.;  and Lidén, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Contact Dermatitis</i>, 60(3): 165–170. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('julander-hindsn-skare-lidn-cobaltcontainingalloysandtheirabilitytoreleasecobaltandcausedermatitis-2009', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('julander-hindsn-skare-lidn-cobaltcontainingalloysandtheirabilitytoreleasecobaltandcausedermatitis-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/julander-hindsn-skare-lidn-cobaltcontainingalloysandtheirabilitytoreleasecobaltandcausedermatitis-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('julander-hindsn-skare-lidn-cobaltcontainingalloysandtheirabilitytoreleasecobaltandcausedermatitis-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{julander_cobalt-containing_2009,\n\ttitle = {Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\tissn = {1600-0536},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x},\n\tabstract = {Background:  Cobalt, nickel, and chromium are important skin sensitizers. However, knowledge about cobalt exposure and causes of cobalt sensitization is limited. Objectives:  To study release of cobalt, nickel, and chromium from some cobalt-containing hard metal alloys and to test reactivity to the materials in cobalt-sensitized patients. Methods:  Discs suitable for patch testing were made of some hard metal alloys. Cobalt, nickel, and chromium release from the materials was determined by immersion in artificial sweat (2 min, 1 hr, 1 day, and 1 week). Patch test reactivity to the discs and to serial dilutions of cobalt and nickel was assessed in previously patch-tested dermatitis patients (19 cobalt positive and 18 cobalt-negative controls). Results:  All discs released cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Some discs released large amounts of cobalt (highest concentration: 290 μg/cm2/week). Seven discs elicited three or more positive test reactions. Conclusions:  The concentration of released cobalt was high enough to elicit allergic contact dermatitis in cobalt-sensitized patients. As the materials in the discs are used in wear parts of hard metal tools, individuals with contact allergy to cobalt may develop hand eczema when handling such materials.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2016-08-09},\n\tjournal = {Contact Dermatitis},\n\tauthor = {Julander, Anneli and Hindsén, Monica and Skare, Lizbet and Lidén, Carola},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Occupational exposure, acid wipe sampling, allergic contact dermatitis, chemical analysis, chromium, cobalt, nickel, patch tests},\n\tpages = {165--170},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background:  Cobalt, nickel, and chromium are important skin sensitizers. However, knowledge about cobalt exposure and causes of cobalt sensitization is limited. Objectives:  To study release of cobalt, nickel, and chromium from some cobalt-containing hard metal alloys and to test reactivity to the materials in cobalt-sensitized patients. Methods:  Discs suitable for patch testing were made of some hard metal alloys. Cobalt, nickel, and chromium release from the materials was determined by immersion in artificial sweat (2 min, 1 hr, 1 day, and 1 week). Patch test reactivity to the discs and to serial dilutions of cobalt and nickel was assessed in previously patch-tested dermatitis patients (19 cobalt positive and 18 cobalt-negative controls). Results:  All discs released cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Some discs released large amounts of cobalt (highest concentration: 290 μg/cm2/week). Seven discs elicited three or more positive test reactions. Conclusions:  The concentration of released cobalt was high enough to elicit allergic contact dermatitis in cobalt-sensitized patients. As the materials in the discs are used in wear parts of hard metal tools, individuals with contact allergy to cobalt may develop hand eczema when handling such materials.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912', event);\">\n    Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vorbau, M.; Hillemann, L.;  and Stintz, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 40(3): 209–217. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vorbau_method_2009,\n\ttitle = {Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0021-8502},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006},\n\tabstract = {A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process.\n\nDetails of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail.\n\nAfter the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Aerosol Science},\n\tauthor = {Vorbau, Manuel and Hillemann, Lars and Stintz, Michael},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating},\n\tpages = {209--217},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process. Details of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail. After the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048', event);\">\n    Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koponen, I. K.; Jensen, K. A.;  and Schneider, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</i>, 151(1): 012048. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koponen_sanding_2009,\n\ttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: {Physical} characterisation},\n\tvolume = {151},\n\tissn = {1742-6596},\n\tshorttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints},\n\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\n\tdoi = {10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\n\tabstract = {Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},\n\tauthor = {Koponen, I. K. and Jensen, K. A. and Schneider, T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {012048},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048', event);\">\n    Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koponen, I. K.; Jensen, K. A.;  and Schneider, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</i>, 151(1): 012048. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koponen-jensen-schneider-sandingdustfromnanoparticlecontainingpaintsphysicalcharacterisation-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koponen_sanding_2009,\n\ttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: {Physical} characterisation},\n\tvolume = {151},\n\tissn = {1742-6596},\n\tshorttitle = {Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints},\n\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\n\tdoi = {10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048},\n\tabstract = {Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2015-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},\n\tauthor = {Koponen, I. K. and Jensen, K. A. and Schneider, T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {012048},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increasing use of nanoparticles in different industrial applications has raised a new potential health risk to the workers as well as to the consumers. This study investigates the particle size distributions of sanding dust released from paints produced with and without engineered nanoparticles. Dust emissions from sanding painted plates were found to consist of five size modes; three modes under 1 ?m and two modes around 1 and 2 ?m. We observed that the sander was the only source of particles smaller than 50 nm and they dominated the number concentration spectra. Mass and surface area spectra were dominated by the 1 and 2 ?m modes. Addition of nanoparticles caused only minor changes in the geometric mean diameters of the particle modes generated during sanding of two paints doped with 17 nm TiO2 and 95 nm Carbon Black nanoparticles as compared to the size modes generated during sanding a conventional reference paint. However, the number concentrations in the different size modes varied considerably in between the two NP-doped paints and the reference paint. Therefore, from a physical point of view, there may be a difference in the exposure risk during sanding surfaces covered with nanoparticle-based paints as compared to sanding conventional paints.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912', event);\">\n    Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vorbau, M.; Hillemann, L.;  and Stintz, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 40(3): 209–217. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vorbau-hillemann-stintz-methodforthecharacterizationoftheabrasioninducednanoparticlereleaseintoairfromsurfacecoatings-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vorbau_method_2009,\n\ttitle = {Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0021-8502},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850208001912},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.006},\n\tabstract = {A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process.\n\nDetails of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail.\n\nAfter the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2015-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Aerosol Science},\n\tauthor = {Vorbau, Manuel and Hillemann, Lars and Stintz, Michael},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Abrasion, Nanoparticle, Particle release, Surface coating},\n\tpages = {209--217},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A novel method for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings was developed. The method is based on the combination of a defined abrasion process with highly sensitive methods to quantify airborne particle concentration. A standardized system for abrasion testing was employed to adjust a defined wear process. Details of the abrasion system are presented in combination with a downstream aerosol measurement technique (scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS and condensation particle counter, CPC) which focuses on the quantification of a release rate from particles smaller than 100 nm. The interconnection between the aerosol measurement system and the abrasion process is described in detail. After the proof of sensitivity of the measuring system first measuring results of abraded surface coatings revealed a reasonable reproducibility of the generated wear particles in terms of total mass and a rather weak reproducibility in terms of the total number concentration. However, the total number of generated submicrometer particles or nanoparticles was extremely low and laid below the statistic significance threshold.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019', event);\">\n    Detection of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam and U.S. House Dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M.; Klosterhaus, S.; Eagle, S.; Fuh, J.; Meeker, J. D.; Blum, A.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 43(19): 7490–7495. October 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam and U.S. House Dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es9014019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es9014019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-klosterhaus-eagle-fuh-meeker-blum-webster-detectionoforganophosphateflameretardantsinfurniturefoamandushousedust-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_detection_2009,\n\ttitle = {Detection of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Furniture} {Foam} and {U}.{S}. {House} {Dust}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9014019},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es9014019},\n\tabstract = {Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1?5\\% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 ?2.2\\% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2\\% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5\\% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam, we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were {\\textgreater}96\\% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24\\% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Klosterhaus, Susan and Eagle, Sarah and Fuh, Jennifer and Meeker, John D. and Blum, Arlene and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {7490--7495},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1?5% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 ?2.2% by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam, we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were \\textgreater96% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a coelution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP, and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g) warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X', event);\">\n    Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: An evaluation of the human health risks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hover, C.; Banasik, M.; Harbison, R. D.; Hardy, M.; Price, D. J.;  and Stedeford, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 407(18): 5194–5196. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: An evaluation of the human health risks [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hover_occurrence_2009,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: {An} evaluation of the human health risks},\n\tvolume = {407},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Hover, Carl and Banasik, Marek and Harbison, Raymond D. and Hardy, Marcia and Price, Debra J. and Stedeford, Todd},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {5194--5196},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roosens-abdallah-harrad-neels-covaci-exposuretohexabromocyclododecanesviadustingestionbutnotdietcorrelateswithconcentrationsinhumanserumpreliminaryresults-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roosens-abdallah-harrad-neels-covaci-exposuretohexabromocyclododecanesviadustingestionbutnotdietcorrelateswithconcentrationsinhumanserumpreliminaryresults-2009', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869', event);\">\n    Exposure to Hexabromocyclododecanes via Dust Ingestion, but not Diet, Correlates with Concentrations in Human Serum - Preliminary Results.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roosens, L.; Abdallah, M.; Harrad, S.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roosens-abdallah-harrad-neels-covaci-exposuretohexabromocyclododecanesviadustingestionbutnotdietcorrelateswithconcentrationsinhumanserumpreliminaryresults-2009', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to Hexabromocyclododecanes via Dust Ingestion, but not Diet, Correlates with Concentrations in Human Serum - Preliminary Results [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900869\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roosens-abdallah-harrad-neels-covaci-exposuretohexabromocyclododecanesviadustingestionbutnotdietcorrelateswithconcentrationsinhumanserumpreliminaryresults-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900869', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roosens-abdallah-harrad-neels-covaci-exposuretohexabromocyclododecanesviadustingestionbutnotdietcorrelateswithconcentrationsinhumanserumpreliminaryresults-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roosens-abdallah-harrad-neels-covaci-exposuretohexabromocyclododecanesviadustingestionbutnotdietcorrelateswithconcentrationsinhumanserumpreliminaryresults-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{roosens_exposure_2009,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to {Hexabromocyclododecanes} via {Dust} {Ingestion}, but not {Diet}, {Correlates} with {Concentrations} in {Human} {Serum} - {Preliminary} {Results}},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0900869},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0900869},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2014-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Roosens, Laurence and Abdallah, Mohamed and Harrad, Stuart and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/', event);\">\n    Prenatal Exposure to Organohalogens, Including Brominated Flame Retardants, Influences Motor, Cognitive, and Behavioral Performance at School Age.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roze, E.; Meijer, L.; Bakker, A.; Van Braeckel, K. N.; Sauer, P. J.;  and Bos, A. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 117(12): 1953–1958. August 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009', 'http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prenatal Exposure to Organohalogens, Including Brominated Flame Retardants, Influences Motor, Cognitive, and Behavioral Performance at School Age [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roze-meijer-bakker-vanbraeckel-sauer-bos-prenatalexposuretoorganohalogensincludingbrominatedflameretardantsinfluencesmotorcognitiveandbehavioralperformanceatschoolage-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{roze_prenatal_2009,\n\ttitle = {Prenatal {Exposure} to {Organohalogens}, {Including} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}, {Influences} {Motor}, {Cognitive}, and {Behavioral} {Performance} at {School} {Age}},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901015/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901015},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2014-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Roze, Elise and Meijer, Lisethe and Bakker, Attie and Van Braeckel, Koenraad N.J.A. and Sauer, Pieter J.J. and Bos, Arend F.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {1953--1958},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X', event);\">\n    Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: An evaluation of the human health risks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hover, C.; Banasik, M.; Harbison, R. D.; Hardy, M.; Price, D. J.;  and Stedeford, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 407(18): 5194–5196. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: An evaluation of the human health risks [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hover-banasik-harbison-hardy-price-stedeford-occurrenceoffiveclassesofchemicalsinindoordustanevaluationofthehumanhealthrisks-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hover_occurrence_2009,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust: {An} evaluation of the human health risks},\n\tvolume = {407},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\tshorttitle = {Occurrence of five classes of chemicals in indoor dust},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970900357X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.019},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Hover, Carl and Banasik, Marek and Harbison, Raymond D. and Hardy, Marcia and Price, Debra J. and Stedeford, Todd},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {5194--5196},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meeker, J. D.; Johnson, P. I.; Camann, D.;  and Hauser, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 407(10): 3425–3429. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meeker-johnson-camann-hauser-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeconcentrationsinhousedustarerelatedtohormonelevelsinmen-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meeker_polybrominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men},\n\tvolume = {407},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969709000710},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030},\n\tabstract = {Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100\\% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67\\% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Meeker, John D. and Johnson, Paula I. and Camann, David and Hauser, Russ},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Endocrine disruption, Exposure, Flame retardants, Human, Male},\n\tpages = {3425--3429},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Despite documented widespread human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through dietary intake and contact with or inhalation of indoor dust, along with growing laboratory evidence for altered endocrine function following exposure, human studies of PBDE exposure and endocrine effects remain limited. We conducted a preliminary study within an ongoing study on the impact of environmental exposures on male reproductive health. We measured serum hormone levels and PBDE concentrations (BDE 47, 99 and 100) in house dust from 24 men recruited through a US infertility clinic. BDE 47 and 99 were detected in 100% of dust samples, and BDE 100 was detected in 67% of dust samples, at concentrations similar to those reported in previous US studies. In multivariable regression models adjusted for age and BMI, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between dust PBDE concentrations and free androgen index. Dust PBDE concentrations were also strongly and inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and positively associated with inhibin B and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Finally, consistent with limited recent human studies of adults, PBDEs were positively associated with free T4. In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidence of altered hormone levels in relation to PBDE exposures estimated as concentrations in house dust, and that house dust is an important source of human PBDE exposure, but more research is urgently needed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"geens-roosens-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretobisphenolatriclosanandtetrabromobisphenolathroughindoordustintakeinbelgium-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'geens-roosens-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretobisphenolatriclosanandtetrabromobisphenolathroughindoordustintakeinbelgium-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X', event);\">\n    Assessment of human exposure to Bisphenol-A, Triclosan and Tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Geens, T.; Roosens, L.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 76(6): 755–760. August 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geens-roosens-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretobisphenolatriclosanandtetrabromobisphenolathroughindoordustintakeinbelgium-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of human exposure to Bisphenol-A, Triclosan and Tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.024\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geens-roosens-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretobisphenolatriclosanandtetrabromobisphenolathroughindoordustintakeinbelgium-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.024', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/geens-roosens-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretobisphenolatriclosanandtetrabromobisphenolathroughindoordustintakeinbelgium-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('geens-roosens-neels-covaci-assessmentofhumanexposuretobisphenolatriclosanandtetrabromobisphenolathroughindoordustintakeinbelgium-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{geens_assessment_2009,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of human exposure to {Bisphenol}-{A}, {Triclosan} and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} through indoor dust intake in {Belgium}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900664X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.024},\n\tabstract = {Bisphenol-A (BPA), Triclosan (TCS) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) are phenolic organic contaminants used in a variety of household applications. Through manufacture and usage, these contaminants can leach into the environment and can be detected in indoor dust. In this study, we determined the concentrations of BPA, TCS and TBBPA in indoor dust samples from 18 houses and 2 offices in Flanders, Belgium. The analysis was performed using solid–liquid extraction, clean-up and measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Median concentrations of the 18 domestic dust samples were 1460, 220 and 10 ng g−1 dust for BPA, TCS and TBBPA, respectively. Concentrations in offices were almost 5–10 times higher for BPA and TBBPA, while TCS concentrations were comparable at both locations. An assessment of the daily intake of these contaminants through dust was made and the contribution of dust to the total human exposure was calculated. For all three contaminants, dust seems to be a minor contributor (\\&amp;lt;10\\% of total exposure) to the total daily exposure. Food intake appears to be the major source of human exposure to BPA and TBBPA as dermal uptake through personal care products seems to be the major contributor for TCS.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Geens, Tinne and Roosens, Laurence and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Belgium, Bisphenol-A, Dust, Human exposure, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Triclosan},\n\tpages = {755--760},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Bisphenol-A (BPA), Triclosan (TCS) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) are phenolic organic contaminants used in a variety of household applications. Through manufacture and usage, these contaminants can leach into the environment and can be detected in indoor dust. In this study, we determined the concentrations of BPA, TCS and TBBPA in indoor dust samples from 18 houses and 2 offices in Flanders, Belgium. The analysis was performed using solid–liquid extraction, clean-up and measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Median concentrations of the 18 domestic dust samples were 1460, 220 and 10 ng g−1 dust for BPA, TCS and TBBPA, respectively. Concentrations in offices were almost 5–10 times higher for BPA and TBBPA, while TCS concentrations were comparable at both locations. An assessment of the daily intake of these contaminants through dust was made and the contribution of dust to the total human exposure was calculated. For all three contaminants, dust seems to be a minor contributor (&lt;10% of total exposure) to the total daily exposure. Food intake appears to be the major source of human exposure to BPA and TBBPA as dermal uptake through personal care products seems to be the major contributor for TCS.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lithner-damberg-dave-larsson-leachatesfromplasticconsumerproductsscreeningfortoxicitywithdaphniamagna-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lithner-damberg-dave-larsson-leachatesfromplasticconsumerproductsscreeningfortoxicitywithdaphniamagna-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X', event);\">\n    Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lithner, D.; Damberg, J.; Dave, G.;  and Larsson, Å.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(9): 1195–1200. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lithner-damberg-dave-larsson-leachatesfromplasticconsumerproductsscreeningfortoxicitywithdaphniamagna-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lithner-damberg-dave-larsson-leachatesfromplasticconsumerproductsscreeningfortoxicitywithdaphniamagna-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lithner-damberg-dave-larsson-leachatesfromplasticconsumerproductsscreeningfortoxicitywithdaphniamagna-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lithner-damberg-dave-larsson-leachatesfromplasticconsumerproductsscreeningfortoxicitywithdaphniamagna-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lithner_leachates_2009,\n\ttitle = {Leachates from plastic consumer products – {Screening} for toxicity with {Daphnia} magna},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350801429X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022},\n\tabstract = {Plastic products can contain chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, it was investigated if various plastic products emit hazardous chemical substances to water. Two leaching methods (batch and diffusion tests) were used and the leachates were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Nine out of 32 tested plastic product leachates had Daphnia 48-h EC50s ranging from 5 to 80 g plastic material L−1. For the remaining 23 products no effect on mobility was seen even at the highest test concentrations (70–100 g plastic material L−1). A compact disc (recordable) was the most toxic plastic product, but the toxicity was traced to the silver layer not the polycarbonate plastic material. The other products that displayed toxicity were made of either plasticised PVC (artificial leather, bath tub toy, inflatable bathing ring and table cloth) or polyurethane (artificial leather, floor coating and children’s handbag). While the Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) for compact discs using sodium thiosulfate addition showed that silver was causing the toxicity, the TIE for artificial leathers using C18 cartridges showed that hydrophobic compounds were causing the toxicity. Acute toxicity tests of plastic product leachates were found to be useful for screening purposes for differentiating between toxic and non-toxic products.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Lithner, Delilah and Damberg, Jeanette and Dave, Göran and Larsson, Åke},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Acute toxicity, CD-R, Leaching test, Plasticised PVC, Polyurethane, Toxicity Identification Evaluation},\n\tpages = {1195--1200},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Plastic products can contain chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, it was investigated if various plastic products emit hazardous chemical substances to water. Two leaching methods (batch and diffusion tests) were used and the leachates were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Nine out of 32 tested plastic product leachates had Daphnia 48-h EC50s ranging from 5 to 80 g plastic material L−1. For the remaining 23 products no effect on mobility was seen even at the highest test concentrations (70–100 g plastic material L−1). A compact disc (recordable) was the most toxic plastic product, but the toxicity was traced to the silver layer not the polycarbonate plastic material. The other products that displayed toxicity were made of either plasticised PVC (artificial leather, bath tub toy, inflatable bathing ring and table cloth) or polyurethane (artificial leather, floor coating and children’s handbag). While the Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) for compact discs using sodium thiosulfate addition showed that silver was causing the toxicity, the TIE for artificial leathers using C18 cartridges showed that hydrophobic compounds were causing the toxicity. Acute toxicity tests of plastic product leachates were found to be useful for screening purposes for differentiating between toxic and non-toxic products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stenberg-linusson-tysklind-andersson-amultivariatechemicalmapofindustrialchemicalsassessmentofvariousprotocolsforidentificationofchemicalsofpotentialconcern-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stenberg-linusson-tysklind-andersson-amultivariatechemicalmapofindustrialchemicalsassessmentofvariousprotocolsforidentificationofchemicalsofpotentialconcern-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389', event);\">\n    A multivariate chemical map of industrial chemicals – Assessment of various protocols for identification of chemicals of potential concern.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stenberg, M.; Linusson, A.; Tysklind, M.;  and Andersson, P. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 76(7): 878–884. August 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stenberg-linusson-tysklind-andersson-amultivariatechemicalmapofindustrialchemicalsassessmentofvariousprotocolsforidentificationofchemicalsofpotentialconcern-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A multivariate chemical map of industrial chemicals – Assessment of various protocols for identification of chemicals of potential concern [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stenberg-linusson-tysklind-andersson-amultivariatechemicalmapofindustrialchemicalsassessmentofvariousprotocolsforidentificationofchemicalsofpotentialconcern-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stenberg-linusson-tysklind-andersson-amultivariatechemicalmapofindustrialchemicalsassessmentofvariousprotocolsforidentificationofchemicalsofpotentialconcern-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stenberg-linusson-tysklind-andersson-amultivariatechemicalmapofindustrialchemicalsassessmentofvariousprotocolsforidentificationofchemicalsofpotentialconcern-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stenberg_multivariate_2009,\n\ttitle = {A multivariate chemical map of industrial chemicals – {Assessment} of various protocols for identification of chemicals of potential concern},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006389},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.011},\n\tabstract = {In present study the Industrial chemical map was created, and investigated. Molecular descriptors were calculated for 56 072 organic substances from the European inventory of existing commercial chemical substances (EINECS). The resulting multivariate dataset was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), giving five principal components, mainly reflecting size, hydrophobicity, flexibility, halogenation and electronical properties. It is these five PCs that form the basis of the map of organic, industrial chemicals, the Industrial chemical map. The similarities and diversity in chemical characteristics of the substances in relation to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and long-range transport potential were then examined, by superimposing five sets of entries obtained from other relevant databases onto the Industrial chemical map. These sets displayed very similar diversity patterns in the map, although with a spread in all five PC vectors. Substances listed by the United Nations Environment Program as persistent organic pollutants (UNEP POPs) were on the other hand clearly grouped with respect to each of the five PCs. Illustrating similarities and differences in chemical properties are one of the strengths of the multivariate data analysis method, and to be able to make predictions of, and investigate new chemicals. Further, the results demonstrate that non-testing methods as read-across, based on molecular similarities, can reduce the requirements to test industrial chemicals, provided that they are applied carefully, in combination with sound chemical knowledge.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Stenberg, Mia and Linusson, Anna and Tysklind, Mats and Andersson, Patrik L.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Hazard identification, Molecular similarities, Non-testing methods, Persistent organic pollutants, Read-across, Risk assessment},\n\tpages = {878--884},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In present study the Industrial chemical map was created, and investigated. Molecular descriptors were calculated for 56 072 organic substances from the European inventory of existing commercial chemical substances (EINECS). The resulting multivariate dataset was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), giving five principal components, mainly reflecting size, hydrophobicity, flexibility, halogenation and electronical properties. It is these five PCs that form the basis of the map of organic, industrial chemicals, the Industrial chemical map. The similarities and diversity in chemical characteristics of the substances in relation to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and long-range transport potential were then examined, by superimposing five sets of entries obtained from other relevant databases onto the Industrial chemical map. These sets displayed very similar diversity patterns in the map, although with a spread in all five PC vectors. Substances listed by the United Nations Environment Program as persistent organic pollutants (UNEP POPs) were on the other hand clearly grouped with respect to each of the five PCs. Illustrating similarities and differences in chemical properties are one of the strengths of the multivariate data analysis method, and to be able to make predictions of, and investigate new chemicals. Further, the results demonstrate that non-testing methods as read-across, based on molecular similarities, can reduce the requirements to test industrial chemicals, provided that they are applied carefully, in combination with sound chemical knowledge.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lacorte-ikonomou-occurrenceandcongenerspecificprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedandmethoxylatedderivativesinbreastmilkfromcatalonia-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lacorte-ikonomou-occurrenceandcongenerspecificprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedandmethoxylatedderivativesinbreastmilkfromcatalonia-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101', event);\">\n    Occurrence and congener specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in breast milk from Catalonia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lacorte, S.;  and Ikonomou, M. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(3): 412–420. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lacorte-ikonomou-occurrenceandcongenerspecificprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedandmethoxylatedderivativesinbreastmilkfromcatalonia-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and congener specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in breast milk from Catalonia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lacorte-ikonomou-occurrenceandcongenerspecificprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedandmethoxylatedderivativesinbreastmilkfromcatalonia-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.050', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lacorte-ikonomou-occurrenceandcongenerspecificprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedandmethoxylatedderivativesinbreastmilkfromcatalonia-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lacorte-ikonomou-occurrenceandcongenerspecificprofilesofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandtheirhydroxylatedandmethoxylatedderivativesinbreastmilkfromcatalonia-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lacorte_occurrence_2009,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and congener specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in breast milk from {Catalonia}},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508012101},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.050},\n\tabstract = {The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from mono to hepta brominated and 11 hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) PBDEs was examined in 37 breast milk samples collected from 11 mothers living in Barcelona. An extraction method based on accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was used to inequivocally identify all target compounds at the low pg g−1 lw level. Data obtained were examined for absolute and relative concentrations and specific PBDE, OH- and MeO-PBDE congener patterns. ∑PBDE concentration ranged between 1161 and 1 372 797 pg g−1 lw and BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and 183 accounted for more than 80\\% of the total PBDEs. All tri and tetra OH- and MeO-PBDEs compounds were detected at levels between 6 and 14 984 pg g−1 lw. The median ratio ∑OH/PBDE and MeO-PBDEs/PBDEs was from 2.9\\% to 1.6\\%, respectively, suggesting either that PBDE metabolism to OH- and MeO- derivatives is not an important degradation route in humans or either OH- and MeO-PBDEs are rapidly excreted. No significant correlation was observed between PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDE, although OH- and OMe-PBDEs co-occurred in mothers’ milk (R2 = 0.5349). According to the daily intake of PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDEs, which was between 0.47 and 363 ng d−1 (excluding a smoking donor), potential health risks associated with these compounds are assessed.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Lacorte, Silvia and Ikonomou, Michael G.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, GC–HRMS, Hydroxylated PBDEs, Methoxylated PBDEs, PBDE},\n\tpages = {412--420},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from mono to hepta brominated and 11 hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) PBDEs was examined in 37 breast milk samples collected from 11 mothers living in Barcelona. An extraction method based on accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was used to inequivocally identify all target compounds at the low pg g−1 lw level. Data obtained were examined for absolute and relative concentrations and specific PBDE, OH- and MeO-PBDE congener patterns. ∑PBDE concentration ranged between 1161 and 1 372 797 pg g−1 lw and BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153 and 183 accounted for more than 80% of the total PBDEs. All tri and tetra OH- and MeO-PBDEs compounds were detected at levels between 6 and 14 984 pg g−1 lw. The median ratio ∑OH/PBDE and MeO-PBDEs/PBDEs was from 2.9% to 1.6%, respectively, suggesting either that PBDE metabolism to OH- and MeO- derivatives is not an important degradation route in humans or either OH- and MeO-PBDEs are rapidly excreted. No significant correlation was observed between PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDE, although OH- and OMe-PBDEs co-occurred in mothers’ milk (R2 = 0.5349). According to the daily intake of PBDEs and OH- and MeO-PBDEs, which was between 0.47 and 363 ng d−1 (excluding a smoking donor), potential health risks associated with these compounds are assessed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-ma-li-wu-gong-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbreastmilkfromnorthchinaimplicationofexposurepathways-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-ma-li-wu-gong-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbreastmilkfromnorthchinaimplicationofexposurepathways-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282', event);\">\n    Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, L.; Ma, B.; Li, J.; Wu, Y.;  and Gong, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(11): 1429–1434. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-ma-li-wu-gong-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbreastmilkfromnorthchinaimplicationofexposurepathways-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.030\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-ma-li-wu-gong-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbreastmilkfromnorthchinaimplicationofexposurepathways-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.030', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-ma-li-wu-gong-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbreastmilkfromnorthchinaimplicationofexposurepathways-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-ma-li-wu-gong-distributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbreastmilkfromnorthchinaimplicationofexposurepathways-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_distribution_2009,\n\ttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from {North} {China}: {Implication} of exposure pathways},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from {North} {China}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508015282},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.030},\n\tabstract = {The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g−1 lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g−1 lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15\\%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Lingyan and Ma, Baoling and Li, Jingguang and Wu, Yongning and Gong, Jin},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {China, Congener pattern, Exposure pathway, Human breast milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\n\tpages = {1429--1434},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g−1 lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g−1 lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X', event);\">\n    An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson-Restrepo, B.;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 76(4): 542–548. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-anassessmentofsourcesandpathwaysofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersintheunitedstates-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson-restrepo_assessment_2009,\n\ttitle = {An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900294X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205–1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515–1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243–8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants (\\&amp;lt;1 yr), toddlers (1–5 yr), children (6–11 yr), teenagers (12–19 yr), and adults (⩾20 yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4 ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91\\%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9 ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56–77\\% of the total PBDE intake.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Dietary intake, Exposure assessment, House dust, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs},\n\tpages = {542--548},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, owing to their use in consumer products ranging from electronics to mattresses, furniture, and carpets. People are exposed to PBDEs through inhalation of indoor air and ingestion, and dermal absorption of dust particles present in the air. In this study, concentrations of PBDEs were determined in indoor air and house dust collected from homes in Albany, New York, USA. Based on the measured concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air and dust, we estimated daily exposure dose (DED) of PBDEs. In addition, we used previously published PBDE concentrations reported for breast milk from Massachusetts, USA [Johnson-Restrepo, B., Addink, R., Wong, C., Arcaro, K., Kannan, K., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts. USA. J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 1205–1212] and foodstuffs collected from Texas and Florida, USA [Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., Birnbaum, L., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 1515–1520, Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R., Adams, D.H., 2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8243–8250], in an estimation of dietary exposure to PBDEs. The exposure assessment was performed for five age groups: infants (&lt;1 yr), toddlers (1–5 yr), children (6–11 yr), teenagers (12–19 yr), and adults (⩾20 yr). The dust ingestion and air inhalation factors that we used were the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) exposure factors, while the daily food intake rates (g/day) were derived from the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) food intake surveys. The total DED of PBDEs was calculated by summation of the exposures from diet, indoor air, and house dust. The average estimated DED of PBDEs was the highest for breastfed infants (86.4 ng/kg-bw/day), contributed primarily (91%) from the consumption of breast milk. The average DED of PBDEs for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults was respectively, 13.3, 5.3, 3.5, and 2.9 ng/kg-bw/day. Ingestion and dermal absorption of house dust are the major pathways of PBDE exposure in toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults accounting for, on average, 56–77% of the total PBDE intake.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-shah-colacino-brummitt-ramakrishnan-robertharris-ppke-pbdesinusandgermanclothesdryerlintapotentialsourceofindoorcontaminationandexposure-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-shah-colacino-brummitt-ramakrishnan-robertharris-ppke-pbdesinusandgermanclothesdryerlintapotentialsourceofindoorcontaminationandexposure-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435', event);\">\n    PBDEs in US and German clothes dryer lint: A potential source of indoor contamination and exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Shah, N.; Colacino, J. A.; Brummitt, S. I.; Ramakrishnan, V.; Robert Harris, T.;  and Päpke, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 75(5): 623–628. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-shah-colacino-brummitt-ramakrishnan-robertharris-ppke-pbdesinusandgermanclothesdryerlintapotentialsourceofindoorcontaminationandexposure-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in US and German clothes dryer lint: A potential source of indoor contamination and exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-shah-colacino-brummitt-ramakrishnan-robertharris-ppke-pbdesinusandgermanclothesdryerlintapotentialsourceofindoorcontaminationandexposure-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-shah-colacino-brummitt-ramakrishnan-robertharris-ppke-pbdesinusandgermanclothesdryerlintapotentialsourceofindoorcontaminationandexposure-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-shah-colacino-brummitt-ramakrishnan-robertharris-ppke-pbdesinusandgermanclothesdryerlintapotentialsourceofindoorcontaminationandexposure-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_pbdes_2009,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in {US} and {German} clothes dryer lint: {A} potential source of indoor contamination and exposure},\n\tvolume = {75},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {{PBDEs} in {US} and {German} clothes dryer lint},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509000435},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.017},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Since the 1970s, PBDEs have been widely used as additive flame retardants in furniture and electronic equipment. Due to their wide use and persistent nature, these chemicals are found in the environment, human blood, breast milk and other tissues in increasing levels in recent decades. PBDEs are similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in structure and toxicity. However, unlike PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs, the route of PBDE exposure is not almost exclusively through food. PBDE levels in US food are not markedly higher than in Europe, although US human blood and milk levels are an order of magnitude higher. For these reasons, other possible routes of PBDE exposure have been investigated to understand PBDE intake into humans. PBDE contaminated clothes dryer lint and household dust are indicators of indoor contamination and may be sources of human exposure through hand-to-mouth contact or dermal absorption. There are very few publications about PBDEs in US or European lint. Household dryer lint from 12 US and seven German homes were analyzed for PBDEs by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found the median US total PBDE levels were more than 10 times higher than median German levels and the mean US levels were two times higher than mean German levels. The US levels ranged from 321 to 3073 ng g−1 (median: 803 ng g−1, mean: 1138 ng g−1) and the German levels were from 330 to 2069 ng g−1 (median: 71 ng g−1, mean: 361 ng g−1). PBDE contamination of lint was found in all samples; the source of the PBDEs may be from dryer electrical components and/or dust deposition onto clothing.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Shah, Nirav and Colacino, Justin A. and Brummitt, Sharon I. and Ramakrishnan, Vijayalakshmi and Robert Harris, T. and Päpke, Olaf},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Clothes dryer lint, Dust, Germany, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, US},\n\tpages = {623--628},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Since the 1970s, PBDEs have been widely used as additive flame retardants in furniture and electronic equipment. Due to their wide use and persistent nature, these chemicals are found in the environment, human blood, breast milk and other tissues in increasing levels in recent decades. PBDEs are similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in structure and toxicity. However, unlike PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs, the route of PBDE exposure is not almost exclusively through food. PBDE levels in US food are not markedly higher than in Europe, although US human blood and milk levels are an order of magnitude higher. For these reasons, other possible routes of PBDE exposure have been investigated to understand PBDE intake into humans. PBDE contaminated clothes dryer lint and household dust are indicators of indoor contamination and may be sources of human exposure through hand-to-mouth contact or dermal absorption. There are very few publications about PBDEs in US or European lint. Household dryer lint from 12 US and seven German homes were analyzed for PBDEs by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found the median US total PBDE levels were more than 10 times higher than median German levels and the mean US levels were two times higher than mean German levels. The US levels ranged from 321 to 3073 ng g−1 (median: 803 ng g−1, mean: 1138 ng g−1) and the German levels were from 330 to 2069 ng g−1 (median: 71 ng g−1, mean: 361 ng g−1). PBDE contamination of lint was found in all samples; the source of the PBDEs may be from dryer electrical components and/or dust deposition onto clothing.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"frederiksen-thomsen-vorkamp-knudsen-patternsandconcentrationlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinplacentaltissueofwomenindenmark-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'frederiksen-thomsen-vorkamp-knudsen-patternsandconcentrationlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinplacentaltissueofwomenindenmark-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X', event);\">\n    Patterns and concentration levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placental tissue of women in Denmark.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Frederiksen, M.; Thomsen, M.; Vorkamp, K.;  and Knudsen, L. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 76(11): 1464–1469. September 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-thomsen-vorkamp-knudsen-patternsandconcentrationlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinplacentaltissueofwomenindenmark-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Patterns and concentration levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placental tissue of women in Denmark [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('frederiksen-thomsen-vorkamp-knudsen-patternsandconcentrationlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinplacentaltissueofwomenindenmark-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/frederiksen-thomsen-vorkamp-knudsen-patternsandconcentrationlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinplacentaltissueofwomenindenmark-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('frederiksen-thomsen-vorkamp-knudsen-patternsandconcentrationlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinplacentaltissueofwomenindenmark-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{frederiksen_patterns_2009,\n\ttitle = {Patterns and concentration levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in placental tissue of women in {Denmark}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900798X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.017},\n\tabstract = {The levels and congener patterns of PBDEs were investigated in human placental samples in Denmark. The median concentrations of ∑PBDEtri-hepta and BDE-209 in the 50 samples were 1.22 and 1.14 ng g−1 lw, respectively, with the total sum ranging from 0.51 to 17.1 ng g−1 lw, which is similar to previous placental studies. The PBDE content in placental tissue was dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for approximately 50\\% of the total amount of PBDEs. BDE-47, -99, and -153 were detected in all samples. Approximately equal amounts of BDE-47 and BDE-153 were observed in the placental tissue, which is in agreement with previous European studies of human serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze congener patterns within and between mothers. The loading plot showed groupings of the measured PBDE variables in three groups, representative of Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures. Congeners representing the individual technical mixtures were close to orthogonal or inversely correlated, indicating variation in the congener patterns of internal exposure corresponding to the patterns of technical mixtures used in products. Visualisation of the participant objects according to body mass index (BMI), revealed inherent congener patterns (19\\% X-variance) showing increased frequency for participants within the highest BMI group to have elevated concentrations of BDE-209 in the placental tissue.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Frederiksen, Marie and Thomsen, Marianne and Vorkamp, Katrin and Knudsen, Lisbeth E.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {BDE-209, BFR, Flame retardants, Human biomonitoring, PCA},\n\tpages = {1464--1469},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels and congener patterns of PBDEs were investigated in human placental samples in Denmark. The median concentrations of ∑PBDEtri-hepta and BDE-209 in the 50 samples were 1.22 and 1.14 ng g−1 lw, respectively, with the total sum ranging from 0.51 to 17.1 ng g−1 lw, which is similar to previous placental studies. The PBDE content in placental tissue was dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for approximately 50% of the total amount of PBDEs. BDE-47, -99, and -153 were detected in all samples. Approximately equal amounts of BDE-47 and BDE-153 were observed in the placental tissue, which is in agreement with previous European studies of human serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze congener patterns within and between mothers. The loading plot showed groupings of the measured PBDE variables in three groups, representative of Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures. Congeners representing the individual technical mixtures were close to orthogonal or inversely correlated, indicating variation in the congener patterns of internal exposure corresponding to the patterns of technical mixtures used in products. Visualisation of the participant objects according to body mass index (BMI), revealed inherent congener patterns (19% X-variance) showing increased frequency for participants within the highest BMI group to have elevated concentrations of BDE-209 in the placental tissue.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623', event);\">\n    Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mexican children.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pérez-Maldonado, I. N.; Ramírez-Jiménez, M. d. R.; Martínez-Arévalo, L. P.; López-Guzmán, O. D.; Athanasiadou, M.; Bergman, Å.; Yarto-Ramírez, M.; Gavilán-García, A.; Yáñez, L.;  and Díaz-Barriga, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 75(9): 1215–1220. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mexican children [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('prezmaldonado-ramrezjimnez-martnezarvalo-lpezguzmn-athanasiadou-bergman-yartoramrez-gavilngarca-etal-exposureassessmentofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmexicanchildren-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{perez-maldonado_exposure_2009,\n\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Mexican} children},\n\tvolume = {75},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509001623},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.083},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6–13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE- 153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g−1 lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4–5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Pérez-Maldonado, Iván N. and Ramírez-Jiménez, María del Rocio and Martínez-Arévalo, Laura P. and López-Guzmán, O. Dania and Athanasiadou, Maria and Bergman, Åke and Yarto-Ramírez, Mario and Gavilán-García, Arturo and Yáñez, Leticia and Díaz-Barriga, Fernando},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {BDE-47, Children, Flame retardants, Mexico, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {1215--1220},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a group of compounds that are added to materials in order to suppress, reduce, or delay fire. At present the most used FRs are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and diverse studies have found individuals exposed to them. However, few studies have reported data in children. The objective of this report was to assess PBDEs levels in children of six communities in México. During the year 2006 we analyzed a total of 173 healthy children (aged 6–13 years old). Plasma samples were taken and quantified (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) for PBDEs. Six PBDEs congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE- 153, BDE-154, and BDE-209) were quantified in blood serum. We detected exposure to PBDEs in all the communities. The total PBDEs levels ranged from no detectable (nd) to 43.4 ng g−1 lipid, the dominant PBDE congener was BDE-47, followed by BDE-100, BDE-99 and BDE-153, whereas the levels of BDE-209 were below LOD. Children living in an industrial and urban area (Cd. Juarez, Chih) had the highest levels of PBDEs, approximately two times that of children living in El Refugio, S.L.P. (a rural area) or in Milpillas, S.L.P. (municipal landfill) and 4–5 times higher than levels found in children living in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. (urban area), in Chihuahua, Chih. (urban area), and San Juan Tilapa, Edo. Mex. (municipal landfills). Results cannot be generalized since the communities selected are not representative of the Mexican population. However, they do indicate that Mexican children are exposed to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483', event);\">\n    Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kajiwara, N.; Sueoka, M.; Ohiwa, T.;  and Takigami, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(11): 1485–1489. March 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kajiwara-sueoka-ohiwa-takigami-determinationofflameretardanthexabromocyclododecanediastereomersintextiles-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kajiwara_determination_2009,\n\ttitle = {Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.046},\n\tabstract = {To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction—Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)—were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of α-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of γ-HBCD decreased, indicating that γ-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 °C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n = 10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22 000 to 43 000 mg kg−1 (i.e. 2.2–4.3\\%). We found a higher proportion of the α-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that γ-HBCD isomerized to α-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the α-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Sueoka, Minekazu and Ohiwa, Toshio and Takigami, Hidetaka},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {BFR, Fabric, HBCDs, LC–MS/MS},\n\tpages = {1485--1489},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction—Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)—were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of α-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of γ-HBCD decreased, indicating that γ-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 °C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n = 10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22 000 to 43 000 mg kg−1 (i.e. 2.2–4.3%). We found a higher proportion of the α-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that γ-HBCD isomerized to α-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the α-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"choi-lee-osako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfromtvhousingplasticsinthepresenceofdissolvedhumicmatter-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'choi-lee-osako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfromtvhousingplasticsinthepresenceofdissolvedhumicmatter-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977', event);\">\n    Leaching of brominated flame retardants from TV housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Choi, K.; Lee, S.;  and Osako, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 74(3): 460–466. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('choi-lee-osako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfromtvhousingplasticsinthepresenceofdissolvedhumicmatter-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Leaching of brominated flame retardants from TV housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.030\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('choi-lee-osako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfromtvhousingplasticsinthepresenceofdissolvedhumicmatter-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.030', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/choi-lee-osako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfromtvhousingplasticsinthepresenceofdissolvedhumicmatter-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('choi-lee-osako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfromtvhousingplasticsinthepresenceofdissolvedhumicmatter-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{choi_leaching_2009,\n\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants from {TV} housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010977},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.030},\n\tabstract = {In this study, we investigated the contents of several brominated compounds in TV molding plastics, as well as their leaching characteristics in the presence of DHM. The PBDE content was about 3\\% of the sample weight, and deca-BDE was the most abundant homologue, accounting for over 80\\% of the total amount. TBBPA, PBPs and PBBs content was 8100, 4700 and 250 ng/g, respectively. Despite no detection of most of the lower brominated DEs in distilled water, most homologues could be detected in DHM solution, and their solubility increased according to the contact time; those of highly brominated compounds increased to 10 times their maximum solubility in distilled water. Especially, contrary to the relatively faster equilibrium in distilled water, BFR solubility in DHM solution was maintained even after 20 days. In addition, a modified first-order model adequately reflected rapid desorption for each compound in the initial period, but slow desorption afterwards. From an overall perspective, it is clear that hydrophobic BFRs can leach out to a great extent in the presence of DHM, which is a matter of great concern in E\\&amp;amp;E waste as the potential contaminant source of BFRs, especially in landfills and open dump sites that provide the perfect conditions for exposure of BFRs to abundant DHM.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Choi, Ki-In and Lee, Suk-Hui and Osako, Masahiro},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Electrical and electronic waste, HOP leaching mechanism, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {460--466},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, we investigated the contents of several brominated compounds in TV molding plastics, as well as their leaching characteristics in the presence of DHM. The PBDE content was about 3% of the sample weight, and deca-BDE was the most abundant homologue, accounting for over 80% of the total amount. TBBPA, PBPs and PBBs content was 8100, 4700 and 250 ng/g, respectively. Despite no detection of most of the lower brominated DEs in distilled water, most homologues could be detected in DHM solution, and their solubility increased according to the contact time; those of highly brominated compounds increased to 10 times their maximum solubility in distilled water. Especially, contrary to the relatively faster equilibrium in distilled water, BFR solubility in DHM solution was maintained even after 20 days. In addition, a modified first-order model adequately reflected rapid desorption for each compound in the initial period, but slow desorption afterwards. From an overall perspective, it is clear that hydrophobic BFRs can leach out to a great extent in the presence of DHM, which is a matter of great concern in E&amp;E waste as the potential contaminant source of BFRs, especially in landfills and open dump sites that provide the perfect conditions for exposure of BFRs to abundant DHM.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takigami, H.; Suzuki, G.; Hirai, Y.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 76(2): 270–277. June 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsandotherpolyhalogenatedcompoundsinindoorairanddustfromtwohousesinjapan-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takigami_brominated_2009,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509002902},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006},\n\tabstract = {This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 102–103 pg m−3 order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13 000 ng g−1) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad ⩽ 0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs – decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants’ exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dust, Home, Indoor air, Polyhalogenated compounds},\n\tpages = {270--277},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study analyzed polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air and dust samples from two modern homes in Japan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in exhaust and indoor air of two houses were detected at 102–103 pg m−3 order, which were well above those in outdoor air. For dust samples, the detected polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan concentrations resembled values found in our past study. Interestingly, compared to PBDE concentrations, two orders of magnitude higher concentration (13 000 ng g−1) was observed for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in a dust sample from one house. Based on the calculation of air/dust partition ratio values (Kad), low Kad values (log Kad ⩽ 0) were obtained for high brominated PBDEs (pentaBDEs – decaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and HBCDs, although indoor air contained higher contents of low chlorinated PCBs, low brominated PBDEs, and 2,4,6-TBP. Attention should be given to exposure to 2,4,6-TBP through inhalation of air as well as dust ingestion. Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis show high bromine concentrations in curtain and roll screen samples possessing a high product loading factor. Furthermore, a preliminary estimation was made of the likely magnitude of inhabitants’ exposure to PHCs via inhalation and dust ingestion in the two houses.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-ishikawa-sunami-sakai-flameretardantsinindoordustandairofahotelinjapan-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takigami-suzuki-hirai-ishikawa-sunami-sakai-flameretardantsinindoordustandairofahotelinjapan-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559', event);\">\n    Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takigami, H.; Suzuki, G.; Hirai, Y.; Ishikawa, Y.; Sunami, M.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 35(4): 688–693. May 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-ishikawa-sunami-sakai-flameretardantsinindoordustandairofahotelinjapan-2009', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in Japan [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-ishikawa-sunami-sakai-flameretardantsinindoordustandairofahotelinjapan-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takigami-suzuki-hirai-ishikawa-sunami-sakai-flameretardantsinindoordustandairofahotelinjapan-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takigami-suzuki-hirai-ishikawa-sunami-sakai-flameretardantsinindoordustandairofahotelinjapan-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takigami_flame_2009,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008002559},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.007},\n\tabstract = {Occurrence of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment of highly flame-retarded public facilities is an important concern from the viewpoint of exposure because it is likely that FRs are used to a greater degree in these facilities than in homes. For this study, brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame-retardants and plasticizers (OPs), and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/DFs) were measured in eight floor dust samples taken from a Japanese commercial hotel that was assumed to have many flame-retardant materials. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) varied by about two orders of magnitude, from 9.8–1700 ng/g (median of 1200 ng/g) and from 72–1300 ng/g (median of 740 ng/g), respectively. Concentrations of the two types of BFRs described above were most dominant among the investigated BFRs in the dust samples. It is inferred that BFR and PBDD/DF concentrations are on the same level as those in house and office dust samples reported based on past studies. Regarding concentrations of 11 OPs, 7 OPs were detected on the order of micrograms per gram, which are equivalent to or exceed the BFR concentrations such as PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of the investigated compounds were not uniform among dust samples collected throughout the hotel: concentrations differed among floors, suggesting that localization of source products is associated with FR concentrations in dust. Passive air sampling was also conducted to monitor BFRs in the indoor air of hotel rooms: the performance of an air cleaner placed in the room was evaluated in terms of reducing airborne BFR concentrations. Monitoring results suggest that operation of an appropriate air cleaner can reduce both gaseous and particulate BFRs in indoor air.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Ishikawa, Yukari and Sunami, Masakiyo and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Dust, Flame retardants, Hotel},\n\tpages = {688--693},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Occurrence of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment of highly flame-retarded public facilities is an important concern from the viewpoint of exposure because it is likely that FRs are used to a greater degree in these facilities than in homes. For this study, brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame-retardants and plasticizers (OPs), and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/DFs) were measured in eight floor dust samples taken from a Japanese commercial hotel that was assumed to have many flame-retardant materials. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) varied by about two orders of magnitude, from 9.8–1700 ng/g (median of 1200 ng/g) and from 72–1300 ng/g (median of 740 ng/g), respectively. Concentrations of the two types of BFRs described above were most dominant among the investigated BFRs in the dust samples. It is inferred that BFR and PBDD/DF concentrations are on the same level as those in house and office dust samples reported based on past studies. Regarding concentrations of 11 OPs, 7 OPs were detected on the order of micrograms per gram, which are equivalent to or exceed the BFR concentrations such as PBDEs and HBCDs. Concentrations of the investigated compounds were not uniform among dust samples collected throughout the hotel: concentrations differed among floors, suggesting that localization of source products is associated with FR concentrations in dust. Passive air sampling was also conducted to monitor BFRs in the indoor air of hotel rooms: the performance of an air cleaner placed in the room was evaluated in terms of reducing airborne BFR concentrations. Monitoring results suggest that operation of an appropriate air cleaner can reduce both gaseous and particulate BFRs in indoor air.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2009', 'http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068', event);\">\n    House Dust Concentrations of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Relation to Hormone Levels and Semen Quality Parameters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meeker, J. D.;  and Stapleton, H. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 118(3): 318–323. November 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2009', 'http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"House Dust Concentrations of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Relation to Hormone Levels and Semen Quality Parameters [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901332\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901332', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meeker-stapleton-housedustconcentrationsoforganophosphateflameretardantsinrelationtohormonelevelsandsemenqualityparameters-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meeker_house_2009,\n\ttitle = {House {Dust} {Concentrations} of {Organophosphate} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Relation} to {Hormone} {Levels} and {Semen} {Quality} {Parameters}},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20194068},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.0901332},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Meeker, John D. and Stapleton, Heather M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {318--323},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"huang-receptorfcfusiontherapeuticstrapsandmimetibodytechnology-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'huang-receptorfcfusiontherapeuticstrapsandmimetibodytechnology-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010', event);\">\n    Receptor-Fc fusion therapeutics, traps, and MIMETIBODY technology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Huang, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current opinion in biotechnology</i>, 20(6): 692–9. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-receptorfcfusiontherapeuticstrapsandmimetibodytechnology-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Receptor-Fc fusion therapeutics, traps, and MIMETIBODY technology. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('huang-receptorfcfusiontherapeuticstrapsandmimetibodytechnology-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/huang-receptorfcfusiontherapeuticstrapsandmimetibodytechnology-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('huang-receptorfcfusiontherapeuticstrapsandmimetibodytechnology-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{huang_receptor-fc_2009,\n\ttitle = {Receptor-{Fc} fusion therapeutics, traps, and {MIMETIBODY} technology.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1879-0429},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.010},\n\tabstract = {Fc fusion proteins are molecules in which the immunoglobulin Fc is fused genetically to a protein of interest, such as an extracellular domain of a receptor, ligand, enzyme, or peptide. Fc fusion proteins have some antibody-like properties such as long serum half-life and easy expression and purification, making them an attractive platform for therapeutic drugs. Five Fc fusion based drugs are on the market presently, and many more are in different stages of clinical trials, demonstrating that Fc fusion proteins have become credible alternatives to monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics. This review summarizes the Fc fusion proteins that have been approved for use in the clinic and those that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the different approaches to design Fc fusion proteins.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Current opinion in biotechnology},\n\tauthor = {Huang, Chichi},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Biological, Biopharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics: methods, Chemistry, Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques, Fc, Fc: chemistry, Humans, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments, Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: chemistry, Ligands, Models, Monoclonal, Monoclonal: chemistry, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical: methods, Protein Binding, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Receptors, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry},\n\tpages = {692--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fc fusion proteins are molecules in which the immunoglobulin Fc is fused genetically to a protein of interest, such as an extracellular domain of a receptor, ligand, enzyme, or peptide. Fc fusion proteins have some antibody-like properties such as long serum half-life and easy expression and purification, making them an attractive platform for therapeutic drugs. Five Fc fusion based drugs are on the market presently, and many more are in different stages of clinical trials, demonstrating that Fc fusion proteins have become credible alternatives to monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics. This review summarizes the Fc fusion proteins that have been approved for use in the clinic and those that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the different approaches to design Fc fusion proteins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chhabra-sharma-wang-zou-lin-yan-lindsay-liu-distancedependentinteractionsbetweengoldnanoparticlesandfluorescentmoleculeswithdnaastunablespacers-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chhabra-sharma-wang-zou-lin-yan-lindsay-liu-distancedependentinteractionsbetweengoldnanoparticlesandfluorescentmoleculeswithdnaastunablespacers-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201', event);\">\n    Distance-dependent interactions between gold nanoparticles and fluorescent molecules with DNA as tunable spacers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chhabra, R.; Sharma, J.; Wang, H.; Zou, S.; Lin, S.; Yan, H.; Lindsay, S.;  and Liu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nanotechnology</i>, 20(48): 485201. December 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chhabra-sharma-wang-zou-lin-yan-lindsay-liu-distancedependentinteractionsbetweengoldnanoparticlesandfluorescentmoleculeswithdnaastunablespacers-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distance-dependent interactions between gold nanoparticles and fluorescent molecules with DNA as tunable spacers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/48/485201\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chhabra-sharma-wang-zou-lin-yan-lindsay-liu-distancedependentinteractionsbetweengoldnanoparticlesandfluorescentmoleculeswithdnaastunablespacers-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/48/485201', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chhabra-sharma-wang-zou-lin-yan-lindsay-liu-distancedependentinteractionsbetweengoldnanoparticlesandfluorescentmoleculeswithdnaastunablespacers-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chhabra-sharma-wang-zou-lin-yan-lindsay-liu-distancedependentinteractionsbetweengoldnanoparticlesandfluorescentmoleculeswithdnaastunablespacers-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chhabra_distance-dependent_2009,\n\ttitle = {Distance-dependent interactions between gold nanoparticles and fluorescent molecules with {DNA} as tunable spacers},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {0957-4484, 1361-6528},\n\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/48/485201},\n\tdoi = {10.1088/0957-4484/20/48/485201},\n\tnumber = {48},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Nanotechnology},\n\tauthor = {Chhabra, Rahul and Sharma, Jaswinder and Wang, Haining and Zou, Shengli and Lin, Su and Yan, Hao and Lindsay, Stuart and Liu, Yan},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {485201},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zin-leong-wong-ma-sarikaya-jen-surfaceplasmonenhancedfluorescencefromperiodicquantumdotarraysthroughdistancecontrolusingbiomolecularlinkers-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zin-leong-wong-ma-sarikaya-jen-surfaceplasmonenhancedfluorescencefromperiodicquantumdotarraysthroughdistancecontrolusingbiomolecularlinkers-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305', event);\">\n    Surface-plasmon-enhanced fluorescence from periodic quantum dot arrays through distance control using biomolecular linkers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zin, M. T; Leong, K.; Wong, N.; Ma, H.; Sarikaya, M.;  and Jen, A. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nanotechnology</i>, 20(1): 015305. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zin-leong-wong-ma-sarikaya-jen-surfaceplasmonenhancedfluorescencefromperiodicquantumdotarraysthroughdistancecontrolusingbiomolecularlinkers-2009', 'http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Surface-plasmon-enhanced fluorescence from periodic quantum dot arrays through distance control using biomolecular linkers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015305\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zin-leong-wong-ma-sarikaya-jen-surfaceplasmonenhancedfluorescencefromperiodicquantumdotarraysthroughdistancecontrolusingbiomolecularlinkers-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015305', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zin-leong-wong-ma-sarikaya-jen-surfaceplasmonenhancedfluorescencefromperiodicquantumdotarraysthroughdistancecontrolusingbiomolecularlinkers-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zin-leong-wong-ma-sarikaya-jen-surfaceplasmonenhancedfluorescencefromperiodicquantumdotarraysthroughdistancecontrolusingbiomolecularlinkers-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zin_surface-plasmon-enhanced_2009,\n\ttitle = {Surface-plasmon-enhanced fluorescence from periodic quantum dot arrays through distance control using biomolecular linkers},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {0957-4484, 1361-6528},\n\turl = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/20/1/015305},\n\tdoi = {10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015305},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Nanotechnology},\n\tauthor = {Zin, Melvin T and Leong, Kirsty and Wong, Ngo-Yin and Ma, Hong and Sarikaya, Mehmet and Jen, Alex K-Y},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {015305},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wijaya-schaffer-pallares-hamadschifferli-selectivereleaseofmultiplednaoligonucleotidesfromgoldnanorods-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wijaya-schaffer-pallares-hamadschifferli-selectivereleaseofmultiplednaoligonucleotidesfromgoldnanorods-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n', event);\">\n    Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wijaya, A.; Schaffer, S. B; Pallares, I. G;  and Hamad-Schifferli, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS nano</i>, 3(1): 80–6. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wijaya-schaffer-pallares-hamadschifferli-selectivereleaseofmultiplednaoligonucleotidesfromgoldnanorods-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wijaya-schaffer-pallares-hamadschifferli-selectivereleaseofmultiplednaoligonucleotidesfromgoldnanorods-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wijaya-schaffer-pallares-hamadschifferli-selectivereleaseofmultiplednaoligonucleotidesfromgoldnanorods-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wijaya-schaffer-pallares-hamadschifferli-selectivereleaseofmultiplednaoligonucleotidesfromgoldnanorods-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wijaya_selective_2009,\n\ttitle = {Selective release of multiple {DNA} oligonucleotides from gold nanorods.},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1936-086X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800702n},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nn800702n},\n\tabstract = {Combination therapy, or the use of multiple drugs, has been proven to be effective for complex diseases, but the differences in chemical properties and pharmacokinetics can be challenging in terms of the loading, delivering, and releasing multiple drugs. Here we demonstrate that we can load and selectively release two different DNA oligonucleotides from two different gold nanorods. DNA was loaded on the nanorods via thiol conjugation. Selective releases were induced by selective melting of gold nanorods via ultrafast laser irradiation at the nanorods&#x27; longitudinal surface plasmon resonance peaks. Excitation at one wavelength could selectively melt one type of gold nanorods and selectively release one type of DNA strand. Releases were efficient (50-80\\%) and externally tunable by laser fluence. Released oligonucleotides were still functional. This proof of concept is potentially a powerful method for multiple-drug delivery strategies.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {ACS nano},\n\tauthor = {Wijaya, Andy and Schaffer, Stefan B and Pallares, Ivan G and Hamad-Schifferli, Kimberly},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {DNA, DNA: chemistry, Drug Delivery Systems, Drug Design, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Lasers, Ligands, Metal Nanoparticles, Metal Nanoparticles: chemistry, Nanotubes, Nanotubes: chemistry, Oligonucleotides, Oligonucleotides: chemistry, Spectrometry, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Sulfhydryl Compounds: chemistry, Surface-Active Agents, gold, surface plasmon resonance},\n\tpages = {80--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Combination therapy, or the use of multiple drugs, has been proven to be effective for complex diseases, but the differences in chemical properties and pharmacokinetics can be challenging in terms of the loading, delivering, and releasing multiple drugs. Here we demonstrate that we can load and selectively release two different DNA oligonucleotides from two different gold nanorods. DNA was loaded on the nanorods via thiol conjugation. Selective releases were induced by selective melting of gold nanorods via ultrafast laser irradiation at the nanorods' longitudinal surface plasmon resonance peaks. Excitation at one wavelength could selectively melt one type of gold nanorods and selectively release one type of DNA strand. Releases were efficient (50-80%) and externally tunable by laser fluence. Released oligonucleotides were still functional. This proof of concept is potentially a powerful method for multiple-drug delivery strategies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-wu-lee-hong-kuo-huang-plasmonicenhancedpolymerphotovoltaicdevicesincorporatingsolutionprocessablemetalnanoparticles-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-wu-lee-hong-kuo-huang-plasmonicenhancedpolymerphotovoltaicdevicesincorporatingsolutionprocessablemetalnanoparticles-2009', 'http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1', event);\">\n    Plasmonic-enhanced polymer photovoltaic devices incorporating solution-processable metal nanoparticles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, F.; Wu, J.; Lee, C.; Hong, Y.; Kuo, C.;  and Huang, M. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>, 95(1): 013305. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-wu-lee-hong-kuo-huang-plasmonicenhancedpolymerphotovoltaicdevicesincorporatingsolutionprocessablemetalnanoparticles-2009', 'http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Plasmonic-enhanced polymer photovoltaic devices incorporating solution-processable metal nanoparticles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3174914\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-wu-lee-hong-kuo-huang-plasmonicenhancedpolymerphotovoltaicdevicesincorporatingsolutionprocessablemetalnanoparticles-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3174914', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-wu-lee-hong-kuo-huang-plasmonicenhancedpolymerphotovoltaicdevicesincorporatingsolutionprocessablemetalnanoparticles-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-wu-lee-hong-kuo-huang-plasmonicenhancedpolymerphotovoltaicdevicesincorporatingsolutionprocessablemetalnanoparticles-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_plasmonic-enhanced_2009,\n\ttitle = {Plasmonic-enhanced polymer photovoltaic devices incorporating solution-processable metal nanoparticles},\n\tvolume = {95},\n\tissn = {00036951},\n\turl = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/013305/1},\n\tdoi = {10.1063/1.3174914},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Applied Physics Letters},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Fang-Chung and Wu, Jyh-Lih and Lee, Chia-Ling and Hong, Yi and Kuo, Chun-Hong and Huang, Michael H.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {buffer layers, current density, dissociation, excitons, gold, nanoparticles, photovoltaic cells, power conversion, surface plasmon resonance},\n\tpages = {013305},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shankar-feng-grimes-enhancedharvestingofredphotonsinnanowiresolarcellsevidenceofresonanceenergytransfer-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shankar-feng-grimes-enhancedharvestingofredphotonsinnanowiresolarcellsevidenceofresonanceenergytransfer-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x', event);\">\n    Enhanced harvesting of red photons in nanowire solar cells: evidence of resonance energy transfer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shankar, K.; Feng, X.;  and Grimes, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS nano</i>, 3(4): 788–94. April 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shankar-feng-grimes-enhancedharvestingofredphotonsinnanowiresolarcellsevidenceofresonanceenergytransfer-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Enhanced harvesting of red photons in nanowire solar cells: evidence of resonance energy transfer. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shankar-feng-grimes-enhancedharvestingofredphotonsinnanowiresolarcellsevidenceofresonanceenergytransfer-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shankar-feng-grimes-enhancedharvestingofredphotonsinnanowiresolarcellsevidenceofresonanceenergytransfer-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shankar-feng-grimes-enhancedharvestingofredphotonsinnanowiresolarcellsevidenceofresonanceenergytransfer-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shankar_enhanced_2009,\n\ttitle = {Enhanced harvesting of red photons in nanowire solar cells: evidence of resonance energy transfer.},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1936-086X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900090x},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nn900090x},\n\tabstract = {Modern excitonic solar cells efficiently harvest photons in the 350-650 nm spectral range; however, device efficiencies are typically limited by poor quantum yields for red and near-infrared photons. Using Forster-type resonance energy transfer from zinc phthalocyanine donor molecules to ruthenium polypyridine complex acceptors, we demonstrate a four-fold increase in quantum yields for red photons in dye-sensitized nanowire array solar cells. The dissolved donor and surface anchored acceptor molecules are not tethered to each other, through either a direct chemical bond or a covalent linker layer. The spatial confinement of the electrolyte imposed by the wire-to-wire spacing of the close-packed nanowire array architecture ensures that the distances between a significant fraction of donors and acceptors are within a Förster radius. The critical distance for energy transfer from an isolated donor chromophore to a self-assembled monolayer of acceptors on a plane follows the inverse fourth power instead of the inverse sixth power relation. Consequently, we observe near quantitative energy transfer efficiencies in our devices. Our results represent a new design paradigm in excitonic solar cells and show it is possible to more closely match the spectral response of the device to the AM 1.5 solar spectrum through use of electronic energy transfer.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {ACS nano},\n\tauthor = {Shankar, Karthik and Feng, Xinjian and Grimes, Craig A},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {788--94},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Modern excitonic solar cells efficiently harvest photons in the 350-650 nm spectral range; however, device efficiencies are typically limited by poor quantum yields for red and near-infrared photons. Using Forster-type resonance energy transfer from zinc phthalocyanine donor molecules to ruthenium polypyridine complex acceptors, we demonstrate a four-fold increase in quantum yields for red photons in dye-sensitized nanowire array solar cells. The dissolved donor and surface anchored acceptor molecules are not tethered to each other, through either a direct chemical bond or a covalent linker layer. The spatial confinement of the electrolyte imposed by the wire-to-wire spacing of the close-packed nanowire array architecture ensures that the distances between a significant fraction of donors and acceptors are within a Förster radius. The critical distance for energy transfer from an isolated donor chromophore to a self-assembled monolayer of acceptors on a plane follows the inverse fourth power instead of the inverse sixth power relation. Consequently, we observe near quantitative energy transfer efficiencies in our devices. Our results represent a new design paradigm in excitonic solar cells and show it is possible to more closely match the spectral response of the device to the AM 1.5 solar spectrum through use of electronic energy transfer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726', event);\">\n    Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage MS2.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stephanopoulos, N.; Carrico, Z. M;  and Francis, M. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 48(50): 9498–502. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage MS2. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200902727\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200902727', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009,\n\ttitle = {Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage {MS2}.},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1521-3773},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921726},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200902727},\n\tnumber = {50},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and Carrico, Zachary M and Francis, Matthew B},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {9498--502},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kumar-duff-dnabasedsupramolecularartificiallightharvestingcomplexes-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kumar-duff-dnabasedsupramolecularartificiallightharvestingcomplexes-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n', event);\">\n    DNA-based supramolecular artificial light harvesting complexes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kumar, C. V;  and Duff, M. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 131(44): 16024–6. November 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kumar-duff-dnabasedsupramolecularartificiallightharvestingcomplexes-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"DNA-based supramolecular artificial light harvesting complexes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kumar-duff-dnabasedsupramolecularartificiallightharvestingcomplexes-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kumar-duff-dnabasedsupramolecularartificiallightharvestingcomplexes-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kumar-duff-dnabasedsupramolecularartificiallightharvestingcomplexes-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kumar_dna-based_2009,\n\ttitle = {{DNA}-based supramolecular artificial light harvesting complexes.},\n\tvolume = {131},\n\tissn = {1520-5126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja904551n},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja904551n},\n\tabstract = {Solar radiation reaching this planet is distributed over a wide range of wavelengths, and efficient collection and conversion of solar energy requires light harvesting over multiple wavelengths. Yet, the design, synthesis, and testing of novel, efficient, inexpensive light harvesting complexes are lacking. Engineered protein-DNA complexes are used here to self-assemble donor and acceptor molecules into artificial light harvesting units with an association constant of 3.3 +/- 1.2 muM(-1). Excitation of the DNA-bound donors resulted in a 540\\% increase in emission from the protein-bound acceptors, and the presence of one acceptor for each pair of donors was sufficient to quench approximately 50\\% of donor emission. Successful self-assembly of DNA-based light harvesting units is expected to facilitate economic/efficient conversion of solar energy, and model systems to achieve this goal are demonstrated here. We anticipate that success along these lines would facilitate more efficient approaches for solar energy capture.},\n\tnumber = {44},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Kumar, Challa V and Duff, Michael R},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {DNA, Energy-Generating Resources, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: genetics, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Solar Energy},\n\tpages = {16024--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Solar radiation reaching this planet is distributed over a wide range of wavelengths, and efficient collection and conversion of solar energy requires light harvesting over multiple wavelengths. Yet, the design, synthesis, and testing of novel, efficient, inexpensive light harvesting complexes are lacking. Engineered protein-DNA complexes are used here to self-assemble donor and acceptor molecules into artificial light harvesting units with an association constant of 3.3 +/- 1.2 muM(-1). Excitation of the DNA-bound donors resulted in a 540% increase in emission from the protein-bound acceptors, and the presence of one acceptor for each pair of donors was sufficient to quench approximately 50% of donor emission. Successful self-assembly of DNA-based light harvesting units is expected to facilitate economic/efficient conversion of solar energy, and model systems to achieve this goal are demonstrated here. We anticipate that success along these lines would facilitate more efficient approaches for solar energy capture.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hardin-hoke-armstrong-yum-comte-torres-frchet-nazeeruddin-etal-increasedlightharvestingindyesensitizedsolarcellswithenergyrelaydyes-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hardin-hoke-armstrong-yum-comte-torres-frchet-nazeeruddin-etal-increasedlightharvestingindyesensitizedsolarcellswithenergyrelaydyes-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96', event);\">\n    Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hardin, B. E.; Hoke, E. T.; Armstrong, P. B.; Yum, J.; Comte, P.; Torres, T.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Grätzel, M.;  and McGehee, M. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature Photonics</i>, 3(7): 406–411. June 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardin-hoke-armstrong-yum-comte-torres-frchet-nazeeruddin-etal-increasedlightharvestingindyesensitizedsolarcellswithenergyrelaydyes-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardin-hoke-armstrong-yum-comte-torres-frchet-nazeeruddin-etal-increasedlightharvestingindyesensitizedsolarcellswithenergyrelaydyes-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hardin-hoke-armstrong-yum-comte-torres-frchet-nazeeruddin-etal-increasedlightharvestingindyesensitizedsolarcellswithenergyrelaydyes-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hardin-hoke-armstrong-yum-comte-torres-frchet-nazeeruddin-etal-increasedlightharvestingindyesensitizedsolarcellswithenergyrelaydyes-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hardin_increased_2009,\n\ttitle = {Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1749-4885},\n\tshorttitle = {Nat {Photon}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/nphoton.2009.96},\n\tabstract = {Conventional dye-sensitized solar cells have excellent charge collection efficiencies, high open-circuit voltages and good fill factors. However, dye-sensitized solar cells do not completely absorb all of the photons from the visible and near-infrared domain and consequently have lower short-circuit photocurrent densities than inorganic photovoltaic devices. Here, we present a new design where high-energy photons are absorbed by highly photoluminescent chromophores unattached to the titania and undergo Förster resonant energy transfer to the sensitizing dye. This novel architecture allows for broader spectral absorption, an increase in dye loading, and relaxes the design requirements for the sensitizing dye. We demonstrate a 26\\% increase in power conversion efficiency when using an energy relay dye (PTCDI) with an organic sensitizing dye (TT1). We estimate the average excitation transfer efficiency in this system to be at least 47\\%. This system offers a viable pathway to develop more efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Nature Photonics},\n\tauthor = {Hardin, Brian E. and Hoke, Eric T. and Armstrong, Paul B. and Yum, Jun-Ho and Comte, Pascal and Torres, Tomás and Fréchet, Jean M. J. and Nazeeruddin, Md Khaja and Grätzel, Michael and McGehee, Michael D.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {406--411},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Conventional dye-sensitized solar cells have excellent charge collection efficiencies, high open-circuit voltages and good fill factors. However, dye-sensitized solar cells do not completely absorb all of the photons from the visible and near-infrared domain and consequently have lower short-circuit photocurrent densities than inorganic photovoltaic devices. Here, we present a new design where high-energy photons are absorbed by highly photoluminescent chromophores unattached to the titania and undergo Förster resonant energy transfer to the sensitizing dye. This novel architecture allows for broader spectral absorption, an increase in dye loading, and relaxes the design requirements for the sensitizing dye. We demonstrate a 26% increase in power conversion efficiency when using an energy relay dye (PTCDI) with an organic sensitizing dye (TT1). We estimate the average excitation transfer efficiency in this system to be at least 47%. This system offers a viable pathway to develop more efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727', event);\">\n    Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage MS2.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stephanopoulos, N.; Carrico, Z. M;  and Francis, M. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 48(50): 9498–502. January 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage MS2. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200902727\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200902727', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stephanopoulos-carrico-francis-nanoscaleintegrationofsensitizingchromophoresandporphyrinswithbacteriophagems2-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stephanopoulos_nanoscale_2009,\n\ttitle = {Nanoscale integration of sensitizing chromophores and porphyrins with bacteriophage {MS2}.},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1521-3773},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.200902727},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200902727},\n\tnumber = {50},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Stephanopoulos, Nicholas and Carrico, Zachary M and Francis, Matthew B},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Biomimetic Materials, Biomimetic Materials: chemistry, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Coloring Agents, Coloring Agents: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Levivirus, Levivirus: chemistry, Photochemical Processes, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {9498--502},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-li-lu-liu-proteincterminalmodificationthroughthioacidazideamidation-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-li-lu-liu-proteincterminalmodificationthroughthioacidazideamidation-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n', event);\">\n    Protein C-terminal modification through thioacid/azide amidation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, X.; Li, F.; Lu, X.;  and Liu, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bioconjugate chemistry</i>, 20(2): 197–200. February 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-li-lu-liu-proteincterminalmodificationthroughthioacidazideamidation-2009', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Protein C-terminal modification through thioacid/azide amidation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-li-lu-liu-proteincterminalmodificationthroughthioacidazideamidation-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-li-lu-liu-proteincterminalmodificationthroughthioacidazideamidation-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-li-lu-liu-proteincterminalmodificationthroughthioacidazideamidation-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_protein_2009,\n\ttitle = {Protein {C}-terminal modification through thioacid/azide amidation.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1520-4812},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc800488n},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/bc800488n},\n\tabstract = {The preparation of protein bioconjugates has been largely dependent on the development of selective chemistries that are orthogonal to the diverse functionalities present in a protein. Here, we report a new method for C-terminus-directed modification of recombinant proteins. The method is based on the thioacid/azide amidation reaction. Essentially, hydrothiolytic cleavage of the thioester intermediate in protein splicing yields a recombinant protein with a unique thioacid group at the C-terminus, which is then chemoselectively amidated with an electron-poor organic azide carrying a biofunctional tag. The small ubiquitin protein was used as a model system to demonstrate the utility of this new bioconjugation method. C-terminal PEGylation or biotinylation of ubiquitin was readily achieved through amidation of ubiquitin thioacid with a sulfonazide-functionalized PEG or biotin derivative. Our data validate that thioacid/azide amidation is a mechanistically novel and practically useful method for site-selective protein modification.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Bioconjugate chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Xiaohong and Li, Fupeng and Lu, Xiao-Wei and Liu, Chuan-Fa},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Amides, Amides: chemistry, Azides, Azides: chemistry, Biotinylation, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Polyethylene Glycols, Polyethylene Glycols: chemistry, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Sulfur, Sulfur: chemistry, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin: chemistry},\n\tpages = {197--200},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The preparation of protein bioconjugates has been largely dependent on the development of selective chemistries that are orthogonal to the diverse functionalities present in a protein. Here, we report a new method for C-terminus-directed modification of recombinant proteins. The method is based on the thioacid/azide amidation reaction. Essentially, hydrothiolytic cleavage of the thioester intermediate in protein splicing yields a recombinant protein with a unique thioacid group at the C-terminus, which is then chemoselectively amidated with an electron-poor organic azide carrying a biofunctional tag. The small ubiquitin protein was used as a model system to demonstrate the utility of this new bioconjugation method. C-terminal PEGylation or biotinylation of ubiquitin was readily achieved through amidation of ubiquitin thioacid with a sulfonazide-functionalized PEG or biotin derivative. Our data validate that thioacid/azide amidation is a mechanistically novel and practically useful method for site-selective protein modification.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2008\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2008</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (120)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"farr-asperger-kantiani-gonzlez-petrovic-barcel-assessmentoftheacutetoxicityoftriclosanandmethyltriclosaninwastewaterbasedonthebioluminescenceinhibitionofvibriofischeri-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Assessment of the acute toxicity of triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater based on the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Farré, M.; Asperger, D.; Kantiani, L.; González, S.; Petrovic, M.;  and Barceló, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry</i>, 390(8): 1999–2007.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1779-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('farr-asperger-kantiani-gonzlez-petrovic-barcel-assessmentoftheacutetoxicityoftriclosanandmethyltriclosaninwastewaterbasedonthebioluminescenceinhibitionofvibriofischeri-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1779-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/farr-asperger-kantiani-gonzlez-petrovic-barcel-assessmentoftheacutetoxicityoftriclosanandmethyltriclosaninwastewaterbasedonthebioluminescenceinhibitionofvibriofischeri-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('farr-asperger-kantiani-gonzlez-petrovic-barcel-assessmentoftheacutetoxicityoftriclosanandmethyltriclosaninwastewaterbasedonthebioluminescenceinhibitionofvibriofischeri-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{farre_assessment_2008,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of the acute toxicity of triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater based on the bioluminescence inhibition of {Vibrio} fischeri},\n\tvolume = {390},\n\tissn = {16182642},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00216-007-1779-9},\n\tabstract = {In this work, the contributions of triclosan and its metabolite methyl triclosan to the overall acute toxicity of wastewater were studied using Vibrio fischeri. The protocol used in this paper involved various steps. First, the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and methyl triclosan were determined for standard substances, and the 50\\% effective concentrations (EC(50)) were determined for these compounds. Second, the toxic responses to different mixtures of triclosan, methyl triclosan, and surfactants were studied in different water matrices, i.e., Milli-Q water, groundwater and wastewater, in order to evaluate (i) the antagonistic or synergistic effects, and (ii) the influence of the water matrices. Finally, chemical analysis was used in conjunction with the toxicity results in order to assess the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and its derivative in wastewaters. In this study, the toxicities of 45 real samples corresponding to the influents and effluents from eight wastewater treatment works (WWTW) were analyzed. Thirty-one samples were from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipped with two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBR), and the influent and the effluent samples after various treatments were characterized via different chromatographic approaches, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and SPE coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The toxicity was determined by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. In order to complete the study and to extrapolate the results to different WWTPs, the toxicity to V. fischeri of samples from seven more plants was analyzed, as were their triclosan and methyl triclosan concentrations. Good agreement was established between the overall toxicity values and concentrations of the biocides, indicating that triclosan is one of the major toxic organic pollutants currently found in domestic wastewaters.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Farré, Marinella and Asperger, Daniela and Kantiani, Lina and González, Susana and Petrovic, Mira and Barceló, Damià},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18172620},\n\tkeywords = {Bioluminescence, Methyl triclosan, Surfactants, Toxicity, Triclosan, Vibrio fischeri, Wastewater},\n\tpages = {1999--2007},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this work, the contributions of triclosan and its metabolite methyl triclosan to the overall acute toxicity of wastewater were studied using Vibrio fischeri. The protocol used in this paper involved various steps. First, the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and methyl triclosan were determined for standard substances, and the 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)) were determined for these compounds. Second, the toxic responses to different mixtures of triclosan, methyl triclosan, and surfactants were studied in different water matrices, i.e., Milli-Q water, groundwater and wastewater, in order to evaluate (i) the antagonistic or synergistic effects, and (ii) the influence of the water matrices. Finally, chemical analysis was used in conjunction with the toxicity results in order to assess the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and its derivative in wastewaters. In this study, the toxicities of 45 real samples corresponding to the influents and effluents from eight wastewater treatment works (WWTW) were analyzed. Thirty-one samples were from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipped with two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBR), and the influent and the effluent samples after various treatments were characterized via different chromatographic approaches, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and SPE coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The toxicity was determined by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. In order to complete the study and to extrapolate the results to different WWTPs, the toxicity to V. fischeri of samples from seven more plants was analyzed, as were their triclosan and methyl triclosan concentrations. Good agreement was established between the overall toxicity values and concentrations of the biocides, indicating that triclosan is one of the major toxic organic pollutants currently found in domestic wastewaters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-ahn-gee-ahmed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: A new type of endocrine disruptor?.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, J.; Ahn, K. C.; Gee, N. A.; Ahmed, M. I.; Duleba, A. J.; Zhao, L.; Gee, S. J.; Hammock, B. D.;  and Lasley, B. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Endocrinology</i>, 149(3): 1173–1179.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1057\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-ahn-gee-ahmed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1057', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-ahn-gee-ahmed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-ahn-gee-ahmed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_triclocarban_2008,\n\ttitle = {Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: {A} new type of endocrine disruptor?},\n\tvolume = {149},\n\tissn = {00137227},\n\tdoi = {10.1210/en.2007-1057},\n\tabstract = {Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4&#x27;-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25\\% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Endocrinology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Jiangang and Ahn, Ki Chang and Gee, Nancy A. and Ahmed, Mohamed I. and Duleba, Antoni J. and Zhao, Ling and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D. and Lasley, Bill L.},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18048496},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial},\n\tpages = {1173--1179},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-chang-gee-mohamed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: A new type of endocrine disruptor?.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, J.; Chang, A. K.; Gee, N. A.; Mohamed, M. I.; Duleba, A. J.; Zhao, L.; Gee, S. J.; Hammock, B. D.;  and Lasley, B. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Endocrinology</i>, 149(3): 1173–1179.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1057\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-chang-gee-mohamed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1057', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-chang-gee-mohamed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-chang-gee-mohamed-duleba-zhao-gee-hammock-etal-triclocarbanenhancestestosteroneactionanewtypeofendocrinedisruptor-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_triclocarban_2008,\n\ttitle = {Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: {A} new type of endocrine disruptor?},\n\tvolume = {149},\n\tissn = {00137227},\n\tdoi = {10.1210/en.2007-1057},\n\tabstract = {Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4&#x27;-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25\\% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Endocrinology},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Jiangang and Chang, Ahn Ki and Gee, Nancy A. and Mohamed, Mohamed I. and Duleba, Antoni J. and Zhao, Ling and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D. and Lasley, Bill L.},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18048496},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCC, Toxicity},\n\tpages = {1173--1179},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"coogan-lapoint-snailbioaccumulationoftriclocarbantriclosanandmethyltriclosaninanorthtexasusastreamaffectedbywastewatertreatmentplantrunoff-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyltriclosan in a North Texas, USA, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Coogan, M. a;  and La Point, T. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</i>, 27(8): 1788–1793.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1897/07-374.1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coogan-lapoint-snailbioaccumulationoftriclocarbantriclosanandmethyltriclosaninanorthtexasusastreamaffectedbywastewatertreatmentplantrunoff-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1897/07-374.1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/coogan-lapoint-snailbioaccumulationoftriclocarbantriclosanandmethyltriclosaninanorthtexasusastreamaffectedbywastewatertreatmentplantrunoff-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('coogan-lapoint-snailbioaccumulationoftriclocarbantriclosanandmethyltriclosaninanorthtexasusastreamaffectedbywastewatertreatmentplantrunoff-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{coogan_snail_2008,\n\ttitle = {Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyltriclosan in a {North} {Texas}, {USA}, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\tdoi = {10.1897/07-374.1},\n\tabstract = {Grazing by freshwater snails promotes nutrient turnover in algal communities. Grazed algal compartments may include antimicrobial agents and metabolites, such as triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), and methyltriclosan (MTCS), which are incompletely removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. The present study quantifies snail bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCC, TCS, and MTCS at the outfall of Pecan Creek (TX, USA), the receiving stream for the city of Denton (TX, USA) WWTP. Helisoma trivolvis (Say) is ubiquitous and thrives under standard laboratory conditions, leading to its choice for this bioaccumulation study in conjunction with Cladophora spp. Along with providing substrate for epiphytic growth, Cladophora spp. provide a source of food and shelter for H. trivolvis. After being caged for two weeks, algae and snails were collected from the WWTP outfall, along with water-column samples, and analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCS and MTCS and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCC. Algal and snail samples were analyzed before exposure and found to be below practical quantitation limits for all antimicrobial agents. Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS in water samples were at low-ppt concentrations (40-200 ng/L). Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS were elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-300 ng/g fresh wt) in caged snail samples and elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-400 ng/g fresh wt) in caged algal samples. Resulting snail and algal BAFs were approximately three orders of magnitude, which supports rapid bioaccumulation among algae and adult caged snails at this receiving stream outfall. The results further support TCC, TCS, and MTCS as good candidate marker compounds for evaluation of environmental distribution of trace WWTP contaminants.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Coogan, Melinda a and La Point, Thomas W},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18380516},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Florence, TCC, TCS, Triclocarban, mtcs, sewage treatment},\n\tpages = {1788--1793},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Grazing by freshwater snails promotes nutrient turnover in algal communities. Grazed algal compartments may include antimicrobial agents and metabolites, such as triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), and methyltriclosan (MTCS), which are incompletely removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. The present study quantifies snail bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCC, TCS, and MTCS at the outfall of Pecan Creek (TX, USA), the receiving stream for the city of Denton (TX, USA) WWTP. Helisoma trivolvis (Say) is ubiquitous and thrives under standard laboratory conditions, leading to its choice for this bioaccumulation study in conjunction with Cladophora spp. Along with providing substrate for epiphytic growth, Cladophora spp. provide a source of food and shelter for H. trivolvis. After being caged for two weeks, algae and snails were collected from the WWTP outfall, along with water-column samples, and analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCS and MTCS and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for TCC. Algal and snail samples were analyzed before exposure and found to be below practical quantitation limits for all antimicrobial agents. Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS in water samples were at low-ppt concentrations (40-200 ng/L). Triclocarban, TCS, and MTCS were elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-300 ng/g fresh wt) in caged snail samples and elevated to low-ppb concentrations (50-400 ng/g fresh wt) in caged algal samples. Resulting snail and algal BAFs were approximately three orders of magnitude, which supports rapid bioaccumulation among algae and adult caged snails at this receiving stream outfall. The results further support TCC, TCS, and MTCS as good candidate marker compounds for evaluation of environmental distribution of trace WWTP contaminants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"calafat-ye-wong-reidy-needham-urinaryconcentrationsoftriclosanintheuspopulation20032004-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the U.S. population: 2003-2004.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Calafat, A. M.; Ye, X.; Wong, L. Y.; Reidy, J. A.;  and Needham, L. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 116(3): 303–307.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10768\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('calafat-ye-wong-reidy-needham-urinaryconcentrationsoftriclosanintheuspopulation20032004-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10768', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/calafat-ye-wong-reidy-needham-urinaryconcentrationsoftriclosanintheuspopulation20032004-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('calafat-ye-wong-reidy-needham-urinaryconcentrationsoftriclosanintheuspopulation20032004-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{calafat_urinary_2008,\n\ttitle = {Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the {U}.{S}. population: 2003-2004},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {00916765},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.10768},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Triclosan is a synthetic chemical with broad antimicrobial activity that has been used extensively in consumer products, including personal care products, textiles, and plastic kitchenware. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess exposure to triclosan in a representative sample {\\textbackslash}textgreater or = 6 years of age of the U.S. general population from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We analyzed 2,517 urine samples using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We detected concentrations of total (free plus conjugated) triclosan in 74.6\\% of samples at concentrations of 2.4-3,790 microg/L. The geometric mean and 95th percentile concentrations were 13.0 microg/L (12.7 microg/g creatinine) and 459.0 microg/L (363.8 mug/g creatinine), respectively. We observed a curvilinear relation between age and adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of triclosan. LSGM concentrations of triclosan were higher in people in the high household income than in people in low (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01) and medium (p = 0.04) income categories. CONCLUSIONS: In about three-quarters of urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2003-2004, we detected concentrations of triclosan. Concentrations differed by age and socioeconomic status but not by race/ethnicity and sex. Specifically, the concentrations of triclosan appeared to be highest during the third decade of life and among people with the highest household incomes.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Calafat, Antonia M. and Ye, Xiaoyun and Wong, Lee Yang and Reidy, John A. and Needham, Larry L.},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18335095},\n\tkeywords = {2, 4, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, 4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether, 5-chloro-2-(2, Antimicrobial, Exposure, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Irgasan, NHANES 2003-2004, TCS, Urine, biomonitoring},\n\tpages = {303--307},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Triclosan is a synthetic chemical with broad antimicrobial activity that has been used extensively in consumer products, including personal care products, textiles, and plastic kitchenware. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess exposure to triclosan in a representative sample \\textgreater or = 6 years of age of the U.S. general population from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We analyzed 2,517 urine samples using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We detected concentrations of total (free plus conjugated) triclosan in 74.6% of samples at concentrations of 2.4-3,790 microg/L. The geometric mean and 95th percentile concentrations were 13.0 microg/L (12.7 microg/g creatinine) and 459.0 microg/L (363.8 mug/g creatinine), respectively. We observed a curvilinear relation between age and adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of triclosan. LSGM concentrations of triclosan were higher in people in the high household income than in people in low (p \\textless 0.01) and medium (p = 0.04) income categories. CONCLUSIONS: In about three-quarters of urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2003-2004, we detected concentrations of triclosan. Concentrations differed by age and socioeconomic status but not by race/ethnicity and sex. Specifically, the concentrations of triclosan appeared to be highest during the third decade of life and among people with the highest household incomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"allmyr-harden-toms-mueller-mclachlan-adolfssonerici-sandborghenglund-theinfluenceofageandgenderontriclosanconcentrationsinaustralianhumanbloodserum-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in Australian human blood serum.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Allmyr, M.; Harden, F.; Toms, L. M. L; Mueller, J. F.; McLachlan, M. S.; Adolfsson-Erici, M.;  and Sandborgh-Englund, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, 393(1): 162–167.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allmyr-harden-toms-mueller-mclachlan-adolfssonerici-sandborghenglund-theinfluenceofageandgenderontriclosanconcentrationsinaustralianhumanbloodserum-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/allmyr-harden-toms-mueller-mclachlan-adolfssonerici-sandborghenglund-theinfluenceofageandgenderontriclosanconcentrationsinaustralianhumanbloodserum-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('allmyr-harden-toms-mueller-mclachlan-adolfssonerici-sandborghenglund-theinfluenceofageandgenderontriclosanconcentrationsinaustralianhumanbloodserum-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{allmyr_influence_2008,\n\ttitle = {The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in {Australian} human blood serum},\n\tvolume = {393},\n\tissn = {00489697},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.006},\n\tabstract = {The bactericide triclosan has found wide-spread use in e.g. soaps, deodorants and toothpastes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been shown to be present in human plasma and milk at concentrations that are well correlated to the use of personal care products containing triclosan. In this study we investigated the influence of age, gender, and the region of residence on triclosan concentrations in pooled samples of Australian human blood serum. The results showed no influence of region of residence on the concentrations of triclosan. There was a small but significant influence of age and gender on the serum triclosan concentrations, which were higher in males than in females, and highest in the group of 31-45??year old males and females. However, overall there was a lack of pronounced differences in the triclosan concentrations within the dataset, which suggests that the exposure to triclosan among different groups of the Australian population is relatively homogenous. A selection of the dataset was compared with previous measurements of triclosan concentrations in human plasma from Sweden, where the use of triclosan is expected to be low due to consumer advisories. The triclosan concentrations were a factor of 2 higher in Australian serum than in Swedish plasma. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Allmyr, Mats and Harden, Fiona and Toms, Leisa Maree L and Mueller, Jochen F. and McLachlan, Michael S. and Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18207219},\n\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Florence, Human exposure, Irgasan, PCDE, TCS, serum},\n\tpages = {162--167},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The bactericide triclosan has found wide-spread use in e.g. soaps, deodorants and toothpastes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been shown to be present in human plasma and milk at concentrations that are well correlated to the use of personal care products containing triclosan. In this study we investigated the influence of age, gender, and the region of residence on triclosan concentrations in pooled samples of Australian human blood serum. The results showed no influence of region of residence on the concentrations of triclosan. There was a small but significant influence of age and gender on the serum triclosan concentrations, which were higher in males than in females, and highest in the group of 31-45??year old males and females. However, overall there was a lack of pronounced differences in the triclosan concentrations within the dataset, which suggests that the exposure to triclosan among different groups of the Australian population is relatively homogenous. A selection of the dataset was compared with previous measurements of triclosan concentrations in human plasma from Sweden, where the use of triclosan is expected to be low due to consumer advisories. The triclosan concentrations were a factor of 2 higher in Australian serum than in Swedish plasma. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ahn-zhao-chen-cherednichenko-sanmarti-denison-lasley-pessah-etal-invitrobiologicactivitiesoftheantimicrobialstriclocarbanitsanalogsandtriclosaninbioassayscreensreceptorbasedbioassayscreens-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: Receptor-based bioassay screens.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ahn, K. C.; Zhao, B.; Chen, J.; Cherednichenko, G.; Sanmarti, E.; Denison, M. S.; Lasley, B.; Pessah, I. N.; Kultz, D.; Chang, D. P Y; Gee, S. J.;  and Hammock, B. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 116(9): 1203–1210.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11200\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ahn-zhao-chen-cherednichenko-sanmarti-denison-lasley-pessah-etal-invitrobiologicactivitiesoftheantimicrobialstriclocarbanitsanalogsandtriclosaninbioassayscreensreceptorbasedbioassayscreens-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11200', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ahn-zhao-chen-cherednichenko-sanmarti-denison-lasley-pessah-etal-invitrobiologicactivitiesoftheantimicrobialstriclocarbanitsanalogsandtriclosaninbioassayscreensreceptorbasedbioassayscreens-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ahn-zhao-chen-cherednichenko-sanmarti-denison-lasley-pessah-etal-invitrobiologicactivitiesoftheantimicrobialstriclocarbanitsanalogsandtriclosaninbioassayscreensreceptorbasedbioassayscreens-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ahn_vitro_2008,\n\ttitle = {In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: {Receptor}-based bioassay screens},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {00916765},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.11200},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the biological and toxicologic effects of the antimicrobials triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in personal care products. Few studies have evaluated their biological activities in mammalian cells to assess their potential for adverse effects.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nOBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the activity of TCC, its analogs, and TCS in in vitro nuclear-receptor-responsive and calcium signaling bioassays.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the biological activities of the compounds in in vitro, cell-based, and nuclear-receptor-responsive bioassays for receptors for aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and ryanodine (RyR1).\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nRESULTS: Some carbanilide compounds, including TCC (1-10 muM), enhanced estradiol (E(2))-dependent or testosterone-dependent activation of ER- and AR-responsive gene expression up to 2.5-fold but exhibited little or no agonistic activity alone. Some carbanilides and TCS exhibited weak agonistic and/or antagonistic activity in the AhR-responsive bioassay. TCS exhibited antagonistic activity in both ER- and AR-responsive bioassays. TCS (0.1-10 muM) significantly enhanced the binding of [(3)H]ryanodine to RyR1 and caused elevation of resting cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in primary skeletal myotubes, but carbanilides had no effect.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nCONCLUSIONS: Carbanilides, including TCC, enhanced hormone-dependent induction of ER- and AR-dependent gene expression but had little agonist activity, suggesting a new mechanism of action of endocrine-disrupting compounds. TCS, structurally similar to noncoplanar ortho-substituted poly-chlorinated biphenyls, exhibited weak AhR activity but interacted with RyR1 and stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization. These observations have potential implications for human and animal health. Further investigations are needed into the biological and toxicologic effects of TCC, its analogs, and TCS.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Ahn, Ki Chang and Zhao, Bin and Chen, Jiangang and Cherednichenko, Gennady and Sanmarti, Enio and Denison, Michael S. and Lasley, Bill and Pessah, Isaac N. and Kultz, Dietmar and Chang, Daniel P Y and Gee, Shirley J. and Hammock, Bruce D.},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18795164},\n\tkeywords = {Androgen receptor, Antimicrobial, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Bioactivity, Carbanilide analog, Estrogen receptor, Florence, Health effects, Ryanodine receptor, Sensitization, Signal amplification, TCC, TCS, Triclocarbon, Triclosan},\n\tpages = {1203--1210},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the biological and toxicologic effects of the antimicrobials triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in personal care products. Few studies have evaluated their biological activities in mammalian cells to assess their potential for adverse effects.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the activity of TCC, its analogs, and TCS in in vitro nuclear-receptor-responsive and calcium signaling bioassays.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nMATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the biological activities of the compounds in in vitro, cell-based, and nuclear-receptor-responsive bioassays for receptors for aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and ryanodine (RyR1).${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nRESULTS: Some carbanilide compounds, including TCC (1-10 muM), enhanced estradiol (E(2))-dependent or testosterone-dependent activation of ER- and AR-responsive gene expression up to 2.5-fold but exhibited little or no agonistic activity alone. Some carbanilides and TCS exhibited weak agonistic and/or antagonistic activity in the AhR-responsive bioassay. TCS exhibited antagonistic activity in both ER- and AR-responsive bioassays. TCS (0.1-10 muM) significantly enhanced the binding of [(3)H]ryanodine to RyR1 and caused elevation of resting cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in primary skeletal myotubes, but carbanilides had no effect.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Carbanilides, including TCC, enhanced hormone-dependent induction of ER- and AR-dependent gene expression but had little agonist activity, suggesting a new mechanism of action of endocrine-disrupting compounds. TCS, structurally similar to noncoplanar ortho-substituted poly-chlorinated biphenyls, exhibited weak AhR activity but interacted with RyR1 and stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization. These observations have potential implications for human and animal health. Further investigations are needed into the biological and toxicologic effects of TCC, its analogs, and TCS.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"trudel-horowitz-wormuth-scheringer-cousins-hungerbhler-estimatingconsumerexposuretopfosandpfoa-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Estimating consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Trudel, D.; Horowitz, L.; Wormuth, M.; Scheringer, M.; Cousins, I. T.;  and Hungerbühler, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Risk Analysis</i>, 28(2): 251–269.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trudel-horowitz-wormuth-scheringer-cousins-hungerbhler-estimatingconsumerexposuretopfosandpfoa-2008', 'http://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/trudel-horowitz-wormuth-scheringer-cousins-hungerbhler-estimatingconsumerexposuretopfosandpfoa-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('trudel-horowitz-wormuth-scheringer-cousins-hungerbhler-estimatingconsumerexposuretopfosandpfoa-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{trudel_estimating_2008,\n\ttitle = {Estimating consumer exposure to {PFOS} and {PFOA}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {02724332},\n\tdoi = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x},\n\tabstract = {Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Risk Analysis},\n\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Horowitz, Lea and Wormuth, Matthias and Scheringer, Martin and Cousins, Ian T. and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18419647},\n\tkeywords = {Perfluorinated chemicals, consumer exposure, consumer products, exposure analysis},\n\tpages = {251--269},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluorinated compounds have been used for more than 50 years as process aids, surfactants, and for surface protection. This study is a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from a variety of environmental and product-related sources. To identify relevant pathways leading to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA a scenario-based approach has been applied. Scenarios represent realistic situations where age- and gender-specific exposure occurs in the everyday life of consumers. We find that North American and European consumers are likely to experience ubiquitous and long-term uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 3 to 220 ng per kg body weight per day (ng/kg(bw)/day) and 1 to 130 ng/kg(bw)/day, respectively. The greatest portion of the chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA is likely to result from the intake of contaminated foods, including drinking water. Consumer products cause a minor portion of the consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Of these, it is mainly impregnation sprays, treated carpets in homes, and coated food contact materials that may lead to consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Children tend to experience higher total uptake doses (on a body weight basis) than teenagers and adults because of higher relative uptake via food consumption and hand-to-mouth transfer of chemical from treated carpets and ingestion of dust. The uptake estimates based on scenarios are within the range of values derived from blood serum data by applying a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Begley, T H; Hsu, W; Noonan, G;  and Diachenko, G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food additives & contaminants: Part A</i>, 25(3): 384–390.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513784\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513784', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{begley_migration_2008,\n\ttitle = {Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1944-0049},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030701513784},\n\tabstract = {Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Food additives \\&amp; contaminants: Part A},\n\tauthor = {Begley, T H and Hsu, W and Noonan, G and Diachenko, G},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18311629},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration},\n\tpages = {384--390},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Begley, T H; Hsu, W; Noonan, G;  and Diachenko, G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food Additives and Contaminants</i>, 25(3): 384–390.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513784\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513784', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('begley-hsu-noonan-diachenko-migrationoffluorochemicalpaperadditivesfromfoodcontactpaperintofoodsandfoodsimulants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{begley_migration_2008,\n\ttitle = {Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1944-0049},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030701513784},\n\tabstract = {Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},\n\tauthor = {Begley, T H and Hsu, W and Noonan, G and Diachenko, G},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18311629},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, fluorochemicals, food packaging, food simulants, migration},\n\tpages = {384--390},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg(-1) popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg(-1) after 40 days at 4 degrees C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2008', 'http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire statistics, United Kingdom 2006.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Department of Communities and Local Government, UK,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2008', 'http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire statistics, United Kingdom 2006 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{noauthor_fire_2008,\n\ttitle = {Fire statistics, {United} {Kingdom} 2006},\n\turl = {http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/fire/pdf/firestats2006.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Department of Communities and Local Government, UK},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135', event);\">\n    Identification and determination of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in residential indoor air and dust: a previously unreported halogenated flame retardant in the environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, J.; Hou, Y.; Feng, Y.; Shoeib, M.;  and Harner, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(2): 386–91. January 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification and determination of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in residential indoor air and dust: a previously unreported halogenated flame retardant in the environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_identification_2008,\n\ttitle = {Identification and determination of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane ({HCDBCO}) in residential indoor air and dust: a previously unreported halogenated flame retardant in the environment.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284135},\n\tabstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g(-1) and a median of 2.0 ng g(-1) respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g(-1) which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m(-3) and a median of 92 pg m(-3), were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m(-3). Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-Lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18284135},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: analysis, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Ontario},\n\tpages = {386--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g(-1) and a median of 2.0 ng g(-1) respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g(-1) which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m(-3) and a median of 92 pg m(-3), were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m(-3). Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zota-rudel-morellofrosch-brody-elevatedhousedustandserumconcentrationsofpbdesincaliforniaunintendedconsequencesoffurnitureflammabilitystandards-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zota-rudel-morellofrosch-brody-elevatedhousedustandserumconcentrationsofpbdesincaliforniaunintendedconsequencesoffurnitureflammabilitystandards-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918', event);\">\n    Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zota, A. R; Rudel, R. A; Morello-Frosch, R. A;  and Brody, J. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(21): 8158–64. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zota-rudel-morellofrosch-brody-elevatedhousedustandserumconcentrationsofpbdesincaliforniaunintendedconsequencesoffurnitureflammabilitystandards-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zota-rudel-morellofrosch-brody-elevatedhousedustandserumconcentrationsofpbdesincaliforniaunintendedconsequencesoffurnitureflammabilitystandards-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zota-rudel-morellofrosch-brody-elevatedhousedustandserumconcentrationsofpbdesincaliforniaunintendedconsequencesoffurnitureflammabilitystandards-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zota_elevated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of {PBDEs} in {California}: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19031918},\n\tabstract = {Studies show higher house dust and body burden levels of PBDE flame retardants in North America than Europe; but little is known about exposure variation within North America, where California&#x27;s furniture flammability standard affects PBDE use. We compared dust samples from 49 homes in two California communities with 120 Massachusetts homes and with other published studies. Dust concentrations [median (range) ng/g] in California homes of BDE-47, -99, and -100 were 2700 (112-107,000), 3800 (102-170,000), and 684 ({\\textbackslash}textlessMRL-30,900), respectively, and were 4-10 times higher than previously reported in North America. Maximum concentrations were the highest ever reported in indoor dust. We then investigated whether human serum PBDE levels were also higher in California compared to other North American regions by analyzing the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the only data set available with serum from a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2040). California residence was significantly associated with nearly 2-fold higher sigma PBDE serum levels [least square geometric mean (LSGM) ng/g lipid, 73.0 vs 38.5 (p = 0.002)]. Elevated PBDE exposures in California may result from the state&#x27;s furniture flammability standards; our results suggest the need for further research in a larger representative sample.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zota, Ami R and Rudel, Ruthann A and Morello-Frosch, Rachel A and Brody, Julia Green},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {19031918},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Dust, Dust: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Interior Design and Furnishings: standards, Male, Middle Aged, california, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {8158--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Studies show higher house dust and body burden levels of PBDE flame retardants in North America than Europe; but little is known about exposure variation within North America, where California's furniture flammability standard affects PBDE use. We compared dust samples from 49 homes in two California communities with 120 Massachusetts homes and with other published studies. Dust concentrations [median (range) ng/g] in California homes of BDE-47, -99, and -100 were 2700 (112-107,000), 3800 (102-170,000), and 684 (\\textlessMRL-30,900), respectively, and were 4-10 times higher than previously reported in North America. Maximum concentrations were the highest ever reported in indoor dust. We then investigated whether human serum PBDE levels were also higher in California compared to other North American regions by analyzing the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the only data set available with serum from a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2040). California residence was significantly associated with nearly 2-fold higher sigma PBDE serum levels [least square geometric mean (LSGM) ng/g lipid, 73.0 vs 38.5 (p = 0.002)]. Elevated PBDE exposures in California may result from the state's furniture flammability standards; our results suggest the need for further research in a larger representative sample.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-guo-han-zhu-kilfoy-zhu-boyle-zheng-dopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincreasetheriskofthyroidcancer-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-guo-han-zhu-kilfoy-zhu-boyle-zheng-dopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincreasetheriskofthyroidcancer-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Do Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Increase the Risk of Thyroid Cancer?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, Y.; Guo, G. L; Han, X.; Zhu, C.; Kilfoy, B. A; Zhu, Y.; Boyle, P.;  and Zheng, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bioscience hypotheses</i>, 1(4): 195–199. January 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-guo-han-zhu-kilfoy-zhu-boyle-zheng-dopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincreasetheriskofthyroidcancer-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Do Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Increase the Risk of Thyroid Cancer? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bihy.2008.06.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-guo-han-zhu-kilfoy-zhu-boyle-zheng-dopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincreasetheriskofthyroidcancer-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bihy.2008.06.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-guo-han-zhu-kilfoy-zhu-boyle-zheng-dopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincreasetheriskofthyroidcancer-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-guo-han-zhu-kilfoy-zhu-boyle-zheng-dopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesincreasetheriskofthyroidcancer-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_polybrominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Do {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} ({PBDEs}) {Increase} the {Risk} of {Thyroid} {Cancer}?},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {1876-746X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2612591&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.bihy.2008.06.003},\n\tabstract = {An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in many parts of the world including the United States during the past several decades. Recently emerging evidence has demonstrated that polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alter thyroid hormone homeostasis and cause thyroid dysfunction. However, few studies have been conducted to test whether exposure to PBDEs and other PHAHs increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Here, we hypothesize that elevated exposure to PHAHs, particularly PBDEs, increases the risk of thyroid cancer and may explain part of the increase in incidence of thyroid cancer during the past several decades. In addition, genetic and epigenetic variations in metabolic pathway genes may alter the expression and function of metabolic enzymes which are involved in the metabolism of endogenous thyroid hormones and the detoxification of PBDEs and other PHAHs. Such variation may result in different individual susceptibilities to PBDEs and other PHAHs and the subsequent development of thyroid cancer. The investigation of this hypothesis will lead to an improved understanding of the role of PBDEs and other PHAHs in thyroid tumorigenesis and may provide a real means to prevent this deadly disease.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Bioscience hypotheses},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Yawei and Guo, Grace L and Han, Xuesong and Zhu, Cairong and Kilfoy, Briseis A and Zhu, Yong and Boyle, Peter and Zheng, Tongzhang},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {19122824},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {195--199},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in many parts of the world including the United States during the past several decades. Recently emerging evidence has demonstrated that polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alter thyroid hormone homeostasis and cause thyroid dysfunction. However, few studies have been conducted to test whether exposure to PBDEs and other PHAHs increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Here, we hypothesize that elevated exposure to PHAHs, particularly PBDEs, increases the risk of thyroid cancer and may explain part of the increase in incidence of thyroid cancer during the past several decades. In addition, genetic and epigenetic variations in metabolic pathway genes may alter the expression and function of metabolic enzymes which are involved in the metabolism of endogenous thyroid hormones and the detoxification of PBDEs and other PHAHs. Such variation may result in different individual susceptibilities to PBDEs and other PHAHs and the subsequent development of thyroid cancer. The investigation of this hypothesis will lead to an improved understanding of the role of PBDEs and other PHAHs in thyroid tumorigenesis and may provide a real means to prevent this deadly disease.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhang-bursian-martin-chan-martin-dietaryaccumulationdispositionandmetabolismoftechnicalpentabrominateddiphenyletherde71inpregnantminkmustelavisionandtheiroffspring-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhang-bursian-martin-chan-martin-dietaryaccumulationdispositionandmetabolismoftechnicalpentabrominateddiphenyletherde71inpregnantminkmustelavisionandtheiroffspring-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099', event);\">\n    Dietary accumulation, disposition, and metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether (DE-71) in pregnant mink (mustela vision) and their offspring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhang, S.; Bursian, S. J; Martin, P.; Chan, H. M.;  and Martin, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>,1. January 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-bursian-martin-chan-martin-dietaryaccumulationdispositionandmetabolismoftechnicalpentabrominateddiphenyletherde71inpregnantminkmustelavisionandtheiroffspring-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dietary accumulation, disposition, and metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether (DE-71) in pregnant mink (mustela vision) and their offspring [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1897/07-487\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhang-bursian-martin-chan-martin-dietaryaccumulationdispositionandmetabolismoftechnicalpentabrominateddiphenyletherde71inpregnantminkmustelavisionandtheiroffspring-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1897/07-487', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhang-bursian-martin-chan-martin-dietaryaccumulationdispositionandmetabolismoftechnicalpentabrominateddiphenyletherde71inpregnantminkmustelavisionandtheiroffspring-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhang-bursian-martin-chan-martin-dietaryaccumulationdispositionandmetabolismoftechnicalpentabrominateddiphenyletherde71inpregnantminkmustelavisionandtheiroffspring-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhang_dietary_2008,\n\ttitle = {Dietary accumulation, disposition, and metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether ({DE}-71) in pregnant mink (mustela vision) and their offspring},\n\tissn = {1552-8618},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171099},\n\tdoi = {10.1897/07-487},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in humans and wildlife suggest significant bioaccumulation potential in mammals, although no quantitative biomagnification data are available from controlled experiments. As part of a larger study examining the effects of PBDEs on mink reproduction and development, we examined congener-specific tissue distribution, maternal transfer, biotransformation, and biomagnification of the technical penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in farmed mink. Adult female mink were fed one of four concentrations of DE-71 (0-2.5 mug/g) in the diet from breeding, through gestation, and until weaning at six weeks post-parturition. Parent PBDEs were measured in tissues and excreta of adult mink, kits, and juveniles, while hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) were measured in juveniles only. Similar lipid normalized concentrations of PBDEs were detected in most tissues of adult mink, with the exception of brain which was significantly lower. However, kits had a higher proportion of PBDEs in the brain than adults, presumably due to incomplete development of the blood-brain barrier. Maternal transfer favored lower brominated BDE congeners, and the bulk of the body burden in kits at weaning resulted from lactational transfer, rather than transplacental transfer. Lipid-normalized whole-body biomagnification factors ranged from 0.5 to 5.2 for the major congeners and were highest for BDE 47 and BDE 153. Metabolism clearly limited the biomagnification of some PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs were detectable in plasma, liver, and feces. On a mass basis, OH-PBDEs accounted for 28 to 32\\% of the excreted fraction, indicating metabolism was an important elimination pathway. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of PBDE biotransformation.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Zhang, Si and Bursian, Steven J and Martin, Pamela and Chan, Hing Man and Martin, Jonathan},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18171099},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {1},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in humans and wildlife suggest significant bioaccumulation potential in mammals, although no quantitative biomagnification data are available from controlled experiments. As part of a larger study examining the effects of PBDEs on mink reproduction and development, we examined congener-specific tissue distribution, maternal transfer, biotransformation, and biomagnification of the technical penta-BDE mixture, DE-71, in farmed mink. Adult female mink were fed one of four concentrations of DE-71 (0-2.5 mug/g) in the diet from breeding, through gestation, and until weaning at six weeks post-parturition. Parent PBDEs were measured in tissues and excreta of adult mink, kits, and juveniles, while hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) were measured in juveniles only. Similar lipid normalized concentrations of PBDEs were detected in most tissues of adult mink, with the exception of brain which was significantly lower. However, kits had a higher proportion of PBDEs in the brain than adults, presumably due to incomplete development of the blood-brain barrier. Maternal transfer favored lower brominated BDE congeners, and the bulk of the body burden in kits at weaning resulted from lactational transfer, rather than transplacental transfer. Lipid-normalized whole-body biomagnification factors ranged from 0.5 to 5.2 for the major congeners and were highest for BDE 47 and BDE 153. Metabolism clearly limited the biomagnification of some PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs were detectable in plasma, liver, and feces. On a mass basis, OH-PBDEs accounted for 28 to 32% of the excreted fraction, indicating metabolism was an important elimination pathway. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of PBDE biotransformation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yuan-chen-chen-guo-bi-ju-jiang-shi-etal-elevatedserumpolybrominateddiphenylethersandthyroidstimulatinghormoneassociatedwithlymphocyticmicronucleiinchineseworkersfromanewastedismantlingsite-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yuan-chen-chen-guo-bi-ju-jiang-shi-etal-elevatedserumpolybrominateddiphenylethersandthyroidstimulatinghormoneassociatedwithlymphocyticmicronucleiinchineseworkersfromanewastedismantlingsite-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489', event);\">\n    Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in Chinese workers from an E-waste dismantling site.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yuan, J.; Chen, L.; Chen, D.; Guo, H.; Bi, X.; Ju, Y.; Jiang, P.; Shi, J.; Yu, Z.; Yang, J.; Li, L.; Jiang, Q.; Sheng, G.; Fu, J.; Wu, T.;  and Chen, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(6): 2195–200. March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yuan-chen-chen-guo-bi-ju-jiang-shi-etal-elevatedserumpolybrominateddiphenylethersandthyroidstimulatinghormoneassociatedwithlymphocyticmicronucleiinchineseworkersfromanewastedismantlingsite-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in Chinese workers from an E-waste dismantling site. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yuan-chen-chen-guo-bi-ju-jiang-shi-etal-elevatedserumpolybrominateddiphenylethersandthyroidstimulatinghormoneassociatedwithlymphocyticmicronucleiinchineseworkersfromanewastedismantlingsite-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yuan-chen-chen-guo-bi-ju-jiang-shi-etal-elevatedserumpolybrominateddiphenylethersandthyroidstimulatinghormoneassociatedwithlymphocyticmicronucleiinchineseworkersfromanewastedismantlingsite-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yuan_elevated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in {Chinese} workers from an {E}-waste dismantling site.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18411489},\n\tabstract = {In this study, we recruited 49 subjects from one village close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 50 km away from the e-waste site (control group). We found that serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median PBDEs, 382 ng/g lipid weight; range, 77-8452 ng/g lipid weight) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (median TSH, 1.79 microIU/mL; range, 0.38-9.03 microIU/mL) and frequencies of micro-nucleated binucleated cells (MNed BNC; median, 5\\% per hundred; range, 0-96\\% per hundred) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (158 ng/g, range of 18-436 ng/g, and p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05; 1.15 microIU/mL, range of 0.48-2.09, and p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01; and 0\\% per hundred, range of 0-5\\% per hundred, and p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.01, respectively). A history of working with e-waste was significantly associated with increased MNed BNC frequencies (odds ratio (OR), 38.85; 95\\% confidence interval (CI) = 1-1358.71, p = 0.044), independent of years of local residence, a perceived risk factor. However, there was no association between PBDEs exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, the exposure to PBDEs at the e-waste site may have an effect on the levels of TSH and genetoxic damage among these workers, but this needs to be validated in large studies.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Yuan, Jing and Chen, Lan and Chen, Duohong and Guo, Huan and Bi, Xinhui and Ju, Ying and Jiang, Pu and Shi, Jibin and Yu, Zhiqiang and Yang, Jin and Li, Liping and Jiang, Qi and Sheng, Guoying and Fu, Jiamo and Wu, Tangchun and Chen, Xuemin},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18411489},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Chromosome-Defective, Chromosome-Defective: chemically indu, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxyguanosine: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Deoxyguanosine: urine, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: blood, Humans, Lymphocytes, Lymphocytes: drug effects, Male, Malondialdehyde, Malondialdehyde: blood, Micronuclei, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Occupational Exposure: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Superoxide Dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase: blood, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: blood, Waste Products, eol, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {2195--200},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, we recruited 49 subjects from one village close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 50 km away from the e-waste site (control group). We found that serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median PBDEs, 382 ng/g lipid weight; range, 77-8452 ng/g lipid weight) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (median TSH, 1.79 microIU/mL; range, 0.38-9.03 microIU/mL) and frequencies of micro-nucleated binucleated cells (MNed BNC; median, 5% per hundred; range, 0-96% per hundred) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (158 ng/g, range of 18-436 ng/g, and p \\textless 0.05; 1.15 microIU/mL, range of 0.48-2.09, and p \\textless 0.01; and 0% per hundred, range of 0-5% per hundred, and p \\textless 0.01, respectively). A history of working with e-waste was significantly associated with increased MNed BNC frequencies (odds ratio (OR), 38.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1-1358.71, p = 0.044), independent of years of local residence, a perceived risk factor. However, there was no association between PBDEs exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, the exposure to PBDEs at the e-waste site may have an effect on the levels of TSH and genetoxic damage among these workers, but this needs to be validated in large studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yu-ewasterecyclingheavilycontaminatesachinesecitywithcholinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxins-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yu-ewasterecyclingheavilycontaminatesachinesecitywithcholinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxins-2008', 'http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0', event);\">\n    E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a Chinese city with cholinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yu, X.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 70: 813 – 816.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yu-ewasterecyclingheavilycontaminatesachinesecitywithcholinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxins-2008', 'http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a Chinese city with cholinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yu-ewasterecyclingheavilycontaminatesachinesecitywithcholinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxins-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yu-ewasterecyclingheavilycontaminatesachinesecitywithcholinatedbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddioxins-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yu_e-waste_2008,\n\ttitle = {E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a {Chinese} city with cholinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins.},\n\tvolume = {70},\n\turl = {http://ewasteguide.info/biblio/e-waste-0},\n\tabstract = {About 50-80\\% of electronic waste (e-waste) from industrialized countries ends up in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines1, 2 for cheap recycling due to the low labour costs and less stringent environmental regulations in these countries2. Recycling of this material has been undertaken for 10-20 years in these countries. E-waste contains a whole range of toxic compounds including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) as well as a broad range of toxic heavy metals;3. Its low tech recycling has produced contaminated mega-sites with a multitude of contaminants4, 5. An example of such a site is Guiyu city. This city is located in the Chaoyang District in Southeast China, with a total area of 52 km2 and a population of 150,000. It is a rice-growing region and its industry has been dominated by e-waste recycling since the early 1990s. The soil in this area has been found to be highly contaminated with heavy metals, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and other BFRs, PCBs and other toxic compounds4, 5. Similarly, the drinking water of Guiyu city has been identified unfit for consumption and drinking water is partly imported,2,5. In the low tech e-waste treatment, open burning is carried out as a “cleaning step” for removing plastics from cables and other parts of dismantled e-waste. Open burning is also used for final disposal of residues. Since ewaste contains considerable amount of bromine (mainly from BFRs) and chlorine (mainly from PVC, plasticizers like chlorinated paraffins or PCB), a mixture of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated compounds is formed from thermal treatment of this waste6. Hence, unintentionally formed POPs like PCDD/F and PAHs are formed and emitted to air7, soil5,8,9 and water in addition to the release of toxicants incorporated in the e-waste (heavy metals BFRs etc3,4. These releases ultimately provide pathways for human exposure as demonstrated e.g. for PCDD/F10. The present study presents data on PCDD/F, PBDD/F and mixed halogenated PXDD/F in soils impacted from different open burning sites in Guiyu. In addition total dioxin-like toxicity in these samples was screened with the DR CALUX assay. The relevance of these compounds with respect to the necessity of remediation measures is evaluated.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Yu, Xiezhi},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {813 -- 816},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  About 50-80% of electronic waste (e-waste) from industrialized countries ends up in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines1, 2 for cheap recycling due to the low labour costs and less stringent environmental regulations in these countries2. Recycling of this material has been undertaken for 10-20 years in these countries. E-waste contains a whole range of toxic compounds including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) as well as a broad range of toxic heavy metals;3. Its low tech recycling has produced contaminated mega-sites with a multitude of contaminants4, 5. An example of such a site is Guiyu city. This city is located in the Chaoyang District in Southeast China, with a total area of 52 km2 and a population of 150,000. It is a rice-growing region and its industry has been dominated by e-waste recycling since the early 1990s. The soil in this area has been found to be highly contaminated with heavy metals, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and other BFRs, PCBs and other toxic compounds4, 5. Similarly, the drinking water of Guiyu city has been identified unfit for consumption and drinking water is partly imported,2,5. In the low tech e-waste treatment, open burning is carried out as a “cleaning step” for removing plastics from cables and other parts of dismantled e-waste. Open burning is also used for final disposal of residues. Since ewaste contains considerable amount of bromine (mainly from BFRs) and chlorine (mainly from PVC, plasticizers like chlorinated paraffins or PCB), a mixture of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated compounds is formed from thermal treatment of this waste6. Hence, unintentionally formed POPs like PCDD/F and PAHs are formed and emitted to air7, soil5,8,9 and water in addition to the release of toxicants incorporated in the e-waste (heavy metals BFRs etc3,4. These releases ultimately provide pathways for human exposure as demonstrated e.g. for PCDD/F10. The present study presents data on PCDD/F, PBDD/F and mixed halogenated PXDD/F in soils impacted from different open burning sites in Guiyu. In addition total dioxin-like toxicity in these samples was screened with the DR CALUX assay. The relevance of these compounds with respect to the necessity of remediation measures is evaluated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weschler-nazaroff-semivolatileorganiccompoundsinindoorenvironments-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weschler-nazaroff-semivolatileorganiccompoundsinindoorenvironments-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052', event);\">\n    Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  WESCHLER, C;  and NAZAROFF, W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>, 42(40): 9018–9040. December 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weschler-nazaroff-semivolatileorganiccompoundsinindoorenvironments-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weschler-nazaroff-semivolatileorganiccompoundsinindoorenvironments-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weschler-nazaroff-semivolatileorganiccompoundsinindoorenvironments-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weschler-nazaroff-semivolatileorganiccompoundsinindoorenvironments-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weschler_semivolatile_2008,\n\ttitle = {Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {13522310},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052},\n\tabstract = {Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments, redistributing from their original sources to all indoor surfaces. Exposures resulting from their indoor presence contribute to detectable body burdens of diverse SVOCs, including pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants. This paper critically examines equilibrium partitioning of SVOCs among indoor compartments. It proceeds to evaluate kinetic constraints on sorptive partitioning to organic matter on fixed surfaces and airborne particles. Analyses indicate that equilibrium partitioning is achieved faster for particles than for typical indoor surfaces; indeed, for a strongly sorbing SVOC and a thick sorptive reservoir, equilibrium partitioning is never achieved. Mass-balance considerations are used to develop physical-science-based models that connect source- and sink-rates to airborne concentrations for commonly encountered situations, such as the application of a pesticide or the emission of a plasticizer or flame retardant from its host material. Calculations suggest that many SVOCs have long indoor persistence, even after the primary source is removed. If the only removal mechanism is ventilation, moderately sorbing compounds (Koa {\\textbackslash}textgreater 1010) may persist indoors for hundreds to thousands of hours, while strongly sorbing compounds (Koa {\\textbackslash}textgreater 1012) may persist for years. The paper concludes by applying the newly developed framework to explore exposure pathways of building occupants to indoor SVOCs. Accumulation of SVOCs as a consequence of direct air-to-human transport is shown to be potentially large, with a maximum indoor-air processing rate of 10–20 m3/h for SVOC uptake by human skin, hair and clothing. Levels on human skin calculated with a simple model of direct air-to-skin transfer agree remarkably well with levels measured in dermal hand wipes for SVOCs possessing a wide range of octanol–air partition coefficients.},\n\tnumber = {40},\n\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\n\tauthor = {WESCHLER, C and NAZAROFF, W},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Exposure, Flame retardants, Pesticides, Plasticizers, dynamic behavior, partitioning},\n\tpages = {9018--9040},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments, redistributing from their original sources to all indoor surfaces. Exposures resulting from their indoor presence contribute to detectable body burdens of diverse SVOCs, including pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants. This paper critically examines equilibrium partitioning of SVOCs among indoor compartments. It proceeds to evaluate kinetic constraints on sorptive partitioning to organic matter on fixed surfaces and airborne particles. Analyses indicate that equilibrium partitioning is achieved faster for particles than for typical indoor surfaces; indeed, for a strongly sorbing SVOC and a thick sorptive reservoir, equilibrium partitioning is never achieved. Mass-balance considerations are used to develop physical-science-based models that connect source- and sink-rates to airborne concentrations for commonly encountered situations, such as the application of a pesticide or the emission of a plasticizer or flame retardant from its host material. Calculations suggest that many SVOCs have long indoor persistence, even after the primary source is removed. If the only removal mechanism is ventilation, moderately sorbing compounds (Koa \\textgreater 1010) may persist indoors for hundreds to thousands of hours, while strongly sorbing compounds (Koa \\textgreater 1012) may persist for years. The paper concludes by applying the newly developed framework to explore exposure pathways of building occupants to indoor SVOCs. Accumulation of SVOCs as a consequence of direct air-to-human transport is shown to be potentially large, with a maximum indoor-air processing rate of 10–20 m3/h for SVOC uptake by human skin, hair and clothing. Levels on human skin calculated with a simple model of direct air-to-skin transfer agree remarkably well with levels measured in dermal hand wipes for SVOCs possessing a wide range of octanol–air partition coefficients.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"watanabe-shimizu-hino-kurokawa-effectsofdecabrominateddiphenyletherdbdeondevelopmentalimmunotoxicityinoffspringmice-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'watanabe-shimizu-hino-kurokawa-effectsofdecabrominateddiphenyletherdbdeondevelopmentalimmunotoxicityinoffspringmice-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381', event);\">\n    Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Watanabe, W.; Shimizu, T.; Hino, A.;  and Kurokawa, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and pharmacology</i>, 26(3): 315–9. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watanabe-shimizu-hino-kurokawa-effectsofdecabrominateddiphenyletherdbdeondevelopmentalimmunotoxicityinoffspringmice-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watanabe-shimizu-hino-kurokawa-effectsofdecabrominateddiphenyletherdbdeondevelopmentalimmunotoxicityinoffspringmice-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/watanabe-shimizu-hino-kurokawa-effectsofdecabrominateddiphenyletherdbdeondevelopmentalimmunotoxicityinoffspringmice-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('watanabe-shimizu-hino-kurokawa-effectsofdecabrominateddiphenyletherdbdeondevelopmentalimmunotoxicityinoffspringmice-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{watanabe_effects_2008,\n\ttitle = {Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether ({DBDE}) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1382-6689},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791381},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.004},\n\tabstract = {Decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), a representative brominated flame retardant ubiquitous in the environment, is suspected of being hazardous to humans. We evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of DBDE by an assay system using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in offspring mice. Pregnant mice were continuously exposed to DBDE (10, 100, 1000, or 10,000ppm) in the diet from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. Offspring mice born to these dams were intranasally infected with RSV. Virus titers in the lungs of RSV-infected offspring exposed perinatally to DBDE increased dose-dependently compared with the control. The level of interferon-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and gene expression of the chemokine RANTES in the lungs were also significantly elevated in offspring mice exposed to DBDE. Histopathological analysis revealed that pneumonia in the lungs of offspring mice exposed to 10,000ppm of DBDE was exacerbated compared with the control. These results indicate that DBDE is a developmental immunotoxic agent.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Watanabe, Wataru and Shimizu, Tomomi and Hino, Akane and Kurokawa, Masahiko},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {21791381},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {315--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), a representative brominated flame retardant ubiquitous in the environment, is suspected of being hazardous to humans. We evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of DBDE by an assay system using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in offspring mice. Pregnant mice were continuously exposed to DBDE (10, 100, 1000, or 10,000ppm) in the diet from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. Offspring mice born to these dams were intranasally infected with RSV. Virus titers in the lungs of RSV-infected offspring exposed perinatally to DBDE increased dose-dependently compared with the control. The level of interferon-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and gene expression of the chemokine RANTES in the lungs were also significantly elevated in offspring mice exposed to DBDE. Histopathological analysis revealed that pneumonia in the lungs of offspring mice exposed to 10,000ppm of DBDE was exacerbated compared with the control. These results indicate that DBDE is a developmental immunotoxic agent.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vonderheide-mueller-meija-welsh-polybrominateddiphenyletherscausesforconcernandknowledgegapsregardingenvironmentaldistributionfateandtoxicity-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vonderheide-mueller-meija-welsh-polybrominateddiphenyletherscausesforconcernandknowledgegapsregardingenvironmentaldistributionfateandtoxicity-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vonderheide, A. P; Mueller, K. E; Meija, J.;  and Welsh, G. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 400(1-3): 425–436. August 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vonderheide-mueller-meija-welsh-polybrominateddiphenyletherscausesforconcernandknowledgegapsregardingenvironmentaldistributionfateandtoxicity-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vonderheide-mueller-meija-welsh-polybrominateddiphenyletherscausesforconcernandknowledgegapsregardingenvironmentaldistributionfateandtoxicity-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vonderheide-mueller-meija-welsh-polybrominateddiphenyletherscausesforconcernandknowledgegapsregardingenvironmentaldistributionfateandtoxicity-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vonderheide_polybrominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity.},\n\tvolume = {400},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18571221},\n\tabstract = {This manuscript critically considers several areas of study of the polybrominated diphenyl ether compounds. Specifically, a brief review of PBDE toxicity is followed by an in depth discussion of PBDE occurrence in abiotic and biotic environmental matrices. Temporal and geographic trends are examined in conjunction with risk assessment factors. Rather than summarize or tabulate the growing body of literature on PBDEs in the environment, the overall goal of this review paper is to highlight broad patterns that may contribute to a more holistic understanding of PBDE behavior in the environment, as well as to identify critical areas of research that warrant further attention.},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Vonderheide, Anne P and Mueller, Kevin E and Meija, Juris and Welsh, Gwendolyn L},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Availability, Ecosystem, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Geography, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Risk Assessment},\n\tpages = {425--436},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This manuscript critically considers several areas of study of the polybrominated diphenyl ether compounds. Specifically, a brief review of PBDE toxicity is followed by an in depth discussion of PBDE occurrence in abiotic and biotic environmental matrices. Temporal and geographic trends are examined in conjunction with risk assessment factors. Rather than summarize or tabulate the growing body of literature on PBDEs in the environment, the overall goal of this review paper is to highlight broad patterns that may contribute to a more holistic understanding of PBDE behavior in the environment, as well as to identify critical areas of research that warrant further attention.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanderven-vandekuil-verhoef-verwer-lilienthal-leonards-schauer-cantn-etal-endocrineeffectsoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsastestedinaonegenerationreproductionstudyandasubacutetoxicitystudy-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanderven-vandekuil-verhoef-verwer-lilienthal-leonards-schauer-cantn-etal-endocrineeffectsoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsastestedinaonegenerationreproductionstudyandasubacutetoxicitystudy-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212', event);\">\n    Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van der Ven, L. T M; Van De Kuil, T.; Verhoef, A.; Verwer, C. M; Lilienthal, H.; Leonards, P. E G; Schauer, U. M D; Cantón, R. F; Litens, S.; De Jong, F. H; Visser, T. J; Dekant, W.; Stern, N.; H\\a akansson , H.; Slob, W.; Van Den Berg, M.; Vos, J. G;  and Piersma, A. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 245(1-2): 76–89. March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderven-vandekuil-verhoef-verwer-lilienthal-leonards-schauer-cantn-etal-endocrineeffectsoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsastestedinaonegenerationreproductionstudyandasubacutetoxicitystudy-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderven-vandekuil-verhoef-verwer-lilienthal-leonards-schauer-cantn-etal-endocrineeffectsoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsastestedinaonegenerationreproductionstudyandasubacutetoxicitystudy-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanderven-vandekuil-verhoef-verwer-lilienthal-leonards-schauer-cantn-etal-endocrineeffectsoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsastestedinaonegenerationreproductionstudyandasubacutetoxicitystudy-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanderven-vandekuil-verhoef-verwer-lilienthal-leonards-schauer-cantn-etal-endocrineeffectsoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsastestedinaonegenerationreproductionstudyandasubacutetoxicitystudy-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_der_ven_endocrine_2008,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol-{A} ({TBBPA}) in {Wistar} rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study.},\n\tvolume = {245},\n\tissn = {0300-483X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255212},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.009},\n\tabstract = {Endocrine effects of the brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) were studied in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats via repeated dietary exposure, applying eight dose groups at 0-3-10-30-100-300-1,000-3,000 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd). This design enables dose-response analysis and calculation of benchmark doses (BMDL). This reproduction study was preceded by a 28-day repeat dose subacute toxicity study, at 0-30-100-300 mkd. Major effects in the reproduction study included decreased circulating thyroxine (T4) with BMDLs of 31 (m) and 16 (f) mkd, and increased weight of testis and male pituitary (BMDLs of 0.5 and 0.6 mkd). The hypothyroxinemia correlated to a cluster of developmental parameters including delayed sexual development in females, decreased pup mortality, and effects on brainstem auditory evoked potentials [Lilienthal, H., Verwer, C.M., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G., 2008. Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Toxicology]. A second cluster of parameters in F1 animals was correlated to increased testis weight, and included female gonad weight, endometrium height, CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary, and plasma testosterone levels in males. These two correlation clusters suggest a dual action of TBBPA. The only effects in the subacute study were decreased circulating T4 and increased T3 levels in males (BMDLs 48 and 124mkd), and non-significant trends for these parameters in females, suggesting that the other effects in the reproduction study were induced during development. Combined with data of human exposure to environmental TBBPA, the margin of exposure for highly exposed populations can be calculated at 2.6, and current use of TBBPA may therefore be a matter of concern for human health.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Van der Ven, Leo T M and Van De Kuil, Ton and Verhoef, Aart and Verwer, Cynthia M and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Leonards, Pim E G and Schauer, Ute M D and Cantón, Rocío F and Litens, Sabina and De Jong, Frank H and Visser, Theo J and Dekant, Wolfgang and Stern, Natalia and H{\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Slob, Wout and Van Den Berg, Martin and Vos, Josephus G and Piersma, Aldert H},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18255212},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Bone Development, Bone Development: drug effects, Bone and Bones, Bone and Bones: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Tissue Distribution, Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Tests: methods, Wistar, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {76--89},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Endocrine effects of the brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) were studied in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats via repeated dietary exposure, applying eight dose groups at 0-3-10-30-100-300-1,000-3,000 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd). This design enables dose-response analysis and calculation of benchmark doses (BMDL). This reproduction study was preceded by a 28-day repeat dose subacute toxicity study, at 0-30-100-300 mkd. Major effects in the reproduction study included decreased circulating thyroxine (T4) with BMDLs of 31 (m) and 16 (f) mkd, and increased weight of testis and male pituitary (BMDLs of 0.5 and 0.6 mkd). The hypothyroxinemia correlated to a cluster of developmental parameters including delayed sexual development in females, decreased pup mortality, and effects on brainstem auditory evoked potentials [Lilienthal, H., Verwer, C.M., Van der Ven, L.T.M., Piersma, A.H., Vos, J.G., 2008. Neurobehavioral effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Toxicology]. A second cluster of parameters in F1 animals was correlated to increased testis weight, and included female gonad weight, endometrium height, CYP19/aromatase activity in the ovary, and plasma testosterone levels in males. These two correlation clusters suggest a dual action of TBBPA. The only effects in the subacute study were decreased circulating T4 and increased T3 levels in males (BMDLs 48 and 124mkd), and non-significant trends for these parameters in females, suggesting that the other effects in the reproduction study were induced during development. Combined with data of human exposure to environmental TBBPA, the margin of exposure for highly exposed populations can be calculated at 2.6, and current use of TBBPA may therefore be a matter of concern for human health.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"turyk-persky-imm-knobeloch-chatterton-anderson-hormonedisruptionbypbdesinadultmalesportfishconsumers-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'turyk-persky-imm-knobeloch-chatterton-anderson-hormonedisruptionbypbdesinadultmalesportfishconsumers-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Turyk, M. E; Persky, V. W; Imm, P.; Knobeloch, L.; Chatterton, R.;  and Anderson, H. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 116(12): 1635–41. December 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('turyk-persky-imm-knobeloch-chatterton-anderson-hormonedisruptionbypbdesinadultmalesportfishconsumers-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11707\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('turyk-persky-imm-knobeloch-chatterton-anderson-hormonedisruptionbypbdesinadultmalesportfishconsumers-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11707', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/turyk-persky-imm-knobeloch-chatterton-anderson-hormonedisruptionbypbdesinadultmalesportfishconsumers-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('turyk-persky-imm-knobeloch-chatterton-anderson-hormonedisruptionbypbdesinadultmalesportfishconsumers-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{turyk_hormone_2008,\n\ttitle = {Hormone disruption by {PBDEs} in adult male sport fish consumers.},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2599756&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.11707},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), affect endocrine function. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are similar in structure to PCBs, has increased recently, but health effects have not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: Our goal in this study was to determine whether PBDE body burdens are related to thyroid and steroid hormone levels, thyroid antibodies, and thyroid disease in a cohort of frequent and infrequent adult male sport fish consumers. METHODS: We tested serum from 405 adult males for PBDE congeners, PCB congeners, testosterone, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), SHBG-bound testosterone, thyroglobulin antibodies, and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and T(4)-binding globulin (TBG). We collected data on demographics, fish consumption, medical diseases, and medication use. RESULTS: The median sum of PBDEs was 38 ng/g lipid. In 308 men without thyroid disease or diabetes, PBDEs were positively related to measures of T(4) and reverse T(3) and inversely related to total T(3) and TSH. PBDEs were positively related to the percentage of T(4) bound to albumin, and inversely related to the percentage of T(4) bound to TBG. Associations of BDE congeners with hormones varied. BDE-47 was positively associated with testosterone levels. Participants with PBDEs over the 95th percentile were more likely to have thyroglobulin antibodies, although high PBDE exposure was not associated with thyroid disease. PBDE effects were independent of PCB exposure and sport fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure, at levels comparable with those of the general U.S. population, was associated with increased thyroglobulin antibodies and increased T(4) in adult males.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Turyk, Mary E and Persky, Victoria W and Imm, Pamela and Knobeloch, Lynda and Chatterton, Robert and Anderson, Henry A},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {19079713},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Animals, Cohort Studies, Diet, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Hormones, Hormones: blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Recreation, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1635--41},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), affect endocrine function. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are similar in structure to PCBs, has increased recently, but health effects have not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: Our goal in this study was to determine whether PBDE body burdens are related to thyroid and steroid hormone levels, thyroid antibodies, and thyroid disease in a cohort of frequent and infrequent adult male sport fish consumers. METHODS: We tested serum from 405 adult males for PBDE congeners, PCB congeners, testosterone, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), SHBG-bound testosterone, thyroglobulin antibodies, and the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and T(4)-binding globulin (TBG). We collected data on demographics, fish consumption, medical diseases, and medication use. RESULTS: The median sum of PBDEs was 38 ng/g lipid. In 308 men without thyroid disease or diabetes, PBDEs were positively related to measures of T(4) and reverse T(3) and inversely related to total T(3) and TSH. PBDEs were positively related to the percentage of T(4) bound to albumin, and inversely related to the percentage of T(4) bound to TBG. Associations of BDE congeners with hormones varied. BDE-47 was positively associated with testosterone levels. Participants with PBDEs over the 95th percentile were more likely to have thyroglobulin antibodies, although high PBDE exposure was not associated with thyroid disease. PBDE effects were independent of PCB exposure and sport fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure, at levels comparable with those of the general U.S. population, was associated with increased thyroglobulin antibodies and increased T(4) in adult males.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"talsness-kuriyama-sternerkock-schnitker-grande-shakibaei-andrade-grote-etal-inuteroandlactationalexposurestolowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenylether47alterthereproductivesystemandthyroidglandoffemaleratoffspring-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'talsness-kuriyama-sternerkock-schnitker-grande-shakibaei-andrade-grote-etal-inuteroandlactationalexposurestolowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenylether47alterthereproductivesystemandthyroidglandoffemaleratoffspring-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Talsness, C. E; Kuriyama, S. N; Sterner-Kock, A.; Schnitker, P.; Grande, S. W.; Shakibaei, M.; Andrade, A.; Grote, K.;  and Chahoud, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 116(3): 308–14. March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('talsness-kuriyama-sternerkock-schnitker-grande-shakibaei-andrade-grote-etal-inuteroandlactationalexposurestolowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenylether47alterthereproductivesystemandthyroidglandoffemaleratoffspring-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10536\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('talsness-kuriyama-sternerkock-schnitker-grande-shakibaei-andrade-grote-etal-inuteroandlactationalexposurestolowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenylether47alterthereproductivesystemandthyroidglandoffemaleratoffspring-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10536', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/talsness-kuriyama-sternerkock-schnitker-grande-shakibaei-andrade-grote-etal-inuteroandlactationalexposurestolowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenylether47alterthereproductivesystemandthyroidglandoffemaleratoffspring-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('talsness-kuriyama-sternerkock-schnitker-grande-shakibaei-andrade-grote-etal-inuteroandlactationalexposurestolowdosesofpolybrominateddiphenylether47alterthereproductivesystemandthyroidglandoffemaleratoffspring-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{talsness_utero_2008,\n\ttitle = {In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring.},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2265047&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.10536},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are capable of disrupting thyroid hormone homeostasis. PBDE-47 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) is one of the most abundant congeners found in human breast adipose tissue and maternal milk samples. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of developmental exposure to low doses of PBDE-47 on the female reproductive system. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were administered vehicle (peanut oil) or PBDE-47 [140 or 700 microg/kg body weight (bw)] on gestation day (GD) 6, or 5 mg 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)/L in the drinking water from GD7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. RESULTS: In female offspring sacrificed on PND38, there was a significant decrease in ovarian weight after exposure to PTU or 140 microg/kg PBDE-47. Alterations in folliculogenesis were apparent: we observed a decrease in tertiary follicles and serum estradiol concentrations in the offspring exposed to either PTU or 700 microg/kg PBDE-47. PTU exposure also resulted in a decrease in primordial follicles. On PND100, persistent effects on the thyroid glands included histologic and morphometric changes after exposure to either PTU or PBDE-47. No relevant changes in reproductive indices were observed after mating the exposed F1 females with nontreated males. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of PBDE-47 at doses relevant to human exposure led to changes in the rat female reproductive system and thyroid gland.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Talsness, Chris E and Kuriyama, Sergio N and Sterner-Kock, Anja and Schnitker, Petra and Grande, Simone Wichert and Shakibaei, Mehdi and Andrade, Anderson and Grote, Konstanze and Chahoud, Ibrahim},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18335096},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aromatase, Aromatase: metabolism, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Estradiol: blood, Female, Female: drug effects, Female: enzymology, Female: pathology, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Lactation, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: enzymology, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Wistar, estradiol, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {308--14},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are capable of disrupting thyroid hormone homeostasis. PBDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) is one of the most abundant congeners found in human breast adipose tissue and maternal milk samples. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of developmental exposure to low doses of PBDE-47 on the female reproductive system. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were administered vehicle (peanut oil) or PBDE-47 [140 or 700 microg/kg body weight (bw)] on gestation day (GD) 6, or 5 mg 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)/L in the drinking water from GD7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. RESULTS: In female offspring sacrificed on PND38, there was a significant decrease in ovarian weight after exposure to PTU or 140 microg/kg PBDE-47. Alterations in folliculogenesis were apparent: we observed a decrease in tertiary follicles and serum estradiol concentrations in the offspring exposed to either PTU or 700 microg/kg PBDE-47. PTU exposure also resulted in a decrease in primordial follicles. On PND100, persistent effects on the thyroid glands included histologic and morphometric changes after exposure to either PTU or PBDE-47. No relevant changes in reproductive indices were observed after mating the exposed F1 females with nontreated males. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of PBDE-47 at doses relevant to human exposure led to changes in the rat female reproductive system and thyroid gland.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tanabe-ramu-isobe-takahashi-brominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentofasiapacificanoverviewofspatialandtemporaltrends-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tanabe-ramu-isobe-takahashi-brominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentofasiapacificanoverviewofspatialandtemporaltrends-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in the environment of Asia-Pacific: an overview of spatial and temporal trends.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tanabe, S.; Ramu, K.; Isobe, T.;  and Takahashi, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 10(2): 188–97. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tanabe-ramu-isobe-takahashi-brominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentofasiapacificanoverviewofspatialandtemporaltrends-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in the environment of Asia-Pacific: an overview of spatial and temporal trends. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/b709928b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tanabe-ramu-isobe-takahashi-brominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentofasiapacificanoverviewofspatialandtemporaltrends-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/b709928b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tanabe-ramu-isobe-takahashi-brominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentofasiapacificanoverviewofspatialandtemporaltrends-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tanabe-ramu-isobe-takahashi-brominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentofasiapacificanoverviewofspatialandtemporaltrends-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tanabe_brominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in the environment of {Asia}-{Pacific}: an overview of spatial and temporal trends.},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {1464-0325},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246212},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/b709928b},\n\tabstract = {In this paper, we summarize spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in coastal and marine biota, and further assess human exposure to these brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia-Pacific. The review is based mainly on the studies that were conducted in our laboratory and utilized samples archived in the environmental specimen bank (es-BANK) of Ehime University, Japan. The studies suggest that the target BFRs are ubiquitous in the environment of Asia-Pacific. Examination of spatial trends reveals that concentrations of these contaminants are relatively high in samples from Korea, South China and Japan. In general, the magnitude of environmental contamination by PBDEs in Asia-Pacific, as well as human exposure to these contaminants, seem to be comparable to or slightly higher than in Europe, but lower than in North America. Evaluation of temporal trends in concentrations of BFRs in marine mammals from the coastal waters of Japan and China showed drastic increase during the last 30 years. These changes in BFR levels in samples from Japan were in line with trends in production/use of the commercial formulations. Since the withdrawal of some PBDE products from the Japanese market in the 1990s, concentrations of HBCDs appear to exceed those of PBDEs, reflecting increasing usage of HBCDs over PBDEs. The increasing environmental contamination by BFRs in Chinese coastal waters indicates that contamination by BFRs has already become evident, even in developing countries. In view of the rising environmental levels and the high consumption volume of BFRs in Asia, further efforts should be made to monitor environmental contamination by these chemicals in order to identify sources and reduce emissions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Tanabe, Shinsuke and Ramu, Karri and Isobe, Tomohiko and Takahashi, Shin},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18246212},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Far East, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\n\tpages = {188--97},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper, we summarize spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in coastal and marine biota, and further assess human exposure to these brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Asia-Pacific. The review is based mainly on the studies that were conducted in our laboratory and utilized samples archived in the environmental specimen bank (es-BANK) of Ehime University, Japan. The studies suggest that the target BFRs are ubiquitous in the environment of Asia-Pacific. Examination of spatial trends reveals that concentrations of these contaminants are relatively high in samples from Korea, South China and Japan. In general, the magnitude of environmental contamination by PBDEs in Asia-Pacific, as well as human exposure to these contaminants, seem to be comparable to or slightly higher than in Europe, but lower than in North America. Evaluation of temporal trends in concentrations of BFRs in marine mammals from the coastal waters of Japan and China showed drastic increase during the last 30 years. These changes in BFR levels in samples from Japan were in line with trends in production/use of the commercial formulations. Since the withdrawal of some PBDE products from the Japanese market in the 1990s, concentrations of HBCDs appear to exceed those of PBDEs, reflecting increasing usage of HBCDs over PBDEs. The increasing environmental contamination by BFRs in Chinese coastal waters indicates that contamination by BFRs has already become evident, even in developing countries. In view of the rising environmental levels and the high consumption volume of BFRs in Asia, further efforts should be made to monitor environmental contamination by these chemicals in order to identify sources and reduce emissions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291', event);\">\n    Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takigami, H.; Suzuki, G.; Hirai, Y.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(2): 161–9. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takigami_transfer_2008,\n\ttitle = {Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657291},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032},\n\tabstract = {Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 microg/g, 19,000 microg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The SigmaPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective SigmaPBDE and SigmaPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67-500 microg/g (mean 300 microg/g) and 180-650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18657291},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Television, frelec},\n\tpages = {161--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 microg/g, 19,000 microg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The SigmaPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective SigmaPBDE and SigmaPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67-500 microg/g (mean 300 microg/g) and 180-650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suzuki-takigami-watanabe-takahashi-nose-asari-sakai-identificationofbrominatedandchlorinatedphenolsaspotentialthyroiddisruptingcompoundsinindoordusts-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suzuki-takigami-watanabe-takahashi-nose-asari-sakai-identificationofbrominatedandchlorinatedphenolsaspotentialthyroiddisruptingcompoundsinindoordusts-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837', event);\">\n    Identification of brominated and chlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suzuki, G.; Takigami, H.; Watanabe, M.; Takahashi, S.; Nose, K.; Asari, M.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(5): 1794–800. March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-takigami-watanabe-takahashi-nose-asari-sakai-identificationofbrominatedandchlorinatedphenolsaspotentialthyroiddisruptingcompoundsinindoordusts-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification of brominated and chlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suzuki-takigami-watanabe-takahashi-nose-asari-sakai-identificationofbrominatedandchlorinatedphenolsaspotentialthyroiddisruptingcompoundsinindoordusts-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suzuki-takigami-watanabe-takahashi-nose-asari-sakai-identificationofbrominatedandchlorinatedphenolsaspotentialthyroiddisruptingcompoundsinindoordusts-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suzuki_identification_2008,\n\ttitle = {Identification of brominated and chlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441837},\n\tabstract = {Our previous study demonstrated that compounds in indoor dusts strongly inhibit thyroxine (T4) binding to the human thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin (TTR) in vitro. Exposure assessment indicated that house dust is an important medium of exposure of children to TTR-binding compounds when binding potency and dust ingestion rates are high. Here, we used chemical fractionation with in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay and GC-MS to analyze the TTR-binding compounds in a sulfuric-acid-treated dust extract. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TriBPh) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol (PeCPh) were potent TTR-binding compounds in all dust samples. 2,4,6-TriBPh- and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh-derived theoretical T4 equivalents (T4EQs), calculated arithmetically from the concentrations and relative potencies, accounted for about 40-70\\% of experimental T4EQs detected in indoor dusts, indicating that these compounds contributed strongly to the TTR-binding potency of indoor dust. Indoor sources of 2,4,6-TriBPh might be brominated flame retardants currently used in household materials such as electrical appliances. In contrast, the 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh might be trace evidence of past use in agricultural chemicals and preservatives in indoor or outdoor environments, because its use has been banned since 1990 in Japan. 2,4,6-TriBPh and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh are ubiquitous potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in the home and work environments of Japan and other countries.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Takigami, Hidetaka and Watanabe, Mafumi and Takahashi, Shin and Nose, Kazutoshi and Asari, Misuzu and Sakai, Shin-Ichi},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18441837},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: toxicity, Chromatography, Dust, Electrospray Ionization, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phenols: toxicity, Spectrometry, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects},\n\tpages = {1794--800},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Our previous study demonstrated that compounds in indoor dusts strongly inhibit thyroxine (T4) binding to the human thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin (TTR) in vitro. Exposure assessment indicated that house dust is an important medium of exposure of children to TTR-binding compounds when binding potency and dust ingestion rates are high. Here, we used chemical fractionation with in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay and GC-MS to analyze the TTR-binding compounds in a sulfuric-acid-treated dust extract. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TriBPh) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol (PeCPh) were potent TTR-binding compounds in all dust samples. 2,4,6-TriBPh- and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh-derived theoretical T4 equivalents (T4EQs), calculated arithmetically from the concentrations and relative potencies, accounted for about 40-70% of experimental T4EQs detected in indoor dusts, indicating that these compounds contributed strongly to the TTR-binding potency of indoor dust. Indoor sources of 2,4,6-TriBPh might be brominated flame retardants currently used in household materials such as electrical appliances. In contrast, the 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh might be trace evidence of past use in agricultural chemicals and preservatives in indoor or outdoor environments, because its use has been banned since 1990 in Japan. 2,4,6-TriBPh and 2,3,4,5,6-PeCPh are ubiquitous potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in the home and work environments of Japan and other countries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"swedishchemicalsagency-riskassessmenthexabromocyclododecanefinalreport-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'swedishchemicalsagency-riskassessmenthexabromocyclododecanefinalreport-2008', 'http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf', event);\">\n    Risk assessment, hexabromocyclododecane. Final report.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Swedish Chemicals Agency\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report European Commission, Luxembourg,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('swedishchemicalsagency-riskassessmenthexabromocyclododecanefinalreport-2008', 'http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Risk assessment, hexabromocyclododecane. Final report. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/swedishchemicalsagency-riskassessmenthexabromocyclododecanefinalreport-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('swedishchemicalsagency-riskassessmenthexabromocyclododecanefinalreport-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{swedish_chemicals_agency_risk_2008,\n\taddress = {Luxembourg},\n\ttitle = {Risk assessment, hexabromocyclododecane. {Final} report.},\n\turl = {http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/hbcddreport044.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {European Commission},\n\tauthor = {{Swedish Chemicals Agency}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-sjdin-jones-niehser-zhang-patterson-serumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfoamrecyclersandcarpetinstallersworkingintheunitedstates-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-sjdin-jones-niehser-zhang-patterson-serumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfoamrecyclersandcarpetinstallersworkingintheunitedstates-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133', event);\">\n    Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foam recyclers and carpet installers working in the United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Sjödin, A.; Jones, R. S; Niehüser, S.; Zhang, Y.;  and Patterson, D. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(9): 3453–8. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-sjdin-jones-niehser-zhang-patterson-serumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfoamrecyclersandcarpetinstallersworkingintheunitedstates-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foam recyclers and carpet installers working in the United States. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-sjdin-jones-niehser-zhang-patterson-serumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfoamrecyclersandcarpetinstallersworkingintheunitedstates-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-sjdin-jones-niehser-zhang-patterson-serumlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinfoamrecyclersandcarpetinstallersworkingintheunitedstates-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_serum_2008,\n\ttitle = {Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in foam recyclers and carpet installers working in the {United} {States}.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522133},\n\tabstract = {Increased exposure to the flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may be expected to occur during the recycling of polyurethane foam containing these chemicals. To date, no studies in the United States have investigated occupational exposure to these flame retardants during recycling processes. The objective of the present study was to determine if individuals working in foam recycling facilities, and/or carpet installers who may install carpet padding manufactured from recycled foam, possess significantly higher PBDE serum levels relative to that of the general U.S. population. As a control group, serum was collected from four spouses and one clerical worker. In addition, levels in workers were also compared to the recently published national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) data set on PBDEs in the general U.S. population. Serum samples were collected in duplicate and analyzed by two different laboratories as quality control. Total PBDE levels were found to be significantly higher (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) in the individuals recycling foam and installing carpet (n = 15) relative to the control group (n = 5). Median sigmaPBDE levels in the foam recyclers, carpet layers, and control group were 160, 178, and 19 ng/g lipid, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of a polybrominated biphenyl (BB-153) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (CB-153) were equivalent among all groups tested. The PBDE congeners BDE-47, 99, 100, and 153 contributed 90\\% of the sigmaPBDE concentration in serum and no differences in congener patterns were apparent among the different groups. Relative to concentrations measured in the NHANES, foam recyclers and carpet layers have body burdens that are an order of magnitude higher. These data suggest individuals recycling foam-containing products, and/ or using products manufactured from recycled foam (i.e., carpet padding), have higher body burdens of PBDEs, and thus may be at higher risk from adverse health effects associated with brominated flame retardant exposure.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Sjödin, Andreas and Jones, Richard S and Niehüser, Sara and Zhang, Yalin and Patterson, Donald G},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18522133},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polyurethanes, Polyurethanes: chemistry, Quality Control, United States, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {3453--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increased exposure to the flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may be expected to occur during the recycling of polyurethane foam containing these chemicals. To date, no studies in the United States have investigated occupational exposure to these flame retardants during recycling processes. The objective of the present study was to determine if individuals working in foam recycling facilities, and/or carpet installers who may install carpet padding manufactured from recycled foam, possess significantly higher PBDE serum levels relative to that of the general U.S. population. As a control group, serum was collected from four spouses and one clerical worker. In addition, levels in workers were also compared to the recently published national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) data set on PBDEs in the general U.S. population. Serum samples were collected in duplicate and analyzed by two different laboratories as quality control. Total PBDE levels were found to be significantly higher (p \\textless 0.05) in the individuals recycling foam and installing carpet (n = 15) relative to the control group (n = 5). Median sigmaPBDE levels in the foam recyclers, carpet layers, and control group were 160, 178, and 19 ng/g lipid, respectively. In contrast, concentrations of a polybrominated biphenyl (BB-153) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (CB-153) were equivalent among all groups tested. The PBDE congeners BDE-47, 99, 100, and 153 contributed 90% of the sigmaPBDE concentration in serum and no differences in congener patterns were apparent among the different groups. Relative to concentrations measured in the NHANES, foam recyclers and carpet layers have body burdens that are an order of magnitude higher. These data suggest individuals recycling foam-containing products, and/ or using products manufactured from recycled foam (i.e., carpet padding), have higher body burdens of PBDEs, and thus may be at higher risk from adverse health effects associated with brominated flame retardant exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-dodder-photodegradationofdecabromodiphenyletherinhousedustbynaturalsunlight-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-dodder-photodegradationofdecabromodiphenyletherinhousedustbynaturalsunlight-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638', event);\">\n    Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M;  and Dodder, N. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 27(2): 306–12. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-dodder-photodegradationofdecabromodiphenyletherinhousedustbynaturalsunlight-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1897/07-301R.1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-dodder-photodegradationofdecabromodiphenyletherinhousedustbynaturalsunlight-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1897/07-301R.1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-dodder-photodegradationofdecabromodiphenyletherinhousedustbynaturalsunlight-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-dodder-photodegradationofdecabromodiphenyletherinhousedustbynaturalsunlight-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_photodegradation_2008,\n\ttitle = {Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight.},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348638},\n\tdoi = {10.1897/07-301R.1},\n\tabstract = {Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) has been observed in several matrices such as solvent/ water mixtures, sediments, and soil; however, no studies have investigated the degradation potential of BDE 209 in house dust. In the present study, both a natural and a BDE 209-spiked dust material were exposed to sunlight for 200 cumulative h. Degradation of BDE 209 was observed in both matrices but was 35\\% greater in the spiked dust relative to the natural dust material. The pseudo- first-order degradation rates were 2.3 x 10(-3) and 1.7 x 10(-3) per hour for the spiked and natural dust, respectively. During the 200-h exposure, as much as 38\\% of the original BDE 209 mass was degraded in the spiked dust, 25\\% of which could not be accounted for and was lost to unknown pathways and/or products. The remaining 13\\% was accounted for by the formation of lower brominated congeners. Debrominated products detected in the spiked dust included all three nonabrominated congeners (BDE 206, BDE 207, and BDE 208) and several octabrominated congeners (BDE 196, BDE 197, BDE 201, BDE 202, and BDE 203/200). In technical commercial octa-BDE mixtures, BDE 201 is a very small component (below detection limit to 0.8\\%), and BDE 202 is not detected. Therefore, the presence of these congeners in house dust may provide a marker of environmental debromination of BDE 209. The ratio of BDE 197 to BDE 201 may also be indicative of BDE 209 degradation. as the ratio of these two congeners appeared to reach a steady-state value (∼1) in both exposure scenarios in the present study.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Dodder, Nathan G},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18348638},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, frelec},\n\tpages = {306--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) has been observed in several matrices such as solvent/ water mixtures, sediments, and soil; however, no studies have investigated the degradation potential of BDE 209 in house dust. In the present study, both a natural and a BDE 209-spiked dust material were exposed to sunlight for 200 cumulative h. Degradation of BDE 209 was observed in both matrices but was 35% greater in the spiked dust relative to the natural dust material. The pseudo- first-order degradation rates were 2.3 x 10(-3) and 1.7 x 10(-3) per hour for the spiked and natural dust, respectively. During the 200-h exposure, as much as 38% of the original BDE 209 mass was degraded in the spiked dust, 25% of which could not be accounted for and was lost to unknown pathways and/or products. The remaining 13% was accounted for by the formation of lower brominated congeners. Debrominated products detected in the spiked dust included all three nonabrominated congeners (BDE 206, BDE 207, and BDE 208) and several octabrominated congeners (BDE 196, BDE 197, BDE 201, BDE 202, and BDE 203/200). In technical commercial octa-BDE mixtures, BDE 201 is a very small component (below detection limit to 0.8%), and BDE 202 is not detected. Therefore, the presence of these congeners in house dust may provide a marker of environmental debromination of BDE 209. The ratio of BDE 197 to BDE 201 may also be indicative of BDE 209 degradation. as the ratio of these two congeners appeared to reach a steady-state value (∼1) in both exposure scenarios in the present study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808', event);\">\n    Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Allen, J. G; Kelly, S. M; Konstantinov, A.; Klosterhaus, S.; Watkins, D.; McClean, M. D;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(18): 6910–6. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_alternate_2008,\n\ttitle = {Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in {U}.{S}. house dust.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853808},\n\tabstract = {Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (sigma HBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from {\\textbackslash}textless4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Allen, Joseph G and Kelly, Shannon M and Konstantinov, Alex and Klosterhaus, Susan and Watkins, Deborah and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18853808},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Dust, Dust: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Reference Standards, United States, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\n\tpages = {6910--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (sigma HBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from \\textless4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from \\textless10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from \\textless6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjdin-wong-jones-park-zhang-hodge-dipietro-mcclure-etal-serumconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominatedbiphenylpbbintheunitedstatespopulation20032004-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sjdin-wong-jones-park-zhang-hodge-dipietro-mcclure-etal-serumconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominatedbiphenylpbbintheunitedstatespopulation20032004-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf', event);\">\n    Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjödin, A.; Wong, L.; Jones, R. S; Park, A.; Zhang, Y.; Hodge, C.; Dipietro, E.; McClure, C.; Turner, W.; Needham, L. L;  and Patterson, D. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(4): 1377–1384. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-wong-jones-park-zhang-hodge-dipietro-mcclure-etal-serumconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominatedbiphenylpbbintheunitedstatespopulation20032004-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjdin-wong-jones-park-zhang-hodge-dipietro-mcclure-etal-serumconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominatedbiphenylpbbintheunitedstatespopulation20032004-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjdin-wong-jones-park-zhang-hodge-dipietro-mcclure-etal-serumconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolybrominatedbiphenylpbbintheunitedstatespopulation20032004-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sjodin_serum_2008,\n\ttitle = {Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polybrominated biphenyl ({PBB}) in the {United} {States} population: 2003-2004.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18351120 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/sjodin 2008.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) are chemicals known as brominated flame retardants. We have assessed the exposure status of the United States population to PBDEs and BB-153 and explored associations with demographic information, including participants&#x27; age, sex, and race/ethnicity. A total of 2,062 serum samples, from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 aged 12 years and older, were analyzed for PBDEs and BB-153; stratified and regression analyses were used to examine levels among demographic groups. The congener with the highest serum concentration was 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) [geometric mean 20.5 ng/g lipid]; followed by 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexaBDE (BDE-153) [5.7 ng/g lipid]; 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentaBDE (BDE-99) [5.0 ng/g lipid; a value equal to the highest limit of detection for an individual sample]; 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-pentaBDE (BDE-100) [3.9 ng/g lipid]; BB-153 [2.3 ng/g lipid]; and 2,4,4&#x27;-triBDE (BDE-28) [1.2 ng/g lipid]. For BDE-47, we observed no significant difference in the least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) by sex, but with age we found both a linear decrease (p = 0.01) and a positive quadratic trend (p = 0.01). Its LSGM, 27.9 ng/lipid, in the 12-19 year olds decreased to 17.2 ng/g lipid in the 40-49 year group, and then curved upward to 20.4 ng/g lipid in the {\\textbackslash}textgreater or =60 years olds. Mexican Americans had the highest LSGM of BDE-47 (24.5 ng/g lipid), which was significantly higher than that of non-Hispanic whites (19.7 ng/g lipid, p = 0.01). Adults 60 years and older were twice as likely as adults 20-59 years old to have a serum BDE-47 concentration above the 95th percentile (p = 0.02). These data provide needed exposure assessment data for public health decisions.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Wong, Lee-Yang and Jones, Richard S and Park, Annie and Zhang, Yalin and Hodge, Carolyn and Dipietro, Emily and McClure, Cheryl and Turner, Wayman and Needham, Larry L and Patterson, Donald G},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Environmental Exposure, Ethers, Flame retardants, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Population Surveillance, Sensitivity and Specificity, United States},\n\tpages = {1377--1384},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) are chemicals known as brominated flame retardants. We have assessed the exposure status of the United States population to PBDEs and BB-153 and explored associations with demographic information, including participants' age, sex, and race/ethnicity. A total of 2,062 serum samples, from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 aged 12 years and older, were analyzed for PBDEs and BB-153; stratified and regression analyses were used to examine levels among demographic groups. The congener with the highest serum concentration was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) [geometric mean 20.5 ng/g lipid]; followed by 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE-153) [5.7 ng/g lipid]; 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (BDE-99) [5.0 ng/g lipid; a value equal to the highest limit of detection for an individual sample]; 2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE (BDE-100) [3.9 ng/g lipid]; BB-153 [2.3 ng/g lipid]; and 2,4,4'-triBDE (BDE-28) [1.2 ng/g lipid]. For BDE-47, we observed no significant difference in the least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) by sex, but with age we found both a linear decrease (p = 0.01) and a positive quadratic trend (p = 0.01). Its LSGM, 27.9 ng/lipid, in the 12-19 year olds decreased to 17.2 ng/g lipid in the 40-49 year group, and then curved upward to 20.4 ng/g lipid in the \\textgreater or =60 years olds. Mexican Americans had the highest LSGM of BDE-47 (24.5 ng/g lipid), which was significantly higher than that of non-Hispanic whites (19.7 ng/g lipid, p = 0.01). Adults 60 years and older were twice as likely as adults 20-59 years old to have a serum BDE-47 concentration above the 95th percentile (p = 0.02). These data provide needed exposure assessment data for public health decisions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952', event);\">\n    Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjödin, A.; Päpke, O.; McGahee, E.; Focant, J.; Jones, R. S; Pless-Mulloli, T.; Toms, L. L.; Herrmann, T.; Müller, J.; Needham, L. L;  and Patterson, D. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(1 Suppl): S131–6. August 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sjodin_concentration_2008,\n\ttitle = {Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in household dust from various countries.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501952},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075},\n\tabstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction ({\\textbackslash}textless2mm) of household dust samples (n=40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17-550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500-13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520-29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950-54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States ({\\textbackslash}textless1-330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany ({\\textbackslash}textless1-2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.},\n\tnumber = {1 Suppl},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Päpke, Olaf and McGahee, Ernest and Focant, Jean-François and Jones, Richard S and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja and Toms, Leisa-Maree Leontjew and Herrmann, Thomas and Müller, Jochen and Needham, Larry L and Patterson, Donald G},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18501952},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Dust: analysis, Europe, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Indoor: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, United States, ffr},\n\tpages = {S131--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction (\\textless2mm) of household dust samples (n=40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17-550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500-13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520-29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950-54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States (\\textless1-330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany (\\textless1-2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shaw-brenner-berger-fang-hong-addink-hilker-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shaw-brenner-berger-fang-hong-addink-hilker-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shaw, S. D; Brenner, D.; Berger, M. L; Fang, F.; Hong, C.; Addink, R.;  and Hilker, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(11): 1773–80. December 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-brenner-berger-fang-hong-addink-hilker-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-brenner-berger-fang-hong-addink-hilker-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shaw-brenner-berger-fang-hong-addink-hilker-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shaw-brenner-berger-fang-hong-addink-hilker-bioaccumulationofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinharborsealsfromthenorthwestatlantic-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shaw_bioaccumulation_2008,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest {Atlantic}.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950831},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.016},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. summation operatorPBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n=42) ranged from 80 to 25720 ng g(-1)lw, (overall mean 2403+/-5406 ng g(-1)lw). By age, mean summation operatorPBDE concentrations were: 3645+/-7388, 2945+/-5995, 1385+/-1265, and 326+/-193 ng g(-1)lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22\\%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14\\%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n=12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g(-1)lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Brenner, Diane and Berger, Michelle L and Fang, Fu and Hong, Chia-Swee and Addink, Rudolf and Hilker, David},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18950831},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: metabolism, Male, Phoca, Phoca: metabolism, Time Factors, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {1773--80},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. summation operatorPBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n=42) ranged from 80 to 25720 ng g(-1)lw, (overall mean 2403+/-5406 ng g(-1)lw). By age, mean summation operatorPBDE concentrations were: 3645+/-7388, 2945+/-5995, 1385+/-1265, and 326+/-193 ng g(-1)lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n=12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g(-1)lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in US food.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Harris, T R.; Shah, N.; Musumba, A.;  and Päpke, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular nutrition & food research</i>, 52(2): 266–72. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in US food. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700166\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700166', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_brominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in {US} food.},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\tissn = {1613-4133},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040989},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700166},\n\tabstract = {We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women&#x27;s milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16-1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\&amp; food research},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Harris, T Robert and Shah, Nirav and Musumba, Alice and Päpke, Olaf},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18040989},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Food Contamination, Hot Temperature, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Meat, Meat: analysis, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {266--72},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16-1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-aninternationalsurveyofdecabromodiphenylethanedebdethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinsewagesludgesamples-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-aninternationalsurveyofdecabromodiphenylethanedebdethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinsewagesludgesamples-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559', event);\">\n    An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ricklund, N.; Kierkegaard, A.;  and McLachlan, M. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(11): 1799–804. December 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-aninternationalsurveyofdecabromodiphenylethanedebdethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinsewagesludgesamples-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.047\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-aninternationalsurveyofdecabromodiphenylethanedebdethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinsewagesludgesamples-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.047', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-aninternationalsurveyofdecabromodiphenylethanedebdethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinsewagesludgesamples-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ricklund-kierkegaard-mclachlan-aninternationalsurveyofdecabromodiphenylethanedebdethaneanddecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeinsewagesludgesamples-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ricklund_international_2008,\n\ttitle = {An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane ({deBDethane}) and decabromodiphenyl ether ({decaBDE}) in sewage sludge samples.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922559},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.047},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is an additive flame retardant marketed as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). The structures of the two chemicals are similar, and hence deBDethane may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. Environmental data on deBDethane are scarce. Since sewage sludge is an early indicator of leakage of these chemicals into the environment, an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in sludge was conducted. Samples were collected from 42 WWTPs in 12 different countries and analyzed with GC/LRMS. DeBDethane was present in sludge from all countries and may therefore be a worldwide concern. The levels of deBDethane in sludge samples from the Ruhr area of Germany were the highest so far reported in the literature (216 ng g(-1)d.wt.). The [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] quotient for the whole data set ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High ratios were found in and around Germany where deBDethane imports are known to have been high and substitution of decaBDE with deBDethane is likely to have occurred. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, countries that have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. An estimate of the flux of deBDEthane from the technosphere via WWTPs to the environment within the European Union gave 1.7+/-0.34 mg annually per person. The corresponding value for decaBDE was 41+/-22 mg annually per person.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ricklund, Niklas and Kierkegaard, Amelie and McLachlan, Michael S},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18922559},\n\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: analysis, Data Collection, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Internationality, Quality Control, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {1799--804},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is an additive flame retardant marketed as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). The structures of the two chemicals are similar, and hence deBDethane may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. Environmental data on deBDethane are scarce. Since sewage sludge is an early indicator of leakage of these chemicals into the environment, an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in sludge was conducted. Samples were collected from 42 WWTPs in 12 different countries and analyzed with GC/LRMS. DeBDethane was present in sludge from all countries and may therefore be a worldwide concern. The levels of deBDethane in sludge samples from the Ruhr area of Germany were the highest so far reported in the literature (216 ng g(-1)d.wt.). The [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] quotient for the whole data set ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High ratios were found in and around Germany where deBDethane imports are known to have been high and substitution of decaBDE with deBDethane is likely to have occurred. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, countries that have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. An estimate of the flux of deBDEthane from the technosphere via WWTPs to the environment within the European Union gave 1.7+/-0.34 mg annually per person. The corresponding value for decaBDE was 41+/-22 mg annually per person.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcialopez-rodriguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcialopez-rodriguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  REEMTSMA, T; QUINTANA, J.; RODIL, R; GARCIALOPEZ, M;  and RODRIGUEZ, I\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Trends in Analytical Chemistry</i>, 27(9): 727–737. October 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcialopez-rodriguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcialopez-rodriguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcialopez-rodriguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcialopez-rodriguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate.},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {01659936},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {REEMTSMA, T and QUINTANA, JB and RODIL, R and GARCIALOPEZ, M and RODRIGUEZ, I},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, env, ffr, indoor environment, organophosphate ester, organophosphorus pollutant, plasticizer, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, urban dust, water},\n\tpages = {727--737},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganicchemicalcompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganicchemicalcompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2008', 'http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf', event);\">\n    Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants: Additional information on four flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  OEHHA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganicchemicalcompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2008', 'http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants: Additional information on four flame retardants. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganicchemicalcompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganicchemicalcompoundsusedasflameretardantsadditionalinformationonfourflameretardants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{oehha_brominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated organic chemical compounds used as flame retardants: {Additional} information on four flame retardants.},\n\turl = {http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/FlameRetardants_FourMore.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment},\n\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, frelec, use},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ohlemiller-shields-nisttechnicalnote1493aspectsofthefirebehaviorofthermoplasticmaterials-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ohlemiller-shields-nisttechnicalnote1493aspectsofthefirebehaviorofthermoplasticmaterials-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf', event);\">\n    NIST Technical Note 1493: Aspects of the Fire Behavior of Thermoplastic Materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ohlemiller, T J;  and Shields, J R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ohlemiller-shields-nisttechnicalnote1493aspectsofthefirebehaviorofthermoplasticmaterials-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"NIST Technical Note 1493: Aspects of the Fire Behavior of Thermoplastic Materials [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ohlemiller-shields-nisttechnicalnote1493aspectsofthefirebehaviorofthermoplasticmaterials-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ohlemiller-shields-nisttechnicalnote1493aspectsofthefirebehaviorofthermoplasticmaterials-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ohlemiller_nist_2008,\n\taddress = {Gaithersburg, MD},\n\ttitle = {{NIST} {Technical} {Note} 1493: {Aspects} of the {Fire} {Behavior} of {Thermoplastic} {Materials}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Ohlemiller NIST 1493.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Thermoplastic polymers pose unique new challenges (resulting from the movement of burning melt material) for the understanding and control of fire growth on objects that incorporate them. Both full density thermoplastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene, as well as low density polyurethane foams are examined in this study, which has two overall goals: (1) assessment of potential test methods for quantitatively judging the flammability hazard of a thermoplastic (focused most specifically on polyurethane foams) and (2) fostering the development and validation of a model of fire growth over generic configurations of thermoplastic materials suggested by their end product use (particularly upholstered furniture). One such configuration is that used in the flammability test method, but early model development steps emphasize simpler configurations and materials. A critical aspect of modeling these materials is an adequate description of the viscosity of the polymer melt as a function of temperature; the viscosity can vary by several orders of magnitude. A procedure for deriving an empirical description of viscosity for full density thermoplastics, dependent only on temperature, is given but it requires extrapolation of melt viscosity out to burning temperatures. The procedure may be stymied by the complex behavior of polyurethane foam melts, indicating a need for further work. Gasification kinetics of the material, also needed in the fire growth model, are derived here from thermogravimetry for four full density thermoplastics. The more complex degradation behavior of polyurethane foam requires further work to derive these kinetics. The modeling process has been proceeding in stages of increasing complexity in conjunction with an outside contractor. The current stage focuses on two-dimensional, non-flaming melting plus gasification at heat fluxes comparable to those seen in fire growth. The present study has produced data on four full density thermoplastics and several polyurethane foams in this configuration which serves to test the developing model. Among the experimental results is the flux-dependent fraction of mass lost as melt flow from the heated sample surface. For polyurethane foams of varied composition, these results were found to vary over a wide range. This helped in understanding the relative fire growth behavior of these same foams when tested as roughly 30 cm by 60 cm slabs under the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Furniture Calorimeter. Similar scale tests were also done with thin sheets of polypropylene (the fire growth configuration which the model will attempt to predict first); these tests revealed complex flow dynamics in the melt pool fire and provided clues about the role of a pool fire in the overall fire growth process. As a result of the large scale foam tests we have proposed a tentative test configuration for polyurethane foams that are intended for use in upholstered chairs and a validation test series is being planned. The question of whether this test can be scaled down to use smaller amounts of foam is addressed; the scaling is difficult because of a mis-match in transient behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Ohlemiller, T J and Shields, J R},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Thermoplastic polymers pose unique new challenges (resulting from the movement of burning melt material) for the understanding and control of fire growth on objects that incorporate them. Both full density thermoplastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene, as well as low density polyurethane foams are examined in this study, which has two overall goals: (1) assessment of potential test methods for quantitatively judging the flammability hazard of a thermoplastic (focused most specifically on polyurethane foams) and (2) fostering the development and validation of a model of fire growth over generic configurations of thermoplastic materials suggested by their end product use (particularly upholstered furniture). One such configuration is that used in the flammability test method, but early model development steps emphasize simpler configurations and materials. A critical aspect of modeling these materials is an adequate description of the viscosity of the polymer melt as a function of temperature; the viscosity can vary by several orders of magnitude. A procedure for deriving an empirical description of viscosity for full density thermoplastics, dependent only on temperature, is given but it requires extrapolation of melt viscosity out to burning temperatures. The procedure may be stymied by the complex behavior of polyurethane foam melts, indicating a need for further work. Gasification kinetics of the material, also needed in the fire growth model, are derived here from thermogravimetry for four full density thermoplastics. The more complex degradation behavior of polyurethane foam requires further work to derive these kinetics. The modeling process has been proceeding in stages of increasing complexity in conjunction with an outside contractor. The current stage focuses on two-dimensional, non-flaming melting plus gasification at heat fluxes comparable to those seen in fire growth. The present study has produced data on four full density thermoplastics and several polyurethane foams in this configuration which serves to test the developing model. Among the experimental results is the flux-dependent fraction of mass lost as melt flow from the heated sample surface. For polyurethane foams of varied composition, these results were found to vary over a wide range. This helped in understanding the relative fire growth behavior of these same foams when tested as roughly 30 cm by 60 cm slabs under the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Furniture Calorimeter. Similar scale tests were also done with thin sheets of polypropylene (the fire growth configuration which the model will attempt to predict first); these tests revealed complex flow dynamics in the melt pool fire and provided clues about the role of a pool fire in the overall fire growth process. As a result of the large scale foam tests we have proposed a tentative test configuration for polyurethane foams that are intended for use in upholstered chairs and a validation test series is being planned. The question of whether this test can be scaled down to use smaller amounts of foam is addressed; the scaling is difficult because of a mis-match in transient behaviors.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardants-2008', 'http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf', event);\">\n    Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  OEHHA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment, Sacramento, CA,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardants-2008', 'http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oehha-brominatedandchlorinatedorganiccompoundsusedasflameretardants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{oehha_brominated_2008,\n\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\n\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants},\n\turl = {http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/biomon/pdf/120408flamedoc.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Flame retardants OEHAA.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assesment},\n\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring, Flame retardants, Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP), biomonitoring},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nyman-gerlich-wade-buchanan-predictingfireresistanceperformanceofdrywallconstructionexposedtoparametricdesignfiresareview-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nyman-gerlich-wade-buchanan-predictingfireresistanceperformanceofdrywallconstructionexposedtoparametricdesignfiresareview-2008', 'http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf', event);\">\n    Predicting Fire Resistance Performance of Drywall Construction Exposed to Parametric Design Fires – A Review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nyman, J F; Gerlich, H J T; Wade, C;  and Buchanan, a. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Protection Engineering</i>, 18(2): 117–139. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyman-gerlich-wade-buchanan-predictingfireresistanceperformanceofdrywallconstructionexposedtoparametricdesignfiresareview-2008', 'http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Predicting Fire Resistance Performance of Drywall Construction Exposed to Parametric Design Fires – A Review [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507080811\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nyman-gerlich-wade-buchanan-predictingfireresistanceperformanceofdrywallconstructionexposedtoparametricdesignfiresareview-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507080811', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nyman-gerlich-wade-buchanan-predictingfireresistanceperformanceofdrywallconstructionexposedtoparametricdesignfiresareview-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nyman-gerlich-wade-buchanan-predictingfireresistanceperformanceofdrywallconstructionexposedtoparametricdesignfiresareview-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nyman_predicting_2008,\n\ttitle = {Predicting {Fire} {Resistance} {Performance} of {Drywall} {Construction} {Exposed} to {Parametric} {Design} {Fires} – {A} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\turl = {http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1042391507080811 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Protection Engineering-2008-Nyman-117-39.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1042391507080811},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes validation of a cumulative radiant energy method for predicting the time to failure of non load-bearing drywall construction exposed to realistic parametric fires. The validation uses full-scale compartment fire tests and analytical calculations. Three compartment fire tests are carried out in a room 3.6 m by 2.4 m with different arrangements of fuel load and ventilation, with walls and ceilings constructed from assemblies which have been previously tested in standard fire resistance tests. The analytical calculations use a finite difference heat transfer model developed for predicting the fire performance of cavity construction, in combination with a number of Eurocode parametric fires. We conclude that the cumulative radiant energy method can be used as a valid tool for prediction of insulation failure times of drywall assemblies, during the period of fire exposure where heat transfer is predominantly by radiation. This includes the growth period to flashover, the period of sustained ventilation-controlled burning, and the early part of the decay period.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Protection Engineering},\n\tauthor = {Nyman, J F and Gerlich, H J T and Wade, C and Buchanan, a. H},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {117--139},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper describes validation of a cumulative radiant energy method for predicting the time to failure of non load-bearing drywall construction exposed to realistic parametric fires. The validation uses full-scale compartment fire tests and analytical calculations. Three compartment fire tests are carried out in a room 3.6 m by 2.4 m with different arrangements of fuel load and ventilation, with walls and ceilings constructed from assemblies which have been previously tested in standard fire resistance tests. The analytical calculations use a finite difference heat transfer model developed for predicting the fire performance of cavity construction, in combination with a number of Eurocode parametric fires. We conclude that the cumulative radiant energy method can be used as a valid tool for prediction of insulation failure times of drywall assemblies, during the period of fire exposure where heat transfer is predominantly by radiation. This includes the growth period to flashover, the period of sustained ventilation-controlled burning, and the early part of the decay period.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lundqvist-mcintyre-hedman-theswedishrescueservicesinfigures-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lundqvist-mcintyre-hedman-theswedishrescueservicesinfigures-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf', event);\">\n    The Swedish Rescue Services in Figures.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lundqvist, M.; McIntyre, C.;  and Hedman, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), Karlstad, Sweden,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lundqvist-mcintyre-hedman-theswedishrescueservicesinfigures-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Swedish Rescue Services in Figures [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lundqvist-mcintyre-hedman-theswedishrescueservicesinfigures-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lundqvist-mcintyre-hedman-theswedishrescueservicesinfigures-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{lundqvist_swedish_2008,\n\taddress = {Karlstad, Sweden},\n\ttitle = {The {Swedish} {Rescue} {Services} in {Figures}},\n\tisbn = {978-91-7383-076-8},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/swedish rescue service report.pdf},\n\tabstract = {This yearbook is a report with descriptive statistics on the organisation and emergency responses of the Swedish rescue services. The statistics are based on material that the Swedish Rescue Services Agency collated from 1996 to 2008 from the municipal fire (and rescue) brigades and national authorities. The production of rescue service statistics now takes place in the section for Lessons Learned at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). For fires and most sorts of accidents it is the municipality that is responsible for the rescue service response. National authorities are responsible for mountain, air and sea search and rescue, searching for missing people, maritime environmental protection and emissions of radioactive substances from a nuclear energy establishment. In total the municipal fire brigades carried out approximately 92 400 emergency responses in 2008. This was an increase of about 4\\% from 2007. More than four out of ten emerg— ency responses proved to be unnecessary. False calls from automatic fire alarms stood for 80\\% of these unnecessary responses. Most of the remainder were false calls with good intent, less than 2\\% being judged as malicious false calls. The total number of unneces- sary calls was about the same as in 2007. In 2008 fire brigades attended close to 10 900 building fires. This is reduction of about 2\\% from 2007. Fires in homes accounted for 55\\% of all building fires, while 21\\% were in public buildings and 11\\% in industrial buildings. The most common cause of fires in public buildings was arson, which was the cause of nearly 2950 building fires in 2008. School buildings are especially targeted and last year arson was assessed to have caused 270 fires, which represents more then half of all fires in school buildings. The trend of fires in school buildings caused by arson is increasing, and last year&#x27;s figure is the highest since the incident report system was introduced in 1996. There was a substantial increase in the number of emergency responses to non-building fires attended in 2008 when compared with 2007. In 2008 the fire brigades attended 17 800 non-building fires, which is an increase of nearly 11\\%. Nearly one third of all non-building fires are either forest or grass fires, which are very dependent on weather conditions. The weather varies considerably from year to year, making it difficult to observe underlying changes in the fire risk over the years. At traffic accidents firefighers play an important role when freeing victims from the wreckage and making the scene of the accident safe. They often also provide first-aid. The number of traffic accidents attended has nearly doubled over thirteen years, increasing from 7 500 in 1996 to 14 400 in 2008. A substantial part of this increase is due to changed routines in the municipal fire brigades for responding to emergency calls from road accidents. In 2008 the number of emergency responses rose by 3.5\\% compared with the previous year. The fire brigades were called out to nearly 2 500 incidents with dangerous substances in 2008. Only 4\\% of these incidents involve dangerous goods (dangerous substances being transported). The most common type of hazardous material incident is cleaning up after a limited quantity of petrol, diesel or motor oil has leaked from a vehicle. The fire brigades were called to 369 drowning incidents in 2008. This was a reduction of 4\\% when compared with 2007. However the number of fatalities in connection with these incidents increased from 89 to 93. In addition to emergency responses in accordance with the Civil Protection Act, Swedish fire brigades provide assistance in various circumstances. In 2008 the fire brigades were involved in over 18600 assistance tasks, more than half being medical assistance while waiting for ambulance. In 2008 police authorities carried out 227 mountain rescue operations and 240 searches for missing persons in other locations. There were 798 alarms for air search and rescue, including 57 incidents/accidents. The Swedish Maritime Administration reported 1037 maritime search and rescue operations and the Swedish Coast Guard confirmed 315 emissions of oil or other harmful substances in 2008},\n\tpublisher = {Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB)},\n\tauthor = {Lundqvist, Marie and McIntyre, Colin and Hedman, Ulrika},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This yearbook is a report with descriptive statistics on the organisation and emergency responses of the Swedish rescue services. The statistics are based on material that the Swedish Rescue Services Agency collated from 1996 to 2008 from the municipal fire (and rescue) brigades and national authorities. The production of rescue service statistics now takes place in the section for Lessons Learned at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). For fires and most sorts of accidents it is the municipality that is responsible for the rescue service response. National authorities are responsible for mountain, air and sea search and rescue, searching for missing people, maritime environmental protection and emissions of radioactive substances from a nuclear energy establishment. In total the municipal fire brigades carried out approximately 92 400 emergency responses in 2008. This was an increase of about 4% from 2007. More than four out of ten emerg— ency responses proved to be unnecessary. False calls from automatic fire alarms stood for 80% of these unnecessary responses. Most of the remainder were false calls with good intent, less than 2% being judged as malicious false calls. The total number of unneces- sary calls was about the same as in 2007. In 2008 fire brigades attended close to 10 900 building fires. This is reduction of about 2% from 2007. Fires in homes accounted for 55% of all building fires, while 21% were in public buildings and 11% in industrial buildings. The most common cause of fires in public buildings was arson, which was the cause of nearly 2950 building fires in 2008. School buildings are especially targeted and last year arson was assessed to have caused 270 fires, which represents more then half of all fires in school buildings. The trend of fires in school buildings caused by arson is increasing, and last year's figure is the highest since the incident report system was introduced in 1996. There was a substantial increase in the number of emergency responses to non-building fires attended in 2008 when compared with 2007. In 2008 the fire brigades attended 17 800 non-building fires, which is an increase of nearly 11%. Nearly one third of all non-building fires are either forest or grass fires, which are very dependent on weather conditions. The weather varies considerably from year to year, making it difficult to observe underlying changes in the fire risk over the years. At traffic accidents firefighers play an important role when freeing victims from the wreckage and making the scene of the accident safe. They often also provide first-aid. The number of traffic accidents attended has nearly doubled over thirteen years, increasing from 7 500 in 1996 to 14 400 in 2008. A substantial part of this increase is due to changed routines in the municipal fire brigades for responding to emergency calls from road accidents. In 2008 the number of emergency responses rose by 3.5% compared with the previous year. The fire brigades were called out to nearly 2 500 incidents with dangerous substances in 2008. Only 4% of these incidents involve dangerous goods (dangerous substances being transported). The most common type of hazardous material incident is cleaning up after a limited quantity of petrol, diesel or motor oil has leaked from a vehicle. The fire brigades were called to 369 drowning incidents in 2008. This was a reduction of 4% when compared with 2007. However the number of fatalities in connection with these incidents increased from 89 to 93. In addition to emergency responses in accordance with the Civil Protection Act, Swedish fire brigades provide assistance in various circumstances. In 2008 the fire brigades were involved in over 18600 assistance tasks, more than half being medical assistance while waiting for ambulance. In 2008 police authorities carried out 227 mountain rescue operations and 240 searches for missing persons in other locations. There were 798 alarms for air search and rescue, including 57 incidents/accidents. The Swedish Maritime Administration reported 1037 maritime search and rescue operations and the Swedish Coast Guard confirmed 315 emissions of oil or other harmful substances in 2008\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733', event);\">\n    Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lorber, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</i>, 18(1): 2–19. January 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500572\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500572', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lorber_exposure_2008,\n\ttitle = {Exposure of {Americans} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1559-064X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426733},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500572},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children&#x27;s estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1-5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6-11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12-19. The much higher dose for the child age 1-5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82\\% of the overall estimated intakes.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\&amp; environmental epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Lorber, Matthew},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {17426733},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Animals, Body Burden, Dust, Eating, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, United States, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {2--19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1-5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6-11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12-19. The much higher dose for the child age 1-5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82% of the overall estimated intakes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lin-jointacutetoxicityoftributylphosphateandtriphenylphosphatetodaphniamagna-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lin-jointacutetoxicityoftributylphosphateandtriphenylphosphatetodaphniamagna-2008', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/', event);\">\n    Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to Daphnia magna.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lin, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Chemistry Letters</i>, 7(4): 309–312. August 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lin-jointacutetoxicityoftributylphosphateandtriphenylphosphatetodaphniamagna-2008', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to Daphnia magna [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0170-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lin-jointacutetoxicityoftributylphosphateandtriphenylphosphatetodaphniamagna-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0170-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lin-jointacutetoxicityoftributylphosphateandtriphenylphosphatetodaphniamagna-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lin-jointacutetoxicityoftributylphosphateandtriphenylphosphatetodaphniamagna-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lin_joint_2008,\n\ttitle = {Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to {Daphnia} magna},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {1610-3653},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0rwl0232n7t2386/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10311-008-0170-1},\n\tabstract = {In this study, the joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was investigated using Daphnia magna as the test organism. The median lethal concentrations for TBP and TPP at 24 and 48 h were 5.48 and 0.51 mg/L, 1.17 and 0.089 mg/L, respectively. When mixed at either equal concentration or various toxic unit ratios, TBP and TPP mixtures displayed an additive toxicity after both 24- and 48-h exposure. This work suggests that the joint acute toxicity of TBP and TPP towards D. magna can be predicted by calculating the toxic units of mixtures.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Chemistry Letters},\n\tauthor = {Lin, Kunde},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Chemistry and Materials Science, Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {309--312},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, the joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was investigated using Daphnia magna as the test organism. The median lethal concentrations for TBP and TPP at 24 and 48 h were 5.48 and 0.51 mg/L, 1.17 and 0.089 mg/L, respectively. When mixed at either equal concentration or various toxic unit ratios, TBP and TPP mixtures displayed an additive toxicity after both 24- and 48-h exposure. This work suggests that the joint acute toxicity of TBP and TPP towards D. magna can be predicted by calculating the toxic units of mixtures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lim-lee-jacobs-associationofbrominatedflameretardantswithdiabetesandmetabolicsyndromeintheuspopulation20032004-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lim-lee-jacobs-associationofbrominatedflameretardantswithdiabetesandmetabolicsyndromeintheuspopulation20032004-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the U.S. population, 2003-2004.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lim, J.; Lee, D.;  and Jacobs, D. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Diabetes care</i>, 31(9): 1802–7. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lim-lee-jacobs-associationofbrominatedflameretardantswithdiabetesandmetabolicsyndromeintheuspopulation20032004-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the U.S. population, 2003-2004. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0850\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lim-lee-jacobs-associationofbrominatedflameretardantswithdiabetesandmetabolicsyndromeintheuspopulation20032004-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0850', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lim-lee-jacobs-associationofbrominatedflameretardantswithdiabetesandmetabolicsyndromeintheuspopulation20032004-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lim-lee-jacobs-associationofbrominatedflameretardantswithdiabetesandmetabolicsyndromeintheuspopulation20032004-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lim_association_2008,\n\ttitle = {Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the {U}.{S}. population, 2003-2004.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1935-5548},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518348&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.2337/dc08-0850},\n\tabstract = {Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disruptors accumulated in adipose tissue, were associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), are another class of POPs for which body burden is increasing. Cross-sectional associations of serum concentrations of BFRs with diabetes and metabolic syndrome were studied.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Diabetes care},\n\tauthor = {Lim, Ji-Sun and Lee, Duk-Hee and Jacobs, David R},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18559655},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: drug effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus: chemically induced, Diabetes Mellitus: epidemiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Metabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome X: chemically induced, Metabolic Syndrome X: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States, United States: epidemiology, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1802--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disruptors accumulated in adipose tissue, were associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), are another class of POPs for which body burden is increasing. Cross-sectional associations of serum concentrations of BFRs with diabetes and metabolic syndrome were studied.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lilienthal-verwer-vanderven-piersma-vos-exposuretotetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsneurobehavioraleffectsinoffspringfromaonegenerationreproductionstudy-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lilienthal-verwer-vanderven-piersma-vos-exposuretotetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsneurobehavioraleffectsinoffspringfromaonegenerationreproductionstudy-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390', event);\">\n    Exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats: neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lilienthal, H.; Verwer, C. M; van Der Ven, L. T M; Piersma, A. H;  and Vos, J. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 246(1): 45–54. April 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lilienthal-verwer-vanderven-piersma-vos-exposuretotetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsneurobehavioraleffectsinoffspringfromaonegenerationreproductionstudy-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats: neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lilienthal-verwer-vanderven-piersma-vos-exposuretotetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsneurobehavioraleffectsinoffspringfromaonegenerationreproductionstudy-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lilienthal-verwer-vanderven-piersma-vos-exposuretotetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsneurobehavioraleffectsinoffspringfromaonegenerationreproductionstudy-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lilienthal-verwer-vanderven-piersma-vos-exposuretotetrabromobisphenolatbbpainwistarratsneurobehavioraleffectsinoffspringfromaonegenerationreproductionstudy-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lilienthal_exposure_2008,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) in {Wistar} rats: neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study.},\n\tvolume = {246},\n\tissn = {0300-483X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295390},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.007},\n\tabstract = {Within the framework of an EU project on risk assessment of brominated flame retardants, TBBPA was studied for neurobehavioral effects in rats. To permit benchmark dose analysis, eight dose levels were chosen ranging from 0 to 3000mg/kg body weight. Exposure of parental rats started 10 and 2 weeks before mating in males and females, respectively, and was continued throughout mating, gestation and lactation. After weaning, exposure was continued in the offspring throughout life. Previous studies had indicated TBBPA-induced effects on thyroid hormones. Because of the known implication of thyroid hormones in neurodevelopment, the present experiments tested if TBBPA exposure affects thyroid-dependent neurobehavioral functions in offspring, such as auditory responses and conditioned fear. Sweet preference was included because of sex-specific effects in littermates. No statistically significant effects were found on context or cue conditioned fear or sweet preference. Auditory responses were examined with brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) at approximately 50-110 days of age. BAEP thresholds and wave IV latency were increased in exposed female rats in the low frequency range. In male rats, thresholds were unaffected, but absolute latency of wave IV and interpeak latencies II-IV showed exposure-related increases at low frequencies. The outcome pattern suggests a predominant cochlear effect of TBBPA in females while in males neural effects are more apparent. According to benchmark analysis, the critical effect doses (CED) for prolongations of wave IV latency at 0.5kHz were in the range of 35-70mg/kg body weight with lower bounds (BMDL) of approximately 8mg/kg in males and females. The BMDL values for elevation of hearing thresholds in females were in the range of 1-40mg/kg body weight, depending on frequency. The benchmark doses for effects on the BAEP were similar to values for decreases in circulating thyroid hormones. The comparison of the exposure level at which the most sensitive effect was found with current human exposure levels yielded a margin of exposure of about 5, according to a recent risk assessment. Further investigations are needed to examine exposure pathways, fate in the body and effects of TBBPA.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Verwer, Cynthia M and van Der Ven, Leo T M and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18295390},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Auditory, Auditory: drug effects, Behavior, Benchmarking, Benchmarking: methods, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brain Stem, Brain Stem: drug effects, Classical, Classical: drug effects, Conditioning, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Paternal Exposure, Paternal Exposure: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {45--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Within the framework of an EU project on risk assessment of brominated flame retardants, TBBPA was studied for neurobehavioral effects in rats. To permit benchmark dose analysis, eight dose levels were chosen ranging from 0 to 3000mg/kg body weight. Exposure of parental rats started 10 and 2 weeks before mating in males and females, respectively, and was continued throughout mating, gestation and lactation. After weaning, exposure was continued in the offspring throughout life. Previous studies had indicated TBBPA-induced effects on thyroid hormones. Because of the known implication of thyroid hormones in neurodevelopment, the present experiments tested if TBBPA exposure affects thyroid-dependent neurobehavioral functions in offspring, such as auditory responses and conditioned fear. Sweet preference was included because of sex-specific effects in littermates. No statistically significant effects were found on context or cue conditioned fear or sweet preference. Auditory responses were examined with brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) at approximately 50-110 days of age. BAEP thresholds and wave IV latency were increased in exposed female rats in the low frequency range. In male rats, thresholds were unaffected, but absolute latency of wave IV and interpeak latencies II-IV showed exposure-related increases at low frequencies. The outcome pattern suggests a predominant cochlear effect of TBBPA in females while in males neural effects are more apparent. According to benchmark analysis, the critical effect doses (CED) for prolongations of wave IV latency at 0.5kHz were in the range of 35-70mg/kg body weight with lower bounds (BMDL) of approximately 8mg/kg in males and females. The BMDL values for elevation of hearing thresholds in females were in the range of 1-40mg/kg body weight, depending on frequency. The benchmark doses for effects on the BAEP were similar to values for decreases in circulating thyroid hormones. The comparison of the exposure level at which the most sensitive effect was found with current human exposure levels yielded a margin of exposure of about 5, according to a recent risk assessment. Further investigations are needed to examine exposure pathways, fate in the body and effects of TBBPA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"legler-newinsightsintotheendocrinedisruptingeffectsofbrominatedflameretardants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'legler-newinsightsintotheendocrinedisruptingeffectsofbrominatedflameretardants-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224', event);\">\n    New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Legler, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(2): 216–22. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('legler-newinsightsintotheendocrinedisruptingeffectsofbrominatedflameretardants-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.081\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('legler-newinsightsintotheendocrinedisruptingeffectsofbrominatedflameretardants-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.081', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/legler-newinsightsintotheendocrinedisruptingeffectsofbrominatedflameretardants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('legler-newinsightsintotheendocrinedisruptingeffectsofbrominatedflameretardants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{legler_new_2008,\n\ttitle = {New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18667224},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.081},\n\tabstract = {The objective of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies demonstrating the endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), while highlighting interesting data presented at the recent international BFR workshop in Amsterdam in April, 2007. A review written in 2002 was used as a starting point and about 60 publications published since 2003 were reviewed. New insights into the in vivo effects of BFRs on thyroid hormone, estrogen and androgen pathways in both mammalian and non-mammalian models are provided, and novel (in vitro) findings on the mechanisms underlying ED effects are highlighted. Special attention is also given to reports on neurotoxicological effects at relatively low doses of BFRs, although an endocrine-related mechanism is disputable. Convincing evidence has been published showing that BFRs and importantly, BFR metabolites, have the potential to disrupt endocrine systems at multiple target sites. While some studies suggest a wide margin of safety between effect concentrations in rodent models and levels encountered in humans and the environment, other studies demonstrate that exposure to low doses relevant for humans and wildlife at critical time points in development can result in profound effects on both endocrine pathways and (neuro)development.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Legler, Juliette},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18667224},\n\tkeywords = {Androgens, Androgens: metabolism, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {216--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The objective of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies demonstrating the endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), while highlighting interesting data presented at the recent international BFR workshop in Amsterdam in April, 2007. A review written in 2002 was used as a starting point and about 60 publications published since 2003 were reviewed. New insights into the in vivo effects of BFRs on thyroid hormone, estrogen and androgen pathways in both mammalian and non-mammalian models are provided, and novel (in vitro) findings on the mechanisms underlying ED effects are highlighted. Special attention is also given to reports on neurotoxicological effects at relatively low doses of BFRs, although an endocrine-related mechanism is disputable. Convincing evidence has been published showing that BFRs and importantly, BFR metabolites, have the potential to disrupt endocrine systems at multiple target sites. While some studies suggest a wide margin of safety between effect concentrations in rodent models and levels encountered in humans and the environment, other studies demonstrate that exposure to low doses relevant for humans and wildlife at critical time points in development can result in profound effects on both endocrine pathways and (neuro)development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuper-hojsik-poisoningthepoorelectronicwasteinghana-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuper-hojsik-poisoningthepoorelectronicwasteinghana-2008', 'http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf', event);\">\n    Poisoning the poor - Electronic waste in Ghana.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuper, J;  and Hojsik, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Greenpeace,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuper-hojsik-poisoningthepoorelectronicwasteinghana-2008', 'http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Poisoning the poor - Electronic waste in Ghana. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuper-hojsik-poisoningthepoorelectronicwasteinghana-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuper-hojsik-poisoningthepoorelectronicwasteinghana-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{kuper_poisoning_2008,\n\ttitle = {Poisoning the poor - {Electronic} waste in {Ghana}.},\n\turl = {http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/poisoning-the-poor-electonic.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Greenpeace},\n\tauthor = {Kuper, J and Hojsik, M},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"klosterhaus-konstantinov-stapleton-characterizationofthebrominatedchemicalsinapentabdereplacementmixtureandtheirdetectioninbiosolidscollectedfromtwosanfranciscobayareawastewatertreatmentplants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Characterization of the Brominated Chemicals in a PentaBDE Replacement Mixture and their Detection in Biosolids Collected from Two San Francisco Bay Area Wastewater Treatment Plants.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Klosterhaus, S.; Konstantinov, A.;  and Stapleton, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, volume 25,  2008. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/klosterhaus-konstantinov-stapleton-characterizationofthebrominatedchemicalsinapentabdereplacementmixtureandtheirdetectioninbiosolidscollectedfromtwosanfranciscobayareawastewatertreatmentplants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('klosterhaus-konstantinov-stapleton-characterizationofthebrominatedchemicalsinapentabdereplacementmixtureandtheirdetectioninbiosolidscollectedfromtwosanfranciscobayareawastewatertreatmentplants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{klosterhaus_characterization_2008,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of the {Brominated} {Chemicals} in a {PentaBDE} {Replacement} {Mixture} and their {Detection} in {Biosolids} {Collected} from {Two} {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area} {Wastewater} {Treatment} {Plants}.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tbooktitle = {Symposium on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Klosterhaus, Susan and Konstantinov, Alex and Stapleton, Heather},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kawashiro-fukata-omoriinoue-kubonoya-jotaki-takigami-sakai-mori-perinatalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinjapan-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kawashiro-fukata-omoriinoue-kubonoya-jotaki-takigami-sakai-mori-perinatalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinjapan-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292', event);\">\n    Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kawashiro, Y.; Fukata, H.; Omori-Inoue, M.; Kubonoya, K.; Jotaki, T.; Takigami, H.; Sakai, S.;  and Mori, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Endocrine journal</i>, 55(6): 1071–84. December 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kawashiro-fukata-omoriinoue-kubonoya-jotaki-takigami-sakai-mori-perinatalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinjapan-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in Japan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kawashiro-fukata-omoriinoue-kubonoya-jotaki-takigami-sakai-mori-perinatalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinjapan-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kawashiro-fukata-omoriinoue-kubonoya-jotaki-takigami-sakai-mori-perinatalexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinjapan-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kawashiro_perinatal_2008,\n\ttitle = {Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {1348-4540},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719292},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used to prevent combustion in consumer products. Examples of BFRs are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and tribromophenol (TBP). These compounds are reported to have adverse effects on human health and endocrine disrupting effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the Japanese perinatal exposure to PBDEs, hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs), TBBPA, and TBP compared with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs). We investigated the concentrations of these compounds in maternal blood, maternal milk, cord blood, and umbilical cords from 16 Japanese mother-infant pairs by HRGC/HRMS. PBDEs were detected in all samples of maternal blood (mean+/-SD; median=25+/-23 pg/g; 18 pg/g wet weight), maternal milk (140+/-220 pg/g; 59 pg/g wet weight), cord blood (4.8+/-6.5 pg/g; 1.6 pg/g wet weight), and umbilical cords (3.1+/-3.1 pg/g; 2.1 pg/g wet weight). The mothers were divided into two groups, a high-concentration group and a low-concentration group. The percentage of BDE-47 showed the greatest difference between the two groups. 6-OH-BDE-47, TBBPA, and TBP were detected in all umbilical cord samples (mean+/-SD; median=8.4+/-8.1 pg/g; 8.0 pg/g, 16+/-5.5 pg/g; 15 pg/g, and 33+/-8.2 pg/g; 32 pg/g wet weight respectively), but not in all maternal blood or cord blood samples. These results indicate that OH-PBDEs, TBBPA, and TBP, in addition to PBDEs, PCBs, and OH-PCBs, pass through the blood-placenta barrier and are retained in the umbilical cord.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Endocrine journal},\n\tauthor = {Kawashiro, Yukiko and Fukata, Hideki and Omori-Inoue, Mariko and Kubonoya, Kiyoshi and Jotaki, Tomomi and Takigami, Hidetaka and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Mori, Chisato},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18719292},\n\tkeywords = {Blood Chemical Analysis, Diseases, Diseases: blood, Diseases: chemically induced, Diseases: epidemiology, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: analysis, Endocrine Disruptors: blood, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Japan, Japan: epidemiology, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maternal Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Milk, Newborn, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: blood, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: epidemiology, Umbilical Cord, Umbilical Cord: chemistry, ffr, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {1071--84},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used to prevent combustion in consumer products. Examples of BFRs are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and tribromophenol (TBP). These compounds are reported to have adverse effects on human health and endocrine disrupting effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the Japanese perinatal exposure to PBDEs, hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs), TBBPA, and TBP compared with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs). We investigated the concentrations of these compounds in maternal blood, maternal milk, cord blood, and umbilical cords from 16 Japanese mother-infant pairs by HRGC/HRMS. PBDEs were detected in all samples of maternal blood (mean+/-SD; median=25+/-23 pg/g; 18 pg/g wet weight), maternal milk (140+/-220 pg/g; 59 pg/g wet weight), cord blood (4.8+/-6.5 pg/g; 1.6 pg/g wet weight), and umbilical cords (3.1+/-3.1 pg/g; 2.1 pg/g wet weight). The mothers were divided into two groups, a high-concentration group and a low-concentration group. The percentage of BDE-47 showed the greatest difference between the two groups. 6-OH-BDE-47, TBBPA, and TBP were detected in all umbilical cord samples (mean+/-SD; median=8.4+/-8.1 pg/g; 8.0 pg/g, 16+/-5.5 pg/g; 15 pg/g, and 33+/-8.2 pg/g; 32 pg/g wet weight respectively), but not in all maternal blood or cord blood samples. These results indicate that OH-PBDEs, TBBPA, and TBP, in addition to PBDEs, PCBs, and OH-PCBs, pass through the blood-placenta barrier and are retained in the umbilical cord.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kang-davis-hunt-kriebel-cancerincidenceamongmalemassachusettsfirefighters19872003-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kang-davis-hunt-kriebel-cancerincidenceamongmalemassachusettsfirefighters19872003-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327', event);\">\n    Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987-2003.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kang, D.; Davis, L. K; Hunt, P.;  and Kriebel, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American journal of industrial medicine</i>, 51(5): 329–35. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kang-davis-hunt-kriebel-cancerincidenceamongmalemassachusettsfirefighters19872003-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987-2003. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20549\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kang-davis-hunt-kriebel-cancerincidenceamongmalemassachusettsfirefighters19872003-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20549', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kang-davis-hunt-kriebel-cancerincidenceamongmalemassachusettsfirefighters19872003-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kang-davis-hunt-kriebel-cancerincidenceamongmalemassachusettsfirefighters19872003-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kang_cancer_2008,\n\ttitle = {Cancer incidence among male {Massachusetts} firefighters, 1987-2003.},\n\tvolume = {51},\n\tissn = {1097-0274},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306327},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/ajim.20549},\n\tabstract = {Firefighters are known to be exposed to recognized or probable carcinogens. Previous studies have found elevated risks of several types of cancers in firefighters.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {American journal of industrial medicine},\n\tauthor = {Kang, Dongmug and Davis, Letitia K and Hunt, Phillip and Kriebel, David},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18306327},\n\tkeywords = {Aged, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Incidence, Male, Massachusetts, Massachusetts: epidemiology, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Neoplasms: etiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Odds Ratio, Police, Population Surveillance, Registries, Rescue Work, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors},\n\tpages = {329--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Firefighters are known to be exposed to recognized or probable carcinogens. Previous studies have found elevated risks of several types of cancers in firefighters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970', event);\">\n    Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kakimoto, K.; Akutsu, K.; Konishi, Y.;  and Tanaka, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 71(6): 1110–4. April 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kakimoto_time_2008,\n\ttitle = {Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of {Japanese} women.},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076970},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (alpha, beta, and gamma) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, alpha-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; gamma-HBCD, in 7; and beta-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of summation operatorHBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Tanaka, Yukio},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18076970},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Liquid, Milk, Stereoisomerism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Time Factors, frbldg, hum},\n\tpages = {1110--4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (alpha, beta, and gamma) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, alpha-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; gamma-HBCD, in 7; and beta-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of summation operatorHBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kajiwara-noma-takigami-photolysisstudiesoftechnicaldecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandethanedebdethaneinplasticsundernaturalsunlight-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kajiwara-noma-takigami-photolysisstudiesoftechnicaldecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandethanedebdethaneinplasticsundernaturalsunlight-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562', event);\">\n    Photolysis studies of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and ethane (DeBDethane) in plastics under natural sunlight.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kajiwara, N.; Noma, Y.;  and Takigami, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(12): 4404–9. June 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-noma-takigami-photolysisstudiesoftechnicaldecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandethanedebdethaneinplasticsundernaturalsunlight-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Photolysis studies of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and ethane (DeBDethane) in plastics under natural sunlight. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kajiwara-noma-takigami-photolysisstudiesoftechnicaldecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandethanedebdethaneinplasticsundernaturalsunlight-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kajiwara-noma-takigami-photolysisstudiesoftechnicaldecabromodiphenyletherdecabdeandethanedebdethaneinplasticsundernaturalsunlight-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kajiwara_photolysis_2008,\n\ttitle = {Photolysis studies of technical decabromodiphenyl ether ({DecaBDE}) and ethane ({DeBDethane}) in plastics under natural sunlight.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605562},\n\tabstract = {Photodebromination of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) incorporated into high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and TV casings was compared under natural sunlight conditions with that of technical decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane). BDE 209 in pulverized HIPS+DecaBDE samples degraded with a half-life of 51 days. In contrast, no marked loss of DeBDethane occurred throughout the experimental period of 224 days. During BDE 209 photolysis in HIPS+DecaBDE samples, partly debromination to nona- and octa-BDE was observed, however, environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100 were not formed. Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) was clearly apparent in the flame-retarded plastics that we investigated. In the HIPS+DecaBDE samples, the PBDF concentration increased by about 40 times after 1 week of exposure, with a concomitant decrease in BDE 209. In the TV casing, tetra- to octa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously during the experiment Although the concentrations of PBDFs found in the plastic matrices tested were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than those of PBDEs, more attention should be paid to the fact that PBDFs are formed by sunlight exposure during normal use as well as disposal/recycling processes of flame-retarded consumer products.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Noma, Yukio and Takigami, Hidetaka},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18605562},\n\tkeywords = {Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: chemistry, Dust, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Photochemistry, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Sunlight, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {4404--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Photodebromination of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) incorporated into high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and TV casings was compared under natural sunlight conditions with that of technical decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane). BDE 209 in pulverized HIPS+DecaBDE samples degraded with a half-life of 51 days. In contrast, no marked loss of DeBDethane occurred throughout the experimental period of 224 days. During BDE 209 photolysis in HIPS+DecaBDE samples, partly debromination to nona- and octa-BDE was observed, however, environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100 were not formed. Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) was clearly apparent in the flame-retarded plastics that we investigated. In the HIPS+DecaBDE samples, the PBDF concentration increased by about 40 times after 1 week of exposure, with a concomitant decrease in BDE 209. In the TV casing, tetra- to octa-BDF congener concentrations increased continuously during the experiment Although the concentrations of PBDFs found in the plastic matrices tested were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than those of PBDEs, more attention should be paid to the fact that PBDFs are formed by sunlight exposure during normal use as well as disposal/recycling processes of flame-retarded consumer products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156', event);\">\n    Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson-Restrepo, B.; Adams, D. H;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 70(11): 1935–44. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008,\n\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the {United} {States}.},\n\tvolume = {70},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037156},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators–bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark–collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean+/-SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048+/-0.102 and 0.333+/-0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2+/-3 and 7.38+/-18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5+/-12 and 77.7+/-128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872+/-0.5 and 54.5+/-88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5-10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1-5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Adams, Douglas H and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18037156},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Adult, Animals, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Florida, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Middle Aged, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, New York City, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Sharks, Sharks: metabolism, frbldg, frelec, hum, mam, waa},\n\tpages = {1935--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators–bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark–collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean+/-SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048+/-0.102 and 0.333+/-0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2+/-3 and 7.38+/-18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5+/-12 and 77.7+/-128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872+/-0.5 and 54.5+/-88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5-10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1-5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johansson-viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209causesdoseresponsechangesinspontaneousbehaviourandcholinergicsusceptibilityinadultmice-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johansson-viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209causesdoseresponsechangesinspontaneousbehaviourandcholinergicsusceptibilityinadultmice-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763', event);\">\n    Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johansson, N; Viberg, H; Fredriksson, A;  and Eriksson, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology</i>, 29(6): 911–9. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johansson-viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209causesdoseresponsechangesinspontaneousbehaviourandcholinergicsusceptibilityinadultmice-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johansson-viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209causesdoseresponsechangesinspontaneousbehaviourandcholinergicsusceptibilityinadultmice-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johansson-viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209causesdoseresponsechangesinspontaneousbehaviourandcholinergicsusceptibilityinadultmice-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johansson-viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretodecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209causesdoseresponsechangesinspontaneousbehaviourandcholinergicsusceptibilityinadultmice-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johansson_neonatal_2008,\n\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0161-813X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930763},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.008},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as additive flame-retardants, are increasing in the environment and are present in human mother&#x27;s milk, newborns and toddlers. We reported earlier that several PBDEs, highly brominated PBDEs, caused developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, manifested as persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, habituation capability, learning and memory, and changes in the cholinergic system. The present study was undertaken to explore the dose-response effects of PBDE 209 on spontaneous behaviour, habituation and its effects on the murine cholinergic system. Neonatal male NMRI mice were given 1.4, 2.3, 14 or 21micromol PBDE 209/kg body weight, when 3 days old. The agent was administered as a single oral dose via a metal gastric tube. Spontaneous behaviour and response to the cholinergic agonist nicotine were observed in adult mice at 2 and 4 months of age. Mice were also observed for anxiety-like behaviour in an elevated plus-maze. Adult mice, 2 and 4 months old, showed a dose-response related change in spontaneous behaviour, viz. were hyperactive and showed reduced or lack of habituation, effects that worsen with age. At the adult age of 4 months the susceptibility of the cholinergic system was also affected in a dose-response related manner, viz. reduced and/or hypoactive response to nicotine. This shows that PBDE 209 can be as potent as the lower brominated PBDEs in causing developmental neurotoxic defects.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Johansson, N and Viberg, H and Fredriksson, A and Eriksson, P},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18930763},\n\tkeywords = {Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine: metabolism, Acetylcholine: pharmacology, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Exploratory Behavior, Exploratory Behavior: drug effects, Female, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Locomotion, Locomotion: drug effects, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Nicotine, Nicotine: pharmacology, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: pharmacology, Pregnancy, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {911--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as additive flame-retardants, are increasing in the environment and are present in human mother's milk, newborns and toddlers. We reported earlier that several PBDEs, highly brominated PBDEs, caused developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, manifested as persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, habituation capability, learning and memory, and changes in the cholinergic system. The present study was undertaken to explore the dose-response effects of PBDE 209 on spontaneous behaviour, habituation and its effects on the murine cholinergic system. Neonatal male NMRI mice were given 1.4, 2.3, 14 or 21micromol PBDE 209/kg body weight, when 3 days old. The agent was administered as a single oral dose via a metal gastric tube. Spontaneous behaviour and response to the cholinergic agonist nicotine were observed in adult mice at 2 and 4 months of age. Mice were also observed for anxiety-like behaviour in an elevated plus-maze. Adult mice, 2 and 4 months old, showed a dose-response related change in spontaneous behaviour, viz. were hyperactive and showed reduced or lack of habituation, effects that worsen with age. At the adult age of 4 months the susceptibility of the cholinergic system was also affected in a dose-response related manner, viz. reduced and/or hypoactive response to nicotine. This shows that PBDE 209 can be as potent as the lower brominated PBDEs in causing developmental neurotoxic defects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hu-luo-dai-zhang-wu-zhang-guo-xu-etal-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesincaptivegiantpandaailuropodamelanoleucaandredpandaailurusfulgensfromchina-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hu-luo-dai-zhang-wu-zhang-guo-xu-etal-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesincaptivegiantpandaailuropodamelanoleucaandredpandaailurusfulgensfromchina-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) from China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hu, G.; Luo, X.; Dai, J.; Zhang, X.; Wu, H.; Zhang, C.; Guo, W.; Xu, M.; Mai, B.;  and Weit, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(13): 4704–9. July 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hu-luo-dai-zhang-wu-zhang-guo-xu-etal-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesincaptivegiantpandaailuropodamelanoleucaandredpandaailurusfulgensfromchina-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) from China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hu-luo-dai-zhang-wu-zhang-guo-xu-etal-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesincaptivegiantpandaailuropodamelanoleucaandredpandaailurusfulgensfromchina-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hu-luo-dai-zhang-wu-zhang-guo-xu-etal-brominatedflameretardantspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesincaptivegiantpandaailuropodamelanoleucaandredpandaailurusfulgensfromchina-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hu_brominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda ({Ailurus} fulgens) from {China}.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677994},\n\tabstract = {Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in captive giant and red panda tissues from China. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in tissues ranged from 16.3 to 888 ng/g lipid weight (lw), 24.8 to 854 ng/g lw, and 16.4 to 2158 ng/g lw, respectively. p,p&#x27;-DDE and beta-HCH were major OCP contaminants. PCBs 99, 118, 153/132, 170, 180, and 209 were the major contributing congeners determined. Among PBDEs, congener BDE-209 was the most frequent and abundant, followed by BDE-206, BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-203, BDE-47, and BDE-153. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane) was detected in 87 and 71\\% of the giant and red panda samples with concentrations up to 863 ng/g lw, respectively. The remarkable levels and dominance of BDE-209 and DeBDethane may relate to significant production, usage, or disposal of BFRs in China. The positive significant correlation between concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in captive pandas may suggest that the exposure routes of PBDEs and PCBs to panda are similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of DeBDethane in captive wildlife samples. Therefore, further studies are warranted to better understand DeBDethane production, transport, uptake, and toxicological effect.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hu, Guo-Cheng and Luo, Xiao-Jun and Dai, Jia-Yin and Zhang, Xiu-Lan and Wu, Hua and Zhang, Cheng-Lin and Guo, Wei and Xu, Mu-Qi and Mai, Bi-Xian and Weit, Fu-Wen},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18677994},\n\tkeywords = {Ailuridae, Ailuridae: metabolism, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, China, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chromatography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\&amp; numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gel, Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Zoo, Zoo: metabolism, ffr, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {4704--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated in captive giant and red panda tissues from China. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in tissues ranged from 16.3 to 888 ng/g lipid weight (lw), 24.8 to 854 ng/g lw, and 16.4 to 2158 ng/g lw, respectively. p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH were major OCP contaminants. PCBs 99, 118, 153/132, 170, 180, and 209 were the major contributing congeners determined. Among PBDEs, congener BDE-209 was the most frequent and abundant, followed by BDE-206, BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-203, BDE-47, and BDE-153. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane) was detected in 87 and 71% of the giant and red panda samples with concentrations up to 863 ng/g lw, respectively. The remarkable levels and dominance of BDE-209 and DeBDethane may relate to significant production, usage, or disposal of BFRs in China. The positive significant correlation between concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in captive pandas may suggest that the exposure routes of PBDEs and PCBs to panda are similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of DeBDethane in captive wildlife samples. Therefore, further studies are warranted to better understand DeBDethane production, transport, uptake, and toxicological effect.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf', event);\">\n    Polyurethane foam and fire safety.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hirschler, M M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Polymers for Advanced Technologies</i>, 19(6): 521–529.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polyurethane foam and fire safety [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/pat\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/pat', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hirschler_polyurethane_2008,\n\ttitle = {Polyurethane foam and fire safety},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Hirschler 2008.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/pat},\n\tabstract = {This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Polymers for Advanced Technologies},\n\tauthor = {Hirschler, M M},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam},\n\tpages = {521--529},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf', event);\">\n    Polyurethane foam and fire safety.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hirschler, M M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Polymers for Advanced Technologies</i>, (April): 521–529.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polyurethane foam and fire safety [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/pat\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/pat', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hirschler-polyurethanefoamandfiresafety-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hirschler_polyurethane_2008,\n\ttitle = {Polyurethane foam and fire safety},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.1092/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/PUR foam and fire safety 2008.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/pat},\n\tabstract = {This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.},\n\tnumber = {April},\n\tjournal = {Polymers for Advanced Technologies},\n\tauthor = {Hirschler, M M},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, fire retardants, fire safety, polyurethane foam},\n\tpages = {521--529},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper presents a survey of the fire safety of flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. The principal uses of flexible polyurethane foam are in applications where full resiliency is required, namely in upholstery for furniture, mattresses, and filled bed products. A subcategory of this type of application is the use of the foam in transportation seating, including every type of vehicle: automobiles, buses (and school buses), trains (and subways), ships, and aircraft. The fire safety legally required for these various environments covers a broad range, between virtually nothing for private automobiles and the extreme fire safety associated with airplane seats. Polyurethane foam also forms part of construction products, and in this case the foam is generally not applied exposed (since this is almost never allowed) and is often used as part of composite systems. The fire testing is normally conducted in the composite application, with severe restrictions to general uses. Overall, poly- urethane foam can be used safely for applications that require adequate fire safety only if it is appropriately fire-retarded or if the correct type of fire barriers (or alternate product design) is used.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  US Unintentional Fire Death Rates by State.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall Jr., J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{hall_jr._us_2008,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {{US} {Unintentional} {Fire} {Death} {Rates} by {State}},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf', event);\">\n    U.S. unintentional fire death rates by state.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall Jr., J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"U.S. unintentional fire death rates by state [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halljr-usunintentionalfiredeathratesbystate-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{hall_jr._u.s._2008,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {U.{S}. unintentional fire death rates by state},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Fire Death Rates by State-2008.pdf},\n\tnumber = {December},\n\tpublisher = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Risk Factors, fire death rates, fire fatalities, fire statistics, state},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"greene-konety-stoller-resultsfromthesanfranciscofirefightersbladdercancerscreeningstudy-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'greene-konety-stoller-resultsfromthesanfranciscofirefightersbladdercancerscreeningstudy-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf', event);\">\n    Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Greene, K. L; Konety, B. R;  and Stoller, M. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Urology</i>, 179(4): 323.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('greene-konety-stoller-resultsfromthesanfranciscofirefightersbladdercancerscreeningstudy-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/greene-konety-stoller-resultsfromthesanfranciscofirefightersbladdercancerscreeningstudy-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('greene-konety-stoller-resultsfromthesanfranciscofirefightersbladdercancerscreeningstudy-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{greene_results_2008,\n\ttitle = {Results from the {San} {Francisco} firefighters bladder cancer screening study},\n\tvolume = {179},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Greene, Konety, Stoller - 2008 - Results from the San Francisco firefighters bladder cancer screening study.pdf},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Urology},\n\tauthor = {Greene, Kirsten L and Konety, Badrinath R and Stoller, Marshall L},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {323},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fink-hajduk-wei-mori-flameretardants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fink-hajduk-wei-mori-flameretardants-2008', 'http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/', event);\">\n    Flame Retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fink, U; Hajduk, F; Wei, Y;  and Mori, H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fink-hajduk-wei-mori-flameretardants-2008', 'http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame Retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fink-hajduk-wei-mori-flameretardants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fink-hajduk-wei-mori-flameretardants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{fink_flame_2008,\n\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants}},\n\turl = {http://www.sriconsulting.com/SCUP/Public/Reports/FLAME000/},\n\turldate = {2010-12-29},\n\tauthor = {Fink, U and Hajduk, F and Wei, Y and Mori, H},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-sullivan-bird-changesinreproductivecourtshipbehaviorsofadultamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusexposedtoenvironmentallyrelevantlevelsofthepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-sullivan-bird-changesinreproductivecourtshipbehaviorsofadultamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusexposedtoenvironmentallyrelevantlevelsofthepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774', event);\">\n    Changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernie, K. J; Shutt, J. L; Letcher, R. J; Ritchie, J. I; Sullivan, K.;  and Bird, D. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 102(1): 171–8. March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-sullivan-bird-changesinreproductivecourtshipbehaviorsofadultamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusexposedtoenvironmentallyrelevantlevelsofthepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm295\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-sullivan-bird-changesinreproductivecourtshipbehaviorsofadultamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusexposedtoenvironmentallyrelevantlevelsofthepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm295', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-sullivan-bird-changesinreproductivecourtshipbehaviorsofadultamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusexposedtoenvironmentallyrelevantlevelsofthepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernie-shutt-letcher-ritchie-sullivan-bird-changesinreproductivecourtshipbehaviorsofadultamericankestrelsfalcosparveriusexposedtoenvironmentallyrelevantlevelsofthepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernie_changes_2008,\n\ttitle = {Changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71.},\n\tvolume = {102},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065774},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm295},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are increasing in biota. Here, captive adult American kestrels were exposed daily by diet to safflower oil (controls), or one of two levels of a pentaBDE technical formulation, DE-71 (0.3 or 1.6 ppm), for approximately 75 days, commencing 21 days before breeding. This exposure resulted in eggs having PBDE concentrations similar (low exposure) or within the same order of magnitude (high exposure) reported for wild American kestrels and gulls in the Great Lakes. Compared to controls, kestrels in both exposure groups copulated less, spent less time in their nest boxes, and participated in fewer pair-bonding behaviors. Furthermore, the timing of these behaviors, which is important to creating and maintaining the pair-bond, also differed significantly from the controls. The females in the low-exposure group made fewer compatible trilling calls and ate less frequently. These behavioral changes were compounded by increasing exposure to DE-71 during the 9-day courtship period immediately preceding egg laying, a standard measure of the kestrel courtship period. The birds in the high-exposure group made more food transfers, excited &quot;klee&quot; calls, and copulations, the latter only when compared to the low-exposure birds, whereas the low-exposure males performed fewer pair-bonding behaviors. This study demonstrates that the exposure of kestrels to environmentally relevant levels of DE-71 modifies the quality of the pair-bond, affects the reproductive behavior of both sexes, and occurs when birds are exposed for a short period as adults. In addition, these behavioral effects are consistent with the observed reproductive changes in these birds.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, John L and Letcher, Robert J and Ritchie, James I and Sullivan, Katrina and Bird, David M},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18065774},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Copulation, Copulation: drug effects, Courtship, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: physiology, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Pair Bond, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosage, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Time Factors, Vocalization, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {171--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are increasing in biota. Here, captive adult American kestrels were exposed daily by diet to safflower oil (controls), or one of two levels of a pentaBDE technical formulation, DE-71 (0.3 or 1.6 ppm), for approximately 75 days, commencing 21 days before breeding. This exposure resulted in eggs having PBDE concentrations similar (low exposure) or within the same order of magnitude (high exposure) reported for wild American kestrels and gulls in the Great Lakes. Compared to controls, kestrels in both exposure groups copulated less, spent less time in their nest boxes, and participated in fewer pair-bonding behaviors. Furthermore, the timing of these behaviors, which is important to creating and maintaining the pair-bond, also differed significantly from the controls. The females in the low-exposure group made fewer compatible trilling calls and ate less frequently. These behavioral changes were compounded by increasing exposure to DE-71 during the 9-day courtship period immediately preceding egg laying, a standard measure of the kestrel courtship period. The birds in the high-exposure group made more food transfers, excited \"klee\" calls, and copulations, the latter only when compared to the low-exposure birds, whereas the low-exposure males performed fewer pair-bonding behaviors. This study demonstrates that the exposure of kestrels to environmentally relevant levels of DE-71 modifies the quality of the pair-bond, affects the reproductive behavior of both sexes, and occurs when birds are exposed for a short period as adults. In addition, these behavioral effects are consistent with the observed reproductive changes in these birds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernandes-dicks-mortimer-gem-smith-driffield-white-rose-brominatedandchlorinateddioxinspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantsinscottishshellfishmethodologyoccurrenceandhumandietaryexposure-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernandes-dicks-mortimer-gem-smith-driffield-white-rose-brominatedandchlorinateddioxinspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantsinscottishshellfishmethodologyoccurrenceandhumandietaryexposure-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102', event);\">\n    Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, PCBs and brominated flame retardants in Scottish shellfish: methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernandes, A.; Dicks, P.; Mortimer, D.; Gem, M.; Smith, F.; Driffield, M.; White, S.;  and Rose, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular nutrition & food research</i>, 52(2): 238–49. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernandes-dicks-mortimer-gem-smith-driffield-white-rose-brominatedandchlorinateddioxinspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantsinscottishshellfishmethodologyoccurrenceandhumandietaryexposure-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, PCBs and brominated flame retardants in Scottish shellfish: methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700135\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernandes-dicks-mortimer-gem-smith-driffield-white-rose-brominatedandchlorinateddioxinspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantsinscottishshellfishmethodologyoccurrenceandhumandietaryexposure-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700135', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernandes-dicks-mortimer-gem-smith-driffield-white-rose-brominatedandchlorinateddioxinspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantsinscottishshellfishmethodologyoccurrenceandhumandietaryexposure-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernandes-dicks-mortimer-gem-smith-driffield-white-rose-brominatedandchlorinateddioxinspcbsandbrominatedflameretardantsinscottishshellfishmethodologyoccurrenceandhumandietaryexposure-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernandes_brominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, {PCBs} and brominated flame retardants in {Scottish} shellfish: methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure.},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\tissn = {1613-4133},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186102},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700135},\n\tabstract = {The most commonly consumed shellfish species produced in Scotland - mussels, oysters and scallops - were investigated for the occurrence of a range of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in order to establish current levels and estimate human dietary exposure. Flesh from individual sub-samples was representatively pooled and 35 composites were analysed for brominated and chlorinated dioxins (PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs), brominated and chlorinated biphenyls (PBBs, PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The analytical methodology used (13)C(12) labelled surrogates of the target compounds, with GC coupled to (usually) high resolution MS, and LC-MS/MS for HBCD and TBBPA analysis. Positive identifications were made in the majority of samples for most analytes with the exception of TBBPA and most PBDD congeners measured. None of the levels detected for PCDD/F and PCB were above the maximum permitted levels specified in European Union regulations. The levels of brominated furans predominated over brominated dioxins, reflecting the environmental distribution and source emission profiles of these contaminants, and relatively high levels of the tri-brominated congeners were observed. Levels of the flame retardant chemicals reflected current and legacy use, with appreciable concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs (predominantly alpha-HBCD) but far lower levels of PBBs. TBBPA was not detected in any of the species. In general, mussels and oysters displayed relatively higher levels of contamination than scallops, although the gonad tissue of the latter showed significant levels of brominated dioxins. The estimated adult dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs arising from the consumption of a typical portion of these foods in combination with an otherwise average UK diet were in the range 0.5-0.6 pg World Health Organisation (WHO)-toxic equivalent (TEQ)(2005)/kg bodyweight per day. These estimated dietary intakes are well within the Tolerable Daily Intake for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of 2 pg WHO-TEQ(2005)/kg bodyweight/day endorsed by the independent expert Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. The corresponding intakes for sumPBDEs and sumHBCDs were 5.6-6.1 and 5.9-7.9 ng/kg bodyweight/day respectively.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\&amp; food research},\n\tauthor = {Fernandes, Alwyn and Dicks, Pamela and Mortimer, David and Gem, Martin and Smith, Frankie and Driffield, Malcolm and White, Shaun and Rose, Martin},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18186102},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration \\&amp; dosage, Brominated: analysis, Bromine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration \\&amp; dosage, Dioxins: analysis, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Scotland, Shellfish, Shellfish: analysis, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {238--49},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The most commonly consumed shellfish species produced in Scotland - mussels, oysters and scallops - were investigated for the occurrence of a range of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in order to establish current levels and estimate human dietary exposure. Flesh from individual sub-samples was representatively pooled and 35 composites were analysed for brominated and chlorinated dioxins (PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs), brominated and chlorinated biphenyls (PBBs, PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The analytical methodology used (13)C(12) labelled surrogates of the target compounds, with GC coupled to (usually) high resolution MS, and LC-MS/MS for HBCD and TBBPA analysis. Positive identifications were made in the majority of samples for most analytes with the exception of TBBPA and most PBDD congeners measured. None of the levels detected for PCDD/F and PCB were above the maximum permitted levels specified in European Union regulations. The levels of brominated furans predominated over brominated dioxins, reflecting the environmental distribution and source emission profiles of these contaminants, and relatively high levels of the tri-brominated congeners were observed. Levels of the flame retardant chemicals reflected current and legacy use, with appreciable concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs (predominantly alpha-HBCD) but far lower levels of PBBs. TBBPA was not detected in any of the species. In general, mussels and oysters displayed relatively higher levels of contamination than scallops, although the gonad tissue of the latter showed significant levels of brominated dioxins. The estimated adult dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs arising from the consumption of a typical portion of these foods in combination with an otherwise average UK diet were in the range 0.5-0.6 pg World Health Organisation (WHO)-toxic equivalent (TEQ)(2005)/kg bodyweight per day. These estimated dietary intakes are well within the Tolerable Daily Intake for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of 2 pg WHO-TEQ(2005)/kg bodyweight/day endorsed by the independent expert Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. The corresponding intakes for sumPBDEs and sumHBCDs were 5.6-6.1 and 5.9-7.9 ng/kg bodyweight/day respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fema-topicalfirereportseriesresidentialbuildingelectricalfires-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fema-topicalfirereportseriesresidentialbuildingelectricalfires-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf', event);\">\n    Topical Fire Report Series: Residential Building Electrical Fires.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  FEMA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 8 Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emmitsburg, MD, March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fema-topicalfirereportseriesresidentialbuildingelectricalfires-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Topical Fire Report Series: Residential Building Electrical Fires [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fema-topicalfirereportseriesresidentialbuildingelectricalfires-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fema-topicalfirereportseriesresidentialbuildingelectricalfires-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{fema_topical_2008,\n\taddress = {Emmitsburg, MD},\n\ttitle = {Topical {Fire} {Report} {Series}: {Residential} {Building} {Electrical} {Fires}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FEMA electrical fires.pdf},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tpublisher = {Federal Emergency Management Agency},\n\tauthor = {{FEMA}},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fngstrm-athanassiadis-odsj-norn-bergman-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinmilkfromstockholmmothers19802004-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fngstrm-athanassiadis-odsj-norn-bergman-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinmilkfromstockholmmothers19802004-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105', event);\">\n    Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from Stockholm mothers, 1980-2004.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fängström, B.; Athanassiadis, I.; Odsjö, T.; Norén, K.;  and Bergman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular nutrition & food research</i>, 52(2): 187–93. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fngstrm-athanassiadis-odsj-norn-bergman-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinmilkfromstockholmmothers19802004-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from Stockholm mothers, 1980-2004. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700182\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fngstrm-athanassiadis-odsj-norn-bergman-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinmilkfromstockholmmothers19802004-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700182', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fngstrm-athanassiadis-odsj-norn-bergman-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinmilkfromstockholmmothers19802004-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fngstrm-athanassiadis-odsj-norn-bergman-temporaltrendsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandhexabromocyclododecaneinmilkfromstockholmmothers19802004-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fangstrom_temporal_2008,\n\ttitle = {Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from {Stockholm} mothers, 1980-2004.},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\tissn = {1613-4133},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186105},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700182},\n\tabstract = {Environmental and human exposures to brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been of emerging concern since some BFR are persistent and bioaccumulative compounds. Among those, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have frequently been reported in low to high ng/g concentrations in human blood around the world while hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) only occasionally has been reported and then in the low ppb concentrations in human blood. The present study concerns PBDE congener and HBCDD concentrations in human milk from Stockholm from 1980 to 2004. HBCDD concentrations has increased four to five times since 1980 until 2002 but seems to have stabilized at this concentration in the last years (2003/04). Similarly, BDE-153 has continued to increase at least to 2001, after which it has stabilized in the mother&#x27;s milk. Other PBDE congeners with four to five bromine substituents peaked 5 years earlier (1995) and are all decreasing. DecaBDE (BDE-209) is not a suitable biomarker for time trend studies according to the present results, showing no changes over time. This is likely due to its short apparent half-life in humans and poor transfer from blood to milk.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\&amp; food research},\n\tauthor = {Fängström, Britta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Odsjö, Tjelvar and Norén, Koidu and Bergman, Ake},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18186105},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Sweden, Time Factors, ffr, frbldg, hum},\n\tpages = {187--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Environmental and human exposures to brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been of emerging concern since some BFR are persistent and bioaccumulative compounds. Among those, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have frequently been reported in low to high ng/g concentrations in human blood around the world while hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) only occasionally has been reported and then in the low ppb concentrations in human blood. The present study concerns PBDE congener and HBCDD concentrations in human milk from Stockholm from 1980 to 2004. HBCDD concentrations has increased four to five times since 1980 until 2002 but seems to have stabilized at this concentration in the last years (2003/04). Similarly, BDE-153 has continued to increase at least to 2001, after which it has stabilized in the mother's milk. Other PBDE congeners with four to five bromine substituents peaked 5 years earlier (1995) and are all decreasing. DecaBDE (BDE-209) is not a suitable biomarker for time trend studies according to the present results, showing no changes over time. This is likely due to its short apparent half-life in humans and poor transfer from blood to milk.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epel-luckenbach-stevenson-macmanusspencer-hamdoun-smital-effluxtransportersnewlyappreciatedrolesinprotectionagainstpollutants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epel-luckenbach-stevenson-macmanusspencer-hamdoun-smital-effluxtransportersnewlyappreciatedrolesinprotectionagainstpollutants-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf', event);\">\n    Efflux transporters: newly appreciated roles in protection against pollutants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Epel, D.; Luckenbach, T.; Stevenson, C. N; Macmanus-Spencer, L. a; Hamdoun, A.;  and Smital, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(11): 3914–3920. June 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epel-luckenbach-stevenson-macmanusspencer-hamdoun-smital-effluxtransportersnewlyappreciatedrolesinprotectionagainstpollutants-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Efflux transporters: newly appreciated roles in protection against pollutants. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epel-luckenbach-stevenson-macmanusspencer-hamdoun-smital-effluxtransportersnewlyappreciatedrolesinprotectionagainstpollutants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epel-luckenbach-stevenson-macmanusspencer-hamdoun-smital-effluxtransportersnewlyappreciatedrolesinprotectionagainstpollutants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{epel_efflux_2008,\n\ttitle = {Efflux transporters: newly appreciated roles in protection against pollutants.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3160781&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Epel 2008.pdf},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Epel, David and Luckenbach, Till and Stevenson, Charlotte N and Macmanus-Spencer, Laura a and Hamdoun, Amro and Smital, Tvrtko},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: metabolism, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: toxicity},\n\tpages = {3914--3920},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-initialriskbasedprioritizationofhighproductionvolumechemicals-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-initialriskbasedprioritizationofhighproductionvolumechemicals-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf', event);\">\n    Initial Risk-Based Prioritization of High Production Volume Chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume C US Environmental Protection Agency,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-initialriskbasedprioritizationofhighproductionvolumechemicals-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Initial Risk-Based Prioritization of High Production Volume Chemicals [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-initialriskbasedprioritizationofhighproductionvolumechemicals-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-initialriskbasedprioritizationofhighproductionvolumechemicals-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_initial_2008,\n\ttitle = {Initial {Risk}-{Based} {Prioritization} of {High} {Production} {Volume} {Chemicals}},\n\tvolume = {C},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA HBCD 2008.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-flameretardantsinprintedcircuitboards-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-flameretardantsinprintedcircuitboards-2008', 'http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf', event);\">\n    Flame retardants in printed circuit boards.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-flameretardantsinprintedcircuitboards-2008', 'http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants in printed circuit boards. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-flameretardantsinprintedcircuitboards-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-flameretardantsinprintedcircuitboards-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{epa_flame_2008,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants in printed circuit boards.},\n\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/dfeprojects/pcb/full_report_pcb_flame_retardants_report_draft_11_10_08_to_e.pdf},\n\tauthor = {{EPA}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ema-fujii-hiratakoizumi-matsumoto-twogenerationreproductivetoxicitystudyoftheflameretardanthexabromocyclododecaneinrats-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ema-fujii-hiratakoizumi-matsumoto-twogenerationreproductivetoxicitystudyoftheflameretardanthexabromocyclododecaneinrats-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388', event);\">\n    Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ema, M.; Fujii, S.; Hirata-Koizumi, M.;  and Matsumoto, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reproductive toxicology</i>, 25(3): 335–51. April 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ema-fujii-hiratakoizumi-matsumoto-twogenerationreproductivetoxicitystudyoftheflameretardanthexabromocyclododecaneinrats-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.12.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ema-fujii-hiratakoizumi-matsumoto-twogenerationreproductivetoxicitystudyoftheflameretardanthexabromocyclododecaneinrats-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.12.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ema-fujii-hiratakoizumi-matsumoto-twogenerationreproductivetoxicitystudyoftheflameretardanthexabromocyclododecaneinrats-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ema-fujii-hiratakoizumi-matsumoto-twogenerationreproductivetoxicitystudyoftheflameretardanthexabromocyclododecaneinrats-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ema_two-generation_2008,\n\ttitle = {Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {0890-6238},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262388},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.12.004},\n\tabstract = {Male and female rats were fed a diet containing flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at 0, 150, 1500 or 15,000 ppm throughout the study beginning at the onset of a 10-week pre-mating period and continuing through the mating, gestation and lactation periods for two generations. The mean daily intakes of HBCD during the whole period of administration were 10.2, 101 and 1008 mg/kg bw in F0 males, 14.0, 141 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F0 females, 11.4, 115 and 1142 mg/kg bw in F1 males, and 14.3, 138 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F1 females for 150, 1500 and 15,000 ppm, respectively. The incidence of rats with decreased thyroid follicles size was increased in F0 and F1 males and females at 1500 ppm and higher. Serum TSH levels were increased in F0 and F1 females at 1500 ppm and higher, and serum T4 levels were decreased in F0 males and females at 15,000 ppm. The number of the primordial follicles in the ovary of F1 females was reduced at 1500 ppm and higher. There were increases in the absolute and relative weights of the liver in male adults and male and female weanlings at 1500 ppm and higher, and in female adults at 15,000 ppm, and of the thyroid in male and female adults at 15,000 ppm. Decreased body weight and body weight gain associated with reduced food consumption were found in F1 males and females at 15,000 ppm. Decreases were found in the viability index of F2 pups and the body weight of male F1 and F2 pups and female F2 pups at 15,000 ppm. In F2 pups, there were low incidences of the completion of eye opening in males at 15,000 ppm and in females at 1500 ppm and higher, and of completed mid-air righting in females at 15,000 ppm. The data indicate that the NOAEL of HBCD in this study was 150 ppm (10.2mg/kg bw/day). The estimated human intake of HBCD is well below the NOAEL in the present study.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Reproductive toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Ema, Makoto and Fujii, Sakiko and Hirata-Koizumi, Mutsuko and Matsumoto, Mariko},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18262388},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Eating, Eating: drug effects, Female, Fetus, Fetus: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Male, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Rats, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: drug effects, Sprague-Dawley, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {335--51},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Male and female rats were fed a diet containing flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) at 0, 150, 1500 or 15,000 ppm throughout the study beginning at the onset of a 10-week pre-mating period and continuing through the mating, gestation and lactation periods for two generations. The mean daily intakes of HBCD during the whole period of administration were 10.2, 101 and 1008 mg/kg bw in F0 males, 14.0, 141 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F0 females, 11.4, 115 and 1142 mg/kg bw in F1 males, and 14.3, 138 and 1363 mg/kg bw in F1 females for 150, 1500 and 15,000 ppm, respectively. The incidence of rats with decreased thyroid follicles size was increased in F0 and F1 males and females at 1500 ppm and higher. Serum TSH levels were increased in F0 and F1 females at 1500 ppm and higher, and serum T4 levels were decreased in F0 males and females at 15,000 ppm. The number of the primordial follicles in the ovary of F1 females was reduced at 1500 ppm and higher. There were increases in the absolute and relative weights of the liver in male adults and male and female weanlings at 1500 ppm and higher, and in female adults at 15,000 ppm, and of the thyroid in male and female adults at 15,000 ppm. Decreased body weight and body weight gain associated with reduced food consumption were found in F1 males and females at 15,000 ppm. Decreases were found in the viability index of F2 pups and the body weight of male F1 and F2 pups and female F2 pups at 15,000 ppm. In F2 pups, there were low incidences of the completion of eye opening in males at 15,000 ppm and in females at 1500 ppm and higher, and of completed mid-air righting in females at 15,000 ppm. The data indicate that the NOAEL of HBCD in this study was 150 ppm (10.2mg/kg bw/day). The estimated human intake of HBCD is well below the NOAEL in the present study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporthexabromocyclododecanehbcddcasno25637994-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporthexabromocyclododecanehbcddcasno25637994-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf', event);\">\n    European Union risk assessment report: Hexabromocyclododecane HBCDD CAS-No.: 25637-99-4.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  European Commission, Swedish Chemicals Agency, Luxembourg,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporthexabromocyclododecanehbcddcasno25637994-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"European Union risk assessment report: Hexabromocyclododecane HBCDD CAS-No.: 25637-99-4 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporthexabromocyclododecanehbcddcasno25637994-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporthexabromocyclododecanehbcddcasno25637994-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ec_european_2008,\n\taddress = {Luxembourg},\n\ttitle = {European {Union} risk assessment report: {Hexabromocyclododecane} {HBCDD} {CAS}-{No}.: 25637-99-4},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EUhbcddreport2008.pdf},\n\tnumber = {25637},\n\tpublisher = {European Commission, Swedish Chemicals Agency},\n\tauthor = {{EC}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofalkanesc1013chlorosccpsaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofalkanesc1013chlorosccpsaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2008', 'http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf', event);\">\n    Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of alkanes, C10-13, chloro, SCCPs as well as infor-mation on potential alternatives to its use.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ECHA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report European Chemicals Agency,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofalkanesc1013chlorosccpsaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2008', 'http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of alkanes, C10-13, chloro, SCCPs as well as infor-mation on potential alternatives to its use [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofalkanesc1013chlorosccpsaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('echa-dataonmanufactureimportexportusesandreleasesofalkanesc1013chlorosccpsaswellasinformationonpotentialalternativestoitsuse-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{echa_data_2008,\n\ttitle = {Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of alkanes, {C10}-13, chloro, {SCCPs} as well as infor-mation on potential alternatives to its use},\n\turl = {http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/recommendations/tech_reports/tech_rep_alkanes_chloro.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {European Chemicals Agency},\n\tauthor = {{ECHA}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporttris2chloro1methylethylphosphatetcpp-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporttris2chloro1methylethylphosphatetcpp-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf', event);\">\n    European Union Risk Assessment Report: Tris (2-Chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate TCPP.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  European Commission, Ireland Chemicals Policy and Services, Luxembourg,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporttris2chloro1methylethylphosphatetcpp-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"European Union Risk Assessment Report: Tris (2-Chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate TCPP [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporttris2chloro1methylethylphosphatetcpp-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ec-europeanunionriskassessmentreporttris2chloro1methylethylphosphatetcpp-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ec_european_2008,\n\taddress = {Luxembourg},\n\ttitle = {European {Union} {Risk} {Assessment} {Report}: {Tris} (2-{Chloro}-1-methylethyl) phosphate {TCPP}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU TCPP risk assessment.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {European Commission, Ireland Chemicals Policy and Services},\n\tauthor = {{EC}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"digges-gann-grayson-hirschler-lyon-purser-quintiere-stephenson-etal-humansurvivabilityinmotorvehiclefires-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'digges-gann-grayson-hirschler-lyon-purser-quintiere-stephenson-etal-humansurvivabilityinmotorvehiclefires-2008', 'http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html', event);\">\n    Human survivability in motor vehicle fires.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Digges, K.; Gann, R.; Grayson, S.; Hirschler, M.; Lyon, R.; Purser, D.; Quintiere, J.; Stephenson, R.;  and Tewarson, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and Materials</i>, 32(4): 249–258.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('digges-gann-grayson-hirschler-lyon-purser-quintiere-stephenson-etal-humansurvivabilityinmotorvehiclefires-2008', 'http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human survivability in motor vehicle fires. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/digges-gann-grayson-hirschler-lyon-purser-quintiere-stephenson-etal-humansurvivabilityinmotorvehiclefires-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('digges-gann-grayson-hirschler-lyon-purser-quintiere-stephenson-etal-humansurvivabilityinmotorvehiclefires-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{digges_human_2008,\n\ttitle = {Human survivability in motor vehicle fires.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\turl = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire08/art021.html},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\n\tauthor = {Digges, KH and Gann, RG and Grayson, SJ and Hirschler, MM and Lyon, RE and Purser, DA and Quintiere, JG and Stephenson, RR and Tewarson, A},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {249--258},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"diekman-ballesteros-berger-caraballo-kegler-ecologicallevelanalysisoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandresidentialfiremortality-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'diekman-ballesteros-berger-caraballo-kegler-ecologicallevelanalysisoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandresidentialfiremortality-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780', event);\">\n    Ecological level analysis of the relationship between smoking and residential-fire mortality.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Diekman, S T; Ballesteros, M F; Berger, L R; Caraballo, R S;  and Kegler, S R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention</i>, 14(4): 228–31. August 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('diekman-ballesteros-berger-caraballo-kegler-ecologicallevelanalysisoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandresidentialfiremortality-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ecological level analysis of the relationship between smoking and residential-fire mortality. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2007.017004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('diekman-ballesteros-berger-caraballo-kegler-ecologicallevelanalysisoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandresidentialfiremortality-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2007.017004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/diekman-ballesteros-berger-caraballo-kegler-ecologicallevelanalysisoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandresidentialfiremortality-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('diekman-ballesteros-berger-caraballo-kegler-ecologicallevelanalysisoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandresidentialfiremortality-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{diekman_ecological_2008,\n\ttitle = {Ecological level analysis of the relationship between smoking and residential-fire mortality.},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1475-5785},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676780},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/ip.2007.017004},\n\tabstract = {To examine the association between tobacco smoking and residential-fire mortality and to investigate whether this association is explained by the confounding effects of selected socioeconomic factors (ie, educational attainment and median household income).},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention},\n\tauthor = {Diekman, S T and Ballesteros, M F and Berger, L R and Caraballo, R S and Kegler, S R},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18676780},\n\tkeywords = {Accidents, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Educational Status, Fires, Fires: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Home, Home: mortality, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking: adverse effects, Smoking: epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, United States: epidemiology, Young Adult, com},\n\tpages = {228--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To examine the association between tobacco smoking and residential-fire mortality and to investigate whether this association is explained by the confounding effects of selected socioeconomic factors (ie, educational attainment and median household income).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"darnerud-brominatedflameretardantsaspossibleendocrinedisrupters-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'darnerud-brominatedflameretardantsaspossibleendocrinedisrupters-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Darnerud, P O\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of andrology</i>, 31(2): 152–60. April 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-brominatedflameretardantsaspossibleendocrinedisrupters-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00869.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-brominatedflameretardantsaspossibleendocrinedisrupters-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00869.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/darnerud-brominatedflameretardantsaspossibleendocrinedisrupters-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('darnerud-brominatedflameretardantsaspossibleendocrinedisrupters-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{darnerud_brominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1365-2605},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315715},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00869.x},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are endocrine disrupters in experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Although BFR effects on thyroid hormones are well confirmed, studies of effects on oestrogen/androgen systems are fewer but today growing in numbers. The effects of BFR on other hormone systems are still unknown. Hormonal effect levels in animals start from ca 1 mg/kg b.w., but there are exceptions: effects on spermatogenesis, suggesting hormonal causes, have been observed at a low dose (60 microg/kg b.w.) of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener, BDE-99. It could be concluded that hormonal effects are of importance in risk assessment, and in some cases where effects are seen at low levels safety margins may be insufficient. One additional uncertainty is the lack of reliable human data that could be used to support animal BFR observations. In spite of the recent regulation of PBDE production, levels of both PBDE and of other BFR groups are still present in environmental samples. Thus, we have to deal with the possible effects of human BFR exposure for times to come. In order to reduce BFR exposure, the routes of exposure should be carefully examined and ways to reduce levels in major exposure routes considered.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {International journal of andrology},\n\tauthor = {Darnerud, P O},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18315715},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: metabolism, Humans, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {152--60},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are endocrine disrupters in experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Although BFR effects on thyroid hormones are well confirmed, studies of effects on oestrogen/androgen systems are fewer but today growing in numbers. The effects of BFR on other hormone systems are still unknown. Hormonal effect levels in animals start from ca 1 mg/kg b.w., but there are exceptions: effects on spermatogenesis, suggesting hormonal causes, have been observed at a low dose (60 microg/kg b.w.) of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener, BDE-99. It could be concluded that hormonal effects are of importance in risk assessment, and in some cases where effects are seen at low levels safety margins may be insufficient. One additional uncertainty is the lack of reliable human data that could be used to support animal BFR observations. In spite of the recent regulation of PBDE production, levels of both PBDE and of other BFR groups are still present in environmental samples. Thus, we have to deal with the possible effects of human BFR exposure for times to come. In order to reduce BFR exposure, the routes of exposure should be carefully examined and ways to reduce levels in major exposure routes considered.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cpsc-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cpsc-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008', 'http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf', event);\">\n    16 CFR Part 1634. Standard for the flammability of residential upholstered furniture; Proposed rule.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CPSC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Consumer Product Safety Commission,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cpsc-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008', 'http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"16 CFR Part 1634. Standard for the flammability of residential upholstered furniture; Proposed rule [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cpsc-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cpsc-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cpsc_16_2008,\n\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634. {Standard} for the flammability of residential upholstered furniture; {Proposed} rule},\n\turl = {http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/08-768.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"commission-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'commission-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf', event);\">\n    16 CFR Part 1634 Standard for the Flammability of Residential Upholstered Furniture; Proposed Rule.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Commission, C. P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Federal Register</i>, 73(43): 1–52.  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('commission-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"16 CFR Part 1634 Standard for the Flammability of Residential Upholstered Furniture; Proposed Rule [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/commission-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('commission-16cfrpart1634standardfortheflammabilityofresidentialupholsteredfurnitureproposedrule-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{commission_16_2008,\n\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1634 {Standard} for the {Flammability} of {Residential} {Upholstered} {Furniture}; {Proposed} {Rule}},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1634.pdf},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\tjournal = {Federal Register},\n\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cantn-peijnenburg-hoogenboom-piersma-vanderven-vandenberg-heneweer-subacuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdonhepaticgeneexpressionprofilesinrats-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cantn-peijnenburg-hoogenboom-piersma-vanderven-vandenberg-heneweer-subacuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdonhepaticgeneexpressionprofilesinrats-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652', event);\">\n    Subacute effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on hepatic gene expression profiles in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cantón, R. F; Peijnenburg, A. A C M; Hoogenboom, R. L A P; Piersma, A. H; van Der Ven, L. T M; van Den Berg, M.;  and Heneweer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</i>, 231(2): 267–72. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cantn-peijnenburg-hoogenboom-piersma-vanderven-vandenberg-heneweer-subacuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdonhepaticgeneexpressionprofilesinrats-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Subacute effects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on hepatic gene expression profiles in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cantn-peijnenburg-hoogenboom-piersma-vanderven-vandenberg-heneweer-subacuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdonhepaticgeneexpressionprofilesinrats-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cantn-peijnenburg-hoogenboom-piersma-vanderven-vandenberg-heneweer-subacuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdonhepaticgeneexpressionprofilesinrats-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cantn-peijnenburg-hoogenboom-piersma-vanderven-vandenberg-heneweer-subacuteeffectsofhexabromocyclododecanehbcdonhepaticgeneexpressionprofilesinrats-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{canton_subacute_2008,\n\ttitle = {Subacute effects of hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) on hepatic gene expression profiles in rats.},\n\tvolume = {231},\n\tissn = {1096-0333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534652},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.013},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromoyclododecane (HBCD), used as flame retardant (FR) mainly in textile industry and in polystyrene foam manufacture, has been identified as a contaminant at levels comparable to other brominated FRs (BFRs). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. The toxicological database of HBCD is too limited to perform at present a solid risk assessment, combining data from exposure and effect studies. In order to fill in some gaps, a 28-day HBCD repeated dose study (OECD407) was done in Wistar rats. In the present work liver tissues from these animals were used for gene expression profile analysis. Results show clear gender specificity with females having a higher number of regulated genes and therefore being more sensitive to HBCD than males. Several specific pathways were found to be affected by HBCD exposure, like PPAR-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, triacylglycerol metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and phase I and II pathways. These results were corroborated with quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism were especially down-regulated in females. Genes involved in phase I and II metabolism were up-regulated predominantly in males, which could explain the observed lower HBCD hepatic disposition in male rats in this 28-day study. These sex-specific differences in gene expression profiles could also underlie sex-specific differences in toxicity (e.g. decreased thyroid hormone or increased serum cholesterol levels). To our knowledge, this is the fist study that describes the changes in rat hepatic gene profiles caused by this commonly used flame retardant.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Cantón, Rocío F and Peijnenburg, Ad A C M and Hoogenboom, Ron L A P and Piersma, Aldert H and van Der Ven, Leo T M and van Den Berg, Martin and Heneweer, Marjoke},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18534652},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: administration \\&amp; dosage, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: biosynthesis, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Profiling: methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: drug, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: metab, Rats, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Triglycerides: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {267--72},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromoyclododecane (HBCD), used as flame retardant (FR) mainly in textile industry and in polystyrene foam manufacture, has been identified as a contaminant at levels comparable to other brominated FRs (BFRs). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. The toxicological database of HBCD is too limited to perform at present a solid risk assessment, combining data from exposure and effect studies. In order to fill in some gaps, a 28-day HBCD repeated dose study (OECD407) was done in Wistar rats. In the present work liver tissues from these animals were used for gene expression profile analysis. Results show clear gender specificity with females having a higher number of regulated genes and therefore being more sensitive to HBCD than males. Several specific pathways were found to be affected by HBCD exposure, like PPAR-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, triacylglycerol metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and phase I and II pathways. These results were corroborated with quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism were especially down-regulated in females. Genes involved in phase I and II metabolism were up-regulated predominantly in males, which could explain the observed lower HBCD hepatic disposition in male rats in this 28-day study. These sex-specific differences in gene expression profiles could also underlie sex-specific differences in toxicity (e.g. decreased thyroid hormone or increased serum cholesterol levels). To our knowledge, this is the fist study that describes the changes in rat hepatic gene profiles caused by this commonly used flame retardant.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516', event);\">\n    Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cariou, R.; Antignac, J.; Zalko, D.; Berrebi, A.; Cravedi, J.; Maume, D.; Marchand, P.; Monteau, F.; Riu, A.; Andre, F.;  and Le Bizec, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(7): 1036–41. October 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cariou_exposure_2008,\n\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum.},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {1879-1298},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790516},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084},\n\tabstract = {A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44\\% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g(-1) lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30\\% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g(-1) fresh weight versus 199 pg g(-1) fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Cariou, Ronan and Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Riu, Anne and Andre, François and Le Bizec, Bruno},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18790516},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Breast Feeding, Cesarean Section, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Maternal Exposure, Milk, Mothers, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Pregnancy, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {1036--41},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g(-1) lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g(-1) fresh weight versus 199 pg g(-1) fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bs-bsen154932007candlesspecificationforfiresafety-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&amp;product_id=1533218\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bs-bsen154932007candlesspecificationforfiresafety-2008', 'http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&amp;product_id=1533218', event);\">\n    BS EN 15493:2007 Candles. Specification for fire safety.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  BS\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  British Standards Institution,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&amp;product_id=1533218\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bs-bsen154932007candlesspecificationforfiresafety-2008', 'http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&amp;product_id=1533218', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"BS EN 15493:2007 Candles. Specification for fire safety. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bs-bsen154932007candlesspecificationforfiresafety-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bs-bsen154932007candlesspecificationforfiresafety-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{bs_bs_2008,\n\ttitle = {{BS} {EN} 15493:2007 {Candles}. {Specification} for fire safety.},\n\turl = {http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=BS_EN|15493_2007&amp;product_id=1533218},\n\tpublisher = {British Standards Institution},\n\tauthor = {{BS}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brown-wania-screeningchemicalsforthepotentialtobepersistentorganicpollutantsacasestudyofarcticcontaminants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brown-wania-screeningchemicalsforthepotentialtobepersistentorganicpollutantsacasestudyofarcticcontaminants-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370', event);\">\n    Screening chemicals for the potential to be persistent organic pollutants: a case study of Arctic contaminants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brown, T. N;  and Wania, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(14): 5202–9. July 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brown-wania-screeningchemicalsforthepotentialtobepersistentorganicpollutantsacasestudyofarcticcontaminants-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Screening chemicals for the potential to be persistent organic pollutants: a case study of Arctic contaminants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brown-wania-screeningchemicalsforthepotentialtobepersistentorganicpollutantsacasestudyofarcticcontaminants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brown-wania-screeningchemicalsforthepotentialtobepersistentorganicpollutantsacasestudyofarcticcontaminants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brown_screening_2008,\n\ttitle = {Screening chemicals for the potential to be persistent organic pollutants: a case study of {Arctic} contaminants.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754370},\n\tabstract = {A large and ever-increasing number of chemicals are used in commerce, and researchers and regulators have struggled to ascertain that these chemicals do not threaten human health or cause environmental or ecological damage. The presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote environments such as the Arctic is of special concern and has international regulatory implications. Responding to the need for a way to identify chemicals of high concern, a methodology has been developed which compares experimentally measured properties, or values predicted from chemical structure alone, to a set of screening criteria. These criteria include partitioning properties that allow for accumulation in the physical Arctic environment and in the Arctic human food chain, and resistance to atmospheric oxidation. Atthe same time we quantify the extent of structural resemblance to a group of known Arctic contaminants. Comparison of the substances that are identified by a mechanistic description of the processes that lead to Arctic contamination with those substances that are structurally similar to known Arctic contaminants reveals the strengths and limitations of either approach. Within a data set of more than 100,000 distinct industrial chemicals, the methodology identifies 120 high production volume chemicals which are structurally similarto known Arctic contaminants and/or have partitioning properties that suggest they are potential Arctic contaminants.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Brown, Trevor N and Wania, Frank},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18754370},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Risk Assessment, unsure},\n\tpages = {5202--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A large and ever-increasing number of chemicals are used in commerce, and researchers and regulators have struggled to ascertain that these chemicals do not threaten human health or cause environmental or ecological damage. The presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote environments such as the Arctic is of special concern and has international regulatory implications. Responding to the need for a way to identify chemicals of high concern, a methodology has been developed which compares experimentally measured properties, or values predicted from chemical structure alone, to a set of screening criteria. These criteria include partitioning properties that allow for accumulation in the physical Arctic environment and in the Arctic human food chain, and resistance to atmospheric oxidation. Atthe same time we quantify the extent of structural resemblance to a group of known Arctic contaminants. Comparison of the substances that are identified by a mechanistic description of the processes that lead to Arctic contamination with those substances that are structurally similar to known Arctic contaminants reveals the strengths and limitations of either approach. Within a data set of more than 100,000 distinct industrial chemicals, the methodology identifies 120 high production volume chemicals which are structurally similarto known Arctic contaminants and/or have partitioning properties that suggest they are potential Arctic contaminants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronics-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronics-2008', 'http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf', event);\">\n    The Case against Candle Resistant Electronics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, CA,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronics-2008', 'http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Case against Candle Resistant Electronics [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronics-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronics-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{blum_case_2008,\n\taddress = {Berkeley, CA},\n\ttitle = {The {Case} against {Candle} {Resistant} {Electronics}},\n\turl = {http://greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/GSP IEC whitepaper 2008.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.},\n\tpublisher = {Green Science Policy Institute},\n\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistanttvsmasterwhitepaper-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistanttvsmasterwhitepaper-2008', 'http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf', event);\">\n    The Case against Candle Resistant TVs. Master White Paper.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistanttvsmasterwhitepaper-2008', 'http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Case against Candle Resistant TVs. Master White Paper. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistanttvsmasterwhitepaper-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistanttvsmasterwhitepaper-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{blum_case_2008,\n\ttitle = {The {Case} against {Candle} {Resistant} {TVs}. {Master} {White} {Paper}.},\n\turl = {http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper_tv.pdf},\n\tabstract = {A proposed amendment to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 60065 for candle resistance of television enclosures has an unproven fire safety rationale as well as a large potential to cause harm to human health and the environment.},\n\tauthor = {Blum, A},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A proposed amendment to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 60065 for candle resistance of television enclosures has an unproven fire safety rationale as well as a large potential to cause harm to human health and the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronicsmasterwhitepaper-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronicsmasterwhitepaper-2008', 'http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf', event);\">\n    The case against candle resistant electronics. Master White Paper.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Green Science Policy Institute,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronicsmasterwhitepaper-2008', 'http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The case against candle resistant electronics. Master White Paper. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronicsmasterwhitepaper-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-thecaseagainstcandleresistantelectronicsmasterwhitepaper-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{blum_case_2008,\n\ttitle = {The case against candle resistant electronics. {Master} {White} {Paper}.},\n\turl = {http://www.greensciencepolicy.org/sites/default/files/MASTERWhitepaper.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.},\n\tpublisher = {Green Science Policy Institute},\n\tauthor = {Blum, A},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Proposed candle flammability standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), CENELEC, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) would bring hundreds of thousands of tons3 of potentially toxic fire retardant chemicals into homes, schools, hospitals, businesses—wherever electronic equipment is found. These candle flame resistance requirements threaten human health, the global environment, and the responsible recycling of electronics equipment. Current fire, health, and environmental data must be obtained and evaluated before the candle flame resistance requirements in Clause 21 Amendment 2 to IEC 60065; and Subclause 4.7.1 of Amendment 1 to IEC 60950; as well as similar CENELEC standards and amendments to UL60950-1 in the U. S. and the C22.2 no. 60950-1, 2nd edition in Canada are promulgated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"betts-newthinkingonflameretardants-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  New thinking on flame retardants.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Betts, K. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 116(5): A210–3. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/betts-newthinkingonflameretardants-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('betts-newthinkingonflameretardants-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{betts_new_2008,\n\ttitle = {New thinking on flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18470294},\n\tkeywords = {Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Humans, Interior Design and Furnishings, Policy Making, ffr, frelec, reg, use},\n\tpages = {A210--3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"betts-unwelcomeguestpbdesinindoordust-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'betts-unwelcomeguestpbdesinindoordust-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Unwelcome guest: PBDEs in indoor dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Betts, K. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 116(5): A202–8. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('betts-unwelcomeguestpbdesinindoordust-2008', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Unwelcome guest: PBDEs in indoor dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/betts-unwelcomeguestpbdesinindoordust-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('betts-unwelcomeguestpbdesinindoordust-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{betts_unwelcome_2008,\n\ttitle = {Unwelcome guest: {PBDEs} in indoor dust.},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2367657&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Betts, Kellyn S},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18470295},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Automobiles, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, United States},\n\tpages = {A202--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"astm-standardtestmethodsforcigaretteignitionresistanceofcomponentsofupholsteredfurnituree135308a-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'astm-standardtestmethodsforcigaretteignitionresistanceofcomponentsofupholsteredfurnituree135308a-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf', event);\">\n    Standard Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture E1353-08a.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ASTM\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('astm-standardtestmethodsforcigaretteignitionresistanceofcomponentsofupholsteredfurnituree135308a-2008', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Standard Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture E1353-08a [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/astm-standardtestmethodsforcigaretteignitionresistanceofcomponentsofupholsteredfurnituree135308a-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('astm-standardtestmethodsforcigaretteignitionresistanceofcomponentsofupholsteredfurnituree135308a-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{astm_standard_2008,\n\taddress = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania},\n\ttitle = {Standard {Test} {Methods} for {Cigarette} {Ignition} {Resistance} of {Components} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {E1353}-08a},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ASTM E1353 2008ae1.pdf},\n\tnumber = {C},\n\tpublisher = {ASTM International},\n\tauthor = {{ASTM}},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ashizuka-nakagawa-hori-yasutake-tobiishi-sasaki-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsandbrominateddioxinsinfishcollectedfromthreeregionsofjapan-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=20&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ashizuka-nakagawa-hori-yasutake-tobiishi-sasaki-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsandbrominateddioxinsinfishcollectedfromthreeregionsofjapan-2008', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=20&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=4', event);\">\n    Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ashizuka, Y.; Nakagawa, R.; Hori, T.; Yasutake, D.; Tobiishi, K.;  and Sasaki, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular nutrition & food research</i>, 52(2): 273–83. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=20&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ashizuka-nakagawa-hori-yasutake-tobiishi-sasaki-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsandbrominateddioxinsinfishcollectedfromthreeregionsofjapan-2008', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=20&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of Japan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700110\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ashizuka-nakagawa-hori-yasutake-tobiishi-sasaki-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsandbrominateddioxinsinfishcollectedfromthreeregionsofjapan-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700110', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ashizuka-nakagawa-hori-yasutake-tobiishi-sasaki-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsandbrominateddioxinsinfishcollectedfromthreeregionsofjapan-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ashizuka-nakagawa-hori-yasutake-tobiishi-sasaki-determinationofbrominatedflameretardantsandbrominateddioxinsinfishcollectedfromthreeregionsofjapan-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ashizuka_determination_2008,\n\ttitle = {Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\tissn = {1613-4133},\n\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=20&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=4},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700110},\n\tabstract = {The concentrations of brominated dioxins which are polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) and mono-bromo polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in a total of 45 fish samples collected from three regions in Japan. In the brominated dioxins, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF) was the most abundant congener, and it was found in seven fish samples at 0.10-25.6 pg/g wet weight (ww). The highest concentration of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF was found in the pike eel. Regarding other congeners, 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin was detected in the sea bream at 0.02 pg/g ww, and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran was detected in the conger eel at 0.03 pg/g ww. 3-Bromo-2,7,8-trichlorodibenzofuran was detected in the Sardinella zunasi and the conger eel at 0.01 pg/g ww and 0.02 pg/g ww, respectively. Using toxic equivalency factors of chlorinated dioxins, we calculated the PBDD/DFs concentrations of these fish samples at 0.001-0.256 pg TEQ/g ww. PBDEs were detected in all of the fish samples. The concentrations of total PBDEs were 0.01-2.88 ng/g ww. The seerfish and the yellowtail containd PBDEs in high concentrations. The most dominant congener in most of the fish was 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromo diphenyl ether. TBBPA was detected in 29 fish samples at 0.01-0.11 ng/g ww. The mean level of TBBPA was about one-tenth or less of the total level of PBDEs. A good correlation was obtained between total PBDEs and fat content. On the other hand, no correlation was obtained between TBBPA and fat content. The daily intakes from fish were estimated to be 0.58 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for total PBDEs, 0.03 ng/kg bw/day for TBBPA, and 0.01 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for brominated dioxins in the case assuming that the average bw of a Japanese adult person is 50 kg and that the average fish consumption is 82 g/day. For PBDEs, the provisionally calculated value was much less than the lowest observed adverse effect level value (1 mg/kg bw/day). For brominated dioxins, the daily intake was at a very low level compared with the Japanese daily intake of polychlorinated dioxins from fish. Even if the value of PBDD/DFs is added to the amount of chlorinated dioxin exposure, it was estimated that it is less than the tolerable daily intake (4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) in Japan.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\&amp; food research},\n\tauthor = {Ashizuka, Yuki and Nakagawa, Reiko and Hori, Tsuguhide and Yasutake, Daisuke and Tobiishi, Kazuhiro and Sasaki, Kumiko},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18246587},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: analysis, Diet, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Humans, Japan, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, ffr, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {273--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The concentrations of brominated dioxins which are polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs) and mono-bromo polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in a total of 45 fish samples collected from three regions in Japan. In the brominated dioxins, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF) was the most abundant congener, and it was found in seven fish samples at 0.10-25.6 pg/g wet weight (ww). The highest concentration of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF was found in the pike eel. Regarding other congeners, 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin was detected in the sea bream at 0.02 pg/g ww, and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran was detected in the conger eel at 0.03 pg/g ww. 3-Bromo-2,7,8-trichlorodibenzofuran was detected in the Sardinella zunasi and the conger eel at 0.01 pg/g ww and 0.02 pg/g ww, respectively. Using toxic equivalency factors of chlorinated dioxins, we calculated the PBDD/DFs concentrations of these fish samples at 0.001-0.256 pg TEQ/g ww. PBDEs were detected in all of the fish samples. The concentrations of total PBDEs were 0.01-2.88 ng/g ww. The seerfish and the yellowtail containd PBDEs in high concentrations. The most dominant congener in most of the fish was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether. TBBPA was detected in 29 fish samples at 0.01-0.11 ng/g ww. The mean level of TBBPA was about one-tenth or less of the total level of PBDEs. A good correlation was obtained between total PBDEs and fat content. On the other hand, no correlation was obtained between TBBPA and fat content. The daily intakes from fish were estimated to be 0.58 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for total PBDEs, 0.03 ng/kg bw/day for TBBPA, and 0.01 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for brominated dioxins in the case assuming that the average bw of a Japanese adult person is 50 kg and that the average fish consumption is 82 g/day. For PBDEs, the provisionally calculated value was much less than the lowest observed adverse effect level value (1 mg/kg bw/day). For brominated dioxins, the daily intake was at a very low level compared with the Japanese daily intake of polychlorinated dioxins from fish. Even if the value of PBDD/DFs is added to the amount of chlorinated dioxin exposure, it was estimated that it is less than the tolerable daily intake (4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) in Japan.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"antignac-cariou-maume-marchand-monteau-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-etal-exposureassessmentoffetusandnewborntobrominatedflameretardantsinfrancepreliminarydata-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=18&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2&amp;colname=WOS\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'antignac-cariou-maume-marchand-monteau-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-etal-exposureassessmentoffetusandnewborntobrominatedflameretardantsinfrancepreliminarydata-2008', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=18&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2&amp;colname=WOS', event);\">\n    Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in France: preliminary data.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Antignac, J.; Cariou, R.; Maume, D.; Marchand, P.; Monteau, F.; Zalko, D.; Berrebi, A.; Cravedi, J.; Andre, F.;  and Le Bizec, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular nutrition & food research</i>, 52(2): 258–65. March 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=18&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2&amp;colname=WOS\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('antignac-cariou-maume-marchand-monteau-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-etal-exposureassessmentoffetusandnewborntobrominatedflameretardantsinfrancepreliminarydata-2008', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=18&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2&amp;colname=WOS', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in France: preliminary data [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700077\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('antignac-cariou-maume-marchand-monteau-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-etal-exposureassessmentoffetusandnewborntobrominatedflameretardantsinfrancepreliminarydata-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700077', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/antignac-cariou-maume-marchand-monteau-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-etal-exposureassessmentoffetusandnewborntobrominatedflameretardantsinfrancepreliminarydata-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('antignac-cariou-maume-marchand-monteau-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-etal-exposureassessmentoffetusandnewborntobrominatedflameretardantsinfrancepreliminarydata-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{antignac_exposure_2008,\n\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in {France}: preliminary data},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\tissn = {1613-4133},\n\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=18&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2&amp;colname=WOS},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700077},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are chemicals extensively used in many manufactured products to reduce the risk of fire, but also environmental pollutants. In order to assess the potential risk linked to these compounds in human, a French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn. A previously described multi-residue analytical method was used, for measuring the main classes of BFR (hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers) in various biological matrices. These analyzed samples (maternal and umbilical serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected on volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. Preliminary results obtained on 26 individuals (mother/newborn pairs) mainly demonstrated the presence of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A both in maternal and fetal matrices, and a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding. Contaminations levels were found globally in the ng/g lipid weight range, consistent with other published European data. Exposure results regarding highly brominated PBDE congeners (octa- to deca-BDE) appeared particularly informative and non-commonly reported, these compounds accounting for around 50\\% of the total PBDE load. Additional data collection and metabolism investigations are now on-going. A more complete statistical analysis related to this BFR exposition study will be provided in a next future.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Molecular nutrition \\&amp; food research},\n\tauthor = {Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Cariou, Ronan and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Andre, François and Le Bizec, Bruno},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18186099},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Breast Feeding, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cesarean Section, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetal Blood: chemistry, Fetus, Fetus: chemistry, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, France, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, ffr, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {258--65},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are chemicals extensively used in many manufactured products to reduce the risk of fire, but also environmental pollutants. In order to assess the potential risk linked to these compounds in human, a French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn. A previously described multi-residue analytical method was used, for measuring the main classes of BFR (hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers) in various biological matrices. These analyzed samples (maternal and umbilical serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected on volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. Preliminary results obtained on 26 individuals (mother/newborn pairs) mainly demonstrated the presence of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A both in maternal and fetal matrices, and a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding. Contaminations levels were found globally in the ng/g lipid weight range, consistent with other published European data. Exposure results regarding highly brominated PBDE congeners (octa- to deca-BDE) appeared particularly informative and non-commonly reported, these compounds accounting for around 50% of the total PBDE load. Additional data collection and metabolism investigations are now on-going. A more complete statistical analysis related to this BFR exposition study will be provided in a next future.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991', event);\">\n    Linking PBDEs in house dust to consumer products using X-ray fluorescence.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Allen, J. G; McClean, M. D; Stapleton, H. M;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 42(11): 4222–8. June 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Linking PBDEs in house dust to consumer products using X-ray fluorescence. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{allen_linking_2008,\n\ttitle = {Linking {PBDEs} in house dust to consumer products using {X}-ray fluorescence.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589991},\n\tabstract = {The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-rayfluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Allen, Joseph G and McClean, Michael D and Stapleton, Heather M and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpmid = {18589991},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Bromine, Bromine: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fluorescence, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Interior Design and Furnishings, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, X-Rays, ffr, frelec, use},\n\tpages = {4222--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-rayfluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p \\textless 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p \\textless 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"abdallah-harrad-covaci-hexabromocyclododecanesandtetrabromobisphenolainindoorairanddustinbirminghamukimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'abdallah-harrad-covaci-hexabromocyclododecanesandtetrabromobisphenolainindoorairanddustinbirminghamukimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecanes and Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, UK: Implications for Human Exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Abdallah, M. A.; Harrad, S.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 42(18): 6855–6861. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abdallah-harrad-covaci-hexabromocyclododecanesandtetrabromobisphenolainindoorairanddustinbirminghamukimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecanes and Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, UK: Implications for Human Exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es801110a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abdallah-harrad-covaci-hexabromocyclododecanesandtetrabromobisphenolainindoorairanddustinbirminghamukimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es801110a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/abdallah-harrad-covaci-hexabromocyclododecanesandtetrabromobisphenolainindoorairanddustinbirminghamukimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('abdallah-harrad-covaci-hexabromocyclododecanesandtetrabromobisphenolainindoorairanddustinbirminghamukimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{abdallah_hexabromocyclododecanes_2008,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {UK}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes and {Tetrabromobisphenol}-{A} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {UK}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801110a},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es801110a},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) were determined in indoor air from homes (n = 33; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 180 pg m?3; TBBP-A = 15 pg m?3), offices (n = 25; 170; 11), public microenvironments (n = 4; 900; 27) and outdoor air (n = 5; 37; 1). HBCDs and TBBP-A were also determined in dust from homes (n = 45; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 1300 ng g?1; TBBP-A = 62 ng g?1), offices (n = 28; 760; 36), cars (n = 20; 13,000; 2), and public microenvironments (n = 4; 2700; 230). While ΣHBCDs in car dust significantly exceeded (p {\\textless} 0.05) those in homes and offices, TBBP-A in car dust was significantly lower (p {\\textless} 0.05) than that in homes and offices. No significant differences were observed between ΣHBCDs and TBBP-A in air or dust from homes and offices. Compared to dietary and inhalation exposures, dust ingestion constitutes an important pathway of exposure to HBCDs and TBBP-A for the UK population. Specifically, using average dust ingestion rates and concentrations in dust, dust ingestion constitutes for adults 34\\% (TBBP-A) and 24\\% (HBCDs) of overall exposure, and for toddlers 90\\% (TBBP-A) and 63\\% (HBCDs). Inhalation appears a minor exposure pathway to both HBCDs and TBBP-A. On average, dust is 33\\% α-, 11\\% ?-, and 56\\% ?-HBCD, while air is 22\\% α-, 11\\% ?-, and 65\\% ?-HBCD.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Harrad, Stuart and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {6855--6861},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecanes (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) were determined in indoor air from homes (n = 33; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 180 pg m?3; TBBP-A = 15 pg m?3), offices (n = 25; 170; 11), public microenvironments (n = 4; 900; 27) and outdoor air (n = 5; 37; 1). HBCDs and TBBP-A were also determined in dust from homes (n = 45; median concentrations ΣHBCDs = 1300 ng g?1; TBBP-A = 62 ng g?1), offices (n = 28; 760; 36), cars (n = 20; 13,000; 2), and public microenvironments (n = 4; 2700; 230). While ΣHBCDs in car dust significantly exceeded (p \\textless 0.05) those in homes and offices, TBBP-A in car dust was significantly lower (p \\textless 0.05) than that in homes and offices. No significant differences were observed between ΣHBCDs and TBBP-A in air or dust from homes and offices. Compared to dietary and inhalation exposures, dust ingestion constitutes an important pathway of exposure to HBCDs and TBBP-A for the UK population. Specifically, using average dust ingestion rates and concentrations in dust, dust ingestion constitutes for adults 34% (TBBP-A) and 24% (HBCDs) of overall exposure, and for toddlers 90% (TBBP-A) and 63% (HBCDs). Inhalation appears a minor exposure pathway to both HBCDs and TBBP-A. On average, dust is 33% α-, 11% ?-, and 56% ?-HBCD, while air is 22% α-, 11% ?-, and 65% ?-HBCD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a', event);\">\n    Linking PBDEs in House Dust to Consumer Products using X-ray Fluorescence.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Allen, J. G.; McClean, M. D.; Stapleton, H. M.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 42(11): 4222–4228. June 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Linking PBDEs in House Dust to Consumer Products using X-ray Fluorescence [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es702964a\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es702964a', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('allen-mcclean-stapleton-webster-linkingpbdesinhousedusttoconsumerproductsusingxrayfluorescence-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{allen_linking_2008,\n\ttitle = {Linking {PBDEs} in {House} {Dust} to {Consumer} {Products} using {X}-ray {Fluorescence}},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702964a},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es702964a},\n\tabstract = {The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p {\\textless} 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p {\\textless} 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Allen, Joseph G. and McClean, Michael D. and Stapleton, Heather M. and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {4222--4228},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The indoor environment is an important source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of fire retardants used in many household products. Previous attempts to link PBDE concentrations in house dust to consumer products have been hampered by the inability to determine the presence of PBDEs in otherwise similar products. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to nondestructively quantify bromine concentrations in consumer goods. In the validation phase, XRF-measured bromine was highly correlated with GC/MS-measured bromine for furniture foam and plastic from electronics (n = 29, r = 0.93, p \\textless 0.0001). In the field study phase, the XRF-measured bromine in room furniture was associated with pentaBDE concentrations in room dust in the bedroom (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) and main living area (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). We also found an association between XRF-measured bromine levels in electronics and decaBDE levels in dust, largely driven by the high levels in televisions (r = 0.64, p = 0.003 for bedrooms). For the main living area, predicting decaBDE in dust improved when we included an interaction effect between the bromine content of televisions and the number of persons in the house (p \\textless 0.005), a potential surrogate for television usage.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s', event);\">\n    Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust: A Previously Unreported Halogenated Flame Retardant in the Environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, J.; Hou, Y.; Feng, Y.; Shoeib, M.;  and Harner, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 42(2): 386–391. January 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust: A Previously Unreported Halogenated Flame Retardant in the Environment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es702272s', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_identification_2008,\n\ttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}: {A} {Previously} {Unreported} {Halogenated} {Flame} {Retardant} in the {Environment}},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es702272s},\n\tabstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {386--391},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243', event);\">\n    Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weil, E. D.;  and Levchik, S. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, 26(3): 243–281. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0734904108089485\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0734904108089485', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weil_flame_2008,\n\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Commercial} {Use} or {Development} for {Textiles}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},\n\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0734904108089485},\n\tabstract = {Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better &#x60;hand&#x27; or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate.\nThe leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development.\nPolyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a &#x60;thermosol&#x27; process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber.\nA number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing.\nThe recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Weil, Edward D. and Levchik, Sergei V.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {243--281},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate. The leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development. Polyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber. A number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing. The recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175', event);\">\n    Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takigami, H.; Suzuki, G.; Hirai, Y.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(2): 161–169. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takigami-suzuki-hirai-sakai-transferofbrominatedflameretardantsfromcomponentsintodustinsidetelevisioncabinets-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takigami_transfer_2008,\n\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},\n\ttitle = {Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508008175},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.032},\n\tabstract = {Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 μg/g, 19,000 μg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The ΣPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective ΣPBDE and ΣPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67–500 μg/g (mean 300 μg/g) and 180–650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Takigami, Hidetaka and Suzuki, Go and Hirai, Yasuhiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {BFRs, Dust, PBDD, PBDE, PBDF, Television set},\n\tpages = {161--169},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Television (TV) set components are highly flame resistant, with their added brominated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These compounds might be released indoors via dust, which presents a potential exposure pathway for humans in the home environment. In this study, we collected dust from inside TV sets and TV set component samples (parts of housing front cabinets, rear cabinets and circuit boards) of five sets used in Japan. We measured BFRs (i.e., PBDEs, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/DFs). Analytical results of the TV components showed that the concentrations of PBDEs, TBBPA and PBDFs (48,000 μg/g, 19,000 μg/g and 9600 ng/g as mean values, respectively) were all highest in the rear cabinets. The ΣPBDD concentrations (460 ng/g as a mean value) detected were highest in the circuit board samples. The respective ΣPBDE and ΣPBDF concentrations in the dust samples were 67–500 μg/g (mean 300 μg/g) and 180–650 ng/g (mean 410 ng/g). Such concentrations were 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported for house dust samples, which suggests that the brominated compounds are transferred from TV components into dust. Comparison of congener patterns of the brominated compounds in the dust identified the components as the source of these BFRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in US food.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schecter, A.; Harris, T. R.; Shah, N.; Musumba, A.;  and Päpke, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular Nutrition & Food Research</i>, 52(2): 266–272. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in US food [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700166\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700166', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schecter-harris-shah-musumba-ppke-brominatedflameretardantsinusfood-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schecter_brominated_2008,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in {US} food},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \\&amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim},\n\tissn = {1613-4133},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700166/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/mnfr.200700166},\n\tabstract = {We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women&#x27;s milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16–1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-17},\n\tjournal = {Molecular Nutrition \\&amp; Food Research},\n\tauthor = {Schecter, Arnold and Harris, T. Robert and Shah, Nirav and Musumba, Alice and Päpke, Olaf},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dietary intake, Food, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {266--272},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We and others recently began studying brominated flame retardant levels in various matrices in the US including human milk and other food. This paper reviews the food studies. In our studies, ten to thirteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured, usually including BDE 209. All US women's milk samples were contaminated with PBDEs from 6 to 419 ng/g, lipid, orders of magnitude higher than levels reported in European studies, and are the highest reported worldwide. We compared our market basket studies of meat, fish and dairy products with other US food studies of meat and fish. US studies showed somewhat higher levels of PBDEs than reported elsewhere. Fish were most highly contaminated (median 616 pg/g), then meat (median190 pg/g) and dairy products (median 32.2 pg/g). However, unlike some European countries where fish predominates, dietary intake of PBDEs in the US is mostly from meat, then fish and then dairy products. Broiling can decrease the amount of PBDEs per serving. We also measured levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), another brominated flame retardant, in human milk. The levels are lower than PBDEs, 0.16–1.2 ng/g, similar to European levels, unlike PBDEs where US levels are much higher than European levels.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hwang-park-young-hammock-occurrenceofendocrinedisruptingchemicalsinindoordust-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hwang-park-young-hammock-occurrenceofendocrinedisruptingchemicalsinindoordust-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846', event);\">\n    Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in indoor dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hwang, H.; Park, E.; Young, T. M.;  and Hammock, B. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 404(1): 26–35. October 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hwang-park-young-hammock-occurrenceofendocrinedisruptingchemicalsinindoordust-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in indoor dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hwang-park-young-hammock-occurrenceofendocrinedisruptingchemicalsinindoordust-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.031', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hwang-park-young-hammock-occurrenceofendocrinedisruptingchemicalsinindoordust-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hwang-park-young-hammock-occurrenceofendocrinedisruptingchemicalsinindoordust-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hwang_occurrence_2008,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in indoor dust},\n\tvolume = {404},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708005846},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.031},\n\tabstract = {Human exposure to indoor dust enriched with endocrine-disrupting chemicals released from numerous indoor sources has been a focus of increasing concern. Longer residence times and elevated contaminant concentrations in the indoor environment may increase chances of exposure to these contaminants by 1000-fold compared to outdoor exposure. To investigate the occurrence of semi-volatile endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), phthalates, pyrethroids, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its metabolites, and chlordanes, indoor dust samples were collected from household vacuum cleaner bags provided by 10 apartments and 1 community hall in Davis, California, USA. Chemical analyses show that all indoor dust samples are highly contaminated by target analytes measured in the present study. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the most abundant (104–7630 µg/g) in all samples and higher than other target analytes by 2 to 6 orders of magnitude. PBDEs were also found at high concentrations (1780–25,200 ng/g). Although the use of PCBs has been banned or restricted for decades, some samples had PCBs at levels that are considered to be concerns for human health, indicating that the potential risk posed by PCBs still remains high in the indoor environment, probably due to a lack of dissipation processes and continuous release from the sources. Although the use of some PBDEs is being phased out in some parts of the U.S., this trend may apply to PBDEs as well. We can anticipate that exposure to PBDEs will continue as long as the general public keeps using existing household items such as sofas, mattresses, and carpets that contain PBDEs. This study provides additional information that indoor dust is highly contaminated by persistent and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Hwang, Hyun-Min and Park, Eun-Kee and Young, Thomas M. and Hammock, Bruce D.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Indoor dust, Insecticides, PBDEs, PCBs, Phthalates},\n\tpages = {26--35},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human exposure to indoor dust enriched with endocrine-disrupting chemicals released from numerous indoor sources has been a focus of increasing concern. Longer residence times and elevated contaminant concentrations in the indoor environment may increase chances of exposure to these contaminants by 1000-fold compared to outdoor exposure. To investigate the occurrence of semi-volatile endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), phthalates, pyrethroids, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its metabolites, and chlordanes, indoor dust samples were collected from household vacuum cleaner bags provided by 10 apartments and 1 community hall in Davis, California, USA. Chemical analyses show that all indoor dust samples are highly contaminated by target analytes measured in the present study. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the most abundant (104–7630 µg/g) in all samples and higher than other target analytes by 2 to 6 orders of magnitude. PBDEs were also found at high concentrations (1780–25,200 ng/g). Although the use of PCBs has been banned or restricted for decades, some samples had PCBs at levels that are considered to be concerns for human health, indicating that the potential risk posed by PCBs still remains high in the indoor environment, probably due to a lack of dissipation processes and continuous release from the sources. Although the use of some PBDEs is being phased out in some parts of the U.S., this trend may apply to PBDEs as well. We can anticipate that exposure to PBDEs will continue as long as the general public keeps using existing household items such as sofas, mattresses, and carpets that contain PBDEs. This study provides additional information that indoor dust is highly contaminated by persistent and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"polder-gabrielsen-odland-savinova-tkachev-lken-skaare-spatialandtemporalchangesofchlorinatedpesticidespcbsdioxinspcddspcdfsandbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanbreastmilkfromnorthernrussia-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'polder-gabrielsen-odland-savinova-tkachev-lken-skaare-spatialandtemporalchangesofchlorinatedpesticidespcbsdioxinspcddspcdfsandbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanbreastmilkfromnorthernrussia-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114', event);\">\n    Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Polder, A.; Gabrielsen, G. W.; Odland, J. Ø.; Savinova, T. N.; Tkachev✠, A.; Løken, K. B.;  and Skaare, J. U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 391(1): 41–54. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('polder-gabrielsen-odland-savinova-tkachev-lken-skaare-spatialandtemporalchangesofchlorinatedpesticidespcbsdioxinspcddspcdfsandbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanbreastmilkfromnorthernrussia-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('polder-gabrielsen-odland-savinova-tkachev-lken-skaare-spatialandtemporalchangesofchlorinatedpesticidespcbsdioxinspcddspcdfsandbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanbreastmilkfromnorthernrussia-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/polder-gabrielsen-odland-savinova-tkachev-lken-skaare-spatialandtemporalchangesofchlorinatedpesticidespcbsdioxinspcddspcdfsandbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanbreastmilkfromnorthernrussia-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('polder-gabrielsen-odland-savinova-tkachev-lken-skaare-spatialandtemporalchangesofchlorinatedpesticidespcbsdioxinspcddspcdfsandbrominatedflameretardantsinhumanbreastmilkfromnorthernrussia-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{polder_spatial_2008,\n\ttitle = {Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, {PCBs}, dioxins ({PCDDs}/{PCDFs}) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from {Northern} {Russia}},\n\tvolume = {391},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707011114},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045},\n\tabstract = {This study presents for the first time temporal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Russian human breast milk samples. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in samples from three locations in the North West of Russia in 2000–2002 (n = 42), were compared to corresponding levels measured in 1993–1996 (n = 58). In addition brominated flame retardants (BFRs), consisting of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) (including BDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analysed in samples from 2000–2002 (n = 37). The present levels of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs were 5 and 10 times higher than corresponding levels in the neighbouring country Norway. Median concentrations of ∑HCHs (196 μg/kg lw), ∑CHBs (19.7 μg/kg lw) and ∑PCBs16 (316 μg/kg lw) were highest in Murmansk. The percentage of p,p′-DDT to ∑DDTs and ratio DDE/DDT suggest possible ongoing use of DDT in Russia. Levels of PBDE were low and dominated by the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-153. The deca brominated BDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median concentration 0.19 μg/kg lipid). Levels of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs decreased 56 and 30\\% in Murmansk and 36 and 43\\% in Arkhangelsk during the study period. The decline of ∑OCPs was significant at both locations (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05–p \\&amp;lt; 0.0001). For ∑PCBs, the decreasing trend was only significant in Arkhangelsk (p \\&amp;lt; 0.0001). In addition, a decline of ∑total TEQs (∑TEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho- and mono-ortho PCBs) was observed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk during the study period. The exposure of infants by PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs is still exceeding the daily tolerable intake (TDI) in North West Russia. However, the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs seem to decline very rapidly.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Polder, A. and Gabrielsen, G. W. and Odland, J. Ø. and Savinova, T. N. and Tkachev✠, A. and Løken, K. B. and Skaare, J. U.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {DDTs, Human breast milk, PCBs, POPs, Russia, Temporal trends},\n\tpages = {41--54},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study presents for the first time temporal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Russian human breast milk samples. Concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in samples from three locations in the North West of Russia in 2000–2002 (n = 42), were compared to corresponding levels measured in 1993–1996 (n = 58). In addition brominated flame retardants (BFRs), consisting of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) (including BDE-209) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analysed in samples from 2000–2002 (n = 37). The present levels of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs were 5 and 10 times higher than corresponding levels in the neighbouring country Norway. Median concentrations of ∑HCHs (196 μg/kg lw), ∑CHBs (19.7 μg/kg lw) and ∑PCBs16 (316 μg/kg lw) were highest in Murmansk. The percentage of p,p′-DDT to ∑DDTs and ratio DDE/DDT suggest possible ongoing use of DDT in Russia. Levels of PBDE were low and dominated by the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-153. The deca brominated BDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median concentration 0.19 μg/kg lipid). Levels of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs decreased 56 and 30% in Murmansk and 36 and 43% in Arkhangelsk during the study period. The decline of ∑OCPs was significant at both locations (p &lt; 0.05–p &lt; 0.0001). For ∑PCBs, the decreasing trend was only significant in Arkhangelsk (p &lt; 0.0001). In addition, a decline of ∑total TEQs (∑TEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho- and mono-ortho PCBs) was observed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk during the study period. The exposure of infants by PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs is still exceeding the daily tolerable intake (TDI) in North West Russia. However, the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs seem to decline very rapidly.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sudaryanto-kajiwara-tsydenova-isobe-yu-takahashi-tanabe-levelsandcongenerspecificprofilesofpbdesinhumanbreastmilkfromchinaimplicationonexposuresourcesandpathways-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sudaryanto-kajiwara-tsydenova-isobe-yu-takahashi-tanabe-levelsandcongenerspecificprofilesofpbdesinhumanbreastmilkfromchinaimplicationonexposuresourcesandpathways-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047', event);\">\n    Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China: Implication on exposure sources and pathways.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sudaryanto, A.; Kajiwara, N.; Tsydenova, O. V.; Isobe, T.; Yu, H.; Takahashi, S.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(10): 1661–1668. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sudaryanto-kajiwara-tsydenova-isobe-yu-takahashi-tanabe-levelsandcongenerspecificprofilesofpbdesinhumanbreastmilkfromchinaimplicationonexposuresourcesandpathways-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China: Implication on exposure sources and pathways [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sudaryanto-kajiwara-tsydenova-isobe-yu-takahashi-tanabe-levelsandcongenerspecificprofilesofpbdesinhumanbreastmilkfromchinaimplicationonexposuresourcesandpathways-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sudaryanto-kajiwara-tsydenova-isobe-yu-takahashi-tanabe-levelsandcongenerspecificprofilesofpbdesinhumanbreastmilkfromchinaimplicationonexposuresourcesandpathways-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sudaryanto-kajiwara-tsydenova-isobe-yu-takahashi-tanabe-levelsandcongenerspecificprofilesofpbdesinhumanbreastmilkfromchinaimplicationonexposuresourcesandpathways-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sudaryanto_levels_2008,\n\ttitle = {Levels and congener specific profiles of {PBDEs} in human breast milk from {China}: {Implication} on exposure sources and pathways},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Levels and congener specific profiles of {PBDEs} in human breast milk from {China}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010047},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088},\n\tabstract = {Fourteen PBDE congeners from mono- to deca-BDE were determined in breast milk of primiparous mothers from two locations in East China, i.e. Nanjing (n = 9), an urban area, and Zhoushan (n = 10), a semi rural coastal area. PBDEs were detected in all the human breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these two locations are widely exposed to these pollutants. Relatively higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the milk of mothers from Nanjing than Zhoushan, suggesting the existence of significant sources of PBDEs in urban areas. PBDE levels in the present study were similar to those in European countries, but one or two orders of magnitude lower than in North America. Except for BDE-3, all congeners from di- to deca-BDE were detected in the samples of the present study. BDE-209, a congener considered to have less bioavailability, was detected in about 50\\% of the samples at concentrations higher than that of other congeners. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-153, -197 and -207, were also prominent in the present study, which is different from the pattern generally observed in previous studies on human milk as well as biota samples. These results may indicate that the inhabitants of Nanjing and Zhoushan are exposed to location specific sources of PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Sudaryanto, Agus and Kajiwara, Natsuko and Tsydenova, Oyuna V. and Isobe, Tomohiko and Yu, Hongxia and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {China, Congener profiles, Exposure sources and pathways, Human breast milk, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {1661--1668},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fourteen PBDE congeners from mono- to deca-BDE were determined in breast milk of primiparous mothers from two locations in East China, i.e. Nanjing (n = 9), an urban area, and Zhoushan (n = 10), a semi rural coastal area. PBDEs were detected in all the human breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these two locations are widely exposed to these pollutants. Relatively higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the milk of mothers from Nanjing than Zhoushan, suggesting the existence of significant sources of PBDEs in urban areas. PBDE levels in the present study were similar to those in European countries, but one or two orders of magnitude lower than in North America. Except for BDE-3, all congeners from di- to deca-BDE were detected in the samples of the present study. BDE-209, a congener considered to have less bioavailability, was detected in about 50% of the samples at concentrations higher than that of other congeners. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-153, -197 and -207, were also prominent in the present study, which is different from the pattern generally observed in previous studies on human milk as well as biota samples. These results may indicate that the inhabitants of Nanjing and Zhoushan are exposed to location specific sources of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X', event);\">\n    Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjödin, A.; Päpke, O.; McGahee, E.; Focant, J.; Jones, R. S.; Pless-Mulloli, T.; Toms, L. L.; Herrmann, T.; Müller, J.; Needham, L. L.;  and Patterson Jr., D. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(1, Supplement): S131–S136. August 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjdin-ppke-mcgahee-focant-jones-plessmulloli-toms-herrmann-etal-concentrationofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhouseholddustfromvariouscountries-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sjodin_concentration_2008,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2005 {Selected} {Papers} from the 25th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} held in {Toronto}, {Canada}, {August} 2005},\n\ttitle = {Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in household dust from various countries},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350800297X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075},\n\tabstract = {Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction (\\&amp;lt;2 mm) of household dust samples (n = 40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17–550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500–13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520–29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950–54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States (\\&amp;lt;1–330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany (\\&amp;lt;1–2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.},\n\tnumber = {1, Supplement},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Päpke, Olaf and McGahee, Ernest and Focant, Jean-François and Jones, Richard S. and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja and Toms, Leisa-Maree Leontjew and Herrmann, Thomas and Müller, Jochen and Needham, Larry L. and Patterson Jr., Donald G.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Human exposure, Indoor environment, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\n\tpages = {S131--S136},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in the particulate fraction (&lt;2 mm) of household dust samples (n = 40), collected in four different countries (Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and United States). Dust samples from Germany contained the lowest concentrations of total PBDEs (median: 74 ng/g, range: 17–550 ng/g dust). Australian dust contained the second lowest concentration (median: 1200 ng/g, range: 500–13,000 ng/g dust). The dust from the United States and Great Britain contained the highest measured amounts of total PBDEs (US median: 4200 ng/g dust, range: 520–29,000 ng/g; Great Britain median: 10,000 ng/g, range: 950–54,000 ng/g). Daily intake of PBDEs has been estimated from published reference values on daily dust intake rates. The highest daily intake of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) found was in the United States (&lt;1–330 ng/day) and the lowest was in Germany (&lt;1–2 ng/day). The PBDE congeners present in commercially available pentabromodiphenyl ether were the highest in concentration in the United States, and the congener distribution was similar to that of the technical preparation (i.e., 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-99] was similar in concentration to that of BDE-47). We conclude that further studies are required to investigate human indoor exposure to PBDEs across countries and to determine the risk factors related to indoor design factors.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"raab-preiss-albrecht-shahin-parlar-fromme-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersorganochlorinecompoundsandnitromusksinmothersmilkfromgermanybavaria-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'raab-preiss-albrecht-shahin-parlar-fromme-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersorganochlorinecompoundsandnitromusksinmothersmilkfromgermanybavaria-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239', event);\">\n    Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother’s milk from Germany (Bavaria).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Raab, U.; Preiss, U.; Albrecht, M.; Shahin, N.; Parlar, H.;  and Fromme, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 72(1): 87–94. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('raab-preiss-albrecht-shahin-parlar-fromme-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersorganochlorinecompoundsandnitromusksinmothersmilkfromgermanybavaria-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother’s milk from Germany (Bavaria) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.053\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('raab-preiss-albrecht-shahin-parlar-fromme-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersorganochlorinecompoundsandnitromusksinmothersmilkfromgermanybavaria-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.053', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/raab-preiss-albrecht-shahin-parlar-fromme-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersorganochlorinecompoundsandnitromusksinmothersmilkfromgermanybavaria-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('raab-preiss-albrecht-shahin-parlar-fromme-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersorganochlorinecompoundsandnitromusksinmothersmilkfromgermanybavaria-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{raab_concentrations_2008,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother’s milk from {Germany} ({Bavaria})},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508001239},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.053},\n\tabstract = {The aim of this study was to determine a new spectrum of substances that will be selected for future breast milk monitoring in Bavaria, Germany. Up to now, the analysis of breast milk in Bavaria was limited to selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Information on background levels of toxicologically interesting substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) or on flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are very limited or not available for Bavaria. We present here levels on OCP, some nitro musks, indicator PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dl-PCB concentrations in breast milk collected at 12 weeks post-partum of 43 primiparous mothers living in Bavaria. The average concentrations of PCDD, PCDF and dl-PCB were 4.98, 4.93 and 9.92 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lipid, respectively. The mean contribution of PCDD, PCDF, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB to the total WHO-TEQ is consistently about 25\\% each.\n\nFurthermore the concentration on PBDE in breast milk at two sampling points, 12 weeks and 16 weeks after delivery, were determined. Overall, 19 PBDE congeners were analysed, however the level of 12 PBDE congeners were below the limit of detection. BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the predominant congeners accounting for about 66\\% of the total PBDE. The means of the total concentrations of PBDE (five congeners) at the first and second sampling point were 1.90 and 2.03 ng g−1 lipid, respectively.\n\nBased on our results the overall concentrations of the analysed substances in milk samples from Bavaria are consistent with the levels of breast milk samples of other European countries reflecting the low background body burden of these compounds.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Raab, Ulla and Preiss, Ursula and Albrecht, Michael and Shahin, Nabil and Parlar, Harun and Fromme, Hermann},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Nitro musks, PBDE, PCB, PCDD/F, dl-PCB},\n\tpages = {87--94},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The aim of this study was to determine a new spectrum of substances that will be selected for future breast milk monitoring in Bavaria, Germany. Up to now, the analysis of breast milk in Bavaria was limited to selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Information on background levels of toxicologically interesting substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) or on flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are very limited or not available for Bavaria. We present here levels on OCP, some nitro musks, indicator PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dl-PCB concentrations in breast milk collected at 12 weeks post-partum of 43 primiparous mothers living in Bavaria. The average concentrations of PCDD, PCDF and dl-PCB were 4.98, 4.93 and 9.92 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lipid, respectively. The mean contribution of PCDD, PCDF, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB to the total WHO-TEQ is consistently about 25% each. Furthermore the concentration on PBDE in breast milk at two sampling points, 12 weeks and 16 weeks after delivery, were determined. Overall, 19 PBDE congeners were analysed, however the level of 12 PBDE congeners were below the limit of detection. BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the predominant congeners accounting for about 66% of the total PBDE. The means of the total concentrations of PBDE (five congeners) at the first and second sampling point were 1.90 and 2.03 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. Based on our results the overall concentrations of the analysed substances in milk samples from Bavaria are consistent with the levels of breast milk samples of other European countries reflecting the low background body burden of these compounds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"covaci-voorspoels-roosens-jacobs-blust-neels-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinhumanliverandadiposetissuesamplesfrombelgium-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'covaci-voorspoels-roosens-jacobs-blust-neels-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinhumanliverandadiposetissuesamplesfrombelgium-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human liver and adipose tissue samples from Belgium.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Covaci, A.; Voorspoels, S.; Roosens, L.; Jacobs, W.; Blust, R.;  and Neels, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(2): 170–175. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('covaci-voorspoels-roosens-jacobs-blust-neels-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinhumanliverandadiposetissuesamplesfrombelgium-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human liver and adipose tissue samples from Belgium [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('covaci-voorspoels-roosens-jacobs-blust-neels-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinhumanliverandadiposetissuesamplesfrombelgium-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/covaci-voorspoels-roosens-jacobs-blust-neels-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinhumanliverandadiposetissuesamplesfrombelgium-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('covaci-voorspoels-roosens-jacobs-blust-neels-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsinhumanliverandadiposetissuesamplesfrombelgium-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{covaci_polybrominated_2008,\n\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) in human liver and adipose tissue samples from {Belgium}},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.059},\n\tabstract = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in paired human adipose tissue and liver samples (n = 25) from Belgium. Average concentrations and standard deviation of sum PBDEs (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) were 5.3 ± 3.0 (range 1.4–13.2) and 3.6 ± 2.1 (range 1.0–10.0) ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. These concentrations were similar to reported PBDE data from Belgium and were at the lower end of the concentration range reported elsewhere in the world. In both tissues under study, BDE 153 and BDE 47 were the most abundant PBDE congeners, contributing approximately 35\\% and 25\\% to the total PBDE content. Average concentrations and range of PCBs (sum of 23 congeners) were 490 (range 70–1130) and 380 (range 90–1140) ng g−1 lw in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. No correlation between age and concentrations of PBDEs could be found (r = 0.04), while PCB concentrations correlated significantly with age (r = 0.62, p \\&amp;lt; 0.01, for the sum PCBs; r = 0.64, p \\&amp;lt; 0.01 for PCB 153 alone). Factors, such as exposure pathways (food, dust and air), rates of bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination, influence the concentrations of PBDEs differently than those of PCBs in humans.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Voorspoels, Stefan and Roosens, Laurence and Jacobs, Werner and Blust, Ronny and Neels, Hugo},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Age and gender dependency, Belgium, Human adipose tissue, Human liver, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\n\tpages = {170--175},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in paired human adipose tissue and liver samples (n = 25) from Belgium. Average concentrations and standard deviation of sum PBDEs (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) were 5.3 ± 3.0 (range 1.4–13.2) and 3.6 ± 2.1 (range 1.0–10.0) ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. These concentrations were similar to reported PBDE data from Belgium and were at the lower end of the concentration range reported elsewhere in the world. In both tissues under study, BDE 153 and BDE 47 were the most abundant PBDE congeners, contributing approximately 35% and 25% to the total PBDE content. Average concentrations and range of PCBs (sum of 23 congeners) were 490 (range 70–1130) and 380 (range 90–1140) ng g−1 lw in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. No correlation between age and concentrations of PBDEs could be found (r = 0.04), while PCB concentrations correlated significantly with age (r = 0.62, p &lt; 0.01, for the sum PCBs; r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.01 for PCB 153 alone). Factors, such as exposure pathways (food, dust and air), rates of bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination, influence the concentrations of PBDEs differently than those of PCBs in humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-yu-zhao-zhang-wu-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrombeijingchina-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-yu-zhao-zhang-wu-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrombeijingchina-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231', event);\">\n    Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, J.; Yu, H.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, G.;  and Wu, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(2): 182–186. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-yu-zhao-zhang-wu-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrombeijingchina-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-yu-zhao-zhang-wu-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrombeijingchina-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-yu-zhao-zhang-wu-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrombeijingchina-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-yu-zhao-zhang-wu-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrombeijingchina-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_levels_2008,\n\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) {Papers} presented at the {Fourth} {International} {Symposium}, {BFR2007}, held in {Amsterdam}, {The} {Netherlands} 24-27 {April} 2007},\n\ttitle = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from {Beijing}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508006231},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.019},\n\tabstract = {The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China, were studied. The 6 predominant PBDEs congeners (BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, BDE153, BDE154 and BDE183) in 23 pooled breast milk samples from 205 mothers living in Beijing were measured. Mean and median of ΣPBDEs concentrations in all samples were 1.12 ng g−1 lipid and 1.07 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The Statistical difference in Σ PBDEs concentrations was found between urban areas (1.22 ng g−1 lipid, n = 14) and rural areas (0.97 ng g−1 lipid n = 9). The sum of BDE47 and BDE153 accounted for more than 70\\% of ΣPBDEs in most samples. The significant correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in urban area. However, there was no correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in rural area of Beijing. The current study showed that the level of PBDEs in breast milk from Beijing was lower than that from South China and some developed countries such as USA and Sweden.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Li, Jingguang and Yu, Huifang and Zhao, Yunfeng and Zhang, Gong and Wu, Yongning},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, China, Human exposure, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Beijing, China, were studied. The 6 predominant PBDEs congeners (BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, BDE153, BDE154 and BDE183) in 23 pooled breast milk samples from 205 mothers living in Beijing were measured. Mean and median of ΣPBDEs concentrations in all samples were 1.12 ng g−1 lipid and 1.07 ng g−1 lipid, respectively. The Statistical difference in Σ PBDEs concentrations was found between urban areas (1.22 ng g−1 lipid, n = 14) and rural areas (0.97 ng g−1 lipid n = 9). The sum of BDE47 and BDE153 accounted for more than 70% of ΣPBDEs in most samples. The significant correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in urban area. However, there was no correlation was found between the ΣPBDEs in pooled samples and average of consumption of food of animal origin in the pools in rural area of Beijing. The current study showed that the level of PBDEs in breast milk from Beijing was lower than that from South China and some developed countries such as USA and Sweden.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278', event);\">\n    Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: Occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cariou, R.; Antignac, J.; Zalko, D.; Berrebi, A.; Cravedi, J.; Maume, D.; Marchand, P.; Monteau, F.; Riu, A.; Andre, F.;  and bizec , B. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(7): 1036–1041. October 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: Occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cariou-antignac-zalko-berrebi-cravedi-maume-marchand-monteau-etal-exposureassessmentoffrenchwomenandtheirnewbornstotetrabromobisphenolaoccurrencemeasurementsinmaternaladiposetissueserumbreastmilkandcordserum-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cariou_exposure_2008,\n\ttitle = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}: {Occurrence} measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Exposure assessment of {French} women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-{A}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508010278},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084},\n\tabstract = {A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44\\% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g−1 lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30\\% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g−1 fresh weight versus 199 pg g−1 fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Cariou, Ronan and Antignac, Jean-Philippe and Zalko, Daniel and Berrebi, Alain and Cravedi, Jean-Pierre and Maume, Daniel and Marchand, Philippe and Monteau, Fabrice and Riu, Anne and Andre, François and bizec, Bruno Le},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental contaminants, Newborn, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Toxicology},\n\tpages = {1036--1041},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A French monitoring study was initiated to evaluate the exposure of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants (BFR). A previously developed multi-residue analytical method was used for measuring the main classes of BFR (tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tri- to decabomodiphenyl ethers) in various human biological matrices. Analyzed samples (maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue and breast milk) were collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. TBBPA was detected in 44% of the analyzed breast milk samples, at levels varying from 0.06 to 37.34 ng g−1 lipid weight, but was not detected in adipose tissue. This compound was also detected in 30% of the analyzed serum samples, with similar average values in maternal and cord serum (154 pg g−1 fresh weight versus 199 pg g−1 fresh weight, respectively). The interpretation of the collected data permitted the demonstration of (1) a significant exposure to TBBPA both for mothers and fetuses and (2) a possible risk of overexposure of newborns through breastfeeding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X', event);\">\n    Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kakimoto, K.; Akutsu, K.; Konishi, Y.;  and Tanaka, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 71(6): 1110–1114. April 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kakimoto-akutsu-konishi-tanaka-timetrendofhexabromocyclododecaneinthebreastmilkofjapanesewomen-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kakimoto_time_2008,\n\ttitle = {Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of {Japanese} women},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350701301X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (α, β, and γ) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, α-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; γ-HBCD, in 7; and β-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of ∑HBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kakimoto, Kensaku and Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Konishi, Yoshimasa and Tanaka, Yukio},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry},\n\tpages = {1110--1114},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a type of brominated flame retardant. We investigated the time trend of the stereoisomer-specific concentrations of HBCD (α, β, and γ) in breast milk samples of Japanese women by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The pooled milk lipid samples collected in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and from 2000 to 2006 were analysed. The concentration was below the detection limit in the samples collected between 1973 and 1983 and increased in those collected since 1988. Between 1988 and 2006, α-HBCD was detected in all 11 breast milk samples collected from 25 to 29-year-old Japanese women; γ-HBCD, in 7; and β-HBCD, in none of the samples. Time trend of ∑HBCD appeared to be related to that of the industrial HBCD consumption level in Japan.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mitan-bhaskar-hall-muto-williams-sakata-effectofdecabromodiphenyletherandantimonytrioxideoncontrolledpyrolysisofhighimpactpolystyrenemixedwithpolyolefins-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mitan-bhaskar-hall-muto-williams-sakata-effectofdecabromodiphenyletherandantimonytrioxideoncontrolledpyrolysisofhighimpactpolystyrenemixedwithpolyolefins-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670', event);\">\n    Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on controlled pyrolysis of high-impact polystyrene mixed with polyolefins.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mitan, N. M. M.; Bhaskar, T.; Hall, W. J.; Muto, A.; Williams, P. T.;  and Sakata, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 72(7): 1073–1079. July 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mitan-bhaskar-hall-muto-williams-sakata-effectofdecabromodiphenyletherandantimonytrioxideoncontrolledpyrolysisofhighimpactpolystyrenemixedwithpolyolefins-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on controlled pyrolysis of high-impact polystyrene mixed with polyolefins [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mitan-bhaskar-hall-muto-williams-sakata-effectofdecabromodiphenyletherandantimonytrioxideoncontrolledpyrolysisofhighimpactpolystyrenemixedwithpolyolefins-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mitan-bhaskar-hall-muto-williams-sakata-effectofdecabromodiphenyletherandantimonytrioxideoncontrolledpyrolysisofhighimpactpolystyrenemixedwithpolyolefins-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mitan-bhaskar-hall-muto-williams-sakata-effectofdecabromodiphenyletherandantimonytrioxideoncontrolledpyrolysisofhighimpactpolystyrenemixedwithpolyolefins-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mitan_effect_2008,\n\ttitle = {Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on controlled pyrolysis of high-impact polystyrene mixed with polyolefins},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508004670},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.011},\n\tabstract = {The controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed with brominated high-impact polystyrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether as a brominated flame-retardant with antimony trioxide as a synergist was performed. The effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on the formation of its congeners and their effect on distribution of pyrolysis products were investigated. The controlled pyrolysis significantly affected the decomposition behavior and the formation of products. Analysis with gas chromatograph with electron capture detector confirmed that the bromine content was rich in step 1 (oil 1) liquid products leaving less bromine content in the step 2 (oil 2) liquid products. In the presence of antimony containing samples, the major portion of bromine was observed in the form of antimony bromide and no flame-retardant species were found in oil 1. In the presence of synergist, the step 1 and step 2 oils contain both light and heavy compounds. In the absence of synergist, the heavy compounds in step 1 oil and light compounds in step 2 oils were observed. The presence of antimony bromide was confirmed in the step 1 oils but not in step 2 oils.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Mitan, Nona Merry M. and Bhaskar, Thallada and Hall, William J. and Muto, Akinori and Williams, Paul T. and Sakata, Yusaku},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {DDO, Flame retardants, HIPS-Br, Pyrolysis, WEEE, Waste plastics},\n\tpages = {1073--1079},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed with brominated high-impact polystyrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether as a brominated flame-retardant with antimony trioxide as a synergist was performed. The effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on the formation of its congeners and their effect on distribution of pyrolysis products were investigated. The controlled pyrolysis significantly affected the decomposition behavior and the formation of products. Analysis with gas chromatograph with electron capture detector confirmed that the bromine content was rich in step 1 (oil 1) liquid products leaving less bromine content in the step 2 (oil 2) liquid products. In the presence of antimony containing samples, the major portion of bromine was observed in the form of antimony bromide and no flame-retardant species were found in oil 1. In the presence of synergist, the step 1 and step 2 oils contain both light and heavy compounds. In the absence of synergist, the heavy compounds in step 1 oil and light compounds in step 2 oils were observed. The presence of antimony bromide was confirmed in the step 1 oils but not in step 2 oils.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"polder-thomsen-lindstrm-lken-skaare-levelsandtemporaltrendsofchlorinatedpesticidespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinindividualhumanbreastmilksamplesfromnorthernandsouthernnorway-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'polder-thomsen-lindstrm-lken-skaare-levelsandtemporaltrendsofchlorinatedpesticidespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinindividualhumanbreastmilksamplesfromnorthernandsouthernnorway-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558', event);\">\n    Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Polder, A.; Thomsen, C.; Lindström, G.; Løken, K. B.;  and Skaare, J. U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 73(1): 14–23. August 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('polder-thomsen-lindstrm-lken-skaare-levelsandtemporaltrendsofchlorinatedpesticidespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinindividualhumanbreastmilksamplesfromnorthernandsouthernnorway-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('polder-thomsen-lindstrm-lken-skaare-levelsandtemporaltrendsofchlorinatedpesticidespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinindividualhumanbreastmilksamplesfromnorthernandsouthernnorway-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/polder-thomsen-lindstrm-lken-skaare-levelsandtemporaltrendsofchlorinatedpesticidespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinindividualhumanbreastmilksamplesfromnorthernandsouthernnorway-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('polder-thomsen-lindstrm-lken-skaare-levelsandtemporaltrendsofchlorinatedpesticidespolychlorinatedbiphenylsandbrominatedflameretardantsinindividualhumanbreastmilksamplesfromnorthernandsouthernnorway-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{polder_levels_2008,\n\ttitle = {Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from {Northern} and {Southern} {Norway}},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508007558},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002},\n\tabstract = {Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Tromsø) (N = 10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N = 19) collected in 2000–2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Tromsø samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs \\&amp;gt; DDTs \\&amp;gt; HCB \\&amp;gt; HCHs ≈ CHLs \\&amp;gt; CHBs \\&amp;gt; mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Tromsø (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g−1 lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g−1 lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs8 was 3.7 (1–9) pg TEQ kg−1 body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1–4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50–60\\% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Polder, A. and Thomsen, C. and Lindström, G. and Løken, K. B. and Skaare, J. U.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Norway, Organochlorine pesticides, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Toxaphenes},\n\tpages = {14--23},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Tromsø) (N = 10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N = 19) collected in 2000–2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Tromsø samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs &gt; DDTs &gt; HCB &gt; HCHs ≈ CHLs &gt; CHBs &gt; mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Tromsø (p &lt; 0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g−1 lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g−1 lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs8 was 3.7 (1–9) pg TEQ kg−1 body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1–4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50–60% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Reemtsma, T.; Quintana, J. B.; Rodil, R.; Garcı´a-López, M.;  and Rodrı´guez, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry</i>, 27(9): 727–737. October 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {0165-9936},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.\n\nWe discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.\n\nA second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-07-21},\n\tjournal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},\n\tpages = {727--737},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Reemtsma, T.; Quintana, J. B.; Rodil, R.; Garcı´a-López, M.;  and Rodrı´guez, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry</i>, 27(9): 727–737. October 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {0165-9936},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.\n\nWe discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.\n\nA second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-07-21},\n\tjournal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},\n\tpages = {727--737},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Reemtsma, T.; Quintana, J. B.; Rodil, R.; Garcı´a-López, M.;  and Rodrı´guez, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry</i>, 27(9): 727–737. October 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('reemtsma-quintana-rodil-garcalpez-rodrguez-organophosphorusflameretardantsandplasticizersinwaterandairioccurrenceandfate-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{reemtsma_organophosphorus_2008,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air {I}. {Occurrence} and fate},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {0165-9936},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993608001593},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002},\n\tabstract = {Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material.\n\nWe discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport.\n\nA second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-07-21},\n\tjournal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Reemtsma, Thorsten and Quintana, José Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Garcı´a-López, Mónica and Rodrı´guez, Isaac},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Flame retardants, Indoor environment, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphorus pollutant, Plasticizer, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Tri(chloropropyl) phosphate, Urban dust, Water},\n\tpages = {727--737},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organophosphate esters (OPEs), in particular triesters, are high-production-volume chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers to protect or to enhance the properties of plastics, textiles, furniture and many other materials. The widespread usage, which may even increase due to the ban of brominated diphenylethers as flame retardants, and the diffusion from host materials result in continuous release of OPEs and their distribution through water, especially wastewater, and air, particularly associated with airborne particulate matter. This work highlights the occurrence of OPEs in wastewater, surface water and groundwater as well as indoor and outdoor air and particulate material. We discuss the major processes affecting the fate of OPEs in the environment, such as sorption, volatilization and biodegradation. Of the OPEs studied thus far, chlorinated tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) appear to be most recalcitrant and ubiquitous in water and air. We identified knowledge gaps concerning the fate of diesters and monoesters in the aqueous environment, the biodegradation of OPEs under less favorable conditions (sorbed to particles or under anoxic or anaerobic conditions) as well as the behavior of OPEs in the atmosphere and their potential for long-range transport. A second part, addressing analytical methods will published in the next issue [J.B. Quintana, R. Rodil, T. Reemtsma, M. Garcı´a-López, I. Rodrı´guez, Trends Anal. Chem. (to be published in 27 (10) (2008))].\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243', event);\">\n    Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weil, E. D.;  and Levchik, S. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, 26(3): 243–281. May 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0734904108089485\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0734904108089485', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weil-levchik-flameretardantsincommercialuseordevelopmentfortextiles-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weil_flame_2008,\n\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Commercial} {Use} or {Development} for {Textiles}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},\n\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/26/3/243},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0734904108089485},\n\tabstract = {Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better &#x60;hand&#x27; or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate.\nThe leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development.\nPolyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a &#x60;thermosol&#x27; process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber.\nA number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing.\nThe recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-06-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Weil, Edward D. and Levchik, Sergei V.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {243--281},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Non-durable and semi-durable flame retardants based mostly on phosphate or phosphonate salts continue to be used on infrequently washed or disposable goods, and recent improvements have been made to impart better `hand' or some limited wash resistance. Backcoating with insoluble ammonium polyphosphate, usually with additives and binders to provide intumescence, has been found effective on charrable fabrics. However, the leading backcoating effective on a wider range of fabrics, including synthetics and blends, is decabromodiphenyl ether plus antimony oxide. Newer candidates in development for textile coating are polymers and copolymers of pentabromobenzyl acrylate. The leading durable finish for cellulosic fibers, in use for about 50 years, continues to be based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts reacted with urea and cured with gaseous ammonia. Softer versions have been recently developed using chemical or process modifications, or using selected fiber blends. Somewhat less durable phosphonic ester methylolamide finishes, not requiring gaseous curing, are used on cellulosic fabrics, especially overseas. Other competitive wash-durable phosphorus-based finishes for cellulosics and blends are in development. Polyesters continue to be flame retarded using a phosphonate or hexabromocyclododecane in a `thermosol' process. Polyesters with built-in phosphinate structures are available as specialty fabrics. A dialkylphosphinate salt has been recently introduced as a melt spinning additive in polyester. A tribromoneopentyl phosphate melt spinning additive has been developed for polypropylene fiber. A number of inherently flame retardant synthetic fibers recently achieving increased usage include melamine-based fiber, viscose rayon containing silicic acid, aramides, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, and polyphenylene sulfide fibers. Some of these are used in protective clothing. The recent California and Federal mattress open-flame test standards have brought barrier fabrics into prominence. Some of these barriers use boric acid on cotton batting, others are proprietary composites and blends, both woven and nonwoven, comprising inherently flame retarded fibers combined with lower cost non-flame-retardant fibers. Upholstered furniture open-flame standards are pending.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s', event);\">\n    Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust: A Previously Unreported Halogenated Flame Retardant in the Environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, J.; Hou, Y.; Feng, Y.; Shoeib, M.;  and Harner, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 42(2): 386–391. January 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification and Determination of Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- Dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in Residential Indoor Air and Dust: A Previously Unreported Halogenated Flame Retardant in the Environment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es702272s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es702272s', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-hou-feng-shoeib-harner-identificationanddeterminationofhexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctanehcdbcoinresidentialindoorairanddustapreviouslyunreportedhalogenatedflameretardantintheenvironment-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_identification_2008,\n\ttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}: {A} {Previously} {Unreported} {Halogenated} {Flame} {Retardant} in the {Environment}},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {Identification and {Determination} of {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl}- {Dibromocyclooctane} ({HCDBCO}) in {Residential} {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702272s},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es702272s},\n\tabstract = {Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Hou, Yuqing and Feng, Yong-lai and Shoeib, Mahiba and Harner, Tom},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {386--391},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g?1 and a median of 2.0 ng g?1 respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g?1 which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m?3 and a median of 92 pg m?3, were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m?3. Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p', event);\">\n    Alternate and New Brominated Flame Retardants Detected in U.S. House Dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M.; Allen, J. G.; Kelly, S. M.; Konstantinov, A.; Klosterhaus, S.; Watkins, D.; McClean, M. D.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 42(18): 6910–6916. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Alternate and New Brominated Flame Retardants Detected in U.S. House Dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es801070p\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es801070p', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-allen-kelly-konstantinov-klosterhaus-watkins-mcclean-webster-alternateandnewbrominatedflameretardantsdetectedinushousedust-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_alternate_2008,\n\ttitle = {Alternate and {New} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} {Detected} in {U}.{S}. {House} {Dust}},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801070p},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es801070p},\n\tabstract = {Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from {\\textless}4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from {\\textless}10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from {\\textless}6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Allen, Joseph G. and Kelly, Shannon M. and Konstantinov, Alex and Klosterhaus, Susan and Watkins, Deborah and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {6910--6916},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Due to the voluntary withdrawals and/or bans on the use of two polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures, an increasing number of alternate flame retardant chemicals are being introduced in commercial applications. To determine if these alternate BFRs are present in indoor environments, we analyzed dust samples collected from 19 homes in the greater Boston, MA area during 2006. Using pure and commercial standards we quantified the following brominated flame retardant chemicals using GC/ECNI-MS methods: hexabromocyclododecane (ΣHBCD), bis(2,4,6,-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and the brominated components found in Firemaster 550 (FM 550): 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), the latter compound being a brominated analogue of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The concentrations of all compounds were log-normally distributed and the largest range in concentrations was observed for HBCD (sum of all isomers), with concentrations ranging from \\textless4.5 ng/g to a maximum of 130,200 ng/g with a median value of 230 ng/g. BTBPE ranged from 1.6 to 789 ng/g with a median value of 30 ng/g and DBDPE ranged from \\textless10.0 to 11,070 ng/g with a median value of 201 ng/g. Of the FM 550 components, TBB ranged from \\textless6.6 to 15,030 ng/g with a median value of 133 ng/g; whereas TBPH ranged from 1.5 to 10,630 ng/g with a median value of 142 ng/g. Furthermore, the ratio of TBB/TBPH present in the dust samples ranged from 0.05 to 50 (average 4.4), varying considerably from the ratio observed in the FM 550 commercial mixture (4:1 by mass), suggesting different sources with different chemical compositions, and/or differential fate and transport within the home. Analysis of paired dust samples collected from different rooms in the same home suggests HBCD, TBB, and TBPH are higher in dust from the main living area compared to dust collected in bedrooms; however, BTBPE and DBDPE levels were comparable between rooms. This study highlights the fact that numerous types of brominated flame retardants are present in indoor environments, raising questions about exposure to mixtures of these contaminants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374', event);\">\n    Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson-Restrepo, B.; Adams, D. H.;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 70(11): 1935–1944. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the United States [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnsonrestrepo-adams-kannan-tetrabromobisphenolatbbpaandhexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintissuesofhumansdolphinsandsharksfromtheunitedstates-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson-restrepo_tetrabromobisphenol_2008,\n\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) and hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in tissues of humans, dolphins, and sharks from the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {70},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507012374},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.002},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and α-, β-, and γ-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators – bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark – collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean ± SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048 ± 0.102 and 0.333 ± 0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2 ± 3 and 7.38 ± 18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5 ± 12 and 77.7 ± 128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872 ± 0.5 and 54.5 ± 88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5–10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1–5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Adams, Douglas H. and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dolphin, HBCD, PBDE, TBBPA},\n\tpages = {1935--1944},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and α-, β-, and γ-isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) in human adipose tissue obtained in New York City, and in three marine top-level predators – bottlenose dolphin, bull shark, and Atlantic sharpnose shark – collected from coastal waters of Florida, USA. The overall mean concentrations (mean ± SD) of TBBPA and HBCDs were 0.048 ± 0.102 and 0.333 ± 0.571 ng/g lipid wt in human adipose tissue samples, 1.2 ± 3 and 7.38 ± 18 ng/g lipid wt in bottlenose dolphin blubber, 9.5 ± 12 and 77.7 ± 128 ng/g lipid wt in bull shark muscle, and 0.872 ± 0.5 and 54.5 ± 88 ng/g lipid wt in Atlantic sharpnose shark muscle. Overall mean concentrations of HBCDs were 5–10-fold higher than mean TBBPA concentrations, in all of the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs were detected in the bull shark muscle at concentrations of 35.6 and 413 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDs, after log-transformation, were significantly correlated with each other in human adipose tissue and bottlenose dolphin blubber, but not in bull shark muscle samples. In the human adipose tissue samples, the concentrations of HBCDs were 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) previously reported for the same set of tissue samples. Concentrations of HBCDs in human samples from the United States were 1–5-fold lower than the concentrations reported from several European countries. HBCD concentrations in bottlenose dolphins from the United States were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations reported for other cetacean species from Europe. The present report is the first to determine levels of TBBPA and HBCDs in humans, bottlenose dolphins, and sharks from the United States.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stuart-ibarra-abdallah-boon-neels-covaci-concentrationsofbrominatedflameretardantsindustfromunitedkingdomcarshomesandofficescausesofvariabilityandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stuart-ibarra-abdallah-boon-neels-covaci-concentrationsofbrominatedflameretardantsindustfromunitedkingdomcarshomesandofficescausesofvariabilityandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822', event);\">\n    Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices: Causes of variability and implications for human exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stuart, H.; Ibarra, C.; Abdallah, M. A.; Boon, R.; Neels, H.;  and Covaci, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 34(8): 1170–1175. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stuart-ibarra-abdallah-boon-neels-covaci-concentrationsofbrominatedflameretardantsindustfromunitedkingdomcarshomesandofficescausesofvariabilityandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices: Causes of variability and implications for human exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stuart-ibarra-abdallah-boon-neels-covaci-concentrationsofbrominatedflameretardantsindustfromunitedkingdomcarshomesandofficescausesofvariabilityandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stuart-ibarra-abdallah-boon-neels-covaci-concentrationsofbrominatedflameretardantsindustfromunitedkingdomcarshomesandofficescausesofvariabilityandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stuart-ibarra-abdallah-boon-neels-covaci-concentrationsofbrominatedflameretardantsindustfromunitedkingdomcarshomesandofficescausesofvariabilityandimplicationsforhumanexposure-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stuart_concentrations_2008,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from {United} {Kingdom} cars, homes, and offices: {Causes} of variability and implications for human exposure},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\tshorttitle = {Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from {United} {Kingdom} cars, homes, and offices},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412008000822},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001},\n\tabstract = {Average concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust in 30 homes, 18 offices, and 20 cars were 260,000, 31,000, and 340,000 ng ΣPBDEs g- 1 respectively. Concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 154 in cars exceeded significantly (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05) those in homes and offices. Average concentrations of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in homes, offices, and cars respectively were lower at 120, 7.2, and 7.7 ng g− 1 (TBE) and 270, 170, and 400 ng g− 1 (DBDPE). BDE-209 concentrations in three samples are the highest to date at 2,600,000 (car), 2,200,000 (home), and 1,400,000 ng g− 1 (home). UK toddlers daily consuming 200 mg dust contaminated at the 95th percentile concentration, ingest 180 ng Σtri-hexa-BDEs and 310 μg BDE-209 day− 1. For TBE, exposure was lower than for PBDEs and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), while that for DBDPE was similar in magnitude to Σtri-hexa-BDEs, but less than for BDE-209 and HBCDs. BDE-209 concentrations recorded in ten samples taken at monthly intervals in one room varied 400-fold, implying caution when using single measurements of dust contamination for exposure assessment. Significant negative correlation was observed in one room between concentrations of BDE-47, 99, and 153 and dust loading (g dust m− 2 floor), suggesting “dilution” occurs at higher dust loadings.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Stuart, Harrad and Ibarra, Catalina and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa and Boon, Rachel and Neels, Hugo and Covaci, Adrian},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Decabromodiphenyl ethane, Human exposure, Indoor dust, PDBEs, Spatial variability, Temporal variability},\n\tpages = {1170--1175},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Average concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust in 30 homes, 18 offices, and 20 cars were 260,000, 31,000, and 340,000 ng ΣPBDEs g- 1 respectively. Concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 154 in cars exceeded significantly (p &lt; 0.05) those in homes and offices. Average concentrations of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in homes, offices, and cars respectively were lower at 120, 7.2, and 7.7 ng g− 1 (TBE) and 270, 170, and 400 ng g− 1 (DBDPE). BDE-209 concentrations in three samples are the highest to date at 2,600,000 (car), 2,200,000 (home), and 1,400,000 ng g− 1 (home). UK toddlers daily consuming 200 mg dust contaminated at the 95th percentile concentration, ingest 180 ng Σtri-hexa-BDEs and 310 μg BDE-209 day− 1. For TBE, exposure was lower than for PBDEs and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), while that for DBDPE was similar in magnitude to Σtri-hexa-BDEs, but less than for BDE-209 and HBCDs. BDE-209 concentrations recorded in ten samples taken at monthly intervals in one room varied 400-fold, implying caution when using single measurements of dust contamination for exposure assessment. Significant negative correlation was observed in one room between concentrations of BDE-47, 99, and 153 and dust loading (g dust m− 2 floor), suggesting “dilution” occurs at higher dust loadings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mackowski-wrmke-maier-brotosudarmo-harutyunyan-hartschuh-govorov-scheer-etal-metalenhancedfluorescenceofchlorophyllsinsinglelightharvestingcomplexes-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mackowski-wrmke-maier-brotosudarmo-harutyunyan-hartschuh-govorov-scheer-etal-metalenhancedfluorescenceofchlorophyllsinsinglelightharvestingcomplexes-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o', event);\">\n    Metal-enhanced fluorescence of chlorophylls in single light-harvesting complexes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mackowski, S.; Wörmke, S.; Maier, A. J; Brotosudarmo, T. H P; Harutyunyan, H.; Hartschuh, A.; Govorov, A. O; Scheer, H.;  and Bräuchle, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nano letters</i>, 8(2): 558–64. February 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mackowski-wrmke-maier-brotosudarmo-harutyunyan-hartschuh-govorov-scheer-etal-metalenhancedfluorescenceofchlorophyllsinsinglelightharvestingcomplexes-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metal-enhanced fluorescence of chlorophylls in single light-harvesting complexes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mackowski-wrmke-maier-brotosudarmo-harutyunyan-hartschuh-govorov-scheer-etal-metalenhancedfluorescenceofchlorophyllsinsinglelightharvestingcomplexes-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mackowski-wrmke-maier-brotosudarmo-harutyunyan-hartschuh-govorov-scheer-etal-metalenhancedfluorescenceofchlorophyllsinsinglelightharvestingcomplexes-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mackowski-wrmke-maier-brotosudarmo-harutyunyan-hartschuh-govorov-scheer-etal-metalenhancedfluorescenceofchlorophyllsinsinglelightharvestingcomplexes-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mackowski_metal-enhanced_2008,\n\ttitle = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence of chlorophylls in single light-harvesting complexes.},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1530-6984},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072854o},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nl072854o},\n\tabstract = {Ensemble and single-molecule spectroscopy demonstrates that both emission and absorption of peridinin-chlorophyll-protein photosynthetic antennae can be largely enhanced through plasmonic interactions. We find up to 18-fold increase of the chlorophyll fluorescence for complexes placed near a silver metal layer. This enhancement, which leaves no measurable effects on the protein structure, is observed when exciting either chlorophyll or carotenoid and is attributed predominantly to an increase of the excitation rate in the antenna. The enhancement mechanism comes from plasmon-induced amplification of electromagnetic fields inside the complex. This result is an important step toward applying plasmonic nanostructures for controlling the optical response of complex biomolecules and improving the design and functioning of artificial light-harvesting systems.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Nano letters},\n\tauthor = {Mackowski, Sebastian and Wörmke, Stephan and Maier, Andreas J and Brotosudarmo, Tatas H P and Harutyunyan, Hayk and Hartschuh, Achim and Govorov, Alexander O and Scheer, Hugo and Bräuchle, Christoph},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence: methods, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes, Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: chemistry, Materials Testing, Metals, Metals: chemistry, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology: methods, Particle Size, Spectrometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance: methods, surface plasmon resonance},\n\tpages = {558--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Ensemble and single-molecule spectroscopy demonstrates that both emission and absorption of peridinin-chlorophyll-protein photosynthetic antennae can be largely enhanced through plasmonic interactions. We find up to 18-fold increase of the chlorophyll fluorescence for complexes placed near a silver metal layer. This enhancement, which leaves no measurable effects on the protein structure, is observed when exciting either chlorophyll or carotenoid and is attributed predominantly to an increase of the excitation rate in the antenna. The enhancement mechanism comes from plasmon-induced amplification of electromagnetic fields inside the complex. This result is an important step toward applying plasmonic nanostructures for controlling the optical response of complex biomolecules and improving the design and functioning of artificial light-harvesting systems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hermanson-bioconjugatetechniquesgoogleebook-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&amp;pgis=1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hermanson-bioconjugatetechniquesgoogleebook-2008', 'http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&amp;pgis=1', event);\">\n    Bioconjugate Techniques (Google eBook).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hermanson, G. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Academic Press,  2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&amp;pgis=1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hermanson-bioconjugatetechniquesgoogleebook-2008', 'http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&amp;pgis=1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioconjugate Techniques (Google eBook) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hermanson-bioconjugatetechniquesgoogleebook-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hermanson-bioconjugatetechniquesgoogleebook-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{hermanson_bioconjugate_2008,\n\ttitle = {Bioconjugate {Techniques} ({Google} {eBook})},\n\tisbn = {0-12-370501-0},\n\turl = {http://books.google.com/books?id=alooWMkRMk0C&amp;pgis=1},\n\tabstract = {Bioconjugate Techniques, 2e provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *A one-stop source for proven methods and protocols for synthesizing bioconjugates in the lab, allowing for fast retrieval of tried and tested techniques for synthesizing bioconjugates. *Step-by-step presentation makes the book an ideal source for researchers who are less familiar with the synthesis of bioconjugates. *Includes more than 600 figures that visually describe the complex reactions associated with the synthesis of bioconjugates, giving researchers a better understanding of how the commercially available reagents facilitate the crosslinking of peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *Includes entirely new chapters on the latest areas in the field of bioconjugation as follows: Microparticles and nanoparticles Silane coupling agents Dendrimers and dendrons Chemoselective ligation Quantum dots Lanthanide chelates Cyanine dyes Discrete PEG compounds Buckyballs, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes Mass tags and isotope tags Bioconjugation in the study of protein interactions},\n\tpublisher = {Academic Press},\n\tauthor = {Hermanson, Greg T.},\n\tyear = {2008},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Bioconjugate Techniques, 2e provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *A one-stop source for proven methods and protocols for synthesizing bioconjugates in the lab, allowing for fast retrieval of tried and tested techniques for synthesizing bioconjugates. *Step-by-step presentation makes the book an ideal source for researchers who are less familiar with the synthesis of bioconjugates. *Includes more than 600 figures that visually describe the complex reactions associated with the synthesis of bioconjugates, giving researchers a better understanding of how the commercially available reagents facilitate the crosslinking of peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. *Includes entirely new chapters on the latest areas in the field of bioconjugation as follows: Microparticles and nanoparticles Silane coupling agents Dendrimers and dendrons Chemoselective ligation Quantum dots Lanthanide chelates Cyanine dyes Discrete PEG compounds Buckyballs, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes Mass tags and isotope tags Bioconjugation in the study of protein interactions\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r', event);\">\n    Metallothionein-Cross-Linked Hydrogels for the Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Water.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Esser-Kahn, A. P.; Iavarone, A. T.;  and Francis, M. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 130(47): 15820–15822. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metallothionein-Cross-Linked Hydrogels for the Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Water [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008,\n\ttitle = {Metallothionein-{Cross}-{Linked} {Hydrogels} for the {Selective} {Removal} of {Heavy} {Metals} from {Water}},\n\tvolume = {130},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja807095r},\n\tabstract = {The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.},\n\tnumber = {47},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Esser-Kahn, Aaron P. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {15820--15822},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"scheck-dedeo-iavarone-francis-optimizationofabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'scheck-dedeo-iavarone-francis-optimizationofabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w', event);\">\n    Optimization of a Biomimetic Transamination Reaction.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Scheck, R. A.; Dedeo, M. T.; Iavarone, A. T.;  and Francis, M. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 130(35): 11762–11770. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheck-dedeo-iavarone-francis-optimizationofabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optimization of a Biomimetic Transamination Reaction [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheck-dedeo-iavarone-francis-optimizationofabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/scheck-dedeo-iavarone-francis-optimizationofabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('scheck-dedeo-iavarone-francis-optimizationofabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{scheck_optimization_2008,\n\ttitle = {Optimization of a {Biomimetic} {Transamination} {Reaction}},\n\tvolume = {130},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja802495w},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja802495w},\n\tabstract = {For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70\\%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided. For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70\\%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided.},\n\tnumber = {35},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Scheck, Rebecca A. and Dedeo, Michel T. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {11762--11770},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided. For a range of protein substrates, N-terminal transamination offers a convenient way to install a reactive ketone or aldehyde functional group at a single location. We report herein the effects of the identity of N-terminal residues on the product distribution generated upon reaction with pyridoxal 5?-phosphate (PLP). This study was accomplished through the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with detailed liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis. Many N-terminal amino acids provided high yields of the desired transaminated products, but some residues (His, Trp, Lys, and Pro) generated adducts with PLP itself. N-terminal Cys and Ser residues were observed to undergo ?-elimination in addition to transamination, and the transamination product of N-terminal Gln was resistant to subsequent oxime formation attempts. The information generated through the screening of peptide substrates was successfully applied to a protein target, changing an initially unreactive terminus into one that could be modified in high (70%) yield. Thus, these studies have increased our predictive power for the reaction, both in terms of improving conversion and suppressing reaction byproducts. An initial set of guidelines that may be used to increase the applicability of this reaction to specific proteins of interest is provided.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r', event);\">\n    Metallothionein-Cross-Linked Hydrogels for the Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Water.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Esser-Kahn, A. P.; Iavarone, A. T.;  and Francis, M. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 130(47): 15820–15822. November 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metallothionein-Cross-Linked Hydrogels for the Selective Removal of Heavy Metals from Water [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('esserkahn-iavarone-francis-metallothioneincrosslinkedhydrogelsfortheselectiveremovalofheavymetalsfromwater-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{esser-kahn_metallothionein-cross-linked_2008,\n\ttitle = {Metallothionein-{Cross}-{Linked} {Hydrogels} for the {Selective} {Removal} of {Heavy} {Metals} from {Water}},\n\tvolume = {130},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807095r},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja807095r},\n\tabstract = {The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.},\n\tnumber = {47},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Esser-Kahn, Aaron P. and Iavarone, Anthony T. and Francis, Matthew B.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {15820--15822},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences. The diverse functional repertoire of proteins promises to yield new materials with unprecedented capabilities, so long as versatile chemical methods are available to integrate biomolecules with synthetic components. As a demonstration of this potential, we have used site-selective strategies to cross-link polymer chains using the N- and C-termini of a metallothionein derived from a pea plant. This arrangement directly relates the swelling volume of the polymer to the folded state of the protein. The material retains the protein?s ability to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water samples, and can be regenerated through the subsequent addition of inexpensive chelators. The change in hydrogel volume that occurs as metal ions are bound allows the detection of contaminants through simple visual inspection. The utility of this bulk property change is demonstrated in the construction of a low-cost device that can report heavy metal contamination with no external power requirements. Most importantly, the generality of the protein modification chemistry allows the immediate generation of new hybrid materials from a wide range of protein sequences.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2007\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2007</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (73)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dye-schlabach-green-remberger-kaj-palmcousins-brorstrmlundn-bronopolresorcinolmcresolandtriclosaninthenordicenvironment-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Bronopol, Resorcinol, m-Cresol and Triclosan in the Nordic Environment.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dye, C J; Schlabach, M; Green, J; Remberger, M; Kaj, L; Palm-Cousins, A;  and Brorström-Lundén, E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen,  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dye-schlabach-green-remberger-kaj-palmcousins-brorstrmlundn-bronopolresorcinolmcresolandtriclosaninthenordicenvironment-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dye-schlabach-green-remberger-kaj-palmcousins-brorstrmlundn-bronopolresorcinolmcresolandtriclosaninthenordicenvironment-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{dye_bronopol_2007,\n\taddress = {Copenhagen},\n\ttitle = {Bronopol, {Resorcinol}, m-{Cresol} and {Triclosan} in the {Nordic} {Environment}},\n\tinstitution = {Nordic Council of Ministers},\n\tauthor = {Dye, C J and Schlabach, M and Green, J and Remberger, M and Kaj, L and Palm-Cousins, A and Brorström-Lundén, E},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS},\n\tpages = {1--73},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dayan-riskassessmentoftriclosanirgasaninhumanbreastmilk-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Risk assessment of triclosan [Irgasan®] in human breast milk.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dayan, A. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>, 45(1): 125–129.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dayan-riskassessmentoftriclosanirgasaninhumanbreastmilk-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dayan-riskassessmentoftriclosanirgasaninhumanbreastmilk-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dayan-riskassessmentoftriclosanirgasaninhumanbreastmilk-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dayan_risk_2007,\n\ttitle = {Risk assessment of triclosan [{Irgasan}®] in human breast milk},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {02786915},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.009},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan is an established bacteriostatic compound widely used in topical and dental preparations. Its pharmacokinetics and toxicology have been extensively studied in humans and animals. It is known to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and across the skin. A recent report noted its occurrence in human breast milk and this has now been further investigated. Sixty two unselected samples of human milk from Breast Milk Banks in California and Texas have been analysed for triclosan; the concentration ranged from 0 to 2100 μg/kg lipid. A risk assessment of triclosan in human milk has been made, based on a conservative calculation of exposure of neonates and experimental toxicity test results. The broad set of reproduction toxicity tests of triclosan includes a 2-generation study in the rat, in which there was considerable exposure of dams and pups to triclosan throughout fetal development and up to sexual maturity in the F2 generation, and a further study in which pups of dosed dams were followed to weaning. They established an oral NOAEL for pups of 50 mg/kg/d. The maximum exposure of babies via breast milk calculated using very conservative additive assumptions is ∼7.4 μg/kg/d. The &#x27;Margin of Exposure&#x27; between the NOAEL and that calculated in breast fed babies is ∼6760-fold. It is concluded that there is no evidence to indicate that the presence of a miniscule amount of triclosan in breast milk presents a risk to babies. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Food and Chemical Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Dayan, A. D.},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17011099},\n\tpages = {125--129},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan is an established bacteriostatic compound widely used in topical and dental preparations. Its pharmacokinetics and toxicology have been extensively studied in humans and animals. It is known to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and across the skin. A recent report noted its occurrence in human breast milk and this has now been further investigated. Sixty two unselected samples of human milk from Breast Milk Banks in California and Texas have been analysed for triclosan; the concentration ranged from 0 to 2100 μg/kg lipid. A risk assessment of triclosan in human milk has been made, based on a conservative calculation of exposure of neonates and experimental toxicity test results. The broad set of reproduction toxicity tests of triclosan includes a 2-generation study in the rat, in which there was considerable exposure of dams and pups to triclosan throughout fetal development and up to sexual maturity in the F2 generation, and a further study in which pups of dosed dams were followed to weaning. They established an oral NOAEL for pups of 50 mg/kg/d. The maximum exposure of babies via breast milk calculated using very conservative additive assumptions is ∼7.4 μg/kg/d. The 'Margin of Exposure' between the NOAEL and that calculated in breast fed babies is ∼6760-fold. It is concluded that there is no evidence to indicate that the presence of a miniscule amount of triclosan in breast milk presents a risk to babies. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"aranami-readman-photolyticdegradationoftriclosaninfreshwaterandseawater-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Aranami, K.;  and Readman, J. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 66(6): 1052–1056.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aranami-readman-photolyticdegradationoftriclosaninfreshwaterandseawater-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/aranami-readman-photolyticdegradationoftriclosaninfreshwaterandseawater-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('aranami-readman-photolyticdegradationoftriclosaninfreshwaterandseawater-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{aranami_photolytic_2007,\n\ttitle = {Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010},\n\tabstract = {A 12-days photolysis experiment of triclosan, a widely used bactericide, was performed in freshwater and seawater under a low intensity artificial white light source. Photodegradation of triclosan was observed in both the freshwater and seawater samples. Assuming a first-order reaction, half-lives of triclosan in the freshwater and seawater were approximately 8 and 4 days, respectively. 2,8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) was detected in both the freshwater and seawater samples after 3 days of irradiation. The photodegradation of triclosan and the production of DCDD suggest that triclosan could be less stable and DCDD might be more stable in seawater than freshwater. As a result, DCDD produced from triclosan survives for a longer time in seawater. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Aranami, Kazushi and Readman, James W.},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {16930676},\n\tkeywords = {2, 8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Antimicrobial, Florence, Freshwater, Photodegradation, Photolysis, Seawater, TCS, Triclosan, marine},\n\tpages = {1052--1056},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A 12-days photolysis experiment of triclosan, a widely used bactericide, was performed in freshwater and seawater under a low intensity artificial white light source. Photodegradation of triclosan was observed in both the freshwater and seawater samples. Assuming a first-order reaction, half-lives of triclosan in the freshwater and seawater were approximately 8 and 4 days, respectively. 2,8-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) was detected in both the freshwater and seawater samples after 3 days of irradiation. The photodegradation of triclosan and the production of DCDD suggest that triclosan could be less stable and DCDD might be more stable in seawater than freshwater. As a result, DCDD produced from triclosan survives for a longer time in seawater. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tittlemier-pepper-seymour-moisey-bronson-cao-dabeka-dietaryexposureofcanadianstoperfluorinatedcarboxylatesandperfluorooctanesulfonateviaconsumptionofmeatfishfastfoodsandfooditemspreparedintheirpackaging-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tittlemier, S. A.; Pepper, K.; Seymour, C.; Moisey, J.; Bronson, R.; Cao, X. L.;  and Dabeka, R. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>, 55(8): 3203–3210.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/jf0634045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tittlemier-pepper-seymour-moisey-bronson-cao-dabeka-dietaryexposureofcanadianstoperfluorinatedcarboxylatesandperfluorooctanesulfonateviaconsumptionofmeatfishfastfoodsandfooditemspreparedintheirpackaging-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/jf0634045', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tittlemier-pepper-seymour-moisey-bronson-cao-dabeka-dietaryexposureofcanadianstoperfluorinatedcarboxylatesandperfluorooctanesulfonateviaconsumptionofmeatfishfastfoodsandfooditemspreparedintheirpackaging-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tittlemier-pepper-seymour-moisey-bronson-cao-dabeka-dietaryexposureofcanadianstoperfluorinatedcarboxylatesandperfluorooctanesulfonateviaconsumptionofmeatfishfastfoodsandfooditemspreparedintheirpackaging-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tittlemier_dietary_2007,\n\ttitle = {Dietary exposure of {Canadians} to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {00218561},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/jf0634045},\n\tabstract = {Human exposure to perfluorinated compounds is a worldwide phenomenon; however, routes of human exposure to these compounds have not been well-characterized. Fifty-four solid food composite samples collected as part of the Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed for perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) using a methanol extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Foods analyzed included fish and seafood, meat, poultry, frozen entrees, fast food, and microwave popcorn collected from 1992 to 2004 and prepared as for consumption. Nine composites contained detectable levels of perfluorinated compoundsfour meat-containing, three fish and shellfish, one fast food, and one microwave popcorn. PFOS and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were detected the most frequently; concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 ng/g. The average dietary intake of total perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS for Canadians was estimated to be 250 ng/day, using results from the 2004 TDS composites. A comparison with intakes of perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS via other routes (air, water, dust, treated carpeting, and apparel) suggested that diet is an important source of these compounds. There was a substantial margin of exposure between the toxicological points of reference and the magnitude of dietary intake of perfluorinated compounds for Canadians {\\textbackslash}textgreater= 12 years old.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Tittlemier, Sheryl A. and Pepper, Karen and Seymour, Carol and Moisey, John and Bronson, Roni and Cao, Xu Liang and Dabeka, Robert W.},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17381114},\n\tkeywords = {Diet, Exposure estimate, Food, PFOA, PFOS},\n\tpages = {3203--3210},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human exposure to perfluorinated compounds is a worldwide phenomenon; however, routes of human exposure to these compounds have not been well-characterized. Fifty-four solid food composite samples collected as part of the Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed for perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) using a methanol extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Foods analyzed included fish and seafood, meat, poultry, frozen entrees, fast food, and microwave popcorn collected from 1992 to 2004 and prepared as for consumption. Nine composites contained detectable levels of perfluorinated compoundsfour meat-containing, three fish and shellfish, one fast food, and one microwave popcorn. PFOS and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were detected the most frequently; concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 ng/g. The average dietary intake of total perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS for Canadians was estimated to be 250 ng/day, using results from the 2004 TDS composites. A comparison with intakes of perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS via other routes (air, water, dust, treated carpeting, and apparel) suggested that diet is an important source of these compounds. There was a substantial margin of exposure between the toxicological points of reference and the magnitude of dietary intake of perfluorinated compounds for Canadians \\textgreater= 12 years old.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lau-anitole-hodes-lai-pfahleshutchens-seed-perfluoroalkylacidsareviewofmonitoringandtoxicologicalfindings-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluoroalkyl acids: A review of monitoring and toxicological findings.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lau, C.; Anitole, K.; Hodes, C.; Lai, D.; Pfahles-Hutchens, A.;  and Seed, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological Sciences</i>, 99(2): 366–394.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm128\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lau-anitole-hodes-lai-pfahleshutchens-seed-perfluoroalkylacidsareviewofmonitoringandtoxicologicalfindings-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm128', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lau-anitole-hodes-lai-pfahleshutchens-seed-perfluoroalkylacidsareviewofmonitoringandtoxicologicalfindings-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lau-anitole-hodes-lai-pfahleshutchens-seed-perfluoroalkylacidsareviewofmonitoringandtoxicologicalfindings-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lau_perfluoroalkyl_2007,\n\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl acids: {A} review of monitoring and toxicological findings},\n\tvolume = {99},\n\tissn = {10966080},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm128},\n\tabstract = {In recent years, human and wildlife monitoring studies have identified perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) worldwide. This has led to efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds, as well as the global distribution of the PFAAs. Much attention has focused on understanding the toxicology of the two most widely known PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfate. More recently, research was extended to other PFAAs. There has been substantial progress in understanding additional aspects of the toxicology of these compounds, particularly related to the developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the potential modes of action. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans. Several avenues of research are proposed that would further our understanding of this class of compounds.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Lau, Christopher and Anitole, Katherine and Hodes, Colette and Lai, David and Pfahles-Hutchens, Andrea and Seed, Jennifer},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17519394},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, PFOS, Perfluoroalkyl acids, biomonitoring},\n\tpages = {366--394},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In recent years, human and wildlife monitoring studies have identified perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) worldwide. This has led to efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds, as well as the global distribution of the PFAAs. Much attention has focused on understanding the toxicology of the two most widely known PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfate. More recently, research was extended to other PFAAs. There has been substantial progress in understanding additional aspects of the toxicology of these compounds, particularly related to the developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the potential modes of action. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans. Several avenues of research are proposed that would further our understanding of this class of compounds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fei-mclaughlin-tarone-olsen-perfluorinatedchemicalsandfetalgrowthastudywithinthedanishnationalbirthcohort-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fei-mclaughlin-tarone-olsen-perfluorinatedchemicalsandfetalgrowthastudywithinthedanishnationalbirthcohort-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fei, C.; McLaughlin, J. K; Tarone, R. E;  and Olsen, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 115(11): 1677–82.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fei-mclaughlin-tarone-olsen-perfluorinatedchemicalsandfetalgrowthastudywithinthedanishnationalbirthcohort-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10506\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fei-mclaughlin-tarone-olsen-perfluorinatedchemicalsandfetalgrowthastudywithinthedanishnationalbirthcohort-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10506', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fei-mclaughlin-tarone-olsen-perfluorinatedchemicalsandfetalgrowthastudywithinthedanishnationalbirthcohort-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fei-mclaughlin-tarone-olsen-perfluorinatedchemicalsandfetalgrowthastudywithinthedanishnationalbirthcohort-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fei_perfluorinated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the {Danish} {National} {Birth} {Cohort}.},\n\tvolume = {115},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2072850&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.10506},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are man-made, persistent organic pollutants widely spread throughout the environment and human populations. They have been found to interfere with fetal growth in some animal models, but whether a similar effect is seen in humans is uncertain.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between plasma levels of PFOS and PFOA in pregnant women and their infants&#x27; birth weight and length of gestation.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nMETHODS: We randomly selected 1,400 women and their infants from the Danish National Birth Cohort among those who completed all four computer-assisted telephone interviews, provided the first blood samples between gestational weeks 4 and 14, and who gave birth to a single live-born child without congenital malformation. PFOS and PFOA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nRESULTS: PFOS and PFOA levels in maternal plasma were on average 35.3 and 5.6 ng/mL, respectively. Only PFOA levels were inversely associated with birth weight (adjusted beta = -10.63 g; 95\\% confidence interval, -20.79 to -0.47 g). Neither maternal PFOS nor PFOA levels were consistently associated with the risk for preterm birth or low birth weight. We observed no adverse effects for maternal PFOS or PFOA levels on small for gestational age.\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$n\\${\\textbackslash}backslash\\$nCONCLUSION: Our nationwide cohort data suggest an inverse association between maternal plasma PFOA levels and birth weight. Because of widespread exposure to these chemicals, our findings may be of potential public health concern.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Fei, Chunyuan and McLaughlin, Joseph K and Tarone, Robert E and Olsen, Jørn},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {18008003},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids: blood, Alkanesulfonic Acids: pharmacology, Birth Weight, Birth Weight: drug effects, Caprylates, Caprylates: blood, Caprylates: pharmacology, Cohort Studies, Denmark, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Fluorocarbons, Fluorocarbons: blood, Fluorocarbons: pharmacology, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Newborn, PFAS, Pregnancy},\n\tpages = {1677--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are man-made, persistent organic pollutants widely spread throughout the environment and human populations. They have been found to interfere with fetal growth in some animal models, but whether a similar effect is seen in humans is uncertain.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nOBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between plasma levels of PFOS and PFOA in pregnant women and their infants' birth weight and length of gestation.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nMETHODS: We randomly selected 1,400 women and their infants from the Danish National Birth Cohort among those who completed all four computer-assisted telephone interviews, provided the first blood samples between gestational weeks 4 and 14, and who gave birth to a single live-born child without congenital malformation. PFOS and PFOA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nRESULTS: PFOS and PFOA levels in maternal plasma were on average 35.3 and 5.6 ng/mL, respectively. Only PFOA levels were inversely associated with birth weight (adjusted beta = -10.63 g; 95% confidence interval, -20.79 to -0.47 g). Neither maternal PFOS nor PFOA levels were consistently associated with the risk for preterm birth or low birth weight. We observed no adverse effects for maternal PFOS or PFOA levels on small for gestational age.${\\}backslash$n${\\}backslash$nCONCLUSION: Our nationwide cohort data suggest an inverse association between maternal plasma PFOA levels and birth weight. Because of widespread exposure to these chemicals, our findings may be of potential public health concern.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"deon-mabury-productionofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasfromthebiotransformationofpolyfluoroalkylphosphatesurfactantspapsexploringroutesofhumancontamination-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS): Exploring routes of human contamination.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  D'Eon, J. C.;  and Mabury, S. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 41(13): 4799–4805.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es070126x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('deon-mabury-productionofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasfromthebiotransformationofpolyfluoroalkylphosphatesurfactantspapsexploringroutesofhumancontamination-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es070126x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/deon-mabury-productionofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasfromthebiotransformationofpolyfluoroalkylphosphatesurfactantspapsexploringroutesofhumancontamination-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('deon-mabury-productionofperfluorinatedcarboxylicacidspfcasfromthebiotransformationofpolyfluoroalkylphosphatesurfactantspapsexploringroutesofhumancontamination-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{deon_production_2007,\n\ttitle = {Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids ({PFCAs}) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants ({PAPS}): {Exploring} routes of human contamination},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es070126x},\n\tabstract = {Perfluorinated acids are detected in human blood world-wide, with increased levels observed in industrialized areas. The origin of this contamination is not well understood. A possible route of exposure, which has received little attention experimentally, is indirect exposure to perfluorinated acids through ingestion of chemicals applied to food contact paper packaging. The current investigation quantified the load of perfluorinated acids to Sprague-Dawley rats upon exposure to polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS), nonpolymeric fluorinated surfactants approved for application to food contact paper products. The animals were administered a single dose at 200 mg/kg by oral gavage of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) mono-phosphate (8:2 monoPAPS), or the corresponding di-phosphate (8:2 diPAPS), with blood taken over 15 days post-dosing to monitor uptake, biotransformation, and elimination. Upon completion of the time-course study the animals were redosed using an identical dosing procedure, with sacrifice and necropsy 24 h after the second dosing. Increased levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), along with both 8:2 PAPS congeners, were observed in the blood of the dosed animals. In the 8:2 monoPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA blood concentrations peaked at 7900 +/- 1200 ng/g and 34 +/- 4 ng/g respectively. In the 8:2 diPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 diPAPS peaked in concentration at 32 +/- 6 ng/g, and 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA peaked at 900 +/- 200 ng/g and 3.8 +/- 0.3 ng/g, respectively. Several established polyfluorinated metabolites previously identified in 8:2 FTOH metabolism studies were also observed in the dosed animals. Consistent with other fluorinated contaminants, the tissue distributions showed increased levels of both PFOA and the 8:2 PAPS congeners in the liver relative to the other tissues measured. Previous investigations have found that PAPS can migrate into food from paper packaging. Here we link ingestion of PAPS with in vivo production of perfluorinated acids.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {D&#x27;Eon, Jessica C. and Mabury, Scott A.},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17695932},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {4799--4805},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluorinated acids are detected in human blood world-wide, with increased levels observed in industrialized areas. The origin of this contamination is not well understood. A possible route of exposure, which has received little attention experimentally, is indirect exposure to perfluorinated acids through ingestion of chemicals applied to food contact paper packaging. The current investigation quantified the load of perfluorinated acids to Sprague-Dawley rats upon exposure to polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS), nonpolymeric fluorinated surfactants approved for application to food contact paper products. The animals were administered a single dose at 200 mg/kg by oral gavage of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) mono-phosphate (8:2 monoPAPS), or the corresponding di-phosphate (8:2 diPAPS), with blood taken over 15 days post-dosing to monitor uptake, biotransformation, and elimination. Upon completion of the time-course study the animals were redosed using an identical dosing procedure, with sacrifice and necropsy 24 h after the second dosing. Increased levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), along with both 8:2 PAPS congeners, were observed in the blood of the dosed animals. In the 8:2 monoPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA blood concentrations peaked at 7900 +/- 1200 ng/g and 34 +/- 4 ng/g respectively. In the 8:2 diPAPS-dosed animals, 8:2 diPAPS peaked in concentration at 32 +/- 6 ng/g, and 8:2 monoPAPS and PFOA peaked at 900 +/- 200 ng/g and 3.8 +/- 0.3 ng/g, respectively. Several established polyfluorinated metabolites previously identified in 8:2 FTOH metabolism studies were also observed in the dosed animals. Consistent with other fluorinated contaminants, the tissue distributions showed increased levels of both PFOA and the 8:2 PAPS congeners in the liver relative to the other tissues measured. Previous investigations have found that PAPS can migrate into food from paper packaging. Here we link ingestion of PAPS with in vivo production of perfluorinated acids.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"calafat-wong-kuklenyik-reidy-needham-perfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulationdatafromthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurveynhanes20032004andcomparisonswithnhanes19992000-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Calafat, A. M.; Wong, L.; Kuklenyik, Z.; Reidy, J. A.;  and Needham, L. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 115(11): 1596–1602.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.l0598\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('calafat-wong-kuklenyik-reidy-needham-perfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulationdatafromthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurveynhanes20032004andcomparisonswithnhanes19992000-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.l0598', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/calafat-wong-kuklenyik-reidy-needham-perfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulationdatafromthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurveynhanes20032004andcomparisonswithnhanes19992000-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('calafat-wong-kuklenyik-reidy-needham-perfluoroalkylchemicalsintheuspopulationdatafromthenationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurveynhanes20032004andcomparisonswithnhanes19992000-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{calafat_perfluoroalkyl_2007,\n\ttitle = {Perfluoroalkyl {Chemicals} in the {U}.{S}. {Population}: {Data} from the {National} {Health} and {Nutrition} {Examination} {Survey} ({NHANES}) 2003-2004 and {Comparisons} with {NHANES} 1999-2000},\n\tvolume = {115},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.l0598},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Calafat, Antonia M. and Wong, Lee-Yang and Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna and Reidy, John A. and Needham, Larry L.},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {10, 1289, 1596-1602, 2007, Exposure, PFAS, PFOA, PFOS, Prevalence, biomonitoring, c8, concern about exposure of, doi, dx, ehp, environ, health perspect 115, l0598 available via http, online 29 august 2007, org, pfcs, serum, the ecosystem},\n\tpages = {1596--1602},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zhu-feng-shoeib-detectionofdechloraneplusinresidentialindoordustinthecityofottawacanada-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zhu-feng-shoeib-detectionofdechloraneplusinresidentialindoordustinthecityofottawacanada-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076', event);\">\n    Detection of dechlorane plus in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zhu, J.; Feng, Y.;  and Shoeib, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(22): 7694–8. November 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zhu-feng-shoeib-detectionofdechloraneplusinresidentialindoordustinthecityofottawacanada-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Detection of dechlorane plus in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zhu-feng-shoeib-detectionofdechloraneplusinresidentialindoordustinthecityofottawacanada-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zhu-feng-shoeib-detectionofdechloraneplusinresidentialindoordustinthecityofottawacanada-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zhu_detection_2007,\n\ttitle = {Detection of dechlorane plus in residential indoor dust in the city of {Ottawa}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075076},\n\tabstract = {Dechlorane plus (DP), a flame retardant recently identified in the air and sediment of the Great Lakes region, has been detected in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry under negative chemical ionization mode. DP was detected in all dust samples with a concentration range of 2.3 to 182 ng g(-1), except for one dust sample (5683 ng g(-1)) which was much higher. The levels of DP in indoor dust were several times higher than those in the sediment of the Great Lakes. The presence of DP in indoor environments could have implications for potential human exposure to this chemical. The daily human intake of DP from dust was estimated using dust ingestion data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The large variation of the ratio of syn- and anti-DP isomers in the dust samples also suggests a complex degradation process of DP in the environment.},\n\tnumber = {22},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Zhu, Jiping and Feng, Yong-Lai and Shoeib, Mahiba},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {18075076},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Canada, Chemical, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: methods, Housing, Hydrocarbons, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Inhalation Exposure, Models, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {7694--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Dechlorane plus (DP), a flame retardant recently identified in the air and sediment of the Great Lakes region, has been detected in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry under negative chemical ionization mode. DP was detected in all dust samples with a concentration range of 2.3 to 182 ng g(-1), except for one dust sample (5683 ng g(-1)) which was much higher. The levels of DP in indoor dust were several times higher than those in the sediment of the Great Lakes. The presence of DP in indoor environments could have implications for potential human exposure to this chemical. The daily human intake of DP from dust was estimated using dust ingestion data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The large variation of the ratio of syn- and anti-DP isomers in the dust samples also suggests a complex degradation process of DP in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"xie-ebinghaus-lohmann-heemken-caba-pttmann-tracedeterminationoftheflameretardanttetrabromobisphenolaintheatmospherebygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'xie-ebinghaus-lohmann-heemken-caba-pttmann-tracedeterminationoftheflameretardanttetrabromobisphenolaintheatmospherebygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623', event);\">\n    Trace determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A in the atmosphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Xie, Z.; Ebinghaus, R.; Lohmann, R.; Heemken, O.; Caba, A.;  and Püttmann, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytica chimica acta</i>, 584(2): 333–42. February 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xie-ebinghaus-lohmann-heemken-caba-pttmann-tracedeterminationoftheflameretardanttetrabromobisphenolaintheatmospherebygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Trace determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A in the atmosphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.062\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xie-ebinghaus-lohmann-heemken-caba-pttmann-tracedeterminationoftheflameretardanttetrabromobisphenolaintheatmospherebygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.062', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/xie-ebinghaus-lohmann-heemken-caba-pttmann-tracedeterminationoftheflameretardanttetrabromobisphenolaintheatmospherebygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('xie-ebinghaus-lohmann-heemken-caba-pttmann-tracedeterminationoftheflameretardanttetrabromobisphenolaintheatmospherebygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{xie_trace_2007,\n\ttitle = {Trace determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol {A} in the atmosphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.},\n\tvolume = {584},\n\tissn = {1873-4324},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386623},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.062},\n\tabstract = {A simple and effective method has been developed for analysis of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in environmental samples by using modified soxhlet extraction in combination with silica gel clean-up, derivatization with silylation reagent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Satisfactory recoveries were achieved for the large volume sampling, soxhlet extraction and silica gel clean-up. The overall recovery is 79+/-1\\%. The derivatization procedure is simple and fast, and produces stable TBBPA derivative. GC-MS with electronic impact (EI) ionization mode shows better detection power than using negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. EI gives a method detection limit of 0.04 pgm(-3) and enables to determine trace TBBPA in ambient air in remote area. The method was successfully applied to the determination of TBBPA in atmospheric samples collected over land and coastal regions. The concentrations of TBBPA ranged from below the method detection limit (0.04 pgm(-3)) to 0.85 pgm(-3). A declining trend with increasing latitude was present from the Wadden Sea to the Arctic. The atmospheric occurrence of TBBPA in the Arctic is significant and might imply that TBBPA has long-range transport potential.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Analytica chimica acta},\n\tauthor = {Xie, Zhiyong and Ebinghaus, Ralf and Lohmann, Rainer and Heemken, Olaf and Caba, Armando and Püttmann, Wilhelm},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17386623},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Germany, Oceans and Seas, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\n\tpages = {333--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A simple and effective method has been developed for analysis of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in environmental samples by using modified soxhlet extraction in combination with silica gel clean-up, derivatization with silylation reagent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Satisfactory recoveries were achieved for the large volume sampling, soxhlet extraction and silica gel clean-up. The overall recovery is 79+/-1%. The derivatization procedure is simple and fast, and produces stable TBBPA derivative. GC-MS with electronic impact (EI) ionization mode shows better detection power than using negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. EI gives a method detection limit of 0.04 pgm(-3) and enables to determine trace TBBPA in ambient air in remote area. The method was successfully applied to the determination of TBBPA in atmospheric samples collected over land and coastal regions. The concentrations of TBBPA ranged from below the method detection limit (0.04 pgm(-3)) to 0.85 pgm(-3). A declining trend with increasing latitude was present from the Wadden Sea to the Arctic. The atmospheric occurrence of TBBPA in the Arctic is significant and might imply that TBBPA has long-range transport potential.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wong-wu-deng-yu-luo-leung-wong-luksemburg-etal-exportoftoxicchemicalsareviewofthecaseofuncontrolledelectronicwasterecycling-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wong-wu-deng-yu-luo-leung-wong-luksemburg-etal-exportoftoxicchemicalsareviewofthecaseofuncontrolledelectronicwasterecycling-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468', event);\">\n    Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wong, M H; Wu, S C; Deng, W J; Yu, X Z; Luo, Q; Leung, A O W; Wong, C S C; Luksemburg, W J;  and Wong, A S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution</i>, 149(2): 131–40. September 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wong-wu-deng-yu-luo-leung-wong-luksemburg-etal-exportoftoxicchemicalsareviewofthecaseofuncontrolledelectronicwasterecycling-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.044\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wong-wu-deng-yu-luo-leung-wong-luksemburg-etal-exportoftoxicchemicalsareviewofthecaseofuncontrolledelectronicwasterecycling-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.044', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wong-wu-deng-yu-luo-leung-wong-luksemburg-etal-exportoftoxicchemicalsareviewofthecaseofuncontrolledelectronicwasterecycling-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wong-wu-deng-yu-luo-leung-wong-luksemburg-etal-exportoftoxicchemicalsareviewofthecaseofuncontrolledelectronicwasterecycling-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wong_export_2007,\n\ttitle = {Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling.},\n\tvolume = {149},\n\tissn = {0269-7491},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412468},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.044},\n\tabstract = {This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants such as flame retardants (PBDEs), dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals/metalloid concentrations of different environmental media at Guiyu, a traditional rice-growing village located in southeastern Guangdong Province (PR China), which has turned into an intensive electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site. Incomplete combustion of e-waste in open air and dumping of processed materials are the major sources of various toxic chemicals. By comparing with existing data available in other areas and also guidelines adopted in different countries, it is obvious that the environment is highly contaminated by these toxic chemicals derived from the recycling processes. For example, the monthly concentration of the sum of 22 PBDE congeners contained in PM(2.5) (16.8ngm(-3)) of air samples at Guiyu was 100 times higher than published data. In order to safeguard the environment and human health, detailed investigations are urgently needed, especially on tracking the exposure pathways of different toxic chemicals which may affect the workers and local residents especially mothers, infants and children.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\n\tauthor = {Wong, M H and Wu, S C and Deng, W J and Yu, X Z and Luo, Q and Leung, A O W and Wong, C S C and Luksemburg, W J and Wong, A S},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17412468},\n\tkeywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: analysis, Aromatic: toxicity, China, Developing Countries, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: toxicity, Humans, Industrial Waste, Industrial Waste: analysis, Manufactured Materials, Metals, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {131--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants such as flame retardants (PBDEs), dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals/metalloid concentrations of different environmental media at Guiyu, a traditional rice-growing village located in southeastern Guangdong Province (PR China), which has turned into an intensive electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site. Incomplete combustion of e-waste in open air and dumping of processed materials are the major sources of various toxic chemicals. By comparing with existing data available in other areas and also guidelines adopted in different countries, it is obvious that the environment is highly contaminated by these toxic chemicals derived from the recycling processes. For example, the monthly concentration of the sum of 22 PBDE congeners contained in PM(2.5) (16.8ngm(-3)) of air samples at Guiyu was 100 times higher than published data. In order to safeguard the environment and human health, detailed investigations are urgently needed, especially on tracking the exposure pathways of different toxic chemicals which may affect the workers and local residents especially mothers, infants and children.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645', event);\">\n    Human exposure to PBDEs: associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, N.; Herrmann, T.; Paepke, O.; Tickner, J.; Hale, R.; Harvey, L E.; La Guardia, M.; McClean, M. D;  and Webster, T. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(5): 1584–9. March 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human exposure to PBDEs: associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_human_2007,\n\ttitle = {Human exposure to {PBDEs}: associations of {PBDE} body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645},\n\tabstract = {This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2-8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Nerissa and Herrmann, Thomas and Paepke, Olaf and Tickner, Joel and Hale, Robert and Harvey, L Ellen and La Guardia, Mark and McClean, Michael D and Webster, Thomas F},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17396645},\n\tkeywords = {Body Burden, Boston, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Food, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Questionnaires, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1584--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2-8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282', event);\">\n    Human Exposure to PBDEs: Associations of PBDE Body Burdens with Food Consumption and House Dust Concentrations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, N.; Herrmann, T.; Paepke, O.; Tickner, J.; Hale, R.; Harvey, E.; La Guardia, M.; McClean, M. D.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 41(5): 1584–1589. March 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human Exposure to PBDEs: Associations of PBDE Body Burdens with Food Consumption and House Dust Concentrations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es0620282\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es0620282', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-herrmann-paepke-tickner-hale-harvey-laguardia-mcclean-etal-humanexposuretopbdesassociationsofpbdebodyburdenswithfoodconsumptionandhousedustconcentrations-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_human_2007,\n\ttitle = {Human {Exposure} to {PBDEs}: {Associations} of {PBDE} {Body} {Burdens} with {Food} {Consumption} and {House} {Dust} {Concentrations}},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620282},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es0620282},\n\tabstract = {This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs. This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Nerissa and Herrmann, Thomas and Paepke, Olaf and Tickner, Joel and Hale, Robert and Harvey, Ellen and La Guardia, Mark and McClean, Michael D. and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1584--1589},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs. This study was designed to determine the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among first-time mothers in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area and to explore key routes of exposure. We collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time mothers, 2?8 weeks after birth. We also sampled house dust from the homes of a subset of participants by vacuuming commonly used areas. Data on personal characteristics, diet, home furniture, and electrical devices were gathered from each participant using a questionnaire. Breast milk and dust samples were analyzed for PBDEs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were log-normally distributed in breast milk and dust. We found statistically significant, positive associations between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and house dust (r = 0.76, p = 0.003, not including BDE-209), as well as with reported dietary habits, particularly the consumption of dairy products (r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and meat (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). Due to low detection rates, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the association between BDE-209 in milk and dust. Our results support the hypothesis that the indoor environment and diet both play prominent roles in adult human exposure to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-changesinspontaneousbehaviourandalteredresponsetonicotineintheadultratafterneonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-changesinspontaneousbehaviourandalteredresponsetonicotineintheadultratafterneonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062', event);\">\n    Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Viberg, H.; Fredriksson, A.;  and Eriksson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology</i>, 28(1): 136–42. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-changesinspontaneousbehaviourandalteredresponsetonicotineintheadultratafterneonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-changesinspontaneousbehaviourandalteredresponsetonicotineintheadultratafterneonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-changesinspontaneousbehaviourandalteredresponsetonicotineintheadultratafterneonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-changesinspontaneousbehaviourandalteredresponsetonicotineintheadultratafterneonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardantdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{viberg_changes_2007,\n\ttitle = {Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209).},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {0161-813X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030062},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants, have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk, which is also true for the decabrominated congener, 2,2&#x27;,3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6,6&#x27;-decaBDE (PBDE 209). We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to PBDE 209 can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, in mice, effects that get worse with age. Other PBDE congeners affect learning and memory functions and the cholinergic system in adult mice and rats. The present study indicates that spontaneous behaviour, along with the cholinergic system during its developing stage, can be targets for PBDE 209 in the rat. Neonatal oral exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats, on postnatal day 3, to 6.7, and 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, was shown to disrupt normal spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age. Also, rats exposed to the high dose of PBDE 209 showed a different response to adult nicotine treatment, compared to control rats. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure of rats or mice to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99), 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexaBDE (PBDE 153) and certain PCBs, compounds shown to affect both spontaneous behaviour and the cholinergic system. It is also clear from the present study and from recent studies from our research group that both lower and higher brominated diphenyl ethers can cause similar developmental neurotoxic effects in both mice and rats.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Per},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17030062},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Grooming, Grooming: drug effects, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Movement, Movement: drug effects, Newborn, Newborn: physiology, Nicotine, Nicotine: toxicity, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists: toxicity, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tremor, Tremor: chemically induced, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {136--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants, have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk, which is also true for the decabrominated congener, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209). We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to PBDE 209 can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour, in mice, effects that get worse with age. Other PBDE congeners affect learning and memory functions and the cholinergic system in adult mice and rats. The present study indicates that spontaneous behaviour, along with the cholinergic system during its developing stage, can be targets for PBDE 209 in the rat. Neonatal oral exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats, on postnatal day 3, to 6.7, and 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, was shown to disrupt normal spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age. Also, rats exposed to the high dose of PBDE 209 showed a different response to adult nicotine treatment, compared to control rats. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure of rats or mice to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153) and certain PCBs, compounds shown to affect both spontaneous behaviour and the cholinergic system. It is also clear from the present study and from recent studies from our research group that both lower and higher brominated diphenyl ethers can cause similar developmental neurotoxic effects in both mice and rats.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"verreault-gebbink-gauthier-gabrielsen-letcher-brominatedflameretardantsinglaucousgullsfromthenorwegianarcticmorethanjustanissueofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'verreault-gebbink-gauthier-gabrielsen-letcher-brominatedflameretardantsinglaucousgullsfromthenorwegianarcticmorethanjustanissueofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Verreault, J.; Gebbink, W. A; Gauthier, L. T; Gabrielsen, G. W;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(14): 4925–31. July 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verreault-gebbink-gauthier-gabrielsen-letcher-brominatedflameretardantsinglaucousgullsfromthenorwegianarcticmorethanjustanissueofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/verreault-gebbink-gauthier-gabrielsen-letcher-brominatedflameretardantsinglaucousgullsfromthenorwegianarcticmorethanjustanissueofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('verreault-gebbink-gauthier-gabrielsen-letcher-brominatedflameretardantsinglaucousgullsfromthenorwegianarcticmorethanjustanissueofpolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{verreault_brominated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the {Norwegian} {Arctic}: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711204},\n\tabstract = {Several, unregulated, current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and hexabromocyclododecane (as total-(alpha)-HBCD), were examined in egg yolk and plasma of male and female glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Also examined were BDE209 and 38 tri- to nona-BDE congeners and brominated biphenyl (BB) 101. The HBB, BTBPE, PBEB, and PBT had high detection frequencies and variability in male and female plasma and egg yolk samples, and their concentrations ranged from nondetectable ({\\textbackslash}textless 0.02-0.27 ng/g wet wt) to 2.64 ng/g wet wt. The detection frequencies and range of concentrations of non-BDE BFRs were generally highest in plasma of males relative to females. Total-(alpha)-HBCD concentrations were highest among the non-PBDE BFRs (up to 6.12 and 63.9 ng/g wet wt in plasma and egg yolk, respectively). Next highest was HBB with concentrations within a range comparable to the minor PBDEs monitored (e.g., BDE28, 116 and 155). Sum (sigma)38PBDE concentrations ranged from 2.49 to 54.5 ng/g wet wt in plasma and 81.2 to 321 ng/g wet wt in egg yolk. The BDE209 was virtually nondetectable, whereas six octa-BDEs (i.e., BDE196, 197, 201, 202, 203, and 205), as well as three nona-BDEs (i.e., BDE206, 207, and 208, and potential BDE209 debromination products) were found sporadically in plasma and egg yolk. The results from this study suggestthat in addition to PBDEs, several current-use, non-BDE BFRs undergo long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulate at low levels in and are maternally transferred (to eggs) in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Verreault, Jonathan and Gebbink, Wouter A and Gauthier, Lewis T and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17711204},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Birds, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Reference Standards, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {4925--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Several, unregulated, current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and hexabromocyclododecane (as total-(alpha)-HBCD), were examined in egg yolk and plasma of male and female glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Also examined were BDE209 and 38 tri- to nona-BDE congeners and brominated biphenyl (BB) 101. The HBB, BTBPE, PBEB, and PBT had high detection frequencies and variability in male and female plasma and egg yolk samples, and their concentrations ranged from nondetectable (\\textless 0.02-0.27 ng/g wet wt) to 2.64 ng/g wet wt. The detection frequencies and range of concentrations of non-BDE BFRs were generally highest in plasma of males relative to females. Total-(alpha)-HBCD concentrations were highest among the non-PBDE BFRs (up to 6.12 and 63.9 ng/g wet wt in plasma and egg yolk, respectively). Next highest was HBB with concentrations within a range comparable to the minor PBDEs monitored (e.g., BDE28, 116 and 155). Sum (sigma)38PBDE concentrations ranged from 2.49 to 54.5 ng/g wet wt in plasma and 81.2 to 321 ng/g wet wt in egg yolk. The BDE209 was virtually nondetectable, whereas six octa-BDEs (i.e., BDE196, 197, 201, 202, 203, and 205), as well as three nona-BDEs (i.e., BDE206, 207, and 208, and potential BDE209 debromination products) were found sporadically in plasma and egg yolk. The results from this study suggestthat in addition to PBDEs, several current-use, non-BDE BFRs undergo long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulate at low levels in and are maternally transferred (to eggs) in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tomy-pleskach-ismail-whittle-helm-sverko-zaruk-marvin-isomersofdechloraneplusinlakewinnipegandlakeontariofoodwebs-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tomy-pleskach-ismail-whittle-helm-sverko-zaruk-marvin-isomersofdechloraneplusinlakewinnipegandlakeontariofoodwebs-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771', event);\">\n    Isomers of dechlorane plus in Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario food webs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tomy, G. T; Pleskach, K.; Ismail, N.; Whittle, D M.; Helm, P. A; Sverko, E.; Zaruk, D.;  and Marvin, C. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(7): 2249–54. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tomy-pleskach-ismail-whittle-helm-sverko-zaruk-marvin-isomersofdechloraneplusinlakewinnipegandlakeontariofoodwebs-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Isomers of dechlorane plus in Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario food webs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tomy-pleskach-ismail-whittle-helm-sverko-zaruk-marvin-isomersofdechloraneplusinlakewinnipegandlakeontariofoodwebs-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tomy-pleskach-ismail-whittle-helm-sverko-zaruk-marvin-isomersofdechloraneplusinlakewinnipegandlakeontariofoodwebs-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tomy_isomers_2007,\n\ttitle = {Isomers of dechlorane plus in {Lake} {Winnipeg} and {Lake} {Ontario} food webs.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438771},\n\tabstract = {The extent of bioaccumulation of the syn- and anti-isomers of Dechlorane Plus (DP) is assessed in archived food web samples from Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario. Concentrations of the isomers were determined using purified analytical solutions of individual isomers as opposed to the technical mixture. The syn-isomer was consistently detected in all samples from both lakes; the anti-isomer was detected in all Lake Ontario samples, but only 45\\% of the samples from Lake Winnipeg. The pattern of bioaccumulation was different for the isomers in Lake Winnipeg. The anti-isomer was dominant in higher trophic level (TL) organisms like walleye [arithmetic mean +/- 1 x standard error: 730 +/- 120 pg/g, lipid weight (1w)] and goldeye (760 +/- 170 pg/g, Iw) while the syn-isomer dominated the lower TL organisms like zooplankton (550 +/- 40 pg/g, Iw) and mussels (430 +/- 140 pg/g, Iw). In Lake Ontario, the extent of bioaccumulation of the isomers and concentrations was greatest in the lower TL benthic organism, Diporeia (syn, 1307 +/- 554; and anti, 3108 +/- 898 pg/g Iw) and also high in zooplankton (syn, 719; and anti, 1332 pg/g Iw). This suggests that the isomers are bioavailable in sediment and that, despite their molecular size, diffusion from the water column into zooplankton can occur. Differences in the mean fractional abundance of the anti-isomer (mean fanti = mean concentration of the anti-isomer divided by sum of mean syn- and anti-concentrations) were pronounced in sediments between lakes (Lake Winnipeg mean fanti = 0.610, Lake Ontario mean fanti = 0.860) and the extent of enrichment (anti-) and depletion (syn-) of the isomers were more marked in Lake Winnipeg biota. There were also differences in the biomagnification potentials, as measured bythe trophic magnification factor (TMF), between the isomers in the Lake Winnipeg food web; no statistically significant TMFs for either isomer were found for the},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Tomy, Gregg T and Pleskach, Kerri and Ismail, Nargis and Whittle, D Michael and Helm, Paul A and Sverko, Ed and Zaruk, Donna and Marvin, Chris H},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17438771},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: chemistry, Bivalvia: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\&amp; numerical d, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Manitoba, Ontario, Water Pollutants, Zooplankton, Zooplankton: chemistry, Zooplankton: metabolism},\n\tpages = {2249--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The extent of bioaccumulation of the syn- and anti-isomers of Dechlorane Plus (DP) is assessed in archived food web samples from Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario. Concentrations of the isomers were determined using purified analytical solutions of individual isomers as opposed to the technical mixture. The syn-isomer was consistently detected in all samples from both lakes; the anti-isomer was detected in all Lake Ontario samples, but only 45% of the samples from Lake Winnipeg. The pattern of bioaccumulation was different for the isomers in Lake Winnipeg. The anti-isomer was dominant in higher trophic level (TL) organisms like walleye [arithmetic mean +/- 1 x standard error: 730 +/- 120 pg/g, lipid weight (1w)] and goldeye (760 +/- 170 pg/g, Iw) while the syn-isomer dominated the lower TL organisms like zooplankton (550 +/- 40 pg/g, Iw) and mussels (430 +/- 140 pg/g, Iw). In Lake Ontario, the extent of bioaccumulation of the isomers and concentrations was greatest in the lower TL benthic organism, Diporeia (syn, 1307 +/- 554; and anti, 3108 +/- 898 pg/g Iw) and also high in zooplankton (syn, 719; and anti, 1332 pg/g Iw). This suggests that the isomers are bioavailable in sediment and that, despite their molecular size, diffusion from the water column into zooplankton can occur. Differences in the mean fractional abundance of the anti-isomer (mean fanti = mean concentration of the anti-isomer divided by sum of mean syn- and anti-concentrations) were pronounced in sediments between lakes (Lake Winnipeg mean fanti = 0.610, Lake Ontario mean fanti = 0.860) and the extent of enrichment (anti-) and depletion (syn-) of the isomers were more marked in Lake Winnipeg biota. There were also differences in the biomagnification potentials, as measured bythe trophic magnification factor (TMF), between the isomers in the Lake Winnipeg food web; no statistically significant TMFs for either isomer were found for the\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suzuki-takigami-nose-takahashi-asari-sakai-dioxinlikeandtransthyretinbindingcompoundsinindoordustscollectedfromjapanaveragedailydoseandpossibleimplicationsforchildren-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suzuki-takigami-nose-takahashi-asari-sakai-dioxinlikeandtransthyretinbindingcompoundsinindoordustscollectedfromjapanaveragedailydoseandpossibleimplicationsforchildren-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf', event);\">\n    Dioxin-Like and Transthyretin-Binding Compounds in Indoor Dusts Collected from Japan: Average Daily Dose and Possible Implications for Children.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suzuki, G.; Takigami, H.; Nose, K.; Takahashi, S.; Asari, M.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 41(4): 1487–1493. February 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-takigami-nose-takahashi-asari-sakai-dioxinlikeandtransthyretinbindingcompoundsinindoordustscollectedfromjapanaveragedailydoseandpossibleimplicationsforchildren-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dioxin-Like and Transthyretin-Binding Compounds in Indoor Dusts Collected from Japan: Average Daily Dose and Possible Implications for Children [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es061907l\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-takigami-nose-takahashi-asari-sakai-dioxinlikeandtransthyretinbindingcompoundsinindoordustscollectedfromjapanaveragedailydoseandpossibleimplicationsforchildren-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es061907l', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suzuki-takigami-nose-takahashi-asari-sakai-dioxinlikeandtransthyretinbindingcompoundsinindoordustscollectedfromjapanaveragedailydoseandpossibleimplicationsforchildren-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suzuki-takigami-nose-takahashi-asari-sakai-dioxinlikeandtransthyretinbindingcompoundsinindoordustscollectedfromjapanaveragedailydoseandpossibleimplicationsforchildren-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suzuki_dioxin-like_2007,\n\ttitle = {Dioxin-{Like} and {Transthyretin}-{Binding} {Compounds} in {Indoor} {Dusts} {Collected} from {Japan}: {Average} {Daily} {Dose} and {Possible} {Implications} for {Children}},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061907l file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Suzuki 2007.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es061907l},\n\tabstract = {Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts&#x27; risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted. Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts&#x27; risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Suzuki, Go and Takigami, Hidetaka and Nose, Kazutoshi and Takahashi, Shin and Asari, Misuzu and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1487--1493},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted. Many researchers are increasingly interested in human exposure to house dust containing household compounds such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Nevertheless, no investigations have addressed the endocrine-disrupting potencies of compounds contained in indoor dust. This study specifically addresses endocrine-disrupting potencies such as dioxin-like activity and human transthyretin (TTR)-binding potencies. Using in vitro bioassays, we investigated these activity levels in indoor dusts. We performed exposure assessments of active compounds that are contained in house dust for subsequent evaluation of house dusts' risks to humans. Dioxin-like and TTR-binding activities in sulfuric acid treatment extracts of house and office dust were investigated using Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) and TTR-binding assay (in vitro competitive human TTR-binding assay). Dioxin-like activities in indoor dust were 38?1400 pg CALUX-TEQ (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent)/g (median 160 pg CALUX-TEQ/g) and TTR-binding potencies were 300?5000 pmol T4EQ (thyroxine (T4) equivalent)/g (median 1000 pmol T4EQ/g), which are higher values than those in other environmental samples, e.g., contaminated sediments. These exposure results suggest that children might be affected by both dioxin-like compounds and TTR-binding compounds via house dust. When the ingestion rate, CALUX-TEQ, and T4EQ for house dust are high, thyroid hormone homeostasis in children may be disrupted.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"strack-detzel-wahl-kuch-krug-cytotoxicityoftbbpaandeffectsonproliferationcellcycleandmapkpathwaysinmammaliancells-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'strack-detzel-wahl-kuch-krug-cytotoxicityoftbbpaandeffectsonproliferationcellcycleandmapkpathwaysinmammaliancells-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629', event);\">\n    Cytotoxicity of TBBPA and effects on proliferation, cell cycle and MAPK pathways in mammalian cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Strack, S.; Detzel, T.; Wahl, M.; Kuch, B.;  and Krug, H. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 67(9): S405–11. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strack-detzel-wahl-kuch-krug-cytotoxicityoftbbpaandeffectsonproliferationcellcycleandmapkpathwaysinmammaliancells-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cytotoxicity of TBBPA and effects on proliferation, cell cycle and MAPK pathways in mammalian cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.136\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strack-detzel-wahl-kuch-krug-cytotoxicityoftbbpaandeffectsonproliferationcellcycleandmapkpathwaysinmammaliancells-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.136', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/strack-detzel-wahl-kuch-krug-cytotoxicityoftbbpaandeffectsonproliferationcellcycleandmapkpathwaysinmammaliancells-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('strack-detzel-wahl-kuch-krug-cytotoxicityoftbbpaandeffectsonproliferationcellcycleandmapkpathwaysinmammaliancells-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{strack_cytotoxicity_2007,\n\ttitle = {Cytotoxicity of {TBBPA} and effects on proliferation, cell cycle and {MAPK} pathways in mammalian cells.},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254629},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.136},\n\tabstract = {Poly-brominated flame retardants are ecotoxicologically relevant chemicals that can show high persistency in environmental samples and bioaccumulation in marine and fresh water animals. One of the most widely used compound is tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Until today, the toxicological data are rather fragmentary. Our studies on acute and sub-acute toxic effects with established cell lines demonstrate that TBBPA interferes with cellular signaling pathways. Cell viability is significantly reduced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The observed EC50 for rat kidney cells (NRK) was 52 microM (27 mg/l), 168 microM (90 mg/l) for A549 human lung cells, and 200 microM (108 mg/l) for Cal-62 human thyroid cells, respectively. The comparison of TBBPA with the non-brominated substance bisphenol A (BPA) clearly demonstrates that only the brominated compound exerts these effects on proliferation and cell viability. Cell cycle regulation was influenced considerably in Cal-62 cells, showing an explicit G2/M arrest in the cell cycle at TBBPA concentrations higher than 75 microM. Cellular signaling pathways directly connected to these affected parameters, e.g. the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, are partly influenced in a cell specific and dose dependent manner. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) is deactivated in NRK and A549 cells and activated in Cal-62 cells with increasing TBBPA concentrations.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Strack, Siegfried and Detzel, Tanja and Wahl, Markus and Kuch, Bertram and Krug, Harald F},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17254629},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Cycle, Cell Cycle: drug effects, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors, cell line, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {S405--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Poly-brominated flame retardants are ecotoxicologically relevant chemicals that can show high persistency in environmental samples and bioaccumulation in marine and fresh water animals. One of the most widely used compound is tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Until today, the toxicological data are rather fragmentary. Our studies on acute and sub-acute toxic effects with established cell lines demonstrate that TBBPA interferes with cellular signaling pathways. Cell viability is significantly reduced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The observed EC50 for rat kidney cells (NRK) was 52 microM (27 mg/l), 168 microM (90 mg/l) for A549 human lung cells, and 200 microM (108 mg/l) for Cal-62 human thyroid cells, respectively. The comparison of TBBPA with the non-brominated substance bisphenol A (BPA) clearly demonstrates that only the brominated compound exerts these effects on proliferation and cell viability. Cell cycle regulation was influenced considerably in Cal-62 cells, showing an explicit G2/M arrest in the cell cycle at TBBPA concentrations higher than 75 microM. Cellular signaling pathways directly connected to these affected parameters, e.g. the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, are partly influenced in a cell specific and dose dependent manner. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) is deactivated in NRK and A549 cells and activated in Cal-62 cells with increasing TBBPA concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844', event);\">\n    Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schlummer, M.; Gruber, L.; Mäurer, A.; Wolz, G.;  and van Eldik, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 67(9): 1866–76. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schlummer_characterisation_2007,\n\ttitle = {Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment ({WEEE}) and implications for waste management.},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207844},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077},\n\tabstract = {There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Schlummer, Martin and Gruber, Ludwig and Mäurer, Andreas and Wolz, Gerd and van Eldik, Rudi},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17207844},\n\tkeywords = {Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: chemistry, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Heavy: chemistry, Industrial Waste, Metals, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Plastics, Plastics: analysis, Plastics: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: analysis, Polymers: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management, Waste Management: instrumentation, Waste Management: legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {1866--76},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roach-revisedestimatesofthecostsandbenefitsofthecpsc2005reviseddraftflammabilitystandard-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roach-revisedestimatesofthecostsandbenefitsofthecpsc2005reviseddraftflammabilitystandard-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf', event);\">\n    Revised Estimates of the Costs and Benefits of the CPSC 2005 Revised Draft Flammability Standard.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roach, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University, Medford, MA,  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roach-revisedestimatesofthecostsandbenefitsofthecpsc2005reviseddraftflammabilitystandard-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Revised Estimates of the Costs and Benefits of the CPSC 2005 Revised Draft Flammability Standard [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roach-revisedestimatesofthecostsandbenefitsofthecpsc2005reviseddraftflammabilitystandard-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roach-revisedestimatesofthecostsandbenefitsofthecpsc2005reviseddraftflammabilitystandard-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{roach_revised_2007,\n\taddress = {Medford, MA},\n\ttitle = {Revised {Estimates} of the {Costs} and {Benefits} of the {CPSC} 2005 {Revised} {Draft} {Flammability} {Standard}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach cost benefit analysis of 2005 CPSC open flame furniture standard 2007-12-04 - Copy.pdf},\n\tnumber = {617},\n\tpublisher = {Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University},\n\tauthor = {Roach, Brian},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"roach-publiccommentoncpsc2005draftflammabilitystandard-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'roach-publiccommentoncpsc2005draftflammabilitystandard-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf', event);\">\n    Public comment on CPSC 2005 draft flammability standard.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Roach, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University, Medford, MA,  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('roach-publiccommentoncpsc2005draftflammabilitystandard-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Public comment on CPSC 2005 draft flammability standard [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/roach-publiccommentoncpsc2005draftflammabilitystandard-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('roach-publiccommentoncpsc2005draftflammabilitystandard-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{roach_public_2007,\n\taddress = {Medford, MA},\n\ttitle = {Public comment on {CPSC} 2005 draft flammability standard},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Roach letter to Commissioners.2007-12-04.pdf},\n\tnumber = {617},\n\tpublisher = {Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University},\n\tauthor = {Roach, Brian},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"reistad-mariussen-ring-fonnum-invitrotoxicityoftetrabromobisphenolaoncerebellargranulecellscelldeathfreeradicalformationcalciuminfluxandextracellularglutamate-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'reistad-mariussen-ring-fonnum-invitrotoxicityoftetrabromobisphenolaoncerebellargranulecellscelldeathfreeradicalformationcalciuminfluxandextracellularglutamate-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976', event);\">\n    In vitro toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol-A on cerebellar granule cells: cell death, free radical formation, calcium influx and extracellular glutamate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Reistad, T.; Mariussen, E.; Ring, A.;  and Fonnum, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 96(2): 268–78. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reistad-mariussen-ring-fonnum-invitrotoxicityoftetrabromobisphenolaoncerebellargranulecellscelldeathfreeradicalformationcalciuminfluxandextracellularglutamate-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol-A on cerebellar granule cells: cell death, free radical formation, calcium influx and extracellular glutamate. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl198\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reistad-mariussen-ring-fonnum-invitrotoxicityoftetrabromobisphenolaoncerebellargranulecellscelldeathfreeradicalformationcalciuminfluxandextracellularglutamate-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl198', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/reistad-mariussen-ring-fonnum-invitrotoxicityoftetrabromobisphenolaoncerebellargranulecellscelldeathfreeradicalformationcalciuminfluxandextracellularglutamate-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('reistad-mariussen-ring-fonnum-invitrotoxicityoftetrabromobisphenolaoncerebellargranulecellscelldeathfreeradicalformationcalciuminfluxandextracellularglutamate-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{reistad_vitro_2007,\n\ttitle = {In vitro toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol-{A} on cerebellar granule cells: cell death, free radical formation, calcium influx and extracellular glutamate.},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205976},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl198},\n\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is one of the worlds most widely used brominated flame retardant. The present study reports effects of TBBPA on primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we show that TBBPA induces death of CGC at low micro molar concentrations. Cell death was reduced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 microM), the antioxidant vitamin E (50 microM), and in calcium-free buffer. We further demonstrate that TBBPA&#x27;s toxicity was accompanied by apoptosis-like nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Other hallmarks of apoptosis such as caspase activity were, however, absent, indicating an atypical form of apoptosis. TBBPA increased intracellular free calcium in a concentration-dependent manner. TBBPA also induced an increase in extracellular glutamate in a time-dependent manner. TBBPA gave a concentration-dependent increase information reactive oxygen species (ROS) of measured with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The ROS formation was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin-A (25 microM), eliminating calcium from the buffer and by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid (DDC, 100 microM). Further analysis with Western blot confirmed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after exposure to TBBPA. We found that TBBPA induces ROS formation, increases intracellular calcium, extracellular glutamate, and death of CGC in vitro at concentrations comparable to those of polychlorinated biphenyl. These findings implicate TBBPA as a predicted environmental toxin and bring out the importance of awareness of its hazardous effects.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Reistad, Trine and Mariussen, Espen and Ring, Avi and Fonnum, Frode},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17205976},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Aspartic Acid, Aspartic Acid: chemistry, Aspartic Acid: metabolism, Calcium, Calcium: chemistry, Calcium: metabolism, Caspases, Caspases: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Caspases: metabolism, Cell Death, Cell Death: drug effects, Cell Nucleus, Cell Nucleus: drug effects, Cell Nucleus: ultrastructure, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cell Survival: physiology, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: drug effects, Cultured, Cytoplasmic Granules, Cytoplasmic Granules: drug effects, DNA Fragmentation, DNA Fragmentation: drug effects, Dizocilpine Maleate, Dizocilpine Maleate: pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Activation, Enzyme Activation: drug effects, Extracellular Space, Extracellular Space: chemistry, Extracellular Space: metabolism, Flame retardants, Glutamates, Glutamates: chemistry, Glutamates: metabolism, Hazardous Substances, Hazardous Substances: toxicity, Intracellular Fluid, Intracellular Fluid: chemistry, Intracellular Fluid: metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism, Nucleosomes, Nucleosomes: drug effects, Okadaic Acid, Okadaic Acid: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Vitamin E, Vitamin E: administration \\&amp; dosage, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {268--78},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is one of the worlds most widely used brominated flame retardant. The present study reports effects of TBBPA on primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we show that TBBPA induces death of CGC at low micro molar concentrations. Cell death was reduced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 microM), the antioxidant vitamin E (50 microM), and in calcium-free buffer. We further demonstrate that TBBPA's toxicity was accompanied by apoptosis-like nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Other hallmarks of apoptosis such as caspase activity were, however, absent, indicating an atypical form of apoptosis. TBBPA increased intracellular free calcium in a concentration-dependent manner. TBBPA also induced an increase in extracellular glutamate in a time-dependent manner. TBBPA gave a concentration-dependent increase information reactive oxygen species (ROS) of measured with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The ROS formation was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin-A (25 microM), eliminating calcium from the buffer and by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid (DDC, 100 microM). Further analysis with Western blot confirmed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after exposure to TBBPA. We found that TBBPA induces ROS formation, increases intracellular calcium, extracellular glutamate, and death of CGC in vitro at concentrations comparable to those of polychlorinated biphenyl. These findings implicate TBBPA as a predicted environmental toxin and bring out the importance of awareness of its hazardous effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"olsman-engwall-kammann-klempt-otte-vanbavel-hollert-relativedifferencesinarylhydrocarbonreceptormediatedresponsefor18polybrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsandfuransincelllinesfromfourdifferentspecies-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'olsman-engwall-kammann-klempt-otte-vanbavel-hollert-relativedifferencesinarylhydrocarbonreceptormediatedresponsefor18polybrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsandfuransincelllinesfromfourdifferentspecies-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736', event);\">\n    Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Olsman, H.; Engwall, M.; Kammann, U.; Klempt, M.; Otte, J.; van Bavel, B.;  and Hollert, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 26(11): 2448–54. November 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('olsman-engwall-kammann-klempt-otte-vanbavel-hollert-relativedifferencesinarylhydrocarbonreceptormediatedresponsefor18polybrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsandfuransincelllinesfromfourdifferentspecies-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1897/07-004R.1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('olsman-engwall-kammann-klempt-otte-vanbavel-hollert-relativedifferencesinarylhydrocarbonreceptormediatedresponsefor18polybrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsandfuransincelllinesfromfourdifferentspecies-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1897/07-004R.1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/olsman-engwall-kammann-klempt-otte-vanbavel-hollert-relativedifferencesinarylhydrocarbonreceptormediatedresponsefor18polybrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsandfuransincelllinesfromfourdifferentspecies-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('olsman-engwall-kammann-klempt-otte-vanbavel-hollert-relativedifferencesinarylhydrocarbonreceptormediatedresponsefor18polybrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsandfuransincelllinesfromfourdifferentspecies-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{olsman_relative_2007,\n\ttitle = {Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941736},\n\tdoi = {10.1897/07-004R.1},\n\tabstract = {As a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/ F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were {\\textbackslash}textgreater or =1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Olsman, Helena and Engwall, Magnus and Kammann, Ulrike and Klempt, Martin and Otte, Jens and van Bavel, Bert and Hollert, Henner},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17941736},\n\tkeywords = {Adenoma, Adenoma: pathology, Animals, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Aryl Hydrocarbon: metabolism, Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Furans, Furans: toxicity, Guinea Pigs, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Rats, Receptors, Risk Assessment, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, cell line, unsure},\n\tpages = {2448--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/ F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were \\textgreater or =1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"muir-anattempttoreplicatetheriskmanagementanalysisofcostbenefitsandrisksinthedecabdeandtvcasestudy-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'muir-anattempttoreplicatetheriskmanagementanalysisofcostbenefitsandrisksinthedecabdeandtvcasestudy-2007', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf', event);\">\n    An attempt to replicate the risk management analysis of cost, benefits, and risks in the Deca-BDE and TV case study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Muir, T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 69: 2611–2614.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('muir-anattempttoreplicatetheriskmanagementanalysisofcostbenefitsandrisksinthedecabdeandtvcasestudy-2007', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An attempt to replicate the risk management analysis of cost, benefits, and risks in the Deca-BDE and TV case study. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/muir-anattempttoreplicatetheriskmanagementanalysisofcostbenefitsandrisksinthedecabdeandtvcasestudy-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('muir-anattempttoreplicatetheriskmanagementanalysisofcostbenefitsandrisksinthedecabdeandtvcasestudy-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{muir_attempt_2007,\n\ttitle = {An attempt to replicate the risk management analysis of cost, benefits, and risks in the {Deca}-{BDE} and {TV} case study.},\n\tvolume = {69},\n\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2007/07-720.pdf},\n\tabstract = {At the Dioxin 2006 meeting, an attempt to monetize the risks, costs and benefits of DecaBDE in TVs was made. No alternatives were examined, and it was asserted there are no environmental or health risk. An attempt to replicate found overstated benefits and understated costs. The case study used a small sample of TV fires, and other studies, to proportionally extrapolate fire, fatality and injury numbers to the EU. The Poisson 95\\% CI, for the 8 TV electrical fires observed, of 3.5 to 15.8, was used here. The benefits of reduced fatalities and injuries from TV fires, taking account evidence presented here, ranges from \\$321 million a year for the mean case study, to \\$96 million for the Poisson mean primary data. These benefits are mostly less than TV end of life costs (\\$110 to \\$393 million/yr). The evidence does not support the zero cost asserted for health effects of DecaBDE related exposures. In some jurisdictions, it appears there is no margin of safety remaining for further exposure to POPs, such as DecaBDE, for a significant population. In examples provided here, the possible adverse effects and monetary cost far outweigh the estimated benefits – billions compared to millions.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Muir, T},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},\n\tpages = {2611--2614},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  At the Dioxin 2006 meeting, an attempt to monetize the risks, costs and benefits of DecaBDE in TVs was made. No alternatives were examined, and it was asserted there are no environmental or health risk. An attempt to replicate found overstated benefits and understated costs. The case study used a small sample of TV fires, and other studies, to proportionally extrapolate fire, fatality and injury numbers to the EU. The Poisson 95% CI, for the 8 TV electrical fires observed, of 3.5 to 15.8, was used here. The benefits of reduced fatalities and injuries from TV fires, taking account evidence presented here, ranges from $321 million a year for the mean case study, to $96 million for the Poisson mean primary data. These benefits are mostly less than TV end of life costs ($110 to $393 million/yr). The evidence does not support the zero cost asserted for health effects of DecaBDE related exposures. In some jurisdictions, it appears there is no margin of safety remaining for further exposure to POPs, such as DecaBDE, for a significant population. In examples provided here, the possible adverse effects and monetary cost far outweigh the estimated benefits – billions compared to millions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"martin-mayne-bursian-tomy-palace-pekarik-smits-immunotoxicityofthecommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inranchminkmustelavison-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'martin-mayne-bursian-tomy-palace-pekarik-smits-immunotoxicityofthecommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inranchminkmustelavison-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147', event);\">\n    Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 in ranch mink (Mustela vison).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Martin, P. A; Mayne, G. J; Bursian, F S. J; Tomy, G.; Palace, V.; Pekarik, C.;  and Smits, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 26(5): 988–97. May 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('martin-mayne-bursian-tomy-palace-pekarik-smits-immunotoxicityofthecommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inranchminkmustelavison-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 in ranch mink (Mustela vison). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/martin-mayne-bursian-tomy-palace-pekarik-smits-immunotoxicityofthecommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inranchminkmustelavison-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('martin-mayne-bursian-tomy-palace-pekarik-smits-immunotoxicityofthecommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inranchminkmustelavison-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{martin_immunotoxicity_2007,\n\ttitle = {Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture {DE}-71 in ranch mink ({Mustela} vison).},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521147},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, organohalogen compounds that are increasing exponentially in the Great Lakes (Canada/USA) biota. The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of a commercial PBDE mixture in ranch mink (Mustela vison). Twenty-week-old mink (n = 10 mink/group) were exposed to 0, 1, 5, or 10 ppm of DE-71 through their diet for eight weeks. The phytohemagglutinin-induced cutaneous reaction, and antibodies specific to keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugated to dinitrophenol were measured. Liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity also was measured. Organs were weighed and spleens were examined histologically. No differences were found in the PHA-induced skin response in exposed mink; mink in the two highest treatments exhibited significant increases in antibody production over control mink. Systemic toxicity was apparent; significant body weight reductions were found in mink exposed to 5 and 10 ppm of DE-71. Exposed mink had significantly larger relative spleen, adrenal, and liver masses than control mink. Spleens of mink exposed to 10 ppm of DE-71 had significantly increased germinal center development and incidence of B-cell hyperplasia. The activity of EROD was induced in all treated mink relative to controls and was positively associated with the liver somatic index. Hematocrit in mink from the two highest exposure groups was significantly lower than control mink. Percentage neutrophils increased and percentage lymphocytes decreased significantly in mink from the higher two dosage groups. Our findings have direct relevance to wild mink in the Great Lakes ecosystem, because mink are top predators of the aquatic food web, providing evidence for the vulnerability of this species to the effects of environmental PBDE mixtures.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Martin, Pamela A and Mayne, Greg J and Bursian, F Steven J and Tomy, Gregg and Palace, Vince and Pekarik, Cynthia and Smits, Judit},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17521147},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, B-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes: drug effects, B-Lymphocytes: immunology, B-Lymphocytes: metabolism, Canada, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: immunology, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Germinal Center, Germinal Center: drug effects, Germinal Center: immunology, Germinal Center: metabolism, Great Lakes Region, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Mink, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: immunology, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: immunology, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: immunology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, United States, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {988--97},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, organohalogen compounds that are increasing exponentially in the Great Lakes (Canada/USA) biota. The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of a commercial PBDE mixture in ranch mink (Mustela vison). Twenty-week-old mink (n = 10 mink/group) were exposed to 0, 1, 5, or 10 ppm of DE-71 through their diet for eight weeks. The phytohemagglutinin-induced cutaneous reaction, and antibodies specific to keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugated to dinitrophenol were measured. Liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity also was measured. Organs were weighed and spleens were examined histologically. No differences were found in the PHA-induced skin response in exposed mink; mink in the two highest treatments exhibited significant increases in antibody production over control mink. Systemic toxicity was apparent; significant body weight reductions were found in mink exposed to 5 and 10 ppm of DE-71. Exposed mink had significantly larger relative spleen, adrenal, and liver masses than control mink. Spleens of mink exposed to 10 ppm of DE-71 had significantly increased germinal center development and incidence of B-cell hyperplasia. The activity of EROD was induced in all treated mink relative to controls and was positively associated with the liver somatic index. Hematocrit in mink from the two highest exposure groups was significantly lower than control mink. Percentage neutrophils increased and percentage lymphocytes decreased significantly in mink from the higher two dosage groups. Our findings have direct relevance to wild mink in the Great Lakes ecosystem, because mink are top predators of the aquatic food web, providing evidence for the vulnerability of this species to the effects of environmental PBDE mixtures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"manzello-gann-kukuck-lenhert-influenceofgypsumboardtypexorconrealfireperformanceofpartitionassemblies-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'manzello-gann-kukuck-lenhert-influenceofgypsumboardtypexorconrealfireperformanceofpartitionassemblies-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf', event);\">\n    Influence of gypsum board type (X or C) on real fire performance of partition assemblies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Manzello, S. L; Gann, R. G; Kukuck, S. R;  and Lenhert, D. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and Materials</i>, 31(7): 425–442.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('manzello-gann-kukuck-lenhert-influenceofgypsumboardtypexorconrealfireperformanceofpartitionassemblies-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Influence of gypsum board type (X or C) on real fire performance of partition assemblies [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/fam\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('manzello-gann-kukuck-lenhert-influenceofgypsumboardtypexorconrealfireperformanceofpartitionassemblies-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/fam', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/manzello-gann-kukuck-lenhert-influenceofgypsumboardtypexorconrealfireperformanceofpartitionassemblies-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('manzello-gann-kukuck-lenhert-influenceofgypsumboardtypexorconrealfireperformanceofpartitionassemblies-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{manzello_influence_2007,\n\ttitle = {Influence of gypsum board type ({X} or {C}) on real fire performance of partition assemblies},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Manzello 2007.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/fam},\n\tabstract = {This paper compares the responses of wall-size partition assemblies, composed of either type X or type C gypsum wallboard panels over steel studs, when each was exposed to an intense room fire. The exposures lasted from the time of ignition to beyond flashover. Heat flux gauges provided time histories of the energy incident on the partitions, while thermocouples provided data on the propagation of heat through the partitions and on the progress toward perforation. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image partition behaviour during the fire exposure. Contraction of the seams of the two types of assemblies occurred under similar thermal conditions on the unexposed surface. However, there were noticeable differences in cracking behaviour. Reduced scale experiments were performed in conjunction with the real- scale fire tests to provide insight into the contraction and cracking behaviour of the different gypsum board types. Results obtained from these experiments are discussed.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\n\tauthor = {Manzello, Samuel L and Gann, Richard G and Kukuck, Scott R and Lenhert, David B},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, compartmentation, fire resistance, heat flux, partitions, wall},\n\tpages = {425--442},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper compares the responses of wall-size partition assemblies, composed of either type X or type C gypsum wallboard panels over steel studs, when each was exposed to an intense room fire. The exposures lasted from the time of ignition to beyond flashover. Heat flux gauges provided time histories of the energy incident on the partitions, while thermocouples provided data on the propagation of heat through the partitions and on the progress toward perforation. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image partition behaviour during the fire exposure. Contraction of the seams of the two types of assemblies occurred under similar thermal conditions on the unexposed surface. However, there were noticeable differences in cracking behaviour. Reduced scale experiments were performed in conjunction with the real- scale fire tests to provide insight into the contraction and cracking behaviour of the different gypsum board types. Results obtained from these experiments are discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"main-kiviranta-virtanen-sundqvist-tuomisto-tuomisto-vartiainen-skakkebaek-etal-flameretardantsinplacentaandbreastmilkandcryptorchidisminnewbornboys-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'main-kiviranta-virtanen-sundqvist-tuomisto-tuomisto-vartiainen-skakkebaek-etal-flameretardantsinplacentaandbreastmilkandcryptorchidisminnewbornboys-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Main, K. M.; Kiviranta, H.; Virtanen, H. E.; Sundqvist, E.; Tuomisto, J. T.; Tuomisto, J.; Vartiainen, T.; Skakkebaek, N. E.;  and Toppari, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 115(10): 1519–26. October 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('main-kiviranta-virtanen-sundqvist-tuomisto-tuomisto-vartiainen-skakkebaek-etal-flameretardantsinplacentaandbreastmilkandcryptorchidisminnewbornboys-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9924\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('main-kiviranta-virtanen-sundqvist-tuomisto-tuomisto-vartiainen-skakkebaek-etal-flameretardantsinplacentaandbreastmilkandcryptorchidisminnewbornboys-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9924', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/main-kiviranta-virtanen-sundqvist-tuomisto-tuomisto-vartiainen-skakkebaek-etal-flameretardantsinplacentaandbreastmilkandcryptorchidisminnewbornboys-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('main-kiviranta-virtanen-sundqvist-tuomisto-tuomisto-vartiainen-skakkebaek-etal-flameretardantsinplacentaandbreastmilkandcryptorchidisminnewbornboys-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{main_flame_2007,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys.},\n\tvolume = {115},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2022640&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.9924},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries. OBJECTIVES: Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent. METHODS: In a prospective Danish-Finnish study, 1997-2001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism. We analyzed whole placentas (for 95 cryptorchid/185 healthy boys) and individual breast milk samples (62/68) for 14 PBDEs and infant serum samples for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B. RESULTS: In 86 placenta-milk pairs, placenta PBDE concentrations in fat were lower than in breast milk, and a larger number of congeners were nondetectable. There was no significant difference between boys with and without cryptorchidism for individual congeners, the sum of 5 most prevalent, or all 14 congeners. The concentration of PBDEs in breast milk was significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism than in controls (sum of BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, and 154: median, 4.16 vs. 3.16 ng/g fat; p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.007). There was a positive correlation between the sum of PBDEs and serum luteinizing hormone (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.033). The sum of PBDEs in breast milk did not differ between Denmark and Finland (median, 3.52 vs. 3.44 ng/g fat), but significant differences in some individual congeners were found. CONCLUSIONS: Two different proxies were used for prenatal PBDE exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. Other environmental factors may contribute to cryptorchidism. Our observations are of concern because human exposure to PBDEs is high in some geographic areas.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Main, Katharina Maria and Kiviranta, Hannu and Virtanen, Helena Eeva and Sundqvist, Erno and Tuomisto, Jouni Tapio and Tuomisto, Jouko and Vartiainen, Terttu and Skakkebaek, Niels Erik and Toppari, Jorma},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17938745},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Case-Control Studies, Cryptorchidism, Cryptorchidism: chemically induced, Cryptorchidism: epidemiology, Denmark, Denmark: epidemiology, Environmental Exposure, Female, Finland, Finland: epidemiology, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Milk, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Placenta, Placenta: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Statistics as Topic, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1519--26},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries. OBJECTIVES: Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent. METHODS: In a prospective Danish-Finnish study, 1997-2001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism. We analyzed whole placentas (for 95 cryptorchid/185 healthy boys) and individual breast milk samples (62/68) for 14 PBDEs and infant serum samples for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B. RESULTS: In 86 placenta-milk pairs, placenta PBDE concentrations in fat were lower than in breast milk, and a larger number of congeners were nondetectable. There was no significant difference between boys with and without cryptorchidism for individual congeners, the sum of 5 most prevalent, or all 14 congeners. The concentration of PBDEs in breast milk was significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism than in controls (sum of BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, and 154: median, 4.16 vs. 3.16 ng/g fat; p \\textless 0.007). There was a positive correlation between the sum of PBDEs and serum luteinizing hormone (p \\textless 0.033). The sum of PBDEs in breast milk did not differ between Denmark and Finland (median, 3.52 vs. 3.44 ng/g fat), but significant differences in some individual congeners were found. CONCLUSIONS: Two different proxies were used for prenatal PBDE exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. Other environmental factors may contribute to cryptorchidism. Our observations are of concern because human exposure to PBDEs is high in some geographic areas.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"luo-cai-wong-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfishandsedimentfromriverpollutedbyelectronicwaste-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'luo-cai-wong-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfishandsedimentfromriverpollutedbyelectronicwaste-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Luo, Q.; Cai, Z. W.;  and Wong, M. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 383(1-3): 115–27. September 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luo-cai-wong-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfishandsedimentfromriverpollutedbyelectronicwaste-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('luo-cai-wong-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfishandsedimentfromriverpollutedbyelectronicwaste-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/luo-cai-wong-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfishandsedimentfromriverpollutedbyelectronicwaste-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('luo-cai-wong-polybrominateddiphenylethersinfishandsedimentfromriverpollutedbyelectronicwaste-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{luo_polybrominated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste.},\n\tvolume = {383},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560632},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.009},\n\tabstract = {The present study investigated contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish samples collected from rivers in Guiyu, China where electronic waste (e-waste) is recycled and disposed. PBDE congeners with mono-to hepta-brominated and deca-brominated substitutions were detected using (13)C(12) isotope dilution GC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods, respectively. The total PBDE concentrations ranged from 4434 to 16088 ng/g (dry weight) in Nanyang River bank sediment, from 55 to 445 ng/g in Nanyang River bottom sediment and 51.3followed by abdomen muscle (1088 ng/g ww) of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) collected from Nanyang River. A significant correlation of concentration of each PBDE congener between sediment and muscle from Guiyu was observed. The present results of total PBDEs in sediment and fish were 10 and 1000 times higher than other studies. Open burning and dumping of e-waste are the major causes of PBDE contamination.; to 365 ng/g in Lianjiang River bottom sediment in Guiyu compared with those from 16.1 to 21.4 ng/g in wastewater discharged from a vehicle repairing workshop in Lo Uk Tsuen in Hong Kong. No PBDE congeners were detected in bottom sediment and fish from Mai Po Marshes in Hong Kong. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs in mixed muscles of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) from Lianjiang River were 115 ng/g wet weight (ww) and from wastewater in Hong Kong were 4.1 ng/g ww. Highest mean PBDE concentration was obtained in liver (2687 ng/g ww)},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Luo, Qian and Cai, Zong Wei and Wong, Ming Hung},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17560632},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Carps, Carps: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: metabolism, China, Electronics, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Industrial Waste, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Muscles, Muscles: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Tilapia, Tilapia: metabolism, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {115--27},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study investigated contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish samples collected from rivers in Guiyu, China where electronic waste (e-waste) is recycled and disposed. PBDE congeners with mono-to hepta-brominated and deca-brominated substitutions were detected using (13)C(12) isotope dilution GC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods, respectively. The total PBDE concentrations ranged from 4434 to 16088 ng/g (dry weight) in Nanyang River bank sediment, from 55 to 445 ng/g in Nanyang River bottom sediment and 51.3followed by abdomen muscle (1088 ng/g ww) of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) collected from Nanyang River. A significant correlation of concentration of each PBDE congener between sediment and muscle from Guiyu was observed. The present results of total PBDEs in sediment and fish were 10 and 1000 times higher than other studies. Open burning and dumping of e-waste are the major causes of PBDE contamination.; to 365 ng/g in Lianjiang River bottom sediment in Guiyu compared with those from 16.1 to 21.4 ng/g in wastewater discharged from a vehicle repairing workshop in Lo Uk Tsuen in Hong Kong. No PBDE congeners were detected in bottom sediment and fish from Mai Po Marshes in Hong Kong. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs in mixed muscles of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) from Lianjiang River were 115 ng/g wet weight (ww) and from wastewater in Hong Kong were 4.1 ng/g ww. Highest mean PBDE concentration was obtained in liver (2687 ng/g ww)\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lundgren-darnerud-molin-lilienthal-blomberg-ilbck-viralinfectionandpbdeexposureinteractoncypgeneexpressionandenzymeactivitiesinthemouseliver-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lundgren-darnerud-molin-lilienthal-blomberg-ilbck-viralinfectionandpbdeexposureinteractoncypgeneexpressionandenzymeactivitiesinthemouseliver-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055', event);\">\n    Viral infection and PBDE exposure interact on CYP gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lundgren, M.; Darnerud, P. O.; Molin, Y.; Lilienthal, H.; Blomberg, J.;  and Ilbäck, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 242(1-3): 100–8. December 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lundgren-darnerud-molin-lilienthal-blomberg-ilbck-viralinfectionandpbdeexposureinteractoncypgeneexpressionandenzymeactivitiesinthemouseliver-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Viral infection and PBDE exposure interact on CYP gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lundgren-darnerud-molin-lilienthal-blomberg-ilbck-viralinfectionandpbdeexposureinteractoncypgeneexpressionandenzymeactivitiesinthemouseliver-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lundgren-darnerud-molin-lilienthal-blomberg-ilbck-viralinfectionandpbdeexposureinteractoncypgeneexpressionandenzymeactivitiesinthemouseliver-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lundgren-darnerud-molin-lilienthal-blomberg-ilbck-viralinfectionandpbdeexposureinteractoncypgeneexpressionandenzymeactivitiesinthemouseliver-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lundgren_viral_2007,\n\ttitle = {Viral infection and {PBDE} exposure interact on {CYP} gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver.},\n\tvolume = {242},\n\tissn = {0300-483X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964055},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.014},\n\tabstract = {In the present study coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) adapted to Balb/c mice was used to examine whether infection affects xenobiotic-metabolising CYP1A1 and CYP2B gene expression (measured by RT-PCR) and the corresponding enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD), as observed on day 3 of infection. To study the simultaneous effects of xenobiotic exposure, mice were administered the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) compounds BDE-99 (single congener) and Bromkal 70-5 DE (commercial mixture). Serum thyroxine levels were also measured. High numbers of CVB3 were found in the livers of infected mice but no significant effects of PBDE on virus replication were observed. In infected mice gene expression and CYP activities were decreased in comparison with non-infected mice, especially for CYP2B. PBDE exposure in the non-infected mice was characterised by an increase in both CYP2B and PROD levels/activities, whereas CYP1A levels increased and EROD activity decreased. In general, PBDE exposure in the infected mice did not increase EROD and PROD activities to the same extent as in the non-infected exposed mice. Infected mice exposed to BDE-99 showed significantly higher CYP2B and PROD levels than both the infected non-exposed and Bromkal-exposed groups. T(4) levels were greatly decreased by infection and a tendency of reduced T(4) levels after PBDE exposure could be observed in non-infected mice. In conclusion, infection reduced the detoxifying capacity of the liver and the serum T(4) levels. PBDE exposure can modify these effects. Notably, in the infected mice differences between BDE-99 and Bromkal were observed on CYP2B gene expression and PROD activity.},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Lundgren, Magnus and Darnerud, Per Ola and Molin, Ylva and Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Blomberg, Jonas and Ilbäck, Nils-Gunnar},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17964055},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Coxsackievirus Infections, Coxsackievirus Infections: enzymology, Coxsackievirus Infections: genetics, Coxsackievirus Infections: virology, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: metabolism, Disease Models, Enterovirus B, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Human, Human: drug effects, Human: pathogenicity, Hydrocarbons, Inbred BALB C, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Liver: virology, Mice, Oxazines, Oxazines: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Time Factors, Virus Replication, Virus Replication: drug effects, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {100--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) adapted to Balb/c mice was used to examine whether infection affects xenobiotic-metabolising CYP1A1 and CYP2B gene expression (measured by RT-PCR) and the corresponding enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD), as observed on day 3 of infection. To study the simultaneous effects of xenobiotic exposure, mice were administered the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) compounds BDE-99 (single congener) and Bromkal 70-5 DE (commercial mixture). Serum thyroxine levels were also measured. High numbers of CVB3 were found in the livers of infected mice but no significant effects of PBDE on virus replication were observed. In infected mice gene expression and CYP activities were decreased in comparison with non-infected mice, especially for CYP2B. PBDE exposure in the non-infected mice was characterised by an increase in both CYP2B and PROD levels/activities, whereas CYP1A levels increased and EROD activity decreased. In general, PBDE exposure in the infected mice did not increase EROD and PROD activities to the same extent as in the non-infected exposed mice. Infected mice exposed to BDE-99 showed significantly higher CYP2B and PROD levels than both the infected non-exposed and Bromkal-exposed groups. T(4) levels were greatly decreased by infection and a tendency of reduced T(4) levels after PBDE exposure could be observed in non-infected mice. In conclusion, infection reduced the detoxifying capacity of the liver and the serum T(4) levels. PBDE exposure can modify these effects. Notably, in the infected mice differences between BDE-99 and Bromkal were observed on CYP2B gene expression and PROD activity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"leung-luksemburg-wong-wong-spatialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinsoilandcombustedresidueatguiyuanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsoutheastchina-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'leung-luksemburg-wong-wong-spatialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinsoilandcombustedresidueatguiyuanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsoutheastchina-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831', event);\">\n    Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Leung, A. O W; Luksemburg, W. J; Wong, A. S;  and Wong, M. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(8): 2730–7. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('leung-luksemburg-wong-wong-spatialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinsoilandcombustedresidueatguiyuanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsoutheastchina-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/leung-luksemburg-wong-wong-spatialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinsoilandcombustedresidueatguiyuanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsoutheastchina-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('leung-luksemburg-wong-wong-spatialdistributionofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransinsoilandcombustedresidueatguiyuanelectronicwasterecyclingsiteinsoutheastchina-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{leung_spatial_2007,\n\ttitle = {Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at {Guiyu}, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast {China}.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533831},\n\tabstract = {Surface soils and combusted residue from a village located in southeast China, which has been intensely involved in the dismantling and &quot;recycling&quot; of computer parts (e-waste) for the past decade, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total PBDE concentrations were highest in combusted residue of plastic chips and cables collected from a residential area (33,000-97,400 ng/g, dry wt), in soils from an acid leaching site (2720-4250 ng/g, dry wt), and a printer roller dump site (593-2890 ng/g, dry wt). BDE-209 was the most dominant congener (35-82\\%) among the study sites indicating the prevalence of commercial Deca-BDE, however signature congeners from commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE were also found. PCDD/F concentrations were also highest in soil from the acid leaching site (12,500-89,800 pg/g, 203-1100 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and in combusted residue (13,500-25,300 pg/g, 84.3-174 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and were comparable to PCDD/F levels of some open dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Of the e-waste activities, acid leaching and open burning emitted the highest concentrations of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs. This study is among the very few studies dealing with the important issue of pollution generated from crude e-waste recycling. Our results showthatthe crude processing of e-waste has become one of the major contributors of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs to the terrestrial environment.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Leung, Anna O W and Luksemburg, William J and Wong, Anthony S and Wong, Ming H},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17533831},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: prevention \\&amp; control, Flame retardants, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: chemistry, Soil: analysis, eol, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {2730--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Surface soils and combusted residue from a village located in southeast China, which has been intensely involved in the dismantling and \"recycling\" of computer parts (e-waste) for the past decade, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total PBDE concentrations were highest in combusted residue of plastic chips and cables collected from a residential area (33,000-97,400 ng/g, dry wt), in soils from an acid leaching site (2720-4250 ng/g, dry wt), and a printer roller dump site (593-2890 ng/g, dry wt). BDE-209 was the most dominant congener (35-82%) among the study sites indicating the prevalence of commercial Deca-BDE, however signature congeners from commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE were also found. PCDD/F concentrations were also highest in soil from the acid leaching site (12,500-89,800 pg/g, 203-1100 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and in combusted residue (13,500-25,300 pg/g, 84.3-174 pg WHO-TEQ/g, dry wt) and were comparable to PCDD/F levels of some open dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Of the e-waste activities, acid leaching and open burning emitted the highest concentrations of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs. This study is among the very few studies dealing with the important issue of pollution generated from crude e-waste recycling. Our results showthatthe crude processing of e-waste has become one of the major contributors of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs to the terrestrial environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lema-schultz-scholz-incardona-swanson-neuraldefectsandcardiacarrhythmiainfishlarvaefollowingembryonicexposureto2244tetrabromodiphenylether47-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lema-schultz-scholz-incardona-swanson-neuraldefectsandcardiacarrhythmiainfishlarvaefollowingembryonicexposureto2244tetrabromodiphenylether47-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433', event);\">\n    Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lema, S. C; Schultz, I. R; Scholz, N. L; Incardona, J. P;  and Swanson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology</i>, 82(4): 296–307. May 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lema-schultz-scholz-incardona-swanson-neuraldefectsandcardiacarrhythmiainfishlarvaefollowingembryonicexposureto2244tetrabromodiphenylether47-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lema-schultz-scholz-incardona-swanson-neuraldefectsandcardiacarrhythmiainfishlarvaefollowingembryonicexposureto2244tetrabromodiphenylether47-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lema-schultz-scholz-incardona-swanson-neuraldefectsandcardiacarrhythmiainfishlarvaefollowingembryonicexposureto2244tetrabromodiphenylether47-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lema-schultz-scholz-incardona-swanson-neuraldefectsandcardiacarrhythmiainfishlarvaefollowingembryonicexposureto2244tetrabromodiphenylether47-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lema_neural_2007,\n\ttitle = {Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether 47.},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {0166-445X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412433},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, and textiles as a flame retardant. While PBDEs play a key role in reducing loss of human life and property from fires, these flame retardants have become pervasive organic contaminants in the environment and in the tissues of fish, birds, marine mammals, and humans. Levels of PBDEs in wildlife and humans continue to rise, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. Nevertheless, there is little currently known about the toxicological effects of PBDE exposure. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity of the PBDE congener 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an ontogenetic model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed continuously to dissolved phase PBDE 47 (100-5000 microg/l) beginning 3-5 h post-fertilization (hpf). Fish treated with the highest concentrations of PBDE 47 delayed hatching, had reduced growth post-hatching, and displayed an abnormal dorsal curvature of the body with flexion at the hindbrain. By 96h post-fertilization larvae exposed to PBDE 47 had significant tachycardia, which progressed into atrioventricular block arrhythmias. Microinjection of fluorescent dye into the hindbrain ventricle revealed that cerebrospinal fluid in the neural tube and brain ventricles flowed more slowly in fish larvae exposed to PBDE 47, a likely etiology for the dorsal curvature. Similar, though much less pronounced, developmental toxicity also occurred in larvae exposed to PBDE 47 only for a 20h period during early embryogenesis (3-23 hpf), suggesting that PBDEs incorporated in lipid of the egg are bioavailable and cause toxicity later in life. Taken together, this work indicates that exposure to PBDE 47 can cause morphological abnormalities, impair cardiovascular function and cerebrospinal fluid flow, and provides a tractable starting point for using the zebrafish model to explore molecular mechanisms of PBDE toxicity.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Lema, Sean C and Schultz, Irvin R and Scholz, Nathaniel L and Incardona, John P and Swanson, Penny},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17412433},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System: drug effects, Central Nervous System: growth \\&amp; development, Central Nervous System: physiopathology, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid: drug effects, Cerebrospinal Fluid: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Heart, Heart: drug effects, Heart: growth \\&amp; development, Heart: physiopathology, Hydrocarbons, Larva, Larva: chemistry, Larva: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Survival Analysis, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \\&amp; development, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {296--307},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, and textiles as a flame retardant. While PBDEs play a key role in reducing loss of human life and property from fires, these flame retardants have become pervasive organic contaminants in the environment and in the tissues of fish, birds, marine mammals, and humans. Levels of PBDEs in wildlife and humans continue to rise, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. Nevertheless, there is little currently known about the toxicological effects of PBDE exposure. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity of the PBDE congener 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an ontogenetic model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed continuously to dissolved phase PBDE 47 (100-5000 microg/l) beginning 3-5 h post-fertilization (hpf). Fish treated with the highest concentrations of PBDE 47 delayed hatching, had reduced growth post-hatching, and displayed an abnormal dorsal curvature of the body with flexion at the hindbrain. By 96h post-fertilization larvae exposed to PBDE 47 had significant tachycardia, which progressed into atrioventricular block arrhythmias. Microinjection of fluorescent dye into the hindbrain ventricle revealed that cerebrospinal fluid in the neural tube and brain ventricles flowed more slowly in fish larvae exposed to PBDE 47, a likely etiology for the dorsal curvature. Similar, though much less pronounced, developmental toxicity also occurred in larvae exposed to PBDE 47 only for a 20h period during early embryogenesis (3-23 hpf), suggesting that PBDEs incorporated in lipid of the egg are bioavailable and cause toxicity later in life. Taken together, this work indicates that exposure to PBDE 47 can cause morphological abnormalities, impair cardiovascular function and cerebrospinal fluid flow, and provides a tractable starting point for using the zebrafish model to explore molecular mechanisms of PBDE toxicity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"laguardia-hale-harvey-evidenceofdebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inbiotafromawastewaterreceivingstream-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'laguardia-hale-harvey-evidenceofdebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inbiotafromawastewaterreceivingstream-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678', event);\">\n    Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  La Guardia, M. J; Hale, R. C;  and Harvey, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(19): 6663–70. October 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laguardia-hale-harvey-evidenceofdebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inbiotafromawastewaterreceivingstream-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/laguardia-hale-harvey-evidenceofdebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inbiotafromawastewaterreceivingstream-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('laguardia-hale-harvey-evidenceofdebrominationofdecabromodiphenyletherbde209inbiotafromawastewaterreceivingstream-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{la_guardia_evidence_2007,\n\ttitle = {Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969678},\n\tabstract = {Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a high production volume flame retardant. To date, regulation and control of its environmental release have been minimal. Once in the environment, BDE-209 may encounter conditions favoring debromination, potentially forming congeners with greater toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and persistence. However, (photolytic and in vivo) debromination has only been demonstrated under laboratory scenarios. To examine whether debromination was likely in the field, PBDE congener profiles were tracked from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota. BDE-209 and 23 additional PBDEs were detected. Sludge congener profiles resembled the commercial penta- and deca- formulations, suggesting minimal -209 debromination during wastewater treatment. Similar profiles were observed in surficial sediments at the outfall and downstream. However, sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and crayfish (Cambarus puncticambarus sp. c) collected near the outfall contained tri- through deca-PBDEs, including congeners not detected in the commercial deca-mixture, sludges or sediments (BDE-179, -184, -188, -201, and -202). A previous in vivo laboratory study identified these as -209 debromination products. This supports the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions. Hence assessments that assume no BDE-209 debromination may underestimate associated bioaccumulation and toxicity attributable to the less brominated congeners produced.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {La Guardia, Mark J and Hale, Robert C and Harvey, Ellen},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17969678},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Astacoidea, Astacoidea: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Bromine: metabolism, Chemical, Chemical: chemistry, Chemical: metabolism, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Fluid, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Rivers, Rivers: chemistry, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, env, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {6663--70},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a high production volume flame retardant. To date, regulation and control of its environmental release have been minimal. Once in the environment, BDE-209 may encounter conditions favoring debromination, potentially forming congeners with greater toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and persistence. However, (photolytic and in vivo) debromination has only been demonstrated under laboratory scenarios. To examine whether debromination was likely in the field, PBDE congener profiles were tracked from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota. BDE-209 and 23 additional PBDEs were detected. Sludge congener profiles resembled the commercial penta- and deca- formulations, suggesting minimal -209 debromination during wastewater treatment. Similar profiles were observed in surficial sediments at the outfall and downstream. However, sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and crayfish (Cambarus puncticambarus sp. c) collected near the outfall contained tri- through deca-PBDEs, including congeners not detected in the commercial deca-mixture, sludges or sediments (BDE-179, -184, -188, -201, and -202). A previous in vivo laboratory study identified these as -209 debromination products. This supports the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions. Hence assessments that assume no BDE-209 debromination may underestimate associated bioaccumulation and toxicity attributable to the less brominated congeners produced.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuriyama-wanner-fidalgoneto-talsness-koerner-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99tissuedistributionandthyroidhormonelevels-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuriyama-wanner-fidalgoneto-talsness-koerner-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99tissuedistributionandthyroidhormonelevels-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054', event);\">\n    Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuriyama, S. N.; Wanner, A.; Fidalgo-Neto, A. A.; Talsness, C. E; Koerner, W.;  and Chahoud, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 242(1-3): 80–90. December 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuriyama-wanner-fidalgoneto-talsness-koerner-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99tissuedistributionandthyroidhormonelevels-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuriyama-wanner-fidalgoneto-talsness-koerner-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99tissuedistributionandthyroidhormonelevels-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuriyama-wanner-fidalgoneto-talsness-koerner-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99tissuedistributionandthyroidhormonelevels-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuriyama-wanner-fidalgoneto-talsness-koerner-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99tissuedistributionandthyroidhormonelevels-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuriyama_developmental_2007,\n\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to low-dose {PBDE}-99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels.},\n\tvolume = {242},\n\tissn = {0300-483X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964054},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011},\n\tabstract = {Thyroid hormone concentrations, hepatic enzyme activities and tissue concentrations of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) were evaluated in Wistar rats (dams and offspring) after treatment by gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 with a single low dose of either 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw), respectively. Tissue concentration analysis confirmed that PBDE-99 is persistent in rodents as significant amounts of the parent compound were detected in adipose tissue 37 days after exposure. The dose of 300 microg PBDE-99/kg bw reduced thyroxin (T4) concentration in dams at the beginning of lactation (post-gestational day [PGD] 1), and caused a slight reduction in T4 on PGD 22, although not statistically significant. In offspring, reduced T4 was observed only at PND 22, probably due to cumulative effects of PBDE-99 during lactation. PBDEs have been shown to reduce T4 concentrations in several studies, but this is the first study demonstrating endocrine disruption at low doses. The adipose tissue concentration of PBDE-99 measured in this study was close to those reported for PBDE-99 in non-occupationally exposed humans. In addition, we have previously reported permanent changes in the reproductive systems and locomotor activity of male and female offspring using these same dosages.},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Kuriyama, Sergio Noboru and Wanner, Antonia and Fidalgo-Neto, Antonio Augusto and Talsness, Chris E and Koerner, Wolfgang and Chahoud, Ibrahim},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17964054},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: metabolism, Animals, Body Burden, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Down-Regulation, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: administration \\&amp; dosage, Endocrine Disruptors: pharmacokinetics, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gestational Age, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosage, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Risk Assessment, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, Tissue Distribution, Wistar, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {80--90},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Thyroid hormone concentrations, hepatic enzyme activities and tissue concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) were evaluated in Wistar rats (dams and offspring) after treatment by gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 with a single low dose of either 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw), respectively. Tissue concentration analysis confirmed that PBDE-99 is persistent in rodents as significant amounts of the parent compound were detected in adipose tissue 37 days after exposure. The dose of 300 microg PBDE-99/kg bw reduced thyroxin (T4) concentration in dams at the beginning of lactation (post-gestational day [PGD] 1), and caused a slight reduction in T4 on PGD 22, although not statistically significant. In offspring, reduced T4 was observed only at PND 22, probably due to cumulative effects of PBDE-99 during lactation. PBDEs have been shown to reduce T4 concentrations in several studies, but this is the first study demonstrating endocrine disruption at low doses. The adipose tissue concentration of PBDE-99 measured in this study was close to those reported for PBDE-99 in non-occupationally exposed humans. In addition, we have previously reported permanent changes in the reproductive systems and locomotor activity of male and female offspring using these same dosages.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuiper-vandenbrandhof-leonards-vanderven-wester-vos-toxicityoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainzebrafishdaniorerioinapartiallifecycletest-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuiper-vandenbrandhof-leonards-vanderven-wester-vos-toxicityoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainzebrafishdaniorerioinapartiallifecycletest-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895', event);\">\n    Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuiper, R V; van Den Brandhof, E J; Leonards, P E G; van Der Ven, L T M; Wester, P W;  and Vos, J G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of toxicology</i>, 81(1): 1–9. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuiper-vandenbrandhof-leonards-vanderven-wester-vos-toxicityoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainzebrafishdaniorerioinapartiallifecycletest-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-006-0117-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuiper-vandenbrandhof-leonards-vanderven-wester-vos-toxicityoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainzebrafishdaniorerioinapartiallifecycletest-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-006-0117-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuiper-vandenbrandhof-leonards-vanderven-wester-vos-toxicityoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainzebrafishdaniorerioinapartiallifecycletest-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuiper-vandenbrandhof-leonards-vanderven-wester-vos-toxicityoftetrabromobisphenolatbbpainzebrafishdaniorerioinapartiallifecycletest-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuiper_toxicity_2007,\n\ttitle = {Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}) in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio) in a partial life-cycle test.},\n\tvolume = {81},\n\tissn = {0340-5761},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738895},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-006-0117-x},\n\tabstract = {Toxicological effects of the widely used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were assessed in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of adult fish during 30 days to water-borne TBBPA in nominal concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1.5 microM was followed by exposure of the offspring in early life stages up to 47 days posthatching (dph) to the same concentrations. Adults exposed to 3 and 6 microM showed severe disorientation and lethargy shortly after beginning of exposure and were euthanized. Because semistatic exposure resulted in fluctuating water concentrations, pooled fish samples were chemically analyzed for internal dose assessment. Egg production was decreased in fish exposed to TBBPA concentrations of 0.047 microM and higher, and a critical effect level of 7.2 microg/g lipid with a lower 5\\% confidence limit of 3.9 microg/g lipid for 50\\% decreased egg production was calculated. Histology of adult ovaries indicated a relative increase of premature oocytes in two surviving females exposed to 1.5 microM. Hatching of TBBPA-exposed larvae was decreased except in animals exposed to 0.375 microM. In the highest exposure concentration, early posthatching mortality was high (81\\%) in larvae and the surviving juveniles showed a significant predominance of the female phenotype. Exposure of eggs from control parents up to 6 microM TBBPA resulted in increasing malformation and pericardial fluid accumulation from 1.5 microM; at higher concentrations, all embryos failed to hatch. The presented results indicate decreased reproductive success in zebrafish at environmentally relevant TBBPA concentrations.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Kuiper, R V and van Den Brandhof, E J and Leonards, P E G and van Der Ven, L T M and Wester, P W and Vos, J G},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {16738895},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Life Cycle Stages, Life Cycle Stages: drug effects, Male, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Nonmammalian: embryology, Nonmammalian: metabolism, Ovary, Ovary: drug effects, Ovary: metabolism, Ovary: pathology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Respiration, Respiration: drug effects, Swimming, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Time Factors, Vitellogenesis, Vitellogenesis: drug effects, Water Pollutants, Zebrafish, Zebrafish: embryology, Zebrafish: growth \\&amp; development, Zebrafish: metabolism, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Toxicological effects of the widely used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were assessed in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of adult fish during 30 days to water-borne TBBPA in nominal concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1.5 microM was followed by exposure of the offspring in early life stages up to 47 days posthatching (dph) to the same concentrations. Adults exposed to 3 and 6 microM showed severe disorientation and lethargy shortly after beginning of exposure and were euthanized. Because semistatic exposure resulted in fluctuating water concentrations, pooled fish samples were chemically analyzed for internal dose assessment. Egg production was decreased in fish exposed to TBBPA concentrations of 0.047 microM and higher, and a critical effect level of 7.2 microg/g lipid with a lower 5% confidence limit of 3.9 microg/g lipid for 50% decreased egg production was calculated. Histology of adult ovaries indicated a relative increase of premature oocytes in two surviving females exposed to 1.5 microM. Hatching of TBBPA-exposed larvae was decreased except in animals exposed to 0.375 microM. In the highest exposure concentration, early posthatching mortality was high (81%) in larvae and the surviving juveniles showed a significant predominance of the female phenotype. Exposure of eggs from control parents up to 6 microM TBBPA resulted in increasing malformation and pericardial fluid accumulation from 1.5 microM; at higher concentrations, all embryos failed to hatch. The presented results indicate decreased reproductive success in zebrafish at environmentally relevant TBBPA concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuester-slyom-rodriguez-sipes-theeffectsofdoserouteandrepeateddosingonthedispositionandkineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainmalef344rats-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuester-slyom-rodriguez-sipes-theeffectsofdoserouteandrepeateddosingonthedispositionandkineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainmalef344rats-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645', event);\">\n    The effects of dose, route, and repeated dosing on the disposition and kinetics of tetrabromobisphenol A in male F-344 rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuester, R. K; Sólyom, A. M; Rodriguez, V. P;  and Sipes, I G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 96(2): 237–45. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuester-slyom-rodriguez-sipes-theeffectsofdoserouteandrepeateddosingonthedispositionandkineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainmalef344rats-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The effects of dose, route, and repeated dosing on the disposition and kinetics of tetrabromobisphenol A in male F-344 rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuester-slyom-rodriguez-sipes-theeffectsofdoserouteandrepeateddosingonthedispositionandkineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainmalef344rats-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuester-slyom-rodriguez-sipes-theeffectsofdoserouteandrepeateddosingonthedispositionandkineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainmalef344rats-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuester-slyom-rodriguez-sipes-theeffectsofdoserouteandrepeateddosingonthedispositionandkineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainmalef344rats-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuester_effects_2007,\n\ttitle = {The effects of dose, route, and repeated dosing on the disposition and kinetics of tetrabromobisphenol {A} in male {F}-344 rats.},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234645},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm006},\n\tabstract = {Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolic and dispositional fate of (14)C-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)-a commonly used brominated flame retardant, in male Fischer-344 rats. The percent of dose eliminated as total radioactivity in feces at 72 h following three different single oral doses (2, 20, or 200 mg/kg) of (14)C-TBBPA was 90\\% or greater for all doses. Most of the dose was eliminated in the first 24 h. At 72 h after administration of the highest dose, the amounts of (14)C found in the tissues were minimal (0.2-0.9\\%). With repeated daily oral doses (20 mg/kg) for 5 or 10 days, the cumulative percent dose eliminated in the feces was 85.1+/-2.8 and 97.9+/-1.1, respectively. In all studies radioactivity recovered in urine was minimal, {\\textbackslash}textless2\\%. Repeated dosing did not lead to retention in tissues. Following iv administration, feces was also the major route of elimination. Following iv administration of TBBPA, the radiolabel found in the blood decreased rapidly and could be described by a biexponential equation, consistent with a two-compartment model. The key calculated kinetic parameters are terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta)=82 min; area under the blood concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC)=1440 mug x min/ml; and apparent clearance (CL)=2.44 ml/min. Although readily absorbed from the gut, systemic bioavailability of TBBPA is low ({\\textbackslash}textless2\\%). It is extensively extracted and metabolized by the liver and the metabolites (glucuronides) exported into the bile. About 50\\% of an oral dose (20 mg/kg) was found in the bile within 2 h. This extensive extraction and metabolism by the liver greatly limits exposure of internal tissues to TBBPA following oral exposures.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Kuester, Robert K and Sólyom, Aniko M and Rodriguez, Veronica P and Sipes, I Glenn},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17234645},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Bile, Bile: metabolism, Biological Availability, Carbon Radioisotopes, Chromatography, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Feces, Feces: chemistry, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gastrointestinal, Half-Life, High Pressure Liquid, High Pressure Liquid: methods, Inbred F344, Injections, Intestinal Absorption, Intravenous, Intubation, Kinetics, Male, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Rats, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry: methods, Time Factors, Tissue Distribution, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {237--45},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolic and dispositional fate of (14)C-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)-a commonly used brominated flame retardant, in male Fischer-344 rats. The percent of dose eliminated as total radioactivity in feces at 72 h following three different single oral doses (2, 20, or 200 mg/kg) of (14)C-TBBPA was 90% or greater for all doses. Most of the dose was eliminated in the first 24 h. At 72 h after administration of the highest dose, the amounts of (14)C found in the tissues were minimal (0.2-0.9%). With repeated daily oral doses (20 mg/kg) for 5 or 10 days, the cumulative percent dose eliminated in the feces was 85.1+/-2.8 and 97.9+/-1.1, respectively. In all studies radioactivity recovered in urine was minimal, \\textless2%. Repeated dosing did not lead to retention in tissues. Following iv administration, feces was also the major route of elimination. Following iv administration of TBBPA, the radiolabel found in the blood decreased rapidly and could be described by a biexponential equation, consistent with a two-compartment model. The key calculated kinetic parameters are terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta)=82 min; area under the blood concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC)=1440 mug x min/ml; and apparent clearance (CL)=2.44 ml/min. Although readily absorbed from the gut, systemic bioavailability of TBBPA is low (\\textless2%). It is extensively extracted and metabolized by the liver and the metabolites (glucuronides) exported into the bile. About 50% of an oral dose (20 mg/kg) was found in the bile within 2 h. This extensive extraction and metabolism by the liver greatly limits exposure of internal tissues to TBBPA following oral exposures.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"krahn-hanson-baird-boyer-burrows-emmons-ford-jones-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsandstableisotopesinbiopsysamples20042006fromsouthernresidentkillerwhales-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'krahn-hanson-baird-boyer-burrows-emmons-ford-jones-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsandstableisotopesinbiopsysamples20042006fromsouthernresidentkillerwhales-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664', event);\">\n    Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from Southern Resident killer whales.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Krahn, M. M; Hanson, M B.; Baird, R. W; Boyer, R. H; Burrows, D. G; Emmons, C. K; Ford, J. K B; Jones, L. L; Noren, D. P; Ross, P. S; Schorr, G. S;  and Collier, T. K\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 54(12): 1903–11. December 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krahn-hanson-baird-boyer-burrows-emmons-ford-jones-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsandstableisotopesinbiopsysamples20042006fromsouthernresidentkillerwhales-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from Southern Resident killer whales. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('krahn-hanson-baird-boyer-burrows-emmons-ford-jones-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsandstableisotopesinbiopsysamples20042006fromsouthernresidentkillerwhales-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/krahn-hanson-baird-boyer-burrows-emmons-ford-jones-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsandstableisotopesinbiopsysamples20042006fromsouthernresidentkillerwhales-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('krahn-hanson-baird-boyer-burrows-emmons-ford-jones-etal-persistentorganicpollutantsandstableisotopesinbiopsysamples20042006fromsouthernresidentkillerwhales-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{krahn_persistent_2007,\n\ttitle = {Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from {Southern} {Resident} killer whales.},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {0025-326X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931664},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.015},\n\tabstract = {&quot;Southern Resident&quot; killer whales include three &quot;pods&quot; (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as &quot;endangered&quot; in the US and Canada following a 20\\% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential factors (i.e., levels of pollutants or changes in diet) that could adversely affect Southern Residents. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicated J- and L-pod consumed prey from similar trophic levels in 2004/2006 and also showed no evidence for a large shift in the trophic level of prey consumed by L-pod between 1996 and 2004/2006. Sigma PCBs decreased for Southern Residents biopsied in 2004/2006 compared to 1993-1995. Surprisingly, however, a three-year-old male whale (J39) had the highest concentrations of Sigma PBDEs, Sigma HCHs and HCB. POP ratio differences between J- and L-pod suggested that they occupy different ranges in winter.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Krahn, Margaret M and Hanson, M Bradley and Baird, Robin W and Boyer, Richard H and Burrows, Douglas G and Emmons, Candice K and Ford, John K B and Jones, Linda L and Noren, Dawn P and Ross, Peter S and Schorr, Gregory S and Collier, Tracy K},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17931664},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Biopsy, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Female, Flame retardants, Killer, Killer: physiology, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Needle, Needle: veterinary, Nitrogen Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes: analysis, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Water Pollutants, Whale, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {1903--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  \"Southern Resident\" killer whales include three \"pods\" (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as \"endangered\" in the US and Canada following a 20% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential factors (i.e., levels of pollutants or changes in diet) that could adversely affect Southern Residents. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicated J- and L-pod consumed prey from similar trophic levels in 2004/2006 and also showed no evidence for a large shift in the trophic level of prey consumed by L-pod between 1996 and 2004/2006. Sigma PCBs decreased for Southern Residents biopsied in 2004/2006 compared to 1993-1995. Surprisingly, however, a three-year-old male whale (J39) had the highest concentrations of Sigma PBDEs, Sigma HCHs and HCB. POP ratio differences between J- and L-pod suggested that they occupy different ranges in winter.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kannan-perrotta-thomas-aldous-acomparativeanalysisofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinsouthernseaottersthatdiedofinfectiousdiseasesandnoninfectiouscauses-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kannan-perrotta-thomas-aldous-acomparativeanalysisofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinsouthernseaottersthatdiedofinfectiousdiseasesandnoninfectiouscauses-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145', event);\">\n    A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in Southern sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kannan, K.; Perrotta, E.; Thomas, N. J;  and Aldous, K. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 53(2): 293–302. August 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kannan-perrotta-thomas-aldous-acomparativeanalysisofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinsouthernseaottersthatdiedofinfectiousdiseasesandnoninfectiouscauses-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in Southern sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-006-0251-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kannan-perrotta-thomas-aldous-acomparativeanalysisofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinsouthernseaottersthatdiedofinfectiousdiseasesandnoninfectiouscauses-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-006-0251-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kannan-perrotta-thomas-aldous-acomparativeanalysisofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinsouthernseaottersthatdiedofinfectiousdiseasesandnoninfectiouscauses-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kannan-perrotta-thomas-aldous-acomparativeanalysisofpolybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinsouthernseaottersthatdiedofinfectiousdiseasesandnoninfectiouscauses-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kannan_comparative_2007,\n\ttitle = {A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in {Southern} sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes.},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {0090-4341},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587145},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-006-0251-8},\n\tabstract = {Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the California coast continue to exhibit a slower population regrowth rate than the population in Alaska. Infectious diseases have been identified as a frequent cause of death. Infectious diseases caused by varied pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites were suggestive of compromised immunological health of mature animals in this population. To test the hypothesis that elevated exposure to immunotoxic contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to disease susceptibility via immunosuppression, we determined concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in livers of 80 adult female sea otters that died of infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, or emaciation. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in sea otter livers varied widely (10-26,800 ng/g and 81-210,000 ng/g, lipid weight, respectively). Concentrations of PBDEs in sea otters were some of the highest values reported for marine mammals so far. Although PCB concentrations in sea otters have declined during 1992-2002, the mean concentration was at the threshold at which adverse health effects are elicited. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were significantly correlated, suggesting co-exposure of these contaminants in sea otters. No significant association was found between the concentrations of PBDEs and the health status of sea otters. Concentrations of PCBs were significantly higher in otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category, suggesting an association between elevated PCB concentrations and infectious diseases in Southern sea otters.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Perrotta, Emily and Thomas, Nancy J and Aldous, Kenneth M},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17587145},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cause of Death, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases: metabolism, Communicable Diseases: mortality, Communicable Diseases: veterinary, Emaciation, Emaciation: metabolism, Emaciation: mortality, Emaciation: veterinary, Female, Flame retardants, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Otters, Otters: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {293--302},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the California coast continue to exhibit a slower population regrowth rate than the population in Alaska. Infectious diseases have been identified as a frequent cause of death. Infectious diseases caused by varied pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites were suggestive of compromised immunological health of mature animals in this population. To test the hypothesis that elevated exposure to immunotoxic contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to disease susceptibility via immunosuppression, we determined concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in livers of 80 adult female sea otters that died of infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, or emaciation. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in sea otter livers varied widely (10-26,800 ng/g and 81-210,000 ng/g, lipid weight, respectively). Concentrations of PBDEs in sea otters were some of the highest values reported for marine mammals so far. Although PCB concentrations in sea otters have declined during 1992-2002, the mean concentration was at the threshold at which adverse health effects are elicited. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were significantly correlated, suggesting co-exposure of these contaminants in sea otters. No significant association was found between the concentrations of PBDEs and the health status of sea otters. Concentrations of PCBs were significantly higher in otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category, suggesting an association between elevated PCB concentrations and infectious diseases in Southern sea otters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103', event);\">\n    Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karlsson, M.; Julander, A.; van Bavel, B.;  and Hardell, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 33(1): 62–69.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karlsson_levels_2007,\n\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103},\n\tabstract = {Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable ({\\textbackslash}textless0.41 ng g−1 l.w.) to 17 ng g−1 (l.w.). BDE\\#28 and \\#47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m−3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE\\#47 concentration was below the limit of detection ({\\textbackslash}textless0.17 ng m−3). BDE\\#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m−3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE\\#209 level was below LOD ({\\textbackslash}textless0.021 ng m−3), at a level of 0.023 ng m−3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g−1, the highest concentration representing BDE\\#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE\\#47, \\#99 and \\#209. In the plasma samples BDE\\#207 and \\#206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE\\#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Karlsson, M. and Julander, A. and van Bavel, B. and Hardell, L.},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, Flame retardants, Plasma, pbde},\n\tpages = {62--69},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable (\\textless0.41 ng g−1 l.w.) to 17 ng g−1 (l.w.). BDE#28 and #47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m−3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE#47 concentration was below the limit of detection (\\textless0.17 ng m−3). BDE#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m−3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE#209 level was below LOD (\\textless0.021 ng m−3), at a level of 0.023 ng m−3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g−1, the highest concentration representing BDE#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE#47, #99 and #209. In the plasma samples BDE#207 and #206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnsonrestrepo-addink-wong-arcaro-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandorganochlorinepesticidesinhumanbreastmilkfrommassachusettsusa-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnsonrestrepo-addink-wong-arcaro-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandorganochlorinepesticidesinhumanbreastmilkfrommassachusettsusa-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts, USA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson-Restrepo, B.; Addink, R.; Wong, C.; Arcaro, K.;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM</i>, 9(11): 1205–12. November 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-addink-wong-arcaro-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandorganochlorinepesticidesinhumanbreastmilkfrommassachusettsusa-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts, USA. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/b711409p\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-addink-wong-arcaro-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandorganochlorinepesticidesinhumanbreastmilkfrommassachusettsusa-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/b711409p', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnsonrestrepo-addink-wong-arcaro-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandorganochlorinepesticidesinhumanbreastmilkfrommassachusettsusa-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnsonrestrepo-addink-wong-arcaro-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandorganochlorinepesticidesinhumanbreastmilkfrommassachusettsusa-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from {Massachusetts}, {USA}.},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1464-0325},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968447},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/b711409p},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB) were measured in human breast milk samples collected across Massachusetts, USA, in 2004. Seventeen PBDE congeners were found in the samples, ranging in concentration from 0.06 to 1910 ng g(-1) lipid wt. BDE-47 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetraBDE), BDE-99 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentaBDE), and BDE-100 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-pentaBDE) were the major congeners detected in breast milk samples. Overall mean (+/-SD) concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB were 64.5 +/- 75, 18.9 +/- 19, 32.4 +/- 36, and 2.3 +/- 2.2 ng g(-1) lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of PBDEs were strongly correlated with concentrations of OCPs in the samples. Based on the concentrations of organohalogens and the intake rates of breast milk by infants in the United States, daily ingestion rates of contaminants were calculated. The median ingestion rates for PBDEs, HCHs, DDTs, CHLs, and HCB were 4.0, 212, 141, 44, and 5.79 ng kg(-1) body wt day(-1), respectively. The estimated daily intake of organohalogens by infants was compared with threshold reference values suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), for calculation of hazard quotients (HQs). HQs for individual organohalogens and the sum of HQ for all organohalogens were calculated as HQ indices (HQI). The results suggest that one or more of the contaminants analyzed in this study exceeded the threshold reference values in at least 26\\% of the breast milk samples.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM},\n\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Addink, Rudolf and Wong, Chung and Arcaro, Kathleen and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17968447},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Infant, Middle Aged, Milk, Newborn, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1205--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB) were measured in human breast milk samples collected across Massachusetts, USA, in 2004. Seventeen PBDE congeners were found in the samples, ranging in concentration from 0.06 to 1910 ng g(-1) lipid wt. BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE), BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE), and BDE-100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE) were the major congeners detected in breast milk samples. Overall mean (+/-SD) concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB were 64.5 +/- 75, 18.9 +/- 19, 32.4 +/- 36, and 2.3 +/- 2.2 ng g(-1) lipid wt, respectively. Concentrations of PBDEs were strongly correlated with concentrations of OCPs in the samples. Based on the concentrations of organohalogens and the intake rates of breast milk by infants in the United States, daily ingestion rates of contaminants were calculated. The median ingestion rates for PBDEs, HCHs, DDTs, CHLs, and HCB were 4.0, 212, 141, 44, and 5.79 ng kg(-1) body wt day(-1), respectively. The estimated daily intake of organohalogens by infants was compared with threshold reference values suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), for calculation of hazard quotients (HQs). HQs for individual organohalogens and the sum of HQ for all organohalogens were calculated as HQ indices (HQI). The results suggest that one or more of the contaminants analyzed in this study exceeded the threshold reference values in at least 26% of the breast milk samples.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hoppe-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersasendocrinedisruptorsofadipocytemetabolism-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hoppe-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersasendocrinedisruptorsofadipocytemetabolism-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hoppe, A. A;  and Carey, G. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Obesity</i>, 15(12): 2942–50. December 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoppe-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersasendocrinedisruptorsofadipocytemetabolism-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.351\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoppe-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersasendocrinedisruptorsofadipocytemetabolism-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.351', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hoppe-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersasendocrinedisruptorsofadipocytemetabolism-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hoppe-carey-polybrominateddiphenylethersasendocrinedisruptorsofadipocytemetabolism-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hoppe_polybrominated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism.},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1930-7381},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198302},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/oby.2007.351},\n\tabstract = {Obesity is thought to result from poor diet and insufficient exercise. An additional factor may be endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals that contaminate the air, water, and food supply. We tested the hypothesis that a class of lipid-soluble flame retardant chemicals known to accumulate in adipose tissue, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), disrupts insulin and isoproterenol sensitivity of isolated rat adipocytes.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Obesity},\n\tauthor = {Hoppe, Andrea A and Carey, Gale B},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {18198302},\n\tkeywords = {Adipocytes, Adipocytes: drug effects, Adipocytes: metabolism, Adipocytes: pathology, Adrenergic beta-Agonists, Adrenergic beta-Agonists: pharmacology, Animals, Cell Size, Cell Size: drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glucose, Glucose: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hypoglycemic Agents, Hypoglycemic Agents: pharmacology, Insulin, Insulin: pharmacology, Isoproterenol, Isoproterenol: pharmacology, Lipolysis, Lipolysis: drug effects, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {2942--50},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Obesity is thought to result from poor diet and insufficient exercise. An additional factor may be endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals that contaminate the air, water, and food supply. We tested the hypothesis that a class of lipid-soluble flame retardant chemicals known to accumulate in adipose tissue, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), disrupts insulin and isoproterenol sensitivity of isolated rat adipocytes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hirschler-piansay-surveyofsmallscaleflamespreadtestresultsofmodernfabrics-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hirschler-piansay-surveyofsmallscaleflamespreadtestresultsofmodernfabrics-2007', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943', event);\">\n    Survey of small-scale flame spread test results of modern fabrics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hirschler, M. M.;  and Piansay, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and Materials</i>, 31(6): 373–386. October 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirschler-piansay-surveyofsmallscaleflamespreadtestresultsofmodernfabrics-2007', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Survey of small-scale flame spread test results of modern fabrics. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/fam.943\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirschler-piansay-surveyofsmallscaleflamespreadtestresultsofmodernfabrics-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/fam.943', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hirschler-piansay-surveyofsmallscaleflamespreadtestresultsofmodernfabrics-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hirschler-piansay-surveyofsmallscaleflamespreadtestresultsofmodernfabrics-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hirschler_survey_2007,\n\ttitle = {Survey of small-scale flame spread test results of modern fabrics.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {03080501},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.943},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/fam.943},\n\tabstract = {The flammability of apparel worn on a person has one of the highest ratios of fire fatalities per fire, and there are few statutory requirements. A series of evaluations was conducted on the flammability of 50 fabrics (both cellulosic and thermoplastic) using the (now withdrawn) NFPA 701 small-scale test. The fabrics covered a broad range of areal densities (weights) and many were not intended for apparel. A series of conclusions were reached. In particular, it is apparent that the following primary correlation exists between fabric weight and flammability: the heavier the fabric the better it behaves in a fire. Secondarily, however, the type of fabric also strongly affects this conclusion. This paper presents the results of the testing and offers an analysis.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\n\tauthor = {Hirschler, Marcelo M. and Piansay, Timothy},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n\tpages = {373--386},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The flammability of apparel worn on a person has one of the highest ratios of fire fatalities per fire, and there are few statutory requirements. A series of evaluations was conducted on the flammability of 50 fabrics (both cellulosic and thermoplastic) using the (now withdrawn) NFPA 701 small-scale test. The fabrics covered a broad range of areal densities (weights) and many were not intended for apparel. A series of conclusions were reached. In particular, it is apparent that the following primary correlation exists between fabric weight and flammability: the heavier the fabric the better it behaves in a fire. Secondarily, however, the type of fabric also strongly affects this conclusion. This paper presents the results of the testing and offers an analysis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsinrecycledplasticproducts-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsinrecycledplasticproducts-2007', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in recycled plastic products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hirai, Y;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>4th International Symposium on Brominated Flame Retardants</i>, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,  2007. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsinrecycledplasticproducts-2007', 'http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in recycled plastic products. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsinrecycledplasticproducts-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hirai-sakai-brominatedflameretardantsinrecycledplasticproducts-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{hirai_brominated_2007,\n\taddress = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in recycled plastic products.},\n\turl = {http://www.bfr2010.com/abstract-download/2007/P103.pdf},\n\tabstract = {The demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have decreased in the past few years. For example domestic demand for decabromodiphenylether (DeBDEther) in Japan has decreased from 10,000 ton in 1990 to 2,200 ton in 2003. From the viewpoint of the lifecycle risk management of PBDE products (Sakai et al. 2005), the use and disposal/recycling stage become relatively more important than the production stage. As to the disposal/recycling stage of PBDE products, Miyanaga and Motegi 2004 suggested that waste TV casings were recycled as raw materials for video cassette tape. They performed an elemental analysis on four video cassette tapes and detected bromine in two samples and antimony in one samples. However the types of brominated flame retardants were not determined in their study. In this study, we measured the concentrations of brominated flame retardants in plastic parts from video cassette tapes to examine the possibility of material recycling of PBDE products.},\n\tbooktitle = {4th {International} {Symposium} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants}},\n\tauthor = {Hirai, Y and Sakai, S-I},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have decreased in the past few years. For example domestic demand for decabromodiphenylether (DeBDEther) in Japan has decreased from 10,000 ton in 1990 to 2,200 ton in 2003. From the viewpoint of the lifecycle risk management of PBDE products (Sakai et al. 2005), the use and disposal/recycling stage become relatively more important than the production stage. As to the disposal/recycling stage of PBDE products, Miyanaga and Motegi 2004 suggested that waste TV casings were recycled as raw materials for video cassette tape. They performed an elemental analysis on four video cassette tapes and detected bromine in two samples and antimony in one samples. However the types of brominated flame retardants were not determined in their study. In this study, we measured the concentrations of brominated flame retardants in plastic parts from video cassette tapes to examine the possibility of material recycling of PBDE products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2007', 'http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf', event);\">\n    The smoking-material fire problem.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2007', 'http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The smoking-material fire problem [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hall-thesmokingmaterialfireproblem-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{hall_smoking-material_2007,\n\taddress = {Quincy, MA},\n\ttitle = {The smoking-material fire problem},\n\turl = {http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/OS.SmokingMaterials.pdf},\n\tabstract = {In 2005, there were an estimated 82,400 smoking-material fires in the U.S., up from 69,500 in 2004. These fires resulted in an estimated 800 civilian deaths, 1,660 civilian injuries and \\$575 million in direct property damage. Mattresses, bedding, and upholstered furniture are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-materials is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. More fatal smoking-material fires start in living rooms, family rooms, and dens than in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and nearly half of U.S. states, including the three most populous – California, Texas, and New York – have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04.},\n\tinstitution = {National Fire Protection Association},\n\tauthor = {Hall, JR},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In 2005, there were an estimated 82,400 smoking-material fires in the U.S., up from 69,500 in 2004. These fires resulted in an estimated 800 civilian deaths, 1,660 civilian injuries and $575 million in direct property damage. Mattresses, bedding, and upholstered furniture are the first items ignited for most home structure fatal fires started by smoking materials. One out of four fatal victims of smoking-materials is not the smoker whose cigarette started the fire. More fatal smoking-material fires start in living rooms, family rooms, and dens than in bedrooms. In recent years, Canada and nearly half of U.S. states, including the three most populous – California, Texas, and New York – have passed legislation requiring that all cigarettes sold be “fire safe,” that is, have sharply reduced ignition strength (ability to start fires), as determined by ASTM Standard E2187-04.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hall-thomas-polychlorinatedbiphenylsddtpolybrominateddiphenylethersandorganicpesticidesinunitedkingdomharborsealsphocavitulinamixedexposuresandthyroidhomeostasis-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hall-thomas-polychlorinatedbiphenylsddtpolybrominateddiphenylethersandorganicpesticidesinunitedkingdomharborsealsphocavitulinamixedexposuresandthyroidhomeostasis-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129', event);\">\n    Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organic pesticides in United Kingdom harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)–mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall, A. J;  and Thomas, G. O\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 26(5): 851–61. May 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hall-thomas-polychlorinatedbiphenylsddtpolybrominateddiphenylethersandorganicpesticidesinunitedkingdomharborsealsphocavitulinamixedexposuresandthyroidhomeostasis-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organic pesticides in United Kingdom harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)–mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hall-thomas-polychlorinatedbiphenylsddtpolybrominateddiphenylethersandorganicpesticidesinunitedkingdomharborsealsphocavitulinamixedexposuresandthyroidhomeostasis-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hall-thomas-polychlorinatedbiphenylsddtpolybrominateddiphenylethersandorganicpesticidesinunitedkingdomharborsealsphocavitulinamixedexposuresandthyroidhomeostasis-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hall_polychlorinated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Polychlorinated biphenyls, {DDT}, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organic pesticides in {United} {Kingdom} harbor seals ({Phoca} vitulina)–mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis.},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521129},\n\tabstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and selected organochlorine pesticide concentrations were measured in blubber samples from 60 free-living harbor seals in 2003 from five sites around the United Kingdom coast. Significant regional differences among contaminant levels were found, with seals on Islay and Jura (southwest Scotland) having the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and seals in the Wash (eastern England) having the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether levels. Animals from the north and northeast of Scotland (Orkney and the Moray Firth) had the lowest levels of all the contaminant groups studied. Congener-specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers showed relatively higher levels of the lower chlorinated and brominated compounds at the more northerly sites, with the lowest total levels of both chemical groups. Significant positive relationships between blubber contaminants and total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations were found after controlling for the potential effects of confounding because of sex, mass, and season. Increased serum TT3 levels were significantly related to higher blubber contaminant concentrations in the following order: sum of all contaminants {\\textbackslash}textgreater polybrominated diphenyl ethers {\\textbackslash}textgreater polychlorinated biphenyls {\\textbackslash}textgreater DDT. Serum TT3 levels in the harbor seals with the highest exposures might be indicative of a T3 thyrotoxicosis, but without information on free T3 and circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, it is difficult to determine the importance of this observation for the health of the individuals or populations. However, the mixture of contaminants to which United Kingdom harbor seals are exposed has changed over the last few decades, and the toxicological and epidemiological importance of adding the brominated compounds to the classical organochlorine and heavy metal mixture is not known.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Hall, Ailsa J and Thomas, Gareth O},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17521129},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, DDT, DDT: analysis, Earless, Earless: metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Geography, Great Britain, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Pesticides: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Risk Assessment, Seals, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {851--61},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and selected organochlorine pesticide concentrations were measured in blubber samples from 60 free-living harbor seals in 2003 from five sites around the United Kingdom coast. Significant regional differences among contaminant levels were found, with seals on Islay and Jura (southwest Scotland) having the highest levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and seals in the Wash (eastern England) having the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether levels. Animals from the north and northeast of Scotland (Orkney and the Moray Firth) had the lowest levels of all the contaminant groups studied. Congener-specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers showed relatively higher levels of the lower chlorinated and brominated compounds at the more northerly sites, with the lowest total levels of both chemical groups. Significant positive relationships between blubber contaminants and total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations were found after controlling for the potential effects of confounding because of sex, mass, and season. Increased serum TT3 levels were significantly related to higher blubber contaminant concentrations in the following order: sum of all contaminants \\textgreater polybrominated diphenyl ethers \\textgreater polychlorinated biphenyls \\textgreater DDT. Serum TT3 levels in the harbor seals with the highest exposures might be indicative of a T3 thyrotoxicosis, but without information on free T3 and circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, it is difficult to determine the importance of this observation for the health of the individuals or populations. However, the mixture of contaminants to which United Kingdom harbor seals are exposed has changed over the last few decades, and the toxicological and epidemiological importance of adding the brominated compounds to the classical organochlorine and heavy metal mixture is not known.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gauthier-hebert-weseloh-letcher-currentuseflameretardantsintheeggsofherringgullslarusargentatusfromthelaurentiangreatlakes-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gauthier-hebert-weseloh-letcher-currentuseflameretardantsintheeggsofherringgullslarusargentatusfromthelaurentiangreatlakes-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897', event);\">\n    Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Laurentian Great Lakes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gauthier, L. T; Hebert, C. E; Weseloh, D V C.;  and Letcher, R. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(13): 4561–7. July 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gauthier-hebert-weseloh-letcher-currentuseflameretardantsintheeggsofherringgullslarusargentatusfromthelaurentiangreatlakes-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Laurentian Great Lakes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gauthier-hebert-weseloh-letcher-currentuseflameretardantsintheeggsofherringgullslarusargentatusfromthelaurentiangreatlakes-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gauthier-hebert-weseloh-letcher-currentuseflameretardantsintheeggsofherringgullslarusargentatusfromthelaurentiangreatlakes-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gauthier_current-use_2007,\n\ttitle = {Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls ({Larus} argentatus) from the {Laurentian} {Great} {Lakes}.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695897},\n\tabstract = {Of the 13, current-use, non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FRs) monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and alpha- and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and the syn- and anti-isomers of the chlorinated Dechlorane Plus (DP) were quantified in egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) collected in 2004 from six sites in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. alpha-HBCD concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 20 ng/g (wet weight (ww)). Other &quot;new&quot; FR levels ranged from 0.004 to 1.4 ng/g ww and were much lower than those of the major BDE congeners that are in technical mixtures (namely BDE-47, -99, -100), where sigma3PBDE ranged from 186 to 498 ng/g ww. Nineteen hepta-BDEs (sigma(hepta) = 4.9-11 ng/g ww), octa-BDEs (alpha(octa) = 2.6-9.1 ng/g ww), and nona-BDEs (sigma(nona) = 0.12-5.6 ng/g ww) were detectible at all six colonies, while BDE-209 was low but quantifiable ({\\textbackslash}textless 0.1-0.21 ng/g ww) at two colonies. sigma-DP (syn- and anti-isomers) concentrations in eggs from all sites ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 ng/g ww. Our findings indicate that mother herring gulls are exposed to several, current-use flame retardants via their diet, and in ovo transfer occurred to their eggs. Given the aquatic diet of herring gull, this suggests that there are non-PBDE BFRs present in the gull-associated aquatic food web of the Great Lakes.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Gauthier, Lewis T and Hebert, Craig E and Weseloh, D V Chip and Letcher, Robert J},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17695897},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Canada, Chromatography, Eggs, Eggs: analysis, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Fresh Water, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Liquid, Mass, Spectrometry, ffr, waa},\n\tpages = {4561--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Of the 13, current-use, non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FRs) monitored, hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and alpha- and gamma-isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and the syn- and anti-isomers of the chlorinated Dechlorane Plus (DP) were quantified in egg pools of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) collected in 2004 from six sites in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. alpha-HBCD concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 20 ng/g (wet weight (ww)). Other \"new\" FR levels ranged from 0.004 to 1.4 ng/g ww and were much lower than those of the major BDE congeners that are in technical mixtures (namely BDE-47, -99, -100), where sigma3PBDE ranged from 186 to 498 ng/g ww. Nineteen hepta-BDEs (sigma(hepta) = 4.9-11 ng/g ww), octa-BDEs (alpha(octa) = 2.6-9.1 ng/g ww), and nona-BDEs (sigma(nona) = 0.12-5.6 ng/g ww) were detectible at all six colonies, while BDE-209 was low but quantifiable (\\textless 0.1-0.21 ng/g ww) at two colonies. sigma-DP (syn- and anti-isomers) concentrations in eggs from all sites ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 ng/g ww. Our findings indicate that mother herring gulls are exposed to several, current-use flame retardants via their diet, and in ovo transfer occurred to their eggs. Given the aquatic diet of herring gull, this suggests that there are non-PBDE BFRs present in the gull-associated aquatic food web of the Great Lakes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fair-mitchum-hulsey-adams-zolman-mcfee-wirth-bossart-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinblubberoffreerangingbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusfromtwosoutheastatlanticestuarineareas-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fair-mitchum-hulsey-adams-zolman-mcfee-wirth-bossart-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinblubberoffreerangingbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusfromtwosoutheastatlanticestuarineareas-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeast Atlantic estuarine areas.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fair, P. A; Mitchum, G.; Hulsey, T. C; Adams, J.; Zolman, E.; McFee, W.; Wirth, E.;  and Bossart, G. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 53(3): 483–94. October 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fair-mitchum-hulsey-adams-zolman-mcfee-wirth-bossart-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinblubberoffreerangingbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusfromtwosoutheastatlanticestuarineareas-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeast Atlantic estuarine areas. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-006-0244-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fair-mitchum-hulsey-adams-zolman-mcfee-wirth-bossart-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinblubberoffreerangingbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusfromtwosoutheastatlanticestuarineareas-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-006-0244-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fair-mitchum-hulsey-adams-zolman-mcfee-wirth-bossart-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinblubberoffreerangingbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusfromtwosoutheastatlanticestuarineareas-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fair-mitchum-hulsey-adams-zolman-mcfee-wirth-bossart-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinblubberoffreerangingbottlenosedolphinstursiopstruncatusfromtwosoutheastatlanticestuarineareas-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fair_polybrominated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} truncatus) from two southeast {Atlantic} estuarine areas.},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {0090-4341},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612784},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-006-0244-7},\n\tabstract = {Blubber tissue samples from bottlenose dolphins collected during the summers of 2003 and 2004 were screened for 13 (17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 154, 153, 183, 190) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from dolphin populations in the Indian River Lagoon, FL (n = 58) and the Charleston Harbor estuary, SC (n = 53). Within each population, we investigated contaminant levels of PBDEs and the effects of factors including age, sex, the interaction of age and sex, and location. Six PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) were routinely detected in all samples using gas chromatography/mass spectometry methods. Significantly higher (p {\\textbackslash}textlessor= 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE blubber concentrations were observed for Charleston dolphins (X = 5,860 ng/g lipid; range = 429-22,780 ng/g lipid) when compared to Indian River Lagoon dolphins (X= 1,260 ng/g lipid; range = 195-3,790 ng/g lipid). PBDE 47 was the major congener representing approximately 61\\% of the SigmaPBDE in both dolphin populations, followed by BDE100, BDE154, BDE99, BDE153, and BDE28, respectively. Significantly higher (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE were observed in adult male dolphins compared to pregnant and adult female dolphins at both sites, with gender differences two-fold in the Indian River Lagoon and twelve-fold for Charleston. For Charleston dolphins, the juveniles in addition to the adult males also had significantly higher levels compared to pregnant and adult females. This study establishes baseline levels of PBDEs in bottlenose dolphins for these two areas and is the first assessment of PBDEs in free-ranging dolphins. The levels of PBDEs in Charleston dolphins represent some of the highest measured in marine mammals and warrants further investigation of these emerging, bioaccumulative chemicals and their potential deleterious effects.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Fair, Patricia A and Mitchum, Gregory and Hulsey, Thomas C and Adams, Jeff and Zolman, Eric and McFee, Wayne and Wirth, Ed and Bossart, Gregory D},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17612784},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Age Factors, Animals, Body Burden, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: metabolism, Female, Flame retardants, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Sex Characteristics, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {483--94},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Blubber tissue samples from bottlenose dolphins collected during the summers of 2003 and 2004 were screened for 13 (17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 154, 153, 183, 190) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from dolphin populations in the Indian River Lagoon, FL (n = 58) and the Charleston Harbor estuary, SC (n = 53). Within each population, we investigated contaminant levels of PBDEs and the effects of factors including age, sex, the interaction of age and sex, and location. Six PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) were routinely detected in all samples using gas chromatography/mass spectometry methods. Significantly higher (p \\textlessor= 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE blubber concentrations were observed for Charleston dolphins (X = 5,860 ng/g lipid; range = 429-22,780 ng/g lipid) when compared to Indian River Lagoon dolphins (X= 1,260 ng/g lipid; range = 195-3,790 ng/g lipid). PBDE 47 was the major congener representing approximately 61% of the SigmaPBDE in both dolphin populations, followed by BDE100, BDE154, BDE99, BDE153, and BDE28, respectively. Significantly higher (p \\textless 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE were observed in adult male dolphins compared to pregnant and adult female dolphins at both sites, with gender differences two-fold in the Indian River Lagoon and twelve-fold for Charleston. For Charleston dolphins, the juveniles in addition to the adult males also had significantly higher levels compared to pregnant and adult females. This study establishes baseline levels of PBDEs in bottlenose dolphins for these two areas and is the first assessment of PBDEs in free-ranging dolphins. The levels of PBDEs in Charleston dolphins represent some of the highest measured in marine mammals and warrants further investigation of these emerging, bioaccumulative chemicals and their potential deleterious effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-elevatedpbdelevelsinpetcatssentinelsforhumans-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-elevatedpbdelevelsinpetcatssentinelsforhumans-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159', event);\">\n    Elevated PBDE Levels in Pet Cats: Sentinels for Humans?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dye, J. A.; Venier, M.; Zhu, L.; Ward, C. R.; Hites, R. A.;  and Birnbaum, L. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 41(18): 6350–6356. September 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-elevatedpbdelevelsinpetcatssentinelsforhumans-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Elevated PBDE Levels in Pet Cats: Sentinels for Humans? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es0708159\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-elevatedpbdelevelsinpetcatssentinelsforhumans-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es0708159', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-elevatedpbdelevelsinpetcatssentinelsforhumans-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-elevatedpbdelevelsinpetcatssentinelsforhumans-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dye_elevated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Elevated {PBDE} {Levels} in {Pet} {Cats}: {Sentinels} for {Humans}?},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0708159},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es0708159},\n\tabstract = {Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure. Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Dye, Janice A. and Venier, Marta and Zhu, Lingyan and Ward, Cynthia R. and Hites, Ronald A. and Birnbaum, Linda S.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {6350--6356},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure. Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned cat food. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean ± standard error (and median) cumulative ΣPBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 ± 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 ± 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 ± 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and ΣPBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, ΣPBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"costa-giordano-developmentalneurotoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'costa-giordano-developmentalneurotoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Costa, L. G;  and Giordano, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology</i>, 28(6): 1047–67. November 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('costa-giordano-developmentalneurotoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2007.08.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('costa-giordano-developmentalneurotoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2007.08.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/costa-giordano-developmentalneurotoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('costa-giordano-developmentalneurotoxicityofpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{costa_developmental_2007,\n\ttitle = {Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {0161-813X},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2118052&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2007.08.007},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. In the past 25 years, PBDEs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been detected in soil, air, sediments, birds, marine species, fish, house dust, and human tissues, blood and breast milk. Diet and house dust appear to be the major sources of PBDE exposure in the general population, though occupational exposure can also occur. Levels of PBDEs in human tissues are particularly high in North America, compared to Asian and European countries, and have been increasing in the past 30 years. Concentrations of PBDEs are particularly high in breast milk, resulting in high exposure of infants. In addition, for toddlers, dust has been estimated to account for a large percentage of exposure. PBDEs can also cross the placenta, as they have been detected in fetal blood and liver. Tetra-, penta- and hexaBDEs are most commonly present in human tissues. The current greatest concern for potential adverse effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. Pre- or postnatal exposure of mice or rats to various PBDEs has been shown to cause long-lasting changes in spontaneous motor activity, mostly characterized as hyperactivity or decreased habituation, and to disrupt performance in learning and memory tests. While a reduction in circulating thyroid hormone (T(4)) may contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, direct effects on the developing brain have also been reported. Among these, PBDEs have been shown to affect signal transduction pathways and to cause oxidative stress. Levels of PBDEs causing developmental neurotoxicity in animals are not much dissimilar from levels found in highly exposed infants and toddlers.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology},\n\tauthor = {Costa, Lucio G and Giordano, Gennaro},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17904639},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Biomarkers, Body Burden, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: embryology, Embryo, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Mammalian, Mammalian: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Pharmacological, Pharmacological: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Assessment, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: drug effects, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {1047--67},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. In the past 25 years, PBDEs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been detected in soil, air, sediments, birds, marine species, fish, house dust, and human tissues, blood and breast milk. Diet and house dust appear to be the major sources of PBDE exposure in the general population, though occupational exposure can also occur. Levels of PBDEs in human tissues are particularly high in North America, compared to Asian and European countries, and have been increasing in the past 30 years. Concentrations of PBDEs are particularly high in breast milk, resulting in high exposure of infants. In addition, for toddlers, dust has been estimated to account for a large percentage of exposure. PBDEs can also cross the placenta, as they have been detected in fetal blood and liver. Tetra-, penta- and hexaBDEs are most commonly present in human tissues. The current greatest concern for potential adverse effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. Pre- or postnatal exposure of mice or rats to various PBDEs has been shown to cause long-lasting changes in spontaneous motor activity, mostly characterized as hyperactivity or decreased habituation, and to disrupt performance in learning and memory tests. While a reduction in circulating thyroid hormone (T(4)) may contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, direct effects on the developing brain have also been reported. Among these, PBDEs have been shown to affect signal transduction pathways and to cause oxidative stress. Levels of PBDEs causing developmental neurotoxicity in animals are not much dissimilar from levels found in highly exposed infants and toddlers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chao-wang-lee-wang-ppke-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfromcentraltaiwanandtheirrelationtoinfantbirthoutcomeandmaternalmenstruationeffects-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chao-wang-lee-wang-ppke-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfromcentraltaiwanandtheirrelationtoinfantbirthoutcomeandmaternalmenstruationeffects-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016', event);\">\n    Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chao, H.; Wang, S.; Lee, W.; Wang, Y.;  and Päpke, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 33(2): 239–45. February 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chao-wang-lee-wang-ppke-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfromcentraltaiwanandtheirrelationtoinfantbirthoutcomeandmaternalmenstruationeffects-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chao-wang-lee-wang-ppke-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfromcentraltaiwanandtheirrelationtoinfantbirthoutcomeandmaternalmenstruationeffects-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chao-wang-lee-wang-ppke-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfromcentraltaiwanandtheirrelationtoinfantbirthoutcomeandmaternalmenstruationeffects-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chao-wang-lee-wang-ppke-levelsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfromcentraltaiwanandtheirrelationtoinfantbirthoutcomeandmaternalmenstruationeffects-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chao_levels_2007,\n\ttitle = {Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from central {Taiwan} and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects.},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079016},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013},\n\tabstract = {In utero exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) reduces the number of ovarian follicles in rat females and causes permanent effects on rat males. Little data have been gathered on the associations between PBDEs exposure and birth outcome and female menstruation characteristics in both epidemiological and animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine how PBDEs in breast milk are associated with infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation characteristics. Study participants were healthy women recruited from central Taiwan between December 2000 and November 2001. Twelve congener levels of PBDEs (BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) in 20 breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean level of PBDEs in breast milk was 3.93+/-1.74 ng/g lipid. The estimated PBDE daily intake for a breastfed infant was 20.6 ng/kg b.w./day after delivery. After maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity were adjusted, increased PBDEs in breast milk was related with decreased birth outcome, particularly for birth weight and length, chest circumference, and Quetelet&#x27;s index of infants. No significant differences in PBDEs were found between the two groups of menstrual cycle length higher and lower than 30 days after we adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity. In utero exposure to low doses of PBDEs may result in lower birth weight and short or birth length. Our findings are limited based on the low doses of PBDEs and the small sampling size.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Chao, How-Ran and Wang, Shu-Li and Lee, Wen-Jhy and Wang, Ya-Fen and Päpke, Olaf},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17079016},\n\tkeywords = {Cohort Studies, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Menstruation, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {239--45},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In utero exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) reduces the number of ovarian follicles in rat females and causes permanent effects on rat males. Little data have been gathered on the associations between PBDEs exposure and birth outcome and female menstruation characteristics in both epidemiological and animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine how PBDEs in breast milk are associated with infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation characteristics. Study participants were healthy women recruited from central Taiwan between December 2000 and November 2001. Twelve congener levels of PBDEs (BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209) in 20 breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean level of PBDEs in breast milk was 3.93+/-1.74 ng/g lipid. The estimated PBDE daily intake for a breastfed infant was 20.6 ng/kg b.w./day after delivery. After maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity were adjusted, increased PBDEs in breast milk was related with decreased birth outcome, particularly for birth weight and length, chest circumference, and Quetelet's index of infants. No significant differences in PBDEs were found between the two groups of menstrual cycle length higher and lower than 30 days after we adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity. In utero exposure to low doses of PBDEs may result in lower birth weight and short or birth length. Our findings are limited based on the low doses of PBDEs and the small sampling size.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cahill-groskova-charles-sanborn-denison-baker-atmosphericconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersatnearsourcesites-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cahill-groskova-charles-sanborn-denison-baker-atmosphericconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersatnearsourcesites-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781', event);\">\n    Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at near-source sites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cahill, T. M; Groskova, D.; Charles, M J.; Sanborn, J. R; Denison, M. S;  and Baker, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(18): 6370–6377. September 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cahill-groskova-charles-sanborn-denison-baker-atmosphericconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersatnearsourcesites-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at near-source sites. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cahill-groskova-charles-sanborn-denison-baker-atmosphericconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersatnearsourcesites-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cahill-groskova-charles-sanborn-denison-baker-atmosphericconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersatnearsourcesites-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cahill_atmospheric_2007,\n\ttitle = {Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at near-source sites.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948781},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in air samples from near suspected sources, namely an indoors computer laboratory, indoors and outdoors at an electronics recycling facility, and outdoors at an automotive shredding and metal recycling facility. The results showed that (1) PBDE concentrations in the computer laboratorywere higherwith computers on compared with the computers off, (2) indoor concentrations at an electronics recycling facility were as high as 650,000 pg/m3 for decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209), and (3) PBDE 209 concentrations were up to 1900 pg/m3 at the downwind fenceline at an automotive shredding/metal recycling facility. The inhalation exposure estimates for all the sites were typically below 110 pg/kg/day with the exception of the indoor air samples adjacent to the electronics shredding equipment, which gave exposure estimates upward of 40,000 pg/kg/day. Although there were elevated inhalation exposures at the three source sites, the exposure was not expected to cause adverse health effects based on the lowest reference dose (RfD) currently in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), although these RfD values are currently being re-evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. More research is needed on the potential health effects of PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Cahill, Thomas M and Groskova, Danka and Charles, M Judith and Sanborn, James R and Denison, Michael S and Baker, Lynton},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis},\n\tpages = {6370--6377},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in air samples from near suspected sources, namely an indoors computer laboratory, indoors and outdoors at an electronics recycling facility, and outdoors at an automotive shredding and metal recycling facility. The results showed that (1) PBDE concentrations in the computer laboratorywere higherwith computers on compared with the computers off, (2) indoor concentrations at an electronics recycling facility were as high as 650,000 pg/m3 for decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209), and (3) PBDE 209 concentrations were up to 1900 pg/m3 at the downwind fenceline at an automotive shredding/metal recycling facility. The inhalation exposure estimates for all the sites were typically below 110 pg/kg/day with the exception of the indoor air samples adjacent to the electronics shredding equipment, which gave exposure estimates upward of 40,000 pg/kg/day. Although there were elevated inhalation exposures at the three source sites, the exposure was not expected to cause adverse health effects based on the lowest reference dose (RfD) currently in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), although these RfD values are currently being re-evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. More research is needed on the potential health effects of PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brunner-fellner-settingprioritiesforwastemanagementstrategiesindevelopingcountries-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brunner-fellner-settingprioritiesforwastemanagementstrategiesindevelopingcountries-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323', event);\">\n    Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brunner, P. H;  and Fellner, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Waste Management & Research</i>, 25(3): 234–40. June 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brunner-fellner-settingprioritiesforwastemanagementstrategiesindevelopingcountries-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brunner-fellner-settingprioritiesforwastemanagementstrategiesindevelopingcountries-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brunner-fellner-settingprioritiesforwastemanagementstrategiesindevelopingcountries-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brunner_setting_2007,\n\ttitle = {Setting priorities for waste management strategies in developing countries.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {0734-242X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612323},\n\tabstract = {This study aimed to determine whether the waste management systems, that are presently applied in affluent countries are appropriate solutions for waste management in less developed regions. For this purpose, three cities (Vienna, Damascus and Dhaka) which differ greatly in their gross domestic product and waste management were compared. The criteria for evaluation were economic parameters, and indicators as to whether the goals of waste management (protection of human health and the environment, the conservation of resources) were reached. Based on case studies, it was found that for regions spending 1-10 Euro capita(-1) year(-1) for waste management, the &#x27;waste hierarchy&#x27; of prevention, recycling and disposal is not an appropriate strategy. In such regions, the improvement of disposal systems (complete collection, upgrading to sanitary landfilling) is the most cost-effective method to reach the objectives of solid waste management. Concepts that are widely applied in developed countries such as incineration and mechanical waste treatment are not suitable methods to reach waste management goals in countries where people cannot spend more than 10 Euro per person for the collection, treatment and disposal of their waste. It is recommended that each region first determines its economic capacity for waste management and then designs its waste management system according to this capacity and the goals of waste management.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Waste Management \\&amp; Research},\n\tauthor = {Brunner, Paul H and Fellner, Johann},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17612323},\n\tkeywords = {Cities, Conservation of Natural Resources, Conservation of Natural Resources: economics, Conservation of Natural Resources: legislation \\&amp; j, Conservation of Natural Resources: methods, Developing Countries, Europe, Flame retardants, Humans, Incineration, Public Health, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: economics, Refuse Disposal: legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Refuse Disposal: methods, Waste Management, Waste Management: economics, Waste Management: legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Waste Management: methods},\n\tpages = {234--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study aimed to determine whether the waste management systems, that are presently applied in affluent countries are appropriate solutions for waste management in less developed regions. For this purpose, three cities (Vienna, Damascus and Dhaka) which differ greatly in their gross domestic product and waste management were compared. The criteria for evaluation were economic parameters, and indicators as to whether the goals of waste management (protection of human health and the environment, the conservation of resources) were reached. Based on case studies, it was found that for regions spending 1-10 Euro capita(-1) year(-1) for waste management, the 'waste hierarchy' of prevention, recycling and disposal is not an appropriate strategy. In such regions, the improvement of disposal systems (complete collection, upgrading to sanitary landfilling) is the most cost-effective method to reach the objectives of solid waste management. Concepts that are widely applied in developed countries such as incineration and mechanical waste treatment are not suitable methods to reach waste management goals in countries where people cannot spend more than 10 Euro per person for the collection, treatment and disposal of their waste. It is recommended that each region first determines its economic capacity for waste management and then designs its waste management system according to this capacity and the goals of waste management.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-thefireretardantdilemma-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blum-thefireretardantdilemma-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf', event);\">\n    The fire retardant dilemma.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science (New York, N.Y.)</i>, 318(5848): 194–195. October 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-thefireretardantdilemma-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The fire retardant dilemma. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1126/science.318.5848.194b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-thefireretardantdilemma-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1126/science.318.5848.194b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-thefireretardantdilemma-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-thefireretardantdilemma-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blum_fire_2007,\n\ttitle = {The fire retardant dilemma.},\n\tvolume = {318},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932269 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Blum 2007.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.318.5848.194b},\n\tnumber = {5848},\n\tjournal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},\n\tauthor = {Blum, Arlene},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Fires, Fires: legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Fires: prevention \\&amp; control, Fires: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: standards, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Legislation as Topic, Safety, United States},\n\tpages = {194--195},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bi-thomas-jones-qu-sheng-martin-fu-exposureofelectronicsdismantlingworkerstopolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinsouthchina-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bi-thomas-jones-qu-sheng-martin-fu-exposureofelectronicsdismantlingworkerstopolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinsouthchina-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768', event);\">\n    Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in South China.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bi, X.; Thomas, G. O; Jones, K. C; Qu, W.; Sheng, G.; Martin, F. L;  and Fu, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 41(16): 5647–53. August 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bi-thomas-jones-qu-sheng-martin-fu-exposureofelectronicsdismantlingworkerstopolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinsouthchina-2007', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in South China. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bi-thomas-jones-qu-sheng-martin-fu-exposureofelectronicsdismantlingworkerstopolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinsouthchina-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bi-thomas-jones-qu-sheng-martin-fu-exposureofelectronicsdismantlingworkerstopolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinatedbiphenylsandorganochlorinepesticidesinsouthchina-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bi_exposure_2007,\n\ttitle = {Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in {South} {China}.},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874768},\n\tabstract = {In P.R. China, electronic waste (e-waste) from across the world is dismantled and discarded. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in serum from residents of an e-waste dismantling region (Guiyu, South China), where 80\\% of families work in e-waste recycling, and compared to a matching cohort from a nearby region where the fishing industry dominates (Haojiang). Serum concentrations of PBDEs and OCPs, but not PCBs, were significantly different in the two regions: the median sigmaPBDE concentration was 3 times higher in Guiyu than Haojiang, whereas the opposite was true for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). PBDEs typically accounted for 46\\% of the total organohalogen chemicals in samples from Guiyu, but 8.7\\% in Haojiang. The median BDE-209 concentration in Guiyu was 50-200 times higher than previously reported in occupationally exposed populations. The highest BDE-209 concentration was 3100 ng/g lipid, the highest yet reported in humans. Serum PBDE concentrations did not correlate with PCBs or OCPs, whereas PCBs and OCPs showed positive correlations, suggesting that sources of PBDEs to humans are different from PCBs and OCPs. The levels of PBDEs in individuals from Haojiang are possibly related to the recycling activity at Guiyu, through atmospheric transport.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Bi, Xinhui and Thomas, Gareth O and Jones, Kevin C and Qu, Weiyue and Sheng, Guoying and Martin, Francis L and Fu, Jiamo},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpmid = {17874768},\n\tkeywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Electronics, Electronics: manpower, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Pesticides, Pesticides: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Refuse Disposal, Refuse Disposal: methods, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {5647--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In P.R. China, electronic waste (e-waste) from across the world is dismantled and discarded. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in serum from residents of an e-waste dismantling region (Guiyu, South China), where 80% of families work in e-waste recycling, and compared to a matching cohort from a nearby region where the fishing industry dominates (Haojiang). Serum concentrations of PBDEs and OCPs, but not PCBs, were significantly different in the two regions: the median sigmaPBDE concentration was 3 times higher in Guiyu than Haojiang, whereas the opposite was true for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). PBDEs typically accounted for 46% of the total organohalogen chemicals in samples from Guiyu, but 8.7% in Haojiang. The median BDE-209 concentration in Guiyu was 50-200 times higher than previously reported in occupationally exposed populations. The highest BDE-209 concentration was 3100 ng/g lipid, the highest yet reported in humans. Serum PBDE concentrations did not correlate with PCBs or OCPs, whereas PCBs and OCPs showed positive correlations, suggesting that sources of PBDEs to humans are different from PCBs and OCPs. The levels of PBDEs in individuals from Haojiang are possibly related to the recycling activity at Guiyu, through atmospheric transport.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bates-registrybasedcasecontrolstudyofcancerincaliforniafirefighters-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bates-registrybasedcasecontrolstudyofcancerincaliforniafirefighters-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf', event);\">\n    Registry-Based Case – Control Study of Cancer in California Firefighters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bates, M. N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American Journal of Industrial Medicine</i>, 344: 339–344.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bates-registrybasedcasecontrolstudyofcancerincaliforniafirefighters-2007', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Registry-Based Case – Control Study of Cancer in California Firefighters [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20446.\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bates-registrybasedcasecontrolstudyofcancerincaliforniafirefighters-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20446.', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bates-registrybasedcasecontrolstudyofcancerincaliforniafirefighters-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bates-registrybasedcasecontrolstudyofcancerincaliforniafirefighters-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bates_registry-based_2007,\n\ttitle = {Registry-{Based} {Case} – {Control} {Study} of {Cancer} in {California} {Firefighters}},\n\tvolume = {344},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Bates MN Registry based CC CA FF CA AJIM 2007.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/ajim.20446.},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Industrial Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Bates, Michael N},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, california, cancer risk, case, control studies, epidemiology, firefighters},\n\tpages = {339--344},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007', 'http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html', event);\">\n    Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lorber, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology</i>, 18(1): 2–19. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007', 'http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500572\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500572', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lorber-exposureofamericanstopolybrominateddiphenylethers-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lorber_exposure_2007,\n\ttitle = {Exposure of {Americans} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tcopyright = {© 2007 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {1559-0631},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v18/n1/abs/7500572a.html},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500572},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children&#x27;s estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1–5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6–11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12–19. The much higher dose for the child age 1–5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82\\% of the overall estimated intakes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Lorber, Matthew},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDE, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, exposure modeling},\n\tpages = {2--19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1–5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6–11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12–19. The much higher dose for the child age 1–5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82% of the overall estimated intakes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406', event);\">\n    PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernandez, M. F.; Araque, P.; Kiviranta, H.; Molina-Molina, J. M.; Rantakokko, P.; Laine, O.; Vartiainen, T.;  and Olea, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 66(2): 377–383. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernandez_pbdes_2007,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in the adipose tissue of women from {Spain}},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065},\n\tabstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96\\% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79\\% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Fernandez, M. F. and Araque, P. and Kiviranta, H. and Molina-Molina, J. M. and Rantakokko, P. and Laine, O. and Vartiainen, T. and Olea, N.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain},\n\tpages = {377--383},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schuhmacher-kiviranta-vartiainen-domingo-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkofwomenfromcataloniaspain-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schuhmacher-kiviranta-vartiainen-domingo-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkofwomenfromcataloniaspain-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249', event);\">\n    Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk of women from Catalonia, Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schuhmacher, M.; Kiviranta, H.; Vartiainen, T.;  and Domingo, J. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 67(9): S295–S300. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schuhmacher-kiviranta-vartiainen-domingo-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkofwomenfromcataloniaspain-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk of women from Catalonia, Spain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.110\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schuhmacher-kiviranta-vartiainen-domingo-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkofwomenfromcataloniaspain-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.110', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schuhmacher-kiviranta-vartiainen-domingo-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkofwomenfromcataloniaspain-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schuhmacher-kiviranta-vartiainen-domingo-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkofwomenfromcataloniaspain-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schuhmacher_concentrations_2007,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in milk of women from {Catalonia}, {Spain}},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016249},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.110},\n\tabstract = {In this study, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from women living in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain, were determined. The study was performed after 4 years of regular operations in the facility and the present PCB levels were compared with baseline concentrations obtained in a pre-operational program. PCBs and PBDEs levels were determined by HRGC/HRMS in 15 samples. In the present study planar PCBs ranged from 1.3 to 6.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat with a mean value of 3.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. After adding dioxin-like mono-ortho-PCBs the total PCB-TEQ concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 13.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (mean value: 8.7 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A comparison of the current data with those obtained in the baseline study showed significant decreases for both planar and total WHO-TEQ of PCBs: 47.9\\% and 44.6\\%, respectively. PCB concentrations in milk of women living in urban zones were higher than those living near industrial areas (10.1 and 7.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively). Mean PBDE concentrations were 2.2 and 2.5 ng/g fat for women living in urban and industrial zones, respectively. Dietary intake of PCBs and PBDEs for a standard adult woman samples were 898 and 843 ng/day for PCBs, and 72 and 63 ng/day for PBDEs, for residents in urban and industrials areas, respectively. This study suggests that dietary intake is more relevant for human exposure to PCBs and PBDEs than living near the HWI.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Schuhmacher, M. and Kiviranta, H. and Vartiainen, T. and Domingo, J. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Catalonia, Spain, Hazardous waste incinerator, Human milk, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)},\n\tpages = {S295--S300},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from women living in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain, were determined. The study was performed after 4 years of regular operations in the facility and the present PCB levels were compared with baseline concentrations obtained in a pre-operational program. PCBs and PBDEs levels were determined by HRGC/HRMS in 15 samples. In the present study planar PCBs ranged from 1.3 to 6.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat with a mean value of 3.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. After adding dioxin-like mono-ortho-PCBs the total PCB-TEQ concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 13.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (mean value: 8.7 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A comparison of the current data with those obtained in the baseline study showed significant decreases for both planar and total WHO-TEQ of PCBs: 47.9% and 44.6%, respectively. PCB concentrations in milk of women living in urban zones were higher than those living near industrial areas (10.1 and 7.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively). Mean PBDE concentrations were 2.2 and 2.5 ng/g fat for women living in urban and industrial zones, respectively. Dietary intake of PCBs and PBDEs for a standard adult woman samples were 898 and 843 ng/day for PCBs, and 72 and 63 ng/day for PBDEs, for residents in urban and industrials areas, respectively. This study suggests that dietary intake is more relevant for human exposure to PCBs and PBDEs than living near the HWI.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"givens-small-terrell-cameron-michelsblanck-tolbert-rubin-henderson-etal-maternalexposuretopolybrominatedandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinfantbirthweightandgestationalage-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'givens-small-terrell-cameron-michelsblanck-tolbert-rubin-henderson-etal-maternalexposuretopolybrominatedandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinfantbirthweightandgestationalage-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431', event);\">\n    Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls: Infant birth weight and gestational age.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Givens, M. L.; Small, C. M.; Terrell, M. L.; Cameron, L. L.; Michels Blanck, H.; Tolbert, P. E.; Rubin, C.; Henderson, A. K.;  and Marcus, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 69(8): 1295–1304. October 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('givens-small-terrell-cameron-michelsblanck-tolbert-rubin-henderson-etal-maternalexposuretopolybrominatedandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinfantbirthweightandgestationalage-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls: Infant birth weight and gestational age [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.031\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('givens-small-terrell-cameron-michelsblanck-tolbert-rubin-henderson-etal-maternalexposuretopolybrominatedandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinfantbirthweightandgestationalage-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.031', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/givens-small-terrell-cameron-michelsblanck-tolbert-rubin-henderson-etal-maternalexposuretopolybrominatedandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinfantbirthweightandgestationalage-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('givens-small-terrell-cameron-michelsblanck-tolbert-rubin-henderson-etal-maternalexposuretopolybrominatedandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinfantbirthweightandgestationalage-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{givens_maternal_2007,\n\ttitle = {Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls: {Infant} birth weight and gestational age},\n\tvolume = {69},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507006431},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.031},\n\tabstract = {Understanding the influence of maternal exposures on gestational age and birth weight is essential given that pre-term and/or low birth weight infants are at risk for increased mortality and morbidity. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) through accidental contamination of cattle feed and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) through residual contamination in the geographic region. Our study population consisted of 444 mothers and their 899 infants born between 1975 and 1997. Using restricted maximum likelihood estimation, no significant association was found between estimated maternal serum PBB at conception or enrollment PCB levels and gestational age or infant birth weight in unadjusted models or in models that adjusted for maternal age, smoking, parity, infant gender, and decade of birth. For enrollment maternal serum PBB, no association was observed for gestational age. However, a negative association with high levels of enrollment maternal serum PBB and birth weight was suggested. We also examined the birth weight and gestational age among offspring of women with the highest (10\\%) PBB or PCB exposure, and observed no significant association. Because brominated compounds are currently used in consumer products and therefore, are increasingly prevalent in the environment, additional research is needed to better understand the potential relationship between in utero exposure to brominated compounds and adverse health outcomes.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Givens, Marjory L. and Small, Chanley M. and Terrell, Metrecia L. and Cameron, Lorraine L. and Michels Blanck, Heidi and Tolbert, Paige E. and Rubin, Carol and Henderson, Alden K. and Marcus, Michele},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Birth weight, Environmental toxicants, Gestational age, Infant health, Maternal exposures, PBB, PCB},\n\tpages = {1295--1304},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Understanding the influence of maternal exposures on gestational age and birth weight is essential given that pre-term and/or low birth weight infants are at risk for increased mortality and morbidity. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) through accidental contamination of cattle feed and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) through residual contamination in the geographic region. Our study population consisted of 444 mothers and their 899 infants born between 1975 and 1997. Using restricted maximum likelihood estimation, no significant association was found between estimated maternal serum PBB at conception or enrollment PCB levels and gestational age or infant birth weight in unadjusted models or in models that adjusted for maternal age, smoking, parity, infant gender, and decade of birth. For enrollment maternal serum PBB, no association was observed for gestational age. However, a negative association with high levels of enrollment maternal serum PBB and birth weight was suggested. We also examined the birth weight and gestational age among offspring of women with the highest (10%) PBB or PCB exposure, and observed no significant association. Because brominated compounds are currently used in consumer products and therefore, are increasingly prevalent in the environment, additional research is needed to better understand the potential relationship between in utero exposure to brominated compounds and adverse health outcomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ingelido-ballard-dellatte-didomenico-ferri-fulgenzi-herrmann-iacovella-etal-polychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkfromitalianwomenlivinginromeandvenice-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ingelido-ballard-dellatte-didomenico-ferri-fulgenzi-herrmann-iacovella-etal-polychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkfromitalianwomenlivinginromeandvenice-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250', event);\">\n    Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from Italian women living in Rome and Venice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ingelido, A. M.; Ballard, T.; Dellatte, E.; di Domenico, A.; Ferri, F.; Fulgenzi, A. R.; Herrmann, T.; Iacovella, N.; Miniero, R.; Päpke, O.; Porpora, M. G.;  and Felip, E. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 67(9): S301–S306. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ingelido-ballard-dellatte-didomenico-ferri-fulgenzi-herrmann-iacovella-etal-polychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkfromitalianwomenlivinginromeandvenice-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from Italian women living in Rome and Venice [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.111\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ingelido-ballard-dellatte-didomenico-ferri-fulgenzi-herrmann-iacovella-etal-polychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkfromitalianwomenlivinginromeandvenice-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.111', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ingelido-ballard-dellatte-didomenico-ferri-fulgenzi-herrmann-iacovella-etal-polychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkfromitalianwomenlivinginromeandvenice-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ingelido-ballard-dellatte-didomenico-ferri-fulgenzi-herrmann-iacovella-etal-polychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsandpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinmilkfromitalianwomenlivinginromeandvenice-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ingelido_polychlorinated_2007,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},\n\ttitle = {Polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in milk from {Italian} women living in {Rome} and {Venice}},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506016250},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.111},\n\tabstract = {The levels of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in human milk samples from the areas of Venice and Rome, primarily in order to characterize the current levels of infant exposure to PCBs and PBDEs due to breast feeding in Italy. Sixteen non-dioxin-like PCBs, including the traditional indicator congeners, and 11 PBDEs, comprising the relevant PBDE-47, PBDE-99, and PBDE-153, were determined. Congeners were selected for analysis according to their relative abundance in human tissues, toxicological relevance, and diffusion in the environment. Dietary habits of the milk donors were recorded by questionnaires; mothers of the Venice area were classified into three groups according to their consumption of local fish, molluscs, and other fishery products. Σ16(PCBs) and Σ11(PBDEs) (ng g−1 fat) for the areas of Venice and Rome were respectively, 250–390 and 240, and 1.6–2.8 and 4.1. An increase of fish and fishery product consumption could not be associated with an increase of PCB and PBDE levels in milk.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ingelido, Anna Maria and Ballard, Terri and Dellatte, Elena and di Domenico, Alessandro and Ferri, Fabiola and Fulgenzi, Anna Rita and Herrmann, Thomas and Iacovella, Nicola and Miniero, Roberto and Päpke, Olaf and Porpora, Maria Grazia and Felip, Elena De},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Fish consumption, Infant exposure, Organohalogenated contaminants, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Polychlorinated biphenyls},\n\tpages = {S301--S306},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The levels of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in human milk samples from the areas of Venice and Rome, primarily in order to characterize the current levels of infant exposure to PCBs and PBDEs due to breast feeding in Italy. Sixteen non-dioxin-like PCBs, including the traditional indicator congeners, and 11 PBDEs, comprising the relevant PBDE-47, PBDE-99, and PBDE-153, were determined. Congeners were selected for analysis according to their relative abundance in human tissues, toxicological relevance, and diffusion in the environment. Dietary habits of the milk donors were recorded by questionnaires; mothers of the Venice area were classified into three groups according to their consumption of local fish, molluscs, and other fishery products. Σ16(PCBs) and Σ11(PBDEs) (ng g−1 fat) for the areas of Venice and Rome were respectively, 250–390 and 240, and 1.6–2.8 and 4.1. An increase of fish and fishery product consumption could not be associated with an increase of PCB and PBDE levels in milk.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"watanabe-nakata-wu-kawamoto-noma-characterizationofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemittedduringheatingofnitrogencontainingplasticsatlowtemperature-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'watanabe-nakata-wu-kawamoto-noma-characterizationofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemittedduringheatingofnitrogencontainingplasticsatlowtemperature-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391', event);\">\n    Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Watanabe, M.; Nakata, C.; Wu, W.; Kawamoto, K.;  and Noma, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 68(11): 2063–2072. August 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watanabe-nakata-wu-kawamoto-noma-characterizationofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemittedduringheatingofnitrogencontainingplasticsatlowtemperature-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('watanabe-nakata-wu-kawamoto-noma-characterizationofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemittedduringheatingofnitrogencontainingplasticsatlowtemperature-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/watanabe-nakata-wu-kawamoto-noma-characterizationofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemittedduringheatingofnitrogencontainingplasticsatlowtemperature-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('watanabe-nakata-wu-kawamoto-noma-characterizationofsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemittedduringheatingofnitrogencontainingplasticsatlowtemperature-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{watanabe_characterization_2007,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507002391},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022},\n\tabstract = {Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Watanabe, Mafumi and Nakata, Chisto and Wu, Wei and Kawamoto, Katsuya and Noma, Yukio},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {ABS, Melamine/urea formaldehydes, Polyamide 6, Polyurethane, SVOCs, Thermal behavior},\n\tpages = {2063--2072},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406', event);\">\n    PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernandez, M. F.; Araque, P.; Kiviranta, H.; Molina-Molina, J. M.; Rantakokko, P.; Laine, O.; Vartiainen, T.;  and Olea, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 66(2): 377–383. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernandez-araque-kiviranta-molinamolina-rantakokko-laine-vartiainen-olea-pbdesandpbbsintheadiposetissueofwomenfromspain-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernandez_pbdes_2007,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in the adipose tissue of women from {Spain}},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506005406},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065},\n\tabstract = {Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96\\% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79\\% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Fernandez, M. F. and Araque, P. and Kiviranta, H. and Molina-Molina, J. M. and Rantakokko, P. and Laine, O. and Vartiainen, T. and Olea, N.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose tissue, PBB, PBDE, Spain},\n\tpages = {377--383},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean ∑ PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and ∑ PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-ikonomou-park-baek-chang-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodfromkoreanincineratorworkersandgeneralpopulation-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lee-ikonomou-park-baek-chang-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodfromkoreanincineratorworkersandgeneralpopulation-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Korean incinerator workers and general population.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, S.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Park, H.; Baek, S.;  and Chang, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 67(3): 489–497. March 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-ikonomou-park-baek-chang-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodfromkoreanincineratorworkersandgeneralpopulation-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Korean incinerator workers and general population [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.066\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lee-ikonomou-park-baek-chang-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodfromkoreanincineratorworkersandgeneralpopulation-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.066', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-ikonomou-park-baek-chang-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodfromkoreanincineratorworkersandgeneralpopulation-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-ikonomou-park-baek-chang-polybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodfromkoreanincineratorworkersandgeneralpopulation-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lee_polybrominated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from {Korean} incinerator workers and general population},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506012847},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.066},\n\tabstract = {This study was conducted to examine PBDE exposure in Koreans, with a special focus on incinerator workers due to their potential for occupational exposure to PBDEs. A total of 92 blood samples from 30 incinerator workers, 51 nearby residents and 11 controls were analyzed. The mean total PBDE concentration calculated from the 13 most concentrated congeners for all samples was 16.84 ± 7.48 ng/g lipid, which was somewhat higher concentration than in other countries except North America and Canada. The PBDE levels and congener profiles detected in incinerator workers were not distinctly different from those found in the general population. In all groups tested, BDE-47 was dominant (mean contribution = 32.5\\%) followed by BDE-153 (23.6\\%) and relatively high portions of BDE-183 (16.5\\%) were found. No strong trend was observed between PBDE levels and a number of key biological factors examined in this study, however, weak correlations were observed in PBDE levels measured against dietary habits, particularly in fish consumption frequency and gender. Overall, our data suggest that the occupational exposure of incinerator workers to PBDEs can be considered minor, while other lifestyle factors can have a greater contribution to PBDE exposure.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Lee, Se-Jin and Ikonomou, Michael G. and Park, Hyokeun and Baek, Song-Yee and Chang, Yoon-Seok},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Human bloods, Incinerator: Korea, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {489--497},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was conducted to examine PBDE exposure in Koreans, with a special focus on incinerator workers due to their potential for occupational exposure to PBDEs. A total of 92 blood samples from 30 incinerator workers, 51 nearby residents and 11 controls were analyzed. The mean total PBDE concentration calculated from the 13 most concentrated congeners for all samples was 16.84 ± 7.48 ng/g lipid, which was somewhat higher concentration than in other countries except North America and Canada. The PBDE levels and congener profiles detected in incinerator workers were not distinctly different from those found in the general population. In all groups tested, BDE-47 was dominant (mean contribution = 32.5%) followed by BDE-153 (23.6%) and relatively high portions of BDE-183 (16.5%) were found. No strong trend was observed between PBDE levels and a number of key biological factors examined in this study, however, weak correlations were observed in PBDE levels measured against dietary habits, particularly in fish consumption frequency and gender. Overall, our data suggest that the occupational exposure of incinerator workers to PBDEs can be considered minor, while other lifestyle factors can have a greater contribution to PBDE exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrad-porter-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodserumfromnewzealand-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrad-porter-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodserumfromnewzealand-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787', event);\">\n    Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from New Zealand.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrad, S.;  and Porter, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 66(10): 2019–2023. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-porter-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodserumfromnewzealand-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from New Zealand [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.042\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-porter-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodserumfromnewzealand-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.042', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrad-porter-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodserumfromnewzealand-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrad-porter-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinbloodserumfromnewzealand-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrad_concentrations_2007,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from {New} {Zealand}},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506009787},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.042},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of human blood serum taken from 23 donors in Wellington, New Zealand. Concentrations expressed as the sum of congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 (∑PBDE) were – at an average of 7.17 ng ∑PBDE g (lipid)−1 – within the range reported for human tissues in Europe, but lower than in Australia and North America. The most likely source of this contamination is considered to be the release of PBDEs from imported consumer goods. The congener pattern observed is in line with that reported for human tissues outside North America, but shows a lower contribution of PBDE 47 to ∑PBDE than observed in North Americans. No significant (p \\&amp;gt; 0.1) differences between concentrations in males and females were detected, and no relationship between donor age and ∑PBDE concentration was observed. One donor displayed concentrations that were significantly elevated (i.e. \\&amp;gt; average +2 standard deviations) above those in others in this study.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Porter, Lawrence},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Australasia, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Levels in humans},\n\tpages = {2019--2023},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of human blood serum taken from 23 donors in Wellington, New Zealand. Concentrations expressed as the sum of congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 (∑PBDE) were – at an average of 7.17 ng ∑PBDE g (lipid)−1 – within the range reported for human tissues in Europe, but lower than in Australia and North America. The most likely source of this contamination is considered to be the release of PBDEs from imported consumer goods. The congener pattern observed is in line with that reported for human tissues outside North America, but shows a lower contribution of PBDE 47 to ∑PBDE than observed in North Americans. No significant (p &gt; 0.1) differences between concentrations in males and females were detected, and no relationship between donor age and ∑PBDE concentration was observed. One donor displayed concentrations that were significantly elevated (i.e. &gt; average +2 standard deviations) above those in others in this study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"toms-harden-symons-burniston-frst-mller-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhumanmilkfromaustralia-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'toms-harden-symons-burniston-frst-mller-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhumanmilkfromaustralia-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human milk from Australia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Toms, L. L.; Harden, F. A.; Symons, R. K.; Burniston, D.; Fürst, P.;  and Müller, J. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 68(5): 797–803. June 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-harden-symons-burniston-frst-mller-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhumanmilkfromaustralia-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human milk from Australia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('toms-harden-symons-burniston-frst-mller-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhumanmilkfromaustralia-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/toms-harden-symons-burniston-frst-mller-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhumanmilkfromaustralia-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('toms-harden-symons-burniston-frst-mller-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinhumanmilkfromaustralia-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{toms_polybrominated_2007,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in human milk from {Australia}},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507003153},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants added to a multitude of products to reduce flammability. PBDEs have been widely detected and quantified in biota and humans in many industrialised countries from the Northern Hemisphere. However data concerning the levels of these compounds in the Australian population and environment remain limited. The objectives of this study were to determine PBDE concentrations and congener profiles in Australian human milk and compare this to concentrations found in other countries.\n\nPooled human milk samples obtained from mothers residing in 12 regions of Australia were analysed by HRGC/HRMS for 18 PBDE congeners. In total, 157 human milk samples collected in 2002 and 2003 were divided into 17 regional pools. PBDEs were detected in all pools of human milk from Australia. The mean ± standard deviation and median ∑PBDE concentrations were 11.1 ± 3.2 and 11.0 ng g−1 lipid, respectively with a range of 6.1–18.7 ng g−1 lipid. The congener profile was dominated by BDE-47 followed by BDE-99, -100, -153, -154 and -183. Regional differences were evaluated, but no trends were observed. The data suggest regional differences are likely to be small if they exist at all. The concentrations of PBDEs found in Australian human milk were lower than those reported from North America but higher than those reported from Europe and Asia.\n\nOur results suggest that the exposure pathways which contribute to the PBDE body burden in the Australian population require a better understanding in order to determine future policy regarding their use and disposal.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Toms, Leisa-Maree L. and Harden, Fiona A. and Symons, Robert K. and Burniston, Debbie and Fürst, Peter and Müller, Jochen F.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Australia, Flame retardants, Human milk, PBDEs, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {797--803},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants added to a multitude of products to reduce flammability. PBDEs have been widely detected and quantified in biota and humans in many industrialised countries from the Northern Hemisphere. However data concerning the levels of these compounds in the Australian population and environment remain limited. The objectives of this study were to determine PBDE concentrations and congener profiles in Australian human milk and compare this to concentrations found in other countries. Pooled human milk samples obtained from mothers residing in 12 regions of Australia were analysed by HRGC/HRMS for 18 PBDE congeners. In total, 157 human milk samples collected in 2002 and 2003 were divided into 17 regional pools. PBDEs were detected in all pools of human milk from Australia. The mean ± standard deviation and median ∑PBDE concentrations were 11.1 ± 3.2 and 11.0 ng g−1 lipid, respectively with a range of 6.1–18.7 ng g−1 lipid. The congener profile was dominated by BDE-47 followed by BDE-99, -100, -153, -154 and -183. Regional differences were evaluated, but no trends were observed. The data suggest regional differences are likely to be small if they exist at all. The concentrations of PBDEs found in Australian human milk were lower than those reported from North America but higher than those reported from Europe and Asia. Our results suggest that the exposure pathways which contribute to the PBDE body burden in the Australian population require a better understanding in order to determine future policy regarding their use and disposal.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852', event);\">\n    Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schlummer, M.; Gruber, L.; Mäurer, A.; Wolz, G.;  and van Eldik, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 67(9): 1866–1876. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and implications for waste management [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schlummer-gruber-murer-wolz-vaneldik-characterisationofpolymerfractionsfromwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmentweeeandimplicationsforwastemanagement-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schlummer_characterisation_2007,\n\tseries = {Halogenated {Persistent} {Organic} {Pollutants} {Dioxin} 2004 {Selected}, extended and updated proceedings of the 24th {International} {Symposium} on {Halogenated} {Environmental} {Organic} {Pollutants} and {POPs} convened at the {Technical} {University} of {Berlin}, {Germany}, {September} 2004},\n\ttitle = {Characterisation of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment ({WEEE}) and implications for waste management},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506015852},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.077},\n\tabstract = {There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity.\n\nThus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Schlummer, Martin and Gruber, Ludwig and Mäurer, Andreas and Wolz, Gerd and van Eldik, Rudi},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDD/F, Polymer recycling, Polymer types, Thermal treatment, WEEE},\n\tpages = {1866--1876},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). This is mainly due to high recycling and recovery quotas set by the European WEEE directive, which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Previous studies identified a high material diversity and various contaminants in WEEE plastics, including heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as well as polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F). These substances are regulated by European directives that limit their levels in marketable products. Consequently, both material diversity and contaminants are strong arguments against material recycling and point to hazardous waste treatment. However, recent developments in the production of flame retardants and electrical and electronic goods aimed to reduce contaminants and material diversity. Thus, the present study summarises updated contaminant levels of plastic fractions of European WEEE, as well as data on materials in waste housing polymers. Material characterisation revealed housing fractions to be interesting sources for polymer recycling, which however has to implement potent material separation and/or bromine elimination techniques. With respect to contaminants, our data indicate an effective phase-out of PBB, but still high levels of PBDE and PBDD/F are found. Sources and implications for the material recycling and thermal recovery approaches are discussed in detail.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103', event);\">\n    Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karlsson, M.; Julander, A.; van Bavel, B.;  and Hardell, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 33(1): 62–69. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karlsson-julander-vanbavel-hardell-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinbloodinrelationtolevelsinhouseholdairanddust-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karlsson_levels_2007,\n\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412006001103},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025},\n\tabstract = {Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable (\\&amp;lt; 0.41 ng g− 1 l.w.) to 17 ng g− 1 (l.w.). BDE\\#28 and \\#47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m− 3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE\\#47 concentration was below the limit of detection (\\&amp;lt; 0.17 ng m− 3). BDE\\#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m− 3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE\\#209 level was below LOD (\\&amp;lt; 0.021 ng m− 3), at a level of 0.023 ng m− 3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g− 1, the highest concentration representing BDE\\#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE\\#47, \\#99 and \\#209. In the plasma samples BDE\\#207 and \\#206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE\\#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Karlsson, M. and Julander, A. and van Bavel, B. and Hardell, L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Air, BTBPE, DeBDethane, Dust, PBDE, Plasma},\n\tpages = {62--69},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Levels of tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane (DeBDethane) were determined in air, sedimentary dust and human plasma from five households in Sweden. The levels of the individual BDEs in the plasma samples were in the same order of magnitude as in other studies of the general population in Scandinavia, and varied between non-detectable (&lt; 0.41 ng g− 1 l.w.) to 17 ng g− 1 (l.w.). BDE#28 and #47 were present in all air samples, with mean values of 0.015 and 0.12 ng m− 3, respectively, except for one sample where the BDE#47 concentration was below the limit of detection (&lt; 0.17 ng m− 3). BDE#209 was found in one of the five air samples at a concentration of 0.26 ng m− 3. DeBDethane was also detected in one sample, in which the BDE#209 level was below LOD (&lt; 0.021 ng m− 3), at a level of 0.023 ng m− 3. All the target compounds were found in the sedimentary dust samples at levels from 0.51 to 1600 ng g− 1, the highest concentration representing BDE#209. The most abundant components in plasma, air and dust were BDE#47, #99 and #209. In the plasma samples BDE#207 and #206 were also present at similar concentrations as BDE#47. In the sedimentary dust samples, DeBDethane was also among the most abundant BFRs. A positive relationship was found for the sumBDE concentrations in dust and plasma, although the relationship was strongly dependent on one of the five observations. BFR levels in dust and air were not dependent on the house characteristics such as living area, floor material or number of electronic devices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"teske-simon-niebisch-hubbuch-changesinretentionbehavioroffluorescentlylabeledproteinsduringionexchangechromatographycausedbydifferentproteinsurfacelabelingpositions-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'teske-simon-niebisch-hubbuch-changesinretentionbehavioroffluorescentlylabeledproteinsduringionexchangechromatographycausedbydifferentproteinsurfacelabelingpositions-2007', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf', event);\">\n    Changes in retention behavior of fluorescently labeled proteins during ion-exchange chromatography caused by different protein surface labeling positions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Teske, C. A.; Simon, R.; Niebisch, A.;  and Hubbuch, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biotechnology and Bioengineering</i>, 98(1): 193–200.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('teske-simon-niebisch-hubbuch-changesinretentionbehavioroffluorescentlylabeledproteinsduringionexchangechromatographycausedbydifferentproteinsurfacelabelingpositions-2007', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changes in retention behavior of fluorescently labeled proteins during ion-exchange chromatography caused by different protein surface labeling positions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21374\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('teske-simon-niebisch-hubbuch-changesinretentionbehavioroffluorescentlylabeledproteinsduringionexchangechromatographycausedbydifferentproteinsurfacelabelingpositions-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21374', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/teske-simon-niebisch-hubbuch-changesinretentionbehavioroffluorescentlylabeledproteinsduringionexchangechromatographycausedbydifferentproteinsurfacelabelingpositions-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('teske-simon-niebisch-hubbuch-changesinretentionbehavioroffluorescentlylabeledproteinsduringionexchangechromatographycausedbydifferentproteinsurfacelabelingpositions-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{teske_changes_2007,\n\ttitle = {Changes in retention behavior of fluorescently labeled proteins during ion-exchange chromatography caused by different protein surface labeling positions},\n\tvolume = {98},\n\tissn = {00063592},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.21374/pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/bit.21374},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Biotechnology and Bioengineering},\n\tauthor = {Teske, Christopher A. and Simon, Robert and Niebisch, Axel and Hubbuch, Jürgen},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {193--200},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"caldeira-peabody-stabilityandassemblyinvitroofbacteriophagepp7viruslikeparticles-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'caldeira-peabody-stabilityandassemblyinvitroofbacteriophagepp7viruslikeparticles-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Stability and assembly in vitro of bacteriophage PP7 virus-like particles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Caldeira, J. C;  and Peabody, D. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Nanobiotechnology</i>, 5(1): 10.  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('caldeira-peabody-stabilityandassemblyinvitroofbacteriophagepp7viruslikeparticles-2007', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Stability and assembly in vitro of bacteriophage PP7 virus-like particles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/caldeira-peabody-stabilityandassemblyinvitroofbacteriophagepp7viruslikeparticles-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('caldeira-peabody-stabilityandassemblyinvitroofbacteriophagepp7viruslikeparticles-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{caldeira_stability_2007,\n\ttitle = {Stability and assembly in vitro of bacteriophage {PP7} virus-like particles},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2211308&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Background: The stability of a virus-like particle (VLP) is an important consideration for its use in nanobiotechnology. The icosahedral capsid of the RNA bacteriophage PP7 is cross-linked by disulfide bonds between coat protein dimers at its 5-fold and quasi-6-fold symmetry axes. This work determined the effects of these disulfides on the VLP&#x27;s thermal stability. Results: Measurements of the thermal denaturation behavior of PP7 VLPs in the presence and absence of a reducing agent show that disulfide cross-links substantially stabilize them against thermal denaturation. Although dimers in the capsid are linked to one another by disulfides, the two subunits of dimers themselves are held together only by non-covalent interactions. In an effort to confer even greater stability a new cross-link was introduced by genetically fusing two coat protein monomers, thus producing a &quot;single-chain dimer&quot; that assembles normally into a completely cross-linked VLP. However, subunit fusion failed to increase the thermal stability of the particles, even though it stabilized the isolated dimer. As a step toward gaining control of the internal composition of the capsid, conditions that promote the assembly of PP7 coat protein dimers into virus-like particles in vitro were established. Conclusion: The presence of inter-dimer disulfide bonds greatly stabilizes the PP7 virus-like particle against thermal denaturation. Covalently cross-linking the subunits of the dimers themselves by genetically fusing them through a dipeptide linker sequence, offers no further stabilization of the VLP, although it does stabilize the dimer. PP7 capsids readily assemble in vitro in a reaction that requires RNA.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Nanobiotechnology},\n\tauthor = {Caldeira, Jerri C and Peabody, David S},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: The stability of a virus-like particle (VLP) is an important consideration for its use in nanobiotechnology. The icosahedral capsid of the RNA bacteriophage PP7 is cross-linked by disulfide bonds between coat protein dimers at its 5-fold and quasi-6-fold symmetry axes. This work determined the effects of these disulfides on the VLP's thermal stability. Results: Measurements of the thermal denaturation behavior of PP7 VLPs in the presence and absence of a reducing agent show that disulfide cross-links substantially stabilize them against thermal denaturation. Although dimers in the capsid are linked to one another by disulfides, the two subunits of dimers themselves are held together only by non-covalent interactions. In an effort to confer even greater stability a new cross-link was introduced by genetically fusing two coat protein monomers, thus producing a \"single-chain dimer\" that assembles normally into a completely cross-linked VLP. However, subunit fusion failed to increase the thermal stability of the particles, even though it stabilized the isolated dimer. As a step toward gaining control of the internal composition of the capsid, conditions that promote the assembly of PP7 coat protein dimers into virus-like particles in vitro were established. Conclusion: The presence of inter-dimer disulfide bonds greatly stabilizes the PP7 virus-like particle against thermal denaturation. Covalently cross-linking the subunits of the dimers themselves by genetically fusing them through a dipeptide linker sequence, offers no further stabilization of the VLP, although it does stabilize the dimer. PP7 capsids readily assemble in vitro in a reaction that requires RNA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cady-strickland-batt-optimizedlinkageandquenchingstrategiesforquantumdotmolecularbeacons-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cady-strickland-batt-optimizedlinkageandquenchingstrategiesforquantumdotmolecularbeacons-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636', event);\">\n    Optimized linkage and quenching strategies for quantum dot molecular beacons.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cady, N. C.; Strickland, A. D.;  and Batt, C. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular and Cellular Probes</i>, 21(2): 116–124. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cady-strickland-batt-optimizedlinkageandquenchingstrategiesforquantumdotmolecularbeacons-2007', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Optimized linkage and quenching strategies for quantum dot molecular beacons [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2006.09.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cady-strickland-batt-optimizedlinkageandquenchingstrategiesforquantumdotmolecularbeacons-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2006.09.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cady-strickland-batt-optimizedlinkageandquenchingstrategiesforquantumdotmolecularbeacons-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cady-strickland-batt-optimizedlinkageandquenchingstrategiesforquantumdotmolecularbeacons-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cady_optimized_2007,\n\ttitle = {Optimized linkage and quenching strategies for quantum dot molecular beacons},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {0890-8508},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850806000636},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2006.09.001},\n\tabstract = {Quantum dot (QD) molecular beacons were explored for sequence-specific DNA detection. The effectiveness of multiple linkage strategies and fluorescence quenchers were compared in hybridization-based assays. To compare linkage strategies, covalent amide linkage and streptavidin–biotin binding were used to link semiconductor QDs to molecular beacon DNA. Amide-linked beacons showed a 57\\% greater fluorescence increase than streptavidin-linked beacons when hybridized to 200\\&amp;\\#xa0;pmol of target DNA. The specificity of the molecular beacons, however, was similar for both linkage methods. Hybridization of both QD molecular beacons with non-complementary target DNA resulted in approximately 50\\% lower fluorescence intensity than hybridization with complementary DNA. The effectiveness of different quencher moieties was also evaluated. Iowa Black and 1.4\\&amp;\\#xa0;nm Nanogold-quenched molecular beacons exhibited approximately 2-fold greater fluorescence increases than dabcyl-quenched beacons when hybridized to complementary target. Specificity for target DNA was also confirmed through hybridization assays with non-complementary DNA. To provide insight into differences between the QD molecular beacons and the linkage strategies used, the hydrodynamic radius of each was measured. These measurements indicated that the larger radius of the streptavidin QDs (13.5\\&amp;\\#xa0;nm) than the carboxyl QDs (7\\&amp;\\#xa0;nm) could have a negative effect on FRET-based quenching for QD molecular beacons. These data outline the importance of choosing proper linkage methods and quencher moieties for creating high-quality QD molecular beacons.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes},\n\tauthor = {Cady, Nathaniel C. and Strickland, Aaron D. and Batt, Carl A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Biosensor, DNA, Detection, Molecular beacon, Quantum dots},\n\tpages = {116--124},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Quantum dot (QD) molecular beacons were explored for sequence-specific DNA detection. The effectiveness of multiple linkage strategies and fluorescence quenchers were compared in hybridization-based assays. To compare linkage strategies, covalent amide linkage and streptavidin–biotin binding were used to link semiconductor QDs to molecular beacon DNA. Amide-linked beacons showed a 57% greater fluorescence increase than streptavidin-linked beacons when hybridized to 200&#xa0;pmol of target DNA. The specificity of the molecular beacons, however, was similar for both linkage methods. Hybridization of both QD molecular beacons with non-complementary target DNA resulted in approximately 50% lower fluorescence intensity than hybridization with complementary DNA. The effectiveness of different quencher moieties was also evaluated. Iowa Black and 1.4&#xa0;nm Nanogold-quenched molecular beacons exhibited approximately 2-fold greater fluorescence increases than dabcyl-quenched beacons when hybridized to complementary target. Specificity for target DNA was also confirmed through hybridization assays with non-complementary DNA. To provide insight into differences between the QD molecular beacons and the linkage strategies used, the hydrodynamic radius of each was measured. These measurements indicated that the larger radius of the streptavidin QDs (13.5&#xa0;nm) than the carboxyl QDs (7&#xa0;nm) could have a negative effect on FRET-based quenching for QD molecular beacons. These data outline the importance of choosing proper linkage methods and quencher moieties for creating high-quality QD molecular beacons.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ajayaghosh-praveen-vijayakumar-george-molecularwireencapsulatedintopiorganogelsefficientsupramolecularlightharvestingantennaewithcolortunableemission-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ajayaghosh-praveen-vijayakumar-george-molecularwireencapsulatedintopiorganogelsefficientsupramolecularlightharvestingantennaewithcolortunableemission-2007', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925', event);\">\n    Molecular Wire Encapsulated into ${\\}pi$ Organogels: Efficient Supramolecular Light-Harvesting Antennae with Color-Tunable Emission.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ajayaghosh, A.; Praveen, V. K.; Vijayakumar, C.;  and George, S. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie</i>, 119(33): 6376–6381. August 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ajayaghosh-praveen-vijayakumar-george-molecularwireencapsulatedintopiorganogelsefficientsupramolecularlightharvestingantennaewithcolortunableemission-2007', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Molecular Wire Encapsulated into ${\\}pi$ Organogels: Efficient Supramolecular Light-Harvesting Antennae with Color-Tunable Emission [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200701925\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ajayaghosh-praveen-vijayakumar-george-molecularwireencapsulatedintopiorganogelsefficientsupramolecularlightharvestingantennaewithcolortunableemission-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200701925', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ajayaghosh-praveen-vijayakumar-george-molecularwireencapsulatedintopiorganogelsefficientsupramolecularlightharvestingantennaewithcolortunableemission-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ajayaghosh-praveen-vijayakumar-george-molecularwireencapsulatedintopiorganogelsefficientsupramolecularlightharvestingantennaewithcolortunableemission-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ajayaghosh_molecular_2007,\n\ttitle = {Molecular {Wire} {Encapsulated} into \\${\\textbackslash}pi\\$ {Organogels}: {Efficient} {Supramolecular} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Antennae} with {Color}-{Tunable} {Emission}},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {00448249},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ange.200701925},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/ange.200701925},\n\tnumber = {33},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie},\n\tauthor = {Ajayaghosh, Ayyappanpillai and Praveen, Vakayil K. and Vijayakumar, Chakkooth and George, Subi J.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {6376--6381},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ajayaghosh-praveen-piorganogelsofselfassembledpphenylenevinylenessoftmaterialswithdistinctsizeshapeandfunctions-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ajayaghosh-praveen-piorganogelsofselfassembledpphenylenevinylenessoftmaterialswithdistinctsizeshapeandfunctions-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364', event);\">\n    Pi-organogels of self-assembled p-phenylenevinylenes: soft materials with distinct size, shape, and functions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ajayaghosh, A.;  and Praveen, V. K\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Accounts of chemical research</i>, 40(8): 644–56. August 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ajayaghosh-praveen-piorganogelsofselfassembledpphenylenevinylenessoftmaterialswithdistinctsizeshapeandfunctions-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pi-organogels of self-assembled p-phenylenevinylenes: soft materials with distinct size, shape, and functions. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ajayaghosh-praveen-piorganogelsofselfassembledpphenylenevinylenessoftmaterialswithdistinctsizeshapeandfunctions-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ajayaghosh-praveen-piorganogelsofselfassembledpphenylenevinylenessoftmaterialswithdistinctsizeshapeandfunctions-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ajayaghosh-praveen-piorganogelsofselfassembledpphenylenevinylenessoftmaterialswithdistinctsizeshapeandfunctions-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ajayaghosh_pi-organogels_2007,\n\ttitle = {Pi-organogels of self-assembled p-phenylenevinylenes: soft materials with distinct size, shape, and functions.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0001-4842},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000364},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ar7000364},\n\tabstract = {This Account is focused on the self-assembly of p-phenylenevinylenes, a linear pi-system, which has been extensively studied over the years due to both fundamental and technological importance. A serendipitous observation of the gelation of an oligo( p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) derivative in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents that led to a new class of functional materials, namely, pi-organogels, is described. Strategies to control the size, shape, and functions of the supramolecular architectures of OPV self-assemblies are highlighted. Formation of nano- to microsized helical architectures, control on chromophore packing, self-assembly induced modulation of optical properties, and application as light-harvesting assemblies are the important features of this novel class of photonically and electronically active soft materials.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Accounts of chemical research},\n\tauthor = {Ajayaghosh, Ayyappanpillai and Praveen, Vakayil K},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Gels, Hydrogen Bonding, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Polyvinyls, Polyvinyls: chemical synthesis, Polyvinyls: chemistry, Triazines, Triazines: chemical synthesis, Triazines: chemistry},\n\tpages = {644--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This Account is focused on the self-assembly of p-phenylenevinylenes, a linear pi-system, which has been extensively studied over the years due to both fundamental and technological importance. A serendipitous observation of the gelation of an oligo( p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) derivative in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents that led to a new class of functional materials, namely, pi-organogels, is described. Strategies to control the size, shape, and functions of the supramolecular architectures of OPV self-assemblies are highlighted. Formation of nano- to microsized helical architectures, control on chromophore packing, self-assembly induced modulation of optical properties, and application as light-harvesting assemblies are the important features of this novel class of photonically and electronically active soft materials.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nakamura-aratani-osuka-cyclicporphyrinarraysasartificialphotosyntheticantennasynthesisandexcitationenergytransfer-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nakamura-aratani-osuka-cyclicporphyrinarraysasartificialphotosyntheticantennasynthesisandexcitationenergytransfer-2007', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k', event);\">\n    Cyclic porphyrin arrays as artificial photosynthetic antenna: synthesis and excitation energy transfer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nakamura, Y.; Aratani, N.;  and Osuka, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical Society reviews</i>, 36(6): 831–45. June 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakamura-aratani-osuka-cyclicporphyrinarraysasartificialphotosyntheticantennasynthesisandexcitationenergytransfer-2007', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cyclic porphyrin arrays as artificial photosynthetic antenna: synthesis and excitation energy transfer. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/b618854k\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nakamura-aratani-osuka-cyclicporphyrinarraysasartificialphotosyntheticantennasynthesisandexcitationenergytransfer-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/b618854k', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nakamura-aratani-osuka-cyclicporphyrinarraysasartificialphotosyntheticantennasynthesisandexcitationenergytransfer-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nakamura-aratani-osuka-cyclicporphyrinarraysasartificialphotosyntheticantennasynthesisandexcitationenergytransfer-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nakamura_cyclic_2007,\n\ttitle = {Cyclic porphyrin arrays as artificial photosynthetic antenna: synthesis and excitation energy transfer.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0306-0012},\n\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2007/cs/b618854k},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/b618854k},\n\tabstract = {Covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays have been explored in recent years as artificial photosynthetic antenna. In this review we present the fundamental aspects of covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays by highlighting recent progress. The major emphasis of this tutorial review lies on the synthetic method, the structure, and the excitation energy transfer (EET) of such arrays. The final cyclization steps were often performed with the aid of templates. Efficient EET along the wheel is observed in these cyclic arrays, but ultrafast EET processes with rates of {\\textless}1 ps, which rival those in the natural LH2, are rare and have been identified only in cyclic arrays 30-32 composed of directly meso-meso linked porphyrins.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Chemical Society reviews},\n\tauthor = {Nakamura, Yasuyuki and Aratani, Naoki and Osuka, Atsuhiro},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tkeywords = {Cyclization, Energy Transfer, Energy Transfer: physiology, Macrocyclic Compounds, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemical synthesis, Macrocyclic Compounds: chemistry, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Porphyrins, Porphyrins: chemistry, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodopseudomonas: metabolism},\n\tpages = {831--45},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays have been explored in recent years as artificial photosynthetic antenna. In this review we present the fundamental aspects of covalently linked cyclic porphyrin arrays by highlighting recent progress. The major emphasis of this tutorial review lies on the synthetic method, the structure, and the excitation energy transfer (EET) of such arrays. The final cyclization steps were often performed with the aid of templates. Efficient EET along the wheel is observed in these cyclic arrays, but ultrafast EET processes with rates of \\textless1 ps, which rival those in the natural LH2, are rare and have been identified only in cyclic arrays 30-32 composed of directly meso-meso linked porphyrins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"scheck-francis-regioselectivelabelingofantibodiesthroughnterminaltransamination-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'scheck-francis-regioselectivelabelingofantibodiesthroughnterminaltransamination-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959', event);\">\n    Regioselective Labeling of Antibodies through N-Terminal Transamination.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Scheck, R. A.;  and Francis, M. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>ACS Chemical Biology</i>, 2(4): 247–251. April 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheck-francis-regioselectivelabelingofantibodiesthroughnterminaltransamination-2007', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Regioselective Labeling of Antibodies through N-Terminal Transamination [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheck-francis-regioselectivelabelingofantibodiesthroughnterminaltransamination-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/scheck-francis-regioselectivelabelingofantibodiesthroughnterminaltransamination-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('scheck-francis-regioselectivelabelingofantibodiesthroughnterminaltransamination-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{scheck_regioselective_2007,\n\ttitle = {Regioselective {Labeling} of {Antibodies} through {N}-{Terminal} {Transamination}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb6003959},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/cb6003959},\n\tabstract = {A convenient new method is described for the introduction of ketone groups at the N-termini of antibodies. The reaction occurs in the presence of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate under conditions mild enough to maintain antigen binding function, as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further derivatization of these functional sites was accomplished through oxime formation, yielding well-defined antibody conjugates for a wide range of applications. The ability of the modified antibodies to bind their targets was confirmed via immunodot blot analysis. The generality of this method has been demonstrated on a number of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, all with different binding specificities.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {ACS Chemical Biology},\n\tauthor = {Scheck, Rebecca A. and Francis, Matthew B.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {247--251},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A convenient new method is described for the introduction of ketone groups at the N-termini of antibodies. The reaction occurs in the presence of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate under conditions mild enough to maintain antigen binding function, as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further derivatization of these functional sites was accomplished through oxime formation, yielding well-defined antibody conjugates for a wide range of applications. The ability of the modified antibodies to bind their targets was confirmed via immunodot blot analysis. The generality of this method has been demonstrated on a number of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, all with different binding specificities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2006\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2006</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (76)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironment-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&amp;id=pmid:16646468&amp;id=doi:&amp;issn=0013-936X&amp;isbn=&amp;volume=40&amp;issue=7&amp;spage=2316&amp;pages=2316-23&amp;date=2006&amp;title=Environmental+Science+&amp;+Technology&amp;atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironment-2006', 'http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&amp;id=pmid:16646468&amp;id=doi:&amp;issn=0013-936X&amp;isbn=&amp;volume=40&amp;issue=7&amp;spage=2316&amp;pages=2316-23&amp;date=2006&amp;title=Environmental+Science+&amp;+Technology&amp;atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica', event);\">\n    Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Arnot, J A; Mackay, D; Webster, E;  and Southwood, J M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 40(7): 2316–2323.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&amp;id=pmid:16646468&amp;id=doi:&amp;issn=0013-936X&amp;isbn=&amp;volume=40&amp;issue=7&amp;spage=2316&amp;pages=2316-23&amp;date=2006&amp;title=Environmental+Science+&amp;+Technology&amp;atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironment-2006', 'http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&amp;id=pmid:16646468&amp;id=doi:&amp;issn=0013-936X&amp;isbn=&amp;volume=40&amp;issue=7&amp;spage=2316&amp;pages=2316-23&amp;date=2006&amp;title=Environmental+Science+&amp;+Technology&amp;atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironment-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironment-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{arnot_screening_2006,\n\ttitle = {Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0013-936X; 0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/waterloo?sid=OVID:medline&amp;id=pmid:16646468&amp;id=doi:&amp;issn=0013-936X&amp;isbn=&amp;volume=40&amp;issue=7&amp;spage=2316&amp;pages=2316-23&amp;date=2006&amp;title=Environmental+Science+&amp;+Technology&amp;atitle=Screening+level+risk+assessment+model+for+chemica},\n\tabstract = {A screening level risk assessment model is developed and described to assess and prioritize chemicals by estimating environmental fate and transport, bioaccumulation, and exposure to humans and wildlife for a unit emission rate. The most sensitive risk endpoint is identified and a critical emission rate is then calculated as a result of that endpoint being reached. Finally, this estimated critical emission rate is compared with the estimated actual emission rate as a risk assessment factor. This &quot;back-tracking&quot; process avoids the use of highly uncertain emission rate data as model input. The application of the model is demonstrated in detail for three diverse chemicals and in less detail for a group of 70 chemicals drawn from the Canadian Domestic Substances List. The simple Level II and the more complex Level III fate calculations are used to &quot;bin&quot; substances into categories of similar probable risk. The essential role of the model is to synthesize information on chemical and environmental properties within a consistent mass balance framework to yield an overall estimate of screening level risk with respect to the defined endpoint. The approach may be useful to identify and prioritize those chemicals of commerce that are of greatest potential concern and require more comprehensive modeling and monitoring evaluations in actual regional environments and food webs.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Arnot, J A and Mackay, D and Webster, E and Southwood, J M},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Antimicrobial, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, IM, Models, Risk Assessment, Theoretical},\n\tpages = {2316--2323},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A screening level risk assessment model is developed and described to assess and prioritize chemicals by estimating environmental fate and transport, bioaccumulation, and exposure to humans and wildlife for a unit emission rate. The most sensitive risk endpoint is identified and a critical emission rate is then calculated as a result of that endpoint being reached. Finally, this estimated critical emission rate is compared with the estimated actual emission rate as a risk assessment factor. This \"back-tracking\" process avoids the use of highly uncertain emission rate data as model input. The application of the model is demonstrated in detail for three diverse chemicals and in less detail for a group of 70 chemicals drawn from the Canadian Domestic Substances List. The simple Level II and the more complex Level III fate calculations are used to \"bin\" substances into categories of similar probable risk. The essential role of the model is to synthesize information on chemical and environmental properties within a consistent mass balance framework to yield an overall estimate of screening level risk with respect to the defined endpoint. The approach may be useful to identify and prioritize those chemicals of commerce that are of greatest potential concern and require more comprehensive modeling and monitoring evaluations in actual regional environments and food webs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironmentsupportinginformation-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment - Supporting Information.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Arnot, J A; Mackay, D; Webster, E;  and Southwood, J M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 40(7): 1689–1699.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironmentsupportinginformation-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironmentsupportinginformation-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('arnot-mackay-webster-southwood-screeninglevelriskassessmentmodelforchemicalfateandeffectsintheenvironmentsupportinginformation-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{arnot_screening_2006,\n\ttitle = {Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment - {Supporting} {Information}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1098-6596},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},\n\tabstract = {applicability for this approach.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Arnot, J A and Mackay, D and Webster, E and Southwood, J M},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {25246403},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, icle},\n\tpages = {1689--1699},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  applicability for this approach.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"allmyr-adolfssonerici-mclachlan-sandborghenglund-triclosaninplasmaandmilkfromswedishnursingmothersandtheirexposureviapersonalcareproducts-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan in plasma and milk from Swedish nursing mothers and their exposure via personal care products.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Allmyr, M.; Adolfsson-Erici, M.; McLachlan, M. S.;  and Sandborgh-Englund, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, 372(1): 87–93.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allmyr-adolfssonerici-mclachlan-sandborghenglund-triclosaninplasmaandmilkfromswedishnursingmothersandtheirexposureviapersonalcareproducts-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/allmyr-adolfssonerici-mclachlan-sandborghenglund-triclosaninplasmaandmilkfromswedishnursingmothersandtheirexposureviapersonalcareproducts-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('allmyr-adolfssonerici-mclachlan-sandborghenglund-triclosaninplasmaandmilkfromswedishnursingmothersandtheirexposureviapersonalcareproducts-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{allmyr_triclosan_2006,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan in plasma and milk from {Swedish} nursing mothers and their exposure via personal care products},\n\tvolume = {372},\n\tissn = {00489697},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.007},\n\tabstract = {The bactericide triclosan is commonly used in e.g. plastics, textiles and health care products. In vitro studies on rat and human biological systems indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been found in human plasma and milk, but neither the primary source of human exposure nor the efficiency of triclosan transfer to human milk is known. In this study, plasma and milk were sampled from 36 mothers and analyzed for triclosan. Scrutinization of the women&#x27;s personal care products revealed that nine of the mothers used toothpaste, deodorant or soap containing triclosan. Triclosan and/or its metabolites were omnipresent in the analyzed plasma and milk. The concentrations were higher in both plasma and milk from the mothers who used personal care products containing triclosan than in the mothers who did not. This demonstrated that personal care products containing triclosan were the dominant, but not the only, source of systemic exposure to triclosan. The concentrations were significantly higher in plasma than in milk, indicating that infant exposure to triclosan via breast milk is much less than the dose in the mother. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Science of the Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Allmyr, Mats and Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and McLachlan, Michael S. and Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {17007908},\n\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Breast milk, Florence, Human, Human exposure, Infant, Irgasan, Plasma, TCS},\n\tpages = {87--93},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The bactericide triclosan is commonly used in e.g. plastics, textiles and health care products. In vitro studies on rat and human biological systems indicate that triclosan might exert adverse effects in humans. Triclosan has previously been found in human plasma and milk, but neither the primary source of human exposure nor the efficiency of triclosan transfer to human milk is known. In this study, plasma and milk were sampled from 36 mothers and analyzed for triclosan. Scrutinization of the women's personal care products revealed that nine of the mothers used toothpaste, deodorant or soap containing triclosan. Triclosan and/or its metabolites were omnipresent in the analyzed plasma and milk. The concentrations were higher in both plasma and milk from the mothers who used personal care products containing triclosan than in the mothers who did not. This demonstrated that personal care products containing triclosan were the dominant, but not the only, source of systemic exposure to triclosan. The concentrations were significantly higher in plasma than in milk, indicating that infant exposure to triclosan via breast milk is much less than the dose in the mother. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oecd-preliminarylistsofpfospfaspfoaandrelatedcompoundsandchemicalsthatmaydegradetopfca-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Preliminary Lists of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA and Related Compounds and Chemicals that May Degrade To PFCA.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  OECD\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Inter-organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals</i>.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oecd-preliminarylistsofpfospfaspfoaandrelatedcompoundsandchemicalsthatmaydegradetopfca-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oecd-preliminarylistsofpfospfaspfoaandrelatedcompoundsandchemicalsthatmaydegradetopfca-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{oecd_preliminary_2006,\n\ttitle = {Preliminary {Lists} of {PFOS}, {PFAS}, {PFOA} and {Related} {Compounds} and {Chemicals} that {May} {Degrade} {To} {PFCA}},\n\tjournal = {Inter-organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals},\n\tauthor = {{OECD}},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"xu-little-predictingemissionsofsvocsfrompolymericmaterialsandtheirinteractionwithairborneparticles-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'xu-little-predictingemissionsofsvocsfrompolymericmaterialsandtheirinteractionwithairborneparticles-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf', event);\">\n    Predicting emissions of SVOCs from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Xu, Y.;  and Little, J. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 40(2): 456–461. January 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('xu-little-predictingemissionsofsvocsfrompolymericmaterialsandtheirinteractionwithairborneparticles-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Predicting emissions of SVOCs from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/xu-little-predictingemissionsofsvocsfrompolymericmaterialsandtheirinteractionwithairborneparticles-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('xu-little-predictingemissionsofsvocsfrompolymericmaterialsandtheirinteractionwithairborneparticles-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{xu_predicting_2006,\n\ttitle = {Predicting emissions of {SVOCs} from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468389 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/3a7cd1aa97e6df6e31b61d8be6b9f06e5fb0ad9f.pdf},\n\tabstract = {A model that predicts the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials is extended and used to predict the emission rate of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from polymeric materials. Reasonable agreement between model predictions and gas-phase di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations is achieved using data collected in a previous experimental study that measured emissions of DEHP from vinyl flooring in two very different chambers. While emissions of highly volatile VOCs are subject to &quot;internal&quot; control (the material-phase diffusion coefficient), emissions of the very low volatility SVOCs are subject to &quot;external&quot; control (partitioning into the gas phase, the convective mass-transfer coefficient, and adsorption onto interior surfaces). The effect of SVOCs partitioning onto airborne particles is also examined. The DEHP emission rate is increased when the gas-phase concentration is high, and especially when partitioning to the airborne particles is strong. Airborne particles may play an important role in inhalation exposure as well as in transporting SVOCs well beyond the source. Although more rigorous validation is needed, the model should help elucidate the mechanisms governing emissions of phthalate plasticizers, brominated flame retardants, biocides, and other SVOCs from a wide range of building materials and consumer products.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Xu, Ying and Little, John C},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Flame retardants, Models, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: analysis, Organic Chemicals: chemistry, Polymers, Polymers: chemistry, Theoretical, Volatilization},\n\tpages = {456--461},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A model that predicts the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials is extended and used to predict the emission rate of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from polymeric materials. Reasonable agreement between model predictions and gas-phase di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations is achieved using data collected in a previous experimental study that measured emissions of DEHP from vinyl flooring in two very different chambers. While emissions of highly volatile VOCs are subject to \"internal\" control (the material-phase diffusion coefficient), emissions of the very low volatility SVOCs are subject to \"external\" control (partitioning into the gas phase, the convective mass-transfer coefficient, and adsorption onto interior surfaces). The effect of SVOCs partitioning onto airborne particles is also examined. The DEHP emission rate is increased when the gas-phase concentration is high, and especially when partitioning to the airborne particles is strong. Airborne particles may play an important role in inhalation exposure as well as in transporting SVOCs well beyond the source. Although more rigorous validation is needed, the model should help elucidate the mechanisms governing emissions of phthalate plasticizers, brominated flame retardants, biocides, and other SVOCs from a wide range of building materials and consumer products.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"viberg-johansson-fredriksson-eriksson-marsh-eriksson-neonatalexposuretohigherbrominateddiphenylethersheptaoctaornonabromodiphenyletherimpairsspontaneousbehaviorandlearningandmemoryfunctionsofadultmice-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'viberg-johansson-fredriksson-eriksson-marsh-eriksson-neonatalexposuretohigherbrominateddiphenylethersheptaoctaornonabromodiphenyletherimpairsspontaneousbehaviorandlearningandmemoryfunctionsofadultmice-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620', event);\">\n    Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Viberg, H.; Johansson, N.; Fredriksson, A.; Eriksson, J.; Marsh, G.;  and Eriksson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 92(1): 211–8. July 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-johansson-fredriksson-eriksson-marsh-eriksson-neonatalexposuretohigherbrominateddiphenylethersheptaoctaornonabromodiphenyletherimpairsspontaneousbehaviorandlearningandmemoryfunctionsofadultmice-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj196\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-johansson-fredriksson-eriksson-marsh-eriksson-neonatalexposuretohigherbrominateddiphenylethersheptaoctaornonabromodiphenyletherimpairsspontaneousbehaviorandlearningandmemoryfunctionsofadultmice-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj196', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/viberg-johansson-fredriksson-eriksson-marsh-eriksson-neonatalexposuretohigherbrominateddiphenylethersheptaoctaornonabromodiphenyletherimpairsspontaneousbehaviorandlearningandmemoryfunctionsofadultmice-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('viberg-johansson-fredriksson-eriksson-marsh-eriksson-neonatalexposuretohigherbrominateddiphenylethersheptaoctaornonabromodiphenyletherimpairsspontaneousbehaviorandlearningandmemoryfunctionsofadultmice-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{viberg_neonatal_2006,\n\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice.},\n\tvolume = {92},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611620},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj196},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, have been shown to be increasing in the environment and in human mother&#x27;s milk. We have earlier reported that lower brominated PBDEs, such as tetra-, penta-, and hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. Recently, this was also observed with the full-brominated PBDE, deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209), although it was suggested that the effects were caused by a (possibly debrominated) metabolite thereof. The present study revealed that 2,2&#x27;,3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6-nonabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 206), 2,2&#x27;,3,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6-octabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 203), and to a minor extent also 2,2&#x27;,3,4,4&#x27;,5&#x27;,6&#x27;-heptabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 183) can induce developmental neurotoxic effects. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were exposed on postnatal day 3 or 10 to PBDE 206, PBDE 203, or PBDE 183, given as a single oral dose of 21 mumol/kg body weight. At the adult age of 2-3 months, the mice were observed for performance in a spontaneous behavior test and the Morris water maze test. PBDE 203 and PBDE 206, when administered on neonatal day 10, caused disturbances in spontaneous behavior, leading to disrupted habituation and a hyperactive condition in adults at the age of 2 months. These behavioral changes were also seen in 2-month-old mice exposed to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 3. Furthermore, exposure to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 10 affected learning and memory functions in adult mice. The developmental neurotoxic effects were most pronounced in mice exposed to PBDE 203. These developmental neurobehavioral defects were in agreement with those we observed previously with lower brominated PBDEs and with PBDE 209. It is important to consider the fact that different PBDE congeners can have differing degrees of potency, when comparing levels of PBDEs in the environment and in mother&#x27;s milk.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Johansson, Niclas and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Johan and Marsh, Göran and Eriksson, Per},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16611620},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Ethers, Flame retardants, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Male, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {211--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, have been shown to be increasing in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have earlier reported that lower brominated PBDEs, such as tetra-, penta-, and hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. Recently, this was also observed with the full-brominated PBDE, deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209), although it was suggested that the effects were caused by a (possibly debrominated) metabolite thereof. The present study revealed that 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 206), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 203), and to a minor extent also 2,2',3,4,4',5',6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 183) can induce developmental neurotoxic effects. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were exposed on postnatal day 3 or 10 to PBDE 206, PBDE 203, or PBDE 183, given as a single oral dose of 21 mumol/kg body weight. At the adult age of 2-3 months, the mice were observed for performance in a spontaneous behavior test and the Morris water maze test. PBDE 203 and PBDE 206, when administered on neonatal day 10, caused disturbances in spontaneous behavior, leading to disrupted habituation and a hyperactive condition in adults at the age of 2 months. These behavioral changes were also seen in 2-month-old mice exposed to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 3. Furthermore, exposure to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 10 affected learning and memory functions in adult mice. The developmental neurotoxic effects were most pronounced in mice exposed to PBDE 203. These developmental neurobehavioral defects were in agreement with those we observed previously with lower brominated PBDEs and with PBDE 209. It is important to consider the fact that different PBDE congeners can have differing degrees of potency, when comparing levels of PBDEs in the environment and in mother's milk.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanderven-verhoef-vandekuil-slob-leonards-visser-hamers-herlin-etal-a28dayoraldosetoxicitystudyenhancedtodetectendocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneinwistarrats-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanderven-verhoef-vandekuil-slob-leonards-visser-hamers-herlin-etal-a28dayoraldosetoxicitystudyenhancedtodetectendocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneinwistarrats-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958', event);\">\n    A 28-day oral dose toxicity study enhanced to detect endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane in Wistar rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  van der Ven, L. T M; Verhoef, A.; van De Kuil, T.; Slob, W.; Leonards, P. E G; Visser, T. J; Hamers, T.; Herlin, M.; H\\a akansson , H.; Olausson, H.; Piersma, A. H;  and Vos, J. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 94(2): 281–92. December 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderven-verhoef-vandekuil-slob-leonards-visser-hamers-herlin-etal-a28dayoraldosetoxicitystudyenhancedtodetectendocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneinwistarrats-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A 28-day oral dose toxicity study enhanced to detect endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane in Wistar rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl113\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanderven-verhoef-vandekuil-slob-leonards-visser-hamers-herlin-etal-a28dayoraldosetoxicitystudyenhancedtodetectendocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneinwistarrats-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl113', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanderven-verhoef-vandekuil-slob-leonards-visser-hamers-herlin-etal-a28dayoraldosetoxicitystudyenhancedtodetectendocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneinwistarrats-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanderven-verhoef-vandekuil-slob-leonards-visser-hamers-herlin-etal-a28dayoraldosetoxicitystudyenhancedtodetectendocrineeffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneinwistarrats-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_der_ven_28-day_2006,\n\ttitle = {A 28-day oral dose toxicity study enhanced to detect endocrine effects of hexabromocyclododecane in {Wistar} rats.},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984958},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl113},\n\tabstract = {A 28-day repeated dose study in rats (OECD407) enhanced for endocrine and immune parameters was performed with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Rats were exposed by daily gavage to HBCD dissolved in corn oil in 8 dose groups with doses ranging between 0 and 200 mg/kg bw per day (mkd). Evaluation consisted of dose-response analysis with calculation of a benchmark dose at the lower 95\\% one-sided confidence bound (BMDL) at predefined critical effect sizes (CESs) of 10-20\\%. The most remarkable findings were dose-related effects on the thyroid hormone axis, that is, decreased total thyroxin (TT4, BMDL 55.5 mkd at CES–10\\%), increased pituitary weight (29 mkd at 10\\%) and increased immunostaining of TSH in the pituitary, increased thyroid weight (1.6 mkd at 10\\%), and thyroid follicle cell activation. These effects were restricted to females. Female rats also showed increased absolute liver weights (22.9 mkd at 20\\%) and induction of T4-glucuronyl transferase (4.1 mkd at 10\\%), suggesting that aberrant metabolization of T4 triggers feedback activation of the thyroid hormone system. These effects were accompanied by possibly secondary effects, including increased cholesterol (7.4 mkd at 10\\%), increased tibial bone mineral density ({\\textbackslash}textgreater 49 mkd at 10\\%), both in females, and decreased splenocyte counts (0.3-6.3 mkd at 20\\%; only evaluated in males). Overall, female rats appeared to be more sensitive to HBCD than male rats, and an overall BMDL is proposed at 1.6 mkd, based on a 10\\% increase of the thyroid weight, which was the most sensitive parameter in the sequence of events.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {van der Ven, Leo T M and Verhoef, Aart and van De Kuil, Ton and Slob, Wout and Leonards, Pim E G and Visser, Theo J and Hamers, Timo and Herlin, Maria and H{\\textbackslash}a akansson, Helen and Olausson, Hanna and Piersma, Aldert H and Vos, Josephus G},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16984958},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Bone Density, Bone Density: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: classification, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: classification, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glucuronosyltransferase: biosynthesis, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: pathology, Male, Oral, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Pituitary Gland: pathology, Rats, Risk Assessment, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: pathology, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin: metabolism, Tibia, Tibia: drug effects, Tibia: metabolism, Toxicity Tests, Wistar, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {281--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A 28-day repeated dose study in rats (OECD407) enhanced for endocrine and immune parameters was performed with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Rats were exposed by daily gavage to HBCD dissolved in corn oil in 8 dose groups with doses ranging between 0 and 200 mg/kg bw per day (mkd). Evaluation consisted of dose-response analysis with calculation of a benchmark dose at the lower 95% one-sided confidence bound (BMDL) at predefined critical effect sizes (CESs) of 10-20%. The most remarkable findings were dose-related effects on the thyroid hormone axis, that is, decreased total thyroxin (TT4, BMDL 55.5 mkd at CES–10%), increased pituitary weight (29 mkd at 10%) and increased immunostaining of TSH in the pituitary, increased thyroid weight (1.6 mkd at 10%), and thyroid follicle cell activation. These effects were restricted to females. Female rats also showed increased absolute liver weights (22.9 mkd at 20%) and induction of T4-glucuronyl transferase (4.1 mkd at 10%), suggesting that aberrant metabolization of T4 triggers feedback activation of the thyroid hormone system. These effects were accompanied by possibly secondary effects, including increased cholesterol (7.4 mkd at 10%), increased tibial bone mineral density (\\textgreater 49 mkd at 10%), both in females, and decreased splenocyte counts (0.3-6.3 mkd at 20%; only evaluated in males). Overall, female rats appeared to be more sensitive to HBCD than male rats, and an overall BMDL is proposed at 1.6 mkd, based on a 10% increase of the thyroid weight, which was the most sensitive parameter in the sequence of events.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vandenberg-birnbaum-denison-devito-farland-feeley-fiedler-hakansson-etal-the2005worldhealthorganizationreevaluationofhumanandmammaliantoxicequivalencyfactorsfordioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vandenberg-birnbaum-denison-devito-farland-feeley-fiedler-hakansson-etal-the2005worldhealthorganizationreevaluationofhumanandmammaliantoxicequivalencyfactorsfordioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds-2006', 'http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf', event);\">\n    The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Van den Berg, M.; Birnbaum, L. S; Denison, M.; De Vito, M.; Farland, W.; Feeley, M.; Fiedler, H.; Hakansson, H.; Hanberg, A.; Haws, L.; Rose, M.; Safe, S.; Schrenk, D.; Tohyama, C.; Tritscher, A.; Tuomisto, J.; Tysklind, M.; Walker, N.;  and Peterson, R. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</i>, 93(2): 223–241. October 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandenberg-birnbaum-denison-devito-farland-feeley-fiedler-hakansson-etal-the2005worldhealthorganizationreevaluationofhumanandmammaliantoxicequivalencyfactorsfordioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds-2006', 'http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vandenberg-birnbaum-denison-devito-farland-feeley-fiedler-hakansson-etal-the2005worldhealthorganizationreevaluationofhumanandmammaliantoxicequivalencyfactorsfordioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vandenberg-birnbaum-denison-devito-farland-feeley-fiedler-hakansson-etal-the2005worldhealthorganizationreevaluationofhumanandmammaliantoxicequivalencyfactorsfordioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vandenberg-birnbaum-denison-devito-farland-feeley-fiedler-hakansson-etal-the2005worldhealthorganizationreevaluationofhumanandmammaliantoxicequivalencyfactorsfordioxinsanddioxinlikecompounds-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_den_berg_2005_2006,\n\ttitle = {The 2005 {World} {Health} {Organization} reevaluation of human and {Mammalian} toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.},\n\tvolume = {93},\n\turl = {http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/2/223.full file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van den Berg et al. - 2006 - The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl055},\n\tabstract = {In June 2005, a World Health Organization (WHO)-International Programme on Chemical Safety expert meeting was held in Geneva during which the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds, including some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were reevaluated. For this reevaluation process, the refined TEF database recently published by Haws et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 89, 4-30) was used as a starting point. Decisions about a TEF value were made based on a combination of unweighted relative effect potency (REP) distributions from this database, expert judgment, and point estimates. Previous TEFs were assigned in increments of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, etc., but for this reevaluation, it was decided to use half order of magnitude increments on a logarithmic scale of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, etc. Changes were decided by the expert panel for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.3), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.03), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzofuran (TEFs = 0.0003), 3,4,4&#x27;,5-tetrachlorbiphenyl (PCB 81) (TEF = 0.0003), 3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) (TEF = 0.03), and a single TEF value (0.00003) for all relevant mono-ortho-substituted PCBs. Additivity, an important prerequisite of the TEF concept was again confirmed by results from recent in vivo mixture studies. Some experimental evidence shows that non-dioxin-like aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists are able to impact the overall toxic potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, and this needs to be investigated further. Certain individual and groups of compounds were identified for possible future inclusion in the TEF concept, including 3,4,4&#x27;-TCB (PCB 37), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, mixed polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polyhalogenated naphthalenes, and polybrominated biphenyls. Concern was expressed about direct application of the TEF/total toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach to abiotic matrices, such as soil, sediment, etc., for direct application in human risk assessment. This is problematic as the present TEF scheme and TEQ methodology are primarily intended for estimating exposure and risks via oral ingestion (e.g., by dietary intake). A number of future approaches to determine alternative or additional TEFs were also identified. These included the use of a probabilistic methodology to determine TEFs that better describe the associated levels of uncertainty and &quot;systemic&quot; TEFs for blood and adipose tissue and TEQ for body burden.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Van den Berg, Martin and Birnbaum, Linda S and Denison, Michael and De Vito, Mike and Farland, William and Feeley, Mark and Fiedler, Heidelore and Hakansson, Helen and Hanberg, Annika and Haws, Laurie and Rose, Martin and Safe, Stephen and Schrenk, Dieter and Tohyama, Chiharu and Tritscher, Angelika and Tuomisto, Jouko and Tysklind, Mats and Walker, Nigel and Peterson, Richard E},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Endpoint Determination, Flame retardants, Humans, Mice, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Probability, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization},\n\tpages = {223--241},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In June 2005, a World Health Organization (WHO)-International Programme on Chemical Safety expert meeting was held in Geneva during which the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds, including some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were reevaluated. For this reevaluation process, the refined TEF database recently published by Haws et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 89, 4-30) was used as a starting point. Decisions about a TEF value were made based on a combination of unweighted relative effect potency (REP) distributions from this database, expert judgment, and point estimates. Previous TEFs were assigned in increments of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, etc., but for this reevaluation, it was decided to use half order of magnitude increments on a logarithmic scale of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, etc. Changes were decided by the expert panel for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.3), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (TEF = 0.03), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzofuran (TEFs = 0.0003), 3,4,4',5-tetrachlorbiphenyl (PCB 81) (TEF = 0.0003), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) (TEF = 0.03), and a single TEF value (0.00003) for all relevant mono-ortho-substituted PCBs. Additivity, an important prerequisite of the TEF concept was again confirmed by results from recent in vivo mixture studies. Some experimental evidence shows that non-dioxin-like aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists are able to impact the overall toxic potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, and this needs to be investigated further. Certain individual and groups of compounds were identified for possible future inclusion in the TEF concept, including 3,4,4'-TCB (PCB 37), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, mixed polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polyhalogenated naphthalenes, and polybrominated biphenyls. Concern was expressed about direct application of the TEF/total toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach to abiotic matrices, such as soil, sediment, etc., for direct application in human risk assessment. This is problematic as the present TEF scheme and TEQ methodology are primarily intended for estimating exposure and risks via oral ingestion (e.g., by dietary intake). A number of future approaches to determine alternative or additional TEFs were also identified. These included the use of a probabilistic methodology to determine TEFs that better describe the associated levels of uncertainty and \"systemic\" TEFs for blood and adipose tissue and TEQ for body burden.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire Statistics, United Kingdom, 2006.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UK, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Department for Communities and Local Government, London,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire Statistics, United Kingdom, 2006 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uk-firestatisticsunitedkingdom2006-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{uk_fire_2006,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Fire {Statistics}, {United} {Kingdom}, 2006},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UKfirestats2006.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Department for Communities and Local Government},\n\tauthor = {UK, DCLG},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"timmelaragy-levin-digiulio-developmentalandbehavioraleffectsofembryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inthekillifishfundulusheteroclitus-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'timmelaragy-levin-digiulio-developmentalandbehavioraleffectsofembryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inthekillifishfundulusheteroclitus-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967', event);\">\n    Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture DE-71 in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Timme-Laragy, A. R; Levin, E. D;  and Di Giulio, R. T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 62(7): 1097–104. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('timmelaragy-levin-digiulio-developmentalandbehavioraleffectsofembryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inthekillifishfundulusheteroclitus-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture DE-71 in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('timmelaragy-levin-digiulio-developmentalandbehavioraleffectsofembryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inthekillifishfundulusheteroclitus-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.037', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/timmelaragy-levin-digiulio-developmentalandbehavioraleffectsofembryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inthekillifishfundulusheteroclitus-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('timmelaragy-levin-digiulio-developmentalandbehavioraleffectsofembryonicexposuretothepolybrominateddiphenylethermixturede71inthekillifishfundulusheteroclitus-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{timme-laragy_developmental_2006,\n\ttitle = {Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture {DE}-71 in the killifish ({Fundulus} heteroclitus).},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045967},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.037},\n\tabstract = {Exposures to penta polybrominated diphenylether (PeBDE) cause neurobehavioral toxicity in developing mice and rats. As levels of these ubiquitous contaminants are increasing in the environment, this raises concern that wildlife may also suffer such effects, with consequences for their ability to catch prey and avoid predators. PeBDE levels in wild-caught fish have been steadily escalating over the past fifteen years. To our knowledge, behavioral consequences of piscine embryonic exposure to PeBDE has not yet been studied. The objectives of this investigation were to characterize effects on development in an environmentally relevant fish model, and test for latent behavioral effects following cessation of exposure. Embryos from the estuarine minnow, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed from day 0-7 post fertilization to the industrial PeBDE mixture, DE-71 (0.001 to 100 microg l(-1)). Embryos were assayed for hatching success, development, and microsomal enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, which was determined by analysis of in ovo ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activation in embryos. Larval fish were assayed for predation ability, activity level, and fright response to a simulated predator. Juvenile fish were assayed for learning ability in a three-chambered fish maze. No induction of embryonic EROD activity was observed, nor was a high dose of DE-71 able to inhibit EROD activity induced by beta-naphthoflavone. No deformities were detected, but a subtle developmental asymmetry with respect to tail curvature direction was observed, and a hatching delay of up to 4.5 days was noted. Behavioral test results suggest that embryonic exposure to DE-71 may alter activity level, fright response, predation rates, and learning ability in subsequent life stages.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Timme-Laragy, Alicia R and Levin, Edward D and Di Giulio, Richard T},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16045967},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Embryo, Flame retardants, Fundulidae, Fundulidae: embryology, Fundulidae: growth \\&amp; development, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Nonmammalian, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Swimming, Water Pollutants, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {1097--104},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Exposures to penta polybrominated diphenylether (PeBDE) cause neurobehavioral toxicity in developing mice and rats. As levels of these ubiquitous contaminants are increasing in the environment, this raises concern that wildlife may also suffer such effects, with consequences for their ability to catch prey and avoid predators. PeBDE levels in wild-caught fish have been steadily escalating over the past fifteen years. To our knowledge, behavioral consequences of piscine embryonic exposure to PeBDE has not yet been studied. The objectives of this investigation were to characterize effects on development in an environmentally relevant fish model, and test for latent behavioral effects following cessation of exposure. Embryos from the estuarine minnow, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed from day 0-7 post fertilization to the industrial PeBDE mixture, DE-71 (0.001 to 100 microg l(-1)). Embryos were assayed for hatching success, development, and microsomal enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, which was determined by analysis of in ovo ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activation in embryos. Larval fish were assayed for predation ability, activity level, and fright response to a simulated predator. Juvenile fish were assayed for learning ability in a three-chambered fish maze. No induction of embryonic EROD activity was observed, nor was a high dose of DE-71 able to inhibit EROD activity induced by beta-naphthoflavone. No deformities were detected, but a subtle developmental asymmetry with respect to tail curvature direction was observed, and a hatching delay of up to 4.5 days was noted. Behavioral test results suggest that embryonic exposure to DE-71 may alter activity level, fright response, predation rates, and learning ability in subsequent life stages.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thomas-farrar-braekevelt-stern-kalantzi-martin-jones-shortandmediumchainlengthchlorinatedparaffinsinukhumanmilkfat-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thomas-farrar-braekevelt-stern-kalantzi-martin-jones-shortandmediumchainlengthchlorinatedparaffinsinukhumanmilkfat-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717', event);\">\n    Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk fat.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thomas, G. O; Farrar, D.; Braekevelt, E.; Stern, G.; Kalantzi, O. I; Martin, F. L;  and Jones, K. C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 32(1): 34–40. January 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thomas-farrar-braekevelt-stern-kalantzi-martin-jones-shortandmediumchainlengthchlorinatedparaffinsinukhumanmilkfat-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk fat. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thomas-farrar-braekevelt-stern-kalantzi-martin-jones-shortandmediumchainlengthchlorinatedparaffinsinukhumanmilkfat-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thomas-farrar-braekevelt-stern-kalantzi-martin-jones-shortandmediumchainlengthchlorinatedparaffinsinukhumanmilkfat-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thomas-farrar-braekevelt-stern-kalantzi-martin-jones-shortandmediumchainlengthchlorinatedparaffinsinukhumanmilkfat-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thomas_short_2006,\n\ttitle = {Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in {UK} human milk fat.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979717},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Chlorinated paraffins (also called polychlorinated n-alkanes – PCAs) are a class of industrial chemicals comprising chlorinated straight chain hydrocarbons. They have a wide range of applications and are now found in a range of environmental compartments. We analysed a total of 25 human milk-fat samples, donated by 18 individuals from the urban London and more rural Lancaster areas in the UK, for short chain PCAs (C(10)-C(13) sPCAs) and medium chain PCAs (C(14)-C(17) mPCAs), using gas chromatography-ECNI high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our study confirms that trace quantities of PCAs can reach human milk-fat. sPCAs were detected in all but four samples, while mPCAs were detected in all samples. The median sPCA concentration was 180 ng/g fat (range of 49 to 820 ng/g fat – detected values only) and the median mPCA concentration was 21 ng/g fat (range of 6.2 to 320 ng/g fat). No differences were noted in ranges of observed values for either sPCAs or mPCAs between samples from London and Lancaster. Most samples also exhibited similar patterns of sPCAs and mPCAs. One sample exhibited a different pattern for sPCAs and mPCAs, an observation that may be related to differences in exposure or biological factors for this individual.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Thomas, Gareth O and Farrar, David and Braekevelt, Eric and Stern, Gary and Kalantzi, Olga I and Martin, Francis L and Jones, Kevin C},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {15979717},\n\tkeywords = {Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Fats, Fats: chemistry, Flame retardants, Great Britain, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Milk, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry},\n\tpages = {34--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chlorinated paraffins (also called polychlorinated n-alkanes – PCAs) are a class of industrial chemicals comprising chlorinated straight chain hydrocarbons. They have a wide range of applications and are now found in a range of environmental compartments. We analysed a total of 25 human milk-fat samples, donated by 18 individuals from the urban London and more rural Lancaster areas in the UK, for short chain PCAs (C(10)-C(13) sPCAs) and medium chain PCAs (C(14)-C(17) mPCAs), using gas chromatography-ECNI high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our study confirms that trace quantities of PCAs can reach human milk-fat. sPCAs were detected in all but four samples, while mPCAs were detected in all samples. The median sPCA concentration was 180 ng/g fat (range of 49 to 820 ng/g fat – detected values only) and the median mPCA concentration was 21 ng/g fat (range of 6.2 to 320 ng/g fat). No differences were noted in ranges of observed values for either sPCAs or mPCAs between samples from London and Lancaster. Most samples also exhibited similar patterns of sPCAs and mPCAs. One sample exhibited a different pattern for sPCAs and mPCAs, an observation that may be related to differences in exposure or biological factors for this individual.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"suzuki-nose-takigami-takahashi-sakai-pbdesandpbddfsinhouseandofficedustfromjapan-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'suzuki-nose-takigami-takahashi-sakai-pbdesandpbddfsinhouseandofficedustfromjapan-2006', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf', event);\">\n    PBDEs and PBDD/Fs in house and office dust from Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Suzuki, G; Nose, K; Takigami, H; Takahashi, S;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 68: 1843–1846.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('suzuki-nose-takigami-takahashi-sakai-pbdesandpbddfsinhouseandofficedustfromjapan-2006', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs and PBDD/Fs in house and office dust from Japan. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/suzuki-nose-takigami-takahashi-sakai-pbdesandpbddfsinhouseandofficedustfromjapan-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('suzuki-nose-takigami-takahashi-sakai-pbdesandpbddfsinhouseandofficedustfromjapan-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{suzuki_pbdes_2006,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBDD}/{Fs} in house and office dust from {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2006/06-425.pdf},\n\tabstract = {In order to reduce the accidental fire, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as PBDEs are added to plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for household materials. The rapid decrease in PBDE consumption after 1990 could be due to the industry&#x27;s voluntary phasing out of PBDEs in Japan because of global concern regarding their potential adverse environmental and health effects and their thermal-breakdown products.1 However, lots of products such as TV and computer have contained PBDEs used in the past, which may be sources of them in the indoor air.2 Previous studies have indicated that PBDEs accumulate through food chain and are potential toxic compounds for human, suggesting that the control strategy for them contained in products is very important. Recently, the analysis of PBDEs in house dust has been conducted all over the world, indicating that PBDE concentrations of house dust are relatively higher than other media such as sediment. 3-6 Many researchers also demonstrated the importance of house dust as the routes of human exposure to PBDEs. On the other hand, there is no systematic monitoring investigation for grasping PBDEs level of dust in Japan. In this study, we investigated the PBDE concentrations in dust derived from household and office in Japan. PBDD/Fs, the thermal-breakdown products of PBDEs, were also investigated. First, in order to evaluate the PBDE and PBDD/F level of collected dust in Japan, we compared the obtained data with those reported in previous studies. Then we tried to identify an indoor source of them in dust by evaluating the relevance of the concentration in dusts and the investigated indoor information.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Suzuki, G and Nose, K and Takigami, H and Takahashi, S and Sakai, SI},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {1843--1846},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In order to reduce the accidental fire, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as PBDEs are added to plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for household materials. The rapid decrease in PBDE consumption after 1990 could be due to the industry's voluntary phasing out of PBDEs in Japan because of global concern regarding their potential adverse environmental and health effects and their thermal-breakdown products.1 However, lots of products such as TV and computer have contained PBDEs used in the past, which may be sources of them in the indoor air.2 Previous studies have indicated that PBDEs accumulate through food chain and are potential toxic compounds for human, suggesting that the control strategy for them contained in products is very important. Recently, the analysis of PBDEs in house dust has been conducted all over the world, indicating that PBDE concentrations of house dust are relatively higher than other media such as sediment. 3-6 Many researchers also demonstrated the importance of house dust as the routes of human exposure to PBDEs. On the other hand, there is no systematic monitoring investigation for grasping PBDEs level of dust in Japan. In this study, we investigated the PBDE concentrations in dust derived from household and office in Japan. PBDD/Fs, the thermal-breakdown products of PBDEs, were also investigated. First, in order to evaluate the PBDE and PBDD/F level of collected dust in Japan, we compared the obtained data with those reported in previous studies. Then we tried to identify an indoor source of them in dust by evaluating the relevance of the concentration in dusts and the investigated indoor information.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-dodder-kucklick-reddy-schantz-becker-gulland-porter-etal-determinationofhbcdpbdesandmeobdesincaliforniasealionszalophuscalifornianusstrandedbetween1993and2003-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-dodder-kucklick-reddy-schantz-becker-gulland-porter-etal-determinationofhbcdpbdesandmeobdesincaliforniasealionszalophuscalifornianusstrandedbetween1993and2003-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266', event);\">\n    Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H M; Dodder, N G; Kucklick, J R; Reddy, C M; Schantz, M M; Becker, P R; Gulland, F; Porter, B J;  and Wise, S A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Marine pollution bulletin</i>, 52(5): 522–31. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-dodder-kucklick-reddy-schantz-becker-gulland-porter-etal-determinationofhbcdpbdesandmeobdesincaliforniasealionszalophuscalifornianusstrandedbetween1993and2003-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-dodder-kucklick-reddy-schantz-becker-gulland-porter-etal-determinationofhbcdpbdesandmeobdesincaliforniasealionszalophuscalifornianusstrandedbetween1993and2003-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-dodder-kucklick-reddy-schantz-becker-gulland-porter-etal-determinationofhbcdpbdesandmeobdesincaliforniasealionszalophuscalifornianusstrandedbetween1993and2003-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-dodder-kucklick-reddy-schantz-becker-gulland-porter-etal-determinationofhbcdpbdesandmeobdesincaliforniasealionszalophuscalifornianusstrandedbetween1993and2003-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_determination_2006,\n\ttitle = {Determination of {HBCD}, {PBDEs} and {MeO}-{BDEs} in {California} sea lions ({Zalophus} californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003.},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\tissn = {0025-326X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293266},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.045},\n\tabstract = {Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1&#x27;-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2&#x27;-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2), previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.7; p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Marine pollution bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, H M and Dodder, N G and Kucklick, J R and Reddy, C M and Schantz, M M and Becker, P R and Gulland, F and Porter, B J and Wise, S A},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16293266},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: veterinary, Hydrocarbons, Lipids, Lipids: analysis, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Sea Lions, Sea Lions: metabolism, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, ffr, frbldg, mam},\n\tpages = {522--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from \\textless 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from \\textless 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2), previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.7; p \\textless 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"simonson-andersson-vandenberg-costbenefitanalysismodelforfiresafetymethodologyandtvdecabdecasestudy-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'simonson-andersson-vandenberg-costbenefitanalysismodelforfiresafetymethodologyandtvdecabdecasestudy-2006', 'http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf', event);\">\n    Cost benefit analysis model for fire safety: Methodology and TV (DecaBDE) case study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Simonson, M; Andersson, P;  and van Den Berg, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('simonson-andersson-vandenberg-costbenefitanalysismodelforfiresafetymethodologyandtvdecabdecasestudy-2006', 'http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cost benefit analysis model for fire safety: Methodology and TV (DecaBDE) case study. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/simonson-andersson-vandenberg-costbenefitanalysismodelforfiresafetymethodologyandtvdecabdecasestudy-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('simonson-andersson-vandenberg-costbenefitanalysismodelforfiresafetymethodologyandtvdecabdecasestudy-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{simonson_cost_2006,\n\ttitle = {Cost benefit analysis model for fire safety: {Methodology} and {TV} ({DecaBDE}) case study.},\n\turl = {http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf},\n\tabstract = {A fire cost-benefit model (Fire-CBA) has been developed to evaluate the financial impact of regulations and voluntary industry initiatives, aimed at the removal of flame retardants. This model has been constructed to include such costs as: incremental increases in cost to flame retard a product relative to a non-flame retarded product; additional costs for disposal of the product at the end of the product life cycle. Similarly, the model includes provisions for benefits such as: lives saved, injuries avoided, capital costs avoided through fires averted. In all, a total of 8 scenarios were tested for the TV set application of the Fire-CBA model developed in this report. In all cases the benefits of a high level of fire performance in a TV set far outweigh the costs associated with obtaining that high level of fire safety. The net benefit is a function of the choices made in the various scenarios but ranges between 657 to 1 380 million US\\$ (or approximately 520 – 1100 million €) per year. The various scenarios were chosen to illustrate the significance of the various parameters included in the study as the specific value chosen for each parameter can vary depending on the assumptions made in the model.},\n\tinstitution = {SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute},\n\tauthor = {Simonson, M and Andersson, P and van Den Berg, M},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A fire cost-benefit model (Fire-CBA) has been developed to evaluate the financial impact of regulations and voluntary industry initiatives, aimed at the removal of flame retardants. This model has been constructed to include such costs as: incremental increases in cost to flame retard a product relative to a non-flame retarded product; additional costs for disposal of the product at the end of the product life cycle. Similarly, the model includes provisions for benefits such as: lives saved, injuries avoided, capital costs avoided through fires averted. In all, a total of 8 scenarios were tested for the TV set application of the Fire-CBA model developed in this report. In all cases the benefits of a high level of fire performance in a TV set far outweigh the costs associated with obtaining that high level of fire safety. The net benefit is a function of the choices made in the various scenarios but ranges between 657 to 1 380 million US$ (or approximately 520 – 1100 million €) per year. The various scenarios were chosen to illustrate the significance of the various parameters included in the study as the specific value chosen for each parameter can vary depending on the assumptions made in the model.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schriks-vrabie-gutleb-faassen-rietjens-murk-tscreentoquantifyfunctionalpotentiatingantagonisticandthyroidhormonelikeactivitiesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsphahs-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schriks-vrabie-gutleb-faassen-rietjens-murk-tscreentoquantifyfunctionalpotentiatingantagonisticandthyroidhormonelikeactivitiesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsphahs-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445', event);\">\n    T-screen to quantify functional potentiating, antagonistic and thyroid hormone-like activities of poly halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schriks, M.; Vrabie, C. M; Gutleb, A. C; Faassen, E. J; Rietjens, I. M C M;  and Murk, A. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology in vitro</i>, 20(4): 490–8. June 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schriks-vrabie-gutleb-faassen-rietjens-murk-tscreentoquantifyfunctionalpotentiatingantagonisticandthyroidhormonelikeactivitiesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsphahs-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"T-screen to quantify functional potentiating, antagonistic and thyroid hormone-like activities of poly halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schriks-vrabie-gutleb-faassen-rietjens-murk-tscreentoquantifyfunctionalpotentiatingantagonisticandthyroidhormonelikeactivitiesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsphahs-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schriks-vrabie-gutleb-faassen-rietjens-murk-tscreentoquantifyfunctionalpotentiatingantagonisticandthyroidhormonelikeactivitiesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsphahs-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schriks-vrabie-gutleb-faassen-rietjens-murk-tscreentoquantifyfunctionalpotentiatingantagonisticandthyroidhormonelikeactivitiesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsphahs-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schriks_t-screen_2006,\n\ttitle = {T-screen to quantify functional potentiating, antagonistic and thyroid hormone-like activities of poly halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ({PHAHs}).},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {0887-2333},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219445},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.001},\n\tabstract = {The present study investigates chemical thyroid hormone disruption at the level of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) functioning. To this end the (ant)agonistic action of a series of xenobiotics was tested in the newly developed T-screen. This assay makes use of a GH3 rat pituitary cell line, that specifically proliferates when exposed to 3,3&#x27;,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). The growth stimulatory effect is mediated via T3-receptors. (Ant)agonistic and potentiating action of compounds was studied in absence and presence of T3 at its EC50 level (0.25 nM). The compounds tested included the specific TR-antagonist amiodarone, as well as a series of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), including specifically synthesized BDEs with a structural resemblance to 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), T3 and T4 (3,3&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-tetraiodo-L-thyronine). The results obtained reveal that only BDE206 and amiodarone are specific antagonists. Interestingly some compounds which did not respond in the T-screen in absence of T3, potentiated effects when tested in combination with T3. This points at possibilities for disruption at the TR in vivo, where exposure generally occurs in presence of T3. Altogether the results of the present study show that the newly developed T-screen can be used as a valuable tool for identification and quantification of compounds active in disturbing thyroid hormone homeostasis at the level of TR-functioning.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology in vitro},\n\tauthor = {Schriks, Merijn and Vrabie, Cozmina M and Gutleb, Arno C and Faassen, Elisabeth J and Rietjens, Ivonne M C M and Murk, Albertinka J},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16219445},\n\tkeywords = {Amiodarone, Amiodarone: toxicity, Animals, Aromatic, Aromatic: toxicity, Biological Assay, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Cultured, Drug Synergism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: toxicity, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Pituitary Neoplasms, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Rats, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: agonists, Thyroid Hormone: antagonists \\&amp; inhibito, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, Tumor Cells, unsure},\n\tpages = {490--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study investigates chemical thyroid hormone disruption at the level of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) functioning. To this end the (ant)agonistic action of a series of xenobiotics was tested in the newly developed T-screen. This assay makes use of a GH3 rat pituitary cell line, that specifically proliferates when exposed to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). The growth stimulatory effect is mediated via T3-receptors. (Ant)agonistic and potentiating action of compounds was studied in absence and presence of T3 at its EC50 level (0.25 nM). The compounds tested included the specific TR-antagonist amiodarone, as well as a series of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), including specifically synthesized BDEs with a structural resemblance to 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), T3 and T4 (3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine). The results obtained reveal that only BDE206 and amiodarone are specific antagonists. Interestingly some compounds which did not respond in the T-screen in absence of T3, potentiated effects when tested in combination with T3. This points at possibilities for disruption at the TR in vivo, where exposure generally occurs in presence of T3. Altogether the results of the present study show that the newly developed T-screen can be used as a valuable tool for identification and quantification of compounds active in disturbing thyroid hormone homeostasis at the level of TR-functioning.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schauer-vlkel-dekant-toxicokineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainhumansandratsafteroraladministration-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schauer-vlkel-dekant-toxicokineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainhumansandratsafteroraladministration-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339', event);\">\n    Toxicokinetics of tetrabromobisphenol a in humans and rats after oral administration.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schauer, U. M D; Völkel, W.;  and Dekant, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 91(1): 49–58. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schauer-vlkel-dekant-toxicokineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainhumansandratsafteroraladministration-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicokinetics of tetrabromobisphenol a in humans and rats after oral administration. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj132\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schauer-vlkel-dekant-toxicokineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainhumansandratsafteroraladministration-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj132', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schauer-vlkel-dekant-toxicokineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainhumansandratsafteroraladministration-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schauer-vlkel-dekant-toxicokineticsoftetrabromobisphenolainhumansandratsafteroraladministration-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schauer_toxicokinetics_2006,\n\ttitle = {Toxicokinetics of tetrabromobisphenol a in humans and rats after oral administration.},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481339},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj132},\n\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. This study reports the characterization of the toxicokinetics of TBBPA in human subjects and in rats. A single oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg TBBPA was administered to five human subjects. Rats were administered a single oral dose of 300 mg TBBPA/kg body weight. Urine and blood concentrations of TBBPA and its metabolites were determined by LC/MS-MS. TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were identified as metabolites of TBBPA in blood and urine of the human subjects and rats. In blood, TBBPA-glucuronide was detected in all human subjects, whereas TBBPA-sulfate was only present in blood from two individuals. Maximum plasma concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (16 nmol/l) were obtained within 4 h after administration. In two individuals where TBBPA-sulfate was present in blood, maximum concentrations were obtained at the 4-h sampling point; the concentrations rapidly declined to reach the limit of detection (LOD) after 8 h. Parent TBBPA was not present in detectable concentrations in any of the human plasma samples. TBBPA-glucuronide was slowly eliminated in urine to reach the LOD 124 h after administration. In rats, TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were also the major metabolites of TBBPA present in blood; in addition, a diglucuronide of TBBPA, a mixed glucuronide-sulfate conjugate of TBBPA, tribromobisphenol A, and the glucuronide of tribromobisphenol A were also present in low concentrations. TBBPA plasma concentrations peaked at 103 micromol/l 3 h after administration and thereafter declined with a half-life of 13 h; maximal concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (25 micromol/l) were also observed 3 h after administration. Peak plasma concentrations of TBBPA-sulfate (694 micromol/l) were reached within 6 h after administration. The obtained results suggest absorption of TBBPA from the gastrointestinal tract and rapid metabolism of the absorbed TBBPA by conjugation resulting in a low systemic bioavailability of TBBPA.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Schauer, Ute M D and Völkel, Wolfgang and Dekant, Wolfgang},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16481339},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Area Under Curve, Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization, Flame Retardants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Male, Mass, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spectrometry, Sprague-Dawley, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {49--58},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is widely used as a flame retardant and is suspected to be stable in the environment with possible widespread human exposures. This study reports the characterization of the toxicokinetics of TBBPA in human subjects and in rats. A single oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg TBBPA was administered to five human subjects. Rats were administered a single oral dose of 300 mg TBBPA/kg body weight. Urine and blood concentrations of TBBPA and its metabolites were determined by LC/MS-MS. TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were identified as metabolites of TBBPA in blood and urine of the human subjects and rats. In blood, TBBPA-glucuronide was detected in all human subjects, whereas TBBPA-sulfate was only present in blood from two individuals. Maximum plasma concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (16 nmol/l) were obtained within 4 h after administration. In two individuals where TBBPA-sulfate was present in blood, maximum concentrations were obtained at the 4-h sampling point; the concentrations rapidly declined to reach the limit of detection (LOD) after 8 h. Parent TBBPA was not present in detectable concentrations in any of the human plasma samples. TBBPA-glucuronide was slowly eliminated in urine to reach the LOD 124 h after administration. In rats, TBBPA-glucuronide and TBBPA-sulfate were also the major metabolites of TBBPA present in blood; in addition, a diglucuronide of TBBPA, a mixed glucuronide-sulfate conjugate of TBBPA, tribromobisphenol A, and the glucuronide of tribromobisphenol A were also present in low concentrations. TBBPA plasma concentrations peaked at 103 micromol/l 3 h after administration and thereafter declined with a half-life of 13 h; maximal concentrations of TBBPA-glucuronide (25 micromol/l) were also observed 3 h after administration. Peak plasma concentrations of TBBPA-sulfate (694 micromol/l) were reached within 6 h after administration. The obtained results suggest absorption of TBBPA from the gastrointestinal tract and rapid metabolism of the absorbed TBBPA by conjugation resulting in a low systemic bioavailability of TBBPA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ross-perspectiveperspectivefireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservation-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ross-perspectiveperspectivefireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservation-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf', event);\">\n    PERSPECTIVE / PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ross, P. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>, 63(January 2005): 224–234.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-perspectiveperspectivefireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservation-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PERSPECTIVE / PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1139/F05-244\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-perspectiveperspectivefireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservation-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1139/F05-244', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ross-perspectiveperspectivefireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservation-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ross-perspectiveperspectivefireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservation-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ross_perspective_2006,\n\ttitle = {{PERSPECTIVE} / {PERSPECTIVE} {Fireproof} killer whales ( {Orcinus} orca ): flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ross - 2006 - PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) flame- retardant chemicals and the conservation.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1139/F05-244},\n\tnumber = {January 2005},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Ross, Peter S},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {224--234},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ross-fireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservationimperativeinthecharismaticiconofbritishcolumbiacanada-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ross-fireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservationimperativeinthecharismaticiconofbritishcolumbiacanada-2006', 'http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244', event);\">\n    Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of British Columbia, Canada.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ross, P. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>, 63(1): 224–234. January 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-fireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservationimperativeinthecharismaticiconofbritishcolumbiacanada-2006', 'http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of British Columbia, Canada [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1139/f05-244\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ross-fireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservationimperativeinthecharismaticiconofbritishcolumbiacanada-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1139/f05-244', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ross-fireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservationimperativeinthecharismaticiconofbritishcolumbiacanada-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ross-fireproofkillerwhalesorcinusorcaflameretardantchemicalsandtheconservationimperativeinthecharismaticiconofbritishcolumbiacanada-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ross_fireproof_2006,\n\ttitle = {Fireproof killer whales ( {Orcinus} orca ): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {0706-652X},\n\turl = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f05-244},\n\tdoi = {10.1139/f05-244},\n\tabstract = {Long-lived and high trophic level marine mammals are vulnerable to accumulating often very high concentrations of persistent chemicals, including pesticides, industrial by-products, and flame retardants. In the case of killer whales (Orcinus orca), some of the older individuals currently frequenting the coastal waters of British Columbia (BC) were born during the First World War, well before the advent of widespread chemical manufacture and use. BC&#x27;s killer whales are now among the most polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated marine mammals in the world. While the &quot;legacy&quot; PCBs have largely been banned, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently emerged as a major concern. The endocrine-disrupting nature of these two persistent fire retardants in biota spells trouble at the top of the food chain, with increasing evidence of effects on reproductive health, the immune system, and development in exposed mammals. The heavy contamination of BC&#x27;s killer whales, coupled with their long life span an...},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Ross, Peter S},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {224--234},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Long-lived and high trophic level marine mammals are vulnerable to accumulating often very high concentrations of persistent chemicals, including pesticides, industrial by-products, and flame retardants. In the case of killer whales (Orcinus orca), some of the older individuals currently frequenting the coastal waters of British Columbia (BC) were born during the First World War, well before the advent of widespread chemical manufacture and use. BC's killer whales are now among the most polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated marine mammals in the world. While the \"legacy\" PCBs have largely been banned, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have recently emerged as a major concern. The endocrine-disrupting nature of these two persistent fire retardants in biota spells trouble at the top of the food chain, with increasing evidence of effects on reproductive health, the immune system, and development in exposed mammals. The heavy contamination of BC's killer whales, coupled with their long life span an...\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"reistad-fonnum-mariussen-neurotoxicityofthepentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71andhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinratcerebellargranulecellsinvitro-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'reistad-fonnum-mariussen-neurotoxicityofthepentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71andhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinratcerebellargranulecellsinvitro-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824', event);\">\n    Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Reistad, T.; Fonnum, F.;  and Mariussen, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of toxicology</i>, 80(11): 785–96. November 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reistad-fonnum-mariussen-neurotoxicityofthepentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71andhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinratcerebellargranulecellsinvitro-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-006-0099-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('reistad-fonnum-mariussen-neurotoxicityofthepentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71andhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinratcerebellargranulecellsinvitro-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-006-0099-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/reistad-fonnum-mariussen-neurotoxicityofthepentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71andhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinratcerebellargranulecellsinvitro-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('reistad-fonnum-mariussen-neurotoxicityofthepentabrominateddiphenylethermixturede71andhexabromocyclododecanehbcdinratcerebellargranulecellsinvitro-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{reistad_neurotoxicity_2006,\n\ttitle = {Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, {DE}-71, and hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro.},\n\tvolume = {80},\n\tissn = {0340-5761},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614824},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00204-006-0099-8},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are compounds used as additive flame retardants in plastics, electronic equipment, and textiles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and HBCD on cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Both DE-71 and HBCD induced death of CGC in low micromolar concentrations. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 (3 microM), and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (50 microM) significantly reduced the cell death. Incubation of the compounds together with the rat liver post-mitochondrial (S9) fraction reduced cell death by 58 and 64\\% for DE-71 and HBCD, respectively. No ROS formation and no elevation in intracellular calcium were observed. We further demonstrated apoptotic morphology (Hoechst straining) after exposure to low levels of the two brominated flame retardants and signs of DNA laddering were found after DE-71 exposure. However, other hallmarks of apoptosis, like caspase activity, were absent indicating an atypical form of apoptosis induced by DE-71. After intraperitoneal injection of the two compounds both DE-71 and HBCD were found in significant amounts in brain (559 +/- 194 and 49 +/- 13 microg/kg, respectively) and liver (4,010 +/- 2,437 and 1,248 +/- 505 microg/kg, respectively) 72 h after injection. Our results indicate that the lower brominated PBDEs have a higher potency of bioaccumulation than HBCD, and that both compounds have a neurotoxic potential in vitro.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Archives of toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Reistad, Trine and Fonnum, Frode and Mariussen, Espen},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16614824},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Cells, Cerebellum, Cerebellum: cytology, Cerebellum: physiology, Cultured, DNA Fragmentation, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Rats, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Oxygen Species: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {785--96},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are compounds used as additive flame retardants in plastics, electronic equipment, and textiles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71, and HBCD on cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Both DE-71 and HBCD induced death of CGC in low micromolar concentrations. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 (3 microM), and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (50 microM) significantly reduced the cell death. Incubation of the compounds together with the rat liver post-mitochondrial (S9) fraction reduced cell death by 58 and 64% for DE-71 and HBCD, respectively. No ROS formation and no elevation in intracellular calcium were observed. We further demonstrated apoptotic morphology (Hoechst straining) after exposure to low levels of the two brominated flame retardants and signs of DNA laddering were found after DE-71 exposure. However, other hallmarks of apoptosis, like caspase activity, were absent indicating an atypical form of apoptosis induced by DE-71. After intraperitoneal injection of the two compounds both DE-71 and HBCD were found in significant amounts in brain (559 +/- 194 and 49 +/- 13 microg/kg, respectively) and liver (4,010 +/- 2,437 and 1,248 +/- 505 microg/kg, respectively) 72 h after injection. Our results indicate that the lower brominated PBDEs have a higher potency of bioaccumulation than HBCD, and that both compounds have a neurotoxic potential in vitro.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ray-peerreviewedcpscstaffresearchreportsonupholsteredfurnitureflammability-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ray-peerreviewedcpscstaffresearchreportsonupholsteredfurnitureflammability-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf', event);\">\n    Peer Reviewed CPSC Staff Research Reports on Upholstered Furniture Flammability.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ray, D. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ray-peerreviewedcpscstaffresearchreportsonupholsteredfurnitureflammability-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Peer Reviewed CPSC Staff Research Reports on Upholstered Furniture Flammability [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ray-peerreviewedcpscstaffresearchreportsonupholsteredfurnitureflammability-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ray-peerreviewedcpscstaffresearchreportsonupholsteredfurnitureflammability-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ray_peer_2006,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Peer {Reviewed} {CPSC} {Staff} {Research} {Reports} on {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/ufurn1.pdf},\n\tnumber = {December},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Ray, Dale R},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"muirhead-skillman-hook-schultz-oralexposureofpbde47infishtoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffectsinjapanesemedakaoryziaslatipesandfatheadminnowspimephalespromelas-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'muirhead-skillman-hook-schultz-oralexposureofpbde47infishtoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffectsinjapanesemedakaoryziaslatipesandfatheadminnowspimephalespromelas-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398', event);\">\n    Oral exposure of PBDE-47 in fish: toxicokinetics and reproductive effects in Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Muirhead, E. K; Skillman, A. D; Hook, S. E;  and Schultz, I. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 40(2): 523–8. January 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('muirhead-skillman-hook-schultz-oralexposureofpbde47infishtoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffectsinjapanesemedakaoryziaslatipesandfatheadminnowspimephalespromelas-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Oral exposure of PBDE-47 in fish: toxicokinetics and reproductive effects in Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/muirhead-skillman-hook-schultz-oralexposureofpbde47infishtoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffectsinjapanesemedakaoryziaslatipesandfatheadminnowspimephalespromelas-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('muirhead-skillman-hook-schultz-oralexposureofpbde47infishtoxicokineticsandreproductiveeffectsinjapanesemedakaoryziaslatipesandfatheadminnowspimephalespromelas-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{muirhead_oral_2006,\n\ttitle = {Oral exposure of {PBDE}-47 in fish: toxicokinetics and reproductive effects in {Japanese} {Medaka} ({Oryzias} latipes) and fathead minnows ({Pimephales} promelas).},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16468398},\n\tabstract = {The toxicokinetics of 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) was studied in the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) after a single oral exposure followed by termination at specific time points. The effects of repeated oral exposure to PBDE-47 on reproductive performance was assessed using a pair breeding experimental design with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) given daily PBDE-47 exposures for 25 days, during which fecundity was measured as an indicator of reproductive performance. Medaka and fathead minnows were orally exposed to PBDE-47 by bioencapsulation in brine shrimp, Artemia sp. In the medaka studies, measurable levels of PBDE-47 were detected in the carcass within 0.25 h with peak levels occurring at 8 h. The body levels of PBDE-47 slowly declined and were still 25\\% of peak levels at 624 h after dosing. Assimilation of the bioencapsulated dose was at least 80\\% and may well approach 100\\%. The PBDE-47 concentration-time profile was fitted to a one-compartment clearance-volume toxicokinetic model and the model-predicted value for elimination half-life was determined to be 281 h and the first-order absorption rate constant was Ka = 0.26 hr(-1). In the fathead minnow study, egg laying in the PBDE-treated breeding pairs stopped after 10 days. The condition factor of PBDE-treated males was significantly reduced (P {\\textbackslash}textless0.011) compared with control males, whereas no significant difference was observed in females. Histological examination revealed a greater than 50\\% reduction in mature sperm in PBDE-47 exposed minnows compared to controls. Collectively, these results suggest PBDE-47 is selectively toxic to sexually mature male fathead minnows.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Muirhead, Elisabeth K and Skillman, Ann D and Hook, Sharon E and Schultz, Irvin R},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16468398},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Cyprinidae, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Oral, Oryzias, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {523--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The toxicokinetics of 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) was studied in the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) after a single oral exposure followed by termination at specific time points. The effects of repeated oral exposure to PBDE-47 on reproductive performance was assessed using a pair breeding experimental design with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) given daily PBDE-47 exposures for 25 days, during which fecundity was measured as an indicator of reproductive performance. Medaka and fathead minnows were orally exposed to PBDE-47 by bioencapsulation in brine shrimp, Artemia sp. In the medaka studies, measurable levels of PBDE-47 were detected in the carcass within 0.25 h with peak levels occurring at 8 h. The body levels of PBDE-47 slowly declined and were still 25% of peak levels at 624 h after dosing. Assimilation of the bioencapsulated dose was at least 80% and may well approach 100%. The PBDE-47 concentration-time profile was fitted to a one-compartment clearance-volume toxicokinetic model and the model-predicted value for elimination half-life was determined to be 281 h and the first-order absorption rate constant was Ka = 0.26 hr(-1). In the fathead minnow study, egg laying in the PBDE-treated breeding pairs stopped after 10 days. The condition factor of PBDE-treated males was significantly reduced (P \\textless0.011) compared with control males, whereas no significant difference was observed in females. Histological examination revealed a greater than 50% reduction in mature sperm in PBDE-47 exposed minnows compared to controls. Collectively, these results suggest PBDE-47 is selectively toxic to sexually mature male fathead minnows.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mark-thecharacteristicsofplasticsrichwastestreamsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The characteristics of plastics-rich waste streams from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mark, F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Plastics Europe,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mark-thecharacteristicsofplasticsrichwastestreamsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mark-thecharacteristicsofplasticsrichwastestreamsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{mark_characteristics_2006,\n\ttitle = {The characteristics of plastics-rich waste streams from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment.},\n\tinstitution = {Plastics Europe},\n\tauthor = {Mark, F},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lioy-employingdynamicalandchemicalprocessesforcontaminantmixturesoutdoorstotheindoorenvironmenttheimplicationsfortotalhumanexposureanalysisandprevention-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lioy-employingdynamicalandchemicalprocessesforcontaminantmixturesoutdoorstotheindoorenvironmenttheimplicationsfortotalhumanexposureanalysisandprevention-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf', event);\">\n    Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: the implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lioy, P. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</i>, 16(3): 207–224. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lioy-employingdynamicalandchemicalprocessesforcontaminantmixturesoutdoorstotheindoorenvironmenttheimplicationsfortotalhumanexposureanalysisandprevention-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: the implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500456\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lioy-employingdynamicalandchemicalprocessesforcontaminantmixturesoutdoorstotheindoorenvironmenttheimplicationsfortotalhumanexposureanalysisandprevention-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500456', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lioy-employingdynamicalandchemicalprocessesforcontaminantmixturesoutdoorstotheindoorenvironmenttheimplicationsfortotalhumanexposureanalysisandprevention-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lioy-employingdynamicalandchemicalprocessesforcontaminantmixturesoutdoorstotheindoorenvironmenttheimplicationsfortotalhumanexposureanalysisandprevention-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lioy_employing_2006,\n\ttitle = {Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: the implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention.},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538236 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/2f1226d12abd8d7dd462802765e9e12dde60c9a4.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jes.7500456},\n\tabstract = {There are many physical and chemical processes that affect the accumulation of outdoor pollutants. In recent years some of the information and concepts previously ascribed to outdoor pollution has been found to be useful in examining indoor dynamic and chemical processes. Further, becau se of the confining nature of the indoor environment, processes such as the &quot;grasshopper effect&quot; can lead to sustained higher levels of semivolatile chemicals indoors and affect multiroute (inhalation, dermal, incidental dietary, and nondietary ingestion) exposures. Such processes can also lead to a complex mixture of both semivolatile and volatile compounds in indoor air and on surfaces or within objects. This article specifically examines the above in combination with another indoor issue, indoor chemistry, and places the results into a context that can be used to evaluate (1) multipollutant cumulative or aggregate exposures and risks indoors, (2) exposure reduction strategies that can create healthy indoor environments. It is not a review of the entire field of the indoor environment or indoor air or the indoor environment, which has been covered in numerous volumes and reports. The complexities of the scientific issues are discussed by also placing them into our traditional approaches outdoor and indoor to pollution management, to indicate the difficulty in establishing the exposures that require mitigation or prevention. Further, some emerging issues are discussed as well as how to specifically address long-term single or multiroute exposures to semivolatile compounds within the &quot;Total Indoor Environment.&quot;},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\&amp; environmental epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Lioy, Paul J},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Air Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention \\&amp; control, Flame retardants, Humans, Indoor},\n\tpages = {207--224},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There are many physical and chemical processes that affect the accumulation of outdoor pollutants. In recent years some of the information and concepts previously ascribed to outdoor pollution has been found to be useful in examining indoor dynamic and chemical processes. Further, becau se of the confining nature of the indoor environment, processes such as the \"grasshopper effect\" can lead to sustained higher levels of semivolatile chemicals indoors and affect multiroute (inhalation, dermal, incidental dietary, and nondietary ingestion) exposures. Such processes can also lead to a complex mixture of both semivolatile and volatile compounds in indoor air and on surfaces or within objects. This article specifically examines the above in combination with another indoor issue, indoor chemistry, and places the results into a context that can be used to evaluate (1) multipollutant cumulative or aggregate exposures and risks indoors, (2) exposure reduction strategies that can create healthy indoor environments. It is not a review of the entire field of the indoor environment or indoor air or the indoor environment, which has been covered in numerous volumes and reports. The complexities of the scientific issues are discussed by also placing them into our traditional approaches outdoor and indoor to pollution management, to indicate the difficulty in establishing the exposures that require mitigation or prevention. Further, some emerging issues are discussed as well as how to specifically address long-term single or multiroute exposures to semivolatile compounds within the \"Total Indoor Environment.\"\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lilienthal-hack-rothhrer-grande-talsness-effectsofdevelopmentalexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherpbde99onsexsteroidssexualdevelopmentandsexuallydimorphicbehaviorinrats-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lilienthal-hack-rothhrer-grande-talsness-effectsofdevelopmentalexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherpbde99onsexsteroidssexualdevelopmentandsexuallydimorphicbehaviorinrats-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lilienthal, H.; Hack, A.; Roth-Härer, A.; Grande, S. W.;  and Talsness, C. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 114(2): 194–201. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lilienthal-hack-rothhrer-grande-talsness-effectsofdevelopmentalexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherpbde99onsexsteroidssexualdevelopmentandsexuallydimorphicbehaviorinrats-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lilienthal-hack-rothhrer-grande-talsness-effectsofdevelopmentalexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherpbde99onsexsteroidssexualdevelopmentandsexuallydimorphicbehaviorinrats-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lilienthal-hack-rothhrer-grande-talsness-effectsofdevelopmentalexposureto22445pentabromodiphenyletherpbde99onsexsteroidssexualdevelopmentandsexuallydimorphicbehaviorinrats-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lilienthal_effects_2006,\n\ttitle = {Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether ({PBDE}-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats.},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367831&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Increasing concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in breast milk cause concern about possible developmental effects in nursed babies. Because previous studies in rats have indicated effects on sex steroids and sexually dimorphic behavior after maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), our goal in the present study was to determine if developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) induces similar endocrine-mediated effects. Pregnant rats were exposed to vehicle or PBDE-99 (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight, daily during gestational days 10-18). For comparison, we also included a group exposed to the technical PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (30 mg/kg body weight, daily). PBDE exposure resulted in pronounced decreases in circulating sex steroids in male offspring at weaning and in adulthood. Female offspring were less affected. Anogenital distance was reduced in male offspring. Puberty onset was delayed in female offspring at the higher dose level, whereas a slight acceleration was detected in low-dose males. The number of primordial/primary ovarian follicles was reduced in females at the lower dose, whereas decline of secondary follicles was more pronounced at the higher dose. Sweet preference was dose-dependently increased in PBDE-exposed adult males, indicating a feminization of this sexually dimorphic behavior. Aroclor 1254 did not alter sweet preference and numbers of primordial/primary and secondary follicles but it did affect steroid concentrations in males and sexual development in both sexes. PBDE concentrations in tissues of dams and offspring were highest on gestational day 19. These results support the hypothesis that PBDEs are endocrine-active compounds and interfere with sexual development and sexually dimorphic behavior.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Lilienthal, Hellmuth and Hack, Alfons and Roth-Härer, Astrid and Grande, Simone Wichert and Talsness, Chris E},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16451854},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth \\&amp; development, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones: blood, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Long-Evans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {194--201},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increasing concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in breast milk cause concern about possible developmental effects in nursed babies. Because previous studies in rats have indicated effects on sex steroids and sexually dimorphic behavior after maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), our goal in the present study was to determine if developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) induces similar endocrine-mediated effects. Pregnant rats were exposed to vehicle or PBDE-99 (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight, daily during gestational days 10-18). For comparison, we also included a group exposed to the technical PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (30 mg/kg body weight, daily). PBDE exposure resulted in pronounced decreases in circulating sex steroids in male offspring at weaning and in adulthood. Female offspring were less affected. Anogenital distance was reduced in male offspring. Puberty onset was delayed in female offspring at the higher dose level, whereas a slight acceleration was detected in low-dose males. The number of primordial/primary ovarian follicles was reduced in females at the lower dose, whereas decline of secondary follicles was more pronounced at the higher dose. Sweet preference was dose-dependently increased in PBDE-exposed adult males, indicating a feminization of this sexually dimorphic behavior. Aroclor 1254 did not alter sweet preference and numbers of primordial/primary and secondary follicles but it did affect steroid concentrations in males and sexual development in both sexes. PBDE concentrations in tissues of dams and offspring were highest on gestational day 19. These results support the hypothesis that PBDEs are endocrine-active compounds and interfere with sexual development and sexually dimorphic behavior.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lemasters-genaidy-succop-deddens-sobeih-barrieraviruet-dunning-lockey-cancerriskamongfirefightersareviewandmetaanalysisof32studies-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lemasters-genaidy-succop-deddens-sobeih-barrieraviruet-dunning-lockey-cancerriskamongfirefightersareviewandmetaanalysisof32studies-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456', event);\">\n    Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  LeMasters, G. K; Genaidy, A. M; Succop, P.; Deddens, J.; Sobeih, T.; Barriera-Viruet, H.; Dunning, K.;  and Lockey, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</i>, 48(11): 1189–202. November 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lemasters-genaidy-succop-deddens-sobeih-barrieraviruet-dunning-lockey-cancerriskamongfirefightersareviewandmetaanalysisof32studies-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lemasters-genaidy-succop-deddens-sobeih-barrieraviruet-dunning-lockey-cancerriskamongfirefightersareviewandmetaanalysisof32studies-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lemasters-genaidy-succop-deddens-sobeih-barrieraviruet-dunning-lockey-cancerriskamongfirefightersareviewandmetaanalysisof32studies-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lemasters-genaidy-succop-deddens-sobeih-barrieraviruet-dunning-lockey-cancerriskamongfirefightersareviewandmetaanalysisof32studies-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lemasters_cancer_2006,\n\ttitle = {Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies.},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1076-2752},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17099456},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90},\n\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to review 32 studies on firefighters and to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the cancer risk using a meta-analysis.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine},\n\tauthor = {LeMasters, Grace K and Genaidy, Ash M and Succop, Paul and Deddens, James and Sobeih, Tarek and Barriera-Viruet, Heriberto and Dunning, Kari and Lockey, James},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {17099456},\n\tkeywords = {Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Fires, Flame retardants, Models, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: epidemiology, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Diseases: epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Risk, Statistical},\n\tpages = {1189--202},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The objective of this study was to review 32 studies on firefighters and to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the cancer risk using a meta-analysis.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lassen-havelund-leisewitz-maxson-decabdeandalternativesinelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lassen-havelund-leisewitz-maxson-decabdeandalternativesinelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006', 'http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf', event);\">\n    Deca-BDE and alternatives in electrical and electronic equipment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lassen, C; Havelund, S; Leisewitz, A;  and Maxson, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Danish Environmental Protection Agency,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lassen-havelund-leisewitz-maxson-decabdeandalternativesinelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006', 'http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Deca-BDE and alternatives in electrical and electronic equipment. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lassen-havelund-leisewitz-maxson-decabdeandalternativesinelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lassen-havelund-leisewitz-maxson-decabdeandalternativesinelectricalandelectronicequipment-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{lassen_deca-bde_2006,\n\ttitle = {Deca-{BDE} and alternatives in electrical and electronic equipment.},\n\turl = {http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2007/978-87-7052-349-3/pdf/978-87-7052-350-9.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) specifies that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) put on the market are not to contain polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated di phenyl ethers (PBDE), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) or hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) for specified equipment categories. Article 5(1)(b) of the RoHS-directive makes it possible to exempt materials and components of electrical and electronic equipment from the ban in the directive if their elimination or substitution via design changes or materials and components which are not banned by the directive is technically or scientifically impracticable. Furthermore the provision also makes i possible to grant an exemption where the negative environmental, health and/or consumer safety impacts caused by substitution are likely to outweigh the environmental, health and/or consumer safety benefits thereof. In accordance with a procedure referred to in Article 7(2) of the Directive, during 2005 the Commission evaluated the applications of one of the PBDEs, Deca-BDE. With the Commission Decision 2004/717/EC of 13 October 2005, Deca-BDE in polymeric applications was added to the list of exemptions. Denmark has instituted legal proceedings against the Commission&#x27;s decision to exempt Deca-BDE from the ban decreed by the RoHS Directive. This report forms part of the scientific documentation that is needed to support the case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe suitable alternatives to the brominated flame retardant Deca-BDE, and to determine whether substitution of the alternative substances is possible from a scientific or technical point of view. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has concurrently initiated an environmental and health assessment of selected alternatives in order to compare any negative environmental or health impacts caused by substitution with the environmental and health benefits of the substitution. The study has been guided by a Steering Group consisting of Torben Nørlem and Frank Jensen, Danish Environmental Agency, and Carsten Lassen, COWI. The report has been prepared by Carsten Lassen and Sven Havelund, COWI A/S (Denmark), André Leisewitz, Öko-Recherche GmbH (Germany), and Peter Maxson, Concorde East/West Sprl (Belgium). The information presented here reflects the combined view of the authors. The publication of the report does not necessarily imply that the contents reflect the views of the Danish EPA.},\n\tinstitution = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {Lassen, C and Havelund, S and Leisewitz, A and Maxson, P},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg, use},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) specifies that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) put on the market are not to contain polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated di phenyl ethers (PBDE), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) or hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) for specified equipment categories. Article 5(1)(b) of the RoHS-directive makes it possible to exempt materials and components of electrical and electronic equipment from the ban in the directive if their elimination or substitution via design changes or materials and components which are not banned by the directive is technically or scientifically impracticable. Furthermore the provision also makes i possible to grant an exemption where the negative environmental, health and/or consumer safety impacts caused by substitution are likely to outweigh the environmental, health and/or consumer safety benefits thereof. In accordance with a procedure referred to in Article 7(2) of the Directive, during 2005 the Commission evaluated the applications of one of the PBDEs, Deca-BDE. With the Commission Decision 2004/717/EC of 13 October 2005, Deca-BDE in polymeric applications was added to the list of exemptions. Denmark has instituted legal proceedings against the Commission's decision to exempt Deca-BDE from the ban decreed by the RoHS Directive. This report forms part of the scientific documentation that is needed to support the case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe suitable alternatives to the brominated flame retardant Deca-BDE, and to determine whether substitution of the alternative substances is possible from a scientific or technical point of view. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has concurrently initiated an environmental and health assessment of selected alternatives in order to compare any negative environmental or health impacts caused by substitution with the environmental and health benefits of the substitution. The study has been guided by a Steering Group consisting of Torben Nørlem and Frank Jensen, Danish Environmental Agency, and Carsten Lassen, COWI. The report has been prepared by Carsten Lassen and Sven Havelund, COWI A/S (Denmark), André Leisewitz, Öko-Recherche GmbH (Germany), and Peter Maxson, Concorde East/West Sprl (Belgium). The information presented here reflects the combined view of the authors. The publication of the report does not necessarily imply that the contents reflect the views of the Danish EPA.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"larsson-eriksson-andersson-ivarson-olsson-identificationofthebrominatedflameretardant12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneasanandrogenagonist-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'larsson-eriksson-andersson-ivarson-olsson-identificationofthebrominatedflameretardant12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneasanandrogenagonist-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866', event);\">\n    Identification of the brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as an androgen agonist.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Larsson, A.; Eriksson, L. A; Andersson, P. L; Ivarson, P.;  and Olsson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of medicinal chemistry</i>, 49(25): 7366–72. December 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('larsson-eriksson-andersson-ivarson-olsson-identificationofthebrominatedflameretardant12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneasanandrogenagonist-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification of the brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as an androgen agonist. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/jm060713d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('larsson-eriksson-andersson-ivarson-olsson-identificationofthebrominatedflameretardant12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneasanandrogenagonist-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/jm060713d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/larsson-eriksson-andersson-ivarson-olsson-identificationofthebrominatedflameretardant12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneasanandrogenagonist-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('larsson-eriksson-andersson-ivarson-olsson-identificationofthebrominatedflameretardant12dibromo412dibromoethylcyclohexaneasanandrogenagonist-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{larsson_identification_2006,\n\ttitle = {Identification of the brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as an androgen agonist.},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {0022-2623},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149866},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/jm060713d},\n\tabstract = {To investigate androgen receptor (AR) activation by exogenous compounds, we used a combination of experimental analysis and theoretical modeling to compare a set of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with regard to ligand docking, AR binding, and AR activation in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells, as well as interacting energy analysis. Modeling of receptor docking was found to be a useful first step in predicting the potential to translocate to the ligand pocket of the receptor, and the computed interaction energy was found to correlate with the observed binding affinity. Flexible alignment studies of the BFR compounds demonstrated that 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (BCH) closely overlap DHT. Combining the theoretical modeling with in vitro ligand-binding and receptor-activation assays, we show that BCH binds to and activates the human AR. The remaining BFRs did not successfully interact with the ligand pocket, were not able to replace a synthetic androgen from the receptor, and failed to activate the receptor.},\n\tnumber = {25},\n\tjournal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Larsson, Anders and Eriksson, Leif A and Andersson, Patrik L and Ivarson, Per and Olsson, Per-Erik},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {17149866},\n\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen: chemistry, Androgens, Binding, Competitive, Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexanes: chemistry, Cyclohexanes: toxicity, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Ligands, Models, Molecular, Receptors, Tumor, cell line},\n\tpages = {7366--72},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To investigate androgen receptor (AR) activation by exogenous compounds, we used a combination of experimental analysis and theoretical modeling to compare a set of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with regard to ligand docking, AR binding, and AR activation in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells, as well as interacting energy analysis. Modeling of receptor docking was found to be a useful first step in predicting the potential to translocate to the ligand pocket of the receptor, and the computed interaction energy was found to correlate with the observed binding affinity. Flexible alignment studies of the BFR compounds demonstrated that 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (BCH) closely overlap DHT. Combining the theoretical modeling with in vitro ligand-binding and receptor-activation assays, we show that BCH binds to and activates the human AR. The remaining BFRs did not successfully interact with the ligand pocket, were not able to replace a synthetic androgen from the receptor, and failed to activate the receptor.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081', event);\">\n    Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Law, R. J; Allchin, C. R; de Boer, J.; Covaci, A.; Herzke, D.; Lepom, P.; Morris, S.; Tronczynski, J.;  and de Wit, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 64(2): 187–208. June 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{law_levels_2006,\n\ttitle = {Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the {European} environment.},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434081},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007},\n\tabstract = {In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003-04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982-1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on summation operatorBDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Law, Robin J and Allchin, Colin R and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Herzke, Dorte and Lepom, Peter and Morris, Steven and Tronczynski, Jacek and de Wit, Cynthia A},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16434081},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Animals, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Europe, Fishes, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Hydrocarbons, Invertebrates, Mammals, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Soil, Soil: analysis, Tissue Distribution, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa, water},\n\tpages = {187--208},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003-04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982-1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on summation operatorBDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"law-halldorson-danell-stern-gewurtz-alaee-marvin-whittle-etal-bioaccumulationandtrophictransferofsomebrominatedflameretardantsinalakewinnipegcanadafoodweb-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'law-halldorson-danell-stern-gewurtz-alaee-marvin-whittle-etal-bioaccumulationandtrophictransferofsomebrominatedflameretardantsinalakewinnipegcanadafoodweb-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Law, K.; Halldorson, T.; Danell, R.; Stern, G.; Gewurtz, S.; Alaee, M.; Marvin, C.; Whittle, M.;  and Tomy, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 25(8): 2177–86. August 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('law-halldorson-danell-stern-gewurtz-alaee-marvin-whittle-etal-bioaccumulationandtrophictransferofsomebrominatedflameretardantsinalakewinnipegcanadafoodweb-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/law-halldorson-danell-stern-gewurtz-alaee-marvin-whittle-etal-bioaccumulationandtrophictransferofsomebrominatedflameretardantsinalakewinnipegcanadafoodweb-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('law-halldorson-danell-stern-gewurtz-alaee-marvin-whittle-etal-bioaccumulationandtrophictransferofsomebrominatedflameretardantsinalakewinnipegcanadafoodweb-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{law_bioaccumulation_2006,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a {Lake} {Winnipeg} ({Canada}) food web.},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916037},\n\tabstract = {The extent of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers (alpha, beta, and gamma), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was examined in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Six species of fish, zooplankton, mussels, sediment, and water from the south basin of the lake were selected for study. Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of total (sigma) polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs; p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.005), sigmaHBCDs (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001), BTBPE (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.0001), and lipid content in fish. Strong positive linear relationships also were observed from individual plots of BDE 47, BDE 209, and DBDPE concentrations (lipid wt) and trophic level (based on delta15N), suggesting that these compounds biomagnify in the Lake Winnipeg food web. Biomagnification factors varied for the chemicals studied. Plots of log bioaccumulation factors for mussel and zooplankton versus log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) were similar and suggest that neither mussels nor zooplankton are in equilibrium with the water. Fifteen BDE congeners were consistently detected in water (dissolved phase, n = 3), with BDE 47 having the greatest concentration (17 pg/L). The rank order of compounds in water (arithmetic mean +/- standard error) were sigmaPBDEs (49 +/- 12 pg/ L) {\\textbackslash}textgreater alpha-HBCD (11 +/- 2 pg/L) {\\textbackslash}textgreater BTBPE (1.9 +/- 0.6 pg/L). Concentrations of DPDPE, BDE 209, and beta- and -gamma-HBCD isomers were below their respective method detection limits (MDLs) in water. Total PBDE concentrations in sediment (n = 4) were greater than any other brominated flame retardant examined in the present study and ranged from 1,160 to 1,610 ng/g (dry wt), with BDE 209 contributing roughly 50\\% of the total. The gamma-HBCD isomer was detected at concentrations of 50 +/- 20 pg/g (dry wt) in sediment, whereas BTBPE and DBDPE were consistently below their respective MDLs in sediment.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Law, Kerri and Halldorson, Thor and Danell, Robert and Stern, Gary and Gewurtz, Sarah and Alaee, Mehran and Marvin, Chris and Whittle, Mike and Tomy, Gregg},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16916037},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: metabolism, Canada, Chromatography, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, High Pressure Liquid, Mass Spectrometry, Quality Control, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frbldg, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {2177--86},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The extent of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers (alpha, beta, and gamma), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) was examined in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Six species of fish, zooplankton, mussels, sediment, and water from the south basin of the lake were selected for study. Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of total (sigma) polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs; p \\textless 0.005), sigmaHBCDs (p \\textless 0.0001), BTBPE (p \\textless 0.0001), and lipid content in fish. Strong positive linear relationships also were observed from individual plots of BDE 47, BDE 209, and DBDPE concentrations (lipid wt) and trophic level (based on delta15N), suggesting that these compounds biomagnify in the Lake Winnipeg food web. Biomagnification factors varied for the chemicals studied. Plots of log bioaccumulation factors for mussel and zooplankton versus log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) were similar and suggest that neither mussels nor zooplankton are in equilibrium with the water. Fifteen BDE congeners were consistently detected in water (dissolved phase, n = 3), with BDE 47 having the greatest concentration (17 pg/L). The rank order of compounds in water (arithmetic mean +/- standard error) were sigmaPBDEs (49 +/- 12 pg/ L) \\textgreater alpha-HBCD (11 +/- 2 pg/L) \\textgreater BTBPE (1.9 +/- 0.6 pg/L). Concentrations of DPDPE, BDE 209, and beta- and -gamma-HBCD isomers were below their respective method detection limits (MDLs) in water. Total PBDE concentrations in sediment (n = 4) were greater than any other brominated flame retardant examined in the present study and ranged from 1,160 to 1,610 ng/g (dry wt), with BDE 209 contributing roughly 50% of the total. The gamma-HBCD isomer was detected at concentrations of 50 +/- 20 pg/g (dry wt) in sediment, whereas BTBPE and DBDPE were consistently below their respective MDLs in sediment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karlsson-ericson-vanbavel-jensen-dam-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinnorthernfulmarfulmarusglacialiseggsfromthefaroeislands-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karlsson-ericson-vanbavel-jensen-dam-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinnorthernfulmarfulmarusglacialiseggsfromthefaroeislands-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200', event);\">\n    Levels of brominated flame retardants in Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) eggs from the Faroe Islands.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karlsson, M; Ericson, I; van Bavel, B; Jensen, J.;  and Dam, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 367(2-3): 840–6. August 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karlsson-ericson-vanbavel-jensen-dam-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinnorthernfulmarfulmarusglacialiseggsfromthefaroeislands-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels of brominated flame retardants in Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) eggs from the Faroe Islands. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.050\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karlsson-ericson-vanbavel-jensen-dam-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinnorthernfulmarfulmarusglacialiseggsfromthefaroeislands-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.050', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karlsson-ericson-vanbavel-jensen-dam-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinnorthernfulmarfulmarusglacialiseggsfromthefaroeislands-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karlsson-ericson-vanbavel-jensen-dam-levelsofbrominatedflameretardantsinnorthernfulmarfulmarusglacialiseggsfromthefaroeislands-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karlsson_levels_2006,\n\ttitle = {Levels of brominated flame retardants in {Northern} {Fulmar} ({Fulmarus} glacialis) eggs from the {Faroe} {Islands}.},\n\tvolume = {367},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753200},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.050},\n\tabstract = {Eggs from Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were sampled in the Faroe Islands. The content of the brominated flame retardants tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were determined in nine samples in concentrations ranging from non-detectable to 7 ng g-1(l.w.). The BDE levels were similar as in an earlier study of BDE levels in the fulmar eggs from the Faroe Islands but 10-1000 times lower compared to studies of eggs from seabirds and birds of prey from Europe. The two hexaBDEs \\#153 and \\#154 were the most abundant congeners, which represented around 50\\% of the total mean BDE concentration. The levels of BDE \\#209 were below the limit of detection (1.24 ng g-1 l.w.) except for one sample, which showed a concentration of 7.18 ng g-1 l.w. BTBPE was detected in eight samples and the mean level was 0.11 ng g-1 l.w. This concentration was 150 times lower than the average total BDE concentration (including BDEs \\#28, \\#47, \\#100, \\#99, \\#154, \\#153, \\#183, \\#209). BTBPE has only been detected once before in biota. Also other bromo-containing compounds were detected in the fulmar eggs. One group identified was the polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), but because of the absence of reference standards in the lab, these could not be quantified.},\n\tnumber = {2-3},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Karlsson, M and Ericson, I and van Bavel, B and Jensen, J-K and Dam, M},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16753200},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Atlantic Islands, Birds, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Carbon Isotopes: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\&amp; numerical d, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, ffr, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {840--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Eggs from Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were sampled in the Faroe Islands. The content of the brominated flame retardants tri- to decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDEs) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were determined in nine samples in concentrations ranging from non-detectable to 7 ng g-1(l.w.). The BDE levels were similar as in an earlier study of BDE levels in the fulmar eggs from the Faroe Islands but 10-1000 times lower compared to studies of eggs from seabirds and birds of prey from Europe. The two hexaBDEs #153 and #154 were the most abundant congeners, which represented around 50% of the total mean BDE concentration. The levels of BDE #209 were below the limit of detection (1.24 ng g-1 l.w.) except for one sample, which showed a concentration of 7.18 ng g-1 l.w. BTBPE was detected in eight samples and the mean level was 0.11 ng g-1 l.w. This concentration was 150 times lower than the average total BDE concentration (including BDEs #28, #47, #100, #99, #154, #153, #183, #209). BTBPE has only been detected once before in biota. Also other bromo-containing compounds were detected in the fulmar eggs. One group identified was the polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), but because of the absence of reference standards in the lab, these could not be quantified.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jurgella-marwah-malison-peterson-barry-effectsofxenobioticsandsteroidsonrenalandhepaticestrogenmetabolisminlaketrout-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jurgella-marwah-malison-peterson-barry-effectsofxenobioticsandsteroidsonrenalandhepaticestrogenmetabolisminlaketrout-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648', event);\">\n    Effects of xenobiotics and steroids on renal and hepatic estrogen metabolism in lake trout.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jurgella, G. F; Marwah, A.; Malison, J. A; Peterson, R.;  and Barry, T. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>General and comparative endocrinology</i>, 148(2): 273–81. September 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jurgella-marwah-malison-peterson-barry-effectsofxenobioticsandsteroidsonrenalandhepaticestrogenmetabolisminlaketrout-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of xenobiotics and steroids on renal and hepatic estrogen metabolism in lake trout. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jurgella-marwah-malison-peterson-barry-effectsofxenobioticsandsteroidsonrenalandhepaticestrogenmetabolisminlaketrout-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.011', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jurgella-marwah-malison-peterson-barry-effectsofxenobioticsandsteroidsonrenalandhepaticestrogenmetabolisminlaketrout-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jurgella-marwah-malison-peterson-barry-effectsofxenobioticsandsteroidsonrenalandhepaticestrogenmetabolisminlaketrout-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jurgella_effects_2006,\n\ttitle = {Effects of xenobiotics and steroids on renal and hepatic estrogen metabolism in lake trout.},\n\tvolume = {148},\n\tissn = {0016-6480},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677648},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.011},\n\tabstract = {Experiments were conducted to (1) elucidate the biochemical pathways of E2 metabolism in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) kidney and liver, and (2) test the hypothesis that specific xenobiotics and endogenous steroids inhibit E2 metabolism by these tissues. Kidney and liver tissue fragments from immature lake trout were incubated in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled E2 plus various xenobiotics or steroids. E2 metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and quantified by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. A major metabolite produced by both tissues was an unidentified hydroxylated estrogen metabolite (E2-OH) with a molecular mass of 288 that was not estriol (16-OH-E2), but possibly 7alpha-OH-E2 or 2-OH-E2 (catecholestrogen). Both tissues also produced estradiol-17-glucuronide (E2-17-G), estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17-S), and estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3-G). Compared to the kidney, the liver produced half the amount of conjugated metabolites, but twofold more E2-OH. The following xenobiotics (at a concentration of 100 microM) inhibited the production of water-soluble (i.e., conjugated) E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver: 4,4&#x27;-(OH)2-3,3&#x27;,5,5&#x27;- tetrachlorobiphenyl (4,4&#x27;-OH-TCB), bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TB-BPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TC-BPA), tribromophenol (TBP), trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The alkylphenols, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and 4-octylphenol (OP), and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (TBDE) had no significant effect on E2 metabolism by either tissue. Testosterone and 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one inhibited the production of conjugated E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver. Cortisol and 11-ketotestosterone inhibited E2 metabolism by the liver only. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for 4,4&#x27;-OH-TCB ranged from 7-32 microM in the kidney and 0.6-1.6 microM in the liver. For BPA, IC50&#x27;s ranged from 40-108 microM in the kidney and 11-18 microM in the liver. Low doses (0.1 microM) of 4,4&#x27;-OH-TCB and BPA significantly increased estrogen metabolism in the kidney. The results suggest that certain estrogenic xenobiotics and endogenous steroids may inhibit the phase II conjugation of E2 by the kidney and liver of lake trout, and some of the known biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated, at least partially, by this mechanism of action.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {General and comparative endocrinology},\n\tauthor = {Jurgella, Gail F and Marwah, Ashok and Malison, Jeffrey A and Peterson, Richard and Barry, Terence P},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16677648},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chromatography, Estradiol: metabolism, Estrogens, Estrogens: metabolism, Flame retardants, High Pressure Liquid, Kidney, Kidney: drug effects, Kidney: metabolism, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Phenols, Phenols: pharmacology, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Steroids, Steroids: pharmacology, Trout, Trout: metabolism, Xenobiotics, Xenobiotics: pharmacology, estradiol},\n\tpages = {273--81},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Experiments were conducted to (1) elucidate the biochemical pathways of E2 metabolism in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) kidney and liver, and (2) test the hypothesis that specific xenobiotics and endogenous steroids inhibit E2 metabolism by these tissues. Kidney and liver tissue fragments from immature lake trout were incubated in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled E2 plus various xenobiotics or steroids. E2 metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and quantified by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. A major metabolite produced by both tissues was an unidentified hydroxylated estrogen metabolite (E2-OH) with a molecular mass of 288 that was not estriol (16-OH-E2), but possibly 7alpha-OH-E2 or 2-OH-E2 (catecholestrogen). Both tissues also produced estradiol-17-glucuronide (E2-17-G), estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17-S), and estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3-G). Compared to the kidney, the liver produced half the amount of conjugated metabolites, but twofold more E2-OH. The following xenobiotics (at a concentration of 100 microM) inhibited the production of water-soluble (i.e., conjugated) E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver: 4,4'-(OH)2-3,3',5,5'- tetrachlorobiphenyl (4,4'-OH-TCB), bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TB-BPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TC-BPA), tribromophenol (TBP), trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The alkylphenols, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and 4-octylphenol (OP), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (TBDE) had no significant effect on E2 metabolism by either tissue. Testosterone and 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one inhibited the production of conjugated E2 metabolites by both the kidney and liver. Cortisol and 11-ketotestosterone inhibited E2 metabolism by the liver only. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for 4,4'-OH-TCB ranged from 7-32 microM in the kidney and 0.6-1.6 microM in the liver. For BPA, IC50's ranged from 40-108 microM in the kidney and 11-18 microM in the liver. Low doses (0.1 microM) of 4,4'-OH-TCB and BPA significantly increased estrogen metabolism in the kidney. The results suggest that certain estrogenic xenobiotics and endogenous steroids may inhibit the phase II conjugation of E2 by the kidney and liver of lake trout, and some of the known biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated, at least partially, by this mechanism of action.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Building Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalbuildingcode-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalbuildingcode-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2006,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Residential Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalresidentialcode-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalresidentialcode-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2006,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hoh-zhu-hites-dechloraneplusachlorinatedflameretardantinthegreatlakes-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hoh-zhu-hites-dechloraneplusachlorinatedflameretardantinthegreatlakes-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773', event);\">\n    Dechlorane plus, a chlorinated flame retardant, in the Great Lakes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hoh, E.; Zhu, L.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 40(4): 1184–9. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoh-zhu-hites-dechloraneplusachlorinatedflameretardantinthegreatlakes-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dechlorane plus, a chlorinated flame retardant, in the Great Lakes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hoh-zhu-hites-dechloraneplusachlorinatedflameretardantinthegreatlakes-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hoh-zhu-hites-dechloraneplusachlorinatedflameretardantinthegreatlakes-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hoh_dechlorane_2006,\n\ttitle = {Dechlorane plus, a chlorinated flame retardant, in the {Great} {Lakes}.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572773},\n\tabstract = {A highly chlorinated flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), was detected and identified in ambient air, fish, and sediment samples from the Great Lakes region. The identity of this compound was confirmed by comparing its gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic material. This compound exists as two gas chromatographically separable stereoisomers (syn and anti), the structures of which were characterized by one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance. DP was detected in most air samples, even at remote sites. The atmospheric DP concentrations were higher at the eastern Great Lakes sites (Sturgeon Point, NY, and Cleveland, OH) than those at the western Great Lakes sites (Eagle Harbor, MI, Chicago, IL, and Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI). Atthe Sturgeon Point site, DP concentrations once reached 490 pg/m3. DP atmospheric concentrations were comparable to those of BDE-209 at the eastern Great Lakes sites. DP was also found in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and Erie. The peak DP concentrations were comparable to BDE-209 concentrations in the sediment core from Lake Erie butwere about 30 times lower than BDE-209 concentrations in the core from Lake Michigan. In the sediment cores, the DP concentrations peaked around 1975-1980, and the surficial concentrations were 10-80\\% of peak concentrations. Higher DP concentrations in air samples from Sturgeon Point, NY, and in the sediment core from Lake Erie suggest that DP&#x27;s manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY, may be a source. DP was also detected in archived fish (walleye) from Lake Erie, suggesting that this compound is, at least partially, bioavailable.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hoh, Eunha and Zhu, Lingyan and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16572773},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gadiformes, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polycyclic Compounds, Polycyclic Compounds: analysis, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {1184--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A highly chlorinated flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), was detected and identified in ambient air, fish, and sediment samples from the Great Lakes region. The identity of this compound was confirmed by comparing its gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic material. This compound exists as two gas chromatographically separable stereoisomers (syn and anti), the structures of which were characterized by one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance. DP was detected in most air samples, even at remote sites. The atmospheric DP concentrations were higher at the eastern Great Lakes sites (Sturgeon Point, NY, and Cleveland, OH) than those at the western Great Lakes sites (Eagle Harbor, MI, Chicago, IL, and Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI). Atthe Sturgeon Point site, DP concentrations once reached 490 pg/m3. DP atmospheric concentrations were comparable to those of BDE-209 at the eastern Great Lakes sites. DP was also found in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and Erie. The peak DP concentrations were comparable to BDE-209 concentrations in the sediment core from Lake Erie butwere about 30 times lower than BDE-209 concentrations in the core from Lake Michigan. In the sediment cores, the DP concentrations peaked around 1975-1980, and the surficial concentrations were 10-80% of peak concentrations. Higher DP concentrations in air samples from Sturgeon Point, NY, and in the sediment core from Lake Erie suggest that DP's manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY, may be a source. DP was also detected in archived fish (walleye) from Lake Erie, suggesting that this compound is, at least partially, bioavailable.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrami-mcintyre-fireandfireprotectioninhomesandpublicbuildingsananalysisofswedishfirestatistics-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrami-mcintyre-fireandfireprotectioninhomesandpublicbuildingsananalysisofswedishfirestatistics-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire and fire protection in homes and public buildings: An analysis of Swedish fire statistics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrami, O.;  and McIntyre, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI), Stockholm, Sweden,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrami-mcintyre-fireandfireprotectioninhomesandpublicbuildingsananalysisofswedishfirestatistics-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire and fire protection in homes and public buildings: An analysis of Swedish fire statistics [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrami-mcintyre-fireandfireprotectioninhomesandpublicbuildingsananalysisofswedishfirestatistics-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrami-mcintyre-fireandfireprotectioninhomesandpublicbuildingsananalysisofswedishfirestatistics-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{harrami_fire_2006,\n\taddress = {Stockholm, Sweden},\n\ttitle = {Fire and fire protection in homes and public buildings: {An} analysis of {Swedish} fire statistics},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Swedish fires KEMI.pdf},\n\tabstract = {On average there are about 100 fatal fires per year in Sweden. The number of fatal fires fluctuates widely. An example of this was 2004, an exceptional year with only 62 fatal fires recorded by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. It is very rare for a fatal fire to claim more than one victim. Most fatal fires occur in homes, often starting in a bed, sofa, other loose fittings or clothing. Carelessness when smoking is the most commonly identified fire cause. The homes where fatal fires occur are rarely protected by smoke detectors. This is in marked contrast to Swedish homes in general (in 2001 about 65 \\% of households had functional smoke detectors). In Sweden the death rate from fire has fallen by about 35 \\% since 1945 – a change which is wholly attributable to the marked fall in the death rate for burns in males aged between 15 and 64. It is impossible to identify what lies behind this dramatic improvement from an analysis of published statistics, but the level of smoking has reduced greatly over the years. Fire death rates are higher for males than females and are also higher for the elderly than for younger people. Those who are out of work, on low income or living alone also run a greater risk of dying in fire. The approximate figures for fire injuries per year in Sweden are 100 deaths, 700 major injuries and 700 minor injuries. This corresponds to rates of 11, 80 and 80 per million population respectively. For accidents in general in Sweden there are about 30 major injuries per death and 200 minor injuries (see Olyckor i siffror, NCO/SRSA). The distribution is quite different for fires where there are only seven major injuries per death, and similar numbers of major injuries as minor injuries. Accidents in general have the ratio 1:30:200 whereas fire has 1:7:7. Most home fires attended by the fire brigade are quite small. In detached houses most turn- outs are caused by chimney fires which do not spread to other parts of the building. In blocks of flats the most common cause is a cooking appliance being left on. Arson is also a common cause in blocks of flats, though arson is most often observed in stairwells and cellars and is rarely directed at living accommodation. Arson is the most common cause of fires in public buildings. In these buildings there are potentially many people at risk and is clear that fire safety cannot be based on technical risks alone, but must also deal with deliberate fire setting.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tpublisher = {Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI)},\n\tauthor = {Harrami, Omar and McIntyre, Colin},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  On average there are about 100 fatal fires per year in Sweden. The number of fatal fires fluctuates widely. An example of this was 2004, an exceptional year with only 62 fatal fires recorded by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. It is very rare for a fatal fire to claim more than one victim. Most fatal fires occur in homes, often starting in a bed, sofa, other loose fittings or clothing. Carelessness when smoking is the most commonly identified fire cause. The homes where fatal fires occur are rarely protected by smoke detectors. This is in marked contrast to Swedish homes in general (in 2001 about 65 % of households had functional smoke detectors). In Sweden the death rate from fire has fallen by about 35 % since 1945 – a change which is wholly attributable to the marked fall in the death rate for burns in males aged between 15 and 64. It is impossible to identify what lies behind this dramatic improvement from an analysis of published statistics, but the level of smoking has reduced greatly over the years. Fire death rates are higher for males than females and are also higher for the elderly than for younger people. Those who are out of work, on low income or living alone also run a greater risk of dying in fire. The approximate figures for fire injuries per year in Sweden are 100 deaths, 700 major injuries and 700 minor injuries. This corresponds to rates of 11, 80 and 80 per million population respectively. For accidents in general in Sweden there are about 30 major injuries per death and 200 minor injuries (see Olyckor i siffror, NCO/SRSA). The distribution is quite different for fires where there are only seven major injuries per death, and similar numbers of major injuries as minor injuries. Accidents in general have the ratio 1:30:200 whereas fire has 1:7:7. Most home fires attended by the fire brigade are quite small. In detached houses most turn- outs are caused by chimney fires which do not spread to other parts of the building. In blocks of flats the most common cause is a cooking appliance being left on. Arson is also a common cause in blocks of flats, though arson is most often observed in stairwells and cellars and is rarely directed at living accommodation. Arson is the most common cause of fires in public buildings. In these buildings there are potentially many people at risk and is clear that fire safety cannot be based on technical risks alone, but must also deal with deliberate fire setting.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrad-hazrati-ibarra-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinindoorairandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinindoorairanddustinbirminghamunitedkingdomimplicationsforhumanexposure-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrad-hazrati-ibarra-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinindoorairandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinindoorairanddustinbirminghamunitedkingdomimplicationsforhumanexposure-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147', event);\">\n    Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Indoor Air and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: Implications for Human Exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrad, S.; Hazrati, S.;  and Ibarra, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 40(15): 4633–4638. August 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-hazrati-ibarra-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinindoorairandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinindoorairanddustinbirminghamunitedkingdomimplicationsforhumanexposure-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Indoor Air and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: Implications for Human Exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es0609147\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-hazrati-ibarra-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinindoorairandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinindoorairanddustinbirminghamunitedkingdomimplicationsforhumanexposure-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es0609147', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrad-hazrati-ibarra-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinindoorairandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinindoorairanddustinbirminghamunitedkingdomimplicationsforhumanexposure-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrad-hazrati-ibarra-concentrationsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinindoorairandpolybrominateddiphenylethersinindoorairanddustinbirminghamunitedkingdomimplicationsforhumanexposure-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrad_concentrations_2006,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of {Polychlorinated} {Biphenyls} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in {Indoor} {Air} and {Dust} in {Birmingham}, {United} {Kingdom}: {Implications} for {Human} {Exposure}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0609147},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es0609147},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in air (using PUF disk passive samplers) in 31 homes, 33 offices, 25 cars, and 3 public microenvironments. Average concentrations of ΣBDE (273 pg m-3) and ΣPCB (8920 pg m-3) were an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported for outdoor air. Cars were the most contaminated microenvironment for ΣBDE (average = 709 pg m-3), but the least for ΣPCB (average = 1391 pg m-3). Comparison with data from a previous spatially consistent study, revealed no significant decline in concentrations of ΣPCB in indoor air since 1997−98. Concentrations in indoor dust from 8 homes were on average 215.2 ng ΣBDE g-1, slightly higher than other European dust samples, but twenty times lower than Canadian samples. Inhalation makes an important contribution (between 4.2 and 63\\% for adults) to overall UK exposure to ΣPCB. For ΣBDE, dust ingestion makes a significant butin contrast to Canadaa not overwhelming contribution (up to 37\\% for adults, and 69\\% for toddlers). Comparison of UK and Canadian estimates of absolute exposure to ΣBDE suggest that differences in dust contamination are the likely cause of higher PBDE body burdens in North Americans compared to Europeans.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Hazrati, Sadegh and Ibarra, Catalina},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Dust, Flame retardants, ffr},\n\tpages = {4633--4638},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in air (using PUF disk passive samplers) in 31 homes, 33 offices, 25 cars, and 3 public microenvironments. Average concentrations of ΣBDE (273 pg m-3) and ΣPCB (8920 pg m-3) were an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported for outdoor air. Cars were the most contaminated microenvironment for ΣBDE (average = 709 pg m-3), but the least for ΣPCB (average = 1391 pg m-3). Comparison with data from a previous spatially consistent study, revealed no significant decline in concentrations of ΣPCB in indoor air since 1997−98. Concentrations in indoor dust from 8 homes were on average 215.2 ng ΣBDE g-1, slightly higher than other European dust samples, but twenty times lower than Canadian samples. Inhalation makes an important contribution (between 4.2 and 63% for adults) to overall UK exposure to ΣPCB. For ΣBDE, dust ingestion makes a significant butin contrast to Canadaa not overwhelming contribution (up to 37% for adults, and 69% for toddlers). Comparison of UK and Canadian estimates of absolute exposure to ΣBDE suggest that differences in dust contamination are the likely cause of higher PBDE body burdens in North Americans compared to Europeans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"harrad-diamond-newdirectionsexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbscurrentandfuturescenarios-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'harrad-diamond-newdirectionsexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbscurrentandfuturescenarios-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006', event);\">\n    New Directions: Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Current and future scenarios.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Harrad, S.;  and Diamond, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>, 40(6): 1187–1188. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-diamond-newdirectionsexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbscurrentandfuturescenarios-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"New Directions: Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Current and future scenarios [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('harrad-diamond-newdirectionsexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbscurrentandfuturescenarios-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/harrad-diamond-newdirectionsexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbscurrentandfuturescenarios-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('harrad-diamond-newdirectionsexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesandpolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbscurrentandfuturescenarios-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{harrad_new_2006,\n\ttitle = {New {Directions}: {Exposure} to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) and polychlorinated biphenyls ({PCBs}): {Current} and future scenarios},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\n\tauthor = {Harrad, Stuart and Diamond, Miriam},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1187--1188},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hanari-kannan-miyake-okazawa-kodavanti-aldous-yamashita-occurrenceofpolybrominatedbiphenylspolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandpolybrominateddibenzofuransasimpuritiesincommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixtures-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hanari-kannan-miyake-okazawa-kodavanti-aldous-yamashita-occurrenceofpolybrominatedbiphenylspolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandpolybrominateddibenzofuransasimpuritiesincommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixtures-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277', event);\">\n    Occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polybrominated dibenzofurans as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hanari, N.; Kannan, K.; Miyake, Y.; Okazawa, T.; Kodavanti, P. R. S; Aldous, K. M;  and Yamashita, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 40(14): 4400–5. July 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hanari-kannan-miyake-okazawa-kodavanti-aldous-yamashita-occurrenceofpolybrominatedbiphenylspolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandpolybrominateddibenzofuransasimpuritiesincommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixtures-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polybrominated dibenzofurans as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hanari-kannan-miyake-okazawa-kodavanti-aldous-yamashita-occurrenceofpolybrominatedbiphenylspolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandpolybrominateddibenzofuransasimpuritiesincommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixtures-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hanari-kannan-miyake-okazawa-kodavanti-aldous-yamashita-occurrenceofpolybrominatedbiphenylspolybrominateddibenzopdioxinsandpolybrominateddibenzofuransasimpuritiesincommercialpolybrominateddiphenylethermixtures-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hanari_occurrence_2006,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polybrominated dibenzofurans as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903277},\n\tabstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations and compositions of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as contaminants in the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures DE-71, DE-79, and DE-83 and to ascertain the lot-to-lot variations in the proportions of these contaminants. Commercial PBDE mixtures tested in the present study contained both PBBs and PBDFs, as impurities, at concentrations in the range of several tens to several thousands of nanograms per gram. Concentrations of total PBDFs were greater than those of total PBBs in DE-79 and DE-83 mixtures. PBDDs were not detected at levels above the limit of detection. Profiles of PBB and PBDF congeners varied with the degree of bromination of the commercial PBDE mixtures (i.e., more highly brominated mixtures of PBDEs contained heavily brominated homologues of PBBs and PBDFs). On the basis of the production/ usage of commercial PBDE mixtures in 2001, potential global annual emissions of PBBs and PBDFs were calculated to be 40 and 2300 kg, respectively. Results of our study suggestthat PBDFs can also be formed during the production of commercial PBDE mixtures, in addition to their formation during pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hanari, Nobuyasu and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Miyake, Yuichi and Okazawa, Tsuyoshi and Kodavanti, Prasada Rao S and Aldous, Kenneth M and Yamashita, Nobuyoshi},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16903277},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Ethers, Flame retardants, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, ffr, frelec, use},\n\tpages = {4400--5},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations and compositions of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) as contaminants in the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures DE-71, DE-79, and DE-83 and to ascertain the lot-to-lot variations in the proportions of these contaminants. Commercial PBDE mixtures tested in the present study contained both PBBs and PBDFs, as impurities, at concentrations in the range of several tens to several thousands of nanograms per gram. Concentrations of total PBDFs were greater than those of total PBBs in DE-79 and DE-83 mixtures. PBDDs were not detected at levels above the limit of detection. Profiles of PBB and PBDF congeners varied with the degree of bromination of the commercial PBDE mixtures (i.e., more highly brominated mixtures of PBDEs contained heavily brominated homologues of PBBs and PBDFs). On the basis of the production/ usage of commercial PBDE mixtures in 2001, potential global annual emissions of PBBs and PBDFs were calculated to be 40 and 2300 kg, respectively. Results of our study suggestthat PBDFs can also be formed during the production of commercial PBDE mixtures, in addition to their formation during pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hamers-kamstra-sonneveld-murk-kester-andersson-legler-brouwer-invitroprofilingoftheendocrinedisruptingpotencyofbrominatedflameretardants-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hamers-kamstra-sonneveld-murk-kester-andersson-legler-brouwer-invitroprofilingoftheendocrinedisruptingpotencyofbrominatedflameretardants-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080', event);\">\n    In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hamers, T.; Kamstra, J. H; Sonneveld, E.; Murk, A. J; Kester, M. H A; Andersson, P. L; Legler, J.;  and Brouwer, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 92(1): 157–73. July 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hamers-kamstra-sonneveld-murk-kester-andersson-legler-brouwer-invitroprofilingoftheendocrinedisruptingpotencyofbrominatedflameretardants-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj187\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hamers-kamstra-sonneveld-murk-kester-andersson-legler-brouwer-invitroprofilingoftheendocrinedisruptingpotencyofbrominatedflameretardants-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj187', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hamers-kamstra-sonneveld-murk-kester-andersson-legler-brouwer-invitroprofilingoftheendocrinedisruptingpotencyofbrominatedflameretardants-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hamers-kamstra-sonneveld-murk-kester-andersson-legler-brouwer-invitroprofilingoftheendocrinedisruptingpotencyofbrominatedflameretardants-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hamers_vitro_2006,\n\ttitle = {In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {92},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601080},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfj187},\n\tabstract = {Over the last few years, increasing evidence has become available that some brominated flame retardants (BFRs) may have endocrine-disrupting (ED) potencies. The goal of the current study was to perform a systematic in vitro screening of the ED potencies of BFRs (1) to elucidate possible modes of action of BFRs in man and wildlife and (2) to classify BFRs with similar profiles of ED potencies. A test set of 27 individual BFRs were selected, consisting of 19 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, ortho-hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ether 47, and tetrabromobisphenol-A-bis(2,3)dibromopropyl ether. All BFRs were tested for their potency to interact with the arylhydrocarbon receptor, androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen receptor. In addition, all BFRs were tested for their potency to inhibit estradiol (sulfation by estradiol sulfotransferase (E2SULT), to interfere with thyroid hormone 3,3&#x27;,5-triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated cell proliferation, and to compete with T3-precursor thyroxine for binding to the plasma transport protein transthyretin (TTR). The results of the in vitro screening indicated that BFRs have ED potencies, some of which had not or only marginally been described before (AR antagonism, PR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and potentiation of T3-mediated effects). For some BFRs, the potency to induce AR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and TTR competition was higher than for natural ligands or clinical drugs used as positive controls. Based on their similarity in ED profiles, BFRs were classified into five different clusters. These findings support further investigation of the potential ED effects of these environmentally relevant BFRs in man and wildlife.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Hamers, Timo and Kamstra, Jorke H and Sonneveld, Edwin and Murk, Albertinka J and Kester, Monique H A and Andersson, Patrik L and Legler, Juliette and Brouwer, Abraham},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16601080},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors, Endocrine Disruptors: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {157--73},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Over the last few years, increasing evidence has become available that some brominated flame retardants (BFRs) may have endocrine-disrupting (ED) potencies. The goal of the current study was to perform a systematic in vitro screening of the ED potencies of BFRs (1) to elucidate possible modes of action of BFRs in man and wildlife and (2) to classify BFRs with similar profiles of ED potencies. A test set of 27 individual BFRs were selected, consisting of 19 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, ortho-hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ether 47, and tetrabromobisphenol-A-bis(2,3)dibromopropyl ether. All BFRs were tested for their potency to interact with the arylhydrocarbon receptor, androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen receptor. In addition, all BFRs were tested for their potency to inhibit estradiol (sulfation by estradiol sulfotransferase (E2SULT), to interfere with thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated cell proliferation, and to compete with T3-precursor thyroxine for binding to the plasma transport protein transthyretin (TTR). The results of the in vitro screening indicated that BFRs have ED potencies, some of which had not or only marginally been described before (AR antagonism, PR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and potentiation of T3-mediated effects). For some BFRs, the potency to induce AR antagonism, E2SULT inhibition, and TTR competition was higher than for natural ligands or clinical drugs used as positive controls. Based on their similarity in ED profiles, BFRs were classified into five different clusters. These findings support further investigation of the potential ED effects of these environmentally relevant BFRs in man and wildlife.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-brominatedflameretardantconcentrationsandtrendsinabioticmedia-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-brominatedflameretardantconcentrationsandtrendsinabioticmedia-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C; La Guardia, M. J; Harvey, E.; Gaylor, M. O;  and Mainor, T M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 64(2): 181–6. June 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-brominatedflameretardantconcentrationsandtrendsinabioticmedia-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-brominatedflameretardantconcentrationsandtrendsinabioticmedia-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-brominatedflameretardantconcentrationsandtrendsinabioticmedia-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-brominatedflameretardantconcentrationsandtrendsinabioticmedia-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_brominated_2006,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media.},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434082},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006},\n\tabstract = {BFR burdens in abiotic media have been less studied than in biota, despite their essential value as an aide to identifying sources, temporal and geographic trends and exposure routes. Many polymer products consist of several percent by weight of BFRs. Global trade in these can result in rapid and wholesale BFR movement. Loss from in-use products of nonreactive BFRs may be important, particularly in respect to indoor exposure. In the case of BDE-209, discharges from publicly owned treatment works may be substantial. BFR burdens in air, water and sewage sludge respond rapidly to changes in environmental BFR inputs. PBDEs have been the most widely studied. In many locales PBDE burdens in these media now surpass those of PCBs. Air and water near sources and urban areas are typically enriched relative to rural locales. The more volatile PBDEs dominate in the vapor phase, while BDE-209 typically predominates on particulates. Evidence exists for long-range transport of the more volatile PBDEs. A greater diversity of BFRs (mostly PBDEs, HBCD and TBBP-A) has been detected in sewage sludges. Land application of these sludges on agricultural fields is one conduit for soil contamination. In general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 appear to be increasing, while penta-BDE burdens in Europe may have peaked. Sediments function as longer-term integrators of environmental burdens. Concentrations of common BFRs therein may be substantial near point sources. Evidence for debromination in the environment has been limited to date. However, some laboratory and field observations suggest it is possible to a limited extent.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Gaylor, Michael O and Mainor, T Matt},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16434082},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Air: analysis, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Solubility, Volatilization, Water: analysis, env, ffr, frelec, water},\n\tpages = {181--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BFR burdens in abiotic media have been less studied than in biota, despite their essential value as an aide to identifying sources, temporal and geographic trends and exposure routes. Many polymer products consist of several percent by weight of BFRs. Global trade in these can result in rapid and wholesale BFR movement. Loss from in-use products of nonreactive BFRs may be important, particularly in respect to indoor exposure. In the case of BDE-209, discharges from publicly owned treatment works may be substantial. BFR burdens in air, water and sewage sludge respond rapidly to changes in environmental BFR inputs. PBDEs have been the most widely studied. In many locales PBDE burdens in these media now surpass those of PCBs. Air and water near sources and urban areas are typically enriched relative to rural locales. The more volatile PBDEs dominate in the vapor phase, while BDE-209 typically predominates on particulates. Evidence exists for long-range transport of the more volatile PBDEs. A greater diversity of BFRs (mostly PBDEs, HBCD and TBBP-A) has been detected in sewage sludges. Land application of these sludges on agricultural fields is one conduit for soil contamination. In general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 appear to be increasing, while penta-BDE burdens in Europe may have peaked. Sediments function as longer-term integrators of environmental burdens. Concentrations of common BFRs therein may be substantial near point sources. Evidence for debromination in the environment has been limited to date. However, some laboratory and field observations suggest it is possible to a limited extent.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"germer-piersma-vanderven-kamyschnikow-fery-schmitz-schrenk-subacuteeffectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecaneandtetrabromobisphenolaonhepaticcytochromep450levelsinrats-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'germer-piersma-vanderven-kamyschnikow-fery-schmitz-schrenk-subacuteeffectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecaneandtetrabromobisphenolaonhepaticcytochromep450levelsinrats-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980', event);\">\n    Subacute effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A on hepatic cytochrome P450 levels in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Germer, S.; Piersma, A. H; van Der Ven, L.; Kamyschnikow, A.; Fery, Y.; Schmitz, H.;  and Schrenk, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 218(2-3): 229–36. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('germer-piersma-vanderven-kamyschnikow-fery-schmitz-schrenk-subacuteeffectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecaneandtetrabromobisphenolaonhepaticcytochromep450levelsinrats-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Subacute effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A on hepatic cytochrome P450 levels in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('germer-piersma-vanderven-kamyschnikow-fery-schmitz-schrenk-subacuteeffectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecaneandtetrabromobisphenolaonhepaticcytochromep450levelsinrats-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/germer-piersma-vanderven-kamyschnikow-fery-schmitz-schrenk-subacuteeffectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecaneandtetrabromobisphenolaonhepaticcytochromep450levelsinrats-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('germer-piersma-vanderven-kamyschnikow-fery-schmitz-schrenk-subacuteeffectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecaneandtetrabromobisphenolaonhepaticcytochromep450levelsinrats-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{germer_subacute_2006,\n\ttitle = {Subacute effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol {A} on hepatic cytochrome {P450} levels in rats.},\n\tvolume = {218},\n\tissn = {0300-483X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325980},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.019},\n\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are found in the environment, e.g., in sediments and organisms, in food items, human blood samples and mother&#x27;s milk. In this study, the effects of both compounds on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels and activities were investigated. Juvenile/young male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with various doses via the feed (TBBPA) or by gavage (HBCD). After 28 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed and hepatic mRNA and microsomes were isolated. HBCD treatment led to a significant induction of CYP2B1 mRNA, CYP2B1/2B2 protein and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) activity suggesting a phenobarbital-type of induction. Furthermore, a significant increase in CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA, CYP3A1 protein, and luciferin benzylether debenzylase (LBD) activity was found, being more pronounced in females than in males. The effect on CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA was significant in female rats at a daily dose of 3.0mg/kg body weight and above. HBCD exhibited no effects on CYP1A2 mRNA, CYP1A1/1A2 protein, or microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity suggesting lack of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. No significant effects on any of the parameters measured were obtained with TBBPA. Our findings suggest that oral exposure to HBCD induces drug-metabolising enzymes in rats probably via the CAR/PXR signalling pathway. Induction of CYPs and co-regulated enzymes of phase II of drug metabolism may affect homeostasis of endogenous substrates including steroid and thyroid hormones.},\n\tnumber = {2-3},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Germer, Silke and Piersma, Aldert H and van Der Ven, Leo and Kamyschnikow, Andreas and Fery, Yvonne and Schmitz, Hans-Joachim and Schrenk, Dieter},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16325980},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: biosynthesis, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: genetics, Enzymologic, Enzymologic: drug effe, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Messenger, Messenger: metabolism, Microsomes, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, RNA, Rats, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {229--36},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The brominated flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are found in the environment, e.g., in sediments and organisms, in food items, human blood samples and mother's milk. In this study, the effects of both compounds on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels and activities were investigated. Juvenile/young male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with various doses via the feed (TBBPA) or by gavage (HBCD). After 28 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed and hepatic mRNA and microsomes were isolated. HBCD treatment led to a significant induction of CYP2B1 mRNA, CYP2B1/2B2 protein and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) activity suggesting a phenobarbital-type of induction. Furthermore, a significant increase in CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA, CYP3A1 protein, and luciferin benzylether debenzylase (LBD) activity was found, being more pronounced in females than in males. The effect on CYP3A1/3A3 mRNA was significant in female rats at a daily dose of 3.0mg/kg body weight and above. HBCD exhibited no effects on CYP1A2 mRNA, CYP1A1/1A2 protein, or microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity suggesting lack of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. No significant effects on any of the parameters measured were obtained with TBBPA. Our findings suggest that oral exposure to HBCD induces drug-metabolising enzymes in rats probably via the CAR/PXR signalling pathway. Induction of CYPs and co-regulated enzymes of phase II of drug metabolism may affect homeostasis of endogenous substrates including steroid and thyroid hormones.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four: a case study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fischer, D.; Hooper, K.; Athanasiadou, M.; Athanassiadis, I.;  and Bergman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 114(10): 1581–4. October 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four: a case study. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fischer_children_2006,\n\ttitle = {Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a {California} family of four: a case study.},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1626410&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions 90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with children&#x27;s levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations of, for example, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from 32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child, and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother, child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12, and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents&#x27; summation operatorPBDE concentrations approached U.S. median concentrations, with children&#x27;s concentrations near the maximum (top 5\\%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children&#x27;s higher PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of PBDE-related health effects than adults.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Fischer, Douglas and Hooper, Kim and Athanasiadou, Maria and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {17035146},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Child, Ethers, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Infant, Male, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Preschool, california, ffr, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {1581--4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions 90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with children's levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations of, for example, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from 32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child, and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother, child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12, and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents' summation operatorPBDE concentrations approached U.S. median concentrations, with children's concentrations near the maximum (top 5%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children's higher PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of PBDE-related health effects than adults.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eriksson-fischer-wallin-jakobsson-fredriksson-impairedbehaviourlearningandmemoryinadultmiceneonatallyexposedtohexabromocyclododecanehbcdd-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eriksson-fischer-wallin-jakobsson-fredriksson-impairedbehaviourlearningandmemoryinadultmiceneonatallyexposedtohexabromocyclododecanehbcdd-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674', event);\">\n    Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eriksson, P.; Fischer, C.; Wallin, M.; Jakobsson, E.;  and Fredriksson, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and pharmacology</i>, 21(3): 317–322. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eriksson-fischer-wallin-jakobsson-fredriksson-impairedbehaviourlearningandmemoryinadultmiceneonatallyexposedtohexabromocyclododecanehbcdd-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2005.10.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eriksson-fischer-wallin-jakobsson-fredriksson-impairedbehaviourlearningandmemoryinadultmiceneonatallyexposedtohexabromocyclododecanehbcdd-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2005.10.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eriksson-fischer-wallin-jakobsson-fredriksson-impairedbehaviourlearningandmemoryinadultmiceneonatallyexposedtohexabromocyclododecanehbcdd-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eriksson-fischer-wallin-jakobsson-fredriksson-impairedbehaviourlearningandmemoryinadultmiceneonatallyexposedtohexabromocyclododecanehbcdd-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eriksson_impaired_2006,\n\ttitle = {Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCDD}).},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783674},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2005.10.001},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) are a diverse group of global environmental pollutants. In the present study, we show that neonatal exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) can cause developmental behavioural defects that are similar to those recently reported for PBDEs and certain PCBs. Furthermore, HBCDD appears to be as potent as PBDEs in inducing developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. In this study, neonatal NMRI mouse pups were given either a single oral dose of 0.9mg HBCDD/kg body weight, 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight, or a 20\\% fat emulsion vehicle on postnatal day 10. At the age of 3 months, the mice were observed regarding spontaneous behaviour and concerning learning and memory capability. Mice exposed to 0.9mg HBCDD or to 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight showed a significantly altered spontaneous behaviour, manifested as a hyperactive condition and reduced habituation. Learning and memory, as observed in a Morris water maze, was also significantly affected in mice given the higher dose of HBCDD.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Eriksson, Per and Fischer, Celia and Wallin, Maria and Jakobsson, Eva and Fredriksson, Anders},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {317--322},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) are a diverse group of global environmental pollutants. In the present study, we show that neonatal exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) can cause developmental behavioural defects that are similar to those recently reported for PBDEs and certain PCBs. Furthermore, HBCDD appears to be as potent as PBDEs in inducing developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. In this study, neonatal NMRI mouse pups were given either a single oral dose of 0.9mg HBCDD/kg body weight, 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight, or a 20% fat emulsion vehicle on postnatal day 10. At the age of 3 months, the mice were observed regarding spontaneous behaviour and concerning learning and memory capability. Mice exposed to 0.9mg HBCDD or to 13.5mg HBCDD/kg body weight showed a significantly altered spontaneous behaviour, manifested as a hyperactive condition and reduced habituation. Learning and memory, as observed in a Morris water maze, was also significantly affected in mice given the higher dose of HBCDD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eriksson-fischer-fredriksson-polybrominateddiphenylethersagroupofbrominatedflameretardantscaninteractwithpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinenhancingdevelopmentalneurobehavioraldefects-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eriksson-fischer-fredriksson-polybrominateddiphenylethersagroupofbrominatedflameretardantscaninteractwithpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinenhancingdevelopmentalneurobehavioraldefects-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eriksson, P.; Fischer, C.;  and Fredriksson, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 94(2): 302–9. December 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eriksson-fischer-fredriksson-polybrominateddiphenylethersagroupofbrominatedflameretardantscaninteractwithpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinenhancingdevelopmentalneurobehavioraldefects-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl109\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eriksson-fischer-fredriksson-polybrominateddiphenylethersagroupofbrominatedflameretardantscaninteractwithpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinenhancingdevelopmentalneurobehavioraldefects-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl109', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eriksson-fischer-fredriksson-polybrominateddiphenylethersagroupofbrominatedflameretardantscaninteractwithpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinenhancingdevelopmentalneurobehavioraldefects-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eriksson-fischer-fredriksson-polybrominateddiphenylethersagroupofbrominatedflameretardantscaninteractwithpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinenhancingdevelopmentalneurobehavioraldefects-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eriksson_polybrominated_2006,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects.},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980691},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfl109},\n\tabstract = {The present study shows that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can interact and enhance developmental neurobehavioral defects when the exposure occurs during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. PBDEs are used in large quantities as flame-retardant additives in polymers, especially in the manufacture of a great variety of electrical appliances, and textiles. In contrast to the well-known persistent compounds PCBs and DDT, the PBDEs have been found to increase in the environment and in human mother&#x27;s milk. We have previously shown that low-dose exposure to environmental toxic agents such as PCB can cause developmental neurotoxic effects when present during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. Epidemiological studies indicate the adverse neurobehavioral impact of PCBs. Recently, we reported that neonatal exposure to PBDEs causes developmental neurotoxic effects. In the present study, 10-day-old Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were given one single oral dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol/kg body weight [bw]) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol), PCB 52 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol), or PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol). Controls received a vehicle (20\\% fat emulsion). Animals exposed to the combined dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol) and the high dose of PCB 52 (14 micromol) or PBDE 99 (14 micromol) showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior and habituation capability at the age of 4 and 6 months. The neurobehavioral defects were also seen to worsen with age in mice neonatally exposed to PCB 52 + PBDE 99.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Eriksson, Per and Fischer, Celia and Fredriksson, Anders},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16980691},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Combination, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Interactions, Drug Therapy, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: growth \\&amp; development, Nervous System: physiopathology, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Suckling, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {302--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The present study shows that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can interact and enhance developmental neurobehavioral defects when the exposure occurs during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. PBDEs are used in large quantities as flame-retardant additives in polymers, especially in the manufacture of a great variety of electrical appliances, and textiles. In contrast to the well-known persistent compounds PCBs and DDT, the PBDEs have been found to increase in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have previously shown that low-dose exposure to environmental toxic agents such as PCB can cause developmental neurotoxic effects when present during a critical stage of neonatal brain development. Epidemiological studies indicate the adverse neurobehavioral impact of PCBs. Recently, we reported that neonatal exposure to PBDEs causes developmental neurotoxic effects. In the present study, 10-day-old Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were given one single oral dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol/kg body weight [bw]) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol), PCB 52 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol), or PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol or 14 micromol). Controls received a vehicle (20% fat emulsion). Animals exposed to the combined dose of PCB 52 (1.4 micromol) + PBDE 99 (1.4 micromol) and the high dose of PCB 52 (14 micromol) or PBDE 99 (14 micromol) showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior and habituation capability at the age of 4 and 6 months. The neurobehavioral defects were also seen to worsen with age in mice neonatally exposed to PCB 52 + PBDE 99.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-iurdatatextbarinventoryupdatereportingiurtextbarusepa-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-iurdatatextbarinventoryupdatereportingiurtextbarusepa-2006', 'http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/', event);\">\n    IUR Data \\textbar Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) \\textbar US EPA.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  US EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT),  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-iurdatatextbarinventoryupdatereportingiurtextbarusepa-2006', 'http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"IUR Data \\textbar Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) \\textbar US EPA [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-iurdatatextbarinventoryupdatereportingiurtextbarusepa-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-iurdatatextbarinventoryupdatereportingiurtextbarusepa-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_iur_2006,\n\ttitle = {{IUR} {Data} {\\textbar} {Inventory} {Update} {Reporting} ({IUR}) {\\textbar} {US} {EPA}},\n\turl = {http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/},\n\tabstract = {Provides links to past non-confidential company records and production volume data},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tpublisher = {US EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT)},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {1998, 2002, 2006, EPA, Flame retardants, IUR, Inventory update Reporting, OPPT, TSCA, company records, data, inventory, non-confidential, past IUR data, production volume data},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Provides links to past non-confidential company records and production volume data\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ec-regulationecno19072006oftheeuropeanparliamentandofthecouncilof18december2006-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ec-regulationecno19072006oftheeuropeanparliamentandofthecouncilof18december2006-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf', event);\">\n    Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Official Journal of the European Union</i>, L396(49): 1–849.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ec-regulationecno19072006oftheeuropeanparliamentandofthecouncilof18december2006-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ec-regulationecno19072006oftheeuropeanparliamentandofthecouncilof18december2006-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ec-regulationecno19072006oftheeuropeanparliamentandofthecouncilof18december2006-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ec_regulation_2006,\n\ttitle = {Regulation ({EC}) {No} 1907/2006 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 18 {December} 2006},\n\tvolume = {L396},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EU REACH regulation.pdf},\n\tnumber = {49},\n\tjournal = {Official Journal of the European Union},\n\tauthor = {{EC}},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1--849},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"drewes-hoppe-bellona-wang-fateofchlorinatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentandwatertreatment-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'drewes-hoppe-bellona-wang-fateofchlorinatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentandwatertreatment-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf', event);\">\n    Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Drewes, J. E; Hoppe, C.; Bellona, C. L;  and Wang, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Ground Water Association,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('drewes-hoppe-bellona-wang-fateofchlorinatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentandwatertreatment-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/drewes-hoppe-bellona-wang-fateofchlorinatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentandwatertreatment-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('drewes-hoppe-bellona-wang-fateofchlorinatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentandwatertreatment-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{drewes_fate_2006,\n\ttitle = {Fate of {Chlorinated} {Flame} {Retardants} in the {Environment} and {Water} {Treatment}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Drewes et al. - 2006 - Fate of Chlorinated Flame Retardants in the Environment and Water Treatment.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of chlorinated flame retardants in wastewater, wastewater impacted streams and ground water under the impact of surface water. Several studies point to a very unique and persistent behavior of these compounds in the environment and TCEP, TCPP and TCDPP can essentially be found in any treated wastewater sample of source water under the impact of wastewater discharge. This study examined the occurrence, transport and fate of chlorinated flame retardants in the environment as well as engineered systems (i.e., processes employed during wastewater and drinking water treatment) and addresses their potential adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. This study builds upon experiences gathered through monitoring studies of conventional and advanced wastewater treatment facilities (e.g., activated sludge treatment, membrane bioreactors) and drinking water facilities (e.g., coagulation/flocculation, activated carbon, disinfection, advanced oxidation, high- pressure membranes) as well as natural systems (e.g., soil-aquifer treatment, riverbank filtration).},\n\tpublisher = {National Ground Water Association},\n\tauthor = {Drewes, Jörg E and Hoppe, Christiane and Bellona, Christopher L and Wang, Gary},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of chlorinated flame retardants in wastewater, wastewater impacted streams and ground water under the impact of surface water. Several studies point to a very unique and persistent behavior of these compounds in the environment and TCEP, TCPP and TCDPP can essentially be found in any treated wastewater sample of source water under the impact of wastewater discharge. This study examined the occurrence, transport and fate of chlorinated flame retardants in the environment as well as engineered systems (i.e., processes employed during wastewater and drinking water treatment) and addresses their potential adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. This study builds upon experiences gathered through monitoring studies of conventional and advanced wastewater treatment facilities (e.g., activated sludge treatment, membrane bioreactors) and drinking water facilities (e.g., coagulation/flocculation, activated carbon, disinfection, advanced oxidation, high- pressure membranes) as well as natural systems (e.g., soil-aquifer treatment, riverbank filtration).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cpsc-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cpsc-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006', 'http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf', event);\">\n    16 CFR Part 1633. Standard for the flammability (open flame) of mattress sets; Final rule.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CPSC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Consumer Product Safety Commission,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cpsc-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006', 'http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"16 CFR Part 1633. Standard for the flammability (open flame) of mattress sets; Final rule [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cpsc-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cpsc-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cpsc_16_2006,\n\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1633. {Standard} for the flammability (open flame) of mattress sets; {Final} rule},\n\turl = {http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/frnotices/fr06/mattsets.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"covaci-gerecke-law-voorspoels-kohler-heeb-leslie-allchin-etal-hexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintheenvironmentandhumansareview-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'covaci-gerecke-law-voorspoels-kohler-heeb-leslie-allchin-etal-hexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintheenvironmentandhumansareview-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527', event);\">\n    Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Covaci, A.; Gerecke, A. C; Law, R. J; Voorspoels, S.; Kohler, M.; Heeb, N. V; Leslie, H.; Allchin, C. R;  and De Boer, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 40(12): 3679–88. June 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('covaci-gerecke-law-voorspoels-kohler-heeb-leslie-allchin-etal-hexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintheenvironmentandhumansareview-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/covaci-gerecke-law-voorspoels-kohler-heeb-leslie-allchin-etal-hexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintheenvironmentandhumansareview-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('covaci-gerecke-law-voorspoels-kohler-heeb-leslie-allchin-etal-hexabromocyclododecaneshbcdsintheenvironmentandhumansareview-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{covaci_hexabromocyclododecanes_2006,\n\ttitle = {Hexabromocyclododecanes ({HBCDs}) in the environment and humans: a review.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830527},\n\tabstract = {Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. As a result of their widespread use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCDs are now ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and humans. This review summarizes HBCD concentrations in several environmental compartments and analyzes these data in terms of point sources versus diffuse sources, biomagnification potential, stereoisomer profiles, time trends, and global distribution. Generally, higher concentrations were measured in samples (air, sediment, and fish) collected near point sources (plants producing or processing HBCDs), while lower concentrations were recorded in samples from locations with no obvious sources of HBCDs. High concentrations were measured in top predators, such as marine mammals and birds of prey (up to 9600 and 19 200 ng/g lipid weight, respectively), suggesting a biomagnification potential for HBCDs. Relatively low HBCD concentrations were reported in the few human studies conducted to date (median values varied between 0.35 and 1.1 ng/g lipid weight). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. One important observation is the shiftfrom the high percentage of the gamma-HBCD stereoisomer in the technical products to a dominance of the alpha-HBCD stereoisomer in biological samples. A combination of factors such as variations in solubility, partitioning behavior, uptake, and, possibly, selective metabolism of individual isomers may explain the observed changes in stereoisomer patterns. Recommendations for further work include research on how HBCDs are transferred from products into the environment upon production, use, and disposal. Time trends need to be analyzed more in detail, including HBCD stereoisomers, and more data on terrestrial organisms are needed, especially for humans. Whenever possible, HBCDs should be analyzed as individual stereoisomers in order to address their fate and effects.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Covaci, Adrian and Gerecke, Andreas C and Law, Robin J and Voorspoels, Stefan and Kohler, Martin and Heeb, Norbert V and Leslie, Heather and Allchin, Collin R and De Boer, Jacob},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16830527},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: blood, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Stereoisomerism, env, frbldg, hum},\n\tpages = {3679--88},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. As a result of their widespread use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCDs are now ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and humans. This review summarizes HBCD concentrations in several environmental compartments and analyzes these data in terms of point sources versus diffuse sources, biomagnification potential, stereoisomer profiles, time trends, and global distribution. Generally, higher concentrations were measured in samples (air, sediment, and fish) collected near point sources (plants producing or processing HBCDs), while lower concentrations were recorded in samples from locations with no obvious sources of HBCDs. High concentrations were measured in top predators, such as marine mammals and birds of prey (up to 9600 and 19 200 ng/g lipid weight, respectively), suggesting a biomagnification potential for HBCDs. Relatively low HBCD concentrations were reported in the few human studies conducted to date (median values varied between 0.35 and 1.1 ng/g lipid weight). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. One important observation is the shiftfrom the high percentage of the gamma-HBCD stereoisomer in the technical products to a dominance of the alpha-HBCD stereoisomer in biological samples. A combination of factors such as variations in solubility, partitioning behavior, uptake, and, possibly, selective metabolism of individual isomers may explain the observed changes in stereoisomer patterns. Recommendations for further work include research on how HBCDs are transferred from products into the environment upon production, use, and disposal. Time trends need to be analyzed more in detail, including HBCD stereoisomers, and more data on terrestrial organisms are needed, especially for humans. Whenever possible, HBCDs should be analyzed as individual stereoisomers in order to address their fate and effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"commission-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'commission-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf', event);\">\n    16 CFR Part 1633 Standard for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets; Final Rule.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Commission, C. P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Federal Register</i>, 71(50): 1–53.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('commission-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"16 CFR Part 1633 Standard for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets; Final Rule [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/commission-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('commission-16cfrpart1633standardfortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetsfinalrule-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{commission_16_2006,\n\ttitle = {16 {CFR} {Part} 1633 {Standard} for the {Flammability} ({Open} {Flame}) of {Mattress} {Sets}; {Final} {Rule}},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 16 CFR 1633.pdf},\n\tnumber = {50},\n\tjournal = {Federal Register},\n\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"commission-finalrulefortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetstabh-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'commission-finalrulefortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetstabh-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf', event);\">\n    Final Rule for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets Tab H.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Commission, C. P. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bethesda, MD,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('commission-finalrulefortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetstabh-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Final Rule for the Flammability (Open Flame) of Mattress Sets Tab H [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/commission-finalrulefortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetstabh-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('commission-finalrulefortheflammabilityopenflameofmattresssetstabh-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{commission_final_2006,\n\taddress = {Bethesda, MD},\n\ttitle = {Final {Rule} for the {Flammability} ({Open} {Flame}) of {Mattress} {Sets} {Tab} {H}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC mattress studies.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Commission, Consumer Product Safety},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chemtura-materialsafetydatasheet694-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Material Safety Data Sheet #694.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chemtura\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chemtura-materialsafetydatasheet694-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chemtura-materialsafetydatasheet694-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{chemtura_material_2006,\n\ttitle = {Material {Safety} {Data} {Sheet} \\#694},\n\tauthor = {{Chemtura}},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"berkman-hildebrandt-tyan-anevaluationofthecpscstaffpreliminaryregulatoryanalysisofthedraftupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'berkman-hildebrandt-tyan-anevaluationofthecpscstaffpreliminaryregulatoryanalysisofthedraftupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf', event);\">\n    An Evaluation of the CPSC Staff Preliminary Regulatory Analysis of the Draft Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standard.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Berkman, M.; Hildebrandt, N.;  and Tyan, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  CRA International for AHFA, NHFA, and UFAC, Oakland, CA,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berkman-hildebrandt-tyan-anevaluationofthecpscstaffpreliminaryregulatoryanalysisofthedraftupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2006', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An Evaluation of the CPSC Staff Preliminary Regulatory Analysis of the Draft Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standard [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/berkman-hildebrandt-tyan-anevaluationofthecpscstaffpreliminaryregulatoryanalysisofthedraftupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('berkman-hildebrandt-tyan-anevaluationofthecpscstaffpreliminaryregulatoryanalysisofthedraftupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{berkman_evaluation_2006,\n\taddress = {Oakland, CA},\n\ttitle = {An {Evaluation} of the {CPSC} {Staff} {Preliminary} {Regulatory} {Analysis} of the {Draft} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standard}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman CRA 2006.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {CRA International for AHFA, NHFA, and UFAC},\n\tauthor = {Berkman, Mark and Hildebrandt, Nicole and Tyan, Sean},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bayen-obbard-thomas-chlorinatedparaffinsareviewofanalysisandenvironmentaloccurrence-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bayen-obbard-thomas-chlorinatedparaffinsareviewofanalysisandenvironmentaloccurrence-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386', event);\">\n    Chlorinated paraffins: a review of analysis and environmental occurrence.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bayen, S.; Obbard, J. P.;  and Thomas, G. O\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment international</i>, 32(7): 915–29. September 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bayen-obbard-thomas-chlorinatedparaffinsareviewofanalysisandenvironmentaloccurrence-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chlorinated paraffins: a review of analysis and environmental occurrence. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.009\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bayen-obbard-thomas-chlorinatedparaffinsareviewofanalysisandenvironmentaloccurrence-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.009', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bayen-obbard-thomas-chlorinatedparaffinsareviewofanalysisandenvironmentaloccurrence-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bayen-obbard-thomas-chlorinatedparaffinsareviewofanalysisandenvironmentaloccurrence-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bayen_chlorinated_2006,\n\ttitle = {Chlorinated paraffins: a review of analysis and environmental occurrence.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814386},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), as technical mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are ubiquitous in the environment. CPs tend to behave in a similar way to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), leading several countries to impose regulations on the use of CPs. In this article, we review the literature on the properties of CPs, the current analytical tools available to determine CPs in various types of environmental matrices, and concentrations found in the environment. In particular, concentrations of CPs in environmental compartments including air, water, sediments, biota, human food products and human tissues are summarized. Priorities for future research are: improvements in analytical methodologies (reducing the complexity of the analysis, producing reference materials and performing interlaboratory studies); determining background levels of chlorinated paraffins in the environment and human populations (this question should be answered using quality assured analytical tools allowing the intercomparison of data); and investigating the sources of CPs to the environment and to humans.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environment international},\n\tauthor = {Bayen, Stéphane and Obbard, Jeffrey Philip and Thomas, Gareth O},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {16814386},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: analysis, Chlorinated: chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: chemistry, Flame retardants, Food, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Paraffin, Paraffin: analysis, Paraffin: chemistry, Principal Component Analysis, Principal Component Analysis: methods, Quality Control, Tissue Distribution},\n\tpages = {915--29},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), as technical mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are ubiquitous in the environment. CPs tend to behave in a similar way to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), leading several countries to impose regulations on the use of CPs. In this article, we review the literature on the properties of CPs, the current analytical tools available to determine CPs in various types of environmental matrices, and concentrations found in the environment. In particular, concentrations of CPs in environmental compartments including air, water, sediments, biota, human food products and human tissues are summarized. Priorities for future research are: improvements in analytical methodologies (reducing the complexity of the analysis, producing reference materials and performing interlaboratory studies); determining background levels of chlorinated paraffins in the environment and human populations (this question should be answered using quality assured analytical tools allowing the intercomparison of data); and investigating the sources of CPs to the environment and to humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babich-thomas-hatlelid-cpscstaffpreliminaryriskassessmentofflameretardantfrchemicalsinupholsteredfurniturefoam-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babich-thomas-hatlelid-cpscstaffpreliminaryriskassessmentofflameretardantfrchemicalsinupholsteredfurniturefoam-2006', 'http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf', event);\">\n    CPSC Staff Preliminary Risk Assessment of Flame Retardant (FR) Chemicals in Upholstered Furniture Foam.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babich, M.; Thomas, T.;  and Hatlelid, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babich-thomas-hatlelid-cpscstaffpreliminaryriskassessmentofflameretardantfrchemicalsinupholsteredfurniturefoam-2006', 'http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"CPSC Staff Preliminary Risk Assessment of Flame Retardant (FR) Chemicals in Upholstered Furniture Foam. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babich-thomas-hatlelid-cpscstaffpreliminaryriskassessmentofflameretardantfrchemicalsinupholsteredfurniturefoam-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babich-thomas-hatlelid-cpscstaffpreliminaryriskassessmentofflameretardantfrchemicalsinupholsteredfurniturefoam-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{babich_cpsc_2006,\n\ttitle = {{CPSC} {Staff} {Preliminary} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Flame} {Retardant} ({FR}) {Chemicals} in {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Foam}.},\n\turl = {http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia07/brief/ufurn2.pdf},\n\tabstract = {The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff developed a draft performance . standard to address the hazards associated with fires involving residential upholstered furniture. Manufacturers are likely to treat some products with flame retardant (FR) chemicals if the draft standard is adopted. The CPSC staff previously assessed the potential health risks associated with the use of FR chemicals in upholstered furniture cover fabrics. In this report, the CPSC staff presents a preliminary assessment of the potential health risks associated with the use of selected FR chemicals in upholstered furniture foam. FR-treated foam samples that were available to the CPSC staff for testing included those with three different FR chemicals or mixtures that could be used to meet the draft standard: melamine (108-78-1); tris(l,3-dichloro-2-propy1)phosphate (TDCP) (13674-87-8); and FiremasterTM 550 (FM-550TM).F M-550TMi s a mixture containing triphenyl phosphate (TPP) (1 145-86-6), phenol isopropylated phosphate (PIP) (68937-41-7), and octyl tetrabromobenzoate (OTB). Samples with the highest available TDCP or FM-550TM levels were included in the study. Numerous other FR treatments that could be used in foam have been discussed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&#x27;s (EPA&#x27; s) Design for the Environment Program. Q The toxicity of FR chemicals was assessed according to the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), the supplemental definition of &quot;toxic,&quot; and the CPSC chronic hazard guidelines. Although melamine has been studied in chronic bioassays, it does not satisfy the FHSA definition of toxic. Thus, exposure studies with melamine-treated foam were not necessary. Based on the available data, melamine-treated foam would not present a hazard to consumers. TDCP is considered a probable human carcinogen, based on sufficient evidence in animal studies. TDCP also induces non-cancer chronic health effects in animals. Little toxicity information on FM-550TM and its components is available. However, the CPSC staff has previously reviewed the toxicity of two FM-550TM components, TPP and PIP, as well as closely related compounds. No toxicity data were available for OTB. Mock-ups made with the foam samples were tested by the staff to assess the liquid-mediated migration of FR chemicals. These data were used to estimate dermal and oral exposures. The mock-ups were also subjected to an accelerated wear procedure to measure the release of airborne particles containing FR chemical. Two foam samples containing TDCP and one containing FM-550TM were tested. Measurements of migration and particle release from FM-550TM-treatedf oam were based on the OTB component. The other components were not measured. Exposure to vapor phase chemicals that may be emitted from the foam was assessed using a mathematical model. Based on the CPSC staff&#x27;s analysis, it appears that inhalation of vapor phase FR chemical contributes the greatest portion of the total exposure. However, a mathematical model was used to estimate inhalation exposure due to the lack of empirical data. Thus, the estimated inhalation exposure is highly uncertain. Toxicity studies by the inhalation route are also lacking. Therefore, the following conclusions are based on limited exposure and/or toxicity data, and should be regarded as preliminary.},\n\tauthor = {Babich, MA and Thomas, TA and Hatlelid, KM},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff developed a draft performance . standard to address the hazards associated with fires involving residential upholstered furniture. Manufacturers are likely to treat some products with flame retardant (FR) chemicals if the draft standard is adopted. The CPSC staff previously assessed the potential health risks associated with the use of FR chemicals in upholstered furniture cover fabrics. In this report, the CPSC staff presents a preliminary assessment of the potential health risks associated with the use of selected FR chemicals in upholstered furniture foam. FR-treated foam samples that were available to the CPSC staff for testing included those with three different FR chemicals or mixtures that could be used to meet the draft standard: melamine (108-78-1); tris(l,3-dichloro-2-propy1)phosphate (TDCP) (13674-87-8); and FiremasterTM 550 (FM-550TM).F M-550TMi s a mixture containing triphenyl phosphate (TPP) (1 145-86-6), phenol isopropylated phosphate (PIP) (68937-41-7), and octyl tetrabromobenzoate (OTB). Samples with the highest available TDCP or FM-550TM levels were included in the study. Numerous other FR treatments that could be used in foam have been discussed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA' s) Design for the Environment Program. Q The toxicity of FR chemicals was assessed according to the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), the supplemental definition of \"toxic,\" and the CPSC chronic hazard guidelines. Although melamine has been studied in chronic bioassays, it does not satisfy the FHSA definition of toxic. Thus, exposure studies with melamine-treated foam were not necessary. Based on the available data, melamine-treated foam would not present a hazard to consumers. TDCP is considered a probable human carcinogen, based on sufficient evidence in animal studies. TDCP also induces non-cancer chronic health effects in animals. Little toxicity information on FM-550TM and its components is available. However, the CPSC staff has previously reviewed the toxicity of two FM-550TM components, TPP and PIP, as well as closely related compounds. No toxicity data were available for OTB. Mock-ups made with the foam samples were tested by the staff to assess the liquid-mediated migration of FR chemicals. These data were used to estimate dermal and oral exposures. The mock-ups were also subjected to an accelerated wear procedure to measure the release of airborne particles containing FR chemical. Two foam samples containing TDCP and one containing FM-550TM were tested. Measurements of migration and particle release from FM-550TM-treatedf oam were based on the OTB component. The other components were not measured. Exposure to vapor phase chemicals that may be emitted from the foam was assessed using a mathematical model. Based on the CPSC staff's analysis, it appears that inhalation of vapor phase FR chemical contributes the greatest portion of the total exposure. However, a mathematical model was used to estimate inhalation exposure due to the lack of empirical data. Thus, the estimated inhalation exposure is highly uncertain. Toxicity studies by the inhalation route are also lacking. Therefore, the following conclusions are based on limited exposure and/or toxicity data, and should be regarded as preliminary.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/', event);\">\n    Children Show Highest Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a California Family of Four: A Case Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fischer, D.; Hooper, K.; Athanasiadou, M.; Athanassiadis, I.;  and Bergman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, 114(10): 1581–1584. October 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Children Show Highest Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a California Family of Four: A Case Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8554\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8554', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fischer-hooper-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-bergman-childrenshowhighestlevelsofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinacaliforniafamilyoffouracasestudy-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fischer_children_2006,\n\ttitle = {Children {Show} {Highest} {Levels} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in a {California} {Family} of {Four}: {A} {Case} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\tshorttitle = {Children {Show} {Highest} {Levels} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ethers} in a {California} {Family} of {Four}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626410/},\n\tdoi = {10.1289/ehp.8554},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous\nenvironmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United\nStates. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood\ndrawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions\n90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated\nPBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with\nchildren’s levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations\nof, for example, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from\n32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child,\nand toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed\nsignificantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother,\nchild, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December\nconcentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12,\nand 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents’ ∑PBDE concentrations\napproached U.S. median concentrations, with children’s concentrations near the\nmaximum (top 5\\%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations\nof all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are\nadults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children’s higher\nPBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second\nsampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can\ndecrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that\nchildren are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of\nPBDE-related health effects than adults.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Health Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Fischer, Douglas and Hooper, Kim and Athanasiadou, Maria and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Bergman, Ake},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpmid = {17035146},\n\tpmcid = {PMC1626410},\n\tpages = {1581--1584},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with particularly high concentrations in humans from the United States. This study is a first attempt to report and compare PBDE concentrations in blood drawn from a family. Serum samples from family members collected at two sampling occasions 90 days apart were analyzed for PBDE congeners. Concentrations of the lower-brominated PBDEs were similar at the two sampling times for each family member, with children’s levels 2- to 5-fold higher than those of their parents. Concentrations of, for example, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) varied from 32 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in the father to 60, 137, and 245 ng/g lw in the mother, child, and toddler, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) concentrations differed significantly between the two samplings. September concentrations in the father, mother, child, and toddler were 23, 14, 143, and 233 ng/g lw, respectively. December concentrations (duplicate results from the laboratory) were 2 and 3, 4 and 4, 9 and 12, and 19 and 26 ng/g lw, respectively. Parents’ ∑PBDE concentrations approached U.S. median concentrations, with children’s concentrations near the maximum (top 5%) found in U.S. adults. The youngest child had the highest concentrations of all PBDE congeners, suggesting that younger children are more exposed to PBDEs than are adults. Our estimates indicate that house dust contributes to children’s higher PBDE levels. BDE-209 levels for all family members were 10-fold lower at the second sampling. The short half-life of BDE-209 (15 days) indicates that BDE-209 levels can decrease rapidly in response to decreased exposures. This case study suggests that children are at higher risk for PBDE exposures and, accordingly, face higher risks of PBDE-related health effects than adults.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025', event);\">\n    House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gevao, B.; Al-Bahloul, M.; Al-Ghadban, A. N.; Al-Omair, A.; Ali, L.; Zafar, J.;  and Helaleh, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 64(4): 603–608. July 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gevao_house_2006,\n\ttitle = {House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Kuwait}},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055},\n\tabstract = {This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85\\% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5\\%), BDE 47 (4.5\\%), and BDE 183 (2\\%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Gevao, Bondi and Al-Bahloul, Majed and Al-Ghadban, Abdul Nabi and Al-Omair, Ali and Ali, Lulwa and Zafar, Jamal and Helaleh, Murad},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {603--608},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5%), BDE 47 (4.5%), and BDE 183 (2%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025', event);\">\n    House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gevao, B.; Al-Bahloul, M.; Al-Ghadban, A. N.; Al-Omair, A.; Ali, L.; Zafar, J.;  and Helaleh, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 64(4): 603–608. July 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gevao-albahloul-alghadban-alomair-ali-zafar-helaleh-housedustasasourceofhumanexposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersinkuwait-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gevao_house_2006,\n\ttitle = {House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Kuwait}},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014025},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055},\n\tabstract = {This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85\\% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5\\%), BDE 47 (4.5\\%), and BDE 183 (2\\%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Gevao, Bondi and Al-Bahloul, Majed and Al-Ghadban, Abdul Nabi and Al-Omair, Ali and Ali, Lulwa and Zafar, Jamal and Helaleh, Murad},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {House dust, Human exposure, Indoor pollution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {603--608},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean ∑PBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g−1, with a geometric mean of 76 ng g−1. The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85% of the ∑PBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5%), BDE 47 (4.5%), and BDE 183 (2%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day−1 for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eslami-koizumi-ohta-inoue-aozasa-harada-yoshinaga-date-etal-largescaleevaluationofthecurrentlevelofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrom13regionsofjapan-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eslami-koizumi-ohta-inoue-aozasa-harada-yoshinaga-date-etal-largescaleevaluationofthecurrentlevelofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrom13regionsofjapan-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252', event);\">\n    Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eslami, B.; Koizumi, A.; Ohta, S.; Inoue, K.; Aozasa, O.; Harada, K.; Yoshinaga, T.; Date, C.; Fujii, S.; Fujimine, Y.; Hachiya, N.; Hirosawa, I.; Koda, S.; Kusaka, Y.; Murata, K.; Nakatsuka, H.; Omae, K.; Saito, N.; Shimbo, S.; Takenaka, K.; Takeshita, T.; Todoriki, H.; Wada, Y.; Watanabe, T.;  and Ikeda, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 63(4): 554–561. April 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eslami-koizumi-ohta-inoue-aozasa-harada-yoshinaga-date-etal-largescaleevaluationofthecurrentlevelofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrom13regionsofjapan-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eslami-koizumi-ohta-inoue-aozasa-harada-yoshinaga-date-etal-largescaleevaluationofthecurrentlevelofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrom13regionsofjapan-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eslami-koizumi-ohta-inoue-aozasa-harada-yoshinaga-date-etal-largescaleevaluationofthecurrentlevelofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrom13regionsofjapan-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eslami-koizumi-ohta-inoue-aozasa-harada-yoshinaga-date-etal-largescaleevaluationofthecurrentlevelofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbreastmilkfrom13regionsofjapan-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eslami_large-scale_2006,\n\ttitle = {Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in breast milk from 13 regions of {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505011252},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 2004 in 105 breast milk samples collected from 13 regions of Japan (Hokkaido, Akita, Miyagi, Tokyo, Gifu, Fukui, Kyoto, Hyogo, Wakayama, Shimane, Yamaguchi, Kochi and Okinawa). Six congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154) were determined by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total PBDE levels ranged from 0.01 to 23.0 ng/g lipid (geometric mean (GM), 1.34 ng/g lipid). BDE-47 (GM, 0.66 ng/g lipid, 59\\% of ∑PBDE) was the most abundant congener present in breast milk and was detected in 99\\% of the samples. Total PBDE levels were higher in northern Japan than in other regions. We analyzed the effects of occupation, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and number of deliveries on total PBDE levels. None of these factors were significantly associated with the level of PBDEs. The present study revealed that the current level of exposure to PBDEs in Japan is lower than that in the USA or Sweden. GMs (ng/g lipid) (GSD, geometric standard deviation) and medians (ng/g lipid) of PBDE levels in each district are as follows: Hokkaido 2.70 (1.70), 2.74; Akita 4.49 (2.19), 5.44; Miyagi 1.77 (4.37), 1.11; Tokyo 1.39 (2.09), 1.63, Gifu 2.83 (4.79), 2.23; Fukui 1.05 (2.34), 1.18; Kyoto 1.31 (2.95), 1.33; Hyogo 1.02 (2.69), 0.88; Wakayama 1.33 (3.80), 1.70; Shimane 0.83 (2.51), 0.66; Yamaguchi 1.74 (2.82), 1.76; Kochi 0.50 (2.69), 0.74 and Okinawa 1.91 (2.75), 1.22. This is the first large-scale study of current PBDE levels in breast milk in Japan.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Eslami, Bita and Koizumi, Akio and Ohta, Souichi and Inoue, Kayoko and Aozasa, Osamu and Harada, Kouji and Yoshinaga, Tekeo and Date, Chigusa and Fujii, Shigeo and Fujimine, Yoshinori and Hachiya, Noriyuki and Hirosawa, Iwao and Koda, Shigeki and Kusaka, Yukinori and Murata, Katsuyuki and Nakatsuka, Haruo and Omae, Kazuyuki and Saito, Norimitsu and Shimbo, Shinichiro and Takenaka, Katsunobu and Takeshita, Tatsuya and Todoriki, Hidemi and Wada, Yasuhiko and Watanabe, Takao and Ikeda, Masayuki},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Breast milk, Flame retardants, Geometric mean, Human, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tpages = {554--561},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 2004 in 105 breast milk samples collected from 13 regions of Japan (Hokkaido, Akita, Miyagi, Tokyo, Gifu, Fukui, Kyoto, Hyogo, Wakayama, Shimane, Yamaguchi, Kochi and Okinawa). Six congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154) were determined by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total PBDE levels ranged from 0.01 to 23.0 ng/g lipid (geometric mean (GM), 1.34 ng/g lipid). BDE-47 (GM, 0.66 ng/g lipid, 59% of ∑PBDE) was the most abundant congener present in breast milk and was detected in 99% of the samples. Total PBDE levels were higher in northern Japan than in other regions. We analyzed the effects of occupation, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and number of deliveries on total PBDE levels. None of these factors were significantly associated with the level of PBDEs. The present study revealed that the current level of exposure to PBDEs in Japan is lower than that in the USA or Sweden. GMs (ng/g lipid) (GSD, geometric standard deviation) and medians (ng/g lipid) of PBDE levels in each district are as follows: Hokkaido 2.70 (1.70), 2.74; Akita 4.49 (2.19), 5.44; Miyagi 1.77 (4.37), 1.11; Tokyo 1.39 (2.09), 1.63, Gifu 2.83 (4.79), 2.23; Fukui 1.05 (2.34), 1.18; Kyoto 1.31 (2.95), 1.33; Hyogo 1.02 (2.69), 0.88; Wakayama 1.33 (3.80), 1.70; Shimane 0.83 (2.51), 0.66; Yamaguchi 1.74 (2.82), 1.76; Kochi 0.50 (2.69), 0.74 and Okinawa 1.91 (2.75), 1.22. This is the first large-scale study of current PBDE levels in breast milk in Japan.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347', event);\">\n    Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Law, R. J.; Allchin, C. R.; de Boer, J.; Covaci, A.; Herzke, D.; Lepom, P.; Morris, S.; Tronczynski, J.;  and de Wit, C. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 64(2): 187–208. June 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('law-allchin-deboer-covaci-herzke-lepom-morris-tronczynski-etal-levelsandtrendsofbrominatedflameretardantsintheeuropeanenvironment-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{law_levels_2006,\n\tseries = {Brominated {Flame} {Retardants} ({BFRs}) in the {Environment} {Papers} presented at the {Third} {International} {Workshop} on {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} held in {Toronto}, {Canada}, 6–9 {June} 2004},\n\ttitle = {Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the {European} environment},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653505014347},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007},\n\tabstract = {In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003–04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982–1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on ∑BDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Law, Robin J. and Allchin, Colin R. and de Boer, Jacob and Covaci, Adrian and Herzke, Dorte and Lepom, Peter and Morris, Steven and Tronczynski, Jacek and de Wit, Cynthia A.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Atmosphere, Biota, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Europe, Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, Tetrabromobisphenol-A},\n\tpages = {187--208},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003–04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982–1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on ∑BDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-osako-sakai-leachingcharacteristicsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesfromflameretardantplastics-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-osako-sakai-leachingcharacteristicsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesfromflameretardantplastics-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610', event);\">\n    Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from flame-retardant plastics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, Y.; Osako, M.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 65(3): 506–513. October 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-osako-sakai-leachingcharacteristicsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesfromflameretardantplastics-2006', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from flame-retardant plastics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-osako-sakai-leachingcharacteristicsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesfromflameretardantplastics-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-osako-sakai-leachingcharacteristicsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesfromflameretardantplastics-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-osako-sakai-leachingcharacteristicsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesfromflameretardantplastics-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_leaching_2006,\n\ttitle = {Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) from flame-retardant plastics},\n\tvolume = {65},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653506000610},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.019},\n\tabstract = {To investigate the effect of leachant on the leachability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), we determined the leaching concentrations of PBDEs from flame-retardant plastic samples (TV housings and raw materials before molding processing) that are regarded as a source of PBDEs in landfill sites. The leachants used were distilled water, 20\\% methanol solution, and dissolved humic solution (DHS) of 1000 mg/l based on organic carbon. The leaching test conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 100:1, and a contact period of five days, with twice-daily agitation in a temperature-controlled room of 30 °C without pH or ionic strength control.\n\nThe leaching concentrations of PBDEs increased with increased content, and were found to be remarkably enhanced when methanol and DHS were used instead of distilled water. The enhancement of leachability in the presence of the latter was attributed to the cosolvency effect, and complex formations between the PBDEs and dissolved humic matter (DHM). PBDE concentrations in the leachate obtained from the leaching test and an actual landfill site revealed a significant presence of congeners below heptabromodiphenyl ethers (H7BDEs), detected in the leachate of the actual landfill, while significant amounts of nonabromodiphenyl ethers (N9BDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (D10BDE) were detected in the leachate of the leaching test.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Yong-Jin and Osako, Masahiro and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Complex formations, Cosolvency effect, Dissolved humic solution (DHS), Flame retardants, Leaching, Methanol solution, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)},\n\tpages = {506--513},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To investigate the effect of leachant on the leachability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), we determined the leaching concentrations of PBDEs from flame-retardant plastic samples (TV housings and raw materials before molding processing) that are regarded as a source of PBDEs in landfill sites. The leachants used were distilled water, 20% methanol solution, and dissolved humic solution (DHS) of 1000 mg/l based on organic carbon. The leaching test conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 100:1, and a contact period of five days, with twice-daily agitation in a temperature-controlled room of 30 °C without pH or ionic strength control. The leaching concentrations of PBDEs increased with increased content, and were found to be remarkably enhanced when methanol and DHS were used instead of distilled water. The enhancement of leachability in the presence of the latter was attributed to the cosolvency effect, and complex formations between the PBDEs and dissolved humic matter (DHM). PBDE concentrations in the leachate obtained from the leaching test and an actual landfill site revealed a significant presence of congeners below heptabromodiphenyl ethers (H7BDEs), detected in the leachate of the actual landfill, while significant amounts of nonabromodiphenyl ethers (N9BDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (D10BDE) were detected in the leachate of the leaching test.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"silva-belfort-wende-pingoud-frommonomerictohomodimericendonucleasesandbackengineeringnovelspecificityoflaglidadgenzymes-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'silva-belfort-wende-pingoud-frommonomerictohomodimericendonucleasesandbackengineeringnovelspecificityoflaglidadgenzymes-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063', event);\">\n    From monomeric to homodimeric endonucleases and back: engineering novel specificity of LAGLIDADG enzymes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Silva, G. H; Belfort, M.; Wende, W.;  and Pingoud, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of molecular biology</i>, 361(4): 744–54. August 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('silva-belfort-wende-pingoud-frommonomerictohomodimericendonucleasesandbackengineeringnovelspecificityoflaglidadgenzymes-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From monomeric to homodimeric endonucleases and back: engineering novel specificity of LAGLIDADG enzymes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('silva-belfort-wende-pingoud-frommonomerictohomodimericendonucleasesandbackengineeringnovelspecificityoflaglidadgenzymes-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/silva-belfort-wende-pingoud-frommonomerictohomodimericendonucleasesandbackengineeringnovelspecificityoflaglidadgenzymes-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('silva-belfort-wende-pingoud-frommonomerictohomodimericendonucleasesandbackengineeringnovelspecificityoflaglidadgenzymes-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{silva_monomeric_2006,\n\ttitle = {From monomeric to homodimeric endonucleases and back: engineering novel specificity of {LAGLIDADG} enzymes.},\n\tvolume = {361},\n\tissn = {0022-2836},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.063},\n\tabstract = {Monomeric homing endonucleases of the LAGLIDADG family recognize DNA in a bipartite manner, reflecting the underlying structural assembly of two protein domains (A and B) related by pseudo 2-fold symmetry. This architecture allows for changes in DNA specificity via the distinct combination of these half-site domains. The key to engineering such hybrid proteins lies in the LAGLIDADG two-helix bundle that forms both the domain interface and the endonuclease active site. In this study, we utilize domain A of the monomeric I-DmoI to demonstrate the feasibility of generating functional homodimeric endonucleases that recognize palindromic DNA sequences derived from the original, non-palindromic target. Wild-type I-DmoI domain A is capable of forming a homodimer (H-DmoA) that binds tightly to, but does not cleave efficiently, its anticipated DNA target. Partial restoration of DNA cleavage ability was obtained by re-engineering the LAGLIDADG dimerization interface (H-DmoC). Upon fusing two copies of H-DmoC via a short peptide linker, a novel, site-specific DNA endonuclease was created (H-DmoC2). Like I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 is thermostable and cleaves the new target DNA to generate the predicted 4 nt 3&#x27;-OH overhangs but, unlike I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 retains stringent cleavage specificity when substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ as co-factor. This novel endonuclease allows speculation regarding specificity of monomeric LAGLIDADG proteins, while it supports the evolutionary genesis of these proteins by a gene duplication event.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of molecular biology},\n\tauthor = {Silva, George H and Belfort, Marlene and Wende, Wolfgang and Pingoud, Alfred},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Motifs, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA: chemistry, DNA: metabolism, Deoxyribonucleases, Dimerization, Models, Molecular, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Protein Engineering, Protein Structure, Secondary, Substrate Specificity, Tertiary, Type I Site-Specific, Type I Site-Specific: chemistr},\n\tpages = {744--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Monomeric homing endonucleases of the LAGLIDADG family recognize DNA in a bipartite manner, reflecting the underlying structural assembly of two protein domains (A and B) related by pseudo 2-fold symmetry. This architecture allows for changes in DNA specificity via the distinct combination of these half-site domains. The key to engineering such hybrid proteins lies in the LAGLIDADG two-helix bundle that forms both the domain interface and the endonuclease active site. In this study, we utilize domain A of the monomeric I-DmoI to demonstrate the feasibility of generating functional homodimeric endonucleases that recognize palindromic DNA sequences derived from the original, non-palindromic target. Wild-type I-DmoI domain A is capable of forming a homodimer (H-DmoA) that binds tightly to, but does not cleave efficiently, its anticipated DNA target. Partial restoration of DNA cleavage ability was obtained by re-engineering the LAGLIDADG dimerization interface (H-DmoC). Upon fusing two copies of H-DmoC via a short peptide linker, a novel, site-specific DNA endonuclease was created (H-DmoC2). Like I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 is thermostable and cleaves the new target DNA to generate the predicted 4 nt 3'-OH overhangs but, unlike I-DmoI, H-DmoC2 retains stringent cleavage specificity when substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ as co-factor. This novel endonuclease allows speculation regarding specificity of monomeric LAGLIDADG proteins, while it supports the evolutionary genesis of these proteins by a gene duplication event.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tovmachenko-graf-vandenheuvel-vanblaaderen-gerritsen-fluorescenceenhancementbymetalcoresilicashellnanoparticles-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tovmachenko-graf-vandenheuvel-vanblaaderen-gerritsen-fluorescenceenhancementbymetalcoresilicashellnanoparticles-2006', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract', event);\">\n    Fluorescence Enhancement by Metal‐Core/Silica‐Shell Nanoparticles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tovmachenko, O. G.; Graf, C.; van den Heuvel , D. J.; van Blaaderen, A.;  and Gerritsen, H. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Advanced Materials</i>, 18(1): 91–95. January 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tovmachenko-graf-vandenheuvel-vanblaaderen-gerritsen-fluorescenceenhancementbymetalcoresilicashellnanoparticles-2006', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fluorescence Enhancement by Metal‐Core/Silica‐Shell Nanoparticles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200500451\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tovmachenko-graf-vandenheuvel-vanblaaderen-gerritsen-fluorescenceenhancementbymetalcoresilicashellnanoparticles-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200500451', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tovmachenko-graf-vandenheuvel-vanblaaderen-gerritsen-fluorescenceenhancementbymetalcoresilicashellnanoparticles-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tovmachenko-graf-vandenheuvel-vanblaaderen-gerritsen-fluorescenceenhancementbymetalcoresilicashellnanoparticles-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tovmachenko_fluorescence_2006,\n\ttitle = {Fluorescence {Enhancement} by {Metal}‐{Core}/{Silica}‐{Shell} {Nanoparticles}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \\&amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim},\n\tissn = {1521-4095},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200500451/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/adma.200500451},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Advanced Materials},\n\tauthor = {Tovmachenko, O. G. and Graf, C. and van den Heuvel, D. J. and van Blaaderen, A. and Gerritsen, H. C.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Fluorescence, Nanoparticles, Surface plasmon resonance, core‐shell, metal, silica},\n\tpages = {91--95},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eustis-elsayed-whygoldnanoparticlesaremorepreciousthanprettygoldnoblemetalsurfaceplasmonresonanceanditsenhancementoftheradiativeandnonradiativepropertiesofnanocrystalsofdifferentshapes-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eustis-elsayed-whygoldnanoparticlesaremorepreciousthanprettygoldnoblemetalsurfaceplasmonresonanceanditsenhancementoftheradiativeandnonradiativepropertiesofnanocrystalsofdifferentshapes-2006', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e', event);\">\n    Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: Noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eustis, S.;  and El-Sayed, M. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>, 35(3): 209–217. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eustis-elsayed-whygoldnanoparticlesaremorepreciousthanprettygoldnoblemetalsurfaceplasmonresonanceanditsenhancementoftheradiativeandnonradiativepropertiesofnanocrystalsofdifferentshapes-2006', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: Noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/B514191E\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eustis-elsayed-whygoldnanoparticlesaremorepreciousthanprettygoldnoblemetalsurfaceplasmonresonanceanditsenhancementoftheradiativeandnonradiativepropertiesofnanocrystalsofdifferentshapes-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/B514191E', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eustis-elsayed-whygoldnanoparticlesaremorepreciousthanprettygoldnoblemetalsurfaceplasmonresonanceanditsenhancementoftheradiativeandnonradiativepropertiesofnanocrystalsofdifferentshapes-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eustis-elsayed-whygoldnanoparticlesaremorepreciousthanprettygoldnoblemetalsurfaceplasmonresonanceanditsenhancementoftheradiativeandnonradiativepropertiesofnanocrystalsofdifferentshapes-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eustis_why_2006,\n\ttitle = {Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: {Noble} metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1460-4744},\n\tshorttitle = {Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold},\n\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/cs/b514191e},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/B514191E},\n\tabstract = {This presents an introduction to the field of noble metal nanoparticles and their current applications. The origin of the surface plasmon resonance and synthesis procedures are described. A number of applications are presented that take advantage of the electromagnetic field enhancement of the radiative properties},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Chemical Society Reviews},\n\tauthor = {Eustis, Susie and El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {209--217},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This presents an introduction to the field of noble metal nanoparticles and their current applications. The origin of the surface plasmon resonance and synthesis procedures are described. A number of applications are presented that take advantage of the electromagnetic field enhancement of the radiative properties\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jennings-singh-strouse-fluorescentlifetimequenchingneard15nmgoldnanoparticlesprobingnsetvalidity-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jennings-singh-strouse-fluorescentlifetimequenchingneard15nmgoldnanoparticlesprobingnsetvalidity-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665', event);\">\n    Fluorescent Lifetime Quenching near d = 1.5 nm Gold Nanoparticles:  Probing NSET Validity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jennings, T. L.; Singh, M. P.;  and Strouse, G. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 128(16): 5462–5467.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jennings-singh-strouse-fluorescentlifetimequenchingneard15nmgoldnanoparticlesprobingnsetvalidity-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fluorescent Lifetime Quenching near d = 1.5 nm Gold Nanoparticles:  Probing NSET Validity [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jennings-singh-strouse-fluorescentlifetimequenchingneard15nmgoldnanoparticlesprobingnsetvalidity-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jennings-singh-strouse-fluorescentlifetimequenchingneard15nmgoldnanoparticlesprobingnsetvalidity-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jennings-singh-strouse-fluorescentlifetimequenchingneard15nmgoldnanoparticlesprobingnsetvalidity-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jennings_fluorescent_2006,\n\ttitle = {Fluorescent {Lifetime} {Quenching} near d = 1.5 nm {Gold} {Nanoparticles}:  {Probing} {NSET} {Validity}},\n\tvolume = {128},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\tshorttitle = {Fluorescent {Lifetime} {Quenching} near d = 1.5 nm {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0583665},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0583665},\n\tabstract = {The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.\nThe fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Jennings, T. L. and Singh, M. P. and Strouse, G. F.},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {5462--5467},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment. The fluorescence behavior of molecular dyes at discrete distances from 1.5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles as a function of distance and energy is investigated. Photoluminescence and luminescence lifetime measurements both demonstrate quenching behavior consistent with 1/d4 separation distance from dye to the surface of the nanoparticle. In agreement with the model of Persson and Lang, all experimental data show that energy transfer to the metal surface is the dominant quenching mechanism, and the radiative rate is unchanged throughout the experiment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schneider-decher-nerambourg-praho-werts-blancharddesce-distancedependentfluorescencequenchingongoldnanoparticlesensheathedwithlayerbylayerassembledpolyelectrolytes-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schneider-decher-nerambourg-praho-werts-blancharddesce-distancedependentfluorescencequenchingongoldnanoparticlesensheathedwithlayerbylayerassembledpolyelectrolytes-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s', event);\">\n    Distance-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching on Gold Nanoparticles Ensheathed with Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolytes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schneider, G.; Decher, G.; Nerambourg, N.; Praho, R.; Werts, M. H. V.;  and Blanchard-Desce, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nano Lett.</i>, 6(3): 530–536.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schneider-decher-nerambourg-praho-werts-blancharddesce-distancedependentfluorescencequenchingongoldnanoparticlesensheathedwithlayerbylayerassembledpolyelectrolytes-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distance-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching on Gold Nanoparticles Ensheathed with Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolytes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schneider-decher-nerambourg-praho-werts-blancharddesce-distancedependentfluorescencequenchingongoldnanoparticlesensheathedwithlayerbylayerassembledpolyelectrolytes-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schneider-decher-nerambourg-praho-werts-blancharddesce-distancedependentfluorescencequenchingongoldnanoparticlesensheathedwithlayerbylayerassembledpolyelectrolytes-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schneider-decher-nerambourg-praho-werts-blancharddesce-distancedependentfluorescencequenchingongoldnanoparticlesensheathedwithlayerbylayerassembledpolyelectrolytes-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schneider_distance-dependent_2006,\n\ttitle = {Distance-{Dependent} {Fluorescence} {Quenching} on {Gold} {Nanoparticles} {Ensheathed} with {Layer}-by-{Layer} {Assembled} {Polyelectrolytes}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1530-6984},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052441s},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nl052441s},\n\tabstract = {We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.\nWe report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\n\tauthor = {Schneider, Grégory and Decher, Gero and Nerambourg, Nicolas and Praho, Raïssa and Werts, Martinus H. V. and Blanchard-Desce, Mireille},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {530--536},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions. We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV?visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261', event);\">\n    Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Endo, M.; Wang, H.; Fujitsuka, M.;  and Majima, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)</i>, 12(14): 3735–40. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200501309\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200501309', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,\n\ttitle = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {0947-6539},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506261},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},\n\tabstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},\n\tauthor = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},\n\tpages = {3735--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668', event);\">\n    Rigid, Specific, and Discrete Gold Nanoparticle/Antibody Conjugates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ackerson, C. J.; Jadzinsky, P. D.; Jensen, G. J.;  and Kornberg, R. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 128(8): 2635–2640. March 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rigid, Specific, and Discrete Gold Nanoparticle/Antibody Conjugates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ackerson_rigid_2006,\n\ttitle = {Rigid, {Specific}, and {Discrete} {Gold} {Nanoparticle}/{Antibody} {Conjugates}},\n\tvolume = {128},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0555668},\n\tabstract = {A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Ackerson, Christopher J. and Jadzinsky, Pablo D. and Jensen, Grant J. and Kornberg, Roger D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {2635--2640},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668', event);\">\n    Rigid, Specific, and Discrete Gold Nanoparticle/Antibody Conjugates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ackerson, C. J.; Jadzinsky, P. D.; Jensen, G. J.;  and Kornberg, R. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 128(8): 2635–2640. March 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rigid, Specific, and Discrete Gold Nanoparticle/Antibody Conjugates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ackerson-jadzinsky-jensen-kornberg-rigidspecificanddiscretegoldnanoparticleantibodyconjugates-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ackerson_rigid_2006,\n\ttitle = {Rigid, {Specific}, and {Discrete} {Gold} {Nanoparticle}/{Antibody} {Conjugates}},\n\tvolume = {128},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0555668 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja0555668},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0555668},\n\tabstract = {A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Ackerson, Christopher J. and Jadzinsky, Pablo D. and Jensen, Grant J. and Kornberg, Roger D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {2635--2640},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    The Pennsylvania Green Fluorophore: a hybrid of Oregon Green and Tokyo Green for the construction of hydrophobic and pH-insensitive molecular probes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mottram, L. F; Boonyarattanakalin, S.; Kovel, R. E;  and Peterson, B. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organic letters</i>, 8(4): 581–4. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Pennsylvania Green Fluorophore: a hybrid of Oregon Green and Tokyo Green for the construction of hydrophobic and pH-insensitive molecular probes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ol052655g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ol052655g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mottram_pennsylvania_2006,\n\ttitle = {The {Pennsylvania} {Green} {Fluorophore}: a hybrid of {Oregon} {Green} and {Tokyo} {Green} for the construction of hydrophobic and {pH}-insensitive molecular probes.},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1523-7060},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ol052655g},\n\tabstract = {[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Organic letters},\n\tauthor = {Mottram, Laurie F and Boonyarattanakalin, Siwarutt and Kovel, Rebecca E and Peterson, Blake R},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {581--4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  [structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309', event);\">\n    Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Endo, M.; Wang, H.; Fujitsuka, M.;  and Majima, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)</i>, 12(14): 3735–40. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200501309\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200501309', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,\n\ttitle = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {0947-6539},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},\n\tabstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},\n\tauthor = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},\n\tpages = {3735--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857', event);\">\n    N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gilmore, J. M; Scheck, R. A; Esser-Kahn, A. P; Joshi, N. S;  and Francis, M. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 45(32): 5307–11. August 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600368\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600368', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gilmore_n-terminal_2006,\n\ttitle = {N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200600368},\n\tnumber = {32},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Gilmore, Joshua M and Scheck, Rebecca A and Esser-Kahn, Aaron P and Joshi, Neel S and Francis, Matthew B},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry},\n\tpages = {5307--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-chen-warren-chen-hua-danishefsky-buildingcomplexglycopeptidesdevelopmentofacysteinefreenativechemicalligationprotocol-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-chen-warren-chen-hua-danishefsky-buildingcomplexglycopeptidesdevelopmentofacysteinefreenativechemicalligationprotocol-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874', event);\">\n    Building complex glycopeptides: Development of a cysteine-free native chemical ligation protocol.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, B.; Chen, J.; Warren, J D.; Chen, G.; Hua, Z.;  and Danishefsky, S. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 45(25): 4116–25. June 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-chen-warren-chen-hua-danishefsky-buildingcomplexglycopeptidesdevelopmentofacysteinefreenativechemicalligationprotocol-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Building complex glycopeptides: Development of a cysteine-free native chemical ligation protocol. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600538\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-chen-warren-chen-hua-danishefsky-buildingcomplexglycopeptidesdevelopmentofacysteinefreenativechemicalligationprotocol-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600538', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-chen-warren-chen-hua-danishefsky-buildingcomplexglycopeptidesdevelopmentofacysteinefreenativechemicalligationprotocol-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-chen-warren-chen-hua-danishefsky-buildingcomplexglycopeptidesdevelopmentofacysteinefreenativechemicalligationprotocol-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_building_2006,\n\ttitle = {Building complex glycopeptides: {Development} of a cysteine-free native chemical ligation protocol.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710874},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200600538},\n\tnumber = {25},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Bin and Chen, Jiehao and Warren, J David and Chen, Gong and Hua, Zihao and Danishefsky, Samuel J},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Catalysis, Cysteine, Cysteine: chemistry, Erythropoietin, Erythropoietin: chemistry, Glycopeptides, Glycopeptides: chemical synthesis, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure},\n\tpages = {4116--25},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    The Pennsylvania Green Fluorophore: a hybrid of Oregon Green and Tokyo Green for the construction of hydrophobic and pH-insensitive molecular probes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mottram, L. F; Boonyarattanakalin, S.; Kovel, R. E;  and Peterson, B. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organic letters</i>, 8(4): 581–4. February 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Pennsylvania Green Fluorophore: a hybrid of Oregon Green and Tokyo Green for the construction of hydrophobic and pH-insensitive molecular probes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ol052655g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ol052655g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mottram-boonyarattanakalin-kovel-peterson-thepennsylvaniagreenfluorophoreahybridoforegongreenandtokyogreenfortheconstructionofhydrophobicandphinsensitivemolecularprobes-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mottram_pennsylvania_2006,\n\ttitle = {The {Pennsylvania} {Green} {Fluorophore}: a hybrid of {Oregon} {Green} and {Tokyo} {Green} for the construction of hydrophobic and {pH}-insensitive molecular probes.},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1523-7060},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2531145&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ol052655g},\n\tabstract = {[structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Organic letters},\n\tauthor = {Mottram, Laurie F and Boonyarattanakalin, Siwarutt and Kovel, Rebecca E and Peterson, Blake R},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Fluoresceins, Fluoresceins: chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: chemical synthesis, Fluorescent Dyes: chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes: pharmacokinetics, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ionophores, Jurkat Cells, Molecular Probes, Molecular Probes: chemical synthesis, Molecular Probes: chemistry, Molecular Probes: pharmacokinetics, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry},\n\tpages = {581--4},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  [structure: see text] Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for exploring cellular biology. As a more hydrophobic, photostable, and less pH-sensitive alternative to fluorescein, we synthesized Pennsylvania Green, a bright, monoanionic fluorophore related to Oregon Green and Tokyo Green. Comparison of membrane probes comprising N-alkyl-3beta-cholesterylamine linked to 4-carboxy-Tokyo Green (pK(a) approximately 6.2) and 4-carboxy-Pennsylvania Green (pK(a) approximately 4.8) revealed that only Pennsylvania Green was highly fluorescent in acidic early and recycling endosomes within living mammalian cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857', event);\">\n    N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gilmore, J. M; Scheck, R. A; Esser-Kahn, A. P; Joshi, N. S;  and Francis, M. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 45(32): 5307–11. August 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600368\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600368', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gilmore-scheck-esserkahn-joshi-francis-nterminalproteinmodificationthroughabiomimetictransaminationreaction-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gilmore_n-terminal_2006,\n\ttitle = {N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847857},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200600368},\n\tnumber = {32},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Gilmore, Joshua M and Scheck, Rebecca A and Esser-Kahn, Aaron P and Joshi, Neel S and Francis, Matthew B},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin I: chemistry, Biomimetics, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Protein Engineering, Protein Engineering: methods, Pyruvates, Pyruvates: chemistry},\n\tpages = {5307--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309', event);\">\n    Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Endo, M.; Wang, H.; Fujitsuka, M.;  and Majima, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)</i>, 12(14): 3735–40. May 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200501309\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200501309', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('endo-wang-fujitsuka-majima-pyrenestackednanostructuresconstructedintherecombinanttobaccomosaicvirusrodscaffold-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{endo_pyrene-stacked_2006,\n\ttitle = {Pyrene-stacked nanostructures constructed in the recombinant tobacco mosaic virus rod scaffold.},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {0947-6539},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/chem.200501309},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/chem.200501309},\n\tabstract = {The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},\n\tauthor = {Endo, Masayuki and Wang, Hangxiang and Fujitsuka, Mamoru and Majima, Tetsuro},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Atomic Force, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: chemistry, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Models, Molecular, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Photochemistry, Photochemistry: methods, Pyrenes, Pyrenes: chemistry, Spectrophotometry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Ultraviolet},\n\tpages = {3735--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod-structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene-attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 microm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV-visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form pi-stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a pi-stacking interaction in a well-ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2005\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2005</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (41)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bester-fateoftriclosanandtriclosanmethylinsewagetreatmentplantsandsurfacewaters-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Fate of triclosan and triclosan-methyl in sewage treatment plants and surface waters.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bester, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology</i>, 49(1): 9–17.  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0155-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bester-fateoftriclosanandtriclosanmethylinsewagetreatmentplantsandsurfacewaters-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0155-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bester-fateoftriclosanandtriclosanmethylinsewagetreatmentplantsandsurfacewaters-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bester-fateoftriclosanandtriclosanmethylinsewagetreatmentplantsandsurfacewaters-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bester_fate_2005,\n\ttitle = {Fate of triclosan and triclosan-methyl in sewage treatment plants and surface waters},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {00904341},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00244-004-0155-4},\n\tabstract = {The fate of triclosan in diverse stages of two sewage treatment processes has been determined. The elimination process differed considerably depending on the technology applied in the respective sewage treatment plant (STP). The plant operating with a two-stage biologic (activated sludge) process removed triclosan more efficiently than the STP with a combination of physical and activated sludge process. The treatment in the aeration basin was the dominant elimination mechanism, whereas the final biologic filter was not very effective. The elimination rates for triclosan were 87\\% and 95\\%, respectively. These data were compared with emissions of a multitude of STPs in the river Ruhr catchment area as well as triclosan and its known transformation product, triclosan-methyl, in the river. The concentrations of both compounds were between {\\textbackslash}textless3 and 10 ng/L in true surface-water samples for triclosan and between 0.3 and 10 ng/L for triclosan-methyl. The STP effluents held higher concentrations (10 to 600 ng/L triclosan). The ratio of triclosan to triclosan-methyl did not change significantly within the longitudinal profile of the river, but diverse STPs discharging to the river exhibited individual triclosan-to-triclosan-methyl ratios. From the riverine concentration data, in-river elimination rates and half-life were estimated.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Bester, Kai},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {15959704},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Environmental Exposure, Florence, TCS, mtcs},\n\tpages = {9--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The fate of triclosan in diverse stages of two sewage treatment processes has been determined. The elimination process differed considerably depending on the technology applied in the respective sewage treatment plant (STP). The plant operating with a two-stage biologic (activated sludge) process removed triclosan more efficiently than the STP with a combination of physical and activated sludge process. The treatment in the aeration basin was the dominant elimination mechanism, whereas the final biologic filter was not very effective. The elimination rates for triclosan were 87% and 95%, respectively. These data were compared with emissions of a multitude of STPs in the river Ruhr catchment area as well as triclosan and its known transformation product, triclosan-methyl, in the river. The concentrations of both compounds were between \\textless3 and 10 ng/L in true surface-water samples for triclosan and between 0.3 and 10 ng/L for triclosan-methyl. The STP effluents held higher concentrations (10 to 600 ng/L triclosan). The ratio of triclosan to triclosan-methyl did not change significantly within the longitudinal profile of the river, but diverse STPs discharging to the river exhibited individual triclosan-to-triclosan-methyl ratios. From the riverine concentration data, in-river elimination rates and half-life were estimated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"begley-white-honigfort-twaroski-neches-walker-perfluorochemicalspotentialsourcesofandmigrationfromfoodpackaging-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluorochemicals: potential sources of and migration from food packaging.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Begley, T H; White, K; Honigfort, P; Twaroski, M L; Neches, R;  and Walker, R a\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Food Additives and Contaminants</i>, 22(10): 1023–1031.  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500183474\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('begley-white-honigfort-twaroski-neches-walker-perfluorochemicalspotentialsourcesofandmigrationfromfoodpackaging-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500183474', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/begley-white-honigfort-twaroski-neches-walker-perfluorochemicalspotentialsourcesofandmigrationfromfoodpackaging-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('begley-white-honigfort-twaroski-neches-walker-perfluorochemicalspotentialsourcesofandmigrationfromfoodpackaging-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{begley_perfluorochemicals:_2005,\n\ttitle = {Perfluorochemicals: potential sources of and migration from food packaging.},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {0265-203X},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02652030500183474},\n\tabstract = {Perfluorochemicals are widely used in the manufacturing and processing of a vast array of consumer goods, including electrical wiring, clothing, household and automotive products. Furthermore, relatively small quantities of perfluorochemicals are also used in the manufacturing of food-contact substances that represent potential sources of oral exposure to these chemicals. The most recognizable products to consumers are the uses of perfluorochemicals in non-stick coatings (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) for cookware and also their use in paper coatings for oil and moisture resistance. Recent epidemiology studies have demonstrated the presence of two particular perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum at very low part per billion levels. These perfluorochemicals are biopersistent and are the subject of numerous studies investigating the many possible sources of human exposure. Among the various uses of these two chemicals, PFOS is a residual impurity in some paper coatings used for food contact and PFOA is a processing aid in the manufacture of PTFE used for many purposes including non-stick cookware. Little information is available on the types of perfluorochemicals that have the potential to migrate from perfluoro coatings into food. One obstacle to studying migration is the difficulty in measuring perfluorochemicals by routine conventional analytical techniques such as GC/MS or LC-UV. Many perfluorochemicals used in food-contact substances are not detectable by these conventional methods. As liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) develops into a routine analytical technique, potential migrants from perfluoro coatings can be more easily characterized. In this paper, data will be presented on the types of perfluoro chemicals that are used in food packaging and cookware. Additionally, research will be presented on the migration or potential for migration of these chemicals into foods or food simulating liquids. Results from migration tests show mg kg(-1) amounts of perfluoro paper additives/coatings transfer to food oil. Analysis of PTFE cookware shows residual amounts of PFOA in the low microg kg(-1) range. PFOA is present in microwave popcorn bag paper at amounts as high as 300 microg kg(-1).},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},\n\tauthor = {Begley, T H and White, K and Honigfort, P and Twaroski, M L and Neches, R and Walker, R a},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {16227186},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS, Perfluorooctanoic acid, food packaging, migration, perfluoro telomers, perfluorochemicals},\n\tpages = {1023--1031},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Perfluorochemicals are widely used in the manufacturing and processing of a vast array of consumer goods, including electrical wiring, clothing, household and automotive products. Furthermore, relatively small quantities of perfluorochemicals are also used in the manufacturing of food-contact substances that represent potential sources of oral exposure to these chemicals. The most recognizable products to consumers are the uses of perfluorochemicals in non-stick coatings (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) for cookware and also their use in paper coatings for oil and moisture resistance. Recent epidemiology studies have demonstrated the presence of two particular perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum at very low part per billion levels. These perfluorochemicals are biopersistent and are the subject of numerous studies investigating the many possible sources of human exposure. Among the various uses of these two chemicals, PFOS is a residual impurity in some paper coatings used for food contact and PFOA is a processing aid in the manufacture of PTFE used for many purposes including non-stick cookware. Little information is available on the types of perfluorochemicals that have the potential to migrate from perfluoro coatings into food. One obstacle to studying migration is the difficulty in measuring perfluorochemicals by routine conventional analytical techniques such as GC/MS or LC-UV. Many perfluorochemicals used in food-contact substances are not detectable by these conventional methods. As liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) develops into a routine analytical technique, potential migrants from perfluoro coatings can be more easily characterized. In this paper, data will be presented on the types of perfluoro chemicals that are used in food packaging and cookware. Additionally, research will be presented on the migration or potential for migration of these chemicals into foods or food simulating liquids. Results from migration tests show mg kg(-1) amounts of perfluoro paper additives/coatings transfer to food oil. Analysis of PTFE cookware shows residual amounts of PFOA in the low microg kg(-1) range. PFOA is present in microwave popcorn bag paper at amounts as high as 300 microg kg(-1).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yamadaokabe-sakai-kashima-yamadaokabe-modulationatacellularlevelofthethyroidhormonereceptormediatedgeneexpressionby1256910hexabromocyclododecanehbcd44diiodobiphenyldibandnitrofennip-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yamadaokabe-sakai-kashima-yamadaokabe-modulationatacellularlevelofthethyroidhormonereceptormediatedgeneexpressionby1256910hexabromocyclododecanehbcd44diiodobiphenyldibandnitrofennip-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367', event);\">\n    Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), and nitrofen (NIP).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yamada-Okabe, T.; Sakai, H.; Kashima, Y.;  and Yamada-Okabe, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology letters</i>, 155(1): 127–33. January 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yamadaokabe-sakai-kashima-yamadaokabe-modulationatacellularlevelofthethyroidhormonereceptormediatedgeneexpressionby1256910hexabromocyclododecanehbcd44diiodobiphenyldibandnitrofennip-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 4,4&#x27;-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), and nitrofen (NIP). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yamadaokabe-sakai-kashima-yamadaokabe-modulationatacellularlevelofthethyroidhormonereceptormediatedgeneexpressionby1256910hexabromocyclododecanehbcd44diiodobiphenyldibandnitrofennip-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yamadaokabe-sakai-kashima-yamadaokabe-modulationatacellularlevelofthethyroidhormonereceptormediatedgeneexpressionby1256910hexabromocyclododecanehbcd44diiodobiphenyldibandnitrofennip-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yamadaokabe-sakai-kashima-yamadaokabe-modulationatacellularlevelofthethyroidhormonereceptormediatedgeneexpressionby1256910hexabromocyclododecanehbcd44diiodobiphenyldibandnitrofennip-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yamada-okabe_modulation_2005,\n\ttitle = {Modulation at a cellular level of the thyroid hormone receptor-mediated gene expression by 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCD}), 4,4&#x27;-diiodobiphenyl ({DIB}), and nitrofen ({NIP}).},\n\tvolume = {155},\n\tissn = {0378-4274},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585367},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.005},\n\tabstract = {Previously, we demonstrated that some endocrine disrupting chemicals affected thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated gene expression in HeLaTR cells that stably expressed the human TRalpha1. To examine whether widely used brominated flame retardants and pesticides affect TR-mediated gene expression, those with organohalogen, which is also present in T3, were screened. To monitor the TR-mediated gene expression, HeLaTR cells were transfected with a luciferase gene that was linked to the thyroid hormone responsive element. Thus, transcription of the luciferase gene in HeLaTR cells is driven by TR. By screening 38 chemical agents, it was found that 4,4&#x27;-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), markedly, and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nitrofen (NIP), to a much lesser extent but significantly, enhanced the expression of the luciferase gene at concentrations that did not affect the growth of HeLaTR cells. DIB also augmented the E2-induced expression of the luciferase gene that was linked to the estrogen responsive element in MCF7 cells, whereas HBCD and NIP did not. These results indicate that DIB augments TR- and ER-mediated gene expression, but HBCD and NIP affect only TR-mediated gene expression. Thus, there is a potential risk that HBCD, DIB, and NIP act as endocrine disrupters in animals and human beings.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology letters},\n\tauthor = {Yamada-Okabe, Toshiko and Sakai, Haruya and Kashima, Yuji and Yamada-Okabe, Hisafumi},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {15585367},\n\tkeywords = {Biphenyl Compounds, Biphenyl Compounds: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Cell Proliferation, Cell Proliferation: drug effects, Estrogen: biosynthesis, Estrogen: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation: drug effects, Genes, Hela Cells, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Luciferases, Luciferases: genetics, Pesticides, Pesticides: toxicity, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, estrogen, frbldg, tox},\n\tpages = {127--33},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previously, we demonstrated that some endocrine disrupting chemicals affected thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated gene expression in HeLaTR cells that stably expressed the human TRalpha1. To examine whether widely used brominated flame retardants and pesticides affect TR-mediated gene expression, those with organohalogen, which is also present in T3, were screened. To monitor the TR-mediated gene expression, HeLaTR cells were transfected with a luciferase gene that was linked to the thyroid hormone responsive element. Thus, transcription of the luciferase gene in HeLaTR cells is driven by TR. By screening 38 chemical agents, it was found that 4,4'-diiodobiphenyl (DIB), markedly, and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nitrofen (NIP), to a much lesser extent but significantly, enhanced the expression of the luciferase gene at concentrations that did not affect the growth of HeLaTR cells. DIB also augmented the E2-induced expression of the luciferase gene that was linked to the estrogen responsive element in MCF7 cells, whereas HBCD and NIP did not. These results indicate that DIB augments TR- and ER-mediated gene expression, but HBCD and NIP affect only TR-mediated gene expression. Thus, there is a potential risk that HBCD, DIB, and NIP act as endocrine disrupters in animals and human beings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thuresson-bergman-jakobsson-occupationalexposuretocommercialdecabromodiphenyletherinworkersmanufacturingorhandlingflameretardedrubber-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thuresson-bergman-jakobsson-occupationalexposuretocommercialdecabromodiphenyletherinworkersmanufacturingorhandlingflameretardedrubber-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf', event);\">\n    Occupational exposure to commercial decabromodiphenyl ether in workers manufacturing or handling flame-retarded rubber.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thuresson, K.; Bergman, A.;  and Jakobsson, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 39(7): 1980–1986. April 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thuresson-bergman-jakobsson-occupationalexposuretocommercialdecabromodiphenyletherinworkersmanufacturingorhandlingflameretardedrubber-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occupational exposure to commercial decabromodiphenyl ether in workers manufacturing or handling flame-retarded rubber. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thuresson-bergman-jakobsson-occupationalexposuretocommercialdecabromodiphenyletherinworkersmanufacturingorhandlingflameretardedrubber-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thuresson-bergman-jakobsson-occupationalexposuretocommercialdecabromodiphenyletherinworkersmanufacturingorhandlingflameretardedrubber-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thuresson_occupational_2005,\n\ttitle = {Occupational exposure to commercial decabromodiphenyl ether in workers manufacturing or handling flame-retarded rubber.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871227 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Thuresson 2005.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is commonly used as a flame retardant in different electrical and textile applications. It is also used in the production of flame-retarded rubber compound. DecaBDE is the major technical polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in use today and consists mainly of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). PBDEs, including BDE-209, are well-known environmental pollutants, ubiquitous both in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The aim of the present study was to assess the exposure to PBDEs in workers manufacturing or handling rubber which was flame retarded with DecaBDE. A referent group, abattoir workers (slaughterhouse workers), with no occupational exposure to PBDEs, was also investigated. Moreover, the methodology for analysis of PBDEs in serum was refined, with special emphasis on congeners with a high number of bromine substituents, i.e., octa- to decaBDEs. The highest BDE-209 concentration observed among the rubber workers was 280 pmol/g lipid weight (I.w.) (270 ng/g I.w.). The median concentration of BDE-209 among rubber workers was 37 pmol/g I.w. (35 ng/g I.w.). Among referents, the median was 2.5 (range 0.92-9.7) pmol/g I.w. (median 2.4 ng/g I.w.). In rubber workers the BDE-209 concentrations were up to 32\\% (median 4\\%) of the 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-chlorobiphenyl (CB-153) concentrations, on a molar basis, whereas the referents had BDE-209 concentrations which were similar to that of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), below 1.4\\% (median 0.3\\%) of the CB-153 concentration. Concentrations of all nonabromodiphenyl ethers (nonaBDEs) and several octabrmodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) congeners, including BDE-203, were also elevated among the rubber workers, with 2.5- to 11-fold higher median concentrations, compared to the referents. The results confirm a significant uptake of BDE-209 in the workers exposed to DecaBDE and indicate a potential for in vivo formation of lower BDEs in these persons.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Thuresson, Kaj and Bergman, Ake and Jakobsson, Kristina},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Chemical Industry, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \\&amp; numerical d, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Rubber, Sweden},\n\tpages = {1980--1986},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is commonly used as a flame retardant in different electrical and textile applications. It is also used in the production of flame-retarded rubber compound. DecaBDE is the major technical polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in use today and consists mainly of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). PBDEs, including BDE-209, are well-known environmental pollutants, ubiquitous both in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The aim of the present study was to assess the exposure to PBDEs in workers manufacturing or handling rubber which was flame retarded with DecaBDE. A referent group, abattoir workers (slaughterhouse workers), with no occupational exposure to PBDEs, was also investigated. Moreover, the methodology for analysis of PBDEs in serum was refined, with special emphasis on congeners with a high number of bromine substituents, i.e., octa- to decaBDEs. The highest BDE-209 concentration observed among the rubber workers was 280 pmol/g lipid weight (I.w.) (270 ng/g I.w.). The median concentration of BDE-209 among rubber workers was 37 pmol/g I.w. (35 ng/g I.w.). Among referents, the median was 2.5 (range 0.92-9.7) pmol/g I.w. (median 2.4 ng/g I.w.). In rubber workers the BDE-209 concentrations were up to 32% (median 4%) of the 2,2',4,4',5,5'-chlorobiphenyl (CB-153) concentrations, on a molar basis, whereas the referents had BDE-209 concentrations which were similar to that of 2,2',4,4'-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), below 1.4% (median 0.3%) of the CB-153 concentration. Concentrations of all nonabromodiphenyl ethers (nonaBDEs) and several octabrmodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) congeners, including BDE-203, were also elevated among the rubber workers, with 2.5- to 11-fold higher median concentrations, compared to the referents. The results confirm a significant uptake of BDE-209 in the workers exposed to DecaBDE and indicate a potential for in vivo formation of lower BDEs in these persons.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tao-evaluationoftestmethodandperformancecriteriaforcigaretteignitionsmolderingresistanceofupholsteredfurniturematerials-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tao-evaluationoftestmethodandperformancecriteriaforcigaretteignitionsmolderingresistanceofupholsteredfurniturematerials-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf', event);\">\n    Evaluation of Test Method and Performance Criteria for Cigarette Ignition (Smoldering) Resistance of Upholstered Furniture Materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tao, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tao-evaluationoftestmethodandperformancecriteriaforcigaretteignitionsmolderingresistanceofupholsteredfurniturematerials-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evaluation of Test Method and Performance Criteria for Cigarette Ignition (Smoldering) Resistance of Upholstered Furniture Materials [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tao-evaluationoftestmethodandperformancecriteriaforcigaretteignitionsmolderingresistanceofupholsteredfurniturematerials-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tao-evaluationoftestmethodandperformancecriteriaforcigaretteignitionsmolderingresistanceofupholsteredfurniturematerials-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{tao_evaluation_2005,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Evaluation of {Test} {Method} and {Performance} {Criteria} for {Cigarette} {Ignition} ({Smoldering}) {Resistance} of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Materials}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC standard materials 2005.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Tao, Weiying},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stoker-cooper-lambright-wilson-furr-gray-invivoandinvitroantiandrogeniceffectsofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixture-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stoker-cooper-lambright-wilson-furr-gray-invivoandinvitroantiandrogeniceffectsofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixture-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038', event);\">\n    In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stoker, T E; Cooper, R L; Lambright, C S; Wilson, V S; Furr, J;  and Gray, L E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</i>, 207(1): 78–88. August 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stoker-cooper-lambright-wilson-furr-gray-invivoandinvitroantiandrogeniceffectsofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixture-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stoker-cooper-lambright-wilson-furr-gray-invivoandinvitroantiandrogeniceffectsofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixture-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stoker-cooper-lambright-wilson-furr-gray-invivoandinvitroantiandrogeniceffectsofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixture-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stoker-cooper-lambright-wilson-furr-gray-invivoandinvitroantiandrogeniceffectsofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixture-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stoker_vivo_2005,\n\ttitle = {In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) mixture.},\n\tvolume = {207},\n\tissn = {0041-008X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005038},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010},\n\tabstract = {PBDEs have been synthesized in large quantities as flame retardants for commercial products, such as electronic equipment and textiles. The rising in levels of PBDEs in tissues in wildlife species and in human milk and plasma samples over the past several years have raised concerns about possible health effects. Recently, we showed that the PBDE mixture, DE-71, delayed puberty and suppressed the growth of androgen-dependent tissues in male Wistar rat following a peri-pubertal exposure. These effects suggested that DE-71 may be either inducing steroid hormone metabolism or acting as an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. To elucidate the potential anti-androgenic effects of this mixture, we evaluated DE-71 in several in vivo assays, which are responsive to alterations in androgen activity. In a pubertal exposure study designed to further evaluate the delay in preputial separation (PPS), we observed a dose-dependent delay in PPS with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day of DE-71 (4 and 5 days) and a corresponding suppression of ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicle growth at both doses. Adult males exposed to 60 mg/kg DE-71 for 3 days resulted in a significant increase in luteinizing hormone and a non-significant increase in testosterone, androstenedione and estrone. DE-71 also tested positive for anti-androgenic activity in an immature rat Hershberger assay, with decreases in mean VP and seminal vesicle weight following doses of 30-240 mg/kg. DE-71 and the individual BDE congeners which comprise the mixture (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154) were also evaluated in vitro. First, AR binding was evaluated in a competitive binding assay using rat VP cytosol. In addition, we evaluated gene activation in a transcriptional activation assay using the MDA-kb2 cell line which contains an endogenous human AR and a transfected luciferase reporter. DE-71 and BDE-100 (2, 4, 6-pentaBDE) both inhibited AR binding, with IC50s of approximately 5 microM. In addition, DE-71 and two of the congeners (BDE-100 and BDE-47) inhibited DHT-induced transcriptional activation. The pattern of inhibition shown in the double-reciprocal plot for BDE-100 and the linear slope replot confirmed that the in vitro mechanism is pure competitive inhibition, with a inhibition constant (Ki) of 1 microM. The delay in puberty in the male rat and decreased growth of androgen-dependent tissues observed previously following exposure to DE-71 were likely due to this inhibition of AR binding by several of the congeners which make up this mixture.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Stoker, T E and Cooper, R L and Lambright, C S and Wilson, V S and Furr, J and Gray, L E},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {16005038},\n\tkeywords = {Androgen, Androgen Antagonists, Androgen Antagonists: pharmacology, Androgen Receptor Antagonists, Androgen: metabolism, Animals, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacology, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Rats, Receptors, Transcriptional Activation, Transcriptional Activation: drug effects, Wistar, cell line, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {78--88},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PBDEs have been synthesized in large quantities as flame retardants for commercial products, such as electronic equipment and textiles. The rising in levels of PBDEs in tissues in wildlife species and in human milk and plasma samples over the past several years have raised concerns about possible health effects. Recently, we showed that the PBDE mixture, DE-71, delayed puberty and suppressed the growth of androgen-dependent tissues in male Wistar rat following a peri-pubertal exposure. These effects suggested that DE-71 may be either inducing steroid hormone metabolism or acting as an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. To elucidate the potential anti-androgenic effects of this mixture, we evaluated DE-71 in several in vivo assays, which are responsive to alterations in androgen activity. In a pubertal exposure study designed to further evaluate the delay in preputial separation (PPS), we observed a dose-dependent delay in PPS with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day of DE-71 (4 and 5 days) and a corresponding suppression of ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicle growth at both doses. Adult males exposed to 60 mg/kg DE-71 for 3 days resulted in a significant increase in luteinizing hormone and a non-significant increase in testosterone, androstenedione and estrone. DE-71 also tested positive for anti-androgenic activity in an immature rat Hershberger assay, with decreases in mean VP and seminal vesicle weight following doses of 30-240 mg/kg. DE-71 and the individual BDE congeners which comprise the mixture (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154) were also evaluated in vitro. First, AR binding was evaluated in a competitive binding assay using rat VP cytosol. In addition, we evaluated gene activation in a transcriptional activation assay using the MDA-kb2 cell line which contains an endogenous human AR and a transfected luciferase reporter. DE-71 and BDE-100 (2, 4, 6-pentaBDE) both inhibited AR binding, with IC50s of approximately 5 microM. In addition, DE-71 and two of the congeners (BDE-100 and BDE-47) inhibited DHT-induced transcriptional activation. The pattern of inhibition shown in the double-reciprocal plot for BDE-100 and the linear slope replot confirmed that the in vitro mechanism is pure competitive inhibition, with a inhibition constant (Ki) of 1 microM. The delay in puberty in the male rat and decreased growth of androgen-dependent tissues observed previously following exposure to DE-71 were likely due to this inhibition of AR binding by several of the congeners which make up this mixture.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-dodder-offenberg-schantz-wise-polybrominateddiphenylethersinhousedustandclothesdryerlint-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-dodder-offenberg-schantz-wise-polybrominateddiphenylethersinhousedustandclothesdryerlint-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Dodder, N. G; Offenberg, J. H; Schantz, M. M;  and Wise, S. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 39(4): 925–931. February 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-dodder-offenberg-schantz-wise-polybrominateddiphenylethersinhousedustandclothesdryerlint-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-dodder-offenberg-schantz-wise-polybrominateddiphenylethersinhousedustandclothesdryerlint-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-dodder-offenberg-schantz-wise-polybrominateddiphenylethersinhousedustandclothesdryerlint-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_polybrominated_2005,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773463},\n\tabstract = {Few studies have measured the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment. Here, we report measurements of PBDEs in house dust samples collected from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in the United States. Dust samples were analyzed for 22 individual PBDE congeners and our results found PBDEs present in every sample. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 780 ng/g dry mass to 30 100 ng/g dry mass. The dominant congeners observed in the dust samples were congeners associated with the pentaBDE and decaBDE commercial mixtures. Ancillary data were collected on the homes and examined for any correlations with total PBDE concentrations. No correlations were observed with year of house construction, type of flooring (i.e., hardwood vs carpet) or the number of television sets or personal computers in the home. However, a significant inverse correlation (p {\\textbackslash}textless 0.05) was observed between the area of the home and the contribution of BDE 209 to the total PBDE concentration in dust. Using estimates of inadvertent dust ingestion (0.02-0.2 g/day) by young children (ages 1-4), we estimate ingestion of total PBDEs to range from 120 to 6000 ng/day. Clothes dryer lint was also sampled and analyzed for PBDEs from five of the homes and were present in all five samples ranging from 480 to 3080 ng/g dry mass. This study demonstrates that PBDEs are prevalent at relatively high concentrations within homes where people, and particularly young children, may be susceptible to exposure.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Dodder, Nathan G and Offenberg, John H and Schantz, Michele M and Wise, Stephen A},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Clothing, District of Columbia, Dust, Environmental Exposure, Europe, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Housing, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: metabolism, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, United States},\n\tpages = {925--931},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Few studies have measured the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment. Here, we report measurements of PBDEs in house dust samples collected from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in the United States. Dust samples were analyzed for 22 individual PBDE congeners and our results found PBDEs present in every sample. Concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 780 ng/g dry mass to 30 100 ng/g dry mass. The dominant congeners observed in the dust samples were congeners associated with the pentaBDE and decaBDE commercial mixtures. Ancillary data were collected on the homes and examined for any correlations with total PBDE concentrations. No correlations were observed with year of house construction, type of flooring (i.e., hardwood vs carpet) or the number of television sets or personal computers in the home. However, a significant inverse correlation (p \\textless 0.05) was observed between the area of the home and the contribution of BDE 209 to the total PBDE concentration in dust. Using estimates of inadvertent dust ingestion (0.02-0.2 g/day) by young children (ages 1-4), we estimate ingestion of total PBDEs to range from 120 to 6000 ng/day. Clothes dryer lint was also sampled and analyzed for PBDEs from five of the homes and were present in all five samples ranging from 480 to 3080 ng/g dry mass. This study demonstrates that PBDEs are prevalent at relatively high concentrations within homes where people, and particularly young children, may be susceptible to exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ntp-substanceprofileschlorinatedparaffinsc1260chlorinecasno108171262reportoncarcinogens11thed-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ntp-substanceprofileschlorinatedparaffinsc1260chlorinecasno108171262reportoncarcinogens11thed-2005', 'http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf', event);\">\n    Substance profiles: Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% Chlorine) CAS No. 108171-26-2. Report on carcinogens, 11th ed.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  NTP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report National Toxicology Program,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ntp-substanceprofileschlorinatedparaffinsc1260chlorinecasno108171262reportoncarcinogens11thed-2005', 'http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Substance profiles: Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% Chlorine) CAS No. 108171-26-2. Report on carcinogens, 11th ed. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ntp-substanceprofileschlorinatedparaffinsc1260chlorinecasno108171262reportoncarcinogens11thed-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ntp-substanceprofileschlorinatedparaffinsc1260chlorinecasno108171262reportoncarcinogens11thed-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{ntp_substance_2005,\n\ttitle = {Substance profiles: {Chlorinated} paraffins ({C12}, 60\\% {Chlorine}) {CAS} {No}. 108171-26-2. {Report} on carcinogens, 11th ed.},\n\turl = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s034chlo.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {National Toxicology Program},\n\tauthor = {{NTP}},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nationaltoxicologyprogramntp-substanceprofilestris23dibromopropylphosphatecasno126727reportoncarcinogens11thedition-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Substance Profiles: Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate CAS No . 126-72-7. Report on Carcinogens 11th Edition.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  National Toxicology Program (NTP)\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report 126,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nationaltoxicologyprogramntp-substanceprofilestris23dibromopropylphosphatecasno126727reportoncarcinogens11thedition-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nationaltoxicologyprogramntp-substanceprofilestris23dibromopropylphosphatecasno126727reportoncarcinogens11thedition-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{national_toxicology_program_ntp_substance_2005,\n\ttitle = {Substance {Profiles}: {Tris}(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate {CAS} {No} . 126-72-7. {Report} on {Carcinogens} 11th {Edition}.},\n\tnumber = {126},\n\tauthor = {{National Toxicology Program (NTP)}},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox, unsure},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcdonald-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsamongunitedstatesresidentsdailyintakeandriskofharmtothedevelopingbrainandreproductiveorgans-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcdonald-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsamongunitedstatesresidentsdailyintakeandriskofharmtothedevelopingbrainandreproductiveorgans-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenylether levels among United States residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McDonald, T. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Integrated environmental assessment and management</i>, 1(4): 343–54. November 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcdonald-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsamongunitedstatesresidentsdailyintakeandriskofharmtothedevelopingbrainandreproductiveorgans-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenylether levels among United States residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcdonald-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsamongunitedstatesresidentsdailyintakeandriskofharmtothedevelopingbrainandreproductiveorgans-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcdonald-polybrominateddiphenyletherlevelsamongunitedstatesresidentsdailyintakeandriskofharmtothedevelopingbrainandreproductiveorgans-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcdonald_polybrominated_2005,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenylether levels among {United} {States} residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs.},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {1551-3777},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16639901},\n\tabstract = {Data on Polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations in individual U.S. women were compiled. PBDE levels in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk from individual U.S. women were found to follow similar lognormal distributions, which exhibited a high degree of variability. The distribution of lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations for all media combined had a median of 47.9 ng/g and a 95th percentile estimate of 302 ng/g. Estimates of congener-specific kinetic parameters were used to calculate the total daily intake of the PBDEs (sum of 5 PBDE prominent congeners, PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) that would be required to achieve the measured body burdens. PBDE intake estimates from all routes of exposure were 8.5 ng/kg/d (median) and 54 ng/kg/d (95th percentile). The potential health risks posed by the PBDEs were examined by comparing 95th percentile tissue concentrations in humans (C(human)) to modeled and measured tissue concentrations in rodents that caused no developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive effects (C(rodent)). The ratio of rodent-to-human PBDE concentrations (C(rodent):C(human)) was {\\textbackslash}textless1 for alterations of male and female reproductive organs in rats, {\\textbackslash}textless10 for neurodevelopmental effects in mice, and {\\textbackslash}textless100 for neurodevelopmental effects in rats. If humans are as sensitive as animals to PBDE-induced developmental toxicity, the current margin of safety appears low for a fraction of the population.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management},\n\tauthor = {McDonald, Thomas A},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {16639901},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \\&amp; development, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Fetal Development, Fetal Development: drug effects, Flame retardants, Genitalia, Genitalia: drug effects, Genitalia: growth \\&amp; development, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Male, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rodentia, Tissue Distribution, United States, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {343--54},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Data on Polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations in individual U.S. women were compiled. PBDE levels in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk from individual U.S. women were found to follow similar lognormal distributions, which exhibited a high degree of variability. The distribution of lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations for all media combined had a median of 47.9 ng/g and a 95th percentile estimate of 302 ng/g. Estimates of congener-specific kinetic parameters were used to calculate the total daily intake of the PBDEs (sum of 5 PBDE prominent congeners, PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) that would be required to achieve the measured body burdens. PBDE intake estimates from all routes of exposure were 8.5 ng/kg/d (median) and 54 ng/kg/d (95th percentile). The potential health risks posed by the PBDEs were examined by comparing 95th percentile tissue concentrations in humans (C(human)) to modeled and measured tissue concentrations in rodents that caused no developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive effects (C(rodent)). The ratio of rodent-to-human PBDE concentrations (C(rodent):C(human)) was \\textless1 for alterations of male and female reproductive organs in rats, \\textless10 for neurodevelopmental effects in mice, and \\textless100 for neurodevelopmental effects in rats. If humans are as sensitive as animals to PBDE-induced developmental toxicity, the current margin of safety appears low for a fraction of the population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kuriyama-talsness-grote-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99effectsonmalefertilityandneurobehaviorinratoffspring-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kuriyama-talsness-grote-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99effectsonmalefertilityandneurobehaviorinratoffspring-2005', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf', event);\">\n    Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kuriyama, S. N; Talsness, C. E; Grote, K.;  and Chahoud, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 113(2): 149–154. February 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kuriyama-talsness-grote-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99effectsonmalefertilityandneurobehaviorinratoffspring-2005', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kuriyama-talsness-grote-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99effectsonmalefertilityandneurobehaviorinratoffspring-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kuriyama-talsness-grote-chahoud-developmentalexposuretolowdosepbde99effectsonmalefertilityandneurobehaviorinratoffspring-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kuriyama_developmental_2005,\n\ttitle = {Developmental exposure to low dose {PBDE} 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.},\n\tvolume = {113},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1277857&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuriyama et al. - 2005 - Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99 effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.pdf},\n\tabstract = {In utero exposure to a single low dose of 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) disrupts neurobehavioral development and causes permanent effects on the rat male reproductive system apparent in adulthood. PBDEs, a class of flame retardants, are widely used in every sector of modern life to prevent fire. They are persistent in the environment, and increasing levels of PBDEs have been found in biota and human breast milk. In the present study we assessed the effects of developmental exposure to one of the most persistent PBDE congeners (PBDE-99) on juvenile basal motor activity levels and adult male reproductive health. Wistar rat dams were treated by gavage on gestation day 6 with a single low dose of 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw). In offspring, basal locomotor activity was evaluated on postnatal days 36 and 71, and reproductive performance was assessed in males at adulthood. The exposure to low-dose PBDE-99 during development caused hyperactivity in the offspring at both time points and permanently impaired spermatogenesis by the means of reduced sperm and spermatid counts. The doses used in this study (60 and 300 microg/kg bw) are relevant to human exposure levels, being approximately 6 and 29 times, respectively, higher than the highest level reported in human breast adipose tissue. This is the lowest dose of PBDE reported to date to have an in vivo toxic effect in rodents and supports the premise that low-dose studies should be encouraged for hazard identification of persistent environmental pollutants.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Kuriyama, Sergio N and Talsness, Chris E and Grote, Konstanze and Chahoud, Ibrahim},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Infertility, Male, Male: chemically induced, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Rats, Reflex, Reflex: drug effects, Sexual Behavior, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis: drug effects, Testis, Testis: drug effects, Testis: pathology, Wistar},\n\tpages = {149--154},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In utero exposure to a single low dose of 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) disrupts neurobehavioral development and causes permanent effects on the rat male reproductive system apparent in adulthood. PBDEs, a class of flame retardants, are widely used in every sector of modern life to prevent fire. They are persistent in the environment, and increasing levels of PBDEs have been found in biota and human breast milk. In the present study we assessed the effects of developmental exposure to one of the most persistent PBDE congeners (PBDE-99) on juvenile basal motor activity levels and adult male reproductive health. Wistar rat dams were treated by gavage on gestation day 6 with a single low dose of 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw). In offspring, basal locomotor activity was evaluated on postnatal days 36 and 71, and reproductive performance was assessed in males at adulthood. The exposure to low-dose PBDE-99 during development caused hyperactivity in the offspring at both time points and permanently impaired spermatogenesis by the means of reduced sperm and spermatid counts. The doses used in this study (60 and 300 microg/kg bw) are relevant to human exposure levels, being approximately 6 and 29 times, respectively, higher than the highest level reported in human breast adipose tissue. This is the lowest dose of PBDE reported to date to have an in vivo toxic effect in rodents and supports the premise that low-dose studies should be encouraged for hazard identification of persistent environmental pollutants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kotz-malisch-kypke-oehme-pbdepbddfandmixedchlorinatedbrominatedpxddfinpooledhumanmilksamplesfromdifferentcountries-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kotz-malisch-kypke-oehme-pbdepbddfandmixedchlorinatedbrominatedpxddfinpooledhumanmilksamplesfromdifferentcountries-2005', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf', event);\">\n    PBDE, PBDD/F and mixed chlorinated-brominated PXDD/F in pooled human milk samples from different countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kotz, A; Malisch, R; Kypke, K;  and Oehme, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 67: 1540–1544.  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kotz-malisch-kypke-oehme-pbdepbddfandmixedchlorinatedbrominatedpxddfinpooledhumanmilksamplesfromdifferentcountries-2005', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDE, PBDD/F and mixed chlorinated-brominated PXDD/F in pooled human milk samples from different countries. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kotz-malisch-kypke-oehme-pbdepbddfandmixedchlorinatedbrominatedpxddfinpooledhumanmilksamplesfromdifferentcountries-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kotz-malisch-kypke-oehme-pbdepbddfandmixedchlorinatedbrominatedpxddfinpooledhumanmilksamplesfromdifferentcountries-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kotz_pbde_2005,\n\ttitle = {{PBDE}, {PBDD}/{F} and mixed chlorinated-brominated {PXDD}/{F} in pooled human milk samples from different countries.},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2005/05-267.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in a wide range of materials including electronic products or textiles. Mainly three different mixtures of PBDEs, designated PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE, are used as technical products1. Thermal stress (waste combustion or accidental fires) of PBDEs may result in brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) or mixed brominated-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs)2. These products and there precursors are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate. PBDD/F and PXDD/F congeners show similar toxicity as their chlorinated homologues. The increasing use of brominated flame retardants has raised concern regarding environmental releases of PBDD/Fs3,4. At present, there are only few studies about levels of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs in human milk samples5,6. PBDE concentrations from different countries have been published5,7,8 which indicate that levels in the United States are 10 to 100 times higher than those from Europe. The CVUA analyzed human milk samples from 24 countries for PCDD/Fs and PCBs as reference laboratory of the 3rd round of the WHO-coordinated exposure studies9. As a follow-up, PBDEs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs were quantified in selected samples. The aim was to compare levels of PBDE in human milk from countries worldwide, to investigate a possible correlation between PBDD/F, PXDD/F and PBDE levels and to determine their relative contribution to total TEQs.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Kotz, A and Malisch, R and Kypke, K and Oehme, M},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1540--1544},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in a wide range of materials including electronic products or textiles. Mainly three different mixtures of PBDEs, designated PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE, are used as technical products1. Thermal stress (waste combustion or accidental fires) of PBDEs may result in brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) or mixed brominated-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs)2. These products and there precursors are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate. PBDD/F and PXDD/F congeners show similar toxicity as their chlorinated homologues. The increasing use of brominated flame retardants has raised concern regarding environmental releases of PBDD/Fs3,4. At present, there are only few studies about levels of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs in human milk samples5,6. PBDE concentrations from different countries have been published5,7,8 which indicate that levels in the United States are 10 to 100 times higher than those from Europe. The CVUA analyzed human milk samples from 24 countries for PCDD/Fs and PCBs as reference laboratory of the 3rd round of the WHO-coordinated exposure studies9. As a follow-up, PBDEs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs were quantified in selected samples. The aim was to compare levels of PBDE in human milk from countries worldwide, to investigate a possible correlation between PBDD/F, PXDD/F and PBDE levels and to determine their relative contribution to total TEQs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kitamura-suzuki-sanoh-kohta-jinno-sugihara-yoshihara-fujimoto-etal-comparativestudyoftheendocrinedisruptingactivityofbisphenolaand19relatedcompounds-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kitamura-suzuki-sanoh-kohta-jinno-sugihara-yoshihara-fujimoto-etal-comparativestudyoftheendocrinedisruptingactivityofbisphenolaand19relatedcompounds-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150', event);\">\n    Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol A and 19 related compounds.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kitamura, S.; Suzuki, T.; Sanoh, S.; Kohta, R.; Jinno, N.; Sugihara, K.; Yoshihara, S.; Fujimoto, N.; Watanabe, H.;  and Ohta, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 84(2): 249–59. April 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kitamura-suzuki-sanoh-kohta-jinno-sugihara-yoshihara-fujimoto-etal-comparativestudyoftheendocrinedisruptingactivityofbisphenolaand19relatedcompounds-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol A and 19 related compounds. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi074\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kitamura-suzuki-sanoh-kohta-jinno-sugihara-yoshihara-fujimoto-etal-comparativestudyoftheendocrinedisruptingactivityofbisphenolaand19relatedcompounds-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi074', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kitamura-suzuki-sanoh-kohta-jinno-sugihara-yoshihara-fujimoto-etal-comparativestudyoftheendocrinedisruptingactivityofbisphenolaand19relatedcompounds-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kitamura-suzuki-sanoh-kohta-jinno-sugihara-yoshihara-fujimoto-etal-comparativestudyoftheendocrinedisruptingactivityofbisphenolaand19relatedcompounds-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kitamura_comparative_2005,\n\ttitle = {Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol {A} and 19 related compounds.},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635150},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfi074},\n\tabstract = {The endocrine-disrupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and 19 related compounds were comparatively examined by means of different in vitro and in vivo reporter assays. BPA and some related compounds exhibited estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, but there were remarkable differences in activity. Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) showed the highest activity, followed by bisphenol B, BPA, and tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA); 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 2,2-diphenylpropane showed little or no activity. Anti-estrogenic activity against 17beta-estradiol was observed with TMBPA and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). TCBPA, TBBPA, and BPA gave positive responses in the in vivo uterotrophic assay using ovariectomized mice. In contrast, BPA and some related compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the androgenic activity of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3. TMBPA showed the highest antagonistic activity, followed by bisphenol AF, bisphenol AD, bisphenol B, and BPA. However, TBBPA, TCBPA, and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA, and 3,3&#x27;-dimethylbisphenol A exhibited significant thyroid hormonal activity towards rat pituitary cell line GH3, which releases growth hormone in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. However, BPA and other derivatives did not show such activity. The results suggest that the 4-hydroxyl group of the A-phenyl ring and the B-phenyl ring of BPA derivatives are required for these hormonal activities, and substituents at the 3,5-positions of the phenyl rings and the bridging alkyl moiety markedly influence the activities.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Suzuki, Tomoharu and Sanoh, Seigo and Kohta, Ryuki and Jinno, Norimasa and Sugihara, Kazumi and Yoshihara, Shin&#x27;ichi and Fujimoto, Nariaki and Watanabe, Hiromitsu and Ohta, Shigeru},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {15635150},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms: drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms: metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estrogens, Female, Flame retardants, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: metabolism, Hormone Antagonists, Hormone Antagonists: chemistry, Hormone Antagonists: classification, Hormone Antagonists: toxicity, Humans, Mice, NIH 3T3 Cells, NIH 3T3 Cells: drug effects, NIH 3T3 Cells: metabolism, Non-Steroidal, Non-Steroidal: chemistry, Non-Steroidal: classification, Non-Steroidal: toxicity, Occupational, Occupational: toxicity, Phenols, Phenols: chemistry, Phenols: classification, Phenols: toxicity, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Tumor, cell line, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {249--59},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The endocrine-disrupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and 19 related compounds were comparatively examined by means of different in vitro and in vivo reporter assays. BPA and some related compounds exhibited estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, but there were remarkable differences in activity. Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) showed the highest activity, followed by bisphenol B, BPA, and tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA); 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 2,2-diphenylpropane showed little or no activity. Anti-estrogenic activity against 17beta-estradiol was observed with TMBPA and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). TCBPA, TBBPA, and BPA gave positive responses in the in vivo uterotrophic assay using ovariectomized mice. In contrast, BPA and some related compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the androgenic activity of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3. TMBPA showed the highest antagonistic activity, followed by bisphenol AF, bisphenol AD, bisphenol B, and BPA. However, TBBPA, TCBPA, and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA, and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A exhibited significant thyroid hormonal activity towards rat pituitary cell line GH3, which releases growth hormone in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. However, BPA and other derivatives did not show such activity. The results suggest that the 4-hydroxyl group of the A-phenyl ring and the B-phenyl ring of BPA derivatives are required for these hormonal activities, and substituents at the 3,5-positions of the phenyl rings and the bridging alkyl moiety markedly influence the activities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kitamura-kato-iida-jinno-suzuki-ohta-fujimoto-hanada-etal-antithyroidhormonalactivityoftetrabromobisphenolaaflameretardantandrelatedcompoundsaffinitytothemammalianthyroidhormonereceptorandeffectontadpolemetamorphosis-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kitamura-kato-iida-jinno-suzuki-ohta-fujimoto-hanada-etal-antithyroidhormonalactivityoftetrabromobisphenolaaflameretardantandrelatedcompoundsaffinitytothemammalianthyroidhormonereceptorandeffectontadpolemetamorphosis-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168', event);\">\n    Anti-thyroid hormonal activity of tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant, and related compounds: Affinity to the mammalian thyroid hormone receptor, and effect on tadpole metamorphosis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kitamura, S.; Kato, T.; Iida, M.; Jinno, N.; Suzuki, T.; Ohta, S.; Fujimoto, N.; Hanada, H.; Kashiwagi, K.;  and Kashiwagi, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Life sciences</i>, 76(14): 1589–601. February 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kitamura-kato-iida-jinno-suzuki-ohta-fujimoto-hanada-etal-antithyroidhormonalactivityoftetrabromobisphenolaaflameretardantandrelatedcompoundsaffinitytothemammalianthyroidhormonereceptorandeffectontadpolemetamorphosis-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Anti-thyroid hormonal activity of tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant, and related compounds: Affinity to the mammalian thyroid hormone receptor, and effect on tadpole metamorphosis. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.030\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kitamura-kato-iida-jinno-suzuki-ohta-fujimoto-hanada-etal-antithyroidhormonalactivityoftetrabromobisphenolaaflameretardantandrelatedcompoundsaffinitytothemammalianthyroidhormonereceptorandeffectontadpolemetamorphosis-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.030', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kitamura-kato-iida-jinno-suzuki-ohta-fujimoto-hanada-etal-antithyroidhormonalactivityoftetrabromobisphenolaaflameretardantandrelatedcompoundsaffinitytothemammalianthyroidhormonereceptorandeffectontadpolemetamorphosis-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kitamura-kato-iida-jinno-suzuki-ohta-fujimoto-hanada-etal-antithyroidhormonalactivityoftetrabromobisphenolaaflameretardantandrelatedcompoundsaffinitytothemammalianthyroidhormonereceptorandeffectontadpolemetamorphosis-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kitamura_anti-thyroid_2005,\n\ttitle = {Anti-thyroid hormonal activity of tetrabromobisphenol {A}, a flame retardant, and related compounds: {Affinity} to the mammalian thyroid hormone receptor, and effect on tadpole metamorphosis.},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {0024-3205},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680168},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.030},\n\tabstract = {The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, and related compounds was examined. TBBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA) and 3,3&#x27;-dimethylbisphenol A (DMBPA) markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T3; 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA did not exhibit thyroid hormonal activity in a thyroid hormone-responsive reporter assay using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-K1) transfected with thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 or beta1, but TBBPA and TCBPA showed significant anti-thyroid hormone effects on the activity of T3 (1 x 10(-8) M) in the concentration range of 3 x 10(-6) - 5 x 10(-5) M. The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of TBBPA was also examined in terms of the effect on amphibian metamorphosis stimulated by thyroid hormone. TBBPA in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-6) M showed suppressive action on T3 (5 x 10(-8) M)-enhancement of Rana rugosa tadpole tail shortening. These facts suggest that TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA can act as thyroid hormone-disrupting agents.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Life sciences},\n\tauthor = {Kitamura, Shigeyuki and Kato, Teruhisa and Iida, Mitsuru and Jinno, Norimasa and Suzuki, Tomoharu and Ohta, Shigeru and Fujimoto, Nariaki and Hanada, Hideki and Kashiwagi, Keiko and Kashiwagi, Akihiko},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {15680168},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Antithyroid Agents, Antithyroid Agents: pharmacology, Biological, Biological: drug effects, CHO Cells, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Cricetinae, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genes, Larva, Metamorphosis, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Gland: drug effects, Pituitary Gland: metabolism, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Ranidae, Rats, Receptors, Reporter, Reporter: genetics, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: genetics, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Thyroid Hormones: pharmacology, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: pharmacology, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {1589--601},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, and related compounds was examined. TBBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA) and 3,3'-dimethylbisphenol A (DMBPA) markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T3; 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A and 2,2-diphenylpropane were inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA did not exhibit thyroid hormonal activity in a thyroid hormone-responsive reporter assay using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-K1) transfected with thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 or beta1, but TBBPA and TCBPA showed significant anti-thyroid hormone effects on the activity of T3 (1 x 10(-8) M) in the concentration range of 3 x 10(-6) - 5 x 10(-5) M. The thyroid hormone-disrupting activity of TBBPA was also examined in terms of the effect on amphibian metamorphosis stimulated by thyroid hormone. TBBPA in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-6) M showed suppressive action on T3 (5 x 10(-8) M)-enhancement of Rana rugosa tadpole tail shortening. These facts suggest that TBBPA, TCBPA, TMBPA and DMBPA can act as thyroid hormone-disrupting agents.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jonesotazo-clarke-diamond-archbold-ferguson-harner-richardson-ryan-etal-ishousedustthemissingexposurepathwayforpbdesananalysisoftheurbanfateandhumanexposuretopbdes-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jonesotazo-clarke-diamond-archbold-ferguson-harner-richardson-ryan-etal-ishousedustthemissingexposurepathwayforpbdesananalysisoftheurbanfateandhumanexposuretopbdes-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b', event);\">\n    Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jones-Otazo, H. A.; Clarke, J. P.; Diamond, M. L.; Archbold, J. A.; Ferguson, G.; Harner, T.; Richardson, G. M.; Ryan, J. J.;  and Wilford, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 39(14): 5121–5130. July 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jonesotazo-clarke-diamond-archbold-ferguson-harner-richardson-ryan-etal-ishousedustthemissingexposurepathwayforpbdesananalysisoftheurbanfateandhumanexposuretopbdes-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es048267b\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jonesotazo-clarke-diamond-archbold-ferguson-harner-richardson-ryan-etal-ishousedustthemissingexposurepathwayforpbdesananalysisoftheurbanfateandhumanexposuretopbdes-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es048267b', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jonesotazo-clarke-diamond-archbold-ferguson-harner-richardson-ryan-etal-ishousedustthemissingexposurepathwayforpbdesananalysisoftheurbanfateandhumanexposuretopbdes-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jonesotazo-clarke-diamond-archbold-ferguson-harner-richardson-ryan-etal-ishousedustthemissingexposurepathwayforpbdesananalysisoftheurbanfateandhumanexposuretopbdes-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jones-otazo_is_2005,\n\ttitle = {Is {House} {Dust} the {Missing} {Exposure} {Pathway} for {PBDEs}? {An} {Analysis} of the {Urban} {Fate} and {Human} {Exposure} to {PBDEs}},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048267b},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es048267b},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85\\% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85\\% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Jones-Otazo, Heather A. and Clarke, John P. and Diamond, Miriam L. and Archbold, Josephine A. and Ferguson, Glenn and Harner, Tom and Richardson, G. Mark and Ryan, John Jake and Wilford, Bryony},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {5121--5130},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some ?high accumulation? individuals have burdens up to 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of ΣPBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to ΣPBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57?85% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than ?average? for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-rapaport-rodan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanadiposetissuefromnewyork-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnsonrestrepo-kannan-rapaport-rodan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanadiposetissuefromnewyork-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson-Restrepo, B.; Kannan, K.; Rapaport, D. P;  and Rodan, B. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 39(14): 5177–82. July 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-rapaport-rodan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanadiposetissuefromnewyork-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnsonrestrepo-kannan-rapaport-rodan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanadiposetissuefromnewyork-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-rapaport-rodan-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanadiposetissuefromnewyork-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from {New} {York}.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082945},\n\tabstract = {Human adipose tissue samples (n=52) collected in New York City during 2003-2004 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations of PBDEs in adipose tissues ranged from 17 to 9630 ng/g, lipid wt (median: 77; mean: 399 ng/g, lipid wt; sum all di- through hexaBDE congeners). Average PBDE concentrations in human adipose tissues from New York City were 10- to 100-times greater than those reported for European countries. A concentration of 9630 ng/g, lipid wt, found in a sample of adipose tissue, is one of the highest concentrations reported to date. PBDE 47 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetraBDE) was the major congener detected in human tissues, followed by PBDE congeners \\#99 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-penta BDE), 100 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-pentaBDE), and 153 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexaBDE). A few individuals contained PBDE 153 as the predominant congener in total PBDE concentrations, suggesting alternative exposure sources, possibly occupational. Principal component analysis of PBDE congener composition in human adipose tissues revealed the presence of five clusters, each characterized by varying composition. No significant difference was found in the concentrations of PBDEs between gender. Concentrations of PBDEs were, on average, similar to those for PCBs in human adipose tissues, and substantially higher when PBDE outliers were retained. PBDE and PCB concentrations were not correlated. PBDE concentrations did not increase with increasing age of the subjects, whereas concentrations of PCBs increased with increasing age in males but not in females in this study. These results suggest differences between PBDEs and PCBs in their sources or time course of exposure and disposition. The presence of comparable or greater concentrations of PBDEs, relative to PCBs, highlights the importance of recentvoluntary and regulatory effortsto cease production of commercial penta- and octa-BDE in North America, although these efforts do not address continuing emissions from existing sources, such as polyurethane foams.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Rapaport, David P and Rodan, Bruce D},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {16082945},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Principal Component Analysis, Sex Factors, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {5177--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human adipose tissue samples (n=52) collected in New York City during 2003-2004 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations of PBDEs in adipose tissues ranged from 17 to 9630 ng/g, lipid wt (median: 77; mean: 399 ng/g, lipid wt; sum all di- through hexaBDE congeners). Average PBDE concentrations in human adipose tissues from New York City were 10- to 100-times greater than those reported for European countries. A concentration of 9630 ng/g, lipid wt, found in a sample of adipose tissue, is one of the highest concentrations reported to date. PBDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE) was the major congener detected in human tissues, followed by PBDE congeners #99 (2,2',4,4',5-penta BDE), 100 (2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE), and 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE). A few individuals contained PBDE 153 as the predominant congener in total PBDE concentrations, suggesting alternative exposure sources, possibly occupational. Principal component analysis of PBDE congener composition in human adipose tissues revealed the presence of five clusters, each characterized by varying composition. No significant difference was found in the concentrations of PBDEs between gender. Concentrations of PBDEs were, on average, similar to those for PCBs in human adipose tissues, and substantially higher when PBDE outliers were retained. PBDE and PCB concentrations were not correlated. PBDE concentrations did not increase with increasing age of the subjects, whereas concentrations of PCBs increased with increasing age in males but not in females in this study. These results suggest differences between PBDEs and PCBs in their sources or time course of exposure and disposition. The presence of comparable or greater concentrations of PBDEs, relative to PCBs, highlights the importance of recentvoluntary and regulatory effortsto cease production of commercial penta- and octa-BDE in North America, although these efforts do not address continuing emissions from existing sources, such as polyurethane foams.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"johnsonrestrepo-kannan-addink-adams-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinamarinefoodwebofcoastalflorida-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'johnsonrestrepo-kannan-addink-adams-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinamarinefoodwebofcoastalflorida-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Johnson-Restrepo, B.; Kannan, K.; Addink, R.;  and Adams, D. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 39(21): 8243–50. November 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-addink-adams-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinamarinefoodwebofcoastalflorida-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/johnsonrestrepo-kannan-addink-adams-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinamarinefoodwebofcoastalflorida-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('johnsonrestrepo-kannan-addink-adams-polybrominateddiphenylethersandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinamarinefoodwebofcoastalflorida-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{johnson-restrepo_polybrominated_2005,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal {Florida}.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16294860},\n\tabstract = {Nine species of marine fish, including teleost fishes, sharks, and stingrays, and two species of marine mammals (dolphins) collected from Florida coastal waters were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to evaluate biomagnification factors (BMF) of these contaminants in a coastal foodweb. In addition, bottlenose dolphins and bull sharks collected from the Florida coast during the 1990s and the 2000s were analyzed for evaluation of temporal trends in PBDE and PCB levels in coastal ecosystems. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle tissues of teleost fishes ranged from 8.0 ng/g, lipid wt (in silver perch), to 88 ng/g, lipid wt (in hardhead catfish), with an overall mean concentration of 43 +/- 30 ng/g, lipid wt. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle of sharks ranged from 37.8 ng/g, lipid wt, in spiny dogfish to 1630 ng/g, lipid wt, in bull sharks. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins and striped dolphins were 1190 +/- 1580 and 660 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Tetra-BDE 47 (2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-) was the major congener detected in teleost fishes and dolphin samples, followed by BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-100, and BDE-154. In contrast, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in sharks. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in dolphins and sharks were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those in lower trophic-level fish species, indicating biomagnification of both of these contaminants in the marine foodweb. Based on the analysis of sharks and dolphins collected over a 10-year period, an exponential increase in the concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs has occurred in these marine predators. The doubling time of PBDE and PCB concentrations was estimated to be 2-3 years for bull sharks and 3-4 years for bottlenose dolphin.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Johnson-Restrepo, Boris and Kannan, Kurunthachalam and Addink, Rudolf and Adams, Douglas H},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {16294860},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Dolphins, Ethers, Fishes, Flame retardants, Florida, Food Chain, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Quality Control, Species Specificity, ffr, frelec, mam, waa},\n\tpages = {8243--50},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Nine species of marine fish, including teleost fishes, sharks, and stingrays, and two species of marine mammals (dolphins) collected from Florida coastal waters were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to evaluate biomagnification factors (BMF) of these contaminants in a coastal foodweb. In addition, bottlenose dolphins and bull sharks collected from the Florida coast during the 1990s and the 2000s were analyzed for evaluation of temporal trends in PBDE and PCB levels in coastal ecosystems. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle tissues of teleost fishes ranged from 8.0 ng/g, lipid wt (in silver perch), to 88 ng/g, lipid wt (in hardhead catfish), with an overall mean concentration of 43 +/- 30 ng/g, lipid wt. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in muscle of sharks ranged from 37.8 ng/g, lipid wt, in spiny dogfish to 1630 ng/g, lipid wt, in bull sharks. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins and striped dolphins were 1190 +/- 1580 and 660 ng/g, lipid wt, respectively. Tetra-BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-) was the major congener detected in teleost fishes and dolphin samples, followed by BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-100, and BDE-154. In contrast, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in sharks. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in dolphins and sharks were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those in lower trophic-level fish species, indicating biomagnification of both of these contaminants in the marine foodweb. Based on the analysis of sharks and dolphins collected over a 10-year period, an exponential increase in the concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs has occurred in these marine predators. The doubling time of PBDE and PCB concentrations was estimated to be 2-3 years for bull sharks and 3-4 years for bottlenose dolphin.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hoh-zhu-hites-novelflameretardants12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneand23456pentabromoethylbenzeneinunitedstatesenvironmentalsamples-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hoh-zhu-hites-novelflameretardants12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneand23456pentabromoethylbenzeneinunitedstatesenvironmentalsamples-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337', event);\">\n    Novel flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene, in United States' environmental samples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hoh, E.; Zhu, L.;  and Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 39(8): 2472–7. April 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoh-zhu-hites-novelflameretardants12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneand23456pentabromoethylbenzeneinunitedstatesenvironmentalsamples-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene, in United States&#x27; environmental samples. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hoh-zhu-hites-novelflameretardants12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneand23456pentabromoethylbenzeneinunitedstatesenvironmentalsamples-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hoh-zhu-hites-novelflameretardants12bis246tribromophenoxyethaneand23456pentabromoethylbenzeneinunitedstatesenvironmentalsamples-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hoh_novel_2005,\n\ttitle = {Novel flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene, in {United} {States}&#x27; environmental samples.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884337},\n\tabstract = {Two brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PEB), were detected and identified in ambient air samples from various sites in the United States. The identifications were confirmed by comparing the gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the compounds found in the environment with those of authentic materials. Generally, the TBE concentrations in air were comparable to those of tetra- through hexabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and often higher than those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). The atmospheric TBE concentrations at locations in the southern United States were higher than those in the northern United States. TBE was also found in a sediment core from Lake Michigan; the concentrations of TBE increased with time, were lower than those of BDE-209, but were approximately 10 times higher than the sum of BDE-47, -99, and -100. The maximum PEB concentration in Chicago air was 550 pg/ m3, which was 10 times higherthan the concentration of total PBDEs in this sample. In general, the concentrations of PEB in air samples were low but detectable and were less than those of PBDEs. PEB was not found in the sediment core from Lake Michigan. These occurrences of relatively high concentrations of TBE and PEB in environmental samples may reflect the increasing usage of these compounds as flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hoh, Eunha and Zhu, Lingyan and Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {15884337},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants: analysis, Air Pollutants: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: toxicity, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: isolation \\&amp; purification, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: analysis, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Hydrocarbons, United States, env, ffr},\n\tpages = {2472--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Two brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PEB), were detected and identified in ambient air samples from various sites in the United States. The identifications were confirmed by comparing the gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the compounds found in the environment with those of authentic materials. Generally, the TBE concentrations in air were comparable to those of tetra- through hexabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and often higher than those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). The atmospheric TBE concentrations at locations in the southern United States were higher than those in the northern United States. TBE was also found in a sediment core from Lake Michigan; the concentrations of TBE increased with time, were lower than those of BDE-209, but were approximately 10 times higher than the sum of BDE-47, -99, and -100. The maximum PEB concentration in Chicago air was 550 pg/ m3, which was 10 times higherthan the concentration of total PBDEs in this sample. In general, the concentrations of PEB in air samples were low but detectable and were less than those of PBDEs. PEB was not found in the sediment core from Lake Michigan. These occurrences of relatively high concentrations of TBE and PEB in environmental samples may reflect the increasing usage of these compounds as flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fisher-mark-kingsbury-vehlow-yamawaki-energyrecoveryinthesustainablerecyclingofplasticsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicproducts-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fisher-mark-kingsbury-vehlow-yamawaki-energyrecoveryinthesustainablerecyclingofplasticsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicproducts-2005', 'http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748', event);\">\n    Energy recovery in the sustainable recycling of plastics from end-of-life electrical and electronic products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fisher, M. M.; Mark, F. E.; Kingsbury, T.; Vehlow, J.;  and Yamawaki, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  ,83–92. May 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fisher-mark-kingsbury-vehlow-yamawaki-energyrecoveryinthesustainablerecyclingofplasticsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicproducts-2005', 'http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Energy recovery in the sustainable recycling of plastics from end-of-life electrical and electronic products. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fisher-mark-kingsbury-vehlow-yamawaki-energyrecoveryinthesustainablerecyclingofplasticsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicproducts-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fisher-mark-kingsbury-vehlow-yamawaki-energyrecoveryinthesustainablerecyclingofplasticsfromendoflifeelectricalandelectronicproducts-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fisher_energy_2005,\n\ttitle = {Energy recovery in the sustainable recycling of plastics from end-of-life electrical and electronic products.},\n\turl = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1260989.1261748},\n\tauthor = {Fisher, M. M. and Mark, F. E. and Kingsbury, T. and Vehlow, J. and Yamawaki, T.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {83--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fernie-shutt-mayne-hoffman-letcher-drouillard-ritchie-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeschangesinthyroidvitaminaglutathionehomeostasisandoxidativestressinamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fernie-shutt-mayne-hoffman-letcher-drouillard-ritchie-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeschangesinthyroidvitaminaglutathionehomeostasisandoxidativestressinamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752', event);\">\n    Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): changes in thyroid, vitamin A, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in American kestrels (Falco sparverius).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fernie, K. J; Shutt, J L.; Mayne, G.; Hoffman, D.; Letcher, R. J; Drouillard, K. G;  and Ritchie, I. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 88(2): 375–83. December 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernie-shutt-mayne-hoffman-letcher-drouillard-ritchie-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeschangesinthyroidvitaminaglutathionehomeostasisandoxidativestressinamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): changes in thyroid, vitamin A, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi295\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fernie-shutt-mayne-hoffman-letcher-drouillard-ritchie-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeschangesinthyroidvitaminaglutathionehomeostasisandoxidativestressinamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi295', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fernie-shutt-mayne-hoffman-letcher-drouillard-ritchie-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeschangesinthyroidvitaminaglutathionehomeostasisandoxidativestressinamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fernie-shutt-mayne-hoffman-letcher-drouillard-ritchie-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdeschangesinthyroidvitaminaglutathionehomeostasisandoxidativestressinamericankestrelsfalcosparverius-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fernie_exposure_2005,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}): changes in thyroid, vitamin {A}, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in {American} kestrels ({Falco} sparverius).},\n\tvolume = {88},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120752},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfi295},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of additive flame retardants, are temporally increasing in wildlife tissues and capable of disrupting normal endocrine function. We determined whether in ovo and post-hatch exposure of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to environmentally relevant PBDEs alter thyroid, retinol, and oxidative stress measures. Control eggs were injected with safflower oil and subsequent nestlings fed the same vehicle; dosed eggs received PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153), which mainly comprise the Penta-BDE commercial mixture, dissolved in safflower oil at concentrations (1500 ng/g total [Sigma] PBDEs) approximating those in Great Lakes gull eggs. Nestlings hatching from dosed eggs were orally exposed for 29 days to variable SigmaPBDE concentrations that are similar to levels reported in tissues of Great Lakes trout (100 ng/g). Treatment kestrels had lower plasma thyroxine (T(4)), plasma retinol, and hepatic retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations, but unaltered triiodothyronine (T(3)) concentrations and thyroid glandular structure. BDE-47, -100, and -99 were negatively associated with plasma T(4), plasma retinol (BDE-100, -99) and hepatic retinol (BDE-47). Despite an antioxidant-rich diet, PBDE exposure induced hepatic oxidative stress, particularly in females, with an increased hepatic GSSG:GSH ratio, a marginal increase in lipid peroxidation, and increased oxidized glutathione. Positive associations were found between concentrations of BDE-183 and thiols and, in males, between BDE-99 and reduced GSH, but a negative association occurred between BDE-99 and TBARS. Subsequently, concentrations of PBDE congeners in wild birds may alter thyroid hormone and vitamin A concentrations, glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Fernie, Kim J and Shutt, J Laird and Mayne, Greg and Hoffman, David and Letcher, Robert J and Drouillard, Ken G and Ritchie, Ian J},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {16120752},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Falconiformes, Falconiformes: metabolism, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Glutathione, Glutathione: metabolism, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Homeostasis, Homeostasis: drug effects, Male, Newborn, Newborn: metabolism, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: metabolism, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: metabolism, Vitamin A, Vitamin A: metabolism, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {375--83},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of additive flame retardants, are temporally increasing in wildlife tissues and capable of disrupting normal endocrine function. We determined whether in ovo and post-hatch exposure of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to environmentally relevant PBDEs alter thyroid, retinol, and oxidative stress measures. Control eggs were injected with safflower oil and subsequent nestlings fed the same vehicle; dosed eggs received PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153), which mainly comprise the Penta-BDE commercial mixture, dissolved in safflower oil at concentrations (1500 ng/g total [Sigma] PBDEs) approximating those in Great Lakes gull eggs. Nestlings hatching from dosed eggs were orally exposed for 29 days to variable SigmaPBDE concentrations that are similar to levels reported in tissues of Great Lakes trout (100 ng/g). Treatment kestrels had lower plasma thyroxine (T(4)), plasma retinol, and hepatic retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations, but unaltered triiodothyronine (T(3)) concentrations and thyroid glandular structure. BDE-47, -100, and -99 were negatively associated with plasma T(4), plasma retinol (BDE-100, -99) and hepatic retinol (BDE-47). Despite an antioxidant-rich diet, PBDE exposure induced hepatic oxidative stress, particularly in females, with an increased hepatic GSSG:GSH ratio, a marginal increase in lipid peroxidation, and increased oxidized glutathione. Positive associations were found between concentrations of BDE-183 and thiols and, in males, between BDE-99 and reduced GSH, but a negative association occurred between BDE-99 and TBARS. Subsequently, concentrations of PBDE congeners in wild birds may alter thyroid hormone and vitamin A concentrations, glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fansler-scott-performancecriteriaandstandardmaterialsforthecpscstaffdraftupholsteredfurniturestandard-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fansler-scott-performancecriteriaandstandardmaterialsforthecpscstaffdraftupholsteredfurniturestandard-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf', event);\">\n    Performance Criteria, and Standard Materials for the CPSC Staff Draft Upholstered Furniture Standard.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fansler, L.;  and Scott, L. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fansler-scott-performancecriteriaandstandardmaterialsforthecpscstaffdraftupholsteredfurniturestandard-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Performance Criteria, and Standard Materials for the CPSC Staff Draft Upholstered Furniture Standard [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fansler-scott-performancecriteriaandstandardmaterialsforthecpscstaffdraftupholsteredfurniturestandard-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fansler-scott-performancecriteriaandstandardmaterialsforthecpscstaffdraftupholsteredfurniturestandard-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{fansler_performance_2005,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Performance {Criteria}, and {Standard} {Materials} for the {CPSC} {Staff} {Draft} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Standard}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC ufurn 2005.pdf},\n\tabstract = {This memorandum provides a discussion ofthe work done by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission&#x27; s (CPSC) Directorate for Laboratory Sciences (LS) staff to identify standard materials and appropriate performance criteria to include as potential revisions to the staff&#x27;s draft upholstered furniture standard.},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Fansler, Linda and Scott, Lisa L},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This memorandum provides a discussion ofthe work done by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission' s (CPSC) Directorate for Laboratory Sciences (LS) staff to identify standard materials and appropriate performance criteria to include as potential revisions to the staff's draft upholstered furniture standard.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreporton220660tetrabromo440isopropylenediphenoltetrabromobisphenolacasno79947einecsno2012369-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreporton220660tetrabromo440isopropylenediphenoltetrabromobisphenolacasno79947einecsno2012369-2005', 'http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf', event);\">\n    European Union risk assessment report on 2,20,6,60-tetrabromo-4,40-isopropylene diphenol (tetrabromobisphenol-A) CAS no. 79-94-7. EINECS no. 201-236-9.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EU\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreporton220660tetrabromo440isopropylenediphenoltetrabromobisphenolacasno79947einecsno2012369-2005', 'http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"European Union risk assessment report on 2,20,6,60-tetrabromo-4,40-isopropylene diphenol (tetrabromobisphenol-A) CAS no. 79-94-7. EINECS no. 201-236-9. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreporton220660tetrabromo440isopropylenediphenoltetrabromobisphenolacasno79947einecsno2012369-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreporton220660tetrabromo440isopropylenediphenoltetrabromobisphenolacasno79947einecsno2012369-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{eu_european_2005,\n\taddress = {Ispra, Italy},\n\ttitle = {European {Union} risk assessment report on 2,20,6,60-tetrabromo-4,40-isopropylene diphenol (tetrabromobisphenol-{A}) {CAS} no. 79-94-7. {EINECS} no. 201-236-9.},\n\turl = {http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/tbbpaHHreport402.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {European Chemicals Bureau},\n\tauthor = {{EU}},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"emsley-lim-stevens-williams-internationalfirestatisticsandthepotentialbenefitsoffirecountermeasures-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'emsley-lim-stevens-williams-internationalfirestatisticsandthepotentialbenefitsoffirecountermeasures-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf', event);\">\n    International Fire Statistics and the Potential Benefits of Fire Counter-Measures.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Emsley, A.; Lim, L.; Stevens, G.;  and Williams, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  University of Surrey for the European Flame Retardant Association, Guildford, Surrey,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('emsley-lim-stevens-williams-internationalfirestatisticsandthepotentialbenefitsoffirecountermeasures-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"International Fire Statistics and the Potential Benefits of Fire Counter-Measures [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/emsley-lim-stevens-williams-internationalfirestatisticsandthepotentialbenefitsoffirecountermeasures-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('emsley-lim-stevens-williams-internationalfirestatisticsandthepotentialbenefitsoffirecountermeasures-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{emsley_international_2005,\n\taddress = {Guildford, Surrey},\n\ttitle = {International {Fire} {Statistics} and the {Potential} {Benefits} of {Fire} {Counter}-{Measures}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK Surrey 2005.pdf},\n\tnumber = {May},\n\tpublisher = {University of Surrey for the European Flame Retardant Association},\n\tauthor = {Emsley, Alan and Lim, Linda and Stevens, Gary and Williams, Peter},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-furnitureflameretardancypartnershipenvironmentalprofilesofchemicalflameretardantalternativesforlowdensitypolyurethanefoam-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-furnitureflameretardancypartnershipenvironmentalprofilesofchemicalflameretardantalternativesforlowdensitypolyurethanefoam-2005', 'http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm', event);\">\n    Furniture flame retardancy partnership: Environmental profiles of chemical flame-retardant alternatives for low-density polyurethane foam.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report US Environmental Protection Agency,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-furnitureflameretardancypartnershipenvironmentalprofilesofchemicalflameretardantalternativesforlowdensitypolyurethanefoam-2005', 'http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Furniture flame retardancy partnership: Environmental profiles of chemical flame-retardant alternatives for low-density polyurethane foam. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-furnitureflameretardancypartnershipenvironmentalprofilesofchemicalflameretardantalternativesforlowdensitypolyurethanefoam-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-furnitureflameretardancypartnershipenvironmentalprofilesofchemicalflameretardantalternativesforlowdensitypolyurethanefoam-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{epa_furniture_2005,\n\ttitle = {Furniture flame retardancy partnership: {Environmental} profiles of chemical flame-retardant alternatives for low-density polyurethane foam.},\n\turl = {http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm},\n\tinstitution = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {{EPA}},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"elliott-wilson-wakeford-polybrominateddiphenylethertrendsineggsofmarineandfreshwaterbirdsfrombritishcolumbiacanada19792002-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'elliott-wilson-wakeford-polybrominateddiphenylethertrendsineggsofmarineandfreshwaterbirdsfrombritishcolumbiacanada19792002-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from British Columbia, Canada, 1979-2002.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Elliott, J. E; Wilson, L. K;  and Wakeford, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 39(15): 5584–91. August 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('elliott-wilson-wakeford-polybrominateddiphenylethertrendsineggsofmarineandfreshwaterbirdsfrombritishcolumbiacanada19792002-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from British Columbia, Canada, 1979-2002. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/elliott-wilson-wakeford-polybrominateddiphenylethertrendsineggsofmarineandfreshwaterbirdsfrombritishcolumbiacanada19792002-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('elliott-wilson-wakeford-polybrominateddiphenylethertrendsineggsofmarineandfreshwaterbirdsfrombritishcolumbiacanada19792002-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{elliott_polybrominated_2005,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}, 1979-2002.},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124290},\n\tabstract = {Temporal, spatial, and interspecific trends in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in eggs of marine and freshwater bird species from the province of British Columbia, Canada. Temporal trends in the Fraser River estuary, 1983-2002, were examined by analysis of eggs of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and from the Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem, 1979-2002, in eggs of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Results were compared to those from eggs of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) taken along the lower Fraser River and along the Columbia River near Castlegar, British Columbia, and of a pelagic seabird, the Leach&#x27;s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), collected at a colony on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Mean concentration of sigmaPBDE, 455 microg/kg w.w., were highest in heron eggs collected in 2002 from the Fraser estuary. Concentrations in eggs of cormorants and ospreys taken from sites of varying urban influence tended to be about half that value. Leach&#x27;s storm petrel eggs had only trace amounts of sigmaPBDE (3.38 microg/kg), despite having similar concentrations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides to the other species. PBDEs increased exponentially with a doubling time of 5.7 years in eggs of both herons and cormorants. Over this period of increasing PBDEs, major chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as PCBs and DDE, were stable or decreased. The PBDE pattern was relatively consistent in most years and sites, with BDEs 47 {\\textbackslash}textgreater 100 {\\textbackslash}textgreater 99 {\\textbackslash}textgreater 153 {\\textbackslash}textgreater 154 {\\textbackslash}textgreater 28 {\\textbackslash}textgreater 183. This was interpreted as evidence of technical pentaBDE formulations as primary sources of the contamination, with the octaBDE formulations as secondary. Higher resolution analysis of a subsample of the eggs revealed the presence of up to nine other congeners, including BDE209 (range: 0.9-1.8 microg/kg), indicating exposure and uptake of decaBDE sourced congeners in North American foodchains. At some locations, concentrations of pentabrominated congeners and mixtures in fish are approaching levels potentially toxic to fish-eating birds, based on rodent studies and calculations of dietary intake from fish data.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Elliott, John E and Wilson, Laurie K and Wakeford, Bryan},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {16124290},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, British Columbia, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Fresh Water, Hydrocarbons, Ovum, Ovum: chemistry, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, ffr, waa},\n\tpages = {5584--91},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Temporal, spatial, and interspecific trends in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in eggs of marine and freshwater bird species from the province of British Columbia, Canada. Temporal trends in the Fraser River estuary, 1983-2002, were examined by analysis of eggs of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and from the Strait of Georgia marine ecosystem, 1979-2002, in eggs of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Results were compared to those from eggs of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) taken along the lower Fraser River and along the Columbia River near Castlegar, British Columbia, and of a pelagic seabird, the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), collected at a colony on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Mean concentration of sigmaPBDE, 455 microg/kg w.w., were highest in heron eggs collected in 2002 from the Fraser estuary. Concentrations in eggs of cormorants and ospreys taken from sites of varying urban influence tended to be about half that value. Leach's storm petrel eggs had only trace amounts of sigmaPBDE (3.38 microg/kg), despite having similar concentrations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides to the other species. PBDEs increased exponentially with a doubling time of 5.7 years in eggs of both herons and cormorants. Over this period of increasing PBDEs, major chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as PCBs and DDE, were stable or decreased. The PBDE pattern was relatively consistent in most years and sites, with BDEs 47 \\textgreater 100 \\textgreater 99 \\textgreater 153 \\textgreater 154 \\textgreater 28 \\textgreater 183. This was interpreted as evidence of technical pentaBDE formulations as primary sources of the contamination, with the octaBDE formulations as secondary. Higher resolution analysis of a subsample of the eggs revealed the presence of up to nine other congeners, including BDE209 (range: 0.9-1.8 microg/kg), indicating exposure and uptake of decaBDE sourced congeners in North American foodchains. At some locations, concentrations of pentabrominated congeners and mixtures in fish are approaching levels potentially toxic to fish-eating birds, based on rodent studies and calculations of dietary intake from fish data.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dawson-landry-recyclabilityofflameretardanthipspcabsandppohisusedinelectronicequipment-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&amp;arnumber=1436998&amp;userType=inst\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dawson-landry-recyclabilityofflameretardanthipspcabsandppohisusedinelectronicequipment-2005', 'http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&amp;arnumber=1436998&amp;userType=inst', event);\">\n    Recyclability of flame retardant HIPS, PC/ABS, and PPO/HIS used in electronic equipment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dawson, R.;  and Landry, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment</i>, pages 77–82,  2005. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&amp;arnumber=1436998&amp;userType=inst\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dawson-landry-recyclabilityofflameretardanthipspcabsandppohisusedinelectronicequipment-2005', 'http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&amp;arnumber=1436998&amp;userType=inst', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Recyclability of flame retardant HIPS, PC/ABS, and PPO/HIS used in electronic equipment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dawson-landry-recyclabilityofflameretardanthipspcabsandppohisusedinelectronicequipment-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dawson-landry-recyclabilityofflameretardanthipspcabsandppohisusedinelectronicequipment-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{dawson_recyclability_2005,\n\ttitle = {Recyclability of flame retardant {HIPS}, {PC}/{ABS}, and {PPO}/{HIS} used in electronic equipment.},\n\turl = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&amp;arnumber=1436998&amp;userType=inst},\n\tabstract = {Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) applications utilize various brominated and phosphorus flame retardants for reasons of fire safety. The use of flame retardants in these applications delays the spread of fires or delays the time of flashover, hence saving lives and property. An estimated 190 lives are saved annually through the use of flame retardants in television cabinets in the US. Research aimed at answering questions related to risk in use and end-of-life options for flame retardant plastics used in EEE applications has been performed and more is currently being performed. European Risk Assessment for several flame retardants is now in progress. Research has been ongoing to study various end-of-life options. This paper is a continuation of previous papers that will address issues related to end-of-life, risk in use, and benefits of plastics containing flame retardants. Results of recent research aimed at determining the recyclability of plastics, such as HIPS, PC/ABS, and more recently PPO/HIPS containing brominated or phosphorus flame retardants under a variety of conditions will be included.},\n\tbooktitle = {International {Symposium} on {Electronics} and the {Environment}},\n\tauthor = {Dawson, RB and Landry, SD},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {77--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) applications utilize various brominated and phosphorus flame retardants for reasons of fire safety. The use of flame retardants in these applications delays the spread of fires or delays the time of flashover, hence saving lives and property. An estimated 190 lives are saved annually through the use of flame retardants in television cabinets in the US. Research aimed at answering questions related to risk in use and end-of-life options for flame retardant plastics used in EEE applications has been performed and more is currently being performed. European Risk Assessment for several flame retardants is now in progress. Research has been ongoing to study various end-of-life options. This paper is a continuation of previous papers that will address issues related to end-of-life, risk in use, and benefits of plastics containing flame retardants. Results of recent research aimed at determining the recyclability of plastics, such as HIPS, PC/ABS, and more recently PPO/HIPS containing brominated or phosphorus flame retardants under a variety of conditions will be included.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"desmet-schelfaut-sandra-determinationofbromophenolsasdioxinprecursorsincombustiongasesoffireretardedextrudedpolystyrenebysorptivesamplingcapillarygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'desmet-schelfaut-sandra-determinationofbromophenolsasdioxinprecursorsincombustiongasesoffireretardedextrudedpolystyrenebysorptivesamplingcapillarygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2005', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf', event);\">\n    Determination of bromophenols as dioxin precursors in combustion gases of fire retarded extruded polystyrene by sorptive sampling-capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Desmet, K.; Schelfaut, M.;  and Sandra, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i>, 1071(1-2): 125–129. April 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desmet-schelfaut-sandra-determinationofbromophenolsasdioxinprecursorsincombustiongasesoffireretardedextrudedpolystyrenebysorptivesamplingcapillarygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2005', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Determination of bromophenols as dioxin precursors in combustion gases of fire retarded extruded polystyrene by sorptive sampling-capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.019\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('desmet-schelfaut-sandra-determinationofbromophenolsasdioxinprecursorsincombustiongasesoffireretardedextrudedpolystyrenebysorptivesamplingcapillarygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.019', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/desmet-schelfaut-sandra-determinationofbromophenolsasdioxinprecursorsincombustiongasesoffireretardedextrudedpolystyrenebysorptivesamplingcapillarygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('desmet-schelfaut-sandra-determinationofbromophenolsasdioxinprecursorsincombustiongasesoffireretardedextrudedpolystyrenebysorptivesamplingcapillarygaschromatographymassspectrometry-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{desmet_determination_2005,\n\ttitle = {Determination of bromophenols as dioxin precursors in combustion gases of fire retarded extruded polystyrene by sorptive sampling-capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry},\n\tvolume = {1071},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967304022642 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Desmet 2005.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.019},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Chromatography A},\n\tauthor = {Desmet, Koen and Schelfaut, Marc and Sandra, Pat},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, bromophenols, dioxin precursors, extruded polystyrene, sorptive sampling},\n\tpages = {125--129},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cobb-chen-analysisoffrchemicalsaddedtofoamsfabricbattingloosefillandbarriers-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cobb-chen-analysisoffrchemicalsaddedtofoamsfabricbattingloosefillandbarriers-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf', event);\">\n    Analysis of FR Chemicals Added to Foams, Fabric, Batting, Loose Fill, and Barriers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cobb, D.;  and Chen, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cobb-chen-analysisoffrchemicalsaddedtofoamsfabricbattingloosefillandbarriers-2005', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of FR Chemicals Added to Foams, Fabric, Batting, Loose Fill, and Barriers [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cobb-chen-analysisoffrchemicalsaddedtofoamsfabricbattingloosefillandbarriers-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cobb-chen-analysisoffrchemicalsaddedtofoamsfabricbattingloosefillandbarriers-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cobb_analysis_2005,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Analysis of {FR} {Chemicals} {Added} to {Foams}, {Fabric}, {Batting}, {Loose} {Fill}, and {Barriers}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC uff6 2005.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Seven foam types were analyzed for flame retardant chemicals (FRC) to determine the identity and concentration consistency of FRC between sample pieces and within each piece. Spatial variation within the foam samples was not significant. FRC content for most foams varied 10-20\\% relative to the mean, though melamine content for the foam T was more variable. In some instances the measured concentrations did not agree with the manufacturer&#x27;s stated chemical treatment level. Many loose fill, fabric, batting, and barrier samples were also analyzed for FRC content. Most had no significant FRC content.},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Cobb, David and Chen, Shing-bong},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Seven foam types were analyzed for flame retardant chemicals (FRC) to determine the identity and concentration consistency of FRC between sample pieces and within each piece. Spatial variation within the foam samples was not significant. FRC content for most foams varied 10-20% relative to the mean, though melamine content for the foam T was more variable. In some instances the measured concentrations did not agree with the manufacturer's stated chemical treatment level. Many loose fill, fabric, batting, and barrier samples were also analyzed for FRC content. Most had no significant FRC content.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"beineke-siebert-mclachlan-bruhn-thron-failing-mller-baumgrtner-investigationsofthepotentialinfluenceofenvironmentalcontaminantsonthethymusandspleenofharborporpoisesphocoenaphocoena-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'beineke-siebert-mclachlan-bruhn-thron-failing-mller-baumgrtner-investigationsofthepotentialinfluenceofenvironmentalcontaminantsonthethymusandspleenofharborporpoisesphocoenaphocoena-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767', event);\">\n    Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Beineke, A.; Siebert, U.; McLachlan, M.; Bruhn, R.; Thron, K.; Failing, K.; Müller, G.;  and Baumgärtner, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 39(11): 3933–8. June 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('beineke-siebert-mclachlan-bruhn-thron-failing-mller-baumgrtner-investigationsofthepotentialinfluenceofenvironmentalcontaminantsonthethymusandspleenofharborporpoisesphocoenaphocoena-2005', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/beineke-siebert-mclachlan-bruhn-thron-failing-mller-baumgrtner-investigationsofthepotentialinfluenceofenvironmentalcontaminantsonthethymusandspleenofharborporpoisesphocoenaphocoena-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('beineke-siebert-mclachlan-bruhn-thron-failing-mller-baumgrtner-investigationsofthepotentialinfluenceofenvironmentalcontaminantsonthethymusandspleenofharborporpoisesphocoenaphocoena-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{beineke_investigations_2005,\n\ttitle = {Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises ({Phocoena} phocoena).},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984767},\n\tabstract = {Harbor porpoises from the German North and Baltic Seas exhibit a higher incidence of bacterial infections compared to whales from less polluted arctic waters. The potential adverse effect of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals on the immune system and the health status of marine mammals is still discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), toxaphene, (p,p&#x27;-dichlorodiphenyl)trichlorethane (DDT), and (p,p&#x27;-dichlorodiphenyl)dichlorethene (DDE) on the immune system of harbor porpoises. Lymphoid organs are influenced by a variety of factors, and therefore special emphasis was given to separating the confounding effect of age, health status, nutritional state, geographical location, and sex from the effect of contaminant levels upon thymus and spleen. Contaminant analysis and detailed pathological examinations were conducted on 61 by-caught and stranded whales from the North and Baltic Seas and Icelandic and Norwegian waters. Stranded harbor porpoises were more severely diseased than by-caught animals. Thymic atrophy and splenic depletion were significantly correlated to increased PCB and PBDE levels. However, lymphoid depletion was also associated with emaciation and an impaired health status. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced immunosuppression, possibly contributing to disease susceptibility in harbor porpoises. However, further studies are needed to determine if lymphoid depletion is primarily contaminant-induced or secondary to disease and emaciation in this cetacean species.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Beineke, Andreas and Siebert, Ursula and McLachlan, Michael and Bruhn, Regina and Thron, Kristina and Failing, Klaus and Müller, Gundi and Baumgärtner, Wolfgang},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpmid = {15984767},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: toxicity, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: metabolism, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: analysis, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: metabolism, Flame retardants, Geography, Germany, Lymphocyte Depletion, North Sea, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, Porpoises, Porpoises: metabolism, Spleen, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Thymus Gland, Thymus Gland: drug effects, Thymus Gland: metabolism, Toxaphene, Toxaphene: analysis, Toxaphene: metabolism, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {3933--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Harbor porpoises from the German North and Baltic Seas exhibit a higher incidence of bacterial infections compared to whales from less polluted arctic waters. The potential adverse effect of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals on the immune system and the health status of marine mammals is still discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), toxaphene, (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichlorethane (DDT), and (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)dichlorethene (DDE) on the immune system of harbor porpoises. Lymphoid organs are influenced by a variety of factors, and therefore special emphasis was given to separating the confounding effect of age, health status, nutritional state, geographical location, and sex from the effect of contaminant levels upon thymus and spleen. Contaminant analysis and detailed pathological examinations were conducted on 61 by-caught and stranded whales from the North and Baltic Seas and Icelandic and Norwegian waters. Stranded harbor porpoises were more severely diseased than by-caught animals. Thymic atrophy and splenic depletion were significantly correlated to increased PCB and PBDE levels. However, lymphoid depletion was also associated with emaciation and an impaired health status. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced immunosuppression, possibly contributing to disease susceptibility in harbor porpoises. However, further studies are needed to determine if lymphoid depletion is primarily contaminant-induced or secondary to disease and emaciation in this cetacean species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387', event);\">\n    Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wensing, M.; Uhde, E.;  and Salthammer, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 339(1–3): 19–40. March 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wensing_plastics_2005,\n\ttitle = {Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers},\n\tvolume = {339},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028},\n\tabstract = {Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving.\n\nIn this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles.\n\nDaily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.},\n\tnumber = {1–3},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Wensing, M. and Uhde, E. and Salthammer, T.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust},\n\tpages = {19--40},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving. In this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles. Daily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"masahiroosako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in Japan.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Masahiro Osako, Y. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 57(10): 1571–9.  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('masahiroosako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/masahiroosako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('masahiroosako-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{masahiro_osako_leaching_2005,\n\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Masahiro Osako, Yong-Jin Kim},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {1571--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-ikonomou-lee-kim-chang-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbloodsamplesfromkorea-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-ikonomou-lee-kim-chang-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbloodsamplesfromkorea-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590', event);\">\n    Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from Korea.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, B.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Lee, S.; Kim, H.;  and Chang, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 336(1–3): 45–56. January 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-ikonomou-lee-kim-chang-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbloodsamplesfromkorea-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from Korea [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.030\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-ikonomou-lee-kim-chang-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbloodsamplesfromkorea-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.030', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-ikonomou-lee-kim-chang-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbloodsamplesfromkorea-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-ikonomou-lee-kim-chang-concentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspolychlorinateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinhumanbloodsamplesfromkorea-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_concentrations_2005,\n\ttitle = {Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from {Korea}},\n\tvolume = {336},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004590},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.030},\n\tabstract = {Analysis of blood samples is an effective way of evaluating contamination by persistent pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human population. Concentrations of PBDEs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were measured in the blood of laborers (n=13) working full time in two different municipal waste incinerator (MWI) plants and residents from the general population (n=22) living in areas near MWIs in Korea. The concentrations of PBDEs were found to be slightly higher in the blood of incineration workers (8.61–46.05 ng/g lipid; mean, 19.33 ng/g lipid; median, 15.94 ng/g lipid) in comparison to that of residents from the general population (7.24–28.89 ng/g lipid; mean, 15.06 ng/g lipid; median, 14.34 ng/g lipid). The total average PCDD/Fs and PCB TEQ concentration was 20.11 pg/g lipid, averaged over incineration workers (17.73 pg/g lipid) and the general population (21.52 pg/g lipid). In addition, the average total crude concentration of PCDD/Fs was 7.40 ng/g lipids, which was 4.1 times greater than for PBDEs. Congener specific analysis confirmed that BDE 47 was a predictive indicator for total PBDE concentration (correlation coefficient r=0.912), and that PCB 153 was a predictive indicator for total PCB concentration (r=0.967). The PBDE levels in human blood in Korea are much higher than those reported in other countries. The presence of the BDE 183 congener was characteristic in the blood of workers from an electronic dismantling facility in MWIs.},\n\tnumber = {1–3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Byung-Hoon and Ikonomou, Michael G. and Lee, Se-Jin and Kim, Hee-Sun and Chang, Yoon-Seok},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Human blood, Korea, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs},\n\tpages = {45--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Analysis of blood samples is an effective way of evaluating contamination by persistent pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human population. Concentrations of PBDEs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were measured in the blood of laborers (n=13) working full time in two different municipal waste incinerator (MWI) plants and residents from the general population (n=22) living in areas near MWIs in Korea. The concentrations of PBDEs were found to be slightly higher in the blood of incineration workers (8.61–46.05 ng/g lipid; mean, 19.33 ng/g lipid; median, 15.94 ng/g lipid) in comparison to that of residents from the general population (7.24–28.89 ng/g lipid; mean, 15.06 ng/g lipid; median, 14.34 ng/g lipid). The total average PCDD/Fs and PCB TEQ concentration was 20.11 pg/g lipid, averaged over incineration workers (17.73 pg/g lipid) and the general population (21.52 pg/g lipid). In addition, the average total crude concentration of PCDD/Fs was 7.40 ng/g lipids, which was 4.1 times greater than for PBDEs. Congener specific analysis confirmed that BDE 47 was a predictive indicator for total PBDE concentration (correlation coefficient r=0.912), and that PCB 153 was a predictive indicator for total PCB concentration (r=0.967). The PBDE levels in human blood in Korea are much higher than those reported in other countries. The presence of the BDE 183 congener was characteristic in the blood of workers from an electronic dismantling facility in MWIs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387', event);\">\n    Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wensing, M.; Uhde, E.;  and Salthammer, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 339(1–3): 19–40. March 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wensing-uhde-salthammer-plasticsadditivesintheindoorenvironmentflameretardantsandplasticizers-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wensing_plastics_2005,\n\ttitle = {Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers},\n\tvolume = {339},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704007387},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028},\n\tabstract = {Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving.\n\nIn this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles.\n\nDaily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.},\n\tnumber = {1–3},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Wensing, M. and Uhde, E. and Salthammer, T.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Automobiles, Exposure, Flame retardants, Indoor air, Phthalates, Settled dust},\n\tpages = {19--40},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Phthalic acid esters and phosphororganic compounds (POC) are generally known as semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, both compound groups are released from a number of sources under normal living conditions and accumulate in air and dust. Therefore, inhalation of air and ingestion of house dust have to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. Especially in the case of very young children, the oral and dermal uptake from house dust might be of relevance for risk assessment. A critical evaluation of indoor exposure to phthalates and POC requires the determination of the target compounds in indoor air and house dust as well as emission studies. The latter are usually carried out under controlled conditions in emission test chambers or cells. Furthermore, chamber testing enables the determination of condensable compounds by fogging sampling. In the case of automobiles, specific scenarios have been developed to study material emissions on a test stand or to evaluate the exposure of users while the vehicle is driving. In this review, results from several studies are summarized and compared for seven phthalic esters and eight POC. The available data for room air and dust differ widely depending on investigated compound and compartment. Room air studies mostly include only a limited number of measurements, which makes a statistical evaluation difficult. The situation is much better for house dust measurements. However, the composition of house dust is very inhomogeneous and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis. Results of emission studies are presented for building products, electronic equipment, and automobiles. Daily rates for inhalation and dust ingestion of phthalic esters and POC were calculated from 95-percentiles or maximum values. A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"aslan-gryczynski-malicka-matveeva-lakowicz-geddes-metalenhancedfluorescenceanemergingtoolinbiotechnology-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'aslan-gryczynski-malicka-matveeva-lakowicz-geddes-metalenhancedfluorescenceanemergingtoolinbiotechnology-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029', event);\">\n    Metal-enhanced fluorescence: an emerging tool in biotechnology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Aslan, K.; Gryczynski, I.; Malicka, J.; Matveeva, E.; Lakowicz, J. R;  and Geddes, C. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current Opinion in Biotechnology</i>, 16(1): 55–62. February 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aslan-gryczynski-malicka-matveeva-lakowicz-geddes-metalenhancedfluorescenceanemergingtoolinbiotechnology-2005', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metal-enhanced fluorescence: an emerging tool in biotechnology [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.01.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aslan-gryczynski-malicka-matveeva-lakowicz-geddes-metalenhancedfluorescenceanemergingtoolinbiotechnology-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.01.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/aslan-gryczynski-malicka-matveeva-lakowicz-geddes-metalenhancedfluorescenceanemergingtoolinbiotechnology-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('aslan-gryczynski-malicka-matveeva-lakowicz-geddes-metalenhancedfluorescenceanemergingtoolinbiotechnology-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{aslan_metal-enhanced_2005,\n\ttitle = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence: an emerging tool in biotechnology},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {0958-1669},\n\tshorttitle = {Metal-enhanced fluorescence},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000029},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2005.01.001},\n\tabstract = {Over the past 15 years, fluorescence has become the dominant detection/sensing technology in medical diagnostics and biotechnology. Although fluorescence is a highly sensitive technique, where single molecules can readily be detected, there is still a drive for reduced detection limits. The detection of a fluorophore is usually limited by its quantum yield, autofluorescence of the samples and/or the photostability of the fluorophores; however, there has been a recent explosion in the use of metallic nanostructures to favorably modify the spectral properties of fluorophores and to alleviate some of these fluorophore photophysical constraints. The use of fluorophore–metal interactions has been termed radiative decay engineering, metal-enhanced fluorescence or surface-enhanced fluorescence.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Current Opinion in Biotechnology},\n\tauthor = {Aslan, Kadir and Gryczynski, Ignacy and Malicka, Joanna and Matveeva, Evgenia and Lakowicz, Joseph R and Geddes, Chris D},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {55--62},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Over the past 15 years, fluorescence has become the dominant detection/sensing technology in medical diagnostics and biotechnology. Although fluorescence is a highly sensitive technique, where single molecules can readily be detected, there is still a drive for reduced detection limits. The detection of a fluorophore is usually limited by its quantum yield, autofluorescence of the samples and/or the photostability of the fluorophores; however, there has been a recent explosion in the use of metallic nanostructures to favorably modify the spectral properties of fluorophores and to alleviate some of these fluorophore photophysical constraints. The use of fluorophore–metal interactions has been termed radiative decay engineering, metal-enhanced fluorescence or surface-enhanced fluorescence.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dulkeith-ringler-klar-feldmann-muozjavier-parak-goldnanoparticlesquenchfluorescencebyphaseinducedradiativeratesuppression-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dulkeith-ringler-klar-feldmann-muozjavier-parak-goldnanoparticlesquenchfluorescencebyphaseinducedradiativeratesuppression-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969', event);\">\n    Gold Nanoparticles Quench Fluorescence by Phase Induced Radiative Rate Suppression.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dulkeith, E.; Ringler, M.; Klar, T. A.; Feldmann, J.; Muñoz Javier, A.;  and Parak, W. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nano Lett.</i>, 5(4): 585–589.  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dulkeith-ringler-klar-feldmann-muozjavier-parak-goldnanoparticlesquenchfluorescencebyphaseinducedradiativeratesuppression-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Gold Nanoparticles Quench Fluorescence by Phase Induced Radiative Rate Suppression [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dulkeith-ringler-klar-feldmann-muozjavier-parak-goldnanoparticlesquenchfluorescencebyphaseinducedradiativeratesuppression-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dulkeith-ringler-klar-feldmann-muozjavier-parak-goldnanoparticlesquenchfluorescencebyphaseinducedradiativeratesuppression-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dulkeith-ringler-klar-feldmann-muozjavier-parak-goldnanoparticlesquenchfluorescencebyphaseinducedradiativeratesuppression-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dulkeith_gold_2005,\n\ttitle = {Gold {Nanoparticles} {Quench} {Fluorescence} by {Phase} {Induced} {Radiative} {Rate} {Suppression}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {1530-6984},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0480969},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nl0480969},\n\tabstract = {The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.\nThe fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\n\tauthor = {Dulkeith, E. and Ringler, M. and Klar, T. A. and Feldmann, J. and Muñoz Javier, A. and Parak, W. J.},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {585--589},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate. The fluorescence quantum yield of Cy5 molecules attached to gold nanoparticles via ssDNA spacers is measured for Cy5-nanoparticle distances between 2 and 16 nm. Different numbers of ssDNA per nanoparticle allow to fine-tune the distance. The change of the radiative and nonradiative molecular decay rates with distance is determined using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Remarkably, the distance dependent quantum efficiency is almost exclusively governed by the radiative rate.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rosi-mirkin-nanostructuresinbiodiagnostics-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rosi-mirkin-nanostructuresinbiodiagnostics-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f', event);\">\n    Nanostructures in biodiagnostics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rosi, N. L;  and Mirkin, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical reviews</i>, 105(4): 1547–62. April 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosi-mirkin-nanostructuresinbiodiagnostics-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rosi-mirkin-nanostructuresinbiodiagnostics-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rosi-mirkin-nanostructuresinbiodiagnostics-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rosi-mirkin-nanostructuresinbiodiagnostics-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rosi_nanostructures_2005,\n\ttitle = {Nanostructures in biodiagnostics.},\n\tvolume = {105},\n\tissn = {0009-2665},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/cr030067f},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Chemical reviews},\n\tauthor = {Rosi, Nathaniel L and Mirkin, Chad A},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Biosensing Techniques, Models, Molecular, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Surface Properties},\n\tpages = {1547--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"yi-nisar-lee-powers-bentley-payne-ghodssi-rubloff-etal-patternedassemblyofgeneticallymodifiedviralnanotemplatesvianucleicacidhybridization-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'yi-nisar-lee-powers-bentley-payne-ghodssi-rubloff-etal-patternedassemblyofgeneticallymodifiedviralnanotemplatesvianucleicacidhybridization-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r', event);\">\n    Patterned assembly of genetically modified viral nanotemplates via nucleic acid hybridization.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Yi, H.; Nisar, S.; Lee, S.; Powers, M. A; Bentley, W. E; Payne, G. F; Ghodssi, R.; Rubloff, G. W; Harris, M. T;  and Culver, J. N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nano letters</i>, 5(10): 1931–6. October 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yi-nisar-lee-powers-bentley-payne-ghodssi-rubloff-etal-patternedassemblyofgeneticallymodifiedviralnanotemplatesvianucleicacidhybridization-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Patterned assembly of genetically modified viral nanotemplates via nucleic acid hybridization. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('yi-nisar-lee-powers-bentley-payne-ghodssi-rubloff-etal-patternedassemblyofgeneticallymodifiedviralnanotemplatesvianucleicacidhybridization-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/yi-nisar-lee-powers-bentley-payne-ghodssi-rubloff-etal-patternedassemblyofgeneticallymodifiedviralnanotemplatesvianucleicacidhybridization-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('yi-nisar-lee-powers-bentley-payne-ghodssi-rubloff-etal-patternedassemblyofgeneticallymodifiedviralnanotemplatesvianucleicacidhybridization-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{yi_patterned_2005,\n\ttitle = {Patterned assembly of genetically modified viral nanotemplates via nucleic acid hybridization.},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {1530-6984},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051254r},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nl051254r},\n\tabstract = {The patterning of nanoparticles represents a significant obstacle in the assembly of nanoscale materials and devices. In this report, cysteine residues were genetically engineered onto the virion surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), providing attachment sites for fluorescent markers. To pattern these viruses, labeled virions were partially disassembled to expose 5&#x27; end RNA sequences and hybridized to virus-specific probe DNA linked to electrodeposited chitosan. Electron microscopy and RNAase treatments confirmed the patterned assembly of the virus templates onto the chitosan surface. These findings demonstrate that TMV nanotemplates can be dimensionally assembled via nucleic acid hybridization.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Nano letters},\n\tauthor = {Yi, Hyunmin and Nisar, Saira and Lee, Sang-Yup and Powers, Michael A and Bentley, William E and Payne, Gregory F and Ghodssi, Reza and Rubloff, Gary W and Harris, Michael T and Culver, James N},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Substitution, Capsid Proteins, Capsid Proteins: genetics, Chitosan, Chitosan: chemistry, Cysteine, Cysteine: genetics, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Electron, Microscopy, Mutation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanostructures: ultrastructure, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, RNA, Ribonucleases, Ribonucleases: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: genetics, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: ultrastructure, Viral, Viral: chemistry, Viral: genetics, Virion, Virion: chemistry, Virion: genetics, Virion: ultrastructure},\n\tpages = {1931--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The patterning of nanoparticles represents a significant obstacle in the assembly of nanoscale materials and devices. In this report, cysteine residues were genetically engineered onto the virion surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), providing attachment sites for fluorescent markers. To pattern these viruses, labeled virions were partially disassembled to expose 5' end RNA sequences and hybridized to virus-specific probe DNA linked to electrodeposited chitosan. Electron microscopy and RNAase treatments confirmed the patterned assembly of the virus templates onto the chitosan surface. These findings demonstrate that TMV nanotemplates can be dimensionally assembled via nucleic acid hybridization.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wichmann-vasicracki-kragl-technologytransferinbiotechnologyadvancesinbiochemicalengineeringbiotechnology-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wichmann-vasicracki-kragl-technologytransferinbiotechnologyadvancesinbiochemicalengineeringbiotechnology-2005', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/', event);\">\n    Technology Transfer in Biotechnology - Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wichmann, R.; Vasic-Racki, D.;  and Kragl, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 92 Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wichmann-vasicracki-kragl-technologytransferinbiotechnologyadvancesinbiochemicalengineeringbiotechnology-2005', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Technology Transfer in Biotechnology - Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wichmann-vasicracki-kragl-technologytransferinbiotechnologyadvancesinbiochemicalengineeringbiotechnology-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wichmann-vasicracki-kragl-technologytransferinbiotechnologyadvancesinbiochemicalengineeringbiotechnology-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{wichmann_technology_2005,\n\ttitle = {Technology {Transfer} in {Biotechnology} - {Advances} in {Biochemical} {Engineering}/{Biotechnology}},\n\tvolume = {92},\n\tisbn = {978-3-540-22412-9},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/he2dtddnbvfgaj1f/},\n\tabstract = {Progress made in lab-scale applications of various coenzyme regeneration systems over the last two decades has mainly focused on the applications of NAD + /NADH- and NADP + /NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase reactions. In situ regeneration systems for these reactions, as well as whole cell, enzymatic, electro-enzymatic, chemical, and photochemical reactions are presented, including details about their efficiency and novelty. The progress of enzyme reaction engineering is also reported.},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},\n\tauthor = {Wichmann, R. and Vasic-Racki, D. and Kragl, Udo},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Chemistry, Materials, Science, and},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Progress made in lab-scale applications of various coenzyme regeneration systems over the last two decades has mainly focused on the applications of NAD + /NADH- and NADP + /NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase reactions. In situ regeneration systems for these reactions, as well as whole cell, enzymatic, electro-enzymatic, chemical, and photochemical reactions are presented, including details about their efficiency and novelty. The progress of enzyme reaction engineering is also reported.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schlick-ding-kovacs-francis-dualsurfacemodificationofthetobaccomosaicvirus-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schlick-ding-kovacs-francis-dualsurfacemodificationofthetobaccomosaicvirus-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n', event);\">\n    Dual-surface modification of the tobacco mosaic virus.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schlick, T. L; Ding, Z.; Kovacs, E. W;  and Francis, M. B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 127(11): 3718–23. March 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schlick-ding-kovacs-francis-dualsurfacemodificationofthetobaccomosaicvirus-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dual-surface modification of the tobacco mosaic virus. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schlick-ding-kovacs-francis-dualsurfacemodificationofthetobaccomosaicvirus-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schlick-ding-kovacs-francis-dualsurfacemodificationofthetobaccomosaicvirus-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schlick-ding-kovacs-francis-dualsurfacemodificationofthetobaccomosaicvirus-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schlick_dual-surface_2005,\n\ttitle = {Dual-surface modification of the tobacco mosaic virus.},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046239n},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja046239n},\n\tabstract = {The protein shell of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provides a robust and practical tubelike scaffold for the preparation of nanoscale materials. To expand the range of applications for which the capsid can be used, two synthetic strategies have been developed for the attachment of new functionality to either the exterior or the interior surface of the virus. The first of these is accomplished using a highly efficient diazonium coupling/oxime formation sequence, which installs {\\textgreater}2000 copies of a material component on the capsid exterior. Alternatively, the inner cavity of the tube can be modified by attaching amines to glutamic acid side chains through a carbodiimide coupling reaction. Both of these reactions have been demonstrated for a series of substrates, including biotin, chromophores, and crown ethers. Through the attachment of PEG polymers to the capsid exterior, organic-soluble TMV rods have been prepared. Finally, the orthogonality of these reactions has been demonstrated by installing different functional groups on the exterior and interior surfaces of the same capsid assemblies.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Schlick, Tara L and Ding, Zhebo and Kovacs, Ernest W and Francis, Matthew B},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid: chemistry, Models, Molecular, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: growth \\&amp; development, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: isolation \\&amp; purification, Tyrosine, Tyrosine: chemistry},\n\tpages = {3718--23},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The protein shell of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provides a robust and practical tubelike scaffold for the preparation of nanoscale materials. To expand the range of applications for which the capsid can be used, two synthetic strategies have been developed for the attachment of new functionality to either the exterior or the interior surface of the virus. The first of these is accomplished using a highly efficient diazonium coupling/oxime formation sequence, which installs \\textgreater2000 copies of a material component on the capsid exterior. Alternatively, the inner cavity of the tube can be modified by attaching amines to glutamic acid side chains through a carbodiimide coupling reaction. Both of these reactions have been demonstrated for a series of substrates, including biotin, chromophores, and crown ethers. Through the attachment of PEG polymers to the capsid exterior, organic-soluble TMV rods have been prepared. Finally, the orthogonality of these reactions has been demonstrated by installing different functional groups on the exterior and interior surfaces of the same capsid assemblies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222', event);\">\n    Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Baskaran, D.; Mays, J. W; Zhang, X P.;  and Bratcher, M. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 127(19): 6916–7. May 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baskaran_carbon_2005,\n\ttitle = {Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0508222},\n\tabstract = {Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100\\% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Baskaran, Durairaj and Mays, Jimmy W and Zhang, X Peter and Bratcher, Matthew S},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {6916--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222', event);\">\n    Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Baskaran, D.; Mays, J. W; Zhang, X P.;  and Bratcher, M. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 127(19): 6916–7. May 2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('baskaran-mays-zhang-bratcher-carbonnanotubeswithcovalentlylinkedporphyrinantennaephotoinducedelectrontransfer-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baskaran_carbon_2005,\n\ttitle = {Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0508222},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0508222},\n\tabstract = {Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100\\% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Baskaran, Durairaj and Mays, Jimmy W and Zhang, X Peter and Bratcher, Matthew S},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {6916--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV-vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95-100% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2004\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2004</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (29)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"balmer-poiger-droz-romanin-bergqvist-mller-buser-occurrenceofmethyltriclosanatransformationproductofthebactericidetriclosaninfishfromvariouslakesinswitzerland-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Occurrence of Methyl Triclosan, a Transformation Product of the Bactericide Triclosan, in Fish from Various Lakes in Switzerland.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Balmer, M. E.; Poiger, T.; Droz, C.; Romanin, K.; Bergqvist, P.; Müller, M. D.;  and Buser, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science and Technology</i>, 38(2): 390–395.  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es030068p\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('balmer-poiger-droz-romanin-bergqvist-mller-buser-occurrenceofmethyltriclosanatransformationproductofthebactericidetriclosaninfishfromvariouslakesinswitzerland-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es030068p', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/balmer-poiger-droz-romanin-bergqvist-mller-buser-occurrenceofmethyltriclosanatransformationproductofthebactericidetriclosaninfishfromvariouslakesinswitzerland-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('balmer-poiger-droz-romanin-bergqvist-mller-buser-occurrenceofmethyltriclosanatransformationproductofthebactericidetriclosaninfishfromvariouslakesinswitzerland-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{balmer_occurrence_2004,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence of {Methyl} {Triclosan}, a {Transformation} {Product} of the {Bactericide} {Triclosan}, in {Fish} from {Various} {Lakes} in {Switzerland}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0013936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es030068p},\n\tabstract = {The bactericide triclosan and methyl triclosan, an environmental transformation product thereof, have been previously detected in lakes and a river in Switzerland. Both compounds are emitted via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with methyl triclosan probably being formed by biological methylation. Passive sampling with semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) showed the presence of methyl triclosan in some lakes, suggesting some potential for bioaccumulation of the compound. In this study, we report the presence of methyl triclosan in fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus) from various lakes in Switzerland receiving inputs from WWTPs. Identification of the compound was based on mass spectral (MS) evidence including MS/MS data. The concentrations of methyl triclosan in the fish were up to 35 ng g(-1) on a wet weight basis and up to 365 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis with concentrations in a relatively narrow range for fish from the same lake (Thunersee, 4-6 ng g(-1); Zürichsee, 32-62 ng g(-1); Pfäffikersee, 43-56 ng g(-1); Greifensee, 165-365 ng g(-1), lipid basis). No methyl triclosan ({\\textbackslash}textless1 ng g(-1), lipid basis) was detected in fish (lake trout, Salmo trutta) from a remote lake in Sweden (Häbberstjärnen) and in fish (roach) from a small lake in Switzerland with no input from WWTPs (Hüttnersee, {\\textbackslash}textless2-{\\textbackslash}textless5 ng g(-1), lipid basis). The concentrations of methyl triclosan in fish correlated (r2 = 0.85) with the ratio of population in the watershed to water throughflow of the lakes (P/Q ratio), which is considered to be a measure for the domestic burden from WWTPs to a lake. Passive sampling with SPMDs confirmed the presence of methyltriclosan in lakes and a river (Zürichsee and Greifensee; Limmat) but not in a remote mountain lake (Jörisee) and in Hüttnersee. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of methyl triclosan estimated from the fish data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was in the order of 1-2.6 x 10(5) (lipid basis) and thus in the range of other persistent organic pollutants. SPMDs were found to be reliable for monitoring low concentrations of methyl triclosan in surface water. Methyl triclosan appears to be a suitable marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the aquatic environment and fish.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Balmer, Marianne E. and Poiger, Thomas and Droz, Christian and Romanin, Kathrin and Bergqvist, Per-Anders and Müller, Markus D. and Buser, Hans-Rudolf},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {14750712},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Aquatic, BCF, Florence, mtcs},\n\tpages = {390--395},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The bactericide triclosan and methyl triclosan, an environmental transformation product thereof, have been previously detected in lakes and a river in Switzerland. Both compounds are emitted via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with methyl triclosan probably being formed by biological methylation. Passive sampling with semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) showed the presence of methyl triclosan in some lakes, suggesting some potential for bioaccumulation of the compound. In this study, we report the presence of methyl triclosan in fish (white fish, Coregonus sp.; roach, Rutilus rutilus) from various lakes in Switzerland receiving inputs from WWTPs. Identification of the compound was based on mass spectral (MS) evidence including MS/MS data. The concentrations of methyl triclosan in the fish were up to 35 ng g(-1) on a wet weight basis and up to 365 ng g(-1) on a lipid basis with concentrations in a relatively narrow range for fish from the same lake (Thunersee, 4-6 ng g(-1); Zürichsee, 32-62 ng g(-1); Pfäffikersee, 43-56 ng g(-1); Greifensee, 165-365 ng g(-1), lipid basis). No methyl triclosan (\\textless1 ng g(-1), lipid basis) was detected in fish (lake trout, Salmo trutta) from a remote lake in Sweden (Häbberstjärnen) and in fish (roach) from a small lake in Switzerland with no input from WWTPs (Hüttnersee, \\textless2-\\textless5 ng g(-1), lipid basis). The concentrations of methyl triclosan in fish correlated (r2 = 0.85) with the ratio of population in the watershed to water throughflow of the lakes (P/Q ratio), which is considered to be a measure for the domestic burden from WWTPs to a lake. Passive sampling with SPMDs confirmed the presence of methyltriclosan in lakes and a river (Zürichsee and Greifensee; Limmat) but not in a remote mountain lake (Jörisee) and in Hüttnersee. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of methyl triclosan estimated from the fish data and SPMD-derived water concentrations was in the order of 1-2.6 x 10(5) (lipid basis) and thus in the range of other persistent organic pollutants. SPMDs were found to be reliable for monitoring low concentrations of methyl triclosan in surface water. Methyl triclosan appears to be a suitable marker for WWTP-derived lipophilic contaminants in the aquatic environment and fish.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"aiello-marshall-levy-dellalatta-larson-relationshipbetweentriclosanandsusceptibilitiesofbacteriaisolatedfromhandsinthecommunity-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Relationship between triclosan and susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands in the community.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Aiello, A. E.; Marshall, B.; Levy, S. B.; Della-Latta, P.;  and Larson, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy</i>, 48(8): 2973–2979.  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.8.2973-2979.2004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('aiello-marshall-levy-dellalatta-larson-relationshipbetweentriclosanandsusceptibilitiesofbacteriaisolatedfromhandsinthecommunity-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.8.2973-2979.2004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/aiello-marshall-levy-dellalatta-larson-relationshipbetweentriclosanandsusceptibilitiesofbacteriaisolatedfromhandsinthecommunity-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('aiello-marshall-levy-dellalatta-larson-relationshipbetweentriclosanandsusceptibilitiesofbacteriaisolatedfromhandsinthecommunity-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{aiello_relationship_2004,\n\ttitle = {Relationship between triclosan and susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands in the community},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {00664804},\n\tdoi = {10.1128/AAC.48.8.2973-2979.2004},\n\tabstract = {The possible association between triclosan and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotic was examined among staphylococci and several species of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from the hands of individuals in a community setting. Hand cultures from individuals randomized to using either antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products (including a hand soap containing 0.2\\% triclosan) or nonantibacterial cleaning and hygiene products for a 1-year period were taken at baseline and at the end of the year. Although there was no statistically significant association between triclosan MICs and susceptibility to antibiotic, there was an increasing trend in the association the odds ratios (ORs) for all species were compared at baseline (OR = 0.65, 95\\% confidence interval [95\\%CI] = 0.33 to 1.27) versus at the end of the year (OR = 1.08, 95\\%CI = 0.62 to 1.97) and for GNB alone at baseline(OR = 0.66, 95\\%CI = 0.29 to 1.51) versus the end of year (OR = 2.69, 95\\%CI = 0.78 to 9.23) regardless of the hand-washing product used. Moreover, triclosan MICs were higher in some of the species compared to earlier reports on household, clinical, and industrial isolates, and some of these isolates had triclosan MICs in the range of concentrations used in consumer products. The absence of a statistically significant association between elevated triclosan MICs and reduced antibiotic susceptibility may indicate that such a correlation does not exist or that it is relatively small among the isolates that were studied. Still, a relationship may emerge after longer-term or higher-dose exposure of bacteria to triclosan in the community setting.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy},\n\tauthor = {Aiello, Allison E. and Marshall, Bonnie and Levy, Stuart B. and Della-Latta, Phyllis and Larson, Elaine},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {15273108},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Antimicrobials, Effectiveness, Florence, TCS},\n\tpages = {2973--2979},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The possible association between triclosan and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotic was examined among staphylococci and several species of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from the hands of individuals in a community setting. Hand cultures from individuals randomized to using either antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products (including a hand soap containing 0.2% triclosan) or nonantibacterial cleaning and hygiene products for a 1-year period were taken at baseline and at the end of the year. Although there was no statistically significant association between triclosan MICs and susceptibility to antibiotic, there was an increasing trend in the association the odds ratios (ORs) for all species were compared at baseline (OR = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.33 to 1.27) versus at the end of the year (OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.62 to 1.97) and for GNB alone at baseline(OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.29 to 1.51) versus the end of year (OR = 2.69, 95%CI = 0.78 to 9.23) regardless of the hand-washing product used. Moreover, triclosan MICs were higher in some of the species compared to earlier reports on household, clinical, and industrial isolates, and some of these isolates had triclosan MICs in the range of concentrations used in consumer products. The absence of a statistically significant association between elevated triclosan MICs and reduced antibiotic susceptibility may indicate that such a correlation does not exist or that it is relatively small among the isolates that were studied. Still, a relationship may emerge after longer-term or higher-dose exposure of bacteria to triclosan in the community setting.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wilford-harner-zhu-shoeib-jones-passivesamplingsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinindoorandoutdoorairinottawacanadaimplicationsforsourcesandexposure-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wilford-harner-zhu-shoeib-jones-passivesamplingsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinindoorandoutdoorairinottawacanadaimplicationsforsourcesandexposure-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x', event);\">\n    Passive Sampling Survey of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Indoor and Outdoor Air in Ottawa, Canada: Implications for Sources and Exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wilford, B. H.; Harner, T.; Zhu, J.; Shoeib, M.;  and Jones, K. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 38(20): 5312–5318. October 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wilford-harner-zhu-shoeib-jones-passivesamplingsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinindoorandoutdoorairinottawacanadaimplicationsforsourcesandexposure-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Passive Sampling Survey of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Indoor and Outdoor Air in Ottawa, Canada: Implications for Sources and Exposure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es049260x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wilford-harner-zhu-shoeib-jones-passivesamplingsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinindoorandoutdoorairinottawacanadaimplicationsforsourcesandexposure-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es049260x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wilford-harner-zhu-shoeib-jones-passivesamplingsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinindoorandoutdoorairinottawacanadaimplicationsforsourcesandexposure-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wilford-harner-zhu-shoeib-jones-passivesamplingsurveyofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinindoorandoutdoorairinottawacanadaimplicationsforsourcesandexposure-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wilford_passive_2004,\n\ttitle = {Passive {Sampling} {Survey} of {Polybrominated} {Diphenyl} {Ether} {Flame} {Retardants} in {Indoor} and {Outdoor} {Air} in {Ottawa}, {Canada}: {Implications} for {Sources} and {Exposure}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049260x},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es049260x},\n\tabstract = {The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations ({\\textbackslash}textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1\\% (f) and 4.4\\% (m) of overall daily intake. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations ({\\textbackslash}textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1\\% (f) and 4.4\\% (m) of overall daily intake.},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Wilford, Bryony H. and Harner, Tom and Zhu, Jiping and Shoeib, Mahiba and Jones, Kevin C.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {5312--5318},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations (\\textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1% (f) and 4.4% (m) of overall daily intake. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in plastics of soft furnishings, TV sets and computers, and insulation in the indoor environment. The penta-BDEsnow banned in most parts of Europe but still used in North Americaare additive flame retardants that may be released to the indoor environment via volatilization or as dusts. In this study, to investigate general population PBDE exposure, air was sampled in 74 randomly selected homes in Ottawa, Canada and at seven outdoor sites during the winter of 2002?3, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. The passive sampling rate (2.5 m3 day-1) was determined through a pilot study employing active and passive samplers side-by-side at selected indoor locations. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs were log-normally distributed with a geometric mean of 120 pg m-3 and a median of 100 pg m-3, approximately 50 times higher than the range of outdoor air concentrations (\\textless0.1?4.4 pg m-3). The maximum daily human exposure via the inhalation pathway based on median PBDE levels found in this survey was estimated to be 1.9 ng day-1 (female) and 2.0 ng day-1 (male), representing 4.1% (f) and 4.4% (m) of overall daily intake.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"williamson-mowrer-theroleofinteriorfinishinfiredevelopment-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The role of interior finish in fire development.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Williamson, R B;  and Mowrer, F W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Protection Engineering</i>, Fall(24): 26–29,32–34,36,38–40.  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/williamson-mowrer-theroleofinteriorfinishinfiredevelopment-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('williamson-mowrer-theroleofinteriorfinishinfiredevelopment-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{williamson_role_2004,\n\ttitle = {The role of interior finish in fire development},\n\tvolume = {Fall},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Fire Protection Engineering},\n\tauthor = {Williamson, R B and Mowrer, F W},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {26--29,32--34,36,38--40},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletherdecreasescholinergicnicotinicreceptorsinhippocampusandaffectsspontaneousbehaviourintheadultmouse-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletherdecreasescholinergicnicotinicreceptorsinhippocampusandaffectsspontaneousbehaviourintheadultmouse-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004', event);\">\n    Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Viberg, H; Fredriksson, A;  and Eriksson, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology</i>, 17(2): 61–65. June 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletherdecreasescholinergicnicotinicreceptorsinhippocampusandaffectsspontaneousbehaviourintheadultmouse-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletherdecreasescholinergicnicotinicreceptorsinhippocampusandaffectsspontaneousbehaviourintheadultmouse-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletherdecreasescholinergicnicotinicreceptorsinhippocampusandaffectsspontaneousbehaviourintheadultmouse-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretothebrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletherdecreasescholinergicnicotinicreceptorsinhippocampusandaffectsspontaneousbehaviourintheadultmouse-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{viberg_neonatal_2004,\n\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {13826689},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.004},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame-retardants and have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk. We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99) can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour and also affect learning and memory functions in the adult animal. The present study indicates that the cholinergic system, in its developing stage, can be a target for PBDEs. Neonatal oral exposure of male NMRI mice, on postnatal day 10, to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (12 mg/kg body weight) was shown to decrease the density of cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, at an adult age. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexaBDE, PCBs and nicotine, compounds shown to affect cholinergic nicotinic receptors. The animals of the present study also showed disrupted spontaneous behaviour, and the highest dose that did not cause any significant behavioural disruption was 0.4 mg 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE/kg b.w.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Viberg, H and Fredriksson, A and Eriksson, P},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {61--65},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame-retardants and have recently been shown to increase in the environment and in human milk. We have recently reported that neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99) can induce persistent aberrations in spontaneous behaviour and also affect learning and memory functions in the adult animal. The present study indicates that the cholinergic system, in its developing stage, can be a target for PBDEs. Neonatal oral exposure of male NMRI mice, on postnatal day 10, to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (12 mg/kg body weight) was shown to decrease the density of cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, at an adult age. These findings show similarities to observations made from neonatal exposure to 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexaBDE, PCBs and nicotine, compounds shown to affect cholinergic nicotinic receptors. The animals of the present study also showed disrupted spontaneous behaviour, and the highest dose that did not cause any significant behavioural disruption was 0.4 mg 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE/kg b.w.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tomy-palace-halldorson-braekevelt-danell-wautier-evans-brinkworth-etal-bioaccumulationbiotransformationandbiochemicaleffectsofbrominateddiphenylethersinjuvenilelaketroutsalvelinusnamaycush-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tomy-palace-halldorson-braekevelt-danell-wautier-evans-brinkworth-etal-bioaccumulationbiotransformationandbiochemicaleffectsofbrominateddiphenylethersinjuvenilelaketroutsalvelinusnamaycush-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tomy, G. T; Palace, V. P; Halldorson, T.; Braekevelt, E.; Danell, R.; Wautier, K.; Evans, B.; Brinkworth, L.;  and Fisk, A. T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 38(5): 1496–504. March 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tomy-palace-halldorson-braekevelt-danell-wautier-evans-brinkworth-etal-bioaccumulationbiotransformationandbiochemicaleffectsofbrominateddiphenylethersinjuvenilelaketroutsalvelinusnamaycush-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tomy-palace-halldorson-braekevelt-danell-wautier-evans-brinkworth-etal-bioaccumulationbiotransformationandbiochemicaleffectsofbrominateddiphenylethersinjuvenilelaketroutsalvelinusnamaycush-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tomy-palace-halldorson-braekevelt-danell-wautier-evans-brinkworth-etal-bioaccumulationbiotransformationandbiochemicaleffectsofbrominateddiphenylethersinjuvenilelaketroutsalvelinusnamaycush-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tomy_bioaccumulation_2004,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout ({Salvelinus} namaycush).},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15046352},\n\tabstract = {Juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to three dietary concentrations (0, approximately 2.5, and approximately 25 ng/g per BDE congener) of 13 BDE congeners (3-10 Br atoms) in the laboratory for 56 days, followed by 112 days of clean food, to examine bioaccumulation parameters and potential biochemical effects. The bioaccumulation of BDEs by the trout was highly influenced by biotransformation, via debromination, which resulted in bioaccumulation parameters that were much different than would be expected based on studies of chlorinated organic compounds (e.g., PCBs). Half-lives (t1/2&#x27;s) for some BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-85 and -190) were much lower than expected based on their Kow, which was likely due to biotransformation, whereas t1/2&#x27;s of other BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-66, -77, -153, and -154) were much longer than anticipated based on Kow. This was likely because the metabolites of BDE formed via debromination had the same chemical structure of these BDE congeners, which supplemented measured concentrations. The detection of three BDE congeners (an unknown penta, BDE-140, and an unknown hexa) in the fish that were not present in the food or in the control fish provide further evidence forthe debromination of BDEs. Half-lives of BDEs ranged from 38 +/- 9 to 346 +/- 173 days and biomagnification factors ranged from 1.6 (BDE-190) to 45.9 (BDE-100), but these bioaccumulation parameters need to be viewed with caution because they were highly influenced by debromination and relative abundance of individual BDEs that the fish were exposed to. CYP1A enzyme activity, measured as EROD, and free tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma of lake trout varied significantly throughout the experiment but were not related to BDE exposure. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroxine levels (T4) were lower in both groups of PBDE-exposed fish compared with control fish after 56 days of exposure, and after 168 days in the high dose, suggesting that PBDEs may influence thyroid homeostasis at levels that are higher than what is normally found in the environment.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Tomy, Gregg T and Palace, Vince P and Halldorson, Thor and Braekevelt, Eric and Danell, Robert and Wautier, Kerry and Evans, Bob and Brinkworth, Lyndon and Fisk, Aaron T},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {15046352},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Biotransformation, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Chemical: pharmacology, Diet, Flame retardants, Half-Life, Homeostasis, Oral, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Tissue Distribution, Trout, Trout: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, waa},\n\tpages = {1496--504},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to three dietary concentrations (0, approximately 2.5, and approximately 25 ng/g per BDE congener) of 13 BDE congeners (3-10 Br atoms) in the laboratory for 56 days, followed by 112 days of clean food, to examine bioaccumulation parameters and potential biochemical effects. The bioaccumulation of BDEs by the trout was highly influenced by biotransformation, via debromination, which resulted in bioaccumulation parameters that were much different than would be expected based on studies of chlorinated organic compounds (e.g., PCBs). Half-lives (t1/2's) for some BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-85 and -190) were much lower than expected based on their Kow, which was likely due to biotransformation, whereas t1/2's of other BDE congeners (e.g., BDE-66, -77, -153, and -154) were much longer than anticipated based on Kow. This was likely because the metabolites of BDE formed via debromination had the same chemical structure of these BDE congeners, which supplemented measured concentrations. The detection of three BDE congeners (an unknown penta, BDE-140, and an unknown hexa) in the fish that were not present in the food or in the control fish provide further evidence forthe debromination of BDEs. Half-lives of BDEs ranged from 38 +/- 9 to 346 +/- 173 days and biomagnification factors ranged from 1.6 (BDE-190) to 45.9 (BDE-100), but these bioaccumulation parameters need to be viewed with caution because they were highly influenced by debromination and relative abundance of individual BDEs that the fish were exposed to. CYP1A enzyme activity, measured as EROD, and free tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma of lake trout varied significantly throughout the experiment but were not related to BDE exposure. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroxine levels (T4) were lower in both groups of PBDE-exposed fish compared with control fish after 56 days of exposure, and after 168 days in the high dose, suggesting that PBDEs may influence thyroid homeostasis at levels that are higher than what is normally found in the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stoker-laws-crofton-hedge-ferrell-cooper-assessmentofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixtureintheedspmaleandfemalepubertalprotocols-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stoker-laws-crofton-hedge-ferrell-cooper-assessmentofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixtureintheedspmaleandfemalepubertalprotocols-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130', event);\">\n    Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stoker, T. E; Laws, S. C; Crofton, K. M; Hedge, J. M; Ferrell, J. M;  and Cooper, R. L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 78(1): 144–55. March 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stoker-laws-crofton-hedge-ferrell-cooper-assessmentofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixtureintheedspmaleandfemalepubertalprotocols-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh029\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stoker-laws-crofton-hedge-ferrell-cooper-assessmentofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixtureintheedspmaleandfemalepubertalprotocols-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh029', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stoker-laws-crofton-hedge-ferrell-cooper-assessmentofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixtureintheedspmaleandfemalepubertalprotocols-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stoker-laws-crofton-hedge-ferrell-cooper-assessmentofde71acommercialpolybrominateddiphenyletherpbdemixtureintheedspmaleandfemalepubertalprotocols-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stoker_assessment_2004,\n\ttitle = {Assessment of {DE}-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) mixture, in the {EDSP} male and female pubertal protocols.},\n\tvolume = {78},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999130},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfh029},\n\tabstract = {DE-71, a commercial mixture, was used to test the sensitivity of the female and male pubertal protocol to detect thyroid active chemicals. These protocols are being evaluated for the U.S. EPA&#x27;s Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program as part of a Tier I Screening Battery. To examine the ability of these protocols to screen for chemicals that induce the clearance of thyroid hormone, we examined male and female Wistar rats following DE-71 exposure. Rats were gavaged daily with 0, 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg DE in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 23-53 in the male or PND 22-41 in the female. The temporal effects of DE-71 on liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were measured in another group of males and females following only 5 days of dosing (PND 21 to 26 in females and PND 23 to 28 in males). Serum T4 was significantly decreased at 30 and 60 mg/kg following the 5-day exposures and in the 21-day exposed females. Doses of 3, 30, and 60 mg/kg decreased T4 in 31-day exposed males. Serum T3 was decreased and TSH elevated by 30 and 60 mg/kg in the 31-day exposed males only. Decreased colloid area and increased follicular cell heights (indicative of the hypothyroid state) were observed in thyroids of the 60 mg/kg groups of 20- and 31-day exposed female and males. Increased liver-to-body weight ratios coincided with a significant induction of uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDGPT; two to four-fold), and ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD) at the two highest doses in all exposures. Of the androgen dependent tissues in the 31-day exposed males, seminal vesicle (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights were reduced at 60 mg/kg, while testes and epididymal weights were not affected. Preputial separation (PPS) was also significantly delayed by doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. In the female, the 60 mg/kg dose also caused a significant delay in the age of vaginal opening. Based upon the thyroid hormone response data, this study provides evidence that the 31-day alternative Tier 1 male protocol is a more sensitive test protocol than the 5-day or female pubertal protocol for thyrotoxic agents that act via up-regulation of hepatic metabolism. This apparent greater sensitivity may be due a greater body burden attained following the longer dosing regimen as compared with that of the female protocol, or to gender specific differences in thyroid hormone metabolism. Also, the delay in PPS and reduction in SV and VP weights may indicate a modification or inhibition of endogenous androgenic stimulation directly by DE-71 or a secondary effect that occurs in response to a DE-induced change in thyroid hormones.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Stoker, Tammy E and Laws, Susan C and Crofton, Kevin M and Hedge, Joan M and Ferrell, Janet M and Cooper, Ralph L},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {14999130},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Body Weight, Body Weight: drug effects, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Complex Mixtures, Complex Mixtures: toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Evaluation, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: chemically induced, Endpoint Determination, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Male, Microsomes, Organ Size, Organ Size: drug effects, Penis, Penis: drug effects, Penis: growth \\&amp; development, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Preclinical, Pregnancy, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Sexual Maturation, Sexual Maturation: drug effects, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Gland: drug effects, Thyroid Gland: pathology, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Toxicity Tests, Vagina, Vagina: drug effects, Vagina: growth \\&amp; development, Wistar, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {144--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  DE-71, a commercial mixture, was used to test the sensitivity of the female and male pubertal protocol to detect thyroid active chemicals. These protocols are being evaluated for the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program as part of a Tier I Screening Battery. To examine the ability of these protocols to screen for chemicals that induce the clearance of thyroid hormone, we examined male and female Wistar rats following DE-71 exposure. Rats were gavaged daily with 0, 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg DE in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 23-53 in the male or PND 22-41 in the female. The temporal effects of DE-71 on liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were measured in another group of males and females following only 5 days of dosing (PND 21 to 26 in females and PND 23 to 28 in males). Serum T4 was significantly decreased at 30 and 60 mg/kg following the 5-day exposures and in the 21-day exposed females. Doses of 3, 30, and 60 mg/kg decreased T4 in 31-day exposed males. Serum T3 was decreased and TSH elevated by 30 and 60 mg/kg in the 31-day exposed males only. Decreased colloid area and increased follicular cell heights (indicative of the hypothyroid state) were observed in thyroids of the 60 mg/kg groups of 20- and 31-day exposed female and males. Increased liver-to-body weight ratios coincided with a significant induction of uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDGPT; two to four-fold), and ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD) at the two highest doses in all exposures. Of the androgen dependent tissues in the 31-day exposed males, seminal vesicle (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights were reduced at 60 mg/kg, while testes and epididymal weights were not affected. Preputial separation (PPS) was also significantly delayed by doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. In the female, the 60 mg/kg dose also caused a significant delay in the age of vaginal opening. Based upon the thyroid hormone response data, this study provides evidence that the 31-day alternative Tier 1 male protocol is a more sensitive test protocol than the 5-day or female pubertal protocol for thyrotoxic agents that act via up-regulation of hepatic metabolism. This apparent greater sensitivity may be due a greater body burden attained following the longer dosing regimen as compared with that of the female protocol, or to gender specific differences in thyroid hormone metabolism. Also, the delay in PPS and reduction in SV and VP weights may indicate a modification or inhibition of endogenous androgenic stimulation directly by DE-71 or a secondary effect that occurs in response to a DE-induced change in thyroid hormones.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-alaee-letcher-baker-debrominationoftheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherbyjuvenilecarpcyprinuscarpiofollowingdietaryexposure-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-alaee-letcher-baker-debrominationoftheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherbyjuvenilecarpcyprinuscarpiofollowingdietaryexposure-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725', event);\">\n    Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M; Alaee, M.; Letcher, R. J;  and Baker, J. E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 38(1): 112–9. January 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-alaee-letcher-baker-debrominationoftheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherbyjuvenilecarpcyprinuscarpiofollowingdietaryexposure-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-alaee-letcher-baker-debrominationoftheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherbyjuvenilecarpcyprinuscarpiofollowingdietaryexposure-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-alaee-letcher-baker-debrominationoftheflameretardantdecabromodiphenyletherbyjuvenilecarpcyprinuscarpiofollowingdietaryexposure-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_debromination_2004,\n\ttitle = {Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp ({Cyprinus} carpio) following dietary exposure.},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740725},\n\tabstract = {The congener 2,2&#x27;,3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6,6&#x27;-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant known as decaBDE. This flame retardant constitutes approximately 80\\% of the world market demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Because this compound is very hydrophobic (log K(ow) approximately 10), it has been suggested that BDE 209 has very low bioavailability, although debromination to more bioavailable metabolites has also been suggested to occur in fish tissues. In the present study, juvenile carp were exposed to BDE 209 amended food on a daily basis for 60 days, followed by a 40-day depuration period in which the fate of BDE 209 was monitored in whole fish and liver tissues separately. No net accumulation of BDE 209 was observed throughout the experiment despite an exposure concentration of 940 ng/day/fish. However, seven apparent debrominated products of BDE 209 accumulated in whole fish and liver tissues over the exposure period. These debrominated metabolites of BDE 209 were identified as penta- to octaBDEs using both GC/ECNI-MS and GC/HRMS. Using estimation methods for relative retention times of phenyl substitution patterns, we have identified possible structures for the hexa- and heptabromodiphenyl ethers identified in the carp tissues. Although exposure of carp to BDE 209 did not result in the accumulation of BDE 209 in carp tissues, our results indicate evidence of limited BDE 209 bioavailability from food in the form of lower brominated metabolites.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M and Alaee, Mehran and Letcher, Robert J and Baker, Joel E},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {14740725},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animals, Biological Availability, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: metabolism, Bromobenzenes: pharmacokinetics, Carps, Carps: physiology, Chemical, Chemical: metabolism, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Liver, Liver: chemistry, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, frelec, waa},\n\tpages = {112--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The congener 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant known as decaBDE. This flame retardant constitutes approximately 80% of the world market demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Because this compound is very hydrophobic (log K(ow) approximately 10), it has been suggested that BDE 209 has very low bioavailability, although debromination to more bioavailable metabolites has also been suggested to occur in fish tissues. In the present study, juvenile carp were exposed to BDE 209 amended food on a daily basis for 60 days, followed by a 40-day depuration period in which the fate of BDE 209 was monitored in whole fish and liver tissues separately. No net accumulation of BDE 209 was observed throughout the experiment despite an exposure concentration of 940 ng/day/fish. However, seven apparent debrominated products of BDE 209 accumulated in whole fish and liver tissues over the exposure period. These debrominated metabolites of BDE 209 were identified as penta- to octaBDEs using both GC/ECNI-MS and GC/HRMS. Using estimation methods for relative retention times of phenyl substitution patterns, we have identified possible structures for the hexa- and heptabromodiphenyl ethers identified in the carp tissues. Although exposure of carp to BDE 209 did not result in the accumulation of BDE 209 in carp tissues, our results indicate evidence of limited BDE 209 bioavailability from food in the form of lower brominated metabolites.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ronisz-finne-karlsson-frlin-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecanehbcddandtetrabromobisphenolatbbpaonhepaticenzymesandotherbiomarkersinjuvenilerainbowtroutandferaleelpout-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ronisz-finne-karlsson-frlin-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecanehbcddandtetrabromobisphenolatbbpaonhepaticenzymesandotherbiomarkersinjuvenilerainbowtroutandferaleelpout-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329', event);\">\n    Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ronisz, D; Finne, E F.; Karlsson, H;  and Förlin, L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Aquatic toxicology</i>, 69(3): 229–45. August 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ronisz-finne-karlsson-frlin-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecanehbcddandtetrabromobisphenolatbbpaonhepaticenzymesandotherbiomarkersinjuvenilerainbowtroutandferaleelpout-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.007\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ronisz-finne-karlsson-frlin-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecanehbcddandtetrabromobisphenolatbbpaonhepaticenzymesandotherbiomarkersinjuvenilerainbowtroutandferaleelpout-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.007', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ronisz-finne-karlsson-frlin-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecanehbcddandtetrabromobisphenolatbbpaonhepaticenzymesandotherbiomarkersinjuvenilerainbowtroutandferaleelpout-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ronisz-finne-karlsson-frlin-effectsofthebrominatedflameretardantshexabromocyclododecanehbcddandtetrabromobisphenolatbbpaonhepaticenzymesandotherbiomarkersinjuvenilerainbowtroutandferaleelpout-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ronisz_effects_2004,\n\ttitle = {Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane ({HBCDD}), and tetrabromobisphenol {A} ({TBBPA}), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout.},\n\tvolume = {69},\n\tissn = {0166-445X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15276329},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) leak out in the environment, including the aquatic one. Despite this, sublethal effects of these chemicals are poorly investigated in fish. In this study, a screening of selected biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and feral eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) was performed after exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Rainbow trout was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with HBCDD or TBBPA. Two out of four short-term experiments with HBCDD showed an increase in the activity of catalase. A 40\\% increase in liver somatic index (LSI) could be observed after 28 days. HBCDD did also seem to have an inhibitory effect on CYP1A&#x27;s activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)). A putative peroxisome proliferating activity of the compound was investigated without giving a definite answer. HBCDD did not seem to be estrogenic or genotoxic. TBBPA increased the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) after 4, 14 and 28 days in rainbow trout suggesting a possible role of this compound in inducing oxidative stress. The compound did not seem to be estrogenic. TBBPA seemed to compete with the artificial substrate ethoxyresorufin in vitro, during the EROD assay. In eelpout, only one 5 days in vivo experiment was performed. Neither of the compounds gave rise to any effect in this fish. This was the first screening of sublethal effects of the two chemicals in fish, using high doses. Our results indicate that there is a need for further studies of long-term, low-dose effects of these two widely used flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Aquatic toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Ronisz, D and Finne, E Farmen and Karlsson, H and Förlin, L},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {15276329},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Blotting, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Catalase, Catalase: metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: metabolism, Cytosol, Cytosol: enzymology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Reductase: metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: enzymology, Microsomes, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus mykiss: metabolism, Organ Size, Perciformes, Perciformes: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Spectrophotometry, Time Factors, Ultraviolet, Western, frbldg, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {229--45},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) leak out in the environment, including the aquatic one. Despite this, sublethal effects of these chemicals are poorly investigated in fish. In this study, a screening of selected biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and feral eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) was performed after exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Rainbow trout was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with HBCDD or TBBPA. Two out of four short-term experiments with HBCDD showed an increase in the activity of catalase. A 40% increase in liver somatic index (LSI) could be observed after 28 days. HBCDD did also seem to have an inhibitory effect on CYP1A's activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)). A putative peroxisome proliferating activity of the compound was investigated without giving a definite answer. HBCDD did not seem to be estrogenic or genotoxic. TBBPA increased the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) after 4, 14 and 28 days in rainbow trout suggesting a possible role of this compound in inducing oxidative stress. The compound did not seem to be estrogenic. TBBPA seemed to compete with the artificial substrate ethoxyresorufin in vitro, during the EROD assay. In eelpout, only one 5 days in vivo experiment was performed. Neither of the compounds gave rise to any effect in this fish. This was the first screening of sublethal effects of the two chemicals in fish, using high doses. Our results indicate that there is a need for further studies of long-term, low-dose effects of these two widely used flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf', event);\">\n    The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Remberger, M.; Sternbeck, J.; Palm, A.; Kaj, L.; Strömberg, K.;  and Brorström-Lundén, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 54(1): 9–21. January 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{remberger_environmental_2004,\n\ttitle = {The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in {Sweden}.},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559253 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Remberger 2004.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6},\n\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Remberger, Mikael and Sternbeck, John and Palm, Anna and Kaj, Lennart and Strömberg, Katarina and Brorström-Lundén, Eva},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Cities, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Fishes, Fishes: metabolism, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Analysis, Geography, Hydrocarbons, Sweden},\n\tpages = {9--21},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rayne-ikonomou-ross-ellis-barrettlennard-pbdespbbsandpcnsinthreecommunitiesoffreerangingkillerwhalesorcinusorcafromthenortheasternpacificocean-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rayne-ikonomou-ross-ellis-barrettlennard-pbdespbbsandpcnsinthreecommunitiesoffreerangingkillerwhalesorcinusorcafromthenortheasternpacificocean-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855', event);\">\n    PBDEs, PBBs, and PCNs in three communities of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rayne, S.; Ikonomou, M. G; Ross, P. S; Ellis, G. M;  and Barrett-Lennard, L. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 38(16): 4293–9. August 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rayne-ikonomou-ross-ellis-barrettlennard-pbdespbbsandpcnsinthreecommunitiesoffreerangingkillerwhalesorcinusorcafromthenortheasternpacificocean-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs, PBBs, and PCNs in three communities of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rayne-ikonomou-ross-ellis-barrettlennard-pbdespbbsandpcnsinthreecommunitiesoffreerangingkillerwhalesorcinusorcafromthenortheasternpacificocean-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rayne-ikonomou-ross-ellis-barrettlennard-pbdespbbsandpcnsinthreecommunitiesoffreerangingkillerwhalesorcinusorcafromthenortheasternpacificocean-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rayne_pbdes_2004,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs}, {PBBs}, and {PCNs} in three communities of free-ranging killer whales ({Orcinus} orca) from the northeastern {Pacific} {Ocean}.},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382855},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were quantified in blubber biopsy samples collected from free-ranging male and female killer whales (Orcinus orca) belonging to three distinct communities (southern residents, northern residents, and transients) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. High concentrations of sigmaPBDE were observed in male southern residents (942+/-582 ng/g Iw), male and female transients (1015+/-605 and 885+/-706 ng/g Iw, respectively), and male and female northern residents (203+/-116 and 415+/-676 ng/g Iw, respectively). Because of large variation within sample groups, sigmaPBDE levels generally did not differ statistically with the exception of male northern residents, which had lower sigmaPBDE concentrations than male southern residents, male transients, and female transients, perhaps reflecting the consumption of less contaminated prey items. Male transient killer whales, which consume high trophic level prey including other cetaceans and occasionally spend time near populated areas, had sigmaPBDE concentrations approximately equal to southern residents. No significant age-related relationships were observed for sigmaPBDE concentrations. sigmaPBDE concentrations were approximately 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of sigmaPBB (3.0-31 ng/g Iw) and sigmaPCN (20-167 ng/g Iw) measured in a subset of samples, suggesting that PBDEs may represent a contaminant class of concern in these marine mammals.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Rayne, Sierra and Ikonomou, Michael G and Ross, Peter S and Ellis, Graeme M and Barrett-Lennard, Lance G},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {15382855},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: pharmacokinetics, Diet, Ethers, Ethers: analysis, Female, Flame retardants, Food Chain, Male, Movement, Naphthalenes, Naphthalenes: analysis, Naphthalenes: pharmacokinetics, Pacific Ocean, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Whales, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {4293--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were quantified in blubber biopsy samples collected from free-ranging male and female killer whales (Orcinus orca) belonging to three distinct communities (southern residents, northern residents, and transients) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. High concentrations of sigmaPBDE were observed in male southern residents (942+/-582 ng/g Iw), male and female transients (1015+/-605 and 885+/-706 ng/g Iw, respectively), and male and female northern residents (203+/-116 and 415+/-676 ng/g Iw, respectively). Because of large variation within sample groups, sigmaPBDE levels generally did not differ statistically with the exception of male northern residents, which had lower sigmaPBDE concentrations than male southern residents, male transients, and female transients, perhaps reflecting the consumption of less contaminated prey items. Male transient killer whales, which consume high trophic level prey including other cetaceans and occasionally spend time near populated areas, had sigmaPBDE concentrations approximately equal to southern residents. No significant age-related relationships were observed for sigmaPBDE concentrations. sigmaPBDE concentrations were approximately 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of sigmaPBB (3.0-31 ng/g Iw) and sigmaPCN (20-167 ng/g Iw) measured in a subset of samples, suggesting that PBDEs may represent a contaminant class of concern in these marine mammals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"osako-kim-sakai-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'osako-kim-sakai-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076', event);\">\n    Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Osako, M.; Kim, Y.;  and Sakai, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 57(10): 1571–9. December 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('osako-kim-sakai-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in Japan. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('osako-kim-sakai-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/osako-kim-sakai-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('osako-kim-sakai-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsinleachatefromlandfillsinjapan-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{osako_leaching_2004,\n\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in {Japan}.},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.076},\n\tabstract = {Leachate samples were taken from seven different landfills and concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were quantified. Leaching characteristics of BFRs, especially factors affecting leachability, were clarified to obtain basic information regarding the release of BFRs into the environment. The results obtained for observed levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.–4000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d. for the treated one, respectively, and those of TBBPA were n.d.–620,000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d.–11,000 pg/l for the treated one, respectively. Three sites that not only had crushed material from bulk wastes such as waste electric and electronic equipment, but also were under operation or within a year since closure, indicated a higher concentration of BFRs than the other sites. In particular extremely high concentration of PBDEs was observed at a site with a large amount of organics. Considering the leaching characteristics of BFRs, there exists the possibility that leachability of PBDEs is influenced by the presence of dissolved humic matter (DHM) in the leachate. The high removal efficiency for BFRs in the leachate treatment process was also confirmed.},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Osako, Masahiro and Kim, Yong-Jin and Sakai, Shin-ichi},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {15519402},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hydrocarbons, Japan, Refuse Disposal, Water Pollutants, eol, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {1571--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Leachate samples were taken from seven different landfills and concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were quantified. Leaching characteristics of BFRs, especially factors affecting leachability, were clarified to obtain basic information regarding the release of BFRs into the environment. The results obtained for observed levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.–4000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d. for the treated one, respectively, and those of TBBPA were n.d.–620,000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d.–11,000 pg/l for the treated one, respectively. Three sites that not only had crushed material from bulk wastes such as waste electric and electronic equipment, but also were under operation or within a year since closure, indicated a higher concentration of BFRs than the other sites. In particular extremely high concentration of PBDEs was observed at a site with a large amount of organics. Considering the leaching characteristics of BFRs, there exists the possibility that leachability of PBDEs is influenced by the presence of dissolved humic matter (DHM) in the leachate. The high removal efficiency for BFRs in the leachate treatment process was also confirmed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"morris-allchin-zegers-haftka-boon-belpaire-leonards-vanleeuwen-etal-distributionandfateofhbcdandtbbpabrominatedflameretardantsinnorthseaestuariesandaquaticfoodwebs-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'morris-allchin-zegers-haftka-boon-belpaire-leonards-vanleeuwen-etal-distributionandfateofhbcdandtbbpabrominatedflameretardantsinnorthseaestuariesandaquaticfoodwebs-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i', event);\">\n    Distribution and Fate of HBCD and TBBPA Brominated Flame Retardants in North Sea Estuaries and Aquatic Food Webs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Morris, S.; Allchin, C. R; Zegers, B. N; Haftka, J. J H; Boon, J. P; Belpaire, C.; Leonards, P. E G; van Leeuwen, S. P J;  and de Boer, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 38(21): 5497–5504. November 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('morris-allchin-zegers-haftka-boon-belpaire-leonards-vanleeuwen-etal-distributionandfateofhbcdandtbbpabrominatedflameretardantsinnorthseaestuariesandaquaticfoodwebs-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distribution and Fate of HBCD and TBBPA Brominated Flame Retardants in North Sea Estuaries and Aquatic Food Webs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/morris-allchin-zegers-haftka-boon-belpaire-leonards-vanleeuwen-etal-distributionandfateofhbcdandtbbpabrominatedflameretardantsinnorthseaestuariesandaquaticfoodwebs-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('morris-allchin-zegers-haftka-boon-belpaire-leonards-vanleeuwen-etal-distributionandfateofhbcdandtbbpabrominatedflameretardantsinnorthseaestuariesandaquaticfoodwebs-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{morris_distribution_2004,\n\ttitle = {Distribution and {Fate} of {HBCD} and {TBBPA} {Brominated} {Flame} {Retardants} in {North} {Sea} {Estuaries} and {Aquatic} {Food} {Webs}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049640i},\n\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Morris, Steven and Allchin, Colin R and Zegers, Bart N and Haftka, Joris J H and Boon, Jan P and Belpaire, Claude and Leonards, Pim E G and van Leeuwen, Stefan P J and de Boer, Jacob},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {5497--5504},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, ?-, and ?-HBCD) were investigated in effluents from sewage treatment works, landfill leachates, sediments, and food web organisms of the North Sea basin. Residues were quantified by liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Both flame retardants were enriched in sewage sludges, where a maximum total (Σ) HBCD concentration of 9.1 mg/kg (dry weight; d.w.) was found; TBBPA was at levels of 102 ?g/kg. Landfill leachates from The Netherlands showed up to 36 mg (ΣHBCD)/kg (d.w.). ?-HBCD dominated isomeric profiles in sediments, and concentrations were elevated near to a site of HBCD manufacture. α-HBCD was the primary congener detected in marine mammals; however, very few samples exhibited TBBPA. ΣHBCD ranged from 2.1 to 6.8 mg/kg (lipid weight; l.w.) in liver and blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and seals (Phoca vitulina). TBBPA levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) livers were up to 1 order of magnitude lower compared to ΣHBCD. HBCD in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Scheldt basin (Belgium) reflected the spatial distribution of concentrations in local sediments. This study shows evidence of HBCD bioaccumulation at the trophic level and biomagnification in the ascending aquatic food chain, and these findings justify risk assessment studies at the ecosystem level.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hitachi-applicationnotean007lcdbacklightingtechnologiesandconfiguration-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hitachi-applicationnotean007lcdbacklightingtechnologiesandconfiguration-2004', 'http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf', event);\">\n    Application Note AN-007 LCD backlighting technologies and configuration.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hitachi\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Hitachi, Ltd.,  2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hitachi-applicationnotean007lcdbacklightingtechnologiesandconfiguration-2004', 'http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Application Note AN-007 LCD backlighting technologies and configuration. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hitachi-applicationnotean007lcdbacklightingtechnologiesandconfiguration-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hitachi-applicationnotean007lcdbacklightingtechnologiesandconfiguration-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{hitachi_application_2004,\n\ttitle = {Application {Note} {AN}-007 {LCD} backlighting technologies and configuration.},\n\turl = {http://www.hitachi-displays-eu.com/doc/AN-007_Backlighting.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Hitachi, Ltd.},\n\tauthor = {{Hitachi}},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hites-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheenvironmentandinpeopleametaanalysisofconcentrations-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hites-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheenvironmentandinpeopleametaanalysisofconcentrations-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hites, R. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 38(4): 945–56. February 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hites-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheenvironmentandinpeopleametaanalysisofconcentrations-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hites-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheenvironmentandinpeopleametaanalysisofconcentrations-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hites-polybrominateddiphenylethersintheenvironmentandinpeopleametaanalysisofconcentrations-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hites_polybrominated_2004,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations.},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998004},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many types of consumer products. Perhaps as a result of their widespread use and their lipophilicity, these compounds have become ubiquitous in the environment and in people. This review summarizes PBDE concentrations measured in several environmental media and analyzes these data in terms of relative concentrations, concentration trends, and congener profiles. In human blood, milk, and tissues, total PBDE levels have increased exponentially by a factor of approximately 100 during the last 30 yr; this is a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. The current PBDE concentrations in people from Europe are approximately 2 ng/g lipid, but the concentrations in people from the United States are much higher at approximately 35 ng/g lipid. Current PBDE concentrations in marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic are very low at approximately 5 ng/g lipid, but they have increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 7 yr. Marine mammals from the rest of the world have current PBDE levels of approximately 1000 ng/g lipid, and these concentrations have also increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. Some birds&#x27; eggs from Sweden are also highly contaminated (at approximately 2000 ng/g lipid) and show PBDE doubling times of approximately 6 yr. Herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes region now have PBDE concentrations of approximately 7000 ng/g lipid, and these levels have doubled every approximately 3 yr. Fish from Europe have approximately 10 times lower PBDE concentrations than fish from North America. From these and other data, it is clear that the environment and people from North America are very much more contaminated with PBDEs as compared to Europe and that these PBDE levels have doubled every 4-6 yr. Analyses of the relative distributions of the most abundant PBDE congeners (using category averages and principal component analysis) indicated that these patterns cannot yet be used to assign sources to these pollutants.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Hites, Ronald A},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {14998004},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Birds, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Ethers, Europe, Fishes, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Milk, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, United States, env, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {945--56},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many types of consumer products. Perhaps as a result of their widespread use and their lipophilicity, these compounds have become ubiquitous in the environment and in people. This review summarizes PBDE concentrations measured in several environmental media and analyzes these data in terms of relative concentrations, concentration trends, and congener profiles. In human blood, milk, and tissues, total PBDE levels have increased exponentially by a factor of approximately 100 during the last 30 yr; this is a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. The current PBDE concentrations in people from Europe are approximately 2 ng/g lipid, but the concentrations in people from the United States are much higher at approximately 35 ng/g lipid. Current PBDE concentrations in marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic are very low at approximately 5 ng/g lipid, but they have increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 7 yr. Marine mammals from the rest of the world have current PBDE levels of approximately 1000 ng/g lipid, and these concentrations have also increased exponentially with a doubling time of approximately 5 yr. Some birds' eggs from Sweden are also highly contaminated (at approximately 2000 ng/g lipid) and show PBDE doubling times of approximately 6 yr. Herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes region now have PBDE concentrations of approximately 7000 ng/g lipid, and these levels have doubled every approximately 3 yr. Fish from Europe have approximately 10 times lower PBDE concentrations than fish from North America. From these and other data, it is clear that the environment and people from North America are very much more contaminated with PBDEs as compared to Europe and that these PBDE levels have doubled every 4-6 yr. Analyses of the relative distributions of the most abundant PBDE congeners (using category averages and principal component analysis) indicated that these patterns cannot yet be used to assign sources to these pollutants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"clausen-hansen-gunnarsen-afshari-wolkoff-emissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatefrompvcflooringintoairanduptakeindustemissionandsorptionexperimentsinflecandclimpaq-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'clausen-hansen-gunnarsen-afshari-wolkoff-emissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatefrompvcflooringintoairanduptakeindustemissionandsorptionexperimentsinflecandclimpaq-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf', event);\">\n    Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in FLEC and CLIMPAQ.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Clausen, P. A.; Hansen, V.; Gunnarsen, L.; Afshari, A.;  and Wolkoff, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 38(9): 2531–2537. May 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('clausen-hansen-gunnarsen-afshari-wolkoff-emissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatefrompvcflooringintoairanduptakeindustemissionandsorptionexperimentsinflecandclimpaq-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in FLEC and CLIMPAQ. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/clausen-hansen-gunnarsen-afshari-wolkoff-emissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatefrompvcflooringintoairanduptakeindustemissionandsorptionexperimentsinflecandclimpaq-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('clausen-hansen-gunnarsen-afshari-wolkoff-emissionofdi2ethylhexylphthalatefrompvcflooringintoairanduptakeindustemissionandsorptionexperimentsinflecandclimpaq-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{clausen_emission_2004,\n\ttitle = {Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from {PVC} flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in {FLEC} and {CLIMPAQ}.},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180047 file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/6ea11df6551fa128e5434d2d8f46c6c670660ebe.pdf},\n\tabstract = {The emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from a PVC flooring was studied for up to 472 days in both the FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell) and the CLIMPAQ (Chamberfor Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution, and Air Quality). The loading of the CLIMPAQs was varied but was constant in the FLECs. The sorption properties of FLEC and CLIMPAQ were investigated using different methods. In addition, the uptake of DEHP by office floor dust on the PVC flooring was studied in CLIMPAQ experiments. The concentration versus time curves in both FLECs and CLIMPAQs increased slowly over about 150 days and reached a quasi-static equilibrium at 1 microg m(-3). The main conclusions were that (i) the emission rate of DEHP was limited by gas-phase mass transport and (ii) the dust layer increased the emission rate by increasing the external concentration gradient above the surface of the PVC. These conclusions were based on the facts that the specific emission rate was inversely proportional to the loading and that the dust had sorbed about four times as much DEHP over a 68-day period as emitted in the gas-phase experiments. About one-half of the emitted DEHP was deposited on the internal surfaces of both the FLEC and the CLIMPAQ.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Clausen, Per Axel and Hansen, Vivi and Gunnarsen, Lars and Afshari, Alireza and Wolkoff, Peder},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Adsorption, Air Pollution, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Diethylhexyl Phthalate: analysis, Dust, Flame retardants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyvinyl Chloride: chemistry, Volatilization},\n\tpages = {2531--2537},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from a PVC flooring was studied for up to 472 days in both the FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell) and the CLIMPAQ (Chamberfor Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution, and Air Quality). The loading of the CLIMPAQs was varied but was constant in the FLECs. The sorption properties of FLEC and CLIMPAQ were investigated using different methods. In addition, the uptake of DEHP by office floor dust on the PVC flooring was studied in CLIMPAQ experiments. The concentration versus time curves in both FLECs and CLIMPAQs increased slowly over about 150 days and reached a quasi-static equilibrium at 1 microg m(-3). The main conclusions were that (i) the emission rate of DEHP was limited by gas-phase mass transport and (ii) the dust layer increased the emission rate by increasing the external concentration gradient above the surface of the PVC. These conclusions were based on the facts that the specific emission rate was inversely proportional to the loading and that the dust had sorbed about four times as much DEHP over a 68-day period as emitted in the gas-phase experiments. About one-half of the emitted DEHP was deposited on the internal surfaces of both the FLEC and the CLIMPAQ.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"birnbaum-staskal-brominatedflameretardantscauseforconcern-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'birnbaum-staskal-brominatedflameretardantscauseforconcern-2004', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Birnbaum, L. S;  and Staskal, D. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 112(1): 9–17. January 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('birnbaum-staskal-brominatedflameretardantscauseforconcern-2004', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/birnbaum-staskal-brominatedflameretardantscauseforconcern-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('birnbaum-staskal-brominatedflameretardantscauseforconcern-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{birnbaum_brominated_2004,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241790&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire-related injury and property damage. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of BFRs in the environment and in human biota. The widespread production and use of BFRs; strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment, wildlife, and people; and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of BFRs. In this article, we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps. Overall, the toxicology database is very limited; the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting. Available data, however, raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Birnbaum, Linda S and Staskal, Daniele F},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpmid = {14698924},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Databases, Factual, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Public Health, Risk Assessment, ffr, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {9--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire-related injury and property damage. Recently, concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of BFRs in the environment and in human biota. The widespread production and use of BFRs; strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment, wildlife, and people; and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of BFRs. In this article, we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps. Overall, the toxicology database is very limited; the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting. Available data, however, raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586', event);\">\n    The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Remberger, M.; Sternbeck, J.; Palm, A.; Kaj, L.; Strömberg, K.;  and Brorström-Lundén, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 54(1): 9–21. January 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('remberger-sternbeck-palm-kaj-strmberg-brorstrmlundn-theenvironmentaloccurrenceofhexabromocyclododecaneinsweden-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{remberger_environmental_2004,\n\ttitle = {The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in {Sweden}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007586},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6},\n\tabstract = {The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Remberger, Mikael and Sternbeck, John and Palm, Anna and Kaj, Lennart and Strömberg, Katarina and Brorström-Lundén, Eva},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Air, Emission, Environmental concentrations, Flame retardants, Foodstuff, HBCD},\n\tpages = {9--21},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is extensively used in Europe, but data on the environmental concentrations of this chemical are scarce. A first screening has been performed concerning the environmental occurrence of HBCD in Sweden, a country where the chemical is not produced and the current industrial use is very limited. Possible emission sources were identified through a systematic analysis of the use in a life cycle perspective. In addition to a few point sources, diffuse emissions from polymeric products are possible. Measurements have been performed close to certain possible point sources, in the urban environment and in remote regions, and included air, deposition, water, soil, sediments, sludge, biota and foodstuffs. HBCD was detected in all media analysed and in all environments. The relatively high concentrations detected in herring and foodstuffs provide evidence for bioaccumulation of HBCD. The presence of HBCD in remote background air implies that HBCD has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. There are also some indications that diffuse emissions of HBCD occur in the urban environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"takasuga-senthilkumar-takemori-ohi-tsuji-nagayama-impactoffermentedbrownricewithaspergillusoryzaefebraintakeandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbloodofhumansfromjapan-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'takasuga-senthilkumar-takemori-ohi-tsuji-nagayama-impactoffermentedbrownricewithaspergillusoryzaefebraintakeandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbloodofhumansfromjapan-2004', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034', event);\">\n    Impact of fermented brown rice with Aspergillus oryzae (FEBRA) intake and concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in blood of humans from Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Takasuga, T.; Senthilkumar, K.; Takemori, H.; Ohi, E.; Tsuji, H.;  and Nagayama, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 57(8): 795–811. November 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takasuga-senthilkumar-takemori-ohi-tsuji-nagayama-impactoffermentedbrownricewithaspergillusoryzaefebraintakeandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbloodofhumansfromjapan-2004', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impact of fermented brown rice with Aspergillus oryzae (FEBRA) intake and concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in blood of humans from Japan [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.016\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('takasuga-senthilkumar-takemori-ohi-tsuji-nagayama-impactoffermentedbrownricewithaspergillusoryzaefebraintakeandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbloodofhumansfromjapan-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.016', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/takasuga-senthilkumar-takemori-ohi-tsuji-nagayama-impactoffermentedbrownricewithaspergillusoryzaefebraintakeandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbloodofhumansfromjapan-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('takasuga-senthilkumar-takemori-ohi-tsuji-nagayama-impactoffermentedbrownricewithaspergillusoryzaefebraintakeandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinbloodofhumansfromjapan-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{takasuga_impact_2004,\n\ttitle = {Impact of fermented brown rice with {Aspergillus} oryzae ({FEBRA}) intake and concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers ({PBDEs}) in blood of humans from {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504006034},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.016},\n\tabstract = {The isotope dilution technique was applied for the analysis of new polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) calibration standard (both labeled and non-labeled) using high-resolution gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS). The relative response factor (RRF) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for new calibration standard in Finnigan Thermo Electron (MAT-95XL) and Micromass (Autospec Ultima) were more or less identical with mean RRF (0.9882), RSD (0.0865) and CV\\% of (8.75). The results also revealed for DeBDE-209 quantification; labeled DeBDE-209 is essential. Furthermore, we recommend on column injection technique with a thin film instead of splitless injection in order to reduce the thermal degradation of DeBDE-209 and formation of octabromodibenzofurans (OBDF). Besides, analysis of human blood (n = 156) of FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake individuals elucidated frequent detection of eighteen PBDE congeners. The average PBDE concentrations in non-FEBRA intake and FEBRA-intake humans were 6000–11 000 (mean: 8400) and 5400–15 000 (mean: 9900) respectively on pg/g fat basis. Although FEBRA-intake individuals showed slightly greater PBDEs, computer-normalized concentrations of TeBDE-47 corroborate FEBRA-intake individual from four family showed reduced concentrations. The contamination profiles of PBDEs varied in between family, gender as well as geography. International comparison with predominant PBDE congener (TeBDE-47) prevailed lower levels in Japan when compared to Korea, Germany and USA nevertheless, congener specific profiles were different which is in accordance with different technical PBDE usage in between countries.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Takasuga, Takumi and Senthilkumar, Kurunthachalam and Takemori, Hiroaki and Ohi, Etsumasa and Tsuji, Hiroshi and Nagayama, Junya},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Autospec Ultima, Calibration standard, Computer normalization, FEBRA, HRGC–HRMS, Human blood, MAT-95XL, PBDEs, RRF, RSD\\%},\n\tpages = {795--811},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The isotope dilution technique was applied for the analysis of new polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) calibration standard (both labeled and non-labeled) using high-resolution gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS). The relative response factor (RRF) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for new calibration standard in Finnigan Thermo Electron (MAT-95XL) and Micromass (Autospec Ultima) were more or less identical with mean RRF (0.9882), RSD (0.0865) and CV% of (8.75). The results also revealed for DeBDE-209 quantification; labeled DeBDE-209 is essential. Furthermore, we recommend on column injection technique with a thin film instead of splitless injection in order to reduce the thermal degradation of DeBDE-209 and formation of octabromodibenzofurans (OBDF). Besides, analysis of human blood (n = 156) of FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake individuals elucidated frequent detection of eighteen PBDE congeners. The average PBDE concentrations in non-FEBRA intake and FEBRA-intake humans were 6000–11 000 (mean: 8400) and 5400–15 000 (mean: 9900) respectively on pg/g fat basis. Although FEBRA-intake individuals showed slightly greater PBDEs, computer-normalized concentrations of TeBDE-47 corroborate FEBRA-intake individual from four family showed reduced concentrations. The contamination profiles of PBDEs varied in between family, gender as well as geography. International comparison with predominant PBDE congener (TeBDE-47) prevailed lower levels in Japan when compared to Korea, Germany and USA nevertheless, congener specific profiles were different which is in accordance with different technical PBDE usage in between countries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hartmann-brgi-giger-organophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinindoorair-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hartmann-brgi-giger-organophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinindoorair-2004', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155', event);\">\n    Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hartmann, P. C.; Bürgi, D.;  and Giger, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 57(8): 781–787. November 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartmann-brgi-giger-organophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinindoorair-2004', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.051\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartmann-brgi-giger-organophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinindoorair-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.051', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hartmann-brgi-giger-organophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinindoorair-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hartmann-brgi-giger-organophosphateflameretardantsandplasticizersinindoorair-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hartmann_organophosphate_2004,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504007155},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.051},\n\tabstract = {Analytical methods were developed for a broad range of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air. Screening was performed of various indoor environments at 12 locations in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Method recoveries ranged from 62\\% for triphenyl phosphate to 100\\% for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate was found in the highest concentration (260 ng/m3) mainly in cars and furniture stores. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate, both up to 3.4 ng/m3, were also detected in quantifiable concentrations at several sites. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were below the limit of quantification in all samples. The results of the risk assessment indicate that the observed concentrations are below the predicted threshold for human health effects.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hartmann, Paul C. and Bürgi, Daniel and Giger, Walter},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Health, Risk assessment, TBEP, TCEP, TCPP},\n\tpages = {781--787},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Analytical methods were developed for a broad range of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air. Screening was performed of various indoor environments at 12 locations in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Method recoveries ranged from 62% for triphenyl phosphate to 100% for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate was found in the highest concentration (260 ng/m3) mainly in cars and furniture stores. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate, both up to 3.4 ng/m3, were also detected in quantifiable concentrations at several sites. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were below the limit of quantification in all samples. The results of the risk assessment indicate that the observed concentrations are below the predicted threshold for human health effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marianayagam-sunde-matthews-thepoweroftwoproteindimerizationinbiology-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marianayagam-sunde-matthews-thepoweroftwoproteindimerizationinbiology-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006', event);\">\n    The power of two: protein dimerization in biology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marianayagam, N. J; Sunde, M.;  and Matthews, J. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Trends in biochemical sciences</i>, 29(11): 618–25. November 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marianayagam-sunde-matthews-thepoweroftwoproteindimerizationinbiology-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The power of two: protein dimerization in biology. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marianayagam-sunde-matthews-thepoweroftwoproteindimerizationinbiology-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marianayagam-sunde-matthews-thepoweroftwoproteindimerizationinbiology-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marianayagam-sunde-matthews-thepoweroftwoproteindimerizationinbiology-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marianayagam_power_2004,\n\ttitle = {The power of two: protein dimerization in biology.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0968-0004},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006},\n\tabstract = {The self-association of proteins to form dimers and higher-order oligomers is a very common phenomenon. Recent structural and biophysical studies show that protein dimerization or oligomerization is a key factor in the regulation of proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, receptors and transcription factors. In addition, self-association can help to minimize genome size, while maintaining the advantages of modular complex formation. Oligomerization, however, can also have deleterious consequences when nonnative oligomers associated with pathogenic states are generated. Specific protein dimerization is integral to biological function, structure and control, and must be under substantial selection pressure to be maintained with such frequency throughout biology.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Trends in biochemical sciences},\n\tauthor = {Marianayagam, Neelan J and Sunde, Margaret and Matthews, Jacqueline M},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Allosteric Regulation, Amyloid, Amyloid: chemistry, Amyloid: metabolism, Animals, Cell Membrane, Cell Membrane: metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, DNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Dimerization, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Molecular, Protein Structure, Protein Transport, Proteins, Proteins: chemistry, Proteins: metabolism, Quaternary},\n\tpages = {618--25},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The self-association of proteins to form dimers and higher-order oligomers is a very common phenomenon. Recent structural and biophysical studies show that protein dimerization or oligomerization is a key factor in the regulation of proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, receptors and transcription factors. In addition, self-association can help to minimize genome size, while maintaining the advantages of modular complex formation. Oligomerization, however, can also have deleterious consequences when nonnative oligomers associated with pathogenic states are generated. Specific protein dimerization is integral to biological function, structure and control, and must be under substantial selection pressure to be maintained with such frequency throughout biology.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-huang-yi-bambara-hilf-muyan-singlechainestrogenreceptorsersrevealthattheerheterodimeremulatesfunctionsoftheerdimeringenomicestrogensignalingpathways-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-huang-yi-bambara-hilf-muyan-singlechainestrogenreceptorsersrevealthattheerheterodimeremulatesfunctionsoftheerdimeringenomicestrogensignalingpathways-2004', 'http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681', event);\">\n    Single-Chain Estrogen Receptors (ERs) Reveal That the ERα/Β Heterodimer Emulates Functions of the ERα Dimer in Genomic Estrogen Signaling Pathways.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, X.; Huang, J.; Yi, P.; Bambara, R. A.; Hilf, R.;  and Muyan, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>, 24(17): 7681–7694. September 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-huang-yi-bambara-hilf-muyan-singlechainestrogenreceptorsersrevealthattheerheterodimeremulatesfunctionsoftheerdimeringenomicestrogensignalingpathways-2004', 'http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Single-Chain Estrogen Receptors (ERs) Reveal That the ERα/Β Heterodimer Emulates Functions of the ERα Dimer in Genomic Estrogen Signaling Pathways [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.17.7681-7694.2004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-huang-yi-bambara-hilf-muyan-singlechainestrogenreceptorsersrevealthattheerheterodimeremulatesfunctionsoftheerdimeringenomicestrogensignalingpathways-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.17.7681-7694.2004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-huang-yi-bambara-hilf-muyan-singlechainestrogenreceptorsersrevealthattheerheterodimeremulatesfunctionsoftheerdimeringenomicestrogensignalingpathways-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-huang-yi-bambara-hilf-muyan-singlechainestrogenreceptorsersrevealthattheerheterodimeremulatesfunctionsoftheerdimeringenomicestrogensignalingpathways-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_single-chain_2004,\n\ttitle = {Single-{Chain} {Estrogen} {Receptors} ({ERs}) {Reveal} {That} the {ERα}/Β {Heterodimer} {Emulates} {Functions} of the {ERα} {Dimer} in {Genomic} {Estrogen} {Signaling} {Pathways}},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {0270-7306, 1098-5549},\n\turl = {http://mcb.asm.org/content/24/17/7681},\n\tdoi = {10.1128/MCB.24.17.7681-7694.2004},\n\tabstract = {The effects of estrogens, particularly 17β-estradiol (E2), are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ. Upon binding to E2, ERs homo- and heterodimerize when coexpressed. The ER dimer then regulates the transcription of target genes through estrogen responsive element (ERE)-dependent and -independent pathways that constitute genomic estrogen signaling. Although ERα and ERβ have similar ERE and E2 binding properties, they display different transregulatory capacities in both ERE-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. It is therefore likely that the heterodimerization provides novel functions to ERs by combining distinct properties of the contributing partners. The elucidation of the role of the ER heterodimer is critical for the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of E2 signaling. However, differentially determining target gene responses during cosynthesis of ER subtypes is difficult, since dimers formed are a heterogeneous population of homo- and heterodimers. To circumvent the pivotal dimerization step in ER action and hence produce a homogeneous ER heterodimer population, we utilized a genetic fusion strategy. We joined the cDNAs of ERα and/or ERβ to produce single-chain ERs to simulate the ER homo- and heterodimers. The fusion ERs interacted with ERE and E2 in a manner similar to that observed with the ER dimers. The homofusion receptors mimicked the functions of the parent ER dimers in the ERE-dependent and -independent pathways in transfected mammalian cells, whereas heterofusion receptors emulated the transregulatory properties of the ERα dimer. These results suggest that ERα is the functionally dominant partner in the ERα/β heterodimer.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {17},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Molecular and Cellular Biology},\n\tauthor = {Li, Xiaodong and Huang, Jing and Yi, Ping and Bambara, Robert A. and Hilf, Russell and Muyan, Mesut},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpages = {7681--7694},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The effects of estrogens, particularly 17β-estradiol (E2), are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ. Upon binding to E2, ERs homo- and heterodimerize when coexpressed. The ER dimer then regulates the transcription of target genes through estrogen responsive element (ERE)-dependent and -independent pathways that constitute genomic estrogen signaling. Although ERα and ERβ have similar ERE and E2 binding properties, they display different transregulatory capacities in both ERE-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. It is therefore likely that the heterodimerization provides novel functions to ERs by combining distinct properties of the contributing partners. The elucidation of the role of the ER heterodimer is critical for the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of E2 signaling. However, differentially determining target gene responses during cosynthesis of ER subtypes is difficult, since dimers formed are a heterogeneous population of homo- and heterodimers. To circumvent the pivotal dimerization step in ER action and hence produce a homogeneous ER heterodimer population, we utilized a genetic fusion strategy. We joined the cDNAs of ERα and/or ERβ to produce single-chain ERs to simulate the ER homo- and heterodimers. The fusion ERs interacted with ERE and E2 in a manner similar to that observed with the ER dimers. The homofusion receptors mimicked the functions of the parent ER dimers in the ERE-dependent and -independent pathways in transfected mammalian cells, whereas heterofusion receptors emulated the transregulatory properties of the ERα dimer. These results suggest that ERα is the functionally dominant partner in the ERα/β heterodimer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gueroui-libchaber-singlemoleculemeasurementsofgoldquenchedquantumdots-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gueroui-libchaber-singlemoleculemeasurementsofgoldquenchedquantumdots-2004', 'http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108', event);\">\n    Single-Molecule Measurements of Gold-Quenched Quantum Dots.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gueroui, Z.;  and Libchaber, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, 93(16): 166108. October 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gueroui-libchaber-singlemoleculemeasurementsofgoldquenchedquantumdots-2004', 'http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Single-Molecule Measurements of Gold-Quenched Quantum Dots [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gueroui-libchaber-singlemoleculemeasurementsofgoldquenchedquantumdots-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gueroui-libchaber-singlemoleculemeasurementsofgoldquenchedquantumdots-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gueroui-libchaber-singlemoleculemeasurementsofgoldquenchedquantumdots-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gueroui_single-molecule_2004,\n\ttitle = {Single-{Molecule} {Measurements} of {Gold}-{Quenched} {Quantum} {Dots}},\n\tvolume = {93},\n\turl = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108},\n\tdoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.166108},\n\tabstract = {We report the study of the quenching of quantum dots (CdSe) by gold nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. Double-stranded DNA is used as a rigid spacer to tune the distance between the two nanoparticles. The width of the fluorescent intensity distribution, monitored at different interparticle distances, reflects both the nanoparticle heterogeneity and the fluorescence intermittency of the quantum dot. The fluorescence distribution emitted by single CdSe nanocrystals can easily be distinguished from the fluorescence of partially quenched CdSe. Our results show that the distance-dependence quenching is compatible with a Förster-type process.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Physical Review Letters},\n\tauthor = {Gueroui, Zoher and Libchaber, Albert},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpages = {166108},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We report the study of the quenching of quantum dots (CdSe) by gold nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. Double-stranded DNA is used as a rigid spacer to tune the distance between the two nanoparticles. The width of the fluorescent intensity distribution, monitored at different interparticle distances, reflects both the nanoparticle heterogeneity and the fluorescence intermittency of the quantum dot. The fluorescence distribution emitted by single CdSe nanocrystals can easily be distinguished from the fluorescence of partially quenched CdSe. Our results show that the distance-dependence quenching is compatible with a Förster-type process.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"daniel-astruc-goldnanoparticlesassemblysupramolecularchemistryquantumsizerelatedpropertiesandapplicationstowardbiologycatalysisandnanotechnology-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&amp;searchHistoryKey=\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'daniel-astruc-goldnanoparticlesassemblysupramolecularchemistryquantumsizerelatedpropertiesandapplicationstowardbiologycatalysisandnanotechnology-2004', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&amp;searchHistoryKey=', event);\">\n    Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Daniel, M.;  and Astruc, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemical reviews</i>, 104(1): 293–346. January 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&amp;searchHistoryKey=\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daniel-astruc-goldnanoparticlesassemblysupramolecularchemistryquantumsizerelatedpropertiesandapplicationstowardbiologycatalysisandnanotechnology-2004', 'http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&amp;searchHistoryKey=', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/cr030698+\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daniel-astruc-goldnanoparticlesassemblysupramolecularchemistryquantumsizerelatedpropertiesandapplicationstowardbiologycatalysisandnanotechnology-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/cr030698+', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/daniel-astruc-goldnanoparticlesassemblysupramolecularchemistryquantumsizerelatedpropertiesandapplicationstowardbiologycatalysisandnanotechnology-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('daniel-astruc-goldnanoparticlesassemblysupramolecularchemistryquantumsizerelatedpropertiesandapplicationstowardbiologycatalysisandnanotechnology-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{daniel_gold_2004,\n\ttitle = {Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.},\n\tvolume = {104},\n\tissn = {0009-2665},\n\turl = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030698+?prevSearch=gold&amp;searchHistoryKey=},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/cr030698+},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Chemical reviews},\n\tauthor = {Daniel, Marie-Christine and Astruc, Didier},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Biosensing Techniques, Catalysis, DNA Probes, DNA Probes: chemistry, Gold: chemistry, Microspheres, Molecular Sequence Data, Nanotechnology, Oxidation-Reduction, Particle Size, gold},\n\tpages = {293--346},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"li-park-reif-labean-yan-dnatemplatedselfassemblyofproteinandnanoparticlelineararrays-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'li-park-reif-labean-yan-dnatemplatedselfassemblyofproteinandnanoparticlelineararrays-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367', event);\">\n    DNA-Templated Self-Assembly of Protein and Nanoparticle Linear Arrays.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Li, H.; Park, S. H.; Reif, J. H.; LaBean, T. H.;  and Yan, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 126(2): 418–419. January 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-park-reif-labean-yan-dnatemplatedselfassemblyofproteinandnanoparticlelineararrays-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"DNA-Templated Self-Assembly of Protein and Nanoparticle Linear Arrays [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('li-park-reif-labean-yan-dnatemplatedselfassemblyofproteinandnanoparticlelineararrays-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/li-park-reif-labean-yan-dnatemplatedselfassemblyofproteinandnanoparticlelineararrays-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('li-park-reif-labean-yan-dnatemplatedselfassemblyofproteinandnanoparticlelineararrays-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{li_dna-templated_2004,\n\ttitle = {{DNA}-{Templated} {Self}-{Assembly} of {Protein} and {Nanoparticle} {Linear} {Arrays}},\n\tvolume = {126},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0383367},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0383367},\n\tabstract = {Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Li, Hanying and Park, Sung Ha and Reif, John H. and LaBean, Thomas H. and Yan, Hao},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpages = {418--419},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Self-assembling DNA tiling lattices represent a versatile system for nanoscale construction. Self-assembled DNA arrays provide an excellent template for spatially positioning other molecules with increased relative precision and programmability. Here we report an experiment using a linear array of DNA triple crossover tiles to controllably template the self-assembly of single-layer or double-layer linear arrays of streptavidin molecules and streptavidin-conjugated nanogold particles through biotin?streptavidin interaction. The organization of streptavidin and its conjugated gold nanoparticles into periodic arrays was visualized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"choi-yamazaki-yamazaki-aida-bioinspiredmoleculardesignoflightharvestingmultiporphyrinarrays-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'choi-yamazaki-yamazaki-aida-bioinspiredmoleculardesignoflightharvestingmultiporphyrinarrays-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602', event);\">\n    Bioinspired molecular design of light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Choi, M.; Yamazaki, T.; Yamazaki, I.;  and Aida, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 43(2): 150–8. January 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('choi-yamazaki-yamazaki-aida-bioinspiredmoleculardesignoflightharvestingmultiporphyrinarrays-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioinspired molecular design of light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200301665\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('choi-yamazaki-yamazaki-aida-bioinspiredmoleculardesignoflightharvestingmultiporphyrinarrays-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200301665', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/choi-yamazaki-yamazaki-aida-bioinspiredmoleculardesignoflightharvestingmultiporphyrinarrays-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('choi-yamazaki-yamazaki-aida-bioinspiredmoleculardesignoflightharvestingmultiporphyrinarrays-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{choi_bioinspired_2004,\n\ttitle = {Bioinspired molecular design of light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695602},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200301665},\n\tabstract = {Recent progress in fundamental studies on multiporphyrin arrays has provided structural parameters for the molecular design of artificial light-harvesting antennae which mimic the wheel-like antenna complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Covalent and noncovalent approaches have been employed for the construction of artificial light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays. Such arrays are categorized into ring-shaped, windmill-shaped, star-shaped, and dendritic architectures. In particular, dendritic multiporphyrin arrays have been proven to be promising candidates for both providing a large absorption cross-section and enabling the vectorial transfer of energy over a long distance to a designated point. Such molecular and supramolecular systems are also expected to be potent components for molecular electronics and photonic devices.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Choi, Myung-Seok and Yamazaki, Tomoko and Yamazaki, Iwao and Aida, Takuzo},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpages = {150--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent progress in fundamental studies on multiporphyrin arrays has provided structural parameters for the molecular design of artificial light-harvesting antennae which mimic the wheel-like antenna complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria. Covalent and noncovalent approaches have been employed for the construction of artificial light-harvesting multiporphyrin arrays. Such arrays are categorized into ring-shaped, windmill-shaped, star-shaped, and dendritic architectures. In particular, dendritic multiporphyrin arrays have been proven to be promising candidates for both providing a large absorption cross-section and enabling the vectorial transfer of energy over a long distance to a designated point. Such molecular and supramolecular systems are also expected to be potent components for molecular electronics and photonic devices.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nelson-benshem-thecomplexarchitectureofoxygenicphotosynthesis-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nelson-benshem-thecomplexarchitectureofoxygenicphotosynthesis-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525', event);\">\n    The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nelson, N.;  and Ben-Shem, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology</i>, 5(12): 971–82. December 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nelson-benshem-thecomplexarchitectureofoxygenicphotosynthesis-2004', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nelson-benshem-thecomplexarchitectureofoxygenicphotosynthesis-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nelson-benshem-thecomplexarchitectureofoxygenicphotosynthesis-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nelson-benshem-thecomplexarchitectureofoxygenicphotosynthesis-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nelson_complex_2004,\n\ttitle = {The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis.},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {1471-0072},\n\tshorttitle = {Nat {Rev} {Mol} {Cell} {Biol}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1525},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/nrm1525},\n\tabstract = {Oxygenic photosynthesis is the principal producer of both oxygen and organic matter on earth. The primary step in this process - the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy - is driven by four, multisubunit, membrane-protein complexes that are known as photosystem I, photosystem II, cytochrome b(6)f and F-ATPase. Structural insights into these complexes are now providing a framework for the exploration not only of energy and electron transfer, but also of the evolutionary forces that shaped the photosynthetic apparatus.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology},\n\tauthor = {Nelson, Nathan and Ben-Shem, Adam},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Algal Proteins, Algal Proteins: chemistry, Algal Proteins: metabolism, Animals, Chloroplasts, Chloroplasts: metabolism, Chloroplasts: ultrastructure, Electron Transport, Electron Transport: physiology, Light, Models, Molecular, Multienzyme Complexes, Oxygen, Oxygen: metabolism, Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis: physiology, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plant Proteins, Plant Proteins: chemistry, Plant Proteins: metabolism, Protein Conformation, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: chemistry, Protein Subunits: metabolism, Protozoan Proteins, Protozoan Proteins: chemistry, Protozoan Proteins: metabolism},\n\tpages = {971--82},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Oxygenic photosynthesis is the principal producer of both oxygen and organic matter on earth. The primary step in this process - the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy - is driven by four, multisubunit, membrane-protein complexes that are known as photosystem I, photosystem II, cytochrome b(6)f and F-ATPase. Structural insights into these complexes are now providing a framework for the exploration not only of energy and electron transfer, but also of the evolutionary forces that shaped the photosynthetic apparatus.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237', event);\">\n    Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Guldi, D. M; Rahman, G M A; Jux, N.; Tagmatarchis, N.;  and Prato, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 43(41): 5526–30. October 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200461217\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200461217', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{guldi_integrating_2004,\n\ttitle = {Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200461217},\n\tnumber = {41},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Guldi, Dirk M and Rahman, G M A and Jux, Norbert and Tagmatarchis, Nikos and Prato, Maurizio},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry},\n\tpages = {5526--30},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237', event);\">\n    Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Guldi, D. M; Rahman, G M A; Jux, N.; Tagmatarchis, N.;  and Prato, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)</i>, 43(41): 5526–30. October 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200461217\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200461217', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('guldi-rahman-jux-tagmatarchis-prato-integratingsinglewallcarbonnanotubesintodonoracceptornanohybrids-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{guldi_integrating_2004,\n\ttitle = {Integrating single-wall carbon nanotubes into donor-acceptor nanohybrids.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15484237},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/anie.200461217},\n\tnumber = {41},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},\n\tauthor = {Guldi, Dirk M and Rahman, G M A and Jux, Norbert and Tagmatarchis, Nikos and Prato, Maurizio},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Crystallography, Electrons, Immobilization, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Nanostructures, Nanostructures: chemistry, Nanotubes, Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Compounds: chemistry, Surface Properties, X-Ray, Zinc, Zinc: chemistry},\n\tpages = {5526--30},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2003\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2003')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2003</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (35)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cole-addison-rubino-leese-dulaney-newell-wilkins-gaber-etal-investigationofantibioticandantibacterialagentcrossresistanceintargetbacteriafromhomesofantibacterialproductusersandnonusers-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cole, E. C.; Addison, R. M.; Rubino, J. R.; Leese, K. E.; Dulaney, P. D.; Newell, M. S.; Wilkins, J.; Gaber, D. J.; Wineinger, T.;  and Criger, D. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Applied Microbiology</i>, 95(4): 664–676.  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02022.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cole-addison-rubino-leese-dulaney-newell-wilkins-gaber-etal-investigationofantibioticandantibacterialagentcrossresistanceintargetbacteriafromhomesofantibacterialproductusersandnonusers-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02022.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cole-addison-rubino-leese-dulaney-newell-wilkins-gaber-etal-investigationofantibioticandantibacterialagentcrossresistanceintargetbacteriafromhomesofantibacterialproductusersandnonusers-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cole-addison-rubino-leese-dulaney-newell-wilkins-gaber-etal-investigationofantibioticandantibacterialagentcrossresistanceintargetbacteriafromhomesofantibacterialproductusersandnonusers-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cole_investigation_2003,\n\ttitle = {Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers},\n\tvolume = {95},\n\tissn = {13645072},\n\tdoi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02022.x},\n\tabstract = {AIM: To describe the relationship between antibiotic and antibacterial resistance in environmental and clinical bacteria from home environments across geographical locations, relative to the use or nonuse of antibacterial products, with a focus on target organisms recognized as potential human pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized study, environmental and clinical samples were collected from the homes of antibacterial product users (n=30) and nonusers (n=30) for the isolation of target bacteria for antibiotic and antibacterial testing in three geographical areas (in USA and UK). Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, with selected antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible isolates tested against four common antibacterial agents (triclosan, para-chloro-meta-xylenol, pine oil and quaternary ammonium compound). Prequalified users and nonusers at each location were randomly selected after meeting exclusionary criteria. Of 1238 isolates, more target bacteria were recovered from nonuser than user homes. Of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=33), none showed resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin; for Enterococcus sp. (n=149), none were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin; and for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=54)and Escherichia coli (n=24), none were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance to one or more of the standard test panel drugs for Gram-positive and Gram-negative target bacteria was comparable between nonuser and user homes for both environmental and clinical isolates [e.g. resistance of environmental coagulase-negative (CN) Staphylococcus sp. was 73.8\\% (124/168) from nonuser homes and 73.0\\% (111/152) from user homes, and Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli, 75.9\\% (186/245) from nonuser homes compared with 78.0\\% from user homes]. Of 524 Gram-negatives tested against preferred/alternative drugs, 97.1\\% (509/524) were susceptible to all antibiotics, across both groups. Isolates of S. aureus, Enterococcus sp. and CN Staphylococcus sp. susceptible to all preferred treatment drugs showed comparable antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results between nonuser and user home isolates. For Gram-positives resistant to one or more preferred drugs, greatest resistance to antibacterial active ingredients was found in the nonuser group. For Gram-negatives, the antibacterial MIC data were comparable for isolates that were fully susceptible and resistant to one or more preferred/alternative treatment antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a lack of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from the homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers, as well as increased prevalence of potential pathogens in nonuser homes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It refutes widely publicized, yet unsupported, hypotheses that use of antibacterial products facilitates the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from the home environment.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Cole, E. C. and Addison, R. M. and Rubino, J. R. and Leese, K. E. and Dulaney, P. D. and Newell, M. S. and Wilkins, J. and Gaber, D. J. and Wineinger, T. and Criger, D. A.},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12969278},\n\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Clinical, Environmental, Home, Resistance},\n\tpages = {664--676},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  AIM: To describe the relationship between antibiotic and antibacterial resistance in environmental and clinical bacteria from home environments across geographical locations, relative to the use or nonuse of antibacterial products, with a focus on target organisms recognized as potential human pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized study, environmental and clinical samples were collected from the homes of antibacterial product users (n=30) and nonusers (n=30) for the isolation of target bacteria for antibiotic and antibacterial testing in three geographical areas (in USA and UK). Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, with selected antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible isolates tested against four common antibacterial agents (triclosan, para-chloro-meta-xylenol, pine oil and quaternary ammonium compound). Prequalified users and nonusers at each location were randomly selected after meeting exclusionary criteria. Of 1238 isolates, more target bacteria were recovered from nonuser than user homes. Of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=33), none showed resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin; for Enterococcus sp. (n=149), none were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin; and for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=54)and Escherichia coli (n=24), none were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance to one or more of the standard test panel drugs for Gram-positive and Gram-negative target bacteria was comparable between nonuser and user homes for both environmental and clinical isolates [e.g. resistance of environmental coagulase-negative (CN) Staphylococcus sp. was 73.8% (124/168) from nonuser homes and 73.0% (111/152) from user homes, and Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli, 75.9% (186/245) from nonuser homes compared with 78.0% from user homes]. Of 524 Gram-negatives tested against preferred/alternative drugs, 97.1% (509/524) were susceptible to all antibiotics, across both groups. Isolates of S. aureus, Enterococcus sp. and CN Staphylococcus sp. susceptible to all preferred treatment drugs showed comparable antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results between nonuser and user home isolates. For Gram-positives resistant to one or more preferred drugs, greatest resistance to antibacterial active ingredients was found in the nonuser group. For Gram-negatives, the antibacterial MIC data were comparable for isolates that were fully susceptible and resistant to one or more preferred/alternative treatment antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a lack of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from the homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers, as well as increased prevalence of potential pathogens in nonuser homes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It refutes widely publicized, yet unsupported, hypotheses that use of antibacterial products facilitates the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from the home environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cdc-recommendationsofcdcandthehealthcareinfectioncontrolpracticesadvisorycommitteehicpac-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CDC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report RR10,  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cdc-recommendationsofcdcandthehealthcareinfectioncontrolpracticesadvisorycommitteehicpac-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cdc-recommendationsofcdcandthehealthcareinfectioncontrolpracticesadvisorycommitteehicpac-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{cdc_recommendations_2003,\n\ttitle = {Recommendations of {CDC} and the {Healthcare} {Infection} {Control} {Practices} {Advisory} {Committee} ({HICPAC})},\n\tabstract = {The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except among patients who are immunocompromised. Nonetheless, inadvertent exposures to environmental pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus spp. and Legionella spp.) or airborne pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse patient outcomes and cause illness among health-care workers. Environmental infection-control strategies and engineering controls can effectively prevent these infections. The incidence of health-care–associated infections and pseudo-outbreaks can be minimized by 1) appropriate use of cleaners and disinfectants; 2) appropriate maintenance of medical equipment (e.g., automated endoscope reprocessors or hydrotherapy equipment); 3) adherence to water-quality standards for hemodialysis, and to ventilation standards for specialized care environments (e.g., airborne infection isolation rooms, protective environments, or operating rooms); and 4) prompt management of water intrusion into the facility. Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. This report reviews previous guidelines and strategies for preventing environment-associated infections in health-care facilities and offers recommendations. These include 1) evidence-based recommendations supported by studies; 2) requirements of federal agencies (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice); 3) guidelines and standards from building and equipment professional organizations (e.g., American Institute of Architects, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers); 4) recommendations derived from scientific theory or rationale; and 5) experienced opinions based upon infection-control and engineering practices. The report also suggests a series of performance measurements as a means to evaluate infection-control efforts.},\n\tnumber = {RR10},\n\tauthor = {{CDC}},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12836624},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Effectiveness, Florence},\n\tpages = {1--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except among patients who are immunocompromised. Nonetheless, inadvertent exposures to environmental pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus spp. and Legionella spp.) or airborne pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse patient outcomes and cause illness among health-care workers. Environmental infection-control strategies and engineering controls can effectively prevent these infections. The incidence of health-care–associated infections and pseudo-outbreaks can be minimized by 1) appropriate use of cleaners and disinfectants; 2) appropriate maintenance of medical equipment (e.g., automated endoscope reprocessors or hydrotherapy equipment); 3) adherence to water-quality standards for hemodialysis, and to ventilation standards for specialized care environments (e.g., airborne infection isolation rooms, protective environments, or operating rooms); and 4) prompt management of water intrusion into the facility. Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. This report reviews previous guidelines and strategies for preventing environment-associated infections in health-care facilities and offers recommendations. These include 1) evidence-based recommendations supported by studies; 2) requirements of federal agencies (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice); 3) guidelines and standards from building and equipment professional organizations (e.g., American Institute of Architects, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers); 4) recommendations derived from scientific theory or rationale; and 5) experienced opinions based upon infection-control and engineering practices. The report also suggests a series of performance measurements as a means to evaluate infection-control efforts.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bester-triclosaninasewagetreatmentprocessbalancesandmonitoringdata-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan in a sewage treatment process - Balances and monitoring data.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bester, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water Research</i>, 37(16): 3891–3896.  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00335-X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bester-triclosaninasewagetreatmentprocessbalancesandmonitoringdata-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00335-X', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bester-triclosaninasewagetreatmentprocessbalancesandmonitoringdata-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bester-triclosaninasewagetreatmentprocessbalancesandmonitoringdata-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bester_triclosan_2003,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan in a sewage treatment process - {Balances} and monitoring data},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {00431354},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00335-X},\n\tabstract = {In a German sewage treatment plant that processes 200,000m3 wastewater per day, the concentrations of 2,4,4???-trichloro, 2???-hydroxy-phenylether (triclosan) in the in-flowing (???1000ngl-1) as well as in the out-flowing water (???50ngl-1) are compared to the concentrations measured in sludge (1200ngg-1). Considering the mass flow of water and sludge in the respective plant, balances including water and sludge are calculated. Thirty percent of the triclosan is sorbed with weak bonds to the sludge, while some amounts are sorbed as bound residues in the sludge. About 5\\% is dissolved in the out-flowing water. Thus most of the in-flowing material is not recovered as the parent compound but it is likely that it is transformed to other metabolites or unrecovered bound residues. These data are compared to the monitoring of sewage sludge of 20 different plants in this region, most of which are smaller, though. The concentrations found in these sludges vary from 1000-8000ngg-1. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\tjournal = {Water Research},\n\tauthor = {Bester, K.},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12909107},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Balance, Florence, Sewage treatment plant, TCS, Triclosan, Wastewater},\n\tpages = {3891--3896},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In a German sewage treatment plant that processes 200,000m3 wastewater per day, the concentrations of 2,4,4???-trichloro, 2???-hydroxy-phenylether (triclosan) in the in-flowing (???1000ngl-1) as well as in the out-flowing water (???50ngl-1) are compared to the concentrations measured in sludge (1200ngg-1). Considering the mass flow of water and sludge in the respective plant, balances including water and sludge are calculated. Thirty percent of the triclosan is sorbed with weak bonds to the sludge, while some amounts are sorbed as bound residues in the sludge. About 5% is dissolved in the out-flowing water. Thus most of the in-flowing material is not recovered as the parent compound but it is likely that it is transformed to other metabolites or unrecovered bound residues. These data are compared to the monitoring of sewage sludge of 20 different plants in this region, most of which are smaller, though. The concentrations found in these sludges vary from 1000-8000ngg-1. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wichman-materialflammabilitycombustiontoxicityandfirehazardintransportation-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wichman-materialflammabilitycombustiontoxicityandfirehazardintransportation-2003', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3', event);\">\n    Material flammability, combustion, toxicity and fire hazard in transportation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wichman, I\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Progress in Energy and Combustion Science</i>, 29(3): 247–299.  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wichman-materialflammabilitycombustiontoxicityandfirehazardintransportation-2003', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Material flammability, combustion, toxicity and fire hazard in transportation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wichman-materialflammabilitycombustiontoxicityandfirehazardintransportation-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wichman-materialflammabilitycombustiontoxicityandfirehazardintransportation-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wichman-materialflammabilitycombustiontoxicityandfirehazardintransportation-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wichman_material_2003,\n\ttitle = {Material flammability, combustion, toxicity and fire hazard in transportation.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {03601285},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00027-3},\n\tabstract = {Many materials used in transportation vehicles are combustible, often dramatically so. These materials may include gases, liquids and solids. They are sometimes employed in order to increase fuel efficiency, reduce manufacturing cost or meet other market demands such as durability or appearance. Extensive research has been conducted on such materials both with and without the expressed intent of applying the results directly to transportation. Combustion and fire research, considered generally, are much broader than (and in fact encompass), the specific applications to transportation issues discussed here. Much if not most of fire and combustion research, therefore, has a direct bearing on transportation. This review ties together disparate subjects of fundamental fire and combustion research that have relevance to transportation fire. The goal is to provide a technical overview of the combustion literature related to, but not exclusively concerned with or focused on, transportation fire safety. Although they are not a large percentage of transportation-related fatalities, fires can be costly in human and economic terms. In the United States, post-collision fires occur in 1–5\\% of fatal motor vehicle accidents, while approximately 20\\% of air traffic fatalities are attributed to fire. This review addresses scientific and technical engineering issues in the fields of fire initiation; fire spread; products of combustion and their toxicity; and practical fire prevention in vehicles and other modes of transportation.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science},\n\tauthor = {Wichman, I},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {247--299},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Many materials used in transportation vehicles are combustible, often dramatically so. These materials may include gases, liquids and solids. They are sometimes employed in order to increase fuel efficiency, reduce manufacturing cost or meet other market demands such as durability or appearance. Extensive research has been conducted on such materials both with and without the expressed intent of applying the results directly to transportation. Combustion and fire research, considered generally, are much broader than (and in fact encompass), the specific applications to transportation issues discussed here. Much if not most of fire and combustion research, therefore, has a direct bearing on transportation. This review ties together disparate subjects of fundamental fire and combustion research that have relevance to transportation fire. The goal is to provide a technical overview of the combustion literature related to, but not exclusively concerned with or focused on, transportation fire safety. Although they are not a large percentage of transportation-related fatalities, fires can be costly in human and economic terms. In the United States, post-collision fires occur in 1–5% of fatal motor vehicle accidents, while approximately 20% of air traffic fatalities are attributed to fire. This review addresses scientific and technical engineering issues in the fields of fire initiation; fire spread; products of combustion and their toxicity; and practical fire prevention in vehicles and other modes of transportation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weber-relevanceofbfrsandthermalconditionsontheformationpathwaysofbrominatedandbrominatedchlorinateddibenzodioxinsanddibenzofurans-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weber-relevanceofbfrsandthermalconditionsontheformationpathwaysofbrominatedandbrominatedchlorinateddibenzodioxinsanddibenzofurans-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089', event);\">\n    Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weber, R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 699–710. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weber-relevanceofbfrsandthermalconditionsontheformationpathwaysofbrominatedandbrominatedchlorinateddibenzodioxinsanddibenzofurans-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00118-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weber-relevanceofbfrsandthermalconditionsontheformationpathwaysofbrominatedandbrominatedchlorinateddibenzodioxinsanddibenzofurans-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00118-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weber-relevanceofbfrsandthermalconditionsontheformationpathwaysofbrominatedandbrominatedchlorinateddibenzodioxinsanddibenzofurans-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weber-relevanceofbfrsandthermalconditionsontheformationpathwaysofbrominatedandbrominatedchlorinateddibenzodioxinsanddibenzofurans-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weber_relevance_2003,\n\ttitle = {Relevance of {BFRs} and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {01604120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850089},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00118-1},\n\tabstract = {The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition. Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions. In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Weber, R},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12850089},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {699--710},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition. Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions. In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"viberg-fredriksson-jakobsson-orn-eriksson-neurobehavioralderangementsinadultmicereceivingdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209duringadefinedperiodofneonatalbraindevelopment-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'viberg-fredriksson-jakobsson-orn-eriksson-neurobehavioralderangementsinadultmicereceivingdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209duringadefinedperiodofneonatalbraindevelopment-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714', event);\">\n    Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Viberg, H.; Fredriksson, A.; Jakobsson, E.; Orn, U.;  and Eriksson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 76(1): 112–20. November 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-fredriksson-jakobsson-orn-eriksson-neurobehavioralderangementsinadultmicereceivingdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209duringadefinedperiodofneonatalbraindevelopment-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfg210\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-fredriksson-jakobsson-orn-eriksson-neurobehavioralderangementsinadultmicereceivingdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209duringadefinedperiodofneonatalbraindevelopment-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfg210', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/viberg-fredriksson-jakobsson-orn-eriksson-neurobehavioralderangementsinadultmicereceivingdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209duringadefinedperiodofneonatalbraindevelopment-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('viberg-fredriksson-jakobsson-orn-eriksson-neurobehavioralderangementsinadultmicereceivingdecabrominateddiphenyletherpbde209duringadefinedperiodofneonatalbraindevelopment-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{viberg_neurobehavioral_2003,\n\ttitle = {Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development.},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915714},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfg210},\n\tabstract = {Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), has been found to be increasing in the environment and in human milk. Previous studies have shown that lower brominated PBDEs, tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects. The present study shows that the highly brominated PBDE 2,2&#x27;,3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6,6&#x27;-decaBDE (PBDE 209) can be absorbed during neonatal life and induce developmental neurotoxic effects in adult mice, effects that also worsen with age. These effects seem to be inducible only during a defined critical period of neonatal life. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice were exposed on day 3 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, on day 10 to 1.34, 13.4, or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or on day 19 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or to [U-14C]-2,2&#x27;,3,3&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;,6,6&#x27;-decaBDE. The oral neonatal administration of [U-14C]PBDE 209 on day 3, 10, or 19 showed that the compound distributes throughout the body and increases in the brain, from 24 h after administration to 7 days after administration, in 3-day-old and 10-day-old mice. The spontaneous behavior tests, observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, showed that the effect only occurred in mice exposed on day 3 and that this effect worsened with age. We conclude that more attention should be focused on the highly brominated PBDEs as possible developmental neurotoxic agents.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Jakobsson, Eva and Orn, Ulrika and Eriksson, Per},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12915714},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \\&amp; development, Bromobenzenes, Bromobenzenes: toxicity, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Habituation, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Psychophysiologic, Psychophysiologic: drug effects, Time Factors, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {112--20},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), has been found to be increasing in the environment and in human milk. Previous studies have shown that lower brominated PBDEs, tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects. The present study shows that the highly brominated PBDE 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE (PBDE 209) can be absorbed during neonatal life and induce developmental neurotoxic effects in adult mice, effects that also worsen with age. These effects seem to be inducible only during a defined critical period of neonatal life. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice were exposed on day 3 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, on day 10 to 1.34, 13.4, or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or on day 19 to 2.22 or 20.1 mg PBDE 209/kg body weight, or to [U-14C]-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decaBDE. The oral neonatal administration of [U-14C]PBDE 209 on day 3, 10, or 19 showed that the compound distributes throughout the body and increases in the brain, from 24 h after administration to 7 days after administration, in 3-day-old and 10-day-old mice. The spontaneous behavior tests, observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, showed that the effect only occurred in mice exposed on day 3 and that this effect worsened with age. We conclude that more attention should be focused on the highly brominated PBDEs as possible developmental neurotoxic agents.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde153disruptsspontaneousbehaviourimpairslearningandmemoryanddecreaseshippocampalcholinergicreceptorsinadultmice-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde153disruptsspontaneousbehaviourimpairslearningandmemoryanddecreaseshippocampalcholinergicreceptorsinadultmice-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744', event);\">\n    Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Viberg, H.; Fredriksson, A.;  and Eriksson, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</i>, 192(2): 95–106. October 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde153disruptsspontaneousbehaviourimpairslearningandmemoryanddecreaseshippocampalcholinergicreceptorsinadultmice-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde153disruptsspontaneousbehaviourimpairslearningandmemoryanddecreaseshippocampalcholinergicreceptorsinadultmice-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('viberg-fredriksson-eriksson-neonatalexposuretopolybrominateddiphenyletherpbde153disruptsspontaneousbehaviourimpairslearningandmemoryanddecreaseshippocampalcholinergicreceptorsinadultmice-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{viberg_neonatal_2003,\n\ttitle = {Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE} 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice.},\n\tvolume = {192},\n\tissn = {0041-008X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550744},\n\tabstract = {Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are present and increasing in the environment and in human milk. The present study shows that neonatal exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexaBDE (PBDE 153), a PBDE persistent both in environment and in human milk, can induce developmental neurotoxic effects, such as changes in spontaneous behaviour (hyperactivity), impairments in learning and memory, and reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors, effects that get worse with age. Neonatal NMRI male mice were orally exposed on day 10 to 0.45, 0.9, or 9.0 mg of PBDE 153/kg of body weight. Spontaneous behaviour (locomotion, rearing, and total activity) was observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, Morris water maze at an age of 6 months. The behaviour tests showed that the effects were dose-response and time-response related. Animals showing defects in learning and memory also showed significantly reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, using alpha-bungarotoxin binding assay. The observed developmental neurotoxic effects seen for PBDE 153 are similar to those seen for PBDE 99 and for certain PCBs. Furthermore, PBDEs appear to as potent as the PCBs.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Viberg, Henrik and Fredriksson, Anders and Eriksson, Per},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {14550744},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Age Factors, Animals, Binding Sites, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: growth \\&amp; development, Hippocampus: metabolism, Inbred Strains, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Nicotinic, Nicotinic: biosynthesis, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Swimming, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {95--106},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Flame retardants are used to suppress or inhibit combustion processes in an effort to reduce the risk of fire. One class of flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are present and increasing in the environment and in human milk. The present study shows that neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (PBDE 153), a PBDE persistent both in environment and in human milk, can induce developmental neurotoxic effects, such as changes in spontaneous behaviour (hyperactivity), impairments in learning and memory, and reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors, effects that get worse with age. Neonatal NMRI male mice were orally exposed on day 10 to 0.45, 0.9, or 9.0 mg of PBDE 153/kg of body weight. Spontaneous behaviour (locomotion, rearing, and total activity) was observed in 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old mice, Morris water maze at an age of 6 months. The behaviour tests showed that the effects were dose-response and time-response related. Animals showing defects in learning and memory also showed significantly reduced amounts of nicotinic receptors in hippocampus, using alpha-bungarotoxin binding assay. The observed developmental neurotoxic effects seen for PBDE 153 are similar to those seen for PBDE 99 and for certain PCBs. Furthermore, PBDEs appear to as potent as the PCBs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjdin-patterson-bergman-areviewonhumanexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsparticularlypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sjdin-patterson-bergman-areviewonhumanexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsparticularlypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089', event);\">\n    A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjödin, A.; Patterson, D. G.;  and Bergman, \\.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 829–839.  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-patterson-bergman-areviewonhumanexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsparticularlypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjdin-patterson-bergman-areviewonhumanexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsparticularlypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjdin-patterson-bergman-areviewonhumanexposuretobrominatedflameretardantsparticularlypolybrominateddiphenylethers-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sjodin_review_2003,\n\ttitle = {A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001089},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been and are still heavily used as additive or reactive chemicals in polymers and textiles. Only a few of the BFRs have been assessed in human subjects with a major data set on internal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mothers&#x27; milk from Sweden as well as in blood from Germany and Norway. The levels are in general lower than PCB levels. However, the PBDE concentrations found in the North Americans are considerably higher compared to European subjects. The PBDEs are dominated by 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is reported both in the general population and in occupationally exposed persons showing the bioavailability of this high molecular weight compound. While the lower and medium brominated diphenyl ethers are persistent, BDE-209 has a fairly short half-life of approximately 2 weeks. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is readily eliminated in humans showing a half-life of about 2 days. Still, TBBPA is accumulated in humans but a continuous exposure to this BFR is required to maintain a certain level in the human subject. TBBPA has not been detected in the general population but in people exposed at work. The current review addresses human exposure routes and levels of BFRs.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Patterson, Donald G. and Bergman, {\\textbackslash}AAke},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, Human, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS},\n\tpages = {829--839},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been and are still heavily used as additive or reactive chemicals in polymers and textiles. Only a few of the BFRs have been assessed in human subjects with a major data set on internal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mothers' milk from Sweden as well as in blood from Germany and Norway. The levels are in general lower than PCB levels. However, the PBDE concentrations found in the North Americans are considerably higher compared to European subjects. The PBDEs are dominated by 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is reported both in the general population and in occupationally exposed persons showing the bioavailability of this high molecular weight compound. While the lower and medium brominated diphenyl ethers are persistent, BDE-209 has a fairly short half-life of approximately 2 weeks. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is readily eliminated in humans showing a half-life of about 2 days. Still, TBBPA is accumulated in humans but a continuous exposure to this BFR is required to maintain a certain level in the human subject. TBBPA has not been detected in the general population but in people exposed at work. The current review addresses human exposure routes and levels of BFRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rudel-camann-spengler-korn-brody-phthalatesalkylphenolspesticidespolybrominateddiphenylethersandotherendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinindoorairanddust-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rudel-camann-spengler-korn-brody-phthalatesalkylphenolspesticidespolybrominateddiphenylethersandotherendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinindoorairanddust-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359', event);\">\n    Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rudel, R. A; Camann, D. E; Spengler, J. D; Korn, L. R;  and Brody, J. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 37(20): 4543–53. October 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rudel-camann-spengler-korn-brody-phthalatesalkylphenolspesticidespolybrominateddiphenylethersandotherendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinindoorairanddust-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rudel-camann-spengler-korn-brody-phthalatesalkylphenolspesticidespolybrominateddiphenylethersandotherendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinindoorairanddust-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rudel-camann-spengler-korn-brody-phthalatesalkylphenolspesticidespolybrominateddiphenylethersandotherendocrinedisruptingcompoundsinindoorairanddust-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rudel_phthalates_2003,\n\ttitle = {Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594359},\n\tabstract = {Chemicals identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. We sampled indoor air and dust in 120 homes, analyzing for 89 organic chemicals identified as EDCs. Fifty-two compounds were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measures in residential environments for over 30 of the compounds, including several detected at the highest concentrations. The number of compounds detected per home ranged from 13 to 28 in air and from 6 to 42 in dust. The most abundant compounds in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive) with typical concentrations in the range of 50-1500 ng/m3. The penta- and tetrabrominated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. Twenty-three pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust, the most abundant being permethrins and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. The banned pesticides heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, and DDT were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degradation. Detected concentrations exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compounds, but no guidelines are available for 28 compounds, and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure research for individual EDCs and mixtures and provides new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Rudel, Ruthann A and Camann, David E and Spengler, John D and Korn, Leo R and Brody, Julia G},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {14594359},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Dust, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Guidelines as Topic, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Pesticides, Pesticides: analysis, Phenols, Phenols: analysis, Phthalic Acids, Phthalic Acids: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Public Health, Reference Values, Risk Assessment},\n\tpages = {4543--53},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chemicals identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. We sampled indoor air and dust in 120 homes, analyzing for 89 organic chemicals identified as EDCs. Fifty-two compounds were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measures in residential environments for over 30 of the compounds, including several detected at the highest concentrations. The number of compounds detected per home ranged from 13 to 28 in air and from 6 to 42 in dust. The most abundant compounds in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive) with typical concentrations in the range of 50-1500 ng/m3. The penta- and tetrabrominated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. Twenty-three pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust, the most abundant being permethrins and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. The banned pesticides heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, and DDT were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degradation. Detected concentrations exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compounds, but no guidelines are available for 28 compounds, and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure research for individual EDCs and mixtures and provides new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"petreas-she-brown-winkler-windham-rogers-zhao-bhatia-etal-highbodyburdensof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47incaliforniawomen-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'petreas-she-brown-winkler-windham-rogers-zhao-bhatia-etal-highbodyburdensof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47incaliforniawomen-2003', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    High body burdens of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Petreas, M.; She, J.; Brown, F R.; Winkler, J.; Windham, G.; Rogers, E.; Zhao, G.; Bhatia, R.;  and Charles, M J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 111(9): 1175–9. July 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('petreas-she-brown-winkler-windham-rogers-zhao-bhatia-etal-highbodyburdensof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47incaliforniawomen-2003', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"High body burdens of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/petreas-she-brown-winkler-windham-rogers-zhao-bhatia-etal-highbodyburdensof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47incaliforniawomen-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('petreas-she-brown-winkler-windham-rogers-zhao-bhatia-etal-highbodyburdensof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47incaliforniawomen-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{petreas_high_2003,\n\ttitle = {High body burdens of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-47) in {California} women.},\n\tvolume = {111},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241571&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Following our first report on elevated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in California women, we expanded our investigation to include diverse groups of local women. We analyzed additional adipose and serum samples collected in the late 1990s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a breast cancer study and in a reproductive study, respectively. Adipose samples (n = 32) were analyzed by low-resolution mass spectrometry in negative-ion chemical ionization mode, whereas serum samples (n = 50) were analyzed by dual-column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The results confirmed our earlier findings. Concentrations of 2,2,4,4 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in contemporary California women ranged between 5 and 510 ng/g lipid, with a median (16.5 ng/g lipid) 3-10 times higher than those reported from Europe. In contrast, PBDEs were not measurable in any of 420 archived serum samples collected in the 1960s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a study of child development. BDE-47 concentrations did not increase with age or with concentrations of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB-153), suggesting other routes of exposure in addition to diet. Rising body burdens of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as PBDEs may pose a potential public health threat.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Petreas, Myrto and She, Jianwen and Brown, F Reber and Winkler, Jennifer and Windham, Gayle and Rogers, Evan and Zhao, Guomao and Bhatia, Rajiv and Charles, M Judith},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12842770},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Body Burden, Brominated, Brominated: analysis, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, Diet, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Gas, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, california, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1175--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Following our first report on elevated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in California women, we expanded our investigation to include diverse groups of local women. We analyzed additional adipose and serum samples collected in the late 1990s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a breast cancer study and in a reproductive study, respectively. Adipose samples (n = 32) were analyzed by low-resolution mass spectrometry in negative-ion chemical ionization mode, whereas serum samples (n = 50) were analyzed by dual-column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The results confirmed our earlier findings. Concentrations of 2,2,4,4 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in contemporary California women ranged between 5 and 510 ng/g lipid, with a median (16.5 ng/g lipid) 3-10 times higher than those reported from Europe. In contrast, PBDEs were not measurable in any of 420 archived serum samples collected in the 1960s from San Francisco Bay Area women participating in a study of child development. BDE-47 concentrations did not increase with age or with concentrations of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB-153), suggesting other routes of exposure in addition to diet. Rising body burdens of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as PBDEs may pose a potential public health threat.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pullen-boecker-tiegs-theflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrabromobisphenolabisallylethersuppresstheinductionofinterleukin2receptoralphachaincd25inmurinesplenocytes-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pullen-boecker-tiegs-theflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrabromobisphenolabisallylethersuppresstheinductionofinterleukin2receptoralphachaincd25inmurinesplenocytes-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372', event);\">\n    The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether suppress the induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in murine splenocytes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pullen, S.; Boecker, R.;  and Tiegs, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology</i>, 184(1): 11–22. February 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pullen-boecker-tiegs-theflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrabromobisphenolabisallylethersuppresstheinductionofinterleukin2receptoralphachaincd25inmurinesplenocytes-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether suppress the induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in murine splenocytes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pullen-boecker-tiegs-theflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrabromobisphenolabisallylethersuppresstheinductionofinterleukin2receptoralphachaincd25inmurinesplenocytes-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pullen-boecker-tiegs-theflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrabromobisphenolabisallylethersuppresstheinductionofinterleukin2receptoralphachaincd25inmurinesplenocytes-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pullen_flame_2003,\n\ttitle = {The flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol {A} and tetrabromobisphenol {A}-bisallylether suppress the induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain ({CD25}) in murine splenocytes.},\n\tvolume = {184},\n\tissn = {0300-483X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505372},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated flame retardants (PBF) are frequently used additives in electronical equipment. They are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which bioaccumulate with several health effects for humans and the environment. This study investigated immunotoxic effects of the PBF tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether (TBBP A-AE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl-ether) (TBBP A-PE), decabromodiphenylether (DBDE), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) in vitro. The structurally related polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon 3,4,3&#x27;,4&#x27;-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and dioxins mediate their immunotoxicity via the Ah-receptor gene complex. A highly relevant function of the Ah receptor, the induction of CYP 1A1 in hepatocytes of C57BL/6 mice by the established inducers 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and PCB77 was compared to the effect of PBF by measurement of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity. The PBF did not show any induction of CYP 1A1, while EROD activity of hepatocytes exposed to MC and PCB77 was induced 10.8- and 8.7-fold, respectively. To investigate immunotoxic effects of the flame retardants, splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice were incubated with subtoxic doses of the flame retardants and PCB77 and activated by concanavalin A (Con A). The flame retardants TBBP A and TBBP A-AE significantly inhibited the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in contrast to TBBP A-PE, DBDE, TBP, and PCB77 as shown by immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis by laser scanning cytometry. None of the substances had any effect on the Con A-induced production of cytokines. Hence, TBBP A and TBBP A-AE may act as immunotoxic compounds by specifically inhibiting the expression of CD25.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Pullen, Sabine and Boecker, Ronald and Tiegs, Gisa},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12505372},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cell Separation, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Confocal, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: biosynthesis, Cytokines, Cytokines: metabolism, Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Induction: drug effects, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hepatocytes, Hepatocytes: drug effects, Immunohistochemistry, Inbred C57BL, Indicators and Reagents, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-2: biosynthesis, Mice, Microscopy, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Receptors, Solutions, Spleen, Spleen: cytology, Spleen: drug effects, Spleen: metabolism, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {11--22},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated flame retardants (PBF) are frequently used additives in electronical equipment. They are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which bioaccumulate with several health effects for humans and the environment. This study investigated immunotoxic effects of the PBF tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), tetrabromobisphenol A-bisallylether (TBBP A-AE), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl-ether) (TBBP A-PE), decabromodiphenylether (DBDE), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) in vitro. The structurally related polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and dioxins mediate their immunotoxicity via the Ah-receptor gene complex. A highly relevant function of the Ah receptor, the induction of CYP 1A1 in hepatocytes of C57BL/6 mice by the established inducers 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and PCB77 was compared to the effect of PBF by measurement of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity. The PBF did not show any induction of CYP 1A1, while EROD activity of hepatocytes exposed to MC and PCB77 was induced 10.8- and 8.7-fold, respectively. To investigate immunotoxic effects of the flame retardants, splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice were incubated with subtoxic doses of the flame retardants and PCB77 and activated by concanavalin A (Con A). The flame retardants TBBP A and TBBP A-AE significantly inhibited the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) in contrast to TBBP A-PE, DBDE, TBP, and PCB77 as shown by immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis by laser scanning cytometry. None of the substances had any effect on the Con A-induced production of cytokines. Hence, TBBP A and TBBP A-AE may act as immunotoxic compounds by specifically inhibiting the expression of CD25.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5', event);\">\n    The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mariussen, E.;  and Fonnum, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurochemistry International</i>, 43(4-5): 533–542. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mariussen_effect_2003,\n\ttitle = {The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {01970186},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00044-5},\n\tabstract = {The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC50 value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 μM, and the IC50 values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 μM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50\\% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP+). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC50 value of 3, 3 and 8 μM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.},\n\tnumber = {4-5},\n\tjournal = {Neurochemistry International},\n\tauthor = {Mariussen, Espen and Fonnum, Frode},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dopamine, Flame retardants, neurotransmitters},\n\tpages = {533--542},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC50 value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 μM, and the IC50 values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 μM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP+). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC50 value of 3, 3 and 8 μM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101', event);\">\n    The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mariussen, E.;  and Fonnum, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurochemistry international</i>, 43(4-5): 533–42.  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mariussen-fonnum-theeffectofbrominatedflameretardantsonneurotransmitteruptakeintoratbrainsynaptosomesandvesicles-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mariussen_effect_2003,\n\ttitle = {The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles.},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {0197-0186},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742101},\n\tabstract = {The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC(50) value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 microM, and the IC(50) values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 microM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50\\% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP(+)). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC(50) value of 3, 3 and 8 microM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.},\n\tnumber = {4-5},\n\tjournal = {Neurochemistry international},\n\tauthor = {Mariussen, Espen and Fonnum, Frode},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12742101},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: metabolism, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Male, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Agents: metabolism, Rats, Synaptosomes, Synaptosomes: drug effects, Synaptosomes: metabolism, Wistar, frbldg, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {533--42},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The environmental levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are increasing, but little is known about their toxic effects. In this paper, we show that some of the most important BFRs in commercial use today, have a neurotoxicological potential. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) inhibit plasma membrane uptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) at a concentration level similar to what previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and even for ecstasy. The IC(50) value for HBCD on dopamine uptake was 4 microM, and the IC(50) values for TBBPA were 9, 6 and 16 microM for dopamine, glutamate and GABA, respectively. HBCD also inhibited glutamate uptake at low concentrations, but never achieved more than 50% inhibition. The inhibition was primarily due to their effect on the membrane potential, measured by the membrane potential marker tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP(+)). Other brominated flame retardants such as octaBDE and decaBDE did not have any effects on uptake. TBBPA, HBCD and even the pentabrominated diphenylether mixture (pentaBDE, DE-71, Great Lakes) also inhibited the vesicular uptake of dopamine with an IC(50) value of 3, 3 and 8 microM, respectively. The neurotoxicological consequences of these findings for environmental contaminants such as BFRs and PCBs are discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'icc-internationalresidentialcode-2003', 'http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12', event);\">\n    International Residential Code.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('icc-internationalresidentialcode-2003', 'http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"International Residential Code [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalresidentialcode-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalresidentialcode-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2003,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\n\turl = {http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3100X12},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'icc-internationalbuildingcode-2003', 'http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12', event);\">\n    International Building Code.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('icc-internationalbuildingcode-2003', 'http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"International Building Code [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalbuildingcode-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalbuildingcode-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2003,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\n\turl = {http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3000X12},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hall-kalantzi-thomas-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesingreysealsduringtheirfirstyearoflifearetheythyroidhormoneendocrinedisrupters-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hall-kalantzi-thomas-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesingreysealsduringtheirfirstyearoflifearetheythyroidhormoneendocrinedisrupters-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in grey seals during their first year of life–are they thyroid hormone endocrine disrupters?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall, A. J; Kalantzi, O. I;  and Thomas, G. O\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental pollution</i>, 126(1): 29–37. January 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hall-kalantzi-thomas-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesingreysealsduringtheirfirstyearoflifearetheythyroidhormoneendocrinedisrupters-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in grey seals during their first year of life–are they thyroid hormone endocrine disrupters? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hall-kalantzi-thomas-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesingreysealsduringtheirfirstyearoflifearetheythyroidhormoneendocrinedisrupters-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hall-kalantzi-thomas-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesingreysealsduringtheirfirstyearoflifearetheythyroidhormoneendocrinedisrupters-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hall_polybrominated_2003,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in grey seals during their first year of life–are they thyroid hormone endocrine disrupters?},\n\tvolume = {126},\n\tissn = {0269-7491},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860100},\n\tabstract = {Blubber biopsy and blood samples were collected from weaned grey seal pups and juveniles in 1998 and 1999. The relationship between the concentration of total PDBEs in the blubber and the circulating concentrations of serum proteins, minerals and thyroid hormones was investigated. Fifty-four post-weaned pups were sampled and 55 first year juveniles, of which 13 were recaptured post-weaned pups. The median concentration of total PBDEs in the pups&#x27; blubber was 170 and 460 ng g(-1) in the first-year animals. Total blubber PBDEs contributed significantly to the prediction of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, after controlling for age and condition. Cholesterol and albumin concentrations were also positively related to blubber PBDEs. The results of this study suggest a link between thyroid hormones and exposure to PBDEs in grey seals during their first year of life. Such an association is not alone sufficient evidence for a cause and effect relationship, however it is in accordance with the hypothesis that these compounds are endocrine disrupters in grey seal pups.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Environmental pollution},\n\tauthor = {Hall, Ailsa J and Kalantzi, Olga I and Thomas, Gareth O},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12860100},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: toxicity, Chemical, Chemical: toxicity, Cholesterol, Cholesterol: blood, Earless, Earless: physiology, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Minerals, Minerals: blood, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Seals, Seawater, Serum Albumin, Serum Albumin: analysis, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones: blood, Thyroid Hormones: physiology, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {29--37},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Blubber biopsy and blood samples were collected from weaned grey seal pups and juveniles in 1998 and 1999. The relationship between the concentration of total PDBEs in the blubber and the circulating concentrations of serum proteins, minerals and thyroid hormones was investigated. Fifty-four post-weaned pups were sampled and 55 first year juveniles, of which 13 were recaptured post-weaned pups. The median concentration of total PBDEs in the pups' blubber was 170 and 460 ng g(-1) in the first-year animals. Total blubber PBDEs contributed significantly to the prediction of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, after controlling for age and condition. Cholesterol and albumin concentrations were also positively related to blubber PBDEs. The results of this study suggest a link between thyroid hormones and exposure to PBDEs in grey seals during their first year of life. Such an association is not alone sufficient evidence for a cause and effect relationship, however it is in accordance with the hypothesis that these compounds are endocrine disrupters in grey seal pups.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinthenorthamericanenvironment-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hale-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinthenorthamericanenvironment-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 771–779. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinthenorthamericanenvironment-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00113-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinthenorthamericanenvironment-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00113-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinthenorthamericanenvironment-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsinthenorthamericanenvironment-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_polybrominated_2003,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the {North} {American} environment.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {01604120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850095},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00113-2},\n\tabstract = {North America consumes over half of the world&#x27;s production of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. About 98\\% of global demand for the Penta-BDE mixture, the constituents of which are the most bioaccumulative and environmentally widespread, resides here. However, research on the environmental distribution of PBDEs in North America has lagged behind that in Northern Europe. Examination of available governmentally maintained release data suggests that Deca-BDE use in the US substantially exceeds that in Canada. Penta-BDE use probably follows a similar pattern. PBDE demand in Mexico is uncertain, but is assumed to be comparatively modest. Recent research examining air, water, sediment, sewage sludge and aquatic biota suggests that Penta-BDE constituents are present in geographically disparate locations in the US and Canada. The less brominated congeners have been observed in areas distant from their known use or production, e.g. the Arctic. PBDEs have been detected in low concentrations in North American air, water and sediment, but much higher levels in aquatic biota. Increased burdens as a function of position in the food web have been noted. PBDE concentrations in US and Canadian sewage sludges appear to be at least 10-fold greater than European levels and may be a useful barometer of release. In general, PBDE concentrations in environmental media reported in North America are comparable or exceed those observed elsewhere in the world. In contrast to Europe, environmental burdens are increasing over time here, consistent with the greater consumption of the commercial mixtures. However, data remain relatively scarce. Deca-BDE in the North American environment appears largely restricted to points of release, e.g. urban areas and those where PBDE-containing sewage sludges have been applied. This lack of redistribution is likely due to its extremely low volatility and water solubility. Penta-BDE and Deca-BDE products are used in different applications and this may also be a factor controlling their environmental release.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Hale, R},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12850095},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Environment, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Marine Biology, North America, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Solubility, Volatilization, env, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {771--779},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  North America consumes over half of the world's production of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. About 98% of global demand for the Penta-BDE mixture, the constituents of which are the most bioaccumulative and environmentally widespread, resides here. However, research on the environmental distribution of PBDEs in North America has lagged behind that in Northern Europe. Examination of available governmentally maintained release data suggests that Deca-BDE use in the US substantially exceeds that in Canada. Penta-BDE use probably follows a similar pattern. PBDE demand in Mexico is uncertain, but is assumed to be comparatively modest. Recent research examining air, water, sediment, sewage sludge and aquatic biota suggests that Penta-BDE constituents are present in geographically disparate locations in the US and Canada. The less brominated congeners have been observed in areas distant from their known use or production, e.g. the Arctic. PBDEs have been detected in low concentrations in North American air, water and sediment, but much higher levels in aquatic biota. Increased burdens as a function of position in the food web have been noted. PBDE concentrations in US and Canadian sewage sludges appear to be at least 10-fold greater than European levels and may be a useful barometer of release. In general, PBDE concentrations in environmental media reported in North America are comparable or exceed those observed elsewhere in the world. In contrast to Europe, environmental burdens are increasing over time here, consistent with the greater consumption of the commercial mixtures. However, data remain relatively scarce. Deca-BDE in the North American environment appears largely restricted to points of release, e.g. urban areas and those where PBDE-containing sewage sludges have been applied. This lack of redistribution is likely due to its extremely low volatility and water solubility. Penta-BDE and Deca-BDE products are used in different applications and this may also be a factor controlling their environmental release.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreportdiphenyletheroctabromoderivative-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  European Union Risk Assessment Report: Diphenyl Ether, Octabromo Derivative.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EU\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreportdiphenyletheroctabromoderivative-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eu-europeanunionriskassessmentreportdiphenyletheroctabromoderivative-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{eu_european_2003,\n\ttitle = {European {Union} {Risk} {Assessment} {Report}: {Diphenyl} {Ether}, {Octabromo} {Derivative}},\n\tauthor = {{EU}},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"epa-wasteincineratordioxincontrolandemissionstandards-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'epa-wasteincineratordioxincontrolandemissionstandards-2003', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf', event);\">\n    Waste Incinerator Dioxin Control and Emission Standards.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  EPA, U S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  US Environmental Protection Agency,  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('epa-wasteincineratordioxincontrolandemissionstandards-2003', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Waste Incinerator Dioxin Control and Emission Standards [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/epa-wasteincineratordioxincontrolandemissionstandards-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('epa-wasteincineratordioxincontrolandemissionstandards-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{epa_waste_2003,\n\ttitle = {Waste {Incinerator} {Dioxin} {Control} and {Emission} {Standards}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/EPA dioxin emission.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency},\n\tauthor = {EPA, U S},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ebert-formationofpbddffromflameretardedplasticmaterialsunderthermalstress-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ebert-formationofpbddffromflameretardedplasticmaterialsunderthermalstress-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090', event);\">\n    Formation of PBDD/F from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ebert, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 711–716. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ebert-formationofpbddffromflameretardedplasticmaterialsunderthermalstress-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Formation of PBDD/F from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00117-X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ebert-formationofpbddffromflameretardedplasticmaterialsunderthermalstress-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00117-X', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ebert-formationofpbddffromflameretardedplasticmaterialsunderthermalstress-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ebert-formationofpbddffromflameretardedplasticmaterialsunderthermalstress-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ebert_formation_2003,\n\ttitle = {Formation of {PBDD}/{F} from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {01604120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850090},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00117-X},\n\tabstract = {Thermal treatment of plastics flame retarded with brominated compounds often lead to the formation of PBDD/F, especially if polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used. By the presence of antimony(III) oxide, water and some other metals, the amounts of PBDD/F increase. Even during the production and recycling processes of plastics, PBDD/F can be found in considerable amounts. By the use of flame retardants, which are not direct precursors of PBDD/F, the amounts can significantly be decreased. An incomplete and uncontrolled incineration, occurring in fire accidents in private residences, can form high amounts of PBDD/F, which can endanger the environment and persons in contact with fire residues. Complete and controlled incineration of bromine-containing compounds as usually conducted in municipal waste incinerators, however, show no raised risk. An overview about the formation of PBDD/F primarily during combustion and also during production and recycling processes of flame-retarded plastic materials is given in this paper.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Ebert, J},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12850090},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Chemical, Conservation of Natural Resources, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Incineration, Models, Plastics, Plastics: chemistry, Thermodynamics, com, ffr, frelec},\n\tpages = {711--716},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Thermal treatment of plastics flame retarded with brominated compounds often lead to the formation of PBDD/F, especially if polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used. By the presence of antimony(III) oxide, water and some other metals, the amounts of PBDD/F increase. Even during the production and recycling processes of plastics, PBDD/F can be found in considerable amounts. By the use of flame retardants, which are not direct precursors of PBDD/F, the amounts can significantly be decreased. An incomplete and uncontrolled incineration, occurring in fire accidents in private residences, can form high amounts of PBDD/F, which can endanger the environment and persons in contact with fire residues. Complete and controlled incineration of bromine-containing compounds as usually conducted in municipal waste incinerators, however, show no raised risk. An overview about the formation of PBDD/F primarily during combustion and also during production and recycling processes of flame-retarded plastic materials is given in this paper.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"darnerud-toxiceffectsofbrominatedflameretardantsinmanandinwildlife-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'darnerud-toxiceffectsofbrominatedflameretardantsinmanandinwildlife-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100', event);\">\n    Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Darnerud, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 841–853. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-toxiceffectsofbrominatedflameretardantsinmanandinwildlife-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('darnerud-toxiceffectsofbrominatedflameretardantsinmanandinwildlife-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/darnerud-toxiceffectsofbrominatedflameretardantsinmanandinwildlife-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('darnerud-toxiceffectsofbrominatedflameretardantsinmanandinwildlife-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{darnerud_toxic_2003,\n\ttitle = {Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {01604120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850100},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are ubiquitous industrial chemicals, and many of them are produced in large volumes. Due to this fact, several BFRs are found in quantifiable levels in wildlife, as well as in humans. However, we are still lacking information on the effects of BFR in wildlife and, especially, in man. This review summarises the biological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and derivates, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), however excluding other aspects such as environmental levels. These BFR groups were selected because of a large volume production (PBDEs, TBBPA and derivates), and availability of some toxicity data in spite of much lower production volumes (HBCD and PBBs). In addition, the increase in levels of PBDEs in human (breast milk) and wildlife samples during later time made it especially interesting to include this BFR group. PBDES: The commercial PBDE products predominantly consist of so-called penta-, octa- and decabromodiphenyl ether products. Each product consists of a rather narrow range of congeners and is named after the dominating congener as regards the bromination pattern. Generally, the PentaBDEs seem to cause adverse effects at the comparably lowest dose, whereas much higher doses were needed for effects of the DecaBDEs. The critical effects of PentaBDEs are those on neurobehavioural development (from 0.6 mg/kg body weight) and, at somewhat higher dose, thyroid hormone levels in rats and mice, of OctaBDEs on fetal toxicity/teratogenicity in rats and rabbits (from 2 mg/kg body weight), and of DecaBDEs on thyroid, liver and kidney morphology in adult animals (from 80 mg/kg body weight). Carcinogenicity studies, only performed for DecaBDEs, show some effects at very high levels, and IARC (1990) evaluates DecaBDEs not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. TBBPA: The toxicity of TBBPA in the experimental in vivo studies is suggested to be low. In most reported studies, only doses in g/kg body weight were effective, but at least one study suggested renal effects at around 250 mg/kg body weight. Although difficult to include and interpret in a quantitative risk assessment, the in vitro effects on immunological and thyroid hormones, as well as binding to erythrocytes should be noted. Before a solid standpoint could be reached on TBBPA toxicity additional studies must be performed. This statement is even more valid regarding the TBBPA derivates, where there is an almost complete lack of toxicity data. HBCD: Also in the case of HBCD, relevant toxicity studies are lacking. Based on the present animal studies, a critical effect is seen in the liver and on thyroid hormones (LOAEL 100 mg/kg body weight/day). However, in a recent short paper behavioural effects in mice pups were observed already at 0.9 mg/kg body weight, and behavioural effects may be a sensitive endpoint for HBCD, as well as for other BFRs. PBBS: Due to the Michigan accident in 1973-1974, many toxicity studies on PBBs are available. The critical experimental effects are those on reproduction and carcinogenicity, and a NOAEL of 0.15 mg/kg body weight/day could be suggested based on the cancer effects. In man no unequivocal effects have been observed, although in some studies neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms were suggested. Based on the carcinogenic effects in animals, a human TDI of 0.15 microg/kg body weight has been presented. To conclude, the toxicity data are almost entirely based on experimental models. There are differences among the BFR groups, as well as within these groups, both regarding type of toxic effect and at what dose it appears. As BFRs will continue to appear both in industrial applications and, even if the production has ceased, in our environment, there is a continued need for effects studies on BFRs.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Darnerud, P},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12850100},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Models, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Risk Assessment, Tissue Distribution, Wild, Wild: metabolism, ffr, frbldg, frelec, hum, waa},\n\tpages = {841--853},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are ubiquitous industrial chemicals, and many of them are produced in large volumes. Due to this fact, several BFRs are found in quantifiable levels in wildlife, as well as in humans. However, we are still lacking information on the effects of BFR in wildlife and, especially, in man. This review summarises the biological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and derivates, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), however excluding other aspects such as environmental levels. These BFR groups were selected because of a large volume production (PBDEs, TBBPA and derivates), and availability of some toxicity data in spite of much lower production volumes (HBCD and PBBs). In addition, the increase in levels of PBDEs in human (breast milk) and wildlife samples during later time made it especially interesting to include this BFR group. PBDES: The commercial PBDE products predominantly consist of so-called penta-, octa- and decabromodiphenyl ether products. Each product consists of a rather narrow range of congeners and is named after the dominating congener as regards the bromination pattern. Generally, the PentaBDEs seem to cause adverse effects at the comparably lowest dose, whereas much higher doses were needed for effects of the DecaBDEs. The critical effects of PentaBDEs are those on neurobehavioural development (from 0.6 mg/kg body weight) and, at somewhat higher dose, thyroid hormone levels in rats and mice, of OctaBDEs on fetal toxicity/teratogenicity in rats and rabbits (from 2 mg/kg body weight), and of DecaBDEs on thyroid, liver and kidney morphology in adult animals (from 80 mg/kg body weight). Carcinogenicity studies, only performed for DecaBDEs, show some effects at very high levels, and IARC (1990) evaluates DecaBDEs not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. TBBPA: The toxicity of TBBPA in the experimental in vivo studies is suggested to be low. In most reported studies, only doses in g/kg body weight were effective, but at least one study suggested renal effects at around 250 mg/kg body weight. Although difficult to include and interpret in a quantitative risk assessment, the in vitro effects on immunological and thyroid hormones, as well as binding to erythrocytes should be noted. Before a solid standpoint could be reached on TBBPA toxicity additional studies must be performed. This statement is even more valid regarding the TBBPA derivates, where there is an almost complete lack of toxicity data. HBCD: Also in the case of HBCD, relevant toxicity studies are lacking. Based on the present animal studies, a critical effect is seen in the liver and on thyroid hormones (LOAEL 100 mg/kg body weight/day). However, in a recent short paper behavioural effects in mice pups were observed already at 0.9 mg/kg body weight, and behavioural effects may be a sensitive endpoint for HBCD, as well as for other BFRs. PBBS: Due to the Michigan accident in 1973-1974, many toxicity studies on PBBs are available. The critical experimental effects are those on reproduction and carcinogenicity, and a NOAEL of 0.15 mg/kg body weight/day could be suggested based on the cancer effects. In man no unequivocal effects have been observed, although in some studies neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms were suggested. Based on the carcinogenic effects in animals, a human TDI of 0.15 microg/kg body weight has been presented. To conclude, the toxicity data are almost entirely based on experimental models. There are differences among the BFR groups, as well as within these groups, both regarding type of toxic effect and at what dose it appears. As BFRs will continue to appear both in industrial applications and, even if the production has ceased, in our environment, there is a continued need for effects studies on BFRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"choi-fujimaki-kitamura-hashimoto-ito-suzuki-sakai-morita-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransanddiphenylethersinjapanesehumanadiposetissue-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'choi-fujimaki-kitamura-hashimoto-ito-suzuki-sakai-morita-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransanddiphenylethersinjapanesehumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907', event);\">\n    Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Choi, J.; Fujimaki, T S.; Kitamura, K.; Hashimoto, S.; Ito, H.; Suzuki, N.; Sakai, S.;  and Morita, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 37(5): 817–21. March 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('choi-fujimaki-kitamura-hashimoto-ito-suzuki-sakai-morita-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransanddiphenylethersinjapanesehumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/choi-fujimaki-kitamura-hashimoto-ito-suzuki-sakai-morita-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransanddiphenylethersinjapanesehumanadiposetissue-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('choi-fujimaki-kitamura-hashimoto-ito-suzuki-sakai-morita-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsdibenzofuransanddiphenylethersinjapanesehumanadiposetissue-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{choi_polybrominated_2003,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} human adipose tissue.},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12666907},\n\tabstract = {Human adipose samples collected in Tokyo, Japan in 1970 and 2000 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the concentrations in the two groups were compared. As far as we know, the concentrations of the PBDD/Fs in adipose tissue from the general Japanese population are reported for the first time. Three PBDD/F congeners were found in the following adipose tissues: 2,3,7,8-TeBDD, 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF. The median concentrations (ranges) of three PBDD/Fs in 1970 and 2000 were 5.1 (3.4-8.3) and 3.4 (1.9-5.3) pg/g lipid wt (l.w.), respectively. For PBDEs, seven PBDE congeners were determined in the following samples: 2,4,4&#x27;-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5&#x27;,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), and 2,2&#x27;,3,4,4&#x27;,5&#x27;,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183). Median concentrations (ranges) of PBDEs showed a significant increase from 29.2 (6.8-78.4) pg/g l.w. in 1970 to 1288 (466-2,753) pg/g l.w. in 2000. BDE-47, the major congener of PBDEs, was 56.2\\% and 35.6\\% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively, whereas the BDE-153 was {\\textbackslash}textless 1\\% and 29.7\\% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively. This may indicate that the source of PBDEs had changed during this period. Further analysis of archived human samples from 1970 to 2000 is needed to describe the details of the contamination trends of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the Japanese population. Furthermore, PBDD/F monitoring, particularly 2,3,7,8-TeBDD and 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, may give more toxicological information based on TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs).},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Choi, Jae-Won and Fujimaki, T Susumu and Kitamura, Kimiyoshi and Hashimoto, Shunji and Ito, Hiroyasu and Suzuki, Noriyuki and Sakai, Shin-ichi and Morita, Masatoshi},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12666907},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame retardants, Humans, Japan, Middle Aged, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Reference Values, Tissue Distribution, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {817--21},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Human adipose samples collected in Tokyo, Japan in 1970 and 2000 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the concentrations in the two groups were compared. As far as we know, the concentrations of the PBDD/Fs in adipose tissue from the general Japanese population are reported for the first time. Three PBDD/F congeners were found in the following adipose tissues: 2,3,7,8-TeBDD, 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF. The median concentrations (ranges) of three PBDD/Fs in 1970 and 2000 were 5.1 (3.4-8.3) and 3.4 (1.9-5.3) pg/g lipid wt (l.w.), respectively. For PBDEs, seven PBDE congeners were determined in the following samples: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2',4,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), and 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183). Median concentrations (ranges) of PBDEs showed a significant increase from 29.2 (6.8-78.4) pg/g l.w. in 1970 to 1288 (466-2,753) pg/g l.w. in 2000. BDE-47, the major congener of PBDEs, was 56.2% and 35.6% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively, whereas the BDE-153 was \\textless 1% and 29.7% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively. This may indicate that the source of PBDEs had changed during this period. Further analysis of archived human samples from 1970 to 2000 is needed to describe the details of the contamination trends of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the Japanese population. Furthermore, PBDD/F monitoring, particularly 2,3,7,8-TeBDD and 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, may give more toxicological information based on TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"birnbaum-healtheffectsofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinspbddsanddibenzofuranspbdfs-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'birnbaum-healtheffectsofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinspbddsanddibenzofuranspbdfs-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101', event);\">\n    Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Birnbaum, L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 855–860. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('birnbaum-healtheffectsofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinspbddsanddibenzofuranspbdfs-2003', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00106-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('birnbaum-healtheffectsofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinspbddsanddibenzofuranspbdfs-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00106-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/birnbaum-healtheffectsofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinspbddsanddibenzofuranspbdfs-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('birnbaum-healtheffectsofpolybrominateddibenzopdioxinspbddsanddibenzofuranspbdfs-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{birnbaum_health_2003,\n\ttitle = {Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins ({PBDDs}) and dibenzofurans ({PBDFs}).},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {01604120},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12850101},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00106-5},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews the state of the science regarding the health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). While thousands of articles have been published on the health effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), little is know about the brominated and mixed chloro/bromo homologs. Available literature suggests that brominated compounds have similar toxicity profiles to their chlorinated homologs. However, further research investigating health effects will only be useful if exposure scenarios truly exist. Current exposure data is extremely limited, posing a major data gap in assessing potential risk of these chemicals. The rapid increase in the use of brominated flame retardants has raised the level of environmental concern regarding PBDDs/PBDFs as it is likely that human, as well as wildlife, exposure to brominated dioxins and furans will increase with their use.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Birnbaum, L},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpmid = {12850101},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Exposure, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Public Health},\n\tpages = {855--860},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article reviews the state of the science regarding the health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). While thousands of articles have been published on the health effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), little is know about the brominated and mixed chloro/bromo homologs. Available literature suggests that brominated compounds have similar toxicity profiles to their chlorinated homologs. However, further research investigating health effects will only be useful if exposure scenarios truly exist. Current exposure data is extremely limited, posing a major data gap in assessing potential risk of these chemicals. The rapid increase in the use of brominated flame retardants has raised the level of environmental concern regarding PBDDs/PBDFs as it is likely that human, as well as wildlife, exposure to brominated dioxins and furans will increase with their use.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"behnisch-brominateddioxinlikecompoundsinvitroassessmentincomparisontoclassicaldioxinlikecompoundsandotherpolyaromaticcompounds-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=23&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'behnisch-brominateddioxinlikecompoundsinvitroassessmentincomparisontoclassicaldioxinlikecompoundsandotherpolyaromaticcompounds-2003', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=23&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2', event);\">\n    Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Behnisch, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 861–877. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=23&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('behnisch-brominateddioxinlikecompoundsinvitroassessmentincomparisontoclassicaldioxinlikecompoundsandotherpolyaromaticcompounds-2003', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=23&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00105-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('behnisch-brominateddioxinlikecompoundsinvitroassessmentincomparisontoclassicaldioxinlikecompoundsandotherpolyaromaticcompounds-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00105-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/behnisch-brominateddioxinlikecompoundsinvitroassessmentincomparisontoclassicaldioxinlikecompoundsandotherpolyaromaticcompounds-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('behnisch-brominateddioxinlikecompoundsinvitroassessmentincomparisontoclassicaldioxinlikecompoundsandotherpolyaromaticcompounds-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{behnisch_brominated_2003,\n\ttitle = {Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {01604120},\n\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=23&amp;SID=1Add5m1f4@aA4A2DE7p&amp;page=1&amp;doc=2},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00105-3},\n\tabstract = {Recently, several countries agreed to adopt the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). One future obligation will be to add other POPs as new evidence becomes available. In vitro cell-based bioassays offer a rapid, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive solution to screen possible POP candidates. In the present study, we investigated the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-receptor activity of several dioxin-like POPs by using the Micro-EROD (Ethoxy-Resorufin-O-Deethylase) and DR-CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive-Chemical Activated Luciferase gene expression) bioassays, which are two state-of-the-art methods. The Micro-EROD system used in our study utilizes a wildtype rat liver cell line (rat liver H4IIEC3/T cells), while the DR-CALUX bioassay consists of a genetically modified rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line that incorporates the firefly luciferase gene coupled to dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) as a reporter gene. In the case of the DR-CALUX bioassay, we used an exposure time of 24 h, whereas we used a 72-h exposure time in the Micro-EROD bioassay. The aim of this study was to compare conventional dioxin-like POPs (such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, PCDD/Fs and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) with several other classes of possible candidates to be added to the current toxicity equivalent factor (TEF) model in the future. Therefore, this study compares in vitro CYP1A1 (Micro-EROD bioassay) and firefly luciferase induction (DR-CALUX bioassay) in several mixed polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PXDD/Fs; X=Br, Cl, or F), alkyl-substituted polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PMCDD/Fs; M = methyl), polyhalogenated biphenyls (PXBs, X = Br, Cl), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenols (PBPs), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). We also evaluate congener-specific relative potencies (REPs) and efficacies (\\% of TCDDmax) and discuss the dose-response curves of these compounds, as well as the dioxin-like potency of several other Ah-receptor agonists, such as those of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The highest REP values were found for several PXDD/F congeners, followed by some coplanar PXBs, trichlorinated PCDD/Fs, PAHs, PBDE-126, 1-6-HxCN, and some brominated flame retardants (TBBP-A). These in vitro investigations indicate that further research is necessary to evaluate more Ah-receptor agonists for dioxin-like potency. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Behnisch, P},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Ah receptor, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), CALUX, DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS, ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, EROD, ETHOXYRESORUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE, Flame retardants, LIFE STAGE MORTALITY, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, RELATIVE POTENCIES, RISK-ASSESSMENT, TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS, bioassay, ffr, pbde, reporter gene assay, tox},\n\tpages = {861--877},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recently, several countries agreed to adopt the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). One future obligation will be to add other POPs as new evidence becomes available. In vitro cell-based bioassays offer a rapid, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive solution to screen possible POP candidates. In the present study, we investigated the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-receptor activity of several dioxin-like POPs by using the Micro-EROD (Ethoxy-Resorufin-O-Deethylase) and DR-CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive-Chemical Activated Luciferase gene expression) bioassays, which are two state-of-the-art methods. The Micro-EROD system used in our study utilizes a wildtype rat liver cell line (rat liver H4IIEC3/T cells), while the DR-CALUX bioassay consists of a genetically modified rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line that incorporates the firefly luciferase gene coupled to dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) as a reporter gene. In the case of the DR-CALUX bioassay, we used an exposure time of 24 h, whereas we used a 72-h exposure time in the Micro-EROD bioassay. The aim of this study was to compare conventional dioxin-like POPs (such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, PCDD/Fs and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) with several other classes of possible candidates to be added to the current toxicity equivalent factor (TEF) model in the future. Therefore, this study compares in vitro CYP1A1 (Micro-EROD bioassay) and firefly luciferase induction (DR-CALUX bioassay) in several mixed polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PXDD/Fs; X=Br, Cl, or F), alkyl-substituted polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PMCDD/Fs; M = methyl), polyhalogenated biphenyls (PXBs, X = Br, Cl), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenols (PBPs), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). We also evaluate congener-specific relative potencies (REPs) and efficacies (% of TCDDmax) and discuss the dose-response curves of these compounds, as well as the dioxin-like potency of several other Ah-receptor agonists, such as those of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The highest REP values were found for several PXDD/F congeners, followed by some coplanar PXBs, trichlorinated PCDD/Fs, PAHs, PBDE-126, 1-6-HxCN, and some brominated flame retardants (TBBP-A). These in vitro investigations indicate that further research is necessary to evaluate more Ah-receptor agonists for dioxin-like potency. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-ignitionhandbook-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-ignitionhandbook-2003', 'http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141', event);\">\n    Ignition Handbook.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Fire Science Publishers and Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Issaqah, WA,  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-ignitionhandbook-2003', 'http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ignition Handbook [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-ignitionhandbook-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-ignitionhandbook-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{babrauskas_ignition_2003,\n\taddress = {Issaqah, WA},\n\ttitle = {Ignition {Handbook}},\n\tisbn = {0-9728111-4-1},\n\turl = {http://www.amazon.com/Ignition-Handbook-Database-Vytenis-Babrauskas/dp/0972811141},\n\tpublisher = {Fire Science Publishers and Society of Fire Protection Engineers},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kemmlein-hahn-jann-emissionsoforganophosphateandbrominatedflameretardantsfromselectedconsumerproductsandbuildingmaterials-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kemmlein-hahn-jann-emissionsoforganophosphateandbrominatedflameretardantsfromselectedconsumerproductsandbuildingmaterials-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660', event);\">\n    Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kemmlein, S.; Hahn, O.;  and Jann, O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>, 37(39–40): 5485–5493. December 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemmlein-hahn-jann-emissionsoforganophosphateandbrominatedflameretardantsfromselectedconsumerproductsandbuildingmaterials-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemmlein-hahn-jann-emissionsoforganophosphateandbrominatedflameretardantsfromselectedconsumerproductsandbuildingmaterials-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.025', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kemmlein-hahn-jann-emissionsoforganophosphateandbrominatedflameretardantsfromselectedconsumerproductsandbuildingmaterials-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kemmlein-hahn-jann-emissionsoforganophosphateandbrominatedflameretardantsfromselectedconsumerproductsandbuildingmaterials-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kemmlein_emissions_2003,\n\tseries = {Indoor {Air} {Chemistry} and {Physics}: {Papers} from {Indoor} {Air} 2002},\n\ttitle = {Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {1352-2310},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231003007660},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.025},\n\tabstract = {The emissions of selected flame retardants were measured in 1- and 0.02-m3 emission test chambers and 0.001-m3 emission test cells. Four product groups were of interest: insulating materials, assembly foam, upholstery/mattresses, and electronics equipment. The experiments were performed under constant environmental conditions (23°C, 50\\% RH) using a fixed sample surface area and controlled air flow rates. Tris (2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) was observed to be one of the most commonly emitted organophosphate flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type, area-specific emission rates (SERa) of TCPP varied between 20 ng m−2 h−1 and 140 μg m−2 h−1.\n\nThe emissions from electronic devices were measured at 60°C to simulate operating conditions. Under these conditions, unit specific emission rates (SERu) of organophosphates were determined to be 10–85 ng unit−1 h−1. Increasing the temperature increased the emission of several flame retardants by up to a factor of 500. The results presented in this paper indicate that emissions of several brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are measurable. Polybrominated diphenylethers exhibited an SERa of between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m−2 h−1 and an SERu of between 0.6 and 14.2 ng unit−1 h−1. Because of sink effects, i.e., sorption to chamber components, the emission test chambers and cells used in this study have limited utility for substances low vapour pressures, especially the highly brominated compounds; hexabromocyclododecane had an SERa of between 0.1 and 29 ng m−2 h−1 and decabromodiphenylether was not detectable at all.},\n\tnumber = {39–40},\n\turldate = {2014-09-28},\n\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\n\tauthor = {Kemmlein, Sabine and Hahn, Oliver and Jann, Oliver},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Chamber study, Emission rates, Organophosphates, SVOC},\n\tpages = {5485--5493},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The emissions of selected flame retardants were measured in 1- and 0.02-m3 emission test chambers and 0.001-m3 emission test cells. Four product groups were of interest: insulating materials, assembly foam, upholstery/mattresses, and electronics equipment. The experiments were performed under constant environmental conditions (23°C, 50% RH) using a fixed sample surface area and controlled air flow rates. Tris (2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) was observed to be one of the most commonly emitted organophosphate flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type, area-specific emission rates (SERa) of TCPP varied between 20 ng m−2 h−1 and 140 μg m−2 h−1. The emissions from electronic devices were measured at 60°C to simulate operating conditions. Under these conditions, unit specific emission rates (SERu) of organophosphates were determined to be 10–85 ng unit−1 h−1. Increasing the temperature increased the emission of several flame retardants by up to a factor of 500. The results presented in this paper indicate that emissions of several brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are measurable. Polybrominated diphenylethers exhibited an SERa of between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m−2 h−1 and an SERu of between 0.6 and 14.2 ng unit−1 h−1. Because of sink effects, i.e., sorption to chamber components, the emission test chambers and cells used in this study have limited utility for substances low vapour pressures, especially the highly brominated compounds; hexabromocyclododecane had an SERa of between 0.1 and 29 ng m−2 h−1 and decabromodiphenylether was not detectable at all.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alaee-arias-sjdin-bergman-anoverviewofcommerciallyusedbrominatedflameretardantstheirapplicationstheirusepatternsindifferentcountriesregionsandpossiblemodesofrelease-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alaee-arias-sjdin-bergman-anoverviewofcommerciallyusedbrominatedflameretardantstheirapplicationstheirusepatternsindifferentcountriesregionsandpossiblemodesofrelease-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211', event);\">\n    An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Alaee, M.; Arias, P.; Sjödin, A.;  and Bergman, Å.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environment International</i>, 29(6): 683–689. September 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alaee-arias-sjdin-bergman-anoverviewofcommerciallyusedbrominatedflameretardantstheirapplicationstheirusepatternsindifferentcountriesregionsandpossiblemodesofrelease-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alaee-arias-sjdin-bergman-anoverviewofcommerciallyusedbrominatedflameretardantstheirapplicationstheirusepatternsindifferentcountriesregionsandpossiblemodesofrelease-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alaee-arias-sjdin-bergman-anoverviewofcommerciallyusedbrominatedflameretardantstheirapplicationstheirusepatternsindifferentcountriesregionsandpossiblemodesofrelease-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alaee-arias-sjdin-bergman-anoverviewofcommerciallyusedbrominatedflameretardantstheirapplicationstheirusepatternsindifferentcountriesregionsandpossiblemodesofrelease-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{alaee_overview_2003,\n\tseries = {The {State}-of-{Science} and {Trends} of {BFRs} in the {Environment}},\n\ttitle = {An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0160-4120},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001211},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a variety of consumer products and several of those are produced in large quantities. These compounds have been detected in environmental samples, which can be attributed to the anthropogenic uses of these compounds. Brominated flame retardants are produced via direct bromination of organic molecules or via addition of bromine to alkenes; hence, an overview of the production and usage of bromine over the past three decades is covered. Production, application, and environmental occurrence of high production brominated flame retardants including Tetrabromobisphenol A, polybrominated biphenyls, Penta-, Octa-, Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (oxide) formulation and hexabromocyclododecane are discussed.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-09-08},\n\tjournal = {Environment International},\n\tauthor = {Alaee, Mehran and Arias, Pedro and Sjödin, Andreas and Bergman, Åke},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Application, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Hexabromocyclododecane, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Tetrabromobisphenol A, Usage},\n\tpages = {683--689},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in a variety of consumer products and several of those are produced in large quantities. These compounds have been detected in environmental samples, which can be attributed to the anthropogenic uses of these compounds. Brominated flame retardants are produced via direct bromination of organic molecules or via addition of bromine to alkenes; hence, an overview of the production and usage of bromine over the past three decades is covered. Production, application, and environmental occurrence of high production brominated flame retardants including Tetrabromobisphenol A, polybrominated biphenyls, Penta-, Octa-, Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (oxide) formulation and hexabromocyclododecane are discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"akutsu-kitagawa-nakazawa-makino-iwazaki-oda-hori-timetrend19732000ofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapanesemothersmilk-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'akutsu-kitagawa-nakazawa-makino-iwazaki-oda-hori-timetrend19732000ofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapanesemothersmilk-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641', event);\">\n    Time-trend (1973–2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother’s milk.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Akutsu, K.; Kitagawa, M.; Nakazawa, H.; Makino, T.; Iwazaki, K.; Oda, H.;  and Hori, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 53(6): 645–654. November 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('akutsu-kitagawa-nakazawa-makino-iwazaki-oda-hori-timetrend19732000ofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapanesemothersmilk-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Time-trend (1973–2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother’s milk [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('akutsu-kitagawa-nakazawa-makino-iwazaki-oda-hori-timetrend19732000ofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapanesemothersmilk-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/akutsu-kitagawa-nakazawa-makino-iwazaki-oda-hori-timetrend19732000ofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapanesemothersmilk-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('akutsu-kitagawa-nakazawa-makino-iwazaki-oda-hori-timetrend19732000ofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinjapanesemothersmilk-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{akutsu_time-trend_2003,\n\ttitle = {Time-trend (1973–2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in {Japanese} mother’s milk},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503007641},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1},\n\tabstract = {The time-trend and recent concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Japanese mother’s milk were investigated. The time-trend of 16 PBDEs (BDE-28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 153, 154, 138, 183, and 190) in pooled milk samples from mothers living in Osaka between 1973 and 2000 was analyzed. Additionally, PBDE concentrations in individual milk samples collected from 13 mothers living in Kanagawa and Okayama in 1999 were measured. The total concentration of all PBDE congeners (∑PBDEs) measured in the pooled samples increased during the period between 1973 (\\&amp;lt;0.01 ng/g lipid) and 1988 (1.64 ng/g lipid), and remained low afterwards while showing remarkable changes in PBDE congener profiles. The ∑PBDEs in the 1999 individual milk samples were also low (0.56–3.97 ng/g lipid), except for a single sample (291 ng/g lipid). The source of this exposure could not be identified.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Akutsu, Kazuhiko and Kitagawa, Mikiya and Nakazawa, Hiroyuki and Makino, Tsunehisa and Iwazaki, Katsuhiko and Oda, Hajime and Hori, Shinjiro},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, GC/MS, Human milk},\n\tpages = {645--654},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The time-trend and recent concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Japanese mother’s milk were investigated. The time-trend of 16 PBDEs (BDE-28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 153, 154, 138, 183, and 190) in pooled milk samples from mothers living in Osaka between 1973 and 2000 was analyzed. Additionally, PBDE concentrations in individual milk samples collected from 13 mothers living in Kanagawa and Okayama in 1999 were measured. The total concentration of all PBDE congeners (∑PBDEs) measured in the pooled samples increased during the period between 1973 (&lt;0.01 ng/g lipid) and 1988 (1.64 ng/g lipid), and remained low afterwards while showing remarkable changes in PBDE congener profiles. The ∑PBDEs in the 1999 individual milk samples were also low (0.56–3.97 ng/g lipid), except for a single sample (291 ng/g lipid). The source of this exposure could not be identified.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in Finnish human adipose tissue.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smeds, A.;  and Saukko, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 53(9): 1123–1130. December 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in Finnish human adipose tissue [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smeds_brominated_2003,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in {Finnish} human adipose tissue},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Smeds, Annika and Saukko, Pekka},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens},\n\tpages = {1123--1130},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in Finnish human adipose tissue.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smeds, A.;  and Saukko, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 53(9): 1123–1130. December 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in Finnish human adipose tissue [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smeds-saukko-brominatedflameretardantsandphenolicendocrinedisruptersinfinnishhumanadiposetissue-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smeds_brominated_2003,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in {Finnish} human adipose tissue},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503005897},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00589-7},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Smeds, Annika and Saukko, Pekka},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {4,4′-Dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-Octylphenol diethoxylate, Alkylphenols, Environmental hormone disrupters, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Xenoestrogens},\n\tpages = {1123--1130},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants and phenolic compounds, of which several have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, were screened in extracts of Finnish human adipose tissue samples. The samples were collected during autopsy from 39 subjects, of which 23 were males and 16 females. The samples were homogenised and extracted, and then cleaned-up by preparative gel permeation chromatography. The phenolic compounds were determined in silylated extracts. A total of 21 individual compounds were analysed in the extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–LRMS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. The most commonly occurring compounds were 4-octylphenol diethoxylate, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), but also some other alkylphenols, pentabromophenol, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether could be detected in 1–6 samples. The concentrations were ranging from trace amounts to 71 ng/g of lipid weight. The mean concentration of BDE-47 was 1.20 ng/g lipids, however, in 15 of the samples the concentration was below the detection limit. Compared to other European studies the average concentration of BDE-47 obtained in this study is at the lower end of the reported concentrations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marklund-andersson-haglund-screeningoforganophosphoruscompoundsandtheirdistributioninvariousindoorenvironments-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marklund-andersson-haglund-screeningoforganophosphoruscompoundsandtheirdistributioninvariousindoorenvironments-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660', event);\">\n    Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marklund, A.; Andersson, B.;  and Haglund, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 53(9): 1137–1146. December 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marklund-andersson-haglund-screeningoforganophosphoruscompoundsandtheirdistributioninvariousindoorenvironments-2003', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00666-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marklund-andersson-haglund-screeningoforganophosphoruscompoundsandtheirdistributioninvariousindoorenvironments-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00666-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marklund-andersson-haglund-screeningoforganophosphoruscompoundsandtheirdistributioninvariousindoorenvironments-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marklund-andersson-haglund-screeningoforganophosphoruscompoundsandtheirdistributioninvariousindoorenvironments-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marklund_screening_2003,\n\ttitle = {Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503006660},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00666-0},\n\tabstract = {Twelve organophosphorus compounds (OPs), which are used for diverse purposes (e.g. as plasticizers and flame retardants), were analysed in settled house dust from 15 indoor environments and in wipe test samples from computer screens and covers. Seven of the substances analysed dominated Swedish imports of OPs in 1999, six of these are also listed as EU High Production Volume Chemicals. Eight of the substances were found in all samples. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate was the most abundant in most of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.014 to 5.3 g/kg followed by tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate. In wipe test samples from computers, triphenyl phosphate proved to be the main component of the OPs analysed (4.0 μg/m2). Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, floor polish, polyvinylchloride floor coverings, upholstery and plastic products. The distribution patterns of the OPs differed between the sites and generally reflected the building materials and consumer products used in their vicinity.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Marklund, Anneli and Andersson, Barbro and Haglund, Peter},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Indoor, OPs, Organophosphorus, Plasticizer, Settled dust},\n\tpages = {1137--1146},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Twelve organophosphorus compounds (OPs), which are used for diverse purposes (e.g. as plasticizers and flame retardants), were analysed in settled house dust from 15 indoor environments and in wipe test samples from computer screens and covers. Seven of the substances analysed dominated Swedish imports of OPs in 1999, six of these are also listed as EU High Production Volume Chemicals. Eight of the substances were found in all samples. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate was the most abundant in most of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.014 to 5.3 g/kg followed by tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate. In wipe test samples from computers, triphenyl phosphate proved to be the main component of the OPs analysed (4.0 μg/m2). Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, floor polish, polyvinylchloride floor coverings, upholstery and plastic products. The distribution patterns of the OPs differed between the sites and generally reflected the building materials and consumer products used in their vicinity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"geddes-cao-gryczynski-gryczynski-fang-lakowicz-metalenhancedfluorescencemefduetosilvercolloidsonaplanarsurfacepotentialapplicationsofindocyaninegreentoinvivoimaging-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'geddes-cao-gryczynski-gryczynski-fang-lakowicz-metalenhancedfluorescencemefduetosilvercolloidsonaplanarsurfacepotentialapplicationsofindocyaninegreentoinvivoimaging-2003', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q', event);\">\n    Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) Due to Silver Colloids on a Planar Surface:  Potential Applications of Indocyanine Green to in Vivo Imaging†.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Geddes, C. D.; Cao, H.; Gryczynski, I.; Gryczynski, Z.; Fang, J.;  and Lakowicz, J. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Phys. Chem. A</i>, 107(18): 3443–3449.  2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geddes-cao-gryczynski-gryczynski-fang-lakowicz-metalenhancedfluorescencemefduetosilvercolloidsonaplanarsurfacepotentialapplicationsofindocyaninegreentoinvivoimaging-2003', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) Due to Silver Colloids on a Planar Surface:  Potential Applications of Indocyanine Green to in Vivo Imaging† [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geddes-cao-gryczynski-gryczynski-fang-lakowicz-metalenhancedfluorescencemefduetosilvercolloidsonaplanarsurfacepotentialapplicationsofindocyaninegreentoinvivoimaging-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/geddes-cao-gryczynski-gryczynski-fang-lakowicz-metalenhancedfluorescencemefduetosilvercolloidsonaplanarsurfacepotentialapplicationsofindocyaninegreentoinvivoimaging-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('geddes-cao-gryczynski-gryczynski-fang-lakowicz-metalenhancedfluorescencemefduetosilvercolloidsonaplanarsurfacepotentialapplicationsofindocyaninegreentoinvivoimaging-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{geddes_metal-enhanced_2003,\n\ttitle = {Metal-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} ({MEF}) {Due} to {Silver} {Colloids} on a {Planar} {Surface}:  {Potential} {Applications} of {Indocyanine} {Green} to in {Vivo} {Imaging}†},\n\tvolume = {107},\n\tissn = {1089-5639},\n\tshorttitle = {Metal-{Enhanced} {Fluorescence} ({MEF}) {Due} to {Silver} {Colloids} on a {Planar} {Surface}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022040q},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/jp022040q},\n\tabstract = {We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.\nWe examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. A},\n\tauthor = {Geddes, Chris D. and Cao, Haishi and Gryczynski, Ignacy and Gryczynski, Zygmunt and Fang, Jiyu and Lakowicz, Joseph R.},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {3443--3449},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography. We examined the effects of metallic silver colloids on the fluorescence spectral properties of indocyanine green (ICG), which is a dye widely used for in vivo medical testing. Silver colloids from a suspension bind spontaneously to amine-coated surfaces. These colloid-coated surfaces were found to cause a 30-fold increase in the intensity of ICG, which was held close to the metal surface by adsorbed albumin. The increased intensities of ICG were also associated with decreased lifetimes and increased photostability, which are indicative of modifying the fluorophores radiative decay rate. These results suggest the use of metal colloid-enhanced ICG for applications to retinal angiography and vascular imaging and as a contrast agent for optical tomography.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sokolov-follen-aaron-pavlova-malpica-lotan-richardskortum-realtimevitalopticalimagingofprecancerusingantiepidermalgrowthfactorreceptorantibodiesconjugatedtogoldnanoparticles-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sokolov-follen-aaron-pavlova-malpica-lotan-richardskortum-realtimevitalopticalimagingofprecancerusingantiepidermalgrowthfactorreceptorantibodiesconjugatedtogoldnanoparticles-2003', 'http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999', event);\">\n    Real-Time Vital Optical Imaging of Precancer Using Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies Conjugated to Gold Nanoparticles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sokolov, K.; Follen, M.; Aaron, J.; Pavlova, I.; Malpica, A.; Lotan, R.;  and Richards-Kortum, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cancer Res.</i>, 63(9): 1999–2004. May 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sokolov-follen-aaron-pavlova-malpica-lotan-richardskortum-realtimevitalopticalimagingofprecancerusingantiepidermalgrowthfactorreceptorantibodiesconjugatedtogoldnanoparticles-2003', 'http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Real-Time Vital Optical Imaging of Precancer Using Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies Conjugated to Gold Nanoparticles [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sokolov-follen-aaron-pavlova-malpica-lotan-richardskortum-realtimevitalopticalimagingofprecancerusingantiepidermalgrowthfactorreceptorantibodiesconjugatedtogoldnanoparticles-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sokolov-follen-aaron-pavlova-malpica-lotan-richardskortum-realtimevitalopticalimagingofprecancerusingantiepidermalgrowthfactorreceptorantibodiesconjugatedtogoldnanoparticles-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sokolov_real-time_2003,\n\ttitle = {Real-{Time} {Vital} {Optical} {Imaging} of {Precancer} {Using} {Anti}-{Epidermal} {Growth} {Factor} {Receptor} {Antibodies} {Conjugated} to {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\turl = {http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/9/1999},\n\tabstract = {Recent developments in photonic technology provide the ability to noninvasively image cells in vivo; these new cellular imaging technologies have the potential to dramatically improve the prevention, detection, and therapy of epithelial cancers. Endoscope-compatible microscopies, such as optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy, image reflected light, providing a three-dimensional picture of tissue microanatomy with excellent spatial resolution (1-10 \\{micro\\}m). However, their ability to image molecular biomarkers associated with cancer is limited. Here, we describe a new class of molecular specific contrast agents for vital reflectance imaging based on gold nanoparticles attached to probe molecules with high affinity for specific cellular biomarkers. The application of gold bioconjugates for vital imaging of precancers is demonstrated using cancer cell suspensions, three-dimensional cell cultures, and normal and neoplastic fresh cervical biopsies. We show that gold conjugates can be delivered topically for imaging throughout the whole epithelium. These contrast agents have potential to extend the ability of vital reflectance microscopies for in vivo molecular imaging. They can potentially enable combined screening, detection, and therapy of disease using inexpensive imaging systems; such tools could allow mass screening of diseases such as cancer in resource-poor settings.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Cancer Res.},\n\tauthor = {Sokolov, Konstantin and Follen, Michele and Aaron, Jesse and Pavlova, Ina and Malpica, Anais and Lotan, Reuben and Richards-Kortum, Rebecca},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {1999--2004},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recent developments in photonic technology provide the ability to noninvasively image cells in vivo; these new cellular imaging technologies have the potential to dramatically improve the prevention, detection, and therapy of epithelial cancers. Endoscope-compatible microscopies, such as optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy, image reflected light, providing a three-dimensional picture of tissue microanatomy with excellent spatial resolution (1-10 \\micro\\m). However, their ability to image molecular biomarkers associated with cancer is limited. Here, we describe a new class of molecular specific contrast agents for vital reflectance imaging based on gold nanoparticles attached to probe molecules with high affinity for specific cellular biomarkers. The application of gold bioconjugates for vital imaging of precancers is demonstrated using cancer cell suspensions, three-dimensional cell cultures, and normal and neoplastic fresh cervical biopsies. We show that gold conjugates can be delivered topically for imaging throughout the whole epithelium. These contrast agents have potential to extend the ability of vital reflectance microscopies for in vivo molecular imaging. They can potentially enable combined screening, detection, and therapy of disease using inexpensive imaging systems; such tools could allow mass screening of diseases such as cancer in resource-poor settings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D', event);\">\n    Porphyrin dyes for TiO2 sensitization.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Odobel, F.; Blart, E.; Lagrée, M.; Villieras, M.; Boujtita, H.; El Murr, N.; Caramori, S.;  and Alberto Bignozzi, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry</i>, 13(3): 502–510. February 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Porphyrin dyes for TiO2 sensitization [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/b210674d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/b210674d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{odobel_porphyrin_2003,\n\ttitle = {Porphyrin dyes for {TiO2} sensitization},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {09599428},\n\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/b210674d},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Odobel, Fabrice and Blart, Errol and Lagrée, Marie and Villieras, Monique and Boujtita, Hamada and El Murr, Nabil and Caramori, Stefano and Alberto Bignozzi, Carlo},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {502--510},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D', event);\">\n    Porphyrin dyes for TiO2 sensitization.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Odobel, F.; Blart, E.; Lagrée, M.; Villieras, M.; Boujtita, H.; El Murr, N.; Caramori, S.;  and Alberto Bignozzi, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry</i>, 13(3): 502–510. February 2003.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Porphyrin dyes for TiO2 sensitization [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/b210674d\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/b210674d', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('odobel-blart-lagre-villieras-boujtita-elmurr-caramori-albertobignozzi-porphyrindyesfortio2sensitization-2003')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{odobel_porphyrin_2003,\n\ttitle = {Porphyrin dyes for {TiO2} sensitization},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {09599428},\n\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2003/JM/B210674D},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/b210674d},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Odobel, Fabrice and Blart, Errol and Lagrée, Marie and Villieras, Monique and Boujtita, Hamada and El Murr, Nabil and Caramori, Stefano and Alberto Bignozzi, Carlo},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {502--510},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2002\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2002')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2002')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2002</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (34)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"adolfssonerici-pettersson-parkkonen-sturve-triclosanacommonlyusedbactericidefoundinhumanmilkandintheaquaticenvironmentinsweden-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in Sweden.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Adolfsson-Erici, M.; Pettersson, M.; Parkkonen, J.;  and Sturve, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(9-10): 1485–1489.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00255-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('adolfssonerici-pettersson-parkkonen-sturve-triclosanacommonlyusedbactericidefoundinhumanmilkandintheaquaticenvironmentinsweden-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00255-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/adolfssonerici-pettersson-parkkonen-sturve-triclosanacommonlyusedbactericidefoundinhumanmilkandintheaquaticenvironmentinsweden-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('adolfssonerici-pettersson-parkkonen-sturve-triclosanacommonlyusedbactericidefoundinhumanmilkandintheaquaticenvironmentinsweden-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{adolfsson-erici_triclosan_2002,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in {Sweden}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00255-7},\n\tabstract = {High levels of the commonly used, effective bactericide Triclosan was found in three out of five randomly selected human milk samples. It was also found in the bile of fish exposed to municipal wastewater and in wild living fish from the receiving waters of the three wastewater treatment plants. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tnumber = {9-10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha and Pettersson, Maria and Parkkonen, Jari and Sturve, Joachim},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12002480},\n\tkeywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Aquatic, Bio available, Exposure, Fish bile, Florence, Human exposure, Municipal wastewater, TCS},\n\tpages = {1485--1489},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  High levels of the commonly used, effective bactericide Triclosan was found in three out of five randomly selected human milk samples. It was also found in the bile of fish exposed to municipal wastewater and in wild living fish from the receiving waters of the three wastewater treatment plants. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"giesy-kannan-perfluorochemicalsurfactantsintheenvironment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Giesy, J. P;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 36(7): 146A–152A.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es022253t\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('giesy-kannan-perfluorochemicalsurfactantsintheenvironment-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es022253t', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/giesy-kannan-perfluorochemicalsurfactantsintheenvironment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('giesy-kannan-perfluorochemicalsurfactantsintheenvironment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{giesy_perfluorochemical_2002,\n\ttitle = {Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es022253t},\n\tabstract = {These bioaccumulative compounds occur globally, warranting further study.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Giesy, John P and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11999053},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {146A--152A},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  These bioaccumulative compounds occur globally, warranting further study.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wichmann-dettmer-bahadir-thermalformationofpbddffromtetrabromobisphenolaacomparisonofpolymerlinkedtbbpawithitsadditiveincorporationinthermoplastics-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wichmann-dettmer-bahadir-thermalformationofpbddffromtetrabromobisphenolaacomparisonofpolymerlinkedtbbpawithitsadditiveincorporationinthermoplastics-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610', event);\">\n    Thermal formation of PBDD/F from tetrabromobisphenol A–a comparison of polymer linked TBBP A with its additive incorporation in thermoplastics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wichmann, H; Dettmer, F T;  and Bahadir, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 47(4): 349–55. April 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wichmann-dettmer-bahadir-thermalformationofpbddffromtetrabromobisphenolaacomparisonofpolymerlinkedtbbpawithitsadditiveincorporationinthermoplastics-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thermal formation of PBDD/F from tetrabromobisphenol A–a comparison of polymer linked TBBP A with its additive incorporation in thermoplastics. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wichmann-dettmer-bahadir-thermalformationofpbddffromtetrabromobisphenolaacomparisonofpolymerlinkedtbbpawithitsadditiveincorporationinthermoplastics-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wichmann-dettmer-bahadir-thermalformationofpbddffromtetrabromobisphenolaacomparisonofpolymerlinkedtbbpawithitsadditiveincorporationinthermoplastics-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wichmann_thermal_2002,\n\ttitle = {Thermal formation of {PBDD}/{F} from tetrabromobisphenol {A}–a comparison of polymer linked {TBBP} {A} with its additive incorporation in thermoplastics.},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999610},\n\tabstract = {For a long period, polybrominated flame retardants are under discussion because of the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD)/dibenzofurans (PBDF) (PBDD/F) in case of thermal stress. Concerning polymer linked tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), formation of PBDD/F was commonly presumed to be sterically hindered because of the covalent fixation into the polymer backbone. Combustion experiments with additively incorporated TBBP A compared with its polymer linkage revealed, that this assumption is incorrect and has to be revised. Under same conditions, similar PBDD/F concentrations in the range of 17.5-19.6 mg PBBD/F per kg TBBP A applied were analyzed. PBDD/F homologue distribution patterns were almost identical predominated by low brominated PBDF. These findings for PBDD/F formation have to be considered in future discussions regarding thermal stress caused by combustion or recycling processes, including other flame retardants bound in polymer matrix, e.g. polybrominated polystyrene (PS), or those with molecular structures showing less analogy to PBDD/F, like hexabromocyclododecane. The second aspect introduced, is the influence of different plastics on the formation rates of PBDD/F. In this context, combustion experiments were performed in an atmosphere consisting of synthetic air and HBr. PBDD/F concentrations were 8.47 mg/kg polyethylene, 1.67 mg/kg PS, 3.92 mg/kg phenolic resin and 18.1 mg/kg epoxy resin. Distribution patterns of PBDD/F homologues could partly be correlated with the occurrence of the precursors polybrominated benzenes and phenols.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Wichmann, H and Dettmer, F T and Bahadir, M},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11999610},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Flame retardants, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polymers, Temperature, com, frelec},\n\tpages = {349--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  For a long period, polybrominated flame retardants are under discussion because of the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD)/dibenzofurans (PBDF) (PBDD/F) in case of thermal stress. Concerning polymer linked tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A), formation of PBDD/F was commonly presumed to be sterically hindered because of the covalent fixation into the polymer backbone. Combustion experiments with additively incorporated TBBP A compared with its polymer linkage revealed, that this assumption is incorrect and has to be revised. Under same conditions, similar PBDD/F concentrations in the range of 17.5-19.6 mg PBBD/F per kg TBBP A applied were analyzed. PBDD/F homologue distribution patterns were almost identical predominated by low brominated PBDF. These findings for PBDD/F formation have to be considered in future discussions regarding thermal stress caused by combustion or recycling processes, including other flame retardants bound in polymer matrix, e.g. polybrominated polystyrene (PS), or those with molecular structures showing less analogy to PBDD/F, like hexabromocyclododecane. The second aspect introduced, is the influence of different plastics on the formation rates of PBDD/F. In this context, combustion experiments were performed in an atmosphere consisting of synthetic air and HBr. PBDD/F concentrations were 8.47 mg/kg polyethylene, 1.67 mg/kg PS, 3.92 mg/kg phenolic resin and 18.1 mg/kg epoxy resin. Distribution patterns of PBDD/F homologues could partly be correlated with the occurrence of the precursors polybrominated benzenes and phenols.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tittlemier-halldorson-stern-tomy-vaporpressuresaqueoussolubilitiesandhenryslawconstantsofsomebrominatedflameretardants-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tittlemier-halldorson-stern-tomy-vaporpressuresaqueoussolubilitiesandhenryslawconstantsofsomebrominatedflameretardants-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419', event);\">\n    Vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, and Henry's law constants of some brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tittlemier, S. A; Halldorson, T.; Stern, G. A;  and Tomy, G. T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC</i>, 21(9): 1804–10. September 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tittlemier-halldorson-stern-tomy-vaporpressuresaqueoussolubilitiesandhenryslawconstantsofsomebrominatedflameretardants-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, and Henry&#x27;s law constants of some brominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tittlemier-halldorson-stern-tomy-vaporpressuresaqueoussolubilitiesandhenryslawconstantsofsomebrominatedflameretardants-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tittlemier-halldorson-stern-tomy-vaporpressuresaqueoussolubilitiesandhenryslawconstantsofsomebrominatedflameretardants-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tittlemier_vapor_2002,\n\ttitle = {Vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, and {Henry}&#x27;s law constants of some brominated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {0730-7268},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12206419},\n\tabstract = {The subcooled liquid vapor pressures (P0(L),25S) and aqueous solubilities (Sw,25s) were determined and Henry&#x27;s law constants (H25s) were estimated for a number of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) at 25 degrees C. The established methods of the gas chromatography-retention time and generator column techniques were used to experimentally determine P0(L),25 and Sw,25 for hexabromobenzene and a series of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners. The H25 was estimated as the ratio of P0(L)25 to the subcooled liquid aqueous solubility. Values of PL0(L),25 obtained ranged from 0.000000282 Pa (BDE-190) to 0.259 Pa (BDE-3); Sw,25 ranged from 0.00000087 g/L (BDE-153 and BDE-154) to 0.00013 g/L (BDE-15); and H25 ranged from 0.0074 Pa m3/mol (BDE-183) to 21 Pa m3/mol (BDE-15). An increase in the bromine content of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners resulted in significant decreases Of P0(L),25, Sw25, and H25. A simple four-compartment equilibrium distribution model suggested that the majority of BFRs being released into the environment would reside in soil and sediment and have localized distributions. The model also suggested that lower brominated congeners tend to be somewhat more mobile. Degradative debromination reactions that yield these congeners would mobilize them environmentally, and ultimately affect the fate and distribution of BFRs.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC},\n\tauthor = {Tittlemier, Sheryl A and Halldorson, Thor and Stern, Gary A and Tomy, Gregg T},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12206419},\n\tkeywords = {Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: chemistry, Chemical, Chemistry, Chromatography, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gas, Models, Physical, Physicochemical Phenomena, Solubility, Volatilization},\n\tpages = {1804--10},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The subcooled liquid vapor pressures (P0(L),25S) and aqueous solubilities (Sw,25s) were determined and Henry's law constants (H25s) were estimated for a number of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) at 25 degrees C. The established methods of the gas chromatography-retention time and generator column techniques were used to experimentally determine P0(L),25 and Sw,25 for hexabromobenzene and a series of brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners. The H25 was estimated as the ratio of P0(L)25 to the subcooled liquid aqueous solubility. Values of PL0(L),25 obtained ranged from 0.000000282 Pa (BDE-190) to 0.259 Pa (BDE-3); Sw,25 ranged from 0.00000087 g/L (BDE-153 and BDE-154) to 0.00013 g/L (BDE-15); and H25 ranged from 0.0074 Pa m3/mol (BDE-183) to 21 Pa m3/mol (BDE-15). An increase in the bromine content of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners resulted in significant decreases Of P0(L),25, Sw25, and H25. A simple four-compartment equilibrium distribution model suggested that the majority of BFRs being released into the environment would reside in soil and sediment and have localized distributions. The model also suggested that lower brominated congeners tend to be somewhat more mobile. Degradative debromination reactions that yield these congeners would mobilize them environmentally, and ultimately affect the fate and distribution of BFRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sderstrm-marklund-pbcddandpbcdffromincinerationofwastecontainingbrominatedflameretardants-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sderstrm-marklund-pbcddandpbcdffromincinerationofwastecontainingbrominatedflameretardants-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978', event);\">\n    PBCDD and PBCDF from incineration of waste-containing brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Söderström, G.;  and Marklund, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 36(9): 1959–64. May 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sderstrm-marklund-pbcddandpbcdffromincinerationofwastecontainingbrominatedflameretardants-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBCDD and PBCDF from incineration of waste-containing brominated flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sderstrm-marklund-pbcddandpbcdffromincinerationofwastecontainingbrominatedflameretardants-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sderstrm-marklund-pbcddandpbcdffromincinerationofwastecontainingbrominatedflameretardants-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{soderstrom_pbcdd_2002,\n\ttitle = {{PBCDD} and {PBCDF} from incineration of waste-containing brominated flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026978},\n\tabstract = {Brominated organic flame retardants comprise a large, heterogeneous group of compounds that are useful but also potentially damaging to the environment. In this investigation, three common brominated flame retardants were co-combusted with an artificial municipal solid waste in a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator. Combustion conditions ensured degradation of the flame retardants, but stable brominated organic compounds such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans were formed in the cooling flue gases. The incineration of fuels that contain both chlorine and bromine leads to the formation of a complex mixture of polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. More bromination than chlorination was observed in these experiments, and the chlorination levels increased when bromine was added to the fuel. The most favored reactions led to the formation of dibromodichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dibromodichlorodibenzofuran. Theoretical calculations show that there is more Br2 than Cl2 in the flue gas when the two halogens are present at equimolar levels, because chlorine is mainly found in the form of HCl. This may explain the higher bromination level. BrCl is also present, which drives the chlorination observed when bromine is added.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Söderström, Gunilla and Marklund, Stellan},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12026978},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Flame retardants, Gases, Incineration, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Refuse Disposal, eol, ffr, frelec, halogens, unsure},\n\tpages = {1959--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated organic flame retardants comprise a large, heterogeneous group of compounds that are useful but also potentially damaging to the environment. In this investigation, three common brominated flame retardants were co-combusted with an artificial municipal solid waste in a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator. Combustion conditions ensured degradation of the flame retardants, but stable brominated organic compounds such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans were formed in the cooling flue gases. The incineration of fuels that contain both chlorine and bromine leads to the formation of a complex mixture of polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. More bromination than chlorination was observed in these experiments, and the chlorination levels increased when bromine was added to the fuel. The most favored reactions led to the formation of dibromodichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dibromodichlorodibenzofuran. Theoretical calculations show that there is more Br2 than Cl2 in the flue gas when the two halogens are present at equimolar levels, because chlorine is mainly found in the form of HCl. This may explain the higher bromination level. BrCl is also present, which drives the chlorination observed when bromine is added.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"simonson-tullin-stripple-firelcastudyoftvsetswithv0andhbenclosurematerial-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'simonson-tullin-stripple-firelcastudyoftvsetswithv0andhbenclosurematerial-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797', event);\">\n    Fire-LCA study of TV sets with V0 and HB enclosure material.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Simonson, M.; Tullin, C.;  and Stripple, H. a.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 737–44. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('simonson-tullin-stripple-firelcastudyoftvsetswithv0andhbenclosurematerial-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire-LCA study of TV sets with V0 and HB enclosure material. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/simonson-tullin-stripple-firelcastudyoftvsetswithv0andhbenclosurematerial-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('simonson-tullin-stripple-firelcastudyoftvsetswithv0andhbenclosurematerial-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{simonson_fire-lca_2002,\n\ttitle = {Fire-{LCA} study of {TV} sets with {V0} and {HB} enclosure material.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999797},\n\tabstract = {A novel Life-Cycle Assessment model (Fire-LCA) has been defined for the determination of the environmental impact of measures taken to attain a high level of fire safety. This study, which represents the first application of this LCA model, concentrates on a comparison between a TV with an enclosure manufactured with a flame retardant (FR) plastic (V0-rated high impact polystyrene, HIPS, typical for the US market) and one manufactured with a non-flame retardant (HB-rated HIPS, typical for the European market). A fire model has been defined based on international statistics, which indicate that use of V0 rated enclosure material essentially removes the risk of TV fires while approximately 165 TV fires occur per million TVs in Europe each year where the enclosure material is breached. The application of the model indicates that emissions of some key species (such as dibenzodioxins and PAH) are actually lower for the TV with the FR enclosure than for the TV with the NFR enclosure. This has direct reprercussions for the assessment of the environmental impact of the FR TV relative to that of the NFR TV. Finally, when considering the risk associated with the use of flame retardants, it is also important to consider the risk associated with fires. Based on the in-depth analysis of available fire statistics, conducted as a part of this study, it has been estimated that as many as 160 people may die each year in Europe as a direct result of TV fires and as many as 2000 may be injured in the same period.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Simonson, Margaret and Tullin, Claes and Stripple, H{\\textbackslash}a akan},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11999797},\n\tkeywords = {Aromatic, Aromatic: adverse effects, Dioxins, Dioxins: adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Equipment Design, Fires, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Manufactured Materials, Models, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Risk Assessment, Television, Theoretical, com, frelec},\n\tpages = {737--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A novel Life-Cycle Assessment model (Fire-LCA) has been defined for the determination of the environmental impact of measures taken to attain a high level of fire safety. This study, which represents the first application of this LCA model, concentrates on a comparison between a TV with an enclosure manufactured with a flame retardant (FR) plastic (V0-rated high impact polystyrene, HIPS, typical for the US market) and one manufactured with a non-flame retardant (HB-rated HIPS, typical for the European market). A fire model has been defined based on international statistics, which indicate that use of V0 rated enclosure material essentially removes the risk of TV fires while approximately 165 TV fires occur per million TVs in Europe each year where the enclosure material is breached. The application of the model indicates that emissions of some key species (such as dibenzodioxins and PAH) are actually lower for the TV with the FR enclosure than for the TV with the NFR enclosure. This has direct reprercussions for the assessment of the environmental impact of the FR TV relative to that of the NFR TV. Finally, when considering the risk associated with the use of flame retardants, it is also important to consider the risk associated with fires. Based on the in-depth analysis of available fire statistics, conducted as a part of this study, it has been estimated that as many as 160 people may die each year in Europe as a direct result of TV fires and as many as 2000 may be injured in the same period.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793', event);\">\n    PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  She, J.; Petreas, M.; Winkler, J.; Visita, P.; McKinney, M.;  and Kopec, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 697–707. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{she_pbdes_2002,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999793},\n\tabstract = {To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average sigma PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low microg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {She, Jianwen and Petreas, Myrto and Winkler, Jennifer and Visita, Patria and McKinney, Michael and Kopec, Dianne},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11999793},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Breast, Breast: chemistry, Earless, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Humans, Middle Aged, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Seals, california, ffr, hum, mam},\n\tpages = {697--707},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average sigma PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low microg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"puckett-byster-westervelt-gutierrez-davis-hussain-dutta-exportingharmthehightechtrashingofasia-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'puckett-byster-westervelt-gutierrez-davis-hussain-dutta-exportingharmthehightechtrashingofasia-2002', 'http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf', event);\">\n    Exporting harm- The high-tech trashing of Asia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Puckett, J; Byster, L; Westervelt, S; Gutierrez, R; Davis, S; Hussain, A;  and Dutta, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Basel Action Network, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition,  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('puckett-byster-westervelt-gutierrez-davis-hussain-dutta-exportingharmthehightechtrashingofasia-2002', 'http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exporting harm- The high-tech trashing of Asia. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/puckett-byster-westervelt-gutierrez-davis-hussain-dutta-exportingharmthehightechtrashingofasia-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('puckett-byster-westervelt-gutierrez-davis-hussain-dutta-exportingharmthehightechtrashingofasia-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{puckett_exporting_2002,\n\ttitle = {Exporting harm- {The} high-tech trashing of {Asia}.},\n\turl = {http://www.ban.org/E-Waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Basel Action Network, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition},\n\tauthor = {Puckett, J and Byster, L and Westervelt, S and Gutierrez, R and Davis, S and Hussain, A and Dutta, M},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"price-burningbehaviouroffoamcottonfabriccombinationsintheconecalorimeter-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'price-burningbehaviouroffoamcottonfabriccombinationsintheconecalorimeter-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8', event);\">\n    Burning behaviour of foam/cotton fabric combinations in the cone calorimeter.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Price, D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Polymer Degradation and Stability</i>, 77(2): 213–220.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('price-burningbehaviouroffoamcottonfabriccombinationsintheconecalorimeter-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Burning behaviour of foam/cotton fabric combinations in the cone calorimeter. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('price-burningbehaviouroffoamcottonfabriccombinationsintheconecalorimeter-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/price-burningbehaviouroffoamcottonfabriccombinationsintheconecalorimeter-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('price-burningbehaviouroffoamcottonfabriccombinationsintheconecalorimeter-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{price_burning_2002,\n\ttitle = {Burning behaviour of foam/cotton fabric combinations in the cone calorimeter.},\n\tvolume = {77},\n\tissn = {01413910},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00036-8},\n\tabstract = {The burning behaviours of polyurethane foam/cotton fabric combinations were investigated using cone calorimetry. One non-flame retarded and two flame retarded polyurethane foams containing melamine and melamine plus a chlorinated phosphate respectively, were combined with four cotton fabrics, i.e. two types of commercial cotton, one without flame retardant (CN) and another flame retarded with Proban (CPR); and another two flame retardant cottons which were treated with Pyrovatex (CPY) and (NH4)2HPO4 (CDA) respectively in the laboratory.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability},\n\tauthor = {Price, D},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n\tpages = {213--220},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The burning behaviours of polyurethane foam/cotton fabric combinations were investigated using cone calorimetry. One non-flame retarded and two flame retarded polyurethane foams containing melamine and melamine plus a chlorinated phosphate respectively, were combined with four cotton fabrics, i.e. two types of commercial cotton, one without flame retardant (CN) and another flame retarded with Proban (CPR); and another two flame retardant cottons which were treated with Pyrovatex (CPY) and (NH4)2HPO4 (CDA) respectively in the laboratory.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oliaei-king-phillips-occurenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oliaei-king-phillips-occurenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf', event);\">\n    Occurence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Minnesota environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Oliaei, F.; King, P.;  and Phillips, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen compounds</i>, 58: 185–188.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oliaei-king-phillips-occurenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002', 'file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Minnesota environment [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oliaei-king-phillips-occurenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oliaei-king-phillips-occurenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{oliaei_occurence_2002,\n\ttitle = {Occurence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Minnesota} environment},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Oliaei, King, Phillips - 2002 - OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs) IN MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT.pdf},\n\tabstract = {In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen compounds},\n\tauthor = {Oliaei, Fardin and King, Patricia and Phillips, Laurie},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {185--188},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oliaei-king-phillips-occurrenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oliaei-king-phillips-occurrenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf', event);\">\n    Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Minnesota environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Oliaei, F; King, P;  and Phillips, L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Organohalogen Compounds</i>, 58: 185–188.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oliaei-king-phillips-occurrenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002', 'http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Minnesota environment. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oliaei-king-phillips-occurrenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oliaei-king-phillips-occurrenceandconcentrationsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesinminnesotaenvironment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{oliaei_occurrence_2002,\n\ttitle = {Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in {Minnesota} environment.},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\turl = {http://www.dioxin20xx.org/pdfs/2002/02-419.pdf},\n\tabstract = {In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.},\n\tjournal = {Organohalogen Compounds},\n\tauthor = {Oliaei, F and King, P and Phillips, L},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},\n\tpages = {185--188},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In recent years unexpected and undesirable consequences from the widespread use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have been observed. PBDEs are used as additive flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, and electrical components in products such as computers, TVs, electrical appliances, furniture, building materials, carpets, and automobiles1. These chemicals have been found to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife2, 3. Their physiochemical properties are similar to PCBs and dioxins. So, while they have not been extensively studied, there is concern regarding their environmental occurrence and potential toxicity. They may interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine or hormone systems, central nervous systems and immune systems3, 4. They may cause a variety of problems with development, behavior and reproduction (i.e. birth defects in humans and/or reduced populations and altered community structures within ecosystems), and cancer5, 6. PBDEs have been detected globally in biotic and abiotic matrices from impacted and remote environments. They have been detected in sediment, air, wildlife, fish, human blood, and human milk 2, 3, 7, 8. A human milk monitoring program in Sweden indicates that PBDE concentrations in breast milk are increasing exponentially, doubling every five years 9. Similar studies of breast milk conducted in other countries confirmed that human exposure to PBDEs is increasiing10, 11. Monitoring and assessment of PBDEs in North America has only begun recently. In the Great Lakes, PBDE concentrations was measured in lake trout and salmon from the Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior and Ontario. Lipid-normalized concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario, followed by Superior, Huron and Erie 12, 13, 14, 15. The relatively high level of PBDEs in Lake Superior is surprising due to the more pristine character of this lake. In this study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs in biotic and abiotic matrices in Minnesota environment. The sampling was focused on areas most likely to be impacted by PBDEs. This focus was based on the assumption that if PBDEs are not found in these targeted areas, they are not likely to be a problem in more ambient locations in Minnesota. The targeted efforts were landfill leachates, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludges and effluents as well as fish and sediment collected from rivers below WWTP effluent discharges. To ensure geographical representation, fish and sediment samples were collected from six major river basins in Minnesota (Mississippi, St. Louis, Red, Rainy, Minnesota and St. Croix). This is the first report of PBDEs being measured in different biotic and abiotic environmental matrices in Minnesota.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kitamura-thyroidhormonalactivityoftheflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrachlorobisphenola-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kitamura-thyroidhormonalactivityoftheflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrachlorobisphenola-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637', event);\">\n    Thyroid hormonal activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrachlorobisphenol A.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kitamura, S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</i>, 293(1): 554–559. April 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kitamura-thyroidhormonalactivityoftheflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrachlorobisphenola-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thyroid hormonal activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrachlorobisphenol A. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00262-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kitamura-thyroidhormonalactivityoftheflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrachlorobisphenola-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00262-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kitamura-thyroidhormonalactivityoftheflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrachlorobisphenola-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kitamura-thyroidhormonalactivityoftheflameretardantstetrabromobisphenolaandtetrachlorobisphenola-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kitamura_thyroid_2002,\n\ttitle = {Thyroid hormonal activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol {A} and tetrachlorobisphenol {A}.},\n\tvolume = {293},\n\tissn = {0006291X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054637},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00262-0},\n\tabstract = {The thyroid hormonal-disrupting activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) was examined and compared with that of bisphenol A, a typical estrogenic xenobiotic. TBBPA and TCBPA, halogenated derivatives of bisphenol A, markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T(3); 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, but bisphenol A did not. The thyroid hormonal activity of TBBPA and TCBPA was also examined using rat pituitary cell line GH3 cells, which grow and release growth hormone (GH) depending on thyroid hormone. TBBPA and TCBPA enhanced the proliferation of GH3 cells and stimulated their production of GH in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A was inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, and bisphenol A did not show antagonistic action, i.e., these compounds did not inhibit the hormonal activity of T(3) to induce growth and GH production of GH3 cells. TBBPA and TCBPA, as well as bisphenol A, enhanced the proliferation of MtT/E-2 cells, whose growth is estrogen-dependent. These results suggest that TBBPA and TCBPA act as thyroid hormone agonists, as well as estrogens.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications},\n\tauthor = {Kitamura, S},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12054637},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding, Cell Division, Cell Division: drug effects, Chlorophenols, Chlorophenols: pharmacology, Competitive, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Kinetics, Pituitary Gland, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacology, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone: drug effects, Thyroid Hormone: metabolism, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine: metabolism, cell line, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {554--559},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The thyroid hormonal-disrupting activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) was examined and compared with that of bisphenol A, a typical estrogenic xenobiotic. TBBPA and TCBPA, halogenated derivatives of bisphenol A, markedly inhibited the binding of triiodothyronine (T(3); 1 x 10(-10) M) to thyroid hormone receptor in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, but bisphenol A did not. The thyroid hormonal activity of TBBPA and TCBPA was also examined using rat pituitary cell line GH3 cells, which grow and release growth hormone (GH) depending on thyroid hormone. TBBPA and TCBPA enhanced the proliferation of GH3 cells and stimulated their production of GH in the concentration range of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M, while bisphenol A was inactive. TBBPA, TCBPA, and bisphenol A did not show antagonistic action, i.e., these compounds did not inhibit the hormonal activity of T(3) to induce growth and GH production of GH3 cells. TBBPA and TCBPA, as well as bisphenol A, enhanced the proliferation of MtT/E-2 cells, whose growth is estrogen-dependent. These results suggest that TBBPA and TCBPA act as thyroid hormone agonists, as well as estrogens.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kester-bulduk-vantoor-tibboel-meinl-glatt-falany-coughtrie-etal-potentinhibitionofestrogensulfotransferasebyhydroxylatedmetabolitesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsrevealsalternativemechanismforestrogenicactivityofendocrinedisrupters-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kester-bulduk-vantoor-tibboel-meinl-glatt-falany-coughtrie-etal-potentinhibitionofestrogensulfotransferasebyhydroxylatedmetabolitesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsrevealsalternativemechanismforestrogenicactivityofendocrinedisrupters-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178', event);\">\n    Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kester, M. H A; Bulduk, S.; van Toor, H.; Tibboel, D.; Meinl, W.; Glatt, H.; Falany, C. N; Coughtrie, M. W H; Schuur, A G.; Brouwer, A.;  and Visser, T. J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism</i>, 87(3): 1142–50. March 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kester-bulduk-vantoor-tibboel-meinl-glatt-falany-coughtrie-etal-potentinhibitionofestrogensulfotransferasebyhydroxylatedmetabolitesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsrevealsalternativemechanismforestrogenicactivityofendocrinedisrupters-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kester-bulduk-vantoor-tibboel-meinl-glatt-falany-coughtrie-etal-potentinhibitionofestrogensulfotransferasebyhydroxylatedmetabolitesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsrevealsalternativemechanismforestrogenicactivityofendocrinedisrupters-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kester-bulduk-vantoor-tibboel-meinl-glatt-falany-coughtrie-etal-potentinhibitionofestrogensulfotransferasebyhydroxylatedmetabolitesofpolyhalogenatedaromatichydrocarbonsrevealsalternativemechanismforestrogenicactivityofendocrinedisrupters-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kester_potent_2002,\n\ttitle = {Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters.},\n\tvolume = {87},\n\tissn = {0021-972X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889178},\n\tabstract = {Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenylethers, and bisphenol A derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants, which are capable of interfering with reproductive and endocrine function in birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals. PHAHs exert estrogenic effects that may be mediated in part by their hydroxylated metabolites (PHAH-OHs), the mechanisms of which remain to be identified. PHAH-OHs show low affinity for the ER. Alternatively, they may exert their estrogenic effects by inhibiting E2 metabolism. As sulfation of E2 by estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is an important pathway for E2 inactivation, inhibition of SULT1E1 may lead to an increased bioavailability of estrogens in tissues expressing this enzyme. Therefore, we studied the possible inhibition of human SULT1E1 by hydroxylated PHAH metabolites and the sulfation of the different compounds by SULT1E1. We found marked inhibition of SULT1E1 by various PHAH-OHs, in particular by compounds with two adjacent halogen substituents around the hydroxyl group that were effective at (sub)nanomolar concentrations. Depending on the structure, the inhibition is primarily competitive or noncompetitive. Most PHAH-OHs are also sulfated by SULT1E1. We also investigated the inhibitory effects of the various PHAH-OHs on E2 sulfation by human liver cytosol and found that the effects were strongly correlated with their inhibitions of recombinant SULT1E1 (r = 0.922). Based on these results, we hypothesize that hydroxylated PHAHs exert their estrogenic effects at least in part by inhibiting SULT1E1-catalyzed E2 sulfation.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism},\n\tauthor = {Kester, Monique H A and Bulduk, Sema and van Toor, Hans and Tibboel, Dick and Meinl, Walter and Glatt, Hansruedi and Falany, Charles N and Coughtrie, Michael W H and Schuur, A Gerlienke and Brouwer, Abraham and Visser, Theo J},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11889178},\n\tkeywords = {Cytosol, Cytosol: metabolism, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine System Diseases: etiology, Estradiol: metabolism, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: metabolism, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Hydroxylation, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Sulfates, Sulfates: metabolism, Sulfotransferases, Sulfotransferases: antagonists \\&amp; inhibitors, Sulfotransferases: metabolism, estradiol, unsure},\n\tpages = {1142--50},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenylethers, and bisphenol A derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants, which are capable of interfering with reproductive and endocrine function in birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals. PHAHs exert estrogenic effects that may be mediated in part by their hydroxylated metabolites (PHAH-OHs), the mechanisms of which remain to be identified. PHAH-OHs show low affinity for the ER. Alternatively, they may exert their estrogenic effects by inhibiting E2 metabolism. As sulfation of E2 by estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is an important pathway for E2 inactivation, inhibition of SULT1E1 may lead to an increased bioavailability of estrogens in tissues expressing this enzyme. Therefore, we studied the possible inhibition of human SULT1E1 by hydroxylated PHAH metabolites and the sulfation of the different compounds by SULT1E1. We found marked inhibition of SULT1E1 by various PHAH-OHs, in particular by compounds with two adjacent halogen substituents around the hydroxyl group that were effective at (sub)nanomolar concentrations. Depending on the structure, the inhibition is primarily competitive or noncompetitive. Most PHAH-OHs are also sulfated by SULT1E1. We also investigated the inhibitory effects of the various PHAH-OHs on E2 sulfation by human liver cytosol and found that the effects were strongly correlated with their inhibitions of recombinant SULT1E1 (r = 0.922). Based on these results, we hypothesize that hydroxylated PHAHs exert their estrogenic effects at least in part by inhibiting SULT1E1-catalyzed E2 sulfation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794', event);\">\n    Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jakobsson, K.; Thuresson, K.; Rylander, L.; Sjödin, A.; Hagmar, L.;  and Bergman, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 709–16. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jakobsson_exposure_2002,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} among computer technicians.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999794},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work. Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others. BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians. On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)-response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Jakobsson, Kristina and Thuresson, Kaj and Rylander, Lars and Sjödin, Andreas and Hagmar, Lars and Bergman, Ake},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11999794},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Chromatography, Computers, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Job Description, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: blood, frelec, hum},\n\tpages = {709--16},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work. Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others. BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians. On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)-response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ikonomou-rayne-addison-exponentialincreasesofthebrominatedflameretardantspolybrominateddiphenylethersinthecanadianarcticfrom1981to2000-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ikonomou-rayne-addison-exponentialincreasesofthebrominatedflameretardantspolybrominateddiphenylethersinthecanadianarcticfrom1981to2000-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966', event);\">\n    Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ikonomou, M. G; Rayne, S.;  and Addison, R. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 36(9): 1886–92. May 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ikonomou-rayne-addison-exponentialincreasesofthebrominatedflameretardantspolybrominateddiphenylethersinthecanadianarcticfrom1981to2000-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ikonomou-rayne-addison-exponentialincreasesofthebrominatedflameretardantspolybrominateddiphenylethersinthecanadianarcticfrom1981to2000-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ikonomou-rayne-addison-exponentialincreasesofthebrominatedflameretardantspolybrominateddiphenylethersinthecanadianarcticfrom1981to2000-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ikonomou_exponential_2002,\n\ttitle = {Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the {Canadian} {Arctic} from 1981 to 2000.},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026966},\n\tabstract = {A suite of 37 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and all of the homologue groups from mono- to deca-brominated were determined in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) blubber collected from subsistence hunts in the Canadian Arctic in 1981, 1991, 1996, and 2000. Total PBDE (sum(PBDE)) concentrations have increased exponentially over this period in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years. Penta- and hexa-BDEs are increasing at approximately the same rate (t2 = 4.7 and 4.3 years, respectively) and more rapidly than tetra-BDEs (t2 = 8.6 years) and tri-BDEs (t2 = infinity) in this age/sex grouping. In contrast to declining PBDE concentrations since 1997 in human milk from Sweden, sum(PBDE) concentrations in arctic ringed seals continue to increase exponentially similar to worldwide commercial penta-BDE production. PBDE congener profiles in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years from 1991 to 2000 also differ significantly from other aquatic organisms and semipermeable membrane devices collected from temperate coastal regions of British Columbia. While PBDE concentrations are 50 times lower than those of mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs, and approxiamately 500 times higher than PCDD/Fs, our data indicate that, at current rates of bioaccumulation, PBDEs will surpass PCBs to become the most prevalent organohalogen compound in Canadian arctic ringed seals by 2050.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Ikonomou, Michael G and Rayne, Sierra and Addison, Richard F},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12026966},\n\tkeywords = {Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue: chemistry, Animals, Arctic Regions, Canada, Earless, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Male, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: analysis, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Retrospective Studies, Seals, Tissue Distribution, ffr, mam},\n\tpages = {1886--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A suite of 37 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and all of the homologue groups from mono- to deca-brominated were determined in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) blubber collected from subsistence hunts in the Canadian Arctic in 1981, 1991, 1996, and 2000. Total PBDE (sum(PBDE)) concentrations have increased exponentially over this period in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years. Penta- and hexa-BDEs are increasing at approximately the same rate (t2 = 4.7 and 4.3 years, respectively) and more rapidly than tetra-BDEs (t2 = 8.6 years) and tri-BDEs (t2 = infinity) in this age/sex grouping. In contrast to declining PBDE concentrations since 1997 in human milk from Sweden, sum(PBDE) concentrations in arctic ringed seals continue to increase exponentially similar to worldwide commercial penta-BDE production. PBDE congener profiles in male ringed seals aged 0-15 years from 1991 to 2000 also differ significantly from other aquatic organisms and semipermeable membrane devices collected from temperate coastal regions of British Columbia. While PBDE concentrations are 50 times lower than those of mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs, and approxiamately 500 times higher than PCDD/Fs, our data indicate that, at current rates of bioaccumulation, PBDEs will surpass PCBs to become the most prevalent organohalogen compound in Canadian arctic ringed seals by 2050.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hunsinger-jay-vehlow-formationanddestructionofpcddfinsideagratefurnace-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hunsinger-jay-vehlow-formationanddestructionofpcddfinsideagratefurnace-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449', event);\">\n    Formation and destruction of PCDD/F inside a grate furnace.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hunsinger, H; Jay, K;  and Vehlow, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(9-10): 1263–72. March 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hunsinger-jay-vehlow-formationanddestructionofpcddfinsideagratefurnace-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Formation and destruction of PCDD/F inside a grate furnace. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hunsinger-jay-vehlow-formationanddestructionofpcddfinsideagratefurnace-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hunsinger-jay-vehlow-formationanddestructionofpcddfinsideagratefurnace-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hunsinger_formation_2002,\n\ttitle = {Formation and destruction of {PCDD}/{F} inside a grate furnace.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002449},\n\tabstract = {Formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans PCDD/F during the combustion process was investigated experimentally in a pilot plant. All important process steps like the burnout of the fuel bed on the grate, the burnout of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber, the heat recovery in a boiler as well as influences of the fuel composition are described in detail. High concentrations especially of PCDF are formed during the burnout of the fuel bed. The formation reaction is mainly influenced by the fuel composition and the burnout characteristic of the fuel bed. Fuels with low chlorine and low metal content (Cu) result only in negligible concentrations of PCDD/F. Under stable combustion conditions characterized by an excellent flue gas burnout PCDD/F will almost be completely destroyed already inside the combustion chamber. &quot;Cold strands&quot; of unburned flue gas (high CO concentrations) caused by disturbed combustion conditions will result in high concentrations of PCDD and especially of PCDF in the raw gas. A second place of PCDD/F formation is the well-known boiler section. Here fly ash deposits containing residual carbon (mainly soot particles) are the source for the formation reaction. Under stationary effective combustion conditions, they are dominant for PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas over a very long period of time. Stationary efficient flue gas burnout (especially soot) together with effective boiler cleaning will guaranty low concentrations of PCDD/F in the flue gas in front of the flue gas cleaning system.},\n\tnumber = {9-10},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hunsinger, H and Jay, K and Vehlow, J},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12002449},\n\tkeywords = {Benzofurans, Benzofurans: analysis, Benzofurans: chemistry, Carbon, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Incineration, Particle Size, Refuse Disposal, Soil Pollutants, Soil Pollutants: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: analysis, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: chemistry},\n\tpages = {1263--72},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans PCDD/F during the combustion process was investigated experimentally in a pilot plant. All important process steps like the burnout of the fuel bed on the grate, the burnout of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber, the heat recovery in a boiler as well as influences of the fuel composition are described in detail. High concentrations especially of PCDF are formed during the burnout of the fuel bed. The formation reaction is mainly influenced by the fuel composition and the burnout characteristic of the fuel bed. Fuels with low chlorine and low metal content (Cu) result only in negligible concentrations of PCDD/F. Under stable combustion conditions characterized by an excellent flue gas burnout PCDD/F will almost be completely destroyed already inside the combustion chamber. \"Cold strands\" of unburned flue gas (high CO concentrations) caused by disturbed combustion conditions will result in high concentrations of PCDD and especially of PCDF in the raw gas. A second place of PCDD/F formation is the well-known boiler section. Here fly ash deposits containing residual carbon (mainly soot particles) are the source for the formation reaction. Under stationary effective combustion conditions, they are dominant for PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas over a very long period of time. Stationary efficient flue gas burnout (especially soot) together with effective boiler cleaning will guaranty low concentrations of PCDD/F in the flue gas in front of the flue gas cleaning system.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hovander-malmberg-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-rahm-bergman-wehler-identificationofhydroxylatedpcbmetabolitesandotherphenolichalogenatedpollutantsinhumanbloodplasma-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hovander-malmberg-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-rahm-bergman-wehler-identificationofhydroxylatedpcbmetabolitesandotherphenolichalogenatedpollutantsinhumanbloodplasma-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375', event);\">\n    Identification of hydroxylated PCB metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hovander, L; Malmberg, T; Athanasiadou, M; Athanassiadis, I; Rahm, S; Bergman, A;  and Wehler, E K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 42(1): 105–17. January 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hovander-malmberg-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-rahm-bergman-wehler-identificationofhydroxylatedpcbmetabolitesandotherphenolichalogenatedpollutantsinhumanbloodplasma-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification of hydroxylated PCB metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010298\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hovander-malmberg-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-rahm-bergman-wehler-identificationofhydroxylatedpcbmetabolitesandotherphenolichalogenatedpollutantsinhumanbloodplasma-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010298', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hovander-malmberg-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-rahm-bergman-wehler-identificationofhydroxylatedpcbmetabolitesandotherphenolichalogenatedpollutantsinhumanbloodplasma-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hovander-malmberg-athanasiadou-athanassiadis-rahm-bergman-wehler-identificationofhydroxylatedpcbmetabolitesandotherphenolichalogenatedpollutantsinhumanbloodplasma-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hovander_identification_2002,\n\ttitle = {Identification of hydroxylated {PCB} metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0090-4341},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706375},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s002440010298},\n\tabstract = {A growing number of studies have reported phenolic halogenated compounds (PHCs) that are retained in the blood of humans and wildlife. These PHCs may be industrial chemicals; metabolites thereof, as in the case with polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs); or of natural origin. The present study was aimed to identify hitherto unknown PHCs in human plasma with chemical structures that are consistent to PHCs known to possess endocrine-disrupting activity. For this purpose, samples of blood plasma from 10 randomly selected male blood donors from Sweden were pooled and analyzed by GC/ECD and GC/MS. Brominated, bromochlorinated, and chlorinated methyl derivatives of phenols and OH-PCBs were synthesized to be used as authentic reference standards. More than 100 PHCs were indicated in the plasma, and among those a total of 9 monocyclic brominated or chlorinated phenol-, guaiacol-, and/or catechol-type compounds were identified as their methylated derivatives. The two major compounds were 2,4,6-tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol. Thirty-eight OH-PCB congeners were structurally identified on two GC columns of different polarity. The origin of the OH-PCB metabolites in the context of their parent PCB congeners are suggested. Other PHCs identified in the male plasma were Triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy] phenol), a common bactericide; 4-hydroxy-heptachlorostyrene, a metabolite of octachlorostyrene; and 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)phenol, a natural compound and a potential metabolite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Hovander, L and Malmberg, T and Athanasiadou, M and Athanassiadis, I and Rahm, S and Bergman, A and Wehler, E Klasson},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11706375},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Endocrine System, Endocrine System: drug effects, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Male, Phenols, Phenols: blood, Phenols: metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: metabolism, unsure},\n\tpages = {105--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A growing number of studies have reported phenolic halogenated compounds (PHCs) that are retained in the blood of humans and wildlife. These PHCs may be industrial chemicals; metabolites thereof, as in the case with polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs); or of natural origin. The present study was aimed to identify hitherto unknown PHCs in human plasma with chemical structures that are consistent to PHCs known to possess endocrine-disrupting activity. For this purpose, samples of blood plasma from 10 randomly selected male blood donors from Sweden were pooled and analyzed by GC/ECD and GC/MS. Brominated, bromochlorinated, and chlorinated methyl derivatives of phenols and OH-PCBs were synthesized to be used as authentic reference standards. More than 100 PHCs were indicated in the plasma, and among those a total of 9 monocyclic brominated or chlorinated phenol-, guaiacol-, and/or catechol-type compounds were identified as their methylated derivatives. The two major compounds were 2,4,6-tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol. Thirty-eight OH-PCB congeners were structurally identified on two GC columns of different polarity. The origin of the OH-PCB metabolites in the context of their parent PCB congeners are suggested. Other PHCs identified in the male plasma were Triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy] phenol), a common bactericide; 4-hydroxy-heptachlorostyrene, a metabolite of octachlorostyrene; and 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)phenol, a natural compound and a potential metabolite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"haneke-tetrabromobisphenola79947reviewoftoxicologicalliterature-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'haneke-tetrabromobisphenola79947reviewoftoxicologicalliterature-2002', 'http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf', event);\">\n    Tetrabromobisphenol A [79-94-7] Review of toxicological literature.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Haneke, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Integrated Laboratory Systems,  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('haneke-tetrabromobisphenola79947reviewoftoxicologicalliterature-2002', 'http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tetrabromobisphenol A [79-94-7] Review of toxicological literature [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/haneke-tetrabromobisphenola79947reviewoftoxicologicalliterature-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('haneke-tetrabromobisphenola79947reviewoftoxicologicalliterature-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{haneke_tetrabromobisphenol_2002,\n\ttitle = {Tetrabromobisphenol {A} [79-94-7] {Review} of toxicological literature},\n\turl = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/tetrabromobisphenola.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {Integrated Laboratory Systems},\n\tauthor = {Haneke, KE},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375', event);\">\n    Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C; La Guardia, M. J; Harvey, E.;  and Matt Mainor, T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 729–735.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_potential_2002,\n\ttitle = {Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the {US} environment},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375},\n\tabstract = {Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98\\% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from {\\textbackslash}textless1 to 132μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Matt Mainor, T},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil, bioaccumulation},\n\tpages = {729--735},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from \\textless1 to 132μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halljr-firesinvolvingappliancehousingsisthereaclearandpresentdanger-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'halljr-firesinvolvingappliancehousingsisthereaclearandpresentdanger-2002', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848', event);\">\n    Fires Involving Appliance Housings— Is There a Clear and Present Danger?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall Jr., J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Technology</i>, 38(2): 179–198.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halljr-firesinvolvingappliancehousingsisthereaclearandpresentdanger-2002', 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fires Involving Appliance Housings— Is There a Clear and Present Danger? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014463317848\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halljr-firesinvolvingappliancehousingsisthereaclearandpresentdanger-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014463317848', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halljr-firesinvolvingappliancehousingsisthereaclearandpresentdanger-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halljr-firesinvolvingappliancehousingsisthereaclearandpresentdanger-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hall_jr._fires_2002,\n\ttitle = {Fires {Involving} {Appliance} {Housings}— {Is} {There} a {Clear} and {Present} {Danger}?},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014463317848},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/A:1014463317848},\n\tabstract = {In the past couple years, worldwide attention has been focused on the fire hazard potentially posed by the housings or casings of several types of equipment. This paper addresses the narrow question of whether there is a clear and present danger in the US with regard to the fire hazard posed by the appliance housings of certain types of equipment, based on the fire loss record relevant to these issues. The best available fire loss statistics indicate that the appliance housing fire problem in the USA may be large enough to justify some attention but would not normally be regarded as large enough to justify urgent or priority attention. The paper also asks whether there are other reasons that would justify urgent action and discusses several candidate reasons.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\n\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {179--198},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the past couple years, worldwide attention has been focused on the fire hazard potentially posed by the housings or casings of several types of equipment. This paper addresses the narrow question of whether there is a clear and present danger in the US with regard to the fire hazard posed by the appliance housings of certain types of equipment, based on the fire loss record relevant to these issues. The best available fire loss statistics indicate that the appliance housing fire problem in the USA may be large enough to justify some attention but would not normally be regarded as large enough to justify urgent or priority attention. The paper also asks whether there are other reasons that would justify urgent action and discusses several candidate reasons.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eriksson-viberg-jakobsson-orn-fredriksson-abrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletheruptakeretentionandinductionofneurobehavioralalterationsinmiceduringacriticalphaseofneonatalbraindevelopment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eriksson-viberg-jakobsson-orn-fredriksson-abrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletheruptakeretentionandinductionofneurobehavioralalterationsinmiceduringacriticalphaseofneonatalbraindevelopment-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221', event);\">\n    A brominated flame retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eriksson, P; Viberg, H; Jakobsson, E; Orn, U;  and Fredriksson, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 67(1): 98–103. May 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eriksson-viberg-jakobsson-orn-fredriksson-abrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletheruptakeretentionandinductionofneurobehavioralalterationsinmiceduringacriticalphaseofneonatalbraindevelopment-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A brominated flame retardant, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eriksson-viberg-jakobsson-orn-fredriksson-abrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletheruptakeretentionandinductionofneurobehavioralalterationsinmiceduringacriticalphaseofneonatalbraindevelopment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eriksson-viberg-jakobsson-orn-fredriksson-abrominatedflameretardant22445pentabromodiphenyletheruptakeretentionandinductionofneurobehavioralalterationsinmiceduringacriticalphaseofneonatalbraindevelopment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eriksson_brominated_2002,\n\ttitle = {A brominated flame retardant, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development.},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961221},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in large quantities as flame retardant additives. In a recent study, we have seen that neonatal exposure to some brominated flame retardants can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous motor behavior that seem to worsen with age. In view of an increasing amount of PBDEs in mother&#x27;s milk and in the environment, the present study was undertaken to investigate whether there is a critical and limited phase, during neonatal life, for induction of persistent neurotoxic effects of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99). Neonatal NMRI male mice were exposed on day 3, 10, or 19 to 8 mg 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentaBDE/kg body weight. Uptake and retention of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-penta[(14)C]BDE were studied in the mouse brain after exposure to 1.5 M becquerel (Bq) 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-penta[(14)C]BDE /kg body weight (bw) on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19. Spontaneous motor behavior was observed in 4-month-old mice. Mice exposed to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentaBDE on day 3 or 10 showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior, whereas no effect was seen in mice exposed on day 19. Neonatal mice exposed to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-penta[(14)C]BDE 99 on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19 were sacrificed 24 h or 7 days posttreatment. The amount of radioactivity, given as per mille ( per thousand) of total amount administered, was between 3.7 and 5.1 per thousand in the three different age categories at 24 h after administration. Seven days after the administration, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-penta[(14)C]BDE or its metabolites could still be detected in the brain. The amount of radioactivity in the brain was not higher in mice exposed on day 3 or 10 when compared to exposure on day 19. Thus, the behavioral disturbances observed in adult mice following neonatal exposure to 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentaBDE are induced during a defined critical period of neonatal brain development.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Eriksson, P and Viberg, H and Jakobsson, E and Orn, U and Fredriksson, A},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11961221},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain: drug effects, Brain: growth \\&amp; development, Brain: metabolism, Brominated, Brominated: pharmacokinetics, Brominated: toxicity, Carbon Radioisotopes, Carbon Radioisotopes: diagnostic use, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Inbred Strains, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: pharmacokinetics, Phenyl Ethers: toxicity, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Tissue Distribution, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {98--103},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in large quantities as flame retardant additives. In a recent study, we have seen that neonatal exposure to some brominated flame retardants can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous motor behavior that seem to worsen with age. In view of an increasing amount of PBDEs in mother's milk and in the environment, the present study was undertaken to investigate whether there is a critical and limited phase, during neonatal life, for induction of persistent neurotoxic effects of 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (PBDE 99). Neonatal NMRI male mice were exposed on day 3, 10, or 19 to 8 mg 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE/kg body weight. Uptake and retention of 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE were studied in the mouse brain after exposure to 1.5 M becquerel (Bq) 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE /kg body weight (bw) on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19. Spontaneous motor behavior was observed in 4-month-old mice. Mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE on day 3 or 10 showed significantly impaired spontaneous motor behavior, whereas no effect was seen in mice exposed on day 19. Neonatal mice exposed to 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE 99 on postnatal day 3, 10, or 19 were sacrificed 24 h or 7 days posttreatment. The amount of radioactivity, given as per mille ( per thousand) of total amount administered, was between 3.7 and 5.1 per thousand in the three different age categories at 24 h after administration. Seven days after the administration, 2,2',4,4',5-penta[(14)C]BDE or its metabolites could still be detected in the brain. The amount of radioactivity in the brain was not higher in mice exposed on day 3 or 10 when compared to exposure on day 19. Thus, the behavioral disturbances observed in adult mice following neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE are induced during a defined critical period of neonatal brain development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9', event);\">\n    An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  de Wit, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 583–624. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_wit_overview_2002,\n\ttitle = {An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9},\n\tabstract = {The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Flame retardants, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol a},\n\tpages = {583--624},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784', event);\">\n    An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  de Wit, C. A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 583–624. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dewit-anoverviewofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_wit_overview_2002,\n\ttitle = {An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999784},\n\tabstract = {The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {de Wit, Cynthia A},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {11999784},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Child, Child Welfare, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Fishes, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: adverse effects, Public Health, Risk Assessment, env, ffr, frbldg, frelec},\n\tpages = {583--624},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"alaee-wenning-thesignificanceofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentcurrentunderstandingissuesandchallenges-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'alaee-wenning-thesignificanceofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentcurrentunderstandingissuesandchallenges-2002', 'http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf', event);\">\n    The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: current understanding, issues and challenges.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Alaee, M.;  and Wenning, R J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46: 579–582.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('alaee-wenning-thesignificanceofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentcurrentunderstandingissuesandchallenges-2002', 'http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: current understanding, issues and challenges [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/alaee-wenning-thesignificanceofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentcurrentunderstandingissuesandchallenges-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('alaee-wenning-thesignificanceofbrominatedflameretardantsintheenvironmentcurrentunderstandingissuesandchallenges-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{alaee_significance_2002,\n\ttitle = {The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: current understanding, issues and challenges},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\turl = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:The+significance+of+brominated+flame+retardants+in+the+environment+:+current+understanding+,+issues+and+challenges#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Alaee2002.pdf},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Alaee, Mehran and Wenning, R J},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {579--582},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X', event);\">\n    PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  She, J.; Petreas, M.; Winkler, J.; Visita, P.; McKinney, M.;  and Kopec, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 697–707. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('she-petreas-winkler-visita-mckinney-kopec-pbdesinthesanfranciscobayareameasurementsinharborsealblubberandhumanbreastadiposetissue-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{she_pbdes_2002,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {{PBDEs} in the {San} {Francisco} {Bay} {Area}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350100234X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X},\n\tabstract = {To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average ∑PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low μg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {She, Jianwen and Petreas, Myrto and Winkler, Jennifer and Visita, Patria and McKinney, Michael and Kopec, Dianne},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Blubber, Human Adipose, PBDEs, Seal, Time trends},\n\tpages = {697--707},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To explore the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California, samples from 11 archived harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Richardsi) from the San Francisco Bay and breast adipose tissue samples from 23 women were analyzed. The levels of PBDEs in human tissue samples were in the low ng/g fat range, with PBDEs 47, 153, 154, 99, and 100 as the major congeners. Average ∑PBDEs (86 ng/g fat) in these California women are the highest human levels reported to date. An inverse relationship between concentration of PBDEs and age of these women was apparent. The levels of PBDEs measured in harbor seal blubber were in the low ng/g to low μg/g fat range, with the same major congeners as those measured in the human tissues. PBDE 47 was the highest among all congeners measured in both human tissue and seal blubber samples. The concentrations of PBDEs in harbor seals in the San Francisco Bay have increased dramatically over the past decade, with current levels among the highest reported for this species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ohta-ishizuka-nishimura-nakao-aozasa-shimidzu-ochiai-kida-etal-comparisonofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinfishvegetablesandmeatsandlevelsinhumanmilkofnursingwomeninjapan-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ohta-ishizuka-nishimura-nakao-aozasa-shimidzu-ochiai-kida-etal-comparisonofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinfishvegetablesandmeatsandlevelsinhumanmilkofnursingwomeninjapan-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338', event);\">\n    Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ohta, S.; Ishizuka, D.; Nishimura, H.; Nakao, T.; Aozasa, O.; Shimidzu, Y.; Ochiai, F.; Kida, T.; Nishi, M.;  and Miyata, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 689–696. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ohta-ishizuka-nishimura-nakao-aozasa-shimidzu-ochiai-kida-etal-comparisonofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinfishvegetablesandmeatsandlevelsinhumanmilkofnursingwomeninjapan-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00233-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ohta-ishizuka-nishimura-nakao-aozasa-shimidzu-ochiai-kida-etal-comparisonofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinfishvegetablesandmeatsandlevelsinhumanmilkofnursingwomeninjapan-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00233-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ohta-ishizuka-nishimura-nakao-aozasa-shimidzu-ochiai-kida-etal-comparisonofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinfishvegetablesandmeatsandlevelsinhumanmilkofnursingwomeninjapan-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ohta-ishizuka-nishimura-nakao-aozasa-shimidzu-ochiai-kida-etal-comparisonofpolybrominateddiphenylethersinfishvegetablesandmeatsandlevelsinhumanmilkofnursingwomeninjapan-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ohta_comparison_2002,\n\ttitle = {Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002338},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00233-8},\n\tabstract = {At present, little is known about the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and food products sold in Japan. To investigate whether human exposure to PBDEs through the diet is significant, the concentrations of PBDEs were determined in fish and in meat and vegetables sold in two food markets in the city of Hirakata, Osaka prefecture. The concentrations of PBDEs in the breast milk of 12 primiparae nursing women at one month after delivery also were determined to ascertain the relationship between the levels found in the diet and levels in humans. ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 21 and 1650 pg/g fresh weight in the edible tissues of five species of fish and one shellfish species. The highest concentrations were measured in yellow-fin tuna, followed by short-necked clam, salmon, yellowtail, mackerel and young yellowtail. Interestingly, ∑PBDE concentrations were not statistically significantly different in two cultured mackerel samples from Japan and mackerel collected from northern European waters. ∑PBDE concentrations in beef, pork and chicken meat (ranging between 6.25 and 63.6 pg/g fresh weight) and in three different vegetables (ranging between 38.4 and 134 pg/g fresh weight) were significantly lower than the concentrations in fish. In human milk, ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 668 and 2840 pg/g lipid basis, which is comparable to the levels in populations of nursing women reported in Sweden and elsewhere. There was a strong positive relationship between PBDE concentrations in human milk and dietary intake of fish and shellfish, which was established in the women from responses to a questionaire on food consumption habits. The results of this study of food products commonly consumed in Japan and the levels found in nursing women raise a concern about low level PBDE contamination of fish and other foods intended for human consumption.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ohta, Souichi and Ishizuka, Daisuke and Nishimura, Hajime and Nakao, Teruyuki and Aozasa, Osamu and Shimidzu, Yoshiko and Ochiai, Fumie and Kida, Takafumi and Nishi, Masatoshi and Miyata, Hideaki},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Levels in fish, Levels in food, Mother&#x27;s milk, PBDEs},\n\tpages = {689--696},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  At present, little is known about the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and food products sold in Japan. To investigate whether human exposure to PBDEs through the diet is significant, the concentrations of PBDEs were determined in fish and in meat and vegetables sold in two food markets in the city of Hirakata, Osaka prefecture. The concentrations of PBDEs in the breast milk of 12 primiparae nursing women at one month after delivery also were determined to ascertain the relationship between the levels found in the diet and levels in humans. ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 21 and 1650 pg/g fresh weight in the edible tissues of five species of fish and one shellfish species. The highest concentrations were measured in yellow-fin tuna, followed by short-necked clam, salmon, yellowtail, mackerel and young yellowtail. Interestingly, ∑PBDE concentrations were not statistically significantly different in two cultured mackerel samples from Japan and mackerel collected from northern European waters. ∑PBDE concentrations in beef, pork and chicken meat (ranging between 6.25 and 63.6 pg/g fresh weight) and in three different vegetables (ranging between 38.4 and 134 pg/g fresh weight) were significantly lower than the concentrations in fish. In human milk, ∑PBDE concentrations ranged between 668 and 2840 pg/g lipid basis, which is comparable to the levels in populations of nursing women reported in Sweden and elsewhere. There was a strong positive relationship between PBDE concentrations in human milk and dietary intake of fish and shellfish, which was established in the women from responses to a questionaire on food consumption habits. The results of this study of food products commonly consumed in Japan and the levels found in nursing women raise a concern about low level PBDE contamination of fish and other foods intended for human consumption.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351', event);\">\n    Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jakobsson, K.; Thuresson, K.; Rylander, L.; Sjödin, A.; Hagmar, L.;  and Bergman, Å.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 709–716. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00235-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00235-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jakobsson-thuresson-rylander-sjdin-hagmar-bergman-exposuretopolybrominateddiphenylethersandtetrabromobisphenolaamongcomputertechnicians-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jakobsson_exposure_2002,\n\ttitle = {Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol {A} among computer technicians},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002351},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00235-1},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work.\n\nThirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others.\n\nBDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians.\n\nOn a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)–response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Jakobsson, Kristina and Thuresson, Kaj and Rylander, Lars and Sjödin, Andreas and Hagmar, Lars and Bergman, Åke},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Computer work, Occupational exposure, PBDEs, TBBPA, VDU},\n\tpages = {709--716},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigates exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, in a group of technicians with intense computer work. Thirteen PBDE congeners and TBBPA were quantified in serum from 19 computer technicians. Previously investigated groups of hospital cleaners with no computer experience, and clerks working full-time at computer screens were used for comparison. The computer technicians had serum concentrations of BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209 that were five times higher than those reported among hospital cleaners and computer clerks. The median levels observed among the computer technicians were 4.1, 1.3, and 1.6 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively. In contrast, for BDE-47 there was no difference between the computer technicians and the others. BDE-100, BDE-203, and three structurally unidentified octa-BDEs and three nona-BDEs, were present in almost all samples from the computer technicians. Further, TBBPA was detected in 8 out of 10 samples. The levels of BDE-153, BDE-183, and one of the octa-BDEs were positively correlated with duration of computer work among technicians. On a group level an exposure gradient was observed, from the least exposed cleaners to the clerks, and to the highest exposed group of computer technicians. A dose (duration of computer work)–response relationship among computer technicians was demonstrated for some higher brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, it is evident that PBDEs used in computers and electronics, including the fully brominated BDE-209, contaminate the work environment and accumulate in the workers tissues.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375', event);\">\n    Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C; La Guardia, M. J; Harvey, E.;  and Matt Mainor, T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 46(5): 729–735. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00237-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00237-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-mattmainor-potentialroleoffireretardanttreatedpolyurethanefoamasasourceofbrominateddiphenyletherstotheusenvironment-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_potential_2002,\n\ttitle = {Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the {US} environment},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653501002375},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00237-5},\n\tabstract = {Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98\\% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100 μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400 μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from \\&amp;lt;1 to 132 μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624 μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370 μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470 μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C and La Guardia, Mark J and Harvey, Ellen and Matt Mainor, T},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Bioaccumulation, Frog, Insect, Sediment, Sewage sludge, Soil},\n\tpages = {729--735},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Five tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) are the most frequently reported in wildlife and humans. The commercial penta-BDE product, used predominantly to flame-retard polyurethane foam, consists primarily of these same congeners. In 1999, North American demand accounted for 98% of the total global penta-market of 8500 metric tons. Frogs, housed with flame retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a dry substrate, accumulated 10,100 μg/kg (wet weight) of the above BDEs. Crickets kept therein as food contained 14,400 μg/kg. The crickets are believed to have browsed directly on the foam and, in turn, were consumed by the frogs. BDE congener composition in all three matrices matched that of the penta-commercial product. Similar congeners were also observed in soil and stream sediments collected near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. Summed concentrations of BDE-47, -99 and -100, the dominant congeners observed in these samples, ranged from &lt;1 to 132 μg/kg (dry weight basis). Sunfish fillets obtained from a nearby, off-site pond contained a total of 624 μg/kg (lipid basis). Sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge exhibited these same congeners at 1370 μg/kg (dry weight). BDE-209, the fully brominated congener predominant in the commercial deca-BDE product, was also present at 1470 μg/kg. While no known polyurethane foam manufacturers discharged to this plant, the distribution pattern of the low brominated congeners in the sludge matched that of the penta-product. After four weeks of exposure to ambient outdoor conditions, the surface of flame-retarded polyurethane foam became brittle and began to disintegrate. Subsequent dispersal of these penta-containing foam fragments may be one mechanism by which these BDEs reach the environment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shimizu-woo-fisher-eisler-bawendi-surfaceenhancedemissionfromsinglesemiconductornanocrystals-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shimizu-woo-fisher-eisler-bawendi-surfaceenhancedemissionfromsinglesemiconductornanocrystals-2002', 'http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401', event);\">\n    Surface-Enhanced Emission from Single Semiconductor Nanocrystals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shimizu, K. T.; Woo, W. K.; Fisher, B. R.; Eisler, H. J.;  and Bawendi, M. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, 89(11): 117401.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shimizu-woo-fisher-eisler-bawendi-surfaceenhancedemissionfromsinglesemiconductornanocrystals-2002', 'http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Surface-Enhanced Emission from Single Semiconductor Nanocrystals [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shimizu-woo-fisher-eisler-bawendi-surfaceenhancedemissionfromsinglesemiconductornanocrystals-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shimizu-woo-fisher-eisler-bawendi-surfaceenhancedemissionfromsinglesemiconductornanocrystals-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shimizu-woo-fisher-eisler-bawendi-surfaceenhancedemissionfromsinglesemiconductornanocrystals-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shimizu_surface-enhanced_2002,\n\ttitle = {Surface-{Enhanced} {Emission} from {Single} {Semiconductor} {Nanocrystals}},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\turl = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401},\n\tdoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.117401},\n\tabstract = {The fluorescence behavior of single CdSe(ZnS) core-shell nanocrystal (NC) quantum dots is dramatically affected by electromagnetic interactions with a rough metal film. Observed changes include a fivefold increase in the observed fluorescence intensity of single NCs, a striking reduction in their fluorescence blinking behavior, complete conversion of the emission polarization to linear, and single NC exciton lifetimes that are {\\textgreater}103 times faster. The enhanced excited state decay process for NCs coupled to rough metal substrates effectively competes with the Auger relaxation process, allowing us to observe both charged and neutral exciton emission from these NC quantum dots.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Physical Review Letters},\n\tauthor = {Shimizu, K. T. and Woo, W. K. and Fisher, B. R. and Eisler, H. J. and Bawendi, M. G.},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpages = {117401},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The fluorescence behavior of single CdSe(ZnS) core-shell nanocrystal (NC) quantum dots is dramatically affected by electromagnetic interactions with a rough metal film. Observed changes include a fivefold increase in the observed fluorescence intensity of single NCs, a striking reduction in their fluorescence blinking behavior, complete conversion of the emission polarization to linear, and single NC exciton lifetimes that are \\textgreater103 times faster. The enhanced excited state decay process for NCs coupled to rough metal substrates effectively competes with the Auger relaxation process, allowing us to observe both charged and neutral exciton emission from these NC quantum dots.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dulkeith-morteani-niedereichholz-klar-feldmann-levi-vanveggel-reinhoudt-etal-fluorescencequenchingofdyemoleculesneargoldnanoparticlesradiativeandnonradiativeeffects-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dulkeith-morteani-niedereichholz-klar-feldmann-levi-vanveggel-reinhoudt-etal-fluorescencequenchingofdyemoleculesneargoldnanoparticlesradiativeandnonradiativeeffects-2002', 'http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002', event);\">\n    Fluorescence Quenching of Dye Molecules near Gold Nanoparticles: Radiative and Nonradiative Effects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dulkeith, E.; Morteani, A. C.; Niedereichholz, T.; Klar, T. A.; Feldmann, J.; Levi, S. A.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Möller, M.;  and Gittins, D. I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, 89(20): 203002. October 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dulkeith-morteani-niedereichholz-klar-feldmann-levi-vanveggel-reinhoudt-etal-fluorescencequenchingofdyemoleculesneargoldnanoparticlesradiativeandnonradiativeeffects-2002', 'http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fluorescence Quenching of Dye Molecules near Gold Nanoparticles: Radiative and Nonradiative Effects [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dulkeith-morteani-niedereichholz-klar-feldmann-levi-vanveggel-reinhoudt-etal-fluorescencequenchingofdyemoleculesneargoldnanoparticlesradiativeandnonradiativeeffects-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dulkeith-morteani-niedereichholz-klar-feldmann-levi-vanveggel-reinhoudt-etal-fluorescencequenchingofdyemoleculesneargoldnanoparticlesradiativeandnonradiativeeffects-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dulkeith-morteani-niedereichholz-klar-feldmann-levi-vanveggel-reinhoudt-etal-fluorescencequenchingofdyemoleculesneargoldnanoparticlesradiativeandnonradiativeeffects-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dulkeith_fluorescence_2002,\n\ttitle = {Fluorescence {Quenching} of {Dye} {Molecules} near {Gold} {Nanoparticles}: {Radiative} and {Nonradiative} {Effects}},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tshorttitle = {Fluorescence {Quenching} of {Dye} {Molecules} near {Gold} {Nanoparticles}},\n\turl = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002},\n\tdoi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002},\n\tabstract = {The radiative and nonradiative decay rates of lissamine dye molecules, chemically attached to differently sized gold nanoparticles, are investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence experiments. A pronounced fluorescence quenching is observed already for the smallest nanoparticles of 1 nm radius. The quenching is caused not only by an increased nonradiative rate but, equally important, by a drastic decrease in the dye’s radiative rate. Assuming resonant energy transfer to be responsible for the nonradiative decay channel, we compare our experimental findings with theoretical results derived from the Gersten-Nitzan model.},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Physical Review Letters},\n\tauthor = {Dulkeith, E. and Morteani, A. C. and Niedereichholz, T. and Klar, T. A. and Feldmann, J. and Levi, S. A. and van Veggel, F. C. J. M. and Reinhoudt, D. N. and Möller, M. and Gittins, D. I.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpages = {203002},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The radiative and nonradiative decay rates of lissamine dye molecules, chemically attached to differently sized gold nanoparticles, are investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence experiments. A pronounced fluorescence quenching is observed already for the smallest nanoparticles of 1 nm radius. The quenching is caused not only by an increased nonradiative rate but, equally important, by a drastic decrease in the dye’s radiative rate. Assuming resonant energy transfer to be responsible for the nonradiative decay channel, we compare our experimental findings with theoretical results derived from the Gersten-Nitzan model.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kulakovich-strekal-yaroshevich-maskevich-gaponenko-nabiev-woggon-artemyev-enhancedluminescenceofcdsequantumdotsongoldcolloids-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kulakovich-strekal-yaroshevich-maskevich-gaponenko-nabiev-woggon-artemyev-enhancedluminescenceofcdsequantumdotsongoldcolloids-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k', event);\">\n    Enhanced Luminescence of CdSe Quantum Dots on Gold Colloids.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kulakovich, O.; Strekal, N.; Yaroshevich, A.; Maskevich, S.; Gaponenko, S.; Nabiev, I.; Woggon, U.;  and Artemyev, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nano Lett.</i>, 2(12): 1449–1452.  2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kulakovich-strekal-yaroshevich-maskevich-gaponenko-nabiev-woggon-artemyev-enhancedluminescenceofcdsequantumdotsongoldcolloids-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Enhanced Luminescence of CdSe Quantum Dots on Gold Colloids [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kulakovich-strekal-yaroshevich-maskevich-gaponenko-nabiev-woggon-artemyev-enhancedluminescenceofcdsequantumdotsongoldcolloids-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kulakovich-strekal-yaroshevich-maskevich-gaponenko-nabiev-woggon-artemyev-enhancedluminescenceofcdsequantumdotsongoldcolloids-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kulakovich-strekal-yaroshevich-maskevich-gaponenko-nabiev-woggon-artemyev-enhancedluminescenceofcdsequantumdotsongoldcolloids-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kulakovich_enhanced_2002,\n\ttitle = {Enhanced {Luminescence} of {CdSe} {Quantum} {Dots} on {Gold} {Colloids}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {1530-6984},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025819k},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/nl025819k},\n\tabstract = {We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.\nWe have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Nano Lett.},\n\tauthor = {Kulakovich, Olga and Strekal, Natalya and Yaroshevich, Alexandr and Maskevich, Sergey and Gaponenko, Sergey and Nabiev, Igor and Woggon, Ulrike and Artemyev, Mikhail},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpages = {1449--1452},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals. We have studied the enhancement of luminescence of (CdSe)ZnS core?shell quantum dots on gold colloids as a function of semiconductor nanocrystal?metal nanoparticle distance. Using a layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition technique to insert well-defined spacer layers between gold colloids and quantum dots, a distance-dependent enhancement and quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence has been observed. The maximum enhancement by a factor of 5 is achieved for a 9-layer spacer (≈11 nm). The efficient quantum dot excitation within the locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by the gold nanoparticles is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hu-ritz-damjanovic-autenrieth-schulten-photosyntheticapparatusofpurplebacteria-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hu-ritz-damjanovic-autenrieth-schulten-photosyntheticapparatusofpurplebacteria-2002', 'http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754', event);\">\n    Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hu, X.; Ritz, T.; Damjanovic, A.; Autenrieth, F.;  and Schulten, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics</i>, 35(01): 1–62. February 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hu-ritz-damjanovic-autenrieth-schulten-photosyntheticapparatusofpurplebacteria-2002', 'http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hu-ritz-damjanovic-autenrieth-schulten-photosyntheticapparatusofpurplebacteria-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hu-ritz-damjanovic-autenrieth-schulten-photosyntheticapparatusofpurplebacteria-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hu_photosynthetic_2002,\n\ttitle = {Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1469-8994},\n\turl = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033583501003754},\n\tnumber = {01},\n\tjournal = {Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics},\n\tauthor = {Hu, Xiche and Ritz, Thorsten and Damjanovic, Ana and Autenrieth, Felix and Schulten, Klaus},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpages = {1--62},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059', event);\">\n    Photostabilized Chlorophyll a in Mesoporous Silica: Adsorption Properties and Photoreduction Activity of Chlorophyll a.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Itoh, T.; Yano, K.; Inada, Y.;  and Fukushima, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 124(45): 13437–13441. November 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Photostabilized Chlorophyll a in Mesoporous Silica: Adsorption Properties and Photoreduction Activity of Chlorophyll a [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{itoh_photostabilized_2002,\n\ttitle = {Photostabilized {Chlorophyll} a in {Mesoporous} {Silica}: {Adsorption} {Properties} and {Photoreduction} {Activity} of {Chlorophyll} a},\n\tvolume = {124},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0203059},\n\tabstract = {Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.},\n\tnumber = {45},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Itoh, Tetsuji and Yano, Kazuhisa and Inada, Yuji and Fukushima, Yoshiaki},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpages = {13437--13441},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059', event);\">\n    Photostabilized Chlorophyll a in Mesoporous Silica: Adsorption Properties and Photoreduction Activity of Chlorophyll a.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Itoh, T.; Yano, K.; Inada, Y.;  and Fukushima, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 124(45): 13437–13441. November 2002.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Photostabilized Chlorophyll a in Mesoporous Silica: Adsorption Properties and Photoreduction Activity of Chlorophyll a [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('itoh-yano-inada-fukushima-photostabilizedchlorophyllainmesoporoussilicaadsorptionpropertiesandphotoreductionactivityofchlorophylla-2002')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{itoh_photostabilized_2002,\n\ttitle = {Photostabilized {Chlorophyll} a in {Mesoporous} {Silica}: {Adsorption} {Properties} and {Photoreduction} {Activity} of {Chlorophyll} a},\n\tvolume = {124},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0203059},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja0203059},\n\tabstract = {Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.},\n\tnumber = {45},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Itoh, Tetsuji and Yano, Kazuhisa and Inada, Yuji and Fukushima, Yoshiaki},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpages = {13437--13441},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light. Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a chlorophyll?FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The physiological function of the chlorophyll?FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll?FSM exhibited the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension containing chlorophyll?FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum was illuminated with visible light.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2001\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2001')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2001')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2001</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (23)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"unep-finalactoftheconferenceofplenipotentiariesonthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'unep-finalactoftheconferenceofplenipotentiariesonthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2001', 'http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF', event);\">\n    Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UNEP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report United Nations Environment Programme,  2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('unep-finalactoftheconferenceofplenipotentiariesonthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2001', 'http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/unep-finalactoftheconferenceofplenipotentiariesonthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('unep-finalactoftheconferenceofplenipotentiariesonthestockholmconventiononpersistentorganicpollutants-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{unep_final_2001,\n\ttitle = {Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the {Stockholm} {Convention} on persistent organic pollutants.},\n\turl = {http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/dipcon/25june2001/conf4_finalact/en/FINALACT-English.PDF},\n\tinstitution = {United Nations Environment Programme},\n\tauthor = {{UNEP}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjdin-carlsson-thuresson-sjlin-bergman-stman-flameretardantsinindoorairatanelectronicsrecyclingplantandatotherworkenvironments-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sjdin-carlsson-thuresson-sjlin-bergman-stman-flameretardantsinindoorairatanelectronicsrecyclingplantandatotherworkenvironments-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n', event);\">\n    Flame Retardants in Indoor Air at an Electronics Recycling Plant and at Other Work Environments.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjödin, A.; Carlsson, H.; Thuresson, K.; Sjölin, S.; Bergman, \\.;  and Östman, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 35(3): 448–454. February 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-carlsson-thuresson-sjlin-bergman-stman-flameretardantsinindoorairatanelectronicsrecyclingplantandatotherworkenvironments-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame Retardants in Indoor Air at an Electronics Recycling Plant and at Other Work Environments [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es000077n\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-carlsson-thuresson-sjlin-bergman-stman-flameretardantsinindoorairatanelectronicsrecyclingplantandatotherworkenvironments-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es000077n', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjdin-carlsson-thuresson-sjlin-bergman-stman-flameretardantsinindoorairatanelectronicsrecyclingplantandatotherworkenvironments-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjdin-carlsson-thuresson-sjlin-bergman-stman-flameretardantsinindoorairatanelectronicsrecyclingplantandatotherworkenvironments-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sjodin_flame_2001,\n\ttitle = {Flame {Retardants} in {Indoor} {Air} at an {Electronics} {Recycling} {Plant} and at {Other} {Work} {Environments}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000077n},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es000077n},\n\tabstract = {Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers. Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Sjödin, Andreas and Carlsson, H˚akan and Thuresson, Kaj and Sjölin, Sverker and Bergman, {\\textbackslash}AAke and Östman, Conny},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {448--454},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers. Air samples from a plant engaged in recycling electronics goods, a factory assembling printed circuit boards, a computer repair facility, offices equipped with computers, and outdoor air have been analyzed with respect to their content of brominated hydrocarbon and phosphate ester flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, and organophosphate esters were all detected in the indoor air samples, with the highest concentrations being detected in air from the recycling plant. In air from the dismantling hall at the recycling plant the average concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate were 38, 55, and 58 pmol/m3, respectively. Significantly higher levels of all of these additives were present in air in the vicinity of the shredder at the dismantling plant. This is the first time that 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and several arylated phosphate esters are reported to be contaminants of air in occupational settings. At all of the other sites investigated, low levels of flame retardants were detected in the indoor air. Flame retardants associated with airborne particles, present at elevated levels, pose a potential health hazard to the exposed workers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sjdin-patterson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromusblooddonors-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sjdin-patterson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromusblooddonors-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants in serum from U.S. blood donors.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sjödin, A; Patterson, D G;  and Bergman, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental science & technology</i>, 35(19): 3830–3. October 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sjdin-patterson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromusblooddonors-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants in serum from U.S. blood donors. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sjdin-patterson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromusblooddonors-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sjdin-patterson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantsinserumfromusblooddonors-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sjodin_brominated_2001,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants in serum from {U}.{S}. blood donors.},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642440},\n\tabstract = {Serum samples collected in 1988 from U.S. blood donors were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs and PBBs). The levels of the PBDEs are reported for the first time in serum from the U.S. population. The median concentrations and range of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47); 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153); 2,2&#x27;,3,4,4&#x27;,5&#x27;,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183); and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were 1.3 ({\\textbackslash}textless0.8-49); 0.54 (0.13-3.1); 0.24 (0.12-1.8); and {\\textbackslash}textless1 ({\\textbackslash}textless1-35) pmol/g lipid weight (l.w.), respectively. In addition we also measured detectable levels of nine additional PBDE congeners in many of the serum samples. The median concentrations and ranges of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5,5&#x27;-hexachloro- and hexabromobiphenyl (CB-153 and BB-153) were 190 (21-2600) and 19 (4.2-84) pmol/g l.w. The levels of PBDEs and CB-153 found in the U.S. samples were similar to background levels reported in the serum of Swedish hospital cleaners collected 10 years later, i.e., 1997. The BB-153 congener measured in the U.S. samples was not found in the Swedish samples. The difference in exposure to this congener could not be assessed in this study, although might be related to the 1973 BB-153 (FireMaster BP-6) animal and human contamination incident in the State of Michigan.},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\tjournal = {Environmental science \\&amp; technology},\n\tauthor = {Sjödin, A and Patterson, D G and Bergman, A},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {11642440},\n\tkeywords = {Blood Donors, Bromine Compounds, Bromine Compounds: blood, Environmental Exposure, Flame Retardants: pharmacokinetics, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Reference Values, United States, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {3830--3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Serum samples collected in 1988 from U.S. blood donors were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs and PBBs). The levels of the PBDEs are reported for the first time in serum from the U.S. population. The median concentrations and range of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47); 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153); 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183); and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were 1.3 (\\textless0.8-49); 0.54 (0.13-3.1); 0.24 (0.12-1.8); and \\textless1 (\\textless1-35) pmol/g lipid weight (l.w.), respectively. In addition we also measured detectable levels of nine additional PBDE congeners in many of the serum samples. The median concentrations and ranges of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachloro- and hexabromobiphenyl (CB-153 and BB-153) were 190 (21-2600) and 19 (4.2-84) pmol/g l.w. The levels of PBDEs and CB-153 found in the U.S. samples were similar to background levels reported in the serum of Swedish hospital cleaners collected 10 years later, i.e., 1997. The BB-153 congener measured in the U.S. samples was not found in the Swedish samples. The difference in exposure to this congener could not be assessed in this study, although might be related to the 1973 BB-153 (FireMaster BP-6) animal and human contamination incident in the State of Michigan.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ray-briefingpackageonupholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptions-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ray-briefingpackageonupholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptions-2001', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf', event);\">\n    Briefing package on upholstered furniture flammability: regulatory options.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ray, D. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ray-briefingpackageonupholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptions-2001', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Briefing package on upholstered furniture flammability: regulatory options [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ray-briefingpackageonupholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptions-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ray-briefingpackageonupholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptions-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ray_briefing_2001,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Briefing package on upholstered furniture flammability: regulatory options},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC 2001 briefing package/furnitrep1.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Ray, Dale R},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rahman-langford-scrimshaw-lester-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rahman-langford-scrimshaw-lester-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rahman, F; Langford, K H; Scrimshaw, M D;  and Lester, J N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Science of the total environment</i>, 275(1-3): 1–17. July 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rahman-langford-scrimshaw-lester-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rahman-langford-scrimshaw-lester-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rahman-langford-scrimshaw-lester-polybrominateddiphenyletherpbdeflameretardants-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rahman_polybrominated_2001,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether ({PBDE}) flame retardants.},\n\tvolume = {275},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11482396},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether, PBDE, flame retardants are now a world-wide pollution problem reaching even remote areas. They have been found to bioaccumulate and there are concerns over the health effects of exposure to PBDEs, they also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. They are lipophilic compounds so are easily removed from the aqueous environment and are predicted to sorb onto sediments and particulate matter or to fatty tissue, aiding their distribution throughout the environment. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and DDT and, therefore, their chemical properties, persistence and distribution in the environment follow similar patterns. Concentrations of PBDEs found in environmental samples are now higher than those of PCBs. Evidence to date demonstrates that PBDEs are a growing problem in the environment and concern over their fate and effects is warranted. The manufacture of reactive and additive flame retardants is briefly discussed and their fate and behaviour in the environment is assessed. PBDE toxicology is reviewed and methods of analysis are evaluated.},\n\tnumber = {1-3},\n\tjournal = {The Science of the total environment},\n\tauthor = {Rahman, F and Langford, K H and Scrimshaw, M D and Lester, J N},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {11482396},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Dioxins, Dioxins: analysis, Dioxins: toxicity, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: analysis, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame Retardants: adverse effects, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Occupational Exposure, Occupational Exposure: adverse effects, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: chemistry, Phthalic Anhydrides, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: analysis, Polybrominated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: chemistry, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Structure-Activity Relationship, env, ffr},\n\tpages = {1--17},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether, PBDE, flame retardants are now a world-wide pollution problem reaching even remote areas. They have been found to bioaccumulate and there are concerns over the health effects of exposure to PBDEs, they also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. They are lipophilic compounds so are easily removed from the aqueous environment and are predicted to sorb onto sediments and particulate matter or to fatty tissue, aiding their distribution throughout the environment. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and DDT and, therefore, their chemical properties, persistence and distribution in the environment follow similar patterns. Concentrations of PBDEs found in environmental samples are now higher than those of PCBs. Evidence to date demonstrates that PBDEs are a growing problem in the environment and concern over their fate and effects is warranted. The manufacture of reactive and additive flame retardants is briefly discussed and their fate and behaviour in the environment is assessed. PBDE toxicology is reviewed and methods of analysis are evaluated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-nazaroff-modelingpollutantpenetrationacrossbuildingenvelopes-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&amp;WWN_2001.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-nazaroff-modelingpollutantpenetrationacrossbuildingenvelopes-2001', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&amp;WWN_2001.pdf', event);\">\n    Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, D.;  and Nazaroff, W. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>, 35(26): 4451–4462. September 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&amp;WWN_2001.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-nazaroff-modelingpollutantpenetrationacrossbuildingenvelopes-2001', 'http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&amp;WWN_2001.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00218-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-nazaroff-modelingpollutantpenetrationacrossbuildingenvelopes-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00218-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-nazaroff-modelingpollutantpenetrationacrossbuildingenvelopes-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-nazaroff-modelingpollutantpenetrationacrossbuildingenvelopes-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{liu_modeling_2001,\n\ttitle = {Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\turl = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231001002187 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Liu&amp;WWN_2001.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00218-7},\n\tabstract = {As air infiltrates through unintentional openings in building envelopes, pollutants may interact with adjacent surfaces. Such interactions can alter human exposure to air pollutants of outdoor origin. We present modeling explorations of the proportion of particles and reactive gases (e.g., ozone) that penetrate building envelopes as air enters through cracks and wall cavities. Calculations were performed for idealized rectangular cracks, assuming regular geometry, smooth inner crack surface and steady airflow. Particles of 0.1–1.0 mm diameter are predicted to have the highest penetration efficiency, nearly unity for crack heights of 0.25 mm or larger, assuming a pressure difference of 4 Pa or greater and a flow path length of 3 cm or less. Supermicron and ultrafine particles are significantly removed by means of gravitational settling and Brownian diffusion, respectively. In addition to crack geometry, ozone penetration depends on its reactivity with crack surfaces, as parameterized by the reaction probability. For reaction probabilities less than B10@5, penetration is complete for cracks heights greater than B1 mm. However, penetration through mm scale cracks is small if the reaction probability is B10@4 or greater. For wall cavities, fiberglass insulation is an efficient particle filter, but particles would penetrate efficiently through uninsulated wall cavities or through insulated cavities with significant airflow bypass. The ozone reaction probability on fiberglass fibers was measured to be 10@7 for fibers previously exposed to high ozone levels and 6 10@6 for unexposed fibers. Over this range, ozone penetration through fiberglass insulation would vary from {\\textbackslash}textgreater90\\% to B10–40\\%. Thus, under many conditions penetration is high; however, there are realistic circumstances in which building envelopes can provide substantial pollutant removal. Not enough is yet known about the detailed nature of pollutant penetration leakage paths to reliably predict infiltration into real buildings.},\n\tnumber = {26},\n\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\n\tauthor = {Liu, De-Ling and Nazaroff, William W},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Exposure, Flame retardants, infiltration, ozone, particles, penetration factor, reaction probability},\n\tpages = {4451--4462},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  As air infiltrates through unintentional openings in building envelopes, pollutants may interact with adjacent surfaces. Such interactions can alter human exposure to air pollutants of outdoor origin. We present modeling explorations of the proportion of particles and reactive gases (e.g., ozone) that penetrate building envelopes as air enters through cracks and wall cavities. Calculations were performed for idealized rectangular cracks, assuming regular geometry, smooth inner crack surface and steady airflow. Particles of 0.1–1.0 mm diameter are predicted to have the highest penetration efficiency, nearly unity for crack heights of 0.25 mm or larger, assuming a pressure difference of 4 Pa or greater and a flow path length of 3 cm or less. Supermicron and ultrafine particles are significantly removed by means of gravitational settling and Brownian diffusion, respectively. In addition to crack geometry, ozone penetration depends on its reactivity with crack surfaces, as parameterized by the reaction probability. For reaction probabilities less than B10@5, penetration is complete for cracks heights greater than B1 mm. However, penetration through mm scale cracks is small if the reaction probability is B10@4 or greater. For wall cavities, fiberglass insulation is an efficient particle filter, but particles would penetrate efficiently through uninsulated wall cavities or through insulated cavities with significant airflow bypass. The ozone reaction probability on fiberglass fibers was measured to be 10@7 for fibers previously exposed to high ozone levels and 6 10@6 for unexposed fibers. Over this range, ozone penetration through fiberglass insulation would vary from \\textgreater90% to B10–40%. Thus, under many conditions penetration is high; however, there are realistic circumstances in which building envelopes can provide substantial pollutant removal. Not enough is yet known about the detailed nature of pollutant penetration leakage paths to reliably predict infiltration into real buildings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"klepeis-nelson-ott-robinson-tsang-switzer-behar-hern-etal-thenationalhumanactivitypatternsurveynhapsaresourceforassessingexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Klepeis, N E; Nelson, W C; Ott, W R; Robinson, J P; Tsang, A M; Switzer, P; Behar, J V; Hern, S C;  and Engelmann, W H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology</i>, 11(3): 231–52. January 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('klepeis-nelson-ott-robinson-tsang-switzer-behar-hern-etal-thenationalhumanactivitypatternsurveynhapsaresourceforassessingexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/klepeis-nelson-ott-robinson-tsang-switzer-behar-hern-etal-thenationalhumanactivitypatternsurveynhapsaresourceforassessingexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('klepeis-nelson-ott-robinson-tsang-switzer-behar-hern-etal-thenationalhumanactivitypatternsurveynhapsaresourceforassessingexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{klepeis_national_2001,\n\ttitle = {The {National} {Human} {Activity} {Pattern} {Survey} ({NHAPS}): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants.},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1053-4245},\n\tshorttitle = {J {Expo} {Anal} {Environ} {Epidemiol}},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/sj.jea.7500165},\n\tabstract = {Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland&#x27;s Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63\\% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87\\% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6\\% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Klepeis, N E and Nelson, W C and Ott, W R and Robinson, J P and Tsang, A M and Switzer, P and Behar, J V and Hern, S C and Engelmann, W H},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {11477521},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {231--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jonsson-dyremark-nilsson-developmentofamicroporousmembraneliquidliquidextractorfororganophosphateestersinhumanbloodplasmaidentificationoftriphenylphosphateandoctyldiphenylphosphateindonorplasma-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jonsson-dyremark-nilsson-developmentofamicroporousmembraneliquidliquidextractorfororganophosphateestersinhumanbloodplasmaidentificationoftriphenylphosphateandoctyldiphenylphosphateindonorplasma-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700', event);\">\n    Development of a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extractor for organophosphate esters in human blood plasma: identification of triphenyl phosphate and octyl diphenyl phosphate in donor plasma.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jonsson, O B; Dyremark, E;  and Nilsson, U L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications</i>, 755(1-2): 157–64. May 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jonsson-dyremark-nilsson-developmentofamicroporousmembraneliquidliquidextractorfororganophosphateestersinhumanbloodplasmaidentificationoftriphenylphosphateandoctyldiphenylphosphateindonorplasma-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Development of a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extractor for organophosphate esters in human blood plasma: identification of triphenyl phosphate and octyl diphenyl phosphate in donor plasma. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jonsson-dyremark-nilsson-developmentofamicroporousmembraneliquidliquidextractorfororganophosphateestersinhumanbloodplasmaidentificationoftriphenylphosphateandoctyldiphenylphosphateindonorplasma-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jonsson-dyremark-nilsson-developmentofamicroporousmembraneliquidliquidextractorfororganophosphateestersinhumanbloodplasmaidentificationoftriphenylphosphateandoctyldiphenylphosphateindonorplasma-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jonsson_development_2001,\n\ttitle = {Development of a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extractor for organophosphate esters in human blood plasma: identification of triphenyl phosphate and octyl diphenyl phosphate in donor plasma.},\n\tvolume = {755},\n\tissn = {1387-2273},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11393700},\n\tabstract = {An extractor has been developed for microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) of lipophilic xenobiotics at trace levels in biological fluids. This new construction allows the sample phase to be stirred, while the organic phase is pumped. The extractor was evaluated using human blood plasma with added organophosphate esters. The size exclusion properties of the membrane reduced lipid co-extraction by approximately 94\\% compared to ordinary liquid-liquid extraction. In combination with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) step, the method was shown to remove plasma lipids efficiently and thus allow gas chromatographic separation of the compounds. The clean-up method described, including the SPE step, showed a high level of reproducibility, and recoveries of between 72 and 83\\% were obtained for five of the organophosphate esters after a 200-min extraction period. Using this technique, triphenyl phosphate and an isomer of octyl diphenyl phosphate were detected in human plasma obtained from blood donors. The concentration of triphenyl phosphate ranged between 0.13 and 0.15 microg/g plasma.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications},\n\tauthor = {Jonsson, O B and Dyremark, E and Nilsson, U L},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {11393700},\n\tkeywords = {Blood Donors, Chromatography, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Humans, Lipids, Lipids: blood, Lipids: isolation \\&amp; purification, Liquid, Liquid: instrumentation, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: blood, Organophosphates: isolation \\&amp; purification, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: blood, Organophosphorus Compounds: isolation \\&amp; purificati, Plasticizers},\n\tpages = {157--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An extractor has been developed for microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) of lipophilic xenobiotics at trace levels in biological fluids. This new construction allows the sample phase to be stirred, while the organic phase is pumped. The extractor was evaluated using human blood plasma with added organophosphate esters. The size exclusion properties of the membrane reduced lipid co-extraction by approximately 94% compared to ordinary liquid-liquid extraction. In combination with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) step, the method was shown to remove plasma lipids efficiently and thus allow gas chromatographic separation of the compounds. The clean-up method described, including the SPE step, showed a high level of reproducibility, and recoveries of between 72 and 83% were obtained for five of the organophosphate esters after a 200-min extraction period. Using this technique, triphenyl phosphate and an isomer of octyl diphenyl phosphate were detected in human plasma obtained from blood donors. The concentration of triphenyl phosphate ranged between 0.13 and 0.15 microg/g plasma.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hardell-eriksson-lindstrm-vanbavel-linde-carlberg-liljegren-casecontrolstudyonconcentrationsoforganohalogencompoundsandtitersofantibodiestoepsteinbarrvirusantigensintheetiologyofnonhodgkinlymphoma-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hardell-eriksson-lindstrm-vanbavel-linde-carlberg-liljegren-casecontrolstudyonconcentrationsoforganohalogencompoundsandtitersofantibodiestoepsteinbarrvirusantigensintheetiologyofnonhodgkinlymphoma-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490', event);\">\n    Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hardell, E; Eriksson, M; Lindström, G; Van Bavel, B; Linde, A; Carlberg, M;  and Liljegren, G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Leukemia & lymphoma</i>, 42(4): 619–29. August 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardell-eriksson-lindstrm-vanbavel-linde-carlberg-liljegren-casecontrolstudyonconcentrationsoforganohalogencompoundsandtitersofantibodiestoepsteinbarrvirusantigensintheetiologyofnonhodgkinlymphoma-2001', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hardell-eriksson-lindstrm-vanbavel-linde-carlberg-liljegren-casecontrolstudyonconcentrationsoforganohalogencompoundsandtitersofantibodiestoepsteinbarrvirusantigensintheetiologyofnonhodgkinlymphoma-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hardell-eriksson-lindstrm-vanbavel-linde-carlberg-liljegren-casecontrolstudyonconcentrationsoforganohalogencompoundsandtitersofantibodiestoepsteinbarrvirusantigensintheetiologyofnonhodgkinlymphoma-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hardell_case-control_2001,\n\ttitle = {Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to {Epstein}-{Barr} virus antigens in the etiology of non-{Hodgkin} lymphoma.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {1042-8194},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697490},\n\tabstract = {A rapid increase in incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been reported from many countries. Exposure to certain pesticides and organochlorines has been shown to be risk factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that has been associated with some subgroups of NHL, such as Burkitt lymphoma and lymphomas related to severe immunosuppression. In this study, we measured lipid adjusted blood concentrations of 36 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p&#x27;-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p&#x27;-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four different subgroups of chlordanes (trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane, MC6 and oxychlordane) and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (TBDE) in incident cases of NHL and controls from the general population. Titers of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr early antigen (EA) were correlated to concentrations of organochlorines. We found a significant difference in lipid adjusted blood concentrations of total PCBs and TBDE between cases and controls. Titers of antibodies to EA IgG {\\textbackslash}textgreater 80 were correlated to an increased risk for NHL with odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95\\% confidence interval (CI) =0.94-3.8. This risk was further increased in those with a level above the median value of &quot;sum of PCBs&quot; (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14), HCB (OR=5.3, CI=1.6-19), sum of chlordanes (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14) and TBDE (OR=21, CI=4.6-124), suggesting an interaction between EBV and a higher concentration of these chemicals. Also for the &quot;sum of immunotoxic PCBs&quot; increased risk was found in that group (OR=6.4, CI=1.9-24). Subdivision of NHL in histological types yielded highest risks for low-grade B-cell NHL.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Leukemia \\&amp; lymphoma},\n\tauthor = {Hardell, E and Eriksson, M and Lindström, G and Van Bavel, B and Linde, A and Carlberg, M and Liljegren, G},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {11697490},\n\tkeywords = {Antibodies, Antigens, Case-Control Studies, Chlordan, Chlordan: analogs \\&amp; derivatives, Chlordan: blood, Chlordan: toxicity, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: blood, Chlorinated: toxicity, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: blood, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: toxicity, Drug Interactions, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: blood, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Fungicides, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene: blood, Hexachlorobenzene: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Industrial, Industrial: blood, Industrial: toxicity, Insecticides, Insecticides: blood, Insecticides: toxicity, Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin: chemically induced, Non-Hodgkin: etiology, Non-Hodgkin: virology, Odds Ratio, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: blood, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: toxicity, Risk Factors, Viral, Viral: blood, Viral: immunology},\n\tpages = {619--29},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A rapid increase in incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been reported from many countries. Exposure to certain pesticides and organochlorines has been shown to be risk factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that has been associated with some subgroups of NHL, such as Burkitt lymphoma and lymphomas related to severe immunosuppression. In this study, we measured lipid adjusted blood concentrations of 36 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four different subgroups of chlordanes (trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane, MC6 and oxychlordane) and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (TBDE) in incident cases of NHL and controls from the general population. Titers of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr early antigen (EA) were correlated to concentrations of organochlorines. We found a significant difference in lipid adjusted blood concentrations of total PCBs and TBDE between cases and controls. Titers of antibodies to EA IgG \\textgreater 80 were correlated to an increased risk for NHL with odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.94-3.8. This risk was further increased in those with a level above the median value of \"sum of PCBs\" (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14), HCB (OR=5.3, CI=1.6-19), sum of chlordanes (OR=4.0, CI=1.2-14) and TBDE (OR=21, CI=4.6-124), suggesting an interaction between EBV and a higher concentration of these chemicals. Also for the \"sum of immunotoxic PCBs\" increased risk was found in that group (OR=6.4, CI=1.9-24). Subdivision of NHL in histological types yielded highest risks for low-grade B-cell NHL.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eriksson-jakobsson-fredriksson-brominatedflameretardantsanovelclassofdevelopmentalneurotoxicantsinourenvironment-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'eriksson-jakobsson-fredriksson-brominatedflameretardantsanovelclassofdevelopmentalneurotoxicantsinourenvironment-2001', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eriksson, P; Jakobsson, E;  and Fredriksson, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental health perspectives</i>, 109(9): 903–8. September 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('eriksson-jakobsson-fredriksson-brominatedflameretardantsanovelclassofdevelopmentalneurotoxicantsinourenvironment-2001', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eriksson-jakobsson-fredriksson-brominatedflameretardantsanovelclassofdevelopmentalneurotoxicantsinourenvironment-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eriksson-jakobsson-fredriksson-brominatedflameretardantsanovelclassofdevelopmentalneurotoxicantsinourenvironment-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{eriksson_brominated_2001,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment?},\n\tvolume = {109},\n\tissn = {0091-6765},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1240439&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants are a novel group of global environmental contaminants. Within this group the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) constitute one class of many that are found in electrical appliances, building materials, and textiles. PBDEs are persistent compounds that appear to have an environmental dispersion similar to that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Levels of PBDEs are increasing in mother&#x27;s milk while other organohalogens have decreased in concentration. We studied for developmental neurotoxic effects two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) and 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99)–congeners that dominate in environmental and human samples–together with another frequently used brominated flame retardant, tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A (TBBPA). The compounds were given to 10-day-old NMRI male mice, as follows: PBDE 47, 0.7 mg (1.4 micromol), 10.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg body weight (bw); PBDE 99, 0.8 mg (1.4 micromol), 12.0 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw; TBBPA, 0.75 mg (1.4 micromol), 11.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw. Mice serving as controls received 10 mL/kg bw of the 20\\% fat emulsion vehicle in the same manner. The present study has shown that neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and PBDE 47 can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous behavior, evident in 2- and 4-month-old animals. This effect together with the habituation capability was more pronounced with increasing age, and the changes were dose-response related. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 also affected learning and memory functions in adult animals. These are developmental defects that have been detected previously in connection with PCBs.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Environmental health perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Eriksson, P and Jakobsson, E and Fredriksson, A},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {11673118},\n\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Discrimination Learning, Discrimination Learning: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: adverse effects, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydrocarbons, Male, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Memory, Memory: drug effects, Mice, Newborn, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: adverse effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {903--8},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants are a novel group of global environmental contaminants. Within this group the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) constitute one class of many that are found in electrical appliances, building materials, and textiles. PBDEs are persistent compounds that appear to have an environmental dispersion similar to that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Levels of PBDEs are increasing in mother's milk while other organohalogens have decreased in concentration. We studied for developmental neurotoxic effects two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99)–congeners that dominate in environmental and human samples–together with another frequently used brominated flame retardant, tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A (TBBPA). The compounds were given to 10-day-old NMRI male mice, as follows: PBDE 47, 0.7 mg (1.4 micromol), 10.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg body weight (bw); PBDE 99, 0.8 mg (1.4 micromol), 12.0 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw; TBBPA, 0.75 mg (1.4 micromol), 11.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw. Mice serving as controls received 10 mL/kg bw of the 20% fat emulsion vehicle in the same manner. The present study has shown that neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and PBDE 47 can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous behavior, evident in 2- and 4-month-old animals. This effect together with the habituation capability was more pronounced with increasing age, and the changes were dose-response related. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 also affected learning and memory functions in adult animals. These are developmental defects that have been detected previously in connection with PCBs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chengelis-a90dayoralgavagetoxicitystudyofhbcdinratswil186012-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of HBCD in rats. WIL-186012.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chengelis, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, VA,  2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chengelis-a90dayoralgavagetoxicitystudyofhbcdinratswil186012-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chengelis-a90dayoralgavagetoxicitystudyofhbcdinratswil186012-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{chengelis_90-day_2001,\n\taddress = {Arlington, VA},\n\ttitle = {A 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study of {HBCD} in rats. {WIL}-186012.},\n\tinstitution = {Chemical Manufacturers Association},\n\tauthor = {Chengelis, CP},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frbldg, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"berkman-david-liu-self-assessingtheneedforafederalsmallopenflamecigaretteignitionupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'berkman-david-liu-self-assessingtheneedforafederalsmallopenflamecigaretteignitionupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2001', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf', event);\">\n    Assessing the Need for a Federal Small Open Flame/Cigarette Ignition Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standard.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Berkman, M.; David, J.; Liu, M.;  and Self, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Economic Research Associates for the Upholstered Furniture Action Council, San Francisco, CA,  2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('berkman-david-liu-self-assessingtheneedforafederalsmallopenflamecigaretteignitionupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2001', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessing the Need for a Federal Small Open Flame/Cigarette Ignition Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standard [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/berkman-david-liu-self-assessingtheneedforafederalsmallopenflamecigaretteignitionupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('berkman-david-liu-self-assessingtheneedforafederalsmallopenflamecigaretteignitionupholsteredfurnitureflammabilitystandard-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{berkman_assessing_2001,\n\taddress = {San Francisco, CA},\n\ttitle = {Assessing the {Need} for a {Federal} {Small} {Open} {Flame}/{Cigarette} {Ignition} {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Flammability} {Standard}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Berkman NERA 2001.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {National Economic Research Associates for the Upholstered Furniture Action Council},\n\tauthor = {Berkman, Mark and David, Jesse and Liu, Michael and Self, Carol},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"allen-containmentlandfillsthemythofsustainability-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'allen-containmentlandfillsthemythofsustainability-2001', 'http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084', event);\">\n    Containment landfills: the myth of sustainability.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Allen, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Engineering Geology</i>, 60(1): 3–19.  2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('allen-containmentlandfillsthemythofsustainability-2001', 'http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Containment landfills: the myth of sustainability. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/allen-containmentlandfillsthemythofsustainability-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('allen-containmentlandfillsthemythofsustainability-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{allen_containment_2001,\n\ttitle = {Containment landfills: the myth of sustainability.},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\turl = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00137952/2001/00000060/00000001/art00084},\n\tabstract = {A number of major problems associated with the containment approach to landfill management are highlighted. The fundamental flaw in the strategy is that dry entombment of waste inhibits its degradation, so prolonging the activity of the waste and delaying, possibly for several decades, its stabilisation to an inert state. This, coupled with uncertainties as to the long-term durability of synthetic lining systems, increases the potential, for liner failure at some stage in the future whilst the waste is still active, leading to groundwater pollution by landfill leachate. Clay liners also pose problems as the smectite components of bentonite liners are subject to chemical interaction with landfill leachate, leading to a reduction in their swelling capacity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. Thus, their ability to perform a containment role diminishes with time. More critically, if diffusion rather than advection is the dominant contaminant migration mechanism, then no liner will be completely impermeable to pollutants and the containment strategy becomes untenable.There are other less obvious problems with the containment strategy. One is the tendency to place total reliance on artificial lining systems and pay little attention to local geological/hydrogeological conditions during selection of landfill sites. Based on the attitude that any site can be engineered for landfilling and that complete protection of groundwater can be effected by lining systems, negative geological characteristics of sites are being ignored. Furthermore, excessive costs in construction and operation of containment landfills necessitate that they are large scale operations (superdumps), with associated transfer facilities and transport costs, all of which add to overall waste management costs. Taken together with unpredictable post-closure maintenance and monitoring costs, possibly over several decades, the economics of the containment strategy becomes unsustainable. Such a high-cost, high-technology approach to landfill leachate management is generally beyond the financial and technological resources of the less wealthy nations, and places severe burdens on their economies. For instance, in third world countries with limited water resources, the need to preserve groundwater quality is paramount, so expensive containment strategies are adopted in the belief that they offer greatest protection to groundwater. A final indictment of the containment strategy is that in delaying degradation of waste, the present generations waste problems will be left for future generations to deal with.More cost-effective landfill management strategies take advantage of the natural hydrogeological characteristics and attenuation properties of the subsurface. The &#x27;dilute and disperse&#x27; strategy employs the natural sorption and ion exchange properties of clay minerals, and it has been shown that in appropriate situations it is effective in attenuating landfill leachate and preventing pollution of water resources. Operated at sites with thick clay overburden sequences, using a permeable cap to maximise rainfall infiltration and a leachate collection system to control leachate migration, &#x27;dilute and disperse&#x27; is a viable leachate management strategy. Hydraulic traps are relatively common hydrogeological situations where groundwater flow is towards the landfill, so effectively suppressing outwards advective flow of leachate. This approach is also best employed with a clay liner, taking advantage of the attenuation properties of clays to combat diffusive flow of contaminants. These strategies are likely to guarantee greater protection of groundwater in the long term.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Engineering Geology},\n\tauthor = {Allen, A},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, ffr, unsure},\n\tpages = {3--19},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A number of major problems associated with the containment approach to landfill management are highlighted. The fundamental flaw in the strategy is that dry entombment of waste inhibits its degradation, so prolonging the activity of the waste and delaying, possibly for several decades, its stabilisation to an inert state. This, coupled with uncertainties as to the long-term durability of synthetic lining systems, increases the potential, for liner failure at some stage in the future whilst the waste is still active, leading to groundwater pollution by landfill leachate. Clay liners also pose problems as the smectite components of bentonite liners are subject to chemical interaction with landfill leachate, leading to a reduction in their swelling capacity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. Thus, their ability to perform a containment role diminishes with time. More critically, if diffusion rather than advection is the dominant contaminant migration mechanism, then no liner will be completely impermeable to pollutants and the containment strategy becomes untenable.There are other less obvious problems with the containment strategy. One is the tendency to place total reliance on artificial lining systems and pay little attention to local geological/hydrogeological conditions during selection of landfill sites. Based on the attitude that any site can be engineered for landfilling and that complete protection of groundwater can be effected by lining systems, negative geological characteristics of sites are being ignored. Furthermore, excessive costs in construction and operation of containment landfills necessitate that they are large scale operations (superdumps), with associated transfer facilities and transport costs, all of which add to overall waste management costs. Taken together with unpredictable post-closure maintenance and monitoring costs, possibly over several decades, the economics of the containment strategy becomes unsustainable. Such a high-cost, high-technology approach to landfill leachate management is generally beyond the financial and technological resources of the less wealthy nations, and places severe burdens on their economies. For instance, in third world countries with limited water resources, the need to preserve groundwater quality is paramount, so expensive containment strategies are adopted in the belief that they offer greatest protection to groundwater. A final indictment of the containment strategy is that in delaying degradation of waste, the present generations waste problems will be left for future generations to deal with.More cost-effective landfill management strategies take advantage of the natural hydrogeological characteristics and attenuation properties of the subsurface. The 'dilute and disperse' strategy employs the natural sorption and ion exchange properties of clay minerals, and it has been shown that in appropriate situations it is effective in attenuating landfill leachate and preventing pollution of water resources. Operated at sites with thick clay overburden sequences, using a permeable cap to maximise rainfall infiltration and a leachate collection system to control leachate migration, 'dilute and disperse' is a viable leachate management strategy. Hydraulic traps are relatively common hydrogeological situations where groundwater flow is towards the landfill, so effectively suppressing outwards advective flow of leachate. This approach is also best employed with a clay liner, taking advantage of the attenuation properties of clays to combat diffusive flow of contaminants. These strategies are likely to guarantee greater protection of groundwater in the long term.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001', 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html', event);\">\n    Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C.; La Guardia, M. J.; Harvey, E. P.; Gaylor, M. O.; Mainor, T. M.;  and Duff, W. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature</i>, 412(6843): 140–141. July 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001', 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/35084130\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/35084130', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_flame_2001,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants: {Persistent} pollutants in land-applied sludges},\n\tvolume = {412},\n\tcopyright = {© 2001 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {0028-0836},\n\tshorttitle = {Flame retardants},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/35084130},\n\tabstract = {Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in &#x27;biosolids&#x27; from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6843},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Nature},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen P. and Gaylor, Michael O. and Mainor, T. Matteson and Duff, William H.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {140--141},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001', 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html', event);\">\n    Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hale, R. C.; La Guardia, M. J.; Harvey, E. P.; Gaylor, M. O.; Mainor, T. M.;  and Duff, W. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature</i>, 412(6843): 140–141. July 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001', 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/35084130\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/35084130', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hale-laguardia-harvey-gaylor-mainor-duff-flameretardantspersistentpollutantsinlandappliedsludges-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hale_flame_2001,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardants: {Persistent} pollutants in land-applied sludges},\n\tvolume = {412},\n\tcopyright = {© 2001 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {0028-0836},\n\tshorttitle = {Flame retardants},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6843/abs/412140a0.html},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/35084130},\n\tabstract = {Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in &#x27;biosolids&#x27; from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6843},\n\turldate = {2014-09-17},\n\tjournal = {Nature},\n\tauthor = {Hale, Robert C. and La Guardia, Mark J. and Harvey, Ellen P. and Gaylor, Michael O. and Mainor, T. Matteson and Duff, William H.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {140--141},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pingoud-jeltsch-structureandfunctionoftypeiirestrictionendonucleases-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pingoud-jeltsch-structureandfunctionoftypeiirestrictionendonucleases-2001', 'http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short', event);\">\n    Structure and function of type II restriction endonucleases.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pingoud, A.;  and Jeltsch, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>, 29(18): 3705–3727.  2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pingoud-jeltsch-structureandfunctionoftypeiirestrictionendonucleases-2001', 'http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Structure and function of type II restriction endonucleases. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pingoud-jeltsch-structureandfunctionoftypeiirestrictionendonucleases-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pingoud-jeltsch-structureandfunctionoftypeiirestrictionendonucleases-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pingoud_structure_2001,\n\ttitle = {Structure and function of type {II} restriction endonucleases.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\turl = {http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/18/3705.short},\n\tabstract = {More than 3000 type II restriction endonucleases have been discovered. They recognize short, usually palindromic, sequences of 48 bp and, in the presence of Mg2+, cleave the DNA within or in close proximity to the recognition sequence. The orthodox type II enzymes are homodimers which recognize palindromic sites. Depending on particular features subtypes are classified. All structures of restriction enzymes show a common structural core comprising four \\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$-strands and one \\${\\textbackslash}alpha\\$-helix. Furthermore, two families of enzymes can be distinguished which are structurally very similar (EcoRI-like enzymes and EcoRV-like enzymes). Like other DNA binding proteins, restriction enzymes are capable of non-specific DNA binding, which is the prerequisite for efficient target site location by facilitated diffusion. Non-specific binding usually does not involve interactions with the bases but only with the DNA backbone. In contrast, specific binding is characterized by an intimate interplay between direct (interaction with the bases) and indirect (interaction with the backbone) readout. Typically 1520 hydrogen bonds are formed between a dimeric restriction enzyme and the bases of the recognition sequence, in addition to numerous van der Waals contacts to the bases and hydrogen bonds to the backbone, which may also be water mediated. The recognition process triggers large conformational changes of the enzyme and the DNA, which lead to the activation of the catalytic centers. In many restriction enzymes the catalytic centers, one in each subunit, are represented by the PD . . . D/EXK motif, in which the two carboxylates are responsible for Mg2+ binding, the essential cofactor for the great majority of enzymes. The precise mechanism of cleavage has not yet been established for any enzyme, the main uncertainty concerns the number of Mg2+ ions directly involved in cleavage. Cleavage in the two strands usually occurs in a concerted fashion and leads to inversion of configuration at the phosphorus. The products of the reaction are DNA fragments with a 3-OH and a 5-phosphate.},\n\tnumber = {18},\n\tjournal = {Nucleic Acids Research},\n\tauthor = {Pingoud, Alfred and Jeltsch, Albert},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {3705--3727},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  More than 3000 type II restriction endonucleases have been discovered. They recognize short, usually palindromic, sequences of 48 bp and, in the presence of Mg2+, cleave the DNA within or in close proximity to the recognition sequence. The orthodox type II enzymes are homodimers which recognize palindromic sites. Depending on particular features subtypes are classified. All structures of restriction enzymes show a common structural core comprising four ${\\}beta$-strands and one ${\\}alpha$-helix. Furthermore, two families of enzymes can be distinguished which are structurally very similar (EcoRI-like enzymes and EcoRV-like enzymes). Like other DNA binding proteins, restriction enzymes are capable of non-specific DNA binding, which is the prerequisite for efficient target site location by facilitated diffusion. Non-specific binding usually does not involve interactions with the bases but only with the DNA backbone. In contrast, specific binding is characterized by an intimate interplay between direct (interaction with the bases) and indirect (interaction with the backbone) readout. Typically 1520 hydrogen bonds are formed between a dimeric restriction enzyme and the bases of the recognition sequence, in addition to numerous van der Waals contacts to the bases and hydrogen bonds to the backbone, which may also be water mediated. The recognition process triggers large conformational changes of the enzyme and the DNA, which lead to the activation of the catalytic centers. In many restriction enzymes the catalytic centers, one in each subunit, are represented by the PD . . . D/EXK motif, in which the two carboxylates are responsible for Mg2+ binding, the essential cofactor for the great majority of enzymes. The precise mechanism of cleavage has not yet been established for any enzyme, the main uncertainty concerns the number of Mg2+ ions directly involved in cleavage. Cleavage in the two strands usually occurs in a concerted fashion and leads to inversion of configuration at the phosphorus. The products of the reaction are DNA fragments with a 3-OH and a 5-phosphate.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"riggs-expressionandpurificationofmaltosebindingproteinfusions-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'riggs-expressionandpurificationofmaltosebindingproteinfusions-2001', 'http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html', event);\">\n    Expression and Purification of Maltose-Binding Protein Fusions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Riggs, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Ausubel, F. M.; Brent, R.; Kingston, R. E.; Moore, D. D.; Seidman, J.; Smith, J. A.;  and Struhl, K., editor(s), <i>Current Protocols in Molecular Biology</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, May 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('riggs-expressionandpurificationofmaltosebindingproteinfusions-2001', 'http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Expression and Purification of Maltose-Binding Protein Fusions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/riggs-expressionandpurificationofmaltosebindingproteinfusions-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('riggs-expressionandpurificationofmaltosebindingproteinfusions-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{ausubel_expression_2001,\n\taddress = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},\n\ttitle = {Expression and {Purification} of {Maltose}-{Binding} {Protein} {Fusions}},\n\tisbn = {0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0},\n\turl = {http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb1606.html},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tbooktitle = {Current {Protocols} in {Molecular} {Biology}},\n\tpublisher = {John Wiley \\&amp; Sons, Inc.},\n\tauthor = {Riggs, Paul},\n\teditor = {Ausubel, Frederick M. and Brent, Roger and Kingston, Robert E. and Moore, David D. and Seidman, J.G. and Smith, John A. and Struhl, Kevin},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2001},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kahana-silver-useoftheavictoriagreenfluorescentproteintostudyproteindynamicsinvivo-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kahana-silver-useoftheavictoriagreenfluorescentproteintostudyproteindynamicsinvivo-2001', 'http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html', event);\">\n    Use of the A. Victoria Green Fluorescent Protein to Study Protein Dynamics in Vivo.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kahana, J. A.;  and Silver, P. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Ausubel, F. M.; Brent, R.; Kingston, R. E.; Moore, D. D.; Seidman, J.; Smith, J. A.;  and Struhl, K., editor(s), <i>Current Protocols in Molecular Biology</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, May 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kahana-silver-useoftheavictoriagreenfluorescentproteintostudyproteindynamicsinvivo-2001', 'http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Use of the A. Victoria Green Fluorescent Protein to Study Protein Dynamics in Vivo [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kahana-silver-useoftheavictoriagreenfluorescentproteintostudyproteindynamicsinvivo-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kahana-silver-useoftheavictoriagreenfluorescentproteintostudyproteindynamicsinvivo-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{ausubel_use_2001,\n\taddress = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},\n\ttitle = {Use of the               {A}. {Victoria}               {Green} {Fluorescent} {Protein} to {Study} {Protein} {Dynamics} in {Vivo}},\n\tisbn = {0-471-14272-7 978-0-471-14272-0},\n\turl = {http://www.currentprotocols.com/WileyCDA/CPUnit/refId-mb0907c.html},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tbooktitle = {Current {Protocols} in {Molecular} {Biology}},\n\tpublisher = {John Wiley \\&amp; Sons, Inc.},\n\tauthor = {Kahana, Jason A. and Silver, Pam A.},\n\teditor = {Ausubel, Frederick M. and Brent, Roger and Kingston, Robert E. and Moore, David D. and Seidman, J.G. and Smith, John A. and Struhl, Kevin},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2001},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lakowicz-radiativedecayengineeringbiophysicalandbiomedicalapplications-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lakowicz-radiativedecayengineeringbiophysicalandbiomedicalapplications-2001', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771', event);\">\n    Radiative Decay Engineering: Biophysical and Biomedical Applications.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lakowicz, J. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Analytical Biochemistry</i>, 298(1): 1–24. November 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lakowicz-radiativedecayengineeringbiophysicalandbiomedicalapplications-2001', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Radiative Decay Engineering: Biophysical and Biomedical Applications [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2001.5377\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lakowicz-radiativedecayengineeringbiophysicalandbiomedicalapplications-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2001.5377', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lakowicz-radiativedecayengineeringbiophysicalandbiomedicalapplications-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lakowicz-radiativedecayengineeringbiophysicalandbiomedicalapplications-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lakowicz_radiative_2001,\n\ttitle = {Radiative {Decay} {Engineering}: {Biophysical} and {Biomedical} {Applications}},\n\tvolume = {298},\n\tissn = {0003-2697},\n\tshorttitle = {Radiative {Decay} {Engineering}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003269701953771},\n\tdoi = {10.1006/abio.2001.5377},\n\tabstract = {Fluorescence spectroscopy is a widely used research tool in biochemistry and molecular biology. Fluorescence has also become the dominant method enabling the revolution in medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, and genomics. To date all the fluorescence observables, including spectral shifts, anisotropies, quantum yields, and lifetimes, have all been utilized in basic and applied uses of fluorescence. In this forward-looking article we describe a new opportunity in fluorescence, radiative decay engineering (RDE). By RDE we mean modifying the emission of fluorophores or chromophores by increasing or decreasing their radiative decay rates. In most fluorescence experiments the radiative rates are not changed because these rates depend on the extinction coefficient of the fluorophore. This intrinsic rate is not changed by quenching and is only weakly dependent on environmental effects. Spectral changes are usually caused by changes in the nonradiative rates resulting from quenching or resonance energy transfer. These processes affect the emission by providing additional routes for decay of the excited states without emission. In contrast to the relatively constant radiative rates in free solution, it is known that the radiative rates can be modified by placing the fluorophores at suitable distances from metallic surfaces and particles. This Review summarizes results from the physics literature which demonstrate the effects of metallic surfaces, colloids, or islands on increasing or decreasing emissive rates, increasing the quantum yields of low quantum yield chromophores, decreasing the lifetimes, and directing the typically isotropic emission in specific directions. These effects are not due to reflection of the emitted photons, but rather as the result of the fluorophore dipole interacting with free electrons in the metal. These interactions change the intensity and temporal and spatial distribution of the radiation. We describe the unusual effects expected from increases in the radiative rates with reference to intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical fluorophores. For instance, the decreased lifetime can result in an effective increase in photostability. Proximity to nearby metallic surfaces can also increase the local field and modify the rate of excitation. We predict that the appropriate localization of fluorophores near particles can result in usefully high emission from “nonfluorescent” molecules and million-fold increases in the number of photons observable from each fluorophore. We also describe how RDE can be applied to medical testing and biotechnology. As one example we predict that nearby metal surfaces can be used to increase the low intrinsic quantum yields of nucleic acids and make unlabeled DNA detectable using its intrinsic metal-enhanced fluorescence.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2012-05-11},\n\tjournal = {Analytical Biochemistry},\n\tauthor = {Lakowicz, Joseph R.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {1--24},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fluorescence spectroscopy is a widely used research tool in biochemistry and molecular biology. Fluorescence has also become the dominant method enabling the revolution in medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, and genomics. To date all the fluorescence observables, including spectral shifts, anisotropies, quantum yields, and lifetimes, have all been utilized in basic and applied uses of fluorescence. In this forward-looking article we describe a new opportunity in fluorescence, radiative decay engineering (RDE). By RDE we mean modifying the emission of fluorophores or chromophores by increasing or decreasing their radiative decay rates. In most fluorescence experiments the radiative rates are not changed because these rates depend on the extinction coefficient of the fluorophore. This intrinsic rate is not changed by quenching and is only weakly dependent on environmental effects. Spectral changes are usually caused by changes in the nonradiative rates resulting from quenching or resonance energy transfer. These processes affect the emission by providing additional routes for decay of the excited states without emission. In contrast to the relatively constant radiative rates in free solution, it is known that the radiative rates can be modified by placing the fluorophores at suitable distances from metallic surfaces and particles. This Review summarizes results from the physics literature which demonstrate the effects of metallic surfaces, colloids, or islands on increasing or decreasing emissive rates, increasing the quantum yields of low quantum yield chromophores, decreasing the lifetimes, and directing the typically isotropic emission in specific directions. These effects are not due to reflection of the emitted photons, but rather as the result of the fluorophore dipole interacting with free electrons in the metal. These interactions change the intensity and temporal and spatial distribution of the radiation. We describe the unusual effects expected from increases in the radiative rates with reference to intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical fluorophores. For instance, the decreased lifetime can result in an effective increase in photostability. Proximity to nearby metallic surfaces can also increase the local field and modify the rate of excitation. We predict that the appropriate localization of fluorophores near particles can result in usefully high emission from “nonfluorescent” molecules and million-fold increases in the number of photons observable from each fluorophore. We also describe how RDE can be applied to medical testing and biotechnology. As one example we predict that nearby metal surfaces can be used to increase the low intrinsic quantum yields of nucleic acids and make unlabeled DNA detectable using its intrinsic metal-enhanced fluorescence.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mokotoff-mocarski-gentsch-miller-zhou-chen-ball-cautionintheuseof2iminothiolanetrautsreagentasacrosslinkingagentforpeptidestheformationofnpeptidyl2iminothiolaneswithbombesinbnantagonistdtrp6leu13psich2nhphe14bn614anddtrpglntrpnh2-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&amp;t=gymlwcxh&amp;s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mokotoff-mocarski-gentsch-miller-zhou-chen-ball-cautionintheuseof2iminothiolanetrautsreagentasacrosslinkingagentforpeptidestheformationofnpeptidyl2iminothiolaneswithbombesinbnantagonistdtrp6leu13psich2nhphe14bn614anddtrpglntrpnh2-2001', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&amp;t=gymlwcxh&amp;s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be', event);\">\n    Caution in the use of 2‐iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) as a cross‐linking agent for peptides. The formation of N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes with bombesin (BN) antagonist (d‐Trp6,Leu13‐${\\}psi$[CH2NH]‐Phe14)BN6−14 and d‐Trp‐Gln‐Trp‐NH2.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mokotoff, M.; Mocarski, Y. M; Gentsch, B. L; Miller, M.; Zhou, J. ‐.; Chen, J.;  and Ball, E. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Peptide Research</i>, 57(5): 383–389. May 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&amp;t=gymlwcxh&amp;s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mokotoff-mocarski-gentsch-miller-zhou-chen-ball-cautionintheuseof2iminothiolanetrautsreagentasacrosslinkingagentforpeptidestheformationofnpeptidyl2iminothiolaneswithbombesinbnantagonistdtrp6leu13psich2nhphe14bn614anddtrpglntrpnh2-2001', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&amp;t=gymlwcxh&amp;s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Caution in the use of 2‐iminothiolane (Traut&#x27;s reagent) as a cross‐linking agent for peptides. The formation of N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes with bombesin (BN) antagonist (d‐Trp6,Leu13‐${\\}psi$[CH2NH]‐Phe14)BN6−14 and d‐Trp‐Gln‐Trp‐NH2 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mokotoff-mocarski-gentsch-miller-zhou-chen-ball-cautionintheuseof2iminothiolanetrautsreagentasacrosslinkingagentforpeptidestheformationofnpeptidyl2iminothiolaneswithbombesinbnantagonistdtrp6leu13psich2nhphe14bn614anddtrpglntrpnh2-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mokotoff-mocarski-gentsch-miller-zhou-chen-ball-cautionintheuseof2iminothiolanetrautsreagentasacrosslinkingagentforpeptidestheformationofnpeptidyl2iminothiolaneswithbombesinbnantagonistdtrp6leu13psich2nhphe14bn614anddtrpglntrpnh2-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mokotoff-mocarski-gentsch-miller-zhou-chen-ball-cautionintheuseof2iminothiolanetrautsreagentasacrosslinkingagentforpeptidestheformationofnpeptidyl2iminothiolaneswithbombesinbnantagonistdtrp6leu13psich2nhphe14bn614anddtrpglntrpnh2-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mokotoff_caution_2001,\n\ttitle = {Caution in the use of 2‐iminothiolane ({Traut}&#x27;s reagent) as a cross‐linking agent for peptides. {The} formation of {N}‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes with bombesin ({BN}) antagonist (d‐{Trp6},{Leu13}‐\\${\\textbackslash}psi\\$[{CH2NH}]‐{Phe14}){BN6}−14 and d‐{Trp}‐{Gln}‐{Trp}‐{NH2}},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {1399-3011},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x/asset/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x.pdf?v=1&amp;t=gymlwcxh&amp;s=66fa14f09effa7538df0714135fc9809fb5a35be},\n\tdoi = {10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00845.x},\n\tabstract = {Abstract: During a study aimed at generating a bispecific molecule between BN antagonist (d-Trp6,Leu13-\\${\\textbackslash}psi\\$[CH2NH]-Phe14)BN6-14 (Antag1) and mAb22 (anti-Fc\\${\\textbackslash}gamma\\$RI), we attempted to cross-link the two molecules by introducing a thiol group into Antag1 via 2-iminothiolane (2-IT, Traut&#x27;s reagent). We found that reaction of Antag1 with 2-IT, when observed using HPLC, affords two products, but that the later eluting peptide is rapidly transformed into the earlier eluting peptide. To understand what was occurring we synthesized a model peptide, d-Trp-Gln-Trp-NH2 (TP1), the N-terminal tripeptide of Antag1. Reaction of TP1 with 2-IT for 5 min gave products 1a and 3a; the concentration of 1a decreased with reaction time, whereas that of 3a increased. Thiol 1a, the expected Traut product, was identified by collecting it in a vial containing N-methylmaleimide and then isolating the resultant Michael addition product 2a, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Thiol 1a is stable at acidic pH, but is unstable at pH 7.8, cyclizes and loses NH3 to give N-TP1-2-iminothiolane (3a), ES-MS (m/z) [602.1 (M+H)+], as well as regenerating TP1. Repeat reaction with Antag1 and 2-IT allowed us to isolate N-Antag1–2-iminothiolane (3b), FAB-MS (m/z) [1212.8 (M+H)+] and trap the normal Traut product 1b as its N-methylmaleimide Michael addition product 2b, ES-MS (m/z) [1340.8 (M+H)+]. Thiol 1b is also stable at acidic pH, but when neutralized is unstable and cyclizes, forming 3b and Antag1.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Peptide Research},\n\tauthor = {Mokotoff, M. and Mocarski, Y. M and Gentsch, B. L and Miller, M. and Zhou, J. ‐H and Chen, J. and Ball, E. D},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {2‐iminothiolane, N‐peptidyl‐2‐iminothiolanes, Traut&#x27;s reagent, bispecific molecules, cross‐linking agent, thiol trapping with N‐methylmaleimide},\n\tpages = {383--389},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract: During a study aimed at generating a bispecific molecule between BN antagonist (d-Trp6,Leu13-${\\}psi$[CH2NH]-Phe14)BN6-14 (Antag1) and mAb22 (anti-Fc${\\}gamma$RI), we attempted to cross-link the two molecules by introducing a thiol group into Antag1 via 2-iminothiolane (2-IT, Traut's reagent). We found that reaction of Antag1 with 2-IT, when observed using HPLC, affords two products, but that the later eluting peptide is rapidly transformed into the earlier eluting peptide. To understand what was occurring we synthesized a model peptide, d-Trp-Gln-Trp-NH2 (TP1), the N-terminal tripeptide of Antag1. Reaction of TP1 with 2-IT for 5 min gave products 1a and 3a; the concentration of 1a decreased with reaction time, whereas that of 3a increased. Thiol 1a, the expected Traut product, was identified by collecting it in a vial containing N-methylmaleimide and then isolating the resultant Michael addition product 2a, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Thiol 1a is stable at acidic pH, but is unstable at pH 7.8, cyclizes and loses NH3 to give N-TP1-2-iminothiolane (3a), ES-MS (m/z) [602.1 (M+H)+], as well as regenerating TP1. Repeat reaction with Antag1 and 2-IT allowed us to isolate N-Antag1–2-iminothiolane (3b), FAB-MS (m/z) [1212.8 (M+H)+] and trap the normal Traut product 1b as its N-methylmaleimide Michael addition product 2b, ES-MS (m/z) [1340.8 (M+H)+]. Thiol 1b is also stable at acidic pH, but when neutralized is unstable and cyclizes, forming 3b and Antag1.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-mcquade-rose-zhu-swager-directingenergytransferwithinconjugatedpolymerthinfilms-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-mcquade-rose-zhu-swager-directingenergytransferwithinconjugatedpolymerthinfilms-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g', event);\">\n    Directing Energy Transfer within Conjugated Polymer Thin Films.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, J.; McQuade, D. T.; Rose, A.; Zhu, Z.;  and Swager, T. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, 123(46): 11488–11489. November 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-mcquade-rose-zhu-swager-directingenergytransferwithinconjugatedpolymerthinfilms-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Directing Energy Transfer within Conjugated Polymer Thin Films [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-mcquade-rose-zhu-swager-directingenergytransferwithinconjugatedpolymerthinfilms-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-mcquade-rose-zhu-swager-directingenergytransferwithinconjugatedpolymerthinfilms-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-mcquade-rose-zhu-swager-directingenergytransferwithinconjugatedpolymerthinfilms-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_directing_2001,\n\ttitle = {Directing {Energy} {Transfer} within {Conjugated} {Polymer} {Thin} {Films}},\n\tvolume = {123},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja016693g},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja016693g},\n\tnumber = {46},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Jinsang and McQuade, D. Tyler and Rose, Aimee and Zhu, Zhengguo and Swager, Timothy M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {11488--11489},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301', event);\">\n    Mimicking Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gust, D.; Moore, T. A.;  and Moore, A. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Accounts of Chemical Research</i>, 34(1): 40–48. January 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mimicking Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gust_mimicking_2001,\n\ttitle = {Mimicking {Photosynthetic} {Solar} {Energy} {Transduction}},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {0001-4842},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ar9801301},\n\tabstract = {Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},\n\tauthor = {Gust, Devens and Moore, Thomas A. and Moore, Ana L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {40--48},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301', event);\">\n    Mimicking Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gust, D.; Moore, T. A.;  and Moore, A. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Accounts of Chemical Research</i>, 34(1): 40–48. January 2001.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mimicking Photosynthetic Solar Energy Transduction [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gust-moore-moore-mimickingphotosyntheticsolarenergytransduction-2001')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gust_mimicking_2001,\n\ttitle = {Mimicking {Photosynthetic} {Solar} {Energy} {Transduction}},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {0001-4842},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar9801301},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ar9801301},\n\tabstract = {Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},\n\tauthor = {Gust, Devens and Moore, Thomas A. and Moore, Ana L.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {40--48},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms. Increased understanding of photosynthetic energy conversion and advances in chemical synthesis and instrumentation have made it possible to create artificial nanoscale devices and semibiological hybrids that carry out many of the functions of the natural process. Artificial light-harvesting antennas can be synthesized and linked to artificial reaction centers that convert excitation energy to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. Artificial reaction centers can form the basis for molecular-level optoelectronic devices. In addition, they may be incorporated into the lipid bilayer membranes of artificial vesicles, where they function as components of light-driven proton pumps that generate transmembrane proton motive force. The proton gradient may be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate via an ATP synthase enzyme. The overall energy transduction process in the liposomal system mimics the solar energy conversion system of a photosynthetic bacterium. The results of this research illustrate the advantages of designing functional nanoscale devices based on biological paradigms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2000\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2000')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2000')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2000</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (19)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cobbing-jacobson-santen-footprintsinthesnowhazardouspfcsinremotelocationsaroundtheglobe-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Footprints in the snow; Hazardous PFCs in remote locations around the globe.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cobbing, M.; Jacobson, T.;  and Santen, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Greenpeace</i>, (700): 43.  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cobbing-jacobson-santen-footprintsinthesnowhazardouspfcsinremotelocationsaroundtheglobe-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cobbing-jacobson-santen-footprintsinthesnowhazardouspfcsinremotelocationsaroundtheglobe-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cobbing_footprints_2000,\n\ttitle = {Footprints in the snow; {Hazardous} {PFCs} in remote locations around the globe},\n\tissn = {03020797},\n\tabstract = {The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), is the periodic calling to account the performance of university departments. Higher education funding councils inspects &#x60;inputs&#x27; (grant received, industrial contracts won), and &#x60;output&#x27; (mainly publications), to establish a sort of league table of academic performance. An evaluation of academic output between the UK and the USA demonstrates the weakness in the RAE. Klaus Hellgardt and Gilbert Shama, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, further discuss this issue.},\n\tnumber = {700},\n\tjournal = {Greenpeace},\n\tauthor = {Cobbing, Madeleine and Jacobson, Therese and Santen, Manfred},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n\tpages = {43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), is the periodic calling to account the performance of university departments. Higher education funding councils inspects `inputs' (grant received, industrial contracts won), and `output' (mainly publications), to establish a sort of league table of academic performance. An evaluation of academic output between the UK and the USA demonstrates the weakness in the RAE. Klaus Hellgardt and Gilbert Shama, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, further discuss this issue.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vehlow-bergfeldt-jay-seifert-wanke-mark-thermaltreatmentofelectricalandelectronicwasteplastics-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vehlow-bergfeldt-jay-seifert-wanke-mark-thermaltreatmentofelectricalandelectronicwasteplastics-2000', 'http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131', event);\">\n    Thermal treatment of electrical and electronic waste plastics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vehlow, J.; Bergfeldt, B.; Jay, K.; Seifert, H.; Wanke, T.;  and Mark, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Waste Management & Research</i>, 18(2): 131–140. April 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vehlow-bergfeldt-jay-seifert-wanke-mark-thermaltreatmentofelectricalandelectronicwasteplastics-2000', 'http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Thermal treatment of electrical and electronic waste plastics. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X0001800205\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vehlow-bergfeldt-jay-seifert-wanke-mark-thermaltreatmentofelectricalandelectronicwasteplastics-2000', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X0001800205', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vehlow-bergfeldt-jay-seifert-wanke-mark-thermaltreatmentofelectricalandelectronicwasteplastics-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vehlow-bergfeldt-jay-seifert-wanke-mark-thermaltreatmentofelectricalandelectronicwasteplastics-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vehlow_thermal_2000,\n\ttitle = {Thermal treatment of electrical and electronic waste plastics.},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {0734-242X},\n\turl = {http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/131},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0734242X0001800205},\n\tabstract = {During cocombustion tests up to 12 wt \\% of different types of electrical and electronic (E + E) waste plastics were added to pretreated municipal solid waste (MSW) in a test incinerator. The increased heating value improved the burnout of the bottom ashes. The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the raw gas was not altered significantly by the co-combustion. Even high bromine (Br) load caused only limited concentrations of bromine containing dioxins and furans in the raw gas, which did not deteriorate the emission quality. Hence MSW combustion is a beneficial disposal route for limited amounts of certain E + E waste. Metallic components should carefully be separated prior to combustion.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Waste Management \\&amp; Research},\n\tauthor = {Vehlow, J. and Bergfeldt, B. and Jay, K. and Seifert, H. and Wanke, T. and Mark, F.E.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {131--140},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  During cocombustion tests up to 12 wt % of different types of electrical and electronic (E + E) waste plastics were added to pretreated municipal solid waste (MSW) in a test incinerator. The increased heating value improved the burnout of the bottom ashes. The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the raw gas was not altered significantly by the co-combustion. Even high bromine (Br) load caused only limited concentrations of bromine containing dioxins and furans in the raw gas, which did not deteriorate the emission quality. Hence MSW combustion is a beneficial disposal route for limited amounts of certain E + E waste. Metallic components should carefully be separated prior to combustion.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ofsurrey-effectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ofsurrey-effectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2000', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf', event);\">\n    Effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  of Surrey, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  UK Department of Trade and Industry, London,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ofsurrey-effectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2000', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988 [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ofsurrey-effectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ofsurrey-effectivenessofthefurnitureandfurnishingsfiresafetyregulations1988-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{of_surrey_effectiveness_2000,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Effectiveness of the {Furniture} and {Furnishings} ({Fire}) ({Safety}) {Regulations} 1988},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK furniture Surrey 2000.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {UK Department of Trade and Industry},\n\tauthor = {of Surrey, University},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ronen-abeliovich-anaerobicaerobicprocessformicrobialdegradationoftetrabromobisphenola-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ronen-abeliovich-anaerobicaerobicprocessformicrobialdegradationoftetrabromobisphenola-2000', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Anaerobic-aerobic process for microbial degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ronen, Z;  and Abeliovich, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Applied and environmental microbiology</i>, 66(6): 2372–7. June 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ronen-abeliovich-anaerobicaerobicprocessformicrobialdegradationoftetrabromobisphenola-2000', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Anaerobic-aerobic process for microbial degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ronen-abeliovich-anaerobicaerobicprocessformicrobialdegradationoftetrabromobisphenola-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ronen-abeliovich-anaerobicaerobicprocessformicrobialdegradationoftetrabromobisphenola-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ronen_anaerobic-aerobic_2000,\n\ttitle = {Anaerobic-aerobic process for microbial degradation of tetrabromobisphenol {A}.},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\tissn = {0099-2240},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110535&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a flame retardant that is used as an additive during manufacturing of plastic polymers and electronic circuit boards. Little is known about the fate of this compound in the environment. In the current study we investigated biodegradation of TBBPA, as well as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), in slurry of anaerobic sediment from a wet ephemeral desert stream bed contaminated with chemical industry waste. Anaerobic incubation of the sediment with TBBPA and peptone-tryptone-glucose-yeast extract medium resulted in a 80\\% decrease in the TBBPA concentration and accumulation of a single metabolite. This metabolite was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as nonbrominated bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, TBP was reductively dehalogenated to phenol, which was further metabolized under anaerobic conditions. BPA persisted in the anaerobic slurry but was degraded aerobically. A gram-negative bacterium (strain WH1) was isolated from the contaminated soil, and under aerobic conditions this organism could use BPA as a sole carbon and energy source. During degradation of BPA two metabolites were detected in the culture medium, and these metabolites were identified by GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Both of those compounds were utilized by WH1 as carbon and energy sources. Our findings demonstrate that it may be possible to use a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process to completely degrade TBBPA in contaminated soils.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Ronen, Z and Abeliovich, A},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tpmid = {10831413},\n\tkeywords = {Aerobiosis, Anaerobic, Anaerobic: growth \\&amp; development, Anaerobic: metabolism, Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Biodegradation, Culture Media, Environmental, Flame retardants, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: growth \\&amp; developme, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: metabolism, Industrial Waste, Phenols, Phenols: metabolism, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: metabolism, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: metabolism, eol, frelec},\n\tpages = {2372--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a flame retardant that is used as an additive during manufacturing of plastic polymers and electronic circuit boards. Little is known about the fate of this compound in the environment. In the current study we investigated biodegradation of TBBPA, as well as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), in slurry of anaerobic sediment from a wet ephemeral desert stream bed contaminated with chemical industry waste. Anaerobic incubation of the sediment with TBBPA and peptone-tryptone-glucose-yeast extract medium resulted in a 80% decrease in the TBBPA concentration and accumulation of a single metabolite. This metabolite was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as nonbrominated bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, TBP was reductively dehalogenated to phenol, which was further metabolized under anaerobic conditions. BPA persisted in the anaerobic slurry but was degraded aerobically. A gram-negative bacterium (strain WH1) was isolated from the contaminated soil, and under aerobic conditions this organism could use BPA as a sole carbon and energy source. During degradation of BPA two metabolites were detected in the culture medium, and these metabolites were identified by GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Both of those compounds were utilized by WH1 as carbon and energy sources. Our findings demonstrate that it may be possible to use a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process to completely degrade TBBPA in contaminated soils.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"purser-theperformanceoffireretardantsinrelationtotoxicitytoxichazardandriskinfires-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The performance of fire retardants in relation to toxicity, toxic hazard, and risk in fires.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Purser, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Fire retardancy of polymeric materials</i>, pages 449–499. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/purser-theperformanceoffireretardantsinrelationtotoxicitytoxichazardandriskinfires-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('purser-theperformanceoffireretardantsinrelationtotoxicitytoxichazardandriskinfires-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{purser_performance_2000,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\ttitle = {The performance of fire retardants in relation to toxicity, toxic hazard, and risk in fires.},\n\tbooktitle = {Fire retardancy of polymeric materials},\n\tpublisher = {Marcel Dekker Inc.},\n\tauthor = {Purser, DA},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n\tpages = {449--499},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meerts-vanzanden-luijks-vanleeuwenbol-marsh-jakobsson-bergman-brouwer-potentcompetitiveinteractionsofsomebrominatedflameretardantsandrelatedcompoundswithhumantransthyretininvitro-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meerts-vanzanden-luijks-vanleeuwenbol-marsh-jakobsson-bergman-brouwer-potentcompetitiveinteractionsofsomebrominatedflameretardantsandrelatedcompoundswithhumantransthyretininvitro-2000', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457', event);\">\n    Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meerts, I A; van Zanden, J J; Luijks, E A; van Leeuwen-Bol, I; Marsh, G; Jakobsson, E; Bergman, A;  and Brouwer, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicological sciences</i>, 56(1): 95–104. July 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meerts-vanzanden-luijks-vanleeuwenbol-marsh-jakobsson-bergman-brouwer-potentcompetitiveinteractionsofsomebrominatedflameretardantsandrelatedcompoundswithhumantransthyretininvitro-2000', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meerts-vanzanden-luijks-vanleeuwenbol-marsh-jakobsson-bergman-brouwer-potentcompetitiveinteractionsofsomebrominatedflameretardantsandrelatedcompoundswithhumantransthyretininvitro-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meerts-vanzanden-luijks-vanleeuwenbol-marsh-jakobsson-bergman-brouwer-potentcompetitiveinteractionsofsomebrominatedflameretardantsandrelatedcompoundswithhumantransthyretininvitro-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meerts_potent_2000,\n\ttitle = {Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro.},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1096-6080},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869457},\n\tabstract = {Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenol (PBP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are produced in large quantities for use in electronic equipment, plastics, and building materials. Because these compounds have some structural resemblance to the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)), it was suggested that they may interfere with thyroid hormone metabolism and transport, e.g., by competition with T(4) on transthyretin (TTR). In the present study, we investigated the possible interaction of several brominated flame retardants with T(4) binding to TTR in an in vitro competitive binding assay, using human TTR and 125 I-T(4) as the displaceable radioligand. Compounds were tested in at least eight different concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 500 nM. In addition, we investigated the structural requirements of these and related ligands for competitive binding to TTR. We were able to show very potent competition binding for TBBPA and PBP (10.6- and 7.1-fold stronger than the natural ligand T(4), respectively). PBDEs were able to compete with T(4)-TTR binding only after metabolic conversion by induced rat liver microsomes, suggesting an important role for hydroxylation. Brominated bisphenols with a high degree of bromination appeared to be more efficient competitors, whereas chlorinated bisphenols were less potent compared to their brominated analogues. These results indicate that brominated flame retardants, especially the brominated phenols and tetrabromobisphenol A, are very potent competitors for T(4) binding to human transthyretin in vitro and may have effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis in vivo comparable to the thyroid-disrupting effects of PCBs.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Toxicological sciences},\n\tauthor = {Meerts, I A and van Zanden, J J and Luijks, E A and van Leeuwen-Bol, I and Marsh, G and Jakobsson, E and Bergman, A and Brouwer, A},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tpmid = {10869457},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Binding, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: metabolism, Competitive, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: drug effects, Liver: metabolism, Male, Microsomes, Molecular Structure, Prealbumin, Prealbumin: metabolism, Rats, Structure-Activity Relationship, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: metabolism, Wistar, ffr, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {95--104},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromophenol (PBP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are produced in large quantities for use in electronic equipment, plastics, and building materials. Because these compounds have some structural resemblance to the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)), it was suggested that they may interfere with thyroid hormone metabolism and transport, e.g., by competition with T(4) on transthyretin (TTR). In the present study, we investigated the possible interaction of several brominated flame retardants with T(4) binding to TTR in an in vitro competitive binding assay, using human TTR and 125 I-T(4) as the displaceable radioligand. Compounds were tested in at least eight different concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 500 nM. In addition, we investigated the structural requirements of these and related ligands for competitive binding to TTR. We were able to show very potent competition binding for TBBPA and PBP (10.6- and 7.1-fold stronger than the natural ligand T(4), respectively). PBDEs were able to compete with T(4)-TTR binding only after metabolic conversion by induced rat liver microsomes, suggesting an important role for hydroxylation. Brominated bisphenols with a high degree of bromination appeared to be more efficient competitors, whereas chlorinated bisphenols were less potent compared to their brominated analogues. These results indicate that brominated flame retardants, especially the brominated phenols and tetrabromobisphenol A, are very potent competitors for T(4) binding to human transthyretin in vitro and may have effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis in vivo comparable to the thyroid-disrupting effects of PCBs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"levenson-comparisonofupholsteredfurniturefiredeathsincaliforniaandtheus-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'levenson-comparisonofupholsteredfurniturefiredeathsincaliforniaandtheus-2000', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf', event);\">\n    Comparison of Upholstered Furniture Fire Deaths in California and the U.S.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Levenson, M. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levenson-comparisonofupholsteredfurniturefiredeathsincaliforniaandtheus-2000', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparison of Upholstered Furniture Fire Deaths in California and the U.S. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/levenson-comparisonofupholsteredfurniturefiredeathsincaliforniaandtheus-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('levenson-comparisonofupholsteredfurniturefiredeathsincaliforniaandtheus-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{levenson_comparison_2000,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Comparison of {Upholstered} {Furniture} {Fire} {Deaths} in {California} and the {U}.{S}.},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC Levenson 2000.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Levenson, Mark S},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kannan-blankenship-jones-giesy-toxicityreferencevaluesforthetoxiceffectsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylstoaquaticmammals-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kannan-blankenship-jones-giesy-toxicityreferencevaluesforthetoxiceffectsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylstoaquaticmammals-2000', 'http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491', event);\">\n    Toxicity Reference Values for the Toxic Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Aquatic Mammals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kannan, K.; Blankenship, A. L.; Jones, P. D.;  and Giesy, J. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal</i>, 6(1): 181–201. January 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kannan-blankenship-jones-giesy-toxicityreferencevaluesforthetoxiceffectsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylstoaquaticmammals-2000', 'http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicity Reference Values for the Toxic Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Aquatic Mammals. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10807030091124491\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kannan-blankenship-jones-giesy-toxicityreferencevaluesforthetoxiceffectsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylstoaquaticmammals-2000', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10807030091124491', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kannan-blankenship-jones-giesy-toxicityreferencevaluesforthetoxiceffectsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylstoaquaticmammals-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kannan-blankenship-jones-giesy-toxicityreferencevaluesforthetoxiceffectsofpolychlorinatedbiphenylstoaquaticmammals-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kannan_toxicity_2000,\n\ttitle = {Toxicity {Reference} {Values} for the {Toxic} {Effects} of {Polychlorinated} {Biphenyls} to {Aquatic} {Mammals}.},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1080-7039},\n\turl = {http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/10807030091124491},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10807030091124491},\n\tabstract = {Threshold tissue residue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) were derived from the published results of semi-field (i.e., field collected food items were used as a medium of exposure to PCBs in laboratory reared animals) or field toxicity studies conducted with seals, European otters and mink. Based on biomagnification factors (BMFs) and concentrations of PCBs or TEQs measured in fish fed in the diet of experimental aquatic mammals, dietary threshold concentrations were estimated. Hepatic vitamin A, thyroid hormone concentration, suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity and proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogens were the toxicity endpoints measured in aquatic mammals. Threshold concentrations for PCBs or TEQs in livers of aquatic mammals to elicit the physiological effects ranged from 6.6 to 11 µg PCBs/g (geometric mean: 8.7 µ/g) and 160 to 1400 pg TEQs/g (geometric mean: 520 pg/g), lipid weight, respectively. The BMFs for PCBs and TEQs varied depending on the marine mammal species, and therefore the dietary threshold concentrations could be referred only by a range of values (rather than a mean value), which were 10 to 150 ng PCBs/g and 1.4 to 1.9 pg TEQs/g, wet weight, for PCBs and TEQs, respectively.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal},\n\tauthor = {Kannan, K. and Blankenship, A. L. and Jones, P. D. and Giesy, J. P.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, PCBs, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Risk Assessment, TEQs, aquatic mammels, dioxin, marine mammals, reference doses},\n\tpages = {181--201},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Threshold tissue residue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) were derived from the published results of semi-field (i.e., field collected food items were used as a medium of exposure to PCBs in laboratory reared animals) or field toxicity studies conducted with seals, European otters and mink. Based on biomagnification factors (BMFs) and concentrations of PCBs or TEQs measured in fish fed in the diet of experimental aquatic mammals, dietary threshold concentrations were estimated. Hepatic vitamin A, thyroid hormone concentration, suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity and proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogens were the toxicity endpoints measured in aquatic mammals. Threshold concentrations for PCBs or TEQs in livers of aquatic mammals to elicit the physiological effects ranged from 6.6 to 11 µg PCBs/g (geometric mean: 8.7 µ/g) and 160 to 1400 pg TEQs/g (geometric mean: 520 pg/g), lipid weight, respectively. The BMFs for PCBs and TEQs varied depending on the marine mammal species, and therefore the dietary threshold concentrations could be referred only by a range of values (rather than a mean value), which were 10 to 150 ng PCBs/g and 1.4 to 1.9 pg TEQs/g, wet weight, for PCBs and TEQs, respectively.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jayakody-myers-sorathia-nelson-fireretardantcharacteristicsofwaterblownmoldedflexiblepolyurethanefoammaterials-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jayakody-myers-sorathia-nelson-fireretardantcharacteristicsofwaterblownmoldedflexiblepolyurethanefoammaterials-2000', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430', event);\">\n    Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Water-Blown Molded Flexible Polyurethane Foam Materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jayakody, C; Myers, D; Sorathia, U;  and Nelson, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, 18(6): 430–455. November 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jayakody-myers-sorathia-nelson-fireretardantcharacteristicsofwaterblownmoldedflexiblepolyurethanefoammaterials-2000', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Water-Blown Molded Flexible Polyurethane Foam Materials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1106/4EGW-LH1C-XFBJ-AFWL\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jayakody-myers-sorathia-nelson-fireretardantcharacteristicsofwaterblownmoldedflexiblepolyurethanefoammaterials-2000', 'http://doi.org/10.1106/4EGW-LH1C-XFBJ-AFWL', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jayakody-myers-sorathia-nelson-fireretardantcharacteristicsofwaterblownmoldedflexiblepolyurethanefoammaterials-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jayakody-myers-sorathia-nelson-fireretardantcharacteristicsofwaterblownmoldedflexiblepolyurethanefoammaterials-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jayakody_fire-retardant_2000,\n\ttitle = {Fire-{Retardant} {Characteristics} of {Water}-{Blown} {Molded} {Flexible} {Polyurethane} {Foam} {Materials}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {07349041},\n\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/430},\n\tdoi = {10.1106/4EGW-LH1C-XFBJ-AFWL},\n\tabstract = {Polyurethane flexible foam materials have a wide range of industrial applications. These applications include flexible foams for packaging, polyurethane-based foam materials for seat cushions in buses, railways, the airline industry, prisons, and domestic bedding. There is a substantial need for the development of flexible molded foam materials with low heat release rates and smoke release rates. In this study, an extensive series of flexible, molded polyurethane seat cushion materials based on polymeric MDI and polyether polyols were prepared and further modified with commercially available flame retardant additives. The flame retardant behavior of these foam materials was evaluated using Cone Calorimeter (ASTM-E 1354), vertical Bunsen burner test for cabin and cargo component materials [FAR 25.853 (a), Appendix F, Part I, (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii)], and oil burner test for seat cushions [FAR 25.853 (c), Appendix F, Part II]. Several formulations that passed the 12-second vertical Bunsen burner test were identified. These include the formulations modified with Firemaster(R) HP-36, Decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony oxide/Firemaster(R)HP-36, Fyrol(R) FR-2, and Fyrol(R) FR-2/graphite powder. A formulation modified with Antiblaze(R)-230 and a cross-linking agent passed both 12-second and 60-second vertical Bunsen burner tests. But, all of these materials did not pass the oil burner tests for seat cushions. Using the cone calorimeter, materials with a reduction in peak heat release rate of up to 57\\% were prepared and with up to a fourfold increase in char residue in the cone. However, most FR formulations showed an increase in carbon monoxide and smoke generation. Lowest peak HRR data were obtained with Firemaster(R) HP-36/Sb2O3 and Dow Silicones(R)1-9641 at 25kW/m2 and with Fyrol(R) FR2/cross-linker at 35 kW/m2 exposure. It appears that there is no correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical Bunsen burner test results.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Jayakody, C and Myers, D and Sorathia, U and Nelson, GL},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n\tpages = {430--455},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polyurethane flexible foam materials have a wide range of industrial applications. These applications include flexible foams for packaging, polyurethane-based foam materials for seat cushions in buses, railways, the airline industry, prisons, and domestic bedding. There is a substantial need for the development of flexible molded foam materials with low heat release rates and smoke release rates. In this study, an extensive series of flexible, molded polyurethane seat cushion materials based on polymeric MDI and polyether polyols were prepared and further modified with commercially available flame retardant additives. The flame retardant behavior of these foam materials was evaluated using Cone Calorimeter (ASTM-E 1354), vertical Bunsen burner test for cabin and cargo component materials [FAR 25.853 (a), Appendix F, Part I, (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii)], and oil burner test for seat cushions [FAR 25.853 (c), Appendix F, Part II]. Several formulations that passed the 12-second vertical Bunsen burner test were identified. These include the formulations modified with Firemaster(R) HP-36, Decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony oxide/Firemaster(R)HP-36, Fyrol(R) FR-2, and Fyrol(R) FR-2/graphite powder. A formulation modified with Antiblaze(R)-230 and a cross-linking agent passed both 12-second and 60-second vertical Bunsen burner tests. But, all of these materials did not pass the oil burner tests for seat cushions. Using the cone calorimeter, materials with a reduction in peak heat release rate of up to 57% were prepared and with up to a fourfold increase in char residue in the cone. However, most FR formulations showed an increase in carbon monoxide and smoke generation. Lowest peak HRR data were obtained with Firemaster(R) HP-36/Sb2O3 and Dow Silicones(R)1-9641 at 25kW/m2 and with Fyrol(R) FR2/cross-linker at 35 kW/m2 exposure. It appears that there is no correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical Bunsen burner test results.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalresidentialcode-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Residential Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalresidentialcode-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalresidentialcode-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2000,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Residential} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icc-internationalbuildingcode-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  International Building Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Code Council, Washington DC,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icc-internationalbuildingcode-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icc-internationalbuildingcode-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icc_international_2000,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {International {Building} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Code Council},\n\tauthor = {{ICC}},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gardner-walkerjr-toxicologicalrisksofselectedflameretardantchemicals-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&amp;ots=2b696_RNdx&amp;sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gardner-walkerjr-toxicologicalrisksofselectedflameretardantchemicals-2000', 'http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&amp;ots=2b696_RNdx&amp;sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf', event);\">\n    Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gardner, D. E;  and Walker Jr., B.,\n  editors.\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Academy Press, Washington DC,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&amp;ots=2b696_RNdx&amp;sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gardner-walkerjr-toxicologicalrisksofselectedflameretardantchemicals-2000', 'http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&amp;ots=2b696_RNdx&amp;sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gardner-walkerjr-toxicologicalrisksofselectedflameretardantchemicals-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gardner-walkerjr-toxicologicalrisksofselectedflameretardantchemicals-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{gardner_toxicological_2000,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Toxicological {Risks} of {Selected} {Flame}-{Retardant} {Chemicals}},\n\tisbn = {0-309-59232-1},\n\turl = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Q-8KMwR1XxAC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=Toxicological+Risks+of+Selected+Flame-Retardant+Chemicals&amp;ots=2b696_RNdx&amp;sig=QxZVk7v0GfiREb9rLXQL8gpAcC0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/UK 2000_toxicological risks of selected FR chemicals.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {National Academy Press},\n\teditor = {Gardner, Donald E and Walker Jr., Bailus},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cdca-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cdca-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000', 'http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf', event);\">\n    Technical Bulletin 117. Requirements, test procedure and apparatus for testing the flame retardance of resilient filling materials used in upholstered furniture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CDCA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  . State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cdca-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000', 'http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Technical Bulletin 117. Requirements, test procedure and apparatus for testing the flame retardance of resilient filling materials used in upholstered furniture [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cdca-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cdca-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cdca_technical_2000,\n\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 117. {Requirements}, test procedure and apparatus for testing the flame retardance of resilient filling materials used in upholstered furniture},\n\turl = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/ industry/117.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {. State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\n\tauthor = {{CDCA}},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"californiabureauofelectronic-furnishings-insulation-technicalbulletin117-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Technical Bulletin 117.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  California Bureau of Electronic; Furnishings, A. R. H.;  and Insulation, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/californiabureauofelectronic-furnishings-insulation-technicalbulletin117-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('californiabureauofelectronic-furnishings-insulation-technicalbulletin117-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{california_bureau_of_electronic_and_appliance_repair_home_furnishings_and_thermal_insulation_technical_2000,\n\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 117},\n\tauthor = {{California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation}},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bearhfti-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bearhfti-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000', 'http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf', event);\">\n    Technical Bulletin 117: Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstered Furniture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  BEARHFTI\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, Sacramento, CA,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bearhfti-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000', 'http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Technical Bulletin 117: Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstered Furniture [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bearhfti-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bearhfti-technicalbulletin117requirementstestprocedureandapparatusfortestingtheflameretardanceofresilientfillingmaterialsusedinupholsteredfurniture-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{bearhfti_technical_2000,\n\taddress = {Sacramento, CA},\n\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 117: {Requirements}, {Test} {Procedure} and {Apparatus} for {Testing} the {Flame} {Retardance} of {Resilient} {Filling} {Materials} {Used} in {Upholstered} {Furniture}},\n\turl = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/117.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TB117.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {California Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\n\tauthor = {{BEARHFTI}},\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"norn-meironyt-certainorganochlorineandorganobrominecontaminantsinswedishhumanmilkinperspectiveofpast2030years-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'norn-meironyt-certainorganochlorineandorganobrominecontaminantsinswedishhumanmilkinperspectiveofpast2030years-2000', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604', event);\">\n    Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Norén, K.;  and Meironyté, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 40(9–11): 1111–1123. May 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('norn-meironyt-certainorganochlorineandorganobrominecontaminantsinswedishhumanmilkinperspectiveofpast2030years-2000', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('norn-meironyt-certainorganochlorineandorganobrominecontaminantsinswedishhumanmilkinperspectiveofpast2030years-2000', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/norn-meironyt-certainorganochlorineandorganobrominecontaminantsinswedishhumanmilkinperspectiveofpast2030years-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('norn-meironyt-certainorganochlorineandorganobrominecontaminantsinswedishhumanmilkinperspectiveofpast2030years-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noren_certain_2000,\n\ttitle = {Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in {Swedish} human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003604},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4},\n\tabstract = {The investigations of organochlorine compounds in breast milk from women living in the Stockholm region started in 1967. The present study summarises the investigations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and pesticides (DDT, DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin) as well as methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs and DDE in human milk sampled during different periods up to 1997. During the course of 20–30 yr the levels of organochlorine compounds in human milk have decreased to various extent. A decrease to the half of the original concentration was attained in the range of 4–17 yr periods. On the contrary to the organochlorine compounds, the concentrations of PBDEs have increased during the period 1972–1997, indicating a doubling of the levels by 5 yr. The levels reflect the environmental contamination and background levels in the population. The accumulation and ongoing increase in the levels of PBDEs calls for immediate measures to stop the environmental pollution and human exposure to PBDEs.},\n\tnumber = {9–11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Norén, Koidu and Meironyté, Daiva},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Methylsulfonyl metabolites, PBDE, PCB, PCDD, PCDF, Pesticides},\n\tpages = {1111--1123},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The investigations of organochlorine compounds in breast milk from women living in the Stockholm region started in 1967. The present study summarises the investigations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and pesticides (DDT, DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin) as well as methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs and DDE in human milk sampled during different periods up to 1997. During the course of 20–30 yr the levels of organochlorine compounds in human milk have decreased to various extent. A decrease to the half of the original concentration was attained in the range of 4–17 yr periods. On the contrary to the organochlorine compounds, the concentrations of PBDEs have increased during the period 1972–1997, indicating a doubling of the levels by 5 yr. The levels reflect the environmental contamination and background levels in the population. The accumulation and ongoing increase in the levels of PBDEs calls for immediate measures to stop the environmental pollution and human exposure to PBDEs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"riess-ernst-popp-mller-thoma-vierle-wolf-vaneldik-analysisofflameretardedpolymersandrecyclingmaterials-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'riess-ernst-popp-mller-thoma-vierle-wolf-vaneldik-analysisofflameretardedpolymersandrecyclingmaterials-2000', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367', event);\">\n    Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Riess, M; Ernst, T; Popp, R; Müller, B; Thoma, H; Vierle, O; Wolf, M;  and van Eldik, R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 40(9–11): 937–941. May 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('riess-ernst-popp-mller-thoma-vierle-wolf-vaneldik-analysisofflameretardedpolymersandrecyclingmaterials-2000', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00336-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('riess-ernst-popp-mller-thoma-vierle-wolf-vaneldik-analysisofflameretardedpolymersandrecyclingmaterials-2000', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00336-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/riess-ernst-popp-mller-thoma-vierle-wolf-vaneldik-analysisofflameretardedpolymersandrecyclingmaterials-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('riess-ernst-popp-mller-thoma-vierle-wolf-vaneldik-analysisofflameretardedpolymersandrecyclingmaterials-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{riess_analysis_2000,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599003367},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00336-7},\n\tabstract = {Recycling activities on polymeric materials are increasing and becoming more and more important in recent years. For polymers containing no flame retardants, suitable recycling strategies already exist. In order to investigate the recyclability of flame retarded polymers that contain brominated flame retardants, a number of samples were analysed as received from a recycling company. Following the identification and sorting of the samples according to type of polymers and flame retardants, material recycling was tested for the flame retarded polymers identified to occur most frequently. The reactivity of the flame retardants during the recycling procedure was studied by analysing for brominated dioxins and furans. The results demonstrate that flame retarded polymers can be recycled under certain experimental conditions.},\n\tnumber = {9–11},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Riess, M and Ernst, T and Popp, R and Müller, B and Thoma, H and Vierle, O and Wolf, M and van Eldik, R},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tkeywords = {Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Polybrominated dioxins and furans, Polymers, Recycling},\n\tpages = {937--941},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Recycling activities on polymeric materials are increasing and becoming more and more important in recent years. For polymers containing no flame retardants, suitable recycling strategies already exist. In order to investigate the recyclability of flame retarded polymers that contain brominated flame retardants, a number of samples were analysed as received from a recycling company. Following the identification and sorting of the samples according to type of polymers and flame retardants, material recycling was tested for the flame retarded polymers identified to occur most frequently. The reactivity of the flame retardants during the recycling procedure was studied by analysing for brominated dioxins and furans. The results demonstrate that flame retarded polymers can be recycled under certain experimental conditions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rousseau-schymkowitz-itzhaki-implicationsof3ddomainswappingforproteinfoldingmisfoldingandfunction-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rousseau-schymkowitz-itzhaki-implicationsof3ddomainswappingforproteinfoldingmisfoldingandfunction-2000', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/', event);\">\n    Implications of 3D Domain Swapping for Protein Folding, Misfolding and Function.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rousseau, F.; Schymkowitz, J.;  and Itzhaki, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Landes Bioscience,  2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rousseau-schymkowitz-itzhaki-implicationsof3ddomainswappingforproteinfoldingmisfoldingandfunction-2000', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Implications of 3D Domain Swapping for Protein Folding, Misfolding and Function [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rousseau-schymkowitz-itzhaki-implicationsof3ddomainswappingforproteinfoldingmisfoldingandfunction-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rousseau-schymkowitz-itzhaki-implicationsof3ddomainswappingforproteinfoldingmisfoldingandfunction-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{rousseau_implications_2000,\n\ttitle = {Implications of {3D} {Domain} {Swapping} for {Protein} {Folding}, {Misfolding} and {Function}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6144/},\n\tpublisher = {Landes Bioscience},\n\tauthor = {Rousseau, Frederic and Schymkowitz, Joost and Itzhaki, Laura},\n\tyear = {2000},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"warner-reed-hutchison-smallwatersolubleligandstabilizedgoldnanoparticlessynthesizedbyinterfacialligandexchangereactions-2000\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'warner-reed-hutchison-smallwatersolubleligandstabilizedgoldnanoparticlessynthesizedbyinterfacialligandexchangereactions-2000', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875', event);\">\n    Small, Water-Soluble, Ligand-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Interfacial Ligand Exchange Reactions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Warner, M. G.; Reed, S. M.;  and Hutchison, J. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemistry of Materials</i>, 12(11): 3316–3320. November 2000.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('warner-reed-hutchison-smallwatersolubleligandstabilizedgoldnanoparticlessynthesizedbyinterfacialligandexchangereactions-2000', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Small, Water-Soluble, Ligand-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Interfacial Ligand Exchange Reactions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('warner-reed-hutchison-smallwatersolubleligandstabilizedgoldnanoparticlessynthesizedbyinterfacialligandexchangereactions-2000', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/warner-reed-hutchison-smallwatersolubleligandstabilizedgoldnanoparticlessynthesizedbyinterfacialligandexchangereactions-2000\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('warner-reed-hutchison-smallwatersolubleligandstabilizedgoldnanoparticlessynthesizedbyinterfacialligandexchangereactions-2000')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{warner_small_2000,\n\ttitle = {Small, {Water}-{Soluble}, {Ligand}-{Stabilized} {Gold} {Nanoparticles} {Synthesized} by {Interfacial} {Ligand} {Exchange} {Reactions}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {0897-4756},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0003875},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/cm0003875},\n\tabstract = {A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell. A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Chemistry of Materials},\n\tauthor = {Warner, Marvin G. and Reed, Scott M. and Hutchison, James E.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2000},\n\tpages = {3316--3320},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell. A general synthetic approach leading to well-defined, water-soluble gold nanoparticles is described that involves a simple, interfacial ligand exchange reaction between a 1.4 nm phosphine-passivated precursor and an anionic or cationic thiol-containing ligand. We demonstrate the utility of this route by synthesizing water-soluble gold nanoparticles that are stabilized by either an anionic ligand (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate), a cationic ligand (2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride), or a mixture of both ionic and phosphine ligands. Although the course of the ligand exchange process depends on the nature of the incoming ligand, each of these nanoparticle products retain the small core size and narrow size distribution of the starting particle (1.4 ± 0.4 nm). The stabilities of these nanoparticles to elevated temperature, extremes of pH, and added salt are reported and found to depend on the nature of the exposed headgroups on the ligand shell. Salt-induced aggregation is not observed in any of the cases investigated. Resistance to aggregation is attributed to the protective nature of the ligand shell.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1999\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1999')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1999')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1999</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"helleday-tuominen-bergman-jenssen-brominatedflameretardantsinduceintragenicrecombinationinmammaliancells-1999\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'helleday-tuominen-bergman-jenssen-brominatedflameretardantsinduceintragenicrecombinationinmammaliancells-1999', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Helleday, T; Tuominen, K L; Bergman, A;  and Jenssen, D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Mutation research</i>, 439(2): 137–47. February 1999.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('helleday-tuominen-bergman-jenssen-brominatedflameretardantsinduceintragenicrecombinationinmammaliancells-1999', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/helleday-tuominen-bergman-jenssen-brominatedflameretardantsinduceintragenicrecombinationinmammaliancells-1999\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('helleday-tuominen-bergman-jenssen-brominatedflameretardantsinduceintragenicrecombinationinmammaliancells-1999')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{helleday_brominated_1999,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells.},\n\tvolume = {439},\n\tissn = {0027-5107},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023042},\n\tabstract = {In the present study we have examined the effects of brominated flame retardants (BFR) and several other environmental contaminants in two in vitro assays for intragenic recombination at an endogenous locus in mammalian cells. A total ten compounds were investigated, i. e., two technical PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1221 and Aroclor 1254), DDT, PCP, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4,4&#x27;-bischlorophenyl sulfone (BCPS), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and the three different polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs): 2-bromodiphenylether (MBDE), 3,4-dibromodiphenylether (DBDE) and 2,4,2&#x27;, 4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenylether (TBDE). In the SPD8 assay system statistically significant increases in recombination frequency were observed with Aroclor 1221, BCPS, DBDE, DDT, HBCD, MBDE and TBDE. In the Sp5 assay system, only DBDE, HBCD and MBDE caused statistically significant increases in recombination frequency. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the modern additives to plastic, i.e., HBCD and PBDEs, as well as the plastic monomer BCPS may have the same effect to human health as DDT and PCBs, in terms of inducing genetic recombination, which is known to provoke a number of diseases, including cancer.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Mutation research},\n\tauthor = {Helleday, T and Tuominen, K L and Bergman, A and Jenssen, D},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tpmid = {10023042},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bromine, Bromine: chemistry, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Flame Retardants: pharmacology, Flame retardants, Genetic, Genetic: drug effects, Recombination, cell line, ffr, frbldg, frelec, tox, unsure},\n\tpages = {137--47},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In the present study we have examined the effects of brominated flame retardants (BFR) and several other environmental contaminants in two in vitro assays for intragenic recombination at an endogenous locus in mammalian cells. A total ten compounds were investigated, i. e., two technical PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1221 and Aroclor 1254), DDT, PCP, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4,4'-bischlorophenyl sulfone (BCPS), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and the three different polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs): 2-bromodiphenylether (MBDE), 3,4-dibromodiphenylether (DBDE) and 2,4,2', 4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (TBDE). In the SPD8 assay system statistically significant increases in recombination frequency were observed with Aroclor 1221, BCPS, DBDE, DDT, HBCD, MBDE and TBDE. In the Sp5 assay system, only DBDE, HBCD and MBDE caused statistically significant increases in recombination frequency. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the modern additives to plastic, i.e., HBCD and PBDEs, as well as the plastic monomer BCPS may have the same effect to human health as DDT and PCBs, in terms of inducing genetic recombination, which is known to provoke a number of diseases, including cancer.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bethhubner-toxicologicalevaluationandclassificationofthegenotoxiccarcinogenicreprotoxicandsensitisingpotentialoftris2chloroethylphosphate-1999\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bethhubner-toxicologicalevaluationandclassificationofthegenotoxiccarcinogenicreprotoxicandsensitisingpotentialoftris2chloroethylphosphate-1999', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/', event);\">\n    Toxicological evaluation and classification of the genotoxic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic and sensitising potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Beth-Hubner, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health</i>, 72(0): M017–M023–M023.  1999.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bethhubner-toxicologicalevaluationandclassificationofthegenotoxiccarcinogenicreprotoxicandsensitisingpotentialoftris2chloroethylphosphate-1999', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicological evaluation and classification of the genotoxic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic and sensitising potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bethhubner-toxicologicalevaluationandclassificationofthegenotoxiccarcinogenicreprotoxicandsensitisingpotentialoftris2chloroethylphosphate-1999\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bethhubner-toxicologicalevaluationandclassificationofthegenotoxiccarcinogenicreprotoxicandsensitisingpotentialoftris2chloroethylphosphate-1999')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{beth-hubner_toxicological_1999,\n\ttitle = {Toxicological evaluation and classification of the genotoxic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic and sensitising potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate.},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\tissn = {0340-0131},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3rvnmjcc02hlv12/},\n\tabstract = {Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is used as flame-proofing additive in polyurethane foam and paints. The substance was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test in 6 of 7 studies, two of which were performed on behalf of BG Chemie as part of its &#x27;Programme for the Prevention of Health Hazards Caused by Industrial Substances&#x27;. No mutagenic potential has been detected in mammalian cells in vitro (mouse lymphoma test, reverse mutation and HPRT test). The substance produces no chromosome aberrations in vitro, but does cause questionable to significant increases in the sister chromatid exchange rate. Two in vivo micronucleus tests performed on behalf of BG Chemie have given no indications of clastogenicity, while a further test was inconclusive. A test involving Drosophila (interchromosomal mitotic recombination) was also negative. Overall, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate appears to have no genotoxic potential. According to the EU (European Union) classification criteria, the substance has not been classified as mutagenic in Germany. Summarising the existing studies on the carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, kidney tumours as well as tumours of the Harderian gland were present at below the maximum tolerable dose, the kidney tumours arising in two different species (rats, mice) and in mice in two studies. These tumours do not spontaneously occur, and their incidence was also increased in comparison with historical control data. However, only at systemic toxic doses was the incidence of carcinomas of the kidney significantly increased. Below systemic toxic doses, only the benign kidney tumours were significantly increased, but this was dose-dependent. In conclusion, the data show a carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, possibly with an epigenetic mechanism. A supporting indication is provided by two of three in vitro cell transformation tests with positive results. Therefore, the carcinogenicity has been classified as EU category C2 in Germany. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is not embryotoxic or teratogenic in rats with oral administration, even at doses that are maternally toxic, and does not impair postnatal development in the offspring. Accordingly, the developmental reproductive toxicity has not been classified in Germany. However, the substance adversely affects sperm and its motility with subchronic oral administration to rats and mice. Toxic effects on reproduction were seen in both generations in a 2-generation study in Swiss CD1 mice. The classification of the reproductive toxicity, endpoint fertility, has been suggested by BG Chemie to be RF2 according to the EU classification criteria, which is still under discussion and will be concluded by the time of the congress (in the meantime, the substance has been classified as RF2 in Germany.) There were no indications of skin-sensitising potential in a Buehler test in guinea pigs. Accordingly, no classification is necessary.},\n\tnumber = {0},\n\tjournal = {International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health},\n\tauthor = {Beth-Hubner, M},\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, Medicine, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {M017--M023--M023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is used as flame-proofing additive in polyurethane foam and paints. The substance was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test in 6 of 7 studies, two of which were performed on behalf of BG Chemie as part of its 'Programme for the Prevention of Health Hazards Caused by Industrial Substances'. No mutagenic potential has been detected in mammalian cells in vitro (mouse lymphoma test, reverse mutation and HPRT test). The substance produces no chromosome aberrations in vitro, but does cause questionable to significant increases in the sister chromatid exchange rate. Two in vivo micronucleus tests performed on behalf of BG Chemie have given no indications of clastogenicity, while a further test was inconclusive. A test involving Drosophila (interchromosomal mitotic recombination) was also negative. Overall, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate appears to have no genotoxic potential. According to the EU (European Union) classification criteria, the substance has not been classified as mutagenic in Germany. Summarising the existing studies on the carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, kidney tumours as well as tumours of the Harderian gland were present at below the maximum tolerable dose, the kidney tumours arising in two different species (rats, mice) and in mice in two studies. These tumours do not spontaneously occur, and their incidence was also increased in comparison with historical control data. However, only at systemic toxic doses was the incidence of carcinomas of the kidney significantly increased. Below systemic toxic doses, only the benign kidney tumours were significantly increased, but this was dose-dependent. In conclusion, the data show a carcinogenic potential of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, possibly with an epigenetic mechanism. A supporting indication is provided by two of three in vitro cell transformation tests with positive results. Therefore, the carcinogenicity has been classified as EU category C2 in Germany. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate is not embryotoxic or teratogenic in rats with oral administration, even at doses that are maternally toxic, and does not impair postnatal development in the offspring. Accordingly, the developmental reproductive toxicity has not been classified in Germany. However, the substance adversely affects sperm and its motility with subchronic oral administration to rats and mice. Toxic effects on reproduction were seen in both generations in a 2-generation study in Swiss CD1 mice. The classification of the reproductive toxicity, endpoint fertility, has been suggested by BG Chemie to be RF2 according to the EU classification criteria, which is still under discussion and will be concluded by the time of the congress (in the meantime, the substance has been classified as RF2 in Germany.) There were no indications of skin-sensitising potential in a Buehler test in guinea pigs. Accordingly, no classification is necessary.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meneses-wingfors-schuhmacher-domingo-lindstrm-bavel-polybrominateddiphenylethersdetectedinhumanadiposetissuefromspain-1999\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'meneses-wingfors-schuhmacher-domingo-lindstrm-bavel-polybrominateddiphenylethersdetectedinhumanadiposetissuefromspain-1999', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers detected in human adipose tissue from Spain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meneses, M.; Wingfors, H.; Schuhmacher, M.; Domingo, J. L.; Lindström, G.;  and Bavel, B. v.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 39(13): 2271–2278. December 1999.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meneses-wingfors-schuhmacher-domingo-lindstrm-bavel-polybrominateddiphenylethersdetectedinhumanadiposetissuefromspain-1999', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers detected in human adipose tissue from Spain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00150-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('meneses-wingfors-schuhmacher-domingo-lindstrm-bavel-polybrominateddiphenylethersdetectedinhumanadiposetissuefromspain-1999', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00150-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meneses-wingfors-schuhmacher-domingo-lindstrm-bavel-polybrominateddiphenylethersdetectedinhumanadiposetissuefromspain-1999\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meneses-wingfors-schuhmacher-domingo-lindstrm-bavel-polybrominateddiphenylethersdetectedinhumanadiposetissuefromspain-1999')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meneses_polybrominated_1999,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers detected in human adipose tissue from {Spain}},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599001502},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00150-2},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in 13 human adipose tissue samples from Spain, 3 women and 10 men. Tetra-, penta- and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were determined at ng/g lipid (ppb) level in all the samples. The average TeBDE level was 1.36 ng/g, the average PeBDE was 0.93 ng/g and the HxBDE 1.83 ng/g. Human adipose tissue levels of PBDE obtained in the current samples from Spain are comparable with the tissue levels reported in recent Swedish investigations.},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Meneses, M. and Wingfors, H. and Schuhmacher, M. and Domingo, J. L. and Lindström, G. and Bavel, B. v.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tpages = {2271--2278},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in 13 human adipose tissue samples from Spain, 3 women and 10 men. Tetra-, penta- and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were determined at ng/g lipid (ppb) level in all the samples. The average TeBDE level was 1.36 ng/g, the average PeBDE was 0.93 ng/g and the HxBDE 1.83 ng/g. Human adipose tissue levels of PBDE obtained in the current samples from Spain are comparable with the tissue levels reported in recent Swedish investigations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dettmer-wichmann-deboer-bahadir-isolationandidentificationoftetrabromobisphenolsbis23dibromopropyletherasflameretardantinpolypropylene-1999\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dettmer-wichmann-deboer-bahadir-isolationandidentificationoftetrabromobisphenolsbis23dibromopropyletherasflameretardantinpolypropylene-1999', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399', event);\">\n    Isolation and identification of tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) as flame retardant in polypropylene.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dettmer, F. T.; Wichmann, H.; de Boer, J.;  and Bahadir, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 39(9): 1523–1532. October 1999.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dettmer-wichmann-deboer-bahadir-isolationandidentificationoftetrabromobisphenolsbis23dibromopropyletherasflameretardantinpolypropylene-1999', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Isolation and identification of tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) as flame retardant in polypropylene [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00039-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dettmer-wichmann-deboer-bahadir-isolationandidentificationoftetrabromobisphenolsbis23dibromopropyletherasflameretardantinpolypropylene-1999', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00039-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dettmer-wichmann-deboer-bahadir-isolationandidentificationoftetrabromobisphenolsbis23dibromopropyletherasflameretardantinpolypropylene-1999\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dettmer-wichmann-deboer-bahadir-isolationandidentificationoftetrabromobisphenolsbis23dibromopropyletherasflameretardantinpolypropylene-1999')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dettmer_isolation_1999,\n\ttitle = {Isolation and identification of tetrabromobisphenol-{S}-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) as flame retardant in polypropylene},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653599000399},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00039-9},\n\tabstract = {Approximately 4 \\% tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) and 0.44 \\% antimony were found in the back wall of a TV cabinet. This is the first time a bromoorganic flame retardant containing a sulfur linkage has been detected. No such compound has been previously mentioned in the analytical or environmental literature. Isolation from PP was performed by extraction and precipitation of coextracted polymer. After chromatographic separation (TLC, CC), the combination of 1H13C-NMR, MS (EI), FT-IR and HPLC (UV/Vis, DAD and MS) indicated the TBBP-S derivative, which was verified by synthesis of reference material.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Dettmer, F. T. and Wichmann, H. and de Boer, J. and Bahadir, M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tpages = {1523--1532},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Approximately 4 % tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) and 0.44 % antimony were found in the back wall of a TV cabinet. This is the first time a bromoorganic flame retardant containing a sulfur linkage has been detected. No such compound has been previously mentioned in the analytical or environmental literature. Isolation from PP was performed by extraction and precipitation of coextracted polymer. After chromatographic separation (TLC, CC), the combination of 1H13C-NMR, MS (EI), FT-IR and HPLC (UV/Vis, DAD and MS) indicated the TBBP-S derivative, which was verified by synthesis of reference material.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"loweth-caldwell-peng-alivisatos-schultz-dnabasedassemblyofgoldnanocrystals-1999\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'loweth-caldwell-peng-alivisatos-schultz-dnabasedassemblyofgoldnanocrystals-1999', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C/abstract', event);\">\n    DNA-Based Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Loweth, C. J.; Caldwell, W. B.; Peng, X.; Alivisatos, A. P.;  and Schultz, P. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>, 38(12): 1808–1812.  1999.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C/abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('loweth-caldwell-peng-alivisatos-schultz-dnabasedassemblyofgoldnanocrystals-1999', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C/abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"DNA-Based Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('loweth-caldwell-peng-alivisatos-schultz-dnabasedassemblyofgoldnanocrystals-1999', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/loweth-caldwell-peng-alivisatos-schultz-dnabasedassemblyofgoldnanocrystals-1999\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('loweth-caldwell-peng-alivisatos-schultz-dnabasedassemblyofgoldnanocrystals-1999')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{loweth_dna-based_1999,\n\ttitle = {{DNA}-{Based} {Assembly} of {Gold} {Nanocrystals}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C/abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12&lt;1808::AID-ANIE1808&gt;3.0.CO;2-C},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},\n\tauthor = {Loweth, Colin J. and Caldwell, W. Brett and Peng, Xiaogang and Alivisatos, A. Paul and Schultz, Peter G.},\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tpages = {1808--1812},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gilat-adronov-frchet-lightharvestingandenergytransferinnovelconvergentlyconstructeddendrimers-1999\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gilat-adronov-frchet-lightharvestingandenergytransferinnovelconvergentlyconstructeddendrimers-1999', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V', event);\">\n    Light Harvesting and Energy Transfer in Novel Convergently Constructed Dendrimers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gilat, S. L.; Adronov, A.;  and Fréchet, J. M. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>, 38(10): 1422–1427. May 1999.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gilat-adronov-frchet-lightharvestingandenergytransferinnovelconvergentlyconstructeddendrimers-1999', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Light Harvesting and Energy Transfer in Novel Convergently Constructed Dendrimers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gilat-adronov-frchet-lightharvestingandenergytransferinnovelconvergentlyconstructeddendrimers-1999', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gilat-adronov-frchet-lightharvestingandenergytransferinnovelconvergentlyconstructeddendrimers-1999\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gilat-adronov-frchet-lightharvestingandenergytransferinnovelconvergentlyconstructeddendrimers-1999')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gilat_light_1999,\n\ttitle = {Light {Harvesting} and {Energy} {Transfer} in {Novel} {Convergently} {Constructed} {Dendrimers}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {1433-7851},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1422::AID-ANIE1422&gt;3.0.CO;2-V},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\tjournal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},\n\tauthor = {Gilat, Sylvain L. and Adronov, Alex and Fréchet, Jean M. J.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tpages = {1422--1427},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1998\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1998')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1998')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1998</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (10)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zicherman-eliahu-finishratingsofgypsumwallboards-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zicherman-eliahu-finishratingsofgypsumwallboards-1998', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/', event);\">\n    Finish ratings of gypsum wallboards.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zicherman, J B;  and Eliahu, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Technology</i>, 34: 356–362.  1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zicherman-eliahu-finishratingsofgypsumwallboards-1998', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Finish ratings of gypsum wallboards [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zicherman-eliahu-finishratingsofgypsumwallboards-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zicherman-eliahu-finishratingsofgypsumwallboards-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zicherman_finish_1998,\n\ttitle = {Finish ratings of gypsum wallboards},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/94q2e2ryp7crma4h/},\n\tabstract = {The term ldquofinish ratingrdquo is used in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)1 to describe the required performance of finish materials installed as thermal barriers for electrical nonmetallic tubing. Finish rating data is most commonly associated with assemblies containing combustible wood framing, although the definition has also been extended to assemblies with noncombustible metal framing. To date, however, very little finish rating data has been available for common finish materials installed over metal framing. To supplement the available information, finish rating tests were conducted on identical wall sections finished with standard 1/2Prime gypsum wallboard from five different manufacturers, constructed with metal and wood stud framing. All 10 assemblies tested demonstrated finish ratings of 15 minutes or more.},\n\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\n\tauthor = {Zicherman, J B and Eliahu, A},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {356--362},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The term ldquofinish ratingrdquo is used in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)1 to describe the required performance of finish materials installed as thermal barriers for electrical nonmetallic tubing. Finish rating data is most commonly associated with assemblies containing combustible wood framing, although the definition has also been extended to assemblies with noncombustible metal framing. To date, however, very little finish rating data has been available for common finish materials installed over metal framing. To supplement the available information, finish rating tests were conducted on identical wall sections finished with standard 1/2Prime gypsum wallboard from five different manufacturers, constructed with metal and wood stud framing. All 10 assemblies tested demonstrated finish ratings of 15 minutes or more.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"worldhealthorganization-environmentalhealthcriteria209flameretardantstrischloropropylphosphateandtris2chloroethylphosphate-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Environmental Health Criteria 209: Flame retardants : tris ( chloropropyl ) phosphate and tris ( 2- chloroethyl ) phosphate.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  World Health Organization\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/worldhealthorganization-environmentalhealthcriteria209flameretardantstrischloropropylphosphateandtris2chloroethylphosphate-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('worldhealthorganization-environmentalhealthcriteria209flameretardantstrischloropropylphosphateandtris2chloroethylphosphate-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{world_health_organization_environmental_1998,\n\ttitle = {Environmental {Health} {Criteria} 209: {Flame} retardants : tris ( chloropropyl ) phosphate and tris ( 2- chloroethyl ) phosphate.},\n\tauthor = {{World Health Organization}},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransenvironmentalhealthcriteria205-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransenvironmentalhealthcriteria205-1998', 'http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm', event);\">\n    Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Health Criteria 205.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  WHO\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Geneva,  1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransenvironmentalhealthcriteria205-1998', 'http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Health Criteria 205. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransenvironmentalhealthcriteria205-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransenvironmentalhealthcriteria205-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{who_polybrominated_1998,\n\taddress = {Geneva},\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. {Environmental} {Health} {Criteria} 205.},\n\turl = {http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm},\n\tauthor = {{WHO}},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransehc205-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransehc205-1998', 'http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm', event);\">\n    Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (EHC 205).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  WHO\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  World Health Organization, Geneva,  1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransehc205-1998', 'http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (EHC 205) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransehc205-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('who-polybrominateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransehc205-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{who_polybrominated_1998,\n\taddress = {Geneva},\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ({EHC} 205)},\n\turl = {http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm},\n\tpublisher = {World Health Organization},\n\tauthor = {{WHO}},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tomy-fisk-westmore-muir-environmentalchemistryandtoxicologyofpolychlorinatednalkanes-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tomy-fisk-westmore-muir-environmentalchemistryandtoxicologyofpolychlorinatednalkanes-1998', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033', event);\">\n    Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tomy, G T; Fisk, A T; Westmore, J B;  and Muir, D C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology</i>, 158: 53–128. January 1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tomy-fisk-westmore-muir-environmentalchemistryandtoxicologyofpolychlorinatednalkanes-1998', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tomy-fisk-westmore-muir-environmentalchemistryandtoxicologyofpolychlorinatednalkanes-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tomy-fisk-westmore-muir-environmentalchemistryandtoxicologyofpolychlorinatednalkanes-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tomy_environmental_1998,\n\ttitle = {Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes.},\n\tvolume = {158},\n\tissn = {0179-5953},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751033},\n\tabstract = {Polychlorinated-n-alkanes (PCAs) or chlorinated paraffins consist of C10 to C30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30\\% to 70\\% by mass. PCAs are used as high-temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This review presents the existing data on the environmental chemistry and toxicology of PCAs and a preliminary exposure and risk assessment. There is limited information on the levels, fate, or biological effects of PCAs in the environment. This results both from the difficulty associated with quantifying PCAs, because of the complexity inherent to commercial formulations, and from the limited knowledge of their physicochemical properties and biodegradation rates. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/L levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet wt) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited in the U.S. and Canada, and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Assuming that reported water concentrations are mainly caused by the short chain (C10-C13) compounds, aquatic organisms may be at risk from exposure to PCAs. Fugacity level II modeling for two representative PCAs, using the best available physicochemical property data and estimated degradation rates, suggested that C16C24Cl10 would achieve higher concentrations in biota, sediment, and soil than C12H20Cl6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Environmental residence time of C16H24Cl10 is estimated to be 520 d compared to 210 d for C12H20Cl6. Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data are needed to evaluate exposure of biota to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe.},\n\tjournal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Tomy, G T and Fisk, A T and Westmore, J B and Muir, D C},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tpmid = {9751033},\n\tkeywords = {Alkanes, Alkanes: analysis, Alkanes: chemistry, Alkanes: toxicity, Animals, Biodegradation, Biological Availability, Birds, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: toxicity, Chlorine, Chlorine: chemistry, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Humans, Mammals, Public Health, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants},\n\tpages = {53--128},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polychlorinated-n-alkanes (PCAs) or chlorinated paraffins consist of C10 to C30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30% to 70% by mass. PCAs are used as high-temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This review presents the existing data on the environmental chemistry and toxicology of PCAs and a preliminary exposure and risk assessment. There is limited information on the levels, fate, or biological effects of PCAs in the environment. This results both from the difficulty associated with quantifying PCAs, because of the complexity inherent to commercial formulations, and from the limited knowledge of their physicochemical properties and biodegradation rates. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/L levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet wt) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited in the U.S. and Canada, and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Assuming that reported water concentrations are mainly caused by the short chain (C10-C13) compounds, aquatic organisms may be at risk from exposure to PCAs. Fugacity level II modeling for two representative PCAs, using the best available physicochemical property data and estimated degradation rates, suggested that C16C24Cl10 would achieve higher concentrations in biota, sediment, and soil than C12H20Cl6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Environmental residence time of C16H24Cl10 is estimated to be 520 d compared to 210 d for C12H20Cl6. Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data are needed to evaluate exposure of biota to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"laniewski-born-grimvall-identificationofvolatileandextractablechloroorganicsinrainandsnow-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'laniewski-born-grimvall-identificationofvolatileandextractablechloroorganicsinrainandsnow-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i', event);\">\n    Identification of Volatile and Extractable Chloroorganics in Rain and Snow.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Laniewski, K.; BorÉn, H.;  and Grimvall, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 32(24): 3935–3940. December 1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laniewski-born-grimvall-identificationofvolatileandextractablechloroorganicsinrainandsnow-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification of Volatile and Extractable Chloroorganics in Rain and Snow. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es980480i\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laniewski-born-grimvall-identificationofvolatileandextractablechloroorganicsinrainandsnow-1998', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es980480i', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/laniewski-born-grimvall-identificationofvolatileandextractablechloroorganicsinrainandsnow-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('laniewski-born-grimvall-identificationofvolatileandextractablechloroorganicsinrainandsnow-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{laniewski_identification_1998,\n\ttitle = {Identification of {Volatile} and {Extractable} {Chloroorganics} in {Rain} and {Snow}.},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980480i},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es980480i},\n\tabstract = {Organics enriched from samples of rain, snow, and glacier ice were analyzed to determine the chemical structure of the chloroorganic compounds that were most abundant in such media. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was used to provide an overview of the presence of volatile and extractable chloroorganics at four sites in Europe and one site in Antarctica. Real samples and isomer-specific standards were then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) to identify and confirm the structure of the chloroorganics that had been detected in the GC-AED analysis. The results revealed that of the volatile chloroorganics found in the samples, dichloronitromethane, a compound not previously reported to occur in the ambient environment, was often present in the highest concentration (up to 130 ng L-1). Chlorobenzenes were detected mainly as 1,4-dichlorobenzene and minor amounts of 1,3- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and one isomer of tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5- or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene). Chlorinated alkyl phosphates, which were normally responsible for the largest peaks in the chlorine-specific chromatograms of hexane- or ether-extractable compounds, were present as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, and one of the isomers bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(3-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate or bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(2-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate. All of the chloroorganic compounds mentioned, i.e., dichloronitromethane, chlorobenzenes, and chlorinated alkyl phosphates, were detected at relatively remote sites in the northern hemisphere, whereas only chlorobenzenes were found in a reference sample of snow from Antarctica.},\n\tnumber = {24},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Laniewski, Krzysztof and BorÉn, Hans and Grimvall, Anders},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, env, ffr},\n\tpages = {3935--3940},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Organics enriched from samples of rain, snow, and glacier ice were analyzed to determine the chemical structure of the chloroorganic compounds that were most abundant in such media. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was used to provide an overview of the presence of volatile and extractable chloroorganics at four sites in Europe and one site in Antarctica. Real samples and isomer-specific standards were then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) to identify and confirm the structure of the chloroorganics that had been detected in the GC-AED analysis. The results revealed that of the volatile chloroorganics found in the samples, dichloronitromethane, a compound not previously reported to occur in the ambient environment, was often present in the highest concentration (up to 130 ng L-1). Chlorobenzenes were detected mainly as 1,4-dichlorobenzene and minor amounts of 1,3- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and one isomer of tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5- or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene). Chlorinated alkyl phosphates, which were normally responsible for the largest peaks in the chlorine-specific chromatograms of hexane- or ether-extractable compounds, were present as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, and one of the isomers bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(3-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate or bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(2-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate. All of the chloroorganic compounds mentioned, i.e., dichloronitromethane, chlorobenzenes, and chlorinated alkyl phosphates, were detected at relatively remote sites in the northern hemisphere, whereas only chlorobenzenes were found in a reference sample of snow from Antarctica.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dillon-analysisoftheiso9705roomcornertestsimulationscorrelationsandheatfluxmeasurementsnistgcr98756-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Analysis of the ISO 9705 Room/Corner Test: Simulations, Correlations and Heat Flux Measurements (NIST-GCR-98-756).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dillon, S E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD,  1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dillon-analysisoftheiso9705roomcornertestsimulationscorrelationsandheatfluxmeasurementsnistgcr98756-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dillon-analysisoftheiso9705roomcornertestsimulationscorrelationsandheatfluxmeasurementsnistgcr98756-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{dillon_analysis_1998,\n\taddress = {Gaithersburg, MD},\n\ttitle = {Analysis of the {ISO} 9705 {Room}/{Corner} {Test}: {Simulations}, {Correlations} and {Heat} {Flux} {Measurements} ({NIST}-{GCR}-98-756)},\n\tpublisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Dillon, S E},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event);\">\n    Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bhyravbhatla, B; Watowich, S J;  and Caspar, D L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biophysical journal</i>, 74(1): 604–15. January 1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,\n\ttitle = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0006-3495},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\n\tabstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Biophysical journal},\n\tauthor = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \\&amp; purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},\n\tpages = {604--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event);\">\n    Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bhyravbhatla, B; Watowich, S J;  and Caspar, D L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biophysical journal</i>, 74(1): 604–15. January 1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,\n\ttitle = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0006-3495},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\n\tabstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Biophysical journal},\n\tauthor = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \\&amp; purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},\n\tpages = {604--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event);\">\n    Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bhyravbhatla, B; Watowich, S J;  and Caspar, D L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biophysical journal</i>, 74(1): 604–15. January 1998.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-A resolution. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhyravbhatla-watowich-caspar-refinedatomicmodelofthefourlayeraggregateofthetobaccomosaicviruscoatproteinat24aresolution-1998')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bhyravbhatla_refined_1998,\n\ttitle = {Refined atomic model of the four-layer aggregate of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein at 2.4-{A} resolution.},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0006-3495},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77819-1},\n\tabstract = {Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Biophysical journal},\n\tauthor = {Bhyravbhatla, B and Watowich, S J and Caspar, D L},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Capsid, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: isolation \\&amp; purification, Computer Simulation, Crystallography, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Plants, Protein Structure, Secondary, Tobacco, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus: chemistry, Tobacco: virology, Toxic, X-Ray},\n\tpages = {604--15},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Previous x-ray studies (2.8-A resolution) on crystals of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein grown from solutions containing high salt have characterized the structure of the protein aggregate as a dimer of a bilayered cylindrical disk formed by 34 chemically identical subunits. We have determined the crystal structure of the disk aggregate at 2.4-A resolution using x-ray diffraction from crystals maintained at cryogenic temperatures. Two regions of interest have been extensively refined. First, residues of the low-radius loop region, which were not modeled previously, have been traced completely in our electron density maps. Similar to the structure observed in the virus, the right radial helix in each protomer ends around residue 87, after which the protein chain forms an extended chain that extends to the left radial helix. The left radial helix appears as a long alpha-helix with high temperature factors for the main-chain atoms in the inner portion. The side-chain atoms in this region (residues 90-110) are not visible in the electron density maps and are assumed to be disordered. Second, interactions between subunits in the symmetry-related central A pair have been determined. No direct protein-protein interactions are observed in the major overlap region between these subunits; all interactions are mediated by two layers of ordered solvent molecules. The current structure emphasizes the importance of water in biological macromolecular assemblies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1997\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1997')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1997')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1997</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"weber-greim-thetoxicityofbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransanoverview-1997\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'weber-greim-thetoxicityofbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransanoverview-1997', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873', event);\">\n    The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Weber, L W;  and Greim, H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of toxicology and environmental health</i>, 50(3): 195–215. February 1997.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('weber-greim-thetoxicityofbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransanoverview-1997', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/weber-greim-thetoxicityofbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransanoverview-1997\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('weber-greim-thetoxicityofbrominatedandmixedhalogenateddibenzopdioxinsanddibenzofuransanoverview-1997')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{weber_toxicity_1997,\n\ttitle = {The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview.},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {0098-4108},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055873},\n\tabstract = {Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans can be formed under laboratory conditions by pyrolysis of flame retardants based on polybrominated biphenyls and biphenyl ethers. Their occurrence in the environment, however, is due to combustion processes such as municipal waste incineration and internal combustion engines. As these processes generally take place in the presence of an excess of chlorine, predominantly mixed brominated and chlorinated compounds have been identified so far in environmental samples. Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins or dibenzofurans bind to the cytosolic Ah receptor about as avidly as their chlorinated congeners and induce hepatic microsomal enzymes with comparable potency. The same holds true for mixed brominated-chlorinated compounds. Gross pathologic symptoms-hypothyroidism, thymic atrophy, wasting of body mass, lethality-also occur at doses that, on a molar concentration basis, are virtually identical to those seen with the chlorinated compounds. Their potency to induce malformations in mice following prenatal exposure is equivalent to that of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Possible activities as (co)carcinogens and endocrine disrupters have not been evaluated, but are likely to exist. Considering the overall similarity in action of chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, environmental and health assessments should be based on molar body burdens without discrimination for the nature of the halogen.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Weber, L W and Greim, H},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1997},\n\tpmid = {9055873},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Benzofurans, Benzofurans: chemistry, Benzofurans: toxicity, Brominated, Brominated: chemistry, Brominated: toxicity, Dioxins, Dioxins: chemistry, Dioxins: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated, Halogenated: chemistry, Halogenated: toxicity, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mice, Structure-Activity Relationship},\n\tpages = {195--215},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans can be formed under laboratory conditions by pyrolysis of flame retardants based on polybrominated biphenyls and biphenyl ethers. Their occurrence in the environment, however, is due to combustion processes such as municipal waste incineration and internal combustion engines. As these processes generally take place in the presence of an excess of chlorine, predominantly mixed brominated and chlorinated compounds have been identified so far in environmental samples. Brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins or dibenzofurans bind to the cytosolic Ah receptor about as avidly as their chlorinated congeners and induce hepatic microsomal enzymes with comparable potency. The same holds true for mixed brominated-chlorinated compounds. Gross pathologic symptoms-hypothyroidism, thymic atrophy, wasting of body mass, lethality-also occur at doses that, on a molar concentration basis, are virtually identical to those seen with the chlorinated compounds. Their potency to induce malformations in mice following prenatal exposure is equivalent to that of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Possible activities as (co)carcinogens and endocrine disrupters have not been evaluated, but are likely to exist. Considering the overall similarity in action of chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, environmental and health assessments should be based on molar body burdens without discrimination for the nature of the halogen.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ul-ul1410televisionreceiversandhighvoltagevideoproducts-1997\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  UL 1410 Television receivers and high-voltage video products.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  UL\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Underwriters Laboratories,  1997.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ul-ul1410televisionreceiversandhighvoltagevideoproducts-1997\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ul-ul1410televisionreceiversandhighvoltagevideoproducts-1997')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ul_ul_1997,\n\ttitle = {{UL} 1410 {Television} receivers and high-voltage video products.},\n\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},\n\tauthor = {{UL}},\n\tyear = {1997},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ray-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptionsforsmallopenflameandsmokingmaterialignitedfires-1997\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ray-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptionsforsmallopenflameandsmokingmaterialignitedfires-1997', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf', event);\">\n    Upholstered Furniture Flammability: Regulatory Options for Small Open Flame and Smoking Material Ignited Fires.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ray, D. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  1997.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ray-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptionsforsmallopenflameandsmokingmaterialignitedfires-1997', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Upholstered Furniture Flammability: Regulatory Options for Small Open Flame and Smoking Material Ignited Fires [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ray-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptionsforsmallopenflameandsmokingmaterialignitedfires-1997\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ray-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilityregulatoryoptionsforsmallopenflameandsmokingmaterialignitedfires-1997')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ray_upholstered_1997,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Flammability}: {Regulatory} {Options} for {Small} {Open} {Flame} and {Smoking} {Material} {Ignited} {Fires}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC open flame tests 1997.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {Ray, Dale R},\n\tyear = {1997},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-white-urbas-testingforsurfacespreadofflamenewteststocomeintouse-1997\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-white-urbas-testingforsurfacespreadofflamenewteststocomeintouse-1997', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf', event);\">\n    Testing for Surface Spread of Flame: New Tests to Come Into Use.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.; White, J A J.;  and Urbas, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Building Standards</i>, 66(2): 13–18.  1997.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-white-urbas-testingforsurfacespreadofflamenewteststocomeintouse-1997', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Testing for Surface Spread of Flame: New Tests to Come Into Use [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-white-urbas-testingforsurfacespreadofflamenewteststocomeintouse-1997\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-white-urbas-testingforsurfacespreadofflamenewteststocomeintouse-1997')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babrauskas_testing_1997,\n\ttitle = {Testing for {Surface} {Spread} of {Flame}: {New} {Tests} to {Come} {Into} {Use}},\n\tvolume = {66},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1997 Bldg Stds E84.pdf},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Building Standards},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and White, J A Jr. and Urbas, J},\n\tyear = {1997},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {13--18},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"peabody-subunitfusionconferstolerancetopeptideinsertionsinaviruscoatprotein-1997\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'peabody-subunitfusionconferstolerancetopeptideinsertionsinaviruscoatprotein-1997', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312', event);\">\n    Subunit fusion confers tolerance to peptide insertions in a virus coat protein.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Peabody, D S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Archives of biochemistry and biophysics</i>, 347(1): 85–92. November 1997.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peabody-subunitfusionconferstolerancetopeptideinsertionsinaviruscoatprotein-1997', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Subunit fusion confers tolerance to peptide insertions in a virus coat protein. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peabody-subunitfusionconferstolerancetopeptideinsertionsinaviruscoatprotein-1997', 'http://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/peabody-subunitfusionconferstolerancetopeptideinsertionsinaviruscoatprotein-1997\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('peabody-subunitfusionconferstolerancetopeptideinsertionsinaviruscoatprotein-1997')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{peabody_subunit_1997,\n\ttitle = {Subunit fusion confers tolerance to peptide insertions in a virus coat protein.},\n\tvolume = {347},\n\tissn = {0003-9861},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1997.0312},\n\tdoi = {10.1006/abbi.1997.0312},\n\tabstract = {An octapeptide sequence called Flag was inserted into the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein at two different locations and its effects on protein folding and virus assembly were determined. Assays of the translational repressor and capsid assembly functions of the recombinants show that when the peptide is inserted at its N-terminus coat protein folds properly into the form that binds RNA (i.e., the dimer), but is defective for capsid assembly. On the other hand, a recombinant protein which is expected to display the Flag insertion as a surface loop does not fold correctly and, as a consequence, is proteolytically degraded. Genetic fusion of the two subunits of the coat dimer results in a protein considerably more tolerant of these structural perturbations and mostly corrects the defects accompanying Flag peptide insertion. Increased resistance of the single-chain coat protein to urea denaturation indicates that the fused dimer is substantially more stable than wild type. Covalent joining of subunits of oligomers probably represents a general strategy for engineering increased protein stability.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Archives of biochemistry and biophysics},\n\tauthor = {Peabody, D S},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1997},\n\tkeywords = {Agar Gel, Agarose, Amino Acid Sequence, Blotting, Capsid, Capsid Proteins, Capsid: chemistry, Capsid: genetics, Capsid: metabolism, Chromatography, Dimerization, Electrophoresis, Levivirus, Levivirus: physiology, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptides, Peptides: chemistry, Peptides: metabolism, Plasmids, Polyacrylamide Gel, Protein Conformation, Protein Denaturation, Protein Folding, RNA-Binding Proteins, RNA-Binding Proteins: chemistry, RNA-Binding Proteins: genetics, RNA-Binding Proteins: metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: chemistry, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Urea, Virus Assembly, Western},\n\tpages = {85--92},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An octapeptide sequence called Flag was inserted into the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein at two different locations and its effects on protein folding and virus assembly were determined. Assays of the translational repressor and capsid assembly functions of the recombinants show that when the peptide is inserted at its N-terminus coat protein folds properly into the form that binds RNA (i.e., the dimer), but is defective for capsid assembly. On the other hand, a recombinant protein which is expected to display the Flag insertion as a surface loop does not fold correctly and, as a consequence, is proteolytically degraded. Genetic fusion of the two subunits of the coat dimer results in a protein considerably more tolerant of these structural perturbations and mostly corrects the defects accompanying Flag peptide insertion. Increased resistance of the single-chain coat protein to urea denaturation indicates that the fused dimer is substantially more stable than wild type. Covalent joining of subunits of oligomers probably represents a general strategy for engineering increased protein stability.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-brand-flourescencespectroscopy-1997\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-brand-flourescencespectroscopy-1997', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0', event);\">\n    Flourescence Spectroscopy.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, P.;  and Brand, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 278 of Methods in EnzymologyElsevier,  1997.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-brand-flourescencespectroscopy-1997', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flourescence Spectroscopy [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-brand-flourescencespectroscopy-1997\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-brand-flourescencespectroscopy-1997')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{wu_flourescence_1997,\n\tseries = {Methods in {Enzymology}},\n\ttitle = {Flourescence {Spectroscopy}},\n\tvolume = {278},\n\tisbn = {0-12-182179-X},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)78017-0},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Pengguang and Brand, Ludwig},\n\tyear = {1997},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1996\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1996')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1996')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1996</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (9)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"connor-tee-afshar-connor-mutagenicityofcosmeticproductscontainingkathon-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Mutagenicity of cosmetic products containing Kathon.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Connor, T. H.; Tee, P. G.; Afshar, M.;  and Connor, K. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis</i>, 28(2): 127–132.  1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2&lt;127::AID-EM9&gt;3.0.CO;2-C\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('connor-tee-afshar-connor-mutagenicityofcosmeticproductscontainingkathon-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2&lt;127::AID-EM9&gt;3.0.CO;2-C', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/connor-tee-afshar-connor-mutagenicityofcosmeticproductscontainingkathon-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('connor-tee-afshar-connor-mutagenicityofcosmeticproductscontainingkathon-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{connor_mutagenicity_1996,\n\ttitle = {Mutagenicity of cosmetic products containing {Kathon}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {08936692},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2&lt;127::AID-EM9&gt;3.0.CO;2-C},\n\tabstract = {A variety of shampoos, conditioners, skin-care lotions, and other cosmetic products contain the biocide Kathon CG, which is a mixture of two heterocyclic isothiazolinones: methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. This mixture and the related biocide, Kathon 886, have been shown to be potent sensitizers and bacterial mutagens. Five cosmetic products that list the components of Kathon on their labels and two that do not were screened for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S-9. Five of these products and Kathon 886 were further evaluated in TA100 without and with S-9. Kathon 886, a cosmetic product that contained Kathon, and thin layer chromatography-separated components of Kathon 886 were identified by GC/MS analysis. Three of the five products that listed Kathon were direct acting mutagens with TA100. The remaining two products were considerably more toxic than the other products and could not be evaluated for mutagenicity. The addition of S-9 reduced toxicity but did not eliminate mutagenicity. The mutagenic evaluation of Kathon 886 resulted in a dose response similar to that seen with some cosmetic products but at a 1,000-fold lower concentration, and activity was also reduced by the addition of S-9 mix. S-9 reduced activity both with and without cofactors present. Thin layer chromatography separation of the components and subsequent identification by GC/MS indicated that methylisothiazolinone was nonmutagenic while methylchloroisothiazolinone was mutagenic. Additionally, a dichlorinated compound was identified which was also mutagenic. In light of these findings and the reported skin sensitization by Kathon CG in various cosmetics, we recommend that additional testing be done to assure the safety of products containing Kathon CG.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis},\n\tauthor = {Connor, Thomas H. and Tee, Patricia G. and Afshar, Masoud and Connor, Kendall M.},\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tpmid = {8844994},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Biocide, Cosmetics, Kathon??, Mutagenicity, Salmonella},\n\tpages = {127--132},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A variety of shampoos, conditioners, skin-care lotions, and other cosmetic products contain the biocide Kathon CG, which is a mixture of two heterocyclic isothiazolinones: methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. This mixture and the related biocide, Kathon 886, have been shown to be potent sensitizers and bacterial mutagens. Five cosmetic products that list the components of Kathon on their labels and two that do not were screened for mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S-9. Five of these products and Kathon 886 were further evaluated in TA100 without and with S-9. Kathon 886, a cosmetic product that contained Kathon, and thin layer chromatography-separated components of Kathon 886 were identified by GC/MS analysis. Three of the five products that listed Kathon were direct acting mutagens with TA100. The remaining two products were considerably more toxic than the other products and could not be evaluated for mutagenicity. The addition of S-9 reduced toxicity but did not eliminate mutagenicity. The mutagenic evaluation of Kathon 886 resulted in a dose response similar to that seen with some cosmetic products but at a 1,000-fold lower concentration, and activity was also reduced by the addition of S-9 mix. S-9 reduced activity both with and without cofactors present. Thin layer chromatography separation of the components and subsequent identification by GC/MS indicated that methylisothiazolinone was nonmutagenic while methylchloroisothiazolinone was mutagenic. Additionally, a dichlorinated compound was identified which was also mutagenic. In light of these findings and the reported skin sensitization by Kathon CG in various cosmetics, we recommend that additional testing be done to assure the safety of products containing Kathon CG.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhargava-leonard-triclosanapplicationsandsafety-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Triclosan: Applications and safety.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bhargava, H. N.;  and Leonard, P. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American Journal of Infection Control</i>, 24(3): 209–218.  1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90017-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhargava-leonard-triclosanapplicationsandsafety-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90017-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhargava-leonard-triclosanapplicationsandsafety-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhargava-leonard-triclosanapplicationsandsafety-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bhargava_triclosan:_1996,\n\ttitle = {Triclosan: {Applications} and safety},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {01966553},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90017-6},\n\tabstract = {Triclosan (2,4,4&#x27;-trichloro-2&#x27;-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a nonionic, broad spectrum, antimicrobial agent that, because of its favorable safety profile, has been incorporated into a variety of many personal care products, including deodorant soaps, underarm deodorants, shower gels, and health care personnel handwashes. Triclosan exhibits a moderate degree of substantivity to the skin, and, in many products, it imparts a remnant antimicrobial effect. Although direct contact with the material under exaggerated exposure conditions causes dermal irritation in laboratory animals, it has only rarely been associated with skin irritation or sensitization in human beings in formulated products. Acute, subacute/subchronic, and chronic toxicity profiles have been established to determine that triclosan is neither an acute oral toxicant nor that it acts as a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. A new application for triclosan is in oral dentifrices for plaque control. Currently under investigation in the United States, it is approved for oral care application in Canada and many European countries.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Infection Control},\n\tauthor = {Bhargava, H. N. and Leonard, Patricia A.},\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tpmid = {8807001},\n\tkeywords = {Antimicrobial, Florence, TCS},\n\tpages = {209--218},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a nonionic, broad spectrum, antimicrobial agent that, because of its favorable safety profile, has been incorporated into a variety of many personal care products, including deodorant soaps, underarm deodorants, shower gels, and health care personnel handwashes. Triclosan exhibits a moderate degree of substantivity to the skin, and, in many products, it imparts a remnant antimicrobial effect. Although direct contact with the material under exaggerated exposure conditions causes dermal irritation in laboratory animals, it has only rarely been associated with skin irritation or sensitization in human beings in formulated products. Acute, subacute/subchronic, and chronic toxicity profiles have been established to determine that triclosan is neither an acute oral toxicant nor that it acts as a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. A new application for triclosan is in oral dentifrices for plaque control. Currently under investigation in the United States, it is approved for oral care application in Canada and many European countries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cpsc-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilitytestingfullscaleopenflamedataanalysis-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cpsc-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilitytestingfullscaleopenflamedataanalysis-1996', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf', event);\">\n    Upholstered furniture flammability testing: full scale open flame data analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CPSC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington DC,  1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cpsc-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilitytestingfullscaleopenflamedataanalysis-1996', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Upholstered furniture flammability testing: full scale open flame data analysis [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cpsc-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilitytestingfullscaleopenflamedataanalysis-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cpsc-upholsteredfurnitureflammabilitytestingfullscaleopenflamedataanalysis-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cpsc_upholstered_1996,\n\taddress = {Washington DC},\n\ttitle = {Upholstered furniture flammability testing: full scale open flame data analysis},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/CPSC full scale open flame 1996.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission},\n\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-facadefireteststowardsaninternationalteststandard-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-facadefireteststowardsaninternationalteststandard-1996', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/', event);\">\n    Facade fire tests: Towards an international test standard.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Technology</i>, 32(3): 219–230.  1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-facadefireteststowardsaninternationalteststandard-1996', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Facade fire tests: Towards an international test standard [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01040215\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-facadefireteststowardsaninternationalteststandard-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01040215', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-facadefireteststowardsaninternationalteststandard-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-facadefireteststowardsaninternationalteststandard-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babrauskas_facade_1996,\n\ttitle = {Facade fire tests: {Towards} an international test standard},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7754q5l74880228/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/BF01040215},\n\tabstract = {Results of large-scale and bench-scale tests are reported on three EIFS (exterior insulation and finish systems) type façade assemblies. The large-scale tests were done according to a modified SP 105 test, while the bench-scale procedures followed CAN/ULC-S135. The tests were motivated by the current ISO deliberations to select an optimal international standard for testing façades against fire propagation hazards. The large-scale test showed distinct differences among the assemblies tested. However, certain difficulties were identified with the test, especially the smokiness of the fuel and the non-ideal dimensioning of the re-entrant corner. The bench-scale tests showed consistent results; such procedures may be useful for screening purposes.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {219--230},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Results of large-scale and bench-scale tests are reported on three EIFS (exterior insulation and finish systems) type façade assemblies. The large-scale tests were done according to a modified SP 105 test, while the bench-scale procedures followed CAN/ULC-S135. The tests were motivated by the current ISO deliberations to select an optimal international standard for testing façades against fire propagation hazards. The large-scale test showed distinct differences among the assemblies tested. However, certain difficulties were identified with the test, especially the smokiness of the fuel and the non-ideal dimensioning of the re-entrant corner. The bench-scale tests showed consistent results; such procedures may be useful for screening purposes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-wallinsulationproductsfullscaletestsversusevaluationfrombenchscaletoxicpotencydata-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Wall insulation products: Full-scale tests versus evaluation from bench-scale toxic potency data.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Interflam 1996</i>, pages 257–274. Interscience Communications Ltd, London,  1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-wallinsulationproductsfullscaletestsversusevaluationfrombenchscaletoxicpotencydata-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-wallinsulationproductsfullscaletestsversusevaluationfrombenchscaletoxicpotencydata-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{babrauskas_wall_1996,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Wall insulation products: {Full}-scale tests versus evaluation from bench-scale toxic potency data},\n\tisbn = {09516320 9 4},\n\tbooktitle = {Interflam 1996},\n\tpublisher = {Interscience Communications Ltd},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {257--274},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mackenzie-kopinke-debrominationofduroplasticflameretardedpolymers-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mackenzie-kopinke-debrominationofduroplasticflameretardedpolymers-1996', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359', event);\">\n    Debromination of duroplastic flame-retarded polymers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mackenzie, K.;  and Kopinke, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 33(12): 2423–2430. December 1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mackenzie-kopinke-debrominationofduroplasticflameretardedpolymers-1996', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Debromination of duroplastic flame-retarded polymers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(96)00335-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mackenzie-kopinke-debrominationofduroplasticflameretardedpolymers-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(96)00335-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mackenzie-kopinke-debrominationofduroplasticflameretardedpolymers-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mackenzie-kopinke-debrominationofduroplasticflameretardedpolymers-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mackenzie_debromination_1996,\n\ttitle = {Debromination of duroplastic flame-retarded polymers},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653596003359},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0045-6535(96)00335-9},\n\tabstract = {Epoxy resins containing the flame retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A chemically bound to their structures were successfully dehalogenated with Na/NH3 in an autoclave at elevated temperatures. Four loaded printed circuit boards of various origins and one unloaded circuit board were investigated. Debromination efficiencies of solvolysis with ethyl acetate (280°C, 15 MPa) and dehalogenation with Na/NH3 (100°C, 6 MPa) are compared.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Mackenzie, Katrin and Kopinke, Frank-Dieter},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tpages = {2423--2430},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Epoxy resins containing the flame retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A chemically bound to their structures were successfully dehalogenated with Na/NH3 in an autoclave at elevated temperatures. Four loaded printed circuit boards of various origins and one unloaded circuit board were investigated. Debromination efficiencies of solvolysis with ethyl acetate (280°C, 15 MPa) and dehalogenation with Na/NH3 (100°C, 6 MPa) are compared.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"heim-tsien-engineeringgreenfluorescentproteinforimprovedbrightnesslongerwavelengthsandfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'heim-tsien-engineeringgreenfluorescentproteinforimprovedbrightnesslongerwavelengthsandfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer-1996', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5', event);\">\n    Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Heim, R.;  and Tsien, R. Y\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current Biology</i>, 6(2): 178–182. February 1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heim-tsien-engineeringgreenfluorescentproteinforimprovedbrightnesslongerwavelengthsandfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer-1996', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('heim-tsien-engineeringgreenfluorescentproteinforimprovedbrightnesslongerwavelengthsandfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/heim-tsien-engineeringgreenfluorescentproteinforimprovedbrightnesslongerwavelengthsandfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('heim-tsien-engineeringgreenfluorescentproteinforimprovedbrightnesslongerwavelengthsandfluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{heim_engineering_1996,\n\ttitle = {Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {09609822},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00450-5},\n\tabstract = {Background: Variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with different colors would be very useful for simultaneous comparisons of multiple protein fates, developmental lineages and gene expression levels. The simplest way to shift the emission color of GFP is to substitute histidine or tryptophan for the tyrosine in the chromophore, but such blue-shifted point mutants are only dimly fluorescent. The longest wavelengths previously reported for the excitation and emission peaks of GFP mutants are 488 and 511 nm, respectively. Results Additional substitutions, mainly in residues 145–163, have improved the brightness of the blue-shifted GFP mutants with histidine and tryptophan in place of tyrosine 66. Separate mutations have pushed the excitation and emission peaks of the most red-shifted mutant to 504 and 514 nm, respectively. At least three different colors of GFP mutants can now be cleanly distinguished from each other under the microscope, using appropriate filter sets. A fusion protein consisting of linked blue- and green-fluorescent proteins exhibits fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which is disrupted by proteolytic cleavage of the linker between the two domains. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the production of more and better GFP variants is possible and worthwhile. The production of such variants facilitates multicolor imaging of differential gene expression, protein localization or cell fate. Fusions between mutants of different colors may be useful substrates for the continuous in situ assay of proteases. Demonstration of energy transfer between GFP variants is an important step towards a general method for monitoring the mutual association of fusion proteins.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Current Biology},\n\tauthor = {Heim, Roger and Tsien, Roger Y},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tpages = {178--182},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with different colors would be very useful for simultaneous comparisons of multiple protein fates, developmental lineages and gene expression levels. The simplest way to shift the emission color of GFP is to substitute histidine or tryptophan for the tyrosine in the chromophore, but such blue-shifted point mutants are only dimly fluorescent. The longest wavelengths previously reported for the excitation and emission peaks of GFP mutants are 488 and 511 nm, respectively. Results Additional substitutions, mainly in residues 145–163, have improved the brightness of the blue-shifted GFP mutants with histidine and tryptophan in place of tyrosine 66. Separate mutations have pushed the excitation and emission peaks of the most red-shifted mutant to 504 and 514 nm, respectively. At least three different colors of GFP mutants can now be cleanly distinguished from each other under the microscope, using appropriate filter sets. A fusion protein consisting of linked blue- and green-fluorescent proteins exhibits fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which is disrupted by proteolytic cleavage of the linker between the two domains. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the production of more and better GFP variants is possible and worthwhile. The production of such variants facilitates multicolor imaging of differential gene expression, protein localization or cell fate. Fusions between mutants of different colors may be useful substrates for the continuous in situ assay of proteases. Demonstration of energy transfer between GFP variants is an important step towards a general method for monitoring the mutual association of fusion proteins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"golmohammadi-fridborg-bundule-valegaard-liljas-thecrystalstructureofbacteriophageqbetaat35aaresolution-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'golmohammadi-fridborg-bundule-valegaard-liljas-thecrystalstructureofbacteriophageqbetaat35aaresolution-1996', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3', event);\">\n    The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q${\\}beta$ at 3.5 \\aa resolution.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Golmohammadi, R.; Fridborg, K.; Bundule, M.; Valeg\\aa rd , K.;  and Liljas, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Structure</i>, 4(5): 543–554. May 1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('golmohammadi-fridborg-bundule-valegaard-liljas-thecrystalstructureofbacteriophageqbetaat35aaresolution-1996', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q${\\}beta$ at 3.5 \\aa resolution [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('golmohammadi-fridborg-bundule-valegaard-liljas-thecrystalstructureofbacteriophageqbetaat35aaresolution-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/golmohammadi-fridborg-bundule-valegaard-liljas-thecrystalstructureofbacteriophageqbetaat35aaresolution-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('golmohammadi-fridborg-bundule-valegaard-liljas-thecrystalstructureofbacteriophageqbetaat35aaresolution-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{golmohammadi_crystal_1996,\n\ttitle = {The crystal structure of bacteriophage {Q}\\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$ at 3.5 {\\textbackslash}aa resolution},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {09692126},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00060-3},\n\tabstract = {Background: The capsid protein subunits of small RNA bacteriophages form a T=3 particle upon assembly and RNA encapsidation. Dimers of the capsid protein repress translation of the replicase gene product by binding to the ribosome binding site and this interaction is believed to initiate RNA encapsidation. We have determined the crystal structure of phage Q\\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$ with the aim of clarifying which factors are the most important for particle assembly and RNA interaction in the small phages. Results The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q\\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$ determined at 3.5 {\\textbackslash}aa resolution shows that the capsid is stabilized by disulfide bonds on each side of the flexible loops that are situated around the fivefold and quasi-sixfold axes. As in other small RNA phages, the protein capsid is constructed from subunits which associate into dimers. A contiguous ten-stranded antiparallel \\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$ sheet facing the RNA is formed in the dimer. The disulfide bonds lock the constituent dimers of the capsid covalently in the T=3 lattice. Conclusion The unusual stability of the Q\\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$ particle is due to the tight dimer interactions and the disulfide bonds linking each dimer covalently to the rest of the capsid. A comparison with the structure of the related phage MS2 shows that although the fold of the Q\\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$ coat protein is very similar, the details of the protein–protein interactions are completely different. The most conserved region of the protein is at the surface, which, in MS2, is involved in RNA binding.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Structure},\n\tauthor = {Golmohammadi, Roshan and Fridborg, Kerstin and Bundule, Maija and Valeg{\\textbackslash}aa rd, Karin and Liljas, Lars},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tkeywords = {crystal structure, ms2, q\\${\\textbackslash}beta\\$},\n\tpages = {543--554},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: The capsid protein subunits of small RNA bacteriophages form a T=3 particle upon assembly and RNA encapsidation. Dimers of the capsid protein repress translation of the replicase gene product by binding to the ribosome binding site and this interaction is believed to initiate RNA encapsidation. We have determined the crystal structure of phage Q${\\}beta$ with the aim of clarifying which factors are the most important for particle assembly and RNA interaction in the small phages. Results The crystal structure of bacteriophage Q${\\}beta$ determined at 3.5 \\aa resolution shows that the capsid is stabilized by disulfide bonds on each side of the flexible loops that are situated around the fivefold and quasi-sixfold axes. As in other small RNA phages, the protein capsid is constructed from subunits which associate into dimers. A contiguous ten-stranded antiparallel ${\\}beta$ sheet facing the RNA is formed in the dimer. The disulfide bonds lock the constituent dimers of the capsid covalently in the T=3 lattice. Conclusion The unusual stability of the Q${\\}beta$ particle is due to the tight dimer interactions and the disulfide bonds linking each dimer covalently to the rest of the capsid. A comparison with the structure of the related phage MS2 shows that although the fold of the Q${\\}beta$ coat protein is very similar, the details of the protein–protein interactions are completely different. The most conserved region of the protein is at the surface, which, in MS2, is involved in RNA binding.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freer-prince-sauer-papiz-lawless-mcdermott-cogdell-isaacs-pigmentpigmentinteractionsandenergytransferintheantennacomplexofthephotosyntheticbacteriumrhodopseudomonasacidophila-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'freer-prince-sauer-papiz-lawless-mcdermott-cogdell-isaacs-pigmentpigmentinteractionsandenergytransferintheantennacomplexofthephotosyntheticbacteriumrhodopseudomonasacidophila-1996', 'http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0', event);\">\n    Pigment–pigment interactions and energy transfer in the antenna complex of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas acidophila.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freer, A.; Prince, S.; Sauer, K.; Papiz, M.; Lawless, A. H.; McDermott, G.; Cogdell, R.;  and Isaacs, N. W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Structure</i>, 4(4): 449–462. April 1996.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freer-prince-sauer-papiz-lawless-mcdermott-cogdell-isaacs-pigmentpigmentinteractionsandenergytransferintheantennacomplexofthephotosyntheticbacteriumrhodopseudomonasacidophila-1996', 'http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pigment–pigment interactions and energy transfer in the antenna complex of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas acidophila [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00050-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freer-prince-sauer-papiz-lawless-mcdermott-cogdell-isaacs-pigmentpigmentinteractionsandenergytransferintheantennacomplexofthephotosyntheticbacteriumrhodopseudomonasacidophila-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00050-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freer-prince-sauer-papiz-lawless-mcdermott-cogdell-isaacs-pigmentpigmentinteractionsandenergytransferintheantennacomplexofthephotosyntheticbacteriumrhodopseudomonasacidophila-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freer-prince-sauer-papiz-lawless-mcdermott-cogdell-isaacs-pigmentpigmentinteractionsandenergytransferintheantennacomplexofthephotosyntheticbacteriumrhodopseudomonasacidophila-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{freer_pigmentpigment_1996,\n\ttitle = {Pigment–pigment interactions and energy transfer in the antenna complex of the photosynthetic bacterium {Rhodopseudomonas} acidophila},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {09692126},\n\turl = {http://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(96)00050-0},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00050-0},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Structure},\n\tauthor = {Freer, Andy and Prince, Steve and Sauer, Ken and Papiz, Miroslav and Lawless, Anna Hawthornthwaite and McDermott, Gerry and Cogdell, Richard and Isaacs, Neil W},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tpages = {449--462},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1995\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1995')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1995')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1995</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (9)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"talley-phases12ufacsmallopenflametestsandcigaretteignitiontests-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'talley-phases12ufacsmallopenflametestsandcigaretteignitiontests-1995', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf', event);\">\n    Phases 1&2, UFAC Small Open Flame Tests and Cigarette Ignition Tests.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Talley, T H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Annual AFMA Flammability Conf</i>,  1995. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('talley-phases12ufacsmallopenflametestsandcigaretteignitiontests-1995', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phases 1&amp;2, UFAC Small Open Flame Tests and Cigarette Ignition Tests [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/talley-phases12ufacsmallopenflametestsandcigaretteignitiontests-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('talley-phases12ufacsmallopenflametestsandcigaretteignitiontests-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{talley_phases_1995,\n\ttitle = {Phases 1\\&amp;2, {UFAC} {Small} {Open} {Flame} {Tests} and {Cigarette} {Ignition} {Tests}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Upholstered furniture - Talley 1995.pdf},\n\tbooktitle = {Annual {AFMA} {Flammability} {Conf}},\n\tauthor = {Talley, T H},\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"talley-phase1ufacopenflametests-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'talley-phase1ufacopenflametests-1995', 'http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html', event);\">\n    Phase 1, UFAC Open Flame Tests.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Talley, H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Polyurethane Foam Association</i>,  1995. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('talley-phase1ufacopenflametests-1995', 'http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phase 1, UFAC Open Flame Tests. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/talley-phase1ufacopenflametests-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('talley-phase1ufacopenflametests-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{talley_phase_1995,\n\ttitle = {Phase 1, {UFAC} {Open} {Flame} {Tests}.},\n\turl = {http://www.pfa.org/abstracts/ab95.html},\n\tabstract = {A test protocol involving 15 different fabrics was developed to determine if there was adequate technical justification to add TB-117 foam to the UFAC voluntary program. The fabrics represented a cross section of those currently being used in residential furniture. Cushions were made using TB-117 type polyurethane foam, conventional polyurethane foam, and polyester fiber wrap between the fabric cover and the foam cores. The ignition and flame spread characteristics of each sample was determined and visual comparisons of the burning characteristics of the flame retarded vs. non flame retarded conventional foam were made. Small open flame testing and cigarette ignition testing were performed separately on each type cushion construction. The tests were designed to simulate a carelessly dropped match on the top of a cushion, or the careless dropping of four cigarettes on the top of a cushion. A methenamine pill was used as the small open flame source, and a Pall Mall cigarette was used for the standard UFAC testing. The conclusion drawn from the cigarette ignition testing was that the TB-117 foam made no difference or improvement in cigarette ignition propensity. The conclusions drawn from the small open flame testing were: 1.The TB-117 foam made no significant, consistent difference in either ignition or flame spread. 2.These tests demonstrated that changes in construction to improve small open flame performance can negatively affect performance in cigarette ignition. 3.The use of polyester fiber wrap topper pads had no significant qualitative effect on small open flame ignition or flame spread},\n\tbooktitle = {Polyurethane {Foam} {Association}},\n\tauthor = {Talley, H},\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A test protocol involving 15 different fabrics was developed to determine if there was adequate technical justification to add TB-117 foam to the UFAC voluntary program. The fabrics represented a cross section of those currently being used in residential furniture. Cushions were made using TB-117 type polyurethane foam, conventional polyurethane foam, and polyester fiber wrap between the fabric cover and the foam cores. The ignition and flame spread characteristics of each sample was determined and visual comparisons of the burning characteristics of the flame retarded vs. non flame retarded conventional foam were made. Small open flame testing and cigarette ignition testing were performed separately on each type cushion construction. The tests were designed to simulate a carelessly dropped match on the top of a cushion, or the careless dropping of four cigarettes on the top of a cushion. A methenamine pill was used as the small open flame source, and a Pall Mall cigarette was used for the standard UFAC testing. The conclusion drawn from the cigarette ignition testing was that the TB-117 foam made no difference or improvement in cigarette ignition propensity. The conclusions drawn from the small open flame testing were: 1.The TB-117 foam made no significant, consistent difference in either ignition or flame spread. 2.These tests demonstrated that changes in construction to improve small open flame performance can negatively affect performance in cigarette ignition. 3.The use of polyester fiber wrap topper pads had no significant qualitative effect on small open flame ignition or flame spread\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schnipper-smithhansen-thomsen-reducedcombustionefficiencyofchlorinatedcompoundsresultinginhigheryieldsofcarbonmonoxide-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schnipper-smithhansen-thomsen-reducedcombustionefficiencyofchlorinatedcompoundsresultinginhigheryieldsofcarbonmonoxide-1995', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203', event);\">\n    Reduced combustion efficiency of chlorinated compounds, resulting in higher yields of carbon monoxide.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schnipper, A.; Smith-hansen, L.;  and Thomsen, E. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and Materials</i>, 19(2): 61–64. March 1995.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schnipper-smithhansen-thomsen-reducedcombustionefficiencyofchlorinatedcompoundsresultinginhigheryieldsofcarbonmonoxide-1995', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Reduced combustion efficiency of chlorinated compounds, resulting in higher yields of carbon monoxide. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schnipper-smithhansen-thomsen-reducedcombustionefficiencyofchlorinatedcompoundsresultinginhigheryieldsofcarbonmonoxide-1995', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190203', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schnipper-smithhansen-thomsen-reducedcombustionefficiencyofchlorinatedcompoundsresultinginhigheryieldsofcarbonmonoxide-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schnipper-smithhansen-thomsen-reducedcombustionefficiencyofchlorinatedcompoundsresultinginhigheryieldsofcarbonmonoxide-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schnipper_reduced_1995,\n\ttitle = {Reduced combustion efficiency of chlorinated compounds, resulting in higher yields of carbon monoxide.},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {0308-0501},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810190203},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/fam.810190203},\n\tabstract = {A series of experiments involving the combustion of inherently fire-retarded compounds has been performed using the DIN 53 436 furnace. Six chlorinated compounds comprising four pesticides, an organic solvent, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been investigated with the focus on the combustion efficiency expressed as the CO2/CO ratio in the fire effluent. It was found that increased chloride content in a compound resulted in decreased CO2/CO ratio. The correlation was found to be . The results indicate higher concentrations of CO in the fire effluent from chlorinated compounds than from wood. Together with a release of HCI this could result in an increased toxic potency. The overall toxic hazard may or may not be increased, since (inherently) fire-retarded materials tend to have an improved fire performance.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\n\tauthor = {Schnipper, Anette and Smith-hansen, Lene and Thomsen, Erling Sonnich},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n\tpages = {61--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A series of experiments involving the combustion of inherently fire-retarded compounds has been performed using the DIN 53 436 furnace. Six chlorinated compounds comprising four pesticides, an organic solvent, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been investigated with the focus on the combustion efficiency expressed as the CO2/CO ratio in the fire effluent. It was found that increased chloride content in a compound resulted in decreased CO2/CO ratio. The correlation was found to be . The results indicate higher concentrations of CO in the fire effluent from chlorinated compounds than from wood. Together with a release of HCI this could result in an increased toxic potency. The overall toxic hazard may or may not be increased, since (inherently) fire-retarded materials tend to have an improved fire performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ohlemiller-shields-nistir5653behaviorofmockupsinthecaliforniatechnicalbulletin133testprotocolfabricandbarriereffects-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ohlemiller-shields-nistir5653behaviorofmockupsinthecaliforniatechnicalbulletin133testprotocolfabricandbarriereffects-1995', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf', event);\">\n    NISTIR 5653 Behavior of Mock-Ups in the California Technical Bulletin 133 Test Protocol: Fabric and Barrier Effects.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ohlemiller, T J;  and Shields, J R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD,  1995.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ohlemiller-shields-nistir5653behaviorofmockupsinthecaliforniatechnicalbulletin133testprotocolfabricandbarriereffects-1995', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"NISTIR 5653 Behavior of Mock-Ups in the California Technical Bulletin 133 Test Protocol: Fabric and Barrier Effects [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ohlemiller-shields-nistir5653behaviorofmockupsinthecaliforniatechnicalbulletin133testprotocolfabricandbarriereffects-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ohlemiller-shields-nistir5653behaviorofmockupsinthecaliforniatechnicalbulletin133testprotocolfabricandbarriereffects-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{ohlemiller_nistir_1995,\n\taddress = {Gaithersburg, MD},\n\ttitle = {{NISTIR} 5653 {Behavior} of {Mock}-{Ups} in the {California} {Technical} {Bulletin} 133 {Test} {Protocol}: {Fabric} and {Barrier} {Effects}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/NIST TB133.pdf},\n\tabstract = {llventy-seven material combinations (seven fabrics, four barriers and two polyurethane foams) were tested in four cushion mock-up form in accord with California Technical Bulletin 133 using a furniture calorimeter. These same material combinations were also tested in triplicate, mainly at 35 kW/m2, in the Cone Calorimeter. Both mock-up and Cone sample behavior were recorded on video to facilitate behavioral comparisons of the samples; distinct differences were noted for thermoplastic fabrics. Heat fluxes were also measured on both scales; the effective “external” flux in full-scale can exceed 50 kW/m2. The mock-up behavior always comprised at least a heat release peak during the 80 second gas burner exposure; it often included a later and larger peak as well. The first peak could not be adequately predicted by averaged heat release data from the Cone. A dimensional analysis suggested a possible dependence on four additional parameters, three of which can be obtained from the Cone. A statistical fit of the available data to these more complex types of correlations appears to work best for charring fabrics; it helps improve the correlation for all types of fabrics but two material combinations were outliers. The second heat release peak in the mock-up tests is attributable to a “basal melt fire” mechanism; efforts to correlate this behavior with Cone results have been limited thus far and show little success.},\n\tpublisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},\n\tauthor = {Ohlemiller, T J and Shields, J R},\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  llventy-seven material combinations (seven fabrics, four barriers and two polyurethane foams) were tested in four cushion mock-up form in accord with California Technical Bulletin 133 using a furniture calorimeter. These same material combinations were also tested in triplicate, mainly at 35 kW/m2, in the Cone Calorimeter. Both mock-up and Cone sample behavior were recorded on video to facilitate behavioral comparisons of the samples; distinct differences were noted for thermoplastic fabrics. Heat fluxes were also measured on both scales; the effective “external” flux in full-scale can exceed 50 kW/m2. The mock-up behavior always comprised at least a heat release peak during the 80 second gas burner exposure; it often included a later and larger peak as well. The first peak could not be adequately predicted by averaged heat release data from the Cone. A dimensional analysis suggested a possible dependence on four additional parameters, three of which can be obtained from the Cone. A statistical fit of the available data to these more complex types of correlations appears to work best for charring fabrics; it helps improve the correlation for all types of fabrics but two material combinations were outliers. The second heat release peak in the mock-up tests is attributable to a “basal melt fire” mechanism; efforts to correlate this behavior with Cone results have been limited thus far and show little success.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"halljr-harwood-smokeorburnswhichisdeadlier-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'halljr-harwood-smokeorburnswhichisdeadlier-1995', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf', event);\">\n    Smoke or burns- which is deadlier?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hall Jr., J. R;  and Harwood, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>NFPA journal</i>,38–43.  1995.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('halljr-harwood-smokeorburnswhichisdeadlier-1995', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Smoke or burns- which is deadlier? [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/halljr-harwood-smokeorburnswhichisdeadlier-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('halljr-harwood-smokeorburnswhichisdeadlier-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hall_jr._smoke_1995,\n\ttitle = {Smoke or burns- which is deadlier?},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/1995_Vol89_No1_Hall.pdf},\n\tjournal = {NFPA journal},\n\tauthor = {Hall Jr., John R and Harwood, Beatrice},\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {38--43},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"green-anoverviewofthefireretardantchemicalsindustrypastpresentfuture-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'green-anoverviewofthefireretardantchemicalsindustrypastpresentfuture-1995', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf', event);\">\n    An Overview of the Fire Retardant Chemicals Industry, Past - Present - Future.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Green, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and materials</i>, 19(June): 197–204.  1995.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('green-anoverviewofthefireretardantchemicalsindustrypastpresentfuture-1995', 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An Overview of the Fire Retardant Chemicals Industry, Past - Present - Future [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/green-anoverviewofthefireretardantchemicalsindustrypastpresentfuture-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('green-anoverviewofthefireretardantchemicalsindustrypastpresentfuture-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{green_overview_1995,\n\ttitle = {An {Overview} of the {Fire} {Retardant} {Chemicals} {Industry}, {Past} - {Present} - {Future}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\turl = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.810190502/abstract file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Green 1995.pdf},\n\tabstract = {An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry in the United States is given starting with an historical review of the chemical producers in about 1970. Marketing concepts for these specialty chemicals is discussed by customer types for each category of fire retardant. The fire retardants discussed are bromine and chlorine compounds, non- halogen and halogenated phosphates and antimony oxide. The paper contains a section in how to select a fire retardant. Markets are discussed by fire retardant type and by polymer type. The current and future trends section discusses toxicity issues with bromine fire retardants, non-halogen fire retardants, smoke, processability and thin walled parts, and market projections.},\n\tnumber = {June},\n\tjournal = {Fire and materials},\n\tauthor = {Green, Joseph},\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {197--204},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry in the United States is given starting with an historical review of the chemical producers in about 1970. Marketing concepts for these specialty chemicals is discussed by customer types for each category of fire retardant. The fire retardants discussed are bromine and chlorine compounds, non- halogen and halogenated phosphates and antimony oxide. The paper contains a section in how to select a fire retardant. Markets are discussed by fire retardant type and by polymer type. The current and future trends section discusses toxicity issues with bromine fire retardants, non-halogen fire retardants, smoke, processability and thin walled parts, and market projections.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"damant-nurbakhsh-developmentoffurnishingsflammabilitystandardsforpublicbuildingsandprivateresidences-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR&#x27;94 1994.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'damant-nurbakhsh-developmentoffurnishingsflammabilitystandardsforpublicbuildingsandprivateresidences-1995', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR&#x27;94 1994.pdf', event);\">\n    Development of Furnishings Flammability Standards for Public Buildings and Private Residences.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Damant, G H;  and Nurbakhsh, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, November(13): 417–433.  1995.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR&#x27;94 1994.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('damant-nurbakhsh-developmentoffurnishingsflammabilitystandardsforpublicbuildingsandprivateresidences-1995', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR&#x27;94 1994.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Development of Furnishings Flammability Standards for Public Buildings and Private Residences [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/damant-nurbakhsh-developmentoffurnishingsflammabilitystandardsforpublicbuildingsandprivateresidences-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('damant-nurbakhsh-developmentoffurnishingsflammabilitystandardsforpublicbuildingsandprivateresidences-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{damant_development_1995,\n\ttitle = {Development of {Furnishings} {Flammability} {Standards} for {Public} {Buildings} and {Private} {Residences}},\n\tvolume = {November},\n\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/13/6/417.short file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant FR&#x27;94 1994.pdf},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Damant, G H and Nurbakhsh, Said},\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {417--433},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"buss-butler-sollars-perry-johnston-mechanismsofleakagethroughsyntheticlandfilllinermaterials-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'buss-butler-sollars-perry-johnston-mechanismsofleakagethroughsyntheticlandfilllinermaterials-1995', 'http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x', event);\">\n    Mechanisms of Leakage through Synthetic Landfill Liner Materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  BUSS, S. E.; BUTLER, A. P; SOLLARS, C. J; PERRY, R.;  and JOHNSTON, P. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Water and Environment Journal</i>, 9(4): 353–359. August 1995.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buss-butler-sollars-perry-johnston-mechanismsofleakagethroughsyntheticlandfilllinermaterials-1995', 'http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mechanisms of Leakage through Synthetic Landfill Liner Materials [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buss-butler-sollars-perry-johnston-mechanismsofleakagethroughsyntheticlandfilllinermaterials-1995', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/buss-butler-sollars-perry-johnston-mechanismsofleakagethroughsyntheticlandfilllinermaterials-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('buss-butler-sollars-perry-johnston-mechanismsofleakagethroughsyntheticlandfilllinermaterials-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{buss_mechanisms_1995,\n\ttitle = {Mechanisms of {Leakage} through {Synthetic} {Landfill} {Liner} {Materials}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1747-6585},\n\turl = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00952.x},\n\tabstract = {The introduction of synthetic lining materials for leachate containment and the prevention of groundwater contamination was an important development in landfill technology. These materials have a low hydraulic conductivity which results in minimal leachate release by bulk fluid flow (advection) provided that the barrier (and its construction) is free from defects. However, the effectiveness of these materials as barriers cannot be confirmed unless contaminant release by diffusion is also taken into consideration. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which transport through barriers occur. It highlights the role of diffusion as a pathway for organic compounds to migrate through synthetic liners and indicates its importance in terms of environmental impact and landfill design.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Water and Environment Journal},\n\tauthor = {BUSS, S. E. and BUTLER, A. P and SOLLARS, C. J and PERRY, R. and JOHNSTON, P. M},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, unsure},\n\tpages = {353--359},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The introduction of synthetic lining materials for leachate containment and the prevention of groundwater contamination was an important development in landfill technology. These materials have a low hydraulic conductivity which results in minimal leachate release by bulk fluid flow (advection) provided that the barrier (and its construction) is free from defects. However, the effectiveness of these materials as barriers cannot be confirmed unless contaminant release by diffusion is also taken into consideration. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which transport through barriers occur. It highlights the role of diffusion as a pathway for organic compounds to migrate through synthetic liners and indicates its importance in terms of environmental impact and landfill design.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"linsley-nadler-bajorath-peach-leung-rogers-bradshaw-stebbins-etal-bindingstoichiometryofthecytotoxictlymphocyteassociatedmolecule4ctla4adisulfidelinkedhomodimerbindstwocd86molecules-1995\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'linsley-nadler-bajorath-peach-leung-rogers-bradshaw-stebbins-etal-bindingstoichiometryofthecytotoxictlymphocyteassociatedmolecule4ctla4adisulfidelinkedhomodimerbindstwocd86molecules-1995', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042', event);\">\n    Binding stoichiometry of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4). A disulfide-linked homodimer binds two CD86 molecules.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Linsley, P S; Nadler, S G; Bajorath, J; Peach, R; Leung, H T; Rogers, J; Bradshaw, J; Stebbins, M; Leytze, G;  and Brady, W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>, 270(25): 15417–15424.  1995.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('linsley-nadler-bajorath-peach-leung-rogers-bradshaw-stebbins-etal-bindingstoichiometryofthecytotoxictlymphocyteassociatedmolecule4ctla4adisulfidelinkedhomodimerbindstwocd86molecules-1995', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Binding stoichiometry of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4). A disulfide-linked homodimer binds two CD86 molecules. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/linsley-nadler-bajorath-peach-leung-rogers-bradshaw-stebbins-etal-bindingstoichiometryofthecytotoxictlymphocyteassociatedmolecule4ctla4adisulfidelinkedhomodimerbindstwocd86molecules-1995\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('linsley-nadler-bajorath-peach-leung-rogers-bradshaw-stebbins-etal-bindingstoichiometryofthecytotoxictlymphocyteassociatedmolecule4ctla4adisulfidelinkedhomodimerbindstwocd86molecules-1995')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{linsley_binding_1995,\n\ttitle = {Binding stoichiometry of the cytotoxic {T} lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 ({CTLA}-4). {A} disulfide-linked homodimer binds two {CD86} molecules.},\n\tvolume = {270},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541042},\n\tabstract = {CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologous T cell receptors of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which bind B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells and transmit important costimulatory signals during T cell activation. Here we have investigated the subunit structure of CTLA-4 and the stoichiometry of its binding to B7 molecules. We demonstrate CTLA-4 is a homodimer interconnected by one disulfide bond in the extracellular domain at cysteine residue 120. Each monomeric polypeptide chain of CTLA-4 contains a high affinity binding site for B7 molecules; soluble CTLA-4 and CD86 form complexes containing equimolar amounts of monomeric CTLA-4 and CD86 (i.e. a 2:2 molecular complex). Thus, CTLA-4 and probably CD28 have a receptor structure consisting of preexisting covalent homodimers with two binding sites. Dimerization of CTLA-4 and CD28 is not required for B7 binding, nor is it sufficient to trigger signaling.},\n\tnumber = {25},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Biological Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Linsley, P S and Nadler, S G and Bajorath, J and Peach, R and Leung, H T and Rogers, J and Bradshaw, J and Stebbins, M and Leytze, G and Brady, W},\n\tyear = {1995},\n\tpages = {15417--15424},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologous T cell receptors of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which bind B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells and transmit important costimulatory signals during T cell activation. Here we have investigated the subunit structure of CTLA-4 and the stoichiometry of its binding to B7 molecules. We demonstrate CTLA-4 is a homodimer interconnected by one disulfide bond in the extracellular domain at cysteine residue 120. Each monomeric polypeptide chain of CTLA-4 contains a high affinity binding site for B7 molecules; soluble CTLA-4 and CD86 form complexes containing equimolar amounts of monomeric CTLA-4 and CD86 (i.e. a 2:2 molecular complex). Thus, CTLA-4 and probably CD28 have a receptor structure consisting of preexisting covalent homodimers with two binding sites. Dimerization of CTLA-4 and CD28 is not required for B7 binding, nor is it sufficient to trigger signaling.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1994\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1994')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1994')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1994</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (8)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"milf24385f-militaryspecificationfireextinguishingagentaqueousfilmformingfoamafffliquidconcentrationforfreshandseawater-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Military specification; Fire extinguishing agent, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) liquid concentration, for fresh and seawater.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  MIL-F-24385F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/milf24385f-militaryspecificationfireextinguishingagentaqueousfilmformingfoamafffliquidconcentrationforfreshandseawater-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('milf24385f-militaryspecificationfireextinguishingagentaqueousfilmformingfoamafffliquidconcentrationforfreshandseawater-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{mil-f-24385f_military_1994,\n\ttitle = {Military specification; {Fire} extinguishing agent, aqueous film forming foam ({AFFF}) liquid concentration, for fresh and seawater},\n\tnumber = {August},\n\tauthor = {{MIL-F-24385F}},\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mehaffey-cuerrier-carisse-amodelforpredictingheattransferthroughgypsumboardwoodstudwallsexposedtofire-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mehaffey-cuerrier-carisse-amodelforpredictingheattransferthroughgypsumboardwoodstudwallsexposedtofire-1994', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505', event);\">\n    A model for predicting heat transfer through gypsum-board/wood-stud walls exposed to fire.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mehaffey, J R; Cuerrier, P;  and Carisse, G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and Materials</i>, 18(5): 297–305. September 1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mehaffey-cuerrier-carisse-amodelforpredictingheattransferthroughgypsumboardwoodstudwallsexposedtofire-1994', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A model for predicting heat transfer through gypsum-board/wood-stud walls exposed to fire [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180505\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mehaffey-cuerrier-carisse-amodelforpredictingheattransferthroughgypsumboardwoodstudwallsexposedtofire-1994', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180505', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mehaffey-cuerrier-carisse-amodelforpredictingheattransferthroughgypsumboardwoodstudwallsexposedtofire-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mehaffey-cuerrier-carisse-amodelforpredictingheattransferthroughgypsumboardwoodstudwallsexposedtofire-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mehaffey_model_1994,\n\ttitle = {A model for predicting heat transfer through gypsum-board/wood-stud walls exposed to fire},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180505},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/fam.810180505},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\n\tauthor = {Mehaffey, J R and Cuerrier, P and Carisse, G},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {297--305},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gann-babrauskas-peacock-halljr-fireconditionsforsmoketoxicitymeasurement-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gann-babrauskas-peacock-halljr-fireconditionsforsmoketoxicitymeasurement-1994', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306', event);\">\n    Fire conditions for smoke toxicity measurement.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gann, R. G; Babrauskas, V.; Peacock, R. D;  and Hall Jr., J. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire and Materials</i>, 18(3): 193–199. May 1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gann-babrauskas-peacock-halljr-fireconditionsforsmoketoxicitymeasurement-1994', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire conditions for smoke toxicity measurement [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gann-babrauskas-peacock-halljr-fireconditionsforsmoketoxicitymeasurement-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gann-babrauskas-peacock-halljr-fireconditionsforsmoketoxicitymeasurement-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gann_fire_1994,\n\ttitle = {Fire conditions for smoke toxicity measurement},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fam.810180306},\n\tabstract = {This paper identifies those fire conditions most often present when smoke toxicity is the cause of death. It begins with a review of the evidence that smoke-inhalation deaths are in the majority in fire fatalities in the United States. Next, there is an analysis of the evidence from the national fire experience showing the connection between post-flashover fires and smoke-inhalation deaths. Third is a presentation of real-scale fire test results demonstrating that post-flashover conditions are necessary to produce enough smoke to cause smoke-inhalation deaths in the cases where they actually occur. The fourth component is a sampling of results from computer simulations of fires, affirming and broadening the results from the fire tests. It is concluded that smoke-inhalation deaths occur predominantly after fires have progressed beyond flashover. This conclusion then provides a focus for smoke toxicity measurement in particular and fire hazard mitigation in general.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Fire and Materials},\n\tauthor = {Gann, Richard G and Babrauskas, Vytenis and Peacock, Richard D and Hall Jr., John R},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {193--199},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper identifies those fire conditions most often present when smoke toxicity is the cause of death. It begins with a review of the evidence that smoke-inhalation deaths are in the majority in fire fatalities in the United States. Next, there is an analysis of the evidence from the national fire experience showing the connection between post-flashover fires and smoke-inhalation deaths. Third is a presentation of real-scale fire test results demonstrating that post-flashover conditions are necessary to produce enough smoke to cause smoke-inhalation deaths in the cases where they actually occur. The fourth component is a sampling of results from computer simulations of fires, affirming and broadening the results from the fire tests. It is concluded that smoke-inhalation deaths occur predominantly after fires have progressed beyond flashover. This conclusion then provides a focus for smoke toxicity measurement in particular and fire hazard mitigation in general.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"damant-californiasflammabilitystandardsforresidentialupholsteredfurnituretwentyyearslater-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'damant-californiasflammabilitystandardsforresidentialupholsteredfurnituretwentyyearslater-1994', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf', event);\">\n    California's Flammability Standards for Residential Upholstered Furniture- Twenty years later.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Damant, G. H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Proc. Intl. Conf. Fire Safety, 19, 1,  1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('damant-californiasflammabilitystandardsforresidentialupholsteredfurnituretwentyyearslater-1994', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"California&#x27;s Flammability Standards for Residential Upholstered Furniture- Twenty years later. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/damant-californiasflammabilitystandardsforresidentialupholsteredfurnituretwentyyearslater-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('damant-californiasflammabilitystandardsforresidentialupholsteredfurnituretwentyyearslater-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{damant_californias_1994,\n\ttitle = {California&#x27;s {Flammability} {Standards} for {Residential} {Upholstered} {Furniture}- {Twenty} years later.},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Damant Hilado Conference 1994.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Proc. Intl. Conf. Fire Safety, 19, 1},\n\tauthor = {Damant, Gordon H},\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zitko-tlcdetectionofbrominatedflameretardantsinstyrofoam-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zitko-tlcdetectionofbrominatedflameretardantsinstyrofoam-1994', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387', event);\">\n    TLC detection of brominated flame retardants in styrofoam.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zitko, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 28(6): 1211–1215. March 1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zitko-tlcdetectionofbrominatedflameretardantsinstyrofoam-1994', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"TLC detection of brominated flame retardants in styrofoam [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90338-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zitko-tlcdetectionofbrominatedflameretardantsinstyrofoam-1994', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90338-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zitko-tlcdetectionofbrominatedflameretardantsinstyrofoam-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zitko-tlcdetectionofbrominatedflameretardantsinstyrofoam-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zitko_tlc_1994,\n\ttitle = {{TLC} detection of brominated flame retardants in styrofoam},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653594903387},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(94)90338-7},\n\tabstract = {To detect the title compounds, a sample of styrofoam is dissolved in toluene and polystyrene is precipitated by hexane. Brominated flame retardants remain in the supernatant, are separated by silica TLC with toluene — hexane 25:75, and visualized by silver nitrate. 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was the most frequently detected flame retardant. 1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO) and pentabromochlorocyclohexane (PBCC) were found in two samples. Brominated flame retardants were not detectable in styrofoam used in food packaging and in two recent samples of packaging and ‘cooler’ styrofoam.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Zitko, V.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tpages = {1211--1215},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To detect the title compounds, a sample of styrofoam is dissolved in toluene and polystyrene is precipitated by hexane. Brominated flame retardants remain in the supernatant, are separated by silica TLC with toluene — hexane 25:75, and visualized by silver nitrate. 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was the most frequently detected flame retardant. 1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO) and pentabromochlorocyclohexane (PBCC) were found in two samples. Brominated flame retardants were not detectable in styrofoam used in food packaging and in two recent samples of packaging and ‘cooler’ styrofoam.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"seth-palaniappan-johnson-prathapan-lindsey-bocian-investigationofelectroniccommunicationinmultiporphyrinlightharvestingarrays-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'seth-palaniappan-johnson-prathapan-lindsey-bocian-investigationofelectroniccommunicationinmultiporphyrinlightharvestingarrays-1994', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027', event);\">\n    Investigation of Electronic Communication in Multi-Porphyrin Light-Harvesting Arrays.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.;  and Bocian, D. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 116(23): 10578–10592.  1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seth-palaniappan-johnson-prathapan-lindsey-bocian-investigationofelectroniccommunicationinmultiporphyrinlightharvestingarrays-1994', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Investigation of Electronic Communication in Multi-Porphyrin Light-Harvesting Arrays [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seth-palaniappan-johnson-prathapan-lindsey-bocian-investigationofelectroniccommunicationinmultiporphyrinlightharvestingarrays-1994', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/seth-palaniappan-johnson-prathapan-lindsey-bocian-investigationofelectroniccommunicationinmultiporphyrinlightharvestingarrays-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('seth-palaniappan-johnson-prathapan-lindsey-bocian-investigationofelectroniccommunicationinmultiporphyrinlightharvestingarrays-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{seth_investigation_1994,\n\ttitle = {Investigation of {Electronic} {Communication} in {Multi}-{Porphyrin} {Light}-{Harvesting} {Arrays}},\n\tvolume = {116},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a027},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja00102a027},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Seth, Jyoti and Palaniappan, Vaithianathan and Johnson, Thomas E. and Prathapan, Sreedharan and Lindsey, Jonathan S. and Bocian, David F.},\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tpages = {10578--10592},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract', event);\">\n    Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dawson, P.; Muir, T.; Clark-Lewis, I;  and Kent, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 266(5186): 776–779. November 1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1126/science.7973629\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994', 'http://doi.org/10.1126/science.7973629', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dawson_synthesis_1994,\n\ttitle = {Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation},\n\tvolume = {266},\n\tissn = {0036-8075},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.7973629},\n\tabstract = {A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.},\n\tnumber = {5186},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Dawson, P. and Muir, T. and Clark-Lewis, I and Kent, S.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tpages = {776--779},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract', event);\">\n    Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dawson, P.; Muir, T.; Clark-Lewis, I;  and Kent, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 266(5186): 776–779. November 1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1126/science.7973629\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994', 'http://doi.org/10.1126/science.7973629', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dawson-muir-clarklewis-kent-synthesisofproteinsbynativechemicalligation-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dawson_synthesis_1994,\n\ttitle = {Synthesis of proteins by native chemical ligation},\n\tvolume = {266},\n\tissn = {0036-8075},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5186/776.abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.7973629},\n\tabstract = {A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.},\n\tnumber = {5186},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Dawson, P. and Muir, T. and Clark-Lewis, I and Kent, S.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tpages = {776--779},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A simple technique has been devised that allows the direct synthesis of native backbone proteins of moderate size. Chemoselective reaction of two unprotected peptide segments gives an initial thioester-linked species. Spontaneous rearrangement of this transient intermediate yields a full-length product with a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The utility of native chemical ligation was demonstrated by the one-step preparation of a cytokine containing multiple disulfides. The polypeptide ligation product was folded and oxidized to form the native disulfide-containing protein molecule. Native chemical ligation is an important step toward the general application of chemistry to proteins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1993\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1993')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1993')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1993</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"iso-iso97051993fullscaleroomtestforsurfaceproducts-1993\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'iso-iso97051993fullscaleroomtestforsurfaceproducts-1993', 'http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561', event);\">\n    ISO 9705:1993 Full-scale room test for surface products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ISO\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland,  1993.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('iso-iso97051993fullscaleroomtestforsurfaceproducts-1993', 'http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"ISO 9705:1993 Full-scale room test for surface products [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/iso-iso97051993fullscaleroomtestforsurfaceproducts-1993\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('iso-iso97051993fullscaleroomtestforsurfaceproducts-1993')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{iso_iso_1993,\n\taddress = {Geneva, Switzerland},\n\ttitle = {{ISO} 9705:1993 {Full}-scale room test for surface products},\n\turl = {http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=17561},\n\tpublisher = {International Organization for Standardization},\n\tauthor = {{ISO}},\n\tyear = {1993},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dembsey-williamson-theeffectofignitionsourceexposureandspecimenconfigurationonthefiregrowthcharacteristicsofacombustibleinteriorfinishmaterial-1993\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dembsey-williamson-theeffectofignitionsourceexposureandspecimenconfigurationonthefiregrowthcharacteristicsofacombustibleinteriorfinishmaterial-1993', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf', event);\">\n    The Effect of Ignition Source Exposure and Specimen Configuration on the Fire Growth Characteristics of a Combustible Interior Finish Material.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dembsey, N A;  and Williamson, R B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire safety journal</i>, 21(December 1991): 313–330.  1993.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dembsey-williamson-theeffectofignitionsourceexposureandspecimenconfigurationonthefiregrowthcharacteristicsofacombustibleinteriorfinishmaterial-1993', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Effect of Ignition Source Exposure and Specimen Configuration on the Fire Growth Characteristics of a Combustible Interior Finish Material [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dembsey-williamson-theeffectofignitionsourceexposureandspecimenconfigurationonthefiregrowthcharacteristicsofacombustibleinteriorfinishmaterial-1993\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dembsey-williamson-theeffectofignitionsourceexposureandspecimenconfigurationonthefiregrowthcharacteristicsofacombustibleinteriorfinishmaterial-1993')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dembsey_effect_1993,\n\ttitle = {The {Effect} of {Ignition} {Source} {Exposure} and {Specimen} {Configuration} on the {Fire} {Growth} {Characteristics} of a {Combustible} {Interior} {Finish} {Material}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037971129390019M file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Dembsey 1993.pdf},\n\tabstract = {The potential fire hazard presented by plastic based combustible interior finish materials is discussed. Compartment fire experimental methods and apparatus based on Uniform Building Code Standard No. 42-2 were used to study the effect of ignition source exposure and specimen configuration on the actual fire growth characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam wall covering. The results obtained are qualitative in nature, clearly demonstrating two important characteristics of the fire behavior of PVC foam: (i) the PVC foam has a &#x27;critical&#x27; ignition source strength of 64-75 kW; (ii) preheating the PVC foam greatly increases its peak net rate of heat release.},\n\tnumber = {December 1991},\n\tjournal = {Fire safety journal},\n\tauthor = {Dembsey, N A and Williamson, R B},\n\tyear = {1993},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {313--330},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The potential fire hazard presented by plastic based combustible interior finish materials is discussed. Compartment fire experimental methods and apparatus based on Uniform Building Code Standard No. 42-2 were used to study the effect of ignition source exposure and specimen configuration on the actual fire growth characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam wall covering. The results obtained are qualitative in nature, clearly demonstrating two important characteristics of the fire behavior of PVC foam: (i) the PVC foam has a 'critical' ignition source strength of 64-75 kW; (ii) preheating the PVC foam greatly increases its peak net rate of heat release.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tsien-bacskai-adams-fretforstudyingintracellularsignalling-1993\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tsien-bacskai-adams-fretforstudyingintracellularsignalling-1993', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J', event);\">\n    FRET for studying intracellular signalling.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tsien, R. Y.; Bacskai, B. J.;  and Adams, S. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Trends in Cell Biology</i>, 3(7): 242–245. July 1993.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tsien-bacskai-adams-fretforstudyingintracellularsignalling-1993', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"FRET for studying intracellular signalling [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tsien-bacskai-adams-fretforstudyingintracellularsignalling-1993', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tsien-bacskai-adams-fretforstudyingintracellularsignalling-1993\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tsien-bacskai-adams-fretforstudyingintracellularsignalling-1993')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tsien_fret_1993,\n\ttitle = {{FRET} for studying intracellular signalling},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {09628924},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0962-8924(93)90124-J},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Trends in Cell Biology},\n\tauthor = {Tsien, Roger Y. and Bacskai, Brian J. and Adams, Stephen R.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {1993},\n\tpages = {242--245},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1992\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1992')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1992')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1992</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ema-itami-kawasaki-teratologicalassessmentofglutaraldehydeinratsbygastricintubation-1992\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Teratological assessment of glutaraldehyde in rats by gastric intubation.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ema, M.; Itami, T.;  and Kawasaki, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology Letters</i>, 62(2): 45–52.  1992.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(92)90006-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ema-itami-kawasaki-teratologicalassessmentofglutaraldehydeinratsbygastricintubation-1992', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(92)90006-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ema-itami-kawasaki-teratologicalassessmentofglutaraldehydeinratsbygastricintubation-1992\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ema-itami-kawasaki-teratologicalassessmentofglutaraldehydeinratsbygastricintubation-1992')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ema_teratological_1992,\n\ttitle = {Teratological assessment of glutaraldehyde in rats by gastric intubation},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {03784274},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0378-4274(92)90006-6},\n\tabstract = {Pregnant rats were given glutaraldehyde (GA) by gastric intubation at a dose of 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg on days 6-15 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity occurred in the 100 mg kg group as evidenced by a significant increase in maternal death and a significant decrease in maternal body weight gain and food consumption. A significantly lowered fetal weight was also found in the 100 mg kg group. No significant change induced by GA was detected in the incidence of postimplantation loss. Morphologic examinations of fetuses revealed no evidence of teratogenicity of GA. It could be concluded that GA has no teratogenic effects on rat offspring even at a dose which induced severe maternal toxicity. ?? 1992.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology Letters},\n\tauthor = {Ema, Makoto and Itami, Takafumi and Kawasaki, Hironoshin},\n\tyear = {1992},\n\tpmid = {1455446},\n\tkeywords = {Developmental toxicity, Disinfectant, Glutaraldehyde, Rat, Sterilizer, Teratogenicity},\n\tpages = {45--52},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Pregnant rats were given glutaraldehyde (GA) by gastric intubation at a dose of 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg on days 6-15 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity occurred in the 100 mg kg group as evidenced by a significant increase in maternal death and a significant decrease in maternal body weight gain and food consumption. A significantly lowered fetal weight was also found in the 100 mg kg group. No significant change induced by GA was detected in the incidence of postimplantation loss. Morphologic examinations of fetuses revealed no evidence of teratogenicity of GA. It could be concluded that GA has no teratogenic effects on rat offspring even at a dose which induced severe maternal toxicity. ?? 1992.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fiore-trendsincigarettesmokingintheunitedstatestheepidemiologyoftobaccouse-1992\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fiore-trendsincigarettesmokingintheunitedstatestheepidemiologyoftobaccouse-1992', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962', event);\">\n    Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. The epidemiology of tobacco use.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fiore, M C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Medical clinics of North America</i>, 76(2): 289–303. March 1992.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiore-trendsincigarettesmokingintheunitedstatestheepidemiologyoftobaccouse-1992', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. The epidemiology of tobacco use. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fiore-trendsincigarettesmokingintheunitedstatestheepidemiologyoftobaccouse-1992\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fiore-trendsincigarettesmokingintheunitedstatestheepidemiologyoftobaccouse-1992')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fiore_trends_1992,\n\ttitle = {Trends in cigarette smoking in the {United} {States}. {The} epidemiology of tobacco use.},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548962},\n\tabstract = {Cigarette smoking, an uncommon behavior in 1900, increased at an epidemic pace throughout this century, peaking in 1964 when more than 40\\% of all adult Americans smoked. Since that time, smoking has decreased at a slow but steady rate, falling to about 28\\% of all adults or 49 million smokers by 1988. Each year, approximately 435,000 Americans, or one of every five deaths, will result from smoking. If current trends continue, 22\\% of Americans (43 million people) will still be smoking in the year 2000. Women, blacks, and poorly educated Americans will be smoking at a disproportionately high rate.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {The Medical clinics of North America},\n\tauthor = {Fiore, M C},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1992},\n\tkeywords = {Age Factors, Flame retardants, Health Surveys, Humans, Plants, Sex Factors, Smokeless, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Smoking Cessation: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Smoking: epidemiology, Smoking: ethnology, Smoking: trends, Tobacco, Toxic, United States},\n\tpages = {289--303},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cigarette smoking, an uncommon behavior in 1900, increased at an epidemic pace throughout this century, peaking in 1964 when more than 40% of all adult Americans smoked. Since that time, smoking has decreased at a slow but steady rate, falling to about 28% of all adults or 49 million smokers by 1988. Each year, approximately 435,000 Americans, or one of every five deaths, will result from smoking. If current trends continue, 22% of Americans (43 million people) will still be smoking in the year 2000. Women, blacks, and poorly educated Americans will be smoking at a disproportionately high rate.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-plasticspartbtheeffectoffragentsonpolymerperformance-1992\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Plastics, part B, The effect of FR agents on polymer performance.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Babrauskas, V.;  and Grayson, S J, editor(s), <i>Heat release in fires</i>, pages 423–446. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London,  1992.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-plasticspartbtheeffectoffragentsonpolymerperformance-1992\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-plasticspartbtheeffectoffragentsonpolymerperformance-1992')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{babrauskas_plastics_1992,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Plastics, part {B}, {The} effect of {FR} agents on polymer performance},\n\tbooktitle = {Heat release in fires},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier Applied Science Publishers},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\n\teditor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Grayson, S J},\n\tyear = {1992},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {423--446},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"smith-brandt-stickells-vonholt-bitisarietansnervegrowthfactorisadisulphidelinkedhomodimer-1992\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Bitis arietans nerve growth factor is a disulphide-linked homodimer.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Smith, P J; Brandt, W F; Stickells, B J;  and Von Holt, C\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry</i>, 103(4): 975–980.  1992.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/smith-brandt-stickells-vonholt-bitisarietansnervegrowthfactorisadisulphidelinkedhomodimer-1992\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('smith-brandt-stickells-vonholt-bitisarietansnervegrowthfactorisadisulphidelinkedhomodimer-1992')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{smith_bitis_1992,\n\ttitle = {Bitis arietans nerve growth factor is a disulphide-linked homodimer.},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tabstract = {1. Nerve growth factor from Bitis arietans venom was isolated in high yield and purified to homogeneity using a rapid two-step procedure involving gel exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. 2. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS, the NGF migrates as a 25 kDa homodimer and is thus atypical of other Viperid NGFs. 3. Evidence suggests that, unlike mammalian beta NGFs, the subunits of the Bitis arietans homodimer are covalently linked by a disulphide bond(s). 4. Partial sequence analysis shows that only 6 out of the first 21 amino acids are identical with those of cobra NGF including cys-14 and val-21 which are known to be important for NGF activity.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry},\n\tauthor = {Smith, P J and Brandt, W F and Stickells, B J and Von Holt, C},\n\tyear = {1992},\n\tkeywords = {neurotrophin, ngf},\n\tpages = {975--980},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  1. Nerve growth factor from Bitis arietans venom was isolated in high yield and purified to homogeneity using a rapid two-step procedure involving gel exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. 2. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS, the NGF migrates as a 25 kDa homodimer and is thus atypical of other Viperid NGFs. 3. Evidence suggests that, unlike mammalian beta NGFs, the subunits of the Bitis arietans homodimer are covalently linked by a disulphide bond(s). 4. Partial sequence analysis shows that only 6 out of the first 21 amino acids are identical with those of cobra NGF including cys-14 and val-21 which are known to be important for NGF activity.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008', event);\">\n    Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. Application to modification at N-terminal serine.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Geoghegan, K. F.;  and Stroh, J. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bioconjugate Chemistry</i>, 3(2): 138–146. March 1992.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. Application to modification at N-terminal serine [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{geoghegan_site-directed_1992,\n\ttitle = {Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. {Application} to modification at {N}-terminal serine},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1043-1802},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/bc00014a008},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Geoghegan, Kieran F. and Stroh, Justin G.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1992},\n\tpages = {138--146},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008', event);\">\n    Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. Application to modification at N-terminal serine.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Geoghegan, K. F.;  and Stroh, J. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bioconjugate Chemistry</i>, 3(2): 138–146. March 1992.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. Application to modification at N-terminal serine [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('geoghegan-stroh-sitedirectedconjugationofnonpeptidegroupstopeptidesandproteinsviaperiodateoxidationofa2aminoalcoholapplicationtomodificationatnterminalserine-1992')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{geoghegan_site-directed_1992,\n\ttitle = {Site-directed conjugation of nonpeptide groups to peptides and proteins via periodate oxidation of a 2-amino alcohol. {Application} to modification at {N}-terminal serine},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1043-1802},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00014a008},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/bc00014a008},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Geoghegan, Kieran F. and Stroh, Justin G.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1992},\n\tpages = {138--146},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1991\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1991')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1991')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1991</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcgregor-brown-howgate-mcbride-riach-caspary-responsesofthel5178ymouselymphomacellforwardmutationassayv27codedchemicals-1991\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcgregor-brown-howgate-mcbride-riach-caspary-responsesofthel5178ymouselymphomacellforwardmutationassayv27codedchemicals-1991', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415', event);\">\n    Responses of the L5178Y mouse Lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. V: 27 coded chemicals.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McGregor, D B; Brown, A G; Howgate, S; McBride, D; Riach, C;  and Caspary, W J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental and molecular mutagenesis</i>, 17(3): 196–219. January 1991.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcgregor-brown-howgate-mcbride-riach-caspary-responsesofthel5178ymouselymphomacellforwardmutationassayv27codedchemicals-1991', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Responses of the L5178Y mouse Lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. V: 27 coded chemicals. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcgregor-brown-howgate-mcbride-riach-caspary-responsesofthel5178ymouselymphomacellforwardmutationassayv27codedchemicals-1991\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcgregor-brown-howgate-mcbride-riach-caspary-responsesofthel5178ymouselymphomacellforwardmutationassayv27codedchemicals-1991')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcgregor_responses_1991,\n\ttitle = {Responses of the {L5178Y} mouse {Lymphoma} cell forward mutation assay. {V}: 27 coded chemicals.},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {0893-6692},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902415},\n\tabstract = {Twenty-seven chemicals were tested for their mutagenic potential in the L5178Y tk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay using procedures based upon those described by McGregor et al. (McGregor DB, Martin R, Cattanach P, Edwards I, McBride D, Caspary WJ (1987): Environ Mol Mutagen 9:143-160). Cultures were exposed to the chemicals for 4 hr, then cultured for 2 days before plating in soft agar with or without trifluorothymidine (TFT), 3 micrograms/ml. The chemicals were tested at least twice. Statistically significant responses were obtained with acid orange 10, aniline, benzaldehyde, o-chloroaniline, chlorodibromomethane, cytembena, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromomethyl) cyclohexane, dieldrin, lithocholic acid, oxytetracycline, phenazopyridine HCl, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, solvent yellow 14, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Apart from phenazopyridine HCl, acid orange 10, and solvent yellow 14, rat liver S9 mix was not a requirement for the mutagenic activity of these compounds. Chemical not identified as mutagens were N-4-acetylaminofluorene, chlorpheniramine maleate, chloropropamide, 1,4-dioxane, endrin, ethylene glycol, iron dextran, methapyrilene, sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Environmental and molecular mutagenesis},\n\tauthor = {McGregor, D B and Brown, A G and Howgate, S and McBride, D and Riach, C and Caspary, W J},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1991},\n\tpmid = {1902415},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Cultured, Data Interpretation, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Flame retardants, Inbred F344, Male, Mice, Molecular Structure, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens, Mutagens: toxicity, Quality Control, Rats, Statistical, Thymidine Kinase, Thymidine Kinase: genetics, Trifluridine, Tumor Cells},\n\tpages = {196--219},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Twenty-seven chemicals were tested for their mutagenic potential in the L5178Y tk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay using procedures based upon those described by McGregor et al. (McGregor DB, Martin R, Cattanach P, Edwards I, McBride D, Caspary WJ (1987): Environ Mol Mutagen 9:143-160). Cultures were exposed to the chemicals for 4 hr, then cultured for 2 days before plating in soft agar with or without trifluorothymidine (TFT), 3 micrograms/ml. The chemicals were tested at least twice. Statistically significant responses were obtained with acid orange 10, aniline, benzaldehyde, o-chloroaniline, chlorodibromomethane, cytembena, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromomethyl) cyclohexane, dieldrin, lithocholic acid, oxytetracycline, phenazopyridine HCl, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, solvent yellow 14, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Apart from phenazopyridine HCl, acid orange 10, and solvent yellow 14, rat liver S9 mix was not a requirement for the mutagenic activity of these compounds. Chemical not identified as mutagens were N-4-acetylaminofluorene, chlorpheniramine maleate, chloropropamide, 1,4-dioxane, endrin, ethylene glycol, iron dextran, methapyrilene, sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cdca-technicalbulletin133flammabilitytestprocedureforseatingfurnitureforuseinpublicoccupancies-1991\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cdca-technicalbulletin133flammabilitytestprocedureforseatingfurnitureforuseinpublicoccupancies-1991', 'http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf', event);\">\n    Technical Bulletin 133. Flammability test procedure for seating furniture for use in public occupancies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CDCA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation,  1991.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cdca-technicalbulletin133flammabilitytestprocedureforseatingfurnitureforuseinpublicoccupancies-1991', 'http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Technical Bulletin 133. Flammability test procedure for seating furniture for use in public occupancies [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cdca-technicalbulletin133flammabilitytestprocedureforseatingfurnitureforuseinpublicoccupancies-1991\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cdca-technicalbulletin133flammabilitytestprocedureforseatingfurnitureforuseinpublicoccupancies-1991')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cdca_technical_1991,\n\ttitle = {Technical {Bulletin} 133. {Flammability} test procedure for seating furniture for use in public occupancies},\n\turl = {http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {California, Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation},\n\tauthor = {{CDCA}},\n\tyear = {1991},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1990\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1990')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1990')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1990</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tilson-veronesi-mclamb-matthews-acuteexposuretotris2chloroethylphosphateproduceshippocampalneuronallossandimpairslearninginrats-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tilson-veronesi-mclamb-matthews-acuteexposuretotris2chloroethylphosphateproduceshippocampalneuronallossandimpairslearninginrats-1990', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115', event);\">\n    Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tilson, H A; Veronesi, B; McLamb, R L;  and Matthews, H B\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</i>, 106(2): 254–69. November 1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tilson-veronesi-mclamb-matthews-acuteexposuretotris2chloroethylphosphateproduceshippocampalneuronallossandimpairslearninginrats-1990', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tilson-veronesi-mclamb-matthews-acuteexposuretotris2chloroethylphosphateproduceshippocampalneuronallossandimpairslearninginrats-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tilson-veronesi-mclamb-matthews-acuteexposuretotris2chloroethylphosphateproduceshippocampalneuronallossandimpairslearninginrats-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tilson_acute_1990,\n\ttitle = {Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats.},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {0041-008X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256115},\n\tabstract = {Adult female, Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 275 mg/kg of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP) by gavage. TRCP produced consistent signs of convulsive activity within 60-90 min after dosing and extensive loss of CAT hippocampal pyramidal cells when examined 7 days after dosing. At the light microscopic level, toxic effects of TRCP on pyramidal cells in the CA3 and CA4 regions and on granule cells in the dentate gyrus were less severe than those on the CA1 cells. The seizure-related and neurohistological effects of TRCP were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with atropine or chlordizepoxide, suggesting that the hippocampal damage was related to the seizures produced by TRCP. In a second experiment designed to assess the potential health risk associated with TRCP, exposed rats were mildly impaired in the acquisition of a reference memory task in a water maze. However, TRCP-exposed rats were consistently impaired in performing a repeated acquisition task in the water maze. These data underscore the potential health risk associated with exposure to TRCP and support the conclusion that the hippocampus is intimately involved in spatial memory in rats.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Tilson, H A and Veronesi, B and McLamb, R L and Matthews, H B},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tpmid = {2256115},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Atropine, Atropine: pharmacology, Behavior, Chlordiazepoxide, Chlordiazepoxide: pharmacology, Female, Flame retardants, Hippocampus, Hippocampus: anatomy \\&amp; histology, Hippocampus: cytology, Hippocampus: drug effects, Inbred F344, Learning, Learning: drug effects, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Organophosphates, Organophosphates: administration \\&amp; dosage, Organophosphates: toxicity, Rats, Time Factors},\n\tpages = {254--69},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Adult female, Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 275 mg/kg of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP) by gavage. TRCP produced consistent signs of convulsive activity within 60-90 min after dosing and extensive loss of CAT hippocampal pyramidal cells when examined 7 days after dosing. At the light microscopic level, toxic effects of TRCP on pyramidal cells in the CA3 and CA4 regions and on granule cells in the dentate gyrus were less severe than those on the CA1 cells. The seizure-related and neurohistological effects of TRCP were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with atropine or chlordizepoxide, suggesting that the hippocampal damage was related to the seizures produced by TRCP. In a second experiment designed to assess the potential health risk associated with TRCP, exposed rats were mildly impaired in the acquisition of a reference memory task in a water maze. However, TRCP-exposed rats were consistently impaired in performing a repeated acquisition task in the water maze. These data underscore the potential health risk associated with exposure to TRCP and support the conclusion that the hippocampus is intimately involved in spatial memory in rats.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H', event);\">\n    Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  MCALLISTER, D; MAZAC, C; GORSICH, R; FREIBERG, M;  and TONDEUR, Y\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 20(10-12): 1537–1541.  1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcallister_analysis_1990,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions.},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {00456535},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},\n\tabstract = {Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.},\n\tnumber = {10-12},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {MCALLISTER, D and MAZAC, C and GORSICH, R and FREIBERG, M and TONDEUR, Y},\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {1537--1541},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"iarc-monographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansvolume48someflameretardantsandtextilechemicalsandexposuresinthetextilemanufacturingindustrysummaryofdatareportedandevaluation-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&amp;codlan=1&amp;codcol=72&amp;codcch=48\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'iarc-monographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansvolume48someflameretardantsandtextilechemicalsandexposuresinthetextilemanufacturingindustrysummaryofdatareportedandevaluation-1990', 'http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&amp;codlan=1&amp;codcol=72&amp;codcch=48', event);\">\n    Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 48. Some flame retardants and textile chemicals, and exposures in the textile manufacturing industry: Summary of data reported and evaluation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  IARC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  World Health Organization, Paris, France,  1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&amp;codlan=1&amp;codcol=72&amp;codcch=48\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('iarc-monographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansvolume48someflameretardantsandtextilechemicalsandexposuresinthetextilemanufacturingindustrysummaryofdatareportedandevaluation-1990', 'http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&amp;codlan=1&amp;codcol=72&amp;codcch=48', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 48. Some flame retardants and textile chemicals, and exposures in the textile manufacturing industry: Summary of data reported and evaluation. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/iarc-monographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansvolume48someflameretardantsandtextilechemicalsandexposuresinthetextilemanufacturingindustrysummaryofdatareportedandevaluation-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('iarc-monographsontheevaluationofcarcinogenicriskstohumansvolume48someflameretardantsandtextilechemicalsandexposuresinthetextilemanufacturingindustrysummaryofdatareportedandevaluation-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{iarc_monographs_1990,\n\taddress = {Paris, France},\n\ttitle = {Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. {Volume} 48. {Some} flame retardants and textile chemicals, and exposures in the textile manufacturing industry: {Summary} of data reported and evaluation.},\n\turl = {http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&amp;codlan=1&amp;codcol=72&amp;codcch=48},\n\tabstract = {Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to selected flame retardants and other chemicals used in the textile manufacturing industry. Agents were selected for evaluation on the basis of the availability of data on carcinogenicity and on human exposure. The book also includes an extensive monograph addressing the question of whether employment in the textile manufacturing industry exposes workers to carcinogenic risks. Monographs cover six flame retardants (chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, decabromodiphenyl oxide, dimethyl hydrogen phosphite, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate), five textile dyes (para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Yellow 3, Vat Yellow 4, and 5-nitro-ortho-toluidine), and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts. Para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans; and chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, Disperse Blue 1, and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The remaining chemicals could not be classified. The most extensive monograph evaluates occupational exposures in the textile manufacturing industry. Evaluations of risk concentrate on epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity at the oral and pharyngeal, oesophagus and stomach, nasal cavity, larynx, lung, and bladder sites. In view of the strength of findings of bladder cancer among dyers and among weavers and of cancer of the nasal cavity among weavers and other textile workers, the monograph concludes that working in the textile manufacturing industry entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans.},\n\tpublisher = {World Health Organization},\n\tauthor = {{IARC}},\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to selected flame retardants and other chemicals used in the textile manufacturing industry. Agents were selected for evaluation on the basis of the availability of data on carcinogenicity and on human exposure. The book also includes an extensive monograph addressing the question of whether employment in the textile manufacturing industry exposes workers to carcinogenic risks. Monographs cover six flame retardants (chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, decabromodiphenyl oxide, dimethyl hydrogen phosphite, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate), five textile dyes (para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Yellow 3, Vat Yellow 4, and 5-nitro-ortho-toluidine), and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts. Para-chloro-ortho-toluidine and its strong acid salts were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans; and chlorendic acid, chlorinated paraffins, Disperse Blue 1, and nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The remaining chemicals could not be classified. The most extensive monograph evaluates occupational exposures in the textile manufacturing industry. Evaluations of risk concentrate on epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity at the oral and pharyngeal, oesophagus and stomach, nasal cavity, larynx, lung, and bladder sites. In view of the strength of findings of bladder cancer among dyers and among weavers and of cancer of the nasal cavity among weavers and other textile workers, the monograph concludes that working in the textile manufacturing industry entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H', event);\">\n    Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McAllister, D. L.; Mazac, C. J.; Gorsich, R.; Freiberg, M.;  and Tondeur, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 20(10–12): 1537–1541.  1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcallister-mazac-gorsich-freiberg-tondeur-analysisofpolymerscontainingbrominateddiphenylethersasflameretardantsaftermoldingundervariousconditions-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcallister_analysis_1990,\n\tseries = {Proceedings of the {Ninth} {International} {Symposium} {Chlorinated} {Dioxins} and {Related} {Compounds} 1989},\n\ttitle = {Analysis of polymers containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359090309H},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(90)90309-H},\n\tabstract = {Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.},\n\tnumber = {10–12},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {McAllister, D. L. and Mazac, C. J. and Gorsich, R. and Freiberg, M. and Tondeur, Y.},\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tpages = {1537--1541},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Three commercial plastic formulations (HIPS, ABS, and PBT) containing brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants were used to mold test samples under normal and abusive conditions. The samples were then analyzed for PBDDs and PBDFs. Under normal conditions, 2,3,7,8-brominated PBDDs and PBDFs were not detected.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"baschong-wrigley-smallcolloidalgoldconjugatedtofabfragmentsortoimmunoglobulingashighresolutionlabelsforelectronmicroscopyatechnicaloverview-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'baschong-wrigley-smallcolloidalgoldconjugatedtofabfragmentsortoimmunoglobulingashighresolutionlabelsforelectronmicroscopyatechnicaloverview-1990', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405', event);\">\n    Small colloidal gold conjugated to fab fragments or to immunoglobulin g as high-resolution labels for electron microscopy: A technical overview.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Baschong, W.;  and Wrigley, N. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique</i>, 14(4): 313–323. April 1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baschong-wrigley-smallcolloidalgoldconjugatedtofabfragmentsortoimmunoglobulingashighresolutionlabelsforelectronmicroscopyatechnicaloverview-1990', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Small colloidal gold conjugated to fab fragments or to immunoglobulin g as high-resolution labels for electron microscopy: A technical overview [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060140405\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baschong-wrigley-smallcolloidalgoldconjugatedtofabfragmentsortoimmunoglobulingashighresolutionlabelsforelectronmicroscopyatechnicaloverview-1990', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060140405', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/baschong-wrigley-smallcolloidalgoldconjugatedtofabfragmentsortoimmunoglobulingashighresolutionlabelsforelectronmicroscopyatechnicaloverview-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('baschong-wrigley-smallcolloidalgoldconjugatedtofabfragmentsortoimmunoglobulingashighresolutionlabelsforelectronmicroscopyatechnicaloverview-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baschong_small_1990,\n\ttitle = {Small colloidal gold conjugated to fab fragments or to immunoglobulin g as high-resolution labels for electron microscopy: {A} technical overview},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {0741-0581},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jemt.1060140405},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jemt.1060140405},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique},\n\tauthor = {Baschong, W. and Wrigley, N. G.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tpages = {313--323},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shire-mckay-leung-cachianes-jackson-wood-raghavendra-khairallah-etal-preparationandpropertiesofrecombinantdnaderivedtobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shire-mckay-leung-cachianes-jackson-wood-raghavendra-khairallah-etal-preparationandpropertiesofrecombinantdnaderivedtobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-1990', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017', event);\">\n    Preparation and properties of recombinant DNA derived tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shire, S. J.; McKay, P.; Leung, D. W.; Cachianes, G. J.; Jackson, E.; Wood, W. I.; Raghavendra, K.; Khairallah, L.;  and Schuster, T. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biochemistry</i>, 29(21): 5119–5126. May 1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shire-mckay-leung-cachianes-jackson-wood-raghavendra-khairallah-etal-preparationandpropertiesofrecombinantdnaderivedtobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-1990', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Preparation and properties of recombinant DNA derived tobacco mosaic virus coat protein [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shire-mckay-leung-cachianes-jackson-wood-raghavendra-khairallah-etal-preparationandpropertiesofrecombinantdnaderivedtobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-1990', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shire-mckay-leung-cachianes-jackson-wood-raghavendra-khairallah-etal-preparationandpropertiesofrecombinantdnaderivedtobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shire-mckay-leung-cachianes-jackson-wood-raghavendra-khairallah-etal-preparationandpropertiesofrecombinantdnaderivedtobaccomosaicviruscoatprotein-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shire_preparation_1990,\n\ttitle = {Preparation and properties of recombinant {DNA} derived tobacco mosaic virus coat protein},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0006-2960},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00473a017},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/bi00473a017},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Biochemistry},\n\tauthor = {Shire, Steven J. and McKay, Patrick and Leung, David W. and Cachianes, George J. and Jackson, Eugene and Wood, William I. and Raghavendra, Krishnamurthy and Khairallah, Lamia and Schuster, Todd M.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tpages = {5119--5126},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1989\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1989')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1989')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1989</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schuhmann-hartzell-flamingcombustioncharacteristicsofupholsteredfurniture-1989\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schuhmann-hartzell-flamingcombustioncharacteristicsofupholsteredfurniture-1989', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386', event);\">\n    Flaming Combustion Characteristics of Upholstered Furniture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schuhmann, J. G.;  and Hartzell, G. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, 7(6): 386–402. January 1989.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schuhmann-hartzell-flamingcombustioncharacteristicsofupholsteredfurniture-1989', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flaming Combustion Characteristics of Upholstered Furniture. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/073490418900700602\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schuhmann-hartzell-flamingcombustioncharacteristicsofupholsteredfurniture-1989', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/073490418900700602', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schuhmann-hartzell-flamingcombustioncharacteristicsofupholsteredfurniture-1989\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schuhmann-hartzell-flamingcombustioncharacteristicsofupholsteredfurniture-1989')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schuhmann_flaming_1989,\n\ttitle = {Flaming {Combustion} {Characteristics} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}.},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {0734-9041},\n\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/6/386},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/073490418900700602},\n\tabstract = {A designed set of upholstered chairs, differing variously with respect to foam, fabric and the use of an interliner, was subjected to rate of heat release studies using a specially constructed room calorimeter. Although the ease of ignition was found to be influenced by the covering fabric, major prog ress toward reducing fire risk was demonstrated through the use of improved materials such as combustion modified high resiliency foam and melamine modified foam. The presence of an interliner in the chair construction was addi tionally effective and, when used together with the modified foams, resulted in optimum fire performance.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Schuhmann, J. G. and Hartzell, G. E.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1989},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n\tpages = {386--402},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A designed set of upholstered chairs, differing variously with respect to foam, fabric and the use of an interliner, was subjected to rate of heat release studies using a specially constructed room calorimeter. Although the ease of ignition was found to be influenced by the covering fabric, major prog ress toward reducing fire risk was demonstrated through the use of improved materials such as combustion modified high resiliency foam and melamine modified foam. The presence of an interliner in the chair construction was addi tionally effective and, when used together with the modified foams, resulted in optimum fire performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989', 'http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247', event);\">\n    Extent of N-Terminal Methionine Excision from Escherichia coli Proteins is Governed by the Side-Chain Length of the Penultimate Amino Acid.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hirel, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 86(21): 8247–8251. November 1989.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989', 'http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Extent of N-Terminal Methionine Excision from Escherichia coli Proteins is Governed by the Side-Chain Length of the Penultimate Amino Acid [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989', 'http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hirel_extent_1989,\n\ttitle = {Extent of {N}-{Terminal} {Methionine} {Excision} from {Escherichia} coli {Proteins} is {Governed} by the {Side}-{Chain} {Length} of the {Penultimate} {Amino} {Acid}},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {0027-8424},\n\turl = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247},\n\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247},\n\tabstract = {In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Hirel, Ph.-H.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1989},\n\tpages = {8247--8251},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989', 'http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247', event);\">\n    Extent of N-Terminal Methionine Excision from Escherichia coli Proteins is Governed by the Side-Chain Length of the Penultimate Amino Acid.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hirel, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 86(21): 8247–8251. November 1989.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989', 'http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Extent of N-Terminal Methionine Excision from Escherichia coli Proteins is Governed by the Side-Chain Length of the Penultimate Amino Acid [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989', 'http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hirel-extentofnterminalmethionineexcisionfromescherichiacoliproteinsisgovernedbythesidechainlengthofthepenultimateaminoacid-1989')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hirel_extent_1989,\n\ttitle = {Extent of {N}-{Terminal} {Methionine} {Excision} from {Escherichia} coli {Proteins} is {Governed} by the {Side}-{Chain} {Length} of the {Penultimate} {Amino} {Acid}},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {0027-8424},\n\turl = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/21/8247},\n\tdoi = {10.1073/pnas.86.21.8247},\n\tabstract = {In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.},\n\tnumber = {21},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Hirel, Ph.-H.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1989},\n\tpages = {8247--8251},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In a significant fraction of the Escherichia coli cytosolic proteins, the N-terminal methionine residue incorporated during the translation initiation step is excised. The N-terminal methionine excision is catalyzed by methionyl-aminopeptidase (MAP). Previous studies have suggested that the action of this enzyme could depend mainly on the nature of the second amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. In this study, to achieve a systematic analysis of the specificity of MAP action, each of the 20 amino acids was introduced at the penultimate position of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the extent of in vivo methionine excision was measured. To facilitate variant protein purification and N-terminal sequence determination, an expression shuttle vector based on protein fusion with beta-galactosidase was used. From our results, methionine excision catalyzed by MAP is shown to obey the following rule: the catalytic efficiency of MAP, and therefore the extent of cleavage, decreases in parallel with the increasing of the maximal side-chain length of the amino acid in the penultimate position. This molecular model accounts for the rate of N-terminal methionine excision in E. coli, as deduced from the analysis of 100 protein N-terminal sequences.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1988\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1988')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1988')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1988</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brandtrauf-fallon-tarantini-idema-andrews-healthhazardsoffirefightersexposureassessment-1988\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brandtrauf-fallon-tarantini-idema-andrews-healthhazardsoffirefightersexposureassessment-1988', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brandt-Rauf, P W; Fallon, L F; Tarantini, T; Idema, C;  and Andrews, L\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>British journal of industrial medicine</i>, 45(9): 606–12. September 1988.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brandtrauf-fallon-tarantini-idema-andrews-healthhazardsoffirefightersexposureassessment-1988', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brandtrauf-fallon-tarantini-idema-andrews-healthhazardsoffirefightersexposureassessment-1988\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brandtrauf-fallon-tarantini-idema-andrews-healthhazardsoffirefightersexposureassessment-1988')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brandt-rauf_health_1988,\n\ttitle = {Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment.},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0007-1072},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1009663&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tabstract = {There is growing concern over the detrimental health effects to firefighters produced by exposure to combustion byproducts of burning materials. To assess the types and levels of exposure encountered by firefighters during their routine occupational duties, members of the Buffalo Fire Department were monitored during firefighting activities with personal, portable, ambient environmental sampling devices. The results indicate that firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials including carbon monoxide, benzene, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, dichlorofluoromethane, and particulates. Furthermore, in many cases of the worst exposure to these materials respiratory protective equipment was not used owing to the visual impression of low smoke intensity, and thus these levels represent actual direct exposure of the firefighters. Many of these materials have been implicated in the production of cardiovascular, respiratory, or neoplastic diseases, which may provide an explanation for the alleged increased risk for these illnesses among firefighters.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {British journal of industrial medicine},\n\tauthor = {Brandt-Rauf, P W and Fallon, L F and Tarantini, T and Idema, C and Andrews, L},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {1988},\n\tpmid = {3179235},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollutants, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fires, Flame retardants, Humans, Male, New York, Occupational, Occupational: analysis, Risk Factors, Smoke, Smoke: analysis},\n\tpages = {606--12},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is growing concern over the detrimental health effects to firefighters produced by exposure to combustion byproducts of burning materials. To assess the types and levels of exposure encountered by firefighters during their routine occupational duties, members of the Buffalo Fire Department were monitored during firefighting activities with personal, portable, ambient environmental sampling devices. The results indicate that firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials including carbon monoxide, benzene, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, dichlorofluoromethane, and particulates. Furthermore, in many cases of the worst exposure to these materials respiratory protective equipment was not used owing to the visual impression of low smoke intensity, and thus these levels represent actual direct exposure of the firefighters. Many of these materials have been implicated in the production of cardiovascular, respiratory, or neoplastic diseases, which may provide an explanation for the alleged increased risk for these illnesses among firefighters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babruaskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-paabo-twilley-etal-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproductsnbsspecialpublicationsp749-1988\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babruaskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-paabo-twilley-etal-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproductsnbsspecialpublicationsp749-1988', 'http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products. NBS Special Publication SP 749.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babruaskas, V; Harris, R.; Gann, R.; Levin, B.; Lee, B.; Peacock, R.; Paabo, M; Twilley, W; Yoklavich, M.;  and Clark, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report National Bureau of Standards,  1988.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babruaskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-paabo-twilley-etal-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproductsnbsspecialpublicationsp749-1988', 'http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products. NBS Special Publication SP 749. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babruaskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-paabo-twilley-etal-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproductsnbsspecialpublicationsp749-1988\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babruaskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-paabo-twilley-etal-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproductsnbsspecialpublicationsp749-1988')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{babruaskas_fire_1988,\n\ttitle = {Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products. {NBS} {Special} {Publication} {SP} 749.},\n\turl = {http://gisceu.net/PDF/U631.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {National Bureau of Standards},\n\tauthor = {Babruaskas, V and Harris, RH and Gann, RG and Levin, BC and Lee, BT and Peacock, RD and Paabo, M and Twilley, W and Yoklavich, MF and Clark, HM},\n\tyear = {1988},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproducts-1988\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproducts-1988', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.; Harris, R H; Gann, R. G; Levin, B C; Lee, B T;  and Peacock, R. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume SP749 National Bureau of Standards, NBS Special Publication SP 749,  1988.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproducts-1988', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproducts-1988\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-harris-gann-levin-lee-peacock-firehazardcomparisonoffireretardedandnonfireretardedproducts-1988')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{babrauskas_fire_1988,\n\taddress = {NBS Special Publication SP 749},\n\ttitle = {Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and non fire-retarded products},\n\tvolume = {SP749},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas 1988 NIST SP 749 FRCA.pdf},\n\tabstract = {The Fire Retardant Chemicals Association (FRCA) therefore asked NBS-CFR to investigate the fire hazard of a wide array of fire-retardant (FR) containing products relative to non fire-retarded (NFR), but otherwise substantially identical, products. The two central issues to be explored were: (1) For today&#x27;s most commonly used FR/polymer systems, is the overall fire hazard reduced, when compared to similar non-fire retarded (NFR) items? (2) Since both the commercially popular FR chemicals and the base polymer formulations can be expected to change in the future, can appropriate bench-scale test methodologies be validated which would allow future testing to be quick and simple?},\n\tpublisher = {National Bureau of Standards},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Harris, R H and Gann, Richard G and Levin, B C and Lee, B T and Peacock, Richard D},\n\tyear = {1988},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Fire Retardant Chemicals Association (FRCA) therefore asked NBS-CFR to investigate the fire hazard of a wide array of fire-retardant (FR) containing products relative to non fire-retarded (NFR), but otherwise substantially identical, products. The two central issues to be explored were: (1) For today's most commonly used FR/polymer systems, is the overall fire hazard reduced, when compared to similar non-fire retarded (NFR) items? (2) Since both the commercially popular FR chemicals and the base polymer formulations can be expected to change in the future, can appropriate bench-scale test methodologies be validated which would allow future testing to be quick and simple?\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kumar-chambon-theestrogenreceptorbindstightlytoitsresponsiveelementasaligandinducedhomodimer-1988\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3167974\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kumar-chambon-theestrogenreceptorbindstightlytoitsresponsiveelementasaligandinducedhomodimer-1988', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3167974', event);\">\n    The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kumar, V;  and Chambon, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cell</i>, 55(1): 145–156.  1988.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3167974\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kumar-chambon-theestrogenreceptorbindstightlytoitsresponsiveelementasaligandinducedhomodimer-1988', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3167974', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kumar-chambon-theestrogenreceptorbindstightlytoitsresponsiveelementasaligandinducedhomodimer-1988\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kumar-chambon-theestrogenreceptorbindstightlytoitsresponsiveelementasaligandinducedhomodimer-1988')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kumar_estrogen_1988,\n\ttitle = {The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer.},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3167974},\n\tabstract = {Extracts containing wild-type or mutant human estrogen receptor (ER) have been used to study the binding of ER to its responsive element (ERE). Estradiol (E2) or the antiestrogen hydroxytamoxifen is required for ER binding as assayed by gel retardation. The DNA binding domain (DBD) encompasses the highly conserved region C. Both intact ER-E2 complexes and ER mutants truncated for the hormone binding domain (HBD) bind as dimers to an ERE. However, an HBD-truncated ER binds less tightly to an ERE than an intact ER-E2 complex. The DBD and HBD contain a constitutive and a stronger ER-induced dimerization function, respectively. Thus, in addition to inducing the activation function associated with the HBD, estrogen plays a crucial role in the formation of stable ER dimers that bind tightly to ERE.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Cell},\n\tauthor = {Kumar, V and Chambon, P},\n\tyear = {1988},\n\tkeywords = {*metabolism, Binding Sites, DNA, DNA Probes, Humans, Ligands, Macromolecular Substances, Receptors, analogs \\&amp; derivatives, cell line, chromosome deletion, estradiol, estrogen, genetics, metabolism, methylation, tamoxifen},\n\tpages = {145--156},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Extracts containing wild-type or mutant human estrogen receptor (ER) have been used to study the binding of ER to its responsive element (ERE). Estradiol (E2) or the antiestrogen hydroxytamoxifen is required for ER binding as assayed by gel retardation. The DNA binding domain (DBD) encompasses the highly conserved region C. Both intact ER-E2 complexes and ER mutants truncated for the hormone binding domain (HBD) bind as dimers to an ERE. However, an HBD-truncated ER binds less tightly to an ERE than an intact ER-E2 complex. The DBD and HBD contain a constitutive and a stronger ER-induced dimerization function, respectively. Thus, in addition to inducing the activation function associated with the HBD, estrogen plays a crucial role in the formation of stable ER dimers that bind tightly to ERE.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1986\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1986')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1986')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1986</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"oehha-proposition65thesafedrinkingwaterandtoxicenforcementact-1986\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'oehha-proposition65thesafedrinkingwaterandtoxicenforcementact-1986', 'http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html', event);\">\n    Proposition 65: The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  OEHHA\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   1986.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('oehha-proposition65thesafedrinkingwaterandtoxicenforcementact-1986', 'http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Proposition 65: The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/oehha-proposition65thesafedrinkingwaterandtoxicenforcementact-1986\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('oehha-proposition65thesafedrinkingwaterandtoxicenforcementact-1986')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{oehha_proposition_1986,\n\ttitle = {Proposition 65: {The} {Safe} {Drinking} {Water} and {Toxic} {Enforcement} {Act}},\n\turl = {http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html},\n\turldate = {2010-12-30},\n\tauthor = {{OEHHA}},\n\tyear = {1986},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ntp-toxicologyandcarcinogenesisstudiesofdecabromodiphenyloxidecasno1163195inf344nratsandb6c3f1micefeedstudiestr309-1986\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ntp-toxicologyandcarcinogenesisstudiesofdecabromodiphenyloxidecasno1163195inf344nratsandb6c3f1micefeedstudiestr309-1986', 'http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf', event);\">\n    Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide (CAS No. 1163-19-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). TR-309.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  NTP\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC,  1986.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ntp-toxicologyandcarcinogenesisstudiesofdecabromodiphenyloxidecasno1163195inf344nratsandb6c3f1micefeedstudiestr309-1986', 'http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide (CAS No. 1163-19-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). TR-309. [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ntp-toxicologyandcarcinogenesisstudiesofdecabromodiphenyloxidecasno1163195inf344nratsandb6c3f1micefeedstudiestr309-1986\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ntp-toxicologyandcarcinogenesisstudiesofdecabromodiphenyloxidecasno1163195inf344nratsandb6c3f1micefeedstudiestr309-1986')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{ntp_toxicology_1986,\n\taddress = {Research Triangle Park, NC},\n\ttitle = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide ({CAS} {No}. 1163-19-5) in {F344}/{N} rats and {B6C3F1} mice (feed studies). {TR}-309.},\n\turl = {http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr309.pdf},\n\tinstitution = {National Toxicology Program},\n\tauthor = {{NTP}},\n\tyear = {1986},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, tox},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015', event);\">\n    Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Buser, H. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 20(4): 404–408. April 1986.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{buser_polybrominated_1986,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es00146a015},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Buser, Hans Rudolf.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {1986},\n\tpages = {404--408},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015', event);\">\n    Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Buser, H. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, 20(4): 404–408. April 1986.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('buser-polybrominateddibenzofuransanddibenzopdioxinsthermalreactionproductsofpolybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardants-1986')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{buser_polybrominated_1986,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins: thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {0013-936X},\n\tshorttitle = {Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00146a015},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/es00146a015},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science \\&amp; Technology},\n\tauthor = {Buser, Hans Rudolf.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {1986},\n\tpages = {404--408},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-walton-asimplifiedcharacterizationofupholsteredfurnitureheatreleaserates-1986\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-walton-asimplifiedcharacterizationofupholsteredfurnitureheatreleaserates-1986', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615', event);\">\n    A simplified characterization of upholstered furniture heat release rates.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.;  and Walton, W. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Safety Journal</i>, 11(3): 181–192. December 1986.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-walton-asimplifiedcharacterizationofupholsteredfurnitureheatreleaserates-1986', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A simplified characterization of upholstered furniture heat release rates [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(86)90061-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-walton-asimplifiedcharacterizationofupholsteredfurnitureheatreleaserates-1986', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(86)90061-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-walton-asimplifiedcharacterizationofupholsteredfurnitureheatreleaserates-1986\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-walton-asimplifiedcharacterizationofupholsteredfurnitureheatreleaserates-1986')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babrauskas_simplified_1986,\n\ttitle = {A simplified characterization of upholstered furniture heat release rates},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {0379-7112},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0379711286900615},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0379-7112(86)90061-5},\n\tabstract = {The technology for measuring uphostered furniture heat release rates was established with the development of the furniture calorimeter. Analysis of a large number of tests in the furniture calorimeter has now demonstrated that for most specimens a good approximation to the rate of heat release as a function of time may take the form of a triangle. Methods of generating such curves, suitable for fire protection engineering hazard assessment purposes, have been developed.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2014-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Fire Safety Journal},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Walton, W. Douglas},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {1986},\n\tkeywords = {Upholstered furniture, chairs, fire engineering design, fire models, furniture calorimeter, rate of heat release, sofas},\n\tpages = {181--192},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The technology for measuring uphostered furniture heat release rates was established with the development of the furniture calorimeter. Analysis of a large number of tests in the furniture calorimeter has now demonstrated that for most specimens a good approximation to the rate of heat release as a function of time may take the form of a triangle. Methods of generating such curves, suitable for fire protection engineering hazard assessment purposes, have been developed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1985\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1985')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1985')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1985</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lee-standardroomfiretestdevelopmentatthenationalbureauofstandards-1985\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Standard room fire test development at the National Bureau of Standards.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lee, B T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Fire Safety: Science and Engineering (ASTM STP 882)</i>, pages 29–44. ASTM, Philadelphia,  1985.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lee-standardroomfiretestdevelopmentatthenationalbureauofstandards-1985\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lee-standardroomfiretestdevelopmentatthenationalbureauofstandards-1985')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{lee_standard_1985,\n\taddress = {Philadelphia},\n\ttitle = {Standard room fire test development at the {National} {Bureau} of {Standards}},\n\tbooktitle = {Fire {Safety}: {Science} and {Engineering} ({ASTM} {STP} 882)},\n\tpublisher = {ASTM},\n\tauthor = {Lee, B T},\n\tyear = {1985},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {29--44},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-krasny-firebehaviorofupholsteredfurniture-1985\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-krasny-firebehaviorofupholsteredfurniture-1985', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire Behavior of Upholstered Furniture.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.;  and Krasny, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Bureau of Standards, NBS Monograph 173,  1985.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-krasny-firebehaviorofupholsteredfurniture-1985', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire Behavior of Upholstered Furniture [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-krasny-firebehaviorofupholsteredfurniture-1985\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-krasny-firebehaviorofupholsteredfurniture-1985')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{babrauskas_fire_1985,\n\taddress = {NBS Monograph 173},\n\ttitle = {Fire {Behavior} of {Upholstered} {Furniture}},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Babrauskas Krasny 1985.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {National Bureau of Standards},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis and Krasny, John},\n\tyear = {1985},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1984\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1984')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1984')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1984</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"choi-taylor-combustibilityofinsulationincavitywalls-1984\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'choi-taylor-combustibilityofinsulationincavitywalls-1984', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf', event);\">\n    Combustibility of Insulation in Cavity Walls.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Choi, K K;  and Taylor, W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, 2(3): 179–188. January 1984.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('choi-taylor-combustibilityofinsulationincavitywalls-1984', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Combustibility of Insulation in Cavity Walls [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/choi-taylor-combustibilityofinsulationincavitywalls-1984\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('choi-taylor-combustibilityofinsulationincavitywalls-1984')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{choi_combustibility_1984,\n\ttitle = {Combustibility of {Insulation} in {Cavity} {Walls}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/179 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Journal of Fire Sciences-1984-Choi-179-88.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Increasing amounts of insulation are used in buildings to conserve energy. In buildings of noncombustible construction, insulation is usually placed in the wall cavity with or without an air space. The use of foamed plastic insulation has been restricted due to its combustibility characteristics when tested by methods adopted for regulatory purposes. A series of tests on foamed plastics and con ventional insulation materials show that these methods do not realistically assess the fire performance of foamed plastic insulation when used in cavity walls.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Choi, K K and Taylor, W},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1984},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {179--188},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Increasing amounts of insulation are used in buildings to conserve energy. In buildings of noncombustible construction, insulation is usually placed in the wall cavity with or without an air space. The use of foamed plastic insulation has been restricted due to its combustibility characteristics when tested by methods adopted for regulatory purposes. A series of tests on foamed plastics and con ventional insulation materials show that these methods do not realistically assess the fire performance of foamed plastic insulation when used in cavity walls.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/', event);\">\n    N-terminal modification of proteins?a review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dixon, H. B. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Protein Chemistry</i>, 3(1): 99–108. February 1984.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"N-terminal modification of proteins?a review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024840\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024840', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dixon_n-terminal_1984,\n\ttitle = {N-terminal modification of proteins?a review},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {0277-8033},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/BF01024840},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Protein Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Dixon, H. B. F.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1984},\n\tpages = {99--108},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/', event);\">\n    N-terminal modification of proteins?a review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dixon, H. B. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Protein Chemistry</i>, 3(1): 99–108. February 1984.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"N-terminal modification of proteins?a review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024840\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01024840', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dixon-nterminalmodificationofproteinsareview-1984')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dixon_n-terminal_1984,\n\ttitle = {N-terminal modification of proteins?a review},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {0277-8033},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j703n86431233w7k/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/BF01024840},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Protein Chemistry},\n\tauthor = {Dixon, H. B. F.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1984},\n\tpages = {99--108},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1983\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1983')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1983')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1983</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=1&amp;SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&amp;page=1&amp;doc=1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=1&amp;SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&amp;page=1&amp;doc=1', event);\">\n    UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE HEAT RELEASE RATES - MEASUREMENTS AND ESTIMATION.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES</i>, 1(1): 9–32.  1983.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=1&amp;SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&amp;page=1&amp;doc=1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983', 'http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=1&amp;SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&amp;page=1&amp;doc=1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE HEAT RELEASE RATES - MEASUREMENTS AND ESTIMATION [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{noauthor_upholstered_1983,\n\ttitle = {{UPHOLSTERED} {FURNITURE} {HEAT} {RELEASE} {RATES} - {MEASUREMENTS} {AND} {ESTIMATION}},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {0734-9041},\n\turl = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch&amp;qid=1&amp;SID=3Bee31kenB4GnL1fic3&amp;page=1&amp;doc=1},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES},\n\tyear = {1983},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {9--32},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"taylor-firespreadinconcealedfoamedplasticinsulation-1983\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'taylor-firespreadinconcealedfoamedplasticinsulation-1983', 'http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire spread in concealed foamed plastic insulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Taylor, W\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Technology</i>, 19: 192–203.  1983.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('taylor-firespreadinconcealedfoamedplasticinsulation-1983', 'http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire spread in concealed foamed plastic insulation [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/taylor-firespreadinconcealedfoamedplasticinsulation-1983\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('taylor-firespreadinconcealedfoamedplasticinsulation-1983')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{taylor_fire_1983,\n\ttitle = {Fire spread in concealed foamed plastic insulation},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/W7V04214521461Q1.pdf file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Taylor 1983.pdf},\n\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\n\tauthor = {Taylor, W},\n\tyear = {1983},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {192--203},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babruaskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babruaskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983', 'http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html', event);\">\n    Upholstered furniture heat release rates: Measurements and estimation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babruaskas, V\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, 1: 9–32.  1983.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babruaskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983', 'http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Upholstered furniture heat release rates: Measurements and estimation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babruaskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babruaskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babruaskas_upholstered_1983,\n\ttitle = {Upholstered furniture heat release rates: {Measurements} and estimation},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\turl = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire83/art013.html},\n\tabstract = {A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Babruaskas, V},\n\tyear = {1983},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, ffr},\n\tpages = {9--32},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"babrauskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'babrauskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9', event);\">\n    Upholstered Furniture Heat Release Rates: Measurements and Estimation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Babrauskas, V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire Sciences</i>, 1(1): 9–32. January 1983.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983', 'http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Upholstered Furniture Heat Release Rates: Measurements and Estimation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/073490418300100103\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('babrauskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/073490418300100103', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/babrauskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('babrauskas-upholsteredfurnitureheatreleaseratesmeasurementsandestimation-1983')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{babrauskas_upholstered_1983,\n\ttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Heat} {Release} {Rates}: {Measurements} and {Estimation}},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {0734-9041, 1530-8049},\n\tshorttitle = {Upholstered {Furniture} {Heat} {Release} {Rates}},\n\turl = {http://jfs.sagepub.com/content/1/1/9},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/073490418300100103},\n\tabstract = {A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features. A quantitative assessment is made of the effect of fabric types, padding types (cotton batting, ordinary polyurethane foam, and California-requirements foam), and frame types. The advantages of furniture calorimeter testing over normal room fire testing are discussed. Based on these measurements, a rule is presented for estimating the heat release rate based on design factors. Finally, implications for achieving both good flame resistance and good cigarette ignition resistance are discussed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Babrauskas, Vytenis},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1983},\n\tkeywords = {burning rate, chairs, flammability tests, furniture, heat release rate, plastics flammability, textile flammability, upholstered furniture.},\n\tpages = {9--32},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A new instrument, termed a furniture calorimeter, has been constructed and placed into operation for measuring furniture heat release rates based on oxygen consumption. Using the furniture calorimeter, burning rate information has been obtained on a series of 13 chairs, loveseats, and sofas, most of them specially built to permit direct comparisons of construction features. A quantitative assessment is made of the effect of fabric types, padding types (cotton batting, ordinary polyurethane foam, and California-requirements foam), and frame types. The advantages of furniture calorimeter testing over normal room fire testing are discussed. Based on these measurements, a rule is presented for estimating the heat release rate based on design factors. Finally, implications for achieving both good flame resistance and good cigarette ignition resistance are discussed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1981\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1981')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1981')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1981</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hudec-thean-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentoccurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hudec-thean-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentoccurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981', 'http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf', event);\">\n    Tris ( Dichloropropyl ) Phosphate , a Mutagenic Flame Retardant : Frequent Occurrence in Human Seminal Plasma.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hudec, T;  and Thean, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 211(4485): 951–952.  1981.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hudec-thean-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentoccurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981', 'http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tris ( Dichloropropyl ) Phosphate , a Mutagenic Flame Retardant : Frequent Occurrence in Human Seminal Plasma [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hudec-thean-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentoccurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hudec-thean-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentoccurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hudec_tris_1981,\n\ttitle = {Tris ( {Dichloropropyl} ) {Phosphate} , a {Mutagenic} {Flame} {Retardant} : {Frequent} {Occurrence} in {Human} {Seminal} {Plasma}},\n\tvolume = {211},\n\turl = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;q=intitle:Tris+(+Dichloropropyl+)+Phosphate+,+a+Mutagenic+Flame+Retardant+:+Frequent+Occurrence+in+Human+Seminal+Plasma#0 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/TDCPP sperm.pdf},\n\tnumber = {4485},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Hudec, T and Thean, J},\n\tyear = {1981},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {951--952},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hudec-thean-kuehl-dougherty-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentcocurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hudec-thean-kuehl-dougherty-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentcocurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract', event);\">\n    Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent cocurrence in human seminal plasma.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hudec, T; Thean, J; Kuehl, D;  and Dougherty, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 211(4485): 951–952. February 1981.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hudec-thean-kuehl-dougherty-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentcocurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent cocurrence in human seminal plasma. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466368\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hudec-thean-kuehl-dougherty-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentcocurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981', 'http://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466368', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hudec-thean-kuehl-dougherty-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentcocurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hudec-thean-kuehl-dougherty-trisdichloropropylphosphateamutagenicflameretardantfrequentcocurrenceinhumanseminalplasma-1981')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hudec_trisdichloropropylphosphate_1981,\n\ttitle = {Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent cocurrence in human seminal plasma.},\n\tvolume = {211},\n\tissn = {0036-8075},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/211/4485/951.abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.7466368},\n\tabstract = {Negative-chemical-ionization mass spectral screening of extracts of human seminal plasma has revealed a presence of a Cl7 ion cluster at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 463 in a significant number of the samples examined (34 out of 123). Experiments with different gases used to generate the negative-chemical-ionization plasma indicated that the ion at m/z 463 was a chloride adduca of a Cl6 molecule with a mass of 428 daltons. Negative-chemical-ionization mass measurement with ions from the iodoform mass spectrum used as reference peaks gave a mass of 427.882 daltons; C9H15PCl6 has a molecular weight of 427.883. Extraction of polyurethane foam with toluene produced an extract that consistently gave a negative-chemical-ionization spectrum containing an intense Cl7ion at m/z463. The component producing ion was isolated, and its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed that it was tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant. The negative-chemical-ionization screening evidence suggests that this flame retardant or its isomer tris(2,3-dichloro-l-propyl)phosphate, or both, are absorbved into the body from formulations in which they are used as flame retardants. Remedial action seems indicated to reduce human exposure to these compunds.},\n\tnumber = {4485},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Hudec, T and Thean, J and Kuehl, D and Dougherty, R.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1981},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {951--952},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Negative-chemical-ionization mass spectral screening of extracts of human seminal plasma has revealed a presence of a Cl7 ion cluster at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 463 in a significant number of the samples examined (34 out of 123). Experiments with different gases used to generate the negative-chemical-ionization plasma indicated that the ion at m/z 463 was a chloride adduca of a Cl6 molecule with a mass of 428 daltons. Negative-chemical-ionization mass measurement with ions from the iodoform mass spectrum used as reference peaks gave a mass of 427.882 daltons; C9H15PCl6 has a molecular weight of 427.883. Extraction of polyurethane foam with toluene produced an extract that consistently gave a negative-chemical-ionization spectrum containing an intense Cl7ion at m/z463. The component producing ion was isolated, and its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed that it was tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant. The negative-chemical-ionization screening evidence suggests that this flame retardant or its isomer tris(2,3-dichloro-l-propyl)phosphate, or both, are absorbved into the body from formulations in which they are used as flame retardants. Remedial action seems indicated to reduce human exposure to these compunds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dsouza-kasem-galbreath-performanceofprotectiveliningsforpolystyreneinsulationinacornerwalltest-1981\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dsouza-kasem-galbreath-performanceofprotectiveliningsforpolystyreneinsulationinacornerwalltest-1981', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/', event);\">\n    Performance of protective linings for polystyrene insulation in a corner wall test.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  D'Souza, M V; Kasem, M A;  and Galbreath, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Technology</i>, 17(2): 85–97. May 1981.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dsouza-kasem-galbreath-performanceofprotectiveliningsforpolystyreneinsulationinacornerwalltest-1981', 'http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Performance of protective linings for polystyrene insulation in a corner wall test [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479582\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dsouza-kasem-galbreath-performanceofprotectiveliningsforpolystyreneinsulationinacornerwalltest-1981', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479582', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dsouza-kasem-galbreath-performanceofprotectiveliningsforpolystyreneinsulationinacornerwalltest-1981\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dsouza-kasem-galbreath-performanceofprotectiveliningsforpolystyreneinsulationinacornerwalltest-1981')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dsouza_performance_1981,\n\ttitle = {Performance of protective linings for polystyrene insulation in a corner wall test},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/70011h2767r668tp/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/BF02479582},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\n\tauthor = {D&#x27;Souza, M V and Kasem, M A and Galbreath, M},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {1981},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {85--97},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1979\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1979')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1979')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1979</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"higginson-floormountinginthesteinertunnel-1979\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Floor Mounting in the Steiner Tunnel.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Higginson, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Underwriters Laboratories of Canada, Scarborough, Ontario,  1979.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/higginson-floormountinginthesteinertunnel-1979\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('higginson-floormountinginthesteinertunnel-1979')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{higginson_floor_1979,\n\taddress = {Scarborough, Ontario},\n\ttitle = {Floor {Mounting} in the {Steiner} {Tunnel}},\n\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories of Canada},\n\tauthor = {Higginson, P},\n\tyear = {1979},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251', event);\">\n    Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fishbein, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 11(2): 111–161. March 1979.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fishbein_potential_1979,\n\ttitle = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},\n\tabstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.\n\nThe major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Fishbein, Lawrence},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1979},\n\tpages = {111--161},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251', event);\">\n    Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fishbein, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 11(2): 111–161. March 1979.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fishbein_potential_1979,\n\ttitle = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},\n\tabstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.\n\nThe major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-09-26},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Fishbein, Lawrence},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1979},\n\tpages = {111--161},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251', event);\">\n    Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fishbein, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science of The Total Environment</i>, 11(2): 111–161. March 1979.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fishbein-potentialhalogenatedindustrialcarcinogenicandmutagenicchemicalsihalogenatedunsaturatedhydrocarbons-1979')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fishbein_potential_1979,\n\ttitle = {Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals {I}. {Halogenated} unsaturated hydrocarbons},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {0048-9697},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969779900251},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0048-9697(79)90025-1},\n\tabstract = {The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk.\n\nThe major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2014-08-25},\n\tjournal = {Science of The Total Environment},\n\tauthor = {Fishbein, Lawrence},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1979},\n\tpages = {111--161},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of use categories, production volume, environmental and toxicological considerations, and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major unsaturated hydrocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their synthesis, utility, stability, distribution and levels of exposure as well as their reactivity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and metabolism, include: vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroprene, trans-1,4-dichlorobutene, hexachlorobutadiene and allyl chloride.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1978\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1978')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1978')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1978</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576', event);\">\n    Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gold, M D; Blum, A;  and Ames, B N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 200(4343): 785–7. May 1978.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gold_another_1978,\n\ttitle = {Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.},\n\tvolume = {200},\n\tissn = {0036-8075},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/347576},\n\tabstract = {A flame retardant used in children&#x27;s sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.},\n\tnumber = {4343},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Gold, M D and Blum, A and Ames, B N},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {1978},\n\tpmid = {347576},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biotransformation, Chlorinated, Chlorinated: toxicity, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Liver, Liver: metabolism, Mice, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: toxicity, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, ffr, tox},\n\tpages = {785--7},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158revision-1978\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158revision-1978', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf', event);\">\n    Foamed Polystyrene for Construction (Data Sheet 1-58), revision.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  FM\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Factory Mutual, Norwood, MA,  1978.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158revision-1978', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Foamed Polystyrene for Construction (Data Sheet 1-58), revision [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158revision-1978\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158revision-1978')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{fm_foamed_1978,\n\taddress = {Norwood, MA},\n\ttitle = {Foamed {Polystyrene} for {Construction} ({Data} {Sheet} 1-58), revision},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/FM 1978.pdf},\n\tpublisher = {Factory Mutual},\n\tauthor = {{FM}},\n\tyear = {1978},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-gold-ames-jones-hett-dougherty-horning-dzidic-etal-childrenabsorbtrisbpflameretardantfromsleepwearurinecontainsthemutagenicmetabolite23dibromopropanol-1978\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blum-gold-ames-jones-hett-dougherty-horning-dzidic-etal-childrenabsorbtrisbpflameretardantfromsleepwearurinecontainsthemutagenicmetabolite23dibromopropanol-1978', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422', event);\">\n    Children absorb tris-BP flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A; Gold, M D; Ames, B N; Jones, F R; Hett, E A; Dougherty, R C; Horning, E C; Dzidic, I; Carroll, D I; Stillwell, R N;  and Thenot, J P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 201(4360): 1020–3. September 1978.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-gold-ames-jones-hett-dougherty-horning-dzidic-etal-childrenabsorbtrisbpflameretardantfromsleepwearurinecontainsthemutagenicmetabolite23dibromopropanol-1978', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Children absorb tris-BP flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-gold-ames-jones-hett-dougherty-horning-dzidic-etal-childrenabsorbtrisbpflameretardantfromsleepwearurinecontainsthemutagenicmetabolite23dibromopropanol-1978\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-gold-ames-jones-hett-dougherty-horning-dzidic-etal-childrenabsorbtrisbpflameretardantfromsleepwearurinecontainsthemutagenicmetabolite23dibromopropanol-1978')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blum_children_1978,\n\ttitle = {Children absorb tris-{BP} flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol.},\n\tvolume = {201},\n\tissn = {0036-8075},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/684422},\n\tabstract = {The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.},\n\tnumber = {4360},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Blum, A and Gold, M D and Ames, B N and Jones, F R and Hett, E A and Dougherty, R C and Horning, E C and Dzidic, I and Carroll, D I and Stillwell, R N and Thenot, J P},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {1978},\n\tpmid = {684422},\n\tkeywords = {1-Propanol, 1-Propanol: urine, Brominated, Brominated: metabolism, Child, Chromatography, Clothing, Female, Flame Retardants: metabolism, Flame retardants, Gas, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry: methods, Mutagens, Mutagens: urine, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: metabolism, Propanols, Skin Absorption, ffr, hum},\n\tpages = {1020--3},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785', event);\">\n    Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gold, M. D.; Blum, A.;  and Ames, B. N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 200(4343): 785–787. May 1978.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1126/science.347576\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978', 'http://doi.org/10.1126/science.347576', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gold-blum-ames-anotherflameretardanttris13dichloro2propylphosphateanditsexpectedmetabolitesaremutagens-1978')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gold_another_1978,\n\ttitle = {Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens},\n\tvolume = {200},\n\tissn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/200/4343/785},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.347576},\n\tabstract = {A flame retardant used in children&#x27;s sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4343},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Gold, M. D. and Blum, A. and Ames, B. N.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {1978},\n\tpmid = {347576},\n\tpages = {785--787},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1977\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1977')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1977')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1977</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cpsc-notitle-1977\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cpsc-notitle-1977', 'http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html', event);\">\n    No Title.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CPSC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   1977.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cpsc-notitle-1977', 'http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"No Title [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cpsc-notitle-1977\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cpsc-notitle-1977')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cpsc_no_1977,\n\ttitle = {No {Title}},\n\turl = {http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml77/77030.html},\n\tauthor = {{CPSC}},\n\tyear = {1977},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, ffr, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254', event);\">\n    Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A;  and Ames, B N\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 195(4273): 17–23. January 1977.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blum_flame-retardant_1977,\n\ttitle = {Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards.},\n\tvolume = {195},\n\tissn = {0036-8075},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/831254},\n\tnumber = {4273},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Blum, A and Ames, B N},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1977},\n\tpmid = {831254},\n\tkeywords = {Biological Assay, Brominated, Brominated: adverse effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flame retardants, Hydrocarbons, Legislation as Topic, Mutagens, Organophosphorus Compounds, Organophosphorus Compounds: adverse effects, Protective Clothing, Protective Clothing: standards, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, United States, ffr, hum, tox},\n\tpages = {17--23},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17', event);\">\n    Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Blum, A.;  and Ames, B. N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science</i>, 195(4273): 17–23. January 1977.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977', 'http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1126/science.831254\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977', 'http://doi.org/10.1126/science.831254', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('blum-ames-flameretardantadditivesaspossiblecancerhazards-1977')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{blum_flame-retardant_1977,\n\ttitle = {Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards},\n\tvolume = {195},\n\tissn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/195/4273/17},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.831254},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4273},\n\turldate = {2014-10-02},\n\tjournal = {Science},\n\tauthor = {Blum, A. and Ames, B. N.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1977},\n\tpmid = {831254},\n\tpages = {17--23},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1976\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1976')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1976')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1976</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icbo-1976uniformbuildingcode-1976\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  1976 Uniform Building Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICBO\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA,  1976.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icbo-1976uniformbuildingcode-1976\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icbo-1976uniformbuildingcode-1976')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icbo_1976_1976,\n\taddress = {Whittier, CA},\n\ttitle = {1976 {Uniform} {Building} {Code}},\n\tpublisher = {International Conference of Building Officials},\n\tauthor = {{ICBO}},\n\tyear = {1976},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sundstrm-hutzinger-safe-identificationof224455hexabromobiphenylasthemajorcomponentofflameretardantfiremasterbp6-1976\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sundstrm-hutzinger-safe-identificationof224455hexabromobiphenylasthemajorcomponentofflameretardantfiremasterbp6-1976', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497', event);\">\n    Identification of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl as the major component of flame retardant fireMaster ®BP-6.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sundström, G.; Hutzinger, O.;  and Safe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 5(1): 11–14.  1976.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sundstrm-hutzinger-safe-identificationof224455hexabromobiphenylasthemajorcomponentofflameretardantfiremasterbp6-1976', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identification of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl as the major component of flame retardant fireMaster ®BP-6 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(76)90049-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sundstrm-hutzinger-safe-identificationof224455hexabromobiphenylasthemajorcomponentofflameretardantfiremasterbp6-1976', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(76)90049-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sundstrm-hutzinger-safe-identificationof224455hexabromobiphenylasthemajorcomponentofflameretardantfiremasterbp6-1976\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sundstrm-hutzinger-safe-identificationof224455hexabromobiphenylasthemajorcomponentofflameretardantfiremasterbp6-1976')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sundstrom_identification_1976,\n\ttitle = {Identification of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl as the major component of flame retardant {fireMaster} ®{BP}-6},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0045653576900497},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/0045-6535(76)90049-7},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Sundström, G. and Hutzinger, O. and Safe, S.},\n\tyear = {1976},\n\tpages = {11--14},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1975\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1975')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1975')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1975</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rose-firetestingofrigidcellularplasticsir422-1975\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Fire testing of rigid cellular plastics (IR-422).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rose, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,  1975.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rose-firetestingofrigidcellularplasticsir422-1975\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rose-firetestingofrigidcellularplasticsir422-1975')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{rose_fire_1975,\n\taddress = {Ottawa},\n\ttitle = {Fire testing of rigid cellular plastics ({IR}-422)},\n\tpublisher = {National Research Council of Canada},\n\tauthor = {Rose, A},\n\tyear = {1975},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"castino-beyreis-metes-flammabilitystudiesofcellularplasticsandotherbuildingmaterialsusedforinteriorfinishessubject723-1975\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Flammability studies of cellular plastics and other building materials used for interior finishes, subject 723.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Castino, T G; Beyreis, J R;  and Metes, W S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL,  1975.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/castino-beyreis-metes-flammabilitystudiesofcellularplasticsandotherbuildingmaterialsusedforinteriorfinishessubject723-1975\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('castino-beyreis-metes-flammabilitystudiesofcellularplasticsandotherbuildingmaterialsusedforinteriorfinishessubject723-1975')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{castino_flammability_1975,\n\taddress = {Northbrook, IL},\n\ttitle = {Flammability studies of cellular plastics and other building materials used for interior finishes, subject 723},\n\tpublisher = {Underwriters Laboratories},\n\tauthor = {Castino, T G and Beyreis, J R and Metes, W S},\n\tyear = {1975},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1974\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1974')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1974')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1974</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158-1974\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Foamed Polystyrene for Construction (Data Sheet 1-58).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  FM\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Factory Mutual, Norwood, MA,  1974.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158-1974\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fm-foamedpolystyreneforconstructiondatasheet158-1974')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{fm_foamed_1974,\n\taddress = {Norwood, MA},\n\ttitle = {Foamed {Polystyrene} for {Construction} ({Data} {Sheet} 1-58)},\n\tpublisher = {Factory Mutual},\n\tauthor = {{FM}},\n\tyear = {1974},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1973\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1973')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1973')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1973</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"williamson-baron-acornerfiretesttosimulateresidentialfires-1973\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A corner fire test to simulate residential fires.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Williamson, R B;  and Baron, F M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Fire and Flammability</i>, 4: 99–105.  1973.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/williamson-baron-acornerfiretesttosimulateresidentialfires-1973\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('williamson-baron-acornerfiretesttosimulateresidentialfires-1973')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{williamson_corner_1973,\n\ttitle = {A corner fire test to simulate residential fires},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Fire and Flammability},\n\tauthor = {Williamson, R B and Baron, F M},\n\tyear = {1973},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {99--105},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1972\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1972')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1972')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1972</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"castellano-plasmadisplaypanels-1972\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Plasma display panels.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Castellano, J\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Handbook of display technology</i>. Academic Press, San Diego,  1972.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/castellano-plasmadisplaypanels-1972\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('castellano-plasmadisplaypanels-1972')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{castellano_plasma_1972,\n\taddress = {San Diego},\n\ttitle = {Plasma display panels},\n\tbooktitle = {Handbook of display technology},\n\tpublisher = {Academic Press},\n\tauthor = {Castellano, J},\n\tyear = {1972},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, frelec, use},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4', event);\">\n    Part B: Enzyme Structure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dixon, H. B.;  and Fields, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 25 of Methods in EnzymologyElsevier,  1972.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Part B: Enzyme Structure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{dixon_part_1972,\n\tseries = {Methods in {Enzymology}},\n\ttitle = {Part {B}: {Enzyme} {Structure}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tisbn = {978-0-12-181888-3},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Dixon, Henry B.F. and Fields, Robert},\n\tyear = {1972},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4', event);\">\n    Part B: Enzyme Structure.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dixon, H. B.;  and Fields, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Volume 25 of Methods in EnzymologyElsevier,  1972.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Part B: Enzyme Structure [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dixon-fields-partbenzymestructure-1972')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{dixon_part_1972,\n\tseries = {Methods in {Enzymology}},\n\ttitle = {Part {B}: {Enzyme} {Structure}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tisbn = {978-0-12-181888-3},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25036-4},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Dixon, Henry B.F. and Fields, Robert},\n\tyear = {1972},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1971\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1971')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1971')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1971</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rose-flammabilityofliningandinsulatingmaterialscanadianbuildingdigestdbd141-1971\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Flammability of Lining and Insulating Materials (Canadian Building Digest DBD-141).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rose, A\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,  1971.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rose-flammabilityofliningandinsulatingmaterialscanadianbuildingdigestdbd141-1971\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rose-flammabilityofliningandinsulatingmaterialscanadianbuildingdigestdbd141-1971')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{rose_flammability_1971,\n\taddress = {Ottawa},\n\ttitle = {Flammability of {Lining} and {Insulating} {Materials} ({Canadian} {Building} {Digest} {DBD}-141)},\n\tpublisher = {National Research Council of Canada},\n\tauthor = {Rose, A},\n\tyear = {1971},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1970\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1970')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1970')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1970</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"christian-waterman-firebehaviorofinteriorfinishmaterials-1970\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'christian-waterman-firebehaviorofinteriorfinishmaterials-1970', 'http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf', event);\">\n    Fire behavior of interior finish materials.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Christian, W J;  and Waterman, T E\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Fire Technology</i>, 6(3): 165–178. August 1970.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('christian-waterman-firebehaviorofinteriorfinishmaterials-1970', 'http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire behavior of interior finish materials [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02588916\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('christian-waterman-firebehaviorofinteriorfinishmaterials-1970', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02588916', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/christian-waterman-firebehaviorofinteriorfinishmaterials-1970\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('christian-waterman-firebehaviorofinteriorfinishmaterials-1970')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{christian_fire_1970,\n\ttitle = {Fire behavior of interior finish materials},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/BF02588916 file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/Christian Waterman.pdf},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/BF02588916},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Fire Technology},\n\tauthor = {Christian, W J and Waterman, T E},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {1970},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {165--178},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1961\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1961')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1961')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1961</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"icbo-1961uniformbuildingcode-1961\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  1961 Uniform Building Code.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ICBO\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA,  1961.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/icbo-1961uniformbuildingcode-1961\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('icbo-1961uniformbuildingcode-1961')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{icbo_1961_1961,\n\taddress = {Whittier, CA},\n\ttitle = {1961 {Uniform} {Building} {Code}.},\n\tpublisher = {International Conference of Building Officials},\n\tauthor = {{ICBO}},\n\tyear = {1961},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1939\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1939')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1939')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1939</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521', event);\">\n    THE ACTION OF PERIODIC ACID ON ${\\}alpha$-AMINO ALCOHOLS.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nicolet, B. H.;  and Shinn, L. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 61(6): 1615.  1939.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"THE ACTION OF PERIODIC ACID ON ${\\}alpha$-AMINO ALCOHOLS [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nicolet_action_1939,\n\ttitle = {{THE} {ACTION} {OF} {PERIODIC} {ACID} {ON} \\${\\textbackslash}alpha\\$-{AMINO} {ALCOHOLS}},\n\tvolume = {61},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja01875a521},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Nicolet, Ben H. and Shinn, Leo A.},\n\tyear = {1939},\n\tpages = {1615},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521', event);\">\n    THE ACTION OF PERIODIC ACID ON ${\\}alpha$-AMINO ALCOHOLS.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nicolet, B. H.;  and Shinn, L. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>, 61(6): 1615.  1939.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"THE ACTION OF PERIODIC ACID ON ${\\}alpha$-AMINO ALCOHOLS [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nicolet-shinn-theactionofperiodicacidonalphaaminoalcohols-1939')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nicolet_action_1939,\n\ttitle = {{THE} {ACTION} {OF} {PERIODIC} {ACID} {ON} \\${\\textbackslash}alpha\\$-{AMINO} {ALCOHOLS}},\n\tvolume = {61},\n\tissn = {0002-7863},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a521},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja01875a521},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},\n\tauthor = {Nicolet, Ben H. and Shinn, Leo A.},\n\tyear = {1939},\n\tpages = {1615},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1821\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1821')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1821')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1821</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gaylussac-notitle-1821\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  No Title.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gay-Lussac, J. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Annales de chimie et de physique</i>, 18(211).  1821.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gaylussac-notitle-1821\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gaylussac-notitle-1821')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gay-lussac_no_1821,\n\ttitle = {No {Title}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tnumber = {211},\n\tjournal = {Annales de chimie et de physique},\n\tauthor = {Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis},\n\tyear = {1821},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_undefined\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_undefined')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_undefined')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>undefined</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (57)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"navy-memorandumfordeputychiefofnavaloperationsaqueousfilmformingfoamafffcontrolremovalanddisposal\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Memorandum for Deputy Chief of Naval Operations - Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Control, Removal, and Disposal.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Navy\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/navy-memorandumfordeputychiefofnavaloperationsaqueousfilmformingfoamafffcontrolremovalanddisposal\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('navy-memorandumfordeputychiefofnavaloperationsaqueousfilmformingfoamafffcontrolremovalanddisposal')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{navy_memorandum_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Memorandum for {Deputy} {Chief} of {Naval} {Operations} - {Aqueous} {Film} {Forming} {Foam} ({AFFF}) {Control}, {Removal}, and {Disposal}},\n\tauthor = {{Navy}},\n\tkeywords = {PFAS},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  .\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  .  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>9 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\"></pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-listingofpopsinthestockholmconvention\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-listingofpopsinthestockholmconvention', 'http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx', event);\">\n    Listing of POPs in the Stockholm Convention.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-listingofpopsinthestockholmconvention', 'http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Listing of POPs in the Stockholm Convention [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-listingofpopsinthestockholmconvention\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-listingofpopsinthestockholmconvention')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{noauthor_listing_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Listing of {POPs} in the {Stockholm} {Convention}},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx},\n\turldate = {2013-11-01},\n\tkeywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-regionalvariationinlevelsofindoorpolybrominateddiphenylethersmayreflectdifferencesinfiresafetyregulations\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-regionalvariationinlevelsofindoorpolybrominateddiphenylethersmayreflectdifferencesinfiresafetyregulations', 'http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers', event);\">\n    Regional variation in levels of indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers may reflect differences in fire safety regulations...\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-regionalvariationinlevelsofindoorpolybrominateddiphenylethersmayreflectdifferencesinfiresafetyregulations', 'http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Regional variation in levels of indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers may reflect differences in fire safety regulations... [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-regionalvariationinlevelsofindoorpolybrominateddiphenylethersmayreflectdifferencesinfiresafetyregulations\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-regionalvariationinlevelsofindoorpolybrominateddiphenylethersmayreflectdifferencesinfiresafetyregulations')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{noauthor_regional_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Regional variation in levels of indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers may reflect differences in fire safety regulations...},\n\turl = {http://www.silentspring.org/our-publications/conference_abstract/regional-variation-levels-indoor-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers},\n\turldate = {2013-11-01},\n\tkeywords = {AR, DE Camann, Flame retardants, JG Brody, RA Morello-Frosch, RA Rudel, Zota},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-148125sindikuppolybrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinewastepolymersinnigeriabddfpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-148125sindikuppolybrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinewastepolymersinnigeriabddfpdf', 'http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf', event);\">\n    148125_Sindiku_PPOLYBROMINATED DIOXINS AND FURANS (PBDD/Fs) IN E-WASTE POLYMERS IN NIGERIA BDDF.pdf.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-148125sindikuppolybrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinewastepolymersinnigeriabddfpdf', 'http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"148125_Sindiku_PPOLYBROMINATED DIOXINS AND FURANS (PBDD/Fs) IN E-WASTE POLYMERS IN NIGERIA BDDF.pdf [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-148125sindikuppolybrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinewastepolymersinnigeriabddfpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-148125sindikuppolybrominateddioxinsandfuranspbddfsinewastepolymersinnigeriabddfpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{noauthor_148125_sindiku_ppolybrominated_nodate,\n\ttitle = {148125\\_Sindiku\\_PPOLYBROMINATED {DIOXINS} {AND} {FURANS} ({PBDD}/{Fs}) {IN} {E}-{WASTE} {POLYMERS} {IN} {NIGERIA} {BDDF}.pdf},\n\turl = {http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013//Abio/148125_Sindiku_PBDDF.pdf},\n\turldate = {2013-11-01},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-firesafecigarettesorg\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://firesafecigarettes.org\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-firesafecigarettesorg', 'http://firesafecigarettes.org', event);\">\n    firesafecigarettes.org.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://firesafecigarettes.org\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-firesafecigarettesorg', 'http://firesafecigarettes.org', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"firesafecigarettes.org [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-firesafecigarettesorg\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-firesafecigarettesorg')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{noauthor_firesafecigarettes.org_nodate,\n\ttitle = {firesafecigarettes.org},\n\turl = {http://firesafecigarettes.org},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"whitehead-metayer-buffler-rappaport-estimatingexposurestoindoorcontaminantsusingresidentialdust\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'whitehead-metayer-buffler-rappaport-estimatingexposurestoindoorcontaminantsusingresidentialdust', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188', event);\">\n    Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Whitehead, T.; Metayer, C.; Buffler, P.;  and Rappaport, S. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</i>, 21(6): 549–64.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('whitehead-metayer-buffler-rappaport-estimatingexposurestoindoorcontaminantsusingresidentialdust', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2011.11\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('whitehead-metayer-buffler-rappaport-estimatingexposurestoindoorcontaminantsusingresidentialdust', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2011.11', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/whitehead-metayer-buffler-rappaport-estimatingexposurestoindoorcontaminantsusingresidentialdust\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('whitehead-metayer-buffler-rappaport-estimatingexposurestoindoorcontaminantsusingresidentialdust')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{whitehead_estimating_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust.},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1559-064X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522188},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2011.11},\n\tabstract = {Residential dust has been used as a medium for assessing human exposures to a constellation of indoor contaminants including radionuclides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, allergens, and tobacco smoke. Here, we review and comment on investigations of household dust levels of particular analytes of health significance, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In doing so, we not only describe methods for collecting and analyzing residential dust, but also describe global patterns in dust levels. Aside from geographic location, we discuss several potential determinants for dust levels of these contaminants. We also review previous estimates of the contribution of dust to overall intake of these three chemical classes and show how residential-dust measurements could be useful in either augmenting or replacing questionnaire-based assessment of human exposures in epidemiological studies. We conclude our review with a discussion of the current gaps in knowledge of worldwide dust levels and suggestions for how residential-dust measurements could be used to describe human exposures to chemicals in developing countries.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\&amp; environmental epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Whitehead, Todd and Metayer, Catherine and Buffler, Patricia and Rappaport, Stephen M},\n\tpmid = {21522188},\n\tkeywords = {Air Pollution, Developing Countries, Dust, Dust: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame Retardants: classification, Flame retardants, Housing, Humans, Indoor, Indoor: analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods},\n\tpages = {549--64},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Residential dust has been used as a medium for assessing human exposures to a constellation of indoor contaminants including radionuclides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, allergens, and tobacco smoke. Here, we review and comment on investigations of household dust levels of particular analytes of health significance, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In doing so, we not only describe methods for collecting and analyzing residential dust, but also describe global patterns in dust levels. Aside from geographic location, we discuss several potential determinants for dust levels of these contaminants. We also review previous estimates of the contribution of dust to overall intake of these three chemical classes and show how residential-dust measurements could be useful in either augmenting or replacing questionnaire-based assessment of human exposures in epidemiological studies. We conclude our review with a discussion of the current gaps in knowledge of worldwide dust levels and suggestions for how residential-dust measurements could be used to describe human exposures to chemicals in developing countries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vanleeuwen-feeley-schrenk-larsen-farland-younes-dioxinswhostolerabledailyintaketdirevisited\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vanleeuwen-feeley-schrenk-larsen-farland-younes-dioxinswhostolerabledailyintaketdirevisited', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051', event);\">\n    Dioxins: WHO's tolerable daily intake (TDI) revisited.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  van Leeuwen, F X; Feeley, M; Schrenk, D; Larsen, J C; Farland, W;  and Younes, M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 40(9-11): 1095–101.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vanleeuwen-feeley-schrenk-larsen-farland-younes-dioxinswhostolerabledailyintaketdirevisited', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Dioxins: WHO&#x27;s tolerable daily intake (TDI) revisited. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vanleeuwen-feeley-schrenk-larsen-farland-younes-dioxinswhostolerabledailyintaketdirevisited\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vanleeuwen-feeley-schrenk-larsen-farland-younes-dioxinswhostolerabledailyintaketdirevisited')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{van_leeuwen_dioxins:_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Dioxins: {WHO}&#x27;s tolerable daily intake ({TDI}) revisited.},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10739051},\n\tabstract = {In December 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 10 pg/kg b.w. (body weight) for TCDD, based on liver toxicity, reproductive effects and immunotoxicity in experimental animals, and making use of kinetic data in humans and experimental animals. Since then new epidemiological and toxicological data have emerged, in particular with respect to neurodevelopmental and endocrine effects of dioxin. Therefore, the European Centre for Environment and Health of the World Health Organization (WHO-ECEH) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) jointly organized a consultation on the &quot;Assessment of the health risk of dioxins: re-evaluation of the TDI&quot;, May 1998, Geneva, Switzerland. The participants discussed the health risks for infants, cancer and non-cancer endpoints in humans and animals, mechanistic aspects, kinetic behaviour, modelling, exposure, and the applicability of the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concept. For the health risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds, the WHO Consultation focused on the most sensitive effects that are considered adverse (hormonal, reproductive and developmental effects) seen at low doses in animal studies (rats and monkeys). Human daily intakes corresponding with body burdens similar to those associated with adverse effects in animals could be estimated to be in the range of 14-37 pg/kg b.w./day. To arrive at a TDI expressed as TEQ, a composite uncertainty factor of 10 was recommended. By applying this uncertainty factor a TDI range of 1-4 pg TEQs/kg body weight was established. An extensive executive summary of the results of this WHO Consultation with all the underlying background documents will be published in Food Additives and Contaminants (in press).},\n\tnumber = {9-11},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {van Leeuwen, F X and Feeley, M and Schrenk, D and Larsen, J C and Farland, W and Younes, M},\n\tpmid = {10739051},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Dioxins, Dioxins: administration \\&amp; dosage, Dioxins: pharmacokinetics, Dioxins: toxicity, Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: administration \\&amp; dosage, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Humans, Immunity, Immunity: drug effects, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Neoplasms, Neoplasms: chemically induced, Reproduction, Reproduction: drug effects, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: administration \\&amp; dosage, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: pharmacokinetics, Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: toxicity, World Health Organization},\n\tpages = {1095--101},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In December 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 10 pg/kg b.w. (body weight) for TCDD, based on liver toxicity, reproductive effects and immunotoxicity in experimental animals, and making use of kinetic data in humans and experimental animals. Since then new epidemiological and toxicological data have emerged, in particular with respect to neurodevelopmental and endocrine effects of dioxin. Therefore, the European Centre for Environment and Health of the World Health Organization (WHO-ECEH) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) jointly organized a consultation on the \"Assessment of the health risk of dioxins: re-evaluation of the TDI\", May 1998, Geneva, Switzerland. The participants discussed the health risks for infants, cancer and non-cancer endpoints in humans and animals, mechanistic aspects, kinetic behaviour, modelling, exposure, and the applicability of the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concept. For the health risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds, the WHO Consultation focused on the most sensitive effects that are considered adverse (hormonal, reproductive and developmental effects) seen at low doses in animal studies (rats and monkeys). Human daily intakes corresponding with body burdens similar to those associated with adverse effects in animals could be estimated to be in the range of 14-37 pg/kg b.w./day. To arrive at a TDI expressed as TEQ, a composite uncertainty factor of 10 was recommended. By applying this uncertainty factor a TDI range of 1-4 pg TEQs/kg body weight was established. An extensive executive summary of the results of this WHO Consultation with all the underlying background documents will be published in Food Additives and Contaminants (in press).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-hungerbhler-pbdeexposurefromfoodinirelandoptimisingdataexploitationinprobabilisticexposuremodelling\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-hungerbhler-pbdeexposurefromfoodinirelandoptimisingdataexploitationinprobabilisticexposuremodelling', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651', event);\">\n    PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Trudel, D.; Tlustos, C.; Von Goetz, N.; Scheringer, M.;  and Hungerbühler, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</i>, 21(6): 565–75.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-hungerbhler-pbdeexposurefromfoodinirelandoptimisingdataexploitationinprobabilisticexposuremodelling', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.41\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-hungerbhler-pbdeexposurefromfoodinirelandoptimisingdataexploitationinprobabilisticexposuremodelling', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.41', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-hungerbhler-pbdeexposurefromfoodinirelandoptimisingdataexploitationinprobabilisticexposuremodelling\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('trudel-tlustos-vongoetz-scheringer-hungerbhler-pbdeexposurefromfoodinirelandoptimisingdataexploitationinprobabilisticexposuremodelling')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{trudel_pbde_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{PBDE} exposure from food in {Ireland}: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling.},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1559-064X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664651},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/jes.2010.41},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants added to plastics, polyurethane foam, electronics, textiles, and other products. These products release PBDEs into the indoor and outdoor environment, thus causing human exposure through food and dust. This study models PBDE dose distributions from ingestion of food for Irish adults on congener basis by using two probabilistic and one semi-deterministic method. One of the probabilistic methods was newly developed and is based on summary statistics of food consumption combined with a model generating realistic daily energy supply from food. Median (intermediate) doses of total PBDEs are in the range of 0.4-0.6 ng/kg(bw)/day for Irish adults. The 97.5th percentiles of total PBDE doses lie in a range of 1.7-2.2 ng/kg(bw)/day, which is comparable to doses derived for Belgian and Dutch adults. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified as the congeners contributing most to estimated intakes, accounting for more than half of the total doses. The most influential food groups contributing to this intake are lean fish and salmon which together account for about 22-25\\% of the total doses.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Journal of exposure science \\&amp; environmental epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Trudel, David and Tlustos, Christina and Von Goetz, Natalie and Scheringer, Martin and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\n\tpmid = {20664651},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Biological, Body Burden, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \\&amp; numerical dat, Female, Flame Retardants: analysis, Flame retardants, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Ireland, Male, Models, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Risk Assessment: statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Statistical, Time Factors},\n\tpages = {565--75},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants added to plastics, polyurethane foam, electronics, textiles, and other products. These products release PBDEs into the indoor and outdoor environment, thus causing human exposure through food and dust. This study models PBDE dose distributions from ingestion of food for Irish adults on congener basis by using two probabilistic and one semi-deterministic method. One of the probabilistic methods was newly developed and is based on summary statistics of food consumption combined with a model generating realistic daily energy supply from food. Median (intermediate) doses of total PBDEs are in the range of 0.4-0.6 ng/kg(bw)/day for Irish adults. The 97.5th percentiles of total PBDE doses lie in a range of 1.7-2.2 ng/kg(bw)/day, which is comparable to doses derived for Belgian and Dutch adults. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified as the congeners contributing most to estimated intakes, accounting for more than half of the total doses. The most influential food groups contributing to this intake are lean fish and salmon which together account for about 22-25% of the total doses.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ta-koenig-golub-pessah-qi-aronov-berman-bioaccumulationandbehavioraleffectsof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47inperinatallyexposedmice\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ta-koenig-golub-pessah-qi-aronov-berman-bioaccumulationandbehavioraleffectsof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47inperinatallyexposedmice', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event);\">\n    Bioaccumulation and behavioral effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in perinatally exposed mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ta, T. A.; Koenig, C. M; Golub, M. S; Pessah, I. N; Qi, L.; Aronov, P. A;  and Berman, R. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology and teratology</i>, 33(3): 393–404.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ta-koenig-golub-pessah-qi-aronov-berman-bioaccumulationandbehavioraleffectsof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47inperinatallyexposedmice', 'http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bioaccumulation and behavioral effects of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in perinatally exposed mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ta-koenig-golub-pessah-qi-aronov-berman-bioaccumulationandbehavioraleffectsof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47inperinatallyexposedmice', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ta-koenig-golub-pessah-qi-aronov-berman-bioaccumulationandbehavioraleffectsof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47inperinatallyexposedmice\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ta-koenig-golub-pessah-qi-aronov-berman-bioaccumulationandbehavioraleffectsof2244tetrabromodiphenyletherbde47inperinatallyexposedmice')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ta_bioaccumulation_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Bioaccumulation and behavioral effects of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether ({BDE}-47) in perinatally exposed mice.},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {1872-9738},\n\turl = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3543834&amp;tool=pmcentrez&amp;rendertype=abstract},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.003},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that have become pervasive environmental contaminants and may contribute to adverse health outcomes. We evaluated in mice the developmental neurotoxicity of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant PBDE congeners detected in animal and human tissues. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to daily doses of 0, 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg beginning 4 weeks prior to conception, continuing through gestation and lactation, and ending at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21. Levels of BDE-47 in blood, brain, liver and adipose tissues of dams were markedly increased after 4 weeks of exposure, around the time of mating, and continued to increase through the time of parturition. Blood levels of BDE-47 in the dosed dams were within the range reported in humans. BDE-47 tissue levels in the dams decreased between parturition and weaning, possibly reflecting mobilization during lactation. Brain BDE-47 levels in the offspring at PND 1 approached those of the dams at parturition. Perinatal exposure to BDE-47 resulted in significant dose dependent growth retardation, slower motor performance in several behavioral tests, and mice exposed to 1mg/kg/day BDE-47 showed altered performance in the Morris water maze. There were no differences between groups in the numbers of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1. These results document accumulation of BDE-47 in several organ systems following exposure to low-levels of BDE-47, and provide evidence that such exposure is associated with early behavioral deficits in exposed neonates.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\n\tauthor = {Ta, Tram Anh and Koenig, Claire M and Golub, Mari S and Pessah, Isaac N and Qi, Lihong and Aronov, Pavel A and Berman, Robert F},\n\tpmid = {21334437},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, CA1 Region, Cell Count, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gestational Age, Hippocampal, Hippocampal: drug effects, Hippocampal: embryology, Hippocampal: growth \\&amp; development, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal Exposure, Maternal Exposure: adverse effects, Maze Learning, Maze Learning: drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: pathology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: psychology, Pyramidal Cells, Pyramidal Cells: drug effects, Pyramidal Cells: metabolism, Pyramidal Cells: pathology, Tissue Distribution, Weaning},\n\tpages = {393--404},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that have become pervasive environmental contaminants and may contribute to adverse health outcomes. We evaluated in mice the developmental neurotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant PBDE congeners detected in animal and human tissues. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to daily doses of 0, 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg beginning 4 weeks prior to conception, continuing through gestation and lactation, and ending at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21. Levels of BDE-47 in blood, brain, liver and adipose tissues of dams were markedly increased after 4 weeks of exposure, around the time of mating, and continued to increase through the time of parturition. Blood levels of BDE-47 in the dosed dams were within the range reported in humans. BDE-47 tissue levels in the dams decreased between parturition and weaning, possibly reflecting mobilization during lactation. Brain BDE-47 levels in the offspring at PND 1 approached those of the dams at parturition. Perinatal exposure to BDE-47 resulted in significant dose dependent growth retardation, slower motor performance in several behavioral tests, and mice exposed to 1mg/kg/day BDE-47 showed altered performance in the Morris water maze. There were no differences between groups in the numbers of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1. These results document accumulation of BDE-47 in several organ systems following exposure to low-levels of BDE-47, and provide evidence that such exposure is associated with early behavioral deficits in exposed neonates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shaw-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersinmarineecosystemsoftheamericancontinentsforesightfromcurrentknowledge\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shaw-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersinmarineecosystemsoftheamericancontinentsforesightfromcurrentknowledge', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the American continents: foresight from current knowledge.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shaw, S. D;  and Kannan, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Reviews on environmental health</i>, 24(3): 157–229.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shaw-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersinmarineecosystemsoftheamericancontinentsforesightfromcurrentknowledge', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the American continents: foresight from current knowledge. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shaw-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersinmarineecosystemsoftheamericancontinentsforesightfromcurrentknowledge\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shaw-kannan-polybrominateddiphenylethersinmarineecosystemsoftheamericancontinentsforesightfromcurrentknowledge')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shaw_polybrominated_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the {American} continents: foresight from current knowledge.},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {0048-7554},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891120},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated organic compounds used in commercial and household products, such as textiles, furniture, and electronics, to increase their flame ignition resistance and to meet fire safety standards. The demonstrated persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential of these compounds in animals and in humans are of increasing concern. The oceans are considered global sinks for PBDEs, as higher levels are found in marine organisms than in terrestrial biota. For the past three decades, North America has dominated the world market demand for PBDEs, consuming 95\\% of the penta-BDE formulation. Accordingly, the PBDE concentrations in marine biota and people from North America are the highest in the world and are increasing. Despite recent restrictions on penta- and octa-BDE commercial formulations, penta-BDE containing products will remain a reservoir for PBDE release for years to come, and the deca-BDE formulation is still in high-volume use. In this paper, we review all available data on the occurrence and trends of PBDEs in the marine ecosystems (air, water, sediments, invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals) of North and South America. We outline here our concerns about the potential future impacts of large existing stores of banned PBDEs in consumer products, and the vast and growing reservoirs of deca-BDE as well as new and naturally occurring brominated compounds on marine ecosystems.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Reviews on environmental health},\n\tauthor = {Shaw, Susan D and Kannan, Kurunthachalam},\n\tpmid = {19891120},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Ecosystem, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: analysis, Humans, Marine Biology, North America, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Water Pollutants, ffr, mam, south america, waa},\n\tpages = {157--229},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated organic compounds used in commercial and household products, such as textiles, furniture, and electronics, to increase their flame ignition resistance and to meet fire safety standards. The demonstrated persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential of these compounds in animals and in humans are of increasing concern. The oceans are considered global sinks for PBDEs, as higher levels are found in marine organisms than in terrestrial biota. For the past three decades, North America has dominated the world market demand for PBDEs, consuming 95% of the penta-BDE formulation. Accordingly, the PBDE concentrations in marine biota and people from North America are the highest in the world and are increasing. Despite recent restrictions on penta- and octa-BDE commercial formulations, penta-BDE containing products will remain a reservoir for PBDE release for years to come, and the deca-BDE formulation is still in high-volume use. In this paper, we review all available data on the occurrence and trends of PBDEs in the marine ecosystems (air, water, sediments, invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals) of North and South America. We outline here our concerns about the potential future impacts of large existing stores of banned PBDEs in consumer products, and the vast and growing reservoirs of deca-BDE as well as new and naturally occurring brominated compounds on marine ecosystems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sakai-watanabe-honda-takatsuki-aoki-futamatsu-shiozaki-combustionofbrominatedflameretardantsandbehaviorofitsbyproducts\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sakai-watanabe-honda-takatsuki-aoki-futamatsu-shiozaki-combustionofbrominatedflameretardantsandbehaviorofitsbyproducts', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676', event);\">\n    Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sakai, S; Watanabe, J; Honda, Y; Takatsuki, H; Aoki, I; Futamatsu, M;  and Shiozaki, K\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 42(5-7): 519–31.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sakai-watanabe-honda-takatsuki-aoki-futamatsu-shiozaki-combustionofbrominatedflameretardantsandbehaviorofitsbyproducts', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sakai-watanabe-honda-takatsuki-aoki-futamatsu-shiozaki-combustionofbrominatedflameretardantsandbehaviorofitsbyproducts\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sakai-watanabe-honda-takatsuki-aoki-futamatsu-shiozaki-combustionofbrominatedflameretardantsandbehaviorofitsbyproducts')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sakai_combustion_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts.},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219676},\n\tabstract = {The substance flow rate of PBDDs/DFs into flue gas and incineration residues from incineration of three types of waste samples containing brominated flame retardants were examined. The samples used consisted of PBDEs (a typical retardant), used TV casing materials (actual waste materials), and waste printed circuit boards. PBDDs/DFs concentrations in the experimental samples of PBDEs/PE, waste TV casing materials and printed circuit boards ranged between 3000 and 130,000 ng/g. These values are very high when compared to other investigations. The increase of chlorine concentration in input sample reduced the ratio of PBDDs/DFs in flue gas and raised the ratio of PCDDs/DFs. With adequate combustion control and flue gas treatment, the amount of PBDDs/DFs released from the incineration of resin containing brominated flame retardants was lower than the input amount. The presence of PBDDs/DFs in incineration residues dominated the total amount of dioxins released. When PBDDs/DFs, PCDDs/DFs and PXDDs/DFs were considered as a total, the total amount released was lower than the total amount input.},\n\tnumber = {5-7},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Sakai, S and Watanabe, J and Honda, Y and Takatsuki, H and Aoki, I and Futamatsu, M and Shiozaki, K},\n\tpmid = {11219676},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, com, frelec},\n\tpages = {519--31},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The substance flow rate of PBDDs/DFs into flue gas and incineration residues from incineration of three types of waste samples containing brominated flame retardants were examined. The samples used consisted of PBDEs (a typical retardant), used TV casing materials (actual waste materials), and waste printed circuit boards. PBDDs/DFs concentrations in the experimental samples of PBDEs/PE, waste TV casing materials and printed circuit boards ranged between 3000 and 130,000 ng/g. These values are very high when compared to other investigations. The increase of chlorine concentration in input sample reduced the ratio of PBDDs/DFs in flue gas and raised the ratio of PCDDs/DFs. With adequate combustion control and flue gas treatment, the amount of PBDDs/DFs released from the incineration of resin containing brominated flame retardants was lower than the input amount. The presence of PBDDs/DFs in incineration residues dominated the total amount of dioxins released. When PBDDs/DFs, PCDDs/DFs and PXDDs/DFs were considered as a total, the total amount released was lower than the total amount input.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rice-reeve-herlihy-zoeller-thompson-markowski-developmentaldelaysandlocomotoractivityinthec57bl6jmousefollowingneonatalexposuretothefullybrominatedpbdedecabromodiphenylether\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rice-reeve-herlihy-zoeller-thompson-markowski-developmentaldelaysandlocomotoractivityinthec57bl6jmousefollowingneonatalexposuretothefullybrominatedpbdedecabromodiphenylether', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428', event);\">\n    Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rice, D. C; Reeve, E. A; Herlihy, A.; Zoeller, R T.; Thompson, W D.;  and Markowski, V. P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology and teratology</i>, 29(4): 511–20.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rice-reeve-herlihy-zoeller-thompson-markowski-developmentaldelaysandlocomotoractivityinthec57bl6jmousefollowingneonatalexposuretothefullybrominatedpbdedecabromodiphenylether', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rice-reeve-herlihy-zoeller-thompson-markowski-developmentaldelaysandlocomotoractivityinthec57bl6jmousefollowingneonatalexposuretothefullybrominatedpbdedecabromodiphenylether', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rice-reeve-herlihy-zoeller-thompson-markowski-developmentaldelaysandlocomotoractivityinthec57bl6jmousefollowingneonatalexposuretothefullybrominatedpbdedecabromodiphenylether\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rice-reeve-herlihy-zoeller-thompson-markowski-developmentaldelaysandlocomotoractivityinthec57bl6jmousefollowingneonatalexposuretothefullybrominatedpbdedecabromodiphenylether')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rice_developmental_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the {C57BL6}/{J} mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated {PBDE}, decabromodiphenyl ether.},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0892-0362},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482428},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061},\n\tabstract = {After several decades of commercial use, the flame retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites have become pervasive environmental contaminants with a global distribution. PBDEs have entered the food chain and increasing levels can be detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the most widely used of the PBDEs in the United States. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the health effects of decaBDE. The current study examined the effects of neonatal exposure to decaBDE in the inbred C57BL6/J mouse. Neonatal male and female mice were exposed to a daily oral dose of 0, 6, or 20 mg/kg decaBDE from postnatal day 2 to 15. Three groups of endpoints were examined: the ontogeny of sensorimotor responses and serum thyroxine levels in immature animals, and locomotor activity in adult animals. In immature animals, 20 mg/kg/day produced developmental delays in the acquisition of the palpebral reflex. At this age, exposed males also showed a dose-related reduction of serum thyroxine levels. As adults, decaBDE exposure altered the normal sex- and age-specific characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity. The most striking effect was an increase of activity during the first 1.5 h of the 2 h assessment in males exposed to 20 mg/kg/day decaBDE. These effects suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\n\tauthor = {Rice, Deborah C and Reeve, Elizabeth A and Herlihy, Aleece and Zoeller, R Thomas and Thompson, W Douglas and Markowski, Vincent P},\n\tpmid = {17482428},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Inbred C57BL, Male, Mice, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Newborn, Oral, Phenyl Ethers, Phenyl Ethers: administration \\&amp; dosage, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: administration \\&amp; dosage, Pregnancy, Psychomotor Disorders, Psychomotor Disorders: chemically induced, Sex Factors, Thyroxine, Thyroxine: blood, frelec, tox},\n\tpages = {511--20},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  After several decades of commercial use, the flame retardant chemicals polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites have become pervasive environmental contaminants with a global distribution. PBDEs have entered the food chain and increasing levels can be detected in the human body. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) is currently the most widely used of the PBDEs in the United States. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the health effects of decaBDE. The current study examined the effects of neonatal exposure to decaBDE in the inbred C57BL6/J mouse. Neonatal male and female mice were exposed to a daily oral dose of 0, 6, or 20 mg/kg decaBDE from postnatal day 2 to 15. Three groups of endpoints were examined: the ontogeny of sensorimotor responses and serum thyroxine levels in immature animals, and locomotor activity in adult animals. In immature animals, 20 mg/kg/day produced developmental delays in the acquisition of the palpebral reflex. At this age, exposed males also showed a dose-related reduction of serum thyroxine levels. As adults, decaBDE exposure altered the normal sex- and age-specific characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity. The most striking effect was an increase of activity during the first 1.5 h of the 2 h assessment in males exposed to 20 mg/kg/day decaBDE. These effects suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"poprc-chemicalsproposedforlistingundertheconvention\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'poprc-chemicalsproposedforlistingundertheconvention', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx', event);\">\n    Chemicals proposed for listing under the Convention.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  POPRC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('poprc-chemicalsproposedforlistingundertheconvention', 'http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Chemicals proposed for listing under the Convention [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/poprc-chemicalsproposedforlistingundertheconvention\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('poprc-chemicalsproposedforlistingundertheconvention')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{poprc_chemicals_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Chemicals proposed for listing under the {Convention}},\n\turl = {http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx},\n\tauthor = {{POPRC}},\n\tkeywords = {CHM, Clearing, Clearing-house, Convention, Flame retardants, House, POPs, Stockholm},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pellacani-buschini-galati-mussi-franzoni-costa-evaluationofdnadamageinducedby2polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsbde47andbde209insknmccells\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pellacani-buschini-galati-mussi-franzoni-costa-evaluationofdnadamageinducedby2polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsbde47andbde209insknmccells', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639', event);\">\n    Evaluation of DNA damage induced by 2 polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (BDE-47 and BDE-209) in SK-N-MC cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pellacani, C.; Buschini, A.; Galati, S.; Mussi, F.; Franzoni, S.;  and Costa, L. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International journal of toxicology</i>, 31(4): 372–9.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pellacani-buschini-galati-mussi-franzoni-costa-evaluationofdnadamageinducedby2polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsbde47andbde209insknmccells', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Evaluation of DNA damage induced by 2 polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (BDE-47 and BDE-209) in SK-N-MC cells. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1091581812449663\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pellacani-buschini-galati-mussi-franzoni-costa-evaluationofdnadamageinducedby2polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsbde47andbde209insknmccells', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1091581812449663', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pellacani-buschini-galati-mussi-franzoni-costa-evaluationofdnadamageinducedby2polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsbde47andbde209insknmccells\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pellacani-buschini-galati-mussi-franzoni-costa-evaluationofdnadamageinducedby2polybrominateddiphenyletherflameretardantsbde47andbde209insknmccells')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pellacani_evaluation_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Evaluation of {DNA} damage induced by 2 polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants ({BDE}-47 and {BDE}-209) in {SK}-{N}-{MC} cells.},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {1092-874X},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710639},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1091581812449663},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants whose levels have increased in the environment and in human tissues in the past decades. Exposure to PBDEs has been associated with developmental neurotoxicity, endocrine dysfunction, and reproductive disorders. In spite of their widespread distribution and potential adverse health effects, only few studies have addressed the potential neurotoxicity of PBDEs. In the present study, we evaluated the cyto- and genotoxicity of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-MC). The DNA damage was measured using the alkaline version of the Comet assay, while specific oxidative-generated DNA damage was evaluated by a modified version of the Comet assay with the repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG). The results show that BDE-47 and BDE-209 (5-20 μmol/L) are able to induce DNA damage in human SK-N-MC cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant melatonin significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by both congeners. The Comet assay carried out in the presence of FPG suggests that both congeners increase purine oxidation. In all cases, BDE-47 was more potent than BDE-209. The results indicate that 2 environmentally relevant PBDEs cause DNA damage which is primarily mediated by the induction of oxidative stress and may contribute to adverse health effects.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {International journal of toxicology},\n\tauthor = {Pellacani, Claudia and Buschini, Annamaria and Galati, Serena and Mussi, Francesca and Franzoni, Susanna and Costa, Lucio G},\n\tpmid = {22710639},\n\tkeywords = {Comet Assay, DNA Damage, DNA Damage: drug effects, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Humans, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma: chemically induced, Neuroblastoma: pathology, Oxidative Stress, Oxidative Stress: drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Tumor, cell line},\n\tpages = {372--9},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants whose levels have increased in the environment and in human tissues in the past decades. Exposure to PBDEs has been associated with developmental neurotoxicity, endocrine dysfunction, and reproductive disorders. In spite of their widespread distribution and potential adverse health effects, only few studies have addressed the potential neurotoxicity of PBDEs. In the present study, we evaluated the cyto- and genotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-MC). The DNA damage was measured using the alkaline version of the Comet assay, while specific oxidative-generated DNA damage was evaluated by a modified version of the Comet assay with the repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG). The results show that BDE-47 and BDE-209 (5-20 μmol/L) are able to induce DNA damage in human SK-N-MC cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant melatonin significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by both congeners. The Comet assay carried out in the presence of FPG suggests that both congeners increase purine oxidation. In all cases, BDE-47 was more potent than BDE-209. The results indicate that 2 environmentally relevant PBDEs cause DNA damage which is primarily mediated by the induction of oxidative stress and may contribute to adverse health effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koenig-lango-pessah-berman-maternaltransferofbde47tooffspringandneurobehavioraldevelopmentinc57bl6jmice\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koenig-lango-pessah-berman-maternaltransferofbde47tooffspringandneurobehavioraldevelopmentinc57bl6jmice', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914', event);\">\n    Maternal transfer of BDE-47 to offspring and neurobehavioral development in C57BL/6J mice.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koenig, C. M; Lango, J.; Pessah, I. N;  and Berman, R. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology and teratology</i>, 34(6): 571–80.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koenig-lango-pessah-berman-maternaltransferofbde47tooffspringandneurobehavioraldevelopmentinc57bl6jmice', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Maternal transfer of BDE-47 to offspring and neurobehavioral development in C57BL/6J mice. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.005\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koenig-lango-pessah-berman-maternaltransferofbde47tooffspringandneurobehavioraldevelopmentinc57bl6jmice', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.005', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koenig-lango-pessah-berman-maternaltransferofbde47tooffspringandneurobehavioraldevelopmentinc57bl6jmice\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koenig-lango-pessah-berman-maternaltransferofbde47tooffspringandneurobehavioraldevelopmentinc57bl6jmice')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koenig_maternal_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Maternal transfer of {BDE}-47 to offspring and neurobehavioral development in {C57BL}/{6J} mice.},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {1872-9738},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022914},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.005},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used worldwide in a variety of commercial goods, and are now widely found in both environmental and biological samples. BDE-47 is one of the most pervasive of these PBDE congeners and therefore is of particular concern. In this study C57BL/6J mice were exposed perinatally to 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg/day of BDE-47, a dose range chosen to encompass human exposure levels. Tissue levels of BDE-47 were measured in the blood, brain, fat and milk of dams and in whole fetal homogenate and blood and brain of pups on gestational day (GD) 15, and postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 10 and 21. From GD 15 to PND 1 levels of BDE-47 increased within dam tissues and then decreased from PNDs 1 to 21. Over the period of lactation levels in dam milk were comparatively high when compared to both brain and blood for all dose groups. Measurable levels of BDE-47 were found in the fetus on GD 15 confirming gestational exposure. From PNDs 1 to 21, levels of BDE-47 in pup tissue increased over the period of lactation due to the transfer of BDE-47 through milk. Behavioral tests of fine motor function and learning and memory were carried out between postnatal weeks 5-17 in order to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity of BDE-47. Behavioral deficits were only seen in the Barnes spatial maze where mice in the three exposure groups had longer latencies and traveled longer distances to find the escape hole when compared to vehicle control mice. These results support the conclusions that perinatal exposure to BDE-47 can have neurodevelopmental consequences, and that lactational exposure represents a significant exposure risk during development.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\n\tauthor = {Koenig, Claire M and Lango, Jozsef and Pessah, Isaac N and Berman, Robert F},\n\tpmid = {23022914},\n\tkeywords = {Animal, Animal: drug effects, Animals, Behavior, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: pharmacokinetics, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Female, Flame retardants, Inbred C57BL, Male, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Mice, Milk, Milk: metabolism, Motor Activity, Motor Activity: drug effects, Nervous System, Nervous System: drug effects, Nervous System: embryology, Nervous System: growth \\&amp; development, Polybrominated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Polybrominated Biphenyls: toxicity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: chemically indu, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: metabolism, Tissue Distribution},\n\tpages = {571--80},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used worldwide in a variety of commercial goods, and are now widely found in both environmental and biological samples. BDE-47 is one of the most pervasive of these PBDE congeners and therefore is of particular concern. In this study C57BL/6J mice were exposed perinatally to 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg/day of BDE-47, a dose range chosen to encompass human exposure levels. Tissue levels of BDE-47 were measured in the blood, brain, fat and milk of dams and in whole fetal homogenate and blood and brain of pups on gestational day (GD) 15, and postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 10 and 21. From GD 15 to PND 1 levels of BDE-47 increased within dam tissues and then decreased from PNDs 1 to 21. Over the period of lactation levels in dam milk were comparatively high when compared to both brain and blood for all dose groups. Measurable levels of BDE-47 were found in the fetus on GD 15 confirming gestational exposure. From PNDs 1 to 21, levels of BDE-47 in pup tissue increased over the period of lactation due to the transfer of BDE-47 through milk. Behavioral tests of fine motor function and learning and memory were carried out between postnatal weeks 5-17 in order to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity of BDE-47. Behavioral deficits were only seen in the Barnes spatial maze where mice in the three exposure groups had longer latencies and traveled longer distances to find the escape hole when compared to vehicle control mice. These results support the conclusions that perinatal exposure to BDE-47 can have neurodevelopmental consequences, and that lactational exposure represents a significant exposure risk during development.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  .\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  .  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>9 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\"></pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"driscoll-kaplan-bucuvalas-allen-kraut-fitzpatrick-acutepostnatalexposuretothepentabdecommercialmixturede71at5or15mgkgdaydoesnotproducelearningorattentiondeficitsinrats\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'driscoll-kaplan-bucuvalas-allen-kraut-fitzpatrick-acutepostnatalexposuretothepentabdecommercialmixturede71at5or15mgkgdaydoesnotproducelearningorattentiondeficitsinrats', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237', event);\">\n    Acute postnatal exposure to the pentaBDE commercial mixture DE-71 at 5 or 15 mg/kg/day does not produce learning or attention deficits in rats.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Driscoll, L. L; Kaplan, J.; Bucuvalas, E.; Allen, H.; Kraut, J.;  and Fitzpatrick, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Neurotoxicology and teratology</i>, 34(1): 20–6.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('driscoll-kaplan-bucuvalas-allen-kraut-fitzpatrick-acutepostnatalexposuretothepentabdecommercialmixturede71at5or15mgkgdaydoesnotproducelearningorattentiondeficitsinrats', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Acute postnatal exposure to the pentaBDE commercial mixture DE-71 at 5 or 15 mg/kg/day does not produce learning or attention deficits in rats. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('driscoll-kaplan-bucuvalas-allen-kraut-fitzpatrick-acutepostnatalexposuretothepentabdecommercialmixturede71at5or15mgkgdaydoesnotproducelearningorattentiondeficitsinrats', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/driscoll-kaplan-bucuvalas-allen-kraut-fitzpatrick-acutepostnatalexposuretothepentabdecommercialmixturede71at5or15mgkgdaydoesnotproducelearningorattentiondeficitsinrats\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('driscoll-kaplan-bucuvalas-allen-kraut-fitzpatrick-acutepostnatalexposuretothepentabdecommercialmixturede71at5or15mgkgdaydoesnotproducelearningorattentiondeficitsinrats')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{driscoll_acute_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Acute postnatal exposure to the {pentaBDE} commercial mixture {DE}-71 at 5 or 15 mg/kg/day does not produce learning or attention deficits in rats.},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {1872-9738},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024237},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.002},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals added to polymer products, have become ubiquitous in the environment, and they are bioaccumulating in humans and wildlife. Therefore, understanding their biological effects is important for public health. We have previously observed learning deficits in rats exposed to DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture consisting primarily of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers, at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 6 to 12. The purpose of the current study was to determine if this effect could be seen with lower doses of DE-71. Long-Evans rats were administered daily oral doses of corn oil alone or DE-71, 5 or 15 mg/kg/day, dissolved in corn oil, from PND 6 to 12. As young adults, the rats were administered a series of five-choice visual learning and attention tasks. No effects of DE-71 were found on learning, attention, or inhibitory control. Given that developmental DE-71 exposure at similar doses and for shorter time periods has been shown in other laboratories to affect locomotion and hyperactivity, the current results suggest that cognitive functions may not be as sensitive as neuromotor functions to the effects of acute DE-71 exposure.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Neurotoxicology and teratology},\n\tauthor = {Driscoll, Lori L and Kaplan, Joshua and Bucuvalas, Eleni and Allen, Hunter and Kraut, Joshua and Fitzpatrick, Jesse},\n\tpmid = {22024237},\n\tkeywords = {Acute Disease, Animal, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: che, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: phy, Cognition Disorders, Cognition Disorders: chemically induced, Cognition Disorders: diagnosis, Cognition Disorders: physiopathology, Disease Models, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Flame Retardants: toxicity, Flame retardants, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: toxicity, Learning Disorders, Learning Disorders: chemically induced, Learning Disorders: diagnosis, Learning Disorders: physiopathology, Long-Evans, Male, Newborn, Rats},\n\tpages = {20--6},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals added to polymer products, have become ubiquitous in the environment, and they are bioaccumulating in humans and wildlife. Therefore, understanding their biological effects is important for public health. We have previously observed learning deficits in rats exposed to DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture consisting primarily of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers, at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 6 to 12. The purpose of the current study was to determine if this effect could be seen with lower doses of DE-71. Long-Evans rats were administered daily oral doses of corn oil alone or DE-71, 5 or 15 mg/kg/day, dissolved in corn oil, from PND 6 to 12. As young adults, the rats were administered a series of five-choice visual learning and attention tasks. No effects of DE-71 were found on learning, attention, or inhibitory control. Given that developmental DE-71 exposure at similar doses and for shorter time periods has been shown in other laboratories to affect locomotion and hyperactivity, the current results suggest that cognitive functions may not be as sensitive as neuromotor functions to the effects of acute DE-71 exposure.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-comparisonofpbdesincatserumtolevelsincatfoodevidenceofdecadebromination\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-comparisonofpbdesincatserumtolevelsincatfoodevidenceofdecadebromination', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf', event);\">\n    Comparison of PBDEs in cat serum to levels in cat food: evidence of Deca debromination?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dye, J A; Venier, M.; Zhu, Y; Ward, C. R; Hites, R. A;  and Birnbaum, L. S\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Dioxin 2007,  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-comparisonofpbdesincatserumtolevelsincatfoodevidenceofdecadebromination', 'file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparison of PBDEs in cat serum to levels in cat food: evidence of Deca debromination? [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-comparisonofpbdesincatserumtolevelsincatfoodevidenceofdecadebromination\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dye-venier-zhu-ward-hites-birnbaum-comparisonofpbdesincatserumtolevelsincatfoodevidenceofdecadebromination')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{dye_comparison_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Comparison of {PBDEs} in cat serum to levels in cat food: evidence of {Deca} debromination?},\n\turl = {file:///Users/veena/Desktop/Veena/Green Science Policy Institute/Mendeley papers/DyeJA-Dioxin2007.pdf},\n\tabstract = {Since the introduction of brominated flame retardants (such as the PBDEs), increases in feline hyperthyroidism have been observed. We hypothesized that PBDE exposure was linked to the increased occurrence of hyperthyroidism in cats. Herein, PBDEs in serum of pet cats and levels in cat food were determined. Samples were extracted and analyzed by electron capture negative ionization gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for major PBDE congeners. Data indicated that cats were highly exposed to PBDEs, and that body burden in certain “outliers” was 4 to 7-fold higher than other cats. Using estimates of total serum lipid in cats, lipid adjusted cumulative PBDE serum levels in cats were compared to whole blood levels in U.S. adults. Cats had body burdens that were ≥ 10-fold higher. Data indicated that dry food contained relatively high levels of BDE-209, and that cats consuming dry food had significantly greater serum levels of BDE-209. Furthermore, results suggest that in cats, BDE-207 may represent an important meta-position deca debromination product. Improved understanding of how the purportedly stable BDE-209 compound undergoes metabolism and clearance is an important area of investigation. The debromination pathways suggested for these cats are seemingly in agreement with recent reports in humans and various animal species.},\n\tpublisher = {Dioxin 2007},\n\tauthor = {Dye, J A and Venier, Marta and Zhu, Y and Ward, Cynthia R and Hites, Ronald A and Birnbaum, Linda S},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since the introduction of brominated flame retardants (such as the PBDEs), increases in feline hyperthyroidism have been observed. We hypothesized that PBDE exposure was linked to the increased occurrence of hyperthyroidism in cats. Herein, PBDEs in serum of pet cats and levels in cat food were determined. Samples were extracted and analyzed by electron capture negative ionization gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for major PBDE congeners. Data indicated that cats were highly exposed to PBDEs, and that body burden in certain “outliers” was 4 to 7-fold higher than other cats. Using estimates of total serum lipid in cats, lipid adjusted cumulative PBDE serum levels in cats were compared to whole blood levels in U.S. adults. Cats had body burdens that were ≥ 10-fold higher. Data indicated that dry food contained relatively high levels of BDE-209, and that cats consuming dry food had significantly greater serum levels of BDE-209. Furthermore, results suggest that in cats, BDE-207 may represent an important meta-position deca debromination product. Improved understanding of how the purportedly stable BDE-209 compound undergoes metabolism and clearance is an important area of investigation. The debromination pathways suggested for these cats are seemingly in agreement with recent reports in humans and various animal species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  .\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  .  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>9 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\"></pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cdc-webbasedinjurystatisticsqueryandreportingsystem\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cdc-webbasedinjurystatisticsqueryandreportingsystem', 'http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html', event);\">\n    Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  CDC\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cdc-webbasedinjurystatisticsqueryandreportingsystem', 'http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cdc-webbasedinjurystatisticsqueryandreportingsystem\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cdc-webbasedinjurystatisticsqueryandreportingsystem')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{cdc_web-based_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system.},\n\turl = {http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html},\n\tauthor = {{CDC}},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"astm-astmf241709standardspecificationforfiresafetyforcandles\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'astm-astmf241709standardspecificationforfiresafetyforcandles', 'http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm', event);\">\n    ASTM F2417-09 Standard specification for fire safety for candles.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ASTM\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  American Society for Testing and Materials,  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('astm-astmf241709standardspecificationforfiresafetyforcandles', 'http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"ASTM F2417-09 Standard specification for fire safety for candles. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/astm-astmf241709standardspecificationforfiresafetyforcandles\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('astm-astmf241709standardspecificationforfiresafetyforcandles')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{astm_astm_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{ASTM} {F2417}-09 {Standard} specification for fire safety for candles.},\n\turl = {http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2417.htm},\n\tpublisher = {American Society for Testing and Materials},\n\tauthor = {{ASTM}},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants, reg},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"angioni-scortichini-diletti-perletta-ceci-ferri-studyofthetoxiceffectsofflameretardantpbde47ontheclamchameleagallinalinnaeus1758\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'angioni-scortichini-diletti-perletta-ceci-ferri-studyofthetoxiceffectsofflameretardantpbde47ontheclamchameleagallinalinnaeus1758', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589', event);\">\n    Study of the toxic effects of flame retardant PBDE-47 on the clam Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Angioni, S. A.; Scortichini, G.; Diletti, G.; Perletta, F.; Ceci, R.;  and Ferri, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Veterinaria italiana</i>, 49(1): 69–77.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('angioni-scortichini-diletti-perletta-ceci-ferri-studyofthetoxiceffectsofflameretardantpbde47ontheclamchameleagallinalinnaeus1758', 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Study of the toxic effects of flame retardant PBDE-47 on the clam Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/angioni-scortichini-diletti-perletta-ceci-ferri-studyofthetoxiceffectsofflameretardantpbde47ontheclamchameleagallinalinnaeus1758\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('angioni-scortichini-diletti-perletta-ceci-ferri-studyofthetoxiceffectsofflameretardantpbde47ontheclamchameleagallinalinnaeus1758')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{angioni_study_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Study of the toxic effects of flame retardant {PBDE}-47 on the clam {Chamelea} gallina ({Linnaeus}, 1758).},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1828-1427},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564589},\n\tabstract = {The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of 2,2&#x27;,4,4&#x27;-tetrabromodiphenylether (PBDE-47) on the Chamelea gallina clam (according to current commercial regulations: Venus gallina). PBDEs, which are used as flame retardants in various industrial products, are classed as hazardous substances by Directive 2011/65/EU. They are bioaccumulative compounds, considered to be endocrine disruptors, genotoxic, neurotoxic and practically ubiquitous, and their concentration in the environment has considerably increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to establish the effects of PBDE-47 on Chamelea gallina: toxic power and any harmful effects on the gonads, bioaccumulation capacity in the tissues, and possible entry into the food chain. The research used 96-hour and 21-day experimental tests on clams housed in filtered seawater. The tests were preceded by a period of acclimatisation of the molluscs lasting five to seven days. The clams were fed on seaweed (Dunaliella tertiolecta). The choice of the toxic compound PBDE-47 was based on the high concentration, among the congeners of PBDE, found in some aquatic species. The study demonstrated that the concentration of the contaminant used did not alter the vital functions, cause significant levels of mortality or lead to evident alteration in the gonads of Chamelea gallina. However, the research demonstrated the bioaccumulation capacity of the bivalve mollusc, allowing PBDE-47 to enter the food chain.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Veterinaria italiana},\n\tauthor = {Angioni, Salvatora Angela and Scortichini, Giampiero and Diletti, Gianfranco and Perletta, Fabrizia and Ceci, Roberta and Ferri, Nicola},\n\tpmid = {23564589},\n\tkeywords = {Flame retardants},\n\tpages = {69--77},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (PBDE-47) on the Chamelea gallina clam (according to current commercial regulations: Venus gallina). PBDEs, which are used as flame retardants in various industrial products, are classed as hazardous substances by Directive 2011/65/EU. They are bioaccumulative compounds, considered to be endocrine disruptors, genotoxic, neurotoxic and practically ubiquitous, and their concentration in the environment has considerably increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to establish the effects of PBDE-47 on Chamelea gallina: toxic power and any harmful effects on the gonads, bioaccumulation capacity in the tissues, and possible entry into the food chain. The research used 96-hour and 21-day experimental tests on clams housed in filtered seawater. The tests were preceded by a period of acclimatisation of the molluscs lasting five to seven days. The clams were fed on seaweed (Dunaliella tertiolecta). The choice of the toxic compound PBDE-47 was based on the high concentration, among the congeners of PBDE, found in some aquatic species. The study demonstrated that the concentration of the contaminant used did not alter the vital functions, cause significant levels of mortality or lead to evident alteration in the gonads of Chamelea gallina. However, the research demonstrated the bioaccumulation capacity of the bivalve mollusc, allowing PBDE-47 to enter the food chain.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-consentorder1pdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Consent Order (1).pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-consentorder1pdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-consentorder1pdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_consent_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Consent {Order} (1).pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cnpmnstructuresanitizedpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  CN_PMN_Structure_Sanitized.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cnpmnstructuresanitizedpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cnpmnstructuresanitizedpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_structure_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CN}\\_PMN\\_Structure\\_Sanitized.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cnpmnreactiondiagramsanitizedpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  CN_PMN_Reaction_Diagram_Sanitized.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cnpmnreactiondiagramsanitizedpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cnpmnreactiondiagramsanitizedpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_reaction_diagram_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CN}\\_PMN\\_Reaction\\_Diagram\\_Sanitized.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowtextilesanitizedpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  CN_PMN_Process_Flow_Textile_Sanitized.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowtextilesanitizedpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowtextilesanitizedpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_textile_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CN}\\_PMN\\_Process\\_Flow\\_Textile\\_Sanitized.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowdiagrammanufacturesanitizedpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  CN_PMN_Process_Flow_Diagram_Manufacture_Sanitized.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowdiagrammanufacturesanitizedpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowdiagrammanufacturesanitizedpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_diagram_manufacture_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CN}\\_PMN\\_Process\\_Flow\\_Diagram\\_Manufacture\\_Sanitized.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowcompoundingsanitizedpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  CN_PMN_Process_Flow_Compounding_Sanitized.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowcompoundingsanitizedpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cnpmnprocessflowcompoundingsanitizedpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_process_flow_compounding_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CN}\\_PMN\\_Process\\_Flow\\_Compounding\\_Sanitized.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cnpmniesreportsanitizedpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  CN_PMN_IES_Report_Sanitized.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cnpmniesreportsanitizedpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cnpmniesreportsanitizedpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cn_pmn_ies_report_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CN}\\_PMN\\_IES\\_Report\\_Sanitized.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cn3384amsdssanitizedpdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  CN_3384A_MSDS_Sanitized.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cn3384amsdssanitizedpdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cn3384amsdssanitizedpdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cn_3384a_msds_sanitized.pdf_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CN}\\_3384A\\_MSDS\\_Sanitized.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-beconomicanalysis125391310713109pdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  B Economic Analysis 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-beconomicanalysis125391310713109pdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-beconomicanalysis125391310713109pdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_b_nodate,\n\ttitle = {B {Economic} {Analysis} 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-aeconomicanaysis125391310713109pdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A Economic Anaysis 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-aeconomicanaysis125391310713109pdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-aeconomicanaysis125391310713109pdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_economic_nodate,\n\ttitle = {A {Economic} {Anaysis} 12-539; 13-107; 13-109.pdf},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-snurp110607pdf\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  SNUR P-11-0607.pdf.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-snurp110607pdf\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-snurp110607pdf')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_snur_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{SNUR} {P}-11-0607.pdf},\n\tkeywords = {SNUR3},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-foiaddocument\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  FOIAd document.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-foiaddocument\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-foiaddocument')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_foiad_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{FOIAd} document},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-hbnavoidablehazardindexahivolatileingredientscalculatortool\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&amp;usp=embed_facebook\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-hbnavoidablehazardindexahivolatileingredientscalculatortool', 'https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&amp;usp=embed_facebook', event);\">\n    HBN Avoidable Hazard Index (AHI) Volatile Ingredients Calculator Tool.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&amp;usp=embed_facebook\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-hbnavoidablehazardindexahivolatileingredientscalculatortool', 'https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&amp;usp=embed_facebook', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"HBN Avoidable Hazard Index (AHI) Volatile Ingredients Calculator Tool [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-hbnavoidablehazardindexahivolatileingredientscalculatortool\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-hbnavoidablehazardindexahivolatileingredientscalculatortool')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_hbn_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{HBN} {Avoidable} {Hazard} {Index} ({AHI}) {Volatile} {Ingredients} {Calculator} {Tool}},\n\turl = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/15NAFxMJlOMZ5Wn6CEt7LHuyAMXNwWLp34_1vnozbJvg/edit?usp=drive_web&amp;usp=embed_facebook},\n\tabstract = {Wireframe Introduction: This is a wireframe for the user side of a plug-n-chug style calculator tool, which we expect to operate on the Pharos website. The calculator page has at least three sections: a home landing page, a data entry page for two or more products, and an AHI output page.  The volat},\n\turldate = {2015-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Google Docs},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Wireframe Introduction: This is a wireframe for the user side of a plug-n-chug style calculator tool, which we expect to operate on the Pharos website. The calculator page has at least three sections: a home landing page, a data entry page for two or more products, and an AHI output page. The volat\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-ahinotes82715\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-ahinotes82715', 'https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook', event);\">\n    AHI notes 8/27/15.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-ahinotes82715', 'https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"AHI notes 8/27/15 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-ahinotes82715\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-ahinotes82715')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_ahi_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{AHI} notes 8/27/15},\n\turl = {https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1Ur6q8Gu3VGdBt6YR7WErChtQlWQPFSDQmEjDCb6nMjE/edit?usp=embed_facebook},\n\turldate = {2015-08-28},\n\tjournal = {Google Docs},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bramwell-fernandes-rose-harrad-plessmulloli-pbdesandpbbsinhumanserumandbreastmilkfromcohabitingukcouples\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bramwell-fernandes-rose-harrad-plessmulloli-pbdesandpbbsinhumanserumandbreastmilkfromcohabitingukcouples', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093', event);\">\n    PBDEs and PBBs in human serum and breast milk from cohabiting UK couples.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bramwell, L.; Fernandes, A.; Rose, M.; Harrad, S.;  and Pless-Mulloli, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bramwell-fernandes-rose-harrad-plessmulloli-pbdesandpbbsinhumanserumandbreastmilkfromcohabitingukcouples', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"PBDEs and PBBs in human serum and breast milk from cohabiting UK couples [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.060\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bramwell-fernandes-rose-harrad-plessmulloli-pbdesandpbbsinhumanserumandbreastmilkfromcohabitingukcouples', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.060', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bramwell-fernandes-rose-harrad-plessmulloli-pbdesandpbbsinhumanserumandbreastmilkfromcohabitingukcouples\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bramwell-fernandes-rose-harrad-plessmulloli-pbdesandpbbsinhumanserumandbreastmilkfromcohabitingukcouples')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bramwell_pbdes_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{PBDEs} and {PBBs} in human serum and breast milk from cohabiting {UK} couples},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004093},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.060},\n\tabstract = {Concentrations of PBDEs and PBBs were measured in matched blood and breast milk samples from 10 UK couples collected in 2011–12. These data are the first measurements in human serum from the UK since the 2004 EU ban on all uses of the penta-and octa-BDE formulations and the 2008 ban on the use of the deca-BDE formulation in some applications. Serum ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 16 ng g−1 lipid weight, with median 4.0 ng g−1 lw were measured. Breast milk ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 21 ng g−1 lw, with median 5.7 ng g−1 lw. Couples had similar serum congener concentrations unless one of them frequently stayed away from home for work (different diet and dust exposures) or one had occupational exposure to foams and furnishings or electronics. BB-153 were measured above LOD in 40\\% of sera and 100\\% of breast milks samples, with median concentrations of 0.04 and 0.06, and maximums of 0.91 and 0.79 ng g−1 lw respectively. Concentrations in this study indicated a modest decrease from pre-ban levels reported for the UK. BDE-209 was detected above the limit of detection (LOD) in 15\\% of sera and 83\\% of breast milks, with ranges \\&amp;lt;1.2–20 and \\&amp;lt;0.2–1.0 ng g���1 lw respectively. Average daily infant intakes were estimated at 17, 5, 5 and 3 ng kg−1 bw for BDE-47,-99,-153 and -209 respectively, all well below relevant US-EPA threshold reference dose values (RfDs).},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Bramwell, Lindsay and Fernandes, Alwyn and Rose, Martin and Harrad, Stuart and Pless-Mulloli, Tanja},\n\tkeywords = {Human, Milk, PBB, PBDE, Serum, UK},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Concentrations of PBDEs and PBBs were measured in matched blood and breast milk samples from 10 UK couples collected in 2011–12. These data are the first measurements in human serum from the UK since the 2004 EU ban on all uses of the penta-and octa-BDE formulations and the 2008 ban on the use of the deca-BDE formulation in some applications. Serum ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 16 ng g−1 lipid weight, with median 4.0 ng g−1 lw were measured. Breast milk ∑PBDE tri-hepta concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 21 ng g−1 lw, with median 5.7 ng g−1 lw. Couples had similar serum congener concentrations unless one of them frequently stayed away from home for work (different diet and dust exposures) or one had occupational exposure to foams and furnishings or electronics. BB-153 were measured above LOD in 40% of sera and 100% of breast milks samples, with median concentrations of 0.04 and 0.06, and maximums of 0.91 and 0.79 ng g−1 lw respectively. Concentrations in this study indicated a modest decrease from pre-ban levels reported for the UK. BDE-209 was detected above the limit of detection (LOD) in 15% of sera and 83% of breast milks, with ranges &lt;1.2–20 and &lt;0.2–1.0 ng g���1 lw respectively. Average daily infant intakes were estimated at 17, 5, 5 and 3 ng kg−1 bw for BDE-47,-99,-153 and -209 respectively, all well below relevant US-EPA threshold reference dose values (RfDs).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"strid-smedje-athanassiadis-lindgren-lundgren-jakobsson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantexposureofaircraftpersonnel\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'strid-smedje-athanassiadis-lindgren-lundgren-jakobsson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantexposureofaircraftpersonnel', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226', event);\">\n    Brominated flame retardant exposure of aircraft personnel.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Strid, A.; Smedje, G.; Athanassiadis, I.; Lindgren, T.; Lundgren, H.; Jakobsson, K.;  and Bergman, Å.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strid-smedje-athanassiadis-lindgren-lundgren-jakobsson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantexposureofaircraftpersonnel', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brominated flame retardant exposure of aircraft personnel [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.073\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('strid-smedje-athanassiadis-lindgren-lundgren-jakobsson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantexposureofaircraftpersonnel', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.073', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/strid-smedje-athanassiadis-lindgren-lundgren-jakobsson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantexposureofaircraftpersonnel\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('strid-smedje-athanassiadis-lindgren-lundgren-jakobsson-bergman-brominatedflameretardantexposureofaircraftpersonnel')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{strid_brominated_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Brominated flame retardant exposure of aircraft personnel},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514004226},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.073},\n\tabstract = {The use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aircraft is the result of high fire safety demands. Personnel working in or with aircraft might therefore be exposed to several BFRs. Previous studies have reported PBDE exposure in flight attendants and in passengers. One other group that may be subjected to significant BFR exposure via inhalation, are the aircraft maintenance workers. Personnel exposure both during flights and maintenance of aircraft, are investigated in the present study. Several BFRs were present in air and dust sampled during both the exposure scenarios; PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane. PBDEs were also analyzed in serum from pilots/cabin crew, maintenance workers and from a control group of individuals without any occupational aircraft exposure. Significantly higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in maintenance workers compared to pilots/cabin crew and control subjects with median total PBDE concentrations of 19, 6.8 and 6.6 pmol g−1 lipids, respectively. Pilots and cabin crew had similar concentrations of most PBDEs as the control group, except for BDE-153 and BDE-154 which were significantly higher. Results indicate higher concentrations among some of the pilots compared to the cabin crew. It is however, evident that the cabin personnel have lower BFR exposures compared to maintenance workers that are exposed to such a degree that their blood levels are significantly different from the control group.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Strid, Anna and Smedje, Greta and Athanassiadis, Ioannis and Lindgren, Torsten and Lundgren, Håkan and Jakobsson, Kristina and Bergman, Åke},\n\tkeywords = {Aircraft maintenance workers, BFRs, Cabin crew, Occupational exposure, Pilots},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aircraft is the result of high fire safety demands. Personnel working in or with aircraft might therefore be exposed to several BFRs. Previous studies have reported PBDE exposure in flight attendants and in passengers. One other group that may be subjected to significant BFR exposure via inhalation, are the aircraft maintenance workers. Personnel exposure both during flights and maintenance of aircraft, are investigated in the present study. Several BFRs were present in air and dust sampled during both the exposure scenarios; PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane. PBDEs were also analyzed in serum from pilots/cabin crew, maintenance workers and from a control group of individuals without any occupational aircraft exposure. Significantly higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in maintenance workers compared to pilots/cabin crew and control subjects with median total PBDE concentrations of 19, 6.8 and 6.6 pmol g−1 lipids, respectively. Pilots and cabin crew had similar concentrations of most PBDEs as the control group, except for BDE-153 and BDE-154 which were significantly higher. Results indicate higher concentrations among some of the pilots compared to the cabin crew. It is however, evident that the cabin personnel have lower BFR exposures compared to maintenance workers that are exposed to such a degree that their blood levels are significantly different from the control group.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kim-isobe-muto-tue-katsura-malarvannan-sudaryanto-chang-etal-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsinhumanbreastmilkfromseveralasiancountries\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kim-isobe-muto-tue-katsura-malarvannan-sudaryanto-chang-etal-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsinhumanbreastmilkfromseveralasiancountries', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) in human breast milk from several Asian countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kim, J.; Isobe, T.; Muto, M.; Tue, N. M.; Katsura, K.; Malarvannan, G.; Sudaryanto, A.; Chang, K.; Prudente, M.; Viet, P. H.; Takahashi, S.;  and Tanabe, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-isobe-muto-tue-katsura-malarvannan-sudaryanto-chang-etal-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsinhumanbreastmilkfromseveralasiancountries', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) in human breast milk from several Asian countries [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.033\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kim-isobe-muto-tue-katsura-malarvannan-sudaryanto-chang-etal-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsinhumanbreastmilkfromseveralasiancountries', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.033', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kim-isobe-muto-tue-katsura-malarvannan-sudaryanto-chang-etal-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsinhumanbreastmilkfromseveralasiancountries\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kim-isobe-muto-tue-katsura-malarvannan-sudaryanto-chang-etal-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsinhumanbreastmilkfromseveralasiancountries')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kim_organophosphorus_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants ({PFRs}) in human breast milk from several {Asian} countries},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002379},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.033},\n\tabstract = {In this study, the concentrations of 10 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were determined in 89 human breast milk samples collected from Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Among the targeted PFRs, tris(2-chloroexyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the predominant compounds and were detected in more than 60\\% of samples in all three countries. The concentrations of PFRs in human breast milk were significantly higher (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05) in the Philippines (median 70 ng g−1 lipid wt.) than those in Japan (median 22 ng g−1 lipid wt.) and Vietnam (median 10 ng g−1 lipid wt.). The present results suggest that the usage of products containing PFRs in the Philippines is higher than those of Japan and Vietnam. Comparing with a previous literature survey in Sweden, the levels of PFRs in human breast milk from the Philippines were 1.5–2 times higher, whereas levels in Japan and Vietnam were 4–20 times lower, suggesting that these differences might be due to their variation in the usage of flame-retarded products utilized in each country. When daily intake of PFRs to infants via human breast milk was estimated, some individuals accumulated tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and TCEP were close to reference dose (RfD). This is the first report to identify PFRs in human breast milk samples from Asian countries.},\n\turldate = {2014-08-22},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kim, Joon-Woo and Isobe, Tomohiko and Muto, Mamoru and Tue, Nguyen Minh and Katsura, Kana and Malarvannan, Govindan and Sudaryanto, Agus and Chang, Kwang-Hyeon and Prudente, Maricar and Viet, Pham Hung and Takahashi, Shin and Tanabe, Shinsuke},\n\tkeywords = {Asia, Human breast milk, Human exposure, PFRs},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, the concentrations of 10 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were determined in 89 human breast milk samples collected from Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Among the targeted PFRs, tris(2-chloroexyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the predominant compounds and were detected in more than 60% of samples in all three countries. The concentrations of PFRs in human breast milk were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the Philippines (median 70 ng g−1 lipid wt.) than those in Japan (median 22 ng g−1 lipid wt.) and Vietnam (median 10 ng g−1 lipid wt.). The present results suggest that the usage of products containing PFRs in the Philippines is higher than those of Japan and Vietnam. Comparing with a previous literature survey in Sweden, the levels of PFRs in human breast milk from the Philippines were 1.5–2 times higher, whereas levels in Japan and Vietnam were 4–20 times lower, suggesting that these differences might be due to their variation in the usage of flame-retarded products utilized in each country. When daily intake of PFRs to infants via human breast milk was estimated, some individuals accumulated tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and TCEP were close to reference dose (RfD). This is the first report to identify PFRs in human breast milk samples from Asian countries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kajiwara-hirata-takigami-noma-tachifuji-matsufuji-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfrommixedwastesinlysimetersunderconditionssimulatinglandfillsindevelopingcountries\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kajiwara-hirata-takigami-noma-tachifuji-matsufuji-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfrommixedwastesinlysimetersunderconditionssimulatinglandfillsindevelopingcountries', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915', event);\">\n    Leaching of brominated flame retardants from mixed wastes in lysimeters under conditions simulating landfills in developing countries.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kajiwara, N.; Hirata, O.; Takigami, H.; Noma, Y.; Tachifuji, A.;  and Matsufuji, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-hirata-takigami-noma-tachifuji-matsufuji-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfrommixedwastesinlysimetersunderconditionssimulatinglandfillsindevelopingcountries', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Leaching of brominated flame retardants from mixed wastes in lysimeters under conditions simulating landfills in developing countries [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kajiwara-hirata-takigami-noma-tachifuji-matsufuji-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfrommixedwastesinlysimetersunderconditionssimulatinglandfillsindevelopingcountries', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.025', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kajiwara-hirata-takigami-noma-tachifuji-matsufuji-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfrommixedwastesinlysimetersunderconditionssimulatinglandfillsindevelopingcountries\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kajiwara-hirata-takigami-noma-tachifuji-matsufuji-leachingofbrominatedflameretardantsfrommixedwastesinlysimetersunderconditionssimulatinglandfillsindevelopingcountries')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kajiwara_leaching_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Leaching of brominated flame retardants from mixed wastes in lysimeters under conditions simulating landfills in developing countries},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000915},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.025},\n\tabstract = {In developing countries, wastes are usually not separated before being disposed of in solid-waste landfills, most of which are open dumps without adequate measures to prevent environmental pollution. To understand the leaching behavior of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from waste consumer products in landfills, we have been conducting a long-term landfill lysimeter experiment since 2006 under conditions designed to mimic three types of landfill conditions in developing countries: aerobic, semi-aerobic, and anaerobic. Pilot-scale lysimeters (60-cm i.d.) were filled with a 400-cm layer of mixed wastes consisting of 35 wt\\% food, 20 wt\\% paper, 20 wt\\% paper pulp, 13 wt\\% plastic, 10 wt\\% wood chips, 1 wt\\% glass, and 1 wt\\% metals, proportions that are typical of unsorted municipal solid waste in Asian developing countries. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A, tribromophenols, and hexabromocyclododecanes in leachate samples collected from the lysimeters during the first 3.5 years of the experiment, to evaluate BFR elution behavior in early-stage landfills. Under all three conditions, BFR elution started at the beginning of the experiment. The BFR concentrations in the leachates from the aerobic lysimeter tended to be lower than those from the anaerobic lysimeter, suggesting that the presence of air inside landfills considerably reduces BFR elution to the surrounding environment. During the 3.5-year experiment, BFR outflow from the lysimeters was only 0.001–0.58\\% of the total BFRs in the loaded waste; that is, most of the BFRs in the waste remained in the lysimeters.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Kajiwara, Natsuko and Hirata, Osamu and Takigami, Hidetaka and Noma, Yukio and Tachifuji, Ayako and Matsufuji, Yasushi},\n\tkeywords = {Aerobic, Anaerobic, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Elution, Landfill, Leachate},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In developing countries, wastes are usually not separated before being disposed of in solid-waste landfills, most of which are open dumps without adequate measures to prevent environmental pollution. To understand the leaching behavior of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from waste consumer products in landfills, we have been conducting a long-term landfill lysimeter experiment since 2006 under conditions designed to mimic three types of landfill conditions in developing countries: aerobic, semi-aerobic, and anaerobic. Pilot-scale lysimeters (60-cm i.d.) were filled with a 400-cm layer of mixed wastes consisting of 35 wt% food, 20 wt% paper, 20 wt% paper pulp, 13 wt% plastic, 10 wt% wood chips, 1 wt% glass, and 1 wt% metals, proportions that are typical of unsorted municipal solid waste in Asian developing countries. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A, tribromophenols, and hexabromocyclododecanes in leachate samples collected from the lysimeters during the first 3.5 years of the experiment, to evaluate BFR elution behavior in early-stage landfills. Under all three conditions, BFR elution started at the beginning of the experiment. The BFR concentrations in the leachates from the aerobic lysimeter tended to be lower than those from the anaerobic lysimeter, suggesting that the presence of air inside landfills considerably reduces BFR elution to the surrounding environment. During the 3.5-year experiment, BFR outflow from the lysimeters was only 0.001–0.58% of the total BFRs in the loaded waste; that is, most of the BFRs in the waste remained in the lysimeters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brandsma-deboer-vanvelzen-leonards-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsandplasticizersinhouseandcardustandtheinfluenceofelectronicequipment\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brandsma-deboer-vanvelzen-leonards-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsandplasticizersinhouseandcardustandtheinfluenceofelectronicequipment', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409', event);\">\n    Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brandsma, S. H.; de Boer, J.; van Velzen, M. J. M.;  and Leonards, P. E. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brandsma-deboer-vanvelzen-leonards-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsandplasticizersinhouseandcardustandtheinfluenceofelectronicequipment', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.036\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brandsma-deboer-vanvelzen-leonards-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsandplasticizersinhouseandcardustandtheinfluenceofelectronicequipment', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.036', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brandsma-deboer-vanvelzen-leonards-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsandplasticizersinhouseandcardustandtheinfluenceofelectronicequipment\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brandsma-deboer-vanvelzen-leonards-organophosphorusflameretardantspfrsandplasticizersinhouseandcardustandtheinfluenceofelectronicequipment')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brandsma_organophosphorus_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Organophosphorus flame retardants ({PFRs}) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002409},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.036},\n\tabstract = {All nine PFRs studied were detected in house and car dust from the Netherlands with the exception of tris(butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) in car dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, median 22 μg g−1) was dominant in house dust collected around and on electronics followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, median 1.3 μg g−1), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, median 1.3 μg g−1) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP, median 0.8 μg g−1). Levels of TPHP and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP, also known as TCP) in house dust on electronics were significantly higher than in house dust collected around electronics, suggesting that electronic equipment has limited contribution to the PFR levels in house dust, with the exception of TPHP and TMPP.\n\nCar dust was dominated by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) with the highest levels found in dust collected from the car seats (1100 μg g−1). The mean TDCIPP and TCIPP levels observed in car dust were significantly higher than the levels observed in dust collected around electronics. Significantly higher mean TMPP levels in dust taken from car seats were found compared to dust collected around the equipment (p \\&amp;lt; 0.05). This is probably influenced by the use of TDCIPP, TCIPP in polyurethane foam (car seats) and the use of TMPP as plasticizer in car interiors.\n\nWorldwide four PFR patterns were observed in house dust. The PFR pattern in the Netherlands of TDCIPP, TMPP, TCEP, TCIPP and TPHP in house dust is comparable to the pattern found in six other countries, which may point to identical sources of these PFRs in the indoor environment. However, the PFR levels between the countries and within countries showed high variation.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-28},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Brandsma, Sicco H. and de Boer, Jacob and van Velzen, Martin J. M. and Leonards, Pim E. G.},\n\tkeywords = {Car dust, Electronic equipment, House dust, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Plasticizers},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  All nine PFRs studied were detected in house and car dust from the Netherlands with the exception of tris(butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) in car dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, median 22 μg g−1) was dominant in house dust collected around and on electronics followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, median 1.3 μg g−1), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, median 1.3 μg g−1) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP, median 0.8 μg g−1). Levels of TPHP and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP, also known as TCP) in house dust on electronics were significantly higher than in house dust collected around electronics, suggesting that electronic equipment has limited contribution to the PFR levels in house dust, with the exception of TPHP and TMPP. Car dust was dominated by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) with the highest levels found in dust collected from the car seats (1100 μg g−1). The mean TDCIPP and TCIPP levels observed in car dust were significantly higher than the levels observed in dust collected around electronics. Significantly higher mean TMPP levels in dust taken from car seats were found compared to dust collected around the equipment (p &lt; 0.05). This is probably influenced by the use of TDCIPP, TCIPP in polyurethane foam (car seats) and the use of TMPP as plasticizer in car interiors. Worldwide four PFR patterns were observed in house dust. The PFR pattern in the Netherlands of TDCIPP, TMPP, TCEP, TCIPP and TPHP in house dust is comparable to the pattern found in six other countries, which may point to identical sources of these PFRs in the indoor environment. However, the PFR levels between the countries and within countries showed high variation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stieger-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-assessingthepersistencebioaccumulationpotentialandtoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsdataavailabilityandqualityfor36alternativebrominatedflameretardants\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stieger-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-assessingthepersistencebioaccumulationpotentialandtoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsdataavailabilityandqualityfor36alternativebrominatedflameretardants', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082', event);\">\n    Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants: Data availability and quality for 36 alternative brominated flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stieger, G.; Scheringer, M.; Ng, C. A.;  and Hungerbühler, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stieger-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-assessingthepersistencebioaccumulationpotentialandtoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsdataavailabilityandqualityfor36alternativebrominatedflameretardants', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants: Data availability and quality for 36 alternative brominated flame retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.083\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stieger-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-assessingthepersistencebioaccumulationpotentialandtoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsdataavailabilityandqualityfor36alternativebrominatedflameretardants', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.083', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stieger-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-assessingthepersistencebioaccumulationpotentialandtoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsdataavailabilityandqualityfor36alternativebrominatedflameretardants\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stieger-scheringer-ng-hungerbhler-assessingthepersistencebioaccumulationpotentialandtoxicityofbrominatedflameretardantsdataavailabilityandqualityfor36alternativebrominatedflameretardants')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stieger_assessing_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants: {Data} availability and quality for 36 alternative brominated flame retardants},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Assessing the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of brominated flame retardants},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514002082},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.083},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) are major brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that are now banned or under restrictions in many countries because of their persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity (PBT properties). However, there is a wide range of alternative BFRs, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane and tribromophenol, that are increasingly used as replacements, but which may possess similar hazardous properties. This necessitates hazard and risk assessments of these compounds. For a set of 36 alternative BFRs, we searched 25 databases for chemical property data that are needed as input for a PBT assessment. These properties are degradation half-life, bioconcentration factor (BCF), octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow), and toxic effect concentrations in aquatic organisms. For 17 of the 36 substances, no data at all were found for these properties. Too few persistence data were available to even assess the quality of these data in a systematic way. The available data for Kow and toxicity show surprisingly high variability, which makes it difficult to identify the most reliable values. We propose methods for systematic evaluations of PBT-related chemical property data that should be performed before data are included in publicly available databases. Using these methods, we evaluated the data for Kow and toxicity in more detail and identified several inaccurate values. For most of the 36 alternative BFRs, the amount and the quality of the PBT-related property data need to be improved before reliable hazard and risk assessments of these substances can be performed.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Stieger, Greta and Scheringer, Martin and Ng, Carla A. and Hungerbühler, Konrad},\n\tkeywords = {Baseline toxicity, Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Octanol–water partition coefficient, PBT assessment},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) are major brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that are now banned or under restrictions in many countries because of their persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity (PBT properties). However, there is a wide range of alternative BFRs, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane and tribromophenol, that are increasingly used as replacements, but which may possess similar hazardous properties. This necessitates hazard and risk assessments of these compounds. For a set of 36 alternative BFRs, we searched 25 databases for chemical property data that are needed as input for a PBT assessment. These properties are degradation half-life, bioconcentration factor (BCF), octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow), and toxic effect concentrations in aquatic organisms. For 17 of the 36 substances, no data at all were found for these properties. Too few persistence data were available to even assess the quality of these data in a systematic way. The available data for Kow and toxicity show surprisingly high variability, which makes it difficult to identify the most reliable values. We propose methods for systematic evaluations of PBT-related chemical property data that should be performed before data are included in publicly available databases. Using these methods, we evaluated the data for Kow and toxicity in more detail and identified several inaccurate values. For most of the 36 alternative BFRs, the amount and the quality of the PBT-related property data need to be improved before reliable hazard and risk assessments of these substances can be performed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ballesterosgmez-brandsma-deboer-leonards-analysisoftwoalternativeorganophosphorusflameretardantsinelectronicandplasticconsumerproductsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphatepbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdpp\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ballesterosgmez-brandsma-deboer-leonards-analysisoftwoalternativeorganophosphorusflameretardantsinelectronicandplasticconsumerproductsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphatepbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdpp', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381', event);\">\n    Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products: Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ballesteros-Gómez, A.; Brandsma, S. H.; de Boer, J.;  and Leonards, P. E. G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballesterosgmez-brandsma-deboer-leonards-analysisoftwoalternativeorganophosphorusflameretardantsinelectronicandplasticconsumerproductsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphatepbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdpp', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products: Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.099\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballesterosgmez-brandsma-deboer-leonards-analysisoftwoalternativeorganophosphorusflameretardantsinelectronicandplasticconsumerproductsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphatepbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdpp', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.099', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ballesterosgmez-brandsma-deboer-leonards-analysisoftwoalternativeorganophosphorusflameretardantsinelectronicandplasticconsumerproductsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphatepbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdpp\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ballesterosgmez-brandsma-deboer-leonards-analysisoftwoalternativeorganophosphorusflameretardantsinelectronicandplasticconsumerproductsresorcinolbisdiphenylphosphatepbdppandbisphenolabisdiphenylphosphatebpabdpp')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ballesteros-gomez_analysis_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products: {Resorcinol} bis-(diphenylphosphate) ({PBDPP}) and bisphenol {A} bis (diphenylphosphate) ({BPA}-{BDPP})},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\tshorttitle = {Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000381},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.099},\n\tabstract = {Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are increasingly used as alternative flame retardants in many products. Data on the presence of two alternative PFRs in consumer products, resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP or RDP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP or BDP) is still scarce or non-existing. In this study we propose a simple extraction method and analysis by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF) for plastic consumer products. Detection limits were low enough for trace quantitation in plastic or electronic samples (0.001\\% and 0.002\\% w/w for PBDPP and BPA-BDPP, respectively). The APCI source provided better sensitivity and matrix effects than the commonly used ESI source for the analysis of these PFRs. Both PBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in 7 of the 12 products purchased in 2012 (at 0.002–0.3\\% w/w for PBDPP and 0.02–0.18\\% w/w for BPA-BDPP) while only PBDPP was found in 4 of the 13 products purchased before 2006 (0.005–7.8\\% w/w). In newly purchased products, PBDPP, BPA-BDPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most frequently detected PFRs. These results support the recent findings of our research group about high concentration levels of PBDPP and BPA-BDPP up to 0.5–1 mg g−1 in house dust collected on electronic equipment and highlights the need for further research on these two novel PFRs.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Ballesteros-Gómez, A. and Brandsma, S. H. and de Boer, J. and Leonards, P. E. G.},\n\tkeywords = {Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, Bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate), Liquid chromatography, Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate)},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are increasingly used as alternative flame retardants in many products. Data on the presence of two alternative PFRs in consumer products, resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP or RDP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP or BDP) is still scarce or non-existing. In this study we propose a simple extraction method and analysis by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF) for plastic consumer products. Detection limits were low enough for trace quantitation in plastic or electronic samples (0.001% and 0.002% w/w for PBDPP and BPA-BDPP, respectively). The APCI source provided better sensitivity and matrix effects than the commonly used ESI source for the analysis of these PFRs. Both PBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in 7 of the 12 products purchased in 2012 (at 0.002–0.3% w/w for PBDPP and 0.02–0.18% w/w for BPA-BDPP) while only PBDPP was found in 4 of the 13 products purchased before 2006 (0.005–7.8% w/w). In newly purchased products, PBDPP, BPA-BDPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most frequently detected PFRs. These results support the recent findings of our research group about high concentration levels of PBDPP and BPA-BDPP up to 0.5–1 mg g−1 in house dust collected on electronic equipment and highlights the need for further research on these two novel PFRs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stapleton-misenheimer-hoffman-webster-flameretardantassociationsbetweenchildrenshandwipesandhousedust\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stapleton-misenheimer-hoffman-webster-flameretardantassociationsbetweenchildrenshandwipesandhousedust', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393', event);\">\n    Flame retardant associations between children’s handwipes and house dust.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stapleton, H. M.; Misenheimer, J.; Hoffman, K.;  and Webster, T. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-misenheimer-hoffman-webster-flameretardantassociationsbetweenchildrenshandwipesandhousedust', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardant associations between children’s handwipes and house dust [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stapleton-misenheimer-hoffman-webster-flameretardantassociationsbetweenchildrenshandwipesandhousedust', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stapleton-misenheimer-hoffman-webster-flameretardantassociationsbetweenchildrenshandwipesandhousedust\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stapleton-misenheimer-hoffman-webster-flameretardantassociationsbetweenchildrenshandwipesandhousedust')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stapleton_flame_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardant associations between children’s handwipes and house dust},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514000393},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100},\n\tabstract = {Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), flame retardants (FRs) have been ubiquitously detected at high concentrations in indoor environments; however, with their recent phase-out, more attention is being focused on measurements of exposure to alternative FRs such as organophosphate FRs (OPFRs). In our previous research, we found that PBDE residues measured on children’s handwipes were a strong predictor of serum PBDE levels. Here we build upon this research to examine longitudinal changes in PBDEs in indoor dust and children’s handwipes, and explore the associations between handwipes and dust for alternative FRs. Children from our previous study were re-contacted after approximately two years and new samples of indoor dust and handwipes were collected. PBDE dust-levels were significantly correlated between two different sampling rounds separated by two years; however, PBDE levels in handwipes were not correlated, perhaps suggesting that the sources of PBDEs remained relatively constant in the home, but that behavioral differences in children are changing with age and influencing handwipe levels. OPFRs [i.e. tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)], 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB, also known as TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP, also known as TBPH), and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were also ubiquitously detected in house dust samples and geometric mean levels were similar to PBDE levels, or higher in the case of the OPFRs. Significant associations between handwipes and house dust were observed for these alternative FRs, particularly for EH-TBB (rs = 0.54; p \\&amp;lt; 0.001). Increasing house dust levels and age were associated with higher levels of FRs in handwipes, and high hand washing frequency (\\&amp;gt;5 times d−1) was associated with lower FR levels in handwipes. Overall these data suggest that exposure to these alternative FRs will be similar to PBDE exposure, and the influence of hand-to-mouth behavior in children’s exposure needs to be further examined to better estimate exposure potential.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Stapleton, Heather M. and Misenheimer, John and Hoffman, Kate and Webster, Thomas F.},\n\tkeywords = {Children, Dust, Flame retardants, Handwipes, OPFRs, PBDEs},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), flame retardants (FRs) have been ubiquitously detected at high concentrations in indoor environments; however, with their recent phase-out, more attention is being focused on measurements of exposure to alternative FRs such as organophosphate FRs (OPFRs). In our previous research, we found that PBDE residues measured on children’s handwipes were a strong predictor of serum PBDE levels. Here we build upon this research to examine longitudinal changes in PBDEs in indoor dust and children’s handwipes, and explore the associations between handwipes and dust for alternative FRs. Children from our previous study were re-contacted after approximately two years and new samples of indoor dust and handwipes were collected. PBDE dust-levels were significantly correlated between two different sampling rounds separated by two years; however, PBDE levels in handwipes were not correlated, perhaps suggesting that the sources of PBDEs remained relatively constant in the home, but that behavioral differences in children are changing with age and influencing handwipe levels. OPFRs [i.e. tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)], 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB, also known as TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP, also known as TBPH), and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were also ubiquitously detected in house dust samples and geometric mean levels were similar to PBDE levels, or higher in the case of the OPFRs. Significant associations between handwipes and house dust were observed for these alternative FRs, particularly for EH-TBB (rs = 0.54; p &lt; 0.001). Increasing house dust levels and age were associated with higher levels of FRs in handwipes, and high hand washing frequency (&gt;5 times d−1) was associated with lower FR levels in handwipes. Overall these data suggest that exposure to these alternative FRs will be similar to PBDE exposure, and the influence of hand-to-mouth behavior in children’s exposure needs to be further examined to better estimate exposure potential.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bradman-castorina-gaspar-nishioka-coln-weathers-egeghy-maddalena-etal-flameretardantexposuresincaliforniaearlychildhoodeducationenvironments\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bradman-castorina-gaspar-nishioka-coln-weathers-egeghy-maddalena-etal-flameretardantexposuresincaliforniaearlychildhoodeducationenvironments', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415', event);\">\n    Flame retardant exposures in California early childhood education environments.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bradman, A.; Castorina, R.; Gaspar, F.; Nishioka, M.; Colón, M.; Weathers, W.; Egeghy, P. P.; Maddalena, R.; Williams, J.; Jenkins, P. L.;  and McKone, T. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bradman-castorina-gaspar-nishioka-coln-weathers-egeghy-maddalena-etal-flameretardantexposuresincaliforniaearlychildhoodeducationenvironments', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Flame retardant exposures in California early childhood education environments [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.072\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bradman-castorina-gaspar-nishioka-coln-weathers-egeghy-maddalena-etal-flameretardantexposuresincaliforniaearlychildhoodeducationenvironments', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.072', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bradman-castorina-gaspar-nishioka-coln-weathers-egeghy-maddalena-etal-flameretardantexposuresincaliforniaearlychildhoodeducationenvironments\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bradman-castorina-gaspar-nishioka-coln-weathers-egeghy-maddalena-etal-flameretardantexposuresincaliforniaearlychildhoodeducationenvironments')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bradman_flame_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Flame retardant exposures in {California} early childhood education environments},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514003415},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.072},\n\tabstract = {Infants and young children spend as much as 50 h per week in child care and preschool. Although approximately 13 million children, or 65\\% of all U.S. children, spend some time each day in early childhood education (ECE) facilities, little information is available about environmental exposures in these environments. We measured flame retardants in air and dust collected from 40 California ECE facilities between May 2010 and May 2011. Low levels of six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and four non-PBDE flame retardants were present in air, including two constituents of Firemaster 550 and two tris phosphate compounds [tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP)]. Tris phosphate, Firemaster 550 and PBDE compounds were detected in 100\\% of the dust samples. BDE47, BDE99, and BDE209 comprised the majority of the PBDE mass measured in dust. The median concentrations of TCEP (319 ng g−1) and TDCIPP (2265 ng g−1) were similar to or higher than any PBDE congener. Levels of TCEP and TDCIPP in dust were significantly higher in facilities with napping equipment made out of foam (Mann–Whitney p-values \\&amp;lt; 0.05). Child BDE99 dose estimates exceeded the RfD in one facility for children \\&amp;lt; 3 years old. In 51\\% of facilities, TDCIPP dose estimates for children \\&amp;lt; 6 years old exceeded age-specific “No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs)” based on California Proposition 65 guidelines for carcinogens. Given the overriding interest in providing safe and healthy environments for young children, additional research is needed to identify strategies to reduce indoor sources of flame retardant chemicals.},\n\turldate = {2014-06-27},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Bradman, Asa and Castorina, Rosemary and Gaspar, Fraser and Nishioka, Marcia and Colón, Maribel and Weathers, Walter and Egeghy, Peter P. and Maddalena, Randy and Williams, Jeffery and Jenkins, Peggy L. and McKone, Thomas E.},\n\tkeywords = {Child care, Children, Exposure, Flame retardants, PBDEs},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Infants and young children spend as much as 50 h per week in child care and preschool. Although approximately 13 million children, or 65% of all U.S. children, spend some time each day in early childhood education (ECE) facilities, little information is available about environmental exposures in these environments. We measured flame retardants in air and dust collected from 40 California ECE facilities between May 2010 and May 2011. Low levels of six polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and four non-PBDE flame retardants were present in air, including two constituents of Firemaster 550 and two tris phosphate compounds [tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP)]. Tris phosphate, Firemaster 550 and PBDE compounds were detected in 100% of the dust samples. BDE47, BDE99, and BDE209 comprised the majority of the PBDE mass measured in dust. The median concentrations of TCEP (319 ng g−1) and TDCIPP (2265 ng g−1) were similar to or higher than any PBDE congener. Levels of TCEP and TDCIPP in dust were significantly higher in facilities with napping equipment made out of foam (Mann–Whitney p-values &lt; 0.05). Child BDE99 dose estimates exceeded the RfD in one facility for children &lt; 3 years old. In 51% of facilities, TDCIPP dose estimates for children &lt; 6 years old exceeded age-specific “No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs)” based on California Proposition 65 guidelines for carcinogens. Given the overriding interest in providing safe and healthy environments for young children, additional research is needed to identify strategies to reduce indoor sources of flame retardant chemicals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide', 'http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide', event);\">\n    Zotero Quick Start Guide.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Center for History;  and Media, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide', 'http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Zotero Quick Start Guide [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},\n\turl = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},\n\tauthor = {{Center for History and New Media}},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"czapla-borek-sarewicz-osyczka-fusingtwocytochromesbofrhodobactercapsulatuscytochromebc1usingvariouslinkersdefinesasetofproteintemplatesforasymmetricmutagenesis\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'czapla-borek-sarewicz-osyczka-fusingtwocytochromesbofrhodobactercapsulatuscytochromebc1usingvariouslinkersdefinesasetofproteintemplatesforasymmetricmutagenesis', 'http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003', event);\">\n    Fusing two cytochromes b of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome bc1 using various linkers defines a set of protein templates for asymmetric mutagenesis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Czapla, M.; Borek, A.; Sarewicz, M.;  and Osyczka, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Protein Engineering, Design and Selection</i>, 25(1): 11.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('czapla-borek-sarewicz-osyczka-fusingtwocytochromesbofrhodobactercapsulatuscytochromebc1usingvariouslinkersdefinesasetofproteintemplatesforasymmetricmutagenesis', 'http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fusing two cytochromes b of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome bc1 using various linkers defines a set of protein templates for asymmetric mutagenesis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055&lt;/a&gt;\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('czapla-borek-sarewicz-osyczka-fusingtwocytochromesbofrhodobactercapsulatuscytochromebc1usingvariouslinkersdefinesasetofproteintemplatesforasymmetricmutagenesis', 'http://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055&lt;/a&gt;', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/czapla-borek-sarewicz-osyczka-fusingtwocytochromesbofrhodobactercapsulatuscytochromebc1usingvariouslinkersdefinesasetofproteintemplatesforasymmetricmutagenesis\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('czapla-borek-sarewicz-osyczka-fusingtwocytochromesbofrhodobactercapsulatuscytochromebc1usingvariouslinkersdefinesasetofproteintemplatesforasymmetricmutagenesis')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{czapla_fusing_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Fusing two cytochromes b of {Rhodobacter} capsulatus cytochrome bc1 using various linkers defines a set of protein templates for asymmetric mutagenesis},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\turl = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/peds/2012/00000025/00000001/art00003},\n\tdoi = {&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzr055&lt;/a&gt;},\n\tabstract = {Cytochrome bc1 (mitochondrial complex III), one of the key enzymes of biological energy conversion, is a functional homodimer in which each monomer contains three catalytic subunits: cytochrome c1, the iron-sulfur subunit and cytochrome b. The latter is composed of eight transmembrane \\${\\textbackslash}alpha\\$-helices which, in duplicate, form a hydrophobic core of a dimer. We show that two cytochromes b can be fused into one 16-helical subunit using a number of different peptide linkers that vary in length but all connect the C-terminus of one cytochrome with the N-terminus of the other. The fusion proteins replace two cytochromes b in the dimer defining a set of available protein templates for introducing mutations that allow breaking symmetry of a dimer. A more detailed comparison of the form with the shortest, 3 amino acid, linker to the form with 12 amino acid linker established that both forms display similar level of structural plasticity to accommodate several, but not all, asymmetric patterns of mutations that knock out individual segments of cofactor chains. While the system based on a fused gene does not allow for the assessments of the functionality of electron-transfer paths in vivo, the family of proteins with fused cytochrome b offers attractive model for detailed investigations of molecular mechanism of catalysis at in vitro/reconstitution level.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Protein Engineering, Design and Selection},\n\tauthor = {Czapla, Monika and Borek, Arkadiusz and Sarewicz, Marcin and Osyczka, Artur},\n\tpages = {11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cytochrome bc1 (mitochondrial complex III), one of the key enzymes of biological energy conversion, is a functional homodimer in which each monomer contains three catalytic subunits: cytochrome c1, the iron-sulfur subunit and cytochrome b. The latter is composed of eight transmembrane ${\\}alpha$-helices which, in duplicate, form a hydrophobic core of a dimer. We show that two cytochromes b can be fused into one 16-helical subunit using a number of different peptide linkers that vary in length but all connect the C-terminus of one cytochrome with the N-terminus of the other. The fusion proteins replace two cytochromes b in the dimer defining a set of available protein templates for introducing mutations that allow breaking symmetry of a dimer. A more detailed comparison of the form with the shortest, 3 amino acid, linker to the form with 12 amino acid linker established that both forms display similar level of structural plasticity to accommodate several, but not all, asymmetric patterns of mutations that knock out individual segments of cofactor chains. While the system based on a fused gene does not allow for the assessments of the functionality of electron-transfer paths in vivo, the family of proteins with fused cytochrome b offers attractive model for detailed investigations of molecular mechanism of catalysis at in vitro/reconstitution level.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"milgrom-synthesisofsomenewtetraarylporphyrinsforstudiesinsolarenergyconversion\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'milgrom-synthesisofsomenewtetraarylporphyrinsforstudiesinsolarenergyconversion', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535', event);\">\n    Synthesis of some new tetra-arylporphyrins for studies in solar energy conversion.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Milgrom, L. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1</i>,2535–2539.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('milgrom-synthesisofsomenewtetraarylporphyrinsforstudiesinsolarenergyconversion', 'http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Synthesis of some new tetra-arylporphyrins for studies in solar energy conversion [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1039/P19830002535\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('milgrom-synthesisofsomenewtetraarylporphyrinsforstudiesinsolarenergyconversion', 'http://doi.org/10.1039/P19830002535', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/milgrom-synthesisofsomenewtetraarylporphyrinsforstudiesinsolarenergyconversion\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('milgrom-synthesisofsomenewtetraarylporphyrinsforstudiesinsolarenergyconversion')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{milgrom_synthesis_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Synthesis of some new tetra-arylporphyrins for studies in solar energy conversion},\n\tissn = {1364-5463},\n\turl = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1983/p1/p19830002535},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/P19830002535},\n\tjournal = {J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1},\n\tauthor = {Milgrom, Lionel R.},\n\tpages = {2535--2539},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hardin-sellinger-moehl-humphrybaker-moser-wang-zakeeruddin-grtzel-etal-energyandholetransferbetweendyesattachedtotitaniaincosensitizeddyesensitizedsolarcells\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hardin-sellinger-moehl-humphrybaker-moser-wang-zakeeruddin-grtzel-etal-energyandholetransferbetweendyesattachedtotitaniaincosensitizeddyesensitizedsolarcells', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172', event);\">\n    Energy and Hole Transfer between Dyes Attached to Titania in Cosensitized Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hardin, B. E.; Sellinger, A.; Moehl, T.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Moser, J.; Wang, P.; Zakeeruddin, S. M.; Grätzel, M.;  and McGehee, M. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>.  .\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardin-sellinger-moehl-humphrybaker-moser-wang-zakeeruddin-grtzel-etal-energyandholetransferbetweendyesattachedtotitaniaincosensitizeddyesensitizedsolarcells', 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Energy and Hole Transfer between Dyes Attached to Titania in Cosensitized Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hardin-sellinger-moehl-humphrybaker-moser-wang-zakeeruddin-grtzel-etal-energyandholetransferbetweendyesattachedtotitaniaincosensitizeddyesensitizedsolarcells', 'http://doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hardin-sellinger-moehl-humphrybaker-moser-wang-zakeeruddin-grtzel-etal-energyandholetransferbetweendyesattachedtotitaniaincosensitizeddyesensitizedsolarcells\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hardin-sellinger-moehl-humphrybaker-moser-wang-zakeeruddin-grtzel-etal-energyandholetransferbetweendyesattachedtotitaniaincosensitizeddyesensitizedsolarcells')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hardin_energy_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Energy and {Hole} {Transfer} between {Dyes} {Attached} to {Titania} in {Cosensitized} {Dye}-{Sensitized} {Solar} {Cells}},\n\turl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja2042172 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja2042172},\n\tdoi = {10.1021/ja2042172},\n\tabstract = {Cosensitization of broadly absorbing ruthenium metal complex dyes with highly absorptive near-infrared (NIR) organic dyes is a clear pathway to increase near-infrared light harvesting in liquid-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In cosensitized DSCs, dyes are intimately mixed, and intermolecular charge and energy transfer processes play an important role in device performance. Here, we demonstrate that an organic NIR dye incapable of hole regeneration is able to produce photocurrent via intermolecular energy transfer with an average excitation transfer efficiency of over 25\\% when cosensitized with a metal complex sensitizing dye (SD). We also show that intermolecular hole transfer from the SD to NIR dye is a competitive process with dye regeneration, reducing the internal quantum efficiency and the electron lifetime of the DSC. This work demonstrates the general feasibility of using energy transfer to boost light harvesting from 700 to 800 nm and also highlights a key challenge for developing highly efficient cosensitized dye-sensitized solar cells.},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},\n\tauthor = {Hardin, Brian E. and Sellinger, Alan and Moehl, Thomas and Humphry-Baker, Robin and Moser, Jacques-E. and Wang, Peng and Zakeeruddin, Shaik M. and Grätzel, Michael and McGehee, Michael D.},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cosensitization of broadly absorbing ruthenium metal complex dyes with highly absorptive near-infrared (NIR) organic dyes is a clear pathway to increase near-infrared light harvesting in liquid-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In cosensitized DSCs, dyes are intimately mixed, and intermolecular charge and energy transfer processes play an important role in device performance. Here, we demonstrate that an organic NIR dye incapable of hole regeneration is able to produce photocurrent via intermolecular energy transfer with an average excitation transfer efficiency of over 25% when cosensitized with a metal complex sensitizing dye (SD). We also show that intermolecular hole transfer from the SD to NIR dye is a competitive process with dye regeneration, reducing the internal quantum efficiency and the electron lifetime of the DSC. This work demonstrates the general feasibility of using energy transfer to boost light harvesting from 700 to 800 nm and also highlights a key challenge for developing highly efficient cosensitized dye-sensitized solar cells.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide', 'http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide', event);\">\n    Zotero Quick Start Guide.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Center for History;  and Media, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide', 'http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Zotero Quick Start Guide [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('centerforhistory-media-zoteroquickstartguide')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},\n\turl = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},\n\tauthor = {{Center for History and New Media}},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  .\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>9 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\"></pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-oncologyclinicaltrialsgenentechbiooncologybiooncology\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.biooncology.com/clinical-trials/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-oncologyclinicaltrialsgenentechbiooncologybiooncology', 'http://www.biooncology.com/clinical-trials/', event);\">\n    Oncology Clinical Trials - Genentech BioOncology - BioOncology.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.biooncology.com/clinical-trials/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-oncologyclinicaltrialsgenentechbiooncologybiooncology', 'http://www.biooncology.com/clinical-trials/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Oncology Clinical Trials - Genentech BioOncology - BioOncology [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-oncologyclinicaltrialsgenentechbiooncologybiooncology\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-oncologyclinicaltrialsgenentechbiooncologybiooncology')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_oncology_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Oncology {Clinical} {Trials} - {Genentech} {BioOncology} - {BioOncology}},\n\turl = {http://www.biooncology.com/clinical-trials/},\n\turldate = {2011-12-01},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16googlepatents\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7723485&amp;id=3D7RAAAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16googlepatents', 'http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7723485&amp;id=3D7RAAAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false', event);\">\n    Cysteine engineered anti-MUC16 ... - Google Patents.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7723485&amp;id=3D7RAAAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16googlepatents', 'http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7723485&amp;id=3D7RAAAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cysteine engineered anti-MUC16 ... - Google Patents [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16googlepatents\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16googlepatents')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cysteine_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Cysteine engineered anti-{MUC16} ... - {Google} {Patents}},\n\turl = {http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7723485&amp;id=3D7RAAAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false},\n\turldate = {2011-12-01},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16antibodiesandantibodydrugconjugatesjunutulajagathr\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0311134.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16antibodiesandantibodydrugconjugatesjunutulajagathr', 'http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0311134.html', event);\">\n    CYSTEINE ENGINEERED ANTI-MUC16 ANTIBODIES AND ANTIBODY DRUG CONJUGATES - Junutula, Jagath R.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0311134.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16antibodiesandantibodydrugconjugatesjunutulajagathr', 'http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0311134.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"CYSTEINE ENGINEERED ANTI-MUC16 ANTIBODIES AND ANTIBODY DRUG CONJUGATES - Junutula, Jagath R. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16antibodiesandantibodydrugconjugatesjunutulajagathr\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-cysteineengineeredantimuc16antibodiesandantibodydrugconjugatesjunutulajagathr')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_cysteine_nodate,\n\ttitle = {{CYSTEINE} {ENGINEERED} {ANTI}-{MUC16} {ANTIBODIES} {AND} {ANTIBODY} {DRUG} {CONJUGATES} - {Junutula}, {Jagath} {R}.},\n\turl = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0311134.html},\n\turldate = {2011-12-01},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-antibodiesbindingtothetumourassociatedantigentat10772forthediagnosisandtreatmentoftumorgenentechinc\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-antibodiesbindingtothetumourassociatedantigentat10772forthediagnosisandtreatmentoftumorgenentechinc', 'http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html', event);\">\n    Antibodies binding to the tumour associated antigen TAT10772 for the diagnosis and treatment of tumor - Genentech, Inc.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-antibodiesbindingtothetumourassociatedantigentat10772forthediagnosisandtreatmentoftumorgenentechinc', 'http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Antibodies binding to the tumour associated antigen TAT10772 for the diagnosis and treatment of tumor - Genentech, Inc. [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-antibodiesbindingtothetumourassociatedantigentat10772forthediagnosisandtreatmentoftumorgenentechinc\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-antibodiesbindingtothetumourassociatedantigentat10772forthediagnosisandtreatmentoftumorgenentechinc')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_antibodies_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Antibodies binding to the tumour associated antigen {TAT10772} for the diagnosis and treatment of tumor - {Genentech}, {Inc}.},\n\turl = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2135881.html},\n\turldate = {2011-12-01},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"anonymous-compositionsandmethodsforthegooglepatents\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7989595&amp;id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'anonymous-compositionsandmethodsforthegooglepatents', 'http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7989595&amp;id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false', event);\">\n    Compositions and methods for the ... - Google Patents.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7989595&amp;id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('anonymous-compositionsandmethodsforthegooglepatents', 'http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7989595&amp;id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Compositions and methods for the ... - Google Patents [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/anonymous-compositionsandmethodsforthegooglepatents\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('anonymous-compositionsandmethodsforthegooglepatents')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{noauthor_compositions_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Compositions and methods for the ... - {Google} {Patents}},\n\turl = {http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;vid=USPAT7989595&amp;id=6e3nAQAAEBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;dq=william+mallet&amp;printsec=abstract#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false},\n\turldate = {2011-12-01},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);